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DOE/ER-0436

Summaries of FY 1989

Engineering Research

1989

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

Washington, D. C. 20545
Foreword

This report documents the BES Engineering Research program for fiscal year 1989; it

provides a summary for each of the program projects in addition to a brief program

overview. The report is intended to provide staff of Congressional committees, other

executive departments, and other DOE offices with substantive program information so

as to facilitate governmental overview and coordination of Federal research programs.

Of equal importance, its availability facilitates communication of program information

to interested research engineers and scientists. The organizational chart for the DOE

Office of Energy Research (OER) on the next page delineates the six Divisions within

the OER Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Each BES Division administers

basic, mission oriented research programs in the area indicated by its title. The BES

Engineering Research program is one such program; it is administered by the Engineering and Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Oscar P. Manley is technical manager of the

Engineering Research program; inquiries concerning the program may be addressed to

him, in writing or by phone at (301) 353-5822.

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to submit summaries for

their projects that were specifically applicable to fiscal year 1989. The summaries received have been edited if necessary, but the press for timely publication made it impractical to have the investigators review and approve the summaries prior to

publication. For more information about a given project, it is suggested that the investigators be contacted directly.
Engineering Research Program

within DOE

Secretary of Energy

Deputy Secretary

Under Secretary

I I

Assistant Secretaries Office of Energy Research * Federal Energy

· Nuclear Energy Regulatory Commission

* Conservation and Renewable * Economic Regulatory

* Fossil Commission

* Defense * Energy Information

* Environmental Administration

* International Affairs etc.

* Program Analysis Basic Energy Sciences Management

* Magnetic Fusion * Special Programs

* High Energy and Nuclear Physics * Scientific Computing

* Health and Environmental Research

* Field Operations

Is~~~~~~~~~~~~ X~~~~~i

* Material Sciences Division Engineering and * Advanced Energy Projects

* Chemical Sciences Division Geosciences Division * Biological Energy

Research

Engineering

Research Program
Introduction

The individual project summaries follow the program overview. The summaries are ordered alphabetically by name of institution and so the table of contents lists all the institutions at which projects were sponsored in fiscal year 1989.

The projects are numbered sequentially for individual identification in the indexes.

Each project entry begins with an institutional-departmental heading. The project number precedes the capitalized project title. The names of investigators are listed immediately below the title. The funding level for fiscal year 1989 appears to the right of title;

it is followed by the budget activity number (e.g.,01-A). These numbers categorize the

projects for budgetary purposes and the categories are described in the budget number

index. The year in which either the project began or was renewed and the anticipated

duration in years are indicated respectively by the first two and last digits of the sequence directly below the budget activity number (e.g., 88-). The summary description

of the project completes the entry.
Program Review

BES Engineering Research

The BES Engineering Research Program is representatives from the DOE technology programs

one of the component research programs and other leading U.S. energy engineering experts

which collectively constitute the DOE Basic made significant contributions to the setting of proEnergy Sciences program. The DOE Basic gram priorities. There resulted from this process a

Energy Sciences program supports energy re- strong confirmation of the need for a long range,

lated research in the physical and biological fundamental engineering research program with two

sciences, and in engineering. The chief pur- major goals. The broad goals that were established

pose of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences pro- by this process for the BES Engineering Research

gram is to provide the fundamental scientific Program are:

base on which identification and development

of future, national energy options will depend. 1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying curThe major product of the program becomes rent engineering practice so as to create new options

part of the body of data and knowledge upon for enhancing energy savings and production, for prowhich the applied energy technologies are longing useful equipment life, and for reducing costs

founded; the product is knowledge relevant to without degradation of industrial production and perenergy exploration, production, conversion formance quality; and

and use.

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for

The BES Engineering Research Program was solving future engineering problems in the energy

started 1979 to help resolve the numerous seri- technologies.

ous engineering issues arising from efforts to

meet U.S. energy needs. The program sup- In this process, it was further established that to

ports fundamental research on broad, generic achieve these goals, the BES Engineering Research

topics in energy related engineering topics not Program should address the following topics identias narrowly scoped as those addressed by the fied as essential to the progress of many energy techshorter term engineering research projects nologies:

sponsored by the various DOE technology programs. Special emphasis is placed on projects 1) Advanced Industrial Technology: improvement of

which, if successfully concluded, will benefit energy conversion and utilization, opening new techmore than one energy technology. During the nological possibilities, and improvement of energy

first year several workshops were sponsored systems.

for the purpose of identifying energy related

engineering research needs and initial priori- 2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes: broadenties. Representatives from industry, academic ing of understanding of heat transfer in nonsteady

institutions, national laboratories, and leading flows, methodology for reducing vibrations and noise

members of professional organizations (Engi- in heat exchangers, and engineering aspects of comneering Societies Commission of Energy, bustion.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Society of Automotive Engineers, and Joint 3) Solid Mechanics: continuum mechanics and crack

Automation and Control Committee) partici- propagation in structures.

pated in the workshops. In addition to the participants in the workshops, staff
4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Sys- Program: two major concentrations of research were

tems: development and use of information de- initiated.

scribing system behavior (system models),

performance criteria, and theories of control First, a new program was organized at Oak Ridge Naoptimization to achieve the best possible sys- tional Lab dealing with intelligent machines in untem performance subject to known constraints. structured environment. Some resources are

available for coordinated, more narrowly focussed reA Scoping Workshop held in December, 1985 lated, high quality research at universities and other

confirmed the continued needs for research in research centers. All such activities are supported

these topical areas. Because of budgetary limi- and administered directly by the Engineering Retations, the implemented BES Engineering Re- search Program, but some coordination of efforts

search Program is somewhat less broad than with the ORNL program may prove useful. The rethe program envisioned above. At present, search opportunities in this area of interest to the

equal emphasis is being placed in three care- DOE Engineering Research Program have been

fully selected, high priority research areas, identified in a workshop held in November, 1983.

namely: Proceeding of the workshop entitled "Research

Needs in Intelligent Machines" are available from the

1) Mechanical Sciences including Fluid Me- Center for Engineering Advanced Systems Research,

chanics (Multiphase flow and turbulence) heat Oak Ridge National Lab, Post Office Box X,

transfer, and solid mechanics (continuum me- Oak Ridge, TN, 37830.

chanics and crack propagation).

Secondly in FY 1985 there started a collaborative re2) System Sciences including process control search effort between MIT and Idaho National Engiand instrumentation. neering Lab. At present, the collaboration is in three

distinct areas: Plasma Process Engineering, Auto3) Engineering Analysis including nonlinear mated Welding, and Fracture Mechanics. Collateral,

dynamics, data bases for thermophysical prop- high quality research efforts at other institutions are

erties of fluids, and modeling of combustion supported by the Engineering Research Program.

processes for engineering application.

In the expectation of a future modest growth of this

These areas contain the most critical elements Program, two International Workshops on Two

of the four topics enumerated above; as such Phase Flow Fundamental were held one in Septemthey are of importance to energy technologies ber 1985 and the other in March 1987. The meetings

both in the short and long term, and therefore were used to identify basic research needs in the field

of immediate programmatic interest It should of two phase flow and heat transfer; summary reports

be noted that other areas of basic research im- of the workshops are available from the Program Ofportant to engineering are monitored else- fice. The proceedings of the two workshops have

where in BES. For instance, separation been published as volumes in the series "Advances in

sciences and research on thermophysical prop- Heat and Mass Transfer" (Hemisphere Publishing

erties are among the responsibilities of the Company)

Chemical Sciences Division, while microscopic aspects of fracture mechanics are in the Two additional workshops were held during 1988.

domain of the Material Sciences Division. As The first dealt with possible research opportunities in

resources permit, other high priority areas are the field of novel devices using the new high temperbeing added to the Engineering Research Pro- ature superconductors. The second addressed regram. Thus as a result of previous growth in search needs for bioprocessing of fuels and energy

the program budget an important development related wastes. Reports of both workshops have been

took place in the Engineering Research published.
It should be mentioned, too that some very lim- suits in less than two years are usually referred to the

ited support is available for research on large appropriate DOE technology program for considerscale systems. A report of a Workshop on ation. All those interested in submitting a proposal

Needs, Opportunities, and Options in this field are encouraged to discuss their ideas with the techniis available from Professor G.L. Thompson, cal program manager prior to submission of a formal

Graduate School of Industrial Administration, proposal. Such discussion helps to establish whether

Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA or not a potential project has a reasonable chance of

15213. being funded. The primary considerations for possible support are the technical quality of the proposal

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engi- and the professional standing of the principal investineering Research Program are currently under- gators and staff. An effort is made to attract first

way at universities, private sector laboratories, rate, younger research engineers and energy oriented

and DOE national laboratories. In fiscal year applied scientists. A high technical caliber of re1989 the available program operating funds search is maintained by requiring that the projects

available amounted to about $14.9 million. supported have potential for a significant contribuThe distribution of these funds among various tion to energy related engineering science, or for an

institutions and by topical area is illustrated on initial contribution to a new energy relevant technolthe next page. Project funding levels are ogy. Sponsored projects are selected primarily for

mostly in the range of $50,000 to $150,000 their relevance to DOE mission requirements; the

per year. Typical duration of a project is three contribution to energy related higher eduction is an

to four years, with some projects expected to important but secondary consideration. Thus prolast as long as ten years or more. The BES En- jects sponsored at universities are essentially limited

gineering Research projects stem almost with- to advanced studies both theoretical and experimenout exception from proposals for competitive tal usually performed by faculty members, staff regrants. Proposals which anticipate definite re- search scientists, and doctoral candidates.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '89 BUDGET ($000's)

BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES

LABORATORIES 60%

29% $8909

$4383 (85 PROJECTS)

(17 PROJECTS)

OTHER

11%

$1568

(11 PROJECTS)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '89 BUDGET (EST.)

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

($000 s) %_ NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 4894 33 43

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 4428 30 22

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 5538 37 48
Table of Contents

Ames Laboratory ........................ 1

Argonne National Laboratory .................. 1

Arizona State University .................... 2

Boston University ........................ 3

Brown University ........................ 3

University Of California, Berkeley ............... 4

University Of California, Irvine .. ............... 5

University Of California, Los Angeles ............ . 5

University Of California, San Diego ............. . 7

University Of California, Santa Barbara ............ 9

Carnegie Mellon University . ................. 10

University Of Chicago .................... 11

Clarkson University .................. .. . 11

University Of Connecticut ................. 12

Cornell University ....................... 12

Dartmouth College .................. . 13

Engineering Science Software, Inc. .................. 13

University Of Houston .................... 13

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory . ....... .. 14

University Of Illinois . .................... 16

University Of Illinois At Chicago ........... . 17

Illinois Institute Of Technology ................ 18

Jet Propulsion Laboratory .................. 19

Johns Hoplins University .. .............. . 19

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ................ 20

Lovelace Medical Foundation ........ ........ 20

University Of Maryland ................. . 21

University Of Massachusetts ........ ........ 23

Massachusetts Institute Of Technology . .... .... 24

Los Alamos National Laboratory . ............ 29

Sandia National Laboratories .. ............ 29

University Of Minnesota .. .............. 30

National Institute Of Standards And Technology ....... 30

The City University Of New York, The City College .... 32

North Carolina State University .. ........... . 33

Northwestern University .............. . 34

Northwestern University . ................. 34

University Of Notre Dame . .............. 35

Oak Ridge National Laboratory . ............ 36

Ohio State University . ................ 36

University Of Pennsylvania .. .............. 36

Physical Optics Corporation .. ............. 37

Engineering Research 1989
Table of Contents (continued)

Physical Sciences Inc. ................... 37

Princeton University .............. .. .... 37

Purdue University ....................... 38

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ............... 39

University Of Rochester .................... 40

The Rockefeller University .................. 40

Sandia National Laboratories ................. 41

Science Applications International Corporation ...... 42

Stanford University ...................... 42

Stevens Institute Of Technology ............... 45

University Of Texas At Austin ................ 45

Tufts University ........................ 46

United Technologies Research Center ............ 47

Washington State University ................. 47

University Of Wisconsin ................... 48

Engineering Research 1989
Ames Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory

Institute for Physical Research $258,000 Argonne, IL 60439 $100,000

and Technology 03-B 01-C

Ames, IA 50011-3020 87-3 87-3

1. New Ultrasonic Imaging and Measurement 2. Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in

Techniques for NDE Two-Phase Flow Systems

D.O. Thompson, D.K. Hsu M. Ishii

The objective of this project is to develop new knowl- The research program is a joint effort by the members

edge and techniques for the nondestructive detection of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and

and characterization of flaws in materials and struc- Argonne National Laboratory. The objective of the retures and the measurement of selected material proper- search program is to develop instrumentation

ties that are important in obtaining materials reliability techniques, a data base and predictive methods for deand structural integrity. In order to achieve this goal, scribing the interfacial structure of horizontal and vertiefforts are made to develop new and novel ultrasonic cal two-phase flow, such as flow pattern transitions, inNDE capabilities and to characterize emerging materi- terfacial area concentration and interfacial wave

als. Use is made of a multiviewing system previously structure. The special emphasis will be placed on dedeveloped in this work and quantitative elastic wave veloping local interfacial area concentration measuretheories in the interpretation of results as well as ment techniques, and two-phase flow-pattern transimicrofocus radiography and eddy current techniques. tion criteria. The latter include 1) scaling criteria in

Three major thrusts are being pursued: terms of systems size and fluid properties 2) entrance

geometry and developing flow effects, and 3) rational

1) Nondestructive material characterization methods procedure and design criteria for predicting these efare being explored for high transition temperature su- fects.

perconducting ceramics using three types of probing

fields: x-ray, eddy current, and ultrasound. Efforts are To achieve the objectives, the technical approach is diaimed at nondestructive measurements that can be vided into three parts. The first part deals with theoretused to monitor material processing techniques. ical modeling of the interfacial area and flow-pattern

transitions based on physical mechanisms. The second

2) Novel techniques have been developed that allow part is concerned with designing and performing horithe fabrication of ultrasonic transducers that have fun- zontal and vertical two-phase flow experiments to gendamentally important wave propagation properties of erate benchmark data using flow visualization and obengineering significance. Two such transducers, a jective measurements. Finally, the third part deals

Gaussian beam transducer and a Bessel beam trans- with incorporating the results of theoretical and experiducer, have been developed. The Gaussian beam is mental studies to examine and verify the validity of

particularly desirable for inspection in the near field proposed flow-pattern transition mechanisms and interand the Bessel beam can potentially lead to diffraction- facial area concentration modeling.

free elastic waves.

The results of this research program will provide infor3) New techniques for ultrasonic computed mation in horizontal and vertical two-phase flow funtomographic imaging (reconstruction) are being ex- damentals and information critical to the design of

plored that utilize elastic wave scattering models and advanced two-phase flow systems.

the multiviewing instrumentation. This is an important innovation in that images so obtained are expected

to be free of distortions due to effects of material anisotropy and complex surfaces encountered in some

current imaging techniques.

Engineering Research1 1989
Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory

Materials and Components $138,000 Materials and Components $129,000

Technology Division 01-C Technology Division 01-A

Argonne, IL 60439 86-3 Argonne, IL 60439 87-3

3. Theoretical/Experimental Study of Stability 4. Bounds on Dynamic Plastic Deformation

Control C.K. Youngdahl

T.M. Mulcahy, EL. Reiss (Northwestern

University), S.P. Vanka Analytical studies are being performed to develop load

correlation parameters which can be used in approxiTheoretical and experimental studies are aimed at mating or bounding the dynamic plastic deformation

enhancing the understanding of stability phenomena in- of structures. In many applications where the load is

volving fluids, solids, and their coupling. The objec- transmitted to the structure through a fluid, details of

tive is to develop methods of controlling, delaying, the load history and spatial distribution significantly afand/or avoiding instability in engineering components. fect the final plastic deformation. The objective of the

Currently fluid elastic instabilities caused by flow leak- program is to devise load correlation parameters based

ing between closely spaced bodies are being investi- on various weighted integrals of the time-space load

gated. distributions which can be used to characterize the effects of the load without resorting to detailed numeriTo interpret and present the experimentally observed cal analysis. These load correlation parameters have

fluid-structure interaction at the slip-joint region of three important uses: to perform design and safety

telescoping tubes conveying fluids, a mathematical analyses of structures over a wide range of design varimodel of the unsteady, one-dimensional flow in a nar- ables and loadings; to validate computer programs

row, finite length channel, which includes a piecewise which have a nonlinear dynamic plasticity capability;

linear variation in channel width and several sharp- and to correlate experimental simulations with actual

edged constrictions, has been solved for harmonic per- or predicted events. The dynamic plastic deformation

turbations in the channel width. Model problem pa- of some basic structural configurations will be anarameter variations are being investigated to identify lyzed for loadings which vary both in magnitude and

spatial distributions of flow resistance which produce region of application with time. Load correlation panegative flow-damping and dynamic instabilities for rameters will be hypothesized and their usefulness in

the fundamental vibration mode of the tubes. Ob- predicting final plastic deformation will be deterserved phenomena not explainable using one-dimen- mined. The analyses will be based initially on a rigid,

sional flow models will be investigated using computa- perfectly plastic material model and small deformation

tional fluid mechanics techniques. response, but will be extended to include strain hardening, an initial elastic response period, and large deforAnother model problem, consisting of two different, in- mation interactions.

finitely long, uniform, and parallel flow channels that

interact through a common wall, has been formulated

to study linear and nonlinear responses and to develop Arizona State University

mathematical techniques. In particular, spatially peri- Department of Mechanical $62,000

odic bifurcation and secondary bifurcation solutions and Aerospace Engineering 06-B

for the three channel walls, modeled using nonlinear Tempe, AZ 85287-6106 87-3

von Karman plate theory, are being investigated for

steady, one-dimensional viscous flow modeled by 5. Combustions and Heat Transfer in Porous

Darcy's law. Also sought is justification for the use of Media

Darcy's law as an approximation to the Navier Stokes RE. Peck T.W Tong

equations.

A study of combustion and heat transfer of premixed,

gaseous fuel-air mixtures in inert porous media is underway. The objective is to generate fundamental information about flame propagation and heat release behavior in porous materials.

A theoretical model of the combustion and multimode

heat transfer processes in planar porous media as a

function of the relevant factors has been developed.

The model includes finite-rate reaction kinetics and

Engineering Research 2 1989
the equation of transfer for describing radiative heat difficult to solve. Novel methods were applied to this

transfer in porous media. Calculations revealed a difficulty. Stochastic computer simulations were obunique spatial variation in elevated, stable flame tained which provide exact solutions in an intuitively

speeds that was unique spatial variation in elevated, appealing format. A self-consistent modeling of the kistable flame speeds that was linked to the relative im- netic operators also appears promising.

portance of radiative and conductive heat fluxes. Parametric studies demonstrated the influence of porous Glass ceramics are composed of irregular crystallites

material properties (optical depth, scattering albedo, in a glassy matrix. The propagation of light through

and thermal conductivity), stoichiometry, convective these disordered materials was studied. The structure

coupling and heat sink temperature and reflectively on of the crystallites was related to the properties of the

the burning rate and external radiant output when the scattered light in a completely new scheme which reporous matrix was used as a porous radiant burner. quires the intensity statistics,but no knowledge of optical properties.

Experimental are underway to obtain flame speed,

product species concentration and temperature pro- High intensity light will break chemical bonds and cut

files, and energy output data under various operating material. A fairly comprehensive model of this highly

conditions for comparison to theoretical predictions. nonlinear process was constructed and solved in qualiResults for ceramic foam of low optical depth have tative agreement with several observations. Computer

confirmed the existence of two stable combustion simulation of the phenomenon was begun,with a particzones, one in the upstream half of the porous material ular eye to the study of laser-induced shock waves.

and the other at the downstream edge. Measured

flame speeds and radiant output are also in close agreement with predicted values. Brown University

Division of Engineering $124,200 The findings will be useful for applying the relatively Providence, RI 02912 06-C

unexploited technology of porous radiant burners to in- 87-3

dustrial heating systems, yielding potentially large savings in energy consumption and operating costs. The

results will also provide a scientific basis for under- Two tudes of Nonlinear Processes in

standing combustion and heat transfer in other energy Irreversible Thermodynamics

technologies including catalytic combustors and com- J. Kestin

bustion in packed beds and geological systems.

The project studies two potentially productive lines of

research into two well-defined problems, both linked

Boston University in that they fall into the broad field of irreversible therDepartment of Chemistry $70,380 modynamics.

Boston, MA 02215 06-C

, MA 00 The first task studies a mathematical formalism for the

-3 qualitative analysis of the geometric-topological structure of all trajectories (solutions) of a mathematical 6. Transport in Porous/Disordered Materials model of two-phase flow conducted in a phase space T. Keyes formed with the thermodynamics state variables, the

velocities of the two-fluid phases and the space variThe aim of this project is the construction of theories able.

of the transport processes-diffusion, fluid flow, electromagnetic wave propagation, etc. in the complicating The most important result of the analysis is a complete

presence of significant disorder and/or nonlinearity. Of resolution of the problem of choking. The theory

special interest are materials with percolation thresh- leads to a classification of points in phase space into:

olds, where the disorder blocks transport altogether (a) regular points; (b) turning points; and (c) singular and nonlinear effects become particularly pronounced. points. Points (a) are not descriptive of choking, and

The research is broadly based and a wide range of the- through them there passes one and the only one trajecoretical and computational techniques are employed, tory. Points (b) describe choking at the end of the

Progress along three fronts was made in the past year. channel, and points (c) describe choking inside the

channel. The analysis is applicable to a wide class of

Porous solids may be modeled as fixed, overlapping or mathematical models of two-phase flow now emnon-overlapping, hard spheres; these models may ployed in industry and makes use of the powerful tools

show percolation. The Repeated Ring kinetic equation of the mathematical discipline of dynamical systems.

accurately describes diffusion in these systems, but is

Engineering Research 3 1989
The present task is to examine the qualitative effects of The trailing legs of a horseshoe vortex, located downnonequilibrium on the general flow characteristics and stream of a stream-lined obstacle, have been observed

on critical flow. In particular, a combined numerical close to the wall by our mean velocity measurements.

and analytic study has re-interpreted the well-known This flow will have thermal transport influenced by

Moby Dick experiments suggesting, at this stage provi- both the swirl of the vortices and the wake effects.

sionally, that critical flow was not reached in the throat

but at the end of the experimental channel. This possi- The flow downstream of a spanwise row of obstacles

bility may lead to a revision of our views on choking presents the most complex flow configuration. Each

in two-phase flow. obstacle will be rectangular with a height roughly

equal to the boundary layer thickness. In addition to

The second task seeks to apply the methods of classi- horseshoe-type vortices that will be generated at the

cal ("conservative") thermodynamics to self-consistent leading edge, separation of the flow over the elements

formulations of constitutive laws descriptive of inelas- and reattachment downstream will lead to very large

tic deformations, damage and fracture, with special em- levels of turbulent mixing. The coherent vortical mophasis on plastic deformation. The identification of tions may still remain present, but their convective inthe internal variables and their associated intensive af- fluence on local heat transfer may be less significant

finities is essential for the calculation of entropy and than the turbulent transfer of heat.

for the derivation of explicity formulae which are descriptive of the local rate of entropy production in each The experimental results of this study will be used to

system. develop a phenomenological model for the predominant heat transfer mechanisms in turbulent flow conGood success has been achieved with the formulation taining swirl. We expect that a turbulent heat flux

of an elementary theory of fracture in cooperation with model incorporating both gradient-type diffusion

Professor G. Hermann of Stanford University which re- (caused by the small-scale turbulence) and bulk consulted in two joint papers. vective transport (induced by the large-scale motion)

may be appropriate for these flows. Computational

predictions of the local Stanton numbers will be made

University Of California, Berkeley utilizing the heat transport model.

Department of Mechanical Engineering $68,000

Berkeley, CA 94720 01-B

87-3 University Of California, Berkeley

Department of Electrical Engineering $95,000

8. The Turbulent Transport of Heat Within a and Computer Sciences 06-C

Longitudinal Vortex/Boundary Layer Berkeley, CA 94720 87-3

Interaction

P.A. Eibeck 9. Self-generated Stochastic Heating in an RF

Discharge

The physical processes that govern the transport of A.J. Lichtenberg, MA. Lieberman

heat in turbulent, three-dimensional flows are not well

understood, yet successful predictions of local convec- The purpose of the project is to study electron heating

tive heat transfer in most practical engineering flows mechanisms in plane parallel, radio frequency (r.f.) disrequire this information. Scalar transport in these com- charges. These discharges are used extensively by inplex flows is controlled by turbulent diffusion coupled dustry for surface modification of electronic and mewith advection introduced by organized flow motions. chanical materials. The energy deposition in these

The objective of this research program is to experimen- discharges is not well understood. In addition to the

tally and computationally study the contribution of usual r.f. ohmic heating in the plasma interior, stochasboth mechanisms to the thermal transport in a bound- tic heating at the plasma surface is believed to play a

ary layer containing longitudinal swirl. major role.

Three different flows are being studied; the single vor- The stochastic electron heating arises from successive

tex embedded in a turbulent boundary layer, the trail- decorrelated reflections of electrons with the oscillating legs of a horseshoe vortex, and flow downstream ing sheath near the surface of the discharge. By examof a spanwise row of obstacles. The single vortex is ining the dynamics of the electron collisions with the

the simplest of these flows, such that detailed thermal sheath, a mapping is derived that describes the electransport measurements will isolate the influence of tron motion. For high frequency (frequency exceeding

swirl from other flow complexities. 50 MHz), the electron motion is found to be stochastic

rather than adiabatic and heating occurs. A

Engineering Research 4 1989
Fokker-Planck equation is used to calculate the elec- is being undertaken. Experiments will be carried out

tron energy distribution, which is shown to be non- using a newly-acquired Fourier Transform Infrared

Maxwellian. A simulation model of the discharge, Spectrometer and an existing conventional optical

using self-consistent physical constraints gives results bench.

in agreement with the analytical theory. Elastic collisions will extend the stochastic heating to lower frequencies. University Of California, Los Angeles

Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear $80,000

Power is deposited in a radio frequency discharge by Engineering Dept. 01-C

three mechanisms: (1) ohmic heating of electrons; (2) School of Engineering and Applied Science 89-3

stochastic heating of electrons by reflection from mov- Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597

ing sheaths; and (3) acceleration of ions through

sheaths and out of plasma. We are measuring the im- 11. Basic Studies of Transport Processes in

portance of each of these mechanisms in an argon dis- Porous Media

charge of a range of pressures, powers, and r.f. fre- I. Catton

quencies. A typical discharge has pressure 3 mTorr,

power 100 watts, and frequency 13 Mhz. In this re- The research covers two broad areas: 1) single-phase

gime, we predict that 95% of the electron heating oc- convection in porous media, and 2) two-phase convec- convection in porous media, and 2) two-phase conveccurs stochastically. tion in porous media. The objective of this study is to

develop physical understanding of the governing phenomena and models for prediction of transport pro- University Of California, Irvine cesses by theoretical and experimental means.

Department of Mechanical Engineering $83,800

Irvine, CA 94720 01-B The validity of stochastic models for single-phase flow

89-1 through randomly packed beds was established by

demonstrating that the predicted dispersive enhance10. Radiation in Particulate Systems ment of the axial "effective" transport coefficient

CL. Tien agrees with measurements found in literature of both

heat and mass transfer. The role of this dispersive

A combined analytical and experimental program in- component on the heat transfer was considered in the

vestigates the effects of intraparticle interactions on porous Benard problem. This work will be continued

the radiative properties of densely-packed particulate by application of the Augmented Power Integral to

systems. The classical theory of radiative transfer in Benard convection in the porous media. Numerical

participating media, which assumes the particles re- modeling of conduction in a bed of particles of one dispond to radiation independently of one another, is ameter has been shown to yield very good predictions

not valid for densely-packed systems. Examples of of the bed conductivity if proper care is taken. This

systems where dependent theory must be used include work will be extended to binary mixtures. Engineerfluidized-bed combustors, catalytic reactors, packed- ing correlations will be developed.

bed combustors, microsphere insulation, spray combustors, and furnaces laden with soot conglomerates. Steam injection in a porous channel is being studied

experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental

Simple expression that include dependent effects have studies, the behavior of a steam-water interface in a pobeen developed for the radiative properties of random rous channel will be measured with high speed movhomogeneous systems, randomly oriented agglomer- ies. The pressure and temperature distributions will be

ates, and for the effective diameter of agglometes measured along with flow rates of steam and water.

Predictions from these expressions are in agreement The physical mechanisms causing the observed rapid

with experimental data. This analysis has been ap- oscillations of the interface between the two phase replied to the problem of thermal radiation in packed gion and the subcooled water are being delineated. In

and fluidized beds and to radiative heat transfer in po- the theoretical studies, critical conditions where a starous media. tionary of oscillatory steam zone will be established.

Numerical modeling based on Darcy flow will yield

Continuing research focuses on three new topics in- the steam zone shape and size, local condensation rate

volving radiative heat transfer: diffraction effects on along the interface, flow fields for both steam and

radiative heat transfer; the influence of internal-field water and temperature distributions.

radiation on liquid droplet combustion; and the radiative properties of thin-film high-temperature superconductors. Again, both analytical and experimental work

Engineering Research 5 1989
University Of California, Los Angeles finite rate chemistry in order that ignition and other

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, $68,000 flame stabilization characteristics may be studied.

and Nuclear Engineering 06-B

School of Engineering & Applied Sciences 88-2

Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597 University Of California, Los Angeles

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, $89,000

12. Studies in the Combustion and Breakup of and Nuclear Engineering 06-C

Transverse Liquid Jets and Fuel Droplets School of Engineering & Applied Sciences 89-3

A.R. Karagozian Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597

The present studies are concerned with analytical mod- 13. Modeling of Energy and Particle Transport

eling of the processes of mass loss, breakup, and burn- G.C. Pomraning

ing in liquid fuel jet streams injected transversely into

a crossflow of air and in single liquid fuel droplets The goal in this research is to develop a comprehenpresent in a convective environment This multiphase sive theory of linear transport/kinetic theory in a stoflow study emphasizes the effect of the internal vorti- chastic mixture of solids and immiscible fluids. Such

cal structure of the liquid on important physical fea- a theory should predict the ensemble average and

tures of these reacting flowfields, i.e., 1) the incom- higher moments, such as the variance, of the particle

pressible vortex pair flowfield within the cross-section or energy density described by the underlying transof the liquid transverse jet, and 2) the Hill's spherical port/kinetic equation. The statistics to be studied correvortex within the axisymmetric liquid droplet. spond to N-state discrete random variables for the interaction coefficients and sources, with N denoting the

Since the inception of this grant, our efforts have fo- number of components in the mixture. The mixing stacused on modeling of the deflection, mass loss, tistics to be considered are Markovian as well as more

breakup, and burning of the liquid transverse jet in general statistics.

compressible crossflow, for a chemical reaction with

fast kinetics. Inviscid, compressible flow about the el- In the absence of time dependence and scattering, the

liptical cross-section of the jet is solved analytically in theory is well developed and described by the master

the low subsonic regime and numerically for upstream (Liouville) equation for Markovian mixing, and by reMach numbers above 0.3. External boundary layer newal equations for non-Markovian mixing. The inanalysis along the surface of the cross-section allows tent of further work is to generalize these treatments to

determination of an effective drag associated with the include both time dependence and scattering. A furjet, which balances centripetal forces resulting from jet ther goal of this research is to develop approximate,

deflection. The presence of a diffusion flame in the but simpler, models from the comprehensive theory.

boundary layer for upstream Mach numbers less than In particular, a specific goal is to formulate a

0.3 is represented, and fuel mass loss due to evapora- renormalized transport/kinetic theory of the usual nontion as well as combustion is computed. Mass and mo- stochastic form, but with effective interaction coeffimentum balances are then performed along the jet, so cients and sources to account for the stochastic nature

that fuel jet and flame trajectories, bow shock penetra- of the problem. Numerical comparisons of all models

tion (if present), and effective flame length may be de- will be made against Monte Carlo simulations which

termined. An approximate technique for predicting jet involve a straightforward average of solutions for a

breakup location is also developed, based on a balance large number of physical realizations of the statistical

of stresses and a local sonic point (if present) adjacent mixing. Extensions to nonlinear kinetic equations will

to the deflected jet. Correspondence of these predic- also be investigated.

tions with experimental results is quite favorable, especially in that the modeling contains no empirical correlations or adjustable parameters. Current efforts are University Of California, Los Angeles

focused on the representation of ignition in the liquid Department of Physics $ 78,000

jet by accounting for finite rate chemistry. Los Angeles, CA 90024 06-C

87-3

Modeling of the processes of evaporation and combustion for a single, axisymmetric fuel droplet in a convec- 14 WaveTurulenceand Self-Localization in

tive environment is also undertaken here. The influ- o ntinuus Meia

ence of the internal flowfield on various flame uous

characteristics is computed, and the predicted variationerman

of droplet size in time is compared with experimental

measurements. At present, fast chemistry is assumed, The goal of this project is to advance our understandbut future studies will include the incorporation of ing of the response of nonlinear elastic media driven

Engineering Research 6 1989
far from equilibrium. Research efforts are focused on It was proposed that the lattice gas method be evaluthe competition between turbulence and localization ated, and that modified models with higher Reynolds

and how these processes affect the fate of energy numbers be studied. Two-dimensional computer modwhich is injected, into a continuous medium, in the els were created to run on the CRAY-XMP, the

form of wave motion. CRAY II, and on the Connection Machine II (a computer with 65,000 central processors). These models

Regarding turbulence in propagating waves an attempt ran at the rate of 80,000,000, 10,000,000, and

is being made to determine the probability distribution 2,000,000,000 cell updates per second, respectively.

function for the higher-order correlations as well as the Comparisons with other calculational methods have

cross-correlations of the various modes. This goal re- been done. A three-dimensional program has been dequires the development of a theory of stochastic re- veloped which produced the highest Reynolds numsponse that is an extension of the Fokker-Planck ap- bers attainable with 24 bits required per cell. Flow

proach to ultra-long time scales. past a square plate has been successfully modeled by

this code. Summaries of this and other recent work

Recent research also indicates that the wave turbulent has been published in several articles in the August

state also possesses organized structure manifested by issue of Complex Systems. Lattice gas methods for

the appearance of new propagating modes analogous solving partial differential equations appear useful and

to second sound. These new modes have been calcu- promising. Expectations of their capabilities on future

lated for wind driven waves in a stormy sea. machines are now being estimated.

In one and two dimensional systems high amplitude

wave motion can self-focus into long-lived structures University Of California, San Diego

that are the physical realization of solitons. Present re- Department of Applied Mechanics $124,200

search has led to the experimental discovery of enve- and Engineering Sciences 06-B

lope solitons in flexing shells and kink solitons in vi- La Jolla, CA 92093 87-3

brating fluids. Extensive measurements are under way

to determine the extent to which these solitons persist 16. Fuel Droplets Subject to Straining Flow

at amplitudes which are so high that there is no corre- P.A. Libby K. Seshadri F.A. Williams

spending theory.

This research involves a combined experimental and

U niversity Ofr California, San Diego theoretical effort related to the behavior of fuel drop- University Of California, San Diego lets. The experiments concern the determination by Institute for Nonlinear Science $90,000 photographic means of the trajectories and under the

La Jolla, CA 87545 06-C circumstances involving mass loss, of the radius histo89-1 ries of individual droplets in well defined, nonuniform

laminar streams. Three such flows of increasing sim15. Lattice Gas Simulation of Fluid Flows plicity have been studied to date: a nonpremixed lamiB. Hasslacher nar flame in a counterflow configuration, isothermal

counterflowing nitrogen streams and a vertical

Lattice gases, operating as cellular automata and Poiseuille flow. In each case the equations of motion

amendable to massive parallelism, which simulate the in the axial and radial directions and the known gas veNavier-Stokes equation in two and three dimensions, locities are used to determine the lift and drag which

were introduced in 1985 by the principal investigators must be operative on the droplet to account for the ob-

(Phys. Rev. Lett). Such lattice gases are formed of served trajectory. In the first two flows unexpectedly

"Boolean molecules" with discrete time, space, and ve- large lift forces are found to act on the droplets. The

locity. Their collision laws are designed to conserve magnitude of the lift suggests that its cause is not the

particle number and momentum. Macroscopic mo- mechanism operative in the rectilinear motion of

mentum averages satisfy the incompressible Navier- spheres along the streamlines of a pure shear flow.

Stokes equation, in a suitable physical limit. Groups Rather it is conjectured that rapid changes in the

in the United States and in France are already engaged direction of the relative velocity vector results in an unin theory, simulations, and hardware projects for lat- steady normal force identified with lift This conjectice gas hydrodynamics. Preliminary results indicate ture will be examined in future studies. The general

that the method is easy to implement (with or without conclusion is reached from these studies that the usual

boundaries), robust, and reproducers known hydrody- engineering formulas for the forces on, and heat and

namic phenomena. It may eventually yield a new sim- mass transfer to, droplets lead to considerable errors

ulation strategy for complex turbulent flows, with under the severe conditions existing in these flows.

many practical applications. Because of the large deviations of the forces from

those expected, our research to date has focused on

Engineering Research 7 1989
those forces but future experimental work will deal in correlation times has shown them to give equivalent redetail with the heat and mass transfer to droplets. The suits. Numerical simulations confirm that these results

presently available results from droplets in the flame are useful over practical ranges of parameter values.

indicate significant chemical kinetic effects: if the At the other end of the spectrum, we have produced a

droplet passes through the reaction zone slowly large theory valid at long correlation times.

rates of mass loss are observed while high speed passages through the same zone lead to small mass loss. We have begun to address the problem of chemically

The results for Poiseuille flow show that droplets in- reacting systems in which spatial diffusion plays a

jected downward off-axis experience small amounts of role. Of particular interest have been open systems of

lift causing them to migrate toward the axis in qualita- A and B molecules that annihilate one another upon

tive accord with the theory of spheres in pure shear (suitably defined) contact. The molecules are replenflows. Quantitative comparison with the existing low ished by external sources that are spatially and tempoReynolds number theory is underway. In our theoreti- rally random. There are numerous applications for

cal work a new model for the combustion of droplets such processes ranging from chemical reactions to

in a quiescent ambient involving water gas shift equi- electron-hole combination processes. In finite systems

librium at the flame has been developed. The influ- of dimension 2 or less there is spontaneous segregation

ence of multicomponent diffusion on the rate of mass of chemical species over macroscopic length scales; in

loss from spherically symmetric droplets is being stud- infinite system segregation is observed if the dimenied. Finally, as a preliminary to future applications of sion is 3 or smaller. These are interesting examples of

the spray equations which leads to a differential-inte- spontaneous pattern formation.

gral formulation of the conservation equations we are

studying the relatively simple case of a laminar flame

propagating in a cloud of fuel droplets. University Of California, San Diego

Institute for Nonlinear Science $78,000

La Jolla, CA 92093 01-C University Of California, San Diego 87-3

Institute for Nonlinear Science, R-002 $ 90,769

La Jolla, CA 92093 06-C 18. Parameterization of Intermittent Turbulence

89-3 and the Vorton Method

E.A. Novikov

17. The Stochastic Trajectory Analysis Technique

(STAT) Applied to Chemical, Mechanical and This research project involves the study of a new type

Quantum Systems of parameterization of small-scale turbulence, which

K. Lindenberg recognizes the important phenomena of intermittency.

The parameterization is based on the theory of interA number of important physical problems are de- mittent relative motion of fluid particles, which may

scribed by dynamical equations containing fluctuating be of independent interest. The method of three-diparameters. Most theories have until recently assumed mensional vortex singularities (vortons) is used for the

the fluctuations to be delta-correlated, thus restricting calculations of elementary events in the intermittent

the scales of the spatial and/or temporal inhomogeneit- turbulence (breakdown, reconnection and double reies to be much shorter than the response scales of the connection of vortex filaments). The vorton method

system. This assumption is often known to be quite may also have applications to some problems in aerounphysical, especially in nonlinear systems in which nautics. Some vorton calculations, including cross inall scales are present. Of particular interest in this pro- stability of two perturbed antiparallel vortex filaments

gram are chemical reactions in dense media with fluc- and merging subsequent splitting of vortex rings, have

tuations arising from spatial inhomogeneities and ther- been presented at IUTAM (Symposium of Fundamenmal effects. tal Aspects of Vortex Motion September, 1987,

Tokyo, Japan).

A number of methods to deal with correlated fluctuations have been developed under this program. One involves an explicit construction of trajectories (STAT).

This method has now been extended to some nonlinear

systems and to smooth fluctuation processes with superimposed shot noise. Different methods have been

applied to systems driven by correlated Gaussian fluctuations in the limits of short and long correlation

times. The unification of existing theories for short

Engineering Research 8 1989
University Of California, Santa Barbara University Of California, Santa Barbara

Department of Physics $128,300 Department of Chemical and $98,000

Santa Barbara, CA 93106 06-C Nuclear Engineering 01-C

87-3 Santa Barbara, CA 93106 88-3

19. Bifurcations and Patterns in Nonlinear 20. Turbulent Structure in Liquid Streams

Systems Bounded by a Free Surface and a Solid Wall

G. Ahlers, D.S. Cannell S. Banerjee, H. Fenech, G. Hetsroni

This project consists of experimental investigations of This project is a continuation of an ongoing project

non-linear non-equilibrium fluid-mechanical systems, aimed at studying turbulence structure in liquid which

with an emphasis on heat transport, pattern formation, flows between a solid surface and a gas-liquid interand bifurcation phenomena These issues are being face. The experimental techniques used in this study

studied in Rayleigh-Benard convection, using both include three-dimensional laser-Doppler anemometry

pure and multi-component fluids. They play an impor- with a 30-micron spot size and oxygen-bubble tracing

tant role in such energy-related issues as crystal with high-speed videos and flash photography. The

growth from a melt with and without impurities, the oxygen-bubble technique resulted in capturing of the

catastrophic inversion of salt lakes such as the Dead detailed turbulent production at the solid wall, includSea, energy production in solar ponds, and various ing visualization and photography of the coherent

oceanographic phenomena. structures at the wall, and the turbulent bursts. It was

found that the turbulent bursts reach the interface and

The work utilizes computer-enhanced shadowgraph affect the heat and mass transfer there. It was also

imaging to visualize the convective flow patterns. The found that similar turbulent structures can be observed

technique can detect the flow field even when the con- at the liquid gas interface, providing shear is applied

vection threshold is exceeded by only 0.1%. In paral- on the liquid by gas cocurrent or countercurrent flow.

lel, high-resolution heat-flux measurements are made these experimental methods were complemented by a

with a resolution of 0.05%. Thus, the relationship be- numerical approach in which the full Navier Stokes

tween the pattern and the heat transport can be studied equations were solved by a pseudospectral method to

in great detail. provide quantities which ar difficult to obtain by flow

visualization and single-point velocity measurement.

In pure fluids, we are investigating the mechanisms for Both the experimental and computational techniques

the convective onset. In most physical systems the resulted in very similar turbulent description, and the

flow is initiated by properties of the experimental cell computer flow simulations were very close to the exwhich lead to an imperfect bifurcation. Recently it has perimental observations.

been possible, however, to perfect the apparatus to

point where stochastic effects control to evolution of The experiments with the LDA are being continued on

the flow. a newly designed and constructed test section. Also,

the effect of waves on the turbulence characteristics

Beyond the convective threshold we are interested in will be studied. A wave generating machine is now

the evolution and stability of various convective pat- being readied to be installed in the test section.

ters in containers with simple sidewall geometries.

We expect that our results will help in the development of theoretical models for pattern stability.

A particularly interesting pattern-stability problem occurs in binary-mixture convection. For certain values

of the parameters of this system, there exist spatially

localized patches of travelling waves of convective

rolls. The existence of these states cannot be

explained by the usual models with relaxational dynamics, but rather seem to require non-potential theories. We are studying quantitatively the wavenumber,

frequency, amplitude, and spatial extent of these localized states. This information will permit a distinction

between several competing theoretical models.

Engineering Research 9 1989
Carnegie Mellon University been developed to characterize controllability through

Chemical Engineering Department and $155,003 the speed of recovery of a process to disturbances.

Graduate School of 03-A

Industrial Administration 89-4

Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Carnegie Mellon University

Department of Electrical and $100,125

21. Integration of Redesign Methodologies for Computer Engineering 03-C

Chemical Processes Pittsburgh, PA 15213 89-3

L.T. Biegler, I.E. Grossmann, GL. Thompson,

A.W. Westerberg 22. Research on a Reconfigurable Modular

Manipulator System

Process redesign, commonly known as retrofit, is a P.K. Khosla, T. Kanade

major task in the chemical industries. However, most

systematic design strategies have been developed for The goal of our research is to address the basic theonew process and often do not apply. This project ad- ries of reconfigurable modular manipulator systems

dresses the development of systematic design method- that will culminate in the demonstration of these theoologies for the redesign of chemical processes. This in- ries on experimental hardware. A modular manipulategrated approach deals with a broad range of tor system consists of a set of link and joint modules of

problems in process redesign. Here we discuss prog- various sizes which may be assembled together in a deress in the following areas: sired kinematic configuration to achieve a specific

task. The RMMS design emphasizes modular manipu- 1) Development of Efficient Optimization Algorithms lator components having consistent mechanical and

for Discrete and Continuous Variables. Efficient de- electrical interfaces. The uniform interfaces will allow

composition strategies for nonlinear programming either semi-skilled field personnel or another manipula- have been developed for large-scale process optimiza- tor to rapidly configure a RMMS manipulator to meet

tion. Their refinement relies on newly developed pri- specific task requirements. This basic research effort

mal/dual LP and QP algorithms developed earlier. In will address the problem of mapping tasks into a maaddition, for discrete variable systems two new exact nipulator configuration, formulation of control algoalgorithms have been developed for set partitioning rithms for the mapped configuration, and experimental

and set covering problems. verification of the developed ideas. Though it is not

the primary objective, we believe that building proto- 2) Redesign of multicomponent separation sequences. type experimental modules for demonstrating our

Short-cut analysis methods have been developed for ideas will also contribute to the technology of modular

complex columns configurations. For redesign, a two manipulators.

step approach first assesses the capability of existing

equipment to accomplish all or part of the alternative For configuring a manipulator from task requirements,

separation tasks. Second a superstructure embedding we will develop methodologies that map the task rethese alternatives within existing and new equipment quirements into a specific manipulator. The kinematic

is created which allows for traditional, parallel and se- task requirements will be used to determine the link

rial sequences to be discovered which will minimize lengths and the orientation of the modules. And the

annualized cost. We are also examining the impact of dynamic task requirements will be translated to obtain

column heat integration. the sizes and ratings of the actuators or joints. The use

of both rule-based expert systems and optimization

3) Redesign of energy management systems. New techniques will be investigated in obtaining a solution

mixed-integer nonlinear programming models are to this problem. For effectively controlling modular

being developed for both the grassroots and the rede- manipulators (RMMS), a methodology for

sign problems. The unique feature of these models is automatically configuring a controller will be develthe fact that the level of energy recovery and selection oped using model-based and/or adaptive control techof matches is optimized simultaneously without fixing niques.

temperature approaches. In addition the case of multistream exchangers is considered.

4) Redesign for flexibility, controllability and reliability. New measures are being developed that can integrate these different operability characteristics. A stochastic framework is being used to integrate flexibility

and reliability. In addition, mathematical models have

Engineering Research 10 1989
University Of Chicago concentration is achieved by ensuring that rays colDepartment of Chemistry $81,000 lected at the extreme angle for which the concentrator

Chicago, IL 60637 06-C is designed are redirected, after at most one reflection,

89-3 to form a caustic on the absorber. This principle

proved sufficiently elastic to accommodate most

boundary conditions in two dimensions (i.e., linear ge- 23. Topics in Finite-Time Thermodynamics ometry). Ideal solutions in three dimensions have also

R.S. Berry been formulated. Our work on vector flux has led to a

reexamination of the foundations of radiometry with

The objective of this research is the analysis in thermo- emphasis on observable effects. Our theoretical work

dynamic terms of the performance of systems and pro- on nonimaging designs has led to demonstration of

cesses subject to time or rate constraints. Part of the re- ultra-high flux from sunlight which exceeds previous

search deals with developing methods for conducting results by substantial factors.

analyses, such as emerged from the introduction of a

suitable metric in the space of thermodynamic variables and the evaluation of path lengths with that met- Clarkson University

ric. The lengths so obtained have been shown to be di- Department of Chemical Engineering $59,996

rectly related to the dissipation associated with the Dpartment of Cem 01-C

path. Another piece of recent work at this basic level - just completed under this project is an attempt to introduce a variational formulation of irreversible heat

transfer and diffusion, which is intended to apply in 25. Droplet Motion in Numerically Simulated

nonlinear as well as linear situations. Turbulence

J.B. McLaughlin

The other aspect of this research is the application of

the general methods to the analysis of specific systems The primary goal of the research is to obtain informaof current interest. During the initial period of the proj- tion about the dispersion of aerosol size droplets and

ect, the stopping of a beam of atoms by absorption and particles in a turbulent channel flow. It is assumed that

remission of laser light was analyzed and the entropy the flow is vertical so that aerosols do not sediment

changes in the process were evaluated. The reduction onto the channel walls. The behavior of aerosols in

in entropy of the atomic beam due to cooling and stop- the viscous wall region is of particular interest since it

ping is compensated a thousandfold over by the in- has been suggested that shear induced lift forces may

creases in the entropy of the light due to randomiza- be very significant in this region. The approach

tion of the phase, the polarization and especially the involves numerical integration of the aerosol particle

propagation direction. equation of motion to obtain the trajectories of the

droplets or particles. In order to perform such calculations, the undisturbed (by the particles) velocity field

University Of Chicago of the fluid is needed and this is supplied by a direct

The Enrico Fermi Institute $150,000 numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equation

Chicago, IL 60637 06-C using pseudospectral methods. The fluid velocity is

87-3 used to evaluate the Stokes drag force and the Saffman lift force in the aerosol particle equation of motion.

By comparing runs in which the lift force is dropped 24. Fundamentals and Techniques of Nonimaging with runs in which it is retained, one can obtain inforOptics for Solar Energy Concentration mation about the importance of shear - induced lift on

R. Winston aerosol motion.

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of traditional optical design to develop instead techniques for

maximizing the collecting power of concentrating elements and systems. Designs which exceed the concentration attainable with focusing techniques by factors

of four or more and approach the theoretical limit are

possible. This is accomplished by applying the concepts of Hamiltonian optics, phase space conservation,

thermodynamic arguments, and radiative transfer methods. In the early nonimaging designs the might edifice

of aberration theory was dismantled and replaced by a

single key idea. According to this, maximum

Engineering Research 11 1989
University Of Connecticut Cornell University

Department of Mechanical Engineering $50,480 Sibley School of Mechanical and $103,434

Storrs, CT 06268 01-A Aerospace Engineering 01-C

88-3 Ithaca, NY 14853 88-3

26. Micromechanical Viscoplastic Stress-Strain 27. Experiments in Turbulent Mixing

Model with Grain Boundary Sliding Z. Warhaft

E.H. Jordan

This project is concerned with experimental studies of

The goal of this research is the development and verifi- scalar mixing in fully developed turbulent flows, a subcation of a model of the time and history dependent ject relevant to our understanding of chemical reacviscoplastic deformation behavior of polycrystalline tions, combustion and environmental pollution. Mixmetals. Single grain behavior has been derived by ing in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous

summing postulated slip behavior on crystallographic turbulence, with and without the effects of buoyancy is

slip systems. Multi grain behavior will be obtained by being examined.

summing deformation occurring in different grains

while accounting for grain interaction through a self The first experiment concerns scalar dispersion and

consistent micromechanics approach. The model will mixing in a shearless "second order" mixing layer.

also represent grain boundary sliding through the use Here various turbulence generating grids are designed

of a solution recently published by T. Mura. so that large turbulent eddies on one side of the flow

mix and diffuse with smaller eddies on the other side

High temperature experiments on Hastelloy-X will be of the flow. The porosity of the grid is such that the

used to verify the model. Single crystal properties used mean flow remains constant across the grid and hence

for input to the model are currently being determined. there is no mean velocity shear or turbulence producUsing these properties the behavior of polycrystal tion. Thus, the spreading rate in the mixing region is

hastelloy-X will be predicted and then compared with determined solely by turbulence - turbulence interacpolycrystalline experiments recently completed. Pre- tions. This flow, although in some respects more fundiction of these tests constitute a critical test for the damental than the turbulence mixing layer with shear,

theory. is poorly understood. The flow is unusual in that it is

homogeneous in the main but has large scale intermitThe model will not only predict the viscoplastic re- tence and the turbulence is inhomogeneous. Scalar dissponse of polycrystals but also will allow metallurgical persion from the thin thermal line source placed in the

findings usually stated in crystallographic terms to be center of the flow is also being studied.

more directly incorporated into the model. The explicit

calculation of grain boundary sliding will help illumi- The second main experiment is concerned with scalar

nate the role played by grain boundary sliding in the mixing in stably stratified decaying grid generated turoverall deformation during complex load histories. bulence. A linear temperature (density) gradient is

Grain boundary sliding deformation plays an impor- formed at the entrance to the plenum chamber of the

tant role in material damage and the model should be wind tunnel and then the flow is passed through a turuseful in life prediction under complex variable tem- bulence generating grid. The negative buoyancy

perature conditions. causes the heat flux to decay (and in some cases reverse sign) and there is a complex interaction between

At present, the single crystal model is available and the various components of turbulent kinetic energy

the self consistent model without grain boundary slid- and the potential energy. Single and multiple line

ing has been derived and is being programmed. source dispersion experiments on mixing across sharp

temperature steps, with and without buoyancy, are

This work is being done with the cooperation of Engi- being attempted.

neering Science Software, Inc. working under a related

contract. Single crystal specimens have been provided

by Pratt and Whitney, Inc.

Engineering Research 12 1989
Dartmouth College Engineering Science Software, Inc.

Thayer School of Engineering $116,644 Smithfield, RI 02917 $ 48,626

Hanover, NH 03755 01-C 01-A

88-3 88-3

28. Two Phase Potential Flow 29. A Micromechanical Viscoplastic Stress-strain

GB. Wallis Model with Grain Boundary Sliding

K.P. Walker

The objective is to develop theorems for two-phase potential flow analogous to those existing for single The aim of the project is to develop a viscoplastic conphase flow. stitutive model, with accompanying FORTRAN software, to model the deformation behavior of polycrysUsing one function, the "exertia," which describes the talline metals comprised of an aggregate of fcc single

external fluid inertia due to relative motion of sus- crystal grains whose crystallographic axes are oriented

pended particles, it has been possible to derive the av- at random. The single crystal grains are assumed to be

erage stress tensor, kinetic energy, overall momentum spherical and are modeled with an anisotropic

flux tensor and equations of motion for uniform sys- viscoplastic theory based on crystallographic slip

tems for particles. Results were also obtained for the along the octahedral and cube slip directions of the fcc

forces on particles and the effective Bernoulli equation metal. The overall response of the polycrystalline agfor the fluid flowing through a stationary array of parti- gregate is assumed to be isotropic and is deduced from

cles. the single crystal response by means of a self-consistent method. The effect of grain boundary sliding beRecent developments include more general descrip- tween the grains is being modeled in the self-consistions of the mean particle stresses and the averaged tent formulation to assess the importance of including

Bernoulli equation for the fluid when both phases have this mechanism in the overall response of the polycrysa general motion. New links have also been estab- talline material.

lished between this approach and Geurst's variational

methods. Experimental tests on single crystal specimens of the

superalloy Hastelloy-X are being run at the University

Experiments have been performed to measure the natu- of Connecticut to determine the material constants in

ral frequency of arrays of spheres in water and air. Re- the single crystal constitutive model. The overall results are compatible with predicted values of the ex- sponse of the self-consistent model of the polycrystalertia. line aggregate will then be theoretically determined

and compared with experimental results from isotropic

Future work will continue along the same lines. It is specimens of polycrystalline Hastelloy-X.

anticipated that there will be further exploitations of

the velocity potential in the fluid and functions derived The FORTRAN software will allow metallurgical and

from it, such as the average of its derivative with re- micromechanical work reported in the literature to be

spect to time throughout the fluid and over the surface easily embedded in a constitutive (stress-strain) frameof particles. During the next year it is expected that work for analyzing the overall deformation response

oscillating spheres tests will be completed, with a vari- of polycrystalline metal aggregates under theety of boundary conditions, and new ones devised with rmomechanical loading conditions.

free assemblies of spheres, for example in fluidized

beds.

University Of Houston

Department of Mechanical Engineering $129,000

Houston, TX 77204-4792 01-C

87-3

30. Comparative Study of the Vorticity Field in

Turbulent Flows: Theory, Experiments,

Computations

A.KM. Hussain

This is a unified research effort involving experimental, numerical and theoretical works to address the

Engineering Research 13 1989
basic mechanisms of turbulence phenomena in shear University Of Houston

flows via studies of its vorticity field. Experiments are Department of Mechanical Engineering $75,000

being performed in jets and wakes to educe the coher- Houston, TX 77204-4792 01-B

ent structures on the basis of the instantaneous vortic- 88-2

ity maps obtained by one or multiple rakes of X-wires.

Through an eduction algorithm developed by us, vorticity patches are aligned through cross-correlation and 31 High Flux Film and Transition Boiling

ensemble averaged: whatever survives the ensemble L.C. Witte

average is the 'coherent structure' (CS) and the remainder of each realization is 'incoherent turbulence'. The potential for altering the boiling curve through the

Using coherent vorticity, production and Reynolds effects of high velocity and high subcooling will be instress we discuss the topology and dynamics of CS in vestigated in this study. This investigation is based on

turbulent flows, in particular in elliptic jets and cylin- evidence that the transition region can be avoided

der wakes. The same algorithm is applied to direct nu- when very cold liquids are boiled at high velocities.

merical simulations of turbulent flows and using spec- An experimental flow loop capable of circulating liqtral methods and the results are compared with uids up to 8-10 m/sec will be equipped with a chiller

experimental data. The simulation results provide spa- so that liquid temperatures down to 3-4 C for water

tial details of helicity, enstrophy and dissipative fields. and -32 C for Freons are achievable. Boiling data

along with visual observations of water and Freon-113

As an integral part of this project, we are also studying boiling from a small electrically heated cylinder in

vortex dynamics using experimental, numerical and crossflow will be obtained.

theoretical approaches. We have focussed particularly

on vortex reconnection mechanisms. Experimental As a complement to the experiments, an analytical

studies involve flow visualization and hot-wire mea- model for film boiling heat transfer that accounts for

surements. Numerical studies of two anti-parallel vor- turbulent flow in the liquid and vapor layers flowing

tex tubes have revealed three distinct stages of vortex over the heater will be developed. Existing laminar

reconnection: core deformation, bridging and thread- flow models will be modified to include turbulence efing. Their implications in turbulent flows are being ex- fects. There is some evidence that flow of high velocplored. A second, high-resolution simulation has ity, subcooled liquids degenerates into "froth" in the

utilized symmetry to address higher Reynolds number normal film/transition regions. Insight into the nature

as well as compressible vortex reconnection. A third of these flows will be sought using high speed video,

study has considered collision of vortex rings. In these and, if possible, models will be developed to predict

we have explored the mechanisms of enstrophy cas- heat transfer during such flows.

cade, and helicity and dissipation fields. We have also

started theoretical studies of how a blob of fluid in a rotational flow produces helicity outside it and how he- Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

licity fluctuations at a turbulent-nonturbulent interface Applied Optics $183,000

affect entrainment. Another theoretical-numerical Idaho Falls, ID 83415 06-A

study has been begun on vortex chaos and thermody- 87-3

namics of vortices.

32. In-Flight Measurement of the Temperature of Further studies will involve vorticity and helicity fields Small High Velocity Particles

in laboratory flows with a 9-wire probe in conjunction JR. Finck

with rakes of X-wires, and comparison with direct numerical simulation. We will also continue the studies

of vortex reconnection, effects of compressibility on re- Knowledge of in-flight particle parameters is fundaconnection, and relation of helicity and vortex dynam- mental to understanding particle/plasma interactions in

ics to turbulence. the physical and/or chemical processing of fine pow- ders. A measurement technique for simultaneously obtaining particle size, velocity and temperature has been

developed. Particle size and velocity are obtained

from a dual color combination laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and laser particle sizing system. The

LDV system consists of a crossed beam technique

while particle size is determined from the absolute

magnitude of scattered laser light. The Particle temperature is determined by a two color pyrometer technique. The spatial resolution is better than Imm3 and

allows the distribution of particle size, velocity and

Engineering Research 14 1989
temperature to be mopped over laboratory scale flow access for scanning has been designed and is currently

fields. The influence of particle size, injection rate, being assembled.

torch power, etc., are currently being examined in ty

pical flow fields.

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory

This project is one of six projects comprising a collabo- Materials Technology Group $454,000

rative research program with the Massachusetts Insti- Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2218 01-A

tute of Technology. 87-3

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory 34. Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis Emphasis on Idaho National Engineering Laboratory SurfaceFlaws

Sensors and Diagnostics Group $189,000 W.G.Renter, WR. Lloyd, S. Graham

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 03-B

87-3 The objective is to improve design and analytical techniques for predicting the integrity of flawed structural

33. Nondestructive Characterization of Fracture components. The research is primarily experimental,

Dynamics and Crack Growth with analytical evaluation guiding the direction of exJA. Johnson, K. Telschow perimental testing. Tests are being conducted on a material (a modified ASTM A-710) exhibiting a range of

The objectives of this research are: to develop instru- fracture toughness but essentially constant yield and ulmentation and models to measure and predict the emis- timate tensile strength. As test temperature increases,

sion and interaction of ultrasound from growing cracks the specimen configuration-fracture toughness relationin engineering materials. ship complies initially with requirements for linear

elastic-fracture mechanics and extends beyond the

To develop NDE techniques for measurement of prop- range of a J-controlled field. Presently, compact tenerties of high Tc superconducting materials and de- sion and bend specimens are being used to develop

vices, state-of-the-art fracture mechanics data for comparisons with data developed from specimens containing

A high speed digital acoustic emission (AE) data ac- surface cracks.

quisition system is being developed and applied to

fracture mechanics experiments that are part of the These comparisons are presently underway for 6.4 and

Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis program at INEL and 12.7 mm thick surface- flawed specimens. Metallothe Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks program graphic techniques are being used to measure crack tip

at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The AE opening displacement and remaining ligament configudetection system is capable of detecting and digitizing rations for comparison with analytical models. Other

AE signals with a larger bandwidth and with less dead techniques including microphotography and replicattime than in conventional systems. This allows im- ing of the crack tip region to complement the above

proved resolution in detecting the locations of the measurements are being used to identify limits and casources of emissions and in discriminating between pabilities of each technique. Moire interferometry

types of sources. A source of acoustic emission is techniques are being used to evaluate and quantify the

modeled using finite element techniques by changing deformation in the crack region. These data are being

boundary conditions and the ultrasonic fields that prop- used to experimentally measure J and CTOD for stanagate from the source to a receiver are calculated. All dard (CT and SENB) specimens as well as for specimode conversions are automatically included in the nu- mens containing surface cracks.The above tests have

merical solution. Other work includes transducer de- been supplemented by using specimens fabricated

sign, transducer calibration, generalized ray theory from aluminum (dimple rupture only) and titanium.

analysis (Green's functions), source location algo- The titanium specimens are being used to study the

rithms, and inverse source identification algorithms. fracture behavior and the ability of existing models to

predict failure for weldments. Moire interferometry

Starting in FY1989 the use of electromagnetic probes techniques are being used to study the local constituto measure the transport critical current in supercon- tive behavior and the fracture process at the crack tip

ducting coatings, films and wires as a function of posi- region of the weldment. Automated techniques are

tion are being designed and tested. These probes are being developed to obtain, store and analyze the moire

noncontacting and can be scanned over the surface of data.

the materials to provide information about the homogeneity of the superconductor. Probes with a resolution

of 10 microns are being designed. A cryostat with

Engineering Research 15 1989
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory associated convective flow and solidification. These

Materials Technology Group $530,000 droplet events are nonlinear and may be either periodic

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 06-A or chaotic depending on the state of the process. This

87-3 project is studying the droplet events with the goal of

developing fundamental models of process dynamics

suitable for use in control applications. The transition 35. Experimental Measurement of thefrom periodic to chaotic behavior is related to changes

Plasma/Particle Interaction in droplet transfer mode; desirable transfer mode deCB. Shaw, S.C. Snyder, LD. Reynolds pends on engineering applications. Signal analysis/

pattern recognition techniques are being developed for

The objective of this research is to quantitatively de- in-process recognition of droplet transfer mode.

scribe the heat mass, and momentum transfer associated with metallic or oxide particles immersed in ther- Subsurface sensing of the liquid/solid interface boundmal plasma environments. In order to characterize the ing the weld pool is being developed using noncontact

interaction between plasma constituents and particles, transducers. A laser is used to generate sound in the

the development of new methods to determine plasma weld pool. The sound is detected with an electromagflow velocity and species compositions are being de- netic acoustic transducer (EMAT) or a confocal Fabryveloped. Holographic interferometry is currently being Perot interferometer. The transmission and reflection

considered for plasma flow velocity determination and of the ultrasound provides information about the geomplanar laser induced fluorescence is being considered etry of the pool and about the potential for defect forfor compositional measurements adjacent to particle mation. Signal analysis/pattern recognition techniques

surfaces. Using these advanced techniques, temporal are being developed based on a combination of statistiand spatially resolved distributions of the chemical cal and AI methods for automated measurements.

and physical properties of the plasma/particle environment will be determined. Since this research is per- A neural network controller is being developed suitformed in collaboration with research at Massachusetts able for application to welding control. The network

Institute of Technology, the resulting experimental builds two models, one of the process dynamics and

data will be used to validate and correct theoretical the other of the control dynamics, and is capable of acmodels used for thermal plasma processing and for pre- complishing multiple-input, multiple-output control.

dictions relating to optimal torch and fixture design cri- A major effort is presently aimed at understanding the

teria. Experiments are currently being performed in relationships between process state, network structure

two plasma torch designs, a constricted nozzle torch and learning dynamics. This will be followed by optiand an expanding nozzle torch. Input power dissipa- mization of the network for multisensor integration cation levels ranging from 5 to 180 kW are being stud- pability.

ied. These torch designs produce a representative

plasma characteristic of those employed for industrial This project is part of a collaborative research program

plasma processing. with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory University Of Illinois

Materials Technology Group $465,000 Coordinated Science Laboratory $124,195

Idaho Falls, ID 83415 03-A Urbana,IL 61801 03-A

87-3 88-3

36. Integrated Sensor Model Development for 37. Model Building and Control of Large Scale

Automated Welding Systems

H£B. Smartt, JA. Johnson T. Basar, P. Kokotovic

Automation of an arc welding process is presently lim- The research agenda laid out in this proposal aims at a

ited by an incomplete understanding of the process dy- comprehensive study of some fundamental issues arisnamics, lack of subsurface sensing capability, and ing in the modeling, control and coordination of deterneed for more advanced control capability. Heat and ministic and stochastic large scale systems. The remass transfer in arc welding is typically dominated by search plan during the first phase has been to extend

coupling between the electrical and thermal dynamics the relevant existing theories and methodologies in

of the process. Critical physical events include the for- novel directions, covering areas such as (i) model simmation, detachment from the electrode wire, and trans- plification through decomposition and aggregation, (ii)

fer of a liquid droplet in a plasma column, followed by temporal and spatial hierarchies, (iii) goal oriented

the interaction of the droplet with a substrate and the

Engineering Research 16 1989
hierarch and multiple decision layers, and (iv) control understanding the importance of the gravitational setand coordination of large scale systems based on (prob- tling of drops.

abilistic) multimodeling. Following this a new framework will be developed, to allow for distributed and interactive model building and control, where both University Of Illinois At Chicago

structural and design making hierarchies evolve over Energy Resources Center $ 74,070

time. Its unique characteristic is that the two indepen- Chicago, IL 60680 01-B

dent tasks - modeling and control - treated heretofore 89-2

independently, will now be designed to evolve in parallel and complementary to each other. 39. Heat Transfer to Aqueous Polymer Solutions

J.. Hartnett

University Of Illinois

Department of Chemical Engineering $110000 The goal of the research is to study the fluid mechaniDeprna mIL 61801 Ci01 cal and heat transfer behavior of viscoelastic aqueous Urbana, IL 61801 01-C polymer solutions. The ultimate objective is to pro89-3 vide a basis for predicting the performance of such fluids. At the present time, two basic investigations are

38. Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines underway:

T.J. Hanratty

a) Pool boiling behavior of aqueous solutions of the

Research is being conducted to obtain a better under- two high molecular weight polymers, hydroxyethyl

standing of gas-liquid flow in horizontal and vertical cellulose and polyacrylamide and a comparison with

pipelines. The goals are (1) to develop methods to pre- pool boiling performance of deionized water.

dict when slug flow will exist in horizontal gas-liquid

flows, (2) to obtain a better understanding of the inter- b) Forced convection behavior of viscoelastic fluids in

facial wave patterns in stratified gas-liquid flows, (3) laminar and turbulent flows through rectangular chanto obtain improved predictive methods for horizontal nels.

and vertical annular flows. Vertical flow experiments

are being conducted in pipelines with diameters of To date the following results have been found:

3/4 in., 1 1/2 in., and 2 1/4 in. The horizontal flow facility, which has pipelines of 1 in., 2 in., and 4 in., was a) High concentrations of the aqueous hydroxyethyl celcompletely renovated during the past year so that it lulose solutions yield higher values of the boiling heat

can operate with a wide range of liquid viscosities and flux than found with deionized water when compared

at inclinations of 2 degrees.Three mechanisms have at the same wall-to-fluid temperature difference. In

been identified for the initiation of slug flow. Slugs contrast, aqueous polyacrylamide solutions yield

can originate from the growth of infinitesimal long lower values of boiling heat flux than found with dewavelength disturbances or form small wavelength dis- ionized water when compared at the same wall-toturbance which develops into large wavelength distur- fluid temperature. Detailed studies of the bubble dybances through a non-linear energy transfer process. namics using high speed video equipment are being The possibility of their initiation by entry disturbances carried out to establish a rational basis for the obcan be predicted by the development of necessary con- served behavior.

ditions for the existence of slugs.Interfacial stress in

stratified flows has been associated with large ampli- b) The forced convection measurements in the rectantude waves which are generated by a Kelvin-Helm- gular channel, taken together with earlier circular tube

holtz mechanism. In particular, it has been shown that measurements, lead to the following conclusions:

the stress is uniquely related to the wave steepness for

wide range of pipe diameters and liquid viscosi- idesrehqus hve beterndelo d tosI 1. The friction-factor and heat transfer behavior of ties.Techniques have been developed to measure the

rates of atomization and deposition in vertical annular purely viscous and viscoelastic fluids is the same

flow. A theoretical understanding of these rate pro- under fu develoed lamnar flow conditions.

cesses is being obtained through measurements of

wave patterns and droplet motions. These measure- 2. The heat transfer performance of viscoelastic fluids

ments are ben used to develowp ette e e me-th-angular ing through rective channels is considods for entrainment. Previous measurements of en- erably higher than predicted for purely viscous fluids,

trainment for air-water flow in a horizontal one inch although the friction factor predicted by the purely

pipe have been extended to include 2 inch and 4 inch viscous analysis.

pipelines. It is found that an understanding of the effect of pipe diameter on entrainment depends on

Engineering Research 17 1989
3. In turbulent flow through circular and noncircular Illinois Institute Of Technology

channels many, but not all, viscoelastic fluids are drag Department of Chemical Engineering $82,800

reducing. In particular, aqueous Carbopol solutions Chicago, IL 60616 03-A

are viscoelastic but show no drag reduction. 87-3

University Of Illinois At Chicago 41. Vibrational Control of Chemical Reactors:

Department of Civil Engineeringt $56C000 Selectivity Enhancement, Stabilization and Department of Civil Engineering, $56,000 Mechanics Mechanics and Metallurgy 01-A Improvement of Transient Behavior and Metallurgy 01-A .

Chicago, IL 60680 88-4

The objective of this project is to develop novel appli- 40. Continuous Damage Mechanics II cations of the vibrational control theory to various

D. Krajcinovic types of chemical reactors. From the mathematical

standpoint, the goal of this research is to analyze the efThe current state of development of the theory dealing fects of fast parametric oscillations on the dynamics of

with the brittle response of solids is characterized by a the systems studied. Research is focused on three

substantial arbitrariness reflected in a host of conflict- areas of application:

ing analytical models. The main objective of this research is to formulate a comprehensible continuum 1) Selectivity and yield enhancement in parallel reacdamage theory based on the improvements in the un- tions with desirable and undesirable products. The oxiderstanding of the underlying phenomena gained dation of ethylene over supported silver catalysts to

through experiments and application of micromechan- ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide is used as a test reics. Even though they are very useful micromechani- action.

cal models typically require manipulations of very

large databases causing significant computational com- 2) Stabilization of nonadiabatic and autothermal tubuplexities and presenting potent discouragement for lar packed-bed reactor operation at an otherwise unstatheir application in engineering practice. ble steady state. The CO oxidation reaction is used as

a test reaction.

The proposed model should retain the simplicity of a

continuum theory without loosing the physical insights 3) Improvement of transient behavior of nonadiabatic

provided by the micromechanical studies. Once the and autothermal tubular packed-bed reactors by relocatheory has been checked on some benchmark prob- tion of system zeros using vibrational-feedback control.

lems (for which the pertinent micromechanical data

are available) it will be possible to study more compli- The theoretical developments will be tested experimencated problems. tally on pilot scale equipment in the laboratory. Vibrational control will be implemented by introducing The principal tasks of the initial phase of the project forced periodic oscillations in the input concentrations

are: to select representative fluxes and affinities, to and flow rates. The effects of multiple vibrating informulate a reasonable damage and failure surfaces puts will be analyzed and the contributions of the

and investigate the applicability of the normality prop- phase relationships between the forcing functions of

erty. Initial effort will be focused on the perfectly bart- various inputs will be investigated. This study will

tie response of solids such as concrete, rocks and ce- provide techniques for improving selectivity and yield

ramics. in complex chemical reactions and for reducing the

overall control effort in reactor configurations used in

the industry.

Engineering Research 18 1989
Jet Propulsion Laboratory previously-published JPL results have clearly shown

California Institute of Technology $111,000 the s-wave threshold behavior in which CA (e) diPasadena, CA 91109 03-C verges as e . The molecules c-C5Fs and c-C6Flo

89-3 have shown extremely narrow, delta-function like

widths for attachment of zero-energy electrons. This

feature makes them suitable as high sensitivity thresh42. Neural Learning Formalisms for Global old electron detectors useful in, for example, obtaining

Manipulator Redundancy Resolution threshold photoelectron spectra of atoms and moleProblems in Unstructured Environments cules. Published experimental results in F2, and theoJ. Barhen retical calculations in CFC13 and CC14 have shown significant discrepancies with calculation and other

In many applications the robotic arm needs to have suf- experiments (flowing afterglow) as to energy depenficient maneuverability so as to carry out its tasks in dence of the oA (e), and temperature dependence of

the presence of obstacles and in constricted locations, the rate constants. Recent results in HI and DI have

One way to achieve that is to endow the arm with an shown a strong temperature dependence for attachextra degree of freedom. While mechanically that is ment in DI, because the process is slightly endothereasy to implement, say by the addition of an extra mic (by 35 meV). These properties have bearing on

joint, the mathematical problem associated with the the plasma-assisted etching process, isotope separaguidance of the arm becomes very difficult. The rea- tion, and on soot (and/or electron density) reduction in

son for that is that with the conventional six-degree-of- combustion plasmas.

freedom system the relationship between the location

and orientation of the arm's joints and the location of

the arm's tip is uniquely determined, while the redun- Johns Hoplins University

dancy accompanying additional degrees of freedom Mechanical Engineering Department $98,214

yields an infinity of such relationships. The proposed Baltimore, MD 21218 01-C

research will address the resolution of the mathemati- 8

cal problems arising in the latter case.

Specifically, neural networks will be used to permit 44. Numerical and Physical Modeling of Bubbly

the robot arm to learn which of the possible motions of Flow Phenomena

the arm are the most appropriate under given condi- A. Prosperetti

tions. These networks are really models of the way we

think, learn, and remember. Those functions are repre- The objective of this proposal is the assessment of the

sented by a set of differential equations with many pos- accuracy of available phenomenological models of

sible solutions, each of which is accessible from well bubbly liquids and the development of new models.

defined initial conditions. In effect the individual solu- The means by which this will be achieved is through a

tions serve to encode a learned response to a given comparison of the predictions of these models with the

stimulus. results of direct numerical simulations. A special numerical and analytical technique developed by the proposers renders calcualtions involving 40-50 bubbles

Jet Propulsion Laboratory feasible without recourse to supercomputers. Larger

California Institute of Technology $81,000 systems (e.g., and unbounded bubbly mixture) can be

Pasadena m91109 , rCA 03-B simulated by the periodic repetition of a fundamental

"cell" containing 20-30 randomly placed bubbles.

-3 Available experience indicates that the artificial periodicity thereby introduced does not effect the main fea43. Applications of Molecules as High Resolution, tures of the simulation, which are the only ones of enHigh-Sensitivity Threshold Electron Detectors gineering significance. A number of different

A. Chutjian, S.H. Alajajian, O.J. Orient situations will be studied, such as pressure wave propagation through bubble screens, scattering by bubble

Measurements and theoretical calculations are carried clouds, the flow of bubbly mixtures through nozzles

out of electron attachment cross section CA (E) and rate . and over a wavy wall, the motion of a cloud of bubbles

constants in molecules at electron energies below 200 in an unbound expanse of liquid, and others.

millielectron volts (meV). Measurements are carried

out at extremely high energy resolution (5-8 meV,

FWHM) using the krypton photoionization technique

developed at JPL. This electron energy region is accessible by no other experimental technique, and

Engineering Research 19 1989
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory only as power sources, to which they are solely releAccelerator and Fusion Research Division $125,000 gated today, but also as moder high-tech chemical reUniversity of California 06-C actors, where process instabilities and pollutant formaBerkeley, CA 94720 87-3 tion are adequately controlled by a micro-processor

system. For automobile engines this offers the prospect of efficient and clean operation associated with

45. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics relatively low exhaust temperature, devoid of the prob- A.N. Kaftman, R.G. Littlejohn lems of knock and cycle-to-cycle variation and meeting practically all air pollutant emission requirements.

This project involves studies of fundamental properties The major technological constraints imposed upon the

of nonlinear dynamical systems which arise in physi- automotive industry, the octane number and the

cal situation of importance to energy research. A catalytic converter, could be therefore eliminated.

major area of theoretical investigation concerns sev- Means to accomplish this task involve the utilization

eral different aspects of wave systems. Special focus of pulsed jet combustion system combined with

is given to wave packets; the role played by the prompt product recirculation, according to concepts deMaslov index in multidimensional wave problems; the veloped on this project. Major laboratory apparatus

occurrence of Berry's phase in wave and other dynami- for our studies consists of a cylindrical vessel with uncal systems; the role of periodic orbits in the spectrum obstructed optical insight, and a shock tube providing

of chaotic wave systems; and linear mode conversion, about 20 msec of test time at an elevated pressure (up

Recent progress includes the exploration of the rela- to 50 atms) and high temperature (around 1000K),

tion between the Maslov index and the phase space commensurate with conditions existing during combusstructures of nonlinear Hamiltonian dynamical sys- tion in engines. Its use is associated with laser-powtems; new methods of computing the Maslov index, ered optical instruments, including in particular apparaboth for finding wave functions and eigenvalues; eluci- tus for megacycle-frequency schlieren cinematography

dation of the relationship between the and laser induced fluorescence imagery. In addition to

Bohr-Sommerfeld and Maslov phases and the recently experimental work, included in the program are numerdiscovered "Berry's phase"; a discovery of Berry's ical modeling studies of the fluid mechanic, thermodyphase in the adiabatic motion of charged particles in namic, and chemico-kinetic phenomena influencing

magnetic fields; a study of complex rays in eikonal the- the processes of ignition and combustion in engines.

ory, and their relation to complex Lagrangian manifolds, Stokes' lines and turning points; a numerical exploration of the role of periodic orbits in the spectrum Lovelace Medical Foundation

of a chaotic wave system; and the first treatment of Bioengineering Research $49,024

mode conversion phenomena for multidimensional sys- Albuquerque, NM 87108 03-B

tems, involving novel "reduction" techniques. Empha- 89-3

sis is given to the use of a phase space approach to

wave phenomena in all these applications. A second

area of investigation concerns action principles, which 47. Two-Phase Flow Measurements by NMR

are being used to imbed single-particle Lie transform E. Fukushima

perturbation methods in collective models, such as

Vlasov-Maxwell systems. Nonlinear phenomena (e.g., We will use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to

ponderomotive forces) are thus dealt with systemati- study two-phase flows in model systems. Lovelace

cally. Medical Foundation (LMF) will carry out the experiments while Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) will

provide the theoretical models of multiphase flows as

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory well as help in running the labor-intensive NMR experApplied Science Division $190,000 iments. We will study steadily flowing nondilute solid

University of California 06-B suspensions by NMR to obtain the spatial distributions

Berkeley, CA 94720 87-3 of the phases as well as the velocity distributions of

each phase. Such determinations work best under

moderately high concentrations of both phases, a case

46. Controlled Combustion that is difficult for light and ultrasound scattering. Our

A.K. Oppenheim exploratory studies for the coming year will include

the following. 1) Flow studies of suspensions (heavy

The principal objective of this project is to provide a particles in a Newtonian oil) in horizontal tubes to defundamental background for the development of con- termine the dependence of flow properties on particle

trolled combustion systems. Of particular interest in diameter, particle diameter to tube diameter ratio,

this respect are essential improvements of combustors mean particle concentration, particle shape and surface

for prime movers so that they will provide service not roughness, mean flow rate, and relative phase

Engineering Research 20 1989
densities. 2) Measurement of the velocity and spatial phenomenological in nature and, for this reason, they

distribution of a water/oil mixture in the annular re- can be applied to the description of hysteresis regardgion between counter-rotating, eccentrically-nested less of its physical origin.

cylinders. 3) Measurement of the simultaneous, timeaveraged, axial velocity profiles for two immiscible The main research objectives of the ongoing research

liquids such as oil and water flowing in a horizontal can be briefly summarized as follows: development of

tube. new generalized Preisach models of scalar hysteresis,

study of new Preisach models of vector hysteresis, software implementation of the Preisach hysteresis modUniversity Of Maryland els, extensive experimental testing and verification of

Department of Mechanical Engineering $ 0 hysteresis models, development of new techniques for

College Park, MD 20742 01-C the calculation of magnetic fields and eddy currents in

87-2 media with hysteresis, application of Preisach type

models to the description of superconducting hystere48. The Use of Optical Flow Fields in Establishing sis and evaluation of hysteretic losses in hard supercon- 48. The Use of Optical Flow Fields in Establishing ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ a ^ ^ ^ ongoing re- ductors.It is hoped that, as a result of the ongoing re- Stereo Correspondence search, the foundations of comprehensive theory of

J.H. Duncan mathematical models of hysteresis will be established.

The major difficulty in the analysis of stereo images is

establishing correspondence, i.e., finding features in University Of Maryland

one image that correspond to given features in the Electrical Engineering Department $81,778

other image. For static stereo pairs, a number of meth- D $ 1 03-,

ods have been developed to establish correspondence. Baltimore, -

These methods are time consuming and difficult to implement at the edges of objects where the range is discontinuous. In many applications, there is relative mo- 50. Pulse Propagation in Inhomogeneous Optical

tion between the camera pair and the objects in the Fibers

field of view. In these cases, it is possible to obtain an C. Menyuk

optical flow field in the left and right images. Since

the relative motion between the cameras is known, Many systems, such as computers, sensors for intelliequations can be derived relating the left and right gent machines, and high resolution graphics require

image flow fields. One relation is obtained by sub- ever increasing channel capacity to transfer informatracting the flow fields; the resulting equation for the tion from one part of the system to another. Recent derate of change of disparity is called the binocular flow velopments have shown that fiber optics offer a suitequation. Preliminary calculations and experiments able medium to accommodate the growing need for

for rigidly attached, parallel camera-pair configura- large data rates. At present it is not clear how those

tions have shown that this relation is promising as a rates are limited by the inevitable imperfections in the

guide for establishing correspondence: potential fibers. This is of particular concern to energy systems

matches can be tested by substituting the measured po- using this transmission medium because the presence sitions and velocities of the features into the equation. of radiation and of other effects which may affect the

In the present study, the binocular flow equation is integrity of essential communication links in those sysbeing explored in detail to find the limits of its useful- tems.

ness in establishing correspondence in terms of camera- pair motions and surface shapes. This research will study the effects of slowly varying

inhomogeneities and localized imperfections in the fibers on their transmission properties. Three topics are

University Of Maryland of particular interest

Department of Electrical Engineering $83,000

College Park, MD 20742 06-C 1. Behavior near the zero dispersion point. This point

88-4 denotes the frequency at which the wave propagation speed is independent of the wavelength - a

49. Study of Magnetostatic Problems in Nonlinear point preferred for operating at the highest possible

Media with Hysteresis data rates because of the lowest power needs. The

I.C.Mayergoyz actual zero dispersion point depends on the material

properties as well as on the geometry of the fiber.

Small random variations in those properties along This research is concerned with the development of the length of the fiber will have a destructive effect

mathematical models of hysteresis. These models are

Engineering Research 21 1989
on the integrity of the signal propagated by the gear trains for power transmission, has been develfiber. At present it is not known how much of a lim- oped. summaries of this work has been published in

iting factor that is for a given statistical distribution several articles in the ASME and IEEE journals.

of the slowly varying inhomogeneities. Bevel-gear-type wrist has the advantage of compactness and light weight. We are now in a position to per2. Effects of a varying birefringence. As the material form the feasibility study of several new designs from

properties in the fiber change from point to point so the kinematic and dynamic points of view.

does the fiber's response to the polarization of the

electromagnetic wave. Under certain conditions Using gear trains for power transmissions, robotic

that polarization may be changed enough by mix- arms can be configured with the most of its actuators

ing to affect the properties of the transmitted signal. ground connected. This has the advantage of reduced

Again, while something is known about the effects inertia. A class of geared robotic arms will be enumerof a single polarization mixing event on a pulse in ated and the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of

the fiber, nothing is known about the effects of such arms will be studied.

many such events and how they can be related to

the properties of the fiber. Geared robotic mechanisms do have the inherent backlash problems. Gear backlash introduces discontinuity

3. Bubbles and inclusions in optical fibers. Because and impact in the mechanical system. These undesirsuch imperfections often focus the incident electro- able properties can cause the response of a mechanical

magnetic beam they are known to cause damage system to deviate from the desired function. Up to

to the fiber itself. Previous studies have not taken date, backlash can not be completely controlled with

into account the so-called ponderomotive forces, the existing techniques. A new and innovative

that is body forces arising from the interactions of method, based on the concept of redundant drives, for

the gradients in the properties of the fiber material the control-of-gear backlash will be studied and experiwith the incident electromagnetic fields. ments will be conducted to prove the concept.

This research will address the three topics enumerated

above, first in the linear regime and then in the non-lin- University Of Maryland

ear regime. While this effort is primarily theoretical, it Department of Mechanical Engineering $129,000

will benefit from a close ties to related experimental College Park, MD 20742 01-C

work at Bell Labs, at NRL and at FDA. 87-3

~~University Maryland Of 52. Comparative Study of the Vorticity Field in University O Maryland Turbulent Flows: Theory, Experiment,

Department of Mechanical Engineering $ 0 Computations

and Systems Research Center 03-C J.M. Wallace

College Park, MD 20742 88-3

This is a collaborative project with the City College of

51. The Creation of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom New York and the University of Houston. FundamenMechanisms for Robotic Applications tal studies of the vorticity field in a number of standard

L. Tsai sheared and unsheared turbulent flows are being carried out. The research involves theoretical, computaThis research is concerned with one of the most tional and experimental investigations.

difficult stages of mechanical design, namely the

conceptual synthesis of mechanisms. The objective is Theoretically, a mathematically derivation of a definito develop a methodology for the creation of tion of 3-dimensional coherent structures superimmulti-degree-of-freedom (DOF) gear trains and to posed on chaotic motion is being developed with an alexplore its application for the designof robotic mecha- gorithm to educt these structures. The topological

nisms. complexity of the vorticity field and its relation to the

basic processes of spectral energy transfer, vorticity

Structural characteristics associated with the function generation and intermittency will be mathematically

of multi-DOF gear trains have been analyzed. A corn- described in physical space.

putational algorithm, based on graph theory and combinatorial analysis, has been developed for the enumera- Numerically a full Navier-Stokes simulation code of

tion of the kinematic structures. As a result, an atlas of the turbulent round jet as well as a high resolution

two-DOF gear trains has been established. Further- code for box turbulence with periodic boundary

more, a class of robotic wrist mechanisms, using these conditions is being developed. With these codes the

Engineering Research 22 1989
coherent structures definitions described above will be University Of Massachusetts

applied and a detailed study of energy transfer and he- Chemical Engineering Department $118,000

licity fluxes will be conducted. Goessmann Laboratory 03-A

Amherst, MA 01003-0011 87-3

Experimentally, the University of Maryland Turbulence Research Laboratory nine-sensor hot-wire probe 5. Sc i i c

for simultaneously measuring the instantaneous veloc- 5 4 Alernave Control Structures for

ity and vorticity vector fields in turbulent flows has Plant Control ystem

been furtherdeveloped. Point measurements have JM. Douglas, MF. Malone

been made in a turbulent grid, mixing layer, and

boundary layer flows in order to obtain properties of An interactive computer code that helps the user to dethe vorticity and helicity fields. Collaborative experi- velop a conceptual design of a petrochemical process

ments on turbulent jets and wakes will soon be carried has been completed, and a similar code that helps the

out at the University of Houston. user to retrofit has also been completed. A code that

estimates the incremental costs associated with the

The results so far show that there is a higher probabil- steady state control of the process is currently being deity for the velocity and vorticity vectors to align within veloped. That is, the code helps to identify the domithe logarithmic region of the boundary layer and nant disturbances, it checks to see if an adequate numwithin the mixing layer than there would be for two un- ber of manipulative variables are available for control

correlated vector fields. In the buffer layer of the (and it calculates the costs associated with modifying

boundary layer and in the grid flow there is virtually the flowsheet to ensure that the process is controllano increased probability for these vectors to align. ble), it assess if equipment constraints are encountered

These experimental results have important implica- when disturbances enter the process and manipulative

tions for the prospects of the much disputed conjecture variables are changed to compensate for these disturthat turbulence can be modelled as a Euler flow con- bances (and it estimates the costs required to remove

taining isolated dissipative regions. these constraints), and it suggests control system alternatives that give close to the optimum operating costs.

University Of Massachusetts We are also building approximate dynamic models of

Chemical Engineering Department $ 0 complete processes in orderto determine the effect of

Amherst, MA 01003-0011 06-A control system alternatives on the total operating costs

of the complete process. We intend to use the results

88-3 of these studies to develop short-cut procedures for

screening control system alternatives. Some short-cut

53. Design and Synthesis of Reactive Separation models have been developed, but these need to be

Systems tested against rigorous simulations.

M.F. Doherty

The design and synthesis of chemical process University Of Massachusetts

flowsheets usually begins by breaking the problem Chemical Engineering Department $80,000

down into three main sub-tasks. These are: synthesis Goessmann Laboratory 06-C

of the reactor system, synthesis of the separation sys- Amherst, MA 01003-0011 88-3

tem and the development of an energy management

system (i.e. heat integration). Although these tasks are 55. M g of V F B

not independent of each other, such a decomposition M m s co us B e

has the advantage of making a very difficult problemcrostrctres and Chaos

more manageable. The second stage of such a proce- J.M. Ottino

dure then corrects for mismatches between the subtasks. The above view of flowsheet synthesis can be In spite of its universality and practical implications,

radically altered when the reactions occur in the liquid the understanding of the fundamentals of mixing rephase. In such circumstances, it is often possible to mains rather incomplete. This work focuses on basic

combine the reaction and separation tasks by using re- experimental and computational studies along two

active separators. Fundamental studies on the phase main themes with the objective of establishing a framebehavior, design and synthesis of this class of prob- work capable of addressing mixing problems encounlems are proposed. It is expected that this will lead to tered in nature and technology: (1) investigations of

a systematic technique for inventing improved technol- chaotic mixing of single fluids in deterministic twoogy and that this will be of lasting value to the profes- and three-dimensional flows, and (2) dynamics of mision. crostructures in such flows (e.g., stretching, breakup,

coagulation, etc.). Work in area (1) is underway and a

Engineering Research 23 1989
clear picture is emerging (for a general presentation of Quantification of previous explanations of spray transexperimental and computational studies see J.M. fer depart markedly from the experimental observaOttino, C.W. Leong, H. Rising, and P.D. Swanson, tions. A new model of the globular to spray transition

Morphological structures produced by mixing in cha- has been hypothesized and is currently being studied

otic flows, Nature, 333, 419-425, 1988). Experimental with a finite element model.

work is planned to address the problems listed under

area (2). However, most of the results to-date are due It is believed that this work will ultimately be useful in

to simulation; a computational study focused on coagu- understanding metal transfer in pulsed current gas lation of point particles in chaotic flows. The particles metal arc welding. This study also interfaces with the

are convected without diffusion and allowed to coagu- experimental and theoretical gas metal arc welding

late with probability one when their mutual distance is control models being developed at MIT by Professor

less than d. The most significant finding is that under D. Hardt and at INEL.

"well mixed" conditions the system behaves as if the

particles were moved by Brownian motion and a simple kinetic model describes the main results. The- Massachusetts Institute Of

poorly mixed case is considerably more complex. In Technology

this case spatial inhomogeneities result from competi- tion between the rate of coagulation and mixing, and Department of Materials Science

trapping and leaking of clusters due to KAM surfaces and Engineering $130,000

(F.J. Muzzio and J.M. Ottino, Coagulation in chaotic Cambridge, MA 02139 06-A

flows, Phys. Rev. A, 38, to appear Sept. 1988). Studies 88-3

continue in this area.

57. High Temperature Gas-Particle Reactions

J.F. Elliot, P.P. Bolsaitis

Massachusetts Institute Of

Technology The purpose of the research is to examine the physicoThe Energy Laboratory $131,000 chemical behavior of individual inorganic particles for

Cambridge, MA 02139 03-B conditions simulating those to which particles are ex88-3 posed during thermal plasma processing. The particle is suspended in a closed chamber by an electrostatic

field, and it is heated by a pulsed laser beam. The com- 56. Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding position of the gas in the reactor can be controlled, and

T.W. Eagar the temperature of the particle can be measured with a

time resolution as short as two-tenths to one millisecThe present research is part of a cooperative program ond. Equipment for optical imaging of the particle duramong faculty at MIT and staff at Idaho National Engi- ing processing is being developed.

neering Laboratory to develop sensing and control

methods which can be used to automate the gas metal Study is in progress of melting, vaporization, and solidarc welding processes. ification of particles of ceramic materials (alumina, zirconia), metals (AL-Ni alloys, aluminum), and carbides

Current research emphasizes understanding of the (silicon carbide, WC-Co, and hard facing materials.

forces controlling droplet detachment in gas metal arc Methods and procedures for improving the accuracy of

welding. Experimentally, a laser back lit viewing sys- single- and two-color temperature measurements durtem has been developed which permits viewing of ing rapid heating and cooling of the particles have

anode and cathode jet phenomena. Welds have been been developed. Measurements have been made of

made with a variety of different metals (steel, alumi- the evaporation of oxide particles while they are

num and titanium) in different shielding gases (argon, heated and cooled.

helium, carbon dioxide). It is seen that the anode spot

behavior changes dramatically with changes in both This work is closely connected with the experimental

metal and gas composition. program on plasma processing at the Idaho National

Engineering Laboratory, and other plasma processing This experimental information is being coupled with a studies in the Department of Materials Science and Enmodel of the forces controlling metal transfer. These gineering at MIT. The combination of data from this

include gravitation, surface tension, aerodynamic drag, investigation, the data base form INEL on plasma

electromagnetic (Lorentz) force and plasma jet mo- spraying, and results of modelling of plasma spraying

mentum. Initial studies show that globular transfer can by Professor Szekely's group (MIT) will provide much

be described quantitatively by previous theories which more complete understanding of plasma processing of

were presented originally in only a qualitative manner. materials than has been available heretofore.

Engineering Research 24 1989
Massachusetts Institute Of Massachusetts Institute Of

Technology Technology

Energy Laboratory $107,000 Department of Mechanical Engineering $99,967

Cambridge, MA 02139 03-A Cambridge, MA 02139 01-C

87-3 89-3

58. Synthesis of Heat and Work Integration 59. Dryout in Horizontal and Almost Horizontal

Systems for Chemical Process Plants Heated Tubes

LB. Evans P. Griffith

The goal of this research is to investigate and develop Fluidized bed combustors, waste heat, heat exchangers

improved methodologies for the synthesis of heat and and combined cycle gas turbine-steam turbine power

work integration systems in process plants. This is an plants all use horizontal heated tubes with hot gas on

important problem in the design of new plants and in one side as the heat source. Because the gas side heat

the retrofitting of existing plants for energy conserva- transfer coefficient is so low, excessive heat transfer

tion. and burnout is never a problem.

In a typical process plant, such as a petroleum refin- The most important problem is dryout where thermal

ery, a petrochemical plant, or a paper mill, many pro- fatigue or excessive corrosion due to repeated quenchcess streams must be heated or cooled in heat exchang- ing occurs. Dryout can always be eliminated by iners. The heat integration system recovers heat from creasing the mass velocity in the tube but this instreams that must be cooled and transfers it to streams creases the operating expense so it is important to

that must be heated. A plant also requires energy in know exactly where the dryout limit is.

the form of work to drive pumps and compressors and

to provide mechanical energy needed. This work must Previous work has shown that periodic washing and

be supplied externally, such as by purchasing electric- dryout of the tubes in the intermittent (slug flow) flow

ity from a utility, or generated internally within the regime is the most limiting condition. The primary

plant The goal of work integration is to identify pro- goal of this project is to determine whether dryout is

cess modifications that can reduce the cost of energy due to drainage, evaporation or bubble nucleation at

in the form of both heat and work. the wall. Depending on which mechanism is dominant, a method for predicting dryout in non-uniformly

This project aims to combine powerful mathematical heated, high pressure, large (2") diameter pipes will be

programming techniques with principles of artificial in- developed and tested. The results will be cast in the

telligence and include improved energy integration form of appropriate boundary conditions for a two

methodologies so as to develop a user-friendly proto- fluid model of heat transfer in a heated, horizontal pipe.

type system for heat and work integration in process

plants. With this objective in mind, fundamental research is being conducted so as to understand the im- Massachusetts Institute Of

portant parameters involved and their interactions. Al- Technology

gorithms and heuristics are being developed to Enery Lbortoy

synthesize that heat and work integration system hav- CaEnergy LorA 0tory 0 0 0

ing minimum total cost. cos Cambridge, MA 02139 06-C

88-3

The net result of this research will be improved understanding of the nature of the problem of energy integra- 60. A Parity Simulator for Nuclear Power Plant

tion in process plants. The prototype system being de- Dynamics

veloped will help engineers solve realistic industrial K.F. Hansen

problems.

The simulation of the behavior of dynamic systems is

an important part of the computer field. The great advances in digital electronics are such that most simulation is done digitally. However, problems unique to

the use of digital computers, such as computer languages, numerical algorithms, and computer/user interfaces have made simulation of engineering systems

difficult and/or awkward. This is particularly true

Engineering Research 25 1989
with regard to transient analysis of nuclear power real-time control problem based on surface temperaplants. ture measurement It was found that because of the

vast parameter variations present in welding the adapOne area of analog simulation that has remained in tive control methods are necessary for stable regulawidespread use is that of "breadboard" circuits to simu- tion. An adaptive control to regulate two output varilate electronic networks. Recent developments have ables (heat affected zone width and cooling rate) was

led to a very flexible and convenient breadboard tech- implemented and used to successfully demonstrate stanique called parity simulation, where individual inte- ble regulation of this non-linear, dynamically coupled

grated circuits in the simulator behave as individual system.

circuit elements. The system is also user friendly in

that the analyst communicates in his own engineering As for geometry control, we have concentrated on

language. It is well-known that electric analogs can be both bead contour measurement methods and on conconstructed to other physical systems such as mechani- trol models for the process. Off-line measurements

cal, thermal, fluid, magnetic, or acoustic systems. using a standard structured light approach have been

made, but these have proven to be insufficient for high

The research objective of this project is to study the ap- bandwidth real-time control. Accordingly we have

plicability of the parity simulation concept to fluid- begun development of a enhanced system based on

flow systems such as encountered in nuclear power strobe light and gated CCD camera technology. Using

plants. Work to date has led to the successful elec- these sensing system we have identified transfer functronic modelling of plant components such as pumps, tion relating bead width and reinforcement height to

pipes, reactor cores, heat exchangers, etc. The IC ele- process inputs of wire feed rate and torch speed.

ments constructed have been used to solve the conser- These functions have as well proven to be non-stationvation of mass, energy, and momentum in single-phase ary and control approaches will again require adaptive

incompressible and compressible flow; as well as two- methods.

phase homogeneous equilibrium flow.

Massachusetts Institute Of

Massachusetts Institute Of Technology

Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering $70,000

Laboratory for Manufacturing $161,000 Cambridge, MA 02139 01-D

and Productivity 03-B 89-2

Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 88-3

62. The Development of a Friction Model

61. Multivariable Control Of The Gas-Metal Arc Predicting the Sliding Behavior of Material

Welding Process Pairs, Especially at Low Temperatures

D.E. Hardt Y. Iwasa

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is a complex pro- The principal objectives of this research program are

cess involving thermal, geometric, and metallurgical 1) to develop a friction model which predicts correctly transformations. Our work has been addressing the whether a system sliding at low speeds will give

use of multivariable control methods to develop a com- steady or unsteady sliding behavior and 2) to advance

prehensive process control methodology for this and basic understanding of the friction process.

potentially other fusion welding processes. We have so

far progressed on two independent fronts: measure- The program consists of experimental and analytical

ment and control of geometric properties of the weld studies. Experimental work includes collection of data

and measurement and control of weldment properties on creep properties of the two contacting materials,

via thermal history control. namely bulk creep behavior in tension and interface

creep data in shear. The interface creep takes place

For the latter we have analyzed the process to develop when one material is pressed against the other by a

a 3 input -3 output process model. The inputs include constant force and a shear force insufficient to produce

arc power, arc speed and high frequency arc motion gross sliding is applied. The extent to which the bulk

(used to distribute the arc power along the weld line). creep properties determine the interfacial creep behavThe outputs comprise heat affected zone width, center- ior both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperaline cooling rate and overall weld cross sectional area. tures will be determined, and this knowledge should

A full non-linear numerical simulation for this process lead to better models of the friction process. In turn,

has been developed and equivalent non-stationary lin- such knowledge will contribute to a more reliable operear transfer functions were used to explore the ation of superconducting magnets.

Engineering Research 26 1989
Massachusetts Institute Of as a basis for pressure vessels an improved assurance

Technology of safety. Related statistical modelling of cleavage transitions is also being performed. Department of Mechanical Engineering $199,000 transitions is also being perfored.

Cambridge, MA 02139 01-A

88-3 Massachusetts Institute Of

63. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks Technology

D.M. Parks, F.A. McClintock The Energy Laboratory $135,000 Cambridge, MA 02139 01-A

This research focuses on the analysis of ductile crack 88-3

initiation, growth and instability in part-through surface-cracked plates and shells. The overall approach 64. Energetics of Comminution

consists of determining parametric limits of applicabil- C. Peterson

ity of the "dominant singularity" formalism of nonlinear fracture mechanics in these crack configurations as This program is aimed at developing an understanding

they are influenced (principally) by material strain of the behavior of particle beds under compressive

hardening, load magnitude, and crack geometry. loading and, in particular, the fracture of individual

When such single-parameter dominance is obtained, particles within the bed. The ultimate purpose is to decorrelations of crack response with J-integral or re- velop tools to permit the design of such more efficient

lated measures may be justified. The analysis requires comminution devices.

detailed finite element computations which are too

costly for routine applications, so further development Research is proceeding on four parallel tracks: analytiof simplified analytical models such as the so-called cal and experimental explorations of both particle bed

"line-spring" model is underway. and single particle behaviors. The centerpiece of the

program is a computer simulation of a two-dimenTo date, detailed non-linear three-dimensional finite el- sional bed of three-dimensional spherical particles,

ement studies of surface cracks under predominant ten- subject to various moving boundaries and including

sion show that the asymptotic HRR stress fields of particle fracture. This simulation is now deemed satispower law hardening materials typically dominate for factory as a quasi-static design tool and examination of

nominal stress levels up to 75% of yield strength, with potentially improved concepts will begin. This simulaa rapid loss of dominance at higher load levels. Calcu- tion determines forces on and motion of all particles,

lated crack front deformations are in good agreement and, in accordance with appropriate failure criteria,

with experimental measurements made at the Idaho simulates particle fracture by replacing the failed

National Engineering Laboratory. The line-spring has sphere by several smaller spheres. The simulation will

been generalized to include elastic/power law behav- be expanded to include fluid dynamic drag on spheres

ior, and resulting solutions are within a few percent of as a means to move material through the crushing zone.

corresponding continuum solutions requiring more

than an order of magnitude more computation. Experimental work included measurement of force

and energy requirements to crush individual small

Detailed three-dimensional studies of through-cracks glass spheres (.05 to 1.5 mm in diameter) and particle

in "thin" sheets have accurately quantified the stress in- bed studies using roughly 2 mm spheres. Simulated

tensity variation through the thickness, as well as the bed behavior compares favorably to experimental obboundary layer structure near the intersection of the servations.

crack front with the free surface. Three-dimensional

elastic plastic analysis of the plane strain/plane stress Experimental and analytical work on the fracture of

plastic zone transition in a through-cracked thin duc- large (1 inch) spheres subjected to multiple point loads

tile plate has quantified the loss of dominant singular- has been completed to determine the "appropriated faility constraint. ure criteria" for use in the simulation. There was some

concern that many loads might induce an hydrostatic

Prior work at the Idaho National Engineering Labora- stress state that would inhibit fracture, but this proved

tory has shown that cracks growing laterally in the not to be the case, at least for brittle materials, In anslant-mode may transform to cleavage even above the ticipation of the need for modelling deep elastic

temperature usually regarded as safe in practice. cracks, an efficient 2-0 finite element was developed

These transitions have been found to show cleavage is- that models crack growth as an internal parameter

land ranging in size from a few grains to the specimen within 1%, without re-meshing. Inhibition from multithickness. Tests of medium-sized specimens and nu- pie loads may be of concern for plastic materials,

merical analysis of plastic crack growth are in progress however, and plastic behavior is of practical

Engineering Research 27 1989
significance when considering very small particles of Massachusetts Institute Of

any material. Technology

Department of Materials Science $ 98,000 Future work will include preliminary design work on a and Engineering 06-A

novel crusher concept that integrates crushing and ma- ad Eg

terial transport actions, expansion and application of Cambridge, MA 02139 88-

the simulation as a design tool, more detailed quantitative experimental work on bed behavior, and further 66. Mathematical Modelling of Transport

studies of plastic particle behavior. Phenomena in Plasma Studies

J. Szekely

Massachusetts Institute Of The purpose of this investigation is to develop a comTechnology prehensive mathematical representation of heat flow,

Department of Mechanical Engineering $113,525 fluid flow and mass transfer phenomenon in thermal

?Cambridge, MA 02139 nl 01-C plasma systems and to compare the theoretical predicC289-3 tions with experimental measurements. 89-3

A general formulation of the problem has been devel65. Rheological and Flow Characteristics of Dense oped and an extensive set of computed results has

Multiphase Slurries Employing a Bimodal been generated, describing the velocity profiles, temModel perature profiles and concentration profiles in a variety

R.F. Probstein of non-transferred arc systems. The theoretical prediction were found to be in good agreement with measureThe efficient utilization, transport, and handling of ments reported by researchers at the Idaho National

dense multiphase slurries containing high volume frac- Engineering Laboratory and in two University Laborations of solid particles, distributed in size from submic- tories. More recent work is concentrating on plasmaron to several hundred microns, requires the ability to particle interactions and on transport phenomena inpredict the theological and flow properties as a func- side plasma torches. This latter work is very

tion of the various physical parameters including sol- promising in providing a rational science based for

ids loading, particle shape and size distribution, stabil- plasma torch design.

ity characteristics, and solids loading, particle shape

and size distribution, stability characteristics, and solid

and fluid properties. Under the grant a rational theoretical and experimental methodology will be developed

for the rheological and flow property prediction of

dense-phase slurries. The approach models a polydisperse suspension as inherently biomodal, wherein it is

considered to be made up of a fine fraction which behaves colloidally and imparts to the suspension many

of its important rheological and flow characteristics,

and a coarse fraction which behaves as if it were in a

pure liquid with the same viscous behavior as the colloidal suspension and raises the apparent viscosity

through hydrodynamic interactions.

The bimodal model has been shown to be very successful in application to a truly bimodal suspension, where

the shear dependent viscosity behavior of the colloidal

fraction is determined experimentally. For polymodal

multiphase flows the bimodal model is being extended, through analysis and experiment, to find a rational method to divide a continuous size distribution

into a colloidal and a coarse fraction, and to define the

effect of a non-uniform size distribution of each fraction. Additional rheological information on the colloidal fraction, including the effects of the electrochemistry, and the particle shape and size distribution is also

being obtained.

Engineering Research 28 1989
Massachusetts Institute Of the fall than in the perpendicular direction. Therefore

Technology 1 hydrodynamic dispersivity must be represented as a

Department of Chemical Engineering $55,900 tensorial rather than scalar quantity. A theory has

Department Chemcal Eg of $,900 been developed to relate the average velocity of a

Cambridge, MA 02139 06-C tracer to the macroscopic viscosity of a suspension, in88-3 eluding effects of container boundaries. Finally, both

the finite element and boundary element methods have

2 been used to model the hydrodynamic interactions of

Los Alamos National Laboratory up to 25 suspended particles.

Design Engineering Division $100,000

Los Alamos, NM 87545 06-C

88-3 University Of Minnesota

Department of Mechanical Engineering $120,060

Minneapolis, MN 55455 01-B

Sandia National Laboratories 87-4

Fluid and Thermal Sciences Department $100,000

Albuquerque, NM 87185 06-C 68. The Impact of Separated Flow on Heat and

88-3 Mass Transfer

R.J. Goldstein

67. Macrostatistical Hydrodynamics

H. Brenner A.K. Graham2 In many real flow systems separation occurs either inL.A. Mondy tentionally or unintentially. Such separations, often unsteady by nature, tend to result in three-dimensional

This research aims to establish a link between a statisti- and secondary flows. Heat and mass transfer in some

cal knowledge of the microstructure and the macro- situations can be unsteady; there can be energy separascopic behavior of dispersed systems, such as suspen- tion in the flow and often large gradients in heat and/or

sions of particles in liquids. Because current mass transfer occur which are difficult to measure.

capability to predict the behavior of multiphase sys- The proposed study will include a variety of flow situatems is limited, this fundamental knowledge of suspen- tions involving separation and also the development of

sions will benefit a host of technologies, especially re- special measurement techniques to study the heat and

lated to geothermal energy production, petroleum mass transfer in the presence of large gradients. Situations to be studied include the flow over two and three- production and refining, and synfuels processing. Cur- t

ions to b e stu d i

ed include the flow over two and threerent empirical design procedures in these technologies dimensional steps, separation of the flow around circuare deficient in understanding how overall system be- lar and square cylinders projecting from surfaces

havior is related to the system's micromechanics. including the influence of a horseshoe vortex and localized fins, flow through a porous medium represented

The approach to enhancing this understanding by a simple flow, and the vortex rings formed around a

involves combination a nvel of experiments, numeri et as it flows out of an orifice or nozzle. These in- involves a novel combination of experiments, numerical calculations, and theory. Real-time radiography, elude the development of precision microsensors for

high-speed video, and image processing are being highly localized measurements of the heat flux, and

used to observe and record the motions of spheres as further development of techniques for local mass transthey settle through suspensions of particles. Measure- fer measurement.

ments of the average and higher moments of the position and velocity distributions of the tracer sphere will

provide the boundary conditions for computer simula- University Of Minnesota

tions of the flow fields in the continuous phase sur- Department of Aerospace Engineering $ 72,000

rounding individual particles. This statistical knowl- and Mechanics 01-C

edge of the mechanical response of both disperse and Minneapolis, MN 55455 87-3

continuous phases will then be the basis for the development and verification of a new theory for predicting 69. Lubricated Pipelining

overall macroscale mechanical response of multiphase DD. Joseph

systems.

This project has as its aim the understanding and conTo date, experimental measurements of the three-di- trol of water lubricated pipelining of viscous crude

mensional position versus time of tracer spheres set- oils, coal-oil dispersions and other viscous materials.

tling in quiescent suspensions have shown that the set- The basis for this work is that there are domains of patling velocity varies more in the direction parallel to rameters in which water lubricated transportation of

Engineering Research 29 1989
viscous materials is stable. The lubricated particulate feeding and resolve the problem encounconfigurations can introduce enormous savings of en- tered during the AIN synthesis.

ergy in the form of reduced pressure gradients for enhanced transport. The studies underway are theoretical

and experimental. The experimental studies are on the National Institute Of Standards And

transportation of coal oil dispersions, on the properties Technology*

of emulsified solutions at large shear, and on stable

wavy interfaces arising from nonlinear interactions. Thermophysics Division $85,000

The problem of coal-oil dispersions is to know if the Boulder, CO 80303 06-A

coal can be made to stay in the oil under conditions of 87-2

lubricated transport. Stability calculations underway

are designed to identify the windows of parameters in 71. Neutron Scattering From a Sheared Liquid: a

which core annular flow is stable and to calculate max- Proposal to Construct the Shearing Apparatus

imum growth rates for unstable flow. Future studies HJ.M. Hanley

will concentrate on extensions to include effects of oil

wetted walls, gravity and nonlinear mechanisms. The project is to develop equipment to measure the microstructure of liquids out of equilibrium. The objective of the research is to investigate, via neutron scatUniversity Of Minnesota tering, liquids subject to a shear. The work will focus

Department of Mechanical Engineering $ 0 on the examination of the variation of the structure

Minneapolis, MN 55455 06-C with respect to a universal parameter, the relaxation

88-3 time. The relaxation time is the key to characterizing

the complexity of the fluid (i.e., complex versus sim70. Thermal Plasma Processing of Materials ple) and how it will behave out of equilibrium.

~~~~~~~~E. Pfender ~To a first approximation, the relaxation time is proportional to the viscosity. The relaxation time, and hence The objective of this research project is a combined ex- the viscosity, varies over many orders of magnitude.

perimental and analytical study for thermal plasma pro- We, therefore, decided to construct two shearing cells

cessing of materials including the production of fine for use in the neutron beam, one to accommodate a liqceramic powders. uid with a low to moderate viscosity, the other to

handle very viscous liquids. A new Triple Torch Plasma Reactor (TTPR) has been

used for the synthesis of fine AIN powders. By con- We have constructed and tested a couette-type concentrolling the aluminum nitrogen ratio a complete conver- tric cylinder apparatus to investigate liquids with vission can be achieved and with proper control of the cosities of the order of 10 MPa or less at equilibrium

quenching rate, single phase hexagonal AIN can be ob- and under shear. The apparatus is intended to be availtained. A computer simulation of this reaction has able to SANS users as a general purpose tool. Design

been performed in parallel with the experimental work. features include: a) versatility and a rugged construction, b) a wide range of shear rates and operating temSince the TTPR allows injection of powder into the peratures, and c) fully automated computer controlled

hot core of converging plasma jets, plasma spraying of and programmable functions. Test results have shown

ceramic materials has been explored. shear-induced changes in the microstructure of polystyrene colloidal suspensions. Zirconium hydroxide doped with yttrium hydroxide

equivalent to 9 mole % yittria produced by a sol-gel The preliminary shearing cell for liquids of high visreaction has been used for making coatings of zirconia cosity has been completed and preliminary neutron

on mild steel substrates. scattering data from supercooled (viscosity = 108 Pa.s)

D-glycerol taken. The cell will be modified to investiAn anode assembly for transferred arc operation has gate temperature gradients and viscous heating in the

been designed and manufactured in order to study this sample. Neutron scattering data will be remeasured.

mode of operation in the TTPR. A micron size pow- The structure of the liquid will be inferred from the inder feeding system is under investigation to improve tensity patterns when the fluid is at rest and when it is

* Formerly the National Bureau of Standards

Engineering Research 30 1989
sheared. Of particular interest is the possible structure high-Tc superconductors to hybrid superconductorthat may extend over several molecular diameters. semiconductor technologies. These technologies include integrated circuit interconnects (both on-chip

and package) and proximity superconductor/semiconNational Institute Of Standards And ductor/superconductor SNS Josephson junctions. PresTechnology ently, these are among the most promising high-Tc suChemical Engineering Science Division $ 0 perconductor applications, but an essential first step is Chemical Engineering Science Division $ 0 Center for Chemical Engineering o 01-C the development of stable, low-resistivity, ohmic con- Center for Chemical Engineering 01-C tacts between semiconductors and the high-Tc oxide

Boulder, CO 80303-3328 87-2 superconductors.

72. Residence Time Distribution Approach to the A method for making low resistivity metal contacts to

Study of Free Convection in Porous Media Y1Ba2Cu3Ox (YBCO) with contact surface resistiviM.C. Jones, J.D. Wolfe ties (area-resistance product) in the 10ijn of two

dimensionless stability parameters.The numerical

The structure and dynamics of the global flow patterns component involves using a finite volume formulation

of free-convective flows in confined porous media is of the non-linear Navier-Stokes, conservation of mass,

an important area of study for many engineering appli- and conservation of species equations in three space

cations. In this project, a new experimental approach dimensions and in time. The experimental results

is being developed based on the principles of resi- suggest that the high resolution required to satisfactodence time distributions. Earlier work has shown these rily represent the intrusion interfaces will make a conto be a sensitive indicator of such flow patterns. ventional modeling approach very difficult, with the

number of grid points required to resolve the interfaces

On the experimental side, a new laser fluorescence excessive, even in the context of moder superfiberoptic probe of superior sensitivity has been suc- computers. For this reason work on implementing an

cessfully developed. Arrays of such probes are being adaptive gridding procedure has been commenced.

used with fluorescent dyes to detect flow patterns in Adaptive gridding allow the grid to be selectively refluid-saturated containers filled with uniform glass fined only in those areas where high resolution is respheres subject to free-convective flows under pre- quired, thus facilitating large savings in both computacisely controlled conditions. In order to interpret the tional time and memory requirements.

experimental results, a computer code is under development in which the progress of a tracer can be followed in three dimensions for convecting patterns ap- National Institute Of Standards And

propriate to a range of Rayleigh numbers and Technology

throughflow Pellet numbers. The role of non-linear Thermophysics Division $538,000

drag and of non-isotropic dispersion for both heat and B

Boulder, CO 80303 03-B

mass transport is being studied. Unsteady flows known

to exist at high Rayleigh numbers are of particular interest.

74. Thermophysical Property Measurements in

Fluid Mixtures

National Institute Of Standards And R. Kayser, J.M.H. Sengers

Technology„,~~~ ~~~~~~Technology „ ~ , - The project aims at the development of accurate mea- Electromagnetic Technology Division $100,000 $100,000 surement capabilities for the thermophysical properties Boulder, CO 80303 06-C of complex, multiphase, fluid mixtures containing hy89-3 drocarbons. The research is being done jointly by two

research groups within the Thermophysics Division of

73. Low Resistivity Ohmic Contacts between the NBS Center for Chemical Engineering. One group

Semiconductors and High-Tc Superconductors is located at the Gaithersburg, MD laboratories and the

J. Moreland & J.W. Ekin other at the Boulder, CO laboratories. The properties

involved are PVT (pressure-volume- temperature),

The purpose of this project is to fabricate and charac- PVTx (pressure-volume-composition), phase equilibterize high-Tc superconductor/semiconductor contacts. ria (liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid equilibria), phase beDeveloping a method for optimizing the current capac- havior in interfaces, and transport properties (viscosity of such contacts will extend the application of ity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient).

The apparatus will be designed for use in corrosive,

highly corrosive, and sometimes toxic and flammable

Engineering Research 31 1989
fluids with measurements extending to high tempera- The study of the linear stability of incompressible turtures (800K) and high pressure (30 MPa and in some bulent fluids with respect to coherent perturbations

cases 70 MPa). Also under study are methods for eval- which give a nonzero mean flow has been performed.

uating supercritical solvent mixtures and related fluid It was shown that there is no instability, in marked conmixtures. trast to the compressible case, where the reflectional

asymmetry of the basic turbulence rendered certain heThe most recently completed apparatus include a vari- lical perturbations unstable.

able volume vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus for

moderate temperature ranges; a Langmuir film balance A method of creating initial field for simulations of defor use with aqueous, hydrocarbon, and biopolymer caying turbulence has been developed which enables

systems; a magnetic suspension densimeter for high creation of Gaussian velocity field with given energy

temperatures and pressures; a torsional crystal viscom- and helicity spectrum has been developed. It has been

eter for high temperatures and pressures; and a tran- shown in numerical experiments that strong helicity

sient hot-wire apparatus for thermal conductivity mea- slows down the cascade of energy and the buildup of

surements at high temperatures. The latter two enstrophy at all later times.

apparatus are capable of reaching pressures near 70

MPa.

City University Of New York

The City University Of New Yorkartcal Engineering $8000 Department of Chemical $82,000

The City College New York, New York 10031 01-C

The Benjamin Levich Institute $129,000 87-3

for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics 01-C

New York, New York 10031 87-3 76. Periodically Structured Multiphase Flows and

Hydrodynamic Instabilities in Narrow

75. Comparative Study of Vorticity Field in Channels

Turbulent Flows CM. Maldarelli

E. Levich

The research to be undertaken in this project is conThe purpose of this project is to study - theoretically, cerned with understanding the hydrodynamics of the

numerically, and experimentally coherence in vorticity flows of immiscible liquid phases in narrow capillarfield. During the last year the following results have ies. The research has experimental and theoretical

been obtained, components. The aim of the experimental component

is to measure the pressure drops which are developed

The analysis of the build up of coherence in numerical in these flows, and the film thicknesses of the wetting

isotropic turbulence has been performed. Large fluctu- layers deposited on the inside surface of the capillary.

ations of helicity and the growth of helicity at low The aim of the theoretical component is to develop a

scales been has detected in 128 x 128 x 128 simula- numerical algorithms to solve for the hydrodynamic

tions of decay turbulence. flow, and to undertake a hydrodynamic stability analysis to describe the stability of the wetting layer to the

The comparative study of symmetry breaking in turbu- destabilizing effects of capillary and viscosity stratifilence has been considered. It has been shown that in cation.

order to preserve statistical invariant the continuous

growth of coupling H(k) H(k') is inevitable. Labora- The major applications of the research are to the techtory experiments with two different systems - water nologies of enhanced oil recovery and lubricated

past the grid and air past the grid - support this obser- pipelining. Each of these technologies involves the

vation. In both experiments helicity spectrum has movement of immiscible phases. The results of our exbeen measured and the build up of coherence was ob- perimental and theoretical work should lead to the

served. identification of operating conditions for which the

multiphase flows are ordered.

A theoretical model of the phase coherence in turbulence observed in numerical simulations of turbulence

and laboratory experiments has been constructed. A

stationary driven turbulence, was reduced to a 4-D

equilibrium system.

Engineering Research 32 1989
City University Of New York interfaces under directional solidification, and in visThe City College cous flows performing periodic motion at small scales.

The Benjamin Levich Institute $124,000

of Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics 06-C North Carolina State University

Department of Mechanical $69,300

77 ^ rw. * * ^ * * ,ww-and Aerospace Engineering 06-B 77. Topics in Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics Raleigh, NC 27695-7910 87-3 Raleigh, NC 27695-7910 87-3 GJ. Sivashinsky

78. Analysis of Transport Mechanisms in Dense The objective of this project is a unified theoretical ap- 78. Analysis of Transport Mechanisms in Dense

proach to the description of large-scale spatio-tempo- Fuel Droplet Sprays

ral structures spontaneously emerging in a variety of C. Kleinstreuer

physico-chemical systems. Of interest are the effects of droplet interaction on the

The significant difference between the characteristic droplet vaporization and heat transfer in spray sysscales of the primary and secondary structures sug- tems. The dense spray portion is conceptualized as

gests the method of multiple scale asymptotic analysis two of three streamers of several closely spaced dropas a natural technique for solving the relevant mathe- lets in a non-isothermal environment. Two basic apmatical problems. This approach enables one to re- proaches are carried out to analyze and solve this probduce the study of complex physico-chemical systems lem: (1) a finite element solution of the complete

governed by strongly nonlinear, three-dimensional and transport equations for thermal axisymmetric flow past

highly coupled sets of partial differential equations to a linear array of solid spheres and vaporizing droplets

the incomparably more simple weakly nonlinear evolu- at different spacings; and (2) a boundary-layer type sotion equations of lower space dimensions. These equa- lution at appropriately high Reynolds numbers of

tions are then easily tractable either analytically or nu- single spheres/droplets with mixed convection and

merically. With all their relative simplicity the wall mass transfer effects, and for several dynamically

reduced equations proved rich enough to capture many interacting, vaporizing droplets.

nontrivial features of physical systems which hitherto

resisted analytical description by any other means. The direct integration of the coupled momentum, heat

Specifically, in this study multiple-scale methods are and mass transfer equations for several closely-spaced

applied to the mathematical modelling of curved non- spheres or droplets has been completed. The validated

steady flames propagating in gaseous combustible mix- results in terms of drag/interaction coefficients and

tures. A nonlinear geometrically invariant dynamic near-wake heat transfer parameters are being used in

equation for the flame front evolution is derived on the the approximate analysis of a single streamer of sevassumption that the curvature of the flame is small. eral spheres/droplets. The boundary-layer study of

The equation generalizes the corresponding weakly mixed thermal convection past a sphere with wall

nonlinear equation obtained previously near the stabil- mass transfer and other effects has been completed.

ity threshold. The new equation is capable of describ- Some of the newly derived transformations from this

ing the evolution of complex geometric flame configu- fundamental research study will be useful for the more

rations such as those frequently observed in a strongly elaborate investigation of several interacting

turbulent gas flow. spheres/droplets.

A theory of chaotic, hexagonal and polyhedral spin- The fundamental analysis of multiple droplet systems

ning flames is developed.Effects of acceleration on is important for the physical understanding of dense

flame propagation in horizontal, vertical and rotating spray processes and for the improved design of fuel

channels are analyzed. droplet combustion as well as spray cooling, coating

and absorption.

The concept of turbulent flame speed based on invariant renormalization group approach is proposed. A

consistent mathematical theory of premixed flame

propagating in large-scale homogeneous turbulent

flow-field is elaborated. An equation for turbulent

flame speed as a function of the turbulent flow-field

intensity is derived.

The study is presently in progress of spontaneous formation of large-scale structures in thin liquid films, in

Engineering Research 33 1989
North Carolina State University The work on this project is concerned with applicaDepartment of Mechanical $ 97,000 tions of the scattered field approach to the detection

and Aerospace Engineering 06-A and characterization of cracklike flaws. The work is

Raleigh, NC 27695-7910 89-4 both analytical and numerical in nature. Several forward solutions to model problems have proven to be

very helpful in the design of experimental configura79. TransportProperties OfDisordered Porous ions. They are also valuable in interpreting scattering Media From The Microstructure data for the inverse problem.

S. Torquato

The efficacy of ultrasonic methods to detect and charThis research program is concerned with the quantita- acterize a crack depends on topographical features of

tive relationship between transport properties of a dis- the crack faces, the presence of inhomogeneities in the

ordered heterogeneous medium that arise in various en- crack's environment, and on the mechanical properties

ergy-related problems (e.g., thermal or electrical in the near-crack region. In this work the effects on

conductivity, trapping rate, and the fluid permeability) the scattered ultrasonic field of various features of faand its microstructure. In particular, we shall focus tigue and stress corrosion cracks, such as partial crack

our attention of studying the effect of: porosity, spa- closure, the presence of microcracks and microvoids,

tial distribution of the phase elements, interfacial sur- and near-tip zones of different mechanical properties

face statistics, anisotropy, and size distribution of the have been investigated. Most of the results have been

phase elements, on the effective properties of models obtained by formulating a set of singular integral

of both unconsolidated media (e.g., soils and packed equations for the fields on the boundaries of the scatterbeds of discrete particles) and consolidated media ing obstacles. These equations have been solved nu-

(e.g., sandstones and sintered materials). merically by the boundary element method, and the

scattered fields have subsequently been obtained by Both theoretical and computer-simulation techniques using representation integrals.

have been employed to quantitatively characterize the

microstructure and compute the transport properties of For the configurations examined in this work, crack

disordered media. Statistical-mechanical theory has closure has the most significant effect on far-field scatbeen used to obtain n-point distribution functions and tering.

to study percolation phenomena in continuum randommedia models. This has led to accurate predictions of

transport properties of realistic models of isotropic as Northwestern University

well as anisotropic heterogeneous media. An efficient Department of Engineering Sciences $312,617

computer-simulation methodology has been developed and Applied Mathematics 01-B

to exactly yield effective transport properties in which

the transport process is governed by a steady-state dif- Evanston,L 6 8 89-3

fusion equation. Hence, the algorithm, which is based

upon simulating the Brownian motion of a diffusing 81. Thinning And Rupture of a Thin Liquid File

particle, can be applied to determine the conductivity, on a Horizontal Heated Solid Surface

dielectric constant, magnetic permeability, diffusion S.G. Bankoff, S.H. Davis

coefficient, and the trapping rate associated with diffusion-controlled reactions among sinks. A thin liquid film on a horizontal heated plate can become unstable and rupture, exposing dry areas of the

plate.

Northwestern University

Department of Civil Engineering $85,450 For a volatile liquid we analyze the consequences of

Evanston, IL 60208 03-B evaporation on the layer, incorporating the effects of

89-3 viscosity, surface tension, vapor recoil, thermo-capillarity and long-range molecular (van der Waals) forces

80. Effects of Crack Geometry and Near-Crack in a nonlinear stability theory for the film. We have

Material on Behavior Scattering of Ultrasonic also extended the theory to include the effects of a nonWvs, Appli,, ,r ,catin ,. "i volatile solute on the stability of the evaporating film.

Waves for QNDE Applications Quite general forms of the viscosity-concentration

JD. Achenbach function can be employed.

A crack in a solid body can, in principle, be detected If the liquid is non-volatile, and a two-dimensional

and characterized by its effect on an incident pulse of heating strip is inlaid in the plate, thermocapillarity creultrasonic wave motion. ates a dimpled interface. As the heat flux to the strip

Engineering Research 34 1989
increases, the dimple deepens until dryout occurs. A several limitations on this model but it does show that

nonlinear theory for this steady state and its instabilit- there can be considerable error in attenuations if conies is given, in which we include the effects of viscos- tact line movement is neglected especially for low freity, surface tension, thermocapillarity andvan der quency waves. The motion of the fluid in this model

Waals forces. was solved for analytically by matching. In order to

better understand this model and the effects of the conIn the latter case we examine experimentally the tact line motion on the fluid motion we are currently

dimpling of an oil film and compare quantitatively the developing a numerical code to solve the microscopic

interface profiles measured and predicted, giving the moving boundary problem. Initially a lubrication

temperature profiles sensed with thermocouples. Ex- model is being investigated. Next we plan to consider

cellent agreement is obtained, giving the first experi- the complete equations of motion and to systematimental confirmation of lubrication theory applied to cally incorporate these results into a macroscopic

these films. model of waves in partially saturated porous materials.

When the heated plate is tilted with respect to the horizontal, a heated falling film is created. The former the- University Of Notre Dame

ory is generalized to examine the interplay between Department of Chemical Engineering $51,948

the bulk flow and evaporative effects. Notre Dame, IN 46556 01-C

88-3

For viscous liquids the temperature dependence of viscosity may also be important, leading to another 83. Study of Interfacial Behavior in Cocurrent

dimensionless parameter. It is shown that, by rescal- Gas-Liuid Flows

ing, the new results can be expressed in the same form Fw

as the Williams-Davis equation... rea

The objectives of the work are to develop a quantitaNorthwestern University tive understanding of interfacial waves which occur in separated gas-liquid flows. While these waves exert a

Department of Engineering Sciences $51,750 significant influence on pressure drop, transport rates,

and Applied Mathematics 01-C rate of atomization and flow regime stability, their funEvanston, Illinois 60208 88-3 damental nature is not well characterized.

82. Attenuation of Waves in Partially Saturated The primary focus in the past year has been conditions

Porous Solids where waves have wavelengths much longer than the

MJ. Miksis film thickness. Far above the point of natural stability,

under conditions typical of annular flows, the wave

This project will be concerned with investigating the field is dominated by traveling solitary waves which

dissipation of energy associated with the motion of are spaced randomly. Techniques to measure the disfluid in a partially saturated material. An understand- tributions of the amplitudes and time spacings of soliing of this process is important in explaining the atten- tary waves have been developed. These measureuation of waves (compressional and shear) in a par- ments indicate that as the gas velocity increases, the

tially saturated porous material. It is also important in number and speed of these waves increases while their

understanding how two immiscible fluids (e.g. oil and average amplitude decreases. Experiments to deterwater) displace one another in a porous media. On the mine the degree of steadiness in shape with distance

microscopic scale we will allow the fluid to dissipate are underway. The question about the mechanism of

energy by viscosity and by the movement of the con- the initial formation of these waves has been tentatact line of the gas/liquid/solid intersection. There are tively answered by examination of the flow with high

two parts of this project. The first concerns an investi- speed (500 FPS) video imaging --solitary waves are

gation of the fluid mechanics associated with contact observed to form from continued growth of some of

line movement, while the second concerns using these the existing periodic waves. Periodic waves arise

results in either existing or modifications of existing from the linear instability. To interpret the observed

macroscopic theories of wave propagation in a porous behavior, geometric factors (e.g. wave height to submaterial. strate height) associated with solitary waves are being

examined. The theoretical and experimental study of

The first phase of this project is currently underway. periodic waves is continuing with a goal of predicting

A macroscopic theory of wave propagation in partially theoretically, from numerical solution of wave equasaturated porous media which includes the effects of tions, the evolution with distance of the initial linearly

contact line movement has been developed. There are unstable disturbances.

Engineering Research 35 1989
Oak Ridge National Laboratory simple, non-linear dynamical systems exhibiting comEngineering Physics $1,115,000 plex behavior.

and Mathematics Division 03-C

Oak Ridge, TN 37831 87-5 (ii) the study of spatial coherence and temporal chaos

in systems with many degrees of freedom: as model

-.Engineerin Center for ~84-. systems, couple maps on d-dimensional lattices will be 84. Center for Engineering Systems Advanced investigated.

Research (CESAR)vestgated.

CRJ. Weisbin

University Of Pennsylvania The Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Re- University Of Pennsylvania search (CESAR) conducts interdisciplinary, Electrical Engineering Department $110,150 search (CESAR) conducts interdisciplinary, p .n

long-range research and concept demonstration related Philadelphia, A 19141 03-B

to intelligent machines. CESAR provides a frame- 88-3

work for merging concepts from the fields of artificial

and machine intelligence with advanced control the- 86. Interaction of Radiation with Surface

ory. There are two primary themes: (1) robotics sys- Microstructures

ters for identification, navigation, and manipulation J. Zemel

in unstructured environments, and (2) multi-purpose

plant management for maintenance. Recent theoretical and experimental studies have

shown that the basic approach leading to the convenIllustrative FY 1988 research initiatives resulting in tional views about the nature of black body radiation

archival publications have included: (1) Concurrent fails when the size of the cavity is comparable with the

Simulation: Development and Testing of a Learning wavelength of the incident radiation. Such a situation

Expert system for an Autonomous Robot, (2) Autono- can arise when light interacts with periodic micromous Mobile Robot Navigation and Learning, (3) grooves inscribed on a surface. The detailed nature of

Asynchronous Production Systems for Control of an such an interaction may be studied by means of specAutonomous Mobile Robot, (4) HERMIES-III: A step tral, angular, polarized emittance (SAPE).

Toward Autonomous Mobility Manipulation and Perception, and (5) Treatment of Systematic Errors in the Preliminary results show that SAPE allows the meaProcessing of Wide Angle Sonar Sensor Data for surement of the effects of thermally excited standing

Robotic Navigation. waves in the microgrooves on the scattering of the incident radiation. It was found that indeed there are

In addition, CESAR organized a national workshop standing waves in the interior of the microgrooves, or

and published Proceedings of the 1989 Workshop on slots. Those waves couple efficiently to the incident

Human-Machine Symbiotic Systems. Finally, the radiation as well as to the surface plasmons. The meaHERMIES-III robot assembly has been completed and sured dependence of the latter coupling on the depth of

quality assurance/safety procedural testing is under- the slot cannot be accounted for fully by the existing

way. theory. Measurements of the radiation scattered by the

microgrooves shows that spontaneous emission is inhibited in some directions. It is possible that this unOhio State University usual behavior may find eventually practical applicaPhysics Department $67,300 tions in electro-optic devices.

Columbus, OH 43210 03-B

88-3 This research program call for determining how the geometry of the microgrooves affects the interaction be85. Cellr Physics A of a ad C e tween the incident radiation and the standing waves in- 85. Physics of Cellular Automata and Coherence side the slots determining the role played by the side the slots; determining the role played by the and Chaos in Many-Body Dynamical Systems material properties of the micromachined surfaces on

C. Jayaprakash, F. Hayot the polarized, angular emission; and determining the

necessary corrections to the Stefan-Boltzman radiation

This program deals with the dynamics of non-linear law necessitated by the small size of the scattering cavsystems. It concerns two significant areas of research: ities.

(i) the study of automata both as microscopic models

underlying the macroscopic physics embodied in partial differential equations, and, in their own right, as

Engineering Research 36 1989
Physical Optics Corporation nonisothermal conditions, 3) to develop improved the2545 W. 237th Street, Suite B $157,000 ories where needed, 4) to enlarge the data base for sysTorrance, CA 90505 03-B tems of both fundamental and practical interest, and 5)

89-3 to provide reliable means for predicting the behavior

of mixtures used in practical applications such as

turbo-machinery. Experimentally, condensible vapors 87. Nonuniform Liouville Transformers for mixed with a carrier gas are cooled in a supersonic

Quasi-Homogeneous Optical Fields nozzle to obtain much higher binary nucleation rates

J. Jannson than have been studied previously. The nozzle is designed to ensure that steady-state nucleation occurs

In this program, Nonuniform Liouville Transformers and to give satisfactory spatial resolution of the tem-

(NLT) are proposed for an important class of quasi- perature profile as determined by interferometry.

homogeneous optical fields containing those emitted Laser light scattering combined with empirical calculaby thermal (Lambertian) and other convectional tions of the latent heat released during condensation is

sources, as well as by the majority of multi-mode high- used to detect the "onset" of nucleation and to monitor

energy (CO2, Nd:YAG, Excimer, X-ray, etc.) lasers subsequent droplet growth. Construction of the flow

and semiconductor lasers (including laser diodes (LD), and optical systems has been completed in previous

which are important sources in local area networks years; data collection is now being performed rou-

(LANs)). These NLTs are nonuniform, nonimaging tinely. A new thermodynamic theory of binary cluster

beam-shaping systems acting on the basis of the gen- composition has been developed. Calculations with

eral energy transport equations for the phase-space this theory have established the feasibility of using

density (related to the generalized Liouville theorem) bulk liquid mixture surface tensions to compute nucleand the power flux vector. The proposed theoretical ation onset (for small rates) in aqueous alcohol and acmodel is more general than those based on geometrical etone mixtures, thus removing a severe deficiency of

optics (including Winston's nonimaging optics), yet classical binary nucleation theory.

less general than those based on either the scalar diffraction or electromagnetic theory. The fundamental

goal of this program is to find a theoretical and engi- Princeton University

neering solution for highly efficient (close to 100%) Department of Mechanical $97,000

beam shaping/concentration/ collimation of weakly and Aerospace Engineering 06-B

spatially coherent and quasi-uniform large-aperture op- Princeton NJ 87-3

tical fields (so called quasi-homogeneous fields, which

are more general than Lambertian ones), using an optimized higher-hierarchy architecture of longitudinal 89. Structure and Stabilization of Premixed and

and transversal, imaging and nonimaging optical ele- Diffusion Flames

ments (nonimaging cones, lenses, diffusers, holo- CX. Law

graphic optical elements (HOEs)). The proposed theoretical model holds for the quasi-homogeneous The program aims to gain fundamental understanding

radiation emitted by the state-of-the-art of the majority of the structure and stabilization of premixed and diffuof high energy and noncoherent and noncoherent elec- sion flames through theoretical and experimental investromagnetic sources. tigations. Several projects were completed during the

reporting period.

Physical Sciences Inc. A theoretical analysis has been conducted on the struc20 New England Business Center $125,000 ture and extinction dynamics of the partially-remixed

Andover, MA 01810 06-A counterflow system consisting of a fuel jet impinging

88-4 onto a jet fuel/oxidizer mixture. Results show that if

the premixed jet is only slightly reactive, then the re88. l Exerim Ad Toreticl Sdies Of suiting flame resembles a diffusion flame. However,

88. And mental Teoretical Stuies O if it is moderately or strongly reactive, then a binary Condensation In Multicomponent Systems flame configuration results, consisting of either a preMB. Frish, G. Wilemsli mixed-diffusion flame ensemble or a premixed-premixed flame ensemble. It is further demonstrated that

This research program comprises experimental and the- in all situations extinction of the flame ensemble takes

oretical studies of nucleation and condensation in place in a single stage, with the flame still separated in

multicomponent gas mixtures. The program goals are: the binary configuration. These theoretical predictions

1) to improve basic understanding of binary nucleation have be substantiated by experimentation.

and droplet growth, 2) to stringently test theories of binary nucleation at high nucleation rates and under

Engineering Research 37 1989
A detailed asymptotic analysis has been performed for A primary objective of the work is to develop and valia flame stabilized over a flat-flame burner. Previous date a novel model for predicting the effects of convecstudies have shown that two flame speeds can result tion on solidification in binary mixtures. Treating

with the same heat loss rate, leading to the classical solid, mushy and liquid regions as a single continuous

anomaly of dual flame speeds. The present study dem- domain, the model applied continuum theory to solidionstrates that each of these flame speeds actually has a fication in mixtures with convection. Working with

distinctively different flamefront standoff distance, im- two dimensional numerical solutions, calculations will

plying that they actually correspond to two different be performed to determine phase front development

physical states. The previous anomaly is therefore un- and related velocity, temperature and concentration

founded. fields over a wide range of operating conditions. Predictions will be validated through comparison with exExtensive experimentation has also been performed on perimental results obtained for transparent binary mixmeasuring the laminar flame speeds and theory burn- tures. The experiments will involve visual

ing intensities of methane/air flames, with particular determinations of phase front development and flow

emphasis on identifying the role of branching versus within the melt, as well as temperature and concentrainhibition reactions on the flame response. By system- tion measurements. The results are expected to provide

atically varying the flame temperature and system pres- important insights concerning the effects of convection

sure, the overall reaction orders (n) and activation ener- on solidification phenomena such as macrosegregagies (Ea) have been determined. Results show that n is tion, while validation of the model should provide a

always less than two, and actually is close to one for useful computational tool for industrial processes inthe stoichiometric mixture at 1 atm. Further, n de- volving the casting of binary materials.

creases with increasing pressure and can even attain

negative values for sufficiently high pressures. The

overall activation energy also increases with pressure. Purdue University

These results indicate the importance of chain mecha- School of Mechanical Engineering $115,000

nism in the overall kinetic scheme. West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-B

85-4

Purdue University 91. Heating and Evaporation of Turbulent Liquid

School of Mechanical Engineering $92,217 Films

West Lafayette, IN 47907 01-C . Mudawwar

87-3

This project aims at studying transport phenomena as90. Effect of Forced and Natural Convection on sociated with turbulent liquid film flow. Experiments

Solidification of Binary Mixtures have been performed with films undergoing sensible

F.P. Incropera heating or interfacial evaporation and correlations

have been developed for a wide range of operating conThis study deals with the influence of combined con- ditions. To better understand the effects of interfacial

vection mechanisms on the solidification of binary waves on film motion a new high resolution film thickmixtures in both rectangular and cylindrical geome- ness probe has been developed. Instantaneous meatries. The mechanisms include natural convection surements of film thickness have been obtained for

driven by temperature and solute concentration gradi- adiabatic film flow, and a modified probe design is exents, as well as forced convection due to an externally pected to provide film thickness measurements on an

imposed flow or a rotating surface. In the rectangular electrically heated test section. The remaining tasks of

geometry, solidification is induced at one or both of op- this project will involve obtaining simultaneous meaposing planar walls, with the ends capped, allowing surements of film thickness and liquid temperature to

for natural convection, or open, allowing for passage better understand the transient variation of the heat

of an imposed flow and therefore combined convec- transfer coefficient associated with film waviness. Partion. For the cylindrical geometry, solidification is in- allel to this study, simultaneous measurements of the

duced in the annular cavity between cooled inner instantaneous longitudinal and transverse velocity comand/or outer tube walls, and the ends are capped. Com- ponents and of film thickness will be used to correlate

bined convection is studied by solidifying at one tube a time-averaged eddy diffusivity profile which acwall while rotating the other wall. In addition, the ef- counts for interfacial wave activity.

fects of convection are studied under conditions for

which the inner cylinder is removed and solidification

is induced at a stationary or rotating end wall.

Engineering Research 38 1989
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute mathematical equations which are ultimately intended

Department of Mechanical Engineering, $233,471 for use in inelastic stress analysis and life prediction.

Aeronautical Engineering & Mechanics 01-B Creep-fatigue interaction and ratchetting are of special

Troy, NY 12180-3590 89-4 concern. The long-term goal is the development of a

finite element program that can directly calculate the

life-to-crack initiation of a component under a given 92. Ultimate Limits of Boiling Heat Fluxes load history.

A.F. Bergles, M.K. Jensen

For the experiments, an MTS servohydraulic axial/torThis study is directed toward the thermal-hydraulic be- sion test system is available together with an MTS

havior of water and aqueous mixtures, flowing in plain Data/Control Processor. Induction heating (10 kHz)

tubes and in tubes with enhancement devices, at very frequency), MTS biaxial grips and an MTS biaxial exhigh heat fluxes. The mode of heat transfer is sub- tensometer are available together with a reversing dicooled nucleate boiling, and the limiting phenomenon rect current potential drop facility. It is intended for

is the critical heat flux (CHF). Very large heat fluxes early monitoring of damage during cyclic loading. It

can be accommodated on a steady basis with pure has been tested out at room temperature.

water by use of large subcoolings, high velocities,

small tube diameters, and short tubes. It is expected Uniaxial and torsional ratchetting experiments showed

that simultaneous use of several enhancement tech- considerable strain accumulation at room temperature

niques will extend the maximum heat flux to at least and they demonstrate that ratchetting is due to viscous

5x10 W/m , which would be higher than reported in effects. Surprisingly, insignificant ratchetting and rate

any study to date. The wall temperature characteris- sensitivity were observed at 550,600 and 650°C for

tics, usually presented as a boiling curve, are unknown uniaxial tests. This unexpected finding was attributed

at such high heat fluxes. to strain aging in the stainless steel. A finite deformation theory of viscoplasticity based on overstress

An experimental program has been designed to system- (VBO) is being developed and is being implemented

atically investigate the effects of subcooling velocity, into a finite element computer program. To simulate

tube geometry, and enhancement techniques on CHF, the complex hardening behavior of AISI Type 304

the boiling curve, the pressure drop. The CHF's will Stainless Steel during non-proportional loading, new

be correlated as a function of flow and geometrical hardening rules are under investigation and are being

variables. The experiments will be complemented by implemented into the small deformation VBO theory

mechanistically based models for CHF under normal developed previously.

and enhanced conditions.

The experimental facility has been modified to permit Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

data acquisition under extreme conditions of flow and Department of Nuclear Engineering $124,000

heat flux. CHF data have been obtained with pure and Engineering Physics 01-C

water flowing in plain tubes to describe the main para- , 86-3

metric trends. A complementary data base of results Troy, NY 12180-3590

from the literature is being assembled for the correlation development 94. The Continuum Modeling of Two-Phase

Systems

R.T. Lahey, Jr., D.A. Drew

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Department of Mechanical Engineering, $129,400 The primary objective of the research being conducted

Aeronautical Engineering & Mechanics 01-A is to develop a mathematically consistent multidimenTroy, NY 12180-3590 88-3 sional two-fluid model which agrees with data and satisfies all the constraints implied by the postulates of

continuum mechanics. 93. Inelastic Deformation and Damage at High

Temperature To this end, an analytical basis for the identification of

E. Krempl unacceptable interfacial transfer laws is being developed. In addition, closure laws are being developed A combined theoretical and experimental investigation such that two-fluid models can be used to investigate

is performed to study the biaxial deformation and fail- many important phenomena, such as the prediction of

ure behavior of AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel under interfacial area density and flow regime transition.

low-cycle fatigue conditions at elevated temperature. Linear and nonlinear void wave phenomena are also

The purpose is to characterize the material behavior in being investigated in order to thoroughly understand

Engineering Research 39 1989
the effect of the closure conditions on the eigenvalues University Of Rochester

of the two-fluid model (i.e., well posedness). Department of Physics $63,594

and Astronomy 06-C

It is felt that the results of this research should signifi- Rochester, NY 14627 89-3

canly advance the state-of-the-art in the two-fluid

modeling of the two-phase flows such that in the fu- , , ad R e B r

ture, two-fluids models can be used with confidence 9 6 F lux F lo w ng and Res st v e B e ha v o r

for problems of industrial interest. Superconducting Networks

S. Teitel

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The motion of vortex structures, in response to applied

Department of Chemical Engineering $85,000 currents, is a major source of resistance in superconTroy, NY 12180-3590 01-C ducting networks in magnetic fields. Systems of interest include regular Josephson junction arrays and type 89-3 II superconductors, such as the new granular high Tc

ceramics. Numerical simulations of finite tempera- 95. Microcomputer Enhanced Optical ture, current carrying, networks will be carried out to

Investigation of Spreading and Evaporation provide a characterization of vortex response in nonProcesses in Ultra-Thin Films equilibrium situations. For periodic networks, currentP.C. Wayner, Jr. voltage (I-V) characteristics will be computed and

compared with experimental results. The effects on reThe physicochemical phenomena associated with fluid sistivity of transitions from pinned to unpinned or to

flow and change-of-phase heat transfer in ultra-thin melted vortex structures, will be investigated. For dis-

(thickness less than 10 T

m) liquid films will be stud- ordered networks, the effects of pinning in producing

ied. During the first year microscopic image-process- metastable vortex structures leading to glassy behavior

ing equipment, procedures, and related computer pro- will be explored.

grams will be developed to improve data resolution

and automate data acquisition. First, the image pro- To date, simulations have been carried out for the

cessing equipment will be developed and used in con- "fully frustrated" two dimensional regular Josephson

junction with an interferometer designed to study the junction array. I-V characteristics were computed and

transient film thickness in draining films in an inclined reasonable agreement found with experiment. Behavcell. The glass cell will be designed to optimize tem- ior was explained within a simple physical model, in

perature control, cleanliness and simplicity. The opti- which correlations between vortices is crucial for procal data will be obtained using a video camera at- ducing the critical excitations leading to vortex flow retached to a microscope through which the interference sistance.

fringes will be recorded. Transport processes in polar

and non-polar fluids, with and without heat transfer, This research will greatly enhance our fundamental unwill be experimentally studied and analyzed. Using the derstanding of pinning and flux flow resistance in suresults of these studies, an ellipsometer with a comple- perconducting materials. The results will have impact

mentary interferometer will be designed for construc- in understanding the magnetic properties of the new

tion and use in subsequent years. The long term objec- high Tc superconductors, and in the design of Josephtive is to determine the heat transfer characteristics of son junction arrays for use as microwave detectors and

evaporating ultra-thin liquid films. The near term ob- generators.

jective is to develop microscopic image-processing

equipment and a complementary heat transfer cell.

The Rockefeller University

Department of Physics $82,400

1230 York Avenue 06-C

New York, NY 10021 88-3

97. Some Basic Research Problems Related to

Energy

E.GD. Cohen

The present project is concerned with the following

problems. 1) The approach to thermal equilibrium of

dynamical systems with relatively few degrees of

Engineering Research 40 1989
freedom is studied. This is of interest not only for the development and application of the method to combusfoundations of statistical mechanics but also for chemi- tion problems is in progress.

cal and other problems. The question is: when does

equipartition of energy and other thermal equilibrium Combustion of heterogeneous solids is treated by

properties hold? Computer as well as theoretical calcu- means of stochastic network-breakup models reprelations will be used. 2) An investigation of Lorentz senting, on a macroscopic scale, the disintegration of a

lattice gas cellular automat with independent particles reacting particle into fragments, or on a microscopic

moving on a lattice occupied by randomly placed scat- scale, the thermochemical dissociation of a macromoterers is carried out. Two goals: a closer study of (a) lecular fuel such as coal. Such models have been forthe abnormal diffusion found in strictly deterministic mulated in work to date, and they are presently being

models and, (b) the connection with polymer statistics, validated based on comparison to coal pyrolysis and

Computer and analytic approaches will be employed, oxidation measurements.

This investigation is also expected to elucidate the connection between particle motion in lattice gas cellular

automata and the hydrodynamic behavior of fluids in Sandia National Laboratories

general. 3) A possible relation between the transport Combustion Research Facility $140,000

coefficients of a fluid in ordinary space and the Thermofluids Division 06-B

Lyapunov exponents of the same system in phase Livermore, CA 94551-0969 87-3

space will be investigated using computer simulations

as well as theory. 4) A newly discovered analogy between the structural relaxation found in dense atomic 99 Nonlinear Analysis of Ligament and Droplet

fluids and that in concentrated solloidal suspensions Breakup

will be further explored. Laboratory experiments, B.R. Sanders, H.A. Dwyer, D.S. Dandy

computer simulations as well as analytical methods

will be used. The objective of this research program is to study the

nonlinear fluid dynamics and transport processes

which govern the deformation and breakup of liquid

Sandia National Laboratories ligaments and large droplets. In particular, finiteCombustion Research Facility $140,000 volume computations will be used to study the time

Thermofluids Division 06-B evolution of surface disturbances on a three-dimenLivermore, CA 94550 87-3 sional liquid element as it deforms and breaks up under the influences of variable-property interfacial

tension, aerodynamic forces, liquid circulation, heat

98. Spatial Random Processes in Combustion transfer between phases, and vaporization. Since the

A.R. Kerstein three-dimensional analysis provides all surface force

components, the drag coefficient will also be characterThe goal of this project is to develop stochastic models ized for a family of non-axisymmetric liquid elements

which capture the dynamics of evolving spatial struc- as they experience the highly nonlinear transport protures observed experimentally in various combustion cesses mentioned above. The scope of this research

environments. Examples of such evolving structures proposal is limited to computational studies, however

are the surface morphology of a burning coal particle, this research is closely tied to experimental research efthe shape of a flame front traversing a turbulent fuel- forts at Sandia and elsewhere. Two spray combustion

air mixture, and the temperature field in a turbulent dif- experiments are beginning at Sandia's Combustion Refusion flame. search Facility, one with a pulsed spray and one with a

steady spray. Data from these experiments will aid in

The turbulent combustion environments are modeled verification of breakup criteria predicted by the model

by adopting a stochastic rearrangement process to sim- under development.

ulate convective stirring, in conjunction with a deterministic representation of molecular diffusion and

chemical reactions. Restriction of the computational

domain to one spatial dimension facilitates the inclusion of all relevant length scales in high-Reynoldsnumber flow simulations. This approach avoids the

difficulties that arise when the fine-scale processes are

modeled separately. Work to date has demonstrated

that this approach reproduces salient features observed

in several turbulent mixing experiments. Further

Engineering Research 41 1989
Science Applications International goal is to extend the extensive practical and theoretical

Corporation understanding of 2D boundary layers to more comApp.i Physic Plasma and ,Amonly encountered 3D boundary layers. Early work

Applied Physics Plasma and $88000 on this project examined distortions of a 2D boundary Technology Division 06-C layer with embedded longitudinal vortices. Extensive

10260 Campus Point Drive 88-2 data including 3-component mean velocity, all ReynSan Diego, CA 92121 olds stresses, the temperature field, and the heat transfer coefficient demonstrated that conventional two- 100. Transport Properties of Multi-Components dimensional similarity laws are violated by this

Fluids and of Suspensions important subclass of three-dimensional boundary layI. Oppenheim, J. McBride ers.

The first part of the research is to derive the non-linear The most recent experiment is a study of an initially

hydrodynamic equations for multi-component fluids to- 2D boundary layer which is skewed laterally by a presgether with the conditions under which they are valid sure gradient resulting in storing three dimensionality

using the statistical mechanics theory of mode-mode but little flow normal to the wall. Two different cases

coupling. The second part of the research is to study were examined in which the ratio of the streamwise to

the transport properties of suspensions using recently spanwise pressure gradient was varied. The turbudeveloped methods for eliminating fast variables in lence measurements showed that the ratio of the Reynmany-particle systems. A general non-equilibrium en- olds shearing stress to the turbulent kinetic energy falls

semble averaging has been used to generate macro- rapidly and the shear stress vector in the plane of the

scopic, nonlinear fluid-transport equations with correc- wall is not aligned with the strain rate. Both of these

tions due to long-time tail effects (the formalism can effects suggest rapid distortion of the turbulence strucbe used to derive hydrodynamic equations beyond the ture. However, the heat transfer behavior is not as

Navier-Stokes equations). The exact equations are complicated. A vector enthalpy thickness was defined

nonlocal in both space and time and can be simplified based on an integral analysis of the 3D boundary layer.

to yield local equations. The present theory which is Using the magnitude of the vector in the standard correstricted to one-component fluids is to be generalized relation of Stanton number versus enthalpy thickness

to include the effects of multi-component fields. The Reynolds number collapses the data from both the

aim is to obtain the nonlinear hydrodynamic equations measured data sets.

together with the properties of the appropriate longtime tail phenomena. A new technique for the derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation governing the prob- Stanford University

ability density for the position and momentum of a Department of Mechanical Engineering $170,000

heavy (Brownian) particle in a fluid has been devel- Stanford CA 94305-3030 01-A

oped. This technique is based on a scheme for elimi- -

nating fast variables for phenomenological equations. 86-4

The present research plan is to utilize this technique to

obtain the Fokker-Planck equation for many particles 102. Energy Changes in Transforming Solids

suspended in a fluid and for the perturbation of the G. Herrmann, D.M. Barnett

fluid properties due to the motion of these particles.

Previous treatments of suspensions have either been The objective of this research is to investigate probphenomenological or have used molecular theories lems of stressed deformable solids in which computawhich do not have the advantages outlines above. tions of energy changes and associated thermodynamic

(or configurational) forces have important implications.

Stanford University During the past year we have developed a computaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering $68,000 tional routine capable of computing the energies of

Stanford, CA 94305-3030 01-B and forces on dislocations in layered anisotropic

89-3 media, which are important configurations of interest

in modern integrated circuit technology. The theory of

101. Heat Transfer in Three-Dimensional interfacial (Stoneley) waves in bonded piezoelectric

Heat n Tree Transer ensonal half-spaces has been fully developed, as has also the Turbulent Boundary Layers theory and computations of so-called zero curative ex-

~~~~~~~~~J. Eaton ~traordinary transonic states in anisotropic elastic

media. Orientations and elastic constant restriction adThe objectives of this research are to identify, under- mitting Type 3 transonic states have been delineated

stand, and model the effects of three dimensionality on for five of the eight anisotropic crystal classes. Color

turbulent boundary layer heat transfer. The long term

Engineering Research 42 1989
computer graphics is now being used to produce three- We are now developing a new acoustic transducer opdimensional views of slowness surfaces in anisotropic erating in air which utilized a 1000 A thick pellicle of

elastic and piezoelectric solids; this work has also led boron nitride as the detector of acoustic waves in the

to the production of faster algorithms for determining air. The deflection of the surface is measured by

the limiting speed which defines the first transonic highly sensitive optical phase measurement of an optistate. In the coming year we intend to improve these cal beam reflected from the pellicle. The system is as

graphics capabilities to include rotations and slicing, sensitive as our previous acoustic transducer, but has

and to extend our elastic studies to deduce the behav- the advantage that it can be operated over a bandwidth

ior at interfacial crack tip singularities in anisotropic from a few Hz to several MHz.

elastic and piezoelectric media.

Problems of composite materials consisting of single Stanford University

inclusions or two inclusions have been solved using a Department of Civil Engineering $121,000

"circle theorem" developed previously and a "two-cir- Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 01-B

cle theorem" discovered in the past year. The latter Stanford, CA 94305-4020 87-3

theorem is now being used to study inclusions with either bonded or "slipping" interfaces. Using Noether's . d Ms of D e D

theorem, conservation laws based on non-classical 1 0 4 .

F l

ud M e c ha n s D o ubl e D f usi

v e S ys t em s

transformations are being examine for their applica- JR. Kosef, R.L. Street, S.G. Schladow

tion to fracture and defect mechanics. Finally, our previous work on isothermal thermodynamics of stressed This project is focused on processes that occur in a

solids as applied to theories of damage in brittle solids double-diffusive system subject to external forcing,

is being extended to non-isothermal conditions. using a combined experimental and numerical approach. In particular it addresses a water body that is

continuously stratified in both temperature and salinStanford University ity. The forcing is provided by a combination of a latW.W. W.W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics $ 0 eral heat flux and a surface shear. Double-diffusive in- Hansen Laboratories of Physics $0 stabilities and mixed layer deepening occurs in

Stanford, CA 94305-3030 03-B response to this forcing, resulting in changes to the ver87-3 tical and horizontal fluxes of heat and salt. The goals

are to (1) understand the initiation and evolution of the

103. Nondestructive Testing double diffusive instabilities, (2) quantify the effects

G.S. Kino on the vertical fluxes, and (3) compare observations of

the mixed layer deepening the existing data for singly

The aim of this project is to arrive at techniques for stratified systems.The experimental component has to

contactless nondestructive testing and range sensing. date concentrated on the effects of lateral heating. A

Devices which can be rapidly scanned over a surface new 4.0 m long and 0.8 m wide experimental tank, toso as to detect flaws and measure their profiles are gether with appurtenant facilities for controlling the

badly needed. The measurement of parameters such initial stratification, has been commissioned. The end

as surface roughness are also required. For this pur- wall of this tank is uniformly heated using a radiant

pose, we are developing acoustic sensors operating in source. Fast response thermistor and conductivity

air and contactless photoacoustic techniques. probes are used to provide vertical profiles, and flow

visualization is provided by video imaging of dye in ilWe have developed a new type of PZT ceramic acous- luminated planes. Initial findings suggest that the natic transducer with a quarter wavelength matching ture of resulting convective intrusions is a function of

layer of RTV rubber which operates in air in the fre- two dimensionless stability parameters.The numerical

quency range of 18 MHz. The transducer itself has component involves using a finite volume formulation

been used for range sensing and for photoacoustic mea- of the non-linear Navier-Stokes, conservation of mass,

surements. As an example, it has enabled us to mea- and conservation of species equations in three space disure regions of high surface recombination rates on mensions and in time. The experimental results sugsemiconductors by varying the number of injected car- gest that the high resolution required to satisfactorily

riers in a semiconductor, using a laser beam modulated represent the intrusion interfaces will make a convenat 2 MHz. We detect the rf term in the surface temper- tional modeling approach very difficult, with the numature due to recombination. Similar techniques have ber of grid points required to resolve the interfaces exbeen used by us to measure film thicknesses and pro- cessive, even in the context of moder

files. supercomputers. For this reason work on implementing an adaptive gridding procedure has been commenced. Adaptive gridding allow the grid to be selectively refined only in those areas where high resolution

Engineering Research 43 1989
is required, thus facilitating large savings in both com- Stanford University

putational time and memory requirements. Department of Chemistry $229,390

Stanford, CA 94305 06-C

89-3 Stanford University

Department of Mechanical Engineering $0 106. Reduction of Dissipation in Combustion and

Stanford, CA 94305 03-B Engines

88-4 J. Ross

105. Diagnostics For Plasma Chemistry Research is concerned with the issue of the enhanceCM. Kruger, MA. Cappelli ment of power output in thermal and chemical engines

by means of external perturbations of constraints couThis research is directed to the development of optical pled to nonlinearities of the mechanism of the engine.

diagnostics for plasma chemistry and plasma process- The theoretical possibility of an increase in power outing, with an emphasis on methods that assess and mea- put of a thermal engine driven by a chemical reaction

sure departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium by means of external periodic variations of reactant inwhich can result from finite chemical reaction rates, el- flux has been confirmed in a series of experiments.

evated electron temperatures and densities, and radia- The power output of an engine is necessarily accompation loss effects. The research utilizes a newly imple- nied by dissipation due to irreversible processes essenmented induction-plasma facility and existing tial for power production. Hence an increase in power

high-power lasers in the High Temperature Gas output by means of external perturbations usually imDynamics Laboratory. Optical methods are being de- plies a decrease in dissipation but may also come

veloped for concentrations of chemical species in plas- about due to a change in the final state of the system.

mas and plasma parameters including electron density Increases in efficiency can be achieved for a particular

and temperature. The research is intended to provide a range of frequencies and amplitudes of external perturmore firm scientific basis for the understanding of bations which yield resonance effects and appropriate

plasma chemistry and its practical development by pro- phase shifts of fluxes and forces. Theoretical and exviding diagnostic techniques to monitor plasma param- perimental studies are in progress on optimization of

eters and in investigating the importance and effects of efficiency by choices of functional forms of external

nonequilibrium on so-called thermal plasmas. perturbations. A variational theory has been constructed which gives limits of improvements in effiResults to date from spectroscopic measurements of ciency by external perturbations.

the inductively coupled plasma show significant nonequilibrium at the exit of a specially constructed quartz

test section and suggest possible errors in conventional Stanford University

diagnostics assuming local thermodynamic equilib- Department of Mechanical Engineering $84,708

rium. Measurements of the radiation source strength Design Division 03-A

in argon indicate an order-of-magnitude difference Stanford, CA 94305 88-3

from values reported earlier at temperatures of interest

in plasma processing. These results have been interpreted in terms of nonequilibrium effects in the earlier 107 Global Optimization of Non-Polynomial

experiments. Preliminary results with an auxilary non- Design Models

equilibrium discharge suggest that plasma nonequilib- DJ. Wilde

rium can have a significant effect on chemical reaction

rates, as predicted theoretically. This theoretical and computational research intends to

bring the theory and practice of Monotonicity Analysis

and Geometric Programming to bear on variational

and finite element optimization problems related to mechanical component shaping. Better analysis, approximation and computation methods would contribute to

the design of lower weight, more energy efficient vehicles and machines.

Monotonicity Analysis would rapidly identify active

constraints, and Geometric Programming would produce models more accurately describing the functions

involved. Since for existing methods each iteration requires a computationally intensive finite element

Engineering Research 44 1989
analysis of the structure involving thousands of vari- driven damped pendulum, the bouncing ball, the partiables, these innovations are intended to reduce the cle in the standing wave field. All systems studied exnumber of iterations. A Geometric Programming ap- hibited the rapid convergence to the universal system

proximation of a finite element model of a cantilever as predicted. The fundamental theory of dissipative

support has converged after only four finite element dynamical systems, represented by two dimensional

analyses. maps has been established.

Earlier related work on non-convex optimization applied to geometric modeling has produced a unique University Of Texas At Austin

convergent convex decomposition of 3-dimensional Center for Studies in Statistical Mech. $100,000

polyhedra, an extension of the Alternating Sum of Vol- Austin, TX 78712 06-C

umes (ASV) method which does not always converge. 88-3

This hierarchical volumetric procedure can be applied

to such 3D geometric problems as point inclusion, 109. The Behavior of Matter Under

robot path planning, feature recognition, equality oneiiri onition d

checking and mass property computation. Nonequilibrium Conditions: Fundamental Aspects and Application in Energy-Oriented

Problems

Stevens Institute Of Technology . Prigogine

Department of Physics and Engineering $ 66,757

Hoboken, NJ 07030 06-C This research aims at new fundamental developments 87-4n in the area of non-equilibrium phenomena, as well as

at various applications to disciplines in which complex

systems giving rise to instabilities and bifurcations are

108. Investigation of Transitions From Order to of current and primary concern. Special emphasis is

Chaos in Dynamical Systems being placed on three principal directions: 1) ContinuG. Schmidt ation of the Study of Self-Organization on the Microscopic Scale, as exemplified in the early stages of matThe transition from order to chaos in dynamical sys- ter-radiation interaction. 2) Investigation of the onset

tems of few degrees of freedom are studied, using the- of coherent temporal behavior and spatial pattern forory, numerical computation and a laboratory experi- mation at the microscopic level, by means of molecument as tools of this investigation. This work is nearly lar dynamics: a) Approach to equilibrium starting from

completed and we are tooling up to study more com- initial nonequilibrium spatial distributions. Prelimiplex systems with many degrees of freedom. nary results show that equilibrium structures are produced by nonequilibrium processes, involving longWe have determined the dynamics of transition from range and long-living correlations. b) Observation of

Hamiltonian to dissipative systems in the chaotic re- sustained stable rhythmic phenomena in a model ingime. As the Hamiltonian limit is approached, strange volving 3 chemical intermediates undergoing binary

attractors disappear in an orderly fashion as dissipation collisions. Preliminary results show agreement with

is reduced. There exist a set of universal Jacobians Jn' macroscopic reaction-diffusion theory, for a homogewhere the 2n piece strange attractors disappear. This neous system. The onset of stable spatial chemical patphenomenon is universal as we have proven using terns (Turing instability) is currently under investigarenormalization calculations, in the vicinity of the uni- tion. The important conclusion is that dissipative

versal Hamiltonian function T*. In fact we have structures are the outcome of dynamical processes at

shown that all phenomena possess a universal scaling the microscopic theories which are based on phenomcin the K-J parameter space, where K is the strength pa- nological assumptions. 3) Molecular dynamics comrameter and J is the Jacobian. puter experiments testing the limits of validity of macroscopics physics: The traditional formulation of

We studied universal strange attractors, homoclinic macroscopic physics rests on the strict applicability of

and heteroclinic crises, Liapunov exponents and win- the local equilibrium assumption. Most of the familiar

dows. Everything scales along fan lines in parameter phenomena of non-linear physics, such as hydrodyspace in a well defined manner. namical and chemical instabilities, turbulence, combustion etc. are direct manifestations of this hypothesis.

Physical systems that produce two dimensional maps For gas-phase exothermal chemical reactions, signifiare of course different from the universal ones. We cant deviations from the usual equilibrium theory have

have found recently that such systems exhibit ex- recently been measured through molecular dynamics.

tremely rapid convergence to the universal sequence The origin of these deviations can be explained by the

of Jn values. Among the systems studied were the perturbation of the local Maxwellian distribution

Engineering Research 45 1989
through reactive collisions. Quantitative agreement homopolar generator driven rail guns. These plasmas

with a theory taking account of this effect have been will be studied using high speed emission spectrosestablished. copy and laser induced fluorescence in order to determine the composition and temperature of the plasma,

and to detect the development and influence of the

University Of Texas At Austin vapor shield produced by the surface when it is heated

Department of Physics $147,000 rapidly. The experimental results will be used to modAustin, TX 78712 06-C ify and refine the numerical model so as to provide an

87-5 accurate and reliable predictive tool. The model will

characterize the basic physical processes that govern

the interaction between a surface and a transient en- 110. Complex Temporal and Spatial Patterns in ergy flux. Because it is fundamentally based, rather

Nonequilibrium Systems than empirical, the model will be more readily adaptH.L. Swinney able to a wide range of situations in which surfaces are

irradiated by intense energy fluxes. The model develDynamical systems methods are being developed and oped during the course of this work will allow better

used to characterized nonequilibrium processes and to design of devices such as high current density brushes

address outstanding unresolved questions regarding bi- and switch gear, arc welding apparatus, rail guns, and

furcations and chaos, especially in reaction-diffusion fusion reactors.

systems. An information-theoretic property, the mutual

information, is being examined as a means for detecting and quantifying spatiotemporal chaos. The work Tufts University

has demonstrated that information on dynamics de- Department of Mechanical Engineering $ 57,000

duced from noisy data can be used to reduce the noise Medford, MA 02155 01-A

in those data. These tools from dynamical systems 8

and information theory are being applied to data obtained in laboratory experiments on homogeneous systems and on extended systems. A novel unstirred 112. Effective Elastic Properties of Cracked Solids

chemical reactor has been designed for studies of the M. Kachanov

development and evolution of chemical spatial patterns, and experiments with this reactor have yielded The knowledge of effective elastic properties of solids

the first sustained chemical spatial patterns in a with cracks appears to be of increasing engineering imcontrolled laboratory environment These laboratory portance. Extensive microcracking in structural eleexperiments and numerical and analytic studies of ments working under conditions of high temperatures

models should provide general insights into spatiotem- or irradiation, microcracking in composite materials

poral patterns in nonequilibrium systems. under fatigue conditions may noticeably reduce the

stiffness of the material and make it ansiotropic. Understanding and prediction of these changes are essenUniversity Of Texas At Austin tial for proper design and strength and lifetime assessDepartment of Mechanical Engineering $138,700 ments.A new approach to many cracks problems based

and Center for Energy Studies 01-B on interrelating the average tractions on individual

Austin, TX 78712 87-3 cracks is introduced. Its advantages are that it yields simple analytical results which are quite accurate up to

very high crack densities and that it can be applied to

111. Self-Shielding of Surfaces Irradiated by crack arrays or arbitrary geometry. Relation between

Intense Energy Fluxes deterioration of elastic properties and "damage" is disP.L. Varghese, JR. Howell cussed.

The objective of this work is to study the interactions

between high-temperature, high velocity plasmas and

solid surfaces. There are two main thrusts in the program: numerical modeling and experimental testing of

model predictions. This calibrated modeling procedure will provide information for reliable predictions

of plasma-surface interactions with extremely high energy fluxes. The work will be conducted in unique facilities at the University of Texas at Austin. Plasmas at

high temperatures (greater than 10,000 K) and densities (10 /cm ) will be accelerated in capacitor or

Engineering Research 46 1989
United Technologies Research Center Washington State University

Propulsion Science Laboratory $185,024 Department of Mechanical Engineering $70,000

East Hartford, CT 06108 06-A Pullman, WA 99164-2920 01-B

89-3 89-2

113. Laser Diagnostics Of PACVD Processes 114. Particle Dispersion by Ordered Motion in

W.C. Roman, S.O. Hay, FA. Otter*, Mixing Layers

A. C. Eckbreth T.R. Troutt

The objectives of this research are to perform a corn- Recent experimental and numerical results have

prehensive experimental investigation of the funda- shown that organized vortex structures in plane mixing

mental nonequilibrium reactive plasma assisted chemi- layers dominate the particle dispersion process. These

cal vapor deposition (PACVD) process applicable to previous results show that if the time scale of organhard face coatings. Based on its superior erosion resis- ized vortex motion is of the same order as the particle

tance, TiB2 was selected as the initial coating for depo- aerodynamic response time significantly enhanced parsition onto a titanium alloy substrate (Ti-6A1-4V). In tide dispersions rates will occur. Moreover, these pretask I, novel non-intrusive laser diagnostic techniques vious studies have also shown that advanced computer

(e.g. Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy models can be employed to accurately predict the dis-

(LIFS), and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectros- persion patterns for various size particles injected into

copy (CARS) are being used to determine, in situ, the a plane mixing layer.

reactive plasma composition, temperature, and species

concentration and distribution in the gas phase. Cou- The present research extends the previous study to the

pled with these experiments will be modeling of the more complex flows associated with plane wakes.

plasma chemistry process. The second task includes These flows have organized vortex patterns with differuse of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Ion Scat- ing senses of vorticity in addition to having near wake

tering Spectroscopy (ISS), Secondary Ion Mass Spec- recirculation regions. Both the particle/vortex time

troscopy (SIMS) and other complementary techniques scale ratio and a spatial ratio created at the wake initiafor detailed coating characterization. These are being tion involving the upstream boundary layer thickness

combined with physical measurements of coating sur- and the trailing edge thickness and the trailing edge

face smoothness, hardness (state-of-the-art nanoinden- thickness of the wake generation body become importer apparatus) and adherence (UTRC custom built pin- tant parameters affecting the particle dispersion paton-disc apparatus). These combined tasks will allow a terns. The specific objectives of this research program

correlation of the PACVD parameters with their re- are to determine the role of organized vortices in the

quired coating properties, thus providing a predictive particle dispersion process in plane wakes, to detercapability that is severely lacking in the present sci- mine the influence of both the time and spatial ratio paence base of advanced protective coatings. Results to rameters in the particle dispersion process in plane

date include: 1) fabrication of a 5 kW rf PACVD reac- wakes, and to determine the effect of controlled forctor system integrated with a completely oil-free, high ing on the particle dispersion process in plane wakes.

vacuum system; 2) exploratory spectral emission sur- These objectives are to be pursued using a combined

veys for major molecular band and atomic line identifi- approach involving both advanced experimental and

cation; 3) development of a colinear, scanned, nar- numerical techniques. The potential outcome of these

rowband CARS system; 4) implementation of a

ultramicrohardness tester and adhesion test apparatus; studies is to determine if previously successful

5) initial characterization of TiB2 and diamond coat- techniques and concepts can be applied to a more comings; and 6) first time CARS measurement of several plex flow with close connections to many technologikey species (e.g. B2H6). cally important situations. If this outcome is realized

implementation of these new concepts for practical advantages in new designs is highly plausible.

* UTRC consultant, presently at University of Connecticut/Institute of Materials Science

Engineering Research 47 1989
University Of Wisconsin University Of Wisconsin

Mechanical Engineering Department $103,200 Department of Chemical Engineering $110,000

Madison, WI 53201 01-C Madison, WI 53706 03-A

87-3 89-3

115. Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in 116. The Development of Process Design and

Two-Phase Flow Systems Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency, High

G. Kocamustafaogullari Product Quality, and Improved Productivity

in the Process Industries

The research program is a joint effort by the members W.H. Ray

of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and Argonne National Laboratory. The objective of the re- The process industries are having great difficulty comsearch program is to develop instrumentation peting in the world market because of high energy

techniques, a data base and predictive methods for de- costs, high labor rates, and old technology for many

scribing the interfacial structure of horizontal and verti- processes. This project is concerned with the developcal two-phase flow, such as flow pattern transitions, in- ment of process design and control strategies for imterfacial area concentration and interfacial wave proving energy efficiency, product quality, and producstructure. The special emphasis will be placed on de- tivity in the process industry. In particular, (i) the

veloping local interfacial area concentration measure- resilient design and control of chemical reactors, and

ment techniques, and two-phase flow-pattern transition (ii) the operation of complex processing systems, will

criteria. The latter include 1) scaling criteria in terms be investigated. Major emphasis in part (i) will be on

of systems size and fluid properties 2) entrance geome- two important classes of chemical reactors: polymertry and developing flow effects, and 3) rational proce- ization processes and packed bed reactors. In part (ii),

dure and design criteria for predicting these effects. the main focus will be on developing process identification and control procedures which allow the design

To achieve the objectives, the technical approach is di- of advanced control systems based on limited process

vided into three parts. The first part deals with theoret- information and which will work reliably when proical modeling of the interfacial area and flow-pattern cess parameters change in an unknown manner. Spetransitions based on physical mechanisms. The second cific topics to be studied include new process identifipart is concerned with designing and performing hori- cation procedures, nonlinear controller designs,

zontal and vertical two-phase flow experiments to gen- adaptive control methods, and techniques for distriberate benchmark data using flow visualization and ob- uted parameter systems. Both fundamental and immejective measurements. Finally, the third part deals diately applicable results are expected. The theoretical

with incorporating the results of theoretical and experi- developments are being tested experimentally on pilot

mental studies to examine and verify the validity of scale equipment in the laboratory. These experiments

proposed flow-pattern transition mechanisms and inter- not only allow improvements in theoretical work, but

facial area concentration modeling. also represent real life demonstrations of the effectiveness of the methods and of the feasibility of impleThe results of this research program will provide infor- menting them in an industrial environment The new

mation in horizontal and vertical two-phase flow fun- techniques developed in this project will be incorpodamentals and information critical to the design of rated into computer-aided design packages and dissemadvanced two-phase flow systems. inated to industry. Therefore, it is expected that the

work will have an impact on industrial practice.

Engineering Research 48 1989
Budget Number Index

Mechanical Sciences:

01-A Solid Mechanics: macroscopic aspects of elastic and plastic

deformations, and crack propagation

01-B Heat Transfer

01-C Fluid Mechanics

01-D Tribology

Control Systems and Instrumentation:

03-A Control systems, large scale systems

03-B Instrumentation for hostile environment, and NDE

03-C Intelligent systems

Engineering Data and Analysis:

06-A Thermophysical properties and processes

06-B Combustion

06-C Non-linear dynamics and engineering analysis
Project Titles

Budget Page

Number Number

01-A

Bounds on Dynamic Plastic Deformation ...................... .2

Micromechanical Viscoplastic Stress-Strain Model with Grain Boundary Sliding . 12

A Micromechanical Viscoplastic Stress-strain Model with Grain Boundary Sliding 13

Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis Emphasis on Surface Flaws ........... . 15

Continuous Damage Mechanics II .......................... 18

Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks ...................... 27

Energetics of Comminution ............................. 27

Inelastic Deformation and Damage at High Temperature .............. 39

Energy Changes in Transforming Solids ....................... 42

Effective Elastic Properties of Cracked Solids .................... 46

01-B

The Turbulent Transport of Heat Within a Longitudinal Vortex/Boundary

Layer Interaction ................... ............... .4

Radiation in Particulate Systems ............................ 5

High Flux Film and Transition Boiling ....................... 14

Heat Transfer to Aqueous Polymer Solutions .................... 17

The Impact of Separated Flow on Heat and Mass Transfer ............. 30

Thinning And Rupture of a Thin Liquid File on a Horizontal Heated Solid Surface 34

Ultimate Limits of Boiling Heat Fluxes ............. .......... 39

Heating and Evaporation of Turbulent Liquid Films ............... 38

Heat Transfer in Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers ......... 42

Fluid Mechanics of Double Diffusive Systems ................... 43

Self-Shielding of Surfaces Irradiated by Intense Energy Fluxes ........... 46

Particle Dispersion by Ordered Motion in Mixing Layers .............. 47

01-C

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Systems ....... .1

Theoretical/Experimental Study of Stability Control ................ .2

Basic Studies of Transport Processes in Porous Media .............. .5

Parameterization of Intermittent Turbulence and the Vorton Method ........ .8

Turbulent Structure in Liquid Streams Bounded by a Free Surface and a Solid Wall .9

Droplet Motion in Numerically Simulated Turbulence ............... 11

Experiments in Turbulent Mixing .......................... 12

Two Phase Potential Flow ............. ............. .. 13

Comparative Study of the Vorticity Field in Turbulent Flows: Theory,

Experiments, Computations ............................ 13

Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines ............................ 17

Numerical and Physical Modeling of Bubbly Flow Phenomena .......... 19

The Use of Optical Flow Fields in Establishing Stereo Correspondence ...... 21

Engineering Research 1989
Project Titles

01-C (continued)

Comparative Study of the Vorticity Field in Turbulent Flows: Theory,

Experiment, Computations ............................ 22

Dryout in Horizontal and Almost Horizontal Heated Tubes ........ ... 25

Rheological and Flow Characteristics of Dense Multiphase Slurries

Employing a Bimodal Model ........................... 28

Lubricated Pipelining ............................... 29

Residence Time Distribution Approach to the Study of Free Convection

in Porous Media ............................... .31.

Comparative Study of Vorticity Field in Turbulent Flows ............ .32

Periodically Structured Multiphase Flows and Hydrodynamic Instabilities

in Narrow Channels ................................ 32

Attenuation of Waves in Partially Saturated Porous Solids ............. 35

Study of Interfacial Behavior in Cocurrent Gas-Liquid Flows ........... 35

Effect of Forced and Natural Convection on Solidification of Binary Mixtures . . 38

Microcomputer Enhanced Optical Investigation of Spreading and Evaporation

Processes in Ultra-Thin Films .. ................... 40

The Continuum Modeling of Two-Phase Systems .................. 39

Interfacial Area and Interfacial Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Systems ....... 48

01-D

The Development of a Friction Model Predicting the Sliding Behavior of

Material Pairs, Especially at Low Temperatures ................. 26

03-A

Integration of Redesign Methodologies for Chemical Processes .......... 10

Integrated Sensor Model Development for Automated Welding .......... 16

Model Building and Control of Large Scale Systems ............ ........ . 16

Vibrational Control of Chemical Reactors: Selectivity Enhancement,

Stabilization and Improvement of Transient Behavior .............. 18

Screening Alternative Control Structures for Plant Control System ......... 23

Synthesis of Heat and Work Integration Systems for Chemical Process Plants . . . 25

Global Optimization of Non-Polynomial Design Models .......... ... . 44

The Development of Process Design and Control Strategies for Energy Efficiency,

High Product Quality, and Improved Productivity in the Process Industries . . . 48

03-B

New Ultrasonic Imaging and Measurement Techniques for NDE .......... .1

Nondestructive Characterization of Fracture Dynamics and Crack Growth . . . . . 15

Applications of Molecules as High Resolution, High-Sensitivity

Threshold Electron Detectors ...... .. ....... . ...... ..19

Two-Phase Flow Measurements by NMR ...................... 20

Pulse Propagation in Inhomogeneous Optical Fibers ................ 21

Engineering Research 1989
Project Titles

03-B (continued)

Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding ...................... 24

Multivariable Control Of The Gas-Metal Arc Welding Process .. . ........ 26

Thermophysical Property Measurements in Fluid Mixtures ............ 31

Effects of Crack Geometry and Near-Crack Material Behavior on

Scattering of Ultrasonic Waves for QNDE Applications ............. 34

Physics of Cellular Automata and Coherence and Chaos in Many-Body

Dynamical Systems .... ... ....................... 36

Interaction of Radiation with Surface Microstructure ................ 36

Nonuniform Liouville Transformers for Quasi-Homogeneous Optical Fields . . . 37

Nondestructive Testing ............. ....... 43

Diagnostics For Plasma Chemistry ...................... . 44

03-C

Research on a Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System ............ 10

Neural Learning Formalisms for Global Manipulator Redundancy

Resolution Problems in Unstructured Environments ....... ....... 19

The Creation of Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanisms for Robotic Applications . 22

Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR) ........... 36

06-A

In-Flight Measurement of the Temperature of Small, High Velocity Particles .. .14

Experimental Measurement of the Plasma/Particle Interaction .. . ...... 16

Design and Synthesis of Reactive Separation Systems ............... 23

High Temperature Gas-Particle Reactions ........ ......... . .. . 24

Mathematical Modelling of Transport Phenomena in Plasma Studies ....... 28

Neutron Scattering From a Sheared Liquid: a Proposal to Construct

the Shearing Apparatus ....... ... .................. 30

Transport Properties Of Disordered Porous Media From The Microstructure . . . . 34

Experimental And Theoretical Studies Of Condensation In

Multicomponent Systems ............................. 37

Laser Diagnostics Of PACVD Processes ..................... 47

06-B

Combustions and Heat Transfer in Porous Media .................. .2

Studies in the Combustion and Breakup of Transverse Liquid Jets and Fuel Droplets 6

Fuel Droplets Subject to Straining Flow ..................... . .7

Controlled Combustion ............................... 20

Analysis of Transport Mechanisms in Dense Fuel Droplet Sprays ........ 33

Structure and Stabilization of Premixed and Diffusion Flames ........... 37

Spatial Random Processes in Combustion . .......... .. . .. 41

Nonlinear Analysis of Ligament and Droplet Breakup ............. 41

Engineering Research 1989
Project Titles

06-C

Transport in Porous/Disordered Materials .................. . .. 3

Two Studies of Nonlinear Processes in Irreversible Thermodynamics ....... .3

Self-generated Stochastic Heating in an RF Discharge ............... .4

Modeling of Energy and Particle Transport ................ .. .. 6

Wave Turbulence and Self-Localization in Continuous Media ......... .6

Lattice Gas Simulation of Fluid Flows ................ .... .. 7

The Stochastic Trajectory Analysis Technique (STAT) Applied to

Chemical, Mechanical and Quantum Systems .................. .8

Bifurcations and Patterns in Nonlinear Systems .................. .9

Topics in Finite-Time Thermodynamics .................. . . . . 11

Fundamentals and Techniques of Nonimaging Optics for Solar

Energy Concentration ............................... 11

Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics ........................... 20

Study of Magnetostatic Problems in Nonlinear Media with Hysteresis ....... 21

Mixing of Viscous Fluids: Behavior of Microstructures and Chaos ........ 23

A Parity Simulator for Nuclear Power Plant Dynamics ....... ....... 25

Macrostatistical Hydrodynamics ........................... 29

Thermal Plasma Processing of Materials ..................... 30

Low Resistivity Ohmic Contacts between Semiconductors and

High-Tc Superconductors ............................. 31

Topics in Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics .................... 33

Flux Flow, Pinning, and Resistive Behavior in Superconducting Networks . . . . 40

Some Basic Research Problems Related to Energy ................. 40

Transport Properties of Multi-Components Fluids and of Suspensions ....... 42

Reduction of Dissipation in Combustion and Engines ................ 44

Investigation of Transitions From Order to Chaos in Dynamical Systems ..... 45

The Behavior of Matter Under Nonequilibrium Conditions: Fundamental

Aspects and Application in Energy-Oriented Problems .............. 45

Complex Temporal and Spatial Patterns in Nonequilibrium Systems ........ 46

Engineering Research 1989
Principal Investigators

J.D. Achenbach 34 M. Ishii 1 C. Peterson 27

G. Ahlers 9 Y. Iwasa 26 E. Pfender 30

S.H. Alajajian 19 J. Jannson 37 G.C. Pomraning 6

S. Banerjee 9 CJayaprakash 36 I. Prigogine 45

S.G. Bankoff 34 M.K. Jensen 39 R.F. Probstein 28

J. Barhen 19 J.A. Johnson 15,16 A. Prosperetti 19

D.M. Barnett 42 M.C. Jones 31 S. Putterman 6

T. Basar 16 E.H. Jordan 12 W.H. Ray 48

A.F. Bergles 39 D.D. Joseph 29 E. L. Reiss 2

R. S. Berry 11 M. Kachanov 46 W.G. Reuter 15

L.T. Biegler 10 T. Kanade 10 L.D. Reynolds 16

P.P. Bolsaitis 24 AR. Karagozian 6 W.C. Roman 47

H. Brenner 29 A.N. Kaufman 20 J. Ross 44

D.S. Cannell 9 R.Kayser 31 B.R. Sanders 41

M.A. Cappelli 44 A.R. Kerstein 41 S.G. Schladow 43

I. Catton 5 J. Kestin 3 G. Schmidt 45

A. Chutjian 19 T. Keyes 3 J.M.H. Sengers 31

A. Cinar 18 P.K. Khosla 10 K. Seshadri 7

E.G.D. Cohen 40 G.S. Kino 43 C.B. Shaw 16

D.S. Dandy 41 C. Kleinstreuer 33 G.I. Sivashinsky 33

S.H. Davis 34 G. Kocamustafaogullari 48 H.B. Smartt 16

M.F. Doherty 23 P. Kokotovic 16 S.C. Snyder 16

J.M. Douglas 23 J.R. Koseff 43 R.L. Street 43

D.A. Drew 39 D. Krajcinovic 18 H.L. Swinney 46

J.H. Duncan 21 E. Krempl 39 J. Szekely 28

H.A. Dwyer 41 C.H. Kruger 44 S. Teitel 40

T.W. Eagar 24 R.T. Lahey, Jr. 39 K. Telschow 15

J. Eaton 42 C.K. Law 37 G.L. Thompson 10

A.C. Eckbreth 47 E. Levich 32 D.O. Thompson 1

P.A. Eibeck 4 P.A. Libby 7 C.L. Tien 5

J.W. Ekin 31 AJ. Lichtenberg 4 T.W. Tong 2

J.F. Elliot 24 M.A. Lieberman 4 S. Torquato 34

L.B. Evans 25 K. Lindenberg 8 T.R. Troutt 47

H. Fenech 9 R.G. Littlejohn 20 L. Tsai 22

J.R.Fincke 14 W.R. Lloyd 15 S.P.Vanka 2

M.B. Frish 37 C.M. Maldarelli 32 P.L. Varghese 46

E. Fukushima 20 M.F. Malone 23 K.P. Walker 13

RJ. Goldstein 29 I.C. Mayergoyz 21 J.M. Wallace 22

A.K. Graham 29 J. McBride 42 G.B. Wallis 13

S. Graham 15 F.A. McClintock 27 Z. Warhaft 12

P. Griffith 25 MJ. McCready 35 P.C. Wayner, Jr. 40

I.E. Grossmann 10 J.B. McLaughlin 11 C.R. Weisbin 36

H.J.M. Hanley 30 C. Menyuk 21 A.W. Westerberg 10

T.J. Hanratty 17 M.J. Miksis 35 DJ. Wilde 44

K.F. Hansen 25 L.A. Mondy 29 G. Wilemski 37

D.E. Hardt 26 J. Moreland 31 F.A. Williams 7

J.P. Hartnett 17 I. Mudawwar 38 R. Winston 11

B. Hasslacher 7 T.M. Mulcahy 2 L.C. Witte 14

S.O. Hay 47 E.A. Novikov 8 J.D. Wolfe 31

F.Hayot 36 A.K. Oppenheim 20 C. K. Youngdahl 2

G. Herrmann 42 I. Oppenheim 42 J. Zemel 36

G. Hetsroni 9 O.J. Orient 19

J.R. Howell 46 F.A. Otter 47

D.K. Hsu 1 J.M. Ottino 23

A.K.M. Hussain 13 D.M. Parks 27

F.P. Incropera 38 R.E. Peck 2
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