# Patent

## Title
Search of sources and targets based on relative expertise of the sources

## Abstract

A new approach is proposed that contemplates systems and methods to provide a ranking of citied objects and citing subjects identified as results of a search, where the relative expertise of subjects or sources of citations to said targets or objects is considered. The relative expertise is a function of the share of the subject's citations matching the query term or search criteria relative to the share of all subjects' citations matching the query term, weighted by the influence of the subjects. This allows the identification of “experts” on “topics” without any pre-defined categorization of topics or pre-computation of expertise. Under this novel approach, expertise can be determined on any query term in real-time.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/355,854, filed Jun. 17, 2010, and entitled “A system and method for search of sources and targets based on relative expertise of the sources,” and is hereby incorporated herein by reference. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/895,593 filed Sep. 30, 2010 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,991,725). This application is also a continuation-in-part of current copending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/628,791 filed Dec. 1, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,688,701 and a continuation-in-part of current copending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/628,801 filed Dec. 1, 2009 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,244,664.


BACKGROUND
Knowledge is increasingly more germane to our exponentially expanding information-based society. Perfect knowledge is the ideal that participants seek to assist in decision making and for determining preferences, affinities, and dislikes. Practically, perfect knowledge about a given topic is virtually impossible to obtain unless the inquirer is the source of all of information about such topic (e.g., autobiographer). Armed with more information, decision makers are generally best positioned to select a choice that will lead to a desired outcome/result (e.g., which restaurant to go to for dinner). However, as more information is becoming readily available through various electronic communications modalities (e.g., the Internet), one is left to sift through what is amounting to a myriad of data to obtain relevant and, more importantly, trust worthy information to assist in decision making activities. Although there are various tools (e.g., search engines, community boards with various ratings), there lacks any indicia of personal trustworthiness (e.g., measure of the source's reputation and/or influence) with located data.
Currently, a person seeking to locate information to assist in a decision, to determine an affinity, and/or identify a dislike can leverage traditional non-electronic data sources (e.g., personal recommendations—which can be few and can be biased) and/or electronic data sources such as web sites, bulletin boards, blogs, and other sources to locate (sometimes rated) data about a particular topic/subject (e.g., where to stay when visiting San Francisco). Such an approach is time consuming and often unreliable as with most of the electronic data there lacks an indicia of trustworthiness of the source of the information. Failing to find a plethora (or spot on) information from immediate non-electronic and/or electronic data source(s), the person making the inquiry is left to make the decision using limited information, which can lead to less than perfect predictions of outcomes, results, and can lead to low levels of satisfaction undertaking one or more activities for which information was sought.
Current practices also do not leverage trustworthiness of information or, stated differently, attribute a value to the influence of the source of data (e.g., referral). With current practices, the entity seeking the data must make a value judgment on the influence of the data source. Such value judgment is generally based on previous experiences with the data source (e.g., rely on Mike's restaurant recommendations as he is a chef and Laura's hotel recommendations in Europe as she lived and worked in Europe for 5 years). Unless the person making the inquiry has an extensive network of references from which to rely to obtain desired data needed to make a decision, most often, the person making the decision is left to take a risk or “roll the dice” based on best available non-attributed (non-reputed) data. Such a prospect often leads certain participants from not engaging in a contemplated activity. Influence accrued by persons in such a network of references is subjective. In other words, influence accrued by persons in such a network of references appear differently to each other person in the network, as each person's opinion is formed by their own individual networks of trust.
Real world trust networks follow a small-world pattern, that is, where everyone is not connected to everyone else directly, but most people are connected to most other people through a relatively small number of intermediaries or “connectors”. Accordingly, this means that some individuals within the network may disproportionately influence the opinion held by other individuals. In other words, some people's opinions may be more influential than other people's opinions.
As referred to herein, influence is provided for augmenting reputation, which may be subjective. In some embodiments, influence is provided as an objective measure. For example, influence can be useful in filtering opinions, information, and data. It will be appreciated that reputation and influence provide unique advantages in accordance with some embodiments for the ranking of individuals or products or services of any type in any means or form.
Another issue facing an online user is the difficulty to search for content that actually addresses his/her problem from his/her own perspective or from someone whose opinion the user values highly. Even when the user is able to find the content that is relevant to address his/her problem, the user may not be able to recognize whether the content is from a creditable source or what the experts think of it. Therefore, there is a need to identify sources of relative expertise in the field of the user's interest and the content or information highly recognized by those identified sources.
The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts an example of a citation graph used to support citation search.
FIG. 2 depicts an example of a system diagram to support search of citing subjects and cited objects based on relative expertise of the subjects.
FIG. 3 depicts an example of a flowchart of a process to support search of cited objects based on relative expertise of the citing subjects.
FIG. 4 depicts an example of a flowchart of a process to support search of citing subjects based on relative expertise of the subjects.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
The approach is illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “an” or “one” or “some” embodiment(s) in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and such references mean at least one.
A new approach is proposed that contemplates systems and methods to provide a ranking of citied objects and citing subjects identified as results of a search, where the relative expertise of subjects or sources of citations to said targets or objects is computed and considered. As used herein, each source or subject can be but is not limited to an internet author or user of social media services. Each citation made by a subject on a target or object may but need not express the subject's opinion on the said target or object. The citation can be but is not limited to, a Tweet, a blog post, and a review of objects on an Internet web site. The relative expertise is a function of the share of the subject's citations matching the query term or search criteria relative to the share of all subjects' citations matching the query term, weighted by the influence of the subjects. This allows the identification of “experts” on “topics” without any pre-defined categorization of topics or pre-computation of expertise. Under this novel approach, expertise can be determined on any query term in real-time.
Citation Graph
An illustrative implementation of systems and methods described herein in accordance with some embodiments includes a citation graph 100 as shown in FIG. 1. In the example of FIG. 1, the citation graph 100 comprises a plurality of citations 104, each describing an opinion of the object by a source/subject 102. The nodes/entities in the citation graph 100 are characterized into two categories, 1) subjects 102 capable of having an opinion or creating/making citations 104, in which expression of such opinion is explicit, expressed, implicit, or imputed through any other technique; and 2) objects 106 cited by citations 104, about which subjects 102 have opinions or make citations. Each subject 102 or object 106 in graph 100 represents an influential entity, once an influence score for that node has been determined or estimated. More specifically, each subject 102 may have an influence score indicating the degree to which the subject's opinion influences other subjects and/or a community of subjects, and each object 106 may have an influence score indicating the collective opinions of the plurality of subjects 102 citing the object.
In some embodiments, subjects 102 representing any entities or sources that make citations may correspond to one or more of the following:

    
    
        Representations of a person, web log, and entities representing Internet authors or users of social media services including one or more of the following: blogs, Twitter, or reviews on Internet web sites;
        Users of microblogging services such as Twitter;
        Users of social networks such as MySpace or Facebook, bloggers;
        Reviewers, who provide expressions of opinion, reviews, or other information useful for the estimation of influence.
    
    


In some embodiments, some subjects/authors 102 who create the citations 104 can be related to each other, for a non-limiting example, via an influence network or community and influence scores can be assigned to the subjects 102 based on their authorities in the influence network.
In some embodiments, objects 106 cited by the citations 104 may correspond to one or more of the following: Internet web sites, blogs, videos, books, films, music, image, video, documents, data files, objects for sale, objects that are reviewed or recommended or cited, subjects/authors, natural or legal persons, citations, or any entities that are or may be associated with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), or any form of product or service or information of any means or form for which a representation has been made.
In some embodiments, the links or edges 104 of the citation graph 100 represent different forms of association between the subject nodes 102 and the object nodes 106, such as citations 104 of objects 106 by subjects 102. For non-limiting examples, citations 104 can be created by authors citing targets at some point of time and can be one of link, description, keyword or phrase by a source/subject 102 pointing to a target (subject 102 or object 106). Here, citations may include one or more of the expression of opinions on objects, expressions of authors in the form of Tweets, blog posts, reviews of objects on Internet web sites Wikipedia entries, postings to social media such as Twitter or Jaiku, postings to websites, postings in the form of reviews, recommendations, or any other form of citation made to mailing lists, newsgroups, discussion forums, comments to websites or any other form of Internet publication.
In some embodiments, citations 104 can be made by one subject 102 regarding an object 106, such as a recommendation of a website, or a restaurant review, and can be treated as representation an expression of opinion or description. In some embodiments, citations 104 can be made by one subject 102 regarding another subject 102, such as a recommendation of one author by another, and can be treated as representing an expression of trustworthiness. In some embodiments, citations 104 can be made by certain object 106 regarding other objects, wherein the object 106 is also a subject.
In some embodiments, citation 104 can be described in the format of (subject, citation description, object, timestamp, type). Citations 104 can be categorized into various types based on the characteristics of subjects/authors 102, objects/targets 106 and citations 104 themselves. Citations 104 can also reference other citations. The reference relationship among citations is one of the data sources for discovering influence network.
FIG. 2 depicts an example of a system diagram to support search of citing subjects and cited objects based on relative expertise of the subjects. Although the diagrams depict components as functionally separate, such depiction is merely for illustrative purposes. It will be apparent that the components portrayed in this figure can be arbitrarily combined or divided into separate software, firmware and/or hardware components. Furthermore, it will also be apparent that such components, regardless of how they are combined or divided, can execute on the same host or multiple hosts, and wherein the multiple hosts can be connected by one or more networks.
In the example of FIG. 2, the system 200 includes at least citation search engine 204, influence evaluation engine 204, and object/subject selection engine 206. As used herein, the term engine refers to software, firmware, hardware, or other component that is used to effectuate a purpose. The engine will typically include software instructions that are stored in non-volatile memory (also referred to as secondary memory). When the software instructions are executed, at least a subset of the software instructions is loaded into memory (also referred to as primary memory) by a processor. The processor then executes the software instructions in memory. The processor may be a shared processor, a dedicated processor, or a combination of shared or dedicated processors. A typical program will include calls to hardware components (such as I/O devices), which typically requires the execution of drivers. The drivers may or may not be considered part of the engine, but the distinction is not critical.
In the example of FIG. 2, each of the engines can run on one or more hosting devices (hosts). Here, a host can be a computing device, a communication device, a storage device, or any electronic device capable of running a software component. For non-limiting examples, a computing device can be but is not limited to a laptop PC, a desktop PC, a tablet PC, an iPod, an iPhone, an iPad, Google's Android device, a PDA, or a server machine. A storage device can be but is not limited to a hard disk drive, a flash memory drive, or any portable storage device. A communication device can be but is not limited to a mobile phone.
In the example of FIG. 2, citation search engine 202, influence evaluation engine 204, and object/subject selection engine 206 each has a communication interface (not shown), which is a software component that enables the engines to communicate with each other following certain communication protocols, such as TCP/IP protocol, over one or more communication networks (not shown). Here, the communication networks can be but are not limited to, internet, intranet, wide area network (WAN), local area network (LAN), wireless network, Bluetooth, WiFi, and mobile communication network. The physical connections of the network and the communication protocols are well known to those of skill in the art.
Citation Search
In the example of FIG. 2, citation search engine 202 enables a citation search process, which unlike the “classical web search” approaches that is object/target-centric and focuses only on the relevance of the objects 106 to the search criteria, the search process adopted by citation search engine 202 is “citation” centric, focusing on influence of the citing subjects 102 that cite the objects. In addition, the classical web search retrieves and ranks objects 106 based on attributes of the objects, while the proposed search approach adds citation 104 and subject/author 102 dimensions. The extra metadata associated with subjects 102, citations 104, and objects 106 provide better ranking capability, richer functionality and higher efficiency for the searches.
In some embodiments, the citation search/query request processed by citation search engine 202 may accept and enforce various criteria/terms on citation searching, retrieving and ranking, each of which can either be explicitly described by a user or best guessed by the system based on internal statistical data. Such criteria include but are not limited to,
a) Constraints for the citations, including but are not limited to,


    
    
        Description: usually the text search query;
        Time range of the citations;
        Author: such as from particular author or sub set of authors;
        Type: types of citations;

b) Types of the cited objects: the output can be objects, authors or citations of the types including but are not limited to,

        Target types: such as web pages, images, videos, people
        Author types: such as expert for certain topic
        Citation types: such as tweets, comments, blog entries

c) Ranking bias of the cited objects: which can be smartly guessed by the system or specified by user including but are not limited to,

        Time bias: recent; point of time; event; general knowledge; auto
        View point bias: such as general view or perspective of certain people.
        Type bias: topic type, target type.

Influence Evaluation

    
    


In the example of FIG. 2, influence evaluation engine 204 calculates relative expertise and influence scores of subjects 102, wherein such relative expertise and influence scores can be used to determine at least in part, in combination with other methods and systems, the ranking of any subset of objects 106 obtained from a plurality of citations 104 from citation search results.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 computes “relative expertise” of a subject as a measure of the subject's expertise in a topic relative to a larger population of multiple sources and subjects. Here, the relative expertise of the subject is a function of the share of the subject's citations matching the query term relative to the share of all subjects' citations matching the query term, weighted by the influence of the subjects. This allows the identification of “experts” on “topics” without any pre-defined categorization of topics or pre-computation of expertise, enabling determination of expertise on any query term in real-time.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 may adopt a semantic graph of related terms, which allows the “match to query term” used for computing the relative expertise of the subject to be broader than a match of the query term itself. With such a semantic graph, influence evaluation engine 204 regards a match to a query term have been made, possibly with a different match score, if a match is made for other terms in the semantic graph that are close to the query term. for a non-limiting example, “ibuprofen” and “terfenadine” may both match “medicine” and each other via the semantic graph, so if the query term is “ibuprofen,” citations matching “medicine” or “terfenadine” can be considered along with citations matching the query term “ibuprofen” itself.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 measures influence and reputation of subjects 102 that compose the plurality of citations 104 citing the plurality of objects 106 on dimensions that are related to, for non-limiting examples, one or more of the specific topic or objects (e.g., automobiles or restaurants) cited by the subjects, or form of citations (e.g., a weblog or Wikipedia entry or news article or Twitter feed), or search terms (e.g., key words or phrases specified in order to define a subset of all entities that match the search term(s)), in which a subset of the ranked entities are made available based on selection criteria, such as the rank, date or time, or geography/location associated with the entity, and/or any other selection criteria.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 determines an influence score for a first subject or source at least partly based on how often a first subject is cited or referenced by a (another) second subject(s). Here, each of the first or the second subject can be but is not limited to an internet author or user of social media services, while each citation describes reference by the second subject to a citation of an object by the first subject. The number of the citations or the citation score of the first subject by the second subjects is computed and the influence of the second subjects citing the first subject can also be optionally taken into account in the citation score. For a non-limiting example, the influence score of the first subject is computed as a function of some or all of: the number of citations of the first subject by second subjects, a score for each such citation, and the influence score of the second subjects. Once computed, the influence of the first subject as reflected by the count of citations or citation score of the first subject or subject can be displayed to the user at a location associated with the first subject, such as the “profile page” of the first subject, together with a list of the second subjects citing the first subjects, which can be optionally ranked by the influences of the second subject.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 allows for the attribution of influence on subjects 102 to data sources (e.g., sources of opinions, data, or referrals) to be estimated and distributed/propagated based on the citation graph 100. More specifically, an entity can be directly linked to any number of other entities on any number of dimensions in the citation graph 100, with each link possibly having an associated score. For a non-limiting example, a path on a given dimension between two entities, such as a subject 102 and an object 106, includes a directed or an undirected link from the source to an intermediate entity, prefixed to a directed or undirected path from the intermediate entity to the object 106 in the same or possibly a different dimension.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 estimates the influence of each entity as the count of actual requests for data, opinion, or searches relating to or originating from other entities, entities with direct links to the entity or with a path in the citation graph, possibly with a predefined maximum length, to the entity; such actual requests being counted if they occur within a predefined period of time and result in the use of the paths originating from the entity (e.g., representing opinions, reviews, citations or other forms of expression) with or without the count being adjusted by the possible weights on each link, the length of each path, and the level of each entity on each path.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 adjusts the influence of each entity by metrics relating to the citation graph comprising all entities or a subset of all linked entities. For a non-limiting example, such metrics can include the density of the graph, defined as the ratio of the number of links to the number of linked entities in the graph; such metrics are transformed by mathematical functions optimal to the topology of the graph, such as where it is known that the distribution of links among entities in a given graph may be non-linear. An example of such an adjustment would be the operation of estimating the influence of an entity as the number of directed links connecting to the entity, divided by the logarithm of the density of the citation graph comprising all linked entities. For example, such an operation can provide an optimal method of estimating influence rapidly with a limited degree of computational complexity.
In some embodiments, influence evaluation engine 204 optimizes the estimation of influence for different contexts and requirements of performance, memory, graph topology, number of entities, and/or any other context and/or requirement, by any combination of the operations described above in paragraphs above, and any similar operations involving metrics including but not limited to values comprising: the number of potential source entities to the entity for which influence is to be estimated, the number of potential target entities, the number of potential directed paths between any one entity and any other entity on any or all given dimensions, the number of potential directed paths that include the entity, the number of times within a defined period that a directed link from the entity is used for a scoring, search or other operation(s).
Object Ranking and Selection
In the example of FIG. 2, object/subject selection engine 206 utilizes relative expertise of the citing subjects 102, in addition to their influence scores and the number of their citations 104 to determine the selection and ranking of objects 106 cited by the citations, in combination with other ranking criteria that include but are not limited to, influence scores of the citing subjects, date or time, geographical location associated with the objects, and/or any other selection criteria. More specifically, object/subject selection engine 206 may utilize subjects with relative expertise for a query term, as previously defined, to select or rank the result of an object/target search. Objects in the search result can be ranked based on one or more of: a ranking function of the citations for the objects matching the search criteria, the influence of the subjects of each matching citation, and the relative expertise on the query term of each of the citing subjects. Under such ranking, an object frequently cited by subjects of high relative expertise in a certain field will be ranked prominently, indicating that the object is regarded as a more creditable piece of information relative to other targets in the search results, due to the subjects citing this object having not only a high influence relative to other subjects or sources citing other objects, but also a high relative expertise on the query term relative to other subjects citing other objects.
FIG. 3 depicts an example of a flowchart of a process to support search of cited objects based on relative expertise of the citing subjects. Although this figure depicts functional steps in a particular order for purposes of illustration, the process is not limited to any particular order or arrangement of steps. One skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the various steps portrayed in this figure could be omitted, rearranged, combined and/or adapted in various ways.
In the example of FIG. 3, the flowchart 300 starts at block 302 where citation searching, retrieving and ranking criteria and mechanisms are set and adjusted based on user specification and/or internal statistical data. The flowchart 300 continues to block 304 where a plurality of citations of objects that fit the search criteria, such as query term, text match, time filter, author filter, type filter, are retrieved. The flowchart 300 continues to block 306 where relative expertise of a plurality of subjects that compose the plurality of citations of objects is computed. The flowchart 300 continues to block 308 where the relative expertise of the subjects is used to rank the objects of the plurality of citations. The flowchart 300 ends at block 310 where objects are selected as the search result for the user based on the matching of the objects with the search criteria as well as the relative expertise of the citing subjects.
In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 determines the qualities of the cited objects by examining the distribution of influence scores of subjects citing the objects in the search results. For a non-limiting example, one measure of the influence distribution is the ratio of the number of citations from the “influential” and the “non-influential” subjects, where “influential” subjects may, for a non-limiting example, have an influence score higher than a threshold determined by the percentile distribution of all influence scores. Object/subject selection engine 206 accepts only those objects that show up in the citation search results if their citation ratios from “influential” and “non-influential” subjects are above a certain threshold while others can be marked as spam if the ratio of their citation ratios from “influential” and “non-influential” subjects fall below the certain threshold, indicating that they are most likely cited from spam subjects.
In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 calculates and ranks cited objects by treating citations of the objects as connections having positive or negative weights in a weighted citation graph. A citation with implicit positive weight can include, for a non-limiting example, a retweet or a link between individual blog posts or web cites, while a citation with negative weight can include, for a non-limiting example, a statement by one subject 102 that another source is a spammer.
In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 uses citations with negative weights in a citation graph-based rank/influence calculation approach to propagate negative citation scores through the citation graph. Assigning and propagating citations of negative weights makes it possible to identify clusters of spammers in the citation graph without having each spammer individually identified. Furthermore, identifying subjects/sources 102 with high influence and propagating a few negative citations from such subjects is enough to mark an entire cluster of spammers negatively, thus reducing their influence on the search result.
In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 presents the generated search results of cited objects to a user who issues the search request or provides the generated search results to a third party for further processing. In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 presents to the user a score computed from a function combining the count of citations and the influence of the subjects of the citations along with the search result of the objects. In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 displays multiple scores computed from functions combining the counts of subsets of citations and the influence of the source of each citation along with the search result, where each subset may be determined by criteria such as the influence of the subjects, or attributes of the subjects or the citations. For non limiting-examples, the following may be displayed to the user—“5 citations from Twitter; 7 citations from people in Japan; and 8 citations in English from influential users.” The subsets above may be selected and/or filtered either by the object/subject selection engine 206 or by users.
In some embodiments, object/subject selection engine 206 selects for display of every object in the search result, one or more citations and the subjects of the citations on the basis of criteria such as the recency or the influence of their citing subjects relative to the other citations in the search result. Object/subject selection engine 206 then displays the selected citations and/or subjects in such a way that the relationship between the search result, the citations and the subjects of the citations are made transparent to a user.
Subject Ranking and Selection
In the example of FIG. 2, object/subject selection engine 206 may alternatively utilize the relative expertise of the subjects for the ranking and selection of subjects 102 instead of objects 106 to generate a search result for “people search” or “expert search” functionality. Here, for “people/expert search”, the search result for a query is the subjects of citations matching the query, rather than objects of the citations, weighted by among other factors the relative expertise of the subjects. As discussed above, the relative expertise reflects the subject's interest or expertise in a certain topic or subject, thus making the subject eligible as a candidate in the people search for experts.
FIG. 4 depicts an example of a flowchart of a process to support search of citing subjects based on relative expertise of the subjects. In the example of FIG. 4, the flowchart 400 starts at block 402 where citation searching, retrieving and ranking criteria and mechanisms are set and adjusted based on user specification and/or internal statistical data. The flowchart 400 continues to block 404 where a plurality of citations of objects that fit the search criteria is retrieved. Here, the citations from the search result are, in one non-limiting example, the list of such citations that match the query terms for the search. The flowchart 400 continues to block 406 where relative expertise of a plurality of subjects that compose the plurality of citations of objects is computed. The flowchart 400 continues to block 408 where the relative expertise of the subjects is utilized to rank the citing subjects of the plurality of citations. The flowchart 400 ends at block 410 where subjects are selected as the search result based on the influence scores and/or the relative expertise of the citing subjects.
One embodiment may be implemented using a conventional general purpose or a specialized digital computer or microprocessor(s) programmed according to the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in the computer art. Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those skilled in the software art. The invention may also be implemented by the preparation of integrated circuits or by interconnecting an appropriate network of conventional component circuits, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
One embodiment includes a computer program product which is a machine readable medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program one or more hosts to perform any of the features presented herein. The machine readable medium can include, but is not limited to, one or more types of disks including floppy disks, optical discs, DVD, CD-ROMs, micro drive, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, DRAMs, VRAMs, flash memory devices, magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Stored on any one of the computer readable medium (media), the present invention includes software for controlling both the hardware of the general purpose/specialized computer or microprocessor, and for enabling the computer or microprocessor to interact with a human viewer or other mechanism utilizing the results of the present invention. Such software may include, but is not limited to, device drivers, operating systems, execution environments/containers, and applications.
The foregoing description of various embodiments of the claimed subject matter has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claimed subject matter to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art. Particularly, while the concept “interface” is used in the embodiments of the systems and methods described above, it will be evident that such concept can be interchangeably used with equivalent software concepts such as, class, method, type, module, component, bean, module, object model, process, thread, and other suitable concepts. While the concept “component” is used in the embodiments of the systems and methods described above, it will be evident that such concept can be interchangeably used with equivalent concepts such as, class, method, type, interface, module, object model, and other suitable concepts. Embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the relevant art to understand the claimed subject matter, the various embodiments and with various modifications that are suited to the particular use contemplated.

## Claims

1. A system, comprising:
at least one or more processors;
a citation search engine with the at least one or more processors that in operation retrieves a plurality of citations composed by a plurality of subjects citing a plurality of objects that fit one or more search criteria,
a citation graph coupled to the citation engine, the citation graph used to determine an influence of each of the subjects and the objects, the citation graph including the plurality of citations each describing an opinion of an object by a subject, the citation graph including nodes or entities that are 1) subjects that have an opinion or making citations, and 2) objects cited by citations relative to subjects that have opinions or make citations;
an influence evaluation engine with the at least one or more processors that in operation, determines an expertise of a subject as a measure of the subject's expertise in a topic relative to a larger population of multiple subjects and allows for determination of expertise on any query term in real-time; and
an object/subject selection engine with the at least one or more processors, which in operation:
ranks the cited objects of the plurality of citations using the influence and relative expertise of the subjects, and
selects objects as the search result for the user based on the matching of the objects with the search criteria as well as the relative expertise of the citing subjects.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein:
each of the plurality of subjects has an opinion wherein expression of the opinion is explicit, expressed, implicit, or imputed through any other technique.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein:
each of the plurality of subjects is one of: representation of a person, web log, and entities representing Internet authors or users of social media services, user of microblogging services, users of social networks, reviewer who provides expressions of opinion, reviews, or other information useful for the estimation of influence.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein:
each of the plurality of objects is one of: Internet web sites, blogs, videos, books, films, music, image, video, documents, data files, objects for sale, objects that are reviewed or recommended or cited, subjects/authors, natural or legal persons, citations, or any entities that are associated with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).

5. The system of claim 1, wherein:
each of the plurality of citations describes an opinion by a subject on an object matching the search criteria in the search result.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein:
each of the plurality of citations includes one or more of: expression of opinions on the objects, expressions of authors in the form of Tweets, blog posts, reviews of objects on Internet web sites Wikipedia entries, postings to social media, postings to websites, postings in the form of reviews, recommendations, or any other form of citation made to mailing lists, newsgroups, discussion forums, comments to websites or any other form of Internet publication.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein:
the citation search engine enables a citation centric search process that focuses on influence of the plurality subjects that cite the plurality of objects.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein:
the citation search engine accepts and enforces a plurality of criteria on citation searching, retrieving and ranking, each of which is either be explicitly described by a user or best guessed by the system based on internal statistical data.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein:
the relative expertise is a function of share of the subject's citations matching the search criteria relative to share of all subjects' citations matching the search criteria.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein: the influence evaluation engine adopts a semantic graph of related terms, which allows match to the query term used for computing the relative expertise of the subject to be broader than a match of the query term itself.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein: the object/subject selection engine ranks the objects in the search result based on one or more of: a ranking function of the citations for the objects matching the search criteria, the influence of the subjects of each matching citation, and the relative expertise on of each of the citing subjects.

12. A system, comprising:
at least one or more processors;
a citation search engine with the at least one or more processors that in operation retrieves a plurality of citations composed by a plurality of subjects citing a plurality of objects that fit one or more search criteria,
a citation graph coupled to the citation engine, the citation graph used to determine an influence of each of the subjects and the objects, the citation graph including the plurality of citations each describing an opinion of an object by a subject, the citation graph including nodes or entities that are 1) subjects that have an opinion or making citations, and 2) objects cited by citations relative to subjects that have opinions or make citations;
an influence evaluation engine with the at least one or more processors that in operation, determines an expertise of a subject as a measure of the subject's expertise in a topic relative to a larger population of multiple subjects and allows for determination of expertise on any query term in real-time; and
an object/subject selection engine with the at least one or more processors, which in operation:
ranks the citing subjects of the plurality of citations using the influence and relative expertise of the subjects, and
selects subjects as the search result for the user based on the influence scores and/or the relative expertise of the citing subjects.

13. A method, comprising:
using at least one or more processors to retrieve a plurality of citations composed by a plurality of subjects citing a plurality of objects that fit one or more search criteria;
using a citation graph to determine an influence of each of the subjects and the objects, the citation graph including the plurality of citations each describing an opinion of an object by subject, the citation graph including nodes or entities that are 1) subjects that have an opinion or making citations, and 2) objects cited by citations relative to subjects that have opinions or make citations;
using the at least one or more processors to determine an expertise of a subject as a measure of the subject's expertise in a topic relative to a larger population of multiple subjects and allow for determination of expertise on any query term in real-time;
using the at least one or more processors to rank the cited objects of the plurality of citations using the influence and relative expertise of the subjects;
using the at least one or more processors to select objects as the search result for the user based on the matching of the objects with the search criteria as well as the relative expertise of the citing subjects.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
enabling a citation centric search process that focuses on influence of the plurality subjects that cite the plurality of objects.

15. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
accepting and enforcing a plurality of criteria on citation searching, retrieving and ranking, each of which is either be explicitly described by a user or best guessed by the system based on internal statistical data.

16. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
adopting a semantic graph of related terms, which allows match to the query term used for computing the relative expertise of the subject to be broader than a match of the query term itself.

17. The method of claim 13, further comprising:
ranking the objects in the search result based on one or more of: a ranking function of the citations for the objects matching the search criteria, the influence of the subjects of each matching citation, and the relative expertise on of each of the citing subjects.

18. A method, comprising:
using at least one or more processors to retrieve a plurality of citations composed by a plurality of subjects citing a plurality of objects that fit one or more search criteria;
using a citation graph to determine an influence of each of the subjects and the objects, the citation graph including the plurality of citations each describing an opinion of an object by subject, the citation graph including nodes or entities that are 1) subjects that have an opinion or making citations, and 2) objects cited by citations relative to subjects that have opinions or make citations;
using the at least one or more processors to determine an expertise of a subject as a measure of the subject's expertise in a topic relative to a larger population of multiple subjects and allow for determination of expertise on any query term in real-time;
using the at least one or more processors to rank the citing subjects of the plurality of citations using the influence and relative expertise of the subjects;
using the at least one or more processors to select subjects as the search result for the user based on the influence scores and/or the relative expertise of the citing subjects.