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DOE/ER-0704

Summaries of FY 1996

Engineering Research

June 1997

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

Germantown, MD 20874
Foreword

This report documents the Basic Energy Sciences (BES) Engineering Research

Program for fiscal year 1996; it provides a summary for each of the program

projects in addition to a brief program overview. The report is intended to provide

staff of Congressional committees, other executive departments, and other DOE

offices with substantive program information so as to facilitate governmental

overview and coordination of Federal research programs. Of equal importance, its

availability facilitates communication of program information to interested research

engineers and scientists. Each BES Division administers basic, mission oriented

research programs in the area indicated by its title. The BES Engineering Research

Program is one such program; it is administered by the Engineering and

Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Robert E. Price is technical manager of the

Engineering Research Program; inquiries concerning the program may be

addressed to him, in writing, by phone at (301) 903-3565 or by fax at

(301) 903-0271 (additional information and updates are accessible on World Wide

Web, http://er.doe.gov).

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to submit summaries

for their projects that were specifically applicable to fiscal year 1996. The

summaries received have been edited if necessary, but the press for timely

publication made it impractical to have the investigators review and approve the

revised summaries prior to publication. For more information about a given project,

it is suggested that the investigators be contacted directly
Introduction

The individual project summaries follow the program overview. The summaries are

ordered alphabetically by name of institution; the table of contents lists all the

institutions at which projects were sponsored in fiscal year 1996.

Each project entry begins with an institutional-departmental heading. The names

of investigators are listed immediately below the title. The funding level for fiscal

year 1996 appears to the right of title; it is followed by the budget activity number

(e.g., 01-A). These numbers categorize the projects for budgetary purposes and

the categories are described in the budget number index. A separate index of

Principal Investigators includes phone number, fax number and e-mail address,

where available. The fiscal year in which either the project began or was renewed

and the anticipated duration in years are indicated respectively by the first two and

last digits of the sequence directly below the budget activity number (e.g., 94-3).

The summary description of the project completes the entry
Program Review

BES Engineering Research

The BES Engineering Research Program is one of the component research

programs which collectively constitute the DOE Basic Energy Sciences Program.

The DOE Basic Energy Sciences program supports energy related research in the

physical and biological sciences, and in engineering. The chief purpose of the DOE

Basic Energy Sciences Program is to provide the fundamental scientific base on

which identification and development of future, national energy options will depend.

The major product of the program becomes part of the body of data and knowledge

upon which the applied energy technologies are founded; the product is knowledge

relevant to energy exploration, production, conversion and use.

The BES Engineering Research Program was started in 1979 to help resolve the

numerous serious engineering issues arising from efforts to meet U.S. energy

needs. The program supports fundamental research on broad, generic topics in

energy related engineering topics not as narrowly scoped as those addressed by

the shorter term engineering research projects sponsored by the various DOE

technology programs. Special emphasis is placed on projects which, if successfully

concluded, will benefit more than one energy technology. During the first year

several workshops were sponsored for the purpose of identifying energy related

engineering research needs and initial priorities. Representatives from industry,

academic institutions, national laboratories, and leading members of professional

organizations (Engineering Societies Commission of Energy, American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and Joint Automation and

Control Committee) participated in the workshops. In addition to the participants in

the workshops, staff representatives from the DOE technology programs and other

leading U.S. energy engineering experts made significant contributions to the setting

of program priorities. There resulted from this process a strong confirmation of the

need for a long range, fundamental engineering research program with two major

goals. The broad goals that were established by this process for the BES

Engineering Research Program are:

1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying current engineering practice so as

to create new options for enhancing energy savings and production, for prolonging

useful equipment life, and for reducing costs without degradation of industrial

production and performance quality; and

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for solving future engineering

problems in the energy technologies.
In this process, it was further established that to achieve these goals, the BES

Engineering Research Program should address the following topics identified as

essential to the progress of many energy technologies:

1) Advanced Industrial Technology: improvement of energy conversion and

utilization, opening new technological possibilities, and improvement of energy

systems.

2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes: broadening of understanding of heat

transfer in nonsteady flows, methodology for reducing vibrations and noise in heat

exchangers, and engineering aspects of combustion.

3) Solid Mechanics: continuum mechanics, fracture mechanics, thermomechanical

behavior in severe environments, aging and lifetime reliability of structures.

4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Systems: development and use of

information describing system behavior (system models), performance criteria, and

theories of control optimization to achieve the best possible system performance

subject to known constraints.

A Scoping Workshop held in December 1985 confirmed the continued needs for

research in these topical areas. Because of budgetary limitations, the implemented

BES Engineering Research Program is somewhat less broad than the program

envisioned above. At present, equal emphasis is being placed in three carefully

selected, high priority research areas; namely,

1) Mechanical Sciences including fluid mechanics (multiphase flow and turbulence)

heat transfer, and solid mechanics (continuum mechanics and fracture mechanics),

but excluding purely computational efforts.

2) System Sciences including process control, instrumentation, and intelligent

systems.

3) Engineering Analysis including nonlinear dynamics, data bases for

thermophysical properties of fluids, modeling of combustion processes for

engineering application, and foundations of bioprocessing of fuels and energy

related wastes.
These areas contain the most critical elements of the four topics enumerated above;

as such they are of importance to energy technologies both in the short and long

term, and therefore of immediate programmatic interest. It should be noted that

other areas of basic research important to engineering are monitored elsewhere in

BES. For instance, separation sciences and research on thermophysical properties

are among the responsibilities of the Chemical Sciences Division, while microscopic

aspects of fracture mechanics are in the domain of the Material Sciences Division.

As resources permit, other high priority areas are being added to the Engineering

Research Program. Thus, as a result of previous growth in the program budget an

important development took place in the Engineering Research Program: two major

concentrations of research were initiated.

First, a new program was organized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory dealing with

intelligent machines in an unstructured environment. Some resources are available

for coordinated, more narrowly focussed, related, high quality research at

universities and other research centers. All such activities are supported and

administered directly by the Engineering Research Program, but some coordination

of efforts with the ORNL program may prove useful.

Secondly in FY 1985, a collaborative research effort was started between MIT and

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. At present, the collaboration is in two

distinct areas: Automated Welding, and Fracture Mechanics. Collateral, high quality

research efforts at other institutions, including Plasma Process Engineering are

supported by the Engineering Research Program.

In the expectation of a future modest growth of this Program, three International

Workshops on Two Phase Flow Fundamental were held one in September 1985

and the other in March 1987. The meetings were used to identify basic research

needs in the field of two phase flow and heat transfer; summary reports of the

workshops are available from the Program Office. The proceedings of the two

workshops have been published as volumes in the series "Advances in Heat and

Mass Transfer" (Hemisphere Publishing Company). A third international workshop

held in June 1992 surveyed the status of the field. The proceedings have been

published by CRC Publishing Company, also in the series "Advances in Heat and

Mass Transfer"

Two additional workshops were held during 1988. The first dealt with possible

research opportunities in the field of novel devices using the new high temperature

superconductors. The second addressed research needs for bioprocessing of fuels

and energy related wastes. Reports of both workshops have been published.

Additional funds had been provided in FY 1992 to initiate research in the above

mentioned bioprocessing area. Of interest are relevant studies at the intersection

of biology, biochemistry, and chemical engineering.
Another workshop aimed at identifying research opportunities to mitigate the effects

of aging in energy production and distribution systems took place in October 1992.

The proceedings have appeared in Applied Mechanics Reviews.

It should be mentioned too, that some very limited support is available for research

on large scale systems. A report of a workshop on needs, opportunities, and

options in this field is available from Professor G.L. Thompson, Graduate School of

Industrial Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Also

there is some interest in addressing the basic foundations of advanced

manufacturing processes. In this context 36 three-year (12 per year) doctoral

fellowships administered by National Academy of Science-National Academy of

Engineering and National Research Council have been sponsored.

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engineering Research Program are

currently underway at universities, private sector laboratories, and DOE national

laboratories. In fiscal year 1996 the available program operating funds available

amounted to about $14.6 million. The distribution of these funds among various

institutions and by topical area is illustrated on the next page. Project funding levels

are mostly in the range of $50,000 to $150,000 per year. Typical duration of a

project is three to four years, with some projects expected to last as long as ten

years or more. The BES Engineering Research projects stem almost without

exception from competitive grant applications. Applications which anticipate definite

results in less than two years are usually referred to the appropriate DOE

technology program for consideration. All those interested in submitting a proposal

are encouraged to discuss their ideas with the technical program manager prior to

submission of a formal proposal. Such discussion helps to establish whether or not

a potential project has a reasonable chance of being funded. The primary

considerations for possible support are the technical quality of the proposal and the

professional standing of the principal investigators and staff. An effort is made to

attract first rate, younger research engineers and energy oriented applied scientists.

A high technical caliber of research is maintained by requiring that the projects

supported have potential for a significant contribution to energy related engineering

science, or for an initial contribution to a new energy relevant technology.

Sponsored projects are selected primarily for their relevance to DOE mission

requirements; the contribution to energy related graduate education is an important

consideration. Thus projects sponsored at universities are essentially limited to

advanced theoretical and experimental studies usually performed by faculty

members, staff research scientists, and doctoral candidates.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '96 BUDGET ($000's)

BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

OTHER

615%/ \ Proe16.1%

$8996$2362

\ / NATIONAL

LABORATORIES

22.4%

(96 Projects)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '96 BUDGET

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

(000's) % NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 3561 24.3 46

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 5082 34.7 25

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 5988 41.0 50
Table of Contents

University of Alabama ............................. 1

University of Arizona ............................... 1

Arizona State University ........................... .. 2

Battelle Memorial Institute ................... ........ 2

Brown University .................................. 3

University Of California, Berkeley ...................... 3

University Of California, Los Angeles ................... 4

University Of California, San Diego ..................... 6

University Of California, Santa Barbara .................. 8

California Institute Of Technology ...................... 10

Carnegie Mellon University .......................... 10

University Of Chicago ............................ 11

Clarkson University ................................ 11

Cornell University ................................. 11

Dartmouth College ................................ 12

Duke University ................................... 13

Florida State University ............................. 13

Georgia Institute of Technology ....................... 13

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory .................. 14

University Of Illinois ................................ 17

Johns Hopkins University ............................ 18

Robert H. Kraichnan, Inc. ........................... 19

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ........................ 19

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ................ 19

The Lovelace Institutes ............................. 20

University Of Maryland ............................. 20

Massachusetts Institute Of Technology .................. 22

University Of Minnesota ............................. 25

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council .... 26

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ............ 26

National Center for Manufacturing Sciences .............. 27

National Institute Of Standards And Technology ........... 27

The City University Of New York, The City College ......... 28

State University of New York ......................... 30

Northwestern University ............................. 30

University Of Notre Dame ........................... 32

Oak Ridge National Laboratory ....................... 32
Table of Contents (continued)

Pennsylvania State University ........................ 33

Princeton University ............................... 33

Purdue University ................. .............. 34

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ........... .......... 35

Rice University ................................. 37

University Of Rochester ............................. 37

Rockefeller University .................... ... . 38

Sandia National Laboratories ....................... 38

Science Applications Intl Corp ........................ 39

Stanford University ................................ 39

University Of Texas At Austin ............ ....... 42

University of Washington ............................ 43

W ashington University ........................ ..... 43

Washington State University ......... ........... . 44

University Of Wisconsin .......................... 44
University Of Alabama plane was constructed. Simulations of the

Dept of Mathematics $118,461 evolution equation showed a remarkable Dept of Mathematics $118,461

Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 01-C agreement with three-dimensional wave patterns

94-3 observed in recent experiments.

Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Coherent

Structures Some fundamental questions concerning

A. Frenkel commonly used perturbative approaches were

clarified. Certain deficiencies of well-known

The objective of this research is to further the evolution equations were pointed out.

fundamental understanding of stability properties

of several far-from- equilibrium fluid systems which

are relevant to energy engineering sciences. In University of Arizona

particular, flows periodic in space and possibly in Aerospace & Mechanical Eng o$

time are studied as models to gain insights into Tucson AZ 85721 01-B

such turbulence phenomena as large-scale 933

coherent structures, eddy viscosity, and the Film Cooling in a Pulsating Stream

inverse cascade of energy. Film flows-such as 1. Wygnanski, H. Fazel, A. Ortega

core-annular ones-are important to, e.g.,

lubricated pipelining of viscous oils. The In a joint effort - theoretical, computational and

large-scale evolution equations for the different experimental - we are investigating mechanisms to

systems may exhibit common features, such as suppress or enhance the heat transfer in a strong

pattern formation and coherent structures. laminar/transitional wall jet flowing over an

isothermal surface. Theoretically, we have

Some of the results are as follows: A rigorous explored the effects of temperature gradients on

iterative method was suggested for the problems the mean flow and on the stability characteristics.

of periodic-flow stability. The possibility of negative Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) were

isotropic large-eddy viscosity was demonstrated, performed by adapting the Navier-Stokes codes to

resolving a rather long-outstanding question. A include the effects of heat transfer on wall jets that

weakly nonlinear Landau-type theory was are actively controlled by periodic forcing.

constructed for an intermediate-scale instability of Experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel over

a periodic flow. The spatial structure of the an isothermal surface which can be either cooled

saturated disturbances of this non-uniform flow is or heated. The primary finding to date suggests

significantly different from previously known, that the Reynolds analogy does not apply to time

uniform cases. mean quantities when the flow is unsteady; and

that both the mean and fluctuating quantities of For film flows, a perturbative method capable of velocity and temperature are coupled rather than

yielding both the evolution descriptions and the independent as has been often assumed for

parametric conditions of their validity was theoretical solution of convective heat transfer

suggested. A highly nonlinear evolution equation problems. Selective forcing at the dominant

of a wavy flow down a cylinder was obtained. Its instability modes showed that excitaton of the

numerical simulaons yielded an excellent inner (viscous) mode with 2% forcing level resulted

agreement with experiments. They also revealed, in a reduction of the maximum skin friction by as

for the first time ever in numerical simulations, much as 65% and an increase in the maximum

irreversible coalescences of soliton-shaped wall heat flux of as much as 45%. These

coherent structures; these are now thought to play investigations will be extended to strong turbulent

an important role in the wave dynamics of film walljets.

flows. Also, a theory of a flow down an inclined

Engineering Research 1 1996
Arizona State University In summary, the selected approach provides the

Mechanical & Aerospace Eng $0 best hope of description of the universal aspects

Tempe, AZ 85287 01-A of the stochastic nature of the damage and its

92-4 evolution in the vicinity of the critical state.

Contiuum Damage Mechanics - Critical States

D. Krajcinovic

Battelle Memorial Institute

Objective: Primary objective of the current Engineering Mechanics Dept $99,729

research program is to examine a variety of critical Columbus, OH 43201-2693 01-A

states in mechanical response of brittle and quasi- 94-3

brittle solids containing a large number of crack- An Investigation of History-Dependent

like micro-defects. More specifically, the focus of Damage In Time-Dependent Fracture

the ongoing research is placed on the Mechanics

determination of circumstances (type of loading, F. Brust, Jr.

confinement level, shape and size of the

specimen, thermal and environmental conditions, In order to meet the demand imposed by future

etc.) leading to the onset of critical states defined technology, new plants with increased energy

as a threshold connectivity at which a solid ceases efficiency must operate at relatively high

to support external loads. temperatures. Additionally, the existing power

generation equipment in the United States

Technical Approach: Current applied mechanics / continues to age and is being used far beyond its

engineering practice in evaluating the mechanical intended life. Some recent failures have clearly

failures of brittle and quasi-brittle solids demonstrated that the current methods for insuring

emphasizes use of effective continuum theories safety and reliability of high temperature

coupled with the deterministic and highly idealized equipment is inadequate. Owing to these

description of the defect geometry (such as doubly concerns, a thorough understanding of high

periodic arrays of penny-shaped cracks). In temperature failure initiation and propagation in

contrast, the approach selected in this research materials exposed to variable mechanical and

program accentuates the stochastic geometry of thermal loading is very important.

the microstructural disorder and its effect on the

onset of macro-fracture and the type of the failure In the past, the evolution of damage has been

mode. addressed through a macroscopic theoretical

model (developed as part of this effort) which

One of the important aspects of this research is to attempt to predict the crack growth and failure

explore applicability of the novel methods of response of material components exposed to high

statistical physics (percolation theory, models of temperature conditions. However, microself-organized criticality, etc.) to micromechanical mechanical processes such as diffusion of atomic

models. Some of the already obtained results flux into grain boundaries, elastic accommodation

provide connection between the mechanical and creep deformation of the material and grain

parameters such as stiffness and damage variable boundary sliding do contribute significantly to the

and the percolation theory concepts such as the nucleation and growth of voids leading to failure.

order parameter, excluded volume, etc.. This Understanding gained by consideration of

provides a set of rational criteria for the selection micro-mechanics of cavity growth is crucial for

of the universal dimensional invariants needed to developing damage-based constitutive models as

describe the onset of a certain class of failures. well as methodologies for life prediction of

Secondly, use of the statistical methods (such as structural components. While the application of

fractal and multifractal formalism) provide a this understanding in estimating life of structural

superior and size-independent (intrinsic) materials experiencing high temperature creep has

description of the fluctuations in the stress field met with some success, it is of limited use for

(stress concentrations) in the vicinity of the critical structural components experiencing complex load

states. This aspect alone should provide a histories under high temperature conditions.

definitive answer related to the dependence of the

order-disorder transition on the

microstructuraltexture and/or boundary conditions.

Engineering Research 2 1996
A micro-mechanical model accounting for reveal that strain localization sites, or necks, are

rate-controlling microscopic processes has been more pervasive under rapid loading, and the

developed as part of this effort. To date, both spacing of necks decreases with increase in

sustained and variable load histories have been loading rate. The influence of inertia on bifurcation

investigated in two-dimensional geometries. The of deformation states is also being investigated

results illustrate the importance of accounting for theoretically. The project is being carried out in

nonlinear changes in geometry, grain-boundary collaboration with colleagues involved in

diffusion processes, elastic accommodation of the experimental research on dynamic ductile failure at

surrounding material as well as more realistic the California Institute of Technology.

constitutive laws for creep deformation. Current

efforts involve investigating different load histories

and three-dimensional effects. In addition, the University Of California/B

ultimate goal of this effort is to establish a firm Dept of Chemical Engineering $81,031

connection between the micro- and Berkeley, CA 94720 06-A

macro-mechanical models thereby leading to the 944

development of appropriate methodology for life Enzyme Adsorption and Activity at Liquidprediction of structural components exposed to Liquid Interfaces

high temperature conditions involving complex H. Blanch

load histories.

Our research examines the dynamics of protein

and enzyme adsorption at an oil/water interface.

Brown University Transient interfacial tension studies show that at

Dept of Chemical Engineering $99,410 short times (seconds), predicted diffusional effects

Providence, RI 02912 01-A are observed. At extended times (hours),

95-3 adsorbed proteins form gel-like layers. Adsorption

Simulation and Analysis of Dyanmic Failure is accompanied by conformational changes and

of Ductile Materials interactions between adjacent molecules, often

L.B. Freund resulting in the formation of a quasi-solid

macroscopic skin at the interface. We use

A central goal in the mechanics of materials is the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to

determination of parameters which characterize analyze the skin layers collected from the oil/water

macroscopic failure of materials in terms interface. Microporous polymer-coated TEM grids

quantifiable characteristics of their microstructure. serve as novel substrates to collect and observe

The motivation is to establish which characteristics these layers. The effects of skin formation on

account for macroscopic failure, with a view enzyme activity are currently being probed.

toward improvement of failure resistance through

material selection or microstructural design. In the We also use fluorescence spectroscopy to follow

present project, emphasis is on the behavior of protein adsorption and to gain information on

ductile structural alloys under high rate loading protein molecular conformation in the adsorbed

conditions. Thus, the dominant mechanism of state. A novel total internal reflection fluorescence

plastic deformation is crystallographic slip and spectrometer (TIRFS) for liquid/liquid interfaces

material strength degrades through nucleation, has been developed in our lab. This TIRFS

growth and coalescence of micro-voids. Plastic design includes a stagnant water layer separated

strains in such processes can be large and strain from a flow channel by a semi-permeable

localization is common. The approach is to adapt membrane. This apparatus enables the dynamics

methodologies for analysis of elastic-viscoplastic of protein adsorption to be followed while also

systems to problems selected on the basis of their giving us a means to test the reversibility of

relevance to safety of pressure vessel and piping surface reactions in a non-invasive manner. In

systems, to materials processing and metal developing the TIRFS cell the mass transport has

forming technologies, and to structural reliability been tested using a simple fluorescent marker

under dynamic loading. Initial emphasis has been (fluorescein). The transport dynamics can be

on failure of an explosively loaded ring expanding accurately described using a simple diffusion

under plane strain conditions, a configurationwhich model.

has been studied experimentally. Calculations

Engineering Research 3 1996
University Of California/B Pulsed-Laser-Induced Vapor-Phase Nucleation

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $100,661 and Growth

Berkeley, CA 94720 01-B

953 Irradiation of a KrF excimer laser beam of

Ultrashort Laser Heating and Phase nanosecond pulse duration on an absorbing solid

Change in Liquids surface immersed in a transparent liquid induces

C.-L. Tien rapid thermal expansion and explosive

vaporization of the liquid accompanied by

The general objective of this research program is pressure pulse generation. The pressure

to achieve a better understanding of laser-liquid contribution due to the thermal expansion of the

interactions from the thremal perspective. Two solid sample and bubble formation was measured

main tasks were proposed for investigation: the by the probe beam deflection method as well as

fundamental mechanisms of high-intensity, short- by a broadband piezoelectric transducer. The

pulse laser heating of liquids and pulsed-laser- pressure generation is enhanced by the bubble

induced vapor-phase nucleation and growth. This expansion in the superheated water for laser

report present the progress of the research for fluences exceeding the bubble nucleation

these two tasks. threshold. The bubble growth dynamics was

examined by a novel, non-contact optical

Mechanisms of High-Intensity Laser Heating of interference technique. This work quantified, for

Liquids the first time, the transient behavior and growth

rate of a submicron thick bubble layer in the

When the pulse duration of short-pulse, high nanosecond time scale. Experiments are now

power lasers approaches the characteristic focused on the study of pulsed laser-induced

molecular time scales of the material with which cavitation and phase-change in absorbing liquids. the laser interacts, traditional models of radiation

absorption and energy transport must be reexamined. A complete understanding of heat Uni y Of Clifon A

generation and dissipation during this process is Un ersity Of CalifonialLA

required for precise, efficient laser processing. Mech, Aero Nuclear Eng Dept 137,304

The research of the past year has resulted in School of Eng & Applied Science 01-C

microscopically based models of radiation Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597 9-3

absorption and thermal transport in liquids. These

models have been applied to create novel Basic Studies of Transport Processes in

solutions to important engineering problems. Porous Media

/. Catton

The model for liquids was developed to include

consideration of the short time-scale phenomena The objective of this project is to develop an

of saturable absorption and multiphoton absorption understanding of the govering physical processes

in energy transport calculations. The multiphoton at a level appropriate for development of reliable

effect was proposed as a novel mechanism for macroscopic models for use in the analysis and

imparting large amounts of energy into normally design of engineered energy systems. The basis

transparent liquids. Experiments were performed of the work is a hierarchical heterogeneous

to confirm model predictions. A method for medium averaging methodology based on volume

removing small amounts of liquid contaminants averaging theory (VAT) using second order

from metal or semiconductor substrates was turbulent models with Reynolds stresses and

computationally modeled. Finally, using fluxes, and intermedia exchange in every pore

predictions from the models of femtosecond space. Boundary and interphase conditions are

(10-'5s) laser interactions with semiconductors, a incorporated at various scales leading to

method of releasing failed microstructures descriptions of momentum, heat and mass

through electronically-induceddesorptionofwater transport in porous media. Equations for laminar

was developed and demonstrated. and turbulent filtration with two-temperature or twoconcentration diffusion in non-isotropic random

porous media have been developed along with the

statistical and numerical methodology needed to

treat the fluctuation terms for various assigned

Engineering Research 4 1996
random porous morphologies. The equations differ master (Liouville) equation for Markovian mixing,

from those found in the literature. Current work and by renewal equations for non-Markovian

considers both single- and two-phase flows and is mixing. The intent of further work is to generalize

both theoretical and experimental. these treatments to include both time dependence

and scattering. A further goal of this research is to

The models are being used to optimize some heat develop approximate, but simpler, models from the

transfer devices by selecting the surface and comprehensive theory. In particular, a specific

media characteristics that yield high heat transfer goal is to formulate a renormalized transport/

and thermal capacity, and low pressure drop. kinetic theory of the usual nonstochastic form, but

Diesel engine regenerators and flow through or with effective interaction coefficients and sources

across bundles of roughened tubes are presently to account for the stochastic nature of the probbeing modeled. An apparatus to measure the lem. Numerical comparisons of all models will be

spacial distribution of flow momentum in a porous made against Monte Carlo simulations which

morphology has been designed and exercised. involve a straightforward average of solutions for

Data for silicon carbide foams, for use as a a large number of physical realizations of the

regenerator, are being obtained, statistical mixing. Contact will also be made with

experimental simulations of cloud-radiation interResults were obtained for transport of liquid actions currently underway at another institution as

(water) at a micro-scale pore diameter level. It was part of DOE's global climate modeling initiative.

shown that the flow becomes non-Newtonian,

effecting filtration at the smallest porous media

scales. Analysis and comparison of modeling University Of California/LA

results for some different types of stochastic Physics Dept $75,000

distributions of pore diameters show strong Los Angeles, CA 90024 06-C

dependencies of velocity, mass transport 964

coefficient and other media properties on the Nonlinear Waves in Continuous Media:

medium morphologies. Application to Stochasticity and Energy

Concentration

S. Putterman

University Of California/LA Nonlinear wave interactions in far off-equilibrium

Mech, Aero & Nuclear Eng Dept $0 fluids are being studied with the goal of

School of Eng & Applied Science 06-C understanding the interplay between processes

Los Angeles, CA 90024 93-3 that concentrate energy (e.g. sonoluminescence),

randomize energy (e.g. wave turbulence) and form

Linear Kinetic Theory and Particle localized states (e.g. solitons). The experimental

Transport in Stochastic Mixtures discovery that strong sound waves generate G. Pomraning picosecond flashes of light is now being studied

from the theoretical perspective with the goal of

The goal in this research is to develop a understanding how energy can focus by twelve

comprehensive theory of linear transport/kinetic orders of manitude. Turbulence in nonlinear

theory in a stochastic mixture of solids and waves is g studied from both the theoretical

immiscible fluids. Such a theory should predict the and experimental directions. Goals include the

ensemble average and higher moments, such as development of a Fokker-Planck theory that

the variance, of the particle or energy density includes intermittency as well as the observation of

described by the underlying transport/kinetic collective modes in turbulence that are analogous equation. The statistics to be studied correspond to second sound. High amplitude waves can also

to N-state discrete random variables for the form self-localized states such as the breather and

interaction coefficients and sources, with N kink solitons, and domain walls which have

denoting the number of components in the recently been observed. Current efforts are aimed

mixture. The mixing statistics to be considered at extending these findings to systems which are

are Markovian as well as more general statistics. two- and three-dimensional. This work proceeds

from the experimental, analytical and simulational

In the absence of time dependence and scattering, avenues of approach.

the theory is well developed and described by the

Engineering Research 5 1996
University of CalifornialSD in our studies. It is supplemented by a gas

Scripps Inst of Oceanography $185,500 chromatograph for measuring the concentrations

La Jolla, CA 92093-0402 06-C of stable species and by thermocouples for

944 temperature measurements. One recent research

Broadband Signal Signals: Processing effort has been concerned with the reduction in

in Chaos NOx production in two stage flames by water

H. Abarbanel droplets and has involved both experimental and

numerical studies. A second effort has been

The analysis of chaotic signals observed in devoted to the oxidation of methanol in fuel rich

measurements on physical systems is of premixed and nonpremixed flames. This research

importance in energy problems ranging from has exposed an important reaction path for the

fluidized bed flows in fossil energy applications to formation of CH and subsequently of NOx.

determination of the natural climate variability to

the uncovering of simple models for complex

behavior in fluid flows. This research has University Of California/SD

developed tools for this analysis which allows one Dept of Chemistry, 0340 $102,612

to reconstruct the multivariate state space of a La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C

system from observations, time lagged, of a single 96-4

dynamical variable. The time delay, the Noisy Nonlinear Systems

dimension, and properties of the strange attractor K. Lindenberg

can all be determined from these data. The

concept of unfolding the attractor using the method The broad objective of this project is to investigate

of global false nearest neighbors and then the interplay of nonlinear deterministic dynamics

determining locally the number of dynamical with spatial and temporal fluctuations.

degrees of freedom using the local version of this

has brought to the study of complex behavior a Density fluctuations in binary reaction-diffusion

robustness which allows it to be used in processes in low dimensions lead to spatial and

engineering analysis and design. The algorithms temporal anomalies. The effects of different initial

developed for this purpose have also been used in conditions on temporal evolution have been

a variety of applications requiring the separation of analyzed. Away from equilibrium each initial

a chaotic signal from another information bearing condition (spatial distribution at one instant) places

signal or 'noise'. The tool kit of these algorithms a distinctive imprimatur on the time evolution ofthe

is being ported to a common interface for use in system.

the energy related sciences.

The exploration of the manifestations of soft

anharmonicity in nonlinear coupled arrays has

University Of California/SD continued with the investigation of the interplay of

Dept of App Mech 8 Eng Sci $137,639 two coexisting energy-localizing (relative to a

La Jolla, CA 92093 06-B harmonic chain) mechanisms in such systems.

96-3 One is the energy-driven mechanism that leads to

Fundamental Studies of Spray Combustion the inhibition of dispersion and the enhancement

P. Libby, F. Williams of spatial coherence (e.g. via the formation of

solitons). The other is the entropy-driven

This research involves a combined experimental mechanism of stochastic localization that leads to

and theoretical effort related to the behavior of fuel spatially incoherent localization due to the

droplets in well defined but nonuniform flows. A preponderance of high amplitude vibrations in soft

test rig which permits a wide variety of anharmonic systems relative to harmonic systems.

investigations including nonpremixed, premixed The dynamics of the standard integrate-fire model

and partially premixed systems in both laminar and and a simpler model (that reproduces important

turbulent streams represents the main features of the integrate-fire model under certain

experimental setup. A phase doppler particle conditions) of neural dynamics, have been

analyzer which permits measurement of two analyzed in the presence of a deterministic

velocity components, droplet diameter and number time-periodic driving force and white background

density is the principal instrumentation employed noise. Both models exhibit resonant phenomena in

Engineering Research 6 1996
the first passage probability distribution and mean scale models, tested by DNS and by LES for

first passage time arising from the interplay of isotropic and free-surface turbulence; an analytical

characteristic time-scales in the system. transformation from homogeneous to

nonhomogeneous turbulent flows, tested by data

for free-surface turbulence in a presence of a solid

University Of California/SD boundary.

Inst for Nonlinear Science, R-002 $96,091

La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C

96-3 University Of California/SD

Structure and Modeling of Turbulence Inst for Nonlinear Science $150,000

E. Novikov La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C

96-3

Well developed turbulent flows are encountered in Spatiotemporal Wave Patterns: Models and

many energy engineering enterprises, as well as Analysis

in environmental, aerospace and naval M. Rabinovich, L. Tsimring

engineering. The number of degrees of freedom

for such flows is enormous and direct numerical Key phenomena of pattern evolution and

simulations (DNS) are impossible now and in a spatio-temporal disorder in nonequilibrium media

foreseeable future. and complex systems are investigated

experimentally and theoretically. We consider the

One of the major goals of this project is to dynamics of defects against the background of

advance the knowledge of the structure of regular two-dimensional patterns (rolls, hexagons,

turbulence, aiming it at a subgrid-scale modeling quasi-crystalline structures); the self-organization

for the large-eddy simulations (LES) and at a of an irregular ensemble of defects and the

transformation from homogeneous to formation of domain walls, as well as the

nonhomogeneous turbulent flows. interaction of two-dimensional patterns with

large-scale flows. Experiments are carried out with

The developed approach for achievement of this Faraday ripples, Benard-Marangoni convection,

goal includes: conditional averaging of the and an oscillating soap film. The experiments with

Navier-Stokes equations (NSE); use of Markov soap film for example, demonstrate that for a

processes with dependent increments (consistent given steady flexural mode patter, increasing the

with NSE); breakdown coefficients (for a amplitude of mode oscillation leads to the

description of intermittency) and associated excitation of the planar vortices. For large enough

infinitely divisible probability distributions, amplitude in a square cell, one can see the

spatio-temporal chaos.

Among the obtained results are: probability

distribution for the three-dimensional (3D) vectors Spatio-temporal patterns in lattice models of the

of velocity increments, which has an unusual form cortex are also addressed. Of primary interest

and experimentally observed exponential here are the phenomena associated with the birth

asymptotics; a new scaling for experimentally and of regular, ordered behavior in an ensemble

numerically observed 3D "vortex strings", 2D consisting of elements with chaotic individual

coherent vortices and coherent structures of scalar dynamics (neurons). The distinguishing feature of

fields; the whole 3D conditionally averaged such "media"' is the coupling between the

vorticity field (with fixed vorticity in one point) and elements that is not traditional for nonlinear

its characteristics, obtained by DNS on the CM-5 dynamics. Namely, the coupling through chemical

parallel computer, using finite differences on (256) 3 synapse (in contrast to ordinary diffusive coupling)

grid; statistical characteristics of microcirculations; is nonlinear and, generally, inertial.

an imbedding of the phenomena of intermittency

and scale similarity into the theory of infinitely

divisible probability distributions; probability

distributions and moments of the breakdown

coeffcients for the energy dissipation, compared

with experimental data for the Taylor-scale

Reynolds number 3200; a hierarchy of subgridEngineering Research 7 1996
University Of California/SD pushing the operational windows into regions

Dept of Physics $119,338 where assumptions of linearity tend to break down.

La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C Despite a flurry of activity in the area of nonlinear

96-3 dynamical systems (both analysis and control

Experimental Study of 2D Traveling-Wave system design) we see very few applications of

Patterns in Binary Fluid Convection these new results. One important reason is the

C. Surko lack of suitable nonlinear dynamic models. The

objective of this project is the development of tools

This research involves study of convection in fluid for building nonlinear models based on

mixtures of ethanol and water in which the fluid input/output data from systems which may exhibit

motion takes the form of traveling-waves. This is chaotic or nonchaotic dynamics, to implement the

a model system for investigation of nonequilibrium algorithms in efficient software packages and to

traveling-wave phenomena, and it provides apply them to a wide range of examples, primarily

important insights into the behavior of double from communications and process control. These

diffusive systems in which the transport occurs on examples are not just academic test cases which

two different time scales. As a fluid dynamical provide feedback on the direction of the

system, it is closely related to atmospheric and theoreticaldevelopments, but constitute by

oceanographic flows; adaamoefrta n varied background of the investigators, the oceanographic flows, and as a model for traveling themselves important technological problems. The

wave dynamics, it provides insights useful in ari ed a nd the iesia

understanding other traveling-wave systems, such interdisciplinary approach, and the emphasis on

as large-aspect-ratio lasers. tools, software and applications hold high promise for a broad impact of the proposed research.

Recent work centers on study of 2-D traveling

wave patterns in a large aspect ratio container. ne way to control a system is to synchronize it

When convection is initiated, the pattern is highly with a known system or a dynamical model. We

disordered, consisting of small domains and develop new tools for analyzing synchronized

complicated superpositions of traveling-waves. As behavior of nonlinear chaotic systems. These tools

the pattern evolves, the domains increase in size, can be applied to characterize chaotic

until the initially turbulent state gives way to a synchronization in a wide class of dynamical

highly ordered multi-domain pattern. Numerical systems and also to controlling nonlinear systems.

techniques have been developed to calculate the We test these tools in experiments with electronic

complex order parameter of the patterns and to circuits.

identify and track phase defects. This is an

effective technique for quantifying the level of We proposed a new data-based algorithm for

disorder, and it may be applicable to a wide trajectory planning of a nonlinear system. This

variety of traveling-wave systems. The dynamics algorithm allows one to build an input-output

of the domain boundaries are also being model directly from data and drive the system

investigated using a variety of advanced numerical towards the desired trajectory using an accessible

techniques. control parameter.

University Of California/SD University Of California/SB

Institute of Nonlinear Science $101,900 Dept of Physics $143,300

La Jolla, CA 92093-0402 03-A Santa Barbara, CA 93106 06-C

95-3 93-5

Modeling of Process Control Bifurcations and Patterns in Nonlinear

L. Tsimring Dissipative Systems

G. Ahlers, D. Cannell

Traditionally, for ease of operation and analysis,

technological systems (manufacturing systems, This project consists of experimental investigations

communication systems, etc.) have been designed of heat transport, pattern formation, and bifurcation

to behave in as linear a manner as possible. phenomena in non-linear non-equilibrium

Increasingly tight specifications, environmental fluid-mechanical systems. These issues are

considerations and economic pressures are studies in Rayleigh-Benard convection, using both

Engineering Research 8 1996
pure and multicomponent fluids. They are of University Of California/SB

fundamental scientific interest, but also play an Dept of Chemical & Nuc Eng $109,500

important role in engineering, materials science, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 01C

ecology, meteorology, geophysics, and 953

astrophysics. For instance, various forms of Wave Turbulence Interactions

convection are important in such diverse S. Baneree

phenomena as crystal growth from a melt with or

without impurities, energy production in solar The work is part of an ongoing research effort

ponds, flow in the earth's mantle, geo-thermal aimed at understanding transport processes

stratifications, and various oceanographic and across a gas-liquid interface. The research

atmospheric phenomena. Our work utilizes includes both experimental and computational

computer-enhanced shadowgraph imaging of flow studies focusing on the effects of waves on

patterns and high-resolution heat transport turbulence in a liquid stream. Two- and

measurements. three-dimensional mechanically generated waves,

spanning the range of conditions from sinusoidal

We studied convection in a gas (CO2) under waves to micro-breaking are studied.

pressure (about 3.0 bar) with a Prandtl number Experimental work involves using a 3-D LDA

Pr=1, in a very large aspect ratio sample synchronized with ultra-sonic surface position (radius/height up to 150). For parameter values measurements. Flow visualization with

where time-independent parallel straight rolls micro-bubbles and high speed video are used for

were theoretically predicted to be stable, we found direct examination of flow structures. DPIV

a state of spiral-defect chaos (SDC). These technique are further applied to the flow

experimental results have stimulated a great deal visualization video images for in-depth quantitative

of theoretical work, using both analytical and flow field analysis.

numerical methods and various model equations

for convection. Experimental results indicate that the turbulence

intensity away from the wall was substantially We extended our experiments on SDC to small increased as a result of the waves, especially

values of Pr by using mixtures of gases. If one close to the interface, which suggests possible

component of the mixture has a large and the enhancement of interface scalar transport. The

other a small molecular mass, values of Pr as increase appears to be a consequence of

small as 0.14 can be reached. The first turbulence production in the outer flow region due

appearance of SDC shifts closer to the onset of to wave-induced Reynolds stress. Turbulence

convection as Pr decreases. This gives information intensity in the wall region and turbulence wall

about the origin of SDC, but has not yet been structures were not significantly affected.

explained quantitatively. Wave-induced turbulence was also seen in a

laminar flow by flow visualization We investigated convection in a nematic liquid

crystal in a horizontal magnetic field (H). We found Direct numerical simulation of gas and liquid

excelent agreement with recent theoretical flowing across a mobile interface is being

predictions for the bifurcation line R-C(H), and for conducted. The results will allow more detailed

the convection-roll orientations as a function of H. examination of the effects of waves on turbulence

We also used this system to study convection production

when two phases (the nematic and isotropic

phases) are present in the cell. Convection in the

presence of a first-order phase change is relevant

to convection in the earth's mantle; ours are the

first quantitative experiments relevant to this

important problem.

Engineering Research 9 1996
California Institute of Carnegie Mellon University

Technology Chemical Eng Dept $165,000

Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories $98,381 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 03-A

Pasadena, CA 91125 01- A

95a3 Systematic Process Synthesis and Design

Dynamic Failure Characterization Methods for Cost Effective Waste

of Ductile Steels Minimization

A. Rosakis L. Biegler, I. Grossmann, A. Westerberg

The goal of the current research program is to This project is developing a novel integrated

study dynamic crack initiation in ductile steels (304 approach for process synthesis and design to

Stainless Steel and A 533 B Steel) at different address recent environmental challenges. The

loading rates and to establish appropriate dynamic approach provides rigorous trade-offs among raw

fracture criteria. A variety of infrared and visible material and energy costs, capital investment and

optic methods, and high speed photography are waste treatment. Issues of waste minimization

used in this study. As part of our work we are addressed include:

developing novel experimental methods to achieve

our tasks. 1. Economic design of reactor networks that

minimize conversion of raw materials to waste

The precracked steels specimens are subjected to byproducts.

dynamic three point bend loading by impacting

them in a drop weight tower. This impact results in 2. Synthesis of separation sequences to isolate,

deformation followed by fracture initiation. During redirect and recycle byproducts.

the dynamic deformation and failure process the

time history of the transient temperature in the 3. Integrated synthesis and design of reaction,

vicinity of the crack tip is recorded experimentally separation and energy systems with environmental

using high speed infrared detectors. Meanwhile, and operability concerns, also dealing with process

measurements of the deformation field are made uncertainty.

simultaneously using the optical technique of

Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS). The dynamic Superior reactor designs can have the greatest

temperature trace is used to determine the time impact for process improvement, both from

history of the dynamic J-integral, Jd(t), and to environmental and an economic perspective. A

establish the time of fracture initiation and the quantitative targeting approach for reactor

dynamic fracture initiation toughness, Jd(t) networks is permitting the reduction of waste

initiation. Currently we are validating these results byproducts at the source. The second task

through comparison with the simultaneously concentrates on the synthesis of flexible

performed CGS measurements. Our ultimate goal separation processes (displaying azeotropic and

is to establish the strain rate dependence of the liquid/iquid behavior) - with efforts to overcome

dynamic fracture toughness. the combinatorial explosion of alternatives, each of

which requires a very large and difficult

Further confirmation of the experimental optimization be solved. The third task combines

observations will be provided by dynamic, structural optimization and problem decomposition

three-dimensional computational modeling of our at various modeling levels in order to screen

specimen configuration and the loading history. alternatives based on economic, environmental

Much of this numerical computation will be done in and operabilty trade-offs. This approach, which is

collaboration with the research group of Prof. L. B. being applied to combined cycle utility plants,

Freund at Brown University. includes the development of computational strategies for optimizing flexible designs that must

cope with changes in demands and waste

treatment requirements.

Engineering Research 10 1996
University Of Chicago medium model motivates the study of bubble

The Enrico Fermi Institute $169,744 motion in clear liquids.

Chicago, IL 60637 06-C

96-3 A computer simulation program is being used to

Fundamentals and Techniques of simulate axisymmetric flow around an isolated

Nonimaging Optics bubble. It incorporates the effects of surfactants on

R. Winston the bubble motion. The simulations agree with

published studies of bubble motion in both pure

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of and impure water. The program has been used to

traditional optical design to develop techniques for compute wake volumes for bubbles in tap water

maximizing the collecting power of concentrating and solutions of Triton X-100 in distilled water. The

elements and systems. Designs which exceed the amount of surfactant needed to produce flow

concentration attainable with focusing techniques separation was determined for a specific bubble

by factors of four or more and approach the size.

theoretical limit are possible. Our theoretical work

on nonimaging designs has led to our group

experimentally demonstrating ultra-high flux from Cornell University

sunlight which exceeds previous results by Mechanical & Aerospace Eng $86,232

substantial factors. Our "tailored edge ray" method Ithaca, NY 14853 01-A

of nonimaging design has advantages for many 94-3

applications, including solar pumped lasers. Our Nonlinear Dynamics of Fluid-Structure

work on generalized radiance and instrument Systems

functions has contributed to a better understanding F. Moon

of the foundations of radiometry.

Two principal experiments were carried out under

this grant during the second year of this project:

Clarkson University

Dept of Chemical Engineering $63,125 i) Forced vibration of a single flexible tube with

Potsdam, NY 13676 01-C internal flow and ii) Cross flow measurements of

3 chaotic vibrations of a flexible tube in a five tube

Gas and Solids Holdup in Three Phase row.

Bioreactors

J. McLaughlin i) In the first set of experiments, begun in the first

year, we explored multifractal phenomena, which

The goal of this research is develop mathematical describe the transition from quasiperiodic to

modeling and tools that can lead to a better chaotic vibrations. Quasiperiodic vibrations were

understanding of three phase Bioreactors. observed in earlier experiments by Dr. G. Scott

Fluidized beds that use gel beads containing Copeland in flow through a long tube with an end

bacteria are of particular interest. The bead mass. These results were reported an a Ph.D.

Reynolds numbers are order unity. Thus, models dissertation in Summer 1990. By introducing a

developed for particle Reynolds numbers that are perodic-forcing of the tube in an adaptation of this

large compared to unity do not correctly predict experiment, we were able to more easily study

the hydrodynamics of the Bioreactors. this transition from quasiperiodic to chaotic

vibration. This study was motivated by work in the

A goal of the project is to understand the mid 1980's on forced Rayleigh-Bernard flow which

interaction between gas bubbles and gel beads. A showed a linkage between quasiperiodic motion

fluidized bed was constructed and used to and the circle map.

measure the rise velocity of air bubbles.

Translucent (bacteria free) gel beads made it In the forced tube experiment we were able to

possible to study bubble trajectories at solids show a similar connection to the circle map, and in

volume fractions up to 50%. The Thomas effective particular, the multifractal nature of the breakup of

viscosity model was found to be useful for the torus in c phase space. A multifractal is a

correlating the bubble rise velocity over the size distribution function which is described by a set of

range of interest. The success of the effective points with a continuous set of fractal dimensions.

Engineering Research 11 1996
Our observations of multifractal behavior were, we Cornell University

believe, the first to be observed in fluid-structureey chool of Mech & Aero Eng $112 Sibley School of Mech & Aero Eng $112,000 vibrations. Ithaca, NY 14853 01-C

94-3

In January 1992, Mr. George Muntean visited Experimental Studies of Reynolds Number

Argonne National Laboratory and reported to Dr. Dependence of Turbulent Mixing and

S.S. Chen our findings on muiltifractal Transport

measurements. He subsequently presented a Z Warhaft

paper at the DOE Grantees meeting this past

spring. A revised paper has been submitted to the ur experimental studies of the structure of

Journal of Fluids and Structures, and is currently turbulence and its mixing properties are motivated

under review, by a desire to better understand the fluid

mechanics of chemical reactions, combustion and ii) The design of the cross-flow, tube row environmental pollution.

experiment began last summer and was

completed this fall. These experiments parallel the In the past year we have generated high Reynolds

work of Cai and Chen (1992). In the Comell number grid turbulence by means of an active

experiments the center tube of a five-tube set grid, first described by Makita. Triangular wings

suspended on a flexible rod. The tube motion is are attached to the grid bars which rotate and flap

limited by motion stops, thus introducing a strong in a random way. Turbulence Reynolds numbers

nonlinearity in the tube stiffness. Preliminary of 40,000, (corresponding to a Taylor microscale

experiments were carried out in water. The Reynolds number of 800) have been realized, and

vibration amplitude versus flow velocity shows the the evolution of turbulence up to this value (which

instability onset (Hopf bifurcation) and the vibration is comparable to Reynolds numbers observed in

saturation when the impact constraints limit the the atmosphere and large industrial flows) has

chaotic motion. This response was found to been studied. In particular we have traced the

depend on whether the flow velocity was evolution of the internal intermittency, which plays

increasing or decreasing. a major role in the dissipation of high Reynolds

number turbulence. We have also studied passive The vibration frequency was found to depend on scalar mixing down a mean gradient and we are

the flow velocity. There is some evidence that the presently studying heat dispersion from a line

periodic motion at the onset of flutter to chaotic source

motion transition occurs through quasiperiodic

vibration.

At the present time we are carrying out the Dartmouth College

calculations of the fractal nature of the Chaotic Thayer School of Engineering $125,180

motion with the goal of establishing the low Hanover, NH 03755 01-C

dimensional nature of the dynamics. At the same 953

time we will correlate our findings with a similar Two-Phase Potential Flow

experiment at Argonne National Laboratory to G. Wal l

is

establish the validity of the fractal dimension

technique in determining chaos in such flows. The The objective is to develop a mature science of

next stage of this work will involve experiments in two-phase potential flow, based on fundamental

cross flow of air past a row of tubes as described theory and tested by experiment.

in the next section on our proposed research for

the third year of this project. A theory has been developed for the "drift force"

on any object, in an inviscid flow with weak

In 1993 a new wind tunnel facility has been vorticity, in terms of the added mass tensor for the

constructed and we are investigating nonlinear object. An earlier error in calibration having been

dynamics of a tube row in cross flow, corrected, measurements of the force on a set of

streamlined objects in a shear flow agree with the

theory.

Engineering Research 12 1996
Exact solutions have been obtained for flow past Current Status of Project: Recent work has been

a disc at an angle to a flow. They serve to described in Shattuck et al. Phys. Rev. 75, 1934

illustrate and confirm the nature of the (1995). These experiments show the strong

three-dimensional drift which displaces vortex lines coupling between pore space structure and flow

and causes the force. CFD has been used to patters. An additional longer paper is in progress.

simulate the experiments. The measured forces This work forms the basis of Mark Shattuck's

are confirmed, but with some dependence on thesis. Continuing work will focus on experimental

nodalization which needs further work. MRI studies of binary mixture convection in porous

media.

The results display the vorticity patterns predicted

by theory. Comprehensive CFD investigations are

planned to check the predictions for a broad set of Florida State University

conditions, explore the limits of validity, and Supercomputer Computations $100,000

suggest further key experiments. Research Institute 06-C

Tallahassee, FL 32306 95-5

Duke University Theoretical and Computational Studies of

Dept of Physics $0 Pattern Formation

Durham, NC 27706 01-C J. Vihals

93-3

Experimental and Analytical Investigations We seek to improve our understanding of the

of Flows in Porous Media mechanisms underlying the formation of complex

R. Behringer, G. Johnson, J. Georgiadis spatio-temporal patterns in systems that are driven

outside of thermodynamic equilibrium, to

Research Objectives: The objectives of this project characterize the macroscopic properties of such

include the characterization, both theoretical and states, and to apply the methodology to situations

experimental of fluid flows through porous media. of interest in Materials Science, materials

The particular focus is on fluid convective flow in processing and Engineering. Two avenues of

porous media. Convection in porous media research are being pursued: Patterns and chaos in

occurs, for instance, when a layer of fluids, and an order parameter formulation of

fluid-saturated porous media is heated from below, two-phase fluids. In the former, we utilize

amplitude and order parameter equations to

The characterization of porous convections describe the formation of patterns, their instabilities

includes both pure fluids and mixtures of different and the transition to chaotic states in extended

fluids. Long term benefits will be an improvement systems. In the latter, we introduce and order

in the theortical and practical applications of flow parameter formulation to describe moving

in porous media in the presence of temperature boundary problems in two phase fluids, and

gradients. Relevant practical situations include consider microstructure evolution in systems not

petroleum and hydrology problems where heating readily tractable with conventional hydrodynamics.

occurs.

Scientific Approach: The primary approach is Georgia Institute of Technology

experimental, and involves the use of Magnetic Computational Mechanics Center $85,000

Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a powerful new tool Atlanta GA 30332 01-A

to see the flow inside of porous media. The 94 3

project involves the use of a MRI apparatus and a An Analytical-Numerical Alternating Method

precision thermal apparatus for carrying out the for 3-D Inelastic Fracture and Integrity

convection experiments. Additional theoretical Analysis of Pressure-Vessels and Piping at

work now includes an analysis of the convective Elevated Temperatures

model equations with the goal of understanding S. Atluri

recent experimental results. These results show

a strong coupling between the solid structure of Current and future power generation plants require

porous media and the flow states. efficient operation so that energy savings may be

realized. In addition, power generation equipment

Engineering Research 13 1996
in the US continues to age, creating operational plasma is represented as a two-temperature

dangers for the working staff as well as greater multicomponent ideal gas governed by the

potential for power outages. Current methods to Navier-Stokes equations. In contrast to much of

ensure safe operation of these plant components the earlier work, local thermodynamic equilibrium

which operate in the nonlinear material regime are is not assumed. Multicomponent diffusion is

simplistic, and hence, not very reliable. This represented by a self-consistent effective binary

program is developing advanced analytical tools diffusion approximation, suitably generalized to

which can be used to reliably assure safety of include ambipolar diffusion of charged species. A

future plants as well as aging plants. The finite generalized formulation for diffusion in external

element alternating method is the state-of-the-art electromagnetic fields has also been developed.

methodology for determining stress intensity Dissociation, ionization, and other chemical

factors for two and three dimensional crack growth reactions are fully coupled to the plasma flow and

problems. This method has permitted accurate are treated by a new general implicit chemistry

and simple analyses of linear fracture problems to algorithm. Extensions of this algorithm to

be made so that sophisticated reliability two-temperature plasmas and heterogeneous

assessments of operating equipment may be reactions (such as particle condensation) are in

made. This program has extended the finite progress. Discrete particles interacting with the

element alternating method so that it may now be plasma are represented by a stochastic particle

used in the nonlinear regime, i.e., the non-linear model which allows for statistical distributions of

finite element alternating method. With this new particle properties. Applications to date include

methodology, sophisticated damage and fracture simulations of plasma spraying in both

assessments can be made for components which conventional and modem high-speed torches, as

experience failures in the elastic-plastic and high well as studies of chemical, thermal, and excitation

temperature .creep regime. This is truly a nonequilibrium in thermal plasmas. Future

revolutionary advance to the fracture assessment applications to plasma spraying of functionally

field. gradient materials, reactive spraying, and plasma

synthesis are also planned.

Currently, sophisticated fracture assessments are

being made using advanced fracture theories such

as the T*-integral which were previously Idaho National Engineering Lab

unattainable. The methods are being verified by Applied Physics & Optics Unit $478,000

comparison of predictions to experimental results. Idaho Falls ID 83415 06-A

It is anticipated that these advances will permit the 933

designer to make sophisticated fracture Fundamentals of Thermal Plasma Processing

assessments in the future with a minimum of J Fincke

effort.

This project is the experimental portion of a

coordinated experimental-theoretical research

Idaho National Engineering Lab project on thermal plasma processing of materials.

Energy Res & Applications Dept $265,000 This work is primarily focused on the development

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 06-A of advanced diagnostic and computational

93-3 techniques and their application to obtain a better

Modeling of Thermal Plasma Processes and more detailed understanding of the

C. Chang fundamental physical and chemical processes

occurring in nonequilibrium thermal plasmas with

Optimization of thermal plasma processing entrained particles. The techniques thus

techniques requires a better understanding of the developed and the information and insights they

space- and time-resolved fluid flow and provide, can then be directly applied to process

temperature distributions in the plasma, and of design, optimization, and scale-up. The diagnostic

interactions between the plasma and injected or and computational techniques already developed

condensed particles. The present research is under this project now represent the state of the

directed toward the development of a art in this area.

comprehensive theoretical and computational

model capable of providing such information. The

Engineering Research 14 1996
During the next five years of this project, we Engineering Laboratory have designed, built and

propose to further extend and generalize these evaluated hierarchical hardware and software

techniques to permit their application to several systems for the intelligent control of continuous

additional topics of timely importance in the flow, stirred tank reactors. The control system

thermal plasma processing of materials, namely was developed and evaluated using Thiobacillus

(1) functionally gradient materials (FGMs), (2) ferrooxidans, a microorganism for which there is a

reactive plasma spraying, and (3) plasma chemical moderate amount information. This learningsynthesis of nanophase materials. These topics based control system was successfully applied to

share some common features and physics which an uncharacterized culture of iron-oxidizing

make it efficient and cost-effective to consider thermophilic microorganisms.

them together. They forma a natural progression

and will be pursued sequentially in the above The hierarchical control systems had, as their

order, but with significant overlap. lower level platform, an integrated system of set

point control, data acquisition, data analysis and

equipment diagnostics programs. The control

Idaho National Engineering Lab system used on-line sensors and off-line

Materials Science Division $249,000 measurements to determine the state of the

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 03-A system. A two-level control system determined

93-3 what actions were required to meet process goals.

Application of Intelligent Control Systems These actions were carried out by computer

to Mixed-Culture Bioprocesses controlled actuators, including pumps, gas-flow

J. Johnson, D. Stoner valves, a heater, and a stirrer. The upper level of

the control system, the supervisory control system,

Even though the control of biologically-based used stochastic learning to determine what the

processes is an extremely complex, multi-task system parameters, e.g., pH, dilution rate, and

activty, conventional control systems operate at temperature, should be, based on the state of the

the most rudimentary of levels. That is, standard system. Lower level fuzzy systems and standard

set point control and alarm systems are used to classical methods implemented the controllers that

monitor and maintain process parameters, while operated the system. A diagnostic system

process performance and recovery from upset analyzed the sensor data for inconsistencies and

conditions are dependent on the operator's provided a log of the system operation.

judgment and experience. Artificial intelligence

has the potential of incorporating a human's

experience and rationale for the supervision of a Idaho National Engineering Lab

bioprocess into a computer controlled system, Materials Technology Group $132,000

thus, radically changing the manner in which Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2218 01-A

bioprocesses are supervised and controlled. The 93-3

challenges that confront the development of Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis Emphasis

intelligent systems for bioprocessing control are on Surface Flaws

due to the limitations of the intelligent W. Reuter, J. Epstein, W. Lloyd

technologies; the manner in which these

technologies may be integrated into a control The objective is to improve design and analytical

system; and the limitations inherent in the techniques for predicting the integrity of flawed

mathematical models that are used to describe structural components. The research is primarily

microbial metabolism and activity, experimental, with analytical evaluations guiding

the direction of experimental testing. Tests are

The overall goal of this program is to demonstrate being conducted on materials ranging from linear

that the productivity of bioprocesses can be elastic to fully plastic. The latter extends beyond

improved by integrating intelligent systems with the range of a J-controlled field. Specimens

conventional bioprocess control technologies. In containing surface cracks are used to simulate the

addition, the project will demonstrate the fracture process (crack growth initiation, subcritical

application of intelligent control to a complex growth, and catastrophic failure) that may occur in

system that no analytic model can adequately structural components.

describe. Investigators at the Idaho National

Engineering Research 15 1996
Metallography and microtopography techniques engineering practice and process physics into

have been developed to measure crack tip sensing and control algorithms. The gas metal arc

opening displacement and crack tip opening angle welding process is used as a model system;

for comparison with analytical models. Moire considerable fundamental information on the

interferometry techniques are used to evaluate and process has been developed at INEL and MIT

quantify the deformation in the crack region. during the past ten years. Research is being

These studies have resulted in the ability to predict conducted on analytical modeling of nonlinear

crack growth initiation of specimens containing aspects of molten metal droplet formation and

surface cracks using constraint and fracture transfer, and integration of knowledge-based

toughness data obtained from standard fracture control methods (including artificial neural

toughness specimens. Results are being networks and fuzzy logic based connectionist

transferred to industry in the form of an ASTM systems) with iterative learning control methods.

Test Standard on Surface Cracked Specimens Results are being transferred to industrial partners

(Structures) that is presently being developed. through a related EE-OTT CRADA on Intelligent

Future research will focus on predicting the stable Diagnostics, Sensing, and Control of Thin Section

crack growth process in base metal and in Welding.

weldments.

New work has been started on control methods for

Due to the complexity of studying the fracture distributed thermal processes. The focus of this

process in weldments, diffusion bonded specimens work is specifically on processes employing one or

were used initially to simulate a weldment. This more point sources of heat and or mass with

provided an opportunity to study the fracture spatial rastering and temporal modulation of the

process in a model weldment (two dissimilar source(s) to produce a distributed temperature

materials, e.g., base metal and weld metal) of field in a distributed mass. The prototypical

either a butt weld or a single 'V" groove geometry process is plasma hearth melting of metals. The

that contained neither a heat affected zone nor initial work is investigating iterative learning control

residual stresses. This work has been completed to control the trajectory of a heat source through

and now the focus is on actual weldments of A710 state space (including both the spatial terajectory

steel. Two weldments have been fabricated with of the heat source and the thermal parameter

one having matched weld metal and the second trajectory).

an overmatched weld metal. Characterization of

the microstructure and of local tensile properties is This project is part of a collaborative research

presently in progress. Testing of fracture program with the Massachusetts Institute of

toughness specimens, specimens containing Technology.

surface cracks, and modified specimen geometries

is planned for the future.

Idaho National Engineering Lab

Nondestructive Mat'ls Charac Grp $205,000

Idaho National Engineering Lab Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2209 03-B

Materials Technology Group $517,000 93-3

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 03-A Nondestructive Evaluation of

93-3 Superconductors

Intelligent Control of Thermal Processes K. L. Telschow

H. B. Smartt, J. A. Johnson

This project is concerned with the development

This project addresses intelligent control of thermal and application of new nondestructive evaluation

processes as applied to gas metal arc welding. (NDE) techniques and devices for the

Intelligent control is defined as the combined characterization of materials, particularly

application of process modeling, sensing, artificial high-temperature superconducting materials in

intelligence, and control theory to process control. tape form. Microstructural and, particularly,

The intent of intelligent control is to produce a superconducting properties, need to be measured

good product without relying on post-process noninvasively and spatially in order to aid the

inspection and statistical quality control fabrication process.

procedures, by integrating-knowledge of process

Engineering Research 16 1996
Two approaches that are both noncontacting and An area of current research is the derivation of

potentially applicable to the industrial environment optimally disturbance attenuating adaptive

are being investigated separately and together. controllers for nonlinear systems with parametric

One approach uses noncontacting induced current and additive uncertainty, when full state

for determination of critical currents on a local measurements are not available. Our method of

scale. This technique can be used alone or in approach here combines robust identification and

conjunction with external applied fields and DC robust control in a novel way, leading to

transport currents to determine spatial variations in asymptotically certainty-equivalent controllers with

critical current density. Its operation is based on optimum transient behavior. Another topic of study

inducing the critical state and determining full is the optimal and robust control of

penetration through the tape with a small probe structurally-changing, large-scale uncertain

coil. A new integral equation approach has been systems with separable slow and fast dynamics,

found and solved iteratively that determines the where the structural changes are stochastic and

flux front profile in geometries with azimuthal are modeled by a finite-state Markov jump

symmetry accounting for demagnetization effects. process, and the additive uncertainties in the

The capability of high temperature SQUID sensors system dynamics and measurement channels are

for measurements in long length tapes is being deterministic and norm-bounded. This

investigated for increased sensitivity and full complements our recent other study on similar

hysteresis behavior determination. The second systems where the Markov chain transitions

approach uses lasers to generate and detect exhibited a time-scale separation.r,

ultrasonic wave modes in tape geometries.

Specific elastic wave modes are employed both

analytically and experimentally to determine layer University Of Illinois

thickness, elastic constants and grain orientation.

The stability of the critical state to elastic strain is Dept of Chemical Engineering $150,000

being investigated using both approaches Urbana, IL 61801 01-C

simultaneously in a coupled mode.953

Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines

T. Hanratty

University Of Illinois Many operations in the petroleum industry involve

Coordinated Science Laboratory $135,000 the flow of gas and liquid in pipelines. Examples

Urbana, IL 61801 03-A are offshore oil platforms and the transportation of

94-3 natural gas in pipelines. The economic and safe

Model Building, Control and Optimization of design of these systems is handicapped because

Large Scale Systems of difficulties in predicting how the phases

T. Basar distribute. Considerable progress has been made

by relating large scale behavior to small scale This program involves fundamental research on interactions between the phases.

the modeling, control, and optimization of large

scale systems. It encompasses both linear and scale systems. It encompasses both linear and Slug flow is a pattern that exists in horizontal flows

nonlinear models, deterministic and stochastic whereby slugs of highly aerated liquid flow

systems with external and internal uncertainty, intermittently along a pipeline. Of critical

systems with weak spatial and weak or strong importance is the prediction when this pattern will

informational links, and dynamic decision models exist and the prediction of the frequency of

with multiple criteria. The main theme is slugging. Usual practice is to examine the stability goal-oriented model simplification for control and of a stratified fow, where the liquid flows along the

decision making. The overall goal is the bottom of a horizontal pipe and the gas

development of new and effective methodologies concurrently above it. A different approach, which

for robust control, stabilization and optimization of involves a study of the stability of slugs, was

large scale systems in the presence of static as undertaken this past year. This provided an

well as dynamic uncertainty, and the analysis of explanation of the initiation of slugging at high gas

such systems using the concepts of multimodeling, velocities and at high pressures. Measurements

decomposition and aggregation. of the time and spatial variation of the liquid height

along a pipeline is providing the physical

Engineering Research 17 1996
understanding of the formation of slugs needed to strain on the hydrostatic stress component with

predict frequency. strong asymmetry in tension versus compression.

In view of these experimental findings, new

An important configuration which appears in transformation models are being developed

condensers and evaporators, as well as in incorporating the low symmetry of the twinning

petroleum pipelines, is annular flow. Part of the planes. The stress-induced phase transformation

liquid flows along the wall and part as drops of CuZnAI was also found to be stress state

entrained in the gas. A critical problem in dependent but less so than NiTi.

horizontal pipes is the prediction of asymmetries

due to gravity. Experiments were designed during

the past year to examine the distribution of drops Johns Hopkins University

and of the liquid film over the pipe cross section. Mechanical Engineering Dept $117,708

This work will be particularly important to Baltimore, MD 21218 01C

understanding the performance of large diameter 96-3

pipes for which the transition from stratified to Two-Fluid Averaged Equations for Multiannular flow occurs over a wide range of gas Phase Flow

velocities. A. Prosperetti

The ultimate purpose of this study is to develop

University Of Illinois accurate averaged-equations models of disperse

Dept of Mechanical and $80,535 multi-phase flows of engineering significance.

Industrial Engineerin 01-A

Urbana, IL 61801 96-3 This work builds on results obtained in the course

of the previous DOE grant in the course of which

Origins of Asymmetric Stress-Strain a new method of phase averaging was developed.

Response in Phase Transformations The current project aims at deriving the structure

H. Sehitoglu of the closure terms for the equations by relying

on a series of numerical simulations. Particular

A number of uniaxial and stress state experiments emphasis is placed on the calculation of terms

on the NiTi alloys that are known to undergo involving spatial derivatives of the averaged

thermo-elastic phase transformations were quantities, that are essential for the stability and

conducted. Unlike steels which exhibit virtually no hyperbolicity of the model.

recoverable transformation strains, the

transformation strains in this class of materials are The challange here is to be able to calculate such

partially recovered upon unloading, depending on terms relying on techniques developed for uniform

the applied strain levels. Using a servohydraulic suspensions. A new approach capable of

intensifier, a servohydraulic test machine, and a achieving this end has been developed and is

novel pressurized test chamber; pressures of being implemented.

750MPa and axial stresses of almost any

magnitude are simultaneously generated and

applied to the gage section of a solid, cylindrical

NiTi specimens. The work utilizes a robust

internal load cell that can measure axial forces

without the effect of seal friction and demonstrate

innovative ways of calibrating this load cell, and

methods of axial and circumferential strain

measurement in a pressure environment and verify

accuracy of these results. Constitutive models

proposed in the literature for thermo-elastic

transformation were evaluated in light of these

results. The current models predict that the volume

fraction of martensite is solely dependent on the

effective stress. Our experimental results indicate

that there is a dependence of the transformations

Engineering Research 18 1996
Robert H. Kraichnan, Inc. in molecular physics, and many others; (2) The

369 Montezuma 108 $74,803 development of a new method for decoupling

Santa Fe, NM 87501-2626 01-C coupled wave systems, including systematic

96-3 adiabatic perturbation schemes for this purpose;

Turbulence Theory and Reduced (3) The development of asymptotic quantization

Hydrodynamics methods for coupled wave systems, i.e., the

R. Kraichnan determination of normal mode frequencies and

eigenfunctions; (4) Investigation of differential

Turbulent flow is omnipresent in geophysics and geometric and topological concepts such as

energy-producing devices. Atmospheric turbulent Berry's phase, gauge structures, and topological

transport plays an.essential role in the movement singularities (such as monopole strings) which

of heat, moisture, and pollutants. Turbulent flows generically occur in coupled wave systems; (5) A

represent an enormous amount of data. Both for systematic study of mode conversion (otherwise

practicable computation and for physical called Landau-Zener transitions), in which we

understanding, it is necessary to extract the apply bifurcation and catastrophe theory to

essential information in compact form. This project categorize the basic types of mode conversion

explores novel approaches to economical which can occur; (6) Investigations into coherence

description and computation of turbulence. Explicit and radiometry in optics; (7) The development of

statistics have been deduced theoretically for the theories of mode conversion applicable when

spottiness of small scales of a contaminant carried nonlinear effects are important; and (8) A study of

by turbulence. This is the first such success for a the non-Abelian gauge fields which occur in the

turbulence problem, and has sparked an intense separation of rotational and internal coordinates in

and continuing international follow-up effort. The the n-body problem (with applications to celestial

theoretical work has been used under this Grant to mechanics, satellite control, and atomic, molecular,

guide computer simulations of unprecedented and nuclear physics).

resolution. Recent attention has been focussed on

intermittent velocity fields. A result of this project

should be improved, economical computation of Lawrence Livermore National

contaminant dispersal and mixing. Laboratory

Laser Programs, L-482 $128,000

University of California 06-A

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Livermore, CA 94551 94-1

Dept of Physics $135,000

University of California 06-C Steady State and Transient Nucleation

Berkeley, CA 94720 93-3 Kinetics

G. Wilemski

Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics

A. Kaufman, R. Littlejohn This research addresses several fundamental

issues in homogeneous nucleation theory. The

Our research concerns the development of appealing simplicity and wide applicability of

methods of modern nonlinear dynamics with classical nucleation theory is offset by its inaccuapplications to problems in physical and rate predictions of nucleation rates. New molecular

engineering sciences. We have been especially theories of nucleation appear capable of providing

involved with Hamiltonian dynamical systems and greatly improved predictions, but practical

the application of differential geometric and application of these theories is currently restricted

topological methods. A main area of application is to the simple rare gas systems. One aim of this

wave systems, in which we have taken a broad, work is to bridge this gap by developing theoretical

interdisciplinary perspective. Our interests have expressions for cluster evaporation rates based on

included the propagation, spectra, mode computer studies of the energetics and dynamics

conversion, and tunnelling of waves. Major of small clusters of more complex molecules such

divisions of the program are: (1) A study of the as water and methanol. To preserve a modicum

properties of coupled wave systems, including of simplicity in the theory, this work will strive to

elastic waves in solids, electromagnetic waves in obtain results that depend on only a few readily

optical media or plasmas, nuclear wave functions determined molecular parameters.

Engineering Research 19 1996
Theoretical work will also be performed to test and University Of Maryland

improve various aspects of binary nucleation Dept of Mechanical Engineering $0

theory. Accurate numerical solutions of the ollee Park, MD 20742 01-D

birth-death equations will be obtained to simulate 93

binary nucleation kinetics for fluid systems with Characterization of Metal Cuting Dynamics

strong compositional surface enrichment, partial B. Berger, 1. Minis

miscibility, and significant vapor phase nonideality.

These results will be used to assess the accuracy The development of energy efficient machine tools

and applicability of various approximate analytical wich produce parts of high quality and require

expressions for the rate of binary nucleation. minimum intervention requires the capacity to

Attention will be given to the effects of transient identify precursors of unstable, chatter states and

behavior on binary nucleation rates and to cases integrate such identifiers into control system

of ridge crossing, i.e., when the major nucleation algorithms. Large amplitude oscillations

flux bypasses the saddle point. To improve associated with chatter adversely effect surface

understanding of the effects of partial miscibility on finish, dimensional accuracy and tool wear often

nucleation, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo resulting in tool breakage.

simulations of binary rare gas clusters will be

made to investigate how the internal molecular This research effort has addressed the

distribution of the two species varies as the fundamental issues involved in the identification

different interaction strengths are varied. and control of chatter through: (i) creation of a

data base of over 200 cutting experiments

comprising 16.107 separate measurements for

The Lovelace Institutes ranges of values of depth of cut, turning speed

Institute for Basic and Applied $50,428 and feed rate; (ii) analysis of time series in the

Medical Research ,03-B ,. data base with a variety of techniques including

Albuquerque, NM 87108 .96-3 false nearest neighbors, mutual information,

singular value decomposition, time-frequency

Two-Phase Flow Measurements by NMR calculation and polyspectral methods; (iii)

E. Fukushima, S. Altobelli, A. Caprihan identification in the data analysis of three nondimensional measures of the cutting state which

The objective of this grant is to apply NMR to are sufficiently robust for use in the on line control

study how mixtures of different phases flow. The of the cuffing machine; (iv) incorporation of the

concentration profile of one or both of the phases measures of the cuffing state into the control

undergoing flow as well as velocity profile and system of an existing lathe.

other more esoteric quantities such as acceleration

and diffusion can be measured without interfering A relationship has been established between the

with the flow. The non-invasive measurement of cutting state and the structure of the power

such parameters is especially difficult for spectra of the time series and its envelope. This

concentrated mixtures that are opaque to the research has resulted in the development of

standard measurement medium such as light and means for the elimination of chatter in orthogonal

sound waves but NMR works very well provided cuffing.

we examine proton containing liquids, e.g., water

and oil, in nonmetallic containers.

University Of Maryland Steady flows of concentrated suspensions in a Dept of Electrical Engineering $00,000

circular pipe, first with a constant cross-section College Park, MD 20742 06-C

and then with a step expansion and contraction, 96-4

have now been studied. Because NMR imaging Mathematical Models of Hysteresis

is a fairly slow method, it is very important to , Mayergoyz

extend the NMR method to faster flows. As a

point of reference, velocity images have been This research is concerned with nonlinear diffusion

made in tens of minutes whereas the achievement of electromagnetic fields in hysteretic media.

of similar results in fractions of seconds will be a Examples of such media are ferromagnetic

specific objective for the next few years. conducting media with magnetic hysteresis and

Engineering Research 20 1996
superconducting media with sharp or gradual the signal's state of polarization and the

resistive transitions. corresponding terms in the modified Manakov

equation that describes the complete evolution.

The main research objectives of the project can be

briefly summarized as follows: development of The second project is quasi-phase-matched

analytical techniques for the calculation of eddy waveguides. We are using a Green's function

currents in magnetic media with hysteresis for approach to determine the rate at which radiation

linear polarizations of magnetic field (scalar leaks from the quasi-phase-matched guides. In

problems), analysis of eddy currents in isotropic the future we will look at oblique guides and

and anisotropic media with hysteresis for vector guides with other unusual cross-sections that

polarizations of magnetic field (vector problems), appear in the experiments to reduce unwanted

further development of mathematical models for Bragg reflections.

hysteresis in superconductors with gradual and

sharp resistive transitions, development of

nonlinear impedance type boundary conditions for University Of Maryland

hysteretic media and their finite element Dept of Mechanical Engineering $140,000

implementation. It is hoped that, as a result of this College Park MD 20742 01

research, new analysis techniques will be 94 3

developed which will find numerous applications in ontaminant Dispersal in Bounded

such areas as nondestructive testing, magnetic Turbulent Shear Flows

recording, design of superconducting magnets, . Wallace P Bernard L Ong

induction heating, electromagnetic shielding,

evaluation of power losses, etc. The purpose of this project is to better understand

the physics of scalar transport and to develop a

methodology for the accurate prediction of scalar University Of Maryland fields in highly sheared environments, including

Electrical Engineering Department $200,493 the development of a new class of models that

Baltimore, MD 21228 03-B more accurately mimic the dynamical processes

96-3 affecting plume development. Of particular

Pulse Propagation in Inhomogeneous interest is the wall-normal diffusion of scalar and

Optical.Waveguides its connection to vortical structures in the wall

C. Menyuk region, and the efficacy of the transport models in

both canonical boundary layer flows as well as in

We are presently working on two principal complex flow geometries with significant flow

projects. First, we are studying randomly varying separation. Towards these objectives, closely

birefringence in optical fibers and its impact on coordinated direct numerical simulations (DNS)

both soliton and NRZ communications. We have and windtunnel experiments of evolving linederived a set of equations (modified Manakov source plumes are being conducted.

equations) that allow us to simulate the

propagation through a fiber with rapidly and Simultaneous flow visualization (using a laser lightrandomly varying birefringence on the much longer sheet tomographic system) and velocity

length scale on which the signals varying due to measurements (using a 4-sensor hot-wire probe)

chromatic dispersion, polarization mode had been performed in a turbulent boundary layer.

dispersion, and nonlinearity. These equations also A smoke plume seeped into the flow from a wall

yield considerable physical insight into the slot in the windtunnel idealizes the dispersion of a

behavior of these systems. We have passive scalar pollutant released from a line

benchmarked these codes carefully, and we have source in the atmospheric surface layer. These

demonstrated that they yield the same results as experiments have yielded detailed concentration

computer codes that use far shorter step sizes and maps as well as directly measured profiles of the

are far less efficient. In addition to Monte Carlo concentration fluxes, and . Preliminary analysis

methods, we are now using analytical methods of these results, which will provide a database for

based on the theory of stochastic differential model development and verification, indicates

equations to completely characterize the good agreement with the DNS as well as the

probability distribution functions for the evolution of transport models being developed. Quasi threeEngineering Research 21 1996
dimensional flow visualizations are being Massachusetts Institute Of

conducted with the light sheets oriented in the Tch l

spanwise direction in order provide better resolved ecno y

images for the study of the three-dimensional flow Department of Chemical Engineering $116,000

structures. Cambridge, MA 02139 03-A

94-3

Synthesis and Optimization of Integrated

Massachusetts Institute Of Chemical Processes L. Evans, P. Barton Technology

The Energy Laboratory $124,000 The goal of this research program is to develop

Cambridge, MA 02139 03-B new systematic methods for the synthesis and

94-3 optimization of chemical processes. As the

Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding chemical industry is one of the largest consumers

T. Eagar, J. Lang of energy in the US, it is important to find efficient

and creative computer-aided design strategies for

Three projects have been undertaken, all aimed developing new manufacturing processes, and

at improved control of the final properties of a retrofitting existing plants.

weld.

Research is currently being conducted in two

The first project, now completed, was a study to related thrust areas. The first thrust is addressing

model droplet detachment dynamics. the need for process design and optimization

Experimental data was generated using a technologies for batch/semi-continuous processes,

specially developed GMAW system with laser which are increasingly important as the US shifts

imaging, high speed video, and electrode to the production of smaller quantities of high

vibration mechanics. Simulations based on a value added products. Research is focusing on

lumped parameter model were also conducted design tools for rapid and efficient process

and good results with the experiments attained. development. Our approach is based on the

development of simplified models that can rapidly

The second project is to develop a semi- calculate a rigorous lower bound on the operating

transferred plasma welding system. This system costs of a new process. We are also exploring

is presently under construction. It will consist of how our simplified models can be coupled with

two independent plasmas. A transferred plasma gorous dynamic models to derve the first

is used for substrate heating, while a second ngorous approach thatcan copewith both discrete

p i u t and continuous decisions in the optimization of a non-transferred plasma is used to provide a

spray coating stream. Each will be independently batch process design.

controlled with a separate power supply. The second thrust is exploring algorithmic

approaches to the optimization of dynamic The third project is to model and predict the ap s to th optimization of dnaic

physics of the weld pool during GMAW. The first systems with path constraints. Such an physs wel of pool the rin he first optimization technology could be applied, for

phase of the experimental component of this example, to determine optimal operating policies project has been completed. The theoretical part for batch unit operations, or optimal feedstock

is currently under way. Present efforts are changeovers in oil refineries. Our approach

focused on determining the shape of the free combines theoretical insights into the properties of

surface of the molten metal and its influence in differential-algebraic equations with advances in

the fluid flow, and the influence of Marangoni both numerical and symbolic computing to yield a

flows due to compositional differences between novel, rigorous and efficient approach to this class

the impinging droplet and the substrate. of problems.

Engineering Research 22 1996
Massachusetts Institute Of Massachusetts Institute Of

Technology Technology

The Energy Laboratory $153,000 National Magnet Laboratory $89,068

Cambridge, MA 02139 03-B Cambridge, MA 02139 01-D

94-3 95-3

Multivariable Control Of The Gas-Metal Arc Cryotribology (Low-Temperature Friction and

Welding Process Wear): Development of Cryotribological

D. Hardt Theories and Application to Cryogenic

Devices

Continuing from last year we have been pursuing Y. Iwasa, E. Rabinowicz

three related topics: development of a unique high

bandwidth are - furnace, development of a To advance our understanding of cryogenic-

"variable footprint" welding torch, and exploration temperature sliding stability, and thereby to

of distributed parameter models, sensors and improve the reliability of superconducting magnets,

controllers. These topics are all motivated by the we have been examining, experimentally and

need to have greater control over the spatial theoretically, the fundamental mechanisms of

distributions, owing to the limitations imposed by a frictionally stability. The attainment of absolutely

lumped parameter modeling approach. The arc stable, positive friction-velocity characteristics at

furnace work was completed this year, with cryogenic temperatures appears improbable

demonstration of de-coupled temperature and because of the lack of thermally-activated steadyflowrate control. A US patent has been issued for state shear creep. We are presently investigating:

this furnace concept and the attendant control 1) a force-based approach to magnet design that

system. promotes quench-causing conductor microslips to

occur early in the magnet's charging cycle where

The work on the variable footprint torch is pursuing their consequences are relatively benign; and 2)

a Gas-Modulated Plasma Arc approach. the cryotribological behaviors at 77K and 4.2 K of

Characteristics of the new hardware include several metal/metal and other nonpolymeric sliding

decoupled heat and filler metal delivery, variable pairs, particularly of several hard, creep-resistant,

heat output distribution and modular construction chemically inert materials such as: the Group 8

for multi-functionality. A physically-based model is noble metals, high-strength ceramics and recentlycurrently under development as an aid in developed sputter-deposited diamond films. Of

designing an appropriate controller for the said particular interest is the extent to which hardness,

torch. The model will be tested and verified upon ductility, and chemical compatibility influence

completion of the torch, currently under in-house cryogenic-temperature sliding behavior.

fabrication.

In the area of distributed parameter control, we are Massachusetts Institute Of

considering both the basic modeling form along Tehnl

with a multivariable optimal control philosophy. ecnoogy

Techniques are being developed for optimally The Energy Laboratory $192,000

locating and shaping (in space and time) Cambridge, MA 02139 01-A

heating/cooling sources (e.g., cooling passages in 94-3

a mold). The theory for optimal location of Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks

measurements has been studied, and simulations D. Parks, F. McClintock

and experiments were conducted to study the

findings. As an example application, transient We are developing a mechanics basis for

temperature control was implemented on a model analyzing the fracture behavior of cracks located

used by Bethlehem Steel Corporation for a hot on or near the fusion zones of structural

slab mill. The techniques being developed are weldments. Such welds are often characterized

being used as guidelines for developing new by significant strength mismatch between base

actuators (heaters, torches etc.) and sensors for a plate and weld metal, as well as by local strength

variety of industrial processes. gradients associated with metallurgical details of

the heat-affected zones. Moreover, the local

gradients in microstructure, and the accompanying

Engineering Research 23 1996
gradients in material resistance to both ductile hole flux in metabolic networks. As the problem of

growth and cleavage fracture mechanisms provide determining flux control distributions at the

additional complexity, compared to the individual reaction level is too complex and

corresponding fracture mechanics models of experimentally intractable, our approach has

macroscopically homogeneous crack-tip examined the control of flux exercised by groups

microstructures and properties. of reactions. Concepts from metabolic control

analysis have been extended to groups of

Under macroscopic mode I loading, strength- reactions in order to identify the group exercising

mismatched interface crack-tip stress and the strongest degree of control on the production

deformation fields show considerable differences flux. The approach is then repeated within the

from the corresponding fields in mechanically group until single reactions are identified that are

homogeneous media. In particular, both triaxial of particular importance to the flux of product

stress and plastic strain levels in the Softer domain formation. This approach has been applied with

(e.g., an undermatched baseplate) are elevated. success to the production of aromatic and

Families of mismatched fields have been aspartate aminoacids in Corynebacterium and

characterized by finite element and slip-line yeasts.

solutions, and have been shown to apply from

small-scale yielding through fully-plastic conditions.

Massachusetts Institute Of

The mismatched fields are being coupled with Technology1

local models of cleavage and ductile fracture in the

inhomogeneous crack-tip region, and the results Dept of Chemical Engineering 80,000

compared with experiments on both model Cambridge, MA 02139 06-C

weldments created by diffusion-bonding and with 953

actual welds in A710 steel. Los Alamos National Lab2

MEE-9 $80,000

Los Alamos, NM 87545 06-C

95-3

Massachusetts Institute Of Sandia National Laboratories3

Technology Engineering Sciences Center $80,000

Dept of Chemical Engineering $162,554 Albuquerque, NM 87008-0834 06-C

Cambridge, MA 02139 06-A 95-3

94-3 Macrostatistical Hydrodynamics

Development of Principles & Methodologies H. Brenner1, A. Graham2, L. Mondy3

of Metabolic Engineering

G. Stephanopoulos Experimental, analytical, and numerical studies of

falling-ball 'tracer' particle dynamics in

Metabolic Engineering is an emerging field of concentrated suspensions composed of dispersed,

biotechnology aiming at the directed modification neutrally-buoyant spheres and rods comparable in

of the metabolic pathways of microorganisms, size to the tracer have been continued and

plants and animals using recombinant DNA extended. Falling ball viscometry was shown to be

technology. The overall objective is to achieve a useful technique to measure the apparent

overproduction of fuels, chemicals and materials, viscosity of mixtures of particles of various shapes

or biosynthesis of novel products through the and sizes. When two types of suspended particles

amplification of selected biochemical reactions or (such as spheres and rods) are of disparate sizes,

the introduction of new biosynthetic pathways in the measured apparent viscosity of the

metabolic networks. The experimental techniques homogeneous mixture could be described

of metabolic engineering are derived from applied successfully by a model which approximated the

molecular biology and are well advanced. mixture as one of the fraction of larger particles

However, interactions of metabolic pathways and suspended in a hypothetical suspending

the general principles governing metabolic fluxes continuum with a viscosity identical to the effective

in-vivo are poorly understood. The goal of this viscosity of a suspension of the fraction of smaller

research is to contribute to the development of the particles alone. The pressure 'drop' across a ball

tools and principles that elucidate the control of falling through a quiescent suspension, which

Engineering Research 24 1996
constitutes another useful dynamical suspension the convective movement of vortices has proved to

parameter, was measured and, in moderately have strong effects on heat transfer. Energy and

concentrated suspensions, found to agree well total pressure separation in and around a free

with theoretical results for the comparable circular jet, including the effects of acoustic

pressure drop in a homogeneous Newtonian liquid. excitation, and the energy (total temperature)

For a ball falling in a highly concentrated separation around a circular cylinder in high speed

suspension, the pressure drop seems to be a flow are being investigated. For the flow in the

sensitive measure of phase slip at the containing vortex ring structure around a jet, energy

cylinder walls. Also, spinning-ball rheometry in separation and the total pressure separation

quiescent suspensions has been developed as a amplitude are greatly increased by acoustic

useful adjunct to the falling-ball rheometric studies. excitation. This excitation is expected to have a

This technique provides a sensitive measure of strong effect on the jet impingement heat/mass

phase slip at the spinning ball's surface, as well as which will be investigated. For the circular

another experimental benchmark for ongoing cylinders, the preliminary results show that the

theoretical investigations of slip in disperse dominant transient recovery temperature frequency

systems. Finally, in collaboration with The on the cylinder surface in the wake region

Lovelace Institutes, nuclear magnetic resonance matches the vortex shedding frequency.

imaging is being used to study flow-induced

particle segregation ('hydrodynamic diffusion') in

pipe flow. These data in inhomogeneous flows and University Of Minnesota

complementary video imaging of individual tracer ept of Aero Eng & Mechanics $115,000

particles in homogeneous flows will provide much Minneapols, MN 55455 01-C

needed information on the effects of flow on 93-5

particle interactions and effective rheological Lubricated Transport of Viscous Materials

properties at the macroscale. D.Joseph

The project has as its broad aim the

University Of Minnesota understanding and technological development of

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $0 lubricated pipelines of heavy oils in core annular

Minneapolis, MN 55455 01-B flow, and the spontaneous lubrication of oil/water

94-3 and water/oil emulsions and for slurry transport.

Heat/Mass Transfer Enhancement in The scientific approach relies heavily on

Separated and Vortex Flows experiments and direct numerical simulations.

R. Goldstein Analytically the problem involves the study of

two-phase flows and deals with migration and

The flow and heat/mass transfer around single segregation of lubricating fluid at the wall. The role

short-step and uniform diameter circular cylinders of inertia in centering density matched

are being studied. Flow visualization indicates that core-annular flows and in levitating these flows off

a short step diameter circular cylinder has a much the wall when the fluids have different densities

more complex vortex system than a uniform has been clarified in recent works sponsored

diameter circular cylinder due to vortices formed under this grant. Experiments on the effects of

on the steps of the cylinders. Velocity and different linings and surfactants on the fouling of

turbulence measurements reveal that the pipe walls with hydrocarbons were carried out. A

interaction between the vortices formed on the patent for a "method of preventing fouling of pipe

steps of the cylinder and those formed near the walls for lubricated transport" was obtained for

endwall junction change the vortex shedding cement linings (U.S. Patent No. 5,385,175).

frequencies (Strouhal Number) in the wake flow. Another patent for a non-fouling pressure tap is

The measured local heat/mass transfer compares under consideration. It has been found that

well with flow visualization and velocity oil-in-water emulsions used as a coal substitute

measurements, and confirms the vortex flow fluid and stable water-in-oil emulsions used in the

patterns. processing of synthetic crude oils will lubricate

when flow speed is above a critical one and other

Energy (total temperature) separation associated attainable conditions are satisfied.

with unsteady pressure fluctuations, induced by

Engineering Research 25 1996
University Of Minnesota National Academy of SciencesDept of Mechanical Engineering $157,975 National Academy of Eng

Minneapolis, MN 55455 06-C Research National Research Council 96-4

Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Washington, DC 20418 $1,167,500

of Advanced Materials 06C

J. Heberlein Department of Energy Integrated 96-2

Manufacturing Fellowship Program

The objectives of this program include the T. RoZell

characterization of plasma reactors used for

materials processing in particular for the deposition Thirty-six three-year predoctoral fellowships in

of diamond films and the generation of ultrafine integrated manufacturing are in place administered

particles, by the National Research Council, under the aegis

of the National Academy of Engineering, following

For characterizing a particular diamond deposition national competitions. The objectives of the

reactor, a realistic model has been developed for program are to create a pool of PhD's trained in

liquid precursor injection into the plasma in front of the integrated approach to manufacturing, to

the substrate. This three-dimensional model is promote academic interest in the field, and to

based on a fluid dynamic description of the plasma attract talented professionals to this challenging

jet and the injection gas streams, an energy area of engineering.

transfer model including evaporation of the

droplets, dissociation of the vapors, and The fellowship program was conceived as one

recombination reactions according to chemical response to the loss of competitiveness of the

kinetics. A surface kinetics model describes the United States in manufacturing. Two related

diamond film growth. Initial results show aspects of the problem are the traditional

reasonable agreement with experiments. separation of the product design function from the

manufacturing function and the lack of an

The theoretical description of rf reactors for appreciation for the process of manufacturing as

ultrafine powder production has been completed, an integrated system.

and temperature and velocity profiles for different

reactor configurations and operating conditions It is expected that the improved manufacturing

provide a basis for future optimal reactor design. methods which this fellowship aims to bring about

will contribute to improved energy efficiency, to

In order to meet needs for spatially and temporally better utilization of scarce resources, and to less

resolved measurements of the characteristics of degradation of the environment.

turbulent plasma jets, a diagnostic capability has

been established based on laser scattering

techniques. Results of these measurements will National Aeronautics and

be compared with findings obtained at INEL. Space Adminstration

600 Independence Avenue, S.W. $162,000 For determining transport coefficients of gas Washington, DC 20546 06-C

mixtures at plasma temperatures, the influence of 94-5

different interaction potentials during binary Center for Aerospace Research & Education

collisions has been established and for Minority Students at Southern University

recommendations have been made for potentials anon

providing the most reliable data.

Pursuant to an agreement between the Secretary

of Energy and the Administrator of NASA, the

recommended funds will support the education of

Engineering Research 26 1996
minority students at Southern University (an The pilot program is important. There are a

HBCU) in disciplines related to aeronautics and number of potential risks and blockers which need

space sciences. Over the five years of this to be assessed carefully before a large

agreement, NASA will provide $2,500,000. The commitment is made. The Industrial Liaison

education program will be coordinated with a Program (ILP) will place DOE laboratory workers

research program addressing Solid mechanics and into the industrial environment to focus the

Finite element Modeling, Composite materials, attention of the laboratories on industry issues.

Aerodynamics and impact, as well as Thermal The worker will remain a full time employee of the

sciences (Heat transfer and Fluid Dynamics). In Laboratory but the costs of the off-site per diem

more detail examples of specific projects are will be shared by the host company through a

Improvement of satellite rendezvous maneuvers, formula-based reimbursement.

optimization of gear design, analysis of the wear of

diamond tools. Furthermore, these funds will be

used to strengthen the undergraduate education in National Institute Of Standards

aeronautics at Southem University. & Technology

Thermophysics Division $127,500

National Center for Boulder, CO 80303 06-A

94-3

Manufacturing Sciences Gelation of Dense Silica Suspensions:

Technology Sourcing $0 Effect of Shear

Ann Arbor, Ml 48108 06-C H.J.M. Hanley

93-4

Industrial Liaison Pilot Program The project examines the gel structure of silica by

J. Sheridan SANS (small angle neutron scattering) and light

scattering measurements. The goal is to extend

The National Center for Manufacturing Sciences the current understanding of how gels form on a

has been funded by DOE, Basic Energy Sciences, microscopic scale, and to determine what specific

to direct a progream which will place employees of changes are induced in the microscopic structure

the National Laboratories at Industrial sites to work by the influence of an applied shear. Scattered

with their corporate colleagues on issues of intensity data were taken on the 30 m SANS

importance to manufacturing industry. The goals instruments at the NIST Cold Neutron Research

of the program are to evolve expertise in a broad Facility. Samples were aqueous gels of Ludox

range of manufacturing issues at the National silica particles of nominal diameter 24 nm. The

laboratories, identify fundamental DOE research series of experiments were repeated with the silica

needs, and build a long-range sustained samples loaded into the NIST Couette shearing

commitment to collaboration on industrial issues cell. The results showed that shear most

both at DOE and within industry. Results from the conclusively influences the structure of the gel.

Liaison Program will strengthen industry's energy On the assumption that an investigation of

efficiency in its operations by enhancing the qulaity decomposition of a system to a solid would lead to

of the total product and developing efficient an insight into the gelation mechanism, a

production and management techniques. This will simulation of a two dimensional LennardJones

directly benefit American manufacturing system was initiated. A striking similarity between

competitiveness and will help DOE Basic Energy the computer results and the SANS data was

Sciences identify fundamental research needs in observed. A scaling relation for the time evolution

energy efficient industrial methodologies and of the structure factor of a decomposing system

technologies. was proposed. SANS experiments carried out of

7 nm silica gels have verified that the scaling

A pilot program will be conducted to immediately relation applies to the gelling system. Light

place a limited number of workers and carefully scattering experiments on multiply scattering from

evaluate the effectiveness of a sustained program. the silica systems are in progress.

Engineering Research 27 1996
National Institute Of Standards microelectronic microwave filters. These potential

& Technology applications provide the motivation for a thorough investigation of HTS thin-film materials

Thermophysics Division $425,000 development of these hybrid systems.

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 06-C Determining the compatibility of HTS thin-film

Boulder, CO 80303 96-3 deposition and patterning processing with that of

standard Si processing is crucial for expanding the

Development of Measurement Capabilities for applications of these hybrid technologies.

the Thermophysical Properties of EnergyRelated Fluids The nanostuctural properties of HTS materials

R. Kayser, W. Haynes have proven to have a principal influence on the

electrical properties of HTS materials and devices.

The major objectives of this new three-year project For this reason the use of scanned probe

are to develop state-of-the-art experimental microscopies are being emphasized for evaluating

apparatus for measuring the thermophysical HTS-semiconductor epitaxy as well as electrical

properties of a wide range of fluids and fluid conduction in interconnects and contacts to hybrid

mixtures important to the energy, chemical, and device structures. The further development of

energy-related industries. The specific scanned probe microscopies, specifically for

measurement capabilities to be developed are the electronic device imaging will be invaluable not

following: Small-Volume, Dual-Cell Dew-Bubble only for the HTS-semiconductor integration studies

Point Apparatus; Heat-of-Vaporization Calorimeter but for all developments in microelectronics in the

and Effusion Cell for Vapor-Pressure foreseeable future. The current emphasis is on

Determinations; Solubility Measurements Using developing scanning potentiometry based on

Magnetic Levitation; Thermal Diffusivity from Light atomic force microscopy with resolution and

Scattering; and Phase-Equilibria Apparatus for sensitivity levels better than 50 nm and 1 mV,

Azeotropic Aqueous-Organic-Salt Mixtures. These respectively. Also, investigations regarding

new apparatus will extend significantly the state of adapting scanning potentiometry for high

the art for properties measurements and make it frequency applications up to 100 GHz are under

possible to study a wide range of complex fluid w

systems (e.g., highly involatile, very insoluble,

highly polar, electrically conducting, reacting)

under conditions which have been previously The City University Of New York

inaccessible.

The City College $277,092

The Benjamin Levich Institute 06-C

National Institute Of Standards fo o Hyd rody nam ic N 9 Yo New York, NY 10031 & Technology

Electromagnetic Technology Div $116,800 The Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions

Boulder, CO 80303 06-C A. Acrivos

94-3

High-Tc Superconductor-Semiconductor This research program aims to investigate the flow

Integration and Contact Technology of concentrated suspensions of non-colloidal

J. Moreland, J. Ekin particles from the fundamental point of view.

Earlier studies by the principal investigator and his

The purpose of this project is to study materials associates have shown that the rheology of such

problems faced in integrating high-Tc systems is strongly affected by the shear-induced

superconductor (HTS) thin-film technology with migration of particles form regions of high shear to

conventional semiconducting technologies. The low and from regions of high particle

emphasis of the research is to investigate HTS- concentrations to low which, by distorting the

semiconductor contact systems and novel HTS- particle concentration profile, can lead to an

semiconductor devices. The ultimate goal is to erroneous interpretation of the experimental

develop HTS thin-film technology to its fullest measurements pertaining to the effective viscosity

potential for multi chip module interconnections, of such systems. This shear-induced particle

future ULSI source and drain connections, and diffusion is also responsible for the phenomenon

Engineering Research 28 1996
of viscous resuspension whereby, in the presence the measured variables used for the set points, but

of shear flow, a settled bed of heavy particles can must look at the behavior of all the variables that

resuspend even under conditions of vanishingly enter the control specifications.

small Reynolds numbers. (2) A control structure suitable in one domain of

operation (e.g., partial combustion for the FCC)

A theoretical model of shear-induced particle may be totally unsuitable in another (total

diffusion, which was developed earlier by the combustion).

principal investigator was tested experimentally in (3) In the FCC linear algorithms are satisfactory for

various unidirectional flows by measuring the tuning control loops. The main impact of

extent of viscous resuspension and comparing it to nonlinearity is in the choice of the primary

the theoretical predictions. Very good agreement structure itself and realizable domain of set points.

was found between theory and experiments even

in the case of flow in a tube where strong Most recently the impact of design, in this case the

secondary flows are generated owing to the creation of additional manipulated variables, has

presence of a non-axisymmetric particle been assessed with respect to partial control.

concentration profile. In addition, a technique was Publication is due shortly.

developed, using LDA, for measuring the particle

velocities in concentrated suspensions. This

technique has been extended to measure The City University Of New York

instantaneous 3-d particle velocities arid velocity The City College $110,250

fluctuations in concentrated suspensions The Benjamin Levich Institute 06-C

undergoing a variety of shear flows in order to New York, NY 10031 94-3

further test the predictions of the theoretical model.

Theory and experiments are also being done for Studies in Physico-hemcal Hydrodynamics

bidisperse suspensions. of Extended Systems

G. Sivashinsky

The City University Of New York The objective of this project is a unified theoretical

The City College $134,255 approach to the description of a variety of physicoDept of Chemical Engineering 03-A chemical hydrodynamics systems characterized by

New York, NY 10031 94-3 a significant disparity between the spatial scales

involved. By appropriately performed averaging

Partial Control of Complex Processing over short scales one may considerably simplify

Systems the original problem, sometimes even lowering its

R. Shinnar, I. Rinard effective dimensionality and thereby making the

latter quite tractable either analytically or

There are two research objectives. One is to numerically.

understand the control of Fluidized Catalytic

Crackers (FCC's), an important goal in itself. The With all their relative simplicity the emerging

second is to use the FCC as an example to learn reduced models proved rich enough to capture

about the control of complex chemical plants in many nontrivial features of the original systems

which the number of variables to be maintained which hitherto resisted description by any other

within acceptable limits exceeds the number of means. Specifically, the scale-separation

manipulatable variables available for control. This approach will be applied to (1) the mathematical

is known as partial control. modelling of stabilization, blowoff and flashback of

premixed gas flames; (2) the theory of thermal

Work finished and published this year focuses on explosion in the reactive premixture subject to the

the choice of the control system structure. Some effects of natural or forced convection; (3) the

important conclusions with regard to both the FCC nonlinear dynamics of the interfacial instabilities in

and many other systems are: multilayered flows dominated by viscosity effects.

(1) One cannot judge the suitability of any control

structure solely on the basis of the performance of

Enginering Research 29 1996
State University Of New York There are many present and potential applications

Department of Physics $193,553 of configurations consisting of a thin film deposited

Stony Brook, NY 11794 06-C on a substrate. Thin films that are deposited to

95-3 improve the hardness and/or the thermal

Sub-Electron Transfer of Electric Charge in properties of surfaces are of principal interest in

Semiconductor Nanostructure this work. Thin film technology does, however,

K.K. Likharev also include high Tc superconductor films, films for

magnetic recording, superlattices and films for

The goal of the project is to find the crossover band-gap engineering and quantum devices. The

between the continuous and discrete transfer of studies carried out on this project also have

electric charge transfer in semiconductor relevance to those applications.

heterostructures and nanostructures. While the

discreteness is well understood in the limiting Both the film and the substrate are generally

cases (tunneling and diffusive conduction) the anisotropic. A line-focus acoustic microscope, is

crossover between the two limits has never been being used to measure the speed of wave modes

followed, though its understanding is of the key in the thin film/substrate system. This microscope

importance for the future development of has unique advantages for measurements in

nanoscale electronic devices. anisotropic media. Analytical and numerical

techniques are employed to extract the desired

As a result of theoretical effort during the first year information on the thin film from the measured

of the project, the relation between the charge d at a. R ecent res u ts inc lud e: 1) us e of multiple

discreteness and the spectral density of current wave modes to determine thin film constants, (2)

fluctuations has been established. The spectral measurements of superlattice film constants, and

density has been calculated for two important (3) investigation of the effect of surface roughness.

models of nanostructures, including one model

describing screening. A new high-frequency limit

for the density has been found. Northwestern University

Dept of Chemical Engineering $136,076

On the experimental side, initial magnetotransport Evanston, IL 60208 01-B

measurements of strained-layer Si/SiGe quantum 95-3

wells have been carried out at 77 K using a back Theory of Subcooled Boiling

gate to vary the carrier density of the 2D gas in S. Bankoff, S. Davis

the Si well. It has been found that the resulting

resistance modulation may be quite substantial (in Subcooled boiling is perhaps the most efficient

one example, between 10 kOhms and 200 means of steady high-heat-flux transfer from solid

kOhms), creating favorable conditions for the surfaces, such as in rocket motors and heat

experimental search for the charge discreteness treatment of metals. The growth and collapse of

crossover. small bubbles while attached to the heating

surface will be studied analytically and numerically.

When the critical heat flux is exceeded, subcooled

Northwestern University film boiling results. The stability of the resulting

Engineering & Applied Science $0 vapor film, involving momentary contacts or

Evanston, IL 60208 03-B evaporating liquid tongues with the hot solid wall,

93-3 and the criteria for growth of these contacts

Thin-Film Characterization and Flaw determine the minimum film boiling temperature.

Detection To begin with, two problems have been

J. Achenbach considered. The first paper deals with a circular,

evaporating liquid wedge, which oscillates in

This work is concerned with the determination of radius, on a hot horizontal plate. This simulates

the elastic constants of thin films deposited on the periodic dryout and rewetting by a thin liquid

substrates, with the measurement of residual film under a growing-and-collapsing bubble in

stresses in such films and with the detection and subcooled nucleate boiling. The second problem

characterization of defects in thin film substrate has led to a long-wave evolution equation for a

configurations. thin vapor film on a horizontal heated plate, in

Engineering Research 30 1996
subcooled film boiling. Linear stability results ranging from polymer processing to the

when an evaporation number, E, exceeds a critical pharmaceutical and aluminum industries. The

value, Ec. When E<EC, a pitchfork bifurcation is goal is to conduct broad-based basic work in the

found, and a new evolution branch is found. Work area of mixing with the goal of producing useful

is continuing on both of these problems. knowledge to wide array of users.

& .Northwestern University 11Subtantial progress was on several fronts. Studies

have been completed in the area of aggregation in

Dept of Eng Sci & App Math $54,000 regular and chaotic flows. Mathematical arguments

Evanston, IL 60208 01-C have been used to describe the initial growth of

94 -3 average cluster size and polydispersity (Hansen Microscopic Interfacial Phenomena During and Ottino 1996a). Work on fragmentation -

Flow in Porous Media including erosion - has been completed as well

M. Miksis (Hansen and Ottino 1996b). A comprehensive

model dealing with liquid-liquid mixing processes The objective of this work is to study the effect of involving drop breakup and coalescence is nearing

interfacial phenomena on the motion of a fluid in a completion as well. These results are being

porous material. In particular, we will be primarily incorporated in a lengthy review (possibly a

concerned with the micromechanics of the fluid monograph) to be submitted in the near future

motion and its effect on the macroscopic flow. On (Ottino et al. 1996c).

the pore scale, we find a moving boundary

problem for the fluid/fluid and the solid/fluid S. Hansen and J.M. Ottino, Aggregation and

interfaces. During this project period, attention will Cluster Size Evolution in Non-Homogenous Flows,

be directed to understanding and modeling the J. Colloid and Int. Sci., 179, 89-103 (1996a).

dynamics of these interfaces. In particular,

attention will focus on three specific topics: S. Hansen and J.M. Ottino, Agglomerate Erosion:

surfactant effects, motion of an interface into an A Non-Scaling Solution to the Fragmentation

unsaturated porous medium and breaking Equation, Phys. Rev. E, 53, 4209-4212 (1996b).

phenomena.

J.M. Ottino, P. de Rousell, S. Hansen, and D.V.

We have recently investigated how capillarity Khakhar, Mixing and Dispersion of Viscous Liquids affects the dynamics of a foam on the microscopic in Powdered Solids, in preparation (1996c)

scale using both analytical and numerical

methods. Now we will consider how capillary and

surfactants affect the stability and mobility of foam Northwestern University

flow in a porous media. Also, we will continue a

study on how capillary effects on the microscopic Dept of Eng Sci & App Math $69,992

scale affect the motion of an immiscible Evanston, IL 60208 06-C

contaminating liquid in an unsaturated porous 95-3

material. Finally, we will investigate the dynamics Stability and Dynamics of Spatlo-Temporal

of a fluid interface during breaking. Breaking Structures

phenomena occur during the dynamics of two- H. Riecke

phase flows.

The objective of this project is to improve the

understanding of systems exhibiting

Northwestern University spatio-temporal chaos by investigating

wes niversiy paradigmatic cases. The research encompasses Dept of Chemical Engineering $113,220 fundamental and applied aspects. Fundamental

Evanston, IL 60208-3120 06-C issues to be addressed are the characterization

~953 and classification of states which are disordered in

Fragmentation and Dispersion of Powdered space and time. In applications, spatio-temporal

Solids in Viscous Liquids chaos arises in systems ranging from fluid flow to

J. Offino lasers and coupled oscillators. For instance, in

wide-area lasers and in laser arrays Mixing and dispersion of viscous liquids and spatio-temporal chaos can reduce the quality of powders is important in processing applications

Engineering Research 31 1996
the laser beam and can even be detrimental to the In this project experiments and theory are being

device itself. Stabilization and control of the beam used to discover the flow parameters that control

requires a detailed understanding of the origin and the growth rate of long wave disturbances. To

the nature of the chaotic state. allow for accurate comparison to theory, the

system under study is a light hydrocarbon oil -

Using analytical and numerical techniques, a water flow in a wide rectangular channel oriented

number of paradigmatic systems will be studied: close to horizontal. The long-wave - short-wave

parametrically driven waves of different types with interactions that occur in these systems and can

emphasis on the effect of parametric driving on cause accelerated growth of long waves are being

unstable laser beams; the stability and chaotic examined. Slight variations of the flow angle from

dynamics of traveling waves as found in horizontal allow a wide variation in the relative

experiments on the convection of liquid crystals; growth rates and speeds of long and short waves.

the role of heteroclinic cycles in chaos in rotating Theory employs weakly-nonlinear simplifications of

convection. the complete Navier-Stokes equations and

boundary conditions.

Presently, the dynamics of unstable parametrically

driven waves is studied with focus on the

unexpected behavior of defects in the wave Oak Ridge National Laboratory

pattern. The surprising phenomenon of spatial Engineering Physics $1,451,000

localization of the chaotic activity in the and Mathematics Division 03-C

one-dimensional case is now well understood. The Oak Ridge, TN 37831 943

stability of oblique combinations of traveling waves

(traveling rectangles) is studied. Center for Engineering Systems Advanced

Research (CESAR) Qualitative agreement with the experimental J. Barhen, R. Mann, E. Oblow, L. Parker,

observations is found. A new mechanism leading V. Protopopescu, N. Rao, D. Reister

to chaotic motion of sinks and sources of waves in

one dimension has been identified. The primary mission of the Center for Engineering

Systems Advanced Research (CESAR) is to

develop, through innovative basic research, a core

University Of Notre Dame of excellence in the area of intelligent systems

Dept of Chemical Engineering $79,945 technology. By combining long-range,

Notre Dame, IN 46556 01-C future-oriented R&D efforts with near-term,

96-3 sustained technology transfer to U.S. industry, and

Fundamental Study of Long-Short Interfacial with undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate

Wave Interactions and Application to Flow student training, CESAR strives to enhance U.S.

Regime Development scientific and technological capabilities in strategic

M.J. McCready areas vital to energy independence, national

security, and global competitiveness.

Knowledge of flow regime is the most important

issue in the design and operation of multiphase Currently, CESAR's efforts emphasize two basic

flow pipelines. Growth of interfacial waves that research areas: computational nonlinear science

are long compared to the depths of the two and cooperating autonomous systems. Intelligent

phases is known to play an important role in autonomous systems are characterized as

regime transition from a stratified gas-liquid flow. systems that integrate perception, reasoning, and

Current procedures for predicting regime action to perform tasks under circumstances that

transitions use linear instability of one-dimensional are either insufficiently known in advance or

momentum equations as a transition criterion. dynamically change during task execution.

However, recent work has shown that the Perception, reasoning, and action, as well as the

predictions of one-dimensional equations differ integration of these modules into prototype

significantly from the full differential equations and working systems, present outstanding challenges

further, that the development process of long wave for inter-disciplinary basic research. The Center

disturbances is nonlinear. continues to investigate a wide variety of these

issues in the areas of cooperating agents, mobility,

Engineering Research 32 1996
manipulation, intelligent multi-sensory systems, HVOF spraygun nozzle design and operating

empirical estimation, and machine learning. parameters have been found with which to vary

Specifically, CESAR's focus is on the intelligent the kinetic and thermal energies of the spray

control of mobile robots in the presence of particles independently. Through metallographic

uncertainties and constraints. The objective is to analysis, the resulting coating properties are now

develop original, generally applicable being studied. The ability to do this is apparently

methodologies. Several areas of cooperative unique, with results which are expected to be of

systems research must be addressed, including direct use to HVOF users. For example, it should

task decomposition, task allocation, achieving be possible to tailor coatings to produce desirable

coherence amidst distribution of control, resolution properties such as low porosity, high density, and

of subgoal conflicts, reasoning about activities of high corrosion resistance. An early result is that

other agents, inter-robot communication, and stainless steel particles already molten before

multisensor fusion. impact tend to produce less desirable coatings

than solid particles which fuse upon impact due to

In the area of computational nonlinear science, their kinetic energy.

CESAR pursues the development of fundamental

methods, including neural networks, wavelets, Results of the research are presented annually at

stochastic approximation, global optimization, and the National Thermal Spray Conference. One

parallel processing algorithms for solving complex Ph.D. has been educated and a second graduate

scientific and engineering problems in distributed student is currently working on this project.

systems. These systems are most often modeled

by partial differential equations and involve remote

sensing components. Several powerful Princeton University

methodologies are currently developed, based on Dept of Mech & Aero Eng $0

a synergistic infusion of original mathematical, Princeton, NJ 08544 06-B

algorithmic, and engineering ideas. In particular, 93-3

CESAR focuses on: (i) computationally efficient Mechanisms and Enhancements of Flame

neural network learning and classification Stabilization

algorithms; (ii) powerful global optimization C. Law

algorithms; and (iii) optimal control techniques for

solving identification problems. The program aims to gain fundamental

understanding of the structure and stabilization

Technology transfer of CESAR innovations is mechanisms of premixed and nonpremixed flames

rapidly growing, particularly to the automotive and through theoretical and experimental

petroleum exploration industries. investigations. The following major projects were

completed during the reporting period.

Pennsylvania State University

Mechanical Engineering Dept $96,893 The scalar and dynamic structure of premixed and

University Park, PA 16802 01-B nonpremixed counterflow methane/air, propane/air

95-3 and hydrogen/air flames has been experimentally

Research on Combustion-Driven HVOF investigated by using non-intrusive laser-based

Thermal Sprays techniques and computationally simulated with

G. Settles detailed chemistry and transport descriptions.

Results show that the scalar structure including

The High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray the thickness of a freely-propagating or

process combines the fields of materials, freely-standing premixed flame is insensitive to

combustion, and gas dynamics. It relies on strain rate variations such that the flame cannot be

combustion to melt and propel solid particles at extinguished by strain alone. On the other hand,

high speeds onto a surface to be coated. The the thickness of a nonpremixed flame scales

goal of this research is to understand and improve inversely with the square root of the strain rate,

the HVOF deposition of corrosion-resistant implying that it can be extinguished by straining.

coatings, which are important in many Experimental studies on the dynamic structure

demonstrate the need to allow for the effect of energy-related industries. This involves both demonstrate the need to allow for the effect of

experimentation and modeling. thermophoresis on the motion of the seeding

Engineering Research 33 1996
particles when using laser Doppler velocimetry in been related to the effective elastic moduli.

measuring the flow velocity. Recently, 3-D images of a sandstone have been

obtained using x-ray tomographic techniques and

The dynamics and geometry of flame surfaces in statistical corrleation funcations have been

nonuniform flows have been analytically and extracted from them.

computations studied, including the phenomena of

stretch, local extinction, cusp formation and

broadening, and burning rate augmentation Purdue University

through flame wrinkling. School of Mechanical Engineering $0

West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-C

93-3

Princeton University Effect of Forced and Natural Convection

Dept of Civil Engineering $116,959 on Solidification of Binary Mixtures

Princeton, NJ 08544 06-A F. Incropera'

93-4

Transport Properties of Disordered Porous This study deals with the influence of combined

Media From The Microstructure convection mechanisms on the solidification of

S. Torquato binary systems. A major accomplishment of

research performed to date has been the

This research program is concerned with the development and numerical solution of a

quantitative relationship between transport continuum model, which uses a single set of

properties of a disordered heterogeneous medium equations to predict transport phenomena in the

that arise in various energy-related problems (e.g., liquid, "mushy" (two-phase), and solid regions of

thermal or electrical conductivity, trapping rate, the mixture. Calculations have been performed for

and the fluid permeability) and its microstructure. aqueous salt solutions and/or lead/tin alloys

In particular, we shall focus our attention on involving forced convection, thermo/solutal natural

studying the effect of: porosity, spatial distribution convection, and/or thermo/diffusocapillary

of the phase elements, interfacial surface convection. The calculations have revealed a

statistics, anisotropy, and size distribution of the wide variety of rich and robust flow conditions,

phase elements, on the effective properties of including important physical features of the

models of both unconsolidated media (e.g., soils solidification process which have been observed

and packed beds of discrete particles) and experimentally but have heretofore eluded

consolidated media (e.g., sandstones and sintered prediction. These features include double-diffusive

materials). layering in the melt, development of an irregular

liquidus front, remelting of solid, development of

Both theoretical, computer-simulation, and flow channels in the mushy region, and the

experimental techniques have been employed to establishment of characteristic macrosegregation

quantitatively characterize the microstructure and patterns (regions of significantly different

compute the transport properties of disordered composition) in the final solid. Theoretical and

media. Statistical-mechanical theory has been experimental studies have also revealed means by

used to obtain n-point distribution functions and to which macrosegregation may be actively

study percolation phenomena in continuum suppressed, as, for example, through the

random-media models. For example, the pore- application of a magnetic field or intermittent

size distribution, lineal path function, and the rotation of the mold.

chord-length distribution function have been

investigated and computed. This has led to

accurate predictions of transport properties of

realistic models of isotropic as well as anisotropic

heterogeneous media. Cross property relations

have been derived. Rigorous relations which link

the fluid permeability to length scales obtainable

from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance experiments

and the effective electrical conductivity have been

derived. Moreover, the effective conductivity has

Engineering Research 34 1996
Purdue University only in wetting fronts, portions of the liquid-vapor

School Engineering of Nuclear interface which contract the wall as a result of the

West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-C interfacial waviness. These waves are generated

93-3 from the heater's upstream region with

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in wavelengths following predictions based upon the

Two-Phase Flow Kelvin-Helmholtz instability criterion. Critical heat

M. Ishii flux occurs when the pressure force exerted upon

the interface due to interfacial curvature, which

The objective of the research program is to preserves interfacial contact with the wall prior to

develop instrumentation methods, experimental CHF, is overcome by the momentum of vapor at

data base and models for describing the interfacial the site of the firt weing front, causing the

structure and behaviors of two-phase flows. In interface to lift away from the wall. Recent studies

terms of the flow structure, the transverse have shown this interfacial lift-off criterion

distributions of the local void fraction, interfacial facilitates accurate theoretical modeling of CHF in

area concentration, fluid particle size and their both straight and curved channels. Present

axial development from the entrance to the exit will studies are focused on extending this model to

be the primary focal point of the experimental highly subcooled conditions.

research. For the purpose of understanding the

dynamic behaviors, the interfacial velocity, fluid

particle coalescence and disintegration are Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

studied. The axial changes in the distribution of Dept of Mechanical Engineering, $149,828

void fraction and interfacial area give the Aeronautical Eng & Mechanics 01-A

information on the particle coalescence and Troy, NY 12180-3590 96-3

disintegration. These are used to quantify the flow

regime transitions. The multi-sensor probes are Inelastic Constitutive Equation: Deformation

used together with hot-film probes for these Induced Anistropy and the Behavior at High

measurements. The focus of the modeling effort Homologous Temperature

is to develop an interfacial area transport equation E. Krempl

which incorporates the mechanistic models for

coalescence and disintegration of fluid particles. Using experimental results obtained with

This transport equation describes dynamical computer-controlled, servohydraulic testing

change of the interfacial structure and replaces the machines, continuum mechanics and materials

conventional model based on flow regime science as backgrounds, constitutive equations

transition criteria. (mathematical models of material deformation

behavior that are used in stress and life-time

analyses) are being developed with emphasis on

Purdue University two aspects: Deformation induced anisotropy for

School of Mechanical Engineering $124,813 large deformation on the one hand and high

West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-B homologous temperature on the other. Both areas

96-4 extend the modeling capability of the previously

developed "unified," state variable viscoplasticity

Critical Heat Flux in Micro-Channel Flow theory based on overstress (VBO).

I. Mudawar

A mathematical framework and a formulation for

This project targets the development of a the representation of deformation induced

theoretical model for critical heat flux (CHF) from anisotropy has been developed and this theory is

long heated walls in vertical flow. Flow boiling now being applied to rolling of metals. In this case

pattern is examined with the aid of an isotropic metal can be deformed into metal with

photomicrographic and high-speed video imaging elastic and inelastic orthotropy. Simulation of this

techniques in order to determine the CHF trigger process is underway.

mechanism. Close-up studies of the wall region

have revealed features common to most bulk flow The small strain version of VBO has been

conditions. At fluxes below CHF, the vapor extended to high homologous temperature and

coalesces into a wavy layer which permits wetting applied to Alloy 600 H at temperatures above 0.7.

Engineering Research 35 1996
The model can simulate the experimentally an oblate spheroidal bubble. Bubble deformation

observed creep and tensile behavior. It is also at high Reynolds number is modelled using an

shown that the transition from the solid to the fluid instantaneous deformation tensor and the resulting

state can be accomplished easily with VBO. lift force is calculated as a function of the tensor

Applications to solder materials for which ambient components.

temperature is a high homologous temperature

and an effort to reduce the number of needed The experiment (not supported by DoE, but related

constants in the model are underway. to the confirmation of the results) to measure the

lift force on bubbles, droplets and rigid particles

moving in a turbulent shear flow has been revised,

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and is being tested.

Center for Multiphase Research $127,000

Troy, NY 12180-3590 01-C

94- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Development of Multidimensional Two-Fluid Dept of Chemical Engineering $92,000

Modeling Capability Troy, NY 12180-3590 01-C

R. Lahey, Jr., D. Drew 93-4

Development and Use of Image Scanning

The focus of the work is on the forces involved in Ellipsometer to Study the Dynamics of

flows that feature the gas phase in configurations Heated Thin Liquid Films

other than spherical bubbles, and how to quantify P. Wayner, Jr., J. Plawsky

them. The work is being conducted by Mr. Tagir

Nigmatulin, with some assistance from The physicochemical phenomena associated with

Mr. Francisco Moraga. fluid flow, change-of-phase heat transfer, and

drying in ultra-thin (thickness less than 10' m)

We are implementing our models for multiple fields liquid films are being studied. In these thin liquid

(specifically, continuous liquid, dispersed vapor, film systems, the interfacial, intermolecular, force

continuous vapor and dispersed liquid) into a field, which controls fluid flow and heat transfer, is

steady, fully developed numerical code in order to a function of the film thickness profile. If the

examine whether it will predict flow features that physical properties of the evaporating liquid film

resemble flow regime changes. are known, the film thickness profile, measured

experimentally, can be used to calculate the

The geometrical analysis for the prediction of the pressure field and the local evaporative heatinterfacial area density has resulted in an transfer rate. To measure the film thickness profile,

approximation for the area in several situations. a novel ellipsometric technique (Image Scanning

The generalization from area evolution by Ellipsometry, ISE) has been developed. ISE

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability to nonlinear waves has combines classical null ellipsometry with

resulted in the derivation of a model that is microscopic image processing, to determine

capable of describing waves on annular flows and simultaneously the thickness of the liquid film at all

Taylor bubbles in slug flow, the latter being points on the substrate. Image processing helps

described as travelling waves, identify the precise location of the surface of the

liquid film which corresponds to the measured

We are also studying the analysis of phenomena thickness. Thus a 2-D profile of the liquid film can

related to the nonlinear wave model as it applies be constructed. Currently, a second generation

to multiphase flow. We are analyzing disturbance ISE employing enhanced resolution image

waves to see if a nonlinear breaking waves are acquisition and processing equipment is nearing

responsible for entrainment of droplets in film flow completion. The augmented processing power of

and bridging by liquid and consequently the the second generation instrument is expected to

transition from film flow to slug flow. We have help plot more precise thickness profiles.

shown that travelling waves agree well with the Presently, the study of the formation of thin

shape of Taylor bubbles. aerogel films is being emphasized. Results

obtained using the initial design were presented in

We have derived the deformation lift on a Applied Optics, 33, pp 1223-1229, 1994, and,

spherical bubble, a prolate spheroidal bubble, and Physics Fluids, 6, pp 1963-1971, 1994.

Engineering Research 36 1996
Rice University Particular attention has recently been given to

Dept of Civil Engineering $88,000 studying the equilibrium fluctuation of vortex lines

Houston, TX 77251 01-A in models of bulk high temperature

953 superconductors.

A Novel Nonlinear System Identification

Approach with Applicability to Aging of Simulations have shown that there can be two

Energy Production and Distribution Systems distinct phase transitions describing the

P. Spanos superconducting ordering parallel versus

perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The

Nonlinear forces acting on energy systems such loss of order in the perpendicular direction has

as large offshore structures, are studied from a been associated with a melting of the ground state

perspective of system identification. The vortex line lattice. The loss of order in the parallel

nonlinearities may be induced by ocean waves, direction has been associated with the onset of a

and they may become significant in several vortex line tangle percolating throughout the entire

situations. They are not necessarily assumed to system. New simulations, relaxing earlier

be in the form of Morison's equation. Various approximations, are being carried out to clarify this

wave forces are examined. The force function is issue. The effect of applied currents and random

decomposed either into a set of base functions, or vortex pinning sites will be added in future work.

it is expanded in terms of the wave and structural The dynamic ehavior of vortices in two

kinematics. The resulting nonlinear system is dimensional Josephson arrays has also recently

decomposed in a number of parallel non-memory, been investigated using a detailed finite size

nonlinear systems, each followed by a finite analysis to verify proposed scaling equations.

memory subsystem. A Gram-Schmidt

orthonormalization procedure is applied to This research will greatly enhance the fundamental

decouple these subsystems; a frequency domain understanding of behavior in strongly fluctuating

technique involving auto-spectra and cross-spectra superconducting materials. The results will have

is employed to identify the linear transfer function. impact in understanding the magnetic properties of

In' conjunction with this problem, an efficient the new high temperature superconductors, and in

algorithm for representing random processes by the design of Josephson junction arrays for use as

auto-regressive-moving-average digital algorithms microwave detectors and generators.

is pursued for implementation into system

identification problems. The analytical results are

calibrated by Monte Carlo simulation studies. University Of Rochester

Dept of Physics and Astronomy $95,187

University Of Rochester Rocheter, NY 14627 06

Dept of Physics and Astronomy $71,930 Direct and Inverse Problems in Statistical

Rochester, NY 14627 06-C Wavefelds

953 E. Wolf

Flux Flow, Pinning, and Resistive Behavior

in Superconducting Networks The main objective of this research is to elucidate

S. Teltel how coherence properties of sources affect the

spatial and the spectral distribution of the energy The fluctuation of vortices and vortex lines has density and the flux vector throughout the radiated

been shown to be a major source of electrical field. The analysis utilizes the techniques of

resistance for superconducting networks when statistical wave theory. Among the main results

placed in magnetic fields. Systems of particular obtained during the past year was the derivation of

interest include the new high temperature type II some new conservation laws for fluctuating free

superconductors, and periodic arrays of fields, clarification of distinction between changes

Josephson junctions. Numerical simulations are spectra due to source correlation and due to in spectra due to source correlation and due to

being carried out to identify and characterize the diffraction and dispersion and the introduction of a

nature of the various vortex structures present in class of model sources each of which generates a

such systems, asa function of temperature field whose normalized spectrum is the same at

and applied magnetic field, and to understand the every point outside the domain occupied by the

nature of the phase transitions between them.

Engineering Research 37 1996
source. Spectral filtering of fields with strong Sandia National Laboratories

quantum correlations was also studied and the Combustion Research Facility $90,000

changes in the correlation characteristics of a field Thermofluids Division 06-B

produced by a down converter passing through a Livermore, CA 94550 963

strongly dispersive element, such as the FabryPerot cavity was calculated. A generalization of Dynamically Active Scalars in Turbulent

the Talbot effect for propagation in a graded index ombustion Heat Transfer, and Geophysical Combustion, Heat Transfer, and medium was also studied. Flows Flows

A. Kerstein

The Rockefeller University The principal focus of this research program is

Department of Physics $93,450 modeling of turbulent flows in which mixing

1230 York Avenue 06-C modifies flow energetics, as in buoyant stratified

New York, NY 10021 95-4 turbulence and turbulent combustion. Turbulent

motions are represented by mappings applied to a

Some Basic Research Problems Related to one-dimensional domain on which a velocity

Energy profile, and profiles of participating scalar

E. Cohen quantities, are defined. The mappings are

determined by turbulence energetics based on

1. A very simple interpolation formula for the velocity differences and any dynamically active

Newtonian viscosity as well as the visco-elastic scalars. The mappings modify the velocity and

behavior of monodisperse hard sphere colloidal scalar profiles, yielding a self-contained evolution

suspensions has been derived theoretically for low process.

as well as high concentrations. The formula has

been adapted to micelles and is being tested for Molecular transport (viscosity and species

polymers. An extension to shear-rate dependent diffusion) are implemented concurrently with the

effects is in progress. mapping process in this fully resolved formulation.

2. The investigation of Lorentz lattice gas cellular The mechanistic distinction between advective and

automata is continued. In this gas a point particle diffusive processes is thus maintained. This

moves on the bonds of a lattice fully or partially distinction is not maintained in models that lack full

occupied by deterministic scatterers of two types, spatial resolution.

which scatter the particle either to its left or to its

right and change their scattering character after Initial applications to homogeneous turbulence,

collision with the particle. Complex free shear flows and boundary layers demonstrate

diffusion-propagation patterns of motion of the that the model reproduces key features of the

particle then emerge. This complex behavior of a turbulent cascade and the scaling laws and spatial

very simple system could well be the prototype for structure (mean and fluctuation properties) of

a variety of phenomena found in nature. This is inhomogeneous flows. In future work, the model

further investigated. will be used to gain mechanistic understanding of

3. Dynamical weights using expanding Lyapunov turbulent mixing processes involving passive and

exponents, rather than the usual probabilistic active scalars, with emphasis on engineering and

(Gibbsian) weights, can be employed to obtain the geophysical mixing processes that have not yet

probability distribution of a many particle system in been modeled successfully.

a nonequilibrium stationary state (e.g. a sheared

fluid), which can be far from equilibrium.

Successful applications of this new approach to

obtain the properties of such a system have been

made and are further pursued.

Engineering Research 38 1996
Science Applications Intl Corp Stanford University

Biotechnology Research and $299,872 Dept of Mechanical Engineering $0

Applications Group 03-A Stanford, CA 94305-030 01-A

McLean, VA 22102 96-3 93-3

Structure and Modelling of the ThreeFunction-Based Biosensors for Use in Dimensional Boundary Layers on a Rotating

Hazardous Waste Remediation Disk

J. J. Hickman J. Eaton

Research Objectives and Scientific Approach The objectives of this work are to develop

The goal of this work is to develop a new type of improved understanding of the effect of mean flow

sensor capable of detecting toxins in hazardous three dimensionality on convective heat transfer

waste effluents after remediation. This novel through detailed experiments on turbulent

biosensor will monitor the changes in electrical transport mechanisms. Experiments have been

signal between two neurons adhered to a uniquely conducted in two geometries, a large disk rotating

patterned artificial surface in a defined growth in still air and a highly skewed wind-tunnel

media. The changes in electrical signal will boundary layer. New miniaturized probes have

correspond to the changes in neuron-neuron been developed to measure the turbulent heat flux

communication upon the introduction of a toxin. in the disk boundary layer. The probe uses a

This type of sensor would be able to sense known cross-wire anemometer with 2.5 micron diameter

as well as unknown toxins in hazardous waste wires and a separate resistance thermometer. A

effluents after remediation. technique has been developed for frequency

compensation of resistance thermometers that

Current Status of Project allows their use to higher frequencies than

Great progress has been made in several key previously possible. Temperature profiles have

areas via the commitment of SAIC internal been recorded and heat flux measurements are

research and development funds to jump-start and underway. An extremely high resolution

augment this program during the first year. Initial laser-Doppler anemometer system was developed

screening established extreme cases of self- which provides a 35 micron diameter by 60 micron

assembled monolayer (SAM) modified surfaces long measurement volume in a laboratory scale

which would either promote or impede neuronal wind tunnel. Reynolds stress measurements deep

growth on the substrates. These SAM's were then into the sublayer of a skewed boundary layer were

used to construct lithographically defined surface acquired using this system. The results showed

for neuronal patteming. A key area of progress close alignment of the shear stress and strain rate

was to establish a laser system that gave vectors near the wall. This contradicts previous

reproducible patterns. The collaborative effort with assumptions that were made in the absence of

NIH, NINDS has allowed the culture and any reliable data. The remainder of the grant

electrophysiological characterization of rat period will be used to complete the heat flux

hippocampal neurons on these high resolution measurements and interpret them in terms of

patterned surfaces in defined media. available models.

Preliminary cell culture results have indicated we

have extended the longevity and fidelity on the Stanford University

patters. We have applied new surface analysis Dept of Mechanical Engineering $137,700

tools in these investigations that have enabled a Stanford, CA 943053030 01-A

clearer understanding of the relationship between 953

surface and cell response. In the second year of Stress and Stability Analysis of Surface

the project the primary goal will be extension of Morphology of Elastic and Piezoelectric

the in vitro culture system on the patterns to > 1 Materials

month. Preliminary response of the rudimentary H Gao, D. Barnett

circuits to toxins will also be investigated. Finally,

the initial solid-state system will be designed. The objective of this research has been to study

morphological stabilities and instabilities in elastic

and piezoelectric solid. In morphologies are

Engineering Research 39 1996
included surface shapes, cracks, and defect Stanford University

patters. In this past year the conditions for Edward L. GInzton Laboratory $231,000

stability or instability of surfaces and interfaces in Stanford, CA 94305-3030 03-B

piezoelectric materials (including arbitrary elastic 96-3

and piezoelectric anisotropy) have been developed Optical Techniques for Characterization of

[1]. This work has shown that piezoelectric High Temperature Superconductors

coupling may tend to either stabilize or destabilize G. Kino

an initial flat boundary or interface. A destabilized

surface evolves toward the formation of crack-like Photothermal techniques are used to measure the

flaw. This study suggests that piezoelectric normal carrier density below the transition

coupling could be utilized to control diffusive temperature T, in high-temperature

initiation of surface defects. A portion of future superconductors, to study the nature of the phase

work will be directed toward corroborating theory transition, and to measure the homogeneity and

with experiments and identifying whether more quality of these materials. A modulated focused

sophisticated theoretical models for defect laser bea incident on the sample vares its

generation need to be explored. Another direction temperature periodically, and a second probe

which this research has taken is the study of beam a few microns away measures the

fracture in piezoelectric solids. A strip saturation differential reflectivity associated with the thermal

model and the concept of multiscale energy wave propagating along the sample. Changes in

release rates have been introduced [2,3] to explain critical temperature in regions less than 100 pm

some existing experimental observations of the apart have been measured, and the difference in

behavior of cracks in piezoelectric ceramics. quality of different samples can clearly be seen.

Extensions of this work are underway. Measurement of thermal diffusivity in single-YBCO

crystals yields good estimates of the variation of

Patterns of equilibrium 2-dimensional normal electron density with temperature.

arrangements of large numbers of dislocations Observations of small changes in the phase

have been computed by using numerical methods variation yield the transition temperature of the

to minimize the potential energy of the dislocation material. Polarized light observations of singledistributions. Efficiency of computation has been crystal YBCO near the transition point yield curves

greatly enhanced by studying doubly periodic as a function of temperature with shapes that are

arrangements of dislocation cells for which some very different, depending on the polarization of the

analytic reduction is possible. It has been found probe beam relative to the A and B directions.

that many possible equilibrium patterns exist under Twinned samples do not show this anisotropy.

zero applied stress, i.e., nearby equilibrium The shape and sign of these curves also appears

arrangements are always available. A study of the to provide a very sensitive measurement of the

stabilty of these arrays under application of applied state of doping of the material. By measuring the

stresses is now underway. modulated signals at the second harmonic of the

input signal, the temperature modulation of the

[1] N. Y. Chien, H. Gao, G. Herrmann, and D. M. sample by the laser beam can be determined.

Bamett, "Diffusive Surface Instabilities Induced by During the last year the system has been rebuilt to

Electromechanical Loading", Proceedings of the give more accurate results, to work at lower

Royal Society, London, A452, pp. 527-541 (1995). temperatures so that we can make measurements

of normal superconductors and compare with

[2] H. Gao, T.-Y. Zhang, and P. Tong, "Local and theory, and to make more rapid measurements of

Global Energy Release Rates for an Electrically the quality of thin film superconductors.

Yielded Crack in Piezoelectric Ceramics", Journal

of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids (in review)

[3] H. Gao and D. M. Barnett, "An Invariance

Property of Local Energy Release Rates in a Strip

Saturation Model of Piezoelectric Fracture",

International Journal of Fracture (in review)

Engineering Research 40 1996
Stanford University as combinations of chemical reactions, diffusion,

Mechanical Engineering Dept $235,135 thermal conduction, and viscous flow. Such

Stanford, 94305 CA 03-B theories have been formulated for each of the

96-4 individual processes, both linear and nonlinear.

Nonequilibrium Plasma Chemistry Progress has been made on the thermodynamic

C. Kruger, T. Owano and stochastic theory of coupled transport

processes as exemplified by light-scattering in a

This research is concerned with optical diagnostics fluid in a temperature gradient. The theory has

for plasma chemistry and plasma processing, with also been extended to study fluctuations near limit

an emphasis on methods that allow for departures cycles in chemical reaction systems and to show

from local thermodynamic equilibrium (such as the role of Liapunov functions in the issues of

finite chemical reaction rates, nonequilibrium stability and relative stability in reaction diffusion

electron densities and temperatures, and radiation systems with multiple stationary states. An

loss effects). Studies in an induction plasma extensive analysis has been published on the

facility show significant nonequilibrium within a categorization of some oscillatory enzymatic

downstream reactor, and suggest the possibility of reactions. In an analysis of glygolytic metabolites

erroneous results when using conventional by capillary zone electrophoresis the

diagnostics that assume local thermodynamic concentrations of eleven different species have

equilibrium. been measured simultaneously in preparation for

study on the kinetics of this system.

Advanced laser-based methods are being

developed for measurement of plasma parameters

including species concentration and temperature. Stanford University

The primary techniques under investigation are Dept of Chemistry $99,017

Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) and Stanford, CA 94305 03-A

Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). These 96-3

techniques are being applied to atmospheric Laser-Based Diagnostics for Plasma

pressure and near-atmospheric pressure plasma Chemistry

environments in order to assess the importance of R. Zare

nonequilibrium effects under conditions of interest

to plasma chemistry. This research continues to pioneer cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), a new laser

Experiments using DFWM to probe CH and C2 absorption technique that provides highly sensitive

within the reacting plasma have demonstrated the measurements of absolute concentrations of

ability to provide sensitive (ppm level) detection species in plasmas and other luminous media.

with submillimeter spatial resolution in the Design of a mid-infrared CRDS system that

measurement of vibrational temperatures, measures CH3 radicals in a plasma torch used for

rotational temperatures, and species diamond deposition with an optical parametric

concentrations. The use of CRDS to detect CH 3 oscillator (OPO) light source, is underway.

radicals with high sensitivity and high spatial

resolution has also been recently demonstrated. Development of portable and inexpensive CRDS

systems that can detect species in different

plasmas is in progress. A prototype that uses a

Stanford University commercial laser diode (LD-CRDS) at 830 nm has

Dept of Chemistry $282,000 successfully measured the spectrum of water

Stanford, CA 94305 06-C vapor in ambient air with a resolution of 0.001 nm

95-4 and a sensitivity of 3 x 10-5 cm' . Based on

Topics in a Thermodynamic and Stochastic measurements using the OPO system, LD-CRDS

Theory of Nonlinear Processes Far from can potentially achieve a sensitivity of 10' 8 cm'

Equilibrium while functioning under harsh operating conditions

J. Ross (strong background emission, high temperatures),

as illustrated by OPO-based measurements of

Research focuses on the thermodynamic and water vapor in a propane torch flame.

stochastic theory of hydrodynamic processes, such

Engins.ring Research 41 1996
This research also furthers the understanding of In addition, several applications of the this

Fabry-Perot theory, which describes the behavior approach are in progress. These include matterof light inside a ring-down cavity. Extensive field coupled systems (quantum, optics), nonlinear

modeling tools based on complementary fields, causal behavior of the soft-core Lorentz

differential equation and a matrix approaches have gas, and transport processes in moderately dense

been implemented. These allow the simulation of gas with hard-core interactions and quantum

cavity output waveforms for optimizing CRDS mesoscopic systems

system parameters.

University Of Texas At Austin

University Of Texas At Austin Dept of Physics $185,000

Ctr for Studies in Statistical Mech $99,999 Austin, TX 78712 06-C

and Complex Systems 06-C 93-5

Austin, TX 78712 94-3 Complex Spatiotemporal Patterns in

Nonequilibrium Systems

The Behavior of Matter Under Non- H. Swinney

Equilibrium Conditions: Fundamental

Aspects and Applications The formation of time-dependent spatial patterns

I. Prigogine, T. Petrosky is being studied in chemical and physical systems

driven far from equilibrium. The goal is to

A formulation of the dynamics of chaotic systems understand what features of behavior are common

and of unstable quantum systems has been in diverse pattern-forming systems. What kinds of

developed which includes, in a rigorous manner, patterns arise spontaneously as the stress is

the arrow of time on the fundamental level. This increased on an initially homogeneous system?

formulation unifies thermodynamics and dynamics. What kinds of transitions are permitted between

This has been done by extending the basic different patters? What is the role of symmetries

equations of motions (the Liouville-von Neumann in the boundary conditions and the equations of

equations) in a wider class of function spaces than motion? These issues and their relation to

the usual Hilbert space. This extension applies, in applications are being addressed in laboratory

particular, to chaotic maps and to a certain class experiments, numerical simulations, and analyses

of unstable Hamiltonian systems, where it yields on reaction-diffusion systems, vertically vibrated

new solutions on the statistical level that are not granular media, and convecting fluids. A study of

implementable in terms of trajectories or rotating spirals in a chemical reaction-diffusion

wavefunctions. Situations where the generalized system has revealed a parity-breaking transition

formulation applies can easily be compared to from stationary to oscillating chemical spots.

numerical simulations. All of these theoretical Experiments on oscillating granular media have

predictions have been verified in this way. led to the discovery of a new type of excitation: a

stable, localized, stationary structure dubbed

Some of these predictions are very unexpected, "oscillon", which is a peak on one cycle and a

such as the extension of quantum scattering crater in the next cycle. Experiments and

theory for finite times (in contrast with the usual simulations on turbulent convection in a

S-matrix approach valid for asymptotic times). quasi-two-dimensional system, a thin vertical sheet

This approach led to the discovery of new secular of fluid, show that the behavior is dominated by

effects which are possible only outside the Hilbert the dynamics of plumes (birth, growth, merger,

space. Indeed, it was found that a new peak of and destruction).

the transition rate of three-body scattering in

momentum space for large wave packets. The

peak exists only during the time wave packets are

overlapping, and disappears after collision. This

discovery offers the possibility of laboratory

experiments to observe events occurring outside

the usual Hilbert space formulation of quantum

mechanics.

Engineering Research 42 1996
University of Washington Washington University

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $76,721 Department of Systems Science $91,772

Seattle, WA 98195 01-A and Mathematics 03-A

94-3 Saint Louis, MO 63130 96-3

3-D Experimental Fracture Analysis

at High Temperatures Visionics: An Integrated Approach to

A. Kobayashi Analysis and Design of Intelligent Machines

B. Ghosh

The objective of this three year project is to

assess experimentally, the validity of T* integral In this project we propose to control intelligent

and its applicability to quasi-static and dynamic machines that has the ability to operate and

ductile fracture. Early in the second year, a perform satisfactorily in an unstructured

protocol for extracting the T* integral values from environment based on visual information. Such a

the surface displacement fields obtained by moire machine has the ability to navigate in the

interferometry was established. The procedure environment, learn about the geometric structure

consists of numerically evaluating the integral and shape of objects in a partially known

along a partial contour, a small distance, s, in environment and to track changes in the position

front of the crack tip, In order to assure a state of of objects over time. As a specific application, we

plane stress, e is equated to one plate thickness propose to study the visually guided robotics

and the resultant T* is designated T*%. The problem where the system has the ability to

procedure was verified through numerical autonomously modify the existing planned path in

experiments conducted at the Georgia Institute of order to avoid an obstacle that has been detected

Technology (GIT) under a parallel DOE grant. visually.

The established procedure was used to determine The role of vision and analysis of dynamical

T*1's of A606 HSLA steel, single-edge notched systems based on intelligent machines that can

(SEN) specimens with small stable crack growth, see the environment, has been studied for the last

= 2 mm, and 2024-T3 aluminum, compact (CT) of six years. The associated dynamical system has

large crack growth, - 8 mm. Parallel numerical been introduced and studied under the name

analysis of these two sets of experiments were 'perspective systems' (dynamical systems with

conducted at GIT where the experimentally and perspective observation function). Parameter

numerically determined T*, were found to be in identification and estimation problems associated

excellent agreement. T*8 of the A606 HSLA SEN with a perspective system has been understood as

specimen continued to increase with stable crack a course of our investigation. The perspective

growth, possibly due to the lack of constraint in the theory has also been applied to a specific

SEN specimen. T*, of the 2024-T3 CT specimen experimental set up which involves visual

reached a steady state value of i 140 MPa-mm. guidance of a robot manipulator in a

The CT specimen results suggest that T*8 could manufacturing workcell.

be a viable fracture parameter which controls

stable crack growth. The crack tip opening angles To sum up, building on earlier progress in the field

(CTOA) for the two materials immediately reached of 'perspective estimation,' this project introduces

steady state values with crack growth. However, and studies intelligent machines that are based on

results from a FAA funded study showed that 'visually guided estimation and control system

CTOA is insensitive to the inherent decrease in design.' The long term goal is to study

ductility due to increased thickness and therefore perspective control systems, that has the ability to

may not be a proper fracture parameter. perform visually guided autonomous tasks

requiring sensor fusion. Overall this project

introduces new challenges in control technology

with applications to control systems design in

remote, unstructured and possibly hazardous

environment.

Engineering Research 43 1996
Washington State University experimental data base, and an analysis leading to

Dept of Mech & Matis Engineering $74,304 predictive models for describing the interfacial

Pullman, WA 99164-2920 01-B structure and behaviors of horizontal two-phase

94-3 flows. In terms of the flow structure, the

Coupled Particle Dispersion by Three- transverse distributions of the local void fraction,

Dimensional Vortex Structures interfacial area concentration, fluid particle size

T. Troutt and their axial development from the entrance to

the exit will be the primary focal point of the

The primary objective of this research program is research. For the purpose of understanding the

to obtain understanding concerning the role of dynamic behaviors, the interfacial velocity, wave

three-dimensional vortex structures in the characteristics, fluid particle coalescence and

dispersion of particles and droplets in free shear disintegration will be studied. The axial changes

flows. This research program builds on previous in the distribution of void fraction and interfacial

studies which focused on the nature of particle area give the information on the particle

dispersion in large scale quasi two-dimensional coalescence and disintegration. These will be

vortex structures which are a dominant component characterized by the collision frequency and

of free shear flows. Although three dimensional interfacial energy and turbulence in the liquid.

vortex structures can be quite complex in nature,

time scaling quantities such as Stokes number can A special emphasis will be placed on the further

still be expected to be important for understanding improvement of the multi-sensor resistivity probe

the particle dispersion process. method which has been successfully developed and cross-calibrated against other global

This research program is employing time- techniques. The multi-sensor probes will be used

dependent experimental and numerical techniques together with hot-film probes for the liquid

to provide information concerning the particulate turbulence measurements. These new

dispersion process produced by three-dimensional measurements will give sufficient information to

vortex structures. The free shear flows evaluate the local relative velocity and momentum

investigated include slightly perturbed plane mixing interaction between phases. Final focus of the

layers and wakes. Recent three-dimensional two- modeling effort is to develop interfacial area

phase flow simulation results indicate that transport equation which incorporates the

streamwise vortex structures can significantly alter mechanistic models for coalescence and

the particle dispersion process in plane mixing disintegration of fluid particles. This transport

layers. The influence of these streamwise euation describes dynamical change of the

structures appears to be most pronounced for interfacial structure and replaces the conventional

particles with intermediate value Stokes numbers. model based on flow regime transiton crteria.

Intensive experimental and numerical studies of The proposed research program will provide: a) a

these new observations are presently being new scientific instrumentation method for studying

pursued. Eventually insights from these three- detailed interfacial characteristics of two-phase

dimensional particle dispersion results may lead to flow, b) benchmark data for the local interfacial

improvements in the design of practical energy area concentration, void fraction distribution,

conversion systems. interfacial wave structure, relative velocity and

wave propagation velocity for horizontal two-phase

flow systems, c) mechanistic models for fluid

University Of Wisconsin particle coalescence and disintegration, and d)

McUniversity eOf Wisconsin interfacial area transport equation. Mechanical Engineering Dept $0

Milwaukee, Wl 53201 01-C

93-3

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in

Two-Phase Flow Systems

G. Kojasoy

The objectives of the proposed research program

are to develop instrumentation methods, an

Engineering Research 44 1996
University Of Wisconsin on developing process identification and control

Dept of Chemical Engineering $118,960 procedures which allow the design of advanced

Madison, WI 53706 03-A control systems based on limited process

95-3 information and which will work reliably when

New Process Modeling, Design and process parameters change in an unknown

Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency, manner. Specific topics to be studied include new

High Product Quality, and Improved process identification procedures, nonlinear

Productivity in the Process Industries controller designs, adaptive control methods, and

W Ray -techniques for distributed parameter systems. Both fundamental and immediately applicable

The process industries are having great difficulty results are expected. The theoretical

competing in the world market because of high developments are being tested experimentally on

energy costs, high labor rates, and old technology pilot scale equipment in the laboratory. These

for many processes. This project is concerned experiments not only allow improvements in

with the development of process design and theoretical work, but also represent real life

control strategies for improving energy efficiency, demonstrations of the effectiveness of the

product quality, and productivity in the process methods and of the feasibility of implementing

industry. In particular, (1) the resilient design and them in an industrial environment. The new

control of chemical reactors, and (2) the operation techniques developed in this. project will be

of complex processing systems, will be incorporated into computer-aided design packages

investigated. Major emphasis in part (1) will be on and disseminated to industry. Therefore, it is

two important classes of chemical reactors: expected that the work will have an impact on

polymerization processes and packed bed industrial practice.

reactors. In part (2), the main focus will be

Engineering Research 45 1996
Budget Number Index

Mechanical Sciences:

01-A Solid Mechanics: macroscopic aspects of elastic and plastic deformations,

and crack propagation

01-B Heat Transfer

01-C Fluid Mechanics

01-D Tribology

Control Systems and Instrumentation:

03-A Control systems, large scale systems

03-B Instrumentation for hostile environment, and NDE

03-C Intelligent systems

Engineering Data and Analysis:

06-A Thermophysical properties and processes

06-B Combustion

06-C Non-linear dynamics and engineering analysis
Budget Page

Number Number

01-A

Continuum Damage Mechanics - Critical States ...................... 2

An Investigation of History Dependent Damage in Time Dependent

Fracture Mechanics .................................. ....... 2

Simulation and Analysis of Dynamic Failure of Ductile Materials ........... 3

Dynamic Failure Characterization of Ductile Steels .................... 10

Nonlinear Dynamics of Fluid-Structure Systems ...................... 11

An Analytical-Numerical Alternating Method for 3-D Inelastic Fracture and

Integrity Analysis of Pressure-Vessels and Piping at Elevated Temperatures . 13

Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis Emphasis on Surface Flaws ............. 15

Origins of Asymmetric Stress-Strain Response in Phase Transformations .... 18

Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks .................. ........ 23

Inelastic Constitutive Equation: Deformation Induced Anistropy and the

Behavior at High Homologous Temperature ........................ 35

A Novel Nonlinear System Identification Approach with Applicability to

Aging of Energy Production and Distribution Systems ................. 37

Structure and Modelling of the Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers on a

Rotating Disk .............................................. 39

Stress and Stability Analysis of Surface Morphology of Elastic

and Piezoelectric Materials ..................................... 39

3-D Experimental Fracture'Analysis at High Temperatures ............... 43

01-B

Film Cooling in a Pulsating Stream ................................ 1

Ultrashort laser Heating and Phase Change in Liquids .................. 4

Heat/Mass Transfer Enhancement in Separated and Vortex Flows ......... 25

Theory of Subcooled Boiling .................................... 30

Research on Combustion-Driven HVOF Thermal Sprays ................ 33

Critical Heat Flux in Micro-Channel Flow ............................ 35

Coupled Particle Dispersion by Three-Dimensional Vortex Structures ....... 44

01-C

Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Coherent Structures .................... 1

Basic Studies of Transport Processes in Porous Media ................. 4

Wave Turbulence Interactions ................................... 9

Gas and Solids Holdup in Three Phase Bioreactors .................... 11
01-C (cont'd)

Experimental Studies of Reynolds Number Dependence of Turbulent Mixing

and Transport .............................................. 12

Two-Phase Potential Flow ...................................... 12

Experimental and Analytical Investigations of Flows in Porous Media ....... 13

Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines .................................... 17

Two-Fluid Averaged Equations for Multi-Phase Flow ................... 18

Turbulence Theory and Reduced Hydrodynamics ..................... 19

Contaminant Dispersal in Bounded Turbulent Shear Flows ............. 21

Lubricated Transport of Viscous Materials ........................... 25

Microscopic Interfacial Phenomena During Flow in Porous Media .......... 31

Fundamental Study of Long-Short Interfacial Wave Interactions and Application

to Flow Regime Development .................................. 32

Effect of Forced and Natural Convection on Solidification of Binary Mixtures . . 34

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow .............. 35

Development of Multidimensional Two-Fluid Modeling Capability .......... 36

Development and Use of Image Scanning Ellipsometer to Study the Dynamics

of Heated Thin Liquid Films .................................... 36

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Systems ....... 44

01-D

Characterization of Metal Cutting Dynamics ......................... 20

Cryotribology (Low Temperature Friction and Wear): Development of

Cryotribological Theories and Application to Cryogenic Devices .......... 23

03-A

Modeling of Process Control .................................... 8

Systematic Process Synthesis and Design Methods for Cost Effective Waste

M inim ization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Application of Intelligent Control Systems to Mixed-Culture Bioprocesses .... 15

Intelligent Control of Thermal Processes ............................ 16

Model Building, Control and Optimization of Large Scale Systems ......... 17

Synthesis and Optimization of Integrated Chemical Processes ............ 22

Partial Control of Complex Processing Systems ...................... 29

Function-Based Biosensors for Use in Hazardous Waste Remediation ...... 39

Laser-Based Diagnostics for Plasma Chemistry ....................... 41

Visionics: An Integrated Approach to Analysis and Design of Intelligent

Machines ................ ............................... 43

New Process Modeling, Design and Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency,

High Product Quality, and Improved Productivity in the Process Industries . 45
03-B

Nondestructive Evaluation of Superconductors ....................... 16

Two-Phase Flow Measurements by NMR ........................... 20

Pulse Propagation in Inhomogeneous Optical Waveguides ............... 21

Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding ........................... 22

Multivariable Control Of The Gas-Metal Arc Welding Process ............. 23

Thin-Film Characterization and Flaw Detection ....................... 30

Optical Techniques for Characterization of High Temperature Superconductors 40

Nonequilibrium Plasma Chemistry ................................ 41

03-C

Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR) ........... 32

06-A

Enzyme Adsorption and Activity at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces ............... 3

Modeling of Thermal Plasma Processes ............................ 14

Fundamentals of Thermal Plasma Processing ....................... 14

Steady State and Transient Nucleation Kinetics ....................... 19

Development of Principles and Methodologies of Metabolic Engineering ..... 24

Gelation of Dense Silica Suspensions: Effect of Shear ................. 27

Transport Properties of Disordered Porous Media From The Microstructure . 34

06-B

Fundamental Studies of Spray Combustion .......................... 6

Mechanisms and Enhancements of Flame Stabilization ................. 33

Dynamically Active Scalars in Turbulent Combustion, Heat Transfer,

and Geophysical Flows ...................................... 38

06-C

Linear Kinetic Theory and Particle Transport in Stochastic Mixtures ........ 5

Nonlinear Waves in Continuous Media: Application to Stochasticity and Energy

Concentration .............................................. 5

Broadband Signals: Signal Processing in Chaos ...................... 6

Noisy Nonlinear Systems ....................................... 6
06-C (cont'd)

Structure and Modeling of Turbulence ............................. 7

Spatiotemporal Wave Patterns: Models and Analysis ................... 7

Experimental Study of 2D Traveling-Wave Patterns in Binary Fluid Convection 8

Bifurcations and Patterns in Nonlinear Dissipative Systems .............. 8

Fundamentals and Techniques of Nonimaging Optics .................. 11

Theoretical and Computational Studies of Pattern Formation ............. 13

Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics .................................. 19

Mathematical Models of Hysteresis ......... .................. 20

Macrostatistical Hydrodynamics ............................. 24

Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition of Advanced Materials ........ 26

Department of Energy Integrated Manufacturing Fellowship Program ....... 26

Center for Aerospace Research & Education for Minority Students at

Southern University .......................................... 26

Industrial Liaison Pilot Program .................................. 27

Development of Measurement Capabilities for the Thermophysical

Properties of Energy-Related Fluids .............................. 28

High-Tc Superconductor-Semiconductor Integration and Contact Technology . 28

The Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions ......................... 28

Studies in Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics of Extended Systems ........ 29

Sub-Electron Transfer of Electric Charge in Semiconductor Nanostructure ... 30

Fragmentation and Dispersion of Powdered Solids in Viscous Liquids ....... 31

Stability and Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal Structures .................. 31

Flux Flow, Pinning, and Resistive Behavior in Superconducting Networks .... 37

Direct and Inverse Problems in Statistical Wavefields .................. 37

Some Basic Research Problems Related to Energy .................... 38

Topics in a Thermodynamic and Stochastic Theory of Nonlinear Processes

Far from Equilibrium ......................................... 41

The Behavior of Matter Under Nonequilibrium Conditions: Fundamental

Aspects and Applications ...................................... 42

Complex Spatiotemporal Patterns in Nonequilibrium Systems ............. 42
Principal Investigators

Investigator Page No.

H. Abarbanel Phone: (619) 534-5590; Fax: (619) 534-7664; e-mail: hdia@hamilton.ucsd.edu .......... 6

J. Achenbach Phone: (847) 491-5527; Fax: (847) 491-5227; e-mail: achenbach@nwu.edu ............. 30

A. Acrivos Phone: (212) 650-8159; Fax: (212) 650-6835; e-mail: acrivos@scisunsci.ccny.cuny.edu .... 28

G. Ahlers Phone: (805) 893-3795; Fax: (805) 893-4170; e-mail: guenter@stc.ucsb.edu ............ 8

S. Altobellli Phone: (505) 262-7155; Fax: (505) 262-7043; e-mail: saltobelli@lucy.tli.org ............. 20

S. Atluri Phone: (404) 894-2758; Fax: (404) 894-2299; e-mail: atluri@cad.gatech.edu ............ 13

S. Banerjee Phone: (805) 893-3456; Fax: (805) 893-4731; e-mail: banerjee@anemone.ucsb.edu ....... 9

S. Bankoff Phone: (847) 491-5267; Fax: (847) 491-3728; e-mail: gbankoff@casbah.acns.nwu.edu ..... 30

J. Barhen Phone: (423) 574-7131; Fax: (423) 574-0405; e-mail: barhen@ornl.gov ......... .... 32

D. Barnett Phone: (415) 723-4143; Fax: (415) 725-4034; e-mail: barnett@leland.stanford.edu ........ 39

P. Barton Phone: (617) 253-6526; Fax: (617) 258-5042; e-mail: pib@mit.edu ......... .......... 22

T. Basar Phone: (217) 333-3607; Fax: (217) 244-1653; e-mail: tbasar@isaacs.csl.uiuc.edu ........ 17

R. Behringer Phone: (919) 660-2550; Fax: (919) 660-2525; e-mail: bob@physics.phy.duke.edu ........ 13

B. Berger Phone: (301) 405-5283; Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: berger@eng.umd.edu . ......... 20

P. Bernard Phone: (301) 405-5272; Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: bernard@eng.umd.edu ............ 21

L. Biegler Phone: (412) 268-2232; Fax: (412) 268-7139; e-mail: biegler@cmu.edu ................ 10

H. Blanch Phone: (510) 642-1387; Fax: (510) 643-1228; e-mail: blanch@socrates.berkeley.edu ...... 3

I. Blankson Phone: (216) 433-5823; Fax: (216) 433-3000; e-mail: isaiah.m.blankson@lerc.nasa.gov .... 26

H. Brenner Phone: (617) 253-6687; Fax: (617) 258-8224; e-mail: hbrenner@mit.edu . .... ........ 24

F. Brust Phone: (614) 424-5034; Fax: (614) 424-3457; e-mail: brust@em.battelle.org ............ 2

D. Cannell Phone: (805) 893-3150; Fax: (805) 893-4170; e-mail: david@alice.ucsb.edu ............ 8

A. Caprihan Phone: (505) 262-7155; Fax: (505) 262-7043; e-mail: acaprihan@lucy.tli.org ............ 20

I. Catton Phone: (310) 825-5320; Fax: (310) 206-4830; e-mail: catton@.ucla.edu ..... ........... 4

C. H. Chang Phone: (208) 526-2886; Fax: (208) 526-0528; e-mail: chc@inel.gov ................... 14

E.G.D. Cohen Phone: (212) 327-8855: Fax: (212) 327-8507; e-mail: egdc@rockvax.rockefeller.edu ...... 38

S. Davis Phone: (847) 491-5397; Fax: (847) 491-2178; e-mail: sdavis@casbah.acns.nwu.edu ...... 30

D. Drew Phone: (518) 276-6903; Fax: (518) 276-4824; e-mail: drewd@rpi.edu ..... ............ 36

T. Eagar Phone: (617) 253-0948; Fax: (617) 252-1773; e-mail: tweagar@mit.edu ................ 22

J. Eaton Phone: (415) 723-1971 ........... .... ................... .......... ... 39

J. Ekin Phone: (303) 497-5448; Fax: (303) 497-5316; e-mail: ekin@boulder.nist.gov ............ 28

J. Epstein Phone: (208) 526-6874; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: esj@inel.gov ......... .......... 15

L. Evans Phone: (617) 577-0100; Fax: (617) 577-0722; e-mail: larry.evans@aspentech.com ........ 22

H. Fasel Phone: (520) 621-2771; Fax: (520) 621-8191; e-mail: faselh@ccit.arizona.edu .......... 1

J. Fincke Phone: (208) 526-2031; Fax: (208) 526-2814; e-mail: jfl@inel.gov .................... 14

A. Frenkel Phone: (205) 348-5434; Fax: (205) 348-7067; e-mail: afrenkel@gp.as.ua.edu ............ 1

L. Freund Phone: (401) 863-1476; Fax: (401) 863-1157; e-mail: freund@isaac.engin.brown.edu ...... 3

E. Fukushima Phone: (505) 262-7155; Fax: (505) 262-7043; e-mail: eiichi@lucy.tli.org ................ 20

H. Gao Phone: (415) 725-2560; Fax: (415) 723-1778; e-mail: gao@am-sun2.stanford.edu ........ 39

J. Georgiadis Phone: (217) 244-7578; Fax: (217) 333-1942; e-mail: georgia@staff.uiuc.edu ............ 13

B. Ghosh Phone: (314) 935-6039; Fax: (314) 935-6121; e-mail: ghosh@zach.wustl.edu ............ 43

R. Goldstein Phone: (612) 625-5552; Fax: (612) 625-3434; e-mail: rjgumn@mailbox.mail.umn.edu ...... 25

A. Graham Phone: (505) 665-5259: Fax: (505) 665-9521; e-mail: graham@lanl.gov ................ 24

I. Grossmann Phone: (412) 268-2228; Fax: (412) 268-7139; e-mail: grossmann@cmu.edu ............ 10

H.J.M. Hanley Phone: (303) 497-3320; Fax: (303) 497-5044; e-mail: hanley@central.bldrdoc.gov ........ 27

T. Hanratty Phone: (217) 333-1318; Fax: (217) 333-5052; e-mail: thanratt@uiuc.edu ............... 17

D. Hardt Phone: (617) 253-2252; Fax: (617) 252-1399; e-mail: hardt@mit.edu .................. 23
Principal Investigators (cont'd - pg. 2)

W. Haynes Phone: (303) 497-3247; Fax: (303) 497-5044; e-mail: william.haynes@nist.gov .......... 28

J. Heberlein Phone: (612) 625-4538; Fax: (612) 624-1398; e-mail: jvrh@me.umn.edu ........... .... 26

J. Hickman Phone: (301) 309-1125; Fax: (301) 309-8499; e-mail: james.j.hickman@cpmx.saic.com .... 39

F. Incropera Phone: (317) 494-5688; Fax: (317) 494-0539; e-mail: fpi@ecn.purdue.edu .............. 34

M. Ishii Phone: (765) 494-4587; Fax: (765) 494-9570; e-mail: grad@ecn.purdue.edu ............ 35

Y. IWasa Phone: (617) 253-5548; Fax: (617) 253-5405; e-mail: iwasa@jokaku.pfc.mit.edu ......... 23

G.,Johnson Phone: (919) 684-7754; Fax: (919) 684-7122; e-mail: gaj@orion.mc.duke.edu ........... 13

J./Johnson Phone: (208) 526-9021; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: jsq@inel.gov .................. 15

D. Joseph Phone: (612) 625-0309; Fax: (612) 626-1558; e-mail: joseph@aem.umn.edu ............ 25

A. Kaufman Phone: (510) 486-7899; Fax: (510) 486-7550; e-mail: ankaufman@lbl.gov .............. 19

R. Kayser Phone: (301) 975-2483; Fax: (301) 869-4020; e-mail: richard.kayser@nist.gov ........... 28

A. Kerstein Phone: (510) 294-2390; Fax: (510) 294-1004; e-mail: kerstein@ca.sandia.gov ........... 38

G. Kino Phone: (415) 723-0205; Fax: (415) 725-2533; e-mail: kino@ee.stanford.edu ............ 40

A. Kobayashi Phone: (206) 543-5488; Fax: (206) 685-8047; e-mail: ask@u.washington.edu ........... 43

G. Kojasoy Phone: (414) 229-5639; Fax: (414) 229-6958; e-mail: kojasoy@csd.uwm.edu ............ 44

R. Kraichnan Phone: (505) 986-3979; Fax: (505) 989-4737; e-mail: rhk@lanl.gov ................... 19

D. Krajcinovic Phone: (602) 965-8656; Fax: (602) 965-1384; e-mail: krajcino@asuvax.eas.asu.edu ....... 2

E. Krempl Phone: (518) 276-6985; Fax: (518) 276-6025; e-mail: krempe@rpi.edu ................ 35

C. Kruger Phone: (415) 723-0977; Fax: (415) 725-1653; e-mail: kruger@soe.stanford.edu .......... 41

R. Lahey Phone: (518) 276-6298; Fax: (518) 276-8788; e-mail: laheyr@rpi.edu ................. 36

J. Lang Phone: (617) 253-4687; Fax: (617) 258-6774; e-mail: lang@mit.edu .................. 22

C. Law Phone: (609) 258-5271; Fax: (609) 258-6233; e-mail: cklaw@princeton.edu ............. 33

P. Libby Phone: (619) 534-3168; Fax: (619) 534-5354; e-mail: libby@ames.ucsd.edu ............ 6

K. Likharev Phone: (516) 632-8159; Fax: (516) 632-8774; e-mail: klikharev@ccmail.sunysb.edu ....... 30

K. Lindenberg Phone: (619) 534-3285; Fax: (619) 534-7244; e-mail: klindenberg@ucsd.edu ............ 6

R. Littlejohn Phone: (510) 486-7901; Fax: (510) 486-7550; e-mail: rglittlejohn@lbl.gov .............. 19

W. Lloyd Phone: (208) 526-0808; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: qrl@inel.gov ................... 15

F. McClintock Phone: (617) 253-2219; Fax: (617) 258-8742 ................................... 23

M. McCready Phone: (219) 631-7146; Fax: (219) 631-8366; e-mail: mccready.1@nd.edu ............. 32

J. McLaughlin Phone: (315) 268-6663; Fax: (315) 268-6654; e-mail: jmclau@sun.soe.clarkson.edu ....... 11

R. Mann Phone: (423) 574-5845; Fax: (423) 574-7860 ................................. 32

J. Mayergoyz Phone: (301) 405-3657; Fax: (301) 314-9281; e-mail: isaak@eng.umd.edu ............. 20

C. Menyuk Phone: (410) 455-3501; Fax: (410) 455-6500; e-mail: menyuk@umbc.edu ............. 21

M. Miksis Phone: (847) 491-5585: Fax: (847) 491-2178; e-mail: miksis@nwu.edu ................ 31

I. Minis Phone: (301) 405-5310: Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: minis@isr.umd.edu .............. 20

L. Mondy Phone: (505) 844-1755; Fax: (505) 844-8251; e-mail: lamondy@sandia.gov ............. 24

F. Moon Phone: (607) 255-7146; Fax: (607) 255-1222; e-mail: fcm3@cornell.edu ............... 11

J. Moreland Phone: (303) 497-3641; Fax: (303) 497-5316; e-mail: moreland@boulder.nist.gov ........ 28

I. Mudawar Phone: (765) 494-5705; Fax: (765) 494-0539; e-mail: mudawar@ecn.purdue.edu ......... 35

E. Novikov Phone: (619) 534-0816; Fax: (619) 534-7664; e-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu .............. 7

E. Oblow Phone: (423) 574-6187; Fax: (423) 574-7860; e-mail: oblowem@ornl.gov .............. 32

L. Ong Phone: (301) 405-5343; Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: lawrence@eng.umd.edu ........... 21

A. Ortega Phone: (520) 621-6787; Fax: (520) 621-8191; e-mail: ortega@ccit.arizona.edu . ............. 1

J. Ottino Phone: (847) 491-3558; Fax: (847) 491-3728; e-mail: ottino@chem-eng.nwu.edu ........... 31

T. Owano Phone: (415) 723-1295; Fax: (415) 723-1748; e-mail: owano@saha.stanford.edu ......... 41

L. Parker Phone: (423) 241-4959; Fax: (423) 574-7860; e-mail: parkerle@ornl.gov ............... 32

D. Parks Phone: (617) 253-0033; Fax: (617) 258-8742 ......................... .......... 23

T. Petrosky Phone: (512) 471-7253; Fax: (512) 471-9621; e-mail: petrosky@physics.utexas.edu ...... 42
Principal Investigators (cont'd - pg. 3)

J. Plawsky Phone: (518) 276-6049; Fax: (518) 276-4030; e-mail: plawsky@rpi.edu ................... 36

G. Pomraning Phone: (310) 825-1744; Fax: (310) 206-2302; e-mail: pom@seas.ucla.edu ................ 5

I. Prigogine Phone: (512) 471-7253; Fax: (512) 471-9621; e-mail: annie@physics.utexas.edu ........... 42

A. Prosperetti Phone: (410) 516-8534; Fax: (410) 516-7254; e-mail: prosper@titan.me.jhu.edu ............ 18

V. Protopopescu Phone: (423) 574-4722; Fax: (423) 574-0405; e-mail: protopopesva@ornl.gov ............. 32

S. Putterman Phone: (310) 825-2269; Fax: (310) 206-5668; e-mail: putterman@physics.ucla.edu ......... 5

M. Rabinovich Phone: (619) 534-0816; Fax: (619) 534-7664; e-mail: lev@gibbs.ucsd.edu ................ 7

E. Rabinowicz Phone: (617) 253-2230 ........................................................ 23

N.S.V. Rao Phone: (423) 574-7517; Fax: (423) 574-7860; e-mail: raons@ornl.gov .................... 32

W. Ray Phone: (608) 263-4732; Fax: (608) 262-0832; e-mail: ray@engr.wisc.edu ................. 45

D. Reister Phone: (423) 574-2272; Fax: (423) 574-7860; e-mail: dbr@ornl.gov ...................... 32

W. Reuter Phone: (208) 526-1708; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: wgr2@inel.gov .................... 15

H. Riecke Phone: (847) 491-3345; Fax: (847) 491-2178; e-mail: h-riecke@nwu.edu ................. 31

I. Rinard Phone: (212) 650-7135; Fax: (212) 650-6686; e-mail: rinard@che-mail.engr.ccny.cuny.edu ... 29

A. Rosakis Phone: (818) 395-4523; Fax: (818) 304-0175; e-mail: rosakis@atlantis.caltech.edu .......... 10

J. Ross Phone: (415) 723-9203; Fax: (415) 723-4817; e-mail: ross@chemistry.stanford.edu ......... 42

T. Rozzell Phone: (202) 334-2908; Fax: (202) 334-3419; e-mail: trozzell@nas.edu ................... 26

H. Sehitoglu Phone: (217) 333-4112; Fax: (217) 244-6534; e-mail: huseyin@uxl.cso.uiuc.edu ........... 18

G. Settles Phone: (814) 863-1504; Fax: (814) 865-0118; e-mail: gss2@psu.edu .................... 33

J. Sheridan Phone: (313) 995-4963; Fax: (313) 995-1150; e-mail: johns@ncms.org ................... 27

R. Shinnar Phone: (212) 650-6679; Fax: (212) 650-6686; e-mail: shinnar@che-mail.engr.ccny.cuny.edu . 29

G. Sivashinsky Phone: (212) 650-8157; Fax: (212) 650-6835 ....................................... 29

H. Smartt Phone: (208) 526-8333; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: hbs@inel.gov ...................... 16

R. Spanos Phone: (713) 527-4909; Fax: (713) 285-5191; e-mail: spanos@rice.edu .................. 37

G. Stephanopoulos Phone: (617) 253-4583; Fax: (617) 253-3122; e-mail: gregstep@mit.edu .................. 24

D. Stoner Phone: (208) 526-8786; Fax: (208) 526-0828; e-mail: dls2@inel.gov ..................... 15

C. Surko Phone: (619) 534-6880; Fax: (619) 534-0173; e-mail: csurko@ucsd.edu .................. 8

H. Swinney Phone: (512) 4714619; Fax: (512) 471-1558; e-mail: swinney@chaos.ph.utexas.edu ........ 42

S. Teitel Phone: (716) 275-4039; Fax: (716) 275-8527; e-mail: stte@pas.rochester.edu ............. 37

K. Telschow Phone: (208) 526-1264; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: telsch@inel.gov .................... 16

C. Tien Phone: (510) 642-7464; Fax: (510) 643-5499; e-mail: joycedev@uclink4.berkeley.edu ....... 4

S. Torquato Phone: (609) 258-3341; Fax: (609) 258-2685; e-mail: torquato@matter.princeton.edu ....... 34

T. Troutt Phone: (509) 335-4375; Fax: (509) 335-4662; e-mail: troutt@mme.wsu.edu ............... 44

L. Tsimring Phone: (619) 534-0816; Fax: (619) 534-7664; e-mail: lev@gibbs.ucsd.edu ................ 8

J. Vifals Phone: (904) 644-1010; Fax: (904) 644-0098; e-mail: vinals@scri.fsu.edu ................. 13

J. Wallace Phone: (301) 405-5271; Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: wallace@eng.umd.edu .............. 21

G. Wallis Phone: (603) 646-2789; Fax: (603) 646-3856; e-mail: graham.b.wallis@dartmouth.edu ...... 12

Z. Warhaft Phone: (607) 255-3898; Fax: (607) 255-1222; e-mail: zw16@cornell.edu .................. 12

P.C. Wayner Phone: (518) 276-6199; Fax: (518) 276-4030; e-mail: wayner@rpi.edu ................... 36

A. Westerberg Phone: (412) 268-2344; Fax: (412) 268-7139; e-mail: a.westerberg@cmu.edu ............. 10

G. Wilemski Phone: (510) 422-7919; Fax: (510) 422.4982; e-mail: wilemski1@llnl.gov ................. 19

F. Williams Phone: (619) 534-5492; Fax: (619) 534-5354; e-mail: faw@ames.ucsd.edu ................ 6

R. Winston Phone: (312) 702-7756; Fax: (312) 702-6317; e-mail: winston@rainbow.uchicago.edu ....... 11

E. Wolf Phone: (716) 275-4397: Fax: (716) 473-0687 ....................................... 37

I. Wygnanski Phone: (520) 621-6089; Fax: (520) 621-8191; e-mail: wygy@bigdog.engr.arizona.edu ....... 1

R. Zare Phone: (650) 723-3062; Fax: (650) 723-9262; e-mail: zare@stanford.edu ................. 41
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