Residential Remodeling and Universal Design 

Making Homes More Comfortable and 

Accessible 

Prepared for: 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 

Office of Policy Development and Research 

Prepared by: 

NAHB Research Center, 

Upper Marlboro, MD 

Barrier Free Environments, 

Raleigh, NC 

May 1996 

Inc. 

Inc. 
Notice 

Although the information in this publication is believed to be accurate, the authors are solely 

responsible for the contents. The publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies 

of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or the U.S. Government. The NAHB 

Research Center has made every effort to verify the accuracy and appropriateness of the 

materials. The recommendations were developed for voluntary use in private homes. They were 

not designed to comply with mandatory accessibility standards, regulations, or laws. The 

products listed in the manual are included only as examples of some available products. No 

endorsement, recommendation, or evaluation of these products or their use is given or implied. 
Rehabilitation and Remodeling of the existing housing stock plays a key role in providing our 

Nation with decent and affordable housing. Often, when a house or apartment is renovated, it 

can also be made more accessible for people with disabilities. Given growing awareness of the 

needs of people with disabilities, and the aging of the “baby boom” generation, it makes good 

sense to ensure that, through “Universal Design”, more housing addresses the needs of all 

Americans. 

The term “Universal Design” refers to designs and features that make housing usable by persons 

with a broad range of needs. Many universal design features can be added to the home during 

a remodeling project at little or no extra cost. Residential Remodeling and Universal Design: 

Making Homes More Comfortable and Accessible, provides guidance on selecting and installing 

universal features that will improve the home for its residents now and in the future and will 

increase the home’s marketability. 

I am please to present this publication in the hope that both property owners and remodelers will 

find it helpful in creating comfortable and functional housing that will occupy a place at the leading 

edge of the market in the 21” century. 
Acknowledgements 

This publication was prepared by the NAHB Research Center, Inc. through funding 

provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy 

Development and Research. Barrier Free Environments, Inc. produced the graphics and 

the majority of accompanying text and notes. Building Technology, Inc., Silver Spring, 

MD, provided technical assistance on multi-family housing issues. Special appreciation 

for their in-depth review and professional suggestions is extended to the following 

publication reviewers: Christian Yost, M. Yost, Construction Consultant and Remodeler, 

Stratham, NH; Allan Browne, Extended Home Living Services, inc., Northbrook, IL; 

Ronald G. Nickson, National Multi Housing Council, Washington, D.C.. 

Special acknowledgements to: Alan Rothman, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban 

Development, who originated the concept for this publication and provided technical 

guidance throughout the project; Carol Schaake, NAHB Research Center, Ron Mace and 

Rex Pace, Barrier Free Environments, Inc., for their commitment to the success of the 

project and its impact on universal design. 
CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

For Remodelers and Contractors ................................ 1 

For Homeowners ........................................... 1 

UNIVERSAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

What is Universal Design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Who Benefits From a Home With These Features? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

Universal Design, Adaptable Design, Accessible 

Design in Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Universal Design in Residential Remodeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Low-Cost, Easily Installed Universal Designs: 

More Bang for the Buck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

Different Types of Remodeling and Universal 

Design Features . . . . . . . . . m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 

INSTALLING UNIVERSAL DESIGN FEATURES TO IMPROVE 

EXISTING HOMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

How to Use This Publication ................................... 

Entrances.. ............................................... 

Doors ................................................... 

Kitchens ................................................. 

Bathrooms ............................................... 

Laundry Areas ............................................ 

Clothes Closets ............................................ 

Interior Stairs ............................................. 

Windows ................................................ 

Interior Floor Surfaces ....................................... 

Controls and Signals ........................................ 

Decks and Patios ......................................... 

Parking and Walks ........................................ 

5 

7 

19 

29 

43 

57 

65 

73 

81 

87 

93 

101 

109 

APPENDIX A: Accessibility Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-l 

APPENDIX B: Guidebooks and Other References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-i 

APPENDIX C: Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-l 

vi 
INTRODUCTION 

Universal features in homes make sense. Universally designed products, building features, and 

spatial techniques help people function more independently regardless of age, size, stature, or 

ability. Many universal design features can be added to a home during a home remodeling or 

rehabilitation project at little or no extra cost. Addition of these features will improve the home for 

its residents now and in the future, as well as increase its marketability. 

For Remodelers and Contractors 

Universal design need not be a complicated concept. Most universal features are standard building 

elements that are placed differently (lowered light switches), selected more carefully (faucet 

handles), or re-dimensioned (doorways). Some products, designs, and installation techniques may 

be new to you or your sub-contractors. We recommend that you tell your sub-contractors exactly 

what you want done and why, to avoid misunderstandings. 

This book provides technical guidance on selecting and installing universal features during typical 

remodeling or rehabilitation projects. The book will help you illustrate the designs and their benefits 

to your clients. 

For Homeowners 

This guide suggests products and designs conceived to create comfortable, functional 

environments for everyone regardless of age or ability. The ideas are described and illustrated to 

assistyou andyourremodelerin planningyourhomemodificationproject. Asyou scanthis guide 

we are sure you will find features that will benefit your household now and in the future. These 

improvements will help position your home on the leading edge of the existing housing market in 

the 21” century! 

The ideas in this book are intended for use in remodeling private homes. Their purpose is to help 

make the average home more functional and easier for everyone to use. The suggested features 

do not necessarily provide home access for all people with specific physical limitations. If you plan 

to modify your home to meet a residents specialized needs, you and your remodeler will need to 

consult materials more specifically related to those needs. We recommend that you review federal, 

state, and local accessibility standards and codes as well as other publications and guides that 

provide more detailed specifications for creating accessible homes. Although compliance with 

accessibility standards is not required in private homes, the standards, as well as other 

publications, provide valuable guidance for creating totally accessible homes. The standards are 

listed in Appendix A and other printed materials are in Appendix B and Appendix C. 

1 
UNIVERSAL DESIGN 

What is Universal Design? 

Universal design is a developing approach to creating liveable, marketable environments for 

everyone as common practice in design. It is inclusionary design that applies to spaces, features, 

and products to maximize the number of people who can function independently in a particular 

environment. Universal design considers human needs and abilities throughout the lifespan, It 

attempts to meet the needs of people of all ages, sizes, and abilities. This concept includes the 

older, more narrowly focused concepts of barrier free and accessible design, but eliminates the 

stigma and special appearance to ensure marketability. It is often called life-span design, inclusive 

design, or Pans-generationaldesign. 

Universal designs are not special. Incorporating universal features into a home during a typical 

remodeling or rehabilitation project will not change the appearance of the home nor necessarily 

increase the project cost. Useful products are generally available through standard distribution 

channels. As the market increases, universal elements will be more prominently displayed in home 

improvement stores. Many quality products on the market today accomplish universal design 

goals. For example, quality slider or double-hung windows that open and close easily make 

installation of specially designed windows for people with severely limited strength unnecessary. 

Who Benefits From a Home With These Features? 

Most residents. Universal designs serve the entire population regardless of age, stature, size, or 

physical ability. Traditional homes designed for average families may limit the independence or 

functionality of some residents, Kitchen counters are too low for very tall individuals and too high 

for short people. Light switches are too high for both a 3-year-old and an older person with limited 

reach. Rotating door handles and faucets cannot be turned by people with arthritic hands. Not 

only do wheelchairs not fit through most interior doorways, but furniture is also harder to move 

around. Thresholds can be an impediment to people using crutches, canes, or walkers, as well 

as to tiny and old shuffling feet. Bathtubs and showers are slippery and typically provide nothing 

to grasp. Homes that fit during young and middle years are often inappropriate for older years. 

It makes sense to consider now how the home will fit the needs of older residents. Surveys show 

most of us want to grow old at home. Today, over 12 percent of the U.S. population is over 65. 

Census projections estimate in 30 years, more than 20 percent of us will be over 65. And in 40 

years, the over-85 population is expected to triple. The market for homes with universal features 

that allow older people to remain at home and independent will likely increase. Homeowners 

should consider including universal features during home remodeling projects both to meet the new 

market and to ensure their own comfort in later years. Many universal concepts are modifications 

of designs originally conceived to help people with physical limitations live more independently. 

Currently, 49 million people have a physical disability. Most have impaired mobility or dexterity, 

including 37 million people with arthritis (21 million under age 65). Many others will experience 

at least temporary disabilities and could also benefit from these features. 

2 
Universal Design, Adaptable Design, and Accessible Design in Homes 

Universal features, products, and designs create homes that are accessible for more people than 

typical homes. Furthermore, universally designed homes can be easily adapted to meet special 

needs. A fully accessible home of the past typically included appliances, specialized features, and 

accommodations that made the home look different and cost more than usual. Homes with 

universal features look no different than neighboring homes and are often no more expensive. 

Universal design does not produce a special home environment, but rather provides spaces and 

features that are usable by more people and can be adjusted to meet individual needs. 

Universal Design in Residential Remodeling 

There can be two reasons to include universal design features in a home. One is to meet an 

immediate need; the other is to plan ahead to make the home better fit household needs now and 

for the future as part of normal home up-grade or remodeling projects. 

Home modifications required to meet an immediate need are typically undertaken out of 

desperation-to accommodate an elderly relative, a special physical need, or a temporary disability. 

Planning is done quickly and without adequate research. Budget limitations allow for few trade-offs. 

Work is accomplished in haste, without time for cost efficiencies. 

Planning for aging and potential market edge, comes from far-sighted homeowners who anticipate 

their own, their family’s, and guests’ possible future physical limitations and changing needs. 

These individuals incorporate select universal products and designs as they up-date or remodel 

their homes. The costs of their remodeling projects are not necessarily higher as they create 

marketable, attractive, comfortable homes for a lifetime. 

Low-Cost, Easily Installed Universal Features: More Bang for the Buck 

Some methods to make a home more functional for everyone should be considered in home 

remodeling projects. The cost and difficulty involved in these procedures is often small when 

compared to their benefits. Modifications of this type include: 

. use of lever handle door hardware and faucets; . installation of large rocker-style light switches; . use of extra lighting where necessary; . installation of hand-held flexible shower fixtures; . installation of new electrical outlets and telephone jacks (when needed) no lower 

than 15 inches above the floor surface and of new light switches between 36 inches 

and 48 inches above the floor surface; and, . use of adjustable hanging closet rod and shelf systems. 

3 
Different Types of Remodeling and Universal Design Features 

Home modification projects may vary in size and complexity from a simple one-for-one replacement 

(a new screen door) through gut rehabilitation (foundation and exterior walls remain and interior 

is reconstructed). Builders and remodelers can add universal design features during any phase 

in this continuum. 

How can homeowners select from among products and designs to make their homes more 

comfortable for everyone, match their changing life style, accommodate their aging and increasing 

physical limitations, or increase the home’s market appeal? Is there a formula? Keep in mind the 

goal of universal design is to increase the degree to which individuals can be independent, and 

comfortable in the home. 

1. Add modifications necessary to meet the unique needs of your household. 

2, Include relatively inexpensive features that are helpful for everyone and can be 

included during any rehabilitation or remodeling project. 

3. Consider cost. Although many universal designs would increase the value of your 

home, this may not fully compensate for added cost. You should base your 

decisions on the degree to which you can afford the modification. 

4. Depending on the extent of your remodeling project: 

. Consider widening doorways to allow for a 32-inch clear opening. Front 

door and bathroom door are most important. . Create a clear, level circulation route through the home. Be mindful of 

turning radius dimensions if you are planning for wheelchair access. . If you are changing the footprint of the home and can afford it, consider 

enlarging the bathroom and widening doorways and hallways. . If you are remodeling your kitchen, consider adding an adjustable or lower 

counter to increase usability (i.e. for a child or seated individual). 

5. If you want to make your home totally wheelchair accessible (or accessible for 

people with specific physical limitations), technical information in the accessibility 

standards listed and described in Appendix A will provide guidance. Resources 

referenced in Appendix B and C offer additional assistance. 

4 
INSTALLING UNIVERSAL DESIGN FEATURES 

TO IMPROVE EXISTING HOMES 

How to Use This Publication 

The remaining sections of this book provide technical information regarding specific universal 

design products, features, and spatial techniques and suggested methods for their installation in 

typical remodeling projects. We recommend that remodelers study and envision the concepts first 

and later discuss with the client appropriate designs and features for a specific project. Most likely 

the client will not be familiar with the universal design approach and its benefits, and will depend 

on the remodeler’s guidance. 

Each section begins with a graphic overview illustrating common barriers in one area of the home. 

The graphics are meant to highlight specific features of the area and not the lay-out. A second 

overview illustrates the same area with the barriers replaced by universal design elements. 

Numbers on the second overview refer to detailed discussions of the feature in text that follows. 

Although the illustrations focus on single-family homes, most designs are appropriate for multifamily units as well. Following the overviews are more detailed descriptions and illustrations of the 

highlighted universal design features, potential benefits of each feature, alternatives, most 

appropriate type of remodeling project in which to include the feature, and installation suggestions. 

Simple, inexpensive, “do-it-yourself” changes to meet a specific individual need follow. Each 

section concludes with a paragraph on replacing the entire space (gut rehab) or constructing an 

addition, and the use of technical information in the accessibility standards to guide planning for 

total access. 

5 

ENTRANCES 

C ommon Barriers at Entrances 

Remodeled Entrance (when stairs remain) 

Remodeled Entrance (with stairs removed) 

Porch Landings 

Steps/Stairs 

Drop-offs 

Signage 

Doorbells 

Intercom Call Boxes 

Lighting 

Package Shelves 

E ntrance Doors 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Replacing or Installing Entire Entrances 

7 
ENTRANCES 

and 

knob handle is number signs with 

difficult for people low color contrast 

who have trouble and small letters or 

grasping and turning numbers are hard to security “peep” hole 

inconvenient for read is too high for some 

people carrying I people to use 

packages or young 

children 

doors requiring a force 

greater than 8 Ibs. to 

open are difficult 

\ 

\ 

door is too narrow to 

permit passage of a range 

of people and items 

doort>ell activation 

button is not 

lighted or 

contrasted making 

it difficult to see 

step at door and \ \ 

door threshold 

can be difficult 

entrance area lacks 

adequate lighting 

lack of handrails is 

uncomfortable 

stepsare a barrier 

to people who use 

wheelchairs 

Common Barriers at Entrances 
ENTRANCES 

focused lighting 

at lockset. See 7 \ 

\ 

house number 

is easier to 

read. See 4 , \ 

lever handles are 

easy and 

convenient for 

most people. 

See Doors \ 

package shelf 

located near latch 

side of entrance 

door. See 8 

abrasive strips 

improve 

slippery treads / 

See 2 

second “peep” hole 

increases usability by 

people who are short 

or seated or children. 

See Doors 

easy to see 

lighted doorbell 

- button. See 5 

good overall lighting 

improves nighttime 

security and 

usability. See 7 

extended-handrails offer 

stability. See 2 

Remodeled Entrance 

(when stairs remain) 

9 
good overall lighting 

and usability. See 7 See 7 

second security “peep” 

/ hole increases usability 

auxiliary handle helps 

close the door. See Doors 

/ 

/ 

by people who are short 

or seated or children. 

n-- n---- 388 uaors 

improves nighttime security focused lighting at lockset. 

easy to see large kick plate lighted doorbell. nrntnde entrance p, “LUVW“I I See 5 Annr frnm e 

lever handles are 

easy and convenient 

for most people. 

See Doors new l/2” or less 

threshold. See 1 

package shelf 

located near 

latch side of 

column may be 

xisting landing level 

walk raised to 

create flush 

transition from 

porch area to the 

site. (120 slope 

recommended.) 

landing level raised to 

eliminate step at 

entrance. See 1 

Remodeled Entrance 

(with stairs removed) 

10 
ENTRANCES 

Entrances 

1. Porch Landing 

Porch Size: Consider enlarging the porch or 

stoop area to at least 5 feet by 5 feet when 

remodeling the entry area. A porch of this size 

will allow a person using a walker, cane, or 

wheelchair room to maneuver while opening the 

entrance door. 

Raise Porch Level: The level change between 

interior and exterior of the house is troublesome 

for people who have difficulty walking or vision 

impairments. When repairing or replacing the 

porch or stoop landing, this can be minimized by 

raising the exterior level to within l/2-inch or less 

of the interior floor level. 

When porch/stoop landings are almost level with 

the interior floor, there is increased risk of water 

infiltration at the door. Common water-proofing 

techniques should be practiced, including: 

. ensuring positive surface slope away 

from the building; . inserting continuous metal or plastic 

water bars in joints and under thresholds; . adding positive interlocking weather 

stripping; . raising or deleting bottom courses of 

siding; . adding flashing at perimeter of floor 

system; . caulking at all exposed joints; and, . using appropriate drains and weep holes. 

Canopies, roofs, and other weather protection 

will also help prevent leaking. 

$ existing 

2 

recommended 

Raised Porch 

11 
ENTRANCES 

Walk Level: If walks serving porches or stoops 

that are low to the ground are being replaced or 

undergoing significant repair, they can be raised 

on earth fill at a gradual slope to create a flush 

connection between walk and porch. This will 

create easier access for people with unsure 

balance and those who use canes, walkers, 

wheelchairs, or other mobility devices. 

Recommended walk slope is 1:20. Handrails 

are helpful on slopes between 1:20 and 1:12 

(the absolute maximum). 

2. Steps/Stairs 

Step/Stair Repair and Replacement: When 

up-dating or replacing other elements of the 

home entrance, pay particular attention to the 

steps. Many injuries in the home involve steps, 

particularly among children and older adults. 

Weather conditions also contribute to falls on 

exterior steps and require consideration. 

Consider using steps with curved or sloped 

nosings and no sharp edges. Risers should be 

equally spaced to enable the body’s natural 

rhythm to continue throughout the climb or 

descent. Treads and risers should be of 

consistent size for maximum safety and ease of 

use. A non-slip surface should be provided. 

See interior Stairs. 

Stair Railing Replacement: When replacing 

stair handrails, install sturdy new railings. 

Consider including rail extensions which offer 

stability and assistance for people with balance 

or mobility limitations. For details on railing 

design, see Interior Stairs. 

walk slope 1:20 max. 

recommended, 

between 1:20 and 

1:12 requires 

handrails 

l-1/2” +I-­ max.

no 

extended 

Tread and Nosing Design 

squareprotruding 

12 
ENTRANCES 

3. Drop-offs 

Edge Protection: Unprotected drop-offs at 

porches, stoops, or landings may be a problem 

for people who have difficulty controlling or 

directing their travel, or vision impairments. 

Consider installing a railing, bench, planter, or 

curb to define the edge and provide an 

appropriate visual cue. 

4. Signage Replacement 

Type: Replace house numbers and other signs 

which are difficult to see from a distance with 

large, high contrast letters or numbers in a 

simple type face. Easily-read signs assist not 

only guests of the home but also emergency 

services. 

Examples of acceptable type faces include such 

as: 

“The Smith’s” 

(Helvetica) 

“The Smith’s’ 

(ITC Avant Garde Gothic Demi) 

Unacceptable type faces may include: 

“The Smith’s ” 

(Times Roman Italic) 

‘The Smith’s” 

(New Century Schoolbook Italic) 

Mounting Height and Location: In multifamily 

buildings with interior entrances to individual 

units, mount unit numbers or letters 60 inches 

above the floor on the latch side of the entrance 

door. If numbers are within reach, consider 

using a raised type to enable “tactile” reading by 

people with vision impairments. 

weep holes or other \ 2” - 4” min 

Curb Edge Protection 

raised characters 

within reach beside 

entl 

Easy-to-Read 

large characters 

with a wide 

stroke width 

-4 3” min. 

when 

above 

80” 

Dntrast 

between type 

and background 

Signage 

60” 

I 

Signage at Multiple Entrances 

13 
ENTRANCES 

5. Doorbell Replacement 

Activation Button: When replacing doorbells, 

you may use new models that have either a 

lighted or at minimum a high contrast activation 

button to assist people with vision impairments. 

Locate the doorbell 36 inches to 48 inches 

above the floor for most convenient use. 

6. Intercom Call Box Replacement 

Mounting Height: When replacing, adding, or 

moving an intercom call box, try to install so the 

activation button is located 48 inches maximum 

above the floor. If multiple units are wired into 

one box, you may locate as many activation 

buttons as feasible at 48 inches or below, within 

easy reach by children, smaller adults, or seated 

individuals. 

Activation Button: The new intercom call box 

should have either a lighted or high contrast call 

button for easier use by people with vision 

impairments. 

Type/Numerals: Select a model with high 

contrast numbers or letters in simple type for 

easy identification. Raised numbers will allow 

people with vision impairments to “read” by 

touch. 

7. Lighting 

General: Changes in vision occur gradually as 

people age. Typically, older eyes require almost 

3 times as much light as younger eyes. Lighting 

in entrances, as well as in other areas of the 

home, may be inadequate for some users. 

When replacing light fixtures or doing other 

electrical work in the entrance area, consider 

improving both the overall lighting level and the 

focused lighting. 

Particularly focus new light fixtures on the 

lockset, house numbers, and steps. 

easy-twead, 

raised, high contrast 

type numbers 

high contrast - and/or lighted 

button 

48” Features of Easy-to-Use max. Intercom Call Box 

Focused Lighting at Lockset 

14 
ENTRANCES 

8. Package Shelves 

Location: When repairing or replacing entrance 

walls, railing, or siding, consider installing a 

package shelf. A shelf located near an entrance 

door provides a place to put packages and other 

items while unlocking and opening the door. 

This is especially helpful for people who must 

use both hands to manipulate the lock and open 

the door and a convenience for everyone. 

/ package 

shelf can 

be directly 

attached to 

exterior wall 

9. Entrance Doors 

General: The design of the entrance door as 

well as the approach to the door determines 

those people who will and will not be able to 

enter the home. A doorway that provides a clear 

opening of less than 32 inches, for example, 

denies entry to most people who use a 

wheelchair and may be difficult to maneuver for 

people using canes and walkers. A narrow 

doorway may also impede the passage of large 

furniture and other household items into and out 

of the home. 

An opportune time to correct this potential 

problem is when remodeling the entrance or 

replacing the entrance door. See interior Doors 

for details. 

I incorporated 

into railing 

15 
Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

. Install temporary ramp. 

. Install temporary platform lift. 

. Install abrasive strips on slippery stair treads. 

. Install wood bevels under extended nosings on 

stair treads. 

. Install awning for weather protection. 

. Install temporary wood platform to raise 

entrance l.anding to within l/2-inch or less of 

interior floor level. 

. Install a knocker light on entrance door that 

flashes when activated by vibrations caused by 

knocking. 

. Connect doorbell to interior light that will flash Knocker on and off when doorbell is activated. 

. Install wireless doorbell. 

. Install intercom system with video display. 

Doorbell Connected 

to Flashing Light 

Light 

combination of 

raised wood platform 

on porch landing and 

temporary portable 

metal ramp to 

provide access into 

dwelling 

Combination of Raised Platform 

and Temporary Ramp 

16 
Replacing or Installing Entire 

Entrances 

Providing an accessible entrance is pivotal to 

creating a dwelling that is universally usable. The 

most critical issues such as maneuvering space, 

clear door opening width, and the relationship of 

exterior grade and interior floor level may be difficult 

or impractical to address during typical home 

remodeling or modification projects. The best time 

to address the underlying structural and design 

problems that may prevent access is when 

undertaking a complete renovation of the entrance 

or adding a new one. 

The major accessibility standards and guidelines 

listed in Appendix A offer guidance on providing an 

accessible entrance. The standards, combined with 

publications listed in Appendix B, will help you 

evaluate existing conditions, set performance 

criteria, and establish design goals to create 

entrances that are accessible to more people. 
18 
DOORS 

Common Barriers at 

Remodeled 

Exterior Swinging 

Exterior Sliding 

Interior Swinging 

Interior Folding 

Interior Bi-Passing 

Interior Pocket 

Additional Modifications to Meet Temporary or Individual 

Accessible 

Doors 

Door 

Doors 

Doors 

Doors 

Doors 

Doors 

Doors 

Needs 

Doors 

19 
although a swinging entrance 

door is but one door type, it 

demonstrates barriers many 

doors create 

doors often lack sufficient 

space on the pull side to 

allow people who move 

slowly, are carrying 

packages, or use 

mobility aids to get out 

of the way of the swing of the 

door while pulling it open 

slick floor surfaces 

at the door may cause 

people to lose balance, 

slip, and fall as they try 

to open the door 

high door thresholds4 

are a barrier for / 

narrow doorways obstruct the 

passage of people using 

canes, walkers, or wheelchairs 

and make moving large items 

in and out difficuft and sometimes 

impossible 

door closers typically 

require considerable 

arm strength to open 

and often close the 

door before an 

individual is out of 

the way 

security “peep” hole 

is too high for many 

people 

knob handles are 

difficult for some 

individuals to turn 

and inconvenient 

for people carrying 

packages or babies 

locks with 

small twist 

mechanisms can 

be difficult for older 

people or those 

with low hand or 

finger strength 

\ 

- people who use . 

wheelchairs 

door swing may 

allow inadequate 

clear space for 

everyone to 

maneuver 

Common Barriers at Doors 

20 
DOORS 

door closers can be 

removed, adjusted, or 

universal features replaced to lessen door 

that improve the opening force. See 1 

usability of doors 

are shown on this 

swinging door but 

are transferable to 

most door types. The 

most useful door type lowered “peep” 

for a situation should hole provides 

be selected. security for 

See 2,3,4,5, and 6 shorter or seated 

people. See 1 

auxiliary handle 

helps in closing door. 

sometimes reversing See 1 

the swing or opening 

direction of a door will threshold lowered increase maneuvering to maximum of l/2” 

space on the for swinging See1 - doors and 314” 

for sliding glass 

doors to provide 

gentle transitions. 

See 1 or2 

lock can be operated 

easily without tight 

pinching, fine finger 

manipulation, or - flooring surface is 

twisting of the wrist. \ lever and loop handles -non-skid or slip- are easiest for most

See hardware people to use. See resistant. See 

replacement for hardwarereplacement Interior Floors 

each door type for each door type 

Remodeled Door 

21 
22 
DOORS 

Doors 

I. Exterior Swinging Doors 

Hardware Replacement: Exterior doors, for 

reasons of emergency egress as well as 

comfort, should be operable by all residents. 

Some people with physical limitations, including 

older people, often lack the strength, agile 

fingers, grip, or dexterity required to unlock and 

enter their homes. 

When replacing or installing traditional door 

handles and lock sets that require grasping, 

pinching, or twisting such as knobs and dead 

bolts consider using loop or lever handles. A 

5inch handle provides enough leverage to open 

the door when operated by an elbow or fist. 

Locks should be operable with one hand. A 

second handle can be added to a swinging door 

to enable the user to pull the door closed after 

passing through. 

Hinge Replacement: Consider installing a 

swing-away hinge to increase the clear opening 

of a narrow doorway. Swing-away hinges allow 

a door leaf to swing completely clear of the 

opening. Plan to provide as close to a 324nch 

clear opening as is possible without major 

structural changes. Any increase in door 

opening is helpful. Sometimes reversing the 

swing or opening direction of a door will increase 

maneuvering space on the latch-side of the door, 

making it easier for people using mobility 

devices to enter independently. 

Threshold Replacement: High door thresholds 

are a barrier for toddlers, elderly people, and 

those who walk with difficulty, as well as for 

people who use wheelchairs. Although a flush 

transition is most desirable, thresholds with 

maximum heights of l/2-inch can be managed 

by most people and still perform their function on 

swinging doors. 

Lever Handle 

lever and 

large loop 

handles are 

easiest to 

use with one 

hand 

I Loop Handle 

swing-away hinges allow 

doors to swing out of door 

opening increasing the 

clear space by 

approximately 2” 

swing-away hinge 

Ipy 1 door 

Swing-Away Hinge 

thresholds are l/2” 

high max. for 

swinging doors 

Accessible Threshold 

23 
Peep Holes: One security peep hole in the 

entrance door is sometimes insufficient to 

accommodate everyone in a typical household. 

Consider adding a second peep hole at a lower 

height to allow children, shorter people, and 

those who are seated the opportunity to see out 

as well as a standing adult. 

Door Closer Adjustment/Replacement: Door 

closers can be adjusted or replaced so a 

minimum amount of force is needed for opening. 

People with weak hand, arm, or leg strength as 

well as those who have difficulty maintaining 

balance will be able to open and close these 

doors more comfortably. A need to use less 

force is also convenient for a person carrying 

packages. or maneuvering carts or strollers. The 

recommended level of force required to open 

exterior doors is 8 Ibs. and to open interior 

doors, 5 Ibs. While it may be tricky to achieve 

this level for exterior doors under some 

conditions, you may want to consult your local 

codes and consider reducing the force as much 

as practical for your area. 

Double Door Replacement: It may be possible 

to replace equal sized double doors with doors 

of unequal size to achieve a 32-inch clear 

opening within the existing frame. A clear 

opening of this size will allow everyone, including 

people who use wheelchairs, to enter. 

Reversing Door Swing: Sometimes reversing 

the swing or opening direction of a door will 

increase space on the latch side, making it 

easier to open for a person carrying packages or 

a small child and for an individual using a cane, 

walker, or wheelchair. 

Replacing Screen Doors, Storm Doors, or 

Other Doors With Glass or Panels: Consider 

using a door with at least 12 inches of solid 

material at the bottom to prevent damage from 

walkers, footrests of wheelchairs, or sharp edges 

of moving dollies. 

Dual Height 

Peep Holes 

remove equal leaf 

new unequal leaf 

Double Door Replacement 

/- screen, glass or 

panel 

Location of 

Glass, Screens or 

Panels 

24 
DOORS 

2. Exterior Sliding Glass Doors 

Hardware Replacement: Preferable hardware 

for sliding glass doors are loop or blade handles 

that incorporate lever locking mechanisms and 

remain exposed even when the door is open. 

These handles enable the user to open the door 

with only one hand. If loop handles are used, 

the loop should be at least large enough for an 

adult hand to extend partially through. 

Thresholds: Some new model sliding glass 

doors have accessible thresholds, allowing easy, 

safe access in and out. Threshold should be as 

low as possible, with a maximum height of 3/4-

inch. 

Replacing With Other Door Types: To be 

completely accessible, a sliding glass door 

should allow for a clear opening of at least 32 

inches, When replacing a narrow sliding glass 

door, consider substituting a different type door 

in the rough opening. For example, it may be 

possible to use swinging double doors of uneven 

sizes, or even a single swinging door and a fixed 

panel. One of the doors would provide a 32-inch 

clear opening. 

3. Interior Swinging Doors 

Generally, interior swinging doors and doorways 

can be replaced or modified to be usable by 

more people in the same manner as exterior 

swinging doors. See relevant sections in 

Exterior Swinging Doors for more details. Often 

it is wise to eliminate an interior door where it 

serves no real purpose. Doorways can remain 

doorless. A 32-inch clear doorway opening is 

more easily achieved without a door than with a 

door. 

The direction of the door swing requires 

consideration. Ideally, the door should swing out 

of the way of other doors, furniture, and an 

easily accessed path through the home. 

Changing the door swing from into a room to out 

of the room may increase room space. 

against to open 

andclosedoor 

Sliding Glass Door Hardware 

bevels and 

inserts can exterior deck or porch 

level may not be at 

same level as interior. 

(See Entrances and 

Decks and Patios) 

Exterior Sliding Door Threshold 

, new 32” min. , 

’ clear opening ’ 

1 old narrow v 

/clear opening 

A door 

Swing Door/Fixed Panel 

Replacement 

25 
DOORS 

4. Interior Folding Doors 

Hardware Replacement: Loop handles are 

easy for everyone to use as long as the loops 

are at least large enough for an adult hand to 

partially fit through. Approximately l-112 by 3 

inch “D” shaped handles for example meet the 

criteria and are available in all materials and 

colors. 

Swinging Bi-Fold Hardware: Swinging bi-fold 

hardware can be installed on interior folding 

doors to eliminate the need for tracks and allow 

the doors to swing against the wall and out of 

the way. Clear opening space is increased at 

the closet and the door is set out of the path of 

travel. 

5. Interior Bi-Passing Doors 

Handle Hardware Replacement: It is not easy 

to install universally usable handle hardware on 

bi-passing doors. The lever and loop type 

handles usually protrude from the surface of the 

door which impedes the bi-passing movement of 

the doors. Loop handles offer the best chance 

of being installed on these doors, but stops will 

be needed to keep the handles from striking the 

opposing door. However, stops and handles will 

reduce the intended clear opening for the door 

and this can affect usability. In instances where 

security or privacy are not issues, consider 

installing doors that have large slot handles cut 

completely through the door itself. The size of 

the slot must be at least large enough for an 

adult hand to partially fit through as in a loop 

handle. 

hardware allows bi-folding 

door to swing back against 

the wall out of the path of a 

\ user 

Bi-Fold Door Hardware 

slot handles cut 

through the door 

provide a usable 

handle without 

interfering with the 

bi-passing action 

of these doors 

Slot Handles 

26 
DOORS 

Replacing With Other Door Types: 

Bi-passing doors with loop handles are not 

always practical and can significantly reduce the 

clear door opening. They can be replaced with 

swinging or folding doors that allow larger clear 

openings and are generally easier to modify for 

individual needs. 

6. Interior Pocket Doors 

Handle Hardware Replacement: It is not easy 

to choose universally usable handle hardware on 

pocket doors. The best selection is generally the 

loop handle. A stop will be needed to keep the 

handle from striking the jam. The clear opening 

of the door will be reduced because of the extra 

space required to install the stop and the handle 

and this can affect usability. 

Replacing With Other Door Types: 

Sometimes the use of loop or lever hardware on 

a pocket door may actually reduce the opening 

of the doorway. In these cases, consider 

replacing pocket doors with swinging or folding 

doors that allow wider openings. 

clear opening can be 

reduced with the installation I 

of stops and loop handles. J 

Pocket Door 

loop -

handles 

stop 

reduced with the 

installation of stops 

and loop handles 

Bi-Passing Doors with Loop Handles 

L 

L removed bi-passing doors

new folding doors 

Folding Door Replacement 

27 
DOORS 

Additional Modifications to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

l Install power door operators. 

l Install swing-away hinges to increase clear 

opening of a door by approximately 2 inches. 

l Reverse swing of a hinged door to improve 

maneuvering space to the pull side. 

l Adjust door closer to reduce opening force. 

l Install add-on lever handles. 

l Install auxiliary loop handles. 

l Install bevels or short ramps at high 

thresholds or at small step-ups. 

l Use inserts in sliding glass door thresholds 

to create a smooth transition. 

l Install accessible threshold. 

l Install lowered or extra wide angle peep hole 

on entrance door. 

Accessible Doors 

During complete home renovation or addition work, 

consider including fully accessible doors. Features 

to think about include hardware, clear width, floor 

space, location, and path or accessible route. 

The accessibility standards listed in AppendixA offer 

guidance for providing accessible doors. Appendix 

B lists additional publications that include assistance 

for designing and installing doors that can be used 

by everyone. 

Location of 

Auxiliary Loop Handle 

sliding glass door 

combination of inserts, 

bevels, and raised platforms 

can be used to provide 

access over existing sliding 

door thresholds and onto 

exterior deck/patib spaces 

Accessibility Improvements 

28 
KITCHENS 

Common Barriers in Kitchens 

Remodeled Kitchen 

wail and 

Sinks 

Ranges 

Cook Tops 

Ventilation Hoods 

Microwave Ovens 

Refrigerators 

Cabinets/storage 

Flooring 

Countertops 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Replacing the Entire Kitchen 

29 
KJTCHENS 

knob handles on 

cabinets and faucets 

are difficult for 

controls for 

lights and 

fan located 

high on 

hood 

/

cooking appliances 

with difficult to 

use controls 

located on rear I 

of unit / 

eating and work 

counters located too 

high for people who 

are seated or short 

and young children 

appliances located in 

awkward places for 

people who use 

wheelchairs 

kitchen sink requires 

users to stand 

U \ 

u many kitchens have 

uniform lighting and 

color that makes them 

difficult for people 

with visual impairments 

switches and 

receptacles located 

too high over 

counters 

most shelves in wall 

cabinets too high for 

many people 

many shelves 

in pantry are 

too deep and 

above reach 

range of 

many users 

most of freezer 

space located above 

reach of people who 

are seated or are of 

short stature 

many kitchens lack 

adequate floor space 

for people using 

mobility aids 

Common Barriers in Kitchens 

30 
KITCHENS 

lever faucet replaces knee space under 

existing turning knobs. sink improves access 

See 1 to dishwasher and sink 

for seated user. See 1 

existing knob handles \ I 

replaced with loop 

handles. See 7 

\ 

more accessible 

new range 

with front 

mounted 

controls. 

See 2 

new receptacles 

or switches may drawers. See 7 

be added at 

accessible 

locations / , 

deep fixed shelves 

replaced with rotating 

pull-down shelves 

make high wall 

cabinet more usable. 

See 7 

/ 

shelves or full extension 

roll-out storage shelves. 

microwave oven. 

See5 

rolling carts provide additional 

pull-out work surfaces storage space that is easy to reach 

are helpfulbelowmicrowaves. andcan be storedin kneespaces 

See 5 

Remodeled Kitchen 

hanging 

racksprovide 

reachable 

storage. 

See 7 

31 
32 
KITCHENS 

Kitchens 

General: Typically everyone in the household 

regardless of age, size, or physical ability uses 

the kitchen. The kitchen is the center not only 

for food preparation and clean-up, but often for 

family activities and entertaining. Several 

household members may share cooking 

responsibilities. A growing number of elderly are 

living independently and performing kitchen 

tasks. 

When remodeling the kitchen or replacing 

appliances it may make sense to include 

features to accommodate all household 

members and all activities. For example, 

different height counters are convenient for 

cooks of different heights. Comfortably 

accessed storage is appreciated by everyone, 

including people with reaching, stooping, 

kneeling, and/or lifting limitations. The 

opportunity to sit while performing tasks is 

important to those who cannot stand more than 

a few minutes. 

The following features address these issues. 

1. Sinks 

Faucet Handles: When replacing existing 

faucet handles, use lever or asymmetrical 

models that require no gripping or twisting by 

individuals with little finger or hand strength or 

dexterity. Single lever faucets are easily 

manipulated by an open palm or fist, and usable 

by most people. If possible, select a model with lever handles are 

a high temperature stop to prevent accidental 

scalding. 

33 
KITCHENS 

Sink Replacement: When replacing a sink, it 

may be wiser and more economical to select a 

model with a shallow basin and the drain located 

at the rear off the bowl. The shallow basin is 

easier for people with limited reach, shorter 

people, and seated individuals to use. 

The rear drain location will allow placement of 

the drain pipe far enough back to permit 

installation of a knee space now or at a later 

date if necessary. The sink cabinet can be 

removed to allow an individual to use the sink 

while seated, a necessity for those with limited 

leg strength or endurance. 

Drain Pipe Repair and Replacement: When 

replacing or repairing a drain pipe, consider 

adding a “tub bend” to move the pipes and trap 

to the rear out of potential knee space. A “tub 

bend” will also allow for knee space beneath a 

sink model without a rear drain. 

Countertop: If the sink and countertop are 

being replaced, consider locating the sink close 

to the front edge of the new countertop. This 

allows people who are shorter or seated to more 

easily reach the faucet controls and items in the 

sink basin. 

Sink Cabinet: If the base cabinet beneath the 

sink must be replaced or significantly repaired, 

consider fabricating a removable model. This 

will allow the user the option to remove the 

cabinet to provide knee space for sitting at the 

sink or to increase wheelchair maneuvering 

space in the kitchen. At a later date the cabinet 

could be reinstalled. 

If existing sink piping is not set at or near the 

rear wall beneath the sink as discussed above, 

it must be covered to prevent damage or injury 

to the knees of a seated person. Floor, sides of 

adjacent cabinets, and wall under and behind 

removable cabinets will require finishing. 

‘-drain close 

to rear 44 

Design of Universally 

Usable Sink Basin 

tub bend - i 

turn trap flat agains 

Lye space 91 

Drain Pipe Clearance for 

Future Knee Space 

pipe protection panel 

for appearance and 

to prevent damage 

or injury r removable cabinet 

front 

removable cabinet 

front and bottom 

removable cabinet 

with back cut-out 

and reinforced 7 

Removable Cabinet Options v 

34 
KITCHENS 

2. Range Replacement 

Front-Mounted Controls: New ranges are 

available with easy-to-use front-mounted 

controls. Front-mounted controls are within 

reach of more people, and eliminate the need for 

reaching across burners. A frequent cause of 

home fires among older people is ignition of 

loose sleeves while reaching for the controls. 

However, since many parents prefer controls 

that are out of reach of small children, this 

suggestion is not always appropriate. 

Self-Cleaning Models: A replacement range 

with self-cleaning features is a convenience for 

everyone, especially those who have difficulty 

reaching to the rear of the oven or lack arm 

strength. 

Base Cabinets Beside Ranges: If the base 

cabinet beside the range must be, replaced or 

significantly repaired, consider making it 

removable to provide knee space for an 

individual who needs or prefers to sit while using 

the oven or cook top. The knee space will 

improve access to the inside of the oven and 

cook top burners for people who are seated. 

The cabinet can be reinstalled in the future. 

Floor and wall behind and under the removable 

cabinet will require finishing. 

3. Cook Top Replacement 

Front-Mounted Controls: New cook tops with 

front-mounted controls, like ranges, are available 

and may be preferred. 

Staggered Burners: Consider cook top models 

with staggered burners that eliminate reaching 

across one burner to use another. 

Flush Tops: For most households, cook tops 

with flush rather than raised burners and top 

surfaces flush with adjacent counters can be 

beneficial. Heavy pots and skillets can be slid 

instead of lifted from the burners. However, 

although a level cook top is helpful for people 

with limited hand or arm strength or dexterity, it 

should not be selected for a person with a visual 

impairment. 

large, front-mounted 

controls with blade 

or lever extensions -7 

Knee Space Beside Range 

front-mounted controls 7 

Staggered Burners 

counter and cook top 

flush or low burners 

Flush Cook Top 
Base Cabinets Beneath Cook Tops: If the 

base cabinet beneath the cook top must be 

replaced or significantly repaired, consider 

making it removable to allow for use by a seated 

individual. 

4. Ventilation Hoods 

Controls: Controls for the ventilation hood for 

a range and cook top should be easy to operate 

and located on the edge of the hood itself within 

reach of most people. 

Auxiliary Controls: When the range hood is 

being replaced or repaired or other electrical 

work is underway in the kitchen, consider 

installing auxiliary controls at a lower location at 

the counter back splash or fascia within reach of 

more people. 

5. Wall and Microwave Ovens 

Self-Cleaning Oven Models: Consider using 

new wall ovens that are self cleaning. As well 

as being a convenience, these models will 

enable people who have difficulty reaching or 

lack arm strength to maintain the appliance. 

Base Cabinets Beneath Wall and Microwave 

Ovens: If the base cabinet beneath wall and 

microwave ovens that have side-swinging doors 

must be replaced or significantly repaired, 

consider installing a pull-out shelf. The shelf 

would provide extra counter space when needed 

and would be convenient for use by a seated 

person. When wider than the oven, the pull-out 

shelf is an excellent surface from which to safely 

move hot dishes to the countertop. 

knee space 

beneath cook top 

Cook Top With Knee Space 

controls too high 

standard electrical ee-e-----­

switch and box 

added at lower 

position 

3-l 

Auxiliary Controls 

movement 

of pans 

to be moved with a minimum 

of lifting 

Pull-Out Shelf 
KITCHENS 

Base Cabinets Beside Wall Ovens: If the 

base cabinet beside a wall oven must be 

replaced or significantly repaired, consider 

making it removable to provide knee space 

for a seated person. When sitting with 

knees under the counter, the individual will 

be able to reach further inside the oven than 

otherwise possible. The cabinet could be 

reinstalled as desired. 

6. Refrigerator Replacement 

Side-by-Side Models: Consider replacing 

an old refrigerator with a side-by-side model, 

the easiest for most people to use. Models 

with the freezer at the top or bottom of the 

fresh food section are difficult for people with 

limited reaching, stooping; or bending ability. 

Side-by-side refrigerators usually have 

sufficient space reachable by all. 

Over/Under Models: In kitchens where 

space prohibits use of a side-by-side 

refrigerator select a model with bottom of the 

freezer located no more than 4 feet above 

the floor. A model with the freezer below the 

fresh food space may be an option except 

for those for whom bending and stooping is 

troublesome. 

Ice and Water Dispensers: Consider 

selecting a refrigerator with a through-thedoor ice and water dispenser handy for 

everyone but especially convenient for 

people with limited hand dexterity who 

cannot use ice trays. 

Pull-Out Shelves: Select a refrigerator with 

pull-out shelves and trays to increase use of 

the rear space. 

Location: If the refrigerator is being 

relocated, place it where the door or doors 

can swing back fully 180”. 

drop oven so one 

rack is in line with 

countertop to ease 

moving of hot pans 

to a counter 

L 30” min. wide 

by 27” high min. 

knee space 

Removable Base Cabinet 

Beside Oven 

50% of freezer space 

narrow doors 

are easier to 

use 

Side-by-Side Model 

37 
7. Cabinets and Similar Storage 

Handles: When replacing cabinet handles and 

drawer pulls, use loop handles that do not 

require twisting of the wrist or fine finger 

manipulation. Loops should be large enough for 

several fingers. 

Drawers: When replacing drawers or drawer 

hardware, consider using full extension drawer 

slides. The entire depth of the drawers will then 

extend enabling the user to view and reach the 

contents. 

Corner Base Cabinets: Comer base cabinets 

are often “dead” spaces which are difficult to 

reach and use. The installation of revolving or 

extending semicircular shelves increases storage 

capacity and provides easier access for most 

users. 

Pull-Out Shelves and Trays: Pull-out shelves 

and trays should be a standard feature in any 

kitchen storage area. Pull-outs can be 

incorporated into existing storage areas and/or 

new products with pull-out components can be 

purchased. 

Replacing Base Cabinets With Banks of Full 

Extension Drawers: If entire base cabinets or 

cabinet runs are to be replaced consider 

installing some banks of full extension drawers. 

The drawers provide storage most people can 

reach. Drawers of different shapes and sizes 

should be included to store typical kitchen 

utensils, appliances, and food items. 

shelves 

swing back 

into “dead” 

space at 

comer and 

slide out for 

easy reach 

Loop Handles Horizontally 

Mounted 

Fully Extended Drawer 

-rawer with one low side 

and on full-extension slides 

allows entire drawer to be 

pulled out of cabinet for 

easy access to contents 

Extension Drawers 

Rotating/Sliding Shelves 

38 
KITCHENS 

Pantry Storage: Most people can reach 

shelves mounted between 9 inches and 54 

inches above the floor. Storage above 54 

inches may be difficult to use by some people 

but usable by others and should not be totally 

eliminated. 

When replacing deep, narrow pantry shelves, 

consider using pull-out or revolving shelves to 

make it easier to reach items stored at the back. 

Storage bins or baskets located on the back of 

pantry doors will also provide additional easy to 

reach storage space. 

Wall Cabinet Replacement: Typically upper 

wall cabinets are mounted 54 inches to 56 

inches above the floor, with even the first shelf 

out of reach for many people. The top shelf is 

used only by those over 5 feet 7 inches, who 

have no reaching problems. 

When replacing cabinets, consider placing some 

with the bottom shelf no more than 48 inches 

above the floor, accessible to more people. Pulldown shelves can also be installed in cabinets to 

maximize usability for everyone. 

Wall Cabinet Shelf 

8. Floor Surface Replacement 

Non-Skid Flooring: Old flooring should be 

replaced with a non-skid type. Non-skid 

surfaces offer various degrees of traction that 

may be particularly beneficial for people using 

walkers or canes. For more detailed information 

see Interior Floor Surfaces. 

Pull-Out Shelves in Deep 

Narrow Pantry Cabinets 

1

Pull-Down Shelf 

39 
9. Countertop Replacement 

Placement: Countertops are typically mounted 

36 inches above the floor, comfortable for the 

average person. When replacing or relocating 

countertops, consider mounting them at more 

than one level. A counter located 32 inches 

above the floor, for example, is more 

comfortable for a shorter individual, child, or 

person who is seated. Some tall people 

appreciate a higher counter, maybe 38 inches 

when standing, and a lower counter when 

performing tasks while seated. A small built-in 

table installed 30 to 32 inches above the floor at 

one end of the counter may be an option. 

Adjustable Countertops: When replacing 

countertops consider using some adjustable 

counters that can be set at the best height for 

household members or to accommodate the 

changing needs of an individual throughout the 

lifespan. Removable base cabinets can be 

combined with adjustable counters to provide 

knee space or storage as needed. 

Contrasting Edges: Contrasting edging on 

countertops helps people with visual impairments 

distinguish them from adjacent wall and cabinet 

surfaces. Contrasting edges in an othennrise 

monochromatic color scheme are helpful to 

everyone. 

counter backsplash can 

be notched to fit over 

tracks, or tracks can be 

recessed into wall 

nforced counter 

studs or solid 

may be recessed i 

commercial shelf 

backets; screw 

bracket to counter 

to prevent uplift 

Wall-Mounted, Adjustable 

Support Brackets 

,L metal threaded inserts 

under counter to 

receive screws 

countertop with 

finished ends 

movable 

suppo*

cabinets and top with x metal threaded inserts 

Contrasting screws to receive screws 

Countertop Edge \ adjacent cabinet 

walls must be thick 

enough or reinforced 

to support adjustable 

counter 

Movable Wood Support Strips 

for Adjusting Counter Height 

40 
KITCHENS 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

Use hanging racks to provide additional 

accessible storage space. 

Use rolling carts to provide additional 

accessible storage space. 

Install sliding, revolving, pull-down, and/or 

motorized shelves in difficult to reach storage 

spaces. 

Use knob adapters on appliances with difficult 

to use controls. 

Replacing the Entire Kitchen 

Creating a totally accessible kitchen during a typical 

home remodeling project may be a difficult task. 

Appliance and sink location, counter configuration, 

and room space, for example, may prevent full 

wheelchair accessibility without relocating walls and 

major appliances. Such fundamental changes are 

more appropriately and practically addressed during 

a complete kitchen renovation. 

The major accessibility standards and guidelines 

listed in Appendix A provide minimum specifications 

for accessible sinks, work counters, controls, and 

storage. The UFAS and ANSI standards have 

dwelling unit sections specifically for adaptable 

kitchens. These standards combined with 

publications listed in Appendix B, provide guidance 

for creating integrated designs which work well for 

everyone. 

rolling carts provide movable 

storage that can be placed 

inakneespaceandbe 

.moved out when the space 

is needed 

Movable Cart 

41 

BATHROOMS 

Common Barriers in Bathrooms 

Remodeled Bathroom 

Toilets 

Lavatories 

Vanities 

Faucets 

Towel Bars 

Mirror/Medicine Cabinets 

Bathtubs 

Sh owers 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Replacing Bathrooms 

43 
BATHROOMS 

mirror and cabinet is 

too high for seated 

and short users 

receptabie is 

too high -, 

towel bar is 

too far to 

reach from 

a seated 

position 

knob handles 

are difficult 

toilet can be 

and/or too close 

to wail 

cabinets prohibit front 

approach to sink by 

people who use 

wheelchairs or similar 

devices 

fixed shower head 

knob handles located is difficult for some 

at center of control wail 

are difficult to reach and 

people to reach and 

sliding glass shower 

hard to grip door track is painful to 

sit on; doors restrict \ movement and reach 

minimal floor 

space limits 

maneuvering for 

people with 

n..Adl:C,r(s.,:rsr 

door is too 

- narrow and 

too high lacks space 

on the pull 

side 

Common Barriers in Bathrooms 
BATHROOMS 

lowertowelhooksibars 

are easier for people 

with limited reach and 

children. See 5 

door swings out to 

provide extra floor 

space 

lavatory modifications. 

See 2,3,4,5 and 6 

mirror/medicine hand-held shower 

cabinetat 40” head. See 14 

max. above floor. 

new threshold is low 

or flush to allow the 

reinforcing for grab 

bar and/orhandles. 

See9and 12 

slip-resistant floor surface. 

See 15 and interior Floor 

Surfaces 

wheels of mobility aids 

to easily enter 

Remodeled Bathroom 

45 

Bathrooms 

General: The bathroom is an area in which 

modifications can be made gradually to prepare 

for the future for ourselves, our guests, and new 

residents. We are all aging. Consider designing 

for your future when planning a bathroom facelift, replacing or refinishing the walls, or replacing 

old fixtures. Although assistive products to solve 

temporary problems are available, the addition of 

permanent, attractive features that “happen” to 

be accessible can add value to a home. 

1. Toilet Replacement 

Location: As physical strength and agility 

diminishes, many people have difficulty both 

sitting down and rising from the toilet. At some 

time, wall-mounted or pull-down grab bars may 

be needed to provide assistance. When 

replacing the toilet, locate the new model 18 

inches from side walls to facilitate the possible 

future addition of a grab bar mounted on the 

side wall. Installation of an offset flange will 

allow the toilet to be moved up to 3 inches 

without relocating the waste pipe. 

Reinforcing: Reinforcing behind toilets is 

always recommended. If walls are to be opened 

at the replaced toilet, consider installing wall 

reinforcement for future safe addition of grab 

bars. Solid wood blocking or metal plates in 

areas designated by ANSI and/or ADAAG 

standards will suffice (see Appendix A). Whole 

wall reinforcing using plywood or other structural 

boards of sufficient strength permits greater 

flexibility to locate bars wherever they will be 

most helpful. 

When the toilet is not located in a comer, a 

horizontally mounted grab bar behind the toilet 

may suffice for some while others may need a 

drop down grab bar. 

Off set Flange 

wood 

I blocking 

wall / 

Spot Blocking board 

wall board 
Mounting Heights 

Toilet Tank Replacement: If the toilet tank is 

being replaced, select an easy to use model with 

push button or lever flush handle located within 

the shortest reach distance. The flush handle 

should be located on the open side or away from 

a side wall for ease of use by most people. 

2. Lavatory Replacement: 

Wall-hung Fixtures 

Depth: New lavatory fixtures should have a 

front to back depth of at least 17 inches to allow 

most seated people to use the basin and also 

provide adequate toe and knee space 

underneath. 

Mounting Height: The top of the rim of a new 

lavatory should be no higher than 34 inches 

above the floor and the bottom of the front apron 

no lower than 29 inches above the floor. These 

clearances will allow seated people enough 

space to pull up underneath the fixture and 

reach the faucet and basin. 

Apron Depth: When selecting a fixture, the 

apron depth should be considered to achieve the 

best mounting height, An apron depth of 4 

inches or less typically allows the most flexibility. 

Countertop Fixtures 

Location: When replacing a countertop with a 

lavatory locate the new fixture close to the front 

edge to reduce the reach to the faucet and 

basin. 

toward open 

side 

Flush Handle Location 

L 

-4 varies 

..,/,r, / Wall-Hung Lavatory ’ a

Mounting Heights 

as close 

+ as possible 

Countertop Lavatory Location 

48 
BATHROOMS 

Mounting Height: A new lavatory and 

countertop should be mounted with the top of 

the counter no higher than 34 inches above the 

floor and the bottom of the front apron no lower 

than 29 inches above the floor. These 

clearances allow seated people space to pull up 

underneath the fixture and reach the faucet and 

basin. A lower height of 30 inches to 32 inches, 

while convenient for some, may be 

uncomfortable for most standing people. There 

is no ideal or perfect height. 

3. Vanity Cabinet Replacement 

Removable Cabinets: When replacing existing 

vanity cabinets, consider installing removable 

cabinets to allow users the choice to sit while 

using the lavatory at some time in the future. 

The cabinet looks no different than a stationary 

cabinet, but can be easily removed to allow for 

knee space or to increase maneuvering space in 

the bathroom. The cabinet could be reinstalled 

if the knee space were no longer desired. 

The countertop must be mounted on the wall 

(see mounting height for countertop lavatories) 

with support brackets, a cabinet fitted around it, 

and the floor and wall finished beneath it. A 

pipe protection and appearance panel should be 

installed between the wall support brackets. 

4. Faucet Replacement 

Lever Handles: When replacing existing 

handles, use lever or asymmetrical handles that 

do not require gripping to operate. People with 

arthritic hands or fingers typically have difficulty 

gripping and twisting knobs. A closed fist or 

open palm will operate a lever handle. 

Single lever type faucets are the easiest for most 

people to use. Models with a high temperature 

stop to prevent accidental scalding are also 

available. 

ountertop Lavato 

Mounting Heights 

pipe protection /-aanel 

brackets reinforced 

Removable Vanity Cabinet 

lever faucet handles 

are a good choice 

Lever Faucet Handles 

a single lever is the easiets faucet 

handle for most people to use 
-- 

BATHROOMS 

5. Towel Bar Addition or Replacement 

New or replaced towel bars and hooks should be 

mounted 36 inches to 48 inches above the floor. 

Bars mounted at or below this height can be 

reached by most people whether they are sitting 

or standing, or have difficulty reaching. 

6. Mirror or Medicine Cabinet 

Replacement 

When replacing mirrors or medicine cabinets 

with mirrors, select a model at least 36 inches 

tall. Mount the bottom no more than 40 inches 

above the floor. Most residents will find this 

usable. A full length mirror is generally a 

welcome addition because it can be used by 

anyone. 

7. Bathtub Replacement 

Fixtures with Built-in Removable Seats: 

When replacing a bathtub, consider a model with 

a built-in removable seat. If the seat is needed 

either permanently or temporarily, it can easily 

be reinstalled. Some seats are self-storing and 

fold against the back wall. 

8. Bathtub Faucet Replacement 

Lever Handles: When replacing the bathtub 

faucet controls, select a model with lever 

handles, preferably a single lever model. Lever 

handles are easier to grip and turn than other 

types of faucet controls. 

Location: When installing or relocating faucet 

controls on end walls, offset the control halfway 

between the center and outside of the enclosure. 

This location is easier and safer to reach. 

Pressure Balanced Valves: Pressure balanced 

valves with a high temperature stop are available 

to prevent accidental scalding. 

T

36” - 48” max. 

Towel Bar Height 

I 

36” 2 

I

36” - 40” max. 

Mirror Height 

built-in removable 

seat -

Removable Seat 

single lever 

pressure 

balanced 

- valve 

c C 

L 

Offset Control Location 

50 
BATHROOMS 

9. Bathtub Wall Surround 

Replacement 

Reinforcing: If the bathtub wall surround is to 

be opened, this is an opportune time to consider 

installing wall reinforcement for future addition of 

grab bars. Solid wood blocking or metal plates 

in areas where designated by ANSI and/or 

ADAAG standards will suffice (see Appendix A). 

Reinforcing the whole wall with plywood or other 

structural board allows for the installation of bars 

at any time or location. 

Most fiberglass and acrylic bathtubs are molded 

with integral wall panels. Some can be 

purchased with integral reinforced panels where 

grab bars may be needed. On unreinforced 

units, the panels alone will not support grab bars 

and are usually angled so as to touch the stud 

wall only at the top of a fixture. Blocking must be 

carefully shaped to fill in this angled gap 

between the wall panels and studs. 

10. Shower Replacement 

Shower Models: When replacing a shower, a 

3 foot by 3 foot model with an integral or folding 

seat and a very low threshold is a choice that 

will accommodate many users. It fits the needs 

of people with limited stamina, those with poor 

balance or unsure leg strength, and individuals 

who like to sit down while showering. When 

equipped with an “L” shaped seat and a small 

l/2-inch lip threshold the 3 foot by 3 foot shower 

can be used by almost everyone, including 

wheelchair users who can transfer onto shower 

seats. 

Some people cannot transfer and need to use a 

bathing wheelchair. At least one dimension of 

such a shower is ideally 60 inches. Both roll-in 

and transfer showers with seats are available in 

fiberglass or acrylic, and some break down for 

remodeling installation. Sometimes a wet area 

roll-in can be created by removing a tub or 

shower and installing a drain, waterproofing, and 

tiling the entire bathroom floor area. Wet area 

and roll-in showers must have the drain carefully 

set and the floor sloped toward the drain from all 

Whole Wall Reinforcement 

Shaped Blocking for 

Molded Fixtures 

seats can fold to 

small showers 

Shower With Seat and Low Threshold 

51 
Some people cannot transfer and need to use a 

bathing wheelchair. At least one dimension of 

such a shower is ideally 60 inches. Both roll-in 

and transfer showers with seats are available in 

fiberglass or acrylic, and some break down for 

remodeling installation. Sometimes a wet area 

roll-in can be created by removing a tub or 

shower and installing a drain, waterproofing, and 

tiling the entire bathroom floor area. Wet area 

and roll-in showers must have the drain carefully 

set and the floor sloped toward the drain from all 

points in the room. Extra large drains should be 

used if possible. If tile is used, a continuous 

waterproofing membrane must be carefully 

installed. 

existing tub or 

shower removed 

\ 

entire room 

floor /+I5 i 

waterproofed 

and tiled 

Whole Room Roll-in 

or Wet Area 

11. Shower Faucet Replacement 

Lever Handles: When replacing the faucet 

controls, select a lever handle model, preferably 

a single lever model. Lever handles are easier 

to operate than other faucet controls. 

Location: When installing new faucet controls 

on the shower sidewall, offset the control close 

to the outside of the enclosure. Controls in this 

position can be easily operated from outside to 

set and test the water temperature before 

entering the shower. 

60” min. 

are ideal dimension--t7 

1 

* 

/ 

flush transition I / 3<floor

room floor \x area 

Large Shower With No 

Raised Threshold 

c3 single lever 

pressure 

balance valve 

c c 

L 

. relocated 

control ( 1 

@$ 

t; I!­

Offset Control Location 

Pressure Balanced Valves: Pressure balanced 

valves with a high temperature stop are available 

to prevent accidental scalding. 

52 
BATHROOMS 

12. Shower Wall Surround 

Replacement 

Reinforcing: If the shower wall surround is 

being replaced, consider installing wall 

reinforcement for future addition of grab bars or 

folding seats. Solid wood blocking, in locations 

where designated by ANSI and/or ADAAG 

standards, will suffice (see Appendix A). Whole 

wall reinforcing of plywood or other structural 

board allows the user the opportunity to install 

bars anywhere. 

Most fiberglass and acrylic showers are molded 

with integral wall panels. Some can be 

purchased with integral reinforced panels where 

grab bars might be needed. On unreinforced 

units, the panels alone will not support grab bars 

and are usually angled so as to touch the stud 

wall only at the top of a fixture. Blocking must be 

carefully shaped to fill in this angled gap 

between the wall panels and studs. 

13. Shower/Bathtub Door 

Replacement 

Eliminating the Door: If a shower/bathtub door 

must be replaced, consider eliminating the door 

and using a shower curtain. This will allow 

greater flexibility to locate bathing seats where 

needed and more space for getting in and out of 

the tub or shower. 

Trackless Door: If space permits, trackless 

folding and combination sliding/swinging doors 

can be used. These doors do not require tracks 

mounted on bathtub rims or shower thresholds. 

They can be a wise alternative to traditional 

sliding doors especially for bathtubs where slider 

tracks are painful to sit on and can interfere with 

the use of bathtub seats. 

wall board 

Whole Wall Reinforcement 

shaped 

blocking angled integral 

fiberglass or stud 

acrylic panel 

Shower Wall Surround 

Replacement 

doors that use a 

combination of folding 

and sliding save , 

no 

Trackless Folding Doors 
“T” divertor 

valve 

hand-held 

shower head 

14. Shower Head Replacement 

Hand-held Shower Head: When replacing a 

fixed shower head, install a regular head with a 

‘7” diverter valve and a hand-held shower head. 

The hand-held shower head is convenient for 

everyone and is particularly helpful to people 

who sit while bathing. Hand held units can also 

be added by replacing the tub filler spigot with 

one having a diverter and a hose with a shower 

head. 

15. Floor Surface Replacement 

General: Floor surfaces are an important 

feature of any space, particularly in bathrooms 

where moisture and slipping can be problems. 

See interior Floor Surfaces for more details. 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

Add grab bars where needed-use surface 

mounted method if wall blocking is not installed. 

Add a portable clamp-on tub seat. 

Change door hinges to offset type to increase 

the clear opening of a bathroom door by 

approximately 2 inches. 

Add a thick seat to raise toilet seat height I-112 

inches. 

Add a spacer to raise toilet seat height more 

than l-1/2 inches. 

Add lavatory pipe protection - e.g. insulated 

wrap, manufactured pipe covers, or panels, for 

vanity cabinets. 

Install loop handle hardware on vanity 

cabinets. 

“T” divertor 

valve 

hand-held 

shower head 

spigot 

Hand-Held Showers 

and waterprookg 

is necessary 

Grab Bar 

54 
Replacing the Whole Bathroom 

Addition of the most critical features for a totally 

accessible bathroom would not be included in a 

typical remodeling project, especially providing 

adequate maneuvering space and relocating 

fixtures. If a complete bathroom renovation is 

planned or a new bathroom will be added, consider 

making it fully accessible or redesigning it to be 

adapted at a later date. A universally usable 

bathroom is accessible to everyone, including 

people who use wheelchairs. 

Accessibility guidelines and standards listed in 

Appendix A provide specifications for accessible 

bathroom features. Additionally, both the UFAS and 

ANSI standards have dwelling unit sections. 

Appendix B lists other publications on accessible 

design techniques and examples. 

LAUNDRY AREAS 

Common Barriers in Laundry Areas 

Remodeled Laundry Area 

Appliances 

Utility Sinks 

work Counter 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Replacing or Adding Whole Laundries 

57 
LAUNDRYAREAS 

washers and dryers are often 

located in poorly lighted closets, 

utility rooms, or other dark spaces, 

mnking sorting items and 

reading dials troublesome 

utility sink is in 

storage shelves or wall 

cabinets are above the 

reach range of many 

rear-mounted controls 

are difficult to reach 

\ 

knob handles an awkward location \ 

washers and dryers located 

in small utility rooms often 

lack adequate floor space for 

people who use canes, 

wheelchairs, walkers, or 

other assistive devices 

knob handles on storage 

cabinets are difficult to use 

space for a seated person 

and may be too high for 

top-loading washers require 

awkward reaching, making 

simple laundry chores difficult, 

if not impossible, for some 

people 

Common Barriers in Laundry Areas 

58 
LAUNDRYAREAS 

at least some storage shelves 

located over work counters or 

appliances are located 48” 

maximum from the fkor, pull 

down shelves are also an 

option 

/ 

front-mounted controls 

eliminate awkward reaching. ^ . 

utility sink has easy to use 

lever handles and basin is 

located so a person using a 

wheelchair can access the 

sink from a parallel position. 

appliances can be set on 

a.platform or storage cabinet 

to reduce need for stooping 

or bending. See 2 

: 

loop handles are easier to 

use than conventional knobs 

lowered or adjustablework 

counters are helpfulto a 

wide range of users. See 4 

arge print operating 

instructions are ea 

everyone to read. 

appliance doors have space 

to swing back and open wide 

allowing user to access 

contents 

adequate lighting improves 

the ease of using appliances 

rolling carts provide 

additional accessible 

storage space and can 

be stored in knee spaces 

when not being used. 

additional storage is 

providedin raisedplatform 

Remodeled Laundry Area 

59 
LAUNDRYAREAS 

60 
LAUNDRYAREAS 

LAUNDRY AREAS 

1. Appliance Replacement 

Controls: Laundry appliances with front-mounted 

controls are easiest to use by most people and are 

especially preferred by shorter people, those with 

limited reach, and people who are seated. Adjusting 

dials mounted on the front without reaching across 

the washer or dryer is also more convenient and 

comfortable for those with unsure balance or 

individuals who rely on the support of a walker or 

cane. Controls that are at least l-1/2 inches in 

diameter and designed with blade or lever 

extensions are easiest to use. 

Door Location: Front-loading appliances are easier 

than top-loading machines for children, shorter 

people, elderly, and most people who use aids to 

stand and walk. For tall people or for people for 

whom reaching and bending are difficult, the washer 

and dryer could be placed on a raised platform to 

compensate. 

Stacked Units: When combined stacked 

appliances are being up-dated, consider replacing 

with new models with front-mounted controls on the 

dryer located as low to the floor as possible. 

Stacked appliances are not as usable for a wide 

range of people as separate front-loading washers 

and dryers, but they may be the only feasible option 

where space is limited. 

Instructions: Select appliances on which operating 

instructions appear in a large, easy to read typeface. 

it is best if door can 

front-mounted controls completely swing out of the 

are easiest to reach 7 way (180’) 

’ side swinging is best 

Easy-to-Use Appliances 

dryer controls located at 

bottom of unit are easier 

to reach 

top-loading 

washer 

Reachable Controls on Stacked 

Washer/Dryer Unit 

61 
2. Appliance Height 

General: The most easily used washers and 

dryers are front-loading machines with frontmounted controls, as noted above. Additionally, 

the appliances can be installed on a raised 

platform to make reaching inside more 

comfortable, especially for people with back 

problems. Bending, stooping, and reaching 

become increasingly difficult for older people. 

Most washers, however, are top-loading and 

awkward, if not impossible, for some individuals 

to use. In such instances you may want to lower 

the washer below floor level. Although more 

people may comfortably use the lowered toploading washer, associated drainage and 

maintenance problems may arise. The 

appliances, therefore, should be lowered only in 

very special circumstances and to meet a 

specific individual need. 

3. Utility Sinks 

Faucet Handles: When existing handles or 

faucets are being changed, replace with lever or 

asymmetrical handles that do not require 

gripping to operate. Most people as they age 

lose gripping and fingertip strength as well as 

the ability to comfortably twist the wrists. Lever 

handles that can be manipulated with a closed 

or opened hand are a wise choice. 

Location: Utility sinks generally have deep 

basins that prevent adequate knee space 

underneath for a seated individual. To 

compensate somewhat, locate a new sink so it 

can be accessed from a parallel position. 

can also be used 

Raised Platform 

kL- center line 

I 

minimum 

floor space r 

for a person 

using a I .E

E 

wheelchair b

m 

to park - 4 

i 1 

I 48” min. I 

1 ‘I 

Parallel Approach to Sink 

62 
LAUNDRYAREAS 

4. Work Counter Replacement 

Removable Base Cabinets: Consider replacing 

traditional existing work counters with fixed base 

cabinets underneath with removable cabinets. 

This will allow the user to slide out the 

removable cabinet and sit while doing laundry. 

At a later date, the cabinet could be reinstalled 

if the knee space were no longer desired. The 

countertop must be mounted on the wall with 

support brackets so that a cabinet can be fitted 

under it and the floor finished beneath it. A 

wall-mounted table with a cabinet on rollers 

could be substituted. 

Adjustable Countertops: Work countertops 

can be replaced with the adjustable type to allow 

for flexibility to accommodate different members 

of a household or the changing needs of an 

individual. Removable base cabinets or cabinets 

on rollers can also be combined with adjustable 

counters to provide knee space or storage as 

needed. 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

Use grabbers or reachers to help retrieve 

clothing in top-loading appliances. 

Use rolling carts to provide additional 

accessible storage space. 

Install loop handle hardware on storage 

cabinets. 

Install platform to raise appliances and improve 

access to interior. 

+-- removable 

base cabinet 

Removable Base Cabinet 

63 
Replacing or Adding Whole Laundry 

Areas 

Laundry areas are frequently located in closets, 

narrow hallways, or other small utility spaces where 

movement and maneuverability are limited or 

awkward. When a new laundry space is being 

added or an existing space totally renovated, a 

higher level of accessibility can be provided. In 

addition to the above improvements, consider 

relocating appliances to more accessible locations, 

installing easy-to-use ironing boards, and enlarging 

the space. The major accessibility standards and 

guidelines listed in Appendix A provide minimum 

specifications for sinks, work counters, controls, and 

storage. UFAS and ANSI also have dwelling unit 

sections with’ specifications specifically for washers 

and dryers. Other publications listed in Appendix B 

provide additional information and examples of 

laundry designs that are usable by most people. 

64 
CLOTHES 

Common 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary 

Replacing 

CLOSETS 

Barriers in Closets 

Remodeled Closet 

Hanging Rods 

shelves 

Lighting 

Closets 

or Individual Needs 

or Adding Closets 

65 
CLOTHES CLOSETS 

hanging rods with 

shelves mounted at 

conventional heights 

are difficult for many 

to reach 

closet doors with a 

clear opening of less 

than 32” prohibit the 

entrance of people 

who use wheelchairs 

and obscure a 

free view of the _ 

closet’s contents 

clothes closets are often 

dark spaces in which 

- locating and identifying 

items is difficult 

recessed finger slots 

are difficult for people 

_ with limited hand 

strength and/or 

dexterity to use 

floor tracks for sliding 

- doors present an 

obstacle for some 

people 

Common Barriers in Closets 

66 
CLOTHES CLOSETS 

light fixture in closet 

improves the ease of 

and eliminates the 

See 5 

lowered part-span 

hanging rod is easy 

to reach and leaves 

room for long items. 

See 1 Y 

storage closets deeper 

than 18” should have clear 

openings of 32” minimum 

to provideadequateroom 

for entry and to store and 

retrieve items 

adjustable hanging rod 

and shelf can be set at 

any convenient height. 

See 1 and 2 

for most people, 

loop handles are 

easier to use than 

conventional knobs. 

See 5 

olding doors, sliders 

lr swinging doors each 

Ath its own 

haracteristics can 

le used. See Doors 

Remodeled Closet 

67 
68 
Clothes Closets 

1. Hanging Rod Replacement 

Location of Fixed Rods: The optimal reach 

zone for most people is 20 inches to 44 inches 

above the floor and 20 inches deep maximum. 

Fixed hanging closet rods can be reached by 

most users when installed at 54 inches 

maximum above the floor. Some people 

experience difficulty reaching clothes hung on 

rods mounted at the conventional height. 

Additional Low Hanging Rod: An option to 

consider when reconfiguring a closet is to install 

one hanging rod at the conventional height for 

long garments and a second rod at a lower 

height for shirts, skirts, and blouses. The new 

low rod can also be used by children, shorter 

adults, or people who have limited reach. 

Adjustable Hanging Rod: The most flexible 

closet system is adjustable. Users can set the 

rod at the most convenient height for 

themselves, move it as their needs change over 

time, or adjust it for others who may use the 

closet in the future. 

2. Shelf Replacement 

Location: Shelves should be mounted no lower 

than 9 inches from the floor and if possible no 

higher than 54 inches although between 20 

inches and 44 inches is preferable for people 

who have difficulty stooping, reaching, or 

bending. Shelves above 54 inches will be used 

by taller people and should not be totally 

eliminated. 

Where there is a single fixed shelf over a 

hanging rod, the closet can be rearranged to add 

several levels of useful, easily accessedshelving 

below 54 inches. 

CLOTHES CLOSETS 

Low Hanging 

Rod 

rod can be set 

at different 

heights as 

needed 

1 ~!---~pport with notches 

closet has been 

rearranged so 

there are 

shelves to the 

side at multiple 

heights 

majority of 

shelves between 

9” and 54” above 

floor 

69 
CLOTHES CLOSETS 

Adjustable Shelf: Adjustable shelves provide 

the greatest degree of flexibility, of course, since 

they can be moved to the most convenient 

arrangement for an individual at any time. The 

hanging rod and adjustable shelf may be 

combined into a single assembly that can be 

moved easily and provide even greater flexibility. 

shelf and rod 

can be adjusted 

independent of 

each other 

3. Lighting 

Light Level: Closets are often dark. 

adding one or even two light fixtures. 

shelf and rod 

can be integrated 

into a single 

adjustable unit 

Consider 

(Check 

location and safety clearance requirements in 

your building code.) A well-lit closet is an 

advantage for everyone. 

4. Walk-in Closets 

General: Adding lower rods, rearranging 

shelves, using adjustable features, and installing 

light fixtures as discussed above, also improve 

walk-in closets for users. However, walk-in 

closets often are too small to allow entry, 

turning, and reaching of hangers by people who 

use mobility devices such as canes, walkers, or 

wheelchairs. To ensure their accessibility may 

require relocating walls, widening doors, or a person using 

changing door hardware, altering the door to a wheelchair 

swing out, or removing the door entirely. 

70 
CLOTHESCLOSETS 

5. Closet Doors 

General: Closets deeper than 18 inches should 

have clear openings of 32 inches minimum to 

provide adequate room to store and retrieve 

items. The door that offers the widest clear 

opening will be most usable by a broad range of 

people. Bi-fold doors with swinging hardware 

eliminate the need for tracks and can be swung 

against the wall out of the way to increase the 

clear opening. The entire contents of the closet 

can be seen from outside the opened door. 

Maneuvering space at and into the closet is 

increased due to track elimination. If sliding 

doors are used, select a high quality track to 

ensure a smooth, effortless opening. Install loop 

handles instead of knobs for ease of use. Avoid 

recessed finger slots and small loops that 

require fingertip dexterity and strength and are 

difficult for many people to use. (See Interior 

Doors.) 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

Install additional lowered hanging rod. 

Install combination adjustable shelf and 

hanging rod. 

Install loop handle on closet doors. 

Install swing-away hinges to increase width of 

door opening. 

“add-on” 

hanging rods 

can be 

purchased 

71 
Replacing or Adding Clothes Storage 

Areas 

Adding a closet or completely renovating existing 

clothes closets offers an opportunity to make the 

storage space usable for everyone. In addition to 

the features suggested above, totally accessible 

closets are positioned to provide the clear floor 

space required by a person using a wheelchair or 

other mobility device. The closet opening should be 

at least 32 inches clear. For example, a person who 

uses a wheelchair or similar mobility device will 

require adequate floor space to maneuver to, 

around, and in the closet. The clear opening width 

of closet doors may be critical. The major 

accessibility standards listed in Appendix A offer 

guidance for providing appropriate maneuvering 

space and door width at closets. Publications listed 

in Appendix B offer additional assistance in planning 

and designing storage space that is usable by 

everyone. 

72 
INTERIOR STAIRS 

Common Barriers on Interior Stairs 

Remodeled Stairs 

Treads and Risers 

Railings 

Drop-offs 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Replacing or Installing Entire Stairs 

73 
INTERIORSTAIRS 

handrail design is 

difficult to grip 

handrail is too far from 

wall, leaving space to handrail is mounted too wedge an arm during high for many users a fall 

handrail is periodically 

interrupted by 

supports that disrupt 

the gripping surface 

stairs lack handrails 

with horizontal 

extensions at top and 

bottom, for balance 

and additional 

gripping 

I 

stairway is poorly 

lighted 

because stairway has a 

handrail on only one 

side, users do not have 

the option to use the best 

rail for their needs 

the monochromatic 

color scheme of the 

treads and risers 

makes distinguishing 

between them difficult 

unprotected drop surfaces, or finish& 

Off offer poor traction 

Common Barriers on Interior Stairs 

74 
INTERIOR STAIRS 

railingsarecontinuousbetween 

stair runs if possible or, at least 

have level horizontal extensions 

at intermediate landings. See 2 

handrails are shaped to provide 

a continuous easily gripped 

surface 

rail is set l-1/2” from wall to 

light fixtures in dark 

stairways improve 

safety and usability 

an additional lower 

handrail is easier for 

children and shorter 

adults to use. See 2 

a handrail extension 

can turn a corner at 

top of stairs 

bevels are installe+ 

under protruding stair 

nosings. See 1 

railings along both 

sides of stair give 

users the choice to 

use whichever arm is 

best. See2 

prevent an arm from 

becoming wedged inbetween them. See 2 

railings have level 

extensions to help 

people with balance 

and gripping.See 2 

half-wall is installed to 

provide edge protection 

for stair and surface 

for mounting 

additionalhandrail. 

See 3 

\ risers are painted a 

dark color to contrast 

with treads making it 

easier to delineate 

between them. See 1 

Remodeled Stairs 

75 

INTERIOR STAIRS 

Interior Stairs 

1. Treads and Risers 

General: Structural and space factors limit 

modifications that can be practically undertaken 

to improve the design or dimensions of treads 

and risers during remodeling projects, since a 

change in riser height or tread depth alters the 

space required for the entire stairway. However, 

improvements in the following stair elements can 

be considered. 

Surfaces: Select stair coverings, surface 

materials, and finishes which offer good traction 

for secure footing. If it is not feasible to redo a 

slippery stair, consider application of an abrasive 

strip at the edge. See interior Floor Surfacesfor 

additional details. 

Contrast: Selecting treads and risers of 

contrasting color may be a wise choice when 

refinishing or replacing treads and risers. 

Monochromatic color schemes make it harder to 

distinguish risers and treads, especially among 

people with vision impairments. 

Nosings: Rounded nosings on treads can be 

used instead of square nosings (the radius of 

curvature should not be too large), or risers can 

be angled with a “backslope” to eliminate the lip 

created by a nosing. Replacing floor coverings, 

treads, or risers offers an opportunity to change 

nosing profile. 

Size: Stair treads and risers that are of uniform 

size throughout the entire stairway help to 

maintain the body’s natural rhythm of movement 

in ascent and descent. While changing tread 

depth may be difficult or impossible in most 

remodeling projects, there are issues to consider 

should the opportunity to do so arise, especially 

if the older stairs are particularly steep. Deeper 

treads generally provide more room for people 

with walking and balance difficulties to place 

their feet. 

different tones or 

colors create 

Tread and Riser 

Contrast 

/ 

riser should be 

sloped or 

underside of 

nosing be 

have a smooth 

Nosing Design 

77 
I_ 

2. Stairway Railings 

Mounting Height: New handrails should be 

mounted with the top gripping surface between 

30 inches and 38 inches above floor and tread 

surfaces. This height works well for most adults 

but may be too high, particularly at the upper 

range, for many children and adults of short 

stature. Consider installing an additional lower 

handrail for children and shorter people. Consult 

your state and local codes for specific handrail 

mounting height requirements. 

Location: It may be desirable to place handrails 

along both sides of a stairway to provide user 

choice and flexibility. Some people can 

comfortably use only the right or left hand to 

grasp the rail. Others may require support the 

rail offers on a specific side. 

Handrail Design: Round or oval smoothlyshaped handrails l-1/4 inches to 2 inches in 

diameter are easy to grip and relatively 

inexpensive. However, some say these are too 

small for adequate leaning support and prefer 

more traditional cross-sections. Consider placing 

the railings l-1/2 inches from the wall to allow 

space for the knuckles of the gripping hand, but 

not sufficient room to wedge an arm during a 

fall. Handrails should offer a continuous gripping 

surface with interruptions caused by newel 

posts, pickets, or other similar features avoided 

except where required for structural support or 

by other code provisions. 

Horizontal Extensions: Level extensions to 

stair handrails at the top and bottom of the stair 

run provide added support and guidance 

especially for people with balance or mobility 

limitations, or visual impairments. 

mounting height is measured 

fromsurface of floor and treads 

lower handrail aids children 

and adults of short stature 

potential users 

when planning 

Handrail 

Mounting Heights 7 

l-lM"to 2" 

Handrail Shapes 

handrail should 

have level 

h horizontal 

mn. 

0” A7 extension or be at top 

2 

of +---I continuous with stair 

A other railings 

F- -9 A ‘-L 

r ’ y,f!!& at bottom 

1 i of stair Horizontal 

Extensions 1 tread 

width 

78 
INTERIOR STAIRS 

3. Drop-offs 

Edge Protection: Unprotected drop-offs along 

stairs and landings are a potential hazard for 

everyone, especially people with visual or 

mobility impairments. Half-walls, balustrades, or 

other barriers are appropriate. State and local 

codes regulate these items extensively. 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

l Install temporary lift. 

l Install abrasive strips on slippery stair treads. 

l Install wood bevels under extended nosings on 

stair treads. 

l Paint treads and risers contrasting colors. 

Replacing or Installing Entire Stairs 

Although not everyone can use stairs, certain 

features improve their use for a wider range of 

people. Some people with balance limitations may 

actually have an easier time using stairs than ramps. 

Accessibility guidelines and standards listed in 

Appendix A acknowledge this need and provide 

specifications for accessible stair design. These 

specifications offer useful guidance when replacing 

old or installing new stairs. 

However, stair design is only one part of the larger 

issue of how best to achieve full access between 

floor levels. Consider including additional floor 

space at the landing levels to accommodate 

installation of a platform or chair lift in the future. 

Some residents may find a need for a residential 

elevator. If storage spaces that stack between floor 

levels are being remodeled consider sizing and 

structurally reinforcing them to accommodate 

installation of a residential elevator in the future. For 

more information on these and other possible design 

approaches, refer to the design manuals and 

publications listed in Appendix B. 

Examples of Edge Protection 

install wood 

bevels under h\ 

extended 

nosing for 

smoother 

add abrasive strips 

to slippery treads to 
80 
WINDOWS 

Single- and Double-Hung windows 

Sliding windows 

Casement windows 

Awning Windows 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Accessible Windows 
WINDOWS 

82 
WINDOWS 

Windows 

1. Single- and Double-Hung Windows 

Replacement: Many people have difficulty 

opening and closing single- and double-hung 

windows due to the physical strength and reach 

required. When replacing windows, consider 

installing models that are easier to operate, such 

as sliders, casements, or awning windows 

described below. However, size and structural 

constraints sometimes make it difficult to change 

window type. If single- and double-hung 

windows must be used, select high quality 

models with well designed handles and locks. 

Higher grade models with good counter balances 

have less tendency to stick and jam in their 

tracks, making them easier to use. 

Another solution if single- or double-hung 

windows must be used is installation near the sill 

of a lifting mechanism with a hand crank and 

latch that requires little force to operate and is 

within easy reach. This mechanism should be 

installed by a professional remodeler to meet the 

special needs of a client. 

2. Sliding Windows 

Operation: Sliding windows are usable by many 

people for whom single- and double-hung 

windows are difficult. The user pulls or pushes 

the sliding window along a track. Depending on 

its distance from the floor, a slider can also be 

operated from a seated position. Again, higher 

grade models will have less tendency to stick 

and jam in their tracks. 

Locks: Locks are usually located at the bottom 

of the frame of sliders, within reach of most 

people. Avoid models with small recessed locks. 

Also, select slider modelswith loop, lever, or 

blade handles. Slot handles are difficult for 

people with limited gripping ability and finger 

strength. 

often locks 

are located 

out of reach 

user must 

lift weight -

of window 

Single- and Double-Hung Windows 

locks located 

low, avoid 

recessed type\ 

avoid slot 

handles;loop, blade handles are best ’ 

Sliding Window 

83 
WINDOWS 

3. Casement Windows 

Operation: Casement windows are typically the 

easiest for most people to use and offer one of 

the best replacement choices. They are 

operated by turning a hand crack located at the 

window sill within easy reach. Models with large 

easy-to-grip cranks are preferable. 

Locks: Locks on most casement windows are 

located close to the sill. An additional lock may 

be located at the top of some large units. Many 

manufacturers offer special adapters to operate 

these upper locks from a seated position. 

4. Awning Windows 

Operation: Like casement windows, awning 

windows are easy to use and are a good 

replacement option. They are operated by a 

hand crank on the sill, within reach of most 

people. Models with large, easy-to-grip cranks 

are most satisfactory. 

Locks: The locking mechanism on an awning 

window is part of the crank handle, allowing the 

lock to disengage or engage as the window is 

opened or closed. The combined operating and 

locking mechanism is convenient for everyone. 

react 1

hand C 

lockslocatednear 

sill, easy to reach 

Casement Window 

combined 

locking and 

operatingmechanism 

within easy reach 

Awning Window 

84 
WINDOWS 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

l Install auxiliary loop handles to assist in lifting 

and sliding windows. 

l Install custom-made window inserts in singleand double-hung windows. Be careful to 

maintain clear opening required by code. 

l Use lock adapters on large casement windows 

with upper locks. 

l Install power operators. 

Accessible Windows 

Windows need to be appropriately located to be fully 

accessible. For example, an accessible window 

needs to be mounted so that all handles, locks, 

and/or power controls can be reached from a seated 

position. Adequate clear floor space needs to be 

provided to position a wheelchair. These 

requirements are best addressed when adding new 

windows or undertaking a complete home 

renovation. The standards listed in Appendix A do 

not provide minimum specifications for accessible 

windows as for other building elements, but sections 

on controls and reach ranges offer suggestions on 

location and use. Other publications listed in 

Appendix I3 include examples of universally usable 

windows. 

window insert can be 

made for single-and 

double-hung windows 

single- or 

double-hung 

window 

insert J 

maintain clear opening 

as required by code 

85 
86 
INTERIOR FLOOR SURFACES 

Carpet 

Non-Skid and Slip-Resistant Surfaces 

Small Level Changes 

Ramp Surfaces 

Grill and Grates 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Floor Surfaces in Additions and Complete Renovations 

87 

INTERIOR FLOORS 

Interior Floor Surfaces 

1. Carpet Replacement 

Carpet Type: Select carpeting that is dense 

and tightly woven. Thick soft carpets typically 

impede the wheels of wheelchairs, canes, baby 

strollers, and walkers, requiring extra effort by 

many individuals with diminished arm and/or leg 

strength. The new carpet should have a level or 

textured loop, or a level cut or level cut/uncut 

pile texture with a maximum pile thickness of 

l/2-inch. Although it is best to install carpet 

without using a pad, if cushioning of any type is 

used it should be firm. This is true with interior 

or exterior carpet. 

Carpet Edges: It is generally best for carpet 

edges to be securely attached without any 

exposed areas. Trim used to fasten carpet 

edges to the floor should provide a smooth 

transition with a slope no greater than 1:2. 

\ 

2. Non-Skid and Slip-Resistant 

Surfaces 

General: When replacing “hard” surfaces such 

as vinyl, rubber, tile, wood, concrete, or 

masonry, consider using new materials or 

finishes that are stable, firm, and slip-resistant. 

Flooring labeled “non-skid” surface helps provide 

enough friction to keep shoe heels, crutch tips, 

and the wheels of mobility devices and moving 

carts in position. 

Tile: Some varieties of tile on the market have 

an abrasive texture designed to be slip-resistant. 

Ideally the texture should offer enough 

resistance to provide adequate traction but not 

be so rough as to scrape exposed skin. This is 

particularly important in bathrooms where wet 

floors can pose slipping problems for people with 

poor balance. 

Vinyl: Many types of vinyl flooring are now 

available with non-skid surfaces for improved 

traction. 

l/2" max. pile 

Carpet Pile Thickness 

l/2” max. recommendedif height must be greater 

than slope of edge, trim dense, tightly should be sloped less woven carpet than 1:2 with firm pad 

L beveled edge trim 

Carpet Edges 

89 
Concrete: Steel trowel finishes can be very 

slippery, especially when wet. In most cases a 

broom finish will improve traction. Sometimes, 

however, troweling is required for sanitary 

reasons. 

3. Small Level Changes 

General: Provide for a smooth transition 

between areas with different floor materials. 

Small, abrupt changes in floor levels are 

potentially hazardous, especially for the elderly, 

people with vision impairments, and those who 

use canes, walkers, or other mobility devices. 

Further, people using wheelchairs may find it 

difficult to reasonably negotiate vertical changes 

greater than l/4-inch. Level changes up to l/2-

inch can be crossed with a surface sloped at a 

1:2 rise. Changes greater than l/2-inch will 

require a gently sloping surface with a maximum 

rise of 1:20 or a ramp. 

Bevels: Small vertical level changes created 

when a floor is replaced or refinished should be 

corrected. Small bevels or similar sloped 

surfaces can be installed to create a smooth 

transition between these different floor surface 

levels or room levels as needed. 

Raising Floor Level: Another method to reduce 

small level changes between floor surfaces is to 

install the new surfaces at the same level. This 

may require changing the type of material and/or 

its thickness to achieve a level transition. 

wood surface 7 \ 

new vinyl 

flooring raised 

on plywood 

subfloor -

old vinyl 

floor level -

vertical changes, y$::::::‘..’ although not i$:.” 

recommended, 

can be up to l/4” 

changes up 

to l/2” can be 

ramped with a 

slope of 1:2 max. 

Small Level Changes 

vinyl flooring ,\- 1 

Bevels Between 

Floor Levels 

90 
INTERIOR FLOORS 

4. Ramp Surface Replacement 

General: Slick ramp surfaces provide poor 

traction, especially when wet, causing people to 

slip and mobility devices to slip and spin wheels. 

However, the ramp surface often receives little 

attention by the designer or installer. When 

replacing a ramp or modifying the surface of an 

existing ramp, choose a stable, firm, slipresistant material. It is best to avoid carpet, but 

if it must be used, select a dense, short pile, 

tightly woven material. Tightly stretch or glueapply the material over a thin pad or preferably 

no pad at all. 

5. Grill and Grate Replacement 

Openings: When replacing grills or grates, use 

those with openings of l/2-inch maximum in the 

direction of travel. Large openings can catch 

ends of crutches and canes or even shoe tips 

and small kids’ toes. The wheels of mobility 

aids, strollers, and carts may also become stuck 

in such openings causing them to jam or tip 

over. Rectangular openings perpendicular to the 

direction of travel can be greater than l/2-inch. 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

l Install carpet edge strips on existing rugs and 

carpets. 

l Coat back of throw rugs with rubberizing liquid 

coatings. 

l Use rubber mats in hallways or foyers with 

slippery surfaces. 

l Apply abrasive strips to slippery ramp 

surfaces, stair treads, or step-ups. 

l Paint slippery floor surfaces with appropriate 

commercial grade anti-skid coatings, 

l Install short surface ramps or bevels at stepups or small level changes between different 

floor surfaces. 

neither 

crutch tips 

nor wheelchair 

casters can 

slip between 

Grate Opening in Pedestrian 

Travel Direction 

predominant 

direction of traffic 

91 
INTERIOR FLOORS 

Floor Surfaces in Additions and 

Complete Renovations 

During complete renovation or construction of an 

addition to the home, floor surfaces can be improved 

to provide a higher level of accessibility and safety. 

When all the spaces in a residence are being 

renovated, modifications can be designed to provide 

an accessible route throughout the unit. Such a 

route is a necessity for total accessibility. While 

many of the suggestions in this section correct or 

improve small level changes, more costly features 

such as ramps, lifts, or elevators, may be required 

to overcome existing barriers caused by sunken 

rooms and partial or full floor level changes. The 

accessibility standards listed in Appendix A (which 

provide detailed specifications for accessible routes 

and for ground and floor surfaces) and the design 

manuals and publications in Appendix 8 provide 

guidance and illustrations on these subjects. 

92 
CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

Light Switches 

Electrical Outlets 

Th ermostats 

AIarms 

Security Systems 

Total Environmental Control Systems 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Accessible Controls 

93 

CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

Controls and Signals 

1. Light Switch Addition or 

Replacement 

Type of Switch: When replacing or adding light 

switches, select new models that can be 

operated by a single touch using little force. 

Easy to use types include toggle, rocker, and 

touch sensitive electronic switches. Avoid 

switches that require tight pinching, gripping, 

twisting, or fine finger manipulation. 

Dimmer Switches: These switches also should 

be easy to use. Touch sensitive electronic 

dimmer switches are an excellent choice as they 

do not require the twisting motion of most 

traditional knob switches. However, knob 

switches with blade or lever extensions are an 

improvement and will work well for many people. 

Slide bar dimmers also are acceptable. 

Mounting Height: When adding or relocating a 

switch, try to mount between 36 inches and 48 

inches above the floor surface. Switches at 

these heights can be reached by most people. 

Switches installed over a counter or work-top 

should be mounted close to the surface. This 

will help people who are seated, individuals who 

use canes or walkers for support, and children to 

reach the switch. 

2. Electrical Outlet Addition or 

Replacement 

Mounting Height: When adding or relocating 

an outlet, try to mount no lower than 15 inches 

above the floor surface. Outlets at this height 

and above are easier for people who have 

trouble bending and stooping to use. When 

locating outlets over a counter or work-top, try 

to mount close to the surface to help people who 

are seated, those who have limited reach, and 

those who use canes, walkers, or crutches to 

reach the outlet. 

---6-

a7 

< 

rocker toggle 

sensitive 

Easy-to-Use Switches 8 

0

E6 

knob with lever touch sensitive 

handle 

Dimmer Switches --Ek 

I 

Mounting Height 

for Light Switches 

i! 

Mounting Height for 

Electrical Outlets 95 
CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

Number: During electrical and renovation work, 

consider adding additional outlets. As well as 

meeting the increasing demands of home 

electronic equipment such as stereos and 

computers, they are also helpful to many people 

with disabilities. Many disabling conditions 

require a person to use special equipment 

ranging from simple battery chargers to 

sophisticated breathing ventilators. The extra 

outlets provide options for location and use of 

such equipment without compromising the 

placement of more traditional items such as 

lamps, televisions, and clocks. 

A quadraplex outlet could replace the typical 

duplex outlet and not only increase the number 

of outlets, but save on installation and wiring 

costs. 

Outlets Near Telephone Jacks: When possible 

during electrical and home remodeling projects, 

install electrical outlets near telephone jacks. 

Not only are they a convenience for answering 

machines, but are essential for text telephones. 

Text telephones, commonly referred to as TTY’s 

or TDD’s, allow people with hearing and speech 

impairments to send and receive typed 

messages over telephone lines. 

3. Thermostat Replacement 

Controls: When replacing a thermostat, select 

one with easy-to-use controls. Controls move 

effortlessly and require no tight pinching, 

gripping, twisting, or fine finger manipulation. 

Try to avoid selection of models which require 

controls to be finely tuned to achieve a specific 

temperature. These are difficult for people with 

limited hand dexterity or vision impairments to 

use. 

Some new thermostat models emit a sound to 

indicate every few degree changes as 

temperature controls are moved, an especially 

helpful feature for people with visual 

impairments. 

Add-On Quadraplex Outlet 

unit emits a clicking 

sound for every couple of 

degrees moved when 

setting temperature unit has 

non-slip plastic 

ring to ease turning 

Easy-to-Use Thermostat 

96 
CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

Replacement Type/Numbers: Thermostats 

with large, high contrast, easy-to-read numbers 

are available and should be considered. Easyto-read instructions are also helpful. 

Mounting Height: Try to mount the thermostat 

48 inches maximum above a floor surface so it 

can be reached by most people. 

Alarms 

Strobes: Out-dated or unreliable fire and/or 

smoke alarms may be replaced by new models 

with strobe lights. The intense flashing lights 

serve as a critical warning for everyone, 

especially those who are hearing impaired. 

Locate the alarms with strobes in areas with 

maximum visibility. Take special care in 

selection of the alarm, as the frequency of the 

flash of some strobes can cause seizures in 

those sensitive to them. 

Auxiliary Alarms: Many people who cannot 

hear audible signals use auxiliary vibrating or 

strobe alarms in sleeping rooms. These alarms 

typically plug into standard electrical outlets and 

are triggered by the sound of the main fire 

alarm. During electrical or renovation work, 

additional outlets may be installed to 

accommodate the possible need for alarms in all 

sleeping areas of the home. 

strobe light 

Alarm with Visual and 

Audible Components 

Mechanical Vibrator Alarm 
CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

5. Security Systems 

Controls: When replacing or installing a new 

security system, select a model with an easy to 

operate key pad. The buttons should be high 

contrast and raised, and require little force to 

activate. Avoid monochromatic control key pads 

with flush controls as they are difficult for some 

people to operate. 

Instructions: Select control panels and key 

pads with large, high contrast, easy-to-read 

numbers and instructions. If possible, letters 

and numbers can also be raised to allow people 

with vision impairments to locate the desired 

button by touch. 

In addition to the controls, instructions or 

information displayed on digital screens is 

available in high contrast, simple type faces. 

Mounting Height: When a control unit is to be 

permanently installed in one location, try to 

mount it no higher than 48 inches above a floor 

surface. Controls at or below this height can be 

reached by most people. 

type displayed on 

screen should be 

easy to read 

buttons are 

raisedand 

cotrastwith / 

instructions are 

simple type 

face that 

contrasts with 

the background / 

letters and 

numbers on 

buttons 

should be 

high contrast 

and, if possible, 

raised 

pictograms are 

helpful to those 

who cannot read 

or understand 

English 

Security System Control Unit 
CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

6. Remote Controls, Home 

Automation, and Total 

Environmental Control Systems 

General: Rather than lower or relocate light 

switches, it may be possible to install one of the 

many remote control systems available at 

building and electrical stores. 

Simple inexpensive remote control systems 

contain modules that allow users to control lights 

and/or small appliances from a small keypad or 

button that can be hand-held, carried in a 

pocket, or located anywhere. 

There are three common types of remote control 

systems: one sends signals through existing 

home wiring; a second is wireless and uses 

radio signals; and the third requires additional 

wiring. Modules for the wireless systems and 

those that use existing wiring can be simply 

plugged into existing electrical receptacles or 

installed out of sight inside existing receptacle 

and light switch electrical boxes. 

Simple systems can be installed to control just 

one light or many. More elaborate systems can 

add convenient control of other functions such 

as temperature and alarms. 

receivermodule 

receiver modules can be receiver modules 

plugged into existing can be directly 

outlets wired in 

appliances plugged into 

-the modules are turned 

on and off bv the kev oad 

these systems 

are often 

operated by 

remote control 

portable keypads 

Transmission Through House Wiring 

portable systems can be 

purchased in which a 

remote will transmit radio 

signals to receivers 

installed on switches or 

receptacles for selected 

appliances and other 

desired controls. These 

systems are very 

helpful for people with 

limited reach range or 

hand dexterity. 

portable battery powered 

radio frequency 

transmitter remote control 

99 
CONTROLS AND SIGNALS 

“Total environmental” control systems are 

available that combine all of the environmental 

controls such as lighting and temperature into 

one central control panel or remote unit from 

which everything is operated. It is even possible 

to integrate some control units with security and 

emergency systems and link up to personal 

computers to expand capabilities. 

These systems offer unique opportunities for 

universal design-a single control unit can be 

used to operate most household controls 

regardless of location or function. 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

l Use strip receptacles to increase number of 

electrical outlets and improve location. 

l Use extensions or pull cords on existing high 

control switches. 

l Use portable strobe alarm which can be 

plugged into a standard outlet. 

l Use remote controls to operate lights and 

appliances in difficult to reach locations. 

Accessible Controls 

In a truly accessible home controls must be located 

where there is enough floor space available for 

people using wheelchairs and other mobility devices 

to reach them. The best time to move outlets, 

switches, and other environmental controls from 

awkward and inaccessible locations and/or replace 

them with models that are accessible and easy to 

operate is when designing an addition to the home 

or planning a total home renovation project. This is 

also the time to redo fire alarms and security 

systems to improve home safety for all. For 

greatest usability, alarms should have both an 

audible and visual signal. The major accessibility 

standards listed in Appendix A provide specifications 

for controls and alarms. Appendix B lists additional 

helpful publications. 

these control units can be 

portable and/or permanently 

located. If permanently 

installed, mount so top 

control top is no higher than 

48” above floor surface 

type displayed 

-on screen should 

be easy to read 

- letters and numbers 

buttons are are done in simple 

raised and type faces that 

contrast with contrast with the 

unit - background 

symbols 

should be -

high contrast 

Hardwired Control Unit 

strip receptacles strategically 

located on furniture or walls 

place outlets within reach 

of most users 

Strip Receptacle 

100 
DECKS AND PATIOS 

Common Barriers on Decks and Patios 

Remodeled Deck and Patio 

Drop-offs 

Steps/Stairs 

Surfaces 

Lighting 

Entrance Doors 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Replacing or Installing Entire Decks and Patios 

101 
DECKS AND PATIOS 

narrow entry door restricts 

use of deck by people 

using mobility aides and 

the moving of furniture from 

indoors to out 

step at entrance door 

is awkward, especially for 

people with balancw 

problems and a /=

barrier to people who 

use mobility devices 

doors may require force greater 

than 8 Ibs. to oDen a rxoblem 

for people with’limited arm deck area lacks good strength and young children overall lighting which 

makes night use 

difficult 

may cause falls 

AL­

/ older wood surfaces 

can become slick 

from fungus and tree 

droppings, especially 

Common Barriers on Decks and Patios 

102 
DECKS AND PATIOS 

good overall lighting 

focused lighting improves nighttime security 

improves night-use and usability of deck and 

of lockset. See 4 patio area. See 4 

\ 

inserts are added 

to the existing 

sliding door track to 

provide a gradual 

transition from 

planters and benches 

provide edge protection. 

\ 

blocking raises deck level 

sufficiently to elimate 

step at entrance creating 

a smooth transition 

between interior and 

exterior of dwelling. 

See 2 

\ 

:I\ old deck level 

See3 ­

li”’ stair modifications. 7 h,.II~ 

/

earth is sloped 

up to patio to 

create a 1:20 or 

less sloped path. 

See 2 

I 

stair risers and 

treads may require 

adjustment if deck surface modifications. 

level is raised See 2 

Remodeled Deck and Patio 

103 
104 
DECKS AND PATIOS 

Decks and Patios 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Drop-offs 

General: Consider using curbs, rails, planters, 

or seats to protect the edges of the deck. 

Above-grade patio edges could be filled with soil 

at key locations to increase accessibility to the 

lawn. See Remodeled Deck and Patio overview 

on previous page and Entrances: Drop-offs for 

details. 

Steps/Stairs Replacement 

General: Comfort on the stairs from deck to 

patio is improved by the addition of handrails 

with horizontal extensions. If adding or replacing 

stairs, consider using those with rounded 

nosings on the treads and closed risers. See 

interior Stairs, and Entrances for details. 

Surface Repair and Replacement 

Wood Decking: When replacing old decking r 

new deck level within blocking securely 

consider installing blocking over the existing l/2” of interior floor attached to joists 

I 

joists to raise the new decking surface to a level 

within l/2-inch of the interior floor level. This will 

create a gradual smooth transition between 

inside and outside of the home and eliminate 

uneven surfaces. 

Concrete or Masonry Repair: A good time to 

try to eliminate all cracks or small drop-offs is 

when broken or worn concrete or masonry patios 

are being repaired. See interior Floor Surfaces 

for further guidance. 

. Raise level: When replacing a concrete or Blocking to Raise Deck Level 

masonry patio surface, consider raising its 

floor level to l/2-inch or less of the interior 

floor level to create easier access. 

105 
. Waterproofing: When raising the patio 

level close to floor level you will want to 

follow common waterproofing practices to 

prevent water infiltration. These include: 

. assuring positive surface slope 

away from the building; . installing continuous metal or 

plastic water bars in joints and 

under thresholds; . using adequate interlocking 

weather stripping; . caulking appropriately at all 

exposed joints; . installing drains and weep holes 

as appropriate; and, . assuring adequate protection 

from snow build-up. 

Canopies, roofs, or other forms of weather 

protection over the patio doors also help prevent 

leaking inside of the home. 

. Ramp to Site: When a concrete or 

masonry patio surface requires 

replacement, it may be possible to ramp 

part of the new surface down to grade. 

This will create a convenient path from 

deck or patio to the lawn and eliminate 

the need for steps. The slope surface 

should not exceed 1:12, and 1:20 or less 

is recommended. Ramps between 1:20 

and 1:12 need handrails. (Check local 

codes.) 

4. Lighting 

General: Night-time use of decks and patios is 

enhanced by well-planned overall lighting. 

Additional lights may also be desirable to focus 

on locksets or security systems. See Entrances 

for more details. 

Lighting at Stairs and Level Changes: When 

electrical work is being undertaken in the 

patio/deck area, consider installing additional 

lighting for the steps. 

ramp slopes of 1:20 

max. are comfortable 

for most people 

areas close to grade 

are easiest to ramp 

earth landscaped to patio for 

smooth transition 

106 
DECKS AND PATIOS 

5. Entrance Doors 

See Doors for details. 

Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

l Install temporary ramp. 

l Use railings, benches, or planters to provide 

partial edge protection. 

l Install abrasive strips on slippery stair treads. 

l Install awning for weather protection. 

l Install short ramps or bevels at step-ups or 

small level changes. 

Replacing or Installing Entire Decks 

and Patios 

A universally usable dwelling has exterior as well as 

interior spaces that are accessible to all people. 

Adding a new deck or patio, or completely 

renovating an existing one is an opportunity to 

improve accessibility. Perhaps the most important 

issue to consider is the relationship of interior and 

exterior floor levels. Ideally, the deck or patio 

surface should be set within l/2-inch or less of the 

interior floor to allow a gradual land transition 

between inside and out. With careful waterproofing 

and weather protection this can be achieved. The 

accessibility standards and guidelines listed in 

Appendix A offer guidance for creating an accessible 

deck or patio, including specifications for railings, 

entry doors, stairs, ramps, and lifts. Design manuals 

and other publications listed in Appendix B will also 

be helpful. 

107 
108 
PARKING AND WALKS 

Parking Areas 

Walkways 

Additional Changes to Meet Temporary or Individual Needs 

Accessible Parking and Site Paths 

109 
110 
PARKING AND WALKS 

Parking and Walks 

1. Parking Repair and Resurfacing 

Access Aisles: The main feature that 

distinguishes an accessible space from a 

conventional one is an access aisle. Access 

aisles, used mainly on parking lots, are 

designated level areas of pavement or other 

hard compact slip-resistant surfaces next to the 

parking space with enough space for a person to 

transfer from a car to a wheelchair or maneuver 

off a van lift. When restriping spaces on a 

parking lot or adding new parking spaces, 

accessible spaces can be incorporated. 

When replacing, repairing, or adding new 

sidewalks that lead to dirt or gravel parking 

spaces or lots, consider adding additional paved 

strips along the edge of a parking space to 

provide a stable surface for transferring to and 

from vehicles. The paved strip is convenient for 

everyone, especially in bad weather, and will 

provide a secure arrival/departure spot for those 

with poor balance or mobility impairments. 

Curb Ramps: Although beyond the scope of 

most home remodeling projects, consider 

installing curb ramps when resurfacing parking 

spaces or replacing walks connecting to parking 

areas. Curb ramps not only provide access for 

people with mobility impairments but also 

improve usability for those maneuvering strollers 

and moving carts. 

Surface Slopes: When regrading or resurfacing 

parking spaces, make them as level as possible, 

while still allowing for needed drainage. More 

level parking reduces the likelihood of 

wheelchairs or baby strollers tipping over or 

rolling off course and is easier to negotiate for 

people with balance or mobility impairments. 

accessible spaces 

with signs // 

access aisle 

Access Aisle 

,-- existing walk 

concrete or paved str$i.,,,: 

along edge of gravel or ;, 

dirt parking space 0’; 

improves use 

Boarding Surface at Gravel i o,, 

or Dirt Parking Space 

slopeof slope 1:12 

flare 1:lO or less 

or less /( 

Flared Curb Ramp 

slope I:1 2 

turned Curb Ramp 111 
.-A-.~.*.-.~.- 

. . . . . . . . . . 

PARKING AND WALKS 

2. Walk Repair and Replacement 

Surface Texture: When planning exterior home 

projects, refurbish cracked concrete or asphalt 

paths, replace loose bricks, and repoint 

deteriorating mortar. An uneven walkway or 

path, or one with spaces larger than l/2-inch 

between even surfaces is inappropriate for 

people who are unsteady on their feet. 

When replacing walks, use materials or finishes 

that are stable, firm, and slip-resistant, and 

remain unchanged when exposed to weather, 

contaminants, or applied force. Select materials 

that provide enough friction to keep shoe heels, 

crutch tips, and the wheels of mobility devices 

from slipping. 

Steel trowel concrete finishes become slippery, 

especially when wet, and are best avoided if 

possible. A broom finish will suffice in most 

cases. Asphalt and brick surfaces generally 

offer good traction but should not be so heavily 

textured to affect the movement of wheelchairs 

or strollers. As a general rule, gravel and dirt 

surfaces should be avoided. 

Grill and Grate Openings: When replacing 

grills or grates, select models with no more than 

l/2-inch openings in the direction of travel. 

Larger openings may cause wheeled devices 

and the tips of crutches and canes to stick and 

unbalance the user. Openings perpendicular to 

the direction of travel can be greater than l/2-

inch. 

Small Level Changes: Smooth transitions are 

always best. Small abrupt vertical level changes 

typically occur when surface materials change, 

such as from asphalt to concrete or concrete to 

brick. Changes also arise as outdoor surfaces 

weather and become buckled or cracked. 

Generally, people who walk with difficulty and 

those who use canes, walkers, or wheelchairs 

are easily tripped or thrown off-balance by any 

vertical change in level greater than l/4-inch. 

Level changes up to i/2-inch can be beveled 

with a surface sloped at a 1:2 rise. Changes 

greater than l/2-inch require a gently sloping 

surface with a rise less than 1:20 or a ramp at a 

112 

vertical ..:s:;?:i ..*.:.:.:.:.:.: .

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changes 

uptoa 

112”can be 

ramped -

with a 

slopeof 

1:2 max. 

Small Vertical Changes 
PARKING AND WALKS 

maximum slope of 1:I 2. All small vertical level 

changes should be corrected when walks are 

being repaired or replaced. Small bevels or 

similar sloped surfaces can be used to create 

smooth- transitions between different walk 

surfaces or at expansion joints as needed. 

Drop-offs: Where unprotected drop-offs exist 

along the edge of walks consider providing edge 

protection, such as areas of gently sloping or 

level earth, benches, planters, railings, or curbs. 

Edge protection also provides a guide for people 

with visual impairments. Lack of Edge Protection at Walk 

Overhanging and Protruding Objects: Bushes With Drop-Off 

and trees that overhang sidewalks, block 

sunlight or artificial light, or drop seeds or other 

debris on walkways should be trimmed regularly 

or removed. 

Other objects which overhang or protrude onto 

walks such as mailboxes, lamp posts, or signs 

can be a danger to people who are unobservant 

or visually impaired. As a general rule, objects 

that are between 27 inches and 80 inches above 

the walking surface should not project more than 

4 inches onto walks . Objects that have any part 

at or below 27 inches are detectable by most Earth and Grass Protection at Drop-Off 

people who are visually impaired and use 

detection canes. When replacing objects around 

walks, evaluate and adjust location to meet 

these criteria as appropriate. 

objects above 

27” may not be ­

detectableand 

should not overhang more than 

4” into walks 

113 
Additional Changes to Meet 

Temporary or Individual Needs 

Use portable ramps. 

Use plastic or rubber movable mats to provide 

an accessible route over loose or slippery 

ground surfaces such as gravel, dirt, or grass. 

Install bevels at small level changes. 

Install detectable warnings or barriers 

beneath protruding and overhanging objects. 

Accessible Parking and Site Paths 

An accessible route is a critical component of a 

universally usable exterior environment. Because 

the features of an accessible walk or parking space 

are integral with initial site planning and grading 

issues, they may be difficult and prohibitively costly 

to address during typical home modification or repair 

projects such as repaving or repairing broken 

surfaces. However, alteration or total rehab projects 

that impact the site, such as installing new walks, 

replacing existing parking lots, or constructing 

additions offer the opportunity to improve these 

areas. 

The extent and level of accessibility will vary 

depending on local site conditions, such as existing 

grades and weather conditions. State, local, or 

federal accessibility requirements may be an issue 

when changes are made to common area walks and 

parking lots used by multiple tenants or the general 

public. 

Regardless of compliance issues, the major 

accessibility standards and guidelines listed in 

Appendix A provide minimum specifications for the 

design of parking spaces and walks. Publications 

listed in Appendix B provide additional information, 

guidance, and examples on accessible parking 

areas and walkways. 

Temporary Portable “Curb” Ramp 

114 
APPENDIX A 

ACCESSIBILITY STANDARDS 

As stated in the Introduction, information in this publication is intended for use in home 

modification, remodeling, and rehabilitation projects which are usually not subject to local, state, 

or Federal accessibility standards. Accessibility standards are intended for public and government 

buildings and certain assisted housing. They provide technical specifications and guidance for 

creating fully accessible or adaptable space. Although private homes are usually not subject to 

these standards, they may provide technical guidance to homeowners and remodelers planning 

a project to maximize accessibility for a resident with specific physical limitations. The most 

widely used Federal accessibility legislation/standards follow. 

. American National Standard for Buildings and Facilities - Providing 

Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People (ANSI Al 17.1 

1992) 

ANSI, a non-governmental national organization, adopted minimum requirements 

for accessibility in 1961, forming the technical basis for the first Federal and state 

accessibility standards. Standards for accessible housing were included in the 

1980 edition. The 1992 version, based on ANSI Al 17.1 1986, was created as a 

model code for local governments and for organizations setting model codes. The 

Council of American Building Officials (CABO) serves as 

develop the 1995 version (publication expected in 1997). 

followed in varying degrees throughout the country. 

Available from: 

American National Standards Institute 

Sales Department 

1430 Broadway 

New York, NY 10018 

(212) 642-4900 

or 

Council of American Building Officials 

5204 Leesburg Pike 

Suite 708 

Falls Church, VA 22041 

(703) 931-4533 

ANSI secretariat to 

ANSI 117.1 1992 is 

A-1 
. Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) 

UFAS was created as the uniform accessibility standard for all buildings 

constructed, altered, or leased by the Federal government, and for private 

buildings that house programs funded by the Federal government. 

Available from: 

Superintendent of Documents 

U.S. Government Printing Office 

P. 0. Box 371954 

Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 

(202) 512-1800 - Washington, DC line 

. Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) 

The ADA Accessibility Guidelines set minimum requirements for compliance with 

Title Ill of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) that prohibits discrimination on 

the basis of disability in public accommodations and commercial facilities topics 

including lodging, restaurants, public gathering places. The illustrated ADAAG 

include specifications on accessible routes, ramps, doors, storage, and bathrooms. 

An appendix offers rationale for many dimensions. 

Available from: 

Department of Justice 

Office of the Americans with Disabilities Act 

Civil Rights Division 

P.O. Box 66738 

Washington, DC 20530-6738 

(202) 307-0663 

. Fair Housing Accessibility Guidelines (effective for building occupancy after 

3/l 3/9 1) 

The Guidelines provide technical guidance on the design and construction of 

elevated multi-family buildings consisting of four or more dwelling units, or ground 

floor units in other buildings of four or more units, to comply with the accessibility 

requirements of the Fair Housing Act Amendments of 1988. The guidelines 

address: 

- Accessible building entrances on an accessible route; 

- Accessible and usable public and common use areas; 

- Usable doors; 

- Accessible route into and through the dwelling unit; 

- Light switches, electrical outlets, thermostats, and other environmental controls; 

- Reinforced walls for grab bars; and, 

- Usable kitchens and bathrooms. 

A-2 
Available from: 

State or Area HUD offices 

Office GrFair Housing and Equal Opportunity 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 

451 Seventh Street, SW 

Room 5240 

Washington, DC 2041 O-2000 

or 

Fair Housing Cleatinghouse 

(800) 343-3442 

A-3 
APPENDIX B 

GUIDEBOOKS and REFERENCES 

Access Information Bulletins 

Paralyzed Veterans of America 

801 18th Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20006 

(202) 872-l 300 

Accessibility Reference Guide, 

An Illustrated Commentary on 

U.B.C. Chapter 31 and CABO/ANSI Al 17.1 

International Conference of Building 

Officials (ICBO) 

ICBO Order Department 

5360 Workman Mail Road 

Whittier, CA 90601 

(310) 692-4226 

Accessible Housing Design File 

Barrier Free Environments, Inc. (1991) 

Van Nostrand Reinhold 

7625 Empire Drive 

Florence, KY 41042 

(800) 842-3636 

Adaptable Housing 

U.S. Department of Housing 

and Urban Development (1987) 

HUD User 

Fair Housing Information Clearinghouse 

P.O. Box 9146 

McLean, VA 22102 

(800) 343-3442 

Buildingfor a Lifetime 

Wylde, M., A. Barron-Robbins, 

S. Clark (1994) 

Taunton Press, Inc. 

63 S. Main Street 

Newtown, CT 06470 

(203) 426-8171 

CAH Selected Reading List 

Center for Universal Design 

NC State University 

Box 8613 

Raleigh, NC 27695 

(919) 515-3082 

Comprehensive Approach to 

Retrofitting Homes for a Lifetime 

NAHB Research Center, Inc. (1991) 

400 Prince George’s Blvd. 

Upper Marlboro, MD 20774 

(301) 249-4000 

(800) 638-8556 

1996 Directory of Accessible 

Building Products 

NAHB Research Center, Inc. 

400 Prince George’s Blvd. 

Upper Marlboro, MD 20774 

(301) 249-4000 

(800) 638-8556 

Enabling Products Sourcebook 

M. Wylde (1995) 

National Kitchen and Bath Association 

687 Willow Grove Street 

Hackettstown, NJ 07840 

(908) 852-0033 

(800) THE-NKBA 

LowVisionInformation 

The Lighthouse, Inc. 

111 East 59th Street 

New York, NY 10022 

(800) 334-5497 

B-l 
The 1995 Accessible Building Product Guide 

J. Salmen and P. S. & J. Quatve Peterson 

Universal Designers and Consultants, Inc. 

1700 Rockville Pike 

Suite 110 

Rockville, MD 20852 

(301) 770-7890 

Universal Bathroom Planning 

M. J. Peterson (1995) 

National Kitchen and Bath Association 

687 Willow Grove Street 

Hackettstown, NJ 07840 

(908) 852-0033 

(800) THE-NKBA 

Universal Kitchen Planning 

M. J. Peterson (1995) 

National Kitchen and Bath Association 

687 Willow Grove Street 

Hackettstown, NJ 07840 

(908) 852-0033 

(800) THE-NKBA 

B-2 
APPENDIX C 

RESOURCES 

ABLEDATA 

8455 Colesville Road 

Suite 935 

Silver Spring, MD 20910 

(800) 227-02 16 

Adaptive Environments Lab 

State University of New York 

at Buffalo 

School of Architecture and Planning 

Buffalo, NY 14214 

(716) 645-2000 

American Association of Retired Persons 

601 E Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20049 

(202)434-2277 

American Foundation for the Blind 

11 Pen Plaza 

Suite 300 

New York, NY 10001 

(212) 502-7600 

American OT Association, Inc. 

4720 Montgomery Lane 

P.O. Box 31220 

Bethesda, MD 20824-l 220 

(301) 652-2682 

Architectural and Transportation Barriers 

Compliance Board 

1331 F Street, NW 

Suite 1000 

Washington, DC 20004 

(202) 272-5434 

Barrier Free Environments, Inc. 

P.O. Box 30634 

Raleigh, NC 27622 

(919) 782-7823 

National Council on Independent Living 

2111 Wilson Blvd. 

Suite 405 

Arlington, VA 22201 

(703)5253406 

National Eldercare Institute 

Andros Gerontology Center 

University of Southern California 

University Park MC-01 91 

Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191 

(213) 740-l 364 

The Center for Universal Design 

Box 8613 

NC State University 

Raleigh, NC 27695-8613 

(919) 515-3082 

C-l