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DOE/ER-0635

Summaries of FY 1994

Engineering Research

December 1994

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

Washington, DC 20585
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Available to DOE and DOE Contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; prices available from

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Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, (703) 487-4650.

i Prnted wIh soy ink on recycled paper
Foreword

This report documents the BES Engineering Research Program for fiscal year 1994; it

provides a summary for each of the program projects in addition to a brief program

overview. The report is intended to provide staff of Congressional committees, other

executive departments, and other DOE offices with substantive program information so as

to facilitate governmental overview and coordination of Federal research programs. Of

equal importance, its availability facilitates communication of program information to

interested research engineers and scientists. The organizational chart for the DOE Office

of Energy Research (OER) on the next page delineates the six Divisions within the OER

Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Each BES Division administers basic, mission

oriented research programs in the area indicated by its title. The BES Engineering

Research Program is one such program; it is administered by the Engineering and

Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Oscar P. Manley is technical manager of the

Engineering Research Program; inquiries concerning the program may be addressed to

him, in writing, by phone at (301) 903-5822 or by fax at (301) 903-0271.

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to submit summaries for their

projects that were specifically applicable to fiscal year 1994. The summaries received have

been edited if necessary, but the press for timely publication made it impractical to have

the investigators review and approve the revised summaries prior to publication. For more

information about a given project, it is suggested that the investigators be contacted

directly.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM WITHIN DOE

Secretary of Energy

Deputy Secretary

Under Secretary

Assistant Secretaries | Office of Energy Resegulatory

* Nuclear Energy Commission

* Conservation and Renewable * Economic Regulatory

* Fossil Commission

* Defense * Energy Information

* Environment, Safety & Health Administration

* Environmental Restoration * International Affairs, etc.

* Program Analysis Basic Energy Sciences

* Magnetic Fusion B * Management

* High Energy and Nuclear Physics * Special Programs

* Health and Environmental Research * Scientific Computing * Field Operations * Science and Technology Advisor

* Material Sciences Division Engineering and * Advanced Energy Projects * Chemical Sciences Division Geosciences Division * Energy Biosciences

Engineering

Research Program
Introduction

The individual project summaries follow the program overview. The summaries are

ordered alphabetically by name of institution and so the table of contents lists all the

institutions at which projects were sponsored in fiscal year 1994.

Each project entry begins with an institutional-departmental heading. The names of

investigators are listed immediately below the title. The funding level for fiscal year 1994

appears to the right of title; it is followed by the budget activity number (e.g., 01-A).

These numbers categorize the projects for budgetary purposes and the categories are

described in the budget number index. A separate index of Principal Investigators includes

phone number, fax number and e-mail address, where available. The fiscal year in which

either the project began or was renewed and the anticipated duration in years are indicated

respectively by the first two and last digits of the sequence directly below the budget

activity number (e.g., 91-3). The summary description of the project completes the entry.
Program Review

BES Engineering Research

The BES Engineering Research Program is one of the component research programs which

collectively constitute the DOE Basic Energy Sciences Program. The DOE Basic Energy

Sciences program supports energy related research in the physical and biological sciences,

and in engineering. The chief purpose of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences Program is to

provide the fundamental scientific base on which identification and development of future,

national energy options will depend. The major product of the program becomes part of

the body of data and knowledge upon which the applied energy technologies are founded;

the product is knowledge relevant to energy exploration, production, conversion and use.

The BES Engineering Research Program was started in 1979 to help resolve the numerous

serious engineering issues arising from efforts to meet U.S. energy needs. The program

supports fundamental research on broad, generic topics in energy related engineering topics

not as narrowly scoped as those addressed by the shorter term engineering research projects

sponsored by the various DOE technology programs. Special emphasis is placed on

projects which, if successfully concluded, will benefit more than one energy technology.

During the first year several workshops were sponsored for the purpose of identifying

energy related engineering research needs and initial priorities. Representatives from

industry, academic institutions, national laboratories, and leading members of professional

organizations (Engineering Societies Commission of Energy, American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and Joint Automation and Control

Committee) participated in the workshops. In addition to the participants in the workshops,

staff representatives from the DOE technology programs and other leading U.S. energy

engineering experts made significant contributions to the setting of program priorities.

There resulted from this process a strong confirmation of the need for a long range,

fundamental engineering research program with two major goals. The broad goals that

were established by this process for the BES Engineering Research Program are:

1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying current engineering practice so as to

create new options for enhancing energy savings and production, for prolonging useful

equipment life, and for reducing costs without degradation of industrial production and

performance quality; and

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for solving future engineering problems

in the energy technologies.
In this process, it was further established that to achieve these goals, the BES Engineering

Research Program should address the following topics identified as essential to the progress

of many energy technologies:

1) Advanced Industrial Technology: improvement of energy conversion and utilization,

opening new technological possibilities, and improvement of energy systems.

2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes: broadening of understanding of heat transfer

in nonsteady flows, methodology for reducing vibrations and noise in heat exchangers, and

engineering aspects of combustion.

3) Solid Mechanics: continuum mechanics, fracture mechanics, thermomechanical

behavior in severe environments, aging & lifetime reliability of structures.

4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Systems: development and use of information

describing system behavior (system models), performance criteria, and theories of control

optimization to achieve the best possible system performance subject to known constraints.

A Scoping Workshop held in December, 1985 confirmed the continued needs for research

in these topical areas. Because of budgetary limitations, the implemented BES Engineering

Research Program is somewhat less broad than the program envisioned above. At present,

equal emphasis is being placed in three carefully selected, high priority research areas;

namely,

1) Mechanical Sciences including fluid mechanics (multiphase flow and turbulence) heat

transfer, and solid mechanics (continuum mechanics and fracture mechanics), but excluding

purely computational efforts.

2) System Sciences including process control and instrumentation.

3) Engineering Analysis including nonlinear dynamics, data bases for thermophysical

properties of fluids, modeling of combustion processes for engineering application, and

foundations of bioprocessing of fuels and energy related wastes.

These areas contain the most critical elements of the four topics enumerated above; as such

they are of importance to energy technologies both in the short and long term, and

therefore of immediate programmatic interest. It should be noted that other areas of basic

research important to engineering are monitored elsewhere in BES. For instance,

separation sciences and research on thermophysical properties are among the

responsibilities of the Chemical Sciences Division, while microscopic aspects of fracture

mechanics are in the domain of the Material Sciences Division. As resources permit, other

high priority areas are being added to the Engineering Research Program. Thus, as a result

of previous growth in the program budget an important development took place in the

Engineering Research Program: two major concentrations of research were initiated.
First, a new program was organized at Oak Ridge National Lab dealing with intelligent

machines in an unstructured environment. Some resources are available for coordinated,

more narrowly focussed, related, high quality research at universities and other research

centers. All such activities are supported and administered directly by the Engineering

Research Program, but some coordination of efforts with the ORNL program may prove

useful.

Secondly in FY 1985, a collaborative research effort was started between MIT and Idaho

National Engineering Lab. At present, the collaboration is in three distinct areas: Plasma

Process Engineering, Automated Welding, and Fracture Mechanics. Collateral, high quality

research efforts at other institutions are supported by the Engineering Research Program.

In the expectation of a future modest growth of this Program, three International

Workshops on Two Phase Flow Fundamental were held one in September 1985 and the

other in March, 1987. The meetings were used to identify basic research needs in the field

of two phase flow and heat transfer; summary reports of the workshops are available from

the Program Office. The proceedings of the two workshops have been published as

volumes in the series "Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer" (Hemisphere Publishing

Company). A third international workshop held in June 1992 surveyed the status of the

field. The proceedings will be published by CRC Publishing Company.

Two additional workshops were held during 1988. The first dealt with possible research

opportunities in the field of novel devices using the new high temperature superconductors.

The second addressed research needs for bioprocessing of fuels and energy related wastes.

Reports of both workshops have been published. Additional funds have been provided in

FY 1992 to initiate research in the above mentioned bioprocessing area. Of interest are

relevant studies at the intersection of biology, biochemistry, and chemical engineering.

Another workshop aimed at identifying research opportunities to mitigate the effects of

aging in energy production and distribution systems took place in October 1992. The

proceedings have appeared in Applied Mechanics Reviews.

It should be mentioned too, that some very limited support is available for research on

large scale systems. A report of a workshop on needs, opportunities, and options in this

field is available from Professor G.L. Thompson, Graduate School of Industrial

Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Also there is some

interest in addressing the basic foundations of advanced manufacturing processes. In this

context 36 three-year doctoral fellowships administered by National Academy of ScienceNational Academy of Engineering and National Research Council have been sponsored.

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engineering Research Program are currently

underway at universities, private sector laboratories, and DOE national laboratories. In

fiscal year 1994 the available program operating funds available amounted to about $15.5

million. The distribution of these funds among various institutions and by topical area is
illustrated on the next page. Project funding levels are mostly in the range of $50,000 to

$150,000 per year. Typical duration of a project is three to four years, with some projects

expected to last as long as ten years or more. The BES Engineering Research projects

stem almost without exception from competitive grant applications. Applications which

anticipate definite results in less than two years are usually referred to the appropriate DOE

technology program for consideration. All those interested in submitting a proposal are

encouraged to discuss their ideas with the technical program manager prior to submission

of a formal proposal. Such discussion helps to establish whether or not a potential project

has a reasonable chance of being funded. The primary considerations for possible support

are the technical quality of the proposal and the professional standing of the principal

investigators and staff. An effort is made to attract first rate, younger research engineers

and energy oriented applied scientists. A high technical caliber of research is maintained

by requiring that the projects supported have potential for a significant contribution to

energy related engineering science, or for an initial contribution to a new energy relevant

technology. Sponsored projects are selected primarily for their relevance to DOE mission

requirements; the contribution to energy related graduate education is an important

consideration. Thus projects sponsored at universities are essentially limited to advanced

theoretical and experimental studies usually performed by faculty members, staff research

scientists, and doctoral candidates.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '94 BUDGET ($000's)

BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

ATIONALjects)

/ LABORATORIES \

~/ 29.4% \

$4554 \

(17 Projects) UNIVERSITIES

53.6%

$8387

OTHER / (97 Projects)

17%

$2627 / /

(10 Projects)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '94 BUDGET

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

($000's) % NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 4531 29.3 53

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 4918 31.7 23

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 6038 39.0 48
Table of Contents

University of Alabama ................................ 1

Argonne National Laboratory ........................... 1

University of Arizona ................................. 2

Arizona State University ............................... 2

Battelle Memorial Institute ................... 3...... 3

University Of California, Berkeley ...................... .. 3

University Of California, Los Angeles ..................... 4

University Of California, San Diego .......... ............. 6

University Of California, Santa Barbara .................... 8

California Institute Of Technology ........................ 9

Carnegie Mellon University ................... ........ 9

University Of Chicago ................................ 10

Clarkson University ... ......................... 11

University Of Connecticut . ... ........................ 11

Cornell University ................................... 12

Dartmouth College .. ................................. 13

Duke University .... .............. ................. 13

Engineering Science Software, Inc. ..................... ...... 11

Georgia Institute of Technology .......................... 14

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory ............. ....... 14

University Of Illinois .. ............................... 17

University Of Illinois At Chicago .................... .... 18

Johns Hopkins University ...... ................ ....... 18

Robert H. Kraichnan, Inc ......... ... ................. 18

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ..... ..................... 19

The Lovelace Institutes ................................ 19

University Of Maryland .............. ................. 19

University Of Massachusetts-Lowell ........... ........... 21

Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ..................... 22

University Of Minnesota ....................... ...... 26

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council ....... 28

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ............... 28

National Center for Manufacturing Sciences .................. 28

National Institute Of Standards And Technology .............. 29

The City University Of New York, The City College ....... ... 30

Northwestern University ............. ..... .... .... 31
Table of Contents (continued)

University Of Notre Dame ............................. 33

Oak Ridge National Laboratory .......................... 34

Ohio State University ............................. 35

Oregon State University ............................... 35

Pacific Northwest Laboratory ........................... 36

University Of Pennsylvania ............................ 36

Pennsylvania State University ........................... 37

Physical Sciences Inc .............................. 37

Princeton University ............................... 38

Purdue University ........................... 39

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute .......................... 40

Rice University ...................... ....... 41

University Of Rochester .......................... ..... 41

Rockefeller University .............................. 42

Sandia National Laboratories ........................... 43

University Of Southern California ...................... 43

Southwest Research Institute ........................... 44

Stanford University .... ........................ 45

Stevens Institute Of Technology ............... ......... 47

Texas A&M University ........................... 48

University Of Texas At Austin .......................... 48

Tufts University ........................... 49

United Technologies Research Center ...................... 50

University of Washington ......... .................. 50

Washington University .............................. 51

Washington State University ........................... 51

University Of Wisconsin .......................... ..... 51
University Of Alabama Argonne National Laboratory

Dept of Mathematics $105,576 Energy Technology Division $134,000

Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 01-C Argonne, IL 60439 01-A

94-3 94-3

Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Coherent Chaos in Fluid-Structure Systems

Structures S. Chen

A. Frenkel

Energy systems have had a history of dynamic

The objective of this research is to further the structural instabilities caused by fluid flow resulting

fundamental understanding of stability properties in costly component repair and replacement and

of several far-from-equilibrium fluid systems which loss of energy production. Integrated theoretical

are relevant to energy engineering sciences. In and experimental studies are being performed to

particular, flows periodic in space and possibly in enhance the understanding of nonlinear

time are studied as models to gain insights into oscillations and dynamic instability phenomena

such turbulence phenomena as large-scale involving both fluids and solid structures and their

coherent structures, eddy viscosity, and the coupling. The objectives are to contribute to the

inverse cascade of energy. Film flows - such as explanation of observed phenomena, providing

core-annular ones - are important to, e.g., insights into chaotic characteristics of such

lubricated pipelining of viscous oils. The coupled mechanical systems and ultimately, to the

large-scale evolution equations for the different solution of engineering design problems. This is

systems may exhibit common features, such as a cooperative research program with Professor F.

pattern formation and coherent structures. Moon at Comell University.

Secondary instabilities of nonlinear waves in liquid

films can be studied with methods developed for Fluidelastic instability of loosely supported tubes,

periodic flows, vibrating in a tube support plate-inactive mode, is

suspected to be one of the main causes of tube

Some of the results are as follows: A rigorous failure in some operating steam generators and

iterative method was found for the problems of heat exchangers. As a vehicle to understand the

periodic-flow stability. The possibility of negative nonlinear behavior of fluid-structure systems,

isotropic eddy viscosity was demonstrated, fluidelastic instability of loosely supported tube

resolving a rather long-outstanding question. arrays in crossflow is being studied in detail. A

series of tube arrays with a motion-limiting stop

For film flows, a perturbative method capable of configuration are being tested to investigate

yielding both the evolution descriptions and the various response characteristics and a

parametric conditions of their validity was mathematical model based on the unsteady flow

suggested. A highly nonlinear evolution equation theory has been developed to predict the response

for large-amplitude regimes of a wavy flow was characteristics of this classical fluid-structure

obtained. Its numerical simulations yielded an system. Other fluid-structure systems, such as

excellent agreement with experiments. In addition, coupled stack/wire dynamics due to wind

it revealed interacting coherent structures with rich excitations, are also being investigated. Analytical

and unique dynamics. results and experimental data agree fairly well.

Some fundamental questions concerning Tests and analysis of tube arrays are being

commonly used perturbative approaches were continued. One of the key elements is the motionclarified. Certain deficiencies of well-known dependent fluid forces which will be measured

evolution equations were pointed out. using the existing water channel with an emphasis

on the nonlinear behavior. Specific topics to be

addressed include interaction between flow field

and oscillating structures, mathematical models

and instability mechanisms, and intelligent control

of fluid/structure systems. Experimental efforts are

focused on characterizing and controlling chaos

and validating analytical models.

Engineering Research 1 1994
Argonne National Laboratory University of Arizona

Reactor Engineering Division $137,000 Aerospace & Mechanical Eng $137,500

Argonne, IL 60439 01-A Tucson, AZ 85721 01-B

94-3 93-3

Bounds on Dynamic Plastic Deformation Film Cooling in a Pulsating Stream

C. Youngdahl . Wygnanski, H. Fazel, A. Ortega

Analytical studies are being performed to develop We are concerned with the coupling between the

methods for approximating or bounding the fluid mechanics and the convective heat transfer

dynamic plastic deformation of structures. In occurring in a pulsed, and therefore actively

many applications where the load is transmitted to controlled, wall jet flowing over an isothermal

the structure through a fluid, details of the load surface having a different temperature than the

history and spatial distribution significantly affect fluid. Calculations have shown that the heat

the final plastic deformation. The objective of the transfer from a surface depends on the mean

program is to devise mode approximation methods velocity distribution and on the resultant stability

and load correlation parameters which can be characteristics of the flow. However, both

used to predict the final deformed shape and quantities are strongly affected by the temperature

characterize the effects of the load without distribution near the surface. We used the linear

resorting to detailed numerical analyses. These stability theory in order to predict the passage

approximation methods have three important uses: frequency and the scale of the most unstable

to perform design and safety analyses of eddies responsible for most of the convected heat.

structures over a wide range of design variables The calculations reveal that heating enhances the

and loadings; to validate computer programs which rate at which the velocity profile spreads while

have a nonlinear dynamic plasticity capability; and cooling hinders it, heating also de stabilizes the

to correlate experimental simulations with actual or flow while cooling stabilizes it. In general there

predicted events. are two, highly coupled instability modes in a walljet. One is dominant nearthe surface. It contains

Mode approximation methods and load correlation higher prevailing frequencies and is affected by

parameters are hypothesized and their usefulness viscosity while the other prevails in the outer flow

in predicting final plastic deformation is close to the outer inflection point of the mean

determined. Optimum modes have been velocity profile, and is essentially in an inviscid

determined for the dynamic plastic deformation of mode. Heat transfer influences the viscous mode

simply-supported, clamped, and cantilevered much more strongly than the inviscid mode. The

beams made of a rigid, strain hardening material. main influence of temperature gradient on the

The modes are expressed in terms of amplitude stability stems from its modification of the unstable

and plastic zone size functions which are region without affecting the critical Reynolds

determined for arbitrary loadings by the numerical number in any significant manner. Resonant

solution of sets of coupled, non-linear differential interactions between the modes are feasible and

equations. Computational times are of the order are being considered.

of seconds rather than the hours usually spent on

dynamic plasticity problems. Qualitative features

of the response are analogous to perfectly plastic Arizona State University

solutions. The concentrated hinges in perfectly Mechanical & Aerospace Eng $50,441

plastic problems become variable curvature Tempe, AZ 85287 01-A

regions, and hinge bands become uniform 92-4

curvature regions, with time dependent curvature Contiuum Damage Mechanics - Critical States

and region size. D. Krajcinovic

The objective of this research project is to

determine the critical states of brittle solids

weakened by a large number of microcracks. This

objective is pursued using the methods of applied

Engineering Research 2 1994
mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical This synergistic interaction between analytical,

physics. The thermodynamic studies of the loose computational, and experimental disciplines has

bundle parallel bar model were used to define proven very effective. To date, both sustained and

possible expressions for damage variables and variable high temperature load histories have been

conjugate forces. The failure criterion was derived investigated in two-dimensional geometries. The

in the form of a generalized Griffith's criterion. A model, which is based on the use of advanced

distinction was made between the force controlled constitutive laws and the use of new integral

processes, in which the failure is a second order parameters to understand and predict the events

phase transition, and the displacement controlled leading to failure, has proven quite effective.

processes. Universal character of scaling laws Current efforts involve investigating different

and percolation thresholds are guaranteed only in histories, and investigating three-dimensional

the first case. effects, the latter of which is realistic for service

conditions.

Another task was to determine the scaling law for

the effective stiffness of a two-dimensional

continuum weakened by a random distribution of University Of California/B

rectilinear slits. The solution was derived (within Dept of Chemical Engineering $77,663

the node-link-blob model) for the elastic and Berkeley, CA 94720 06-A

elasto-plastic materials using the exact stress 94-4

fields at the crack tip. A rather careful search of Enzyme Adsorption and Activity at Liquidthe literature indicates this to be the first solution Liquid Interfaces

for the elasto-plastic solid. H. Blanch

The approach taken in this research, joint with

Battelle Memorial Institute ORNL effort, is to study the liquid-liquid interphase

Engineering Mechanics Dept $93,125 transport and reaction phenomena important to

Columbus, OH 43201-2693 01-A biphasic bioreactors by using a model enzyme

94-3 system. The system is comprised of an aqueousAn Investigation of History Dependent phase horseradish peroxidase (HRP) that is

Damage In Time Dependent Fracture activated by hydrogen peroxide to carry out the

Mechanics oxidation of p-cresol that is contained in an

F. Brust, Jr. immiscible organic phase, toluene. Tasks in the

research program involve study of aqueous-phase

To increase energy efficiency, new plants must reaction kinetics, interaction of HRP with the

operate at higher and higher temperatures. liquid-liquid interface, and modelling of a

Moreover, power generation equipment in the US continuous liquid-liquid contactor that uses highcontinues to age and is being used far beyond its intensity electric fields to create micron-sized

intended life. Some recent failures have clearly aqueous drops for the enzymatic reaction. Work

illustrated that current methods for insuring safety on this project began in June 1994. Detailed

and reliability of high temperature equipment is kinetics studies indicate that the presence of

inadequate. Because of these concerns, an toluene in the aqueous phase appears to stabilize

understanding of the high-temperature crack the HRP due to an interaction with the active sight

growth process is very important. of the enzyme. Tests with the electrostatic

bioreactor indicate that the electric field does not

Critical experiments are performed on materials deactivate the enzyme and that significant portions

which are used in these severe high temperature of p-cresol can be removed from the organic

environments. Theoretical models are then phase by a continuous biphasic system. Future

developed which attempt to predict the crack work will involve the use of a precision two-phase

growth and failure response of these material flow device that will allow investigation of

components. The models are then exercized, and interfacial effects on the enzymatic reaction.

compared to the experimental results, with

modifications/improvements made as necessary.

Engineering Research 3 1994
University Of California/B heat conduction in microscale structures comDept of Electrical Engineering $184,369 monly encountered in engineering applications.

& Computer Sciences 06-C

Berkeley, CA 94720 93-3 When the pulse duration of short-pulse, high

power lasers approaches the characteristic

Dynamics of Electronegative Plasmas for molecular time scales of the material with which

Materials Processing the laser interacts, traditional models of radiation

A. Lichtenberg, M. Lieberman absorption and energy transport must be reexamined. A complete understanding of heat

The purpose of this project is to study the generation and dissipation during this process is

equilibrium particle and energy balance and the required for precise, efficient laser processing.

heating mechanisms in electronegative r.f. Recent research has resulted in a microscopically

discharges. Particular attention is given to the based model of the radiation absorption and

formation of non-Maxwellian electron distributions thermal transport for metals in both bulk and thinand their effect on the macroscopic parameters. film form. This model was used to design novel

The research includes theoretical, particle-in-cell thin-film laser mirrors with improved damage

simulation, and experimental investigations. The thresholds. Experiments were performed to

sheath heating theory and the simulation results confirm the model predictions. Currently short

developed for electropositive plasmas are used to pulse, high power laser-material interactions are

guide the investigations. The investigation being investigated for other important engineering

includes, but is not limited to, the study of oxygen materials, including amorphous metals, liquids,

feedstock gas in capacitively coupled, parallel and semiconductors.

plate, r.f. discharges. Fractal theory has been applied to examine shortA macroscopic analytic model for a three- time-scale energy transport in amorphous

component electronegative plasma has been materials. On short time scales there exists

developed. Assuming the negative ions to be in anomalous diffusion, since carriers travel a

Boltzmann equilibrium, a positive ion ambipolar distance comparable to the disorder length in the

diffusion equation is found. The electron density material, and are thus inhibited by this disorder.

is nearly uniform, allowing a parabolic The impact of anomalous diffusion in short-timeapproximation to the plasma profile to be scale applications such as high-frequency, shortemployed. The resulting equilibrium equations are pulse laser-material interactions has been shown.

solved analytically and matched to an Experiments are being planned to demonstrate the

electropositive edge plasma. The solutions are importance of this phenomenon in these

compared to a simulation of a parallel-plane r.f. applications.

driven oxygen plasma and found to give good

agreement, provided the two-temperature electron

distribution found in the simulation is also used in University Of California/LA

the model. The results indicate the need for Mech, Aero & Nuclear Eng Dept $90,816

determining a two-temperature electron distribution School of Eng & Applied Science 01-C

self-consistently within the model. Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597 92-3

Basic Studies of Transport Processes in

University Of California/B Porous Media

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $62,565 . Catton

Berkeley, CA 94720 01-B

92-3 The research seeks to develop the methods

Thermal Radiation and Conduction in necessary to model turbulent transport processes

Microscale Structures for both single- and two-phase flows in highly

C.-L. Tien porous media. Emphasis is placed upon the

development and theoretical study of

The general objective of this research program is integro-differential transport equations, with special

to achieve a better understanding of the attention given to morphological factors. Research

fundamental mechanisms of thermal radiation and has focused upon (1) single-phase, twoEngineering Research 4 1994
temperature turbulent transport in porous media, In the absence of time dependence and scattering,

and (2) turbulent transport of momentum and the theory is well developed and described by the

energy in a channel with regular rough walls. master (Liouville) equation for Markovian mixing,

and by renewal equations for non-Markovian

Dependence of the Darcy and quadratic terms mixing. The intent of further work is to generalize

upon the convective and diffusion terms' assumed these treatments to include both time dependence

version has been shown, as has the connection and scattering. A further goal of this research is to

between the diffusion and drag resistance terms in develop approximate, but simpler, models from the

the flow equations. The closure models allowed comprehensive theory. In particular, a specific

associations between bulk process experimental goal is to formulate a renormalized transport/

correlations and the current simulation kinetic theory of the usual nonstochastic form, but

representations to be exploited in the numerical with effective interaction coefficients and sources

procedures. Subsequent numerical investigations to account for the stochastic nature of the probdisplayed the equations' sensitivity to the assumed lem. Numerical comparisons of all models will be

morphology and the transport coefficients' made against Monte Carlo simulations which

descriptive ability for high solid/fluid phase thermal involve a straightforward average of solutions for

diffusivity ratios and high void fractions. a large number of physical realizations of the

statistical mixing. Contact will also be made with

Two-dimensional capillary patterns and spherical experimental simulations of cloud-radiation interstructures were analyzed using an irregular four- actions currently underway at another institution as

coordinate lattice with varying bond orientations part of DOE's global climate modeling initiative.

and random lattice patterns. Prescription of the

medium's statistical structure allowed

transformation of the integro-differential transport University Of California/LA

equations into differential equations with probability Physics Dept $76,630

density functions governing the spatially varying Los Angeles, CA 90024 06-C

stochastic coefficients and source terms. 93.3

Combination of space averaging and random Nonlinear Waves in Continuous Media

morphology process theories resulted in realistic S. Putterman

explanation of processes in porous media.

Nonlinear wave interactions in far off-equilibrium

fluids are being studied with the goal of

University Of California/LA understanding the interplay between processes

Mech, Aero & Nuclear Eng Dept $109,464 that concentrate energy (e.g. sonoluminescence),

School of Eng & Applied Science 06-C randomize energy (e.g. wave turbulence) and form

Los Angeles, CA 90024 93-3 localized states (e.g. solitons). The experimental

discovery that strong sound waves generate

Linear Kinetic Theory and Particle picosecond flashes of light is now being studied

Transport in Stochastic Mixtures from the theoretical perspective with the goal of

G. Pomraning understanding how energy can focus by twelve

orders of magnitude. Turbulence in nonlinear

The goal in this research is to develop a waves is being studied from both the theoretical

comprehensive theory of linear transport/kinetic and experimental directions. Goals include the

theory in a stochastic mixture of solids and development of a Fokker-Planck theory that

immiscible fluids. Such a theory should predict the includes intermittency as well as the observation of

ensemble average and higher moments, such as collective modes in turbulence that are analogous

the variance, of the particle or energy density to second sound. High amplitude waves can also

described by the underlying transport/kinetic form self-localized states such as the breather and

equation. The statistics to be studied correspond kink solitons, and domain walls which have

to N-state discrete random variables for the recently been observed. Current efforts are aimed

interaction coefficients and sources, with N at extending these findings to systems which are

denoting the number of components in the two- and three-dimensional. This work proceeds

mixture. The mixing statistics to be considered from the experimental, analytical and simulational

are Markovian as well as more general statistics. avenues of approach.

Engineering Research 5 1994
University of California/SD doppler particle analyzer which permits

Scripps Inst of Oceanography $193,457 measurement of two velocity components, droplet

La Jolla, CA 92093-0402 06-C diameter and number density is the principal

94-4 instrumentation employed in our studies. Our

Broadband Signals: Signal Processing theoretical research on the phenomena of droplet

in Chaos oscillation in opposed streams is continuning with

H. Abarbanel the aim of describing the observed bimodality of

the probability density distributions of the axial

The analysis of chaotic signals observed in velocity. Experiments on a turbulent spray

measurements on physical systems is of impinging on a wall without combustion in order to

importance in energy problems ranging from determine the relative velocity between gas and

fluidized bed flows in fossil energy applications to droplets of various sizes has been completed and

determination of the natural climate variability to submitted for publication. Additional experiments

the uncovering of simple models for complex in this flow with a flame present have been

behavior in fluid flows. This research has completed; data analysis and interpretation are

developed tools for this analysis which allows one underway. An interesting phenomena involving

to reconstruct the multivariate state space of a the behaviour of droplets impinging on a hot wall

system from observations, time lagged, of a single as been observed; at suitably high wall

dynamical variable. The time delay, the temperatures the droplets rebound rather than wet

dimension, and properties of the strange attractor the wall. This presentation of the results of these

can all be determined from these data. The experiments and complementary theory was made

concept of unfolding the attractor using the method at an AIAA symposium.

of global false nearest neighbors and then

determining locally the number of dynamical

degrees of freedom using the local version of this University Of California/SD

has brought to the study of complex behavior a Dept of Chemistry, 0340 $198,897

robustness which allows it to be used in La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C

engineering analysis and design. The algorithms 92-4

developed for this purpose have also been used in Noisy Nonlinear Systems

a variety of applications requiring the separation of K. Lindenberg

a chaotic signal from another information bearing

signal or 'noise'. The tool kit of these algorithms The broad objective of this project is to investigate

is being ported to a common interface for use in the interplay of nonlinear deterministic dynamics

the energy related sciences. with spatial and temporal fluctuations.

Density fluctuations in binary reaction--diffusion

University Of California/SD processes in low dimensional systems lead to

Dept of App Mech & Eng Sci $127,070 spatial and temporal anomalies. We have

La Jolla, CA 92093 06-B formulated a mesoscopic approach from which we

93-3 obtain the reaction-diffusion equations that are

Fundamental Studies of Spray Combustion customarily postulated phenomenologically. This

P. Libby, F. Williams approach places a number of theories on a

common fundamental basis.

This research involves a combined experimental

and theoretical effort relaed to the behavior of fuel We continue to develop approaches to the

droplets in well defined but nonuniform flows. Our response of nonlinear systems to colored noise.

current resarch concerns fuel sprays in opposed Our newest methods rely on the analysis of the

and impinging streams which result in flat flames trajectories that lead a system to improbable

A test rig which permits a wide variety of events such as passage over a high barrier.

investigations including nonpremixed, premixed Some or our most novel results deal with systems

and partially premixed systems in such streams dven b quasimonochromatic noise.

has been put into operation. By installing an

appropriate grid in one or both ducts, sprays in We have investigated the mean exit time of a free

turbulent streams can be studied. A phase inertial random ocess from a region in space.

Engineering Research 6 1994
The acceleration alternatively takes the values +-a on (256) 3 grid; a hierarchy of subgbrid-scale

for random periods of time governed by acommon models, preliminary tested by DNS and by LES for

distribution psi (t). The most striking feature of this isotropic, shear-flow and free-surface turbulence.

system is the discontinuity of the mean exit time

as a function of the initial conditions.

University Of California/SD

We have begun to formulate a microscopic Dept of Physics $219,120

quantum mechanical model for charge transfer in La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C

condensed media. We are able to calculate the 93-3

reorganization energy as a function of elementary Traveling-Wave Convection in Fluid Mixtures

parameters for some simple model situations. . Surko

This research program involves the study of

University Of California/SD convection in fluid mixtures of ethanol and water,

Inst for Nonlinear Science, R-002 $95,982 in which the fluid motion takes the form of

La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C traveling waves. This is a model system for

93-3 studying nonequilibrium, traveling-wave

Structure of Turbulence, Conditional phenomena that can provide important insights

Averaging and Subgrid-Scale Modeling into the behavior of doubly diffusive systems in

E. Novikov which the transport occurs on two different time

scales. In this system, the coupling of the

Well-developed turbulent flows are encountered in concentration field to the velocity and temperature

many energy engineering enterprises, as well as fields results in a wide variety of potentially

in environmental, aerospace and naval important phenomena. Examples of practical

engineering. The number of degrees of freedom interest include solar ponds and atmospheric and

for such flows is enormous and direct numerical oceanographic flows.

simulations (DNS) are impossible now and in the

foreseeable future. Earlier experiments in an annular geometry, which

is essentially a one-dimensional system with

One of the major goals of this project is to periodic boundary conditions, have led to a basic

advance the knowledge of the structure of understanding of the dynamics of uniform and

turbulence, aiming it at a subgrid-scale modeling confined states of traveling waves. Our current

for the large-eddy simulations (LES). experiments involve a large-aspect-ratio twodimensional convection cell. Among the issues to

The developed approach for achievement of this be addressed in this system are two-dimensional

goal includes: conditional averaging of the wavelength instabilities and the dynamics of

Navier-Stokes equations (NSE); use of Markov defects and grain boundaries which occur in this

processes with dependent increments (consistent two dimensional system. In smaller systems,

with NSE); breakdown coefficients and associated patterns are typically locked in by the cell

infinitely divisible probability distributions. geometry. In our experiment, which has an aspect

ratio of 50:1, the characteristic domain size of

Among the obtained results are: probability patterns is smaller than the cell, so that we can

distribution for three-dimensional (3D) vectors of observe the dynamics of defects which do not

velocity increments, which has an unusual form interact strongly with the cell boundaries. This

and experimentally observed exponential leads to a greater variety of phenomena and

asymptotics; new scaling for experimentally and should facilitate comparison with theoretical

numerically observed 3D "vortex strings", 2D predictions. We have also observed interesting

coherent vortices and coherent structures of scalar transients such as single and multi-armed spirals

fields; exponential behavior of conditionally and these patterns will be compared with the

averaged vortex stretching as a function of fixed predictions of model equations.

vorticity, which is obtained by DNS on a CM-5

parallel computer, using 6th-order finite differences

Engineering Research 7 1994
University Of California/SB We have continued our work on binary-mixture

Dept of Physics $264,290 convection. For positive separation ratios ' we

Santa Barbara, CA 93106 06-C studied square patterns. For negative ', we

93-5 investigated time formation of localized pulses in

Bifurcations and Patterns in Nonlinear two dimensions.

Dissipative Systems

G. Ahlers, D. Cannell

University Of California/SB

This project consists of experimental investigations Dept of Chemical & Nuc Eng $106,300

of heat transport, pattern formation, and bifurcation Santa Barbara, CA 93106 01-C

phenomena in non-linear non-equilibrium fluid- 91-3

mechanical systems. These issues are studies in Turbulence Structure and Transport

Rayleigh-Benard convection, using both pure and Processes in Wavy Liquid Streams

multicomponent fluids. They are of fundamental S. Banerjee

scientific interest, but also play an important role in

engineering, materials science, ecology The objective of this work is to investigate the

meteorology, geophysics, and astrophysics. For interaction between waves and turbulence

instance, various forms of convection are structures, and attendant effects on transport of

important in such diverse phenomena as crystal heat and mass, between gas and liquid streams.

growth from a melt with or without impurities, The work is motivated by the remarkable variety of

energy production in solar ponds, flow in the industrial and environmental problems in which

earth's mantle, geo-thermal stratifications, and transport processes across fluid-fluid interfaces

various oceanographic and atmospheric between turbulent streams play a major role, e.g.,

phenomena. Our work utilizes computer- condensers, gas-liquid contactors, evaporators,

enhanced shadowgraph imaging of flow patterns aeration of rivers, and air-sea interactions.

and high-resolution heat transport measurements.

The research consists of experiments in a

We studied convection in a gas (CO2) under horizontal open water channel with either co- or

pressure (about 30 bar) in a very large aspect counter-current air flow. Waves are generated on

ratio sample (radius/height = 150). Under non- the water stream by a wave-maker such that the

Boussinesq conditions, the bifurcation from wave amplitude and length can be varied. The

conduction to convection became hysteretic, and wind shear stress can also be varied by changing

the initial pattern consisted of a perfect lattice the air flow rate.

containing more than 104 hexagonal cells. For

parameter values where time-independent parallel The facility is equipped with a variety of velocity

straight rolls were theoretically predicted for a measurement and flow visualization instruments.

laterally infinite system, we found a state of spiral- Most notably, a 3-dimensional laser Doppler

defect chaos. anemometry (LDA) system with specially-built

optics, allowing a spot size of about 50 microns,

We investigated convection in a nematic liquid which gives reliable measurements at distances of

crystal in a horizontal magnetic field H. We found less than 100 microns from the interface or the

excellent agreement with recent theoretical wall. Ultrasonic and wire gauges follow the

predictions for the bifurcation line Re(H), and for interface position in conjunction with the LDA. The

the convection-roll orientations as a function of H. flow visualization techniques are based on

We also used this system to study convection electrolytically generated microbubble tracers with

when two phases (the nematic and isotropic two high speed imagers (Ektapro 1000), capable

phase) are present in the cell. Convection in the of 1000 full frame images per second and up to

presence of a first-order phase change is relevant 6000 split frames per second.

to convection in the earth's mantle; ours are the

first quantitative experiments relevant to this To date, experiments with 2-dimensional wavy

important problem. flows, with and without air flow, have been

performed and the facility is currently being set up

Engineering Research 8 1994
for work with 3-dimensional waves. Results Carnegie Mellon University

indicate that waves strongly affect the turbulence Chemical Eng Dept $150,350

structures, and that wind shear strongly enhances Pittsburgh, PA 15213 03-A

these effects, possibly to a point where structures 94-4

which have not been previously observed are Systematic Process Synthesis and Design

formed. Methods for Cost Effective Waste

Minimization

L. Biegler, I. Grossmann, A. Westerberg California Institute Of

Technology This project seeks to develop a novel integrated

Chemical Engineering 210-41 $ 0 approach for process synthesis and design that

Pasadena, CA 91125 03-A addresses recent environmental challenges.

91-3 Specifically, these synthesis approaches will

Modeling for Process Control provide rigorous trade-offs among raw material

M. Morari and energy costs, capital investment and waste

treatment. To address the problem of waste

One key difficulty which stands in the way of minimization at the design stage, major issues

application of many advanced control techniques include:

in the chemical process industries is the need for

a model to describe the dynamic behavior of the 1. Economic design of reactor networks that

process to be controlled. The objective of this minimize conversion of raw materials to waste

research program is the development of a range of byproducts.

new modeling techniques, in particular

development of techniques for building physics- 2 Synthesis of separation sequences to isolate,

based, low-order, nonlinear models with physically redirect and recycle byproducts.

meaningful parameters, specifically for the purpose

of (robust) linear and nonlinear controller design; 3. Integrated synthesis and design with

and development of methods for the identification environmental concerns, also dealing with process

of linear black box models and the associated uncertainty

uncertainty description suitable for robust control

system design. The first topic will be handled through a

quantitative targeting approach for reactor

This research program emphasizes methods that networks, which deals with the generation of waste

are both mathematically lucid and industrially byproducts at the source. Here, by developing

effective. The developed techniques build on superior reactor designs we see the greatest

results from nonlinear time series analysis, impact for process improvement, both from an

classical statistics and chemometrics. The False environmental and an economic perspective. The

Nearest Neighbor methods was shown to be second topic considers the recovery and reuse of

useful for determining the order of a nonlinear small amounts of byproducts, which can have a

ARMAX model, and the local linear structure of the significant impact on waste treatment costs.

input/output map was explored via PLS (Partial Performing this task will require more exacting

Least Squares or Projection to Local Structures). designs for systems with nonideal mixtures, such

By putting PLS in the general context of as the generation of flexible solvent recovery

"significance regression" it was possible to deal systems. Finally the third task combines structural

effectively with collinear data sets involving errors optimization and problem decomposition at various

on inputs ("Measurement Error Model") and modeling levels in order to screen alternatives

outliers ("Robust Regression"). before complex simulation models are applied. This approach will also include the development of

flexible designs that need to be tolerant to

uncertainties related to process conditions and

waste treatment requirements.

Engineering Research 9 1994
Carnegie Mellon University University Of Chicago

Dept of Elec & Comp Eng $101,747 The Enrico Fermi Institute $324,000

Pittsburgh, PA 15213 03-C Chicago, IL 60637 06-C

92-3 93-3

Research on a Reconfigurable and Reliable Fundamentals and Techniques of

Manipulators Nonimaging Optics

P. Khosla, T. Kanade R. Winston

The goal of our research is to develop basic Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of

design theory and methodology that will allow one traditional optical design to develop instead

to determine both the kinematic and dynamic techniques for maximizing the collecting power of

configuration of a manipulator capable of concentrating elements and systems. Designs

performing a given task. The motivation for this which exceed the concentration attainable with

arises from the concept of a modular manipulator focusing techniques by factors of four or more and

system comprising a set of link and joint modules approach the theoretical limit are possible. This is

of various sizes which may be assembled together accomplished by applying the concepts of

in a desired kinematic configuration to achieve a Hamiltonian optics, phase space conservation,

specific task. The joint and link modules have thermodynamic arguments, and radiative transfer

consistent mechanical and electrical interfaces methods. In the early nonimaging designs the

which will allow either semi-skilled field personnel mighty edifice of aberration theory was dismantled

or another manipulator to rapidly configure a and replaced by a single key idea. According to

manipulator to meet specific task requirements. this, maximum concentration is achieved by

Since current manipulator systems are of fixed ensuring that rays collected at the extreme angle

configuration, they lack the ability to perform for which the concentrator is designed are

widely varying tasks. Further, these manipulators redirected, after at most one reflection, to form a

are not fault tolerant - a loss of a degree-of- caustic on the absorber. This principle proved

freedom will result in a significantly reduced sufficiently elastic to accommodate most boundary

capability to perform the task it was deployed for. conditions in two dimensions (i.e., linear

In pursuing research on a reconfigurable modular geometry). Ideal solutions in three dimensions

manipulator system, our goal is to not only to have also been formulated. Our work on vector

create the technology but to push basic research flux has led to a reexamination of the foundations

for design of non redundant, redundant, and fault of radiometry with emphasis on observable effects.

tolerant manipulators. Our theoretical work on nonimaging designs has

led to demonstration of ultra-high flux from sunlight

This basic research effort will address the problem which exceeds previous results by substantial

of mapping tasks into a manipulator configuration, factors. Design algorithms have been developed

formulation of control algorithms for the mapped for reflectors that are functionals of the desired

configuration, and experimental verification of the irradiance. This permits new solutions which solve

developed ideas. Though it is not the primary classical problems in illumination from extended

objective, we believe that building prototype sources. The theoretical understanding of radiance

experimental modules for demonstrating our ideas has been extended to remove unphysical negative

will also contribute to the technology of modular values and more closely aproximate classical

manipulators. For configuring a manipulator from radiometry.

task requirements, we have developed

methodologies that map the task requirements into

a specific non-redundant manipulator. The

kinematic task requirements are used to determine

the link lengths and the orientation of the modules.

The dynamic task requirements are translated to

obtain the sizes and rating of the actuators or

joints.

Engineering Research 10 1994
Clarkson University University Of Connecticut

Dept of Chemical Engineering $62,500 Dept of Mechanical Engineering $50,440

Potsdam, NY 13676 01-C Storrs, CT 06268 01-A

94-3 92-3

Gas and Solids Holdup in Three Phase

Bioreactors Engineering Science Software

J. McLaughlin 315 Log Road $51,332

Smithfield, RI 02917 01-A The goal of this research is develop mathematical 92-3

modeling and tools that can lead to a better A Micromechanical Viscoplastic Stress-Strain

understanding of three phase Bioreactors that are Model with Grain Boundary Sliding

being developed in the Bioprocessing Research E. Jordan, K Walker

and Development Center at Oak Ridge National

Laboratory. The Bioreactors are liquid fluidized In the first goal of this program polycrystalline beds with gel beads that contain immobilized viscoplastic behavior was successfully predicted

bacteria. In contrast with most fluidized bed from single crystal properties and experimentally reactors, the bead Reynolds numbers are order verified.

unity. Mathematical models developed for particle

Reynolds numbers that are large compared to The current goal is to predict the degree of

unity do not correctly predict the hydrodynamics of heterogeneity and verify the predictions

the Bioreactors. experimentally. A self-consistent (SC) and a

Green's function (GF) model have been Some reactions, such as the production of ethanol, developed where the effects of neighboring grains

liberate gas bubbles. Such bubbles can lead to are respectively represented in an average sense

undesirable vertical mixing within the reactor. A and explicitly. Histograms of grain stresses have

goal of the project is to understand the interaction been constructed for both models. The SC model

between the gas bubbles and the beads. In the yields non-symmetric narrow histograms compared

production of lactic acid, negatively buoyant to the symmetric wider histograms from the GF

adsorber beads can remove the product and model and the experiments. Both models

increase efficiency. A second goal of the project is underestimate the heterogeneity at yielding.

to develop a better understanding the Inaccurate constitutive modeling now being hydrodynamic interaction between adsorber beads corrected may be responsible for the

and gel beads. underestimation.

The experimental portion of the project involves Unique neutron diffraction experiments were done

measurements of bubble rise velocities, at Argonne Labs. Limited results were produced observations of gel beads in bubble wakes, and because large detector height (being corrected)

measurements of adsorber bead settling velocities compromised resolution. Moire' strain experiments

The mathematical portion of the project involves a were done at INEL in which the strain of the

combination of asymptotic and numerical work. entire surface was recorded. Histograms of grain The usefulness of effective medium concepts for strains have been constructed. The orientations

the fluidized beds will be assessed by comparison of all the grains in the samples were obtained

with experimental measurements. using a SEM technique available at TSL, Inc.

Conclusions: The SC model is not very successful

while the GF model was successful in predicting

heterogeneity. The remaining challenge is to

obtain better predictions for the inelastic case.

Engineering Research 11 1994
Cornell University suspended on a flexible rod. The tube motion is

Mechanical & Aerospace Eng $78,230 limited by motion stops, thus introducing a strong

Ithaca, NY 14853 01-A nonlinearity in the tube stiffness. Preliminary

94-3 experiments were carried out in water. The

Nonlinear Dynamics of Fluid-Structure vibration amplitude versus flow velocity shows the

Systems instability onset (Hopf bifurcation) and the vibration

F. Moon saturation when the impact constraints limit the

chaotic motion. This response was found to

Two principal experiments were carried out under depend on whether the flow velocity was

this grant during the second year of this project: increasing or decreasing.

i) Forced vibration of a single flexible tube with

internal flow and ii) Cross flow measurements of The vibration frequency was found to depend on

chaotic vibrations of a flexible tube in a five tube the flow velocity. There is some evidence that the

row. periodic motion at the onset of flutter to chaotic

i) In the first set of experiments, begun in the first motion transition occurs through quasiperiodic

year, we explored multifractal phenomena, which vibration.

describe the transition from quasiperiodic to

chaotic vibrations. Quasiperiodic vibrations were At the present time we are carrying out the

observed in earlier experiments by Dr. G. Scott calculations of the fractal nature of the Chaotic

Copeland in flow through a long tube with an end motion with the goal of establishing the low

mass. These results were reported an a Ph.D. dimensional nature of the dynamics. At the same

dissertation in Summer 1990. By introducing a time we will correlate our findings with a similar

periodic-forcing of the tube in an adaptation of this experiment at Argonne National Laboratory to

experiment, we were able to more easily study establish the validity of the fractal dimension

this transition from quasiperiodic to chaotic technique in determining chaos in such flows. The

vibration. This study was motivated by work in the next stage of this work will involve experiments in

mid 1980's on forced Rayleigh-Bemard flow which cross flow of air past a row of tubes as described

showed a linkage between quasiperiodic motion in the next section on our proposed research for

and the circle map. the third year of this project.

In the forced tube experiment we were able to In 1993 a new wind tunnel facility has been

show a similar connection to the circle map, and in constructed and we are investigating nonlinear

particular, the multifractal nature of the breakup of dynamics of a tube row in cross flow.

the torus in c phase space. A multifractal is a

distribution function which is described by a set of

points with a continuous set of fractal dimensions. Cornell University

Our observations of multifractal behavior were, we Sibley School of Mech & Aero Eng $106,001

believe, the first to be observed in fluid-structure Ithaca, NY 14853 01-C

vibrations. 94-3

Experimental Studies of Reynods Number

In January 1992, Mr. George Muntean visited Dependence of Turbulent Mixing and

Argonne National Laboratory and reported to Dr. Transport

S.S. Chen our findings on muiltifractal Z. Warhaft

measurements. He subsequently presented a

paper at the DOE Grantees meeting this past Our experimental studies of passive scalar mixing

spring. A revised paper has been submitted to the and transport in turbulent flows are motivated by a

Journal of Fluids and Structures, and is currently desire to understand better the fluid mechanics of

under review. chemical reactions, combustion and environmental

pollution, all of which occur in turbulent

ii) The design of the cross-flow, tube row background flows. Towards this end we are

experiment began last summer and was studying passive thermal dispersion in a jet, and

completed this fall. These experiments parallel the mixing of temperature fluctuations in

work of Cai and Chen (1992). In the Comell homogeneous grid generated turbulence.

experiments the center tube of a five-tube set

Engineering Research 12 1994
A question of particular importance is in what way possible for the dispersed phase to be

does the scalar mixing depend on the Reynolds compressible. The equations of motion for each

number of the flow, i. e. on the relative intensity of phase have also been expressed in terms of a

the inertial forces to the dampening viscous forces. mutual "interfacial pressure tensor" that is related

For example as the Reynolds number increases, to both the average stress in the dispersed phase

do the nature of the small scale scalar statistics and the net force on the continuous phase. This

change? Do they become more isotropic, interfacial pressure tensor is also closely coupled

reflecting less the overall nature of the flow or do to the Reynolds stresses in the continuous phase.

they have inherent anisotropy? We note that

chemical reactions occur at the smallest length The exertia and added-mass coefficients have

scales. been computed for various geometrical

arrangements of spheres, both in an infinite array

Our preliminary investigations have shown that and in tubes. Comparable measurements were

even in isotropic grid turbulence, the scalar is made by measuring the natural frequency of

anisotropic both in the second and third moments, oscillation of such arrays in water. Future

and this is independent of the Reynolds number, experiments are planned in which more properties,

over the limited range that can be achieved in grid such as pressure fluctuations, are measured.

turbulence (up to Re = 130). We are presently

developing new techniques using active grids to Theoretical and experimental efforts are underway

study turbulence up to a Reynolds number of Re to obtain realistic interphase forces including the

= 400-500. This will enable us to probe many effects of viscosity and drag. Computations show

basic aspects of turbulence and mixing at that the effects of pressure gradient, added mass,

Reynolds numbers much greater than can be phase change and drag do not add linearly except

achieved in the largest computers, both now and at low Reynolds numbers. This has implications for

in the foreseeable future. the transient response and stability of fluidized

beds.

Dartmouth College

Thayer School of Engineering $122,726 Duke University

Hanover, NH 03755 01-C Dept of Physics $124,528

92-3 Durham, NC 27706 01-C

Two-Phase Potential Flow 93-3

G. Wallis Experimental and Analytical Investigations

of Flows in Porous Media

The objective is to develop theorems for two- R. Behringer, G. Johnson

phase potential flow analogous to those existing

for single phase flow. The research objectives of this project are to

characterize flows through porous media, including

Using one function, the "exertia," which describes convection-driven and pressure driven flows.

the external fluid inertia due to relative motion of Flows in porous media have significant technical

suspended particles, it has been possible to derive applications ranging from the recovery of oil and

the average stress tensor, kinetic energy, overall gas, to geothermal energy, and to the

momentum flux tensor and equations of motion for effectiveness of insulation. The current specific

uniform systems of particles and the effective objective is to characterize experimentally the

Bernoulli equation for the fluid flowing through a onset of convection and chaos in fluid-saturated

stationary array of particles. porous layers heated from below. The

experiments exploit the novel technology,

Recent developments include more general des- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and also

criptions of the mean particle stresses and the include high-resolution thermal measurements of

averaged Bernoulli equation for the fluid when temperature and heat transport. Convection

both phases have a general motion. Links have experiments have been carried out on a variety of

also been established between this approach and convection layer geometries and with different

Guerst's variational methods including the deriva- kinds of media. The results have been the first

tion of equations of motion for each phase, it being velocity images of the patterns in porous

Engineering Research 13 1994
convection. Steady roll patterns are seen where Idaho National Engineering Lab

predicted, but a number of features, including the Applied Physics & Optics Unit $485,000

roll wave length, and the time-dependent states Idaho Falls, ID 83415 06-A

are at variance with theory. Current experiments 93-3

are directed toward understanding convection of Fundamentals of Thermal Plasma Processing

binary mixtures in porous media. J. Fincke

The objective is to fundamentally improve the

Georgia Institute of Technology thermal plasma spray process. Modifications to

Computational Mechanics Center $60,718 conventional torches are being examined along

Atlanta, GA 30332 01-A with a new generation of high-velocity, high-power

94-3 (HVHP) plasma torches. These devices offer

An Analytical-Numerical Alternating Method larger plasma volumes at higher velocities while

for 3-D Inelastic Fracture and Integrity minimizing power fluctuations due to anode spot

Analysis of Pressure-Vessels and Piping at movement. Higher particle velocities decrease

Elevated Temperature residence time, an important factor in minimizing

S. Atluri oxidation reactions, and generally produce a

higher density and more consistent coating. The

The objective of this research project is to assess chemical dynamics of high velocity flow fields is

experimentally, the validity of T' integral and its also expected to lead to large departures from

applicability to quasi-static and dynamic ductile equilibrium, significantly increasing ion and

fracture analyses. The surface displacement dissociated species populations. Since surface

fields, which will be determined by moire recombination increases plasma/particle heat

interferometry, of two- and three-dimension transfer rates, this can be a significant advantage,

fracture specimens will be- used to compare yielding fully molten particles with less residence

directly the T' integral for various contours time.

surrounding the crack tip. Single-edge notched

and surface flawed, A533B steel specimens will be Based on the development of a fundamental

subjected to subcritical crack growth to fracture at understanding of the fluid mechanics and

room temperature through 650°C. The theoretical thermodynamics of high temperature,

and numerical T' will be compared with its nonequilibrium, flowing systems, process

experimentally-determined counterparts generated improvements are sought. These improvements

at the University of Washington under a parallel are: controlled/minimized entrainment of external

DOE research project. A simple procedure for atmospheres, increased velocities, increased

determining experimentally, T' integral of a plasma volume, and minimized jet fluctuations.

fracture specimen will be explored. The desired result is to deliver to the substrate a

particle ensemble at higher velocities with less

The large ductility of A533B steel requires the variance in temperature, velocity, molten fraction,

development of a moire interferometry protocol for and chemical composition. Ultimately, a better

low density moire grating. We have just understood process will allow improvements in

succeeded in using a 40 lines/mm diffraction coating adhesion and strength while other

grating on a 2024-T3 aluminum fracture specimen. characteristics, such as porosity, can be specified

This procedure, combined with a suitable chemical and controlled. This ability leads to the possibility

etching technique, should provide the necessary of engineering unique new coatings with graded

protocol for high temperature moire interferometry composition, porosity, etc. and enhanced

analysis. The loading fixture and oven with optical properties for advanced applications.

access is already in place.

Engineering Research 14 1994
Idaho National Engineering Lab computational model capable of providing such

Materials Science Division $249,000 information. The model is embodied in the LAVA

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 03-A computer code for two- or three-dimensional

93-3 transient or steady state thermal plasma

Application of Intelligent Control Systemssimulations. The plasma is represented as a

to Mixed-Culture Bioprocesses multicomponent ideal gas governed by the

J.Johnson, D. Stoner, G. Andrews compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Multicomponent diffusion is calculated by a

The aim of this project is to show that the self-consistent effective binary diffusion

productivity of mixed-culture bioprocesses can be approximation, including a new formulation for

greatly increased by applying intelligent systems to ambipolar diffusion of charged species.

the process control problem. Controllers will be Subgrid-scale and k-epsilon turbulence models are

developed by combining the tools of intelligent included Dissociation, ionization, and plasma

control including fuzzy logic, expert systems, and chemistry are treated by means of general explicit

neural networks. The ability of a mixed microbial and implicit chemistry routines for treating slow,

culture to adapt to changing conditions will be fast, and equilibrium chemical reactions. Discrete

matched by the ability of the control system to particles interacting with the plasma are

learn about process performance continuously. represented by a stochastic particle model which

Sensors will be developed to inform the control allows for distributions in particle sizes, shapes,

system about the activity of the dominant strains of temperatures, etc. Departures from local

microorganisms in the mixed culture. This will be thermodynamic equilibrium are accounted for by a

combined with expert knowledge on the two-temperature model which permits the electron

metabolism and biochemistry of these strains and heavy-particle temperatures to differ.

incorporated as fuzzy logic rules in the controller. Nonequilibrium populations of excited levels are

treated as separate chemical species, with

These control concepts are being demonstrated in collisional and radiative transitions between levels

the laboratory using the oxidation of ferrous iron modeled as kinetic chemical rate processes.

by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans as a model system. Applications of the model to date include realistic

A controller is being developed first for a pure simulations of plasma jets and plasma spraying,

culture of this organism in a chemostat, the control and detailed studies of excitation nonequilibrium in

objective being to maximize the oxidation rate plasma jets.

without the appearance of ferric iron precipitates.

The culture complexity will then be progressively

increased by adding an acidophilic heterotrophic Idaho National Engineering Lab

bacterium that consumes organic matter known to Materials Technology Group $430,000

inhibit Thiobacillus, and a protozoa that feeds on Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2218 01-A

the bacteria. Appropriate control rules will be 93-3

developed and implemented at each step. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis Emphasis

on Surface Flaws

W. Reuter, J. Epstein

Idaho National Engineering Lab

Energy Res & Applications Dept $233,000 The objective is to improve design and analytical

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 06-A techniques for predicting the integrity of flawed

93-3 structural components. The research is primarily

Modeling of Thermal Plasma Processes experimental, with analytical evaluations guiding

J. Ramshaw, C. Chang the direction of experimental testing. Tests are

being conducted on materials ranging from linear

Optimization of thermal plasma processing elastic to fully plastic. The latter extends beyond

techniques requires a better understanding of the the range of a J-controlled field. Specimens

space- and time-resolved flow and temperature containing surface cracks are used to simulate the

distributions in the plasma plume and of the fracture process (crack growth initiation, subcritical

interactions between the plasma and injected growth, and catastrophic failure) that may occur in

particles. The present research is directed toward a structural component. Structural components

the development of a comprehensive are being tested and analyzed in collaboration (inEngineering Research 15 1994
kind contributions) with Lehigh University (funded knowledge-based controllers (including artificial

by the U.S. Coast Guard). neural networks and fuzzy logic based

connectionist systems) and classical and

Metallography and microtopography techniques advanced control methods; and advanced optical

have been developed to measure crack tip and ultrasonic sensing, including the propagation

opening displacement and crack tip opening angle and interaction of ultrasound in metallic solid and

for comparison with analytical models. Moir6 liquid media. Results are being transferred to

interferometry techniques are used to evaluate and industrial partners through a related ER-LTT

quantify the deformation in the crack region. CRADA on Intelligent Diagnostics, Sensing, and

These studies have resulted in the ability to predict Control of Thin Section Welding.

crack growth initiation of specimens containing

surface cracks using constraint and fracture This project is part of a collaborative research

toughness data obtained from standard fracture program with the Massachusetts Institute of

toughness specimens. Future research will focus Technology.

on predicting the stable crack growth process in

base metal and the fracture process in weldments.

Idaho National Engineering Lab

Diffusion bonded specimens are being used to Nondestructive Mat'ls Charac Grp $200,000

simulate weldments. These specimens are used Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2209 03-B

to study the ability of existing models to predict the 93 3

fracture process for weldments. Nondestructive Evaluation of

Superconductors This project is a collaborative program with MIT. K. Telschow

This project is concerned with the development

Idaho National Engineering Lab and application of new nondestructive evaluation

Materials Technology Group $530,000 (NDE) techniques and devices for the

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 03-A characterization of high-temperature

93-3 superconducting materials in tape form.

Intelligent Control of Thermal Processes Microstructural and, particularly, superconducting

H. Smartt, J. Johnson properties, need to be measured non-invasively

and spatially in order to aid the fabrication

This project addresses intelligent control of thermal process.

processes as applied to materials processing.

Intelligent control is defined as the combined A noncontacting AC induced current measurement

application of process modeling, sensing, artificial technique has been developed that can determine

intelligence, and control theory to process control. critical currents on a local scale. This technique

The intent of intelligent control is to produce a can be used in conjunction with external applied

good product without relying on post-process fields and DC transport currents to determine

inspection and statistical quality control spatial variations in critical current dissipation. Its

procedures, by integrating knowledge of process operation is based on inducing the critical state

engineering practice and process physics into and full field penetration into the sample directly

control algorithms. The gas metal arc welding under theprobe. Recent accomplishmentsinclude

process is used as a model system; considerable measurements on silver sheathed tapes and

fundamental information on the process has been correlation with a new analytic approach to

developed at INEL and MIT during the past nine predicting the critical state in geometries utilizing

years. Research is being conducted on an non-uniform applied fields, as are found in most

extension of the fundamental process physics, NDE applications. A new integral equation

application of knowledge-based dynamic approach has been found that can be solved

controllers and signal/image processors, and iteratively to determine the flux-front profile in

development of noncontact sensing techniques. geometries with azimuthal symmetry. This

Tasks include analytical modeling of nonlinear approach has been applied to configurations

aspects of molten metal droplet formation and involving samples in a uniform field and tapes in

transfer; developing fundamental ties between the field of an external coil.

Engineering Research 16 1994
University Of Illinois developed flow in vertical and horizontal pipes are

Coordinated Science Laboratory $127,000 being used. Studies are being carried out of drop

Urbana, IL 61801 03-A sizes in vertical flows, of asymmetries in horizontal

94-3 annular flows, of the behavior of slugs in slug flow

Model Building, Control and Optimization of and of the role of waves in enhancing transport in

Large Scale Systems stratified gas-liquid flows.

T. Basar Studies of droplet deposition in vertical annular

This program involves fundamental research on flows have revealed the surprising result that

the modeling, control, and optimization of large deposition rates are independent of droplet

scale systems. The main theme is goal-oriented concentration at large enough concentrations.

model simplification for control and decision Dropsize measurements suggest that this is

making. It encompasses both linear and nonlinear associated with a transition whereby droplet

models, deterministic and stochastic systems with turbulence is controlled by droplet-droplet

external and internal uncertainty, systems with interactions, rather than gas-phase turbulence.

weak spatial and weak or strong informational

links, and dynamic decision models with multiple Considerable attention has been given to the role

criteria. The overall goal is the developmento of secondary flow in the gas in opposing

new and effective methodologies for robust asymmetries in the liquid film in horizontal annular

control, stabilization and optimization of large-scale flows Gas pase velocity measurements have

systems in the presence of static as well as revealed that strong secondary flows exist at large

dynamic uncertainty, and the analysis of such drop concentrations which actually aid film

systems using the concepts of multimodeling, drainage.

decomposition and aggregation. The spatial variation of local rates of oxygen

One area of current research is the optimal and absorption in a wavy stratified flow vary by an

robust control of structurally-changing, large-scale order of magnitude - thus suggesting that

uncertain systems, where the structural changes interfacial turbulence is not controlling.

are stochastic and are modeled by a finite-state

jump process, and the additive uncertainties in the

system dynamics and measurement channels are University Of Illinois

deterministic and norm-bounded. Another topic of Dept of Mechanical and $66,751

study at the present is robust identification for Industrial Engineering 01-A

dynamic systems with (linear) parametric Urbana, IL 61801 93-3

uncertainty, when the system is perturbed by an

additional unknown disturbance input. Here the Stress Induced Phase Transformations

goal is to develop identification schemes that H. Sehitoglu

exhibit fast convergence to true parameter values,

in spite of the additive unknown disturbances that Understanding stress-induced phase

impact the system dynamics. transformations is of paramount importance in

modeling the behavior of engineering materials

and components. From the material behavior

University Of Illinois standpoint, transformations generate internal

Dept of Chemical Engineering $232,000 (micro) stresses which alter the constitutive

Urbana, IL 61801 01-C behavior, and from the component standpoint

92-3 transformation strains may result in dimensional

Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines changes and alteration of macroscopic stress

T. Hanratty fields. The transformation strains are strong functions of the applied stress state since

The long range goal of this research is to descbe favorably oriented planes transform in the course

the macroscopic behavior of gas-liquid flow of loading. Several unique experiments under

systems by developing a phenomenological combined shear stress - hydrostatic pressure are

understanding of small scale interphase conducted on steels, containing retained austenite,

interactions. The simplified systems of fully- in order to measure and study anisotropic

Engineering Research 17 1994
transformation strains. Test specimens are Johns Hopkins University

subjected to externally applied pressures in excess Mechanical Engineering Dept $78,568

of 700 MPa. The compressive hydrostatic Baltimore, MD 21218 01-C

stresses would increase the.extrinsic ductility of 92-3

the material, and hence permit high magnitudes of Numerical and Physical Modeling of Twothe stress-induced and strain-induced transform- Phase Flow Phenomena at Large Reynolds

ations. Based on these experiments, the work will Numbers

set the background to evaluate the theories A. Prosperetti

proposed, and lay the foundation for new ones

with particular emphasis on complex changes in The ultimate purpose of this study is to develop

transformation strains. The basic information accurate averaged-equations models of disperse

obtained from the work will generate improved multi-phase flows of engineering significance.

understanding of transformation under contact Analytical means are used to derive the form of

loadings and transformation toughening pheno- the equations and direct numerical simulations to

menon in metallic and non-metallic materials. effect their closure at finite volume fractions.

A new method of phase averaging has been

University Of Illinois At Chicago developed and applied to rigid and compressible ~~~~Universit Of9 I o y tspheres in potential flow and in Stokes flow.

Energy Resources Center $ 0 Analytical results have been obtained in the dilute

Chicago, IL 60680 01-B limit and numerical ones for finite volume fractions.

93-1 The method is quite flexible and general and has

Heat Transfer to Viscoelastic Fluids also been applied to the derivation of averaged J. Hartnett energy equations at small Peclet number and of

the particle stress tensor in potential flow.

For the past decade the fluid mechanical and heat

transfer behavior of non-Newtonian fluids, In a separate study, the viscous flow around two

particularly viscoelastic fluids have been studied. slip-free spheres (a useful approximation for gas

These investigations have concentrated on bubbles) has been studied computationally to

aqueous solutions of high molecular weight evaluate the methods currently used to model

polymers in laminar and turbulent flow through viscous effects at large Reynolds numbers.

circular and non-circular channels. As a result of

these studies the pressure drop and heat transfer Current efforts center on the simulation of

behavior of most viscoelastic aqueous polymer suspensions of non-spherical particles in the

solutions under turbulent flow conditions can be potential- and Stokes-flow limits. Approximate

predicted with reasonable accuracy provided that closure techniques at finite concentrations are also

the basic rheological properties of the fluid are being developed.

known. It is noteworthy that under turbulent flow

conditions nearly all of the viscoelastic solutions

show dramatic reductions in the dimensionless Robert H. Kraichnan Inc

friction factor and heat transfer relative to bert H. Krai

Newtonian values 369 Montezuma 108 $67,024

Santa Fe, NM 87501-2626 01-C

93-3 In the case of laminar flow in non-circular ducts

the presence of normal stress differences results Turbulence Theory

in secondary flows which do not occur in R. Krachnan

Newtonian fluids. These secondary flows have

little effect in the pressure drop but are sufficient to Turbulent flow is omnipresent in geophysics and

increase the heat transfer by a factor of 2 to 3 energy-producing devices. Atmospheric turbulent

relative to the performance predicted for a purely transport plays an essential role in the movement

viscous power law fluid. Analytical studies based of heat, moisture, and pollutants. Turbulent flows

on the relatively simple Reiner-Rivlin model appear represent an enormous amount of information.

to capture the basic behavior of the flow and heat Both for practicable computation and for physical

transfer. understanding, it is necessary to extract essential

information in compact form. This project explores

Engineering Research 18 1994
novel approaches to economical and meaningful theories of mode conversion applicable when

description of turbulence. During the past year, nonlinear effects are important; and (8) A study of

important progress has been made in the non-Abelian gauge fields which occur in the

understanding of the turbulent mixing of passive separation of rotational and internal coordinates in

contaminants. For the 1st time in a turbulence the n-body problem (with applications to celestial

problem, the spatial intermittency of the mixed mechanics, satellite control, and atomic, molecular,

contaminant has been proved from the equations and nuclear physics).

of motion. Simple scaling laws for small scales of

the contaminant have been predicted analytically

and are being tested by numerical simulations of The Lovelace Institutes

unprecedented resolution. Institute for Basic and Applied $51,928

Medical Research 03-B

Albuquerque, NM 87108 93-3

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Dept of Physics $128,000 Two-Phase Flow Measurements by NMR

University of California 06-C E. Fukushima, S. Altobelli, A. Caprihan

Berkeley, CA 94720 93-3

The objective of this grant is to apply NMR to

Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics study how mixtures of different phases flow. The

A. Kaufman, R. Littlejohn concentration profile of one or both of the phases

undergoing flow as well as velocity profile and

Our research concerns the development of other more esoteric quantities such as acceleration

methods of modem nonlinear dynamics with and diffusion can be measured without interfering

applications to problems in physical and with the flow. The non-invasive measurement of

engineering sciences. We have been especially such parameters is especially difficult for

involved with Hamiltonian dynamical systems and concentrated mixtures that are opaque to the

the application of differential geometric and standard measurement medium such as light and

topological methods. A main area of application is sound waves but NMR works very well provided

wave systems, in which we have taken a broad, we examine proton containing liquids, e.g., water

interdisciplinary perspective. Our interests have and oil, in nonmetallic containers.

included the propagation, spectra, mode

conversion, and tunnelling of waves. Major Steady flows of concentrated suspensions in a

divisions of the program are: (1) A study of the circular pipe, first with a constant cross-section

properties of coupled wave systems, including and then with a step expansion and contraction,

elastic waves in solids, electromagnetic waves in have now been studied. Because NMR imaging

optical media or plasmas, nuclear wave functions is a fairly slow method, it is very important to

in molecular physics, and many others; (2) The extend the NMR method to faster flows. As a

development of a new method for decoupling point of reference, velocity images have been

coupled wave systems, including systematic made in tens of minutes whereas the achievement

adiabatic perturbation schemes for this purpose; of similar results in fractions of seconds will be a

(3) The development of asymptotic quantization specific objective for the next few years.

methods for coupled wave systems, i.e., the

determination of normal mode frequencies and

eigenfunctions; (4) Investigation of differential University Of Maryland

geometric and topological concepts such as Dept of Mechanical Engineering $64,875

Berry's phase, gauge structures, and topological College Park, MD 20742 01-D

singularities (such as monopole strings) which 93.3

generically occur in coupled wave systems; (5) A Characterization of Metal Cutting Dynamics

systematic study of mode conversion (otherwise B. Berger, . Minis

called Landau-Zener transitions), in which we

apply bifurcation and catastrophe theory to The development of efficient machine tools which

categorize the basic types of mode conversion produce parts of high quality and require minimum

which can occur; (6) Investigations into coherence intervention presupposes the capacity to identify

and radiometry in optics; (7) The development of precursors of unstable, chatter, states and

Engineering Research 19 1994
integrate such identifiers into control system type models of hysteresis (superposition models,

algorithms. The large amplitude oscillations two-input models for magnetostrictive and

associated with chatter have a detrimental effect piezoelectric hysteresis and their tensor

on surface finish, dimensional accuracy, tool wear extensions, feedback Preisach-type models),

and may lead to tool fracture. development of Preisach-type models for viscosity

(aftereffect), application of Preisach-type models to

To address the fundamental problems of the the description of superconducting hysteresis and

identification and control of chatter, this research evaluation of hysteretic losses in hard

effort is directed towards i) creating a large data superconductors, software implementation of the

base of carefully controlled measurements of tool Preisach hysteresis models, extensive

motions for critical ranges of cutting parameters; ii) experimental testing and verification of hysteresis

the identification of numerical algorithms capable models, investigation of penetration of

of detecting the precursors of chatter occurring in electromagnetic fields into nonlinear hysteretic

the data base found in (i); iii) the optimization and media. It is hoped that, as a result of this

application of such numerical algorithms to the research, the Preisach-type models of hysteresis

control of the cutting process. will emerge as a useful and indispensable tool in

engineering research and design problems.

A data base has been formed of sixty cutting

experiments comprising 4-107 separate

measurements for differing values of depth of cut, University Of Maryland

turning speed and feed rate. All of the data have Electrical Engineering Department $84,272

been subjected to power spectral, bispectral and Baltimore, MD 21228 03-B

bicoherence analysis. The methods of false 92-3

nearest neighbors, mutual information, singular Pulse Propagation in Inhomogeneous

value decomposition, TOR, time-frequency and Optical Waveguides

attractor dimension estimation have been applied C Menyuk

to selected data sets.

We are presently working on three separate This analysis has led to an explanation of the projects. First, we are studying randomly varying relationship between the cutting parameters and birefringence in optical fibers and its impact on

the structure of the power spectra, established both soliton and NRX communication systems. To

properties of the characteristic envelope and do that, we are carrying out Monte Carlo

associated polyspectral behavior with two well simulations of large numbers of fibers. We have

known paths to chatter. Precursors of chatter already demonstrated that optimal results are

have been suggested through polyspectral data obtained for both types of communication system

and model analysis. if one operates with the smallest possible amount

of randomly varying birefringence and if the scale

length for the birefringence fluctuations are on the

University Of Maryland same scale as the beat length. Second, we are

Dept of Electrical Engineering $87,300 studying passively modelocked fiber laser systems

College Park, MD 20742 06-C such as the figure-8 laser. These lasers are of

92-3 potential importance as sources in future, very

Mathematical Models of Hysteresis high bit rate communication and switching

L Mayergoyz systems. Our approach, which is based on using

computers to carry out a stability analysis of the

This.research is concerned with the development laser's operation, is new in this field. Previous

of mathematical models of hysteresis. These studies relied on either complete, ab initio

models are phenomenological in nature and, for simulations or on purely analytical theories. Our

this reason, they can be applied to the description approach allows us to accurately explore large

of hysteresis regardless of its physical origin. regions of parameter space and optimize the

laser's operating conditions. Third, we are

The main research objectives of the ongoing studying solid state devices. In the last year, we

research can be briefly summarized as follows: have been exploring the advantages of using

further development of scalar and vector Preisach Richardson extrapolation to stabilize several wellEngineering Research 20 1994
known schemes, and we have found that it is very University Of Maryland

beneficial. In the future, we intend to apply this Dept o Mechanical Engineering $128,039

approach to the study of quasi-phase-matched College Park MD 20742 01-C

second harmonic generation which is of 94-3

importance in obtaining sources which can write Contaminant Dispersal in Bounded

higher capacity compact disks. Turbulent Shear Flows

J. Wallace, P. Bernard, L. Ong

University Of Maryland Closely coordinated direct numerical simulations

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $75,660 and windtunnel experiments of evolving

& Inst for Systems Research 03-C line-source plumes are being conducted to better

College Park, MD 20742 92-3 understand the physics of scalar transport and to

develop a methodology for the accurate prediction

The Mechanics of Redundantly Driven of scalar fields in highly sheared environments.

Robotic Systems The latter includes a new class of models which

L. Tsai more accurately mimic the dynamical processes

affecting plume development. Of particular

The objective of this research is to increase interest is the wall-normal diffusion of scalar and

fundamental knowledge regarding the design of its connection to vortical structures in the wall

robotic mechanisms. The current goals are to region, and the efficacy of the transport models in

develop general methodologies forthe synthesis of both canonical boundary layer flows as well as in

tendon-driven manipulators and for backlash and complex flow geometries with significant flow

friction compensation in geared servomechanisms. separation.

A general theory for the synthesis of tendon-driven A quasi-three-dimensional laser light-sheet

manipulators with isotropic transmission tomographic method to visualize the scalar

characteristics has been derived. It is shown that topography of boundary layer plumes has been

an n-Degree-of-Freedom manipulator will possess implemented. A smoke plume seeped into the

the isotropic transmission characteristics, if it is flow from a wall slot in the windtunnel (idealizing

constructed with n+1 or 2n tendons, and if its the dispersion of a passive scalar pollutant

structural and Jacobian matrices satisfy two released from a line source in the atmospheric

isotropic conditions. It is also shown that surface layer) had been filmed at 10 KHz and

manipulators designed with the isotropic rendered into a 3-D computer movie of constant

transmission characteristics do have more a concentration surfaces. These images with

uniform force distribution among their tendons. simultaneous measurements of the velocity and

vorticity vectors with a miniature 12-sensor

Backlash and friction problems can be hot-wire probe provide a database for model

compensated by accurate modeling and adaptive development and verification.

non-linear control strategies. As a first step toward

this goal, a dynamic model which accounts for

both backlash and frictional effects has been University Of Massachusettsdeveloped. The equations of motion consist of a Lowell

system of differential equations with discontinuous

right-hand sides. The existence and uniqueness of Dept of Electrical Engineering $ 0

a solution for such a system of differential Lowell, MA 01854 01-C

equations and various control strategies for 91-3

compensating tracking errors caused by backlash Stability and Heat Transfer in Timeand friction are currently being investigated. Modulated Flows

C. Thompson

This project represents an analytical/experimental

effort directed toward understanding the processes

generating boundary layer instabilities in timeEngineering Research 21 1994
modulated flows. In particular, temporal Massachusetts Institute Of

modulations of the basic state by harmonic and Tchnl

free-stream vorticity is considered. The objectives ecno y

of this work are to: develop an analytical model The Energy Laboratory $128,622

for development of instability, describe the growth Cambridge, MA 02139 03-B

and propagation of unstable disturbances 943

occurring in the viscous region, investigate Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding

influence of steady-flow, examine global and local T. Eagar J. Lang

instability resulting from modulation of the freestream near points of mean-flow stagnation, and The objective of this project is to find new control

categorize results suggestive of possible methods to improve metal transfer in gas metal

mechanisms for heat transfer. ar welding - a widely-used manufacturing

process. A lumped-parameter mathematical

It has been shown that for increasing modulation model of a metal gas arc welding electrode has

amplitude of a two dimensional oscillatory flow, been developed with the goals of it being suitable

with zero mean, undergoes a subcritical transition for real-time control system design, yielding

from the 2-D Stokes boundary layer to a state additional physical understanding, and being

where streamwise oriented vortices appear. The readily usable by other researchers and engineers.

temporal growth of these streamwise vortices is

the result of the imbalance between the centrifugal A novel gas metal arc welding experiment has

force and the pressure. The most unstable axial been designed and constructed which modifies the

position along the channel corresponds to the fundamental way metal is transferred in the new

location where the convex wall curvature is welding process. The experiment uses

maximum. For a fixed value of the wall curvature, mechanical energy as a new control input to the

instability ensues above the critical value of the welding process. The metal electrode is vibrated

Taylor number. The instability is found to follow a axially while welding at the desired frequency of

period doubling path to temporal chaos. The drop detachment in order to force the detachment

threshold Taylor number for temporally chaotic of metal drops. The experiment is being used to

oscillations to ensue is found to be sensitive to the explore new modes of metal transfer, to test

wavenumber content of the initial disturbance field. algorithms for detecting and controlling these

In fact the presence of subharmonics is found to modes, and to verify the electrode model.

decrease this threshold value. The instability is

also found to exhibit a spatial bifurcation, where a The electrode model captures the instantaneous

subharmonic of the linearly least stable dynamics of drop detachment. Hitherto, dynamic

wavenumber becomes dominant as the Taylor electrode melting models have only sought to

number is increased. However, a correlation capture the average of the process. The model

between the onset of temporal chaos and spatial developed in this project captures the

bifurcations is not apparent. instantaneous geometric evolution of drops melting

on the end of an axially moving electrode. This

The instability resulting from the interaction of a model has potential uses for droplet systems other

stagnation point steady flow and a transverse than welding.

oscillatory flow in the presence of boundary

curvature is also considered. The instability is

again in the form of streamwise oriented vortices.

The velocity field characterizing this instability is

found to exhibit temporally chaotic oscillations.

The presence of a steady flow, however, has a

stabilizing influence on the vortical disturbances.

Engineering Research 22 1994
Massachusetts Institute Of Massachusetts Institute Of

Technology Technology

The Energy Laboratory $110,000 The Energy Laboratory $165,870

Cambridge, MA 02139 03-A Cambridge, MA 02139 03-B

94-3 94-3

Synthesis and Optimization of Multivariable Control Of The Gas-Metal Arc

Chemical Processes Welding Process

L. Evans, P. Barton D. Hardt

The goal of this research program is to develop The goal of this work is to provide a well-controlled

new systematic methods for the synthesis and welding process, based on multivariable regulation

optimization of chemical processes. As the of several welding attributes. However, previous

chemical industry is one of the largest consumers work encountered several problems that precluded

of energy in the U.S., it is important to find efficient good regulation of the process -- primary among

and creative computer-aided design strategies for these was the lack of sufficient controllability of the

developing new manufacturing processes, and process.

retrofitting existing plants.

To address these problems, we have begun a

The general philosophy of this research is to series of investigations that include both a general

develop, in an university environment, innovative exploration of the distributed-parameter heat

generic methodologies for solving problems of transfer control problem presented by the general

industrial importance. These methods are then welding process, and the development of a novel

demonstrated by using prototype software to solve welding process (called "stream welding") that

problems typical of those encountered in industry. seeks to allow better and more independent

control of heat and mass transfer.

Research is currently considering two topics. A

long term program that focuses on synthesis The distributed-parameter work has concentrated

techniques for achieving increased energy on formulation of a general heat conduction

efficiency through better heat and work integration problem with boundary heating to allow feedback

has culminated with an investigation of the control of the temperature distribution in time and

simultaneous synthesis and optimization of a space. An eigenfunction (i.e., model

chemical process, its heat exchange network, and approximation) approach has been shown to be

the utility system. Case studies involving an superior to finite difference or element methods in

atmospheric crude tower and the cold end of an terms of model efficiency and controller

ethylene plant demonstrate that the new approach implementation. A simple 2-D experiment has

can be used to derive designs very close to those been undertaken using a scanned-arc source to

of mature process technologies, thus enabling new create a controlled distribution in a rectangular

process designs to start high on the learning solid.

curve. Secondly, a new initiative is addressing the

need for process design and optimization The stream welding process has been developed

technologies for batch/semi-continuous processes. to the point where a well-defined stream of steel at

Research is focusing on design tools for rapid and 2000°C can be produced, and preliminary welds

efficient process development. A prototype have been made without any preheat. Penetration

process development methodology has been is quite small, as was predicted by simple heat

proposed that exploits modeling technology to transfer models, and methods of preheating are

explore alternatives and ensure feasibility of the now being investigated.

design. These ideas are currently being

implemented in the form of a computer-aided

design tool.

Engineering Research 23 1994
Massachusetts Institute Of effects of T-stress on plastic zone size gives simple and accurate estimates of J, compliance,

. ~~~Technolog~y .and crack tip constraint based solely on elastic K

National Magnet Laboratory $91,800 and T calibrations. In fully plastic cracking of low

Cambridge, MA 02139 01-D to moderate strength structural metals, asymptotic 93-2 elastic-plastic crack tip fields fail to dominate the Cryotribology (Low Temperature Friction and strain over microstructural length scales,

Wear) Development of Cryotribological suggesting the utility of rigid/plastic models. Such

Theories and Application to Cryogenic fully plastic cracking is based on limit analysis and

Devices a micromechanical model of crack tip opening Y. Iwasa angle that is sensitive to constraint and an

effective slip angle at the crack tip. The To advance our understanding of cryogenic- corresponding material constraints are being

temperature sliding stability, and thereby to determined from bending and tension tests of both

improve the reliability of superconducting magnets, standard and novel design.

we have been examining, experimentally and

theoretically, the fundamental mechanisms of All of these models are being incorporated into

frictionally stability. The attainment of absolutely line-spring finite elements for surface-cracked

stable, positive friction-velocity characteristics at plates and shells, providing simple and

cryogenic temperatures appears improbable extraordinarily accurate analysis and simulation of

because of the lack of thermally-activated steady- these important engineering flaws.

state shear creep. We are presently investigating:

1) a force-based approach to magnet design that

promotes quench-causing conductor microslips to Massachusetts Institute Of

occur early in the magnet's charging cycle where

their consequences are relatively benign; and 2) Technology

the cryotribological behaviors at 77K and 4.2 K of The Energy Laboratory $48,741

several metal/metal and other nonpolymeric sliding Cambridge, MA 02139 01-A

pairs, particularly of several hard, creep-resistant, 94-3

chemically inert materials such as: the Group 8 Basic Engineering Sciences of Solids

noble metals, high-strength ceramics and recently- Comminution

developed sputter-deposited diamond films. Of C. Peterson, F. McClintock

particular interest is the extent to which hardness,

ductility, and chemical compatibility influence Comminution to fine particle size (<20t)is an

cryogenic-temperature sliding behavior. energy-intensive process, as for deep cleaning of

coal or beneficiation of oil shale or other minerals.

Retention of fine material within the charge of

Massachusetts Institute Of coarse material to be fractured is a major source

of energy loss. This study has investigated both

~T~~ecn~h~no~logy ^the mechanics of particle fracture within deep beds

The Energy Laboratory $205,640 of particles subjected to external compressive

Cambridge, MA 02139 01-A loads and size-dependent particle transport via

94-3 fluidization as a means of separating fine materials

Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks from coarse as they are formed.

D. Parks, F. McClintock

The particle fracture studies included both

A methodology for predicting constraint-sensitive analytical and experimental work; for simplicity, the

plane strain ductile fracture in engineering work was limited largely to spherical particles.

structures is being developed. At low toughness, Analytical and experimental work with single

the elastic T-stress and K provide a rigorous and particles (glass spheres) indicates that spherical

straightforwardlycalculable two-parameterfracture particles of brittle material fracture in response to

mechanics. Applications include pressurized the application of a size-dependent maximum load, thermal shock. At loads giving moderate to large- independent of the multitude of lesser loads that

scale yielding, a modification to the standard would be experienced within a compressivelyeffective crack length formulation accounting for loaded particle bed.

Engineering Research 24 1994
Analytical models were developed to display the packing of these suspensions obtained from

behavior of beds of randomly-sized spherical viscosity measurements were found to be equal to

particles subjected to compressive loading, the dry random packing of the same particles

including fracture of individual particles when divided by 1.19. This is a new dilatancy factor

appropriate critical loads are experienced (for likely to be associated with lubrication layers

brittle materials). This behavior correlated well between the particles. The viscosity equation was

with the behavior observed while crushing glass also used to describe the behavior of bidisperse

spheres between flat plates. suspensions with a very large particle size ratio.

Here, the bidisperse viscosity was simulated using

From the outset, the overall program was guided the bimodal model. The viscosity equation again

by a concept that would use fluidization of the bed matched well with the simulated data. The

to preferentially transport small particles from the calculated values of maximum packing fraction

crushing zone. Transport experiments have been were consistent with the experimental values for

conducted with bidisperse mixtures of glass smaller size ratios. This lends further support to

spheres (50 - 3000 micrometers in diameter) in the validity of the bimodal model. The bimodal

water with impulsively-started fluidization, within approach was next applied to the high-shear-limit

vertical and near-vertical chambers. The work is viscosity of a polydisperse suspension with a size

continuing with construction of an annular test range from submicron to 40 microns. The

chamber representative of a practical design. separating particle size that divided the distribution

into a fine and a coarse fraction was found to be

1.5 microns. It was determined so as to give the

Massachusetts Institute Of best fit between the bimodal model and experiTechnology iment. The result for the separating particle size

showed that the fine fraction is indeed colloidal.

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $117,874

Cambridge, MA 02139 01-C

92 Massachusetts Institute Of Rheological and Flow Characteristics of

Dense Multiphase Slurries Employing a Technology

Bimodal Model Dept of Chemical Engineering $151,142

R. Probstein Cambridge, MA 02139 06-A

94-3

This research aims to develop a rational Development of Principles and

theoretical and experimental methodology for the Methodologies of Metabolic Engineering

rheological and flow property prediction of G. Stephanopoulos

dense-phase slurries with particles distributed in

size from submicron to several hundred microns. Advances in molecular biology allow genetic

The approach models a polydisperse suspension modifications which affect the metabolic network of

as inherently bimodal, wherein it is considered to an organism. However little has been done on

be made up of a fine fraction which behaves relating such modifications to the relative impact

colloidally and imparts to the suspension many of on useful biosynthetic production. The proposed

its important rheological and flow characteristics, effort will develop the methods for identifying those

and a coarse fraction which behaves as if it were critical points in metabolic networks which have

in a pure liquid with the same viscous behavior as the greatest impact on product formation.

the colloidal suspension and raises the apparent Ultimately rate controlling reactions in the rate

viscosity through hydrodynamic interactions. To controlling branch of the metabolic network will be

describe the behavior of the coarse fraction, a identified. The initial organism to be studied will

viscosity equation based on lubrication concepts be a microbial system producing aminoacids

was applied to suspensions of non-colloidal through fermentation. The key issue is to find the

particles. The equation derived for monodisperse best pathways for the flow of carbon towards the

suspensions was also shown to apply remarkably desired product formation. It is expected that such

well to bidisperse and polydisperse suspensions. a study will lead to defining the field of metabolic

The polymodal particle size was either uniformly or engineering and its application to the production of

log-normally distributed, and the broadest size fuels and more generally biochemicals.

range was 37-212 microns. The maximum

Engineering Research 25 1994
Massachusetts Institute Of University Of Minnesota

Technology1 Dept of Mechanical Engineering $126,100

Dept of Chemical Engineering $0 Minneapolis, MN 55455 01-B

Cambridge, MA 02139 06-C 94-3

91-3 Heat/Mass Transfer Enhancement in

Los Alamos National Lab2 eparated and Vortex Flows R. Goldstein

MEE-9 $109,000

Los Alamos, NM 87545 06-C Separated and jet flows which enhance heat/mass

91-4 transfer are of interest in the project. Models

Sandia National Laboratories using perforated plates with circular hole arrays

Engineering Sciences Center $109,000 are of particular interest. The project investigates

Albuquerque, NM 87008-0834 06-C the local heat/mass transfer for different pore

91-4 (hole) length-to-diameter ratios and spacings. This

Macrostatistical Hydrodynamics study will be extended to multiple layers of the

H. Brenner', A. Grahan 2, L. Mondy7 perforated plates to better understand the

separation and reattachment flows and their

Experimental, analytical, and numerical studies of influences on heat transfer.

falling-ball 'tracer' particle dynamics in

concentrated suspensions composed of dispersed, Short pin-fin arrays have been used for duct-flow

neutrally-buoyant spheres and rods comparable in heat transfer enhancement. However, the gain

size to the tracer have been continued and achieved by enhanced heat transfer is often offset

extended. by an increase in pressure loss which results in

the need for extra pumping power to maintain the

Fluctuations in the mean sedimentation velocity of flow. Based on studies of the effect of horseshoe

a falling ball though such suspensions were vortices on heat transfer, a stepped pin-fin

analyzed and successfully interpreted in terms a geometry has been designed. The vortex flows

"hydrodynamic diffusion" model. Diffusivity results formed from the step will be examined and they

agreed well with a theoretical model of the may substantially increase mass (heat) transfer

phenomenon, originally developed for dilute from the duct walls without requiring an increase

systems. in pumping power. Local mass transfer

measurements, together with flow visualization and

Spinning-ball rheometry in quiescent suspensions pressure and velocity measurements, are

is being developed as a useful adjunct to prior employed to understand the mechanisms for

falling-ball rheometric studies. This technique higher mass (heat) transfer.

provides another experimental benchmark for

numerical and analytical studies of microstructural Energy separation, connected with the unsteady

effects in concentrated suspensions. pressure fluctuations induced by the convective

movement of vortices, has been observed in an

The pressure 'drop' incurred by a sphere falling impinging jet. Free and impinging jets including

through a quiescent neutrally-buoyant suspension, the effect of acoustic excitation are being studied.

which constitutes another useful dynamical The energy separation occurs in a free jet in the

suspension parameter, was measured and found vortex structure around the jet periphery, and is

to agree well with theoretical results for the greatly affected by acoustic excitation. This study

comparable pressure drop in a homogeneous should reveal the fundamentals of flow that affect

Newtonian liquid, the energy separation and the influence on

impingement heat transfer.

In collaboration with Lovelace, NMR imaging was

used to study the flow-induced migration of

neutrally-buoyant suspensions of rods (of aspect

ratio up to 20) dispersed in a Newtonian liquid

undergoing inhomogeneous shear. Despite their

very different geometry, the rod results were

similar to those previously observed for spheres.

Engineering Research 26 1994
University Of Minnesota University Of Minnesota

Dept of Aero Eng & Mechanics $205,000 Dept of Mechanical Engineering $279,602

Minneapolis, MN 55455 01-C Minneapolis, MN 55455 06-C

93-5 92-4

Lubricated Transport of Viscous Materials Thermal Plasma Processing of Materials

D. Joseph E. Pfender, J. Heberlein

The focus of the research is studies of lubricated The objectives of this program are the

transport of viscous materials: viscous crude oils, characterizations of various plasma processes in

concentrated oil/water emulsions, slurries and specific plasma reactors which have been

capsules. We have emphasized problems which developed at the University of Minnesota, using

arise in pipeline applications. Four categories of diagnostics and modeling approaches. The

study are underway. The first is the study of the specific reactors used for the plasma processes

fluid dynamics of core flows emphasizing studies are a triple torch reactor and a counterflow liquid

of stability and, more recently, problems of start- injection reactor. An rf induction plasma unit has

up, lift-off and eccentric flow when gravity causes been added as a third reactor for process

the core flow to stratify. We have also correlated characterization because of increasing interest by

all the available data on friction factors and hold- industry in such a reactor.

up for core flow and shown good agreements

between experimental data and k - e models in Diamond film deposition using thermal plasma

turbulent flow. CVD has been investigated in the triple torch

reactor where the emphasis has been on large

A second category of studies treats the problem of area coverage, and in the counterflow reactor

fouling of pipe walls with oil, with undesirable where the use of liquid precursors for the

increases in pressure gradients and even flocking, deposition has resulted in some startling

We propose to do the first studies of rates of observations. The major new diagnostics which

fouling as they depend on the parameters of have been used in the characterization have been

lubricated pipelining together with remedial a combination of a tele-microscope with a laser

strategies based on the manipulation of the strobe video system allowing detailed observation

materials of wall construction. The remedial of spray droplets. Synthesis of ultrafine SiC

strategies may go a long way in relieving the main particles has been pursued in the rf reactor.

problems impeding lubricated pipeline technology.

The modeling effort concentrates on the

The third category is to gain an understanding of description of the reactant mixing in rf induction

the mechanisms of flow-induced migration of plasma reactors, and on the derivation of improved

particles leading to lubricated configurations. For values for thermodynamic and transport properties

this, we do direct numerical simulations in which of mixtures which are sorely needed for both

the particles are moved according to their efforts to improve the basis for predicting plasma

equations of motion by hydrodynamic forces processes.

computed exactly. One goal of this study is to see

if lift forces proportional to the square of the

velocity are strongly involved in fast flow of

slurries, capsules and oils.

The fourth category of problems is the lubricated

transport of concentrated oil/water emulsions.

Engineering Research 27 1994
National Academy of Sciences- research program addressing Solid mechanics and

National Academy of Eng Finite element Modeling, Composite materials, Aerodynamics and impact, as well as Thermal National Research Council sciences (Heat transfer and Fluid Dynamics). In

Washington, DC 20418 $1,559,000 more detail examples of specific projects are

06-C Improvement of satellite Rendezvous Maneuvers,

Department of Energy Integrated 92-3 optimization of gear design, analysis of the wear of

Manufacturing Fellowship Program diamond tools. Furthermore, these funds will be

T. Rozzell used to strengthen the undergraduate education in

aeronautics at Southern University.

Thirty-six three-year predoctoral fellowships in

integrated manufacturing are in place administered

by the National Research Council, under the aegis National Center for

of the National Academy of Engineering, following Manufacturin Sciences

national competitions. The objectives of the

program are to create a pool of PhD's trained in Technology Sourcing $ 0

the integrated approach to manufacturing, to Ann Arbor, MI 48108 06-C

promote academic interest in the field, and to 93-2

attract talented professionals to this challenging Industrial Liaison Pilot Program

area of engineering. J. Sheridan

The fellowship program was conceived as one The National Center for Manufacturing Sciences

response to the loss of competitiveness of the has been funded by DOE, Basic Energy Sciences,

United States in manufacturing. Two related to direct a program which will place employees of

aspects of the problem are the traditional the National Laboratories at industrial sites to work

separation of the product design function from the with their corporate colleagues on issues of

manufacturing function and the lack of an importance to manufacturing industry. The goals

appreciation for the process of manufacturing as of the program are to evolve expertise in a broad

an integrated system. range of manufacturing issues at the National

laboratories, identify fundamental DOE research

It is expected that the improved manufacturing needs, and build a long-range sustained

methods which this fellowship aims to bring about commitment to collaboration on industrial issues

will contribute to improved energy efficiency, to both at DOE and within industry. Results from the

better utilization of scarce resources, and to less Liaison Program will strengthen industry's energy

degradation of the environment. efficiency in its operations by enhancing the quality of the total product and developing efficient

production and management techniques. This will

National Aeronautics and directly benefit American manufacturing competitiveness and will help DOE Basic Energy

Space Adminstration Sciences identify fundamental research needs in

600 Independence Avenue, S.W. $84,600 energy efficient industrial methodologies and

Washington, DC 20546 06-C technologies.

94-5

Center for Aerospace Research & Education A pilot program will be conducted to immediately

for Minority Students at Southern University place a limited number of workers and carefully

I. Blankston evaluate the effectiveness of a sustained program.

The pilot program is important. There are a

Pursuant to an agreement between the Secretary number of potential risks and blockers which need

of Energy and the Administrator of NASA, the to be assessed carefully before a large

recommended funds will support the education of commitment is made. The Industrial Liaison

minority students at Southern University (an Program (ILP) will place DOE laboratory workers

HBCU) in disciplines related to aeronautics and into the industrial environment to focus the

space sciences. Over the five years of this attention of the laboratories on industry issues.

agreement NASA will provide $2,500,000. The The worker will remain a full time employee of the

education program will be coordinated with a Laboratory but the costs of the off-site per diem

Engineering Research 28 1994
will be shared by the host company through a National Institute Of Standards

formula-based reimbursement. Technology & 

Thermophysics Division $573,000

National Institute Of Standards Gaithersburg, MD 20899 03-B & Technology Boulder, CO 80303 91-5 & Technology

Thermophysics Division $123,675 Development of Measurement Capabilities for

Boulder, CO 80303 06-A the Thermophysical Properties of Energy94-3 Related Fluids

Gelation of Dense Silica Suspensions: R. Kayser, J. Levelt Sengers, M. Moldover, W.

Effect of Shear Haynes

H.J.M. Hanley

The major objectives of this project are to develop

The objective of this work is to understand state-of-the-art experimental apparatus that can be

microstructure changes during gelation of used to measure the thermophysical properties of

nanometer particulate material. In particular the a wide range of fluids and fluid mixtures important

effect of an applied shear on the gelation to the energy, chemical, and energy-related

mechanism is being investigated. Practical industries and to carry out carefully selected

objectives are to understand better the energy benchmark measurements on key systems. The

efficient sol-gel casting process and to explore the specific measurement capabilities completed

possibility of constructing novel composite (denoted by asterisk) or under development

materials. The gelation mechanism is studied by include new apparatus for transport properties

small angle neutron scattering (SANS) (tantalum-hot-wire thermal-conductivity apparatus,

experiments, supplemented by light scattering vibrating-wire viscometer), thermodynamic

measurements. Data are taken from the neutron properties (dual-sinker densimeter, highscattering spectrometers of the NIST Cold Neutron temperature vibrating-tube densimeter, totalResearch Facility (CNRF), and from a light enthalpy flow calorimeter), phase equilibria

scattering facility under development in the properties (recirculating phase equilibria

Thermo-physics Division. An automated shearing apparatus, low and high-pressure ebulliometers',

cell, which was constructed previously under DoE re-entrant radio-frequency resonator), and

funding and now a user facility at CNRF, is a dielectric properties (concentric-cylinder dielectriccentral component of the work. Candidate constant apparatus). These new apparatus will

systems are colloidal silica in water, or heavy extend significantly the existing state of the art for

water, and gelation is triggered by changing the properties measurements and make it possible to

pH and salt content of the solvent. Results to date study a wide range of complex fluid systems (e.g.,

include a determination of structure factors of highly polar, electrically conducting, and reactive

dense silica gels. It is established that shear has fluids) under conditions which have been

a definite effect on gel structure. Complementary previously inaccessible. This project also includes

nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation benchmark experimental measurements on

studies have modeled the gelation process. A alternative refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures

connection between the gelation mechanism and (completed and ongoing), aqueous solutions, and

spinodal decomposition to a gas-solid mixture has carefully selected systems consisting of species of

been established. diverse size (methane + neopentane) and polarity

(methane + ammonia) that are important to the

development of predictive models for energyrelated fluids.

Engineering Research 29 1994
National Institute Of Standards The City University Of New York

& Technology The City College $ 0

Electromagnetic Technology Div $108,000 The Benjamin Levich Institute 06-C

Boulder, CO 80303 06-C for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics 90-3

94-3 New York, NY 10031

High-Tc Superconductor-Semiconductor

Integration and Contact Technology T h e eology of Concentrated Suspensions

J. Moreland, S. Russek, S. Sanders, J. Ekin A. Acrvos

The purpose of this project is to study materials This research program aims to investigate the flow

problems faced in integrating high-T, of concentrated suspensions of non-colloidal

superconductor (HTS) thin-film technology with particles from the fundamental point of view.

conventional semiconducting technologies. The Earlier studies by the Principal Investigator and his

emphasis of the research is to investigate HTS- associates have shown that the rheology of such

semiconductor contact systems and novel HTS- systems is strongly affected by the shear-induced

semiconductor devices. The ultimate goal is to migration of particles from regions of high shear to

develop HTS thin-film technology to its fullest low and from regions of high particle

potential for multimodule interconnections, future concentrations to low which, by distorting the

ULSI source and drain connections, and particle concentration profile, can lead to an

microelectronic microwave filters. These potential erroneous interpretation of the experimental

applications provide the motivation for a thorough measurements pertaining to the effective viscosity

investigation of HTS thin-film materials of such systems. This shear-induced particle

development of these hybrid systems. diffusion is also responsible for the phenomenon

Determining the compatibility of HTS thin-film of viscous resuspension whereby, in the presence

deposition and patterning processing with that of of shear flow, a settled bed of heavy particles can

standard Si and GaAs processing is crucial for resuspend even under conditions of vanishingly

expanding the applications of these hybrid small Reynolds numbers.

technologies. A theoretical model of shear-induced particle

The nanostuctural properties of HTS materials diffusion, which was developed earlier by the

have proven to have a principal influence on the Principal Investigator was tested experimentally in

electrical properties of HTS materials and devices. various unidirectional flows by measuring the

For this reason the use of scanned probe extent of viscous resuspension and comparing it to

microscopies are being emphasized for evaluating the theoretical predictions. Very good agreement

HTS-semiconductor epitaxy as well as electrical was found between theory and experiments even

conduction in interconnects and contacts to hybrid in the case of flow in a tube where strong

device structures. The further development of secondary flows are generated owing to the

scanned probe microscopies, specifically for presence of a non-axisymmetric particle

electronic device imaging will be invaluable not concentration profile. In addition, a technique was

only forthe HTS-semiconductor integration studies developed, using LDA, for measuring the particle

but for all developments in microelectronics in the velocities in concentrated suspensions.

foreseeable future.

Engineering Research 30 1994
The City University Of New York chemical hydrodynamics systems characterized by

The City College $256,836 a significant disparity between the spatial scales

Dept of Chemical Engineering 03-A involved. By appropriately performed averaging

New York, NY 10031 94-3 over short scales one may considerably simplify the original problem, sometimes even lowering its

Partial Control of Complex Processing effective dimensionality and thereby making the

Systems latter quite tractable either analytically or

R. Shinnar, I. Rinard numerically.

There are two research objectives. One is to With all their relative simplicity the emerging

understand the control of Fluidized Catalytic reduced models proved rich enough to capture

Crackers (FCC's), an important goal in itself due to many nontrivial features of the original systems

the central role played by FCC's in modern which hitherto resisted description by any other

refineries. The second is to use the FCC as an means. Specifically, the scale-separation

example to learn about the control of complex approach will be applied to (1) the mathematical

chemical plants in which the number of variables modelling of stabilization, blowoff and flashback of

to be maintained within acceptable limits exceeds premixed gas flames; (2) the theory of thermal

the number of manipulatable variables available explosion in the reactive premixture subject to the

for control. The FCC is an excellent example of effects of natural or forced convection; (3) the

such plants, being both nonlinenonlinear and liear dynamics of the interfacial instabilities in

multivariable. multilayered flows dominated by viscosity effects.

A dynamic simulation model of the FCC has been

developed for these studies, submitted for Northwestern University

publication and is available on request. Compared Engineering & Applied Science $90,452

to available models, it is based on a more detailed Evanston, IL 60208 03-B

kinetic representation of the FCC operation and 93-3

more accurately predicts the trends actually Thin-Film Characterization and Flaw

observed in the plant. Detection

J. Achenbach

The work has demonstrated that the performance

of FCC's in the region of current operation exhibits This work is concerned with the determination of

not only the expected multiple steady-states but the elastic constants of thin films deposited on

input multiplicities as well. Further, there are substrates, with the measurement of residual

preferred choices of dominant variables as well as stresses in such films and with the detection and

control structures depending upon the mode of characterization of defects in thin film substrate

operation (partial versus complete CO configurations.

combustion). Some long-standing control

problems that have puzzled industry have been There are many present and potential applications

resolved and a new approach to choosing control of configurations consisting of a thin film deposited

structures is being developed. on a substrate. Thin films that are deposited to

improve the hardness and/or the thermal

properties of surfaces are of principal interest in

The City University Of New York this work. Thin film technology does, however,

The City College $101,850 also include high T. superconductor films, films for

The Benjamin Levich Institute 06-C magnetic recording, superlattices and films for

New York, NY 10031 94-3 band-gap engineering and quantum devices. The

studies carried out on this project also have

Studies in Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics relevance to these applications.

of Extended Systems

G. Sivashinsky Both the film and the substrate are generally anisotropic. A line-focus acoustic microscope, is

The objective of this project is a unified theoretical being used to measure the speed of surface

approach to the description of a variety of physico- acoustic waves (SAW) in the thin film/substrate

Engineering Research 31 1994
system. This microscope has unique advantages displayed in the diffusion coefficients. Stability of

for measurements in anisotropic media. Analytical the two-dimensional monochromatic wave is

and numerical techniques are employed to extract examined, and possible three-dimensional patterns

the desired information on the thin film from the are discussed.

measured SAW data. Recent results include: (1)

analytical and numerical techniques for the direct The experimental program is designed to confirm

problem and the inverse method, (2) measure- the range of validity of the theoretical analysis, and

ments of superlattice film constants, (3) investi- to determine its practical limits. An inclined-plate

gation of the effect of surface roughness and (4) apparatus has been constructed consisting of a

measurements of residual stresses in thin films. glass sheet 1 m long and 0.5 m wide, with

adjustable inclination and radiant heating. Global

views of the instantaneous wave structure are

Northwestern University obtained by fluorescent illumination and digital

Dept of Chemical Engineering $155,079 imaging. Spatial development of the wave

Evanston, IL 60208 01-B structure and the approach to film dryout are thus

92-3 obtained.

Stability and Rupture of Thin Fluid Films on

Heated Solids Surfaces

S. Bankoff, S. Davis Northwestern University

Dept of Eng Sci & App Math $53,230

The objective of this work continues to be the Evanston, IL 60208 01-C

study of the dynamics, stability and rupture of thin 94-3

liquid films, especially with heat and/or mass Microscopic Interfacial Phenomena During

transfer. These films appear in many engineering Flow in Porous Media

processes, such as film coating, gas absorption, M. Miksis

condensation, and especially cooling of hot

surfaces. The objective of this proposal is to study the effect

of interfacial phenomena on the motion of a fluid

In the long-wave linear stability limit, destabilizing in a porous material. In particular, we will be

mechanisms are identified. For arbitrary primarily concerned with the micromechanics of

wavenumbers, a shear-mode instability exists that the fluid motion and its effect on the macroscopic

is stable in plane Poiseuille flow. Regions are flow. On the pore scale, we find a moving

determined in which the primary instability is to boundary problem for the fluid/fluid and the

long-wave disturbances. A weakly nonlinear solid/fluid interfaces. During this project period,

analysis reveals that small-amplitude disturbances attention will be directed to understanding and

are governed by perturbations of the Kuramoto- modeling the dynamics of these interfaces. In

Sivashinsky equation. Hysteretic transitions are particular, attention will focus on three specific

found between smaller- and larger-amplitude topics: surfactant effects, motion of an interface

traveling wave states. In the strongly nonlinear into an unsaturated porous medium and breaking

regime, stable solitary traveling-wave solutions are phenomena.

found when only viscous effects are considered.

A criterion for the flooding phenomenon, derived We have recently investigated how capillariiy

from this analysis, compares qualitatively with affects the dynamics of a foam on the microscopic

phenomenologically-based models, The stability of scale using both analytical and numerical

the solution to three-dimensional disturbances is methods. Now we will consider how capillary and

then investigated. A strongly nonlinear system is surfactants affect the stability and mobility of foam

derived that determines the evolution of the flow in a porous media. Also, we will continue a

interface and the pressure field. A linear analysis study on how capillary effects on the microscopic

of this equation provides conditions for three- scale affect the motion of an immiscible

dimensional instability. A weakly nonlinear contaminating liquid in an unsaturated porous

analysis concludes that amplitudes of two- material. Finally, we will investigate the dynamics

dimensional traveling waves are governed by a of a fluid interface during breaking. Breaking

two-dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau phenomena occur during the dynamics of twoequation, with the anisotropic nature of the flow phase flows.

Engineering Research 32 1994
Northwestern University for non-equilibrium structures in general which

Dept of Chemical Engineering $ 0 arise in other fields such as chemistry and

Evanston, IL 60208-3120 06-C mechanics.

91-3

Mixing of Immiscible Fluids in Chaotic Flows Specifically, the research focusses on localized

and Related Issues waves observed in binary-mixture convection.

J. Ottino They have been described theoretically as

dissipatively perturbed soliton solutions of the

The basic goal of this work is to obtain basic complex Ginzburg-Landau equations. However, it

understanding of mixing of immiscible fluids has been found that the resulting predictions

leading to the determination of flow conditions qualitatively disagree with certain aspects of the

which result in efficient breakup and dispersion of observations. The present work will build on an

one mass of fluid in the bulk of another. Related extension of these equations derived earlier, which

issues are the prediction of the morphological incorporates an additional slow time-scale due to

structures and drop size distribution for a given set the slowness of mass diffusion. The derivation will

of operating conditions. The primary motivation for be considered for more realistic conditions. The

these investigations is to produce basic knowledge velocity of the waves will be calculated in a

leading to increased understanding of industrial perturbation around the soliton. The effect on

processes involving blending, agitation, plane waves will be investigated.

emulsification, and dissolution. Work was carried

out in several inter-related areas: (i) stretching and In addition, localized structures in the form of

breakup of filaments in chaotic flows, (ii) analysis domain walls wil be studied. Arrays of such walls

of details of breakup and sub-satellite formation at are related to zig-zag structures as found in

small scales, (iii) understanding of the statistics of isotropic and anisotropic convection.

drop size distributions produced for different

viscosity ratios. Work in all these areas has been

completed. Current research is proceeding in University Of Notre Dame

three directions: mixing of equal volumes of fluids Dept of Chemical Engineering $59,774

using either the marker and cell technique or the Notre Dame, IN 46556 01-C

boundary integral element method, investigation of 92-3

the role of rheology especially shear thinning Wave Dynamics on Falling Films and Its

effects, in chaotic mixing processes, and Effects on Heat/Mass Transfer

experimental studies of chaos-enhanced transport. H-C. Chang

Our most recent studies focus on dispersion of

powdered solids in viscous liquids. · The objective of this project is to characterize the

wave dynamics on a falling film and to analyze its

effect on heat/mass transfer efficiencies. Using a

Northwestern University combination of numerical computation,

Dept of Eng Sci & App Math $68,656 experimentation and analysis, the study of wave

Evanston, IL 60208 06-C evolution and its statistics is almost complete and

92-3 the analysis of transfer mechanisms will begin in

Stability and Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal the next phase. A mixed spectral/finite-elements

Structures method is developed to simulate 3-dimensional,

H. Riecke low Reynolds number (< 600) films. The code

allows closer scrutiny of interfacial structures than

This research will be concerned with a study of ourfluorescence experimental characterization and

physical systems which exhibit a transition from a of the underlying liquid flow field that cannot be

homogeneous state to a spatial and/or temporal easily measured. It was found that the wave

structure when driven sufficiently far from evolution near the inlet evolves by a classical

thermodynamic equilibrium. Such non-equilibrium convective mechanism that selects a

structures are found, for instance, in fluid monochromatic 2-dimensional wave. This

dynamics - Rayleigh-Benard convection and Taylor monochromatic wave then saturates and excites,

vortex flow -- and in solidification -- Mullins- through subharmonic and oblique wave

Sekerka instability. They also serve as paradigms resonance, certain 2-dimensional and 3-

Engineering Research 33 1994
dimensional waves downstream to generate (e.g.) gas Reynolds number. This suggests that

complex interfacial patterns. The dynamics of they have little theoretical basis and casts doubt

those patterns have been classified and analyzed on their general applicability.

by coupled amplitude equations from a weakly

nonlinear theory. Further downstream, however,

all the Fourier modes synchronize to form unique Oak Ridge National Laboratory

near-solitary waves that interact and, sometimes, Engineering Physics $1,373,000

annihilate each other. The solitary waves are and Mathematics Division 03C

constructed numerically and an inelastic coherent Oak Ridge, TN 37831 943

structure theory is developed that is capable of

predicting the statistics of the wave dynamics from Center for Engineering Systems Advanced

simple dynamical systems theory. Research (CESAR)

R. Mann, E. Oblow, L. Parker, N.S. V. Rao

University Of Notre Dame The objective of CESAR is to develop,

Dept of Chemical Engineering $ 0 demonstrate, evaluate, and provide quantitative

Notre Dame, IN 46556 01-C performance analysis of methods, algorithms and

91-3 underlying theories necessary to design and build

Study of Interfacial Behavior in Cocurrent reliable sensor-based robots capable of executing

Gas-Liquid Flows sets of tasks in unstructured workspaces.

M. McCready Particular research areas are chosen to address

the long-term technology-base requirements for

The objectives are to develop a fundamental DOE missions that rely on the use of intelligent

understanding of how flow instabilities cause machines and robotics. Current research focusses

waves and slugs that influence important overall on mobile manipulation systems, machine

properties (e.g., pressure drop, atomization) of learning, multi-sensor systems, cooperating robots,

gas- liquid flows, and systems integration. Applications include

environmental restoration and waste management,

Eigenfunction expansion and center manifold manufacturing systems, transportation systems,

projection have been used as the basis for weakly and nuclear power stations. CESAR facilities

nonlinear analysis of the Navier- Stokes equations include mobile robots: HERMIES-III, OHP

and boundary conditions for two-layer flow. It is (Omnidirectional Holonomic Platform), OSCAR

found that the transition to waves is usually (Omnidirectional Stably-Controlled Autonomous

supercritical for density and viscosity ratios typical Robot, a new robot under development, based on

of gas-liquid flows. The primary mechanism of the OHP mobility system), a modified TRC

stabilization of the unstable fundamental wave Labmate mobile robot, and a commercial mobile

can be either a cubic self interaction, or a robot, Andros, manufactured by Remotec, Inc; a

quadratic interaction with the first overtone -- Robotics Research Corporation K1207i

depending upon the closeness in speed of the manipulator; laser range cameras; custom-built,

fundamental and overtone. This mechanism is VME-bus compatible fuzzy logic hardware; a

critical to developing procedures to predict the CNAPS neural network processor; and a network

entire wave field and to interfacial transport of computer workstations with access to high

because studies have shown that waves with performance parallel computers. CESAR staff

wavelengths shorter than the fundamental collaborate with academia and industry through a

enhance transport. number of arrangements, including a Cooperative

Research and Development Agreement. Results of

Exact linear analysis of this problem, which has CESAR research are published in the refereed

been previously verified by experiments, has been literature. CESAR research with the OHP robot

compared to popular approximate models such as was awarded a 1993 RD100 Award.

Kelvin-Helmholtz and one-dimensional equations.

These approximate models, which form the basis

for flow regime transition and atomization

prediction procedures, give predictions for neutral

stability that are not usually within a factor of 2 in

Engineering Research 34 1994
Oak Ridge National Laboratory scales both in space and time which make a direct

Bioprocessing Research and $45,000 numerical calculation very difficult.

Development Center 06-A

Oak Ridge, TN 37831 94-3 Within certain classes of initial conditions, the first

step in our approach consists of imbedding the

A Study of the Mechanisms of Liuqid- ill-posed time evolving problem at zero surface

Emulsion Bioreactor Systems tension (or zero regularization in a wider context)

C. Scott, T. Scott as part of a well-posed problem at the expense of

studying the initial value problem in the unphysical

The approach taken in this research is to study the complex plane. This has been done without

liquid-liquid interphase transport and reaction resort to any approximations by introduction of a

phenomena important to biphasic bioreactors by novel numerical method.

using a model enzyme system. The system is

comprised of an aqueous-phase horseradish Small regularization effects have been introduced

peroxidase (HRP) that is activated by hydrogen in a perturbative manner in the extended domain

peroxide to carry out the oxidation of p-cresol that for many cases. This removes the sensitivity of

is contained in an immiscible organic phase, the dynamics to initial conditions when posed in

toluene. Tasks in the research program involve the complex domain. In our next phase, we will

study of aqueous-phase reaction kinetics, also look into dynamics of random initial

interaction of HRP with the liquid-liquid interface, singularities in order to connect with statistics of

and modelling of a continuous liquid-liquid contrac- nonlinear noise amplification.

tor that uses high-intensity electric fields to create

micron-sized aqueous drops for the enzymatic reaction. Work on this project began in June 1994. Oregon State University

Detailed kinetics studies indicate that the presence Dept of Mechanical Engineering $ 0

of toluene in the aqueous phase appears to Corvallis, OR 97331-6001 01-B

stabilize the HRP due to an interaction with the 91-3

active sight of the enzyme. Tests with the electro- Radiative Transfer Through an Array of

static bioreactor indicate that the electric field does Discrete Surfaces

not deactivate the enzyme and that significant J. Welty

portions of p-cresol can be removed from the

organic phase by a continuous biphasic system. This project involves experimental measurement

Future work will involve the use of a precision two- and characterization of radiative transfer through

phase flow device that will allow investigation of arrays of fixed discrete surfaces. It is being

interfacial effects on the enzymatic reaction. carried out in cooperation with Battelle, Pacific

Northwest Laboratory.

Ohio State University The objective of this research is to identify basic

Mathematics Department $66,118 relationships between array geometry (spacing,

Columbus, OH 43210 06-C packing arrangement, and element shapes),

92-3 surface properties, and radiative transfer through

The Evolution of a Hele-Shaw Interface and a two-dimensional array of both regularly-and

Related Problems in Dendritic Crystal Growth irregularly-spaced discrete surfaces. The

S. Tanveer information resulting from this study may also be

useful in establishing criteria for the valid

The ultimate objective is the prediction of application of participating media models to

complicated noisy time evolving features that are systems of discrete surfaces.

observed in Hele-Shaw experiments or in a

dendrite growing in an undercooled liquid for small Accomplishments to date include the following: (1)

capillarity. From a mathematical perspective, we the design, construction and operation of a

like to calculate the effect of a small regularization bidirectional reflectometer, (2) measurements of

(capillary effects) to regularize an otherwise bidirectional reflectances of several materials, (3)

ill-posed problem. Such problems are demonstration of the need for full BRDF

characterized by the appearance of disparate (bidirectional reflectance distribution function)

Engineering Research 35 1994
information for striated surfaces, and (4) model will be validated by comparison with

installation and operation of an enhanced Monte experimental results being developed at Oregon

Carlo code. The two-dimensional Monte Carlo State University. The Monte Carlo simulations will

code was used to extend the results of a classic be used as a benchmark for comparisons with

problem originally published by Hottel over 60 different analytical approaches that model the

years ago, dealing with radiant exchange from an array as a participating medium.

infinite plane to parallel rows of infinitely long

tubes. FY 1994 accomplishments consist of: 1) Based on

a comparison of the results of a Monte Carlo

The reflectometer that has been designed and model for radiation impinging on an array of

built locally possesses flexibility of use and discrete surface and a Monte Carlo model of a

precision which are superior to any similar devices homogeneous media we have demonstrated that

described in the literature. The need for such an arrays of fixed discrete surfaces cannot, in most

instrument stems from the direct dependence of cases, be modelled as a homogeneous medium.

Monte Carlo results on the accuracy of surface Most previous investigators have assumed that

property information. Measurements have been arrays of fixed discrete surfaces can be modeled

taken for several materials possessing varying as homogeneous media. 2) Completed a model

degrees of diffuse and specular reflecting and an evaluation of the impact of polarity on

characteristics. Monte Carlo modeling. The results show that

polarity of incident radiation can significantly affect

A common assumption made, in analyzing radiant the interaction between the incident radiation and

heat transfer among surfaces, is that the an array of fixed discrete surfaces. 3) The MCLITE

reflectance is independent of the azimuthal angle cell-to-cell transport Monte Carlo code has been

of the incident beam. Our instrument has the validated against experimental data. 4) One

capability for complete surface property description technical paper was published in FY 94 and three

which will allow Monte Carlo simulation of surface journal articles were submitted in to journals for

arrays to be made without the inherent errors publication in 1994 and two journal articles were

resulting from the azimuthal angle assumption. accepted for publication.

Pacific Northwest Laboratory University Of Pennsylvania

Battelle Memorial Institute $104,000 Dept of Mech Eng & App Mech $102,292

Richland, WA 99352 01-B Philadelphia, PA 19104 01-C

91-4 92-3

Radiative Transfer Through Arrays of Active Control of Convection

Discrete Surfaces with Fixed Orientation H. Bau

M. Drost

Active, feedback control strategies to alter flow

Radiative heat transfer in an array of discrete patterns in a fluid layer heated from below and

surfaces is an important and poorly understood cooled from above (the Rayleigh-Benard problem)

class of radiative heat transfer problems. The are being studied experimentally and theoretically

objective of this study is to develop an Our objectives are to (i) stabilize the no-motion

understanding of the impact of array geometry, state of Rayleigh-Benard convection (delay to

surface properties, and incident radiation higher values of the Rayleigh number the

characteristics on radiation heat transfer in the transition from the no-motion to the motion state);

array. The results of the study will be used to and (ii) suppress (laminarize) oscillatory and/or

establish criteria for the valid application of chaotic convection. This work is an extension of

participating media models to arrays of fixed our earlier research effort in which it was

discrete surfaces. successfully demonstrated experimentally and

theoretically that feedback control can be used in

The approach consists of using an innovative a thermal convection loop to tame chaos. The

Monte Carlo model to evaluate radiation heat results of our current work may be important to

transfer in arrays of fixed discrete surfaces with a among other things, materials processing and

range of array configurations. The Monte Carlo crystal growth applications in which it is desirable

Engineering Research 36 1994
to eliminate convective currents or suppress of entrained atmosphere. Analysis of sprayed

oscillatory convection. Thus far, it has been coatings indicates detrimental oxides form

theoretically demonstrated that, with the aid of a principally after particle impact, thus explaining the

feedback controller, the transition from the no- recent revision of suggested operating parameters

motion to the motion state and the transition from for many commercial HVOF systems. The thermal

time-independent to time-periodic convection (Hopf spray industry has been informed of these results

bifurcation) can be significantly delayed. An with presentations and papers at the last two

apparatus for experimental verification of our National Thermal Spray Conferences. In addition,

theoretical predictions is under construction. The analysis and experiments to optimize the design

apparatus consists of a cylindrical cavity heated and operation of the supersonic HVOF spray

from below and cooled from above. The heating nozzle are underway. Currently, improved HVOF

surface consists of an array of individually equipment embodying gas-dynamic principles is

controlled, thermal actuators micromachined on a being tested.

silicon substrate. What is learned during this

research may also be useful for devising control

strategies for other non-linear flow phenomena. h l ie In

For instance, a colleague and I have shown Pysical ciences c.

theoretically that control strategies similar to the 20 New England Business Center $ 0

ones developed here can be used to delay or ad- Andover, MA 01810 06-A

vance the loss of stability of planar Poiseuille flow. 92-4

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of

Multicomponent Vapor Condensation

Pennsylvania State University G. Wilemsl , B. Wyslouzil

Mechanical Engineering Dept $94,142 This research program comprises experimental University Park, PA 16802 06-B and theoretical studies of nucleation and

92-3 _92-3 condensation in multicomponent gas mixtures. The Experiments on the Gas Dynamics of the program goals are: (1) to improve basic

HVOF Thermal Spray Process understanding of nucleation and droplet growth,

G. Settles (2) to stringently test theories of nucleation at high

nucleation rates and under nonisothermal High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal sprays are conditions, (3) to develop improved theories where

an important emerging technology for the needed, (4) to enlarge the data base for systems application of metallic coatings. High-density, low oth fundamental and practical interest, and (5) of both fundamental and practical interest, and (5) oxide coatings produced with HVOF are an to provide reliable means for predicting the

attractive alternative to plasma sprayed coatings, behavior of mixtures in practical devices and in the offering comparable performance with the atmosphere. Condensible vapors, mixed with a atmosphere. Condensible vapors, mixed with a advantages of economy and simplicity. carrier gas, are cooled in a supersonic Laval

nozzle to obtain high nucleation rates under Because HVOF uses high-speed gaseous steady state conditions. Interferometry and laser

products of combustion to heat and accelerate light scattering are used to detect the onset" of

spray particles, the gas dynamics of the process condensation and to monitor subsequent droplet

profoundly influences coating performance, growth. Theoretical calculations of the droplet size

However, commercial HVOF equipment has yet to distribution along the flow axis are performed to

exploit the field of gas dynamics to produce more assess competing theories of nucleation and

reproducible coatings with improved properties droplet growth. A new experimental apparatus is

The objective of this research is to study HVOF also being constructed to study binary nucleation

gas dynamics through experiments and modeling in mixtures of sulfuric acid and water vapor.

and to determine potential improvements to the

spray process. The transfer of technology from Recent nozzle experiments with a fixed water or

the fields of rocket propulsion and high-speed ethanol vaporpressure reveal a small increase in

aerodynamics is a key element of this project. the onset temperature of condensation that

accompanies a decrease in the carrier gas Flow visualization of the supersonic HVOF jet stagnation pressure from 3to .5atm. This effect

reveals rapid turbulent mixing and large amounts can quantitatively explained by the changes

Engineercan be quantitatively expained esearch37anges by the 

Engineering Research 37 1994
that occur in the boundary layer displacement The possibility of stabilizing a Bunsen flame

thickness and the heat capacity of the flowing gas without heat loss to the burner rim is

at different pressures. The results provide no experimentally investigated by examining the

evidence for the role of energy transfer limitations temperature of the rim, the temperature gradient

on nucleation under conditions of excess carrier between the rim and the flame base, and the

gas in the atmospheric pressure range. Other standoff distance of the flame base in relation to

recent experimental and theoretical studies of the flame thickness. Results show that adiabatic

ethanol condensation have shown that the relative flame stabilization and subsequently blowoff are

importance of nucleation and droplet growth at indeed possible for weak flames in parabolic flows.

onset changes dramatically depending on the The adiabatically stabilized flame is then modeled

magnitude of the nucleation rate achievable for by using the scalar field formulation and by

dfferent experimental conditions. Underconditions allowing for the effects of curvature and

yielding lower nucleation rates in the nozzle, the aerodynamic straining on the local flame speed.

condensate mass occurs overwhelmingly as large Calculated flame configuration agrees well with the

(5-25 nm radius) supercritical droplets. This experiment. Results further show that active

indicates that droplet growth and nucleation are modification of the flame curvature is the dominant

concurrent processes under these conditions. As cause for the flame to maintain adiabatic

the temperature and ethanol vapor pressure are stabilization.

lowered, increasingly higher nucleation rates are

attained at onset, and the mass of condensate

occurs predominantly as small (0.5-1 nm radius) Princeton University

nearly critical droplets. Under these conditions Dept o Civil Engineering $205,892

droplet growth contributes substantially to the Princeton, NJ 08544 06-A

accumulation of condensate only after nucleation 93-4

has subsided. Transport Properties of Disordered Porous

Media From The Microstructure

S. Torquato

Princeton University

Dept of Mech & Aero Eng $93,120 This research program is concerned with the

Princeton, NJ 08544 06-B quantitative relationship between transport

93-3 properties of a disordered heterogeneous medium

Mechanisms and Enhancements of Flame that arise in various energy-related problems (e.g.,

Stabilization thermal or electrical conductivity, trapping rate,

C. Law and the fluid permeability) and its microstructure.

In particular, we shall focus our attention on

The program aims to gain fundamental studying the effect of: porosity, spatial distribution

understanding of the structure and stabilization of the phase elements, interfacial surface

mechanisms of premixed and nonpremixed flames statistics, anisotropy, and size distribution of the

through theoretical and experimental phase elements, on the effective properties of

investigations. The following major projects were models of both unconsolidated media (e.g., soils

completed during the reporting period. and packed beds of discrete particles) and

consolidated media (e.g., sandstones and sintered

The steady propagation of the planar premixed materials).

flame in the doubly-infinite domain, with chain

branching-termination reactions and weak Both theoretical and computer-simulation

volumetric heat loss, is studied using activation techniques have been employed to quantitatively

ernergy asymptotics. The analysis yields the characterize the microstructure and compute the

characteristic dual solution, extinction turning point transport properties of disordered media.

flame response, and shows that the flame Statistical-mechanical theory has been used to

propagation speed is reduced to e'2 of the obtain n-point distribution functions and to study

adiabatic value. The generality of this limit flame percolation phenomena in continuum

speed is noted. random-media models. For example, the poresize distribution, lineal path function, and the

chord-length distribution function have been

Engineering Research 38 1994
investigated and computed. This has led to Purdue University

accurate predictions of transport properties of School of Nuclear Engineering $251,742

realistic models of isotropic as well as anisotropic West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-C

heterogeneous media. Cross property relations 93-3

have been derived. Rigorous relations which link Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in

the fluid permeability to length scales obtainable Two-Phase Flow

from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance experiments M. shii

and the effective electrical conductivity have been

derived. Moreover, the effective conductivity has The objective of the research program is to

been related to the effective elastic moduli. develop instrumentation methods, experimental

data base and models for describing the interfacial

structure and behaviors of two-phase flows. In

Purdue University terms of the flow structure, the transverse

School of Mechanical Engineering $93,664 distributions of the local void fraction, interfacial

West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-C area concentration, fluid particle size and their

93-3 axial development from the entrance to the exit will

Effect of Forced and Natural Convection be the primary focal point of the experimental

on Solidification of Binary Mixtures research. For the purpose of understanding the

F. Incropera dynamic behaviors, the interfacial velocity, fluid

particle coalescence and disintegration are

This study deals with the influence of combined studied. The axial changes in the distribution of

convection mechanisms on the solidification of void fraction and interfacial area give the

binary systems. A major accomplishment of information on the particle coalescence and

research performed to date has been the disintegration. These are used to quantify the flow

development and numerical solution of a regime transitions. The multi-sensor probes are

continuum model, which uses a single set of used together with hot-film probes for these

equations to predict transport phenomena in the measurements. The focus of the modeling effort

liquid, "mushy" (two-phase), and solid regions of is to develop an interfacial area transport equation

the mixture. Calculations have been performed for which incorporates the mechanistic models for

aqueous salt solutions and/or lead/tin alloys coalescence and disintegration of fluid particles.

involving forced convection, thermo/solutal natural This transport equation describes dynamical

convection, and/or thermo/diffusocapillary change of the interfacial structure and replaces the

convection. The calculations have revealed a conventional model based on flow regime

wide variety of rich and robust flow conditions, transition criteria.

including important physical features of the

solidification process which have been observed

experimentally but have heretofore eluded Purdue University prediction. These features include double-diffusive School of Mechanical Engineering $120,786

layering in the melt, development of an irregular West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-B

liquidus front, remelting of solid, development of 93-3

flow channels in the mushy region, and the Near-Wall Measurement of Sublayer

establishment of characteristic macrosegregation Dryout and Theoretical Modeling of

patterns (regions of significantly different CHF in Vertical Channels

composition) in the final solid. Theoretical and L Mudawar

experimental studies have also revealed means by

which macrosegregation may be actively The proposed project will target the development

suppressed, as, for example, through the of a theoretical model for critical heat flux (CHF) in

application of a magnetic field or intermittent vertical upflow. Experiments will be performed

rotation of the mold. with the aid of a velocity/interfacial boundary

analyzer in order to examine near-wall conditions

at heat fluxes approaching and exceeding CHF.

Engineering Research 39 1994
These measurements will determine the trigger voltage drop were monitored using a reversing

mechanism for liquid sublayer dryout beneath the direct current potential drop measuring system

coalescent vapor layer which forms at high heat built at RPI. Data analysis included digital filtering

fluxes. Instability features (e.g. wavelength, and tensor spline smoothing. Curves of

amplitude) of the wavy vapor-liquid interface will normalized, incremental potential drop vs.

be measured over heaters of various lengths to circumferential position showed peaks growing in

determine the frequency and spatial span of time near cracks formed in the specimen.

interfacial contact with the wall at heat fluxes Theoretical electrostatic potential field models for

approaching CHF and explore the mechanism of a through-slit crack in a finite width plate and for a

dryout in the contact regions. This information will semi-elliptical crack in a semi-infinite medium were

be used to construct a validated theoretical model analyzed following the method adopted for the

applicable to vertical upflow in long channels and experimental data. Comparison of experimental

to different fluids and channel configurations. and theoretical results yielded acceptable results

in some but not all tests.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Dept of Mechanical Engineering, $ 0 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Aeronautical Eng & Mechanics 01-A Center for Multiphase Research $125,664

Troy, NY 12180-3590 91-3 Troy, NY 12180-3590 06-C

94-3

Inelastic Deformation and Damage at High Development of Multidimensional Two-Fluid

Temperature Modeling Capability

E. Krempl R. Lahey, Jr., D. Drew

A combined theoretical and experimental The work on the development of a

investigation is performed to study the biaxial physically-based well-posed multidimensional

deformation and failure behavior of engineering two-fluid model is continuing. A four-field model

alloys under low-cycle fatigue conditions at has been proposed which involves conservation

elevated temperature. The purpose is to equations for the evolution of continuous liquid,

characterize the material behavior in mathematical continuous vapor, dispersed liquid (droplets) and

expressions that are intended for use in inelastic dispersed vapor (bubbles) fields.

analysis of high temperature components, forming

analysis and life prediction. The dispersed model is being extended to include

the effects of change of shape on the interfacial

Modeling of recovery of state and other softening forces, including virtual mass and lift. A new

effects observed in modified 9Cr - 1Mo Steel at feature of the model is the interaction of the

538°C within the context of the viscoplasticity continuous liquid with the continuous vapor.

theory based on overstress (VBO) has been Ensemble averaging concepts are being applied to

completed. Analysis of finite deformation different interface configurations in order to derive

experiments revealed that presently existing closure conditions for momentum transfer and

plasticity and viscoplasticity theories are limited in Reynolds stress. A model for droplet deposition

reproducing the observed, texture based has been developed and work is also continuing

deformation induced anisotropy. Ideas have been on coalescence/break-up models.

developed on how to model the deformation

induced anisotropy for elastic and inelastic Conservation equations for the evolution of

behavior within the context of VBO. interfacial area density, and Gauss and mean

curvature are being developed to model the

A set of biaxial, low-cycle fatigue tests with evolution of the interface between the continuous

stainless steel tubular specimens at 538°C has liquid and continuous vapor fields.

been completed. During cycling, changes in the

Engineering Research 40 1994
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute "quadratization" method has been introduced to

Dept of Chemical Engineering $89,156 address this shortcoming of the linearization

Troy, NY 12180-3590 01-C methods. The effectiveness of statistical quadrati93-4 zation has been demonstrated on several singleDevelopment and Use of Image Scanning degree-of-freedom systems. The method has also

Ellipsometer to Study the Dynamics of been generalized to multi-degree-of-freedom sysHeated Thin Liquid Films tems. The statistical quadratization solution

P. Wayner, Jr., J. Plawsky procedure involves replacing the nonlinear system by an "equivalent" system with polynomial

The physicochemical phenomena associated with nonlinearities up to quadratic order. The nonlinear

fluid flow, change-of-phase heat transfer, and equivalent system has a form whose solutions can

drying in ultra-thin (thickness less than 10-5 m) be approximated by using the Volterra series

liquid films are being studied. In these thin liquid method. The non-Gaussian joint response

film systems, the interfacial, intermolecular, force probability distribution is approximated by a thirdfield, which controls fluid flow and heat transfer, is order Gram-Charlier expansion. The method has

a function of the film thickness profile. If the been formulated for systems with general nonphysical properties of the evaporating liquid film linearities and with nonlinearities of a special form.

are known, the film thickness profile, measured To demonstrate the usefulness of the method,

experimentally, can be used to calculate the solutions have been obtained for a specific syspressure field and the local evaporative heat tem. The corresponding results compare well with

transfer rate. Currently, microscopic image Monte Carlo simulation data. Further, it has been

processing equipment, procedures, and related shown that the quadratization method is notably

computer programs are being developed to record superior to the linearization method for the consithe two-dimensional thickness profile. The further dered system. The method has proved especially

development, evaluation, and use of a novel suitable for systems with "drag" type nonlinearity

ellipsometric technique (Image Scanning encountered in a multitude of structural systems in

Ellipsometry, ISE) is being emphasized. ISE is a the oil production/distribution cycle.

full-field imaging technique that can be used to

measure the thickness of a thin film with high

spatial resolution and thickness sensitivity, i.e., it University Of Rochester

can measure and map the 2-D film thickness Dept of Physics and Astronomy $70,519

profile. Results obtained using the initial design Rochester, NY 14627 06-C

were presented in Applied Optics, 33, 92-3

pp1223-1229, 1994. Flux Flow, Pinning, and Resistive Behavior

in Superconducting Networks

S. Teitel

Rice University

Dept of Civil Engineering $ 0 The fluctuation of vortices and vortex lines has

Houston, TX 77251 01-A been shown to be a major source of electrical

91-3 resistance for superconducting networks when

Stochastic Quadrization for Probabilistic placed in magnetic fields. Systems of particular

Analysis of Large Compliant Off-Shore interest include the new high temperature type II

Structures superconductors, and periodic arrays of

P. Spanos Josephson junctions. Numerical simulations are

being carried out to identify and characterize the

The statistical linearization method is often nature of the various vortex structures present in

inadequate for estimating spectral properties of such systems, as a function of temperature and

random responses of nonlinear systems. This is applied magnetic field, and to understand the

sometimes due to the fact that the power spectra nature of the phase transitions between them.

of responses of linear systems span only the

frequency range of the excitation spectrum, Particular attention has recently been given to

whereas significant responses outside this range studying the equilibrium fluctuation of vortex lines

are possible for nonlinear systems. In this in models of bulk high temperature

research program, the concept of the statistical superconductors.

Engineering Research 41 1994
Simulations have shown that there can be two investigated. Research is continuing on

distinct phase transitions describing the determining the correlation properties of random

superconducting ordering parallel versus media from the knowledge of the scattered fields.

perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The New conservation law for partially coherent fields

loss of order in the perpendicular direction has were formulated and some of their consequences

been associated with a melting of the ground state were studied. Non-interferometric methods for

vortex line lattice. The loss of order in the parallel measuring coherence properties of optical fields

direction has been associated with the onset of a were also developed.

vortex line tangle percolating throughout the entire

system. New simulations, relaxing earlier

approximations, are being carried out to clarify this The Rockefeller University

issue. The effect of applied currents and random Department of Physics $82,922

vortex pinning sites will be added in future work. 1230 York Avenue 06-C

The dynamic behavior of vortices in two New York, NY 10021 92-3

dimensional Josephson arrays has also recently

been investigated using a detailed finite size Some Basic Research Problems Related to

analysis to verify proposed scaling equations. Energy

E. Cohen This research will greatly enhance the fundamental

understanding of behavior in strongly fluctuating The present project is concerned with the following

superconducting materials. The results will have problems.

impact in understanding the magnetic properties of

the new high temperature superconductors, and in 1. The visco-elastic and rheological behavior of

the design of Josephson junction arrays for use as concentrated colloidal suspensions have been

microwave detectors and generators. computed on the basis of the Smoluchowski

equation and by scaling from a corresponding

dense hard sphere fluid, respectively. These

University Of Rochester microscopic theories lead to results that agree well

Dept of Physics and Astronomy $94,090 with experiment. The connection between the two

Rochester, NY 14627 06-C approaches and their applications is being

93-3 investigated.

Coherence Effects in Radiative Energy

Transfer 2. The kinetic roughening of an initially flat surface

E. Wolf of a solid by impinging ballistic or diffusion limited

particles, which remain intact and spread

The investigations are chiefly aimed at clarifying diffusively into the solid, is studied as a function of

the foundations of radiometry and the theory of this diffusion process. Many features of real

radiative energy transfer and determining the interfaces, like island and inlets, are observed.

effect of state of coherence of a source on both The surface width depends both on the diffusion

the spatial and the spectral distributions of energy process in the solid and the way the particles

in the radiated field. reach the surface.

Among the results obtained during the past year 3. The investigation of new types of diffusion,

was a derivation, on the basis of statistical wave discovered in Lorentz lattice gas cellular automata,

theory, of radiometric expressions for the spectral is continued. In this gas a point particle moves on

density and the flux density of fields generated by a lattice occupied by deterministic scatterers. For

a broad class of partially coherent sources. A new randomly placed fixed scatterers from super

radiometric law was found for propagation of the diffusion to no-diffusion (trapping) is observed, despectral degree of coherence from sources of this pending on the lattice and the nature of the

kind. The law makes it possible to determine the scatterers. For periodically placed flipping

coherence properties of partially coherent fields at scatterers randomization of the scatterers by the

arbitrary distances from their sources. The particle as well as particle propagation occur.

spectral degree of coherence of fields generated

by large Lambertian sources was also

Engineering Research 42 1994
Sandia National Laboratories hydrothermal flames are of practical concern in the

Combustion Research Facility $146,000 development of supercritical water oxidation

Thermofluids Division 06-B (SCWO) as a waste destruction process, but the

Livermore, CA 94550 93-3 basic scientific understanding of such flames is

limited. Sandia has built a laboratory-scale,

Mixing and Phase Change During hydrothermal flame reactor with optical access

Combustion suitable for imaging, laser velocimetry, and Raman

A. Kerstein spectroscopy diagnostics. Hydrothermal flames

created in this facility at supercritical conditions

The principal focus of this research program is exhibit characteristics distinct from atmosphericmodeling of turbulent flows in which mixing pressure flames. The program provides an

modifies flow energetics, as in buoyant stratified opportunity to extend the basic scientific

turbulence and turbulent combustion. Another understanding of diffusion flames by examining the

objective is determination of the structure and effects of high density and an aqueous

mean rate of advance of fronts propagating environment.

through turbulence.

In experiments conducted to date, the range of

For the mixing problem, the modeling approach is initial concentrations and temperatures that lead to

an outgrowth of a method developed in work to the spontaneous ignition of methane-water-oxygen

date for application to turbulent mixing of and methanol-water-oxygen flames has been

dynamically passive scalars. That method mapped. A second set of experiments has

involves the representation of turbulence by determined spectroscopically the concentration

mappings applied to a one-dimensional scalar histories of methane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

profile. The mapping sequence is a stochastic in homogeneous mixtures at concentrations lower

process reflecting pertinent features of the than the flame ignition conditions. The latter data

turbulent cascade. A generalization applicable to have yielded high-pressure, global reaction rates

dynamically active scalars is obtained by for methane as a function of fuel/oxidizer

introducing a velocity profile. Now, the mappings concentrations, temperature, and total pressure

are determined by turbulence energetics based on (water density). The global rates are an important

velocity differences and the dynamically active component of SCWO process design tools and

scalars. The mappings modify the velocity and serve as well to calibrate proposed elementary

scalar profiles, yielding a self -contained evolution reaction mechanisms. A future goal of the

process. experiments is to measure characteristic

temperatures of the hydrothermal flames using a

This formulation will be applied to homogeneous bare junction thermocouple probe built for the

turbulence, free shear flows, boundary layers, and reactor.

buoyant stratified flows to evaluate its predictive

capability, both as a turbulence model and as a

model of mixing in turbulent flow. The model will University Of Southern

be used to gain mechanistic understanding of

turbulent mixing processes involving passive and al ia

active scalars. Dept of Mechanical Engineering $117,926

Los Angeles, CA 90089-1453 01-C

94-1

Sandia National Laboratories Particle Pressures in Fluidized Beds

Combustion Research Facility $100,000 C. Campbe

Livermore, Livermore, CA CA 94551-0969 06-B 06-B The particle pressure represents the portion of the

90-3 momentum transport in a fluidized bed that can be

Structure of Inverse Diffusion Flames in attributed to the the motion of particles and their

Supercritical Fuel/Water Mixtures interactions. Preliminary measurements, in

R.Steeper gas-fluidized beds, have shown that the particle

pressures exerted on the side walls are primarily This project investigates diffusion flames in high- e to the presence of bubbles. This work is

density fuel-water-oxidizer mixtures. These

Engineering Research 43 1994
continuing in a 2-D bed with the goal of trying to completed, and a report is being written for

measure the particle pressure field around publication. The diffusion coefficient between

bubbles. These results are very surprising. It was glycerine and various glycerine-watermixtures was

anticipated on beginning this work that the particle laboriously measured and the final plot of film

pressure field around a. bubble would be thickness vs. Pe determined. By comparing with

something like the gas-pressure field in the sense the corresponding plot of film thickness vs.

that the particle pressure changes induced by the Capillary number, we have found that the effective

bubble would be local to the bubble and would surface tension of the miscible interface for an

disappear far away. Instead, the results show that Atwood number of close to unity is given by -400

the largest pressures are observed in the wake (I)D/d. For a typical 1mm diameter tube, this

behind the bubble. But, instead of being local, the gives a value of 0.03 dynes/cm.

pressures increase as the bubble moves away and

reach the maximum when the bubble erupts from Multigrid finite difference simulations of the flow

the bed. This indicates that the bubble defluidizes show good agreement with the data. Currently,

the material in its wake; the particle pressures the simulations are extended to account for

increase in the far wake as more and more different fluid densities as well. We are

defluidized material is piled on top of itself. This furthermore constructing the Hele-Shaw cell to be

observation may have profound implications in used in the second part of the experiment. We

chemical processing as there may not be sufficient plan to begin experiments and computations on

intermingling of the gas and solid in the large this part of the work in September 1994. Also we

amount of defluidized material in the wake. have originated a collaboration on problems of

miscible interface dynamics with the group of Prof.

Work is also being performed in a liquid fluidized Wesfried of the Ecole Sup. de Physique et Chimie

bed to try and understand how particle pressures Industr. de Paris. We anticipate that the combined

are generated in the absence of bubbles. These talents of the two groups will enable us to make

particle pressures are extremely small ande quired significant progress on the problems of mutual

a redesign of the particle pressure transducer. The interest.

results show that the particle pressures are a

tradeoff between the particle agitation and concentration. Thus, as the fluidizing flow is increased, Southwest Research Institute

the particle pressures rise immediately after 6220 Culebra Road $ 0

minimum fluidization due to the increased agita- San Antonio, TX 78228-0510 03-B

tion, reach a maximum and then dropoff due to the 91-3

reduced concentration. Also, the propagation of Application of Magnetomechanical

voidage disturbances in a liquid bed have been Hysteresis Modeling to Magnetic Techniques

studied to infer bed properties by filtering the for Monitoring Neutron Embrittlement and

instabiltities through a "generic" stability model. Biaxial Stress

M. Sablik, G. Burkhardt, H. Kwun

University Of Southern The purpose of the project is to investigate

California magnetic nondestructive evaluation (NDE)

Dept of Mechanical and $126,099 procedures which have promise for monitoring (1)

Aerospace Engineering 01-C neutron embrittlement in nuclear pressure vessels

Los Angeles, CA 90089 93-3 and (2) biaxial stress in oil and gas pipelines. Such monitoring should help in safeguarding

A Combined Experimental and Numerical against structural failure in critical energy

Investigation of Multiphase Porous Mediaindustres.

Flow Dynamics T laxworthy Em MeiburgNeutron embrittlement is presently monitored using

T. Maxworthy, E Meiquantities defined by the statistical distribution of

We have been performing an experimental and fracture energies of heated Charpy samples. A

computational investigation of miscible two-phase procedure has been determined whereby

flow in capillary tubes. The experimental program identification can be made between magnetic

concerned with the interface motion has been measurements and Charpy neutron embrittlement

Engineering Research 44 1994
parameters. This procedure offers promise for measurements including the turbulent heat flux

direct magnetic measurement of neutron measured with coupled hotwire and resistance

embrittlement in certain reactor steels (e.g. thermometer probes are underway. Development

SA302B). of a laser Doppler anemometer system designed

to measure into the viscous sublayer is

Also, guided by successful magnetomechanical progressing in parallel.

hysteresis modeling, a procedure has been found

which uses magnetic hysteresis parameters, or

alternatively, magnetic Barkhausen noise for Stanford University

measurement of the difference of two Dept of Mechanical Engineering $174,600 perpendicular biaxial stresses. Magnetically Stanford, CA 94305-3030 01-A

induced velocity changes (MIVC) in ultrasonic 91-4

waves additionally have found promising for NDE Energy Changes in Transforming Solids

of the stress difference; furthermore, under G. Herrmann, D. Barnett

compression, it is possible to use MIVC for

measuring the stress sum, suggesting that under The objectives of this project are many fold and

compression, the individual biaxial stresses include: a) the development of a new

themselves can be measured directly. thermodynamical theory of continuum damage

mechanics capable of incorporating nonisothermal An additional result of this project has been greatly processes; b) the implementation of novel

improved improved development developmnt of of basnv baic approaches to analyze elastic bodies with defects

magnetomechanical hysteresis modeling and and to study the behavior of advanced multiphase

Barkhausen noise modeling. and composite materials; c) the application of the

newly proposed Neutral Action method to derive

conservation laws for non-homogeneous and Stanford University dissipative systems.

Dept of Mechanical Engineering $75,054

Stanford, CA 94305-3030 01-A In the area of continuum damage mechanics, the

93-3 basic elements of a thermodynamic theory of

Structure and Modelling of the Three- damage in elastic bodies have been established.

Dimensional Boundary Layers on a Rotating To this end, the formulation of classical

Disk thermodynamics in the form of the local state

J. Eaton approximation is adopted. It is found, for instance,

that the response of an elastic bar depends not

This is part of a long-range study to develop only on the loading or straining processes, but

predictive tools and physical understanding of the also on some global geometric parameters as well

effects of mean flow three dimensionality on as on temperature. The predictions of the theory

convective heat transfer. Experiments have been seem to agree in many details with experimental

conducted in two different rotating disk facilities, observations.

one operating at low speeds in water and the

other operating at high speed in air, Two-point The methodology of heterogenization has been

correlation measurements in air and visualization expanded further and applied to piezoelectric

in water have shown that longitudinal vortices near inclusions problems and elastically embedded

the wall are distorted by the radial "crossflow" near fibers in composite materials, simulating either

the disk surface. This distortion renders the imperfect boundary or the stiffness of an

vortices less capable of generating bursts of low intermediate layer between fiber and matrix, such

speed fluid away from the wall and sweeps of high as a coating.

speed fluid toward the wall. This accounts for the

reduction in the turbulent shear stress relative to Also, the newly proposed Neutral Action method to

similar two-dimensional boundary layers. This derive conservation laws has been applied to nonmechanism should result in a similar reduction in homogeneous beams, plates and also to thermothe turbulent heat flux. Measurements of the and poro-elasticity.

mean heat transfer rate from a constant heat flux

disk are now complete. Detailed profile

Engineering Research 45 1994
Stanford University stable, double diffusive systems, particularly with

Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory $285,000 respect to lateral heating, and (2) formulation of a

Stanford, CA 94305-3030 03-B numerical code for such flows. More recently in

93-3 the second phase of the work the focus has

Optical Techniques for Superconductor shifted to understanding mixing, evolution, and

and Thin Film Characteriztion structure of turbulence in a stratified fluid. The

G. Kino goals of this aspect of the work include (1) determining the effects of stratification and

Photothermal measurements are used to study molecular diffusivity on the change of mean

diffusion and fluctuation phenomena in high tem- potential energy in a stratified flow, and (2)

perature superconductors. Phase delay evaluating the small-scale structure of stratified

measurements yield the thermal diffusion, and turbulence. The research on mixing includes

measurement of the reflectivity of the probe beam using towed grid experiments and analytical work

yields a quantity closely related to the specific to ve rify results of a sealing analysis which

heat. Measurements have been made in predicts the effect of stratification on the mixing

individual crystallites 20-50 micrometers across. efficiency, and the predictions of a time-scale

Below T,, the peak value of the diffusion constant analysis which suggests when the diffusivity

within a grain is much higher than in other should affect the mixing. The work is being

measurements, and it is in good agreement with carried out in an experimental facility which is

theory. Above Tc , a very large temperature drop loc ated in the Stanfo rd Environmental Fluid

is observed across grain boundaries in YBCO Mechanics Laboratory, and on laboratory

indicating phonon reflection at the grain boundary. workstations.

We also observe a diffusion constant within an

individual crystallite of twice the normally

measured bulk value. Diffusion measurements Stanford University

below Tc in YBCO show good agreement with Mechanical Engineering Dept $225,880

experiments on measurements of normal electron Stanford, CA 94305 03-B

density as a function of temperature. The 92-4

amplitude of the probing signal yields a quantity Advanced Diagnostics for Plasma Chemistry

closely related to the specific heat. In YBCO and C. Kruger, T. Owano

Bi2Sr2CaCu 208, measurements show a large peak

at Tc and a rapid fall-off from the peak value, in This research is concerned with optical diagnostics

excellent agreement with the second-order phase for plasma chemistry and plasma processing, with

transition theory for fluctuations near the critical an emphasis on methods that allow for departures

point. Similar measurements of charge density from local thermodynamic equilibrium -- such as

waves in NbSe2 give good agreement with two-di- finite chemical reaction rates, nonequilibrium

mensional phase transition theory. electron densities and temperatures, and radiation

loss effects. Results with an induction plasma

facility show significant nonequilibrium within a

Stanford University downstream quartz test section, and suggest the

Dept of Civil Engineering $ 0 possibility of erroneous results when using

Stanford, CA 94305-4020 01-B conventional diagnostics that assuming local

90-3 thermodynamic equilibrium.

Fluid Dynamics of Double Diffusive Systems

J. Koseff Koseff Advanced laser based methods are being

developed for measurement of plasma parameters

A study of mixing processes in doubly diffusive including species concentration and temperature.

systems is being conducted. In the initial phase of The primary technique under study is the

this work continuous gradients of two diffusing application of degenerate four-wave mixing

components (heat and salinity in our case) were (DFWM) to atmospheric pressure plasma

used as initial conditions and forcing was environments in order to assess the importance of

introduced by lateral heating and surface shear. nonequilibrium effects under conditions of interest

The goals of the work were: (1) quantification of to plasma chemistry. Cavity ring-down

the effects of finite amplitude disturbances on spectroscopy is also under preliminary

Engineering Research 46 1994
investigation as another possible non-intrusive Stanford University

diagnostic. Dept of Chemistry $195,907

Stanford, CA 94305 03-A To investigate the application of advanced laser 92-4

diagnostics to a realistic and promising form of Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing as a

plasma processing, experiments have been Diagnostic of Plasma Chemistry

undertaken on the reacting plasma boundary layer R. Zare

of a substrate placed in a diamond producing

plasma flow. Linear growth rates up to 50 This research pioneers a nonlinear technique,

gm/hour have been demonstrated in these called degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), as a

environments, and are over an order of magnitude means to provide high sensitivity and spatial

greater than those characteristic of low-pressure resolution of species in a high-pressure plasma.

diamond synthesis systems. We have succeeded in carrying out in situ DFWM

measurements of the trace species CH and C2 in Recent experiment using DWM to probe CHc-pressure an atmospheriments diamond synthesis and C2 within the reacting plasma have reactor. DFWM measurements of the CH radicals

demonstrated the ability to provide sensitive (ppm in the boundary layer of an rf inductively coupled

level) detection with submillimeter spatial plasma deposition reactor are compared to a

resolution in the measurement of vibrational computational model of the deposition temperatures, rotational temperatures, and species environment. Although the agreement is not

concentrations. perfect the match suggests that this environment

can be closely modeled by a one-dimensional

stagnation point simulation with coupled gas-phase Stanford University and surface chemistry using an equilibrium

Dept of Chemistry $100,077 chemical composition at a measured free stream

Stanford, CA 94305 06-C temperature.

92-3

Thermodynamics and Stochastic Theory The research includes investigating how to extract

of Hydrodynamics and Power Producing relative internal state populations from the DFWM

Processes signal for different excitation-detection geometries

J. Ross and as a function of the polarization characteristics

of the four beams, the three input beams and the

Research focuses on the thermodynamic and signal output beam. The results to date include a

stochastic theory of hydrodynamic processes, such determination of the conditions under which

as combinations of chemical reactions, diffusion, thermal gratings are important and how they can

thermal conduction, and viscous flow. Such be used to advantage, and that saturation effects

theories have been formulated for each of the do not significantly impair the quantitative

individual processes, both linear and nonlinear. information contained in the DFWM spectra.

Progress has been made on combinations of

these processes for a simplified form of the

Navier-Stokes equations, the so-called Lorenz Stevens Institute Of Technology

equations. The theory leads to a formulation of an Dept of Physics & Eng Physcis $67,589

excess work expressed in terms of thermodynamic Hoboken, NJ 07030 06-C

functions, which provides a Liapunov function, 92-3

necessary and sufficient conditions of stability, Investigation of Transitions From Order to

criteria of relative stability, and relations to Chaos in Dynamical Systems

fluctuations. An extensive model of chemo-taxis G. Schmidt A Chernikov

has been formulated with detailed accounts of

extensive experiments. The model accounts Basic properties and applications of chaotic

quantitatively for exact adaptation, initial response, dynamical systems are studied, analytically as well

and chemical thermodynamic motion. as computationally.

Engineering Research 47 1994
1. A fast dynamo is a highly conductive fluid in The laboratory measurements are from two

stationary chaotic motion that enhances a small separate apparatus: (1) a new distillation cell for

seed magnetic field exponentially. It has been three-phase measurements to 10,000 psi and

conjectured that solar and stellar magnetic fields 500'F and (2) a Hg-free windowed cell for

are generated by such a process. Recently we measurement of both density and composition of

have identified the first realistic candidate for fast the three phases to 350'F and 10,000 psi. The

dynamo action. A convective cell (fluid heated methodology for achieving the second objective

from below) has been studied analytically and continues to use the Area Method to predict phase

computationally, and exponential growth of a seed splitting with the landmark development of the new

magnetic field over several orders of magnitude Wong-Sandler mixing rules in EOSS allowing

has been detected on the computer model. A new superior prediction of phase equilibria for VL, LL

numerical scheme, the fractal grid method, has and VLL systems. A new Gibbs Equal Area Rule

been developed to measure the magnetic flux (GEAR) is also developed which is simpler and

reliably. In this model the fluid had infinite faster than previous methods. Two technical

conductivity. To measure the effect of finite (but manuscripts, one for the experiment work and

very large) conductivity a new numerical method one for the new computer simulator have been

has been developed, and future work will submitted to recognized journals. Some details of

concentrate on the computation of this model with the experimental method and completed

finite conductivity. One expect a slower flux growth experimental results are given in a manuscript

with this more realistic model, and the aim is to accepted for publication in Fluid Phase Equilibria

find the growth rate as a function of conductivity. and in SPE 27873 in the proceeding for SPE

Western Regional Meeting, Long Beach, CA,

2. Charged particle beams are often afflicted by a March 23-25, 1994.

process called emittance growth, reducing beam

quality. We intend to study this process on the

basis of chaotic motion of beam particles. University Of Texas At Austin

Cylindrical beams will be studied, moving in a Ctr for Studies in Statistical Mech $200,001

confining field as well as the self consistent field and Complex Systems 06-C

produced by the charged particles. Preliminary Austin, TX 78712 94-3

studies indicate emittance growth due to chaotic

effects once cylindrical sheets cross. The Behavior of Matter Under NonEquilibrium Conditions: Fundamental

Aspects and Applications

Texas A&M University I. Prigogine, T. Petrosky

Petroleum Engineering Dept $144,517

College Station, TX 77843 06-C Non-integrable Poincare systems with continuous

93-2 spectrum (so-called Large Poincare Systems,

Hydrocarbon/CO 2 /Water Multiphase LPS) lead to the appearance of diffusive terms in

Equilibrium Separations the frame of dynamics. These terms break time

C. Wu, P. Eubank, M. Barrufet symmetry. They lead, therefore, to limitations to

classical trajectory dynamics and wave mechanics.

The objectives of this project are: (1) to obtain the These diffusive terms correspond to well-defined

basic laboratory multiphase equilibrium separation classes of dynamical processes, as is the case in

data of hydrocarbon (C,-C ,; 2 naphthenes and statistical mechanics and also generally in

aromatics; pseudo-components of crude interacting fields. The diffusive effects are

oil)/C0 2/water systems at temperatures up to amplified in situations corresponding to persistent

500°F and pressures to 10,000 psi, and (2) to interactions; as a result, the two aspects,

develop an equation of state computer simulator probability and irreversibility, must be included in

(EOSS) based on the Area Method (a rigorous the fundamental dynamical description. Both

Gibbs' energy minimization technique) to classical and quantum mechanics are formulated

accurately describe the multiphase equilibrium on the Liouville level of probability distributions for

separation. density matrices). For integrable systems, the

usual formulations of classical or quantum

mechanics are recovered. Instead of being

Engineering Research 48 1994
irreducible concepts, which cannot be further reveals an abrupt yet continuous bifurcation to

analyzed, trajectories and wave functions appear convection; this observation is consistent with a

as special solutions of the Liouville-von Neumann stability analysis. The comparison of experiment

equations. This extension of classical and and theory for different systems should provide

quantum dynamics permits the unification of the general insights into the formation of

two concepts of nature, based on dynamical time- spatiotemporal patters.

reversible laws, and on an evolutionary view

associated with entropy. It leads also to a unified

formulation of quantum theory avoiding Tf U

conventional dual structure based on equations on Tus University

the one hand, and on the "collapse" of the wave Dept of Mechanical Engineering $60,324

Schrodinger's function on the other. There is Medford, MA 02155 01-A

striking parallelism between classical and quantum 92-3

theory. In general, for LPS, both a "collapse" of Effective Elastic Properties and

trajectories and of wave functions exist. In both Constitutive Equations for Brittle

cases, a generalized formulation of dynamics in Solids Under Compression

terms of probability distribution functions or density M. Kachanov

matrices is needed.

Work done under the contract concentrated on the

following problems.

University University Of Of Texas At At Austin Austin 1. Investigations of the mechanics of defects in

Dept of Physics $178,067 an anisotropic environment. This investigation, Austin, TX 78712 06-C rather broad in scope, includes the following 5 topics: Complex Spatiotemporal Patterns in

Nonequilibrium Systems (a) The impact of matrix anisotropy on the

H. Swinney mechanics of crack interactions. It was found, in

particular, that the matrix anisotropy enhances the The formation of spatiotemporal patterns is being interactions if loading is applied along the stiffer

studied in chemical and physical systems direction of the matrix, and that it weakens the

maintained far from equilibrium. The goal is to interactions if loading is applied along the softer

understand what features are common in diverse direction of the matrix. This effect is strongly

pattern-forming systems. When does a pattern asymmetric; the enhancement effect is much

emerge spontaneously in an initially homogenous more ronounced than the weakenin effect.

system as the external stress is varied? What

kinds of bifurcations between different patterns are (b) The mechanics of crack-microcrack

allowed? Such questions are being addressed for interactions in an anisotropic environment. A

several different systems. Experiments on a variety of representative geometries was examined

reaction-diffusion system reveal striking dynamic and the impact of different elastic constants of the

patterns of spots of high pH in a low pH matrix was analyzed

background. The spots grow and replicate in a

continuous process, but a spot overcrowded by its (c) The effective elastic properties of anisotropic neighbors dies; simulations of models with two matrices with arbitrarily oriented and interacting species yield similar behavior. An experiment on a cracks

vertically oscillated granular layer in a circular

container yields, at a critical acceleration, a well- 2. Work on the effective elastic properties of

defined transition from a flat surface to standing materials with holes of arbitrary shapes was

wave patterns that are either squares or stripes, started. Preliminary results have been obtained

depending on the driving frequency. A study of for holes of elliptical shapes double diffusive convection in a novel apparatus

Engineering Research 49 1994
United Technologies Res Center 7) emission spectroscopy applied to diborane/Ar

Process Diagnostics Lab $0 and diborane/He plasmas, results indicate

Silver Lane 03-A chemistry is not photoinitiated

East Hartford, CT 06108 92-1 8) possible surface species are evaluated and a

heterogeneous reaction mechanism is

Investigation of PACVD Protective Coating proposed for the PACVD of boron from a

Processes Using Advanced Diagnostic diborane/Ar plasma

Techniques 9) hydrogen axial concentration and temperature

W. Roman, S. Hay profiles obtained in a diborane/TiCI/Ar

plasma

The objective of this research program is the

comprehensive experimental investigation of the

fundamental nonequilibrium reactive plasma University of Washington

assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) Dept of Mechanical Engineering $69,282

process as applied to hard face coatings (e.g. TiB2 Seattle, WA 98195 01-A

or diamond). Non-intrusive laser diagnostics (e.g. 94-3

laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and coherent 3-D Experimental Fracture Analysis

anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) are at High Temperatures

being used to probe gas phase species, A. Kobayashi

concentrations and rotational temperatures in situ.

Detailed coating characterization is accomplished The objective of this research project is to assess

using Auger, Ion Scattering and secondary ion experimentally, the validity of T' integral and its

mass spectroscopies (AES, ISS and SIMS) and applicability to quasi-static and dynamic ductile

complimentary techniques. In addition, coating fracture analyses. The surface displacement

characteristics such as smoothness, adhesion fields, which will be determined by moire

(with UTRC custom built pin-on-disk apparatus) interferometry, of two- and three-dimension

and hardness (using state-of-the-art nanoindenter fracture specimens will be used to compare

apparatus) are measured. Gas phase directly the T integral for various contours

spectroscopy is interpreted through chemical surrounding the crack tip. Single-edge notched

kinetic modeling and will be correlated to coating and surface flawed, A533B steel specimens will be

characteristics, thus providing a predictive subjected to subcritical crack growth to fracture at

capability that is severely lacking in the present room temperature through 650°C. The

science base of advanced protective coatings. experimentally-determined T' will be compared

These techniques are also applicable to other with its theoretical and numerical counterparts

process such as PVD, CVD, combustion and generated at the Georgia Institute of Technology

thermal plasma deposition. Results to date under a parallel DOE research project. A simple

include: procedure for determining experimentally, T

integral of a fracture specimen will be explored.

1) fabrication of a reactor system

2)) initial characterization of TiB2 and diamond The large ductility of A533B steel requires the

coatings development of a moire interferometry protocol for

3)) in situ axial concentration and temperature low density moire grating. We have just

profiles of key species (diborane and H2) succeeded in using a 40 lines/mm diffraction

4)) formulation of chemical kinetic models to grating on a 2024-T3 aluminum fracture specimen.

account for spectral observations This procedure, combined with a suitable chemical

5) comparison with experimental results indicate etching technique, should provide the necessary

thermal pyrolosis is not the mechanism for protocol for high temperature moire interferometry

chemical initiation analysis. The loading fixture and oven with optical

6) in situ axial concentration and temperature access is already in place.

profiles of diborane in the 1-10 torr pressure

range in a diborane/Ar plasma

Engineering Research 50 1994
Washington University vortex structures which are a dominant component

Department of Systems Science $76,667 of free shear flows. Although three dimensional

and Mathematics 03-A vortex structures can be quite complex in nature

Saint Louis, MO 63130 93-3 time scaling quantities such as Stokes number can

still be expected to be important for understanding

Visually Guided Control Systems: A New the experimental and numerical results concerning

Generation of System Analysis and Design the particle dispersion process.

B. Ghosh This research program will employ time dependent

The main objective of the proposed project is to experimental and numerical techniques to provide

study dynamical systems that are controlled with information concerning the particulate dispersion

the aid of CCD cameras. Such a class of process caused by three dimensional vortex

systems, called "Visually Guided Control Systems," structures. The free shear flows to be investigated

have the capability to use visual information to will include modified plane mixing layers, and

provide sutomatic feedback control to a modified plane wakes. The modifications to these

dynamically moving system. An example of such flows will involve slight perturbations to the

a system is a robotic manipulator with a set of initiation boundary conditions such that threecameras attached operating in an unstructured dimensional vortex structures will be rapidly

environment. generated by the experimental and numerical flow

fields. The particulate dispersion process

We associated with these three-dimensional structures propose a new dynamical systems approach associated withthese three-dimensionai structures

to vision and to vision-based control system wi then be intensively studied to obtain

design problems that is new both to the area of understanding which may lead to improving the

Computer Vision and to the area of Control design and performance of many energy

System Design. The propsed project, based on a conversion systems.

new theory of "Prospective Systems," promises to

enrich the field of Computer Vision especially in

the area of Motion and Shape estimation of University Of Wisconsin

dynamically moving objects in an environment. It Mechanical Engineering Dept $231,878

also introduces new challenges in System Theory, Milwaukee, WI 53201 01-C

wherein feedback control is generated by visual 93-3

sensors based on the theory of nonlinear Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in

regulation and nonlinear optimal control. The Two-Phase Flow Systems

proposed project undoubtedly broadens the G. Kojasoy

technology and conceptual base while introducing

some new promising approaches to visually- The objectives of the proposed research program

guided control systems. are to develop instrumentation methods, an

experimental data base, and an analysis leading to

predictive models for describing the interfacial

Washington State University structure and behaviors of horizontal two-phase

Dept of Mech & Matls Engineering $73,683 flows. In terms of the flow structure, the

Pullman, WA 99164-2920 01-B transverse distributions of the local void fraction,

94-3 interfacial area concentration, fluid particle size

Coupled Particle Dispersion by Three- and their axial development from the entrance to

Dimensional Vortex Structures the exit will be the primary focal point of the

T. Troutt research. For the purpose of understanding the

dynamic behaviors, the interfacial velocity, wave

The primary objective of this research program is characteristics, fluid particle coalescence and

to obtain understanding concerning the role of disintegration will be studied. The axial changes

three-dimensional vortex structures in the in the distribution of void fraction and interfacial

dispersion of particles and droplets in free shear area give the information on the particle

flows. This research study builds on previous coalescence and disintegration. These will be

studies which focused on the nature of particle characterized by the collision frequency and

dispersion in large scale quasi two-dimensional interfacial energy and turbulence in the liquid.

Engineering Research 51 1994
A special emphasis will be placed on the further developing process identification and control

improvement of the multi-sensor resistivity probe procedures which allow the design of advanced

method which has been successfully developed control systems based on limited process

and cross-calibrated against other global information and which will work reliably when

techniques. The multi-sensor probes will be used process parameters change in an unknown

together with hot-film probes for the liquid manner. Specific topics to be studied include new

turbulence measurements. These new process identification procedures, nonlinear

measurements will give sufficient information to controller designs, adaptive control methods, and

evaluate the local relative velocity and momentum techniques for distributed parameter systems.

interaction between phases. Final focus of the Both fundamental and immediately applicable

modeling effort is to develop interfacial area results are expected. The theoretical

transport equation which incorporates the developments are being tested experimentally on

mechanistic models for coalescence and pilot scale equipment in the laboratory. These

disintegration of fluid particles. This transport experiments not only allow improvements in

equation describes dynamical change of the theoretical work, but also represent real life

interfacial structure and replaces the conventional demonstrations of the effectiveness of the

model based on flow regime transition criteria. methods and of the feasibility of implementing

them in an industrial environment. The new

The proposed research program will provide: a) a techniques developed in this project will be

new scientific instrumentation method for studying incorporated into computer-aided design packages

detailed interfacial characteristics of two-phase and disseminated to industry. Therefore, it is

flow, b) benchmark data for the local interfacial expected that the work will have an impact on

area concentration, void fraction distribution, industrial practice.

interfacial wave structure, relative velocity and

wave propagation velocity for horizontal two-phase

flow systems, c) mechanistic models for fluid

particle coalescence and disintegration, and d)

interfacial area transport equation.

University Of Wisconsin

Dept of Chemical Engineering $115,003

Madison, WI 53706 03-A

92-3

New Process Modeling, Design, and

Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency,

High Product Quality, and Improved

Productivity in the Process Industries

W. Ray

The process industries are having great difficulty

competing in the world market because of high

energy costs, high labor rates, and old technology

for many processes. This project is concerned

with the development of process design and

control strategies for improving energy efficiency,

product quality, and productivity in the process

industry. In particular, (1) the resilient design and

control of chemical reactors, and (2) the operation

of complex processing systems, will be

investigated. Major emphasis in part (1) will be on

two important classes of chemical reactors:

polymerization processes and packed bed

reactors. In part (2), the main focus will be on

Engineering Research 52 1994
Budget Number Index

Mechanical Sciences:

01-A Solid Mechanics: macroscopic aspects of elastic and plastic deformations,

and crack propagation

01-B Heat Transfer

01-C Fluid Mechanics

01-D Tribology

Control Systems and Instrumentation:

03-A Control systems, large scale systems

03-B Instrumentation for hostile environment, and NDE

03-C Intelligent systems

Engineering Data and Analysis:

06-A Thermophysical properties and processes

06-B Combustion

06-C Non-linear dynamics and engineering analysis
Budget Page

Number Number

01-A

Chaos in Fluid-Structure Systems .................................... 1

Bounds on Dynamic Plastic Deformation ............................... 2

Continuum Damage Mechanics - Critical States .......................... 2

An Investigation of History Dependent Damage in Time Dependent

Fracture Mechanics ............................................. 3

A Micromechanical Viscoplastic Stress-Strain Model with Grain Boundary Sliding .. 11

Nonlinear Dynamics of Fluid-Structure Systems .......................... 12

An Analytical-Numerical Alternating Method for 3-D Inelastic Fracture and

Integrity Analysis of Pressure-Vessels and Piping at Elevated Temperature ...... 14

Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis Emphasis on Surface Flaws ................. 15

Stress Induced Phase Transformations ................................. 17

Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks .............................. 24

Basic Engineering Sciences of Solids Comminution ........................ 24

Inelastic Deformation and Damage at High Temperature .................... 40

Stochastic Quadrization for Probabilistic Analysis of Large Compliant

Off-Shore Structures ............................................ 41

Structure and Modelling of the Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers

on a Rotating Disk ............................................. 45

Energy Changes in Transforming Solids ................................ 45

Effective Elastic Properties and Constitutive Equations for Brittle

Solids Under Compression ........................................ 49

3-D Experimental Fracture Analysis at High Temperature ............... .... 50

01-B

Film Cooling in a Pulsating Stream ................................... 2

Thermal Radiation and Conduction in Microscale Structures .................. 4

Heat Transfer to Viscoelastic Fluids ................................... 18

Heat/Mass Transfer Enhancement in Separated Vortex Flows ................. 26

Stability and Rupture of Thin Fluid Films on Heated Solid Surfaces ........... 32

Radiative Transfer Through an Array of Discrete Surfaces ................... 35

Radiative Transfer Through Arrays of Discrete Surfaces with Fixed Orientation .... 36

Near-Wall Measurement of Sublayer Dryout and Theoretical Modeling of

CHF in Vertical Channels ........................................ 39

Fluid Dynamics of Double Diffusive Systems ............................ 46

Coupled Particle Dispersion by Three-Dimensional Vortex Structures ........... 51
01-C

Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Coherent Structures .. ...................... 1

Basic Studies of Transport Processes in Porous Media ...................... 4

Turbulence Structure and Transport Processes in Wavy Liquid Streams .......... 8

Gas and Solids Holdup in Three Phase Bioreactors ........................ 11

Experimental Studies of Reynolds Number Dependence of Turbulent Mixing

and Transport ................................................. 12

Two-Phase Potential Flow ......................................... 13

Experimental and Analytical Investigations of Flows in Porous Media ........... 13

Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines ....................................... 17

Numerical and Physical Modelling of Two-Phase Flow Phenomena at Large

Reynolds Numbers ........ ..... .. ...................... . .. ... 18

Turbulence Theory . ............ ... .. .. ....... ......... 18

Contaminant Dispersal in Bounded Turbulent Shear Flows ................... 21

Stability and Heat Transfer in Time-Modulated Flows ..................... . 21

Rheological and Flow Characteristics of Dense Multiphase Slurries Employing a

Bimodal Model .......... ..................................... 25

Lubricated Transport of Viscous Materials .............................. 27

Microscopic Interfacial Phenomena During Flow in Porous Media ............. 32

Wave Dynamics on Falling Films and Its Effects on Heat/Mass Transfer ......... 33

Study of Interfacial Behavior in Cocurrent Gas-Liquid Flows ................. 34

Active Control of Convection ....................................... 36

Effect of Forced and Natural Convection on Solidification of Binary Mixtures ..... 39

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow .................. 39

Development and Use of Image Scanning Ellipsometer to Study the Dynamics

of Heated Thin Liquid Films ...................................... 41

Particle Pressures in Fluidized Beds ....... .......................... 43

A Combined Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Multiphase

Porous Media Flow Dynamics ... .......... .......... .............. 44

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Systems ...... ... 51

01-D

Characterization of Metal Cutting Dynamics ............................. 19

Cryotribology (Low Temperature Friction and Wear) Development of

Cryotribological Theories and Application to Cryogenic Devices ............. 24

03-A

Modeling for Process Control ................................. .... . 9

Systematic Process Synthesis and Design Methods for Cost Effective Waste

M inim ization ................................................. 9

Application of Intelligent Control Systems to Mixed-Culture Bioprocesses ........ 15
03-A (cont'd)

Intelligent Control of Thermal Processes ............................... 16

Model Building, Control and Optimization of Large Scale Systems ............. 17

Synthesis and Optimization of Chemical Processes ........................ 23

Partial Control of Complex Processing Systems .......................... 31

Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing as a Diagnostic of Plasma Chemistry .............. 47

Investigation Of PACVD Protective Coating Processes Using Advanced

Diagnostic Techniques ......................................... .. 50

Visually Guided Control Systems: A New Generation of

System Analysis and Design ....................................... 51

New Process Modeling, Design and Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency,

High Product Quality, and Improved Productivity in the Process Industries ..... 52

03-B

Nondestructive Evaluation of Superconductors ......... .............. 16

Two-Phase Flow Measurements by NMR . .............................. 19

Pulse Propagation in Inhomogeneous Optical Waveguides ................... 20

Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding .............................. 22

Multivariable Control Of The Gas-Metal Arc Welding Process ... ............. 23

Development of Measurement Capabilities for the Thermophysical

Properties of Energy-Related Fluids .................................. 29

Thin-Film Characterization and Flaw Detection .. ......... .............. 31

Application of Magnetomechanical Hysteresis Modeling to Magnetic

Techniques for Monitoring Neutron Embrittlement and Biaxial Stress .......... 44

Optical Techniques for Superconductor and Thin Film Characterization .......... 46

Advanced Diagnostics For Plasma Chemistry ............................ 46

03-C

Research on a Reconfigurable and Reliable Manipulators .................... 10

The Mechanics of Redundantly Driven Robotic Systems .................... 21

Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR) ................ 34

06-A

Enzyme Adsorption and Activity at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces . .............. 3

Fundamentals of Thermal Plasma Processing ............................ 14

Modeling of Thermal Plasma Processes ................................ 15

Development of Principles and Methodologies of Metabolic Engineering ......... 25

Gelation of Dense Silica Suspensions Effect of Shear ...................... 29

A Study of the Mechanisms of Liquid-Liquid Emulsion Bioreactor Systems ....... 35

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Multicomponent Vapor Condensation ..... 37

Transport Properties of Disordered Porous Media From The Microstructure ....... 38
06-B

Fundamental Studies of Spray Combustion .............................. 6

Experiments on the Gas Dynamics of the HVOF Thermal Spray Process ......... 37

Mechanisms and Enhancements of Flame Stabilization ...................... 38

Mixing and Phase Change During Combustion ........................... 43

Structure of Inverse Diffusion Flames in Supercritical Fuel/Water Mixtures ....... 43

06-C

Dynamics of Electronegative Plasmas for Materials Processing ................ 4

Linear Kinetic Theory and Particle Transport in Stochastic Mixtures ............ 5

Nonlinear Waves in Continuous Media ................................ 5

Broadband Signals: Signal Processing in Chaos ........................... 6

Noisy Nonlinear Systems .......................................... 6

Structure of Turbulence, Conditional Averaging and Subgrid-Scale Modeling ...... 7

Traveling-Wave Convection in Fluid Mixtures ........................... 7

Bifurcations and Patterns in Nonlinear Dissipative Systems .................. 8

Fundamentals and Techniques of Nonimaging Optics ....................... 10

Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics ...................................... 19

Mathematical Models of Hysteresis ................................... 20

Macrostatistical Hydrodynamics ..................................... 26

Thermal Plasma Processing of Materials ............................... 27

Department of Energy Integrated Manufacturing Fellowship Program ........... 28

Center for Aerospace Research & Education for Minority Students at

Southern University ............................................. 28

Industrial Liaison Pilot Program ..................................... 28

High-Tc Superconductor-Semiconductor Integration and Contact Technology ...... 30

The Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions ............................. 30

Studies in Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics of Extended Systems ............. 31

Mixing of Immiscible Fluids in Chaotic Flows and Related Issues .............. 33

Stability and Dynamics of Spatio-Temporal Structures ...................... 33

The Evolution of a Hele-Shaw Interface and Related Problems in Dendritic

Crystal Growth ................................................ 35

Development of Multidimensional Two-Fluid Modeling Capability ............. 40

Flux Flow, Pinning, and Resistive Behavior in Superconducting Networks ........ 41

Coherence Effects in Radiative Energy Transfer .......................... 42

Some Basic Research Problems Related to Energy ........................ 42

Thermodynamics and Stochastic Theory of Hydrodynamics and Power Producing

Processes .................................................... 47

Investigation of Transitions From Order to Chaos in Dynamical Systems ......... 47

Hydrocarbon/CO2/Water Multiphase Equilibrium Separations ................. 48

The Behavior of Matter Under Nonequilibrium Conditions: Fundamental

Aspects and Applications ........................................ 48

Complex Spatiotemporal Patterns in Nonequilibrium Systems ................. 49
Principal Investigators

Investigator Page No.

A. Frenkel Phone: (205) 348-5434; Fax: (205) 348-7067; e-mail: afrenkel@mathdept.as.ua.edu ............ 1

S. Chen Phone: (708) 252-6147; Fax: (708) 252-5568; ....................................... 1

C. Youngdahl Phone: (708) 252-6149; Fax: (708) 252-7139 ...................................... 2

H. Fasel Phone: (602) 621-2235; Fax: (602) 621-8191 ....................................... 2

A. Ortega Phone: (602) 621-2235; Fax: (602) 621-8191 ....................................... 2

I. Wygnanski Phone: (602) 621-2235; Fax: (602) 621-8191 ....................................... 2

D. Krajcinovic Phone: (602) 965-8656; Fax: (602) 965-1384 ....................................... 2

F. Brust Phone: (614) 424-5034; Fax: (614) 424-3457; e-mail: brust@em.battelle.org ................. 3

H. Blanch Phone: (510) 642-1387; Fax: (510) 642-4778 ....................................... 3

A. Lichtenberg Phone: (510) 642-4015; Fax: (510) 642-6330; e-mail: ajl@eecs.berkeley.edu ................. 4

M. Lieberman Phone: (510) 642-7200; Fax: (510) 642-6330; e-mail: lieber@eecs.berkeley.edu ............... 4

C. Tien Phone: (510) 642-7464; ...................................................... 4

I. Catton Phone: (310) 825-5320; Fax: (310) 206-4830; e-mail: catton@seas.ucla.edu .................. 4

G. Pomraning Phone: (310) 825-1744; Fax: (310) 206-2302; e-mail: pomranin@seas.ucla.edu ............... 5

S. Putterman Phone: (310) 825-2269; Fax: (310) 206-5668; ....................................... 5

H. Abarbanel Phone: (619) 534-5590; Fax: (619) 534-7664; e-mail: habarbanel@ucsd.edu ................. 6

P. Libby Phone: (619) 534-3168; Fax: (619) 534-4543; e-mail: plibby@ucsd.edu ..................... 6

F. Williams Phone: (619) 534-3168; Fax: (619) 534-4543; ....................................... 6

K. Lindenberg Phone: (619) 534-5489; Fax: (619) 534-6693; e-mail: kllindenberg@ucsd.edu ................ 6

E. Novikov Phone: (619) 534-0816; Fax: (619) 534-7664; e-mail: enovikov@ucsd.edu ................... 7

C. Surko Phone: (619) 534-6880; Fax: (619) 534-0173; e-mail: csurko@ucsd.edu .................... 7

G. Ahlers Phone: (805) 893-3795; Fax: (805) 893-4170; e-mail: guenter@tweedledum.ucsb.edu ........... 8

D. Cannell Phone: (805) 893-3795; Fax: (805) 893-4170; ....................................... 8

S. Banerjee Phone: (805) 893-3456; Fax: (805) 893-4731; e-mail: banerjee@anemone.ucsb.edu ............. 8

M. Morari Phone: (818) 356-4186; Fax: (818) 568-8743; e-mail: mm@imc.caltech.edu ......... ......... 9

L. Biegler Phone: (412) 268-2232; e-mail: biegler@cmu.edu .................................... 9

I. Grossman Phone: (412) 268-2228; e-mail: grossman@cmu.edu ................... ............... 9

A. Westerberg Phone: (412) 268-2344; e-mail: westerberg@cmu.edu ................................. 9

P. Khosla Phone: (703) 696-2218; Fax: (703) 696-2202 ....................................... 10

T. Kanade Phone: (412) 268-2454; Fax: (412) 268-2860 ....................................... 10

R. Winston Phone: (312) 702-7756; Fax: (312) 702-6317; e-mail: winston@rainbow.uchicago.edu .......... 10

J. McLaughlin Phone: (315) 268-6663; Fax: (315) 268-6654; e-mail: jmclau@sun.soe.clarkson.edu ............ 11

E. Jordan Phone: (203) 486-2371; Fax: (203) 486-5088; e-mail: jordan@eng2.uconn.edu ................ 11

K. Walker Phone: (401) 231-3182; Fax: (401) 231-2361 ....................................... 11

F. Moon Phone: (607) 255-7146; Fax: (607) 255-1222 ....................................... 12

Z. Warhaft Phone: (607) 255-3898; Fax: (607) 255-1222 ....................................... 12

G. Wallis Phone: (603) 646-2789; Fax: (603) 646-3856; e-mail: graham.wallis@dartmouth.edu ........... 13

R. Behringer Phone: (919) 660-2550; Fax: (919) 660-2525; e-mail: bob@physics.phy.duke.edu .............. 13

G. Johnson Phone: (919) 660-2711; Fax: (919) 681-8648; e-mail: gaj@orion.mc.duke.edu ................ 13

S. Atluri Phone: (404) 894-2758; Fax: (404) 894-2299; ....................................... 14

J. Fincke Phone: (208) 526-2814; Fax: (208) 526-2031; ....................................... 14

J. Johnson Phone: (208) 526-9021; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: jsq@inel.gov ....................... 15

D. Stoner Phone: (208) 526-8786; Fax: (208) 526-0828; e-mail: dls2@inel.gov ....................... 15

G. Andrews Phone: (208) 526-0174; Fax: (208) 526-0828; e-mail: gfa@inel.gov ....................... 15

J. Ramshaw Phone: (208) 526-9240; Fax: (208) 526-7692; e-mail: jzr@inel.gov ........................ 15

C. Chang Phone: (208) 526-2886; Fax: (208) 526-6970; e-mail: chc@inel.gov ....................... 15

W. Reuter Phone: (208) 526-1708; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: wgr2@inel.gov ...................... 15

J. Epstein Phone: (208) 526-6874; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: jse@inel.gov ........................ 15
Principal Investigators (cont'd - pg. 2)

H. Smartt Phone: (208) 526-8333; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: hbs@inel.gov ....................... 16

K. Telschow Phone: (208) 526-1264; Fax: (208) 526-0690; e-mail: telsch@inel.gov ..................... 16

T. Basar Phone: (217) 333-3607; Fax: (217) 244-1653; e-mail: tbasar@bllack.csl.uiuc.edu .............. 17

T. Hanratty Phone: (217) 333-1318; Fax: (217) 244-8068; ....................................... 17

H. Sehitoglu Phone: (217) 333-4112; Fax: (217) 244-6534; ....................................... 17

J. Hartnett Phone: (312) 996-4490; Fax: (312) 996-5620; ....................................... 18

A. Prosperetti Phone: (410) 516-8534; Fax: (410) 516-7254; e-mail: prosper@polaris.me.jhu.edu . .... ...... 18

R. Kraichnan Phone: (505) 986-3979; Fax: (505) 989-4737; e-mail: rhk@lanl.gov ....................... 18

R. Littlejohn Phone: (510) 486-4763; e-mail: rglittlejohn@lbl.gov ................... ............... 19

A. Kaufman Phone: (510) 486-4763; ....................................................... 19

E. Fukushima Phone: (505) 262-7155; Fax: (505) 262-7043; e-mail: eiichi@lucy.tli.org . .......... ..... 19

S. Altobellli Phone: (505) 262-7155; Fax: (505) 262-7043; ....................................... 19

A. Caprihan Phone: (505) 262-7155; Fax: (505) 262-7043; ....................................... 19

B. Berger Phone: (301) 405-5283; Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: berger@eng.umd.edu .................. 19

I. Minis Phone: (301) 405-5283; Fax: (301) 314-9477; e-mail: minis@src.umd.edu ................... 19

J. Mayergoyz Phone: (301) 405-3657; Fax: (301) 314-9281; e-mail: isaak@eng.umd.edu ................... 20

C. Menyuk Phone: (410) 455-3501; Fax: (410) 455-1048; ...................................... 20

L. Tsai Phone: (301) 405-6629; Fax: (301) 405-6707; e-mail: lwtsai@src.umd.edu ................... 21

J. Wallace Phone: (301) 405-5271; e-mail: wallace@eng.umd.edu ................... ............. 21

P. Bernard Phone: (301) 405-5272; e-mail: bemard@eng.umd.edu ................... ............. 21

L. Ong Phone: (301) 405-5343; e-mail: kuching@eng.umd.edu ................... ............. 21

C. Thompson Phone: (508) 934-3360; Fax: (508) 458-8289; e-mail: thompson@dragon.cpe.uml.edu ........... 21

T. Eagar Phone: (617) 253-3229; Fax: (617) 258-6118; e-mail: tweagar@mit.edu . ............ . 22

J. Lang Phone: (617) 253-4687; Fax: (617) 258-6774; e-mail: lang@mit.edu ....................... 22

L. Evans Phone: (617) 577-0100; Fax: (617) 577-0722; e-mail: evans@aspentec.com .................. 23

P. Barton Phone: (617) 253-6526; Fax: (617) 258-5042; e-mail: pib@mit.edu ........................ 23

D. Hardt Phone: (617) 253-2252; Fax: (617) 252-1399; e-mail: hardt@mit.edu ...................... 23

Y. Iwasa Phone: (617) 253-5548; Fax: (617) 253-5405; e-mail: iwasa@jokaku.pfc.mit.edu .............. 24

D. Parks Phone: (617) 253-0033; Fax: (617) 258-8742; ....................................... 24

F. McClintock Phone: (617) 253-2219; Fax: (617) 258-8742; ....................................... 24

C. Peterson Phone: (617) 253-5373; Fax: (617) 258-6149; e-mail: peterson@mit.edu . ............ . 24

R. Probstein Phone: (617) 253-2240; Fax: (617) 258-8559; e-mail: rfprobst@mit.edu . ............ . 25

G. Stephanopoulos Phone: (617) 253-4583; Fax: (617) 253-3122 ....................................... 25

H. Brenner Phone: (617) 253-6687; Fax: (617) 258-8224; e-mail: hbrenner@mit.edu . ............... 26

A. Graham Phone: (505) 665-5259: Fax: (505) 667-0600; e-mail: graham@lanl.gov . ............ . 26

L. Mondy Phone: (505) 844-1755; Fax: (505) 844-8251; e-mail: lamondy@sandia.gov .................. 26

R. Goldstein Phone: (612) 625-5552; Fax: (612) 625-3434; ....................................... 26

D. Joseph Phone: (612) 625-0309; Fax: (612) 626-1558 ....................................... 27

E. Pfender Phone: (612) 625-6012; Fax: (612) 624-1398; e-mail: pfender@maroon.tc.umn.edu ............. 27

J. Heberlein Phone: (612) 625-4538; Fax: (612) 624-1398; e-mail: jvrh@maroon.tc.umn.edu ............... 27

T. Rozzell Phone: (202) 334-2908; Fax: (202) 334-2753; e-mail: trozzell@nas.edu ..................... 28

I. Blankston Phone: (202) 358-4610; .................................................... 28

J. Sheridan Phone: (313) 995-0300; Fax: (313) 995-4004: ................... .................... 28

H.J.M. Hanley Phone: (303) 497-3320; Fax: (303) 497-5224; e-mail: hanley@central.bldrdoc.gov ............. 29

R. Kayser Phone: (301) 975-2483; Fax: (301) 869-4020; e-mail: kayser@micf.nist.gov .................. 29

W. Haynes Phone: (303) 497-3247; ............................. ........................ 29

M. Moldover Phone: (301) 975-2459; ...................................................... 29

J. Levelt-Sengers Phone: (301) 975-2463; ...................................................... 29

J. Moreland Phone: (303) 497-3641; e-mail: moreland@boulder.nist.gov ............................. 30

S. Russek Phone: (303) 497-5097; e-mail: russek@boulder.nist.gov ............................... 30
Principal Investigators (cont'd - pg. 3)

S. Sanders Phone: (303) 497-5096; e-mail: sanders@boulder.nist.gov .............................. 30

J. Ekin Phone: (303) 497-5448; e-mail: ekin@boulder.nist.gov ................... ............. 30

A. Acrivos Phone: (212) 650-8159; Fax: (212) 650-6835; e-mail: cheaa@ccnyme ...................... 30

R. Shinnar Phone: (212) 650-6679; Fax: (212) 650-6686; e-mail: shinnar@che-mail.engr.ccny.cuny.edu ...... 31

I. Rinard Phone: (212) 650-7135; Fax: (212) 650-6686; e-mail: rinard@che-mail.engr.ccny.cuny.edu ....... 31

G. Sivashinsky Phone: (212) 650-8157; Fax: (212) 650-6835; e-mail: chemw@ccnyme ..................... 31

J. Achenbach Phone: (708) 491-5527; Fax: (708) 491-5227; e-mail: achenbach@nwu.edu .................. 31

S. Bankoff Phone: (708) 491-5267; Fax: (708) 491-3728; e-mail: gbankoff@casbah.acns.nwu.edu .......... 32

S. Davis Phone: (708) 491-5397; Fax: (708) 491-2178; e-mail: sdavis@nwu.edu ..................... 32

M. Miksis Phone: (708) 491-5585: Fax: (708) 491-2178; e-mail: miksis@nwu.edu ..................... 32

J. Ottino Phone: (708) 491-3558; Fax: (708) 491-3728; e-mail: ottino@bart.chem-eng.nwu.edu ........... 33

H. Riecke Phone: (708) 491-3345; Fax: (708) 491-2178; e-mail: h-riecke@nwu.edu .................... 33

H. Chang Phone: (219) 531-5697; Fax: (219) 631-8366; e-mail: hsueh-chia.chang.2@nd.edu ............. 33

M. McCready Phone: (219) 631-7146 ...................................................... 34

R. Mann Phone: (615) 574-0834; Fax: (615) 574-7860; e-mail: mannrc@ornl.gov .................... 34

E. Oblow Phone: (615) 574-6187; Fax: (615) 574-7860; e-mail: oblowem@oml.gov ................... 34

L. Parker Phone: (615) 241-4959; Fax: (615) 5747860; e-mail: parkerle@ornl.gov .................... 34

N.S.V. Rao Phone: (615) 574-7517; Fax: (615) 5747860; e-mail: raons@ornl.gov ...................... 34

C. Scott Phone: (615) 574-6775; Fax: (615) 574-6442; e-mail: scottc@ctdvx5.priv.ornl.gov ............. 35

T. Scott Phone: (615) 574-5962; Fax: (615) 574-6442; e-mail: tcs@oml.gov ....................... 35

S. Tanveer Phone: (614) 292-5710; Fax: (614) 292-1479; ....................................... 35

J. Welty Phone: (503) 737-3441: Fax: (503) 737-2600; ....................................... 35

K. Drost Phone: (509) 375-2017; ...................................................... 36

H. Bau Phone: (215) 898-8363; Fax: (215) 573-2065; e-mail: bau@eniac.seas.upenn.edu .............. 36

G. Settles Phone: (814) 865-6961; Fax: (814) 863-4848; e-mail: gss@ecl.psu.edu ..................... 37

G. Wilemski Phone: (508) 689-0003; Fax: (508) 689-3232; ....................................... 37

B. Wyslouzil Phone: (508) 831-5250; Fax: (508) 831-5853; ........... ............ ............ 37

C. Law Phone: (609) 258-5271; Fax: (609) 258-6233; e-mail: cklaw@pucc.princeton.edu .............. 38

S. Torquato Phone: (609) 258-1309; Fax: (609) 258-1270; ...................................... 38

F. Incropera Phone: (317) 494-5688; Fax: (317) 494-0539; e-mail: incroper@mn.ecn.purdue.edu ............ 39

M. Ishii Phone: (317) 494-4587; Fax: (317) 494-9570; ...................................... 39

I. Mudawar Phone: (317) 494-5705; Fax: (317) 494-0539 ...................................... 39

E. Krempl Phone: (518) 276-6351; Fax: (518) 276-6025; e-mail: krempe@rpi.edu ..................... 40

T. Lahey Phone: (518) 276-8579; Fax: (518) 276-3055; e-mail: laheyr@rpit.edu ..................... 40

D. Drew Phone: (518) 276-6903; Fax: (518) 276-4824; e-mail: drewd@rpi.edu ...................... 40

P. Wayner Phone: (518) 276-6199; Fax: (518) 276-4030; e-mail: wayner@rpi.edu ..................... 41

J. Plawsky Phone: (518) 276-6049; Fax: (518) 276-4030; e-mail: plawsj@rpi.edu ...................... 41

R. Spanos Phone: (713) 527-4909; Fax: (713) 285-5191; ....................................... 41

S. Teitel Phone: (716) 275-4039; Fax: (716) 275-8527; e-mail: stte@pas.rochester.edu ................. 41

E. Wolf Phone: (716) 275-4397: Fax: (716) 473-0687; ....................................... 42

E.G.D. Cohen Phone: (212) 327-8855: Fax: (212) 327-8507; e-mail: rhyne@rockvax.rockefeller.edu ........... 42

A. Kerstein Phone: (510) 294-2390; Fax: (510) 294-1004; e-mail: kerstein@ca.sandia.gov ................ 43

R. Steeper Phone: (510) 294-2618; Fax: (510) 294-1004; e-mail: steeper@ca.sandia.gov ................ 43

C. Campbell Phone: (213) 740-0498; Fax: (213) 740-8071; e-mail: campbell@ian.usc.edu ................. 43

T. Maxworthy Phone: (213) 740-0481; Fax: (213) 740-7774; e-mail: maxworth@mizar.usc.edu ............... 44

E. Meiburg Phone: (213) 740-5376; Fax: (213) 740-7774; e-mail: eckart@spock.usc.edu ................. 44

M. Sablik Phone: (210) 522-3342; Fax: (210) 647-4325; e-mail: mjsablik[marty@swri.space.swri.edu ....... 44

G. Burkhardt Phone: (210) 522-2705; Fax: (210) 6844822; ......... ............................. 44

H. Kwun Phone: (210) 522-3359; Fax: (210) 684-4822; ....................................... 44
Principal Investigators (cont'd - pg. 4)

J. Eaton Phone: (415) 723-1971; Fax: (415) 723-4548; e-mail: eaton@sierra.stanford.edu ............... 45

D. Barnett Phone: (415) 723-4143; Fax: (415) 725-4034; e-mail: barnett@leland.stanford.edu ............. 45

G. Herrmann Phone: (415) 723-4134: Fax: (415) 723-1778; ....................................... 45

G. Kino Phone: (415) 723-0205; Fax: (415) 725-7509; e-mail: kino@sierra.stanford.edu ............... 46

J. Koseff Phone: (415) 723-9032; Fax: (415) 725-8662; e-mail: koseff@cive.stanford.edu ............... 46

C. Kruger Phone: (415) 723-0977; Fax: (415) 725-6847; e-mail: kruger@sierra.stanford.edu .............. 46

T. Owano Phone: (415) 723-1295; Fax: (415) 723-1748; e-mail: owano@saha.stanford.edu .............. 46

J. Ross Phone: (415) 723-9203; Fax: (415) 723-4817; e-mail: ross@chemistry.stanford.edu .... ......... 47

R. Zare Phone: (415) 723-3062; Fax: (415) 723-9262; e-mail: zare@stanford ....................... 47

G. Scmidt Phone: (201) 216-5643; Fax: (201) 216-5638; e-mail: gschmidt@vaxc.stevens-tech.edu .......... 47

A. Chemikov Phone: (201) 216-8358; Fax: (201) 216-5638; e-mail: achemik@vaxc.stevens-tech.edu .......... 47

C. Wu Phone: (409) 845-8401; Fax: (409) 845-1307; e-mail: wu@spindletop.tamu.edu ............... 48

P. Eubank Phone: (409) 845-3339; Fax: (409) 845-6446; ....................................... 48

M. Barrufet Phone: (409) 845-0314; Fax: (409) 845-1307; e-mail: barrufet@spindletop.tamu.edu ............ 48

I. Prigogine Phone: (512) 471-7253; Fax: (512) 471-9621; e-mail: statmech@order.ph.utexas.edu .......... 48

T. Petrosky Phone: (512) 471-7253; Fax: (512) 471-9621; e-mail: statmech@order.ph.utexas.edu ........... 48

H. Swinney Phone: (512) 471-4619; Fax: (512) 471-1558; e-mail: swinney@chaos.utexas.edu .............. 49

M. Kachanov Phone: (617) 627-3318; Fax: (617) 627-3819; ....................................... 49

W. Roman Phone: (203) 727-7950; Fax: (203) 727-7911; e-mail: war@utrc.utc.com .................... 50

S. Hay Phone: (203) 727-7198; Fax: (203) 727-7911; e-mail: soh@utrc.utc.com .................... 50

A. Kobayashi Phone: (206) 543-5488; Fax: (206) 685-8047; e-mail: ask@u.washington.ed .................. 50

B. Ghosh Phone: (314) 935-6039; Fax: (314) 935-6121; ....................................... 51

T. Troutt Phone: (509) 335-4375; Fax: (509) 335-4662; e-mail: troutt@mme.wsu.edu .................. 51

G. Kojasoy Phone: (414) 229-5191; Fax: (414) 229-6958; ....................................... 51

W. Ray Phone: (608) 263-4732; Fax: (608) 262-0832; e-mail: ray@chewi.che.wisc.edu ............... 52

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