STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
 

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
 

FILED 

C.L., 

Respondent Below, Petitioner February 5, 2014 

released at 3:00 p.m. 

RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK 

vs.) No. 12-1508 (Hampshire County 11-D-152) SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS 

OF WEST VIRGINIA 

S.L., 

Petitioner Below, Respondent 

MEMORANDUM DECISION 

In this divorce action, petitioner, C.L.,1 by counsel Erika Klie Kolenich and 

Joann Rumbach, appeals the November 15, 2012, order of the Circuit Court of Hampshire 

County. In that order, the circuit court refused C.L.’s petition for appeal of a final order 

entered by the Family Court of Hampshire County that had granted primary custodial 

allocation of the couple’s four children to their father, S.L. C.L., the mother, asserts a variety 

of grounds upon which she contends this ruling was in error. Conversely, respondent, S.L., 

by counsel Cathe L. Moreland, argues that the lower courts correctly granted to him primary 

custodial allocation of the children.2 

Based on the parties’ briefs, the appendix record designated for our 

consideration, and the pertinent authorities, we find no error in the circuit court’s denial of 

C.L.’s appeal. Thus, as more fully explained below, we hereby affirm. Furthermore, we find 

a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the West Virginia Rules of 

Appellate Procedure insofar as the Court finds no new or significant questions of law and no 

prejudicial error. 

The parties were married on November 6, 1998, in Upshur County, West 

Virginia. They both concede that the marriage has been rocky and they have been violent 

1

“We follow our past practice in juvenile and domestic relations cases which 

involve sensitive facts and do not utilize the last names of the parties.” State ex rel. West 

Virginia Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Cheryl M., 177 W. Va. 688, 689 n.1, 356 S.E.2d 181, 182 

n.1 (1987) (citations omitted). 

2

We also acknowledge the participation in this matter of the Guardian ad Litem 

for the four minor children, Julie A. Frazer. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

toward each other. The couple has four children.3 Initially, the couple resided in Upshur 

County, West Virginia; they subsequently moved to Hampshire County, West Virginia.4 

Throughout the marriage, C.L. did not work outside the home and S.L. was employed fulltime, working four long days per week. He typically did not work Friday through Sunday. 

In July 2011, S.L. filed a petition for divorce in the Family Court of Hampshire 

County. The petition averred that on July 11, 2011, C.L. took the parties’ four minor 

children and moved into her parents’ home in Upshur Countywithout providing notice of this 

move to S.L. The petition further alleged that C.L. refused to permit S.L. to have visitation 

with the children. S.L. sought to have the children returned to Hampshire County and further 

sought either custody and control of the children or, in the alternative, a joint parenting plan 

with liberal allocation. 

C.L. filed an answer and counterclaim in which she contended that she gave 

notice to S.L. prior to relocating to Upshur County. However, she admitted that she refused 

to allow S.L. visitation with the children. In her counterclaim, she alleged that both she and 

S.L. had been physically abusive to each other. C.L. asserted that she left the marital home 

to protect the children. She further asserted that the parties’ families all live in Upshur 

County and that S.L. is the only family member residing in Hampshire County. C.L. sought 

primary custody and control of the children with only supervised visitation for S.L. 

By temporary order entered on August 12, 2011, the family court appointed a 

Guardian ad Litem and ordered that the primary residence of the children would be with S.L. 

in Hampshire County pending a report by the Guardian ad Litem and further order of the 

family court. C.L. was granted custody of the children from 6:00 p.m. Sunday until 6:00 p.m. 

Wednesday each week. 

Following an investigation, the Guardian ad Litem submitted her report to the 

family court. The Guardian related that C.L. and S.L. both characterized their marriage as 

rocky from the beginning and sometimes included violent altercations. Approximately four 

years prior to the separation, S.L. and C.L. were both charged with domestic assault and 

battery. They both pled the charges down to disorderly conduct. Both parents acknowledged 

that the domestic violence occurred in the presence of the children, but neither parent claimed 

the other was abusive to the children. They apparently had attempted counseling on several 

occasions with no success. 

3

The children are now ages fifteen, thirteen, eleven, and nine. 

4

It is not clear how long the family has resided in Hampshire County, but it is 

undisputed that the children have lived their entire lives in Hampshire County. 

2
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

With respect to the instant matter, the Guardian ad Litem reported that three 

of the children expressed a preference to reside with their mother, while one child stated no 

preference. All four children strongly desired to remain in Hampshire County to be closer 

to their father, their schools, and their friends. The Guardian ad Litem then made the 

following recommendation: 

Based upon all of the information provided, it is clear due 

to [S.L.’s] work schedule, and by virtue of [C.L.] being a stayat-home mom, that [C.L.] performed the majority of the 

caretaking functions for the four children, and therefore, primary 

residence of the children should be placed with [C.L.], if and 

only if [C.L.] remains in Hampshire County. Your Guardian ad 

litem also recommends that custody be split as close to 50/50, to 

the extent that it is possible due to [S.L.’s] work schedule. 

Additionally, with regard to C.L.’s county of residence, the Guardian ad Litem explained that 

“[a]t the onset of this case, [C.L.] had indicated that she desired to move to Upshur County 

with the children, so that she would be close to her other family members. Since then, [C.L.] 

has reconsidered, and now desires to remain in Hampshire County[.]” 

By temporary order entered September 8, 2011, the family court adopted the 

recommendations of the Guardian ad Litem and ordered that the children shall reside in 

Hampshire County and shall attend Hampshire County schools at this time. The family court 

further ordered that “the Respondent [C.L.] will have temporary primary residency of the 

minor children and that the parties shall share custodial allocation on a 50/50 basis so long 

as each remains in Hampshire County, West Virginia.” Finally, the family court ordered S.L. 

to “pay the mortgage and other expenses related to the marital home and the expenses of the 

minor children.”5 

On January 19, 2012, the family court entered an order ruling that, 

5

Thereafter, at a hearing on December 22, 2011, the Guardian ad Litem advised 

the family court of an incident that had occurred a few days earlier while the children were 

with S.L. The Guardian also observed a bruise on the oldest child’s arm that resulted from 

this incident. Nevertheless, the Guardian has opined that this appeared to be an isolated 

event that did not rise to the level of requiring a report be made pursuant to Rule 48 of the 

Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Court, and W. Va. Code § 49-6A-2 (2006) (Repl. 

Vol. 2009). 

3
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

barring some unforeseen circumstance[,] the court does not 

believe that it would be in the minor children’s best interest to 

relocate during the school year. However, at the end of the 

school year should the two older minor children desire to reside 

primarily with the Respondent [C.L.], based upon the 

recommendation of the Guardian Ad Litem the court may 

reconsider the issue of primary allocation at that time. 

Subsequently, on March 13, 2012, the family court entered a Final Order of 

Divorce. On the issue of custody of the children, the court ruled: 

11.	 The parties shall have a shared parenting plan wherein 

the primary residence of the minor children shall be 

with [S.L.] regardless of the location of [C.L.]. The 

parties shall share the significant life decisions and shall 

comply with West Virginia Code §48-9-601 . . . . 

12.	 That [C.L.] shall have the right of custodial allocation 

depending on her residence as follows: 

Plan A: [C.L.] is currently residing in Upshur 

County, West Virginia and remains such after June 1, 

2012, she shall have custodial allocation every other 

weekend from Friday at 6:00 p.m. until Sunday at 6:00 

p.m. The parties will exchange the minor children at 

Yocum’s Store, Seneca Rocks, West Virginia. The 

summer school break shall be divided equally between 

the parties. 

Plan B: That on or before June 1, 2012 [C.L.] 

establishes a permanent residence in Hampshire County, 

West Virginia, she shall have custodial allocation ever 

other week beginning Sundays at 6:00 p.m. 

C.L. filed a “Motion for Reconsideration of Judgement,” which the family 

court denied based upon its finding that C.L. had failed to allege any mistake, inadvertence, 

surprise, excusable neglect, unavoidable cause, or newly discovered evidence. The family 

court commented that the allegations included in C.L.’s motion were based upon “the history 

of the parties and were, or should have been, presented to the Guardian ad litem prior to the 

4
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

final hearing.” C.L. then filed a petition for appeal in the Circuit Court of Hampshire 

County.6 

The Circuit Court of Hampshire County entered an order on August 2, 2012, 

denying, in part, and remanding, in part, C.L.’s petition for appeal of the family court’s final 

order. The circuit court concluded that the family court had abused its discretion in failing 

to apply the principles of W. Va. Code § 48-9-403(d) (2001) (Repl. Vol. 2009) to C.L.’s 

proposed relocation to Upshur County, as the family court should have done pursuant to 

W. Va. Code § 48-9-206(a)(7) (2001) (Repl. Vol. 2009).7 

6

C.L. also filed in the Family Court of Hampshire County a motion seeking to 

find S.L. in contempt and a petition for modification of parental allocation and child support 

claiming that she had relocated to Buckhannon, West Virginia, and had obtained stable 

employment. These two motions remain pending in the family court. 

7

In this regard, the circuit court explained that 

14. [t]he Court concludes that the FamilyCourt should 

have considered whether or not [C.L.] exercised a significant 

majority of custodial responsibility. If so, the Family Court 

should have next considered whether [C.L.] showed that the 

relocation is in good faith for a legitimate purpose and to a 

location that is reasonable in light of the purpose. A review of 

the file indicates that [C.L.] was a stay-at-home mother and 

[S.L] often worked long hours, which also required travel. The 

Guardian Ad Litem’s Report indicates that “[C.L.] performed 

the majority of the caretaking functions for the four children, 

and therefore, primary residence of the children should be 

placed with [C.L.], if and only if [C.L.] remains in Hampshire 

County.” 

15. Whether or not [C.L.’s] custodial responsibilities 

constituted a significant majority of 70% or more is a finding the 

Family Court should have made, and this Court declines to make 

such a finding. If the Family Court finds that [C.L.] exercised 

70% or more of custodial responsibility, then it must consider 

whether the relocation is in good faith for a legitimate purpose 

and reasonable in light of the purpose. [C.L.] stated at the 

February 7, 2012, hearing that her extended family resided in 

(continued...) 

5
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7

(...continued)
 

Upshur County and she was seeking employment there.
 

Relocating to be close to significant family or to pursue a
 

significant employment opportunity is, by statute, for a
 

legitimate purpose. W. Va. Code § 48-9-206(d)(1). Again, the
 

Court concludes that the Family Court should have made
 

findings with regard to this issue, if it found that [C.L.]
 

exercised 70% or more custodial responsibility.
 

16. If neither parent had been exercising a significant 

majority of custodial responsibility, the Family Court is first 

obligated to consider whether [C.L.’s] proposed relocation was 

made in good faith, for a legitimate purpose, and to a location 

that is reasonable in light of that purpose. However, even if the 

Family Court finds that the relocation is in good faith, for a 

legitimate purpose, and to a reasonable location, the Family 

Court must then consider the best interests of the children. See 

W. Va. Code § 48-9-403(d)(2). Also, if a parent does not 

establish that the purpose is in good faith for a legitimate 

purpose and reasonable in light of the purpose, the Family Court 

must consider the best interests of the children. W. Va. Code 

§ 48-9-403(d)(3). Here, if either of these two situations apply, 

the Family Court has already found that remaining in Hampshire 

County is in the children’s best interests. Therefore, if either of 

these two situations apply to this case, this court concludes that 

the Family Court does not need to modify its parenting plan. 

17. In summary, to be clear, this Court is not 

disagreeing with the Family Court’s findings that remaining in 

Hampshire County is in the children’s best interests. Rather, the 

Court finds that the Family Court abused its discretion in not 

applying West Virginia Code 48-9-403(d) to the facts of this 

case when it knew at the final hearing that [C.L.] was proposing 

to relocate to Upshur County. See W. Va. Code § 48-9­

206(a)(7). The Court finds that the Family Court should 

determine whether or not [C.L.] exercised a significant majority 

of custodial responsibility. If [C.L.] did exercise a significant 

(continued...) 

6
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thereafter, on August 27, 2012, in response to the circuit court’s order, the 

family court issued an addendum to its final order of divorce in which it stated that neither 

party exercised a significant majority of custodial allocation; therefore, W. Va. Code § 48-9­

403(d)(1) did not apply. Accordingly, the family court ordered that “custodial and decision 

making responsibility shall remain as previously established by the Court’s Order entered on 

the 12th day of March, 2012.” C.L. filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied. 

She then petitioned the circuit court for appeal of the family court’s “Addendum to Final 

Order of Divorce.” The circuit court refused the petition by order entered November 15, 

2012, in which it commented that it “and the Family Court ha[d] already considered and 

reconsidered, respectively, Respondent’s grounds for appeal.” It is from this order that C.L. 

now appeals to this Court. 

To guide our review, this Court has held that 

“[i]n reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court 

judge upon a review of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order 

of a family court judge, we review the findings of fact made by 

the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, and 

the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion 

standard. We review questions of law de novo.” Syl., Carr v. 

Hancock, 216 W. Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004). 

Syl. pt. 1, Melinda H. v. William R., 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013). 

C.L. contends that, as a stay-at-home mother, she provided a significant 

majority of the custodial responsibility for the children during the marriage. She argues that 

the family court erred in failing to grant primary custodial allocation to her pursuant to 

W. Va. Code § 48-9-206 and W. Va. Code § 48-9-403(d). She argues that her relocation was 

7

(...continued) 

majority of custodial responsibility, then the family court should 

conduct the analysis contained in West Virginia Code § 48-9­

403(d)(1). On the other hand, if the family court finds that 

[C.L.] did not exercise a significant majority of custodial 

responsibility or, if she did, that she did not establish that the 

purpose for her relocation is in good faith for a legitimate 

purpose to a reasonable location, then this Court concludes that 

the Family Court has already conducted its “best interests of the 

children” analysis. 

7
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

in good faith, for a legitimate purpose, and to a reasonable location in light of the purpose. 

She had no home in Hampshire County and was unable to find work there. In Upshur 

County, she can be close to significant family and better able to pursue employment. 

In response, S.L. argues that C.L. failed to meet the requirements of W. Va. 

Code § 48-9-403, particularly in light of the fact that she relocated with the children to 

Upshur County without notifying him and without his knowledge. He asserts that C.L.’s 

relocation was not in good faith or for a legitimate purpose, and that she refused to permit 

contact between the children and their father; therefore, the family court properly applied the 

best interest standard. Finally, S.L. submits that evidence was presented to show that C.L.’s 

relationship with a married man, with whom she now resides, was the true reason for her 

relocation. 

The Guardian ad Litem states that she agrees with the familycourt’s conclusion 

that it is in the best interest of the children for them to remain in Hampshire County. 

This case has been a very contentious one. The record shows that the parties 

were argumentative and asserted numerous allegations against each other throughout the 

proceedings below. The family court had the opportunity to observe the parties first hand 

and to assess their credibility as to the matters raised. See, e.g., Haller v. Haller, 198 W. Va. 

487, 496, 481 S.E.2d 793, 802 (1996) (“Like all triers of fact, the family law master had to 

balance conflicting evidence and make his ruling based on a weighing of the evidence, which 

necessarily involved credibility determinations.”); State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 669 n.9, 

461 S.E.2d 163, 175 n.9 (1995) (“An appellate court may not decide the credibility of 

witnesses or weigh evidence as that is the exclusive function and task of the trier of fact.”). 

While evidence was presented to indicate that C.L. exercised a majority of the 

custodial responsibility for the children prior to the couple’s divorce, this fact alone is not 

dispositive of the question of custodial allocation.8 Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 48-9­

8

In this regard, the family court specifically held that “neither party exercised 

a significant majority of custodial allocation and, subsequent to separation, the parties were 

apportioned an equal percentage of custodial responsibility . . . .” Because neither party 

exercised a significant majority of custodial responsibility, the family court reallocated 

“custodial responsibility based upon the best interests of the child[ren], taking into account 

all relevant factors including the effect of the relocation on the child[ren]” in accordance with 

W. Va. Code § 48-9-403(d)(2). The family court additionally reasoned 

(continued...) 

8
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

206(a)(7), the family court was required “[t]o apply the principles set forth in [W. Va. Code 

§ 48-9-403(d)]” due to C.L.’s “relocat[ion] or propos[al] to relocate at a distance that will 

impair the ability of a parent to exercise the amount of custodial responsibility that would 

otherwise be ordered under this section. . . .” Applying W. Va. Code § 48-9-403(d) 

necessitated that the family court “modify the parenting plan in accordance with the 

child[ren’s] best interests” and in accordance with certain principles set out therein. One of 

those principles instructs that 

[i]f a parent does not establish that the purpose for that 

parent’s relocation is in good faith for a legitimate purpose into 

8

(...continued) 

5. [t]hat [C.L.] stated she desired relocation to be 

closer to her relatives; however, the parties and the children 

have lived in Hampshire County during the children’s lifetimes 

and there are significant ties in this area; that at the time of the 

final hearing [C.L.] had no employment prospects which would 

benefit her greater than those available in the local vicinity. 

6. That pursuant to the testimony of the guardian ad 

litem for the children, the children adamantly desired to remain 

in Hampshire County and primarily reside with [C.L.], although 

they preferred to stay in Hampshire County with [S.L.] in the 

event [C.L.] relocated; that the guardian ad litem’s 

recommendations reflected the children’s desires which she 

believed were also in their best interests based upon the 

circumstances of the parties. 

7. That the Court cannot find [C.L.’s] desire to 

relocate is for a legitimate purpose or outweighs the other 

factors in this case. 

8. That even if the Court was to find [C.L.] was 

relocating for a legitimate purpose, the Court has already found 

that the best interests of the children are met in remaining in 

Hampshire County with [S.L.], which decision the Circuit Court 

upheld in its denial of [C.L.’s] appeal. 

These rulings were affirmed by the circuit court in the order herein appealed. 

9
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a location that is reasonable in light of the purpose, the court 

may modify the parenting plan in accordance with the child’s 

best interests and the effects of the relocation on the child. . . . 

W. Va. Code § 48-9-403(d)(3). In applying this statute, the family court, having heard the 

evidence and observing the parties’ demeanor, concluded that C.L.’s relocation was not for 

a legitimate purpose or to a location that was reasonable in light of the purpose. 

Additionally, the family court concluded that it was not in the children’s best interest to 

relocate to Upshur County. 

The exercise of discretion by a trial court in awarding 

custody of a minor child will not be disturbed on appeal unless 

that discretion has been abused; however, where the trial court’s 

ruling does not reflect a discretionary decision but is based upon 

an erroneous application of the law and is clearly wrong, the 

ruling will be reversed on appeal. 

Syl. pt. 2, In re Antonio R.A., 228 W. Va. 380, 719 S.E.2d 850 (2011) (quotations and 

citations omitted). The family court did not erroneously apply the law. Applying the 

deferential standard for our review of the factual findings of the family court, we similarly 

find no error. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Circuit Court of Hampshire County 

that, in turn, affirmed the rulings of the family court.9 

Affirmed. 

ISSUED: February 5, 2014 

CONCURRED IN BY: 

Chief Justice Robin Jean Davis 

Justice Brent D. Benjamin 

Justice Margaret L. Workman 

Justice Menis E. Ketchum 

Justice Allen H. Loughry II 

9

C.L. raises three additional errors that she concedes were not properly 

preserved for review. She invites this Court to nevertheless address these asserted errors as 

important to the public interest. We decline her invitation. 

10