MARIANA FRUIT BAT (Guam Population) 

LITTLE MARlANA FRUIT BAT 

RECOVERY PLAN 

Publlshed by 

U.S. Fish and Wlldllf.. Service 

Portland. Oregon 
GUAM NARIANA FRUIT BAT

AND

LITTLE NARIANA FRUIT BAT

RECOVERY PLAN

Prepared by dary J. Wiles

Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources

Department of Agriculture

Government of Guam

Agana, Guam

for

Region 1

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Portland, Oregon

Approved:

AO!IJG Regional Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Date: ,,/V9o

I
THIS IS THE COMPLETED GUAM FRUIT BATS RECOVERY PLAN. IT HAS BEEN

APPROVED BY THE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. IT DOES NOT

NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL POSITIONS OR APPROVALS OF

COOPERATING AGENCIES, AND IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE

VIEWS OF ALL INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN THE PLAN FORMULATION. THIS

PlAN IS SUBJECT TO MODIFICATION AS DICTATED BY NEW FINDINGS AND

CHANGES IN SPECIES STATUS AND COMPLETION OF TASKS DESCRIBED IN THE

PLAN. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES WILL BE ATTAINED AND FUNDS EXPENDED

CONTINGENT UPON APPROPRIATIONS, PRIORITIES, AND OTHER BUDGETARY

CONSTRAINTS.

Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Guam

Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat Recovery Plan.

Portland, Oregon. 63 pp.

ADDITIONAL COPIES MAY BE OBTAINED FROM~

Fish and Wildlife Reference Service

5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110

Bethesda, Maryland 20814

301-492-6403

1-800-582-3421
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE MARIANA FRUIT BAT RECOVERY PLAN

Current Status: Both species are listed as endangered. By 1948

biologists found the bat to be uncommon in northern Guam and by

1984, it was estimated that there were 425 to 500 Mariana fruit

bats left. The little Mariana fruit bat may be extinct.

Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: Fruit bats forage and

roost in mature, native limestone forest and ravine forest.

Illegal colony hunting and predation of young by the brown tree

snake are the most serious threats.

Recovery Objectives: Downlisting of Mariana fruit bat. None set

for little Mariana fruit bat.

Recovery Criteria: Increase Mariana fruit bat population to at

least 2,500 with a minimum of three permanent colonies with each

colony supporting at least 400 bats.

Actions Needed

:

1. Eliminate illegal hunting.

2. Control brown tree snake and other exotic predators.

3. Conduct research on biology of the species.

4. Conduct necessary management activities at existing locations.

5. Reintroduce bats and verify/determine recovery objectives.

Total Estimated Cost of Recovery

:

Costs

Year

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

(000’s)

Need 1

122. 5

112. 5

112. 5

112 . 5

112 . 5

112 .5

112 . 5

112 . 5

112 . 5

112 . 5

110. 5

110. 5

110.5

110.5

110.5

Need 2

439.0

439.0

379.0

379.0

379.0

379.0

379 .0

379.0

214.0

214.0

54.0

54.0

54.0

54.0

54.0

Need 3

95.0

95.0

95.0

95.0

95.0

205 .0

172 . 0

178 .0

109.0

74.0

48.0

48.0

48 . 0

48 . 0

48 . 0

Need 4

0

0

0

0

0

115 .0

132.0

153.0

105 . 0

105.0

60,0

60.0

60.0

60.0

60 . 0

Need 5

10 . 0

10 . 0

10 . 0

10.0

10.0

10.0

10.0

10.0

144.5

101.0

48 . 0

43 . 0

43 . 0

43 . 0

43.0

Total

666. 5

656.5

596. 5

596. 5

596. 5

821. 5

805. 5

832. 5

685.0

606 . 5

320. 5

315 . 5

315 . 5

315.5

315 . 5

Total

Cost 1687.5 3850.0 1433.0

Date of Recovery: Downlisting should

recovery criteria have been met.

910.0 545.5 8426.0

be initiated in 2000, if
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Brief Overview 1

B. Location 3

C. Species Descriptions 4

D. Past and Present Status 4

E. Habitat Requirements 7

Habitat Use 7

Food Habits 8

Activity Patterns and Movements 8

Social Organization and Reproduction 10

F. Reasons for Decline 12

Overhunting/Poaching 12

Habitat Destruction 13

Predation 14

Typhoons 16

C. Conservation Measures Already Taken 16

Status, Distribution and Life History Studies.... 16

Protection and Law Enforcement Measures 17

Protected Areas 17

Public Education 21

II. RECOVERY 23

A. Objective 23

B. Narrative 24

D. Literature Cited 39

III. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 43

IV. APPENDIX A - Essential Habitat Al

V. APPENDIX B - Individuals Contacted during

Technical Review Bl

VI. APPENDIX C - Agencies Contacted During Agency

C Review Cl
LIST OF FIGURES

Number

1. Map of the Mariana Islands in the Western Pacific

Ocean 2

2. Distribution of Mariana fruit bats on Guam based

on sightings of bats made from 1983 to 1985 6

3. Essential Habitat of Fruit Bats in Northern Guam 19

4. Essential Habitat of Fruit Bats in Southern Guam 20
RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE MARIANA FRUIT BAT

AND LITTLE MARIANA FRUIT BAT

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Brief Overview

This plan describes recovery efforts for two species of fruit

bats, the Mariana fruit bat (Pteroius mariannus mariannus) and the

little Mariana fruit bat (Pteropus tokudae), native to Guam in the

Mariana Islands. Both species are members of the Old World fruit

bat family Pteropodidae and are known locally on Guam as “fanihi”

(their Chamorro name). The Mariana fruit bat is one of six

subspecies of P. mariannus found in Micronesia and the Ryukyu

Islands (Kuroda 1938). In the Marianas, this bat occurs from Guam

north to at least Saipan (Figure 1); a second subspecies P m.

Paganensis, has been described from Pagan and Alamagan (Yamashina

1932). The precise taxonomic status of the fruit bat populations

on the remaining Mariana Islands north of Saipan, has not been

determined. The little Mariana fruit bat is thought to be endemic

to Guam and was first discovered in 1931 (Tate 1934) . However,

several hunters have recently reported independently that a small

fruit bat occurs on Anatahan (T.O. Lemke 1985 ). Only three

specimens of little Mariana fruit bat have been collected on Guam

and almost nothing is known of its natural history. Because of

the lack of information on the little Mariana fruit bat and the

likelihood that this species may already be extinct, this plan

deals mainly with Mariana fruit bat.

Both species of fruit bat were federally listed as endangered on

August 27, 1984 (49 FR 33881-33885) (U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service 1984). However, only the Guam population of the Mariana

fruit bat was included in the listing. Other populations of this
Pigure 1. Map of the Mariana Islands.

2
species on other Mariana Islands are not federally protected at

present. Critical habitat has not been designated for either

fruit bat.

B. Location

Located in the western Pacific, the Mariana Islands comprise 15

islands extending over 800 km in a north-south arc (Figure 1).

Guam 130 28’N, 1440 45’E, the largest and southernmost island in

the chain, has a land area of 540 ~2 Northern Guam is

characterized by a large uplifted limestone plateau fringed near

the ocean by tall cliffs and steep hillsides that fall to narrow

terraces or directly into the sea. The southern portion of the

island is volcanic in origin, although some hills are capped with

limestone. A tall ridge bisected with deeply eroded ravines runs

along the southwestern coast. Elevations on the island range from

sea level to 180 m in the north and 400 m in the south.

Guam’s climate is tropical and temperatures remain warm and

relatively consistent during the year, ranging from 22 degrees to

33 degrees centigrade. Annual rainfall varies considerably among

years but averages 2180 mm, most of which falls from July to

November. A dry season occurs between January and May when rains

diminish to 0 to 150 mm per month. The island’s vegetation has

been described in detail by Fosberg (1960) and Stone (1970).

Guam is an unincorporated territory of the United States. The

island’s human population has grown tremendously since the turn of

the century, increasing from 9,700 residents in 1901 to 22,000 in

1940 to 106,000 in 1980 (U.S. Department of Commerce 1982).

Chamorros, the indigenous people, make up about 42 percent of the

present population.

3
C. Species Descriptions

The Mariana fruit bat is a medium-sized member of the genus

Pteropus. Ranges for body measurements of adults and subadults

are: head-rump length, 195 to 250 mm; forearm length, 134 to 154

mm; wingspread, 860 to 1065 mm; and body weight, 330 to 577 gr

(Perez 1972, Wiles 1985 ). Males are slightly larger than

females. The abdomen and wings are dark brown to black with

individual gray ~hairs intermixed throughout the fur (Andersen

1912). The mantle and sides of the neck are bright gold on most

animals but in some individuals, this region may be pale gold or

pale brown. The color of the head varies from brown to dark

brown.

The little Mariana fruit bat is much smaller than the Mariana

fruit bat and adults have body measurements of: head-body length,

140 to 151 mm; forearm length, 94 to 95 mm; wingspan, 650 to 709

mm; and body weight, 152 gr (Tate 1934, Perez 1972, K. Koopman

1985 ). The abdomen and wings are brown to dark brown but with

few whitish hairs present (Tate 1934). The mantle and sides of

the neck vary from brown to pale gold. The top of the head is

grayish to yellowish brown while the throat and chin are dark

brown.

D. Past and Present Status

Both species of fruit bat probably once occurred throughout Guam

in forested areas that formerly occupied most of the island.

Estimates of historical populations are not available, In 1920,

Crampton (1921) reported bats to be “not an uncommon” sight as

they flew over forest during the daytime.

During a 2-month visit to Guam in 1931, Coultas (1931) noted that

fruit bats were uncommon on the island and believed that the

introduction of firearms had lead to their decline. He reported

4
that bats were most abundant in northern Guam. In 1945, Baker

(1948) found the Mariana fruit bat in the northern half of Guam to

be uncommon and confined primarily to forested clifflines. He

failed to locate a single colony during almost a year of field

work. Reports obtained by Baker from residents indicated that

fruit bats were also scarce in southern Guam. Woodside (1958)

estimated that a maximum of 3,000 bats remained on the island in

1958. Monthly counts of the Mariana fruit bat on military Thnds

in the 1960’s indicated that the island’s bat population was

dropping, especially on Naval Magazine where density declined from

1.4 to 0.1 bats seen per hectare (Perez 1972) between 1962 and

1968. Fruit bat numbers decreased even further during the 1970’s.

Kami et al. (1976) estimated that fewer than 1,000 Mariana fruit

bats remained in 1972 and less than 100 bats from 1974 to 1977.

Wheeler and Aguon (1978) conducted an intensive island-wide survey

in 1978 and concluded that fewer than 50 fruit bats survived on

Guam.

Between 1980 and 1982, the island’s population of the Mariana

fruit bat increased up to an estimated total of 850 to 1,000

animals, probably the result of immigration of bats from Rota,

which lies 60 km north of Guam, and natural recruitment (Wiles, in

prep.). An intensive survey of fruit bats by the Guam Division of

Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (DAWR) staff made from February to

April 1984 produced an estimate of only 425 to 500 animals (Wiles,

in prep). Most of the bats recorded during the survey were in a

single colony found on Andersen Air Force Base (Andersen AFB) in

northern Guam. Fruit bats probably occur in very low numbers in

forested areas elsewhere on the island (Figure 2).

The little Mariana fruit bat has always been considered rare by

hunters, elderly residents, and scientific collectors (Baker 1948,

Perez 1972). Few specimens have ever been collected, the last

being a female killed by hunters in June 1968 at Tarague Point

5
N

-Pati Pt.

Orote

Pt.

Uncommon

Rare

Extirpated

Figure 2. Distribution of Mariano fruit bats on Guam based on sightings

of bats mode from 1983 to 1985.

Cocos

Island

LII

LIII

Achae Pt.

0 5 10 KM Uruno Pt

Falcono BeachAgue Pt.

Inarajan

Ritidian ‘Pojon Pt.

Jinapsan Pt.

Mergagan Pt.

Torague Pt.

Janum Pt.

-Pagat Pt.

CampanOya Pt.

LEGEND

Talofo fa

6
(Perez 1972). This was the only individual of little Mariana

fruit bat present among more than 100 fruit bats shot and examined

in the 1960’s. Aside from one possible sighting by H. Wheeler

(1979a) at Ritidian Point in June 1979, no other sightings of this

species have been made since 1968 despite intensive field work by

Wheeler in 1978 and 1979 and Wiles since 1981 (Wiles, inprep.).

Thus, it appears that the little Mariana fruit bat may now be

extinct.

E. Habitat Requirements

Habitat Use. Nine vegetation types have been described for Guam

(Fosberg 1960, Stone 1970) with at least four of these probably

used regularly by Mariana fruit bats. In northern Guam, where

these animals are most common, bats forage and roost mainly in

native limestone forest. Coconut groves and strand vegetation are

other plant communities used occasionally for feeding and

roosting. In southern Guam, a few fruit bats still inhabit ravine

forest. Farms, savannas and mangroves are habitats that receive

little or no use at present but may have been used commonly in the

past when bats were more abundant and widespread on the island.

Wiles (1981a, 1982a, 1983a) described the characteristics of six

roosts used by colonies of Mariana fruit bats. These sites

occurred in limestone forest and were found along or within 100 in

of the large 80 to 180 m tall cliffline that fringes northern

Guam. Bats preferred to roost in mature fig trees (Ficus sp.) at

five colonies and in chopak (Mammea odorata) at a sixth location.

Other roosting trees included gago (Casuarina equisetifolia)

,

pengua (MacaranRa thompsonii), panao (Guettarda spec iosa), and

fagot (Neisosperma oppositifolia). Gago and fig trees are

commonly used for roosting by solitary animals and small groups of

2 to 15 bats (Wheeler and Aguon 1978).

7
Ordy a single reference ex1st~s on the habitat used by littl.e

Mariana fruit bats. The animal killed by hunters in 1968 was

taken below Tarague Point (Perez 1972) in an area of mature

limestone forest.

Food Habits. The fruit bat feeds on a wide variety of plant

material but is primarily frugivorous (Marshall 1983, 1985).

Wiles (1983b) gathered information on the foods of Mariana fruit

bats by direct observations, finding food remains (discarded

fruit, chewed pellets of fruit pulp) of bats feeding, examining

feces, interviewing island residents, and reviewing published

accounts (Safford 1905, 1910, Linsley 1934, Stone 1970, Perez

1972, Wheeler 1979a). Twenty-two species of plants are known to

be used as food sources by fruit bats in the Marianas. These

include fruit of 17 species, flowers of 7 species and the leaf of

1 species. It appears that favored foods include the fruits of

breadfruit (Artocarpus mariannensis and A. altilis), papaya

(Carica a a a fadan C cas circinalis), figs, kafu (Pandanus

tectorius) and talisai (Terminalia catappa) and the flowers of

kapok (Ceiba pentandna), coconut (Cocos nucifera), and gaogao

(Erythrina varie~ata). The stems of leaves and tips of small

twigs on breadfruit are also often eaten. Fruit bats have also

been observed to feed on fagot and da’ok (Calophyllum inophyllum

)

on other islands. Both of these plants are found on Guam.

Activity Patterns and Movements. Since 1980, most of Guam’s

population of Mariana fruit bats have resided in one or several

colonies in northern Guam. Animals in colonies sleep during much

of the day but they perform many other activities as well. These

include grooming, breeding, scent rubbing, marking, flying,

climbing to other roost spots, and defending roosting territories

(harem males only) (Wiles, 1985 ). Bats gradually depart colonies

for several hours after sunset to forage. Perez (1972) observed

that bats did not return to a colony on Orote Point until 8:00

a.m. (about 2 hours after dawn), however at roosts at Jinapsin

8
Point and Pati Point from 1981 to 1985, Wiles (1985) found that

almost all animals arrived before dawn. Wheeler and Aguon (1978)

reported that solitary bats tended to be more mobile during the

early morning hours. They observed flying bats most frequently

from 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.

Little •is known about the nightly movements of Mariana fruit bats.

Occasional sightings of bats at night indicate that animals in

northern Guam may disperse throughout the forested areas of

Andersen AFB and Naval Communications Area Master Station

(NavCAMS) to feed. When colonies are located on Pati Point, bats

may travel as far as 10 to 12 km to reach feeding sites on the

island’s northwest coast. Guam’s bat colonies roosted at 13

locations in northern Guam from 1981 to 1985 (Wiles,1985). When

undisturbed, Mariana fruit bats may roost at a single site for

many consecutive months. However, illegal hunting at colonies

often result in disturbances serious enough to cause bats to

abandon their roosts and move to new sites. Since 1981, at least

six changes in roost locations were directly related to

disturbances caused by poaching. Colonies moved 0.6 km to 9.5 km

(mean=2.9 kin) to establish new roosts. Fidelity to former roosts

appears to be low. Aside from a few favored locations, fruit bats

generally do not return to sites used previously.

The frequency and role of colony-sized movements between islands

in the southern Marianas in the past when Mariana fruit bats were

once abundant can only be speculated upon. Residents report that

migrations of bats between islands often occurred in the past;

however, these reports have never been verified (Perez 1972). Two

flights of this type from Rota to Guam apparently occurred in 1980

and 1981 (Wiles, in prep.). These flights offer the most

reasonable explanation for the appearance of a bat colony at Pati

Point in 1980 and the subsequent sudden increase in the colony’s

size in 1981.

9
Further evidence of a colony-sized movement to Guam in 1981 was

obtained from a fruit bat hunter interviewed on Rota in 1981. He

reported that after killing about 60 bats with shotguns at a roost

in Rota, he and three partners watched the remainder of the

colony, about 150 to 250 bats, fly south over the ocean toward

Guam. The reported date of this incident coincided closely with

the date of the second increase in bats at Pati Point. Despite

frequent hunting at colonies on both islands after 1981 (Wiles,

1985, T.O. Leinke, 1985), no other flights between Rota and Guam

are believed to have occurred. Hunting after 1981 resulted

instead in the relocation of colonies to new roosting sites on the

same island.

In July 1985, a small colony of 35 to 50 fruit bats was observed

on Aguijan (D.T. Aldan, 1985), which previously held a small

population estimated at less than 10 animals (Leinke 1984). This

new colony probably arrived from Rota, which lies approximately 75

km to the south, rather than from nearby Tinian or Saipan, each of

which possesses probably less than 25 bats (Lemke 1984).

Because of the likelihood that Mariana fruit bats occasionally fly

between islands in the southern Marianas, bats on these islands

apparently belong to one contiguous population.

Social Organization and Reproduction. Recent studies (Wiles

1982b, 1983b, 1985) have provided much of the information known

about the social organization and breeding biology of Mariana

fruit bats. Within larger colonies of 60 to 800 animals, bats

tend to segregate sexually and roost in harems, predominantly male

bachelor groups, and singly (males only) on the periphery of the

colony. Throughout the year, about 69 to 80 percent of all

individuals roost in harems consisting of a single male and 2 to

15 females. Harem males maintain exclusive breeding rights with

these females and only rarely tolerate the presence of another

male. Females appear to be loosely bound to a particular harem.

The number of females present in a harem may vary considerably

10
over a span of several days; even during periods as brief as two

to three hours several females may arrive or depart from a harem.

Colonies may also contain one or two groups of bachelor males that

roost in nearby trees. These groups may number from 10 to 120

animals. Sexual segregation within bachelor groups is often not

complete and up to 20 percent of the individuals present may be

females. The remaining 3 to 8 percent of the bats in a colony

consists primarily of solitary males found around the periphery of

the roost.

Bachelor fruit bats have been observed occasionally to form

separate smaller colonies with 10 to 125 animals. Among these

colonies, a few females have been observed to roost temporarily in

small harems with three to four members for several weeks.

From 1981 to 1984, about 5 to 10 percent of Guam’s population of

Mariana fruit bats roosted alone or in small groups of 2 to 12

animals during the day. In 1978, when the island’s population

numbered less than 50 animals, Wheeler and Aguon (1978) reported

that most bats were solitary during the day.

At the Pati Point colony, Wiles (1982b, 1985) found an overall

adult sex ratio of 37.5 males to 100 females in 1982 (n=700) and

72.7 males to 100 females in 1984 (n.=475). Perez (1972, 1985)

reported an adult sex ratio of 80 males to 100 females from a

small sample of 18 animals shot while foraging in the early

evening in 1968.

Mating and the presence of nursing young among Mariana fruit bats

has been observed throughout the year on Guam (Perez 1972, Wiles

1983b, 1985). There does not appear to be a seasonal peak in the

birth of young. During 17 of 18 monthly observations at colonies

in which 50 to 100 females were identified from July 1982 to May

1985, 9.0 to 22.6 percent of these animals possessed small or

medium-sized young. In the July 1982 sample, 32.7 percent of the

11
females observed carried young of these sizes. Of 262 females

observed during this 3-year period, each bat had just 1 young at a

time.

The length of pregnancy and age of sexual maturity in Mariana

fruit bats is not known. Other species of fruit bats have an

estimated gestation period of 4 1/2 to 6 months (Andersen 1912,

Baker and Baker 1936, Gopalakrishna 1969). Wheeler and Aguon

(1978) stated that Mariana fruit bats reached sexual maturity at 3

years of age, but this does not correspond with observations made

in the field (Wiles, 1985). Field observation indicate that

females are probably able to breed at about 6 to 18 months of age.

The only information available on breeding in the little Mariana

fruit bat was gathered from a single female shot by hunters on

June 5, 1968 (Perez 1972, 1985). This animal was with a juvenile

that was able to fly away.

F. Reasons for Decline

Little is known about the reasons of decline for the little

t4ariana fruit bat however, presumably it and Mariana fruit bat

have shared similar threats to their survival.

Overhunting/Poaching. Fruit bats have never been considered

agricultural pests on Guam; rather, they are taken solely for

human consumption. Overhunting has been and continues to be the

most important cause in the decline of the Mariana fruit bat.

Guam’s population of these bats was probably reduced greatly

during the early 1900’s, when extensive hunting took place

(Coultas 1931, Baker 1948). An expanding human population on Guam

at that time probably fueled the demand for bats while an

increased use of firearms may have made hunting more successful.

Hunting of fruit bats has occurred for a long time, but it was

outlawed in 1966. Although difficult to quantify, illegal hunting

12
of fruit bats has continued since 1966 when bats were first

granted partial legal protection. From 1981 to 1984, eight cases

of hunting at colonies and seven cases of night hunting along

flyways or at feeding sites are known. More unrecorded incidents

undoubtedly occurred. Colony hunting is the most destructive form

of fruit bat hunting as animals in colonies typically roost close

together in large numbers, and thus the bats are highly vulnerable

to shotgun fire. Hunters report that 50 or more fruit bats can be

easily killed in a single successful raid on a roost. In the past

when fruit bats were abundant on Guam, the hunting of solitary

animals at night at flyways or fruiting trees was productive and

widely practiced. However, with fewer bats in recent years, this

form of hunting has become more opportunistic and now generally

occurs when lone bats approach a farm or are taken incidentally by

people searching for wild betel nuts and peppers, or hunting for

coconut crabs, sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) or wild pigs ~

scrofa)

.

The prohibition of legal harvest of fruit bats on Guam has

stimulated an import trade of closely related species of fruit

bats to satisfy the culinary demands of local residents in the

face of the scaricity of resident fruit bats on Guam. Large

numbers of fruit bats have been imported from other Pacific

Islands in recent years (Wiles and Payne, in press). From 1975 to

1984, approxiately 8,000 to 24,000 fruit bats were shipped

annually to the island for human consumption. Until 1982, most

bats came from the Caroline and Mariana Islands, but since then

the other islands such as Western Samoa, American Samoa, Tonga,

and Papua New Guinea are not major suppliers of fruit bats. This

legal market may possibly be infiltrated with bats taken illegally

on Guam.

Habitat destruction. Forest destruction has probably been a

minor factor in the decline of fruit bats on Guam. Large stands

of native forest have been cleared for agriculture and housing in

13
the central and north-central portions of the island. Sizable

tracts of forest were also destroyed during the invasion and

bombardment of Guam in World War II and by subsequent construction

activities on newly established American military bases. Areas

particularly affected were Andersen AFB, NavCAMS, and Naval

Magazine (Baker 1946). However, fruit bats were already

considered uncommon by 1931 (Coultas 1931). Sizable tracts of

forest remained after the war and are still present today, yet few

bats inhabit these forest lands. Food resources and potential

roosting sites seem to be adequately available and not limiting

the population of Mariana fruit bat (Wiles, 1985).

Exotic plants, plant diseases, and insects are also altering

native forests. Insects have damaged fig trees. Chromalolaena

odorata, a rapidly-spreading, densely-growing, exotic weed, is

invading forest openings and inhibiting regeneration of native

trees. Other potentially serious exotic pest species include

Mikania scandens and cadena de amor (Antigonon le~topus), both are

climbing vines that overgrow native vegetation.

Predation. Bats have evolved on Guam without the threat of major

predators and probably have minimal defenses against them. The

impact of predation by brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) on

fruit bats is unknown but potentially serious. Snakes first

arrived on the island shortly after World War II. They are a

major nocturnal predator of birds and small mammals on Guam and

are thought to be responsible for the nearly total disappearance

of the island’s forest-dwelling avifauna (Savidge 1986).

Initially snakes were confined to central and southern Guam, but

the population slowly spread northward and reached the extreme

northern portion of the island by the early 1980’s.

The brown tree snake appears capable of preying on at least young

bats. Stomach contents of large snakes routinely contain adult

roof rats (Rattus rattus) (Savidge 1986) which are similar in size

14
to juvenile Mariana fruit bats. Only one case of snake predation

on bats has been reported. A local resident related killing a 2.5

in-long snake which contained three young fruit bats in its stomach

during 1982 at a site 0.8 km south of Ritidian Point (Wiles,

1983b). Other evidence, although circumstantial, suggests that

snakes may be preying on young Mariana fruit bats at roosts. The

proportion of large juvenile bats in the main colony rose

dramatically from 5.0 (n=60) to 46.6 percent (n=88) of all young

present when roosting sites changed from Pati Point to Jinapsan

Point in December 1982 (Wiles, in prep.). From September 1984 to

May 1985, when the colony was again residing at Pati Point, no (0

percent) large juveniles were noted among 100 young observed

(Wiles, 1985). Sightings of snakes and their inolted skins,

together with high disappearance rates of birds, indicate that

snakes inhabited Pati Point several years longer and were more

common there than at Jinapsan Point (Wiles, in prep.). Young bats

of this age are particularly vulnerable to predation because they

are not yet able to fly and are too large to be carried by their

mother during nighttime foraging. Thus, they are left overnight

at the roosting site where they may be susceptible to nocturnal

predators. Several snakes have been captured or seen within 100 in

of the colony at Pati Point.

The brown tree snake may be more directly involved in the

post-World War II decline of fruit bats in southern and central

Guam than originally thought. The snake has occurred there

syinpatrically with fruit bats for the past 30 years. However,

because of the recent invasion of snakes into the extreme northern

end of the island, they do not share the blame for decreases in

the number of fruit bats in that region prior to 1980.

Predation on fruit bats by other animals has not been recorded.

Black drongos (Dicrurus niacrocercus), an introduced bird that is

highly territorial, occasionally chase and peck at solitary flying

15
bats (Perez 1972, Wheeler and Aguon 1978). However, this behavior

has not caused any known serious injuries or mortalities to bats.

Typhoons. Typhoons are a rare but potentially serious threat to

Guam’s small number of remaining Mariana fruit bats. Strong

typhoons with sustained winds of more than 250 kph (155 mph)

strike the island about once every 10 to 15 years. Although there

is no direct evidence that storms have ever greatly reduced fruit

bat numbers on Guam in the past (probably due to a lack of serious

observations), severe typhoons have been implicated in precipitous

declines of fruit bats on several islands in the western Indian

Ocean (Cheke and Dahl 1981). Gale-force winds on Guam are capable

of denuding large forested areas of foliage and fruit (Kami et al.

1976) and residents have reported finding dead bats under roosting

trees after strong storms. Animals not killed directly by winds

could face a period of up to several months of low food supplies.

In the past, when fruit bats were more common throughout the

island, a severe typhoon would be unlikely to have a long-lasting

adverse impact on the entire bat population. However, under

present conditions, with most animals concentrated in a single

colony, a typhoon directly striking northern Guam could produce

disastrous results.

C. Conservation Measures Already Taken

Status. Distribution, and Life History Studies. Perez (1972) was

the first to describe the population status and general biology of

Mariana fruit bats on Guam. The first extensive survey of fruit

bats was made in 1978 by Wheeler and Aguon (1978). Additional

information on biology, behavior, and management recommendations

were presented by Wheeler (1979a, 1979b, 1980).

Recent studies (Wiles 1981a, 1981b, 1982a, 1982b, 1983a, 1983b,

1984a, 1984b, 1985) have investigated the abundance, daytime

roosting behavior, breeding biology, diet, and illegal hunting of

16
the Mariana fruit bat. A second island-wide survey for bats was

conducted in 1984 (Wiles, in prep.).

Protection and Law Enforcement Measures. Fruit bats received

limited protection in 1966 when the Government of Guam ended

year-round hunting of bats and established a 10-week hunting

season for them. During succeeding years, the lengths of seasons

and bat limits became more restrictive as bat numbers continued to

decrease. Finally, all hunting was prohibited in 1973 (Wheeler

1979b). Additional protection was given to fruit bats in 1981 and

1984 when both species were placed on the Guam and United States

Endangered Species Lists, respectively.

Conservation laws on Guam are enforced by conservation officers of

the Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (Guam DAWR) of

the Government of Guam, by a single Federal National Marine

Fisheries Service/Fish and Wildlife Service agent on Guam, and

with the assistance of security forces on military bases. From

the mid-1960’s to the late 1970’s, the Guam DAWR employed three to

five conservation officers. This number increased to eight

officers in 1981 when additional funding became available through

the Coastal Zone Management program of the U.S. Department of

Commerce and the Government of Guam. Bat poachers are difficult

to apprehend because of rough terrain and thick, remote forest.

During the past 5 years, only two people have been arrested and

convicted for illegally taking bats. Neither of these arrests

were made for poaching at colonies.

Protected Areas. The Government of Guam has established four

conservation reserves that occupy 1,700 hectares of land for the

protection of wildlife and native habitats. Two reserves, Anao

(Figure 3 essential habitat No. 13) and Y-piga, are located in

northern Guam while two others, Cotal and Bolanos (Figure 4,

essential habitat unit No. 5) , occur in the southern half of the

17
island. Although three of the areas contain forest suitable for

fruit bats, these reserves have been of minimal value to fruit

bat conservation efforts because of the lack of enforcement of

conservation laws within them.

Cocos Island, located 2.5 km southwest of Guam (Figure 4), is 39

ha in size with 12 ha included in Guam’s Territorial Seashore

Park. The island is free of brown tree snakes and, therefore is

sometimes suggested as a site for a wildlife reserve. However,

the island is considered unsuitable for harboring a population of

Mariana fruit bats because of the significant tourist development

that has already occurred, the possible lack of sufficient food to

support bats on a year-round basis, the vulnerability of the

island to typhoons, and the difficulty in preventing violations of

conservation laws on the island.

In 1973, the Air Force set aside a 281 hectare area of cliffline

habitat, designated as the Pati Point Natural Area, on Andersen

AFB for nature conservation.

Military bases have been important in prolonging the existence of

fruit bats on Guam since World War II. By limiting access by

civilians and clearing few additional stands of native forest in

the past 30 years, military reservations have functioned as

partial refuges for fruit bats where habitat is maintained and

illegal hunting is somewhat inhibited. Although bats have

survived longer on these lands than in non-military area,

trespassing poachers have gradually depleted the bats on these

bases as well. At present, Andersen AFB, which occupies about

6,250 hectare, is the only area on Guam with a fruit bat

population larger than just a few isolated individuals.

The U.S. Navy has recently established two small ecological

reserve areas at Haputo (Area 6, Figure 3 - see Appendix) and

Orote Peninsula (Figure 4 - see Appendix). These areas have some

18
Ritidman

Point

Essential habitat of fruit bats in northern Guam.

Key to designated areas: Andersen Air Force Base

(1); private property from Mergagan to Pajon Point

(2); Naval Facility (3); private property from

Achae Point to Falcona Beach (4); territorial

property at Falcona Beach (5); Naval Communicat ion

Area Master Station (6); Federal property from Ague

Point to Amantes Point and administered by Federal

Aviation Authority (7); Navy (8); and Air Force

(9); Puntan Dos Amantes Park (10); Anao

Conservation Reserve (11); private property at

Janum Point (12); Lot Numbers 7102 and 7103 (13);

Lot Number 7147 (14); Lot Number A (15); and

private property at Dos Ainantes Point (16).

3-

urono

Point

16

Point

10

Km

0 15 3

r

Pat

Point

An ao

Point

13

campanaya

Point

12

Figure 3.

19
Talofofo

ma rajan I

Essential habitat of fruit bats in southern Guam. Key to

designated areas: Naval Magazine (1); Naval Reservation

(Fena Valley Watershed) (2); private property at Sinaje,

Agat (3); territorial property in Agat found above the

800-foot contour on Tracts DA and EA (4); and the Bolanos

Conservation Reserve (5).

Facpi

Point

Cocos

Island

Figure 4.

Km

4

20
promise as secure habitat for fruit bats.

Public Education. The Guam DAWR operated a public information

program from December 1979 to August 1983 with funding provided by

the Coastal Zone Management Program of the U.S. Department of

Commerce. The program was designed to disseminate information

about Guam’s wildlife and foster an appreciation for the island’s

natural resources. A large portion of the program was centered on

endangered species, including fruit bats, and the prevention of

poaching. The program was staffed by a full-time public

information officer and featured public displays, talks,

endangered species posters illustrating endangered species and

their habitat, newspaper articles, radio programs, television

programs, public service announcements, and a puppet show. This

program has been discontinued due to a termination of funds.

21
II. RECOVERY

A. Objective

The primary objective of the Guam fruit bat recovery plan is to

restore the island’s population of Mariana fruit bats to

threatened status and to determine the status of little Mariana

fruit bats. The population of Mariana fruit bats should be

increased to at least 2,500 animals with a minimum of two

permanent colonie~ in northern Guam and one permanent colony in

southern Guam with each colony supporting at least 400 bats.

None of the problems facing Mariana fruit bats are easily solved

and it is clear that major commitments of time, money, and

personnel will be needed to remedy them. Responsibility for the

protection and management of fruit bats does not lie with any

single group but belongs with all government agencies involved.

It is important that territorial, military, and Federal agencies

work closely together in solving these problems. Without full

cooperation from each of these organizations, a recovery of

Guam’s fruit bat population will be slow in coming. Cooperation

from the government of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands should be sought; their own bat conservation program has

much to benefit from restoration of fruit bats on Guam.

23
B. Narrative

1. Minimize mortality

.

Sources of mortality must be minimized to prevent further

reductions in the present population and allow for expansion of

new populations of Mariana fruit bats.

11. Control illegal huntin2l of fruit bats

.

It will be necessary for conservation officers, military

security police, and federal wildlife law ~nforceinent agents

to work together in a combined effort to eliminate illegal

fruit bat hunting.

111. Law enforcement efforts by the Guam Aquatic and

Wildlife Resources (DAWR)

.

The Guam DAWR, with its staff of conservation officers,

is the primary agency entrusted with enforcing the

island’s conservation laws. Patrols by conservation

officers for bat poaching should become a regular

activity of high priority.

1111. Rezularly patrol public and private lands

for bat poaching

.

Patrols by specially trained officers should be

made at sufficient frequencies to effectively deter

illegal hunting. Patrols for bat hunting should be

concentrated on Andersen AFB where most of the

island’s population of Mariana fruit bats reside.

Patrols should be centered near known bat roosts

and the Conventional Weapons Supply Area and

Northwest Field, which are two favored foraging

areas of bats. Patrol efforts should be expanded

in the future, if needed. Patrols should also be

made on Navy lands including NavCAMS, Naval

Facility and Naval Magazine. Also, an assessment

of the need for full-time guards at known colonies

should be done in cooperation with the military

security forces. Permission should be obtained

from landowners to patrol private property near

Jinapsan Point and Uruno Beach in northern Guam and

several large pieces of property adjacent to Naval

Magazine in southern Guam. Patrols should be made

on Territory of Guam lands near Andersen AFB and on

the Bolanos Conservation Reserve.

24
1112. Continue to monitor illegal hunting

activities presently occurring

.

Evidence found at poaching sites can indicate the

approximate number of bats killed, the number of

people involved, their hunting methods and their

access routes used and can be collected for use in

court cases. A record of all poaching incidents

should be kept.

1113. Interview former hunters to learn more about

hunting techniques

.

Former hunters can provide information on hunting

techniques that can possibly be used to prevent

future poaching incidents or linking evidence with

suspects.

1114. Determine the effects of the fruit bat

import trade on Guam’s fruit bat populations

and devise appropriate regulatory

strategies

.

The full effects of the fruit bat import trade on

bat population on Guam and other islands needs to

be evaluated. The frequency of illegally killed

Mariana fruit bats being sold among legally

imported bats should be determined. In its present

form, the trade is a cause for concern because of

the severe declines in bat numbers that it has

caused on some nearby islands that export bats

(Wheeler 1980; Falanruw, in prep., T.0. Lemke

1985)

11141. Determine the identity and origin of

imported fruit bats throu~h standard

monitorin~ of imported bats or the use

of electrophoretic tests and

comparison with museum specimens

.

Law enforcement officials need the capability

of determining the identity and origin of dead

fruit bats so illegally killed Mariana fruit

bats can be distinguished from legally

imported bats. Electrophoresis is a method

that allows closely related species of animals

to be differentiated through comparison of

body tissue proteins. Initiation of this

activity and the comparison of animals with

museum specimens should be performed

25
cooperatively among Guam DAWR and Federal

wildlife officials and fruit bat taxonomists.

11142. Establish appropriate regulations on

the fruit bat import trade into Guam

to prevent confusion with protected

Guam bats

.

Current regulations controlling this import

trade are inadequate and there is risk that

illegally-taken local Mariana fruit bats may

be trafficked among imported animals. A

stricter, revised permit system and set of

regulations are needed for importers and

retailers of fruit bats. Tighter controls

should be designed to prevent abuses but not

prohibit the legal trade in bats.

112. U.S. Air Force and Navy law enforcement efforts

.

Assistance by Air Force and Navy security Forces is

essential in controlling illegal hunting of fruit bats

on Guam. In a number of cases in the past, military

security police have captured and turned over poachers

or reported violations in the act to conservation

officers. Several of these instances have involved

fruit bat hunting. Involvement of military security

forces on military lands is essential.

1121. Increase awareness of military security

forces about illegal hunting of fruit bats

.

A program should be initiated to inform all

military security police on the severity of the

problem of illegal hunting of wildlife, including

fruit bats, on Guam. Because of the high turnover

rate among security personnel, training sessions,

administered by Guam DAWR enforcement staff, should

be held frequently during the year.

1122. Have military security forces contribute to

vatrol efforts for ille~al hunters

.

Military security personnel should actively patrol

for illegal hunting during their routine patrols,

report illegal activities as they occur to

conservation officers, provide backup assistance to

conservation officers when needed, and help with

investigations of poaching cases.

26
113. Federal wildlife law enforcement efforts.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National

Marine Fisheries Service have maintained a special agent

on Guam since 1981. This officer should be encouraged

to assist in investigations of fruit bat poaching, to

provide special training courses for conservation

officers and military security forces, and to make

special resources, such as laboratory and forensic

ballistics tests, available during investigations.

Funding for rewards and reward posters may be available

through this agent’s office.

114. Develop a multi-agency anti-poaching strategy

which defines roles and responsibilities of all

involved agencies

.

All Federal and territorial agencies with a role to play

in protecting fruit bat colonies need to coordinate

their efforts and develop an effective approach to the

prevention of poaching.

1141. Develop and implement plan

.

An overall plan defining roles and responsibilities

in preventing poaching of fruit bats needs to be

developed and implemented.

1142. Meet periodically to review effectiveness

and refine plans

.

Regular meetings between all involved agencies are

needed to review effectiveness of anti- poaching

programs. Such meetings will allow maximum

effectiveness of programs.

115. Guam Police Department law enforcement efforts

.

Officers of the Guam Police Department should be

encouraged to be alert for and report wildlife

violations. This agency’s crime lab should provide

assistance to conservation officers during poaching

investigations. A class period of several hours at the

training academy for new police officers should be

devoted to education about existing wildlife laws.

116. Encoura~ie local and Federal judicial authorities

to prosecute fruit bat poachers aggressively

.

Local and Federal judicial authorities should be made

aware of the seriousness of illegal hunting of Mariana

27
fruit bats. Aggressive prosecution of the illegal take,

sale, and military trespass laws is needed to deter

future poaching attempts.

12. Prevent predation by brown tree snakes

.

Predation by brown tree snakes is potentially a second

important cause of fruit bat mortality. Present data appear

to indicate that juvenile bats are most seriously affected by

predation.

121. Determine the extent of predation on fruit bats

by snakes

.

The impact of brown tree snakes on fruit bats deserves

immediate study. Current levels of predation on bats,

especially juveniles, may be higher than realized. The

age classes of bats that are most susceptible to

predation by snakes must be investigated. The extent of

predation occurring at colonies and during foraging at

night must be determined.

122. Investigate and implement methods of snake

control

.

There is an urgent need for a study to be conducted by

qualified researchers to find a safe but effective

method of controlling snakes that can be applied to

remote, complex habitats without endangering non-target

animals. Control of snakes in and around fruit bat

colonies should be an initial priority, if needed.

1221. Investigate the biology and ecology of

snakes

.

Additional research on the biology and ecology of

brown tree snakes will provide information useful

in testing and implementing methods of controlling

snakes. Studies should be made on the

demographics, habitat use, and activity patterns of

snake populations.

1222. Develop and test trapping methods for

snakes

.

A trapping program for snakes may be a feasible

method of control at colonies. However, a program

of this type must be carefully set up because fruit

bats become highly agitated and frightened at the

odor of man. Bats normally abandon colony sites

after poaching attempts. Traps placed at colonies

should require little maintenance so that few

28
visits by people are required. Colonies may not be

completely empty of bats at anytime during the

night. Some individuals (such as large juveniles,

lactating females, and harem males) may remain at

the colony all night or be gone just a few hours.

Observations to determine when the fewest number of

bats are present should be made prior to the start

of trapping. Visits to colonies to set traps

should be made at the proper time of night and be

as brief as possible. Trapping-related

disturbances could result in the abandonment of a

roost and force a colony to move to a new site

where the bats could be more vulnerable to poaching

and predation. Thus, the entire trapping process

would have to be initiated again.

1223. Develop and test other control methods for

snakes

.

Control measures such as toxicants, attractants,

and biological control should be developed and

tested to avoid problems associated with trapping

of snakes. This effort should be combined with

similar efforts aimed at the conservation of Guam’s

native forest birds.

1224. Implement a program for controlling snakes

in essential habitat of fruit bats

.

After effective snake control measures have been

developed, they should be applied to reduce snake

numbers in larger areas of essential fruit bat

habitat. Implementation of control methods will

require close cooperation from the Guam DAWR, the

U.S. military, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service. Control programs should be monitored to

document successes and failures and to provide a

basis for modification of techniques to increase

efficiency and economy.

1225. Prevent the expansion of the brown tree

snake population to other islands within the

ran~e of the Mariana fruit bat

.

Methods must be devised to prevent the introduction

of the brown tree snake to the Northern Mariana

Islands. Public information, strict screening of

cargo from Guam, thorough control at cargo dispatch

areas, and techniques to monitor for snakes in

cargo and at receiving areas must be developed.

29
2. Determine ecological requirements of fruit bats.

Studies of ecological requirements of fruit bats will provide

information useful in further identification and management of

essential habitats, and bat colonies.

21. Determine habitat preferences

.

The limestone forest in northern Guam, which presently holds

the island’s largest population of Mariana fruit bat is not

homogeneous in composition. Habitat preferences within these

limestone forest communities and other habitat types by fruit

bats need further study.

211. Conduct additional field studies to determine

geographical areas occupied

.

Further information is needed on the locations of

foraging and roosting areas. Radio tagging of bats,

additional observations of bats at night, and continued

searches for roosts will help provide this information.

212. Develop detailed descriptions of occupied habitats

and map these areas

.

The composition of vegetation in habitats occupied by

bats should be described and these areas mapped. These

studies will provide information useful in choosing

locations for possible future reestablishment attempts

of fruit bats, in detecting the invasion of undesirable

introduced plants into essential habitats, and in

reconstructing suitable plant communities for use by

fruit bats in the future.

213. Determine the minimum area of suitable habitat

needed to sustain a viable population of bats

.

This information should be known in case of further

shrinkage of essential habitat. An area of this type

must contain suitable colony roosting sites and foods

that are available year-round.

22. Determine food habits

.

Additional information of food habits will be an integral

part of assessing preferred habitats and geographical areas

that may be used.

221. Continue to gather field data on use of foods

.

Studies on the food habits of Mariana fruit bats that

began in 1983 should be continued.

30
222. Determine the phenology of bat foods.

A study on the phenology of fruit and flowers eaten by

bats will determine their availability to bats.

23. Determine movement patterns of fruit bats on Guam

.

Knowledge of movements of bats is another important part in

assessing preferred habitats and geographical areas used.

Nocturnal movements and home range sizes of foraging bats

should be studied through the use of radio telemetry.

Changes in the locations of colony •roosts should continue to

be monitored by direct observations, radio telemetry, and

tagging.

24. Determine factors for maxiinizin~ reproduction

.

An understanding of reproductive rates of fruit bats is

needed to determine potential rates of increase for the

population and possible predation rates of brown tree snakes.

This information will help determine subsequent management

efforts that are needed to maximize reproductive success.

241. Gather and analyze information on the breeding

biology of Mariana fruit bats

.

Observations to determine the percent of adult females

with young at colonies began in 1982 and should be

continued. Information on juvenile growth rates, age of

sexual maturity, and breeding rates should be obained.

This information can then be used to understand what

normal, healthy reproductive rates should be.

242. Determine factors limiting reproductive success

.

Any number of factors could be influencing the ultimate

success of reproductive efforts, including food supply,

disturbance at roost sites, etc. These factors need to

be understood as to how they may currently be affecting

reproduction.

243. Determine incidence and causes of infant

mortality

.

The rates, causes, and ages of occurrence of mortality

of infant fruit bats should be examined.

3. Secure and protect essential forest ecosystems

.

Protection is needed to maintain essential forest habitats for a

long-term conservation program for fruit bats. Areas of essential

31
habitat were determined by fruit bat studies conducted from 1978

to the present and include limestone and ravine forests, coconut

groves, and beach strand vegetation. Areas in northern Guam

comprise a 43 km-long strip of forest around the island’s northern

coastline. They will be valuable as habitat for bats and as a

source from which bats will be able to recolonize the remainder of

the island in the future. Essential habitats in southern Guam

presently hold few fruit bats, but must be preserved so that a

larger population of bats can be reestablished in this portion of

the island. Present land-use schemes should be allowed to

continue in all areas; however, future forest clearing or other

disturbances should not be permitted.

31. Preserve and manage existing essential forest habitats

of fruit bats on federally-owned lands

.

Most essential habitat for fruit bats occurs on

federally-owned military reservations. Future plans for

expansion of military facilities may threaten some of this

habitat.

311. Andersen Air Force Base

.

Protection should be given to all native forest and

coconut groves that occur on Andersen AFB (Figure 3,

unit 1). This is the largest parcel of essential

habitat on the island. Part of this land (281 ha) has

already been designated as the Pati Point Natural Area

by the Air Force. The remaining pieces of essential

habitat on the base should also receive protection from

the Air Force, such as through the establishment of

ecological reserve areas.

3111. Secure essential habitat

.

The initial requirement for protecting and managing

habitat involves providing some kind of long-term

security which ensures that land uses of the area

do not change to the detriment of the habitat

available to fruit bats. Methods for the

protection of this habitat will be developed with

the cooperation of the landowner.

3112. Conduct baseline survey

.

Baseline data on the status of the bat and its

habitat are needed as a foundation for future

planning and management.

32
3113. Develop management plan.

With the use of the baseline data for this area,

and other relevant data on the fruit bat and its

habitat, a site-specific habitat management plan

should be developed. This will be tailored to the

specific habitat conditions and other constraints

surrounding the protection and enhancement of

habitat in this particular area.

3114. Implement management plan

.

Once a specific management plan is in place, steps

should be taken to implement the needed tasks. All

cooperators should contribute to seeing those tasks

implemented. Because the Pati Point area on

Andersen Air Force Base is in close proximity to

the only known bat colony, a priority management

action should be enforced to zone the area as a

nonlegal sport hunting area. This will minimize

accidental and intentional shooting incidents.

312. Naval Facility

.

Protection should be given to all native forest and

coconut groves on Naval Facility (Figure 3, unit No. 3).

This narrow strip of land lies below the cliffline at

Ritidian Point. Its forest should be protected to

compliment efforts made on adjacent lands on Andersen

AFB.

3121. See Narrative task 3111.

3122. See Narrative task 3112.

3123. See Narrative task 3113.

3124. See Narrative task 3114.

313. Naval Communications Area Master Station

.

Protection should be given to all native forest and

coconut groves that are within 1 km of the cliffline on

NavCAMS (Figure 3, unit 6). Part of this land has been

designated as an Ecological Reserve Area by the Navy.

The Navy should expand its boundaries for this reserve

to include all native forest and coconut groves within 1

km of the top of the cliffline. It should be made a

permanent reserve.

3131. See Narrative task 3111.

33
3132. See Narrative task 3112.

3133. See Narrative task 3113.

3134. See Narrative task 3114.

314. Federally-owned lands from Ague Point to Amantes

Point

.

Protection should be given to all native forest and

coconut groves that are within 1 km of the cliffline on

federally-owned lands from the north side of Ague Point

to Amantes Point (Figure 3, units 7, 8, & 9). Portions

of this strip of land are administered and managed by

the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S. Navy, and

the U.S. Air Force.

3141. See Narrative task 3111.

3142. See Narrative task 3112.

3143. See Narrative task 3113.

3144. See Narrative task 3114.

315. Naval Magazine and Naval Reservation (Fena Valley

Watershed)

.

Protection should be given to all native forest on both

of these areas (Figure 4, units 1 & 2). These Navy

lands possess extensive stands of ravine forest and

comprise the largest parcel of essential habitat in

southern Guam. Forests on these properties contain

potential roosting sites and a number of common food

plants used by fruit bats. This land also serves as an

important watershed for southern Guam.

3151. See Narrative task 3111.

3152. See Narrative task 3112.

3153. See Narrative task 3113.

3154. See Narrative task 3114.

32. Secure and protect essential forest habitats of fruit

bats on privately-owned lands

.

Several private landowners possess essential forest habitat

for fruit bats. It is recommended that the following pieces

of property be secured and protected.

34
321. Mer~a~an Point to Pajon Point area.

Some means of permanent habitat security should be

obtained for private land between Mergagan Point and

Pajon Point (Figure 3, unit 2). This shoreline property

is surrounded by Andersen AFB and Naval Facility and is

used by foraging fruit bats. Several colonies of

Mariana fruit bats have roosted within 0.5 km of this

property since 1983.

3211. See Narrative task 3111.

3212. See Narrative task 3112.

3213. See Narrative task 3113.

3214. See Narrative task 3114.

322. Achae Point to Falcona Beach area

.

Some means of permanent habitat security should be

obtained for private property between Achae Point and

Falcona Beach (Figure 3, unit 4). This segment of

essential fruit bat habitat occurs along the shoreline

and is bordered by Andersen AFB, Naval Facility, and a

small parcel of Territory of Guam land. This area

contains foraging habitat and potential roosting sites

along its cliffline.

3221. See Narrative task 3111.

3222. See Narrative task 3112.

3223. See Narrative task 3113.

3224. See Narrative task 3114.

323. Janum Point area

.

Some means of permanent habitat security should be

obtained for private property at Januin Point (Figure 3,

unit 12). This small piece of privately-owned land is

surrounded by property owned by the Territory of Guam

that has been designated for conservation uses. This

area contains foraging habitat and potential roosting

sites for fruit bats.

3231. See Narrative task 3111.

3232. See Narrative task 3112.

35
3233. See Narrative task 3113.

3234. See Narrative task 3114.

324. Sinaje. A~at area

.

Some means of permanent habitat security should be

obtained for private property in Sinaje, Agat in

southern Guam (Figure 4, unit 3). This small piece of

privately-owned land is bordered on the east by Naval

Magazine and Naval Reservation (Fena Valley Watershed)

and on the west by territorial-owned property that has

been designated for conservation uses. This area

contains foraging habitat and potential roosting sites

for fruit bats.

3241. See Narrative task 3111.

3242. See Narrative task 3112.

3243. See Narrative task 3113.

3244. See Narrative task 3114.

325. Amantes Point area

This is a private property north of Amantes Point

(Figure 3, unit 16). This segment of essential fruit

bat habitat occurs along the shoreline and is bordered

by U.S. Air Force and Territory of Guam lands. This

area contains foraging habitat and potential roosting

sites along its cliffline. Part of this land is

currently threatened by a proposed development project.

3251. See Narrative task 3111.

3252. See Narrative task 3112.

3253. See Narrative task 3113.

3254. See Narrative task 3114.

33. Protect and manage essential habitat of fruit bats on

lands owned by the Territory of Guam

.

Several segments of essential fruit bat habitat are owned by

the Territory of Guam. All of these lands are designated for

conservation purposes (Guam Coastal Management Program 1984).

Attempts to change the designation of this property should be

denied.

36
331. Area from Anao Point to Campanaya Point.

Essential habitat should be maintained on

territorially owned lands from the eastern boundary of

Andersen AFB at Anao Point south to Campanaya Point.

Five parcels of territorially owned land comprise this

strip of cliffline essential forest habitat. These

include the Anao Conservation Reserve (designated as Lot

Number 7146, Figure 3, unit 11) and Lot Numbers 7102,

7103, 7147, and A (Figure 3, units 13, 14, & 15). The

present habitats on these lands should be maintained or

in the case of disturbed areas, allowed to revert to

mature forest.

3311. See Narrative task 3111.

3312. See Narrative task 3112.

3313. See Narrative task 3113.

3314. See Narrative task 3114.

332. Falcona Beach area

.

Essential habitat should be maintained on

territorially owned land at Falcona Beach (Figure 3,

unit 5). This property is bordered by Andersen AFB,

Naval Communications Area Master Station, and private

land. This strip of cliffline forest contains foraging

habitat and potential roost sites for fruit bats.

3321. See Narrative task 3111.

3322. See Narrative task 3112.

3323. See Narrative task 3113.

3324. See Narrative task 3114.

333. Puntan Dos Amantes Park

.

Essential habitat should be maintained on territorially

owned land at the Puntan Dos Amantes Park (Figure 3,

unit 10). This small park is located at Amantes Point

and is the south-westernmost parcel of property in

northern Guam to be included as essential habitat. This

land is administered by the Guam Department of Parks and

Recreation.

3331. See Narrative task 3111.

3332. See Narrative task 3112.

37
38
LITERATURE CITED

Aldan, D.T. 1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service. Department of Natural Resources,

Commonwealth of the Northerw-Mariana Islands, Saipan 96950.

Andersen, K. 1912. Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection

of the British Museum. Volume I: Megachiroptera. British

Museum (Nat. Hist.), London.

Baker, J.R., and Z. Baker. 1936. The seasons of a tropical rain

forest (New Hebrides). Part 3. Fruit bats (Pteropidae). J.

Linn. Soc. , London 40:123-141.

Baker, R.H. 1946. Some effects of the war on the wildlife of

Micronesia. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 11:205-213.

Baker, R.H. 1948. Comments on conservation problems in

Micronesia. In Coolidge, H.J. (ed.). Conservation in

Micronesia. Pages 53-55. National Research Council,

Washington, D.C.

Baker, R.H. 1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service. 302 North Strickland St., Eagle Lake, Texas

77434.

Cheke, A.S., and J.F. Dahl. 1981. The status of bats on

western Indian Ocean islands, with special reference to

Pteropus. Mammalia 45:205-238.

Coultas, W.F. 1931. Whitney South Seas Expedition Journals, Vol.

W. Journal and letters, Vol. II, of William F. Coultas,

November 1930 to December 1931. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New

York.

Crampton, H.E. 1921. A journey to the Mariana Islands - Guam and

Saipan. J. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21:127-145.

Falanruw, M.V.C. in prep. Taxonomy, biology and management of

fruit bats of Yap, Pteropus mariannus yapensis and Pteropus

mariannus ulthiensis

.

Falanruw, M.V.C. 1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service. The Yap Institute of Natural Science,

Box 215, Yap, Western Caroline Islands 96943.

Fosberg, F.R. 1960. The vegetation of Micronesia. Bull. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist. 119:1-75.

39
Gopalakrishna, A. 1969. Gestation period in some Indian bats.

3. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 66:317-322.

Guam Coastal Management Program. 1984. Guam public land-use

plan. Bureau of Planning, Agana, Guam 96910.

Kami, H.T., N. Drahos, R.D. Strong, and R.J. Lujan.

of the fruit bat. In Guam Aquatic and Wildlife

Division Annual Report, FY 1976. Pages 72-75.

Agriculture.

1976. Study

Resources

Dept. of

Koopman, K. 1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service. American Museum of Natural History,

Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 77434.

Kuroda, N. 1938. A list of Japanese mammals. L.M. Zool. Soc.

Japan, Tokyo, Japan.

Leinke, T.O. 1984. Marianas fruit bat surveys and inventories.

In Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration

Program, Annual Report, FY 1984. Pages 3-16. CNMI Division

of Fish and Wildlife, Saipan.

Leinke, T.O.

Wildlife

P.O. Box

1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Sevice. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks,

595, Thompson Falls, Montana 59873.

Linsley, L.N. 1934. Curious things about Guam. The faniji.

Guam Recorder 11:194-195.

Marshall, A.G. 1983. Bats, flowers, and fruit: evolutionary

relationships in the Old World. Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

22:115-135.

Marshall, A.G. 1985. Old World phytophagus bats

(Megachiroptera) and their food plants: a survey. Zool J.

Linn. Soc. 83:351-369.

Payne, N.H., T.0. Leinke, and G.J. Wiles. in prep. Fruit bat

populations in the northern Mariana Islands, Western Pacific.

Payne, N.H.

Wildlife

York Y04

1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Service. East Bursea Farm, Holme-on-Spaulding Moor,

4DB, United Kingdom.

Perez, G.S.A. 1972. Observations of Guam bats. Micronesica

8:141-149.

Perez, G.S.A. 1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service. Division of Aquatic and Wildlife

Resources, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2950, Agana,

Guam 96910.

4’

40
Safford, W.E. 1905. The useful plants of the island of Guam.

Contrib. U.S. Natl. Herb. 9:1-416.

Safford, W.E. 1910. A year on the island of Guam, extracts from

the notebook of a naturalist on the island of Guam. I-XXV.

Micronesian Area Research Center, Univ. Guam, Mangilao.

Savidge, J.A. 1986. The role of disease and predation in the

decline of Guam’s avifauna. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Illinois,

Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.

Stone, B.C. 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:1-659.

Tate, G.H.H. 1934. Bats from the Pacific Islands, including a

new fruit bat from Guam. Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 713.

U.S. Department of Commerce. 1982. Number of inhabitants. Part

54. Guam. In 1980 census of population, Vol. 1, Chap. A.

Pages 1-15. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Endangered and

threatened wildlife and plants; determination of endangered

status for seven birds and two bats of Guam and the Northern

Mariana Islands. Federal Register 49(167):33881-33885.

Wheeler, M.E., and C.F. Aguon. 1978. The current status and

distribution of the Mariana fruit bat on Guam. Aquatic

Wildl. Resources Div. Tech. Rep. No. 1.

Wheeler, WE. 1979a. Study of the fruit bat. In Guam

Aquatic and Wildlife Resources Division Annual Report,

FY 1979. Pages 230-260. Dept. of Agriculture, Agana, Guam.

Wheeler, M.E. 1979b. The Mariana fruit bat: management

history, current status and future plans. Cal. -Neva. Wildl.

Trans. 1979:149-165.

Wheeler, M.E. 1980. Fruit bat abundance, phenology of

fruiting, and interspecific associations in the limestone

forest of Guam. In Guam Aquatic and Wildlife Resources

Division Annual Report, FY 1980. Pages 254-303. Dept. of

Agriculture, Agana, Guam.

Wheeler, M.E. 1980. The status of the Mariana fruit bat on

Saipan, Tinian, and Rota. ‘Elapaio 40:109-113.

Wiles, G.J. 1981a - 1984a. Movement patterns and habitat

utilization of Mariana fruit bats. In Aquatic and

Wildlife Resources Division Annual Reports, FY 1981 - 1984.

Dept. of Agriculture, Guam.

41
Wiles, G.J. 1981b - 1984b. The current status, distribution and

natural history of Mariana fruit bats. In Guam Aquatic and

Wildlife Resources Division Annual Reports, FY 1981 - 1984.

Dept. of Agriculture, Guam.

Wiles, G.J. 1985. Personal communication to the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service. Division of Aquatic and Wildlife

Resources, Departinemt of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2950, Agana,

Guam 96910.

Wiles, G.J. in prep. The status of fruit bats on Guam.

Wiles, G.J., and N.H. Payne. in press. The trade in fruit bats

on Guam and other Pacific islands. Biol. Conserv.

Woodside, D.H. 1958. Fish and wildlife investigation. Dept. of

Agriculture, Guam.

Yainashina, Y. 1932. New subspecies of bats from the mandated

south Pacific islands. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa

22(121):240-241. (In Japanese).

42
III. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The table that follows is a summary of scheduled actions and costs

for this recovery program. It is a guide to meet the objectives

of the Recovery Plan for the Mariana fruit bat and the little

Mariana fruit bat, as elaborated upon in Part II, Action Narrative

Section. This table indicates the priority in scheduling tasks to

meet the objectives, which agencies are responsibleto perform

these tasks, a time-table for accomplishing these tasks, and the

estimated costs to perform them. Implementing Part III is the

action of the recovery plan, that when accomplished, will satisfy

the prime objective. Initiation of these actions is subject to

the availability of funds.

Priorities in Column 1 of the following implementation schedule

are assigned as follows:

Priority 1 - An action that must be taken to prevent extinction or

to prevent the species from declining irreversibly.

Priority 2 - An action that must be taken to prevent a significant

decline in species population/habitat quality or some other

significant negative impact short of extinction.

Priority 3 - All other actions necessary to provide for full

recovery of the species.

43
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Comaents

(YRS)

1 1111 Regularly patrol Ongoing

Public and private

Lands for bat poaching.

1 1112 Continue to monitor Ongoing

illegal hunting

activities presently

occurring.

11113 Interview former

hunters to learn more

about hunting

techniques.

GAG

GAG

10 GAG

11121 Increase awareness Ongoing

of military security

forces about it Legal

hunting of fruit bats.

1 1122 Have military

security forces

contribute to patrol

efforts for illegal

hunters

1 113 Federal wildlife

enforcetiriet efforts

EWS -ENF*

GAG

USAF

USN

Ongoing USAF*

USM

Ongoing FWS-ENF

750 50 50 50 50 50

37.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

20 2 2 2 2 2

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

495 33 33 33 33 33

1 1141 Develop & implement

a nulti-agency antipoaching strategy

1 1142 Meet periodically Ongoing

to review effectiveness

& refine strategy.

FWS-ENF

GAG*

USAF

USN

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1

)

.1:—

.1:-

FWS-ENF

GAG*

USAF

USN

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

I) )
)

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# N DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Comnents

(YRS)

1 115 Have Guam Police

Department report

bat poaching.

1 116 Aggressively

prosecute fruit bat

poachers.

Ongoing GPO

GAG*

Ongoing FWS-ENF

USA

USDCG

GAG

SCG*

37.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

37.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

30 2 2 2 2 2

30 2 2 2 2 2

30 2 2 2 2 2

30 2 2 2 2 2

30 2 2 2 2 2

Cost Needs 1 (Prevent poaching) 1687.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5

1 121 Determine the extent 2

of predation on fruit

bats by brown tree snake

1 1221 Investigate the

biology & ecology of

brown tree snakes

1 1222 Develop and test

trapping methods

for snakes

1 1223 Develop and test

other control methods

for snakes.

FWS-RES

GAG*

10 FWS-RES

GAG*

8 FWSRES*

GAG

8 FWS~RES*

GAG

40

100

800 80 80 80 80 80

800 80 80 80 80 80

264 33 33 33

264 33 33 33

528 66 66

264 33 33

66

33

1 1225 Prevent introduction Ongoing

of snakes into CNMI

CN?41*

GAA

GAG

GCO

USAF

USM

11224 Implement a program Ongoing FWS-EHC

for controlling snakes GAG*

in essential habitat

of fruit bats.

210 14 14 14 14 14

60 4 4 4 4 4

60 4 4 4 4 4

210 14 14 14 14 14

60 4 4 4 4 4

60 4 4 4 4 4

65 5 5 5 5 5

65 5 5 5 5 5

)

U,
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

U U DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Conmients

CYRS)

Cost Need 2 ( Control Brown Tree Snake) 3850 379 379 379 214 214

1241 Gather & analyze

data on the breeding

biology of Mariana

fruit bats.

10 FWS-RES

GAG*

100 10 10 10 10 10

100 10 10 10 10 10

1 242 Determine factors

limiting reproductive

success.

2 FWS-RES

GAG*

20 10 10

20 10 10

Costs could be

shared with related

research.

1 243 Determine incidence

& cause of infant

mortality.

2 FUS- RES

GAG*

30 15 15

30 15 15

162 Evaluate need to

list Mariana fruit

bat throughout the

Marianas.

166 Investigate the 2

possibility that

little Mariana fruit

bat occurs on Anathahan.

1 FWS-EHC

FWS-RES

CNN I *

20 20

20 10 10

10 10

Action pending

results of petition

to List fruit bat in

the Northern Mariana

Islands.

2 221 Continue to gather Ongoing

data on use of foods.

GAG 75 5 5 5 5 5

2 222 Determine the

phenology of bat

foods.

2 61 Monitor status &

distribution of fruit

bats in the Conmionwealth

of the Northern Mariana

Islands.

Ongoing GAG

Ongoing CNMI

75 5 5 5 5 5

375 25 25 25 25 25

) 2 )
)

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for

TASK RESPONSIBLE

DURA- PARTY

TI ON

(YRS)

)

the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR

ITY TASK TASK TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Comnents

2 65 Determine taxonomic 8

status of Mariana

fruit bat on islands

north of Saipan.

2 11141 Determine identity & Cont.

origin of iirported

fruit bats.

FWS~RES*

Sl

FWS~ENF*

GAG

160 20 20 20

160 20 20 20

14 5 1 1 1 I

14 5 1 1 1 1

2 11142 Establish appropriat 1

regs on the fruit bat

import trade on Guam.

2 211 Conduct addi~ional 2

field studies to

determine geographical

areas occupied by bats.

2 212 Develop detailed 1

descriptions of

occupied habitats &

map these areas.

2 23 Determine movement 2

patterns of fruit

bats on Guam.

2 51 Conduct periodic Cont.

surveys of abundance

& distribution of bats.

2 52 Continue to gather Cont.

data on roosting bats.

2 53 Improve survey 2

techniques.

GAG

GAG

GAG

GAG

5 5

10 5 5

25

60

GAG

25

30 30

48

GAG

6 6 6

40 5 5 5

)

GAG 10 5 5
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Coements

(YR S)

254 Determine the extent 3 GAG* 22 10 6 6

of inter-island CNMI

movements by fruit

bats.

Cost Need 3 (Species research) 1433 205 172 178 109 74

Secure essential habitat

2 3111 Andersen Air Force 2 FWS-EHC 10 5 5

Base USAF* 10 5 5

-~ 2 3211 Mergagan Point to 2 FWS-EHC 10 5 5

Pajon Point GAG* 10 5 5

Conduct baseline surveys

2 3112 Andersen Air Force

Base 1 FWS-EHC 3 3

USAF 3 3

GAG* 5 5

2 3212 Mergagan Point to 1 FWS-EHC 3 3

Pajon Point GAG* 5 5

Develop management plans

2 3113 Andersen Air Force 1 FWS-EHC 1 1

Base USAF* 3 3

GAG 1 1

2 3213 Mergagan Point to 1 FWS-EHC 1 1

Pajon Point GAG* 2 2

2 1~ )
) )

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Coemients

(YRS)

Implement management Plans

2 3114 Andersen Air Force

Base

2 3214 Mergagan Point to

Pajon Point

3 41 Determine impact of

introduced ungulates

on essential habitats

& take corrective

action, if necessary.

Cont. FWS-EHC

USAF*

GAG

Cont. FWS-EHC

GAG*

10 GAG

16

32

24

16

32

2 2 2

4 4 4

3 3 3

2 •2 2

4 4 4

140 50 10 10 10 10

3 42 Determine impacts of 5

introduced plants,

plant diseases, and

insects on essential

habitat.

3 43 Determine need and

develop techniques

to establish plantings

of food trees for

fruit bats.

3 44 Determine criteria

for buffer zones

of vegetation needed

to protect essential

habitat of bats.

GAG

5 GAG

5 GAG*

GPR

USAF

USN

150 30 30 30 30 30

50 10 10 10 10 10

10 2 2 2 2 2

5 1 1 1 1 1

5 1 1 1 1 1

5 1 1 1 1 1
PRIOR

ITY TASK TASK

U U DESCRIPTION FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Conuents

3 3121

3 3131

3 3141

3 3151

U,

3 3221

3 3231

3 3241

3 3251

3 3311

3 3321

3 3331

3 3341

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

TASK RESPONSIBLE

DURA- PARTY TOTAL

TION COST

(YRS)

Secure essential habitat for

Naval Facility 2

Naval Coewm.inication 2

Area Master Station

Ague Point to 2

Amantes Point

Naval Magazine and

Naval Reservation

Achae Point to

Falcona Beach

Janua Point

Sinaje, Agat area

Amantes Point

Anao Point to

Campanaya Point

Falcona Beach

Puntan Dos Amantes

Park

Bolanos Conservation

Reserve

FWS-EHC

USN*

FWS- EHC

USN*

FWS-EHC

USN*

FAA

USAF

2 FWS-EHC

USN*

2 FWS-EHC

GAG*

2 FWS-EHC

GAG*

2 FWS-EHC

GAG*

2 FWS-EHC

GAG*

2 GPR*

GLM

GAG

2 GLM*

GAG

2 GPR*

GAG

2 GPR*

GAG

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

.1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

I)
N)

N)

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Comnents

(YRS)

3 3351 Territorial-owned

land in Agat

2 GLM*

GAG

GPR

2

2

2

1 1

1 1

1 1

Conduct base line surveys

3 3122 Naval Facility

3 3132 Naval Comnunication

Area Master Station

3 3142 Ague Point to

Amantes Point

3 3152 Naval Magazine and

Naval Reservation

3 3222 Achae Point to

Falcona Beach

3 3232 Janun Point

3 3242 Sinaje, Agat area

3 3252 Amantes Point

3 3312 Anao Point to

Campanaya Point

for bats on

FWS-ENC

USN

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

USN

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

USN

GAG*

USAF

1 FWS-EHC

USH

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

GAG*

1 GAG

U,

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam.

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Coimnents

(YRS)

Falcona Beach

Puntan Dos Amantes

Park

Bo I anos Conservation

Reserve

Territorial-owned

land in Agat

1 GAG

1 GAG

1 GAG

1 GAG

Develop management plans for

U, ~ 3 3123 Naval Facility

3 3133 Naval Coamiunication

Area Master Station

3 3143 Ague Point to

Amantes Point

3 3153 Naval Magazine and

Naval Reservation

3 3223 Achae Point to

Falcona Beach

3 3233 Janum Point

FWS-EHC

USN*

GAG

1 FWS-EHC

USN*

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

USN*

GAG

USAF

FAA

1 FWS-EHC

USN*

GAG

1 FWS-EHC

GAG*

1 FWS-EHC

GAG*

1

1

1

)

3 3322

3 3332

3 3342

3 3352

) I)
) )

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Coimnents

(YRS)

3 3243 Sinaje, Agat area 1 FWS-EHC 1 1

GAG* 1 1

3 3253 Amantes Point 1 FWS-EHC 1 1

GAG* 1 1

3 3313 Anao Point to 1 GAG 1 1

Campanaya Point

3 3323 Falcona Beach 1 GAG 1 1

3 3333 Puntan Dos Amantes 1 GAG 1 1

Park

3 3343 Bolanos Conservation 1 GAG 1 1

U, Reserve

3 3353 Territorial-owned 1 GAG 1 1

land in Agat

Implement management plans for

3 3124 Naval Facility Cont. FWS-ENC 7 1 1

USN* 14 2 2

GAG 7 1 1

3 3134 Naval Commjnication Cont. FWS-EHC 7 1 1

Area Master Station USN* 14 2 2

GAG 7 1 1

3 3144 Ague Point to Cont. FWS-EHC 7 1 1

Amantes Point USN* 14 2 2

GAG 7 1 1

USAF 7 1 1

FAA 7 1 1

3 3154 Naval Magazine and Cont. FWS-EHC 7 1 1

Naval Reservation USN* 14 2 2

GAG 7 1 1
Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana

TASK RESPONSIBLE

DURA- PARTY TOTAL

TION COST

(YRS)

Cant. FWS-EHC 7 1

GAG* 14 2

Cont. FWS-EHC 7 1

GAG* 14 2

Cant. FWS-EHC 7 1

GAG* 14 2

Cant. FWS-EHC 7 1

GAG* 14 2

Cant. GAG 7 1

Cant. GAG 7 1

Cant. GAG 7 1

Cant. GAG 7 1

Cant. GAG 7 1

Fruit Bat on Guam

PRIOR

ITY TASK

# # FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Comnents

3 3224

3 3234

3 3244

3 3254

3 3314

3 3324

U,

.~- 3 3334

3 3344

3 3354

Achae Point to

Falcona Beach

Jantaii Point

Sinaje, Agat area

Amantes Point

Anao Point to

Campanaya Point

Falcona Beach

Puntan Dos Amantes

Park

Bol anos Conservation

Reserve

Territorial-owned

land in Agat

Cost Need 4

Secure & manage essential habitat

Coemon Wealth of Northern Mariana Islands

3 63 Increase enforcement Ongoing CNMI

of laws protecting

fruit bats.

3 64 Develop a public

awareness campaign

in CNMI

Cont. CNMI

2

1

2

2

2

1

910 115 132 153 105 105

150 10 10 10 10 10

210 30 30

)

Recovery Plan

TASK

DESCRIPTION

)

)
)

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Coimnents

(YRS)

3 7 Develop a cooperative

agreement between the

territory of Guam,

CNMI, and U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service.

3 213 Determine mininun

area of suitable

habitat needed to

sustain a viable

population of bats.

3 8 Develop a public

awareness progran~ on

Guam.

Cant. GAG 101 50 36 Minimal effort,

more needed.

3 91 Determine the proper

time to start a

reintroduction program

for bats.

2

3 92 Determine the source 2

of bats for a

reintroduction program.

3 93 Determine the nI.ur~~er

and location of sites

for reintroduction

) )

FWS.EHC*

FWS-ENF

GAG

CNNI

8

5

7

7

2 GAG 20

8

S

7

7

U,

U,

10 10

5

5

FWS~ENC*

GAG

FWS.EHC*

GAG

5

5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

GAG 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5
Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

U U DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Comnents

CYRS)

3 94 Determine whether a 3 FWS.EHC* 7.5 2.5 2.5

captive breeding GAG 7.5 2.5 2.5

program can produce

fruit bats for release.

Cost Need 5 545.5 10 10 10 144.5 101

Determine recovery objectives/reintroduce if necessary

Total Yearly Costs 8426 821.5 805.5 832.5 685 606.5

KEY FOR RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES

CNMI Counonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,

U, Division of Fish and Wildlife. C-’

FAA = Federal Aviation Administration.

FWS-EHC United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1,

Endangered Species.

FWS-ENF = United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1,

Law Enforcement.

FWS-RES = United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1,

Research.

GM = Guam Airport Authority.

GAG = Guam Department of Agriculture.

GCQ = Guam Customs and Quarantine Division,

Department of Comnerce.

GLM = Guam Department of Land Management.

GPD = Guam Police Department.

GPR = Guam Department of Parks and Recreation.

SCG = Superior Court of Guam.

) )
) N)

Recovery Plan Implementation Schedule for the Mariana Fruit Bat and Little Mariana Fruit Bat on Guam

PRIOR- TASK RESPONSIBLE

ITY TASK TASK DURA- PARTY TOTAL

# # DESCRIPTION TION COST FY 1991 FY 1992 FY 1993 FY 1994 FY 1995 Cofimuents

(YRS)

SI = Smithsonian Institute.

USA = United States Attorney.

USAF = United States Air Force.

USDCG = United States District Court of Guam.

USM = United States Navy.

U,
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A

ESSENTIAL HABITAT

Essential habitat for Mariana fruit bats has been delineated in

northern and southern Guam (Figures 3, 4). This bat species was

historically found throughout much of the island but in recent

times has become restricted to forested clifflines in northern

Guam and forested ravines and hillsides in southern Guam.

Approximately 90 percent of the island’s present fruit bat

population occurs in the Andersen Air Force Base (Anderson AFB)

area. Preservation of essential forest habitat is necessary for

the full recovery of Mariana fruit bats on Guam. The areas

designated in thia plan contain known roosting and foraging sites

for fruit bats. In addition, the maintenance of large tracts of

forest, such as those on Andersen AFB, is important by helping to

isolate fruit bats from illegal hunting.

Because little information exists on the habitat use and

distribution of little Mariana fruit bat, it is difficult to

determine essential habitat for this species. However, it seems

likely that the areas delineated for the Mariana fruit bat will

also be of great value to any remaining little Mariana fruit bat.

In northern Guam essential habitat consists of cliffline forest

and a large inland tract of forest on Anderson AFB. Essential

forests occur within 1 km of the cliffline fringing the island’s

northwest coast between Amantes Point and the northern boundary of

Naval Communications Areas Master Station. Lands in this strip

that have been cleared of forest have been omitted from essential

habitat designation. Essential habitat also includes all forests

north of the southern boundary of AAFB from Naval Communications

Area Master Station to Salisbury Junction and north of Marine

Drive, Perimeter Road and 32D Street on Anderson AFB. It further

includes all forests within 1 km of the cliffline from north of

the Weapons Storage Area to Pati Point and south to the base’s

eastern boundary near Anao Point. Further south along Guam’s

eastern coast, essential habitat includes all territorially owned

lands and a small privately-owned plot south to Campanaya Point.

This area generally includes all land below the cliffline and

certain stands of forest found inland from it.

As specified in the goals of this plan, a viable population of

Mariana fruit bats with at least one colony must be re-established

in southern Guam before the species can be considered fully

recovered. Thus, essential habitat has also been designated for

this area of the island. This habitat includes all forests on

Naval Magazine and Naval Reservation (Fena Valley Watershed). Two

other pieces of land, one of which is privately-owned and the

second of which is territorially-owned, occur above the 800-foot

A-l
contour along the western boundaries of both Naval properties.

The Balanos conservation Reserve has also been included as

essential habitat. These lands also represent a valuable

watershed for southern Guam.

A-2
APPENDIX B

INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED DURING TECHNICAL REVIEW

*Edward W. Eckhoff

Division of Law Enforcement

Natinal Marine Fisheries

Service

U.S. Department of Commerce

P.O. Box 3238

Agana, Guam 96910

*John Engbring

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

300 Ala Moana Blvd.

P.O. Box 50167

Honolulu, HI 96850

Margie Falanruw

The Yap Institute of Natural

Science

P.O. Box 215

Yap, W.C.I. 96943

*Commodore Chauncey F. Hoffman

U.S. Pacific Fleet

Commander Naval Base Guam

Marianas

Commander Naval Base Guam

FPO San Francisco 96630

*Thomas 0. Leinke

Montana Department of Fish,

Wildlife, and Parks

P.O. Box 597

Thompson Falls, MT 59873

*Adrian C. Marshall

Institute of Southeast Asian

Biology

c/o Dept. of Zoology

University of Aberdeen

Aberdeen AB9 2TN

United Kingdom

*Colonel Billy E Sachse

HQ, 43rd Combat Support

Group (SAC)

Anderson Air Force Base

APO San Francisco 96334

*Dr Chris Tidemann

Dept. of Zoology

Australian National University

G.P.O. Box 4

Camberra, ACT 2601

AUSTRALIA

*Dr Merlin Tuttle

Bat Conservation International

c/o Milwaukee Public Museum

800 West Wells Street

Milwaukee, WI 53233

*Michael E. Wheeler

Dept. of Environmental

Conservation

437 E. Street, Second Floor

Anchorage, AK 99051

*Coininents were received.

B-l
APPENDIX C

AGENCIES CONTACTED DURING AGENCY REVIEW

*Commodore Chauncey F. Hoffman

U.S. Pacific Fleet

Commander Naval Forces Mariana

Commander Naval Base Guam

FPO San Francisco 96630

Regional Director

National Marine Fisheries

Service

Southwest Regional Office

300 Ferry St. , Room 2016

Terminal Island, CA 90731

Nicholas M. Cuerrero

Director

Dept. of Natural Resources

Capitol Hill

Saipan, CM 96950

*The HON Ricardo Bordallo

Governor of Guam

Office of the Governor

Agana, Guam 96910

*Colonel Billy E. Sachse

HQ 43rd Combat Support

Group (SAC)

Andersen Air Force Base

APO San Francisco 96334

*Director

U.S. Fish & Wildlife

Service

Dept. of the Interior

Washington, D.C. 20240

*The HON Pedro Tenorio

Governor

Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands

Saipan, CM 96950

*Paul B. Souder

Director

Bureau of Planning

P.O. Box 2950

Agana, Guam 96910

*James B. Branch

Administrator

Guam Environmental

Agency

P.O. Box 2999

Agana, Guam 96910

Protection

*John T. Palomo

Director

Dept. of Parks &

Recreation

490 Naval Hospital Road

Agana Hgts., Guam 96919

Elizabeth P. Torres

Director

Dept. of Agriculture

Atten: Division of Aquatic &

Wildlife Resources

P. 0. Box 2950

Agana, Guam 96910

*Resident Director

Federal Aviation Administration

Route 008

Finegayan, Guam 96912

*Wilfred Leon Guerrero

Dean, College of

Agriculture and Life

Sciences

Univ. of Guam Station

*Chief of Police

Guam Police Department

287 West O’Brien Drive

Agana, Guam

C-l
Dale Rush

Animal Plant Health Inspection

Service

Plant Protection & Guarantine

U.S. Department of Agriculture

96630 P.O. Box 8769

Tamuning, Guam 96911

Carlos Noguez

Chief

Division of Forestry and

Soil Resources

Department of Agriculture

P.O. Box 2950

Agana, Guam 96910

Arnold Palacios

Chief

Division of Fish and

Wildlife

Department of Natural

Resources

Saipan, CM 96950

*Rufo Lujan

Director

Department of Land Management

P.O. Box 2950

Agana, Guam 96910

*Captain Thomas E. Stone

Commanding Officer

US NAVCOM Area, Master

Station

FPO San Francisco

LT Commander Steven Feely

Commanding Officer

U.S. Naval Facility

Box 115

FPO San Francisco 96630

Captain Fred M. Williamson

Commanding Officer

U.S. Naval Station

Box 152

FPO San Francisco

96339-1000

*JR Faunce

Commander

Civil Engineer Corps

U.S. Navy

Head, Facilities

Planning Department

Pearl Harbor, HI

96860-7300

*Comments were received.

C—2