NUMBER 13-10-00279-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

ROLANDO ARNOLDO SALINAS, Appellant,

v.

MARIA TERESA SALINAS, Appellee.

On appeal from the 398th District Court

of Hidalgo County, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Wittig1

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wittig

 

1

Retired Fourteenth Court of Appeals Justice Don Wittig assigned to this Court by the Chief 

Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas pursuant to the government code. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 

74.003 (West 2005).
2

Appellant, Rolando Arnoldo Salinas, challenges the property division in the trial 

court’s final decree of divorce. By three issues, he contends the trial court abused its 

discretion by: (1) awarding appellee, Maria Teresa Salinas, a reimbursement claim in the 

amount of $51,506.55; (2) awarding certain assignment of values to the marital property; 

and (3) awarding a disproportionate split of the community property to Maria. We 

affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

The couple married on July 12, 1986. They had two children, one of whom was 

a minor still living at home at the time of the divorce. Maria was designated as a joint 

managing conservator of the minor. In 2002, Maria inherited $67,000. Some $51,000 

of her inheritance was used to improve the couple’s home or to pay unsecured invoices 

on the home (as found by the trial court). Rolando admitted Maria spent $50,000 of her 

separate property to ―pay for the home.‖ Maria also used $10,000 from her retirement 

account to pay off the final indebtedness of the home. At the time of the trial Maria 

earned approximately $2,000 per month and Rolando earned approximately $4,000 per 

month. Maria sought a divorce on the grounds of cruelty and insupportability. The 

final decree, dated February 10, 2010, stated the grounds as insupportability, although in 

its findings the trial court cited not only insupportability, but also cruel treatment and fault. 

In the trial court’s belated findings, it found that Rolando used drugs during the marriage, 

drank excessively, and wasted community funds on alcohol and drugs. Fault in the 

breakup of the marriage by Rolando was cited by the trial court as one of the grounds for 
3

awarding a disproportionate share of the parties’ estate to Maria. The trial court also 

found that Maria created the majority of the community property value by her efforts.

In its property division, the trial court awarded the following to Maria: (1) the 

family home valued at $163,140; (2) household appliances valued at $4,500; (3) a 2007 

GMAC Yukon; (4) a 2007 Mazda CX7; and (5) one-half of the retirements benefits in 

United Parcel Service. The court awarded Rolando: (1) the AG Edwards account in 

the amount of $13,226.50; (2) UPS stock valued at $6,619; (3) one-half of the retirement 

benefits in United Parcel Service; (4) a 1991 Jeep valued at $4,105; (5) a 2004 Bluewave 

C Special valued at $19,997; and (6) a 1984 Chevy Blazer.

The court apportioned the following community debts to Maria: (1) air 

conditioning account, $3,721; (2) Capital One account, $6,430; (3) Bill Me Later account,

$2,130.56; (4) co-step. $7,500; (5) Citibank account, $1,897.50; and (6) one half the 

amount due on the 2007 Mazda CX7. The court apportioned the liability on the 2004 

Bluewave to Roland in the amount of $7,209 plus one-half of the balance remaining on 

the 2007 Mazda CX7. In its findings, the court awarded Maria a reimbursement claim 

traced to her inheritance for $51,506.55; however, the judgment did not make any direct 

award for reimbursement.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s division of property under an abuse of discretion 

standard. Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981). A trial court has wide 

latitude in the exercise of its discretion in dividing marital property in a divorce 
4

proceeding, and that division will not be overturned on appeal unless the trial court has 

abused its discretion. Id.; Zieba v. Martin, 928 S.W.2d 782, 786 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] 1996, no writ); Dankowski v. Dankowski, 922 S.W.2d 298, 304 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 1996, no writ). The mere fact that a trial judge may decide a matter 

within its discretionary authority differently than an appellate judge is not an abuse of 

discretion. Jones v. Jones, 804 S.W.2d 623, 624 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1991, no writ) 

(citing Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238 (Tex. 1985)). To 

constitute an abuse of discretion, the trial court’s division of the property must be 

manifestly unfair. Mann v. Mann, 607 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tex. 1980); Vandiver v. 

Vandiver, 4 S.W.3d 300, 303–04 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1999, pet. denied).

The trial court shall in its divorce decree order a division of the marital estate in a 

manner that it deems just and right. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 7.001 (West 2008). The 

trial court is not required to divide the marital estate equally; however, its division must 

be equitable. Zieba, 928 S.W.2d at 790. ―The trial court’s discretion is not unlimited, 

and there must be some reasonable basis for an unequal division of the property.‖ 

O’Carolan v. Hopper, 71 S.W.3d 529, 532 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). In 

deciding whether a reasonable basis exists for an unequal division of the marital estate, 

the trial court may consider ―such factors as the spouses’ capacities and abilities, 

benefits which the party not at fault would have derived from continuation of the 

marriage, business opportunities, education, relative physical conditions, relative 

financial condition and obligations, disparity of ages, size of separate estates, and the 
5

nature of the property.‖ Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 699.

III. REIMBURSEMENT CLAIM

Rolando argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding Maria 

$51,506.55 as a reimbursement for payment of ―unsecured liabilities of the community 

estate.‖ In his first two sub-issues, he argues Maria did not meet her burden that her 

separate property was used for payments. We disagree. Maria testified she inherited 

$67,000 in 2002 and $58,000 of her separate property was placed into a joint checking 

account. She traced $51,000 to pay charges, indicated by receipts, to improve the 

home. We do agree that the party claiming reimbursement for their separate estate 

must provide clear and convincing evidence the contribution came from the separate 

estate. Henry v. Henry, 48 S.W.3d 468, 477 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1975, 

writ dism’d.) However, Rolando admitted that $50,000 was expended and that the 

money came from the sale of inherited property Maria received from her uncle. While 

Maria did not enter the paid receipts into evidence, Rolando’s admission abrogated the 

necessity of further proof. See TEX. R. EVID. 401. 

Next, Rolando contends that Maria’s claim is more properly nominated as an 

economic contribution claim for capital improvement under former Texas Family Code,

section 3.403. Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 230, § 1, 2003 TEX. GEN. LAWS

1056, 1056, repealed by Act of May 19, 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., ch. 768, § 11(3), 2009 

TEX. GEN. LAWS 1950, 1953 (former section 3.403(a)) (providing that the marital estate 

that makes an economic contribution to property owned by another marital estate has a 
6

claim for economic contribution against the benefited estate). While Rolando may or 

may not be technically correct, such error, if any, is harmless because the judgment of 

which he complains did not specifically award any reimbursement claim. TEX. R. APP.

P. 44.1(a)(1). We assume the trial court considered the matter when awarding the 

home to Maria, and thus we will again consider the matter in issue three below. 

Rolando’s first issue is overruled.

IV. ASSIGNMENT OF VALUE

In his second issue, Rolando contends the trial court abused its discretion in the 

assignment of value to the marital property. The trial court assigned the home a value 

of $163,140. According to Rolando, no documentary or testimonial evidence supports 

the trial court’s finding, but there is evidence from the appraisal district listing the home’s 

value as $163,216. Rolando argues that even this number is incorrect because the 

appraisal does not take into account the additional 500 square feet that the couple added

to the home. Rolando testified that, in his opinion, the house was worth $184,047 

based upon the additional footage and the undervaluing of the swimming pool. 

Rolando went to the appraisal district the week before trial and showed a tax appraiser 

blueprints of the home additions. In his trial exhibit one, an unofficial work sheet shows 

hand-written additions to the home’s values of: patio 1536, hand-written up to ―9036‖; 

garage 11,418, hand-written up to ―13,278‖; storage 228, hand-written up to ―6325‖; and 

swimming pool, 14,850 hand-written up to ―23,500.‖ The exhibit also shows the hand 

written-figure ―146,807‖ and typed land value as $37,240. Also on page two of 
7

Rolando’s exhibit, the assessed value is typed in at $160,000. Rolando testified the 

swimming pool was adjusted from $14,000 to $23,000 because ―it cost us 23,000.‖ In 

his summary inventory, he listed the residence as worth $211,000. Rolando did not 

introduce any official appraisal district document supporting his opinion, and he was the 

originating source of the handwritten notes indicating the increased values listed above. 

The April 30, 2009 notice of appraised value in evidence listed the value of the residence 

as $163,216, including the last year’s land value at $27,360 (vis a vis the $37,230 noted 

above).2The evidence was thus conflicting and inconsistent. 

An abuse of discretion ordinarily does not occur when the trial court bases its 

decision on conflicting evidence. See In re K.R.P., 80 S.W.3d 669, 674 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied); Wood v. O’Donnell, 894 S.W.2d 555, 557 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, no writ); D.R. v. J.A.R., 894 S.W.2d 91, 95 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 1995, writ denied). 

Next, Rolando argues that the $13,226.59 value of the AG Edwards account 

awarded to him is wrong and the value should be $12,035.21. The exhibit introduced 

into evidence at trial has the $13,226.59 value circled, but a close reading indicates this 

figure was for the previous year. As of August 28, 2009, the combined value of the 

account was stated as $12,035.21. However, of the latter figure, $2,696.33 was in 

Maria’s IRA and $124.60 was in Maria’s Roth individual retirement account. Thus, the 

claimed error of $1,191.38 is more than offset by the award to Rolando of Maria’s two 

 

2

It is counter-intuitive that the land value of the home would have escalated from 2009 to 2010.
8

retirement accounts. In any event, the error, if any, is de minimus. 

Rolando claims the 2004 Bluewave was only worth $7,000, based upon his 

testimony, not the $19,997 as found by the court. Maria testified the boat was worth 

$19,000 because of $9,000 worth of additions made to the boat over and above its cost 

of $14,000. According to Maria, Rolando told her ―he added on an additional value of 

almost 9000 that he added on—on something so it would be able to lower two feet or 

something. . . .‖ Apparently the trial court adjusted the contested value between the 

estimates of the two interested witnesses. As the finder of fact for the proceeding, the 

trial court is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and weight to be given 

their testimony. Shear Cuts, Inc. v. Littlejohn, 141 S.W.3d. 264, 270–71 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 2004, no pet.); Handley v. Handley, 122 S.W.3d 904, 911 (Tex. 

App.—Corpus Christi 2003. no pet.). There is no abuse of discretion if the trial court’s 

decision is based on conflicting evidence. In re Barber, 982 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. 

1998) (orig. proceeding). In any event, the values of individual items ―are evidentiary to 

the ultimate issue of whether the trial court divided the properties in a just and right 

manner.‖ Finch v. Finch, 825 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, 

no writ).

Without citation to authority, Rolando argues the trial court abused its discretion 

by failing to assign a value or debt to two items awarded to Maria, the 2007 GMAC 

Yukon, and the 2007 Mazda, awarded for the use of their daughter. We note he does 

not complain the trial court awarded him a 1984 Chevy S-10 Blazer with no assigned 
9

value or apparent debt. Regarding the daughter’s 2007 Mazda, the indebtedness was 

to be divided equally. Considering every reasonable presumption in favor of the proper 

exercise of discretion by the trial court, we find no abuse of discretion where the only 

known debt was divided equally, each of the parties was awarded one additional vehicle, 

and the third vehicle, debt divided equally, was for the use of the daughter. See Murff, 

615 S.W.2d at 699. Rolando’s second issue is overruled.

V. DIVISION OF THE MARITAL ESTATE

Finally, Rolando asserts the trial court abused its discretion in awarding such a 

disproportionate split of the community property. In his first sub-issue, he argues a 

disproportionate division must be justified and supported by the evidence. Secondly, 

the trial court erred in making the division so disproportionate. And third, the division 

was manifestly unjust and unfair. Rolando cites Texas Family Code, section 7.001. 

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 7.001 (West 2006) (providing that the estate of the parties is 

to be divided in a manner that the court deems just and right, having due regard for the 

rights of each party and any children of the marriage.) He acknowledges the trial court 

takes into account relevant factors such as the parties’ earning capacities, education, 

business opportunities, physical condition, financial condition, age, size of separate 

estates, nature of the property, and benefits that the spouse who did not cause the 

breakup of the marriage would have enjoyed had the marriage continued, citing Zorillia v. 

Wahid, 83 S.W.3d 247, 252 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.). Fault may be 

considered, but the division should not be used to punish the spouse at fault. Smith v. 
10

Smith, 836 S.W.2d. 688, 693 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ). Rolando

notes that the divorce decree was granted on the basis of insupportability, not cruelty.

Based upon the specific findings, Maria was awarded $167,640 in value less debt 

of $21,679.06 or a net $145,960.94. Rolando was awarded $43,944.50 less debt of 

$7,309 or $35,635.50. These figures do not include three vehicles awarded the parties 

or the equal division of the retirement benefits from United Parcel Service. In its 

findings, the trial court noted Maria alleged cruel treatment and pled for a 

disproportionate share of the community estate. The court also found that the separate 

estate of Maria paid $51,506.55 toward the unsecured liabilities of the community estate, 

that Roland used drugs during the marriage, drank excessively, and wasted community 

funds on alcohol and drugs. Maria worked toward having a home for her family,

exerting time and effort in the home enhancement. Maria used her retirement fund to 

pay off indebtedness on the family residence. Maria relied on Rolando’s promise that 

the parties would sustain themselves in the future with Rolando’s retirement and that she 

could have benefited from the continuance of the marriage. Maria created the majority 

of the community property through her efforts. And, the court also found Maria should 

be awarded a disproportionate share of the parties’ estate because of fault in the 

breakup of the marriage caused by Rolando.

In its conclusions of law, the court granted the divorce on insupportability, cruel 

treatment, and fault. Maria was entitled to a disproportionate split of the community 

estate due to: (1) benefits the innocent spouse derived from the continuation of the 
11

marriage; (2) needs of the child of the marriage; (3) being awarded primary joint 

conservatorship; (4) community indebtedness and liabilities; (5) earning power, business 

opportunity, capacities, and abilities of the spouses; and (6) creation of community 

property by the efforts or lack thereof by Rolando.

Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force and 

dignity as a jury’s answers to jury questions. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 

S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). Findings of fact are the exclusive province of the trier of 

fact. Bellefonte Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Brown, 704 S.W.2d 742, 744-45 (Tex. 1986).

A court of appeals cannot make findings of fact; it can only ―unfind‖ facts. Tex. Nat’l 

Bank v. Karnes, 717 S.W.2d 901, 903 (Tex. 1986). Unchallenged findings of fact are 

binding unless the contrary is established as a matter of law or there is no evidence to 

support the findings. McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. 1986); 

Reliance Ins. Co. v. Denton Cent. Appraisal Dist., 999 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 1999, no pet.). 

While Rolando attacked the factual sufficiency of several of the values found by 

the court, his only attack upon the factors giving rise to a disproportionate division center 

around his drug and alcohol abuse. He does not complain of the multiple other grounds 

found by the court to support its disproportionate division. Such findings are therefore 

binding upon us unless the contrary is established as a matter of law or there is no 

evidence to support the findings. McGalliard, 722 S.W.2d at 696. With regard to his 

alcohol and cocaine use, Rolando admitted he had an alcohol problem and had been to 
12

counseling. He admitted cocaine use years before and could not deny its presence if 

cocaine were found in the house. Rolando admitted using the joint account of the 

parties to buy cocaine. Maria testified Rolando’s drinking caused both a cash flow 

problem to the couple and rendered Rolando physically and verbally abusive. Maria left 

the home because of this abusiveness, and she stated Rolando threatened her life.

Rolando argues that when a mischaracterization has more than a minimal 

impact upon the trial court’s division, we must remand the case to the trial court for a just

and right division based upon the correct characterization of the property, citing Zeptner 

v. Zeptner, 111 S.W.3d 727, 740 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Apparently, 

one of the factors considered in the court’s property division was the reimbursement 

claim for separate funds spent by Maria, either for capital improvements or to pay 

reimbursements claims toward the ―unsecured liabilities of the community estate‖ as 

found by the trial court. Reimbursement is an equitable doctrine, and a court of equity 

is bound to look at all the facts and circumstances and determine what is fair, just and 

equitable. Penick v. Penick, 783 S.W.2d 194, 197 (Tex. 1988); Gutierrez v. Gutierrez, 

791 S.W.2d 659, 663 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1990, no writ); see Vallone v. Vallone, 

644 S.W.2d 455, 458-59 (Tex. 1982). A community property division may allow an 

unequal division so long as the division is equitable. See Kimsey v. Kimsey, 965 

S.W.2d 690, 704 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, pet. denied). Or as the Houston court 

stated, the trial court’s ultimate division need not be equal as long as it is equitable.

Zieba v. Martin, 928 S.W.2d 782, 790 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ) 
13

(op. on reh’g). The discretion to be exercised in evaluating a claim for reimbursement is 

equally as broad as the discretion exercised in making a just and right division of the 

community estate. Penick, 783 S.W.2d at 198.

We note Rolando argues against ―mischaracterization‖ of the funds. However, 

he himself admitted that Maria used $50,000 of her separate funds. Thus, there was no 

mischaracterization. And, while he insists that section 3.403 of the Texas Family Code 

applies, the trial court’s finding could well have been under either section 3.408 or the 

common law. See Nelson v. Nelson, 193 S.W.3d 624, 632 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, 

no pet.) (―Unlike [section 3.403] which defines economic contribution claims in 

mandatory terms, the definition of economic reimbursement in Section 3.408 is simply a 

non-exhaustive list of two potential reimbursement claims. Neither example is defined 

by the timing of the event.‖). The trial court, in its discretion, could either have included 

a non-statutory equitable reimbursement in its division of the community property or 

made its disproportionate award based upon equitable factors under Murff. See Murff, 

615 S.W.2d at 699.

A trial court is charged with dividing the community estate in a ―just and right‖

manner, considering the rights of both parties. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 7.001. The 

party complaining of the trial court’s division of property must demonstrate from evidence 

in the record that the division was so unjust that the trial court abused its discretion. 

Bigelow v. Stephens, 286 S.W.3d 619, 620 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, no pet.); 

Pletcher v. Goetz, 9 S.W.3d 442, 446 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied); see 
14

also Murff, 615 S.W.2d at 698. We may reverse the trial court’s division of property 

―only if the trial court clearly abused its discretion and if the error materially affects the 

court’s just and right division of the property.‖ Nelson, 193 S.W.3d at 628. If there is 

any reasonable basis for doing so, we must presume that the trial court exercised its 

discretion properly. Pletcher, 9 S.W.3d at 446.

Under an abuse of discretion standard, legal and factual sufficiency are relevant 

factors in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion. Beaumont Bank v. 

Buller, 806 S.W.2d 223, 226 (Tex. 1991). They are not independent grounds of error. 

Ditraglia v. Romano, 33 S.W.3d 886, 889 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.); Crawford v. 

Hope, 898 S.W.2d 937, 940 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, writ denied). If there is any 

reasonable basis for doing so, we must presume that the trial court exercised its 

discretion properly. Pletcher, 9 S.W.3d at 446. We will not disturb the trial court’s 

division unless the record demonstrates ―that the division was clearly the result of an 

abuse of discretion.‖ Id. That is, we will not reverse the case unless the record clearly 

shows that the trial court was acting arbitrarily or unreasonably. See Zeptner, 111 

S.W.3d at 734.

The following findings by the trial court were not challenged by Rolando: (1) he 

wasted community funds; (2) Maria worked toward having a home for her family exerting 

time and effort in the home enhancement; (3) she used her retirement to pay off 

indebtedness on the home; (4) she relied on his promise that the parties would sustain 

themselves in the future with his retirement; (5) she could have benefited from the 
15

continuance of the marriage; and (6) she created the majority of the community property 

through her efforts. The following conclusions of law were not challenged by Rolando: 

Maria was entitled to a disproportionate split of the community estate due to: (1) 

benefits the innocent spouse derived from the continuation of the marriage; (2) needs of 

the child of the marriage; (3) being awarded Primary Joint Conservatorship; (4) 

community indebtedness and liabilities; (5) earning power, business opportunity, 

capacities, and abilities of the spouses; and (6) creation of community property by the 

efforts or lack thereof of Rolando. The record supports these findings and conclusions.

VI. CONCLUSION

Community property need not be equally divided. In exercising its discretion, the 

trial court may consider many factors and it is presumed that the trial court exercised its 

discretion properly. Bell v. Bell, 513 S.W.2d 20, 22 (Tex. 1974). Based upon the 

record, the contested and uncontested findings and conclusions of the trial court, we find 

that there was sufficient probative evidence from which the trial court could conclude that 

the disproportionate division of the community estate was just and right, and we cannot 

say, as appellant suggests, that the record before us demonstrates that the trial court’s 

division of the community estate was manifestly unjust or unfair. See Murff, 615 

S.W.2d at 698─99; Barnard, 133 S.W.3d at 787; see also O’Carolan, 71 S.W.3d at 533 

n.4; Smith, 22 S.W.3d at 143.
16

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

DON WITTIG,

Justice

Delivered and filed the

30th day of August, 2011.