DOE/ER-0352

Summaries of FY 1987

Engineering Research

November 1987

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

-7^
DOE/ER-0352

Dist. Category UC-38

Summaries of FY 1987

Engineering Research

November 1987

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

Washington, D.C. 20545
FOREWORD

This report documents the BES Engineering Research program for fiscal year

1987; it provides a summary for each of the program projects in addition to

a brief program overview. The report is intended to provide staff of

Congressional committees, other executive departments, and other DOE

offices with substantive program information so as to facilitate

governmental overview and coordination of Federal research programs. Of

equal importance, its availability facilitates communication of program

information to interested research engineers and scientists. The

organizational chart for the DOE Office of Energy Research (OER) on the

next page delineates the six Divisions within the OER Office of Basic

Energy Sciences (BES). Each BES Division administers basic, mission

oriented research programs in the area indicated by its title. The BES

Engineering Research program is one such program; it is administered by the

Engineering and Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Oscar P. Manley is

technical manager of the Engineering Research program; inquiries concerning

the program may be addressed to him, in writing or by phone at (301)

353-5822.

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to submit

summaries for their projects that were specifically applicable to fiscal

year 1987. The summaries received have been edited as necessary, but the

press for timely publication made it impractical to have the investigators

review and approve the summaries prior to publication. For more

information about a given project, it is suggested that the investigators

be contacted directly.
Engineering Research Program

within DOE

Secretary of Energy

Deputy Secretary

Under Secretary

Assistant Secretaries Office of Energy Research * Federal Energy

· Nuclear Energy Regulatory Commission

· Conservation and Renewable * Economic Regulatory

· Fossil Commission

· Defense * Energy Information

· Environmental Administration

· International Affairs etc.

i I

* Program Analysis Basic Energy Sciences * Management

* Magnetic Fusion * Special Programs

· High Energyand Nuclear Physics * Scientific Computing

· Health and knvironmental Research

· Field Operations

* Material Sciences Division Engineering and * Advanced Energy Projects

· Chemical Sciences Division Geosciences Division * Biological Energy

Research

* Carbon Dioxide

Research

I I

Engineering

Research Program
INTRODUCTION

The individual project summaries follow the program overview. The

summaries are ordered alphabetically by name of institution and so the

table of contents lists all of the institutions at which projects were

sponsored in fiscal year 1987.

The projects are numbered sequentially for individual identification in the

indexes. Each project entry begins with a centered, institutionaldepartmental heading. The project number precedes the capitalized project

title. The names of the investigators are listed immediately below the

title. The funding level for fiscal year 1987 appears to the right of

title; it is followed by the budget activity number (e.g., 01-A). These

numbers categorize the projects for budgetary purposes and the categories

are described in the budget number index. The year in which the project

began and the anticipated duration in years are indicated respectively by

the first two and last digits of the sequence directly below the budget

activity number (e.g., 84-2). The summary description of the project

completes the entry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Program

Review .................................................. Introduction

Project Summaries

Ames Laboratory .................................... ............. 1

Argonne National Laboratory..................................... 2

Arizona State University . ..................................... 4

Boston University.............................................. 5

Brown University ............................................... 6

California, University of, Berkeley..............................7

California, University of, Davis ...............................12

California, University of, Los Angeles ......................... 13

California, University of, San Diego............................16

California, University of, Santa Barbara........................21

Carnegie-Mellon University.....................................23

Chicago, University of ...................................... 25

Clarkson University .......................................... 27

Colorado School of Mines........................................28

Dartmouth College .............................................. 29

GA Technologies Inc.............................................30

Geo-Chem Research Associates .................................... 31

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory...........................32

Illinois Institute of Technology..............................38

Illinois at Chicago, University of..............................40

Illinois at Urbana, University of...............................41

Jet Propulsion Laboratory.......................................42

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory....................................43

Los Alamos National Laboratory..................................44

Maryland, University of.........................................46

Massachusetts Institute of Technology........................... 48

Massachusetts, University of....................................60

Michigan, University of........................................ 64

Minnesota, University of...................................... 65

National Bureau of Standards...................................68

New York, City University of....................................71

North.Carolina State University................................72

Northwestern University ........................................ 74

Oak Ridge National Laboratory...................................76

Physical Sciences Inc...........................................77

Princeton University...........................................78

Purdue University...............................................79

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute...............................81

Rockefeller University........................................83

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.......................84

Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore.........................85
Project Summaries Page

Science Applications, Inc ..................................... 87

Solar Energy Research Institute.................................88

Stanford University ..................................89

Steven Institute of Technology ............................... 98

Texas at Austin, University of..................................99

Tufts University .............................................. 102

United Technologies Research Center............................103

Washington State University...................................104

Westinghouse R&D Center........................................105

Wisconsin, University of........................................106
PROGRAM REVIEW

BES ENGINEERING RESEARCH

The BES Engineering Research program is one of the component research

programs which collectively constitute the DOE Basic Energy Sciences

program. The DOE Basic Energy Sciences program supports energy related

research in the physical and biological sciences, and in engineering. The

chief purpose of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences program is to provide the

fundamental scientific base on which identification and development of

future, national energy options will depend. The major product of the

program becomes part of the body of data and knowledge upon which the

applied energy technologies are founded; the product is knowledge relevant

to energy exploration, production, conversion and use.

The BES Engineering Research program was started 1979 to help resolve the

numerous serious engineering issues arising from efforts to meet U.S.

energy needs. The program supports fundamental research on broad, generic

topics in energy related engineering--topics not as narrowly scoped as

those addressed by the shorter term engineering research projects sponsored

by the various DOE technology programs. Special emphasis is placed on

projects which, if successfully concluded, will benefit more than one

energy technology. During the first year several workshops were sponsored

for the purpose of identifying energy related engineering research needs

and initial priorities. Representatives from industry, academic

institutions, national laboratories, and leading members of professional

organizations (Engineering Societies Commission on Energy, American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and Joint

Automation and Control Committee) participated in the workshops. In

addition to the participants in the workshops, staff representatives from

the DOE technology programs and other leading U.S. energy engineering

experts made significant contributions to the setting of program

priorities. There resulted from this process a strong confirmation of the

need for a long-range, fundamental engineering research program with two

major goals. The broad goals that were established by this process for the

BES Engineering Research program are:

1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying current engineering

practice so as to create new options for enhancing energy savings

and production, for prolonging useful equipment life, and for

reducing costs without degradation of industrial production and

performance quality; and

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for solving future

engineering problems in the energy technologies.

In this process, it was further established that to achieve these goals,

the BES Engineering Research program should address the following topics

identified as essential to the progress of many energy technologies:
1) Advanced industrial Technology -- improvement of energy conversion

and utilization, opening new technological possibilities, and

improvement of energy systems.

2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes -- broadening of

understanding of heat transfer in non-steady flows, methodology

for reducing vibrations and noise in heat exchangers, and

engineering aspects of combustion.

3) Solid Mechanics -- continuum mechanics and crack propagation in

structures.

4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Systems -- development and

use of information describing system behavior (system models),

performance criteria, and theories of control optimization to

achieve the best possible system performance subject to known

constraints.

A Scoping Workshop held in December, 1986 confirmed the continued needs for

research in these topical areas. Because of budgetary limitations, the

implemented BES Engineering Research program is somewhat less broad than

the program envisioned above. At present, equal emphasis is being placed

on three carefully selected, high priority research areas; namely,

1) Mechanical Sciences -- including tribology (basic nature of

friction reduction phenomena), heat transfer, and solid mechanics

(continuum mechanics and crack propagation).

2) System Sciences--including process control and instrumentation.

3) Engineering Analysis -- including non-linear dynamics, data bases

for thermophysical properties of fluids, and modeling of

combustion processes for engineering application.

These areas contain the most critical elements of the four topics

enumerated above; as such they are of importance to energy technologies

both in the short and long term, and therefore of immediate programmatic

interest. It should be noted that other areas of basic research important

to engineering are monitored elsewhere in BES. For instance, separation

sciences and research on thermophysical properties are among the

responsibilities of the Chemical Sciences Division, while microscopic

aspects of fracture mechanics are in the domain of the Material Sciences

Division. As resources permit, other high priority areas are being added

to the Engineering Research program. Thus as a result of some growth in

the program budget an important development has taken place in the

Engineering Research Program: two major concentrations of research were

initiated. First, a new program was organized at Oak Ridge National Lab

dealing with intelligent machines in unstructured environment. It is

expected that some resources will be available for coordinated, more

narrowly focussed related, high quality research at universities and other

research centers.
All such activities will be supported and administered directly by the

Engineering Research Program, but some coordination of efforts with the

ORNL program may prove useful. The research opportunities in this area of

interest to the DOE - Engineering Research Program have been identified in

a workshop held in November, 1983. Proceeding of the workshop entitled

"Research Needs in Intelligent Machines" are available from the Center for

Engineering Advanced Systems Research, Oak Ridge National Lab, Post Office

Box X, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830.

Secondly in FY 1985 there has started a collaborative research effort

between MIT and Idaho National Engineering Lab. At present, the

collaboration is in four distinct areas: Plasma Process Engineering,

Automated Welding, Fracture Mechanics, and Advanced Engineering Methods and

Analysis.

Colateral, high-quality research efforts at other institutions are

supported by the Engineering Research program.

Finally, in the expectation of a future modest growth of this Program, two

International Workshops on Two-Phase Flow Fundamentals were held one in

September 1985 and the other in March 1987. The meetings were used to

identify basic research needs in the field of two-phase flow and heat

transfer; summary reports of the workshops are available from the Program

Office. The full proceedings of the first workshop have been published as

a volume in the series "Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer" (Hemisphere

Publishing Company), while those of the second are in preparation for

publication in the same series.

It should be mentioned too, that some very limited support is available for

research on large scale systems. A report of a Workshop on Needs,

Opportunities, and Options in this field is available from Professor G. L.

Thompson, Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie-Mellon

University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213.

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engineering Research program are

currently underway at universities, private sector laboratories, and DOE

national laboratories. In fiscal year 1987 the program operating funds

available amounted to about $13 million. The distribution of these funds

among various institutions and by topical areas is illustrated on the next

page. Project funding levels are mostly in the range of $50,000 to

$150,000 per year. Typical duration of a project is three to four years,

with some projects expected to last as long as ten years or more. The BES

Engineering Research projects stem almost without exception from

unsolicited proposals for competitive grants. Proposals which anticipate

definite results in less than two years are usually referred to the

appropriate DOE technology program for consideration. All those interested

in submitting a proposal are encouraged to discuss their ideas with the

technical program manager prior to submission of a formal proposal. Such

discussion helps to establish whether or not a potential project has a

reasonable chance of being funded. The primary considerations for possible

support are the technical quality of the proposal and the professional

standing of the principal investigators and staff. An effort is made to
attract first rate, younger research engineers and energy oriented applied

scientists. A high technical caliber of research is maintained by

requiring that the projects supported have potential for a significant

contribution to energy-related engineering science, or for an initial

contribution to a new energy relevant technology. Sponsored projects are

selected primarily for their relevance to DOE mission requirements; the

contribution to energy related higher education is an important but

secondary consideration. Thus projects sponsored at universities are

essentially limited to advanced studies both theoretical and experimental

usually performed by faculty members, staff research scientists, and

doctoral candidates.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '87 BUDGET ($000's) BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

UNIVERSITIES NATIONAL 58% LABORATORIES $7988

$430 (81 PROJECTS)

(19 PROJECTS)

OTHER

10%

$1325

(10 PROJECTS)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '87 BUDGET

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

($000 ) % NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 4122 30 40

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 4986 37 27

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 4497 33 43
AMES LABORATORY

Iowa State University

Ames, IA 50011

01. MULTIVIEWING TRANSDUCER SYSTEM $250,000

D. O. Thompson and D. K. Hsu 03-B

81-7

The objective of this project is to develop a multiviewing ultrasonic

technology for detecting, characterizing and reconstructing flaws in

structural materials for component reliability assessment. The method

makes use of recent advances in ultrasonic inverse scattering theories

and flaw sizing algorithms, combined with new concepts in transducer

configurations and excitation techniques. An automated multiviewing

system consisting of a six-element composite transducer and the

associated data acquisition and signal processing software has been

completed. The reconstruction protocol fits the data acquired through

electronically multiplexed pulse-echo and pitch-catch combinations to

an equivalent general ellipsoid. This shape is compatible with

fracture mechanics model of flaw growth and failure prediction. The

reconstruction reliability with a limited aperture has been

dramatically improved with a multi-angle signal amplitude contour

technique which instructs the automated system to acquire data using

the most favorable aperture configuration for the particular flaw

encountered. The versatility of the transducer system (with a total

of 22 translational and angular degrees of freedom) has made the

amplitude contour technique possible. The new transducer system will

extend reconstruction capabilities to include 2-D computed tomographic

and 3-D ultrasonic reconstructions. New techniques have also been

developed for generating unipolar stress pulses in both pulse-echo and

pitch-catch modes. These pulses have significantly broader frequency

bandwidths, a feature that is necessary for characterizing flaws over

a wider size range. This feature will also be utilized in the

measurement and characterization of material property gradients and

interfaces.
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Materials and Components Technology Division

Argonne, IL 60439

02. THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF $125,000

STABILITY CONTROL 01-C

T. M. Mulcahy, E. L. Reiss (Northwestern 86-3

University), S. P. Vanka

Theoretical and experimental studies are aimed at enhancing the

understanding of stability phenomena involving fluids, solids, and

their coupling. The objective is to develop methods of controlling,

delaying, and/or avoiding instability in engineering components.

Currently fluidelastic instabilities caused by flow leaking between

closely spaced bodies are being investigated.

To interpret and present the experimentally observed fluid-structure

interaction at the slip-joint region of telescoping tubes conveying

fluids, a mathematical model of the unsteady, one-dimensional flow in

a narrow, finite length channel, which includes a piecewise linear

variation in channel width and several sharp-edged constrictions, has

been solved for harmonic perturbations in the channel width. Model

problem parameter variations are being investigated to identify

spatial distributions of flow resistance which produce negative

flow-damping and dynamic instabilities for the fundamental vibration

mode of the tubes. Observed phenomena not explainable using

one-dimensional flow models will be investigated using computational

fluid mechanics techniques.

Another model problem, consisting of two different, infinitely long,

uniform, and parallel flow channels that interact through a common

wall, has been formulated to study linear and nonlinear responses and

to develop mathematical techniques. In particular, spatially periodic

bifurcation and secondary bifurcation solutions for the three channel

walls, modeled using nonlinear von Karman plate theory, are being

investigated for steady, one-dimensional viscous flow modeled by

Darcy's law. Also sought is justification for the use of Darcy's law

as an approximation to the Navier Stokes equations.
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, IL 60439

03. BOUNDS ON DYNAMIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION $125,000

C. K. Youngdahl 01-A 6l

84-3

In many applications where load is transmitted to the structure

through a fluid, details of the load history and spatial distribution

affect significantly the final-plastic deformation. The objective of

this project is to devise load correlation parameters based on various

weighted integrals of the time-space load distributions which can be

used to characterize the effects of the load without resorting to

detailed numerical analysis. These load correlation parameters have

three important uses: to perform design and safety analyses of

structures over a wide range of design variables and loadings; to

validate computer programs which have a nonlinear dynamic plasticity

capability; and to correlate experimental simulations with actual or

predicted events. The dynamic plastic deformation of some basic

structural configurations will be analyzed for loadings which vary

both in magnitude and region of application with time. Load

correlation parameters will be hypothesized and their usefulness in

predicting final plastic deformation will be determined. The analyses

will be based initially on a rigid, perfectly plastic material model,

but will be extended to include strain hardening and elastic effects

if the work to determine load parameters is successful.
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Tempe, AZ 85287-6106

04. COMBUSTION AND HEAT TRANSFER IN POROUS MEDIA $ 60,000

R. E. Peck, T. W. Tong 01-B

87-3

A study of combustion and heat transfer of premixed, gaseous fuel-air

mixtures in inert porous media is underway. The objective is to

generate fundamental information about flame propagation and heat

release behavior in porous materials.

A theoretical model for predicting the combustion and heat transfer

characteristics in planar porous media as a function of the relevant

factors is being developed. The model includes finite-rate reaction

kinetics and the equation of transfer for describing radiative heat

transfer in porous media. A preliminary heat transfer analysis has

been performed indicating the influence of the optical properties of

the porous media and the location of the heat generation zone on the

radiant output.

Experimental measurements will be conducted to validate the

theoretical model. A laboratory-scale burner is being assembled to

obtain flame speed, product species concentration and temperature

profiles, and energy output data under various operating conditions

for comparison to theoretical predictions. In addition, the limits

for free-flame, stable interstitial combustion, and flashback will be

determined.

The findings will be useful for applying the relatively unexploited

technology of porous radiant burners to industrial heating systems,

yielding potentially large savings in energy consumption and operating

costs for the industrial sector. The results will also provide a

scientific basis for understanding combustion and heat transfer in

other energy technologies including catalytic combustors and

combustion in packed beds and geological systems.
BOSTON UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemistry

Boston, MA 02215

05. DIFFUSION, FLUID FLOW, AND SOUND $ 68,000

PROPAGATION IN DISORDERED MEDIA 06-C

Thomas Keyes 86-3

The goal of this project is a unified theoretical attack on transport

processes-prime examples being those mentioned in the project title-in

highly disordered, or inhomogeneous, materials. We are especially

interested in materials with percolation thresholds, at which the

disorder is so large that transport is blocked altogether, and in

those with aspects of fractal structure. Since the theoretical

methods needed to treat one problem can usually be applied to others

the presence of large disorder is more important than the particular

process to be studied. In the past year, we have obtained results in

several areas.

In "hydrodynamic dispersion," a pinch of material injected into a

flowing fluid spreads out with time. We studied this dispersion for

flow through a material composed of randomly placed scatterers with a

percolation threshold. As the threshold is approached we calculated

how the dispersion diverges, and many other properties.

We also considered chemical reaction and diffusion where the reaction

takes place on the surface of randomly placed catalysts. We showed

that this system shows qualitatively different macroscopic behavior as

a function of the magnitude of the diffusion constant, "reaction

controlled" at large D and "diffusion controlled" at small D, and we

worked out many details of the crossover and of the different regimes.

Light scattering has been used in attempts to probe, or establish, the

fractal structure of disordered materials. We derived the

consequences for Raman scattering of lattice vibrations on fractals,

and we studied the consequences for multiple scattering of a fractal

structure.
BROWN UNIVERSITY

Division of Engineering

Providence, RI 02912

06. TWO STUDIES OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN IRREVERSIBLE $120,000

THERMODYNAMICS 06-C

J. Kestin 84-3

The project studies two potentially productive lines of research into

two well-defined problems, both linked in that they fall into the

broad field of irreversible thermodynamics.

The first task studies a mathematical formalism for the qualitative

analysis of the geometric-topological structure of all trajectories

(solutions) of a mathematical model of two-phase flow conducted in a

phase space formed with the thermodynamics state variables, the

velocities of the two fluid phases and the space variable.

The most important result of the analysis is a complete resolution of

the problem of choking. The theory leads to a classification of

points in phase space into: (a) regular points; (b) turning points;

and (c) singular points. Points (a) are not descriptive of choking,

and through them there passes one and only one trajectory. Points (b)

describe choking at the end of the channel, and points (c) describe

choking inside the channel. The analysis is applicable to a wide

class of mathematical models of two-phase flow now employed in

industry and makes use of the powerful tools of the mathematical

discipline of dynamical systems.

The second task seeks to apply the methods of classical

("conservative") thermodynamics to self-consistent formulations of

constitutive laws descriptive of inelastic deformations, damage and

fracture, with special emphasis on plastic deformation. The

identification of the internal variables and their associated

intensive affinities is essential for the calculation of entropy and

for the derivation of explicit formulae which are descriptive of the

local rate of entropy production in each system.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Berkeley, CA 94720

07. THE TURBULENT TRANSPORT OF HEAT WITHIN A $ 78,000

LONGITUDINAL VORTEX/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION 01-B

Pamela A. Eibeck 87-3

The purpose of this research project is to increase our physical

understanding of the turbulent transport of a scalar within a

three-dimensional shear flow. Specifically, a boundary layer

containing longitudinal vortices will be studied both experimentally

and computationally to determine the characteristics of threedimensional turbulent diffusion of heat.

The experiments will be conducted in a wind-tunnel facility, where a

weak. vortex will be introduced using a half-delta-wing into an

otherwise two-dimensional boundary layer. In addition, a stronger

vortex system will be introduced into the boundary layer by placing a

streamlined obstacle normal to the wall to generate a horseshoe vortex

pair. These three-dimensional flows will be studied by measuring the

mean and turbulent fluid dynamic and heat transfer quantities. The

primary instrumentation will be a triple-wire probe, containing two

hot wires and a cold wire,'that can resolve the turbulent heat flux

quantities, u'T' , v'T', and w'T'.

The computational program will be conducted to explore the impact of

three-dimensionality of the flow on the choice of an accurate

turbulence model. A program that will solve the parabolized

Navier-Stokes equations will be developed to predict the temperature

and velocity fields within a boundary layer containing a vortex. A

number of turbulence models will be tested, including a mixing length

model, a two-equation k-e model, and an algebraic Reynolds stress

model. The experimental results will provide the necessary data base

to evaluate the relative accuracy of these models in predicting the

heat transfer behavior.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Berkeley, CA 94720

08. INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY MOTIONS AND TRANSITION $ 70,000

TO TURBULENCE IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN ENCLOSURE FLOWS 01-C

WITH STREAMLINE CURVATURE 85-3

J. A. C. Humphrey, R. Greif

A study is underway to clarify the role of secondary motions and

transition to turbulence in buoyance driven enclosure flows. The

primary flow of interest is determined by the boundary conditions

imposed along the side walls of the enclosure. The conditions induce

the unsteady collision of two buoyancy driven, opposed, vertical

boundary layers.

Experiments are underway with the objective to map 2 - and 3-D

unsteady flow structures as a function of the Rayleigh number. The

measurements consist of simultaneous determinations of temperature at

two points as a function of the distance between them and time.

Autocorrelations, power spectra, length and time scales are being

derived from the time histories. These observations will be

interpreted with the help of corresponding flow visualization

experiments.

The results of this work are expected to contribute directly to the

basic understanding of transition to turbulence and turbulent flow,

and the ability to model these flows mathematically. In this regard,

a direct numerical simulation has been undertaken that models a

simplified aspect of the experiemental flow configuration.

Predictions to date confirm the limited experimental evidence pointing

to a dependence of the 3-D instability wavelength on the Richardson

number.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Berkeley, CA 94720

09. SELF-GENERATED STOCHASTIC HEATING IN AN RF DISCHARGE $ 97,000

A. J. Lichtenberg and M. A. Lieberman 06-C

87-3

The purpose of this project is to study electron heating mechanisms in

plane parallel, radio frequency (r.f.) discharge. These discharges

are used extensively by industry for surface modification of

electronic and mechanical materials. The energy deposition in these

discharges is not well understood. In addition to the usual r.f.

ohmic heating in the plasma interior, stochastic heating at the plasma

surface is believed to play a major role.

The stochastic electron heating arises from successive decorrelated

reflections of electrons with the oscillating sheath near the surface

of the discharge. By examining the dynamics of the electron

collisions with the sheath, a mapping is derived that describes the

electron motion. For high frequency, low.pressure discharges

(frequency above 50 MHz, pressure below 1 mTorr) the electron motion

is found to be stochastic rather than adiabatic and heating occurs.

After combining these dynamics with collisional effects in the bulk

plasma, numerical studies show that the electron motion lies on the

surface of a strange attractor in the position-velocity phase space.

A simulation model of the discharge is developed using self-consistent

physical constraints, in which features of the strange attractor

persist. Averaging over phases, a Fokker-Planck equation is used to

calculate the electron energy distribution, which is shown to be

non-Maxwellian. An experiment is being designed in order to

characterize the properties of discharges for the predicted conditions

of stochastic heating.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Energy and Environment Division

Berkeley, CA 94720

10. CONTROLLED COMBUSTION $155,000

A. K. Oppenheim 06-B

79-8

The principal objective of this study is to provide scientific

background for the development of controlled combustion systems, i.e.

prime movers whose combustors are not only sources of power, as they

are today, but operate also as modern, high-tech chemical reactors, so

that the evolution of exothermic energy is carried out under proper

fluid mechanical and thermo-chemical conditions to eliminate all sorts

of combustion instabilities and minimize the formation of pollutants.

For automobile engines this offers the prospect of efficient and clean

combustion associated with relatively low exhaust temperature, devoid

of the problems of knock and cycle-to-cycle variation, leading thus to

the annihilation of major technological constraints imposed upon the

automotive industry: the octane standard and the catalytic converter.

Means to accomplish this involve the exploitation of active radicals

obtainable from plasma and flame jets as well as from recirculated

products. Major laboratory apparatus for our studies consists of a

shock tube and molecular beam mass spectrometer, associated with an

assortment of laser-powered optical instruments, including apparatus

for megacycle-frequency schlieren cinematography and laser induced

fluorescence imagery. The experimental program is associated with a

significant effort in numerical modeling of the fluid mechanical,

thermodynamic, and chemical kinetic processes influencing the control

of ignition and combustion in engineers.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Berkeley, CA 94720

11. RADIATION IN PARTICULATE SYSTEMS $ 81,000

C. L. Tien 01-B

87-3

The aim of this study is to investigate, analytically and

experimentally, the effect of inter-particle interactions on the

scattering-and absorption of radiation in densely packed systems.

Inter-particle or dependent effects may be important in packed and

fluidized bed combustors, deposited soot layers, soot conglomerates

and microsphere insulation.

A wide spectrum of particle sizes that range from very small particles

in the Rayleigh scattering regime to very large geometric scatters are

considered. The dependent effects of scattering and absorption are

analytically predicted using classical electromagnetic theory.

Experiments on dependent scattering have been used to verify these

theoretical predictions and those on dependent absorption are in

progress.

Flow of fluid has appreciable influence on transport of energy in

systems such as fluidized beds, furnaces and solar collectors. The

interaction of radiation and convection in particulate systems is

being studied. In combustion systems, such as furnaces, soot layers

are deposited on the walls and mixtures of particles and participating

gases are generated. The effect of radiation in these systems will be

investigated.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Davis, CA 95616

12. STRUCTURE AND STABILIZATION OF PREMIXED $ 94,000

AND DIFFUSION FLAMES 06-B

C. K. Law 86-3

The program aims to gain fundamental understanding on the structure

and stabilization of premixed and diffusion flames. The program

involves both theoretical and experimental phases, and-consists of

three components, namely (1) Studies of the stabilization mechanisms

of both premixed and diffusion flames in mixing-layer-type flows, with

emphasis on the basically elliptic structure of the leading edge of

the flame which controls flame holding and propagation; (2) Studies of

the dynamics of stretched flames due to flame curvature and flow

nonuniformity, with emphases on the extinction behavior and on

synthesizing existing experimental and theoretical results from a

unified viewpoint; and (3) Studies of the properties of thermaldiffusional flame-front instabilities, with emphases on the spinning

and secondary bifurcation of polyhedral flames.

During the reporting period the stabilization and stability of flat

flames over porous-plate burners were analytically studied. The

steady-state results reveal the existence of two flame speeds for a

given heat loss rate, and of two flame speeds for a given flamefront

standoff distance. Stability analysis shows that there exist

situations under which both flames are stable. These results

therefore substantiate the experimental observations of Spalding and

of Ferguson and Keck on the existence of two flame speeds.

An integral analysis has been performed for the structure and

propagation of stretched premixed flames with preferential diffusion.

Specific flame configurations studied include the one-dimensional

steadily-propagating planar flame, the steady curved flame in

nonuniform flow, and the outwardly/inwardly propagating spherical

flame. Results agree with those obtained from asymptotic analysis in

the linearized limit of small stretch, and yield enhanced insight into

the dominant and coupled physical-processes governing these complex

flame phenomena.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering Dept.

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Los Angeles, CA 90024-1597

13. BASIC STUDIES OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA $ 80,000

Ivan Catton 01-C

82-6

The research covers two broad areas: 1) single-phase convection in

porous media, and 2) two-phase convection in porous media. The

objective of this study is to develop physical understanding of the

governing phenomena and models for prediction of transport processes

by theoretical and experimental means.

The validity of stochastic models for single-phase flow through

randomly packed beds was established by demonstrating that the

predicted dispersive enhancement of the axial "effective" transport

coefficient agrees with measurements found in the literature of both

heat and mass transfer. The role of this dispersive component on the

heat transfer was considered in the porous Benard problem. Numerical

predictions along with corroborative experimental evidence

demonstrated that dispersion enhances the net heat transport through

the layer, while inertia diminishes it. If the packed bed is very

shallow (low layer thickness to bed diameter ratio), both effects

decrease the Nusselt number. Dispersion dominates inertia unless the

porous Prandtl number is order 0.001 or less.

Steam injection in a porous channel is being studied experimentally

and theoretically. In the experimental studies the qualitative

behavior of a steam-water interface in a porous channel will be

analyzed through high speed movies of the two phase flow and interface

movement. The principal parameters of interest include the frequency

of the interface movement, the shape of two phase region and flow

patterns. The pressure and temperature distributions will be measured

along with flow rates of steam and water. The physical mechanisms

causing the observed rapid oscillation of the interface between the

two phase region and the subcooled water are being delineated. A

stability analysis will be carried out. Numerical modeling will

include mechanisms that are important.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace

and Nuclear Engienering

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Los Angeles, CA 90024

14. ENHANCEMENT OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN TUBES USING STAGED $ 44,000

TANGENTIAL FLOW INJECTION 01-B

V. K. Dhir 85-3

The objective of this work is to study experimentally and analytically

the staged swirl flow concept for enhancing subcooled critical heat

flux in tubes. In the staged swirl flow concept part of the coolant

is injected tangentially at discrete locations along the tube axis.

This method of injection not only results in a significant increase in

the critical heat flux (CHF) but can also be used to shift the

location at which CHF occurs. The shift is made possible by

adjustment of flow rate through the injectors. The present study is

divided into two main tasks:

The first task deals with optimization of the enhancement in subcooled

critical heat flux with respect to diameter of the injectors, the

angle subtended by the injectors with the tube axis and superposition

of swirl created at different injection locations along the tube axis.

The experimental study will be complemented with models for the swirl

flow CHF and the two phase pressure drop.

In the second task basic understanding of heat transfer and pressure

drop in swirling single and two phase flows will be developed. This

task will include development of models for bubble detachment and

motion under centrifugal action and superposition and decay of swirl

under single and two phase flow conditons.

Water and Freon-113 loops have been updated and are already

operational. DC power supply rated at 2500 amps and 40 volts has been

installed. Critical heat flux enhancement data with subcooled water

at 2 atmospheres pressure have been obtained. Separate experiments to

develop understanding of superposition and decay of swirl.have been

initiated. A semi-theoretical model for superposition of swirl has

been developed.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

Department of Physics

Los Angeles, CA 90024

15. WAVE TURBULENCE AND SELF-LOCALIZATION IN CONTINUOUS MEDIA $ 75,000

Seth Putterman 06-C

87-3

The goal of this project is to advance our understanding of the

response of nonlinear elastic media driven far from equilibrium.

Research efforts are focused on the competition between turbulence and

localization and how these processes affect the fate of energy which

is injected, into a continuous medium, in the form of wave motion.

Regarding turbulence in propagating waves an. attempt is being made to

determine the distribution function for the higher order correlations.

Particular aims are to describe the build-up of cross-correlations

between different modes, and to generate a workable description of the

role of mechanical noise in activation processes. Recent research

also indicates that the wave turbulent state possesses structure in

that it can support new propagating modes. This elasticity of

turbulence is a classical analogue of second sound. Currently this

effect is being calculated for wind waves in a stormy sea.

In one and two dimensional systems high amplitude wave motion can

self-focus into long lived structures. These soliton-like properties

are being studied as regards possible applications to flexing plates

and shells. Of special interest are the thermal properties of the

solitons, the role of damping in the formation of the solitary wave,

and possible consequences for metal fatigue as regards the recently

discovered non-propagating soliton.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

La Jolla, CA 92093

16. NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS $ 73,000

Henry D. I. Abarbanel 06-C

86-2

This work is directed toward the understanding of the dynamics and

nonlinear stability of multi-phase flows from a Hamiltonian point of

view. The Hamiltonian formulation of multiphase flow problems will be

the first part of the research. As a second part the conservation

laws, in addition to energy, for these flows will be investigated

using methods originated by Sophus Lie and further developed in the

past decade by several mathematicians. With the conserved quantities

respected by these flows in hand, the nonlinear stability of

particular flows can be investigated using the Liapunov method of

Arnol'd and others. The result of this work will be a set of criteria

for the stability of free boundary flows--material surfaces separating

phases--under finite perturbations. Several examples of gravity

driven flows will be studied.

The dissipative or viscous versions of these flows will build on the

dynamical description of these results. A variational principle

arising from the consideration of the evolution of the energy plus all

conserved quantities will be used to provide ranges for the absolute

stability of viscous multiphase flows. This extends the older energy

methods often employed in this kind of analysis. The addition of

other conserved quantities allows the exploration of a larger part of

the allowed phase space for the deviations from a chosen flow whose

stability one wishes to investigate.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences

La Jolla, CA 92093

17. CHAOTIC ADVECTION AND EFFICIENT MIXING BY $ 58,000

DETERMINISTIC FLOWS 01-C

Hassan Aref 85-3

This project is concerned with the kinematics of regions of fluid

and/or individual particles being swept along by a flow. The focus is

on those aspects of the flow that tend to enhance stirring and mixing

quality, and the ultimate goal is to arrive at quantitative criteria

that can be helpful in the design of devices where stirring and mixing

are important. The research is of relevance to several aspects of

chemical and mechanical engineering.

It has been known for some time that the kinematics of particles

advected passively by a flow is formally a problem closely related to

the phase space description used in the study of dynamical systems.

This formal correspondence leads to the notion of "Lagrangian

turbulence," a situation in which the trajectories of advected

particles is extremely complicated although the advecting flow is

relatively simple in the usual Eulerian description. Particle motions

can be "chaotic," in the technical sense of the word, and such motions

lead to highly efficient stirring. The main thrust of the research is

to understand the applicability of chaotic dynamics to advection and

to investigate certain model flows in detail using numerical

simulation techniques.

Two examples investigated are the model flow problem consisting of a

pulsed source and sink in two dimensions, and the transverse stirring

produced by the secondary flow pattern in a twisted pipe, a steady

three-dimensional flow. Diagnostics include computer graphic images

of particle paths, Poincare sections, Lyapunov exponents and other

measures of regular and chaotic regions.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Department of Applied Mechanics

and Engineering Sciences

La Jolla, CA 92093

18. FUEL DROPLETS SUBJECT TO STRAINING FLOW $ 93,000

Paul A. Libby and K. Seshadri 06-B

87-3

This research which has only been underway for several months involves

a theoretical and experimental investigation of fuel droplets in a

well-defined straining flow, that associated with a nonpremixed flame

established in counterflowing streams of gaseous fuel and oxidizer.

The initial purpose of this effort is to determine the validity of

current theories of droplet burning under dynamically changing

velocity and ambient conditions. Existing theories are based on

highly idealized models of such burning and have been evaluated only

under conditions closely approximating those assumed in the theory.

The question arises as to their applicability to conditions which

prevail in applications, typically in turbulent flows involving

fluctuations in velocity and composition. Follow-on studies will be

concerned with improved theories of droplet burning if called for and

with droplet loadings sufficiently large so that a significant

interaction between the droplets and the flame occurs. The

experimental effort is complemented by appropriate theoretical

investigations. Thus the trajectories and histories of the droplets

in the initial experiments will be compared with calculations based on

a series of descriptions of increasing completeness in order to

establish which if any of the theories predicts the observed behavior.

Subsequent theoretical work will involve application to the

counterflowing configuration of the spray equation which contains more

of the aerothermochemical details of droplet behavior than the

equations of coexisting continua.

The initial effort will study the behavior of individual droplets of

hexane injected on the fuel side of a methane-air flame. An

appropriate counterflow burner and droplet injection system have been

designed and constructed. The photographic system which involves a

camera and stroboscopic light of high repetition rate and intensity is

being assembled. The complementary theoretical effort concerned with

the calculation of droplet trajectories and histories in a methane-air

flame is underway.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Institute for Nonlinear Science

La Jolla, CA 92093

19. PARAMETERIZATION OF INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE $ 78,000

AND THE VORTON METHOD 01-C

E. A. Novikov 87-3

This research project involves the study of a new type of

parameterization of small-scale turbulence, which recognizes the

important phenomena of intermittency. The parameterization is based

on the theory of intermittent relative motion of fluid particles,

which may be of independent interest. The method of three-dimensional

vortex singularities (vortons) is used for the calculations of

elementary events in the intermittent turbulence (breakdown,

reconnection and double reconnection of vortex filaments). The vorton

method may also have applications to some problems in aeronautics.

Some vorton calculations, including Crow instability of two perturbed

antiparallel vortex filaments and merging and subsequent splitting of

vortex rings, have been presented at IUTAM Symposium of Fundamental

Aspects of Vortex Motion (September, 1987, Tokyo, Japan).
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Institute for Nonlinear Science, R-002

La Jolla, CA 92093

20. THE STOCHASTIC TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE (STAT) $ 88,000

APPLIED TO CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL AND QUANTUM SYSTEMS 06-C

Bruce J. West, Katja Lindenberg 86-3

A number of important physical problems are described by dynamical

equations containing fluctuating parameters. In dealing with such

systems one has until recently been forced to assume that the

fluctuations are delta-correlated, i.e. that their spectrum is white,

thus restricting the scales of the spatial and/or temporal

inhomogeneities to be much shorter than the response scales of the

system. This assumption is often known to be quite unphysical,

especially in nonlinear systems in which all scales are present. Of

particular interest in this program are applications involving

chemical reactions in fluids in which the rate coefficients fluctuate

due to spatial inhomogeneities and thermal effects, dynamical

processes in solid materials in which fluctuations arise due to

spatial disorder and thermal effects, and wave propagation in random

media in a geophysical context.

A number of methods to deal with the problem of correlated

fluctuations have been developed under this program. One of these

involves an explicit construction of trajectories (STAT). This

procedure is particularly useful when the noise has simple statistics

and can be used to deal with highly correlated noise. The approach

has been applied to linear systems.driven by dichotomous noise,

multivalued noise, and shot noise. Another class of methods relies on

perturbative approximations around the white noise limit. These

methods can be applied most fruitfully to systems driven by weak

Gaussian slightly colored noise, and have been used to calculate rates

of transitions in bistable systems driven by colored noise.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

Department of Physics

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

21. BIFURCATIONS AND PATTERNS IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS $124,000

G. Ahlers, D. S. Cannell 06-C

87-3

This project consists of experimental investigations of non-linear

non-equilibrium fluid-mechanical systems, with an emphasis on heat

transport, pattern formation, and bifurcation phenomena. These issues

are being studied in Rayleigh-Be'nard convection, using both pure and

multi-component fluids. They play an important role in such

energy-related issues as crystal growth from a melt with and without

impurities, the catastrophic inversion of salt lakes such as the Dead

Sea, energy production in solar ponds, and various oceanographic

phenomena.

The work utilizes computer-enhanced shadowgraph imaging to visualize

the convective flow patterns. The technique can detect the flow field

even when the convective threshold is exceeded by only 0.1%. In

parallel, high-resolution heat-flux measurements are made with a

resolution of 0.05%. Thus, the relationship between the pattern and

the heat transport can be studied in great detail.

In pure fluids, we are investigating the stability of various

relatively simple convection patterns in containers with simple

side-wall geometries. We expect that this experimental information

will help in the development of the theoretical models for pattern

stability.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

22. INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC PHENOMENA $ 94,000

NEAR GAS-LIQUID INTERFACES 01-C

S. Banerjee, H. Fenech 85-3

The objective of this project is to study the structure of turbulence

in liquid streams bounded by a solid surface and a gas-liquid

interface. The program proceeds in stages with initial investigations

focused on phenomena in the absence of shear at the interface followed

by work on systems with shear imposed by either cocurrent or

countercurrent gas streams. The velocity field is measured using

either 10-25 micron oxygen bubbles as tracers together with high speed

video and still photography, or using a photochemically activated dye

which forms streaks that can also be followed by photography. A

three-dimensional laser anemometer with a 30 micron spot size has been

specially designed, constructed and installed to complement the

photographic techniques. In parallel, numerical computations

involving direct solution of the Navier-Stokes equation by

pseudospectral techniques are underway to aid in the interpretation of

experiments and understanding of the mechanisms for turbulent

transport across the interface. Experimental results to date indicate

that the dominant phenomenon results from bursts generated at the

wall, involving the ejection of low-speed fluid towards the interface.

The next phase of the program will concentrate on structures that

develop when shear is imposed on the interface. Questions to be

answered are whether bursts will be formed in this region of high

vorticity and if so will they propagate and mix with the bulk fluid

and interact with bursts formed at the solid wall?
CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY

Chemical Engineering Department and

Graduate School of Industrial Administration

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

23. STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMAL REDESIGN $150,000

IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 03-A

L. T. Biegler, I. E. Grossmann 85-4

G. L. Thompson, A. W. Westerberg

As the chemical industry matures it is important to consider the

redesign of existing processes. Redesign problems are harder to solve

than "grassroots" problems because constrains dealing with the

existing process need to be considered and determination of optimal

modifications in an existing plant generally will be quite different

from optimal solutions for a new plant. This project addresses the

optimal redesign problem through the following areas:

(1) Flowsheet optimization for process redesign - The first two years

of the project were devoted to development of optimization and heat

integration strategies for complex simulation models. More recently,

operating or rating models were developed and a redesign strategy was

demonstrated for flowsheets with fixed topologies.

(2) Primal/dual linear (LP) and quadratic programming (QP)

algorithms. These new algorithms for solving LP and QP problems were

developed during the first two years of this project. Computational

tests showed that codes based on these algorithms were at least 10

times as fast as currently available codes, and they are especially

effective for problems having more constraints than variables.

(3) Redesign of energy management systems - recently developed

strategies for grassroots heat exchanger network synthesis are being

extended to cover the redesign problem. New formulations of mixed

integer linear and nonlinear programs have been developed that make

use of the existing network and equipment as much as possible while

ensuring maximum energy recovery.

(4) Redesign for flexibility and controllability - based on recently

developed strategies for evaluation of process operability,

optimization strategies are being developed for improving operability

through structural modifications.

(5) Redesign of multicomponent separation sequences - an existing

flowsheet and a separation task different from the original flowsheet

are given. The objective is to modify the flowsheet so as to

accomplish the new separation task at minimum cost.
CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY

Mechanical Engineering Department

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

24. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES $100,000

OF VERTICAL ANNULAR LIQUID JETS 01-C

N. Chigier, J. I. Ramos 86-3

The objective of this study is to determine the dynamics and

convergence length of vertical annular jets as a function of the inlet

inner radius, inlet thickness, inlet velocity, inlet flow angle,

surface tension, and turbulence. Another objective is to study the

start-up and stability of annular liquid jets. The experimental part

of the program will be performed with different liquids in order to

determine the effects of the Froude, Reynolds, and Weber numbers and

geometry on the convergence and stability of annular jets. The

theoretical part of the research program will deal with the

development of an implicit finite-difference scheme for studying the

dynamics and stability of annular liquid jets. These theoretical

studies will be based on the solution of the time-dependent

axisymmetric form of the Navier-Stokes equations and will account for

surface tension and for the adverse axial pressure gradient which

occurs near the annular liquid jet convergence. Simplified models

based on a parabolic approximation in which the axial pressure

gradient is neglected, and on an extension of the Boussinesq equations

will also be developed. The results of these models will be compared

with each other and with experimental data to be obtained at Carnegie

Mellon University and at the Westinghouse R&D Center.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Department of Chemistry

Chicago, IL 60637

25. TOPICS IN FINITE-TIME THERMODYNAMICS $ 78,000

R. Stephen Berry 06-C

86-3

The objective of this research is the analysis in thermodynamic terms

of the performance of systems and processes subject to time or rate

constraints. Part of the research deals with developing methods for

conducting analyses, such as emerged from the introduction of a

suitable metric in the space of thermodynamic variables and the

evaluation of path lengths with that metric. The lengths so obtained

have been shown to be directly related to the dissipation associated

with the path. Another piece of recent work at this basic level just

completed under this project is an attempt to introduce a variational

formulation of irreversible heat transfer and diffusion, which is

intended to apply in nonlinear as well as linear situations.

The other aspect of this research is the application of the general

methods to the analysis of specific systems of current interest.

During the initial period of this project, the stopping of a beam of

atoms by absorption and reemission of laser light was analyzed and the

entropy changes in the process were evaluated. The reduction in

entropy of the atomic beam due to cooling and stopping is compensated

a thousandfold over by the increases in the entropy of the light due

to randomization of the phase, the polarization and especially the

propagation direction.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Enrico Fermi Institute

Chicago, IL 60637

26. FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNIQUES OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR $150,000

SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATION 06-C

R. Winston, J. J. O'Gallagher 81-6

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of traditional optical

design to develop instead techniques for maximizing the collecting

power of concentrating elements and systems. Designs which exceed the

concentration attainable with focusing techniques by factors of four

or more and approach the theoretical limit are possible. This is

accomplished by applying the concepts of Hamiltonian optics, phase

space conservation, thermodynamic arguments, and radiative transfer

methods. In the early nonimaging designs the mighty edifice of

aberration theory was dismantled and replaced by a single key idea.

According to this, maximum concentration is achieved by ensuring that

rays collected at the extreme angle for which the concentrator is

designed are redirected, after at most one reflection, to form a

caustic on the absorber. This principle proved sufficiently elastic

to accommodate most boundary conditions in two dimensions (i.e.,

linear geometry). Ideal solutions in three dimensions have also been

formulated. Our work on vector flux has led to a reexamination of the

foundations of radiometry with emphasis on observable effects.

Experiments to detect these effects are being planned.
CLARKSON UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Potsdam, NY 13676

27. NUMERICAL STUDIES OF COHERENT EDDIES IN $ 58,000

WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS 01-C

J. McLaughlin 82-6

The objectives of the work are to obtain information about the

origin of the "coherent" wall eddies which are responsible for

the formation of "streaks" in the viscous wall region of

turbulent shear flows and to obtain information about their

importance in transport. The work involves pseudospectral

simulations of channel flow and a three dimensional model

of the viscous wall region. The unique feature of the studies

lies in the choice of computer experiments which are employed

in order to obtain information about the coherent eddies. These

experiments can be divided into three groups (1) "wave break-up"

experiments in which, after integrating sufficiently far in time

to achieve statistical steady-state, certain spatial Fourier

components of the velocity field are set to zero and then allowed to

recover their energy by time-evolving the velocity field using

the modified field as an initial condition; (2) studies in which

steady, spanwise-modulated transpiration is applied at the walls

in an attempt to modify streak spacings and to determine what

effect such a modification has on the transport of energy and

momentum; and (3) studies of the breakdown from transitional to

turbulent flow with emphasis on the formation of coherent wall

eddies.
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

Department of Chemical Engineering

and Petroleum Refining

Golden, CO 80401

28. AN AUTOMATED FLOW CALORIMETER FOR HEAT CAPACITY $ 35,000

AND ENTHALPY MEASUREMENTS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES 03-B

AND PRESSURES 87-2

Victor F. Yesavage

The need for thermal property data at process conditions in the design

of petrochemical and synfuel plants has been well documented. As

such, the primary objective of this work is to construct an automated

flow calorimeter to measure isobaric heat capacities and enthalpies of

vaporization over the range 0-30 MPa and 300-700 K with an anticipated

accuracy of 0.1%. The method of measurement is by the traditional

electrical power input technique with a unique calorimeter design

utilizing a concentric coil/radiation shield structure which minimizes

heat loss errors and simplifies the replacement of plugged components.

Flow generation is accomplished with a precision Ruska pump

eliminating the need for on-line flow rate measurement. In addition,

the proposed instrument will be fully automated minimizing the need

for highly skilled operators which had previously been a severe

limitation with this type of instrument.

Assembly of the automation hardware is complete and construction of

the calorimeter itself should be finished shortly. During the next

year the automation and data acquisition software will be written and

the completed unit will be tested with water and n-Butane.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

Thayer School of Engineering

Hanover, NH 03755

29. SUBCOOLED SPRAYS IN A VAPOR ENVIRONMENT-TESTS OF THE $160,000

TWO-FLUID MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW 01-C

G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter 86-3

The "separated" or "two-fluid" model for two-phase flow is being used

to describe the behavior of a subcooled spray in a vapor environment.

Detailed measurements will be used to determine viable forms of the

"interaction" terms describing mass, energy and momentum transfer

between the phases. The overall purpose is to advance the stateof-the-art of basic analytical and computational tools for describing

two-phase multidimensional flow.

In the two-fluid model each phase satisfies the usual set of equations

of conservations of mass, momentum and energy with the influence of

one phase on the other appearing as "interaction terms" that couple

the two sets. While much effort has been devoted to writing down

various forms of equations and discussing how they can be obtained by

averaging the basic conservation laws for each phase, few workers have

actually applied them to specific situations. It is likely that

useful and reasonable simple expressions can be devised to represent

coupling effects when the flow pattern is clearly defined: for

instance, a dispersion of one phase in the other. Previously,

physically-based formulations have been applied to a one-dimensonal

representation of fluidized beds, sedimentation, and "mist-lift"

processes or the two- and three-dimensional modeling of sprays in

gases and particles interacting with a fluid.

This project concerns a dispersed flow regime in which heat and mass

transfer play leading roles: the condensation of vapor on a subcooled

spray of droplets. Analysis of this regime requires the inclusion of

significant interaction terms in all of the conservation laws, thus

providing a comprehensive test of the theory. Complementary

analytical and experimental work are planned. The experiments are

intended to build up to realistic complexity (e.g., a drop size

spectrum in the spray, variations in spray flux as a function of

angle) while keeping the flow pattern sufficiently well-defined to be

amenable to theoretical representation.
G. A. TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

P. 0. Box 85608

San Diego, CA 92138-5608

30. HIGHER DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $ 75,000

John M. Greene, Jin-Soo Kim 06-C

85-3

The goal of this project is to explore how the methods of nonlinear

dynamics can be applied to ever more complex systems.

The modern theory of nonlinear dynamics is, to a large extent, the

understanding of the way in which computational results can be used to

gain insight into the nature of chaotic and turbulent systems. A

property of such systems is that two different orbits that are crudely

indistinguishable are generally quite different in their detailed

behavior. Thus, a single orbit, or realization, contains a confusing

mixture of uninteresting detailed information, and usefully

generalizable information. The most easily obtained, additional,

exact information that computers can provide comes from the solution

of equations linearized around a given orbit. The objective of this

program is a thorough understanding of the information available

through linearization.

This information mostly falls under the key words of Lyapunov

exponents and directions. That is, this study emphasizes the

information available in the rates and directions of separation of

nearby orbits, or realizations. The methods are being developed and

tested using the Lorenz model. The knowledge gained this way is being

applied to the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, a simple partial

differential equation with chaotic solutions. The object is to

develop representations in which these solutions can be most simply

expressed.
GEO-CHEM RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

400 East Third Street

Bloomington, IN 47401

31. PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URANIUM ROLL TYPE DEPOSITS $ 50,000

P. J. Ortoleva 06-A

83-4

Oxidizing meteoric waters percolating through a reduced sandstone

aquifer can cause the accumulation of uranium and other ores at the

redox interface. The oxidation of pyrite to hematite or geothite can

lead to several instabilities underlying observed ore body properties.

The existence (and in some cases non-uniqueness) of propagating redox

fronts in ore-reductant systems (such as pyrite) was demonstrated and

a general exact value for its speed was obtained for the lossless

aquifer. The nonexistence of constant velocity redox fronts in

multireductant systems was proven analytically and shown numerically

to correspond to an accumulation of one mineral at the front of the

other - the essential trapping process leading to redox deposits.

A class of instabilities was found when reaction-induced porosity

variations were allowed to interact with the percolation flow through

the porosity-dependent permeability of Darcy's law. The planar front

of dissolution of soluble components in a sandstone aquifer (as pyrite

in oxidizing inflow waters) was found analytically to be unstable to

the formation of bumps. The range of wavelengths of the most rapidly

growing array of bumps brackets the observed wavelengths in roll front

deposits when geologically reasonable flow and porosity values were

used in our expressions. Numerical simulations of the full nonlinear

problem confirmed the linear analysis, and showed that, interestingly,

a single bump (in the shape of the surface on which porosity changes)

can branch into two fingers. Even very small changes in porosity

across the redox front can lead to this fingering.

Nonlinear transport/reaction interactions underly the genesis of

uranium roll-front deposits and directly tontrol their geometry

and quality. These insights are potentially very useful for

exploration.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Applied Optics

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

32. IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE $133,000

OF SMALL, HIGH VELOCITY PARTICLES 06-A

J. R. Fincke 85-3

Knowledge of in-flight particle temperature is fundamental to

understanding particle/plasma interactions in the physical and/or

chemical processing of fine powders. The measurement of in-flight

particle temperature is based on a two wavelength pyrometry technique.

In addition, simultaneous particle size is obtained by a light

scattering technique. The requirement of coincidence between sizing

and pyrometry signals insures that only particles for which

temperature data are available will be sized. The technique has been

demonstrated on laboratory scale plasma torches. The influence of

particle size, injection rate, torch power, etc., are currently being

examined in detail. In addition methods of simultaneously obtaining

particle size, velocity and temperature are under development.

This project is one of six projects comprising a collaborative

research program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Advanced Methods Projects

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

33. EXPERT SYSTEM AIDS FOR ANALYSIS CODES $262,000

V. H. Ransom, R. K. Fink, R. A. Callow 06-C

T. K. Larson, J. D. Ramshaw 85-3

The objectives of this research are to establish the impact that

expert systems will have on the architecture of engineering analysis

codes and to assess the potential benefits for such an application.

At the outset of this research the tasks of physical system modeling,

input preparation, output analysis, and code execution were identified

as potential applications for expert systems. However, initial

findings identified programming language compatibilities and

inter-computer communications as key issues in implementation of such

systems. In particular, the preferred situation for the modeling and

input functions is that the expert systems be accessible through an

engineering work station and, especially for the execution control

application, the expert system should reside on the same computer

system as the analysis code. Only the conditions for the modeling and

input functions are generally achievable at this time.

The potential benefits of expert systems for the modeling and input

functions were explored by development of an expert system aide for

ATHENA, a general purpose thermal hydraulic transient simulation code.

The results of this research demonstrated that significant

productivity improvement can be achieved, both by relieving the

analyst of burdensome tasks, and by providing expertise relative to

application of.the code in a user convenient form. In experiments,

the Athena AIDE resulted in reduction of the time required to produce

a model and input deck by fifty to eighty percent. Development of

such expert systems is recommended for existing as well as new

engineering analysis codes which have a sufficient user base. The

results of this research have been documented in several conference

and journal articles.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

34. ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS $ 439,000

EMPHASIS ON SURFACE FLAWS 01-A

W. G. Reuter 81-6

The objective is to improve design and analytical techniques for

predicting the integrity of flawed structural components. The

research is primarily experimental, with analytical evaluation guiding

the direction of experimental testing. Tests are being conducted on a

material (a modified ASTM A-710) exhibiting a range of fracture

toughness but essentially constant yield and ultimate tensile

strength. As test temperature increases, the specimen configurationfracture toughness relationship complies initially with requirements

for linear elastic-fracture mechanics and extends beyond the range of

a J-controlled field. Presently, compact tension and bend specimens

are being used to develop state-of-the-art fracture mechanics data on

the lower shelf (Kic), transition zone (JIc, J-R curves, etc.) and on

the upper shelf (J J-R. curves, etc.). Results from the lower

shelf and transition region are being used to predict failure

conditions for specimens containing surface flaws. Predictions are

then compared with experimental test data. These tests have been

supplemented by data generated from Ti-15-3 heat treated to develop a

plastic zone size of nominally 0.1 mm. These comparisons are

presently underway for 6.4 and 12.7 mm thick surface-flawed specimens.

Metallographic techniques are being used to measure crack tip opening

displacement and remaining ligament size for comparison with

analytical models. Laser interferometry techniques are being used to

evaluate and quantify the deformation in the crack region.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

35. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE $319,000

PLASMA/PARTICLE INTERACTION 06-A

C. B. Shaw, S. C. Snyder, L. D. Reynolds 85-3

The objective of this research is to quantitatively describe the heat

mass, and momentum transfer associated with metallic or oxide

particles immersed in thermal plasma environments. In order to

characterize the interaction between plasma constituents and

particles, the development of new methods to determine plasma flow

velocity and species compositions are being developed. Holographic

interferometry is currently being considered for plasma flow velocity

determination and planar laser induced fluorescence is being

considered for compositional measurements adjacent to particle

surfaces. Using these advanced techniques, temporal and spatially

resolved distributions of the chemical and physical properties of the

plasma/particle environment will be determined. Since this research

is performed in collaboration with research at Massachusetts Institute

of Technology, the resulting experimental data will be used to

validate and correct theoretical models used for thermal plasma

processing and for predictions relating to optimal torch and fixture

design criteria. Experiments are currently being performed in two

plasma torch designs, a constricted nozzle torch and an expanding

nozzle torch. Input power dissipation levels ranging from 5 to 180 kW

are being studied. These torch designs produce a representative

plasma characteristic of those employed for industrial plasma

processing.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

36. INTEGRATED SENSOR/MODEL DEVELOPMENT $450,000

FOR AUTOMATED WELDING 03-A

H. B. Smartt, J. A. Johnson, J. O. Bolstad 85-3

The objectives of this research are (1) to develop a model of the gas

metal arc welding process suitable for real-time process control, (2)

to develop an optical sensing capability to provide critical weld bead

geometry data, and (3) to develop an ultrasonic sensing capability to

directly sense weld bead side-wall fusion and penetration. This

project is part of a collaborative research program with the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

A fundamental model of the gas metal arc welding process has been

developed which considers wire melting and heat and mass transfer to

the base metal. Although iterative numerical solution techniques are

required, finite difference/finite element methods are not used. A

computer controlled welding machine has been built and used to

demonstrate the ability to independently control the heat and mass

input to the weld, using the above model in combination with an

adaptive feedback control scheme. This work is being extended to

allow real-time, optimized control of pulsed current welding to be

achieved.

A pulsed laser enhanced, gated electro-optical sensor has been

developed which suppresses most of the welding arc light, providing an

image of the electrode wire, weld pool, and surrounding base metal

which is suitable for image processing. Image processing techniques

are being developed to obtain quantitative information from the above

images regarding the weld pool geometry and position.

Direct sensing of the weld pool solid/liquid interface location is

being developed using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic transducers.

Signal analysis/pattern recognition techniques are being developed for

automated measurements. Signal generation by use of laser pulses

directed on the weld pool surface is also being studied.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Sensors and Diagnostics Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

37. NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURE $183,000

DYNAMICS AND CRACK GROWTH 03-B

John A. Johnson, Basil A. Barna, Randall T. Allemeir 83-5

The purpose of this research is to develop instrumentation and models

to measure and predict the emission and interaction of ultrasound from

growing cracks in engineering materials and to investigate methods of

sensing the properties of growing cracks. A high speed digital

acoustic emission (AE) data acquisition system is being developed and

applied to fracture mechanics experiments that are part of the

Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis program at INEL and the Modeling and

Analysis of Surface Cracks program at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology. In addition, numerical methods are being used to model

the interaction of acoustic emission stress waves with real crack

geometries.

The AE detection system is being developed and is capable of detecting

and digitizing AE signals with a larger bandwidth and with less dead

time than in conventional systems. This will allow improved

resolution in detecting the locations of the sources of emissions and

in discriminating between types of sources. Automatic analysis

methods are being developed for source location and source

identification for each of the large number of acoustic emission

events received in a typical fracture mechanics experiment. Other

work includes transducer design, transducer calibration, generalized

ray theory analysis (Green's functions), source location algorithms,

and inverse source identification algorithms.

Models of the ultrasonic field/crack interaction are based on a

numerical (finite element) solutions to the partial differential

equations (PDE) describing the system. In the finite element model,

a source of acoustic emission is modeled by changing boundary

conditions and the ultrasonic fields that propagate from the source to

a receiver are calculated. All mode conversions are automatically

included in the numerical solution to the PDE with the boundary

conditions of the system. These boundary conditions include the

geometry of the macrocrack near the source of acoustic emission and

thus calculate receiver signals which include effects that cannot be

calculated using generalized ray theory.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Chicago, IL 60616

38. VIBRATIONAL CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS: SELECTIVITY $ 80,000

ENHANCEMENT, STABILIZATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSIENT 03-A

BEHAVIOR 84-3

Ali Cinar

The objective of this project is to develop novel applications of the

vibrational control theory to various types of chemical reactors.

From the mathematical standpoint, the goal of this research is to

analyze the effects of fast parametric oscillations on the dynamics of

the systems studied. Research is focused on three areas of

application:

(i) Selectivity and yield enhancement in parallel reactions with

desirable and undesirable products. The oxidation of

ethylene over supported silver catalysts to ethylene oxide

and carbon dioxide is used as a test reaction.

(ii) Stabilization of nonadiabatic and autothermal tubular

packed-bed reactor operation at an otherwise unstable steady

state. The CO oxidation reaction is used as a test reaction.

(iii) Improvement of transient behavior of nonadiabatic and

autothermal tubular packed-bed reactors by relocation of

system zeros using vibrational-feedback control.

The theoretical developments will be tested experimentally on pilot

scale equipment in the laboratory. Vibrational control will be

implemented by introducing forced periodic oscillations in the input

concentrations and flow rates. The effects of multiple vibrating

inputs will be analyzed and the contributions of the phase

relationships between the forcing functions of various inputs will be

investigated. This study will provide techniques for improving

selectivity and yield in complex chemical reactions and for reducing

the overall control effort in reactor configurations used in the

industry.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Chicago, IL 60616

39. INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE $ 0

SYSTEMS 03-B

William M. Worek*, Zalman Lavan 84-3

The objective of this project is to develop a nonintrusive

experimental technique to simultaneously measure two scalar variables

in double-diffusive or other two component systems. The experimental

technique utilizes a dual-frequency (i.e., dual-source) Mach-Zehnder

Interferometer to simultaneously measure the variation of refractive

index within the test system at two disparate wavelengths. Two

interferograms, simultaneously acquired at the two wavelengths, are

then analyzed using refractive index data, which are temperature,

concentration and wavelength dependent, to resolve the temperature and

concentration fields in the test system.

The variation of refractive index with temperature, concentration and

wavelength in a saline water solution was not thoroughly documented

previously. The first part of the experimental program was expanded

to acquire this data. This data is then used in subsequent

experimental tests in a laboratory scaled double-diffusive system.

Also, the experimental program is integrated with an analytical

approach in an attempt to identify and assess the potential

application of such a technique and the impact on stability studies in

double-diffusive systems.

*

University of Illinois at Chicago

Department of Mechanical Engineering (m/c 251)

P. 0. Box 4348

Chicago, IL 60680
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Energy Resources Center

Chicago, IL 60680

40. HEAT TRANSFER TO AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS $ 78,000

J. P. Hartnett 01-B

85-2

The goal of the research is to study the fluid mechanical and heat

transfer behavior of viscoelastic aqueous polymer solutions. The

ultimate objective is to provide a basis for predicting the

performance of such fluids. At the present time, two basic

investigations are underway:

a.) Pool boiling behavior of aqueous solutions of two high

molecular weight polymers, hydroxyethyl cellulose and

polyacrylamide and a comparison with the pool boiling

performance of deionized water.

b.) Combined free and forced convection to two viscoelastic

fluids (aqueous solutions of hydroxyethyl collulose and

polyacrylamide) in laminar flow through a 5:1 rectangular

channel, and a comparison with Newtonian fluid performance.

To date the following results have been found:

a.) High concentrations of the aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose

solutions yield higher values of the boiling heat flux than

found with deionized water when compared at the same wallto-fluid temperature difference. In contrast, aqueous

polyacrylamide solutions yield lower values of boiling heat

flux than found with deionized water when compared at the

same wall-to-fluid temperature. These results are being

analyzed to establish a rational basis for the observed

differences in behavior.

b.) Laminar heat transfer results for two Newtonian fluids, oil

and water, and for the two viscoelastic fluids, have been

obtained. There is clear evidence of secondary flows for

both classes of fluids and efforts are underway to determine

the nature of the secondary motion.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Department of Chemical Engineering

Urbana, IL 61801

41. GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES $106,000

Thomas J. Hanratty 01-C

86-3

Research is being conducted to obtain a better understanding of

gas-liquid flow in horizontal and vertical pipelines. The goals are

(1) to develop methods to predict when slug flow will exist in

horizontal gas-liquid flows, (2) to obtain a better understanding of

the interfacial wave patterns in stratified gas-liquid flows, (3) to

obtain improved predictive methods for horizontal and vertical annular

flows. Vertical flow experiments are being conducted in pipelines

with diameters of 3/4 in., 1 1/2 in., and 2 1/4 in. The horizontal

flow facility, which has pipelines of 1 in., 2 in., and 4 in., was

completely renovated during the past year so that it can operate with

a wide range of liquid viscosities and at inclinations of +2 degrees.

A linear theory has been developed that predicts the initiation of

slugs at low gas velocities by examining the stability of a stratified

flow. During the past year some success has been experienced with an

alternate approach that establishes necessary conditions for the

existence of slugs.

The results of a comprehensive study that relates interfacial stress

to wave structure in horizontal flow was published during the past

year. On the basis of these results new design methods for stratified

flows have been developed. These results will be tested in inclined

pipelines.

Techniques have been developed to measure the rates of atomization and

deposition in vertical annular flow. A theoretical understanding of

these rate processes is being obtained through measurements of wave

patterns and droplet motions. These measurements are being used to

develop better predictive methods for entrainment.

Previous measurements of entrainment for air-water flow in a

horizontal one inch pipe will be extended during the next year to

include 2 inch and 4 inch pipelines and high viscosity liquids.
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, CA 91109

42. APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULES AS HIGH-RESOLUTION, $ 78,000

HIGH-SENSITIVITY THRESHOLD ELECTRON DETECTORS 03-B

A. Chutjian, S. H. Alajajian, O. J. Orient 86-3

Measurements and theoretical calculations are carried out of electron

attachment cross sections e (E) and rate constants in molecules at

electron energies below 260 millielectron volts (meV). Measurements

are carried out at extremely high energy resolution (5-8 meV, FWHM)

using the krypton photoionization technique developed at JPL. This

electron energy region is accessible by no other experimental

technique, and previously-published JPL results have clerfiy shown the

s-wave threshold behavior in which a (e) diverges as s. . The

molecules c-C5 F and c-C6 F have shown extremely narrow, deltafunction like w dths for attachment of zero-energy electrons. This

feature makes them suitable as high-sensitivity threshold electron

detectors useful in, for example, obtaining threshold photoelectron

spectra of atoms and molecules. Experimental results in F2

(published), and theoretical calculations in CFCQ, and CC~ (to be

published) have shown significant discrepancies with calculation and

other experiments as to energy dependence of the o (E), and

temperature dependence of the rate constants. These properties have

bearing on the plasma-assisted etching process, and on soot (and/or

electron density) reduction in combustion plasmas. To this end,

experimental work on attachment to C. will be initiated, calculations

in CFCQ and CCQ 4 completed, and attachment properties of about six

other molecules, currently being tested elsewhere as electron "sinks"

or soot reducers in combustion plasmas, will be studied.
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Physics Division and Accelerator and

Fusion Division

University of California

Berkeley, CA 94720

43. STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $155,000

Allan N. Kaufman and Robert G. Littlejohn 06-C

86-3

This project involves studies of fundamental properties of nonlinear

dynamical systems which arise in physical situations of importance to

energy research. Three subjects are being explored. First,

theoretical work is in progress to explore several different aspects

of wave phenomena. Special focus is given to wave packets, the use of

the Maslov index in multidimensional quantization problems, and linear

mode.conversion. Recent progress includes the establishment of the

general relationship between wave packet evolution and quantization,

the use of wave packets for the computation of multidimensional

problems, an exploration of the relation between the Maslov index and

the phase space structures of nonlinear Hamiltonian dynamical systems,

and the first treatment of mode conversion phenomena for

multidimensional systems, involving novel "reduction" techniques.

Emphasis is given to the use of a phase space approach to wave

phenomena in all these applications. Second, a new formulation of

conservative dissipative processes is being explored, in which the

entropy and energy functionals jointly generated the time evolution of

the system. Third, action principles are being used to imbed

single-particle Lie transform perturbation methods in collective

models, such as Vlasov-Maxwell systems. Nonlinear phenomena (e.g.,

ponderomotive forces) are thus dealt with systematically.
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY

Theoretical Division

Los Alamos, NM 87545

~.Ssr , ~ - lf C<>Wg4

44. LATTICE GAS HYDRODYNAMICS: THEORY AND SIMULATIONS $ 90,000

Brosl Hasslacher, Uriel Frisch, Yves Pomeau 01-C

87-3

Lattice gases, operating as cellular automata and amenable to massive

parallelism, which simulate the Navier-Stokes equation in two and

three dimensions, were introduced in 1985 by the principal

investigators (Phys. Rev. Lett.). Such lattice gases are formed of

"Boolean molecules" with discrete time, space, and velocity. Their

collision laws are designed to conserve particle number and momentum.

Macroscopic momentum averages satisfy the incompressible Navier-Stokes

equation, in a suitable physical limit. Groups in the United States

and in France are already engaged in theory, simulations, and hardware

projects for lattice gas hydrodynamics. Preliminary results indicate

that the method is easy to implement (with or without boundaries),

robust, and reproduces known hydrodynamic phenomena. It may

eventually yield a new simulation strategy for complex turbulent

flows, with many practical applications.

It was proposed that the lattice gas method be evaluated, and that

modified models with higher Reynolds numbers be studied. Twodimensional computer models were created to run on the CRAY-XMP, the

CRAY II, and on the Connection Machine II (a computer with 65,000

central processors). These models ran at the rate of 80,000,000,

10,000,000, and 2,000,000,000 cell updates per second, respectively.

Comparisons with other calculational methods have been done. A

three-dimensional program has been developed which produced the

highest Reynolds numbers attainable with 24 bits required per cell.

Flow past a square plate has been successfully modeled by this code.

Summaries of this and other recent work have been published in several

articles in the August issue of Complex Systems. Lattice gas methods

for solving partial differential equations appear useful and

promising. Expectations of their capabilities on future machines are

now being estimated.
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY

Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Division

Los Alamos, NM 87545

45. DEVELOPMENT OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (TIC's) $100,000

D. Wilde, R. Lemons, D. Lynn, D. Brown, R. Dooley, 03-B

C. Mombourquette, J. Pafford 82-6

The object of this project is to develop electronics that are capable

of operating in both high-temperature and high-radiation environments

while maintaining levels of circuit sophistication, integration, and

reliability demanded of modern electronics. The approach is to use

the intrinsically high-temperature phenomenon of thermionic emission

in conjunction with the thin-film technology of integrated circuits to

produce microminiature vacuum triodes. Large numbers of these devices

fabricated on a substrate are interconnected to achieve useful circuit

functions. High-temperature tests have been conducted at 500°C with

no degradation in device characteristics. Current research is focused

on improving cathode lifetime, emission, linewidth, and chemical

stability to ensure the reliability, functionality, and

manufacturability of TIC technology for application in

high-temperature and high-radiation environments.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

46. THE USE OF OPTICAL FLOW FIELDS IN ESTABLISHING $ 78,000

STEREO CORRESPONDENCE 01-C

J. H. Duncan 87-2

The major difficulty in the analysis of stereo images is establishing

correspondence, i.e., finding features in one image that correspond to

given features in the other image. For static stereo pairs, a number

of methods have been developed to establish correspondence. These

methods are time consuming and difficult to implement at the edges of

objects where the range is discontinuous. In many applications, there

is relative motion between the camera pair and the objects in the

field of view. In these cases, it is possible to obtain an optical

flow field in the left and right images. Since the relative motion

between the cameras is known, equations can be derived relating the

left and right image flow fields. One relation is obtained by

subtracting the flow fields; the resulting equation for the rate of

change of disparity is called the binocular flow equation.

Preliminary calculations and experiments for rigidly attached,

parallel camera-pair configurations have shown that this relation is

promising as a guide for establishing correspondence: potential

matches can be tested by substituting the measured positions and

velocities of the features into the equation. In the present study,

the binocular flow equation is being explored in detail to find the

limits of its usefulness in establishing correspondence in terms of

camera-pair motions and surface shapes.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Electrical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

47. STUDY OF MAGNETOSTATIC PROBLEMS IN $ 68,000

NONLINEAR MEDIA WITH HYSTERESIS 06-C

I. C. Mayergoyz 83-4

This project has two main research objectives: (1) to develop

boundary Galerkin's approach and its quasi-finite-element realization

in order to circumvent the difficulties which are related to the

unbounded regions of field distribution, and (2) to investigate

mathematical models of hysteresis and develop the methods for the

calculation of magnetostatic problems in media with hysteresis.

As far as the first objective is concerned, the calculation of

magnetic fields in unbounded regions will be reduced to coupled

boundary/volume Galerkin's forms and a new quasi-finite-element

projection technique will be developed on this basis. The problems

concerning convergence of the quasi-finite-element methods, existence

and uniqueness of the solution of simultaneous nonlinear quasifinite-element equations and global iterative methods of the

calculation of the solution of these equations will be the focus of

this research.

For the second objective, mathematical models of hysteresis as

continuous- superposition of rectangular hysteresis nonlinearities will

be investigated. Special attention will be paid to the solution of

identification problems and to the generalization of these models for

the case of vector hysteresis. The application of continuation

methods to the calculation of magnetostatic fields in media with

hysteresis will be studied.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

48. TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAME STUDY $135,000

Wai Cheng, James Keck 06-B

Steve Pope (Cornell University) 86-3

This program is a combined experimental and theoretical study of

premixed turbulent flames. The primary aim of the experiment is to

study the growth behavior and some detailed properties of

statistically spherical flames. The theoretical part of the program

centers on the description of the flame behavior using the pdf

formulation. Techniques using a thin sheet laser light to illuminate

the flame ball have been developed to look at the relationship between

the flame structure and the burn rate. The illuminated flow will be

recorded on high speed movies and the image will be digitized. Then

the topology and dynamics of the flame structures will be analyzed

statistically. Experiments to examine the effect of pressure gradient

on the flame propagation characteristics is planned. The development

of a pdf description of the turbulent flame behavior follows the

experiment closely. The approach is to model the topology of the

flame surface by studying their kinematics and dynamics. Initially

the reaction zone will be modelled as a simple regular propagating

surface which propagates at the laminar flame speed. Then the effects

of curvature and stretching on the flame speed will be added and local

breakdown on the regular surface due to self-intersection and the

formation of cusps will be examined. The experimental and theoretical

efforts will lead to a comprehensive description of the turbulent

premixed flames.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

49. METAL TRANSFER IN GAS METAL ARC WELDING $120,000

Thomas W. Eagar 03-B

85-3

The present research is part of a cooperative program among faculty at

MIT and staff at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to develop

sensing and control methods which can be used to automate the gas

metal arc welding processes.

Current research emphasizes understanding of the forces controlling

droplet detachment in gas metal arc welding. Experimentally, a laser

back lit viewing system has been developed which permits viewing of

anode and cathode jet phenomena. Welds have been made with a variety

of different metals (steel, aluminum and titanium) in different

shielding gases (argon, helium, carbon dioxide). It is seen that the

anode spot behavior changes dramatically with changes in both metal

and gas composition.

This experimental information is being coupled with a model of the

forces controlling metal transfer. These include gravitation, surface

tension, aerodynamic drag, electromagnetic (Lorentz) force and plasma

jet momentum. Initial studies show that globular transfer can be

described quantitatively by previous theories which were presented

originally in only a qualitative manner. Quantification of previous

explanations of spray transfer depart markedly from the experimental

observations. A new model of the globular to spray transition has

been hypothesized and is currently being studied with a finite element

model.

It is believed that this work will ultimately be useful in

understanding metal transfer in pulsed current gas metal arc welding.

This study also interfaces with the experimental and theoretical gas

metal arc welding control models being developed at MIT by Professor

D. Hardt and at INEL.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

50. PLASMA REDUCTION OF METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES $119,000

J. F. Elliott, J. Szekely, R. E. Spjut 06-A

85-3

The objective of this research is to characterize reactions in

composite carbon-metal oxide particles and the possible reduction of

metal oxide particles injected into the tail flame of a thermal arc

plasma. At the present time, it is not known if a significant degree

of reaction occurs in flight, or if such reduction processes require a

molten bath and, hence, a transferred arc plasma. The experimental

method involves injecting mixtures of carbon and metallic oxide

particles, in the size range of 20 to 100 microns, into an arc plasma

just beyond the point of initial generation and sampling downstream at

various distances with a rapidly moving projectile. The particles

thus removed from the plasma may be examined by microscopy and

electron microanalysis to determine the extent of reduction.

Another important aspect of this work is to determine the rate of heat

transfer between the plasma and injected solid particles. In a

preliminary set of experiments, solid particles of varying

thermophysical properties will be injected into the plasma and then

collected. By sectioning and analyzing these particles, it will be

possible to establish the extent to which melting has in fact

occurred. These experimental measurements will be critically compared

with the theoretical predictions.

This work is closely coordinated with the plasma modelling and

gas-particle studies in progress at MIT, and with measurements of

particle trajectories and temperatures of particles passing through

plasma flames that are in progress at the Idaho National Engineering

Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

51. HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-PARTICLE REACTIONS $140,000

J. F. Elliott, R. E. Spjut, P. 0. Bolsaitis 06-A

85-3

The objective of the research program is to examine the

physico-chemical behavior of individual inorganic particles for

conditions simulating those to which particles are exposed in thermal

plasmas. In the experimental arrangement, a particle is suspended by

the field in an electrostatic balance and it is heated in a laser

beam. Manipulation of the charge on the particle and precise

measurements of the strength of the field permits determination of the

weight of the particle before and after its exposure to the laser

beam. The composition of the gas in the reaction chamber is

controlled, and the temperature of the particle can be measured and

controlled with a time resolution as short as one or two milliseconds.

This work is closely coordinated with the other plasma processing

programs in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT

and with the experimental program on plasma processing at the Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory.

Experiments are in progress to (a) develop means of extracting the

reacted particle for examination by various means, (b) study phase

transformations, particularly solidification of alloys and ceramic

materials at high rates of cooling, (c) study behavior of carbon-oxide

particles in simulated plasma conditions, and (d) study ignition and

combustion of metal particles.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

52. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM $ 93,000

TO SYNTHESIZE HEAT AND WORK 03-A

INTEGRATION SYSTEMS FOR PROCESS PLANTS 85-3

L. B. Evans

The goal of this research is to develop a prototype expert system for

the synthesis of heat and work integration systems in process plants.

This is an important problem in the design of new plants and the

retrofitting of existing plants for energy conservation.

The expert system will assist the process engineer in designing heat

and work integration systems. A scientific approach to the design of

such systems based upon sound thermodynamic principles has emerged

within the past decade, so there is now an accepted set of design

rules or heuristics that is a prerequisite for an expert system.

The development of a prototype system seeks to answer many open

questions, such as: What is the appropriate architecture for the

system? How should the knowledge base be represented? What is the

best strategy for generating and evaluating alternative solutions?

Are standard tools of artificial intelligence suitable for this

problem or must we develop specialized procedures? Is an expert

system useful either as an aid or alternative to-the solution of the

problem by a human designer?
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

53. A PARITY SIMULATOR FOR NUCLEAR $214,000

POWER PLANT DYNAMICS 06-C

K. F. Hansen 85-3

The simulation of the behavior of dynamic systems is an important part

of the computer field. The great advances in digital electronics are

such that most simulation is done digitally. However, problems unique

to the use of digital computers, such as computer languages, numerical

algorithms, and computer/user interfaces have made simulation of

engineering systems difficult and/or awkward. This is particularly

true with regard to transient analysis of nuclear power plants.

One area of analog simulation that has remained in widespread use is

that of "breadboard" circuits to simulate electric electronic

networks. Recent developments have led to a very flexible and

convenient breadboard technique called parity simulation, where

individual integrated circuits in the simulator behave as individual

circuit elements. The system is also user friendly in that the

analyst communicates in his own engineering language.

It is well-known that electric analogs can be constructed to other

physical systems such as mechanical, thermal, fluid, magnetic, or

acoustic systems. Research in this project is aimed at developing

integrated circuit analogs to plant components, such as pipes, reactor

cores, heat exchangers, pumps, etc. The IC elements will solve the

conservation equations of mass, energy, and momentum. Thus far

elements have been developed for single phase compressible and

incompressible flow.

This is one of several projects carried out in cooperation with Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory/EG&G.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity

Cambridge, MA 02139

54. MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF THE GAS-METAL ARC $166,000

WELDING PROCESS 03-B

David E. Hardt 85-3

The process of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) involves many process

control variables such as arc voltage, current, travel speed, wire

feed rate, and voltage pulsing profile. These multiple inputs to the

weld cause changes in multiple outputs such as weld width, depth,

reinforcement height and thermal effects in the weldment. All

existing work in closed-loop control of welding, however, has treated

this highly coupled, multiple input-multiple output system as a single

variable control problem, concentrating, for example, on controlling

just the weld width or depth. The objective here is to treat the

comprehensive problem in a dynamically coupled, multivariable sense.

Our work to date has been divided between modelling and control for

weld bead geometry and for thermal characteristics.

In the geometry control problem, a four state, non-linear dynamic

model has been derived on the basis of previous process analysis work

and empirical data. This model relates the conventional welding

controls: supply voltage, wire feedrate and welding speed to bead

width, depth and reinforcement height. It has been found that not

only is the model non-linear, it is extremely sensitive to the

operating point used for any local linearization. This leads to the

need for a true non-linear control approach, and the current candidate

for this is Sliding Mode Control, which can directly incorporate the

non-linear model. We are also developing an experimental facility to

perform model verification and, eventually, control system studies.

A parallel effort has concentrated on the multivariable control of

thermal characteristics including the heat affected zone width, gross

cross-section of the pool and centerline cooling rate. A fully

non-linear, finite difference model has been developed that captures

the thermal dynamics for these outputs and the model has been verified

experimentally. An equivalent linear transfer function matrix has

been derived from simulation on this model, and again the linear

equivalents are non-stationary, but in a less catastrophic manner than

with geometry. However, they are variable enough that our control

work has mandated the use of a discrete Model Reference Adaptive

Control Method. Control experiments are now underway using direct IR

sensing of top surface temperatures for real-time feedback.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

55. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRICTION MODEL $ 0

PREDICTING THE SLIDING BEHAVIOR OF 01-D

MATERIAL PAIRS, ESPECIALLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES 85-2

Yukikazu Iwasa

The principal objectives of this research program are 1) to develop a

friction model which predicts correctly whether a system sliding at

low speeds will give steady or unsteady sliding behavior and 2) to

advance basic understanding of the friction process.

The program consists of experimental and analytical studies.

Experimental work includes collection of data on creep properties of

the two contacting materials, namely bulk creep behavior in tension

and interface creep data in shear. The interface creep takes place

when one material is pressed against the other by a constant force and

a shear force insufficient to produce gross sliding is applied. The

extent to which the bulk creep properties determine the interfacial

creep behavior both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures

will be determined, and this knowledge should lead to better models of

the friction process. In turn, such knowlege will contribute to a

more reliable operation of superconducting magnets.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Ocean Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

56. IN-PROCESS CONTROL OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AND $110,000

DISTORTION IN AUTOMATIC WELDING 03-A

Koichi Masubuchi 85-3

The objective of this research is to develop the technology of

in-process control of residual stresses and distortion in automatic

welding. The program consists of the following phases:

Phase 1: In-process control of residual stresses and distortion in

some weldments.

Phase 2: Development of technologies for minimizing and

eliminating, if possible, tack welds.

Phase 2-1: Analytical and experimental studies of thermal stresses

during welding and forces acting on tack welds.

Phase 2-2: GMAW process control to minimize interference from tack

welds.

Phase 3: Plans for further development of the technology of

in-process control of residual stresses and distortion.

Phase 2-2 has been added since July 1986. The research efforts thus

far covered all phases but Phase 3, which will be done at the end of

the program.

The major effort under Phase 1 has been to study means for reducing

distortions and residual stresses in girth-welded pipes. It has been

found that an application of internal pressures during welding is an

effective means of reducing radial distortion.

The major effort under Phase 2-1 has been to study transient thermal

stresses and metal movement during butt welding of steel and aluminum

plates. It has been found through experiments that forces acting on

tack welds can be significantly reduced by additional heating by

oxyacetylene torches placed alongside the welding arc. Through an

analytical study it has been found that the most effective way is to

heat wide areas to relatively low temperatures so that (a) the counter

metal movement produced by the additional heating is significant, but

(b) the supplementary heating does not produce additional residual

stresses.

Under Phase 2-2, basic research has been conducted on possible ways

for minimizing interference of tack welds by increasing penetration of

the main root-pass welding.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

57. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACKS $185,000

David M. Parks, Frank A. McClintock 01-A

85-3

This research focuses on the analysis of ductile crack initiation,

growth and instability in part-through surface-cracked plates and

shells. The overall approach consists of determining parametric

limits of applicability of the "dominant singularity" formalism of

nonlinear fracture mechanics in these crack configurations as they are

influenced (principally) by material strain hardening, load magnitude,

and crack geometry. When such single-parameter dominance is obtained,

correlations of crack response with J-integral or related measures may

be justified. The analysis requires detailed finite element

computations which are too costly for routine applications, so further

development of simplified analytical models such as the so-called

"line-spring" model is underway.

To date, detailed non-linear three-dimensional finite element studies

of surface cracks under predominant tension show that the asymptotic

HRR stress fields of power law hardening materials typically dominate

for normal stress levels up to--75% of yield strength, with a rapid

loss of dominance at higher load levels. Calculated crack front

deformations are in good agreement with experimental measurements made

at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The line-spring has

been generalized to include elastic/power law behavior, and resulting

solutions are within a few percent of corresponding continuum

solutions requiring more than an order of magnitude more computation.

Finally, detailed three-dimensional studies of through-cracks in

"thin" sheets has accurately quantified the stress intensity variation

through the thickness, as well as the boundary layer structure near

the intersection of the crack front with the free surface.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

58. ENERGETICS OF COMMINUTION $124,000

Carl Peterson 01-A

85-3

This program is central to a broader program of comminution research

that includes basic studies on the behavior of single particles,

particulate beds, and the design and testing of a novel coal crushing

concept.

Single particle work has progressed the furthest. A very rigid

miniature compression testing device has been fabricated and data

generation has just begun. Behavior of the device is satisfactory and

computer data acquisition is being installed to permit routine testing

of a statistically significant number of particles. This device will

provide information on force and energy requirements for particle

fracture as a function of particle size and material properties. A

new theory of comminution has been proposed which seems to explain the

shift in energies required for failure as size decreases for uniform

materials. More complex materials such as particles with voids and

composite materials will be examined next. The increased difficulty

to fracture a particle of smaller size has a practical significance in

the crushing behavior of particulate beds.

Particulated bed work will include both analytical and experimental

studies, seeking the combination of bed stress and strain required to

cause individual particle fracture within some zones of the bed.

These studies will ultimately tie back to the individual particle

failure studies when computer simulations are used to predict particle

movements and forces acting on the particles.

A novel comminution mill has been designed which uses particleto-particle shear to cause particle failure.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

59. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA $115,000

IN PLASMA SYSTEMS 06-A

J. Szekely 85-3

The purpose of this investigation is to develop a comprehensive

mathematical representation of the electromagnetic force field, the

velocity field, and the temperature field in plasma systems.

The problem has been formulated through the statement of the

appropriate transport equations and an extensive set of numerical

results has been generated. These results describe the velocity

field, the temperature field and the mixing characteristics of

non-transferred arc plasma jets, both in the absence and presence of

swirl. The theoretical predictions were found to be in excellent

agreement with measurements conducted both at the Idaho National

Engineering Laboratory and at the University of Limoges in Limoges,

France.

These computed results are generating a hitherto-unavailable basic

understanding of the behavior of plasma systems, and should be helpful

in providing the basis for the rational design of plasma reactors.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003

60. A DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE $ 42,000

FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS 06-A

AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATIONS 85-3

M. F. Doherty

New techniques are being developed to aid in the design and synthesis

of multicomponent, nonideal and azeotropic separation systems. The

synthesis problem is a difficult one for it not only entails choosing

the optimal column configuration and processing conditions, but also

involves choosing the optimal entrainer. The problem is compounded by

the presence of distillation boundaries in azeotropic mixtures which

put severe constraints on the feasible class of column sequences. At

present there is no systematic method available in the literature for

solving this synthesis problem.

The technique being developed is based on the concept of a residue

curve map. These maps represent the fundamental phase-equilibrium

behavior of the mixture in a way which is uniquely suited for

separation-system studies. The maps provide information for

discriminating between feasible and infeasible column sequences. New

design tools have also been developed for calculating such quantities

as minimum reflux ratios for azeotropic mixtures. The ultimate aim of

this research program is to develop a comprehensive body of theory

which will result in automatic computer procedures for synthesisi'ng

optimal separation sequences for multicomponent azeotropic mixtures.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessman Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003-0011

61. SCREENING ALTERNATIVE CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR $120,000

PLANT CONTROL SYSTEM 03-A

J. M. Douglas, M. F. Malone 83-6

An interactive computer code that helps the user to develop a

conceptual design of a petrochemical process has been completed, and a

similar code that helps the user to retrofit a process is about 75%

complete. A code that estimates the incremental costs associated with

the steady state control of the process is currently being developed.

That is, the code helps to identify the dominant disturbances, it

checks to see if an adequate number of manipulative variables are

available for control (and it calculates the costs associated with

modifying the flowsheet to ensure that the process is controllable),

it assesses if equipment constraints are encountered when disturbances

enter the process and manipulative variables are changed to compensate

for these disturbances (and it estimates the costs required to remove

these constraints), and it suggests control system alternatives that

give close to the optimum operating costs.

We are also building dynamic models of complete processes in order to

determine the effect of control system alternatives on the total

operating costs of the complete process. We intend to use the results

of these studies to develop short-cut procedures for screening control

system alternatives. Some short-cut models have been developed, but

these need to be tested against rigorous simulations.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003-0011

62. MIXING: STRETCHING, BREAKUP, AND CHAOTIC MOTION $ 55,000

OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS 01-C

J. M. Ottino 85-3

In spite of its universality and practical implications, the

understanding of fluid mixing remains largely empirical and little

theoretical foundation exists at the present time. The goal of our

research focuses on two aspects of mixing problems with the long range

objective of establishing a sound background for the analysis of such

processes: (i) theoretical and experimental investigations of the

conditions that determine the onset of chaos in deterministic two

dimensional flows, and (ii) studies of the dynamics of stretching and

breakup of small droplets in such flows. Thus, (i) focuses on a

global scale whereas (ii) is a local analysis focusing on deformation

and breakup in Lagrangian (linear) time dependents flows. The breakup

depends in a complicated way on the balance between elongation and

vorticity at small scales; on the other hand, the dispersion is

effective if the large scale flow is chaotic.

During the past year we concentrated primarily on (i). The strategy

was to study rather thoroughly a simple prototype flow - a

periodically operated cavity flow - in order to extract as much

information as possible about the behavior of two-dimensional chaotic

fluid flows in general. We focused on the asymptotic behavior of

coherent structures, such as holes and large scale structures (folds)

produced by the mixing, as well as the structure of periodic points

and sequences global bifurcations. Besides the obvious relevance to

mixing of viscous liquids these results can be useful in the

understanding of problems as diverse as mixing in the earth's mantle,

and mixing of shear sensitive biomaterials. On a more speculative

level, the problem might serve as a prototype for coherent structures

in turbulent flows.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003

63. MULTIVARIABLE AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL $ 59,000

OF NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS 03-A

E. Ydstie 85-3

The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for nonlinear,

adaptive control of chemical and petroleum processes. The algorithm

we investigate is suited for implementation in a distributed network

of computers and it is amenable for complete plant control and

optimization. The approach is motivated by the many recent successful

applications of linear adaptive control theory, however our approach

relies on physically based process models and the maximum use of prior

information about system characteristics. Our investigation will

include:

-algorithmic development and stability analysis,

-application to a distributed control of pilot process,

-simulation and optimization of a complete plant.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics

Ann Arbor, MI 48109

64. NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF $ 76,000

POLYMERIC MATERIALS 01-D

S. K. Clark 86-2

This research has as its objective the development of greatly improved

methods for the analytical description of the nonlinear viscoelastic

response of textile cords commonly used in reinforced elastomeric

products. Such cords are characterized by their sensitivity to

frequency, temperature, strain history and moisture. Typical

materials of this class are nylon, polyester, and aramid. While

linear theories are capable of providing first-order approximations

for small strain ranges, more complete material description can only

be obtained by considering nonlinear effects of the reinforcing

materials.

While generalized three dimensional viscoelastic equations are

available for the response of the stress tensor to strain under

isothermal conditions; these are so cumbersome when expanded in

multidimensional form as to be extremely difficult to confirm

experimentally. For this reason, the one-dimensional case exemplified

by twisted textile cord provides an excellent opportunity to assess

the adequacy of these published theories. This is being done by

comparison of the one-dimensional form of these theories with

experimental data, which can be obtained readily on such cords. This

will give valuable insight into the adequacy of two and threedimensional models for more complex situations. A significant

experimental program is being carried out using both twisted and

untwisted textile reinforcing elements under a variety of temperature,

strain and frequency conditions. Creep effects, nonlinear elastic

effects and hysteretic properties are being assessed through the

entire range of these variables. Once the constants of the analytical

model are obtained, the adequacy of the model will be evaluated by

comparing predictions made with experimental data taken on load

histories differ from those used in obtaining the model constants.

At the present time experiment equipmental has been fabricated for

carrying out these tests and data is currently being collected and

analyzed.
UNIVERSITY OF, MINNESOTA

, Department of Mechaniical- Engineering

Minneapolis, MNi , 55455

65. ,THE IMPACT OF SEPARATED FLOW ON HEAT $116,000

-AND MASS TRANSFER ' 0' 1-B

.R. J. Goldstein ' 87-4

In many real flow systems separation occurs:either.intentionally or

,unintentially. Such separations, often unsteady by nature, tend to

result in .three-dimensional and secondary flows. Heat.and mass

'transfer in some situations can be.unsteady; there can be energy

separation in the flow and often:large'gradients in heat and/or mass

transfer occur which are difficult to measure. ,The proposed.study

will include a variety of flow situations involving separation'and

also the development of special measurement techniques to'study the

heat and mass transfer in the presence of large gradients. ' Situations

-to be -studied include the flow over two'and three-dimensional steps,

separation of the flow around circular and. square, cylinders projecting

from.surfaces including the influence ofa horseshoe vortex and

local ized.fins ,flow through a porous medium represented by a simple ·,flow, and.the vortex rings formed around a jet as it flows out of an

,o rifice,or nozzle. These include the development of precision'i

microsensors for highly localized measurements of the heat flux, and

further development of techniques for local mass transfer measurement.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics

Minneapolis, MN 55455

66. LUBRICATED PIPELINING $ 70,000

Daniel D. Joseph 01-C

87-3

This project has as its aim the understanding and control of water

lubricated pipelining of viscous crude oils, coal-oil dispersions and

other viscous materials. The basis for this work is that there are

domains of parameters in which water lubricated transportation of

viscous materials is stable. The lubricated configurations can

introduce enormous savings of energy in the form of reduced pressure

gradients for enhanced transport. The studies underway are

theoretical and experimental. The experimental studies are on the

transportation of coal oil dispersions, on the properties of

emulsified solutions at large shear, and on stable wavy interfaces

arising from nonlinear interactions. The problem of coal-oil

dispersions is to know if the coal can be made to stay in the oil

under conditions of lubricated transport. Stability calculations

underway are designed to identify the windows of parameters in which

core annular flow is stable and to calculate maximum growth rates for

unstable flow. Future studies will concentrate on extensions to

include effects of oil wetted walls, gravity and nonlinear mechanisms.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Minneapolis, MN 55455

67. THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING OF MATERIALS $125,000

E. Pfender 06-A

85-3

The objective of this research project is a combined

analytical/experimental study of the interaction of particulate matter

with thermal plasmas, including chemical reactions in the vapor phase.

The analytical work is primarily concerned with heat, mass, and

momentum transfer of particulates in thermal plasma flows and with the

chemistry involved in the production of fine ceramic powders. A

recent literature survey and a critical analysis of available heat

transfer data shows that the disagreement between various proposed

correlations and experiments may exceed an order of magnitude. This

is a clear indication that more work is needed for establishing

realistic heat transfer correlations.

Over the past year, some general rules have been established for the

thermochemistry of chemical reactions in thermal plasmas and these

rules have been applied to the synthesis of silicon nitride. The

formation of free silicon in the liquid phase around 2,500 K and high

supersaturation ratios of silicon are detrimental for achieving high

silicon nitride yields.

The major objective of the experimental work is the development and

diagnosis of a new plasma reactor with three cathodes which should

solve the problems of particle injection, particle confinement, and

particle dwell time in the plasma. Spectrometric measurements are in

progress showing temperatures up to 16,500 K in pure argon (1 atm) and

pronounced off-axis peaks close to the cathode.

Because of severe limitations of the present reactor, a new reactor is

being designed, offering enhanced flexibility in terms of spacing and

orientation of the cathodes, and increased power levels.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Chemical Engineering Science Division

Center for Chemical Engineering

Boulder, CO 80303

68. RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION APPROACH TO THE STUDY $110,000

OF FREE CONVECTION IN POROUS MEDIA 01-C

Michael C. Jones, R. A. Perkins 87-2

In this project, the object is to apply the principles of Residence

Time Distribution (RTD) analysis to the study of free convection in

porous media. The advantages of this technique are that it is

nonintrusive, the data are quickly generated, and a large amount of

information, distributed in the time domain, is obtained. The

disadvantage is that a model must be used to infer the flow pattern

from the RTD. It is proposed to apply the same modeling approaches

that have been used successfully in mixing tank studies and to

interpret the flow patterns in terms of similar mixing model

parameters. Correlations would then be sought with the global

parameters of the porous medium like Rayleigh, Peclet and Nusselt

numbers.

An experimental program will be undertaken in which tracer responses

will be obtained for a variety of buoyancy-induced flow conditions to

obtain the mixing model parameters. Single point tracer responses as

well as multiple point responses on the medium boundaries will be

obtained. It is hoped that the latter will lead directly to a

description of the cellular flow patterns.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Thermophysics Division

Boulder, CO 80303

69. NEUTRON SCATTERING FROM A SHEARED LIQUID: A $ 87,000

PROPOSAL TO CONSTRUCT THE SHEARING APPARATUS 06-A

H. J. M. Hanley 87-2

The project aims at the development of equipment to measure the

microstructure of liquids out of equilibrium. The objective of the

research is to investigate, via neutron scattering, liquids subjected

to a shear. The work will focus on the examination of the variation

of the structure with respect to a universal parameter, the relaxation

time. The relaxation time is the key to characterizing the complexity

of the fluid (i.e., complex versus simple) and how it will behave out

of equilibrium.

Two shearing cells will be constructed ta handle fluids represnting a

wide range of viscosity, from about 10( ) Pa s to about 10 ' Pa s.

The viscosity is proportional to the relaxation time. Experimental

problems due to viscous heating and to limits on the force that can be

applied to the liquid will be addressed. A feature of the cells will

be that they will operate in a transient mode. The structure of the

liquid will be inferred from intensity patterns scattered from

incident neutrons when the fluid is at rest and when it is sheared.

Of particular interest is the possible structure or molecular

correlation which may extend over several molecular diameters.

Candidate fluids for initial measurements are supercooled molecular

fluids and colloidal suspensions.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Thermophysics Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 and Boulder, CO 80303

70. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS IN FLUID MIXTURES $390,000

N. A. Olien, J. M. H. Levelt Sengers 03-B

84-3

The project aims at the development of accurate measurement

capabilities for the thermophysical properties of complex, multiphase,

fluid mixtures containing hydrocarbons. The research is being done

jointly by two research groups within the Thermophysics Division of

the NBS Center for Chemical Engineering. One group is located at the

Gaithersburg, MD laboratories and the other at the Boulder, CO

laboratories. The properties involved are PVT (pressure-volumetemperature), PVTx (pressure-volume-composition), phase equilibria

(liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid equilibria), phase behavior in

interfaces, and transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity,

and diffusion coefficient). The apparatus will be designed for use in

corrosive, highly corrosive, and sometimes toxic and flammable fluids

with measurements extending to high temperatures (800K) and high

pressure (30 MPa and in some cases 70 MPa). Also under study are

methods for evaluating supercritical solvent mixtures and related

fluid mixtures.

The most recently completed apparatus include a variable volume

vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus for moderate temperature ranges; a

Langmuir film balance for use with aqueous, hydrocarbon, and

biopolymer systems; a magnetic suspension densimeter for high

temperatures and pressures; a torsional crystal viscometer for high

temperatures and pressures; and a transient hot-wire apparatus for

thermal conductivity measurements at high temperatures. The latter

two apparatus are capable of reaching pressures near 70 MPa.
CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

The City College

Department of Chemical Engineering

New York, NY 10031

71. TOPICS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL $250,000

HYDRODYNAMICS 01-C

Evgeny Levich 80-8

This research comprises two main directions:

(i) Fully Developed Turbulence (FDT). We aim at the entirely novel

understanding of the nature'of FDT. We assert that the structure of

FDT is determined by a foam-like topology of the vorticity field lines

where the prime role is played by the hierarchy of helical

fluctuations. The active production of turbulence in this picture

proceeds outside of these fluctuations and concentrates in space of

fractal dimensionality. Presently, we have extensive experimental

data to support our view. Further experiments are underway.

(ii) Interfacial Mechanics.

(a) A mechanism for the development of the deformation patterns

commonly observed on the surfaces of biological cell plasma membranes

was suggested. In this mechanism, the membrane is treated as a

viscoelastic continuum and a chemical reaction network on the surface

of the membrane regulates the membrane elasticity.

(b) Hydrodynamic waves induced by chemical reactivity waves were

studied. Results indicate that a wave of chemical reactivity derived

from a multistable chemical reaction on the surface of a thin liquid

film is able to induce a hydrodynamic wave in the film through the

Marangoni tractions due to the reactivity wave.

(c) The classical linear capillary instability of a thin fluid

filament surrounded by a bulk fluid was investigated for the case in

which the filament is in steady shear flow. Results indicate that a

nonlinear interaction between the shear flow and the capillary forces

can, under certain conditions, stabilize the developing linear

instability.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Raleigh, NC 27695-7911

72. ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN DENSE FUEL $ 67,000

DROPLET SPRAYS 01-C

C. Kleinstreuer 87-3

Of interest are the effects of droplet interaction on the droplet

dynamics, droplet vaporization and trace gas entrainment in spray

systems. The dense spray portion is conceptualized as two or three

streamers of several closely spaced droplets in a non-isothermal

environment. Using a boundary-layer type approach for the high to

moderate Reynolds number range of interest, the governing equations

for the droplet dynamics, fluid mechanics and heat/mass transfer are

derived and solved numerically. The fundamental analysis of multiple

droplet systems is important for the physical understanding of dense

spray processes and for the improved design of fuel droplet combustion

as well as spray cooling, coating and separation.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Raleigh, NC 27695-7910

73. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF DISORDERED POROUS MEDIA $ 94,000

FROM THE MICROSTRUCTURE 06-A

S. Torquato 86-3

This research program is concerned with the quantitative relationship

between certain transport properties of a disordered porous medium

that arise in various energy-related problems (e.g., thermal or

electrical conductivity and the fluid permeability) and its

microstructure. In particular, we shall focus our attention of

studying the effect of: porosity, spatial distribution of the phase

elements, interfacial surface statistics, phase conductivity, and size

distribution of the phase elements, on the effective properties of

models of both unconsolidated media (e.g., soils and packed beds of

discrete particles) and consolidated media (e.g., sandstones and

sintered materials).

A theoretical formalism has been developed to represent a. general

n-point distribution function from which one may compute any of the

various types of correlation functions that have arisen in the

literature. An efficient computer-simulation technique has also been

developed to obtain these statistical quantities. Employing such

lower-order n-point distribution functions, sharp bounds on the

conductivity, elastic moduli, and permeability of models of porous

media have been computed. The rigorous bound on the permeability for

random beds of spheres is relatively close to the well-known

Kozeny-Carman empirical formula. Finally, the study of percolation of

phenomena in continuum random-media models has recently begun.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Evanston, IL 60208

74. EFFECTS OF CRACK GEOMETRY AND NEAR-CRACK MATERIAL $ 67,000

BEHAVIOR ON SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR QNDE 03-B

APPLICATIONS 86-3

J. D. Achenbach

Among the methods of quantative non-destructive evaluation of

structural elements, the method based on scattering of ultrasonic

(elastic) waves by flaws is particularly useful. The work on this

project is concerned with applications of the scattered field approach

to the detection and characterization of cracklike flaws. The work is

both analytical and numerical in nature. Several forward solutions to

model problems have proven to be very helpful in the design of

experimental configurations. They are also valuable in interpreting

scattering data for the inverse problem.

From the mathematical point of view an open crack is a surface which

does not transmit tractions. The implementation of this statement in

a mathematical formulation generally involves a number of

idealizations. In work on this project, the usual mathematical

modeling of ultrasonic wave scattering cracks is being extended to

account for several typical characteristics of fatigue and

stress-corrosion cracks, and the environment of such cracks.

Results have been reported that display the effect of deviations from

a mathematically perfect simple crack geometry. Most of the results

have been obtained by formulating a set of singular integral equations

for the fields on the boundaries of the scattering obstacles. These

equations have been solved numerically by the boundary element method,

and the scattered fields have subsequently been obtained by using

representation integrals. Work is in progress on scattering by a

cloud of microcracks and/or a plastic zone, which surrounds a crack

tip. Further parametric studies are expected to display the masking

of characteristic "crack-like" features of the scattered field by a

spectrum of signals due to deviations from idealized crack geometries

and idealized material behavior.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

2145 Sheridan Road

Evanston, IL 60201

75. THINNING AND RUPTURE OF A THIN $ 0

LIQUID FILM ON A HORIZONTAL HEATED 01-C

SOLID SURFACE 86-3

S. G. Bankoff

The proposed work aims at studying the non-isothermal rupture of a

thin liquid film under controlled conditions. The program consists of

experiments on a horizontal film on a plate containing a heater strip

and theoretical analyses of such systems. The experiments will

monitor the film profile and observe the critical heat fluxes for film

rupture and for rewetting. The theory will account for

thermocapillarity and evaporation during an initial phase of the

process. It will be augmented by disjoining pressures due to van der

Waals attractions during the final phase of rupture.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Engineering Physics and Mathematics Division

Oak Ridge, TN 37831

76. CENTER FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS ADVANCED RESEARCH (CESAR) $1,075,000

C. R. Weisbin 03-C

84-10

The Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR) conducts

interdisciplinary long-range research and concept demonstration

related to intelligent machines. CESAR provides a framework for

merging concepts from the fields of artificial and machine

intelligence with advanced control theory. There are two primary

themes; robotic systems for identification, navigation, and

manipulation in unstructured environments; and multi-purpose plant

management and maintenance.

Specific FY 1987 research initiatives resulting in publications have

included: (1) Robot navigation learning in unexplored terrain, (2)

Virtual-time operating system functions for robot control, (3) Inverse

dynamics position control of a compliant manipulator, (4) Stability,

capacity, and design of non-linear continuous networks, (5) 3-D world

modeling based on combinatorial geometry, (6) Methodologies for

dynamic task allocation in man-machine systems, (7) O-Theory: a

probabilistic alternative to fuzzy set theory, (8) Real-time expert

systems for control of autonomous robot navigation in the presence of

moving obstacles, (9) Combinatorial optimization of the computational

load balance for a hypercube computer, and (10) Inclusion of 1-9

within a systems integration framework encompassing concept

demonstration and feasibility.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC.

Dascomb Research Park

P. 0. Box 3100

Andover, MA 01810

77. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONDENSATION $121,000

IN MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS 06-A

M. B. Frish, G. Wilemski 84-4

This research program comprises experimental and theoretical studies

of nucleation and condensation in multicomponent gas mixtures. The

program goals are: 1) to improve basic understanding of binary

nucleation and droplet growth, 2) to stringently test theories of

binary nucleation at high nucleation rates and under nonisothermal

conditions, 3) to develop improved theories where needed, 4) to

enlarge the data base for systems of both fundamental and practical

interest, and 5) to provide reliable means for predicting the behavior

of mixtures used in practical applications such as turbo-machinery.

Experimentally, condensible vapors mixed with a carrier gas are cooled

in a supersonic nozzle to obtain much higher binary nucleation rates

than have been studied previously. The nozzle is designed to ensure

that steady-state nucleation occurs and to give satisfactory spatial

resolution of the temperature profile as determined by interferometry.

Laser light scattering combined with empirical calculations of the

latent heat released during condensation is used to detect the "onset"

of nucleation and to monitor subsequent droplet growth. Construction

of the flow and optical systems has been completed in previous years;

data collection is now being performed routinely. A new thermodynamic

theory of binary cluster composition has been developed. Calculations

with this theory have established the feasibility of using bulk liquid

mixture surface tensions to compute nucleation onset (for small rates)

in adequeous alcohol and acetone mixtures, thus removing a severe

deficiency of classical binary nucleation theory.
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Princeton, NJ 08544

78. FUEL DROPLETS SUBJECT TO STRAINING FLOW $ 27,000

Forman A. Williams 01-C

87-3

This research, which has only been underway for several months,

involves a theoretical and experimental investigation of fuel droplets

in a well-defined straining flow, that associated with a nonpremixed

flame, established in counterflowing streams of gaseous fuel and

oxidizer. The initial purpose of this effort is to determine the

validity of current theories of droplet burning under dynamically

changing velocity and ambient conditions. Existing theories are based

on highly idealized models of such burning and have been evaluated

only under conditions closely approximating those assumed in the

theory. The question arises as to their applicability to conditions

which prevail in applications, typically in turbulent flows involving

fluctuations in velocity and composition. Follow-on studies will be

concerned with improved theories of droplet burning, if called for,

and with droplet loadings sufficiently large so that a significant

interaction between the droplets and the flame occurs. The

experimental effort is complemented by appropriate theoretical

investigations. Thus, the trajectories and histories of the droplets

in the initial experiments will be compared with calculations based on

a series of descriptions of increasing completeness in order to

establish which, if any, of the theories predicted the observed

behavior. Subsequent theoretical work will involve application to the

counterflowing configuration of the spray equation which contains more

of the aerothermochemical details of droplet behavior than the

equations of coexisting continua.

The initial effort will study the behavior of individual droplets of

hexane injected on the fuel side of a methane-air flame. An

appropriate counterflow burner and droplet injection system have been

designed and constructed. The photographic system which involves a

camera and stroboscopic light of high repetition rate and intensity is

being assembled. The complementary theoretical effort concerned with

the calculation of droplet trajectories and histories in a methane-air

flame is underway.

This entire research program is being pursued jointly with Paul A.

Libby and K. Seshadri at the University of California, San Diego.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical Engineering

West Lafayette, IN 47907

79. EFFECT OF FORCED AND NATURAL CONVECTION ON $ 89,000

SOLIDIFICATION OF BINARY MIXTURES 01-C

F. P. Incropera 87-3

This study deals with the influence of combined convection mechanisms

on the solidification of binary mixtures in both rectangular and

cylindrical geometries. The mechanisms include natural convection

driven by temperature and solute concentration gradients, as well as

forced convection due to an externally imposed flow or a rotating

surface. In the rectangular geometry, solidification is induced at

one or both of opposing planar walls, with the ends capped, allowing

for natural convection, or open, allowing for passage of an imposed

flow and therefore combined convection. For the cylindrical geometry,

solidification is induced in the annular cavity between cooled inner

and/or outer tube walls, and the ends are capped. Combined convection

is studied by solidifying at one tube wall while rotating the other

wall. In addition, the effects of convection are studied under

conditions for which the inner cylinder is removed and solidification

is induced at a stationary or rotating end wall.

A primary objective of the work is to develop and validate a novel

model for predicting the effects of convection on solidification in

binary mixtures. Treating solid, mushy and liquid regions as a single

continuous domain, the model applied continuum theory to

solidification in mixtures with convection. Working with twodimensional numerical solutions, calculations will be performed to

determine phase front development and related velocity, temperature

and concentration fields over a wide range of operating conditions.

Predictions will be validated through comparison with experimental

results obtained for transparent binary mixtures. The experiments

will involve visual determinations of phase front development and flow

within the melt, as well as temperature and concentration

measurements. The results are expected to provide important insights

concerning the effects of convection on solidification phenomena such

as macrosegregation, while validation of the model should provide a

useful computational tool for industrial processes involving the

casting of binary materials.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical Engineering

West Lafayette, IN 47907

80. HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF TURBULENT LIQUID FILMS $115,000

Issam Mudawwar 01-B

85-4

This project aims at studying transport phenomena associated with

turbulent liquid film flow. Experiments have been performed with

films undergoing sensible heating or interfacial evaporation and

correlations have been developed for a wide range of operating

conditions. To better understand the effects of interfacial waves on

film motion a new high resolution film thickness probe has been

developed. Instantaneous measurements of film thickness have been

obtained for adiabatic film flow, and a modified probe design is

expected to provide film thickness measurements on an electrically

heated test section. The remaining tasks of this project will involve

obtaining simultaneous measurements of film thickness and liquid

temperature to better understand the transient variation of the heat

transfer coefficient associated with film waviness. Parallel to this

study, simultaneous measurements of the instantaneous longitudinal and

transverse velocity components and of film thickness will be used to

correlate a time-averaged eddy diffusivity profile which accounts for

interfacial wave activity.
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics

Troy, NY 12180-3590

81. INELASTIC DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE $125,000

Erhard Krempl 01-A

86-3

A combined theoretical and experimental investigation is performed to

study the biaxial deformation and failure behavior of AISI Type 304

Stainless Steel under low-cycle fatigue conditions at elevated

temperature. The purpose is to characterize the material behavior in

mathematical equations which are ultimately intended for use in

inelastic stress analysis and life prediction. Creep-fatigue

interaction and ratchetting are of special concern. The long-term

goal is the development of a finite element program that can directly

calculate the life-to-crack initiation of a component under a given

load history.

The previously developed viscoplasticity theory based on overstress

(VBO) which uses neither a yield surface nor loading and unloading

conditions will be augmented to include the effects of recovery and

aging. This constitutive equation will be combined with an

incremental damage accumulation law. It exists in uniaxial form and

will be reviewed and extended to multiaxial, isotropic conditions.

The theory will be checked against companion experiments.

For the experiments an MTS servohydraulic axial/torsion test system is

available together with an MTS Data/Control Processor. Induction

heating (10 kHz frequency), MTS biaxial grips and an MTS biaxial

extensometer will be used for the first time in this study of biaxial

deformation and failure behavior.

Ratchetting experiments showed considerable strain accumulation at

room temperature and they demonstrate that ratchetting is due to

viscous effects. Surprisingly, insignificant ratchetting and rate

sensitivity was observed at 550, 600 and 650 C. This unexpected

finding was attributed to strain aging in the stainless steel.

Follow-up uniaxial and biaxial experiments are planned to explore the

unusual ratchetting properties further. These experiments are in

addition to the planned high temperature biaxial low-cycle fatigue

tests.
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Department of Nuclear Engineering and Science Troy, NY

12180-3590

82. AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLOSURE CONDITIONS $120,000

FOR TWO FLUID MODELS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW 01-C

R. T. Lahey, Jr., D. A. Drew 86-3

The objective of the analytical study being conducted is to

investigate the constraints imposed on the closure conditions of two

fluid models of two-phase flow by:

(1) The postulate of continuum mechanics.

(2) The second law of thermodynamics.

(3) Mathematical well-posedness.

(4) Stability considerations.

In particular, we plan to develop an analytical basis on which

unacceptable interfacial transfer laws and parameters can be filtered

out. We have now begun work on investigating some of the existing

closure laws which are commonly used in two fluid models. Formulation

for the Basset force and the Reynolds stress are now being

investigated. In addition, numerically-based algebraic manipulations

are being employed to investigate the eigenvalues of currentgeneration

two-fluid models. It is felt that the results of this research should

significantly advance the state-of-the-art in the two fluid modeling

of two-phase flows such that, in the future, well-posed models can be

developed which only exhibit instabilities of physical origin.
THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY

Department of Physics

1230 York Avenue

New York, NY 10021

83. SOME BASIC RESEARCH PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY $ 96,000

E. G. D. Cohen 06-A

81-6.

The project is concerned with the following objectives: 1. The

prediction of the transport coefficients, such as viscosity, thermal

conductivity and diffusion coefficients for mixtures of real fluids,

using a new form of the modified Enskog theory. 2. To develop a

kinetic theory that allows a computation of the transport properties

of polydisperse fluid mixtures, based on an extension of the Enskog

theory for hard sphere mixtures. 3. To'study the forced modes and

the eigenmodes in binary hard sphere fluid mixtures in thermal

equilibrium for all mass ratios and densities. While the forced modes

determine the response of the fluid to an outside disturbance of given

frequency, the eigenmodes determine the response of the fluid to an

internal disturbance of given wavenumber, such as a density

fluctuation. The study will be based on the generalized Enskog

theory. The results will be compared with laboratory and computer

experiments. 4. A comparison of binary disparate mass mixtures in

the gaseous state--such as the noble gas mixtures He-Xe--and in the

liquid state--such as in Li .- Pb . mixtures--will be made to study

the occurrence of a new type 8f s8und, fast sound, in these mixtures.

5. A critical study of cellular automata fluids will be undertaken,

to ascertain their applicability to describe the flow properties of

real fluids.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Device Research Division

Albuquerque, NM 87185

84. HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS $120,000

P. S. Peercy, L. R. Dawson, 03-B

D. R. Myers, T. E. Zipperian 80-7

The project addresses fundamental engineering 8uestions relevant to

the development of high-temperature (up to 500 C) electronics for

energy technologies. Included are sensors, passive components, and

active semiconductor devices which provide electronic gain or control.

Earlier work has concentrated on electronic devices formed from

heterojunctions of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide, and

heterojunctions formed from gallium phosphide and aluminum gallium

phosphide. Mesa-isolated, liquid-phase epitaxial heterojunction

bipolar transistors and heterojunction, semiconductor controlled

rectifiers have been fabricated. High-temperature evaluation of these

devices is currently in progress. Future studies include optimization

of these structures for high-temperature service as well as

development of stable metallization systems for these devices. An

ultimate goal is the development of a viable high-temperature

integrated circuit technology.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Research Facility

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, CA 94550

85. DYNAMICAL PERCOLATION PROCESSES $135,000

AND APPLICATIONS 06-C

A. R. Kerstein 85-3

The technical goal of this project is to develop a unified framework

for predicting and interpreting phenomena in combustion and fracture

mechanics which are strongly influenced by underlying spatial random

processes. The underlying processes for coal combustion are those

determining macromolecular chemical structure and pore morphology.

For combustion of heterogeneous propellants or fracture of

heterogeneous solids, the underlying process determines the spatial

distribution of phases or structural defects within the material. For

these applications and others, explicit models of the underlying

spatial random processes will be formulated and their observable

consequences will be predicted by means of computer simulations and

analytical methods. Special emphasis will be placed on "percolation

threshold" effects associated with loss of global connectedness.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Research Facility

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, CA 94550

86. DYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT $135,000

LIQUID FUEL DROPLETS 06-B

B. R. Sanders, H. A. Dwyer 81-7

The overall objective of this program is the development of a

comprehensive model of multicomponent liquid fuel droplet vaporization

and combustion. Experimental evidence suggests that multicomponent

liquid fuels can undergo disruptive behavior and microexplosive

combustion; however, there is no detailed model available to explain

such dynamic events. Disruptive behavior and microexplosive phenomena

are of intense practical interest as secondary atomization methods to

provide rapid fuel droplet disintegration, vaporization and

combustion. Multicomponent fuel droplets also exhibit dramatically

different ignition and extinction criteria than single component

liquid hydrocarbon fuels droplets, and these differences can be used

to advantage in promoting the combustion of low volatility fuels.

The technical approach consists of a complete description of a single

liquid droplet undergoing vaporization and combustion in a strong

convective gas environment. The model under development is based on

the finite-difference solution of the full set of transport equations

for transient mass, momentum and energy exchange in the liquid and gas

phases. Global chemical reactions are specified by an Arrhenius rate

expression, and adaptive gridding is used to resolve regions of large

gradients, such as occur in the temperature field near the flame

front.
SCIENCE APPLICATIONS, INC.

1200 Prospect Street

P. O. Box 2351

La Jolla, CA 91038

87. ASPECTS OF TURBULENCE IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS $ 0

E. Frieman, William Hagan 06-C

84-3

The basic goal of this program is to advance the understanding of flow

and transport in turbulent systems. A central strategy is to exploit

the distinct sets of temporal and spatial scales exhibited by most

physical systems. The plasma system is chosen as a specific example

in which to develop and demonstrate these methods.

The program has been broken down into five tasks: (1) The first task

is to understand the relation between the various gyroradius kinetic

theories. (2) The second task is to derive these gyrokinetic

equations from the viewpoint of contemporary Hamiltonian dynamics.

The relation between divergencies in the generating functions (for Lie

transform theory) and resonances in the solutions to the nonlinear

perturbative equations of motion will also be explored in this task.

(3) The third task involves application of modern procedures to the

resulting nonlinear systems arrived at in the first two tasks. Field

theoretic techniques will lead to expansions which might be

parameterized in terms of the linearization amplitude and ratio of

Larmor theory. (4) The fourth task involves the investigation of

applying renormalization group theories to these equations to yield

nonperturbative relations among correlation functions. The nature and

distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic stochasticity will also be

examined. (5) Lastly, application of the concepts and lessons learned

to a broader class of turbulent systems will be considered.
SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Thermal Sciences Research Branch

1617 Cole Blvd.

Golden, CO 80401

88. SHEAR-INDUCED INSTABILITIES $ 95,000

IN A DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE 01-C

PARTIALLY STRATIFIED FLUID 85-3

F. Zangrando

This basic experimental study concentrates on mixing mechanisms in a

double-diffusive, stratified fluid subjected to the combined effects

of bottom heating and horizontal flow. The fluid contains two

components (in this case, heat and salt) that contribute in an

opposing manner to the fluid density and have significantly different

diffusivities (ratio of order 100). The tasks proposed emphasize

qualitative and quantitative observation of the behavior of the

interfacial layer between a double-diffusive stratification and an

initially well mixed region, both of arbitrary thickness, in the

presence of buoyancy driven convection due to bottom heating and of

shear flow imposed on the mixed region. The effect of each

destabilizing component, including line jet discharge and flow into a

sink, will be first studied separately and compared with results

obtained with single-component stratifications. The combined effect

of buoyancy driven convection with a superposed lateral flow

(recirculation) will then be studied in order to compare the various

mixing mechanisms under similar experimental conditions and to

determine the entrainment at the interfacial boundary layer.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

89. TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS $ 73,000

OF CONCENTRATED SLURRIES 01-C

Andreas Acrivos 85-3

The aim of this research is to study the flow behavior of concentrated

suspensions from a fundamental point of view. The work to date has

uncovered a host of seemingly unrelated phenomena pertaining to the

rheology of concentrated suspensions, to which explanations have been

provided that have shed new light on the understanding of such

systems. The principal phenomena in question are: a) the observed

resuspension of a settled bed of particles in a viscous fluid upon

being sheared, b) the existence of a shear-induced anisotropy in a

concentrated suspension which manifests itself in measurable normal

stresses; and c) the slow decay with time of the effective viscosity

of a concentrated suspension, as measured in a Couette viscometer,

together with a shear thinning behavior in such systems. Evidence has

been provided that many of these phenomena arise as a result of the

existence of a shear-induced diffusion mechanism which produces a flux

of particles from regions of high particle concentration to low, or

from regions of high shear to low.

The current research has the following aims: a) to study the

resuspension mechanism in detail experimentally and to develop a

reliable theory which would account for the experimental observations;

b) to measure the shear-induced diffusion coefficient by a novel

technique over a wide range of particle sizes, particle concentrations

and degrees of polydispersity, and to construct a theory for

determining this coefficient; c) to examine in depth the shear-induced

anisotropy, as inferred from our normal stress measurements, and

determine to what extent it can lead to a drift of particles in

concentrated suspensions; and d) to identify the mechanism responsible

for the observed shear thinning behavior in concentrated suspension,

an experimental fact which at present is unexplained.

The overall goal of this combined experimental and theoretical program

is to develop a theoretical framework, currently lacking, for

modelling quantitatively the flow behavior of concentrated

suspensions.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305-3030

90. HEAT TRANSFER IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL $ 63,000

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS 01-B

John Eaton 86-3

Most boundary layers in practical systems are three-dimensional while

most basic research on convective heat transfer has focused on

two-dimensional flows. Previous measurements have shown that the

turbulent stress field is strongly perturbed by the imposition of mean

flow three dimensionality. The objectives of this work are to

determine what, if any effects three-dimensionality has on the heat

transfer behavior and how these effects may be modeled. A series of

flows with successively stronger three-dimensionality are being

examined. Work to date has examined two-dimensional boundary layers

with large-scale embedded longitudinal vortices. The primary

mechanisms governing the heat transfer rate were unaffected by

relatively weak single vortices. Pairs of vortices provide stronger

boundary layer perturbations and allow study of the effects of lateral

divergence and convergence on the boundary layer. Detailed data

including all components of the mean velocity and Reynolds stress,

spatially resolved heat transfer, temperature profiles and skin

friction have been obtained. Analysis of the vortex data is

proceeding as the wind tunnel facility is modified for study of a

strong three-dimensional boundary layer. Fluid mechanics measurements

in the fully three-dimensional flow indicate that the important

near-wall layers are strongly perturbed.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Division of Applied Mechanics

Stanford, CA 94305

91. ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS $165,000

George Herrmann, David M. Barnett 01-A

86-4

The objective of this research is to investigate problems of stressed

deformable solids in which computations of energy changes and

associated thermodynamic (or configurational) forces have important

implications.

An anisotropic elastic boundary integral method has been developed and

used to predict the existence of stable void lattices in irradiated

FCC and BCC metals; numerical results are in close agreement with

experimental observations quoted in the literature. An apparent

paradox in the dislocation literature has been resolved. Although it

should be well-known that the energy of a (Volterra) dislocated solid

is independent of the cut used to create it, virtually all such

calculations in the literature are not cut-independent and are

incorrect. Our resolution of this paradox has important implications

for the appearance of misfit dislocations in epitaxial systems. A new

investigation of energy changes and forces associated with

dislocations in anisotropic layered media is being undertaken, and the

theory of interfacial waves in anisotropic elastic media is being

extended to include piezoelectricity.

An integral equation method has been developed to study problems of

interaction between holes and defects in elastostatics, including the

calculation of energy release rates. An elementary theory of

defective beams in bending and of bars in tension, compression, and

torsion has been developed. Based on an extended circle theorem

originally established in potential flow theory, the temperature

distribution in an infinite region containing a circular cavity

(defect) was determined in terms of the distribution existing in the

same region without the cavity. The stress distribution induced by

the presence of the defect was shown to be universal, i.e., it depends

essentially only on the magnitude of the heat flux vector existing at

the center of the defect before it was created.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Aeronautics/Astronautics

Stanford, CA 94305-2186

92. TOMOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS FOR $ 85,000

COMBUSTION RESEARCH 03-B

L. Hesselink 85-3

The objective of the research is to study a coflowing combusting jet

using high speed optical tomography.

The approach involves development of a unique optical data acquisition

system which incorporates holographic optical elements (HOE's) for

making rapid holographic interferometry measurements from a large

number of directions about the object (projections). Subsequent

analysis allows 3-D reconstruction of the density or species

concentration field. All 36 holographic interferometry projections

are recorded simultaneously in 300 usec and after development the film

is digitized for digital processing.

A Fourier transform technique is used for evaluation of the

interferogram. Convolution back projection is used to reconstruct a

volume of 7x7x7 cm of a coflowing he-air jet, approximately 6

diameters downstream of a 2.5 cm jet. The velocity ratio is 2.5:1

between the inner helium ( 8 m/sec) and outer air flow. Excellent

3-D maps of the he concentration have been obtained in the transition

region of the jet (Re a 2500).
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

W. W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics

Stanford, CA 94305

93. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING $120,000

G. S. Kino 03-B

81-6

The aim of this project is to arrive at techniques for contactless

nondestructive testing and range sensing. Devices which can be

rapidly scanned over a surface so as to detect flaws and measure their

profiles are badly needed. The measurement of parameters such as

surface roughness are also required. For this purpose, we are

developing acoustic sensors operating in air and contactless

photoacoustic techniques.

We have developed a new type of PZT ceramic acoustic transducer with a

quarter wavelength matching layer of RTV rubber which operates in air

in the frequency range of 1-8 MHz. The transducer itself has been

used for range sensing and for photoacoustic measurements. As an

example, it has enabled us to measure regions of high surface

recombination rates on semiconductors by varying the number of

injected carriers in a semiconductor, using a laser beam modulated at

2 MHz. We detect the rf term in the surface temperature due to

recombination. Similar techniques have been used by us to measure

film thicknesses and profiles.

We are now developing a new acoustic transducer operating in air which

utilized a 1000 A thick pellicle of boron nitride as the detector of

acoustic waves in the air. The deflection of the surface is measured

by highly sensitive optical phase measurement of an optical beam

reflected from the pellicle. The system is as sensitive as our

previous acoustic transducer, but has the advantage that it can be

operated over a bandwidth from a few Hz to several MHz.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

94. FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED OPTICAL SENSING SYSTEMS FOR $200,000

THE STUDY AND CONTROL OF ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES 03-B

C. H. Kruger 85-3

Optical sensors integrated with computers are needed for the study and

control of energy conversion processes. This program aims to develop

systematic methods for combining the capabilities of optical sensors

and computers to generate advanced optical sensing systems. This

research is interdisciplinary and involves investigation of sensors,

optical signal analysis, computer integration, as well as the

development of facilities for proof of the sensor systems.

Several approaches and sensor types have been brought to a fruitful

position where proof-of-concept experiments have been performed and

the results reported externally at symposia and in the literature.

These include a fiberoptic evanescent field absorption sensor, a

reflection-based fiberoptic displacement sensor, a minature fiberoptic

probe for optical particle sizing, and a low cost real-time

programmable hybrid correlator for industrial applications.

In the continuing research, consolidation of the experimental

activities being pursued with emphasis on plasmas is providing a rich

environment for the investigation of sensor techniques. Of particular

interest are the measurement of electric fields in low-pressure plasma

discharges and diagnostics for the study and control of plasma

chemistry. The latter area includes research on two-dimensional

imaging techniques for plasmas, which would provide the as yet

unrealized capability of visualization of plasma reactivity and

assessment of the importance of nonequilibrum effects.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemistry

Stanford, CA 94305

95. REDUCTION OF DISSIPATION IN COMBUSTION AND ENGINES $109,000

J. Ross 06-C

86-3

Research is concerned with the issue of the enhancement of power

output in thermal and chemical engines by means of external

perturbations of constraints coupled to nonlinearities of the

mechanism of the engine. The possiblity has been shown of the

increase in power output of the thermal engine driven by a chemical

reaction by means of external periodic variations of pressure,

temperature, and mass flux for the same average chemical throughput as

the unperturbed (steady or periodic) state. The power output of an

engine is necessarily accompanied by dissipation due to irreversible

processes essential for power production. Hence an increase in power

output by means of external perturbations usually implies a decrease

in the dissipation but may also come about due to a change in the

final state of the system. There exist particular frequencies of

external perturbations at which resonance effects lead to enhancement

of power output. Nonlinear analyses are made on the combustion of

fuel with steady and oscillatory fuel input; production of heat; and

model reactions of biological (proton) pumps.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Stanford, CA 94305-2179

96. MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A COMPLEX BUT WELL-DEFINED $ 94,000

TURBULENT FLOW 01-B

Robert L. Street, Jeffrey R. Koseff 87-1

A basic study of a three-dimensional, recirculating flow with variable

density effects is being conducted in a lid-driven cavity. The

overall objectives of the research are (1) an improved understanding

of the influence of the Taylor-Gortler-like (TGL) vortices on heat

transfer in the cavity and of the interaction between forced and

natural convection processes, and (2) three-dimensional numerical

simulation of recirculating, natural, and mixed-convection flows.

Present emphasis is on understanding the interaction between buoyancy

and shear phenomena in mixed convection flows, with particular

attention on the effects of cavity geometry on these phenomena and the

resulting heat transfer parameterization. The physical experiments

are being performed in a unique, lid-driven cavity facility using

water as the working fluid. Measurements include those obtained by

laser-Doppler anemometry, microthermocouples, heat-flux meters, and

liquid crystal and rheoscopic flow visualization techniques. In

addition, numerical experiments are being performed in support of the

specific experiments and on the interesting side-wall heated natural

convection flow. The numerical experiments are being conducted using

the SEAFLOS1 code which is significantly faster and more efficient

than the REMIXCS code used for earlier cavity simulations. Both

implicit and explicit versions of SEAFLOS1, which features a revised

QUICK formulation for non-uniform grids and the use of the Incomplete

Cholesky Conjugate Gradient Method for solving the pressure equation,

are in use.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Design Division

Stanford, CA 94305

97. GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION OF $ 86,000

NON-POSYNOMIAL DESIGN MODELS 03-A

Douglass J. Wilde 86-3

The overall goal is to develop rigorous, efficient ways to solve

realistic design optimization problems lacking convexity, or even

unimodality, by decomposing them into more easily solvable convex or

unimodel subproblems. Two approaches are under study: (1) leastsquares approximation and primal-dual methods based on posynomial

Geometric Programming, and (2) convex decomposition of non-convex

polyhedral sets.

Geometric Programming optimization problems can be solved by

maximizing a dual function subject to linear constraints. This dual,

although convex, is only poorly approximated by a homogeneous

quadratic form, but allowing axis rotation gives a remarkably good fit

by the method of least squares. The resulting quadratic program has a

closed form matrix solution to be used iteratively. A primaldual

formulation for solving non-convex problems is also under study.

The only known convex decomposition scheme for three dimensional

polyhedra fails in the presence of certain types of vertices. Now

under study is a remedy for this degeneracy giving a decomposition

scheme possibly extendable to non-convex polyhedra and curved objects

in higher dimensions. Such a method may prove capable of decomposing

multimodel optimization problems into unimodel subproblems.
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Physics and Engineering

Hoboken, NJ 07030

98. INVESTIGATION OF TRANSITIONS FROM ORDER TO $ 64,000

CHAOS IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 06-C

George Schmidt 87-4

The transition from order to chaos in dynamical systems of few degrees

of freedom are studied, using theory, numerical computation and a

laboratory experiment as tools of this investigation. This work is

nearly completed and we are tooling up to study more complex systems

with many degrees of freedom.

We have determined the dynamics of transition from Hamiltonian to

dissipative systems in the chaotic regime. As the Hamiltonian limit

is approached, strange attractors disappear in an orderly fashion as

dissipation is reduced. There exist a set of universal Jacobians J

where the 2" piece strange attractors disappear. This phenomenon is

universal as we have proven using renormalizatioV calculations, in the

vicinity of the universal Hamiltonian function T . In fact we have

shown that all phenomena possess a universal scaling in the K-J

parameter space, where K is the strength parameter and J is the

Jacobian.

We studied universal strange attractors, homoclinic and heteroclinic

crises, Liapunov exponents and windows. Everything scales along fan

lines in parameter space in a well defined manner.

Physical systems that produce two dimensional maps are of course

different from the universal ones. We have found recently that such

systems exhibit extremely rapid convergence to the universal sequence

of J values. Among the systems studied were the driven damped

pendulum, the bouncing ball, the particle in the standing wave field.

All systems studied exhibited the rapid convergence to the universal

system as predicted. The fundamental theory of dissipative dynamical

systems, represented by two dimensional maps has been established.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics

Austin, TX 78712

99. THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM $ 60,000

CONDITIONS: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS AND 06-C

APPLICATION IN ENERGY-ORIENTED PROBLEMS 81-6

I. Prigogine

This research aims at new fundamental developments in the area of

non-equilibrium phenomena, as well as at various applications to

disciplines in which complex systems giving rise to instabilities and

bifurcations are of current and primary concern. Special emphasis is

being placed on three principal directions. First, the methods of

nonlinear dynamical systems will be applied to investigate the

transition phenomena occuring in physico-chemical problems such as

atmospheric dynamics, the Belusov-Zhabotinski reaction and the

oxidation of hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase. Both perturbative and

global techniques will be applied, since current experimental evidence

suggests that some of these transitions involve chaotic dynamics and

homoclinic orbits. Second, problems arising in connection with

selection of nonequilibrium states will be analyzed. In particular,

the effect of extremely small influences in the selection of

symmetry-breaking states -- which are realized in chemical,

electronic, and other systems -- will be studied, taking both additive

and multiplicative fluctuations into consideration. The implication

of the results for the origin of biomolecular chirality will be

assessed. Collaborative experiments are planned to substantiate the

theoretical developments. Third, special attention will be focused on

the problem of combustion. A fundamental analysis of this phenomenon,

from both the standpoint of the theory of dynamical systems and the

standpoint of stochastic theory, is still lacking. In the proposed

research, the effect of stochastic perturbations, of inhomogeneities

and of internal fluctuations during the process of ignition, in which

the system is expected to present a high sensitivity, will be analyzed

using Semenov's model for combustion as Well as more realistic models.

A fundamental theory of nucleation of flame fronts is expected to be

one of the outcomes of these developments.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

Department of Physics

Austin, TX 78712

100. PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERIZATION $135,000

OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES 06-C

Harry L. Swinney, J. Swift 83-4

In this study techniques are being developed to characterize regular

and chaotic behavior in nonlinear systems. Although recent

theoretical and experimental studies have shown that nonlinear

nonequilibrium processes often exhibit nonperiodic behavior, it is

difficult to relate these results to nonlinear systems in industry and

in nature because research thus far has concerned primarily

deterministic systems with no perturbations, while noise is always

present for real systems. Moreover, the observed nonperiodic behavior

has not been well quantified, so experiments cannot be easily compared

with one another and with theory. In this research we are addressing

these problems by (1) conducting experimental studies of the

instabilities and transition sequences in nonequilibrium chemical

reactions in a well-stirred flow reactor, (2) examining the effect of

periodic and nonperiodic perturbations on the system dynamics in

nonequilibrium reactions, and (3) developing general methods for

determining from laboratory data various dynamical invariants,

including Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimension, mutual information,

and the metric entropy.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

Department of Mechanical Engineering

and Center for Energy Studies

Austin, TX 78712

101. SELF-SHIELDING OF SURFACES IRRADIATED $134,000

BY INTENSE ENERGY FLUXES 01-B

Philip L. Varghese, John R. Howell 87-3

The objective of this work is to study the interactions between

high-temperature, high velocity plasmas and solid surfaces. There are

two main thrusts in the program: numerical modeling and experimental

testing of model predictions. This calibrated modeling procedure will

provide information for reliable predictions of plasma-surface

interactions with extremely high energy fluxes. The work will be

conducted in unique facilities at the University of Texas at Austin.

Plansas it high temperatures (greater than 10,000 K) and densities

(10 cm ) will be accelerated in capacitor or homopolar generator

driven rail guns. These plasmas will be studied using high speed

emission spectroscopy and laser induced fluorescence in order to

determine the composition and temperature of the plasma, and to detect

the development and influence of the vapor shield produced by the

surface when it is heated rapidly. The experimental results will be

used to modify and refine the numerical model so as to provide an

accurate and reliable predictive tool. The model will characterize

the basic physical processes that govern the interaction between a

surface and a transient energy flux. Because it is fundamentally

based, rather than empirical, the model will be more readily adaptable

to a wide range of situations in which surfaces are irradiated by

intense energy fluxes. The model developed during the course of this

work will allow better design of devices such as high current density

brushes and switch gear, arc welding apparatus, rail guns, and fusion

reactors.
TUFTS UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Medford, MA 02155

102. EFFECTIVE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF CRACKED SOLIDS $ 55,000

M. Kachanov 01-A

86-2

The knowledge of effective elastic properties of solids with cracks

appears to be of increasing engineering importance. Extensive

microcracking in structural elements working under conditions of high

temperatures or irradiation, microcracking in composite materials

under fatigue conditions may noticeably reduce the stiffness of the

material and make it ansiotropic. Understanding and prediction of

these changes are essential for proper design and strength and

lifetime assessments.

A new approach to many cracks problems based on interrelating the

average tractions on individual cracks is introduced. Its advantages

are that it yields simple analytical results which are quite accurate

up to very high crack densities and that it can be applied to crack

arrays or arbitrary geometry. Relation between deterioration of

elastic properties and "damage" is discussed.
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH CENTER

Propulsion Science Laboratory

East Hartford, CT 06108

103. LASER DIAGNOSTICS OF PACVD PROCESSES $185,000

W. C. Roman, J. H. Stufflebeam, F. A. Otter 06-A

A. C. Eckbreth 86-3

The objectives of this research are to perform a comprehensive

experimental investigation of the fundamental nonequilibrium reactive

plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) process applicable

to hard face coatings. Based on its superior erosion resistance, TiB

was selected as the initial coating for deposition onto a titanium

alloy substrate (Ti-6A1-4V). In task I, novel non-intrusive laser

diagnostic techniques (e.g. optical emission and absorption

spectroscopy, Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIFS), and

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) are being used to

determine, in situ, the reactive plasma composition, temperature, and

species concentration and distribution in the gas phase. The second

task includes use of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Ion Scattering

Spectroscopy (ISS), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and other

complementary techniques for detailed coating characterization. These

are being combined with physical measurements of coating surface

smoothness, density, hardness (state-of-the-art nanoindenter

apparatus) and adherence (UTRC custom built pin-on-disc apparatus).

These combined tasks will allow a correlation of the PACVD parameters

with their required coating properties, thus providing a predictive

capability that is severely lacking in the present science base of

advanced coatings. Results to date include: 1) fabrication of a 5 kW

rf PACVD reactor system integrated with a completely oil-free, high

vacuum system (ultimate 10- torr); 2) exploratory spectral emission

surveys for major molecular band and atomic line identification; 3)

development of a colinear, scanned, narrowband CARS system and 4)

implementation of a ultramicrohardness tester and adhesion test

apparatus.
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pullman, WA 99164-2920

104. PARTICLE DISPERSION BY ORDERED MOTION IN MIXING LAYERS $ 68,000

T. R. Troutt 01-B

86-3

This research program is directed towards understanding the role of

quasi deterministic large scale vortices in the dispersion of

particles by turbulent mixing layers. The primary objective of this

experimental study is to determine the influence and importance of

these vortex structures on the particle dispersion process over a

range of particle and flow parameters. It is hypothesized that if the

time scale associated with the vortex motion and the particle

relaxation time are of the same order, significantly enhanced particle

dispersion may occur.

The experiments employ both high speed photographic methods and laser

velocimetry techniques. Initial experimental results demonstrate that

large scale vortex structures dominate the particle dispersion process

for intermediate size particles. The experimental dispersion patterns

appear qualitatively similar to numerical results obtained using

discrete vortex simulations. Future efforts will involve quantifying

the experimental results for more detailed comparsons with numerical

predictions. In addition, artificial flow forcing techniques will be

employed for controlling the particle dispersion process.

The primary anticipated result of this study is a new physical model

for interpreting and predicting particle dispersion in unbounded

turbulent shear flows. New techniques for controlling or modifying

the dispersion of particles in turbulent flows are a possible outcome

of this research program.
WESTINGHOUSE R&D CENTER

Advanced Chemical Research Department

1310 Beulah Road

Pittsburgh, PA 15235

105. THE DESIGN OF A CYLINDRICAL FILM CHEMICAL REACTOR $151,000

R. M. Roidt 01-C

86-3

This research is to investigate the basic characteristics of a

cylindrical film chemical reactor; i.e., a falling annulus of liquid

within which gases and sprays may be injected to react chemically.

The program is primarily experimental and focuses primarily on film

stability, internal gas entrainment rates, and geometric variations in

the film configuration. Studies have been completed on the 10 cm

diameter annulus with .5, 1, and 2 mm clearances. Internal gas flows

ranging from .1 to 50 liters/min and liquid flows from 2.5 to 50

liters/min have been investigated. Frequencies associated with

cylindrical film oscillations have been determined by transient

pressure measurements across the cylindrical film. The small nozzle

is in place in a vacuum glove box and liquid metal flows will be

studied.

This work is closely coordinated with the Carnegie-Mellon University

Combustion Laboratory.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Mechanical Engineering Department

Milwaukee, WI 53201

106. INTERFACIAL AREA AND INTERFACIAL TRANSFER $100,000

IN TWO-PHASE FLOW SYSTEMS 01-C

G. Kocamustafaogullari, M. Ishii (ANL) 87-3

The research program is a joint effort by the members of the

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and Argonne National Laboratory.

The objective of the research program is to develop instrumentation

techniques, a data base and predictive methods for describing the

interfacial structure of horizontal and vertical two-phase flow, such

as flow pattern transitions, interfacial area concentration and

interfacial wave structure. The special emphasis will be placed on

developing local interfacial area concentration measurement

techniques, and two-phase flow-pattern transition criteria. The

latter include 1) scaling criteria in terms of systems size and fluid

properties 2) entrance geometry and developing flow effects, and 3)

rational procedure and design criteria for predicting these effects.

To achieve the objectives, the technical approach is divided into

three parts. The first part deals with theoretical modeling of the

interfacial area and flow-pattern transitions based on physical

mechanisms. The second part is concerned with designing and

performing horizontal and vertical two-phase flow experiments to

generate benchmark data using flow visualization and objective

measurements. Finally, the third part deals with incorporating the

results of theoretical and experimental studies to examine and verify

the validity of proposed flow-pattern transition mechanisms and

interfacial area concentration modeling.

The results of this research program will provide information in

horizontal and vertical two-phase flow fundamentals and information

critical to the design of advanced two-phase flow systems.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Department of Chemical Engineering

Madison, WI 53706

107. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN $106,000

AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY 03-A

EFFICIENCY, HIGH PRODUCT QUALITY, 86-3

AND IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY IN THE

PROCESS INDUSTRIES

W. Harmon Ray

The process industries are having great difficulty competing in the

world market because of high energy costs, high labor rates, and old

technology for many processes. This project is concerned with the

development of process design and control strategies for improving

energy efficiency, product quality, and productivity in the process

industry. In particular, (i) the resilient design and control of

chemical reactors, and (ii) the operation of complex processing

systems, will be investigated. Major emphasis in part (i) will be on

two important classes of chemical reactors: polymerization processes

and packed bed reactors. In part (ii), the main focus will be on

developing process identification and control procedures which allow

the design of advanced control systems based on limited process

information and which will work reliably when process parameters

change in an unknown manner. Specific topics to be studied include

new process identification procedures, nonlinear controller designs,

adaptive control methods, and techniques for distributed parameter

systems. Both fundamental and immediately applicable results are

expected. The theoretical developments are being tested

experimentally on pilot scale equipment in the laboratory. These

experiments not only allow improvements in theoretical work, but also

represent real life demonstrations of the effectiveness of the methods

and of the feasibility of implementing them in an industrial

environment. The new techniques developed in this project will be

incorporated into computer-aided design packages and disseminated to

industry. Therefore, it is expected that the work will have an impact

on industrial practice.
BUDGET NUMBER INDEX

MECHANICAL SCIENCES:

01-A Solid Mechanics: macroscopic aspects of elastic and plastic

deformations, and crack propagation

01-B Heat Transfer

01-C Fluid Mechanics

01-D Tribology

CONTROL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION:

03-A Control systems, large scale systems

03-B Instrumentation for hostile environment, and NDE

03-C Intelligent systems

ENGINEERING DATA AND ANALYSIS:

06-A Thermophysical properties and processes

06-B Combustion

06-C Non-linear dynamics and engineering analysis
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-A

BOUNDS ON DYNAMIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION...........................03

ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS EMPHASIS ON SURFACE FLAWS.....34

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACKS ......................... 57

ENERGETICS OF COMMINUTION ....................................... 58

INELASTIC DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE............81

ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS ........................... 91

EFFECTIVE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF CRACKED SOLIDS ................. 102

01-B

COMBUSTION AND HEAT TRANSFER IN POROUS MEDIA....................04

THE TURBULENT TRANSPORT OF HEAT WITHIN A LONGITUDINAL

VORTEX/BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION .............................. 07

RADIATION IN PARTICULATE SYSTEMS ............................ 1..1

ENHANCEMENT OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN TUBES USING STAGED

TANGENTIAL FLOW INJECTION ....................................... 14

HEAT TRANSFER TO AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS......................40

THE IMPACT OF SEPARATED FLOW ON HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER..........65

HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF TURBULENT LIQUID FILMS...............80

HEAT TRANSFER IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS....90

MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFER IN A COMPLEX BUT WELL-DEFINED

TURBULENT FLOW ..................................................96

SELF-SHIELDING OF SURFACES IRRADIATED BY INTENSE ENERGY

FLUXES ........................................................ 101

PARTICLE DISPERSION BY ORDERED MOTION IN MIXING LAYERS ......... 104

01-C

\-A THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STABILITY CONTROL ............. 02

INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY MOTIONS AND TRANSITION TO

TURBULENCE IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN ENCLOSURE FLOWS...................08

BASIC STUDIES OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA............13

--- CHAOTIC ADVECTION AND EFFICIENT MIXING BY DETERMINISTIC FLOWS...17

INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC PHENOMENA NEAR GAS-LIQUID

PARAMETERIZATION OF INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE AND THE VORTON

METHOD..........................................................19

INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC PHENOMENA NEAR GAS-LIQUID

INTERFACES......................................................22

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF VERTICAL ANNULAR

LIQUID JETS .....................................................24

NUMERICAL STUDIES OF COHERENT EDDIES IN WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS......27

SUBCOOLED SPRAYS IN A VAPOR ENVIRONMENT-TESTS OF THE TWOFLUID MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW .................................. 29
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-C.

GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES .................................... 41

-LATTICE GAS HYDRODYNAMICS: THEORY AND SIMULATIONS .............. 44

THE USE OF OPTICAL FLOW FIELDS IN ESTABLISHING STEREO

CORRESPONDENCE................................................. 46 ----MIXING: STRETCHING, BREAKUP, AND CHAOTIC MOTION OF

IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS .............................................. 62

LUBRICATED PIPELINING ............................. ............. 66

RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTION APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF FREE

CONVECTION IN POROUS MEDIA ...................................... 68

TOPICS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL HYDRODYNAMICS ........................ 71

ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN DENSE FUEL DROPLET

SPRAYS .................................. ........................ 72

O-1b THINNING AND RUPTURE OF A THIN LIQUID FILM ON A HORIZONTAL

HEATED SOLID SURFACE ............................................ 75

X6I ) FUEL DROPLETS SUBJECT TO STRAINING FLOW.........................78 . EFFECT OF FORCED AND NATURAL CONVECTION ON SOLIDIFICATION OF

BINARY MIXTURES ............................... .................. 79

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLOSURE CONDITIONS FOR TWO FLUID MODELS OF

TWO-PHASE FLOW ................................................. 82

SHEAR-INDUCED INSTABILITIES IN A DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE

PARTIALLY STRATIFIED FLUID......................................88

TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCENTRATED SLURRIES..............89

THE DESIGN OF A CYLINDRICAL FILM CHEMICAL REACTOR..............105

INTERFACIAL AREA AND INTERFACIAL TRANSFER IN TWO-PHASE FLOW

SYSTEMS ........................................................ 106

O1-D

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRICTION MODEL PREDICTING THE

SLIDING BEHAVIOR OF MATERIAL PAIRS, ESPECIALLY AT LOW

TEMPERATURES....................................................55

NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS...64

03-A

STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMAL REDESIGN IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT .......23

INTEGRATED SENSOR/MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR AUTOMATED WELDING.......36

VIBRATIONAL CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS: SELECTIVITY

ENHANCEMENT, STABILIZATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF TRANSIENT

BEHAVIOR........................................................38

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO SYNTHESIZE HEAT AND WORK

INTEGRATION SYSTEMS FOR PROCESS PLANTS..........................52

IN-PROCESS CONTROL OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AND DISTORTION IN
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

03-A

AUTOMATIC WELDING...............................................56

SCREENING ALTERNATIVE CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR PLANT CONTROL

SYSTEM......................................................... 61

MULTIVARIABLE AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS.....63

GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION OF NON-POSYNOMIAL DESIGN MODELS.............97

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR

ENERGY EFFICIENCY, HIGH PRODUCT QUALITY, AND IMPROVED

PRODUCTIVITY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES ......................... 107

03-B

MULTIVIEWING TRANSDUCER SYSTEM...................................01

AN AUTOMATED FLOW CALORIMETER FOR HEAT CAPACITY AND ENTHALPY

MEASUREMENTS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES..............28

AONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURE DYNAMICS AND

CRACK GROWTH .................................. ............. 37

INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE SYSTEMS .........39

APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULES AS HIGH-RESOLUTION, HIGH-SENSITIVITY

THRESHOLD ELECTRON DETECTORS ..................................... 42

DEVELOPMENT OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (TIC'S)............45

METAL TRANSFER IN GAS METAL ARC WELDING ......................... 49

MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF THE GAS-METAL ARC WELDING PROCESS.......54

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS IN FLUID MIXTURES...........70

vEFFECTS OF CRACK GEOMETRY AND NEAR-CRACK MATERIAL BEHAVIOR

ON SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR QNDE APPLICATIONS..........74

HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS ..................................... 84

TOMOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS FOR COMBUSTION

RESEARCH ......................................................... 92

/NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING ........................................... 93

FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED OPTICAL SENSING SYSTEMS FOR THE STUDY AND

CONTROL OF ENERGY CONVERSION PROC ESSES..........................94

03-C

CENTER FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS ADVANCED RESEARCH (CESAR) ........ 76

06-A

PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URANIUM ROLL TYPE DEPOSITS...............31

IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE OF SMALL,

HIGH VELOCITY PARTICLES ......................................... 32

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE PLASMA/PARTICLE

INTERACTION.....................................................35
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

06-A

PLASMA REDUCTION OF METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES....................50

HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-PARTICLE REACTIONS.........................51

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN PLASMA SYSTEMS.59

A DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND

HETEROGENEOUS AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATIONS..........................60

THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING OF MATERIALS..........................67

NEUTRON SCATTERING FROM A SHEARED LIQUID: A PROPOSAL TO

CONSTRUCT THE SHEARING APPARATUS ................................ 69

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF DISORDERED POROUS MEDIA FROM

THE MICROSTRUCTURE.......................................... ....73

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONDENSATION IN

MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS.......................................... 77

SOME BASIC RESEARCH PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY..................83

LASER DIAGNOSTICS OF PACVD PROCESSES ........................... 103

06-B

CONTROLLED COMBUSTION...........................................10

STRUCTURE AND STABILIZATION OF PREMIXED AND DIFFUSION FLAMES ....12

FUEL DROPLETS SUBJECT TO STRAINING FLOW.........................18

TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAME STUDY ................................. 48

DYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT LIQUID FUEL DROPLETS.................86

06-C

DIFFUSION, FLUID FLOW, AND SOUND PROPAGATION IN

DISORDERED MEDIA................................................05

.: - * TWO STUDIES OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES IN IRREVERSIBLE

THERMODYNAMICS............................................06

SELF-GENERATED STOCHASTIC HEATING IN AN RF DISCHARGE............09

WAVE TURBULENCE AND SELF-LOCALIZATION IN CONTINUOUS MEDIA.......15

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS.......................16

- THE STOCHASTIC TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE (STAT) APPLIED

TO CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL, AND QUANTUM SYSTEMS....................20

BIFURCATIONS AND PATTERNS IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS..................21

TOPICS IN FINITE-TIME THERMODYNAMICS ............................ 25

FUNDAMENTAL AND TECHNIQUES OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR SOLAR

ENERGY CONCENTRATION............................................26

-HIGHER DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMICS ........................... 30

EXPERT SYSTEM AIDES FOR ANALYSIS CODES..........................33

- STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS ................................... 43

STUDIES OF MAGNETOSTATIC PROBLEMS IN NONLINEAR MEDIA WITH

HYSTERESIS......................................................47
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

06-C

A PARITY SIMULATOR FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DYNAMICS.............53

DYNAMICAL PERCOLATION PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS ................ 85

-ASPECTS OF TURBULENCE IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS ...................... 87

7 REDUCTION OF DISSIPATION IN COMBUSTION AND ENGINES..............95

-- INVESTIGATION OF TRANSITIONS FROM ORDER TO CHAOS IN DYNAMICAL

SYSTEMS .........................................................98

- THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS:

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS AND APPLICATION IN ENERGY-ORIENTED PROBLEMS.99

PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES ....... 100
Abarbanel, Henry D. I. 16 Goldstein, R. J. 65

Achenbach, J. D. 74 Greene, John M. 30

Acrivos, A. 89 Greif, R. 08

Ahlers, G. 21 Grossmann, I. E. 23

Alajajian, S. 42 Hagan, William 87

Allemeir, R. A. 37 Hanley, H. J. M. 69

Aref, Hassan 17 Hanratty, Thomas J. 41

Banerjee, S. 22 Hansen, K. F. 53

Bankoff, S. G. 75 Hardt, David E. 54

Barna, B. A. 37 Hartnett, J. P. 40

Barnett, David M. 91 Hasslacher, Brosl 44

Berry, R. Stephen 25 Herrmann, George 91

Biegler, L. T. 23 Hesselink, L. 92

Bolsaitis, P. P. 51 Howell, John R. 101

Bolstad, J. 0. 36 Hsu, D. K. 01

Brown, D. 45 Humphrey, J. A. C. 08

Callow, R. A. 33 Incropera, F. P. 79

Cannell, D. S. 21 Ishii, M. 106

Catton, Ivan 13 Iwasa, Yukikazu 55

Cheng, Wai 48 Johnson, John A. 36,37

Chigier, N. 24 Jones, Michael C. 68

Chutjian, A. 42 Joseph, Daniel D. 66

Cinar, Ali 38 Kachanov, M. 102

Clark, S. K. 64 Kaufman, Allan N. 43

Cohen, E. G. D. 83 Keck, James 48

Dawson, L. R. 84 Kerstein, A. R. 85

Dhir, V. K. 14 Kestin, J. 06

Doherty, M. F. 60 Keyes, Thomas 05

Dooley, R. 45 Kim, Jin-Soo 30

Douglas, J. M. 61 Kino, G. S. 93

Drew, D. A. 82 Kleinstreuer, C. 72

Duncan, J. H. 46 Kocamustafaogullari, G. 106

Dwyer, H. A. 86 Koseff, Jeffrey R. 96

Eagar, Thomas W. 49 Krempl, Erhard 81

Eaton, John 90 Kruger, C. H. 94

Eckbreth, A. C. 103 Lahey, R. T. 82

Eibeck, Pamela A. 07 Larson, T. K. 33

Elliott, J. F. 50,51 Lavan, Zalman 39

Evans, L. B. 52 Law, C. K. 12

Fenech, H. 22 Lemons, R. 45

Fincke, J. R. 32 Levich, Evgeny 71

Fink, R. K. 33 Libby, Paul A. 18

Frieman, E. 87 Lichtenberg, A. J. 

- 09

Frisch, Uriel 44 Lieberman, M. A. 09

Frish, M. B. 77 Lindenberg, Katja 20
Littlejohn, Robert G. 43 Sengers, J. M. H. Levelt 70

'Lynn, D. 45 Seshadri, K. 18

Malone, M. F. 61 Shaw, C. B. 35

Masubuchi, Koichi 56 Smartt, H. B. 36

Mayergoyz, I. C. 47 Snyder, S. C. 35

McClintock, Frank A. 57 Spjut, R. E. 50,51

McLaughlin, J. 27 Street, Robert L. 96

Mombourquette, C. 45 Stufflebeam, J. H. 103

Mudawwar, Issam 80 Swift, J. 100

Mulcahy, T. M. 02 Swinney, Harry L. 100

Myers, D. R. 84 Szekely, J. 50,59

Novikov, E. A. 19 Thompson, D. 0. 01

O'Gallagher, J. J. 26 Thompson, G. L. 23

Olien, N. A. 70 Tien, C. L. 11

Oppenheim, A. K. 10 Tong, T. W. 04

Orient, O. J. 42 Torquato, S. 73

Ortoleva, P. J. 31 Troutt, T. R. 104

Otter, F. A. 103 Vanka, S. P. 02

Ottino, J. M. 62 Varghese, Philip L. 101

Parks, David M. 57 Wallis, G. B. 29

Pattford, J. 45 West, Bruce J. 20

Peck, R. E. 04 Westerberg, A. W. 23

Peercy, P. S. 84 Wilde, D. 45

Perkins, R. A. 68 Wilde, Douglass J. 97

Peterson, Carl 58 Winston, R. 26

Pfender, E. 67 Worek, William M. 39

Pomeau, Yves 44 Ydstie, E. 63

Pope, Steve 48 Yesavage, Victor F. 28

Prigogine, I. 99 Youngdahl, C. K. 03

Putterman, Seth 15 Zangrando, F. 88

Ramos, J. I. 24 Zipperian, T. E. 84

Ramshaw, J. D. 33

Ransom, V. H. 33

Ray, W. Harmon 107

Reiss, E. L. 02

Reuter, W. G. 34

Reynolds, L. D. 35

Richter, H. J. 29

Roidt, R. M. 105

Roman, W. C. 103

Ross, J. 95

Sanders, B. R. 86

Schmidt, George 98
S