23-735-cv

Montgomery v. Stanley Black & Decker, Inc.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. 

CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS 

PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE 

PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A 

SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE 

(WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY 

COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 

at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 5th day of March, two thousand twenty-four.

PRESENT: GUIDO CALABRESI,

JOSÉ A. CABRANES,

RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,

Circuit Judges.

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WILLIAM MONTGOMERY,

individually and on behalf of all 

others similarly situated, DONALD 

WOOD, JR., individually and on 

behalf of all others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

DONALD WOOD,

Plaintiff,

v. No. 23-735-cv
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STANLEY BLACK & DECKER, INC., 

DBA CRAFTSMAN,

Defendant-Appellee. *

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FOR APPELLANTS: ANDREW OBERGFELL, Obergfell 

Law LLC, Hasbrouck Heights, 

NJ (Neal J. Deckant, Bursor & 

Fisher, P.A, Walnut Creek, CA, 

on the brief)

FOR APPELLEE: JOHN W. CERRETA, Day Pitney 

LLP, Hartford, CT (Michael B. 

Shortnacy, Shook, Hardy & 

Bacon, L.L.P., Los Angeles, 

CA, on the brief)

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District 

of Connecticut (Kari A. Dooley, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.

Plaintiffs-Appellants William Montgomery and Donald Wood, Jr. appeal 

from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of 

Connecticut (Dooley, J.) dismissing their deceptive business practice claims 

under both the New York General Business Law (NYGBL), N.Y. Gen. Bus. L. 

* The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption as set forth above.
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§§ 349, 350, and the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (VCPA), Va. Stat. § 59.1-

200, as well as their warranty and common law claims against DefendantAppellee Stanley Black & Decker, Inc. d/b/a Craftsman. We assume the parties’ 

familiarity with the underlying facts and the record of prior proceedings, to 

which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

The Plaintiffs-Appellants allege that the “Peak HP” labeling on the 

packaging of Craftsman vacuums is misleading because the vacuums are unable 

to achieve the advertised horsepower. The District Court dismissed their 

complaint, concluding that no reasonable consumer would be misled by the 

packaging because the dagger or asterisk symbol next to the “Peak HP” label

directs the consumer to fine print explaining that “Peak HP” is the horsepower 

achieved in laboratory testing, not ordinary use. Reviewing the District Court’s 

dismissal de novo, see Mantikas v. Kellogg Co., 910 F.3d 633, 636 (2d Cir. 2018), we 

affirm.

The parties agree that the Plaintiffs-Appellants’ statutory and common law 

claims under New York and Virginia law all rise and fall based on whether a 

reasonable consumer would have been misled by the “Peak HP” vacuum 

labeling or packaging. See App’x 241–44, 271. To state a deceptive business 
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practice claim under New York law, for example, “a plaintiff must plausibly 

allege that the deceptive conduct was likely to mislead a reasonable consumer 

acting reasonably under the circumstances.”1 Mantikas, 910 F.3d at 636

(quotation marks omitted). “[C]ontext is crucial,” and we “consider the 

challenged advertisement as a whole, including disclaimers and qualifying 

language.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). 

Reviewing the entire packaging at issue in this case, we agree with the 

District Court that a reasonable consumer would not be misled because the

language in the fine print – which the Plaintiffs-Appellants do not claim is 

misleading, see App’x 259 – explains that “Peak HP” refers to the horsepower 

that the vacuums attain in laboratory testing rather than in ordinary use. 

The Plaintiffs-Appellants argue that the “Peak HP” label is inaccurate and 

so misleading that a reasonable consumer should not be expected to review the 

fine print to discover its true meaning. We disagree. Although they have 

advanced one reasonable interpretation of what “Peak HP” means, the Plaintiffs1 NYGBL § 349 prohibits “[d]eceptive acts or practices” and NYGBL § 350 prohibits 

“[f]alse advertising in the conduct of any business, trade, or commerce” in New York. 

To state a claim under NYGBL §§ 349 and 350, a plaintiff must allege that “(1) the 

defendant's deceptive acts were directed at consumers, (2) the acts are misleading in a 

material way, and (3) the plaintiff has been injured as a result.” Chufen Chen v. Dunkin’ 

Brands, Inc., 954 F.3d 492, 500 (2d Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted). 
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Appellants fail to explain why a reasonable consumer could not alternatively 

understand “Peak HP” to have the meaning reflected in the fine print. The 

dagger or asterisk symbol next to the “Peak HP” label, moreover, would alert a 

reasonable consumer to the fact that certain caveats may apply to the “Peak HP” 

designation. 

The Plaintiffs-Appellants also argue that the fine print on the packaging is 

too inconspicuous to clarify the meaning of “Peak HP.” We are not persuaded. 

The complaint alleges only that the disclaimer was printed in size 7 font and

placed on the bottom of the package near other fine print without any 

typographical emphasis. In effect, these allegations merely state the obvious fact

that the disclaimer was in fine print. Such fine print may clarify an ambiguous

label on packaging. See Food Parade, Inc. v. Off. of Consumer Affs. of Cnty. of 

Nassau, 7 N.Y.3d 568, 570–72 (2006); Mantikas, 910 F.3d at 636; Fink v. Time Warner 

Cable, 714 F.3d 739, 742 (2d Cir. 2013). In view of the ambiguity of the “Peak HP” 

label, the Plaintiffs-Appellants had to allege more than the bare fact that the 

disclaimer was in fine print and located at the bottom of the packaging.2 We 

2 For example, the complaint never alleges that a consumer could not see the clarifying 

language, or that it was obscured, or that a consumer would see it but would be

confused by its terms. Nor does the complaint allege that the Plaintiffs-Appellants

failed to see the dagger symbol accompanying the “Peak HP” ratings on the packaging.
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conclude that the complaint thus fails to state a claim under the NYGBL. For the 

same reasons, the complaint fails to state a claim under the VCPA, as well as any 

warranty and common law claims.

We have considered the Plaintiffs-Appellants’ remaining arguments and 

conclude that they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of 

the District Court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court