IN THE 

## A RIZONA 

## C OURT OF 

## A PPEALS D IVISION O NE

SHAWANEE S., Appellant

v.

ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC SECURITY, E.J., J.J., L.S., K.S., Appellees

No. 1 CA

- JV 13

- 0186

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County No. JD21396 The Honorable Aimee L . Anderson
, Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Law Office of Denise L. Carroll, Scottsdale By Denise Lynn Carroll Counsel for Appellant

Arizona Attorney General ’s Office
, Tucson By Laura J. Huff C ounsel for Appellee sSHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

2 OPINION
Judge Michael J. Brown delivered the Opinion of the Court, in which Presiding Judge Andrew W. Gould and Judge Samuel A. Thumma joined.

B R O W N , Judge:

¶1 Shawanee S. ( “ Mother ” ) appeals the juvenile court’s order terminating her parental rights to her four young daughters (“the children”). She argues the court erred in finding that (1) the Arizona Department of Economic Security ( “ ADES ” ) made dilige nt efforts to provide her with appropriate reunification services , and (2) termination is in the best interests of the children

. Because Mother failed to raise any objection in the juvenile court to t he adequacy of the services ADES provided, we conclude she waived the right to challenge the court’s finding on appeal. As to the court’s best interests determination, we find no error and therefore affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 In November 2011, Child Protective Services ( “ CPS ” ) received a referral alleging that one of Mother’s children, age six, was “exhibiting significant sexual acting out ” with other children. The referral also alleged that the child was hoarding food and displaying v arious behavioral issues. CPS’s efforts to contact Mother through phone calls

a nd letters to the homeless shelter where she re sid ed were unsuccessful.

¶3 In January 2012, CPS was notified that Mother used a knife to cut her boyfriend’s arm during an altercation that occurred in the presence of the children. Mother was arrested and the children were immediately taken into CPS custody. The children had n umerous medical

concerns , which, depending on the child, included ringworm, rashes, malnourishment, staph infection
, boils, an ear infection, and severe diaper rash. One of the child ren disclosed that she had been sexually abused by the brother of Mother’s previous boyfriend

. ¶4 ADES filed a petition alleging the children were dependent as to Mother , based on neglect due to domestic violence and failing to provide the children with the basic necessities of life

. Mother denied the allegations but submitted the matter to the juvenile court , which found theSHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

3 children to be dependent. The court approved a case plan of family reunification and a concurrent case plan of severance and adoption , and also approved and order ed the “services as agreed upon by the parties.” Consistent with this ruling, ADES o ffered Mother a psychological evaluation and consultation, individual counseling, parent aide services (including parenting education and supervised visitati o n ) , and transportation.

¶5 In December 2012, the children’s guardian ad litem moved to terminate Mother’s parental rights
, alleging Mother substantially neglect ed or willfully refused to remedy the circumstances that caused the child ren to remain in a court

- ordered out

- of

- home placement for nine months or longer pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes ( “ A.R.S. ” ) section 8

- 533(B)(8)(a) . In April 2013, ADE S joined in the motion for termination.

¶6 The juvenile court held a two

- day contested severance hearing in June 2013. Mother acknowledged that she cut her boyfriend with a knife and engaged in other incidents of domestic violence. She admitted she did not contact the police after learning one of her daughters had been sexually abused . Mother also admitted she ha d recently liv ed in the same household with the alleged abuser for several months to avoid becoming homeless. Mother testified she completed more than forty hours of individual counseling, but acknowledged she did not complet e parent aide services and refused substance abuse treatment even though it was recommended as a result of the psychological evaluation. Mother also a cknowledged that at one point she refused to partic ipate in further visits because the children were acti ng out

. ¶7 CPS caseworker Chrystal Thomson testified that Mother’s participation in services was limited. Mother substantially participated in individual therapy, but missed numerous visits with the children , stating she was “tired” and “had a lot going on. ” Mother also missed visits for more than a month because the children had behav ed poorly during prior visits

. A lthough Mother was initially permitted to have in

- home visits with the children, that visitation ceased because Mother was teaching the children “ erotic” dancing during visits and frequently had a boyfriend present . As a result, all subsequent visits were held at a visitation center. Ultimately, Mother was removed from the parent aide program because she did not maintain contact for more than thirty days and she repeatedly failed to attend scheduled meetings to discuss the children’s therapy and
treatment.SHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

4 ¶8 Following the presentation of evidence and closing arguments , the juvenile court granted the motion for termination
, finding that Mother “substantially neglected, and at times, willfully refused to remedy the circumstances that caused each of these children to be in their
out

- of

- home placement.” The court also made detailed findings regarding the reunification services provided by ADES, and Mother’s compliance (or lack thereof) with the services offered, concluding that ADES “ has made more than diligent efforts to provide appropriate reunification services. ” T he court also found that termination of Mother’s parental ri ghts would be in the children’s best interests. The court later confirmed its findings in a signed order and Mother timely appealed

.
DISCUSSION

¶9 To terminate parental rights, the juvenile court must find by clear and convincing evidence the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination enumerated in A.R.S. § 8

- 533(B) and must find by a preponderance of the evidence that termina tion would serve the child’s best interests

. Ariz. R. P. Juv. Ct. 66(C); Michael J. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.
, 196 Ariz. 246, 249, ¶ 12, 995 P.2d 682, 685 (2000)

. As applicable here, ADES was required to prove by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the children ha d been in an out

- of

- home placement for at least nine months under a court order ; (2) the parent ha d “ substantially neglected or willfully refused to remedy the circumstances causing the out

- of

- home placement ;” and (3) ADES had “ made a dilige nt effort to provide appropriate reunification services. ” A.R.S. § 8

- 533(B)(8) (a)

.

A. Waiver

¶10 Mother challenges the court’s finding that ADES had made a diligent effort to provide appropriate reunification services, claiming she

w as not given the time and services necessary to enable her to reunify with the children. Specifically, she asserts that ADES should have provided her with a second psychological evaluation to assess her progress and determine whether additional services were necessar y. Because Mother failed to raise any objection in the juvenile court regarding the adequacy of services provided t o her
, as a threshold issue
, we consider whether she waived that argument on appeal

. See Kimu P. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec ., 218 Ariz. 39 , 44 n.3, 178 P.3d 511, 516 n.3 (App. 2008) (noting that parent waives a n argument by failing to raise it in the juvenile court); Christy C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec ., 214 Ariz. 445, 452, ¶ 21, 153 P.3d 1074, 1081 (App. 2007) ( concluding that parent wai ved claim that juvenile court failed to make statutorily required findings by failingSHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

5 to object in the juvenile court); see also Trantor v. Fredrikson , 179 Ariz. 299, 300, 78 P.2d 657, 658 (1994) (“[A]bsent extraordinary circumstances, errors not raised in the trial court cannot be raised on appeal” because “a trial court and opposing counsel should be afforded the opportunity to correct any asserted defects [

. ] ”).

¶11 There is no Arizona case law resolving this precise issue. In Christina G. v. Arizona Department of Economic Security , we noted that a parent may waive the right to challenge on appeal the adequacy of ADES ’ s reunification efforts by failing to raise the issue in the juvenile
court proceedings. 227 Ariz. 231, 2 3 5 n.8, ¶ 15, 256 P.3d 628, 63 2 n.8 (App. 2011). W e e xplained that the mother in that case had not “ request ed additional services or raised an objection to the manner in which court

ordered services were being provided, despite multiple opportunities to do so at various stages of the proceedings.” Id

. We also noted that the mother had failed to object to the juvenile court ’ s explicit findings “that ADES was making reasonable efforts” in providing reunification services. Id. We declined to affirm the case based on waiver, howeve r, because ADES did not raise it as an argument on appeal. Id. Here, ADES does assert that Mother waive d her challenge to the juvenile court’s diligent effort finding.

¶12 Generally, w h en a child is removed from the home, ADES is presumptively obligated to m ake reasonable efforts to “ provide services to the child and the child’s parent.” See A.R.S. § 8

- 846 (A) (requiring the juvenile court to “order the department to make reasonable efforts to provide services to the child and the child’s parent ,” unless the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that an A.R.S. § 8

- 846(B) exception applies )

. When a dependency case plan includes family reunification, ADES is obligated to provide services reasonably geared toward family reunification. See Ariz . R.P. Juv. Ct. 56(E)(1) (requiring juvenile court, at disposition after a dependency finding, to “ determine the appropriate case plan and . . . [e]nter orders concerning appropriate services required to achieve the case plan”)

. Furthermore , when ADES seeks severance based on length of time in care, ADES must prove that it “has made a diligent effort to provide appropriate reunification services.” A.R.S. § 8

- 533(B)(8) ; see also Mary Ellen C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec. , 193 Ariz. 185, 192, ¶¶ 32

- 34, 971 P.2 d 1046, 1053 (App. 1999) (finding constitutional right
to reunification services when ADES sought termination of parental rights based on mental illness). In this case, there is no question that ADES was obligated to make diligent efforts to provide appro priate reunification services to Mother.SHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

6 ¶13 ADES ’s obligation, however, does not free a parent from the need to raise a timely objection if the parent believes services are inadequate. A parent must raise such a challenge in the juvenile court and may do so in one of many ways

. At a pre

- hearing conference (t he first dependency proceeding with all parties present ) , the participants are to discuss and seek resolution on various issues, inclu d ing “the provision of services to the child and family.” Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 49(A), (D). At a preliminary protective hearing (often the first court hearing in a dependency) , the juvenile court “ shall . . . [d]etermine whether a proposed case plan for services has been submitted and is appropriate” and ” shall
enter appropriate orders as to . . . the provision of services to the child and family.” Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 50(A)
, (B)(8)
, (C)(4). At a disposition hearing following a dependency finding, the juvenile court “shall determine the appropriate case plan and shall . . . [e]nter orders concerning appropriate services required to achieve the case plan.” Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 56(E)(1). A parent has a right to be present, to be represented by counsel and to be heard regarding services at each of these proceedings. See Ariz . R.P. Juv. Ct. 49(B) (listing participants at pre

- hearing conference); Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 50(B)(2) (appointment of counsel)

. ¶14 After services have been identified by the participants and ordered by the juvenile court , a parent dissatisfied with the se rvices actually bein g provided can raise the issue with the juvenile court in a variety of ways. At periodic review hearings, a s well as the permanency planning hearing, a parent can object to the adequacy of services and “[a]t the conclusion of the hearin g, the court shall . . . [e]nter appropriate orders concerning . . . services to be provided to the family.” Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 58(F)(3). A parent may also object to the juvenile court ’s

“ reasonable efforts ” finding
, s ee A.R.S. § 8

- 846(A ) , or request an evidentiary hearing by motion to address the adequacy of services. See Ariz . R.P. Juv. Ct. 58(D) (noting, in the context of a review hearing, that “[a]ny party seeking an evidentiary hearing on any issue shall file a motion requesting that the matter be set for a contested hearing”)

. And
, at a termination hearing, a parent can dispute evidence that ADES claims shows a diligent effort to provide appropriate reunification services
, including by testifying about the services actually provided

. Se e A.R.S. § 8

- 533(B)(8)

. ¶15 In determining whether the grounds for termination have been satisfied, the juvenile court is in a much better position than this
court to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of the services provided , as credibility determination s may be required to weigh the evidence presented

. See Jesus M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec ., 203 Ariz. 278, 282, ¶ 12,SHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

7 53 P.3d 203, 207 (App. 2002)

. The juvenile court ’s role in the dependency process is just as critical

— the court ensures that all parti es receive proper notice of court proceedings and are given meaningful opportunities for input and objection. The court is also tasked with reviewing ADES ’s case reports , which must include an update as to the services provided to the family. See Ariz

. R.P. Juv. Ct. 58(C)(2) (requiring ADES to “provide a report to the court and the parties at least fifteen (15) days prior to” a review hearing addressing “[t]he services being provided to the child and family”)

. The court holds review hearings at least on ce every six months. A.R.S. § 8

- 847(A) . In doing so, the court necessarily evaluates the reports and related information, the purpose of which is to give t he court an opportunity to “review the progress of the parties in achieving the case plan goals and determine whether the child continues to be dependent.” Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 58(A). The court is also authorized to consider “oral or written reports of the parties,” which may implicate credibility assessments, particularly whe n the participants disagre e on what happened or what services were provided. Ariz. R.P. Juv. Ct. 58(E)(1).

¶16 Th is process demands that parents voice their concerns about services to the juvenile court in a timely manner . It serves no one to wait to bring such concerns to light fo r the first time on appeal, when months have passed since the severance order was entered. Instead, a parent’s fail ure to assert legitimate complaints in the juvenile court about the adequacy of services needlessly injects uncertainty and potential delay into the proceedings, whe n important rights and interests are at stake and tim eliness is critical . Accordingly
, we hold that when the juvenile court record reflects that ADES has been ordered to provide specific services in further ance of the case plan, and the court finds that ADES has made reasonable efforts to provide such services (including a finding that ADES made a diligent effort to provide appropriate reunification services pursuant to A.R.S. § 8

- 533(B)(8) ) , a parent who does not object in the ju venile court is precluded from challenging th at finding on appeal. See State v. Georgeoff , 163 Ariz. 434, 437, 788 P.2d 1185, 1188 (1990) ( explaining that “ [e] ven constitutional rights may , of course
, be waived ” ); In re Eddie O ., 227 Ariz. 99
, 103 n.2
, 25 3 P.3d 296, 300 n.2 (App. 2011) (explaining individuals may forfeit or waive some constitutional rights through their conduct)

. ¶17 Here, the juvenile court conducted six review hearings over the course of a year (April
, June
, October
, and December 2012; an d February and May 2013)

. Six progress reports submitted by CPS to the juvenile court described the services offered to Mother and her progress with such services. Each of the minute entries from the review hearingsSHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

8 include d the court’s finding that ADES had made reasonable efforts to provide appropriate reunification services. The minute entries do not reflect any objection s by Mother to the CPS progress reports or the court’s findings
, nor is there any indication in the re cord that Mother questioned the appropriateness of the services being provided to her in any way

. Finally, at the termination hearing
, Mother did not ar gue that ADES failed to make reasonable efforts to provide appropriate reunification services.

¶18 I f Moth er believed ADES was not making diligent efforts to provide appropriate reunification services at any point, it was incumbent on her to promptly bring those concerns to the attention of the juvenile
court , thereby giv ing th at court a reasonable opportunity to address the matter and ensure that ADES was in compliance with its obligation to provide appropriate reunification services as ordered by that court . If Mother had done so, the juvenile court could have addressed Mother’s concerns and (1) ma d e additional findings as to why ADES’s efforts w ere sufficient or (2) directed ADES to make appropriate changes to its current offering of services. But in the absence of an objection challenging the type or manner of services , Mother has waived the right to argue for the first time on appeal that ADES failed to offer appropriate reunification services.

B. Best Interests

¶19 Mother also argues that the juvenile court erred by finding that termination of her parental rights was in the children’s best interests. W e disagree.

¶20 Termination of the parent

- child relationship is in the child’s best interest if the child will benefit from the termination or would be harmed if the relationship continued. Bobby G. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec
., 219 Ariz. 506, 511, ¶ 15, 200 P.3d 1003, 1008 (App. 2008)

. We review the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to upholding the juvenile court’s factual findings, Jesus M. , 203 Ariz. at 282, ¶ 13, 53 P.3d at 207 , and we will affirm unless the court ab used its discretion by making clearly erroneous factual findings
, Audra T. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec ., 194 Ariz. 376, 377, ¶ 2, 982 P.2d 1290, 1291 (App. 1998)

. Here, the juvenile court found that it would be detrimental to the children to remain with Mother in light of the trauma they had experienced under her care, and that the children would benefit from the permanency and stability that a safe, violence

- free home could provide.SHAWANEE S. v. ADES, et al. Opinion of the Court

9 ¶21 The record supports these findings. Case manager Thomson opined that termination is in the children ’ s best interests based on Mother’s lack of stability and her history of exposing the children to neglect and abuse. After visits with Mother, the children “r egressed” and engaged in self

- harm and other aggressive behaviors. Thomson testified that the three younger children are in adoptive placements that are meeting their physical, social, and emotional needs. Thomson explained that because the oldest child has unique needs, she is not in an adoptive placement but the present plan is to help her stabilize , which will then permit her to be placed in an adoptive home. Therefore, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in determining that termination of the parent

child relationship is in the children ’ s best interests.

CONCLUSION

¶22 We affirm the juvenile court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights.