DOE/ER-01 58/3

Summaries of FY 1985

Engineering Research

December 1985

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences
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DOE/ER-01 58/3

Dist. Category UC-38

Summaries of FY 1985

Engineering Research

December 1985

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

Washington, D.C. 20545
FOREWORD

This report documents the BES Engineering Research program for fiscal

year 1985; it provides a summary for each of the program projects in

addition to a brief program overview. The report is intended to

provide staff of Congressional committees, other executive

departments, and other DOE offices with substantive program

information so as to facilitate governmental overview and coordination

of Federal research programs. Of equal importance, its availability

facilitates communication of program information to interested

research engineers and scientists. The organizational chart for the

DOE Office of Energy Research (OER) on the next page delineates the

six Divisions within the OER Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES).

Each BES Division administers basic, mission oriented research

programs in the area indicated by its title. The BES Engineering

Research program is one such program; it is administered by the

Engineering, and Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Oscar P. Manley is

technical manager of the Engineering Research program; inquiries

concerning the program may be addressed to him, in writing or by phone

at (301) 353-5822.

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to

submit summaries for their projects that were specifically applicable

to fiscal year 1985. The summaries received have been edited as

necessary, but the press for timely publication made it impractical to

have the investigators review and approve the summaries prior to

publication. For more information about a given project, it is

suggested that the investigators be contracted directly.
Engineering Research Program

within DOE

Secretary of Energy

Deputy Secretary

Under Secretary

Assistant Secretaries Office of Energy Research * Federal Energy

· Nuclear Energy Regulatory Commission

· Conservation and Renewable * Economic Regulatory

· Fossil Commission

· Defense * Energy Information

· Environmental Administration

· International Affairs etc.

· Program Analysis Basic Energy Sciences · Management

· Magnetic Fusion * Special Programs

· High Energy and Nuclear Physics * Scientific Computing

* Health and environmental Research

· Field Operations

* Material Sciences Division Engineering and * Advanced Energy Projects

* Chemical Sciences Division Geosciences Division * Biological Energy

Research

* Carbon Dioxide

Research

Engineering

Research Program
INTRODUCTION

The individual project summaries follow the program overview. The

summaries are ordered alphabetically by name of institution and so the

table of contents lists all of the institutions at which projects were

sponsored in fiscal year 1985.

The projects are numbered sequentially for individual identification

in the indexes. Each project entry begins with a centered,

institutional-departmental heading. The project number precedes the

capitalized project title. The names of the investigators are listed

immediately below the title. The funding level for fiscal year 1985

appears to the right of title; it is followed by the budget activity

number (e.g., 01-A). These numbers categorize the projects for

budgetary purposes and the categories are described in the budget

number index. The year in which the project began and the anticipated

duration in years are indicated respectively by the first two and last

digits of the sequence directly below the budget activity number

(e.g., 84-2). The summary description of the project completes the

entry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Program Review ................................................. Introduction

Project Summaries

Ames Laboratory..................................................1

Argonne National Laboratory..................................... 2

Battelle-Columbus Laboratories.................................. 4

Brigham Young University........................................ 5

Brown University................................................ 6

California Institute of Technology .............................. 7

California, University of, Berkeley..............................8

California, University of, Davis.................................9

California, University of, Berkeley ............................. 10

California, University of, Los Angeles .......................... 11

California, University of, San Diego............................12

California, University of, Santa Barbara........................14

California, University of, Santa Barbara........................15

Carnegie-Mellon University ...................................... 16

Chicago, University of..........................................17

Clarkson University ............................................ 18

Colorado School of Mines ....................................... 19

Cornell University ............................................. 21

Electrochemical Technology Corp ................................. 23

Flow Industries, Inc ........................ ................ 24

GA Technologies Inc.............................................25

Geo-Chem Research Associates .................................. 27

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory ........................... 28

Illinois at Chicago, University of..............................34

Illinois Institute of Technology................................36

Jet Propulsion Laboratory.......................................38

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory .................................. 40

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory..........................42

Los Alamos National Laboratory..................................43

Maryland, University of.........................................44

Maryland, University of.........................................45

Massachusetts Institute of Technology ........................... 47

Massachusetts, University of....................................62

Michigan, University of.........................................66

Minnesota, University of...................................... 68

National Bureau of Standards .................................. 70

New York, City University of....................................73

Northwestern University ........................................ 74

Oak Ridge National Laboratory...................................75

Pennsylvania, University of.....................................76

Physical Sciences Inc...........................................77

Purdue University...............................................78

Rockefeller University ......................................... 79

Sandia National Laboratories ................................... 80

Science Applications, Inc..................................... 83

Scientific Systems, Inc.........................................84
Project Summaries Page

SKF Industries, Inc.............................................85

Solar Energy Research Institute.................................86

Southern California, University of..............................87

Stanford University ............................................ 88

Steven Institute of Technology ................................. 96

Texas at Austin, University of..................................97

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.............99

Wisconsin, University of ....................................... 100
PROGRAM REVIEW

BES ENGINEERING RESEARCH

The BES Engineering Research program is one of the component research

programs which collectively constitute the DOE Basic Energy Sciences

program. The DOE Basic Energy Sciences program supports energy

related research in the physical and biological sciences, and in

engineering. The chief purpose of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences

program is to provide the fundamental scientific base on which

identification and development of future, national energy options will

depend. The major product of the program becomes part of the body of

data and knowledge upon which the applied energy technologies are

founded; the product is knowledge relevant to energy exploration,

production, conversion and use.

The BES Engineering Research program was started 1979 to help resolve

the numerous serious engineering issues arising from efforts to meet

U.S. energy needs. The program supports fundamental research on

broad, generic topics in energy related engineering--topics not as

narrowly scoped as those addressed by the shorter term engineering

research projects sponsored by the various DOE technology programs.

Special emphasis is placed on projects which, if successfully

concluded, will benefit more than one energy technology. During the

first year several workshops were sponsored for the purpose of

identifying energy related engineering research needs and initial

priorities. Representatives from industry, academic institutions,

national laboratories, and leading members of professional

organizations (Engineering Societies Commission on Energy, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and

Joint Automation and Control Committee) participated in the workshops.

In addition to the participants in the workshops, staff

representatives from the DOE technology programs and other leading

U.S. energy engineering experts made significant contributions to the

setting of program priorities. There resulted from this process a

strong confirmation of the need for a long-range, fundamental

engineering research program with two major goals. The broad goals

that were established by this process for the BES Engineering Research

program are:

1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying current engineering

practice so as to create new options for enhancing energy

savings and production, for prolonging useful equipment life,

and for reducing costs without degradation of industrial

production and performance quality; and

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for solving

future engineering problems in the energy technologies.
In this process, it was further established that to achieve these

goals, the BES Engineering Research program should address the

following topics identified as essential to the progress of many

energy technologies:

1) Advanced industrial Technology -- improvement of energy

conversion and utilization, opening new technological

possibilities, and improvement of energy systems.

2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes -- broadening of

understanding of heat transfer in non-steady flows,

methodology for reducing vibrations and noise in heat

exchangers, and engineering aspects of combustion.

3) Solid Mechanics -- continuum mechanics and crack propagation

in structures.

4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Systems -- development

and use of information describing system behavior (system

models), performance criteria, and theories of control

optimization to achieve the best possible system performance

subject to known constraints.

In addition to the above topics, Geotechnical Engineering (mining),

Electric Power Technology, Reliability and Risk Analysis, and Novel

Energy Related Engineering were endorsed as areas suitable for

immediate initiation of engineering research projects. Because of

budgetary limitations, the implemented BES Engineering Research

program is somewhat less broad than the program envisioned above. At

present, equal emphasis is being placed on three carefully selected,

high priority research areas; namely,

1) Mechanical Sciences -- including tribology (basic nature of

friction reduction phenomena), heat transfer, and solid

mechanics (continuum mechanics and crack propagation).

2) System Sciences--including process control and instrumentation.

3) Engineering Analysis -- including non-linear dynamics, data

bases for thermophysical properties of fluids, and modeling

of combustion processes for engineering application.

These areas contain the most critical elements of the four topics

enumerated above; as such they are of importance to energy

technologies both in the short and long term, and therefore of

immediate programmatic interest. It should be noted that other areas

of basic research important to engineering are monitored elsewhere in

BES. For instance, separation sciences and research on thermophysical

properties, are among the responsibilities of the Chemical Sciences
Division, while microscopic aspects of fracture mechanics are in the

domain of the Material Sciences Division. As resources permit, other

high priority areas are being added to the Engineering Research

program. Thus as a result of some growth in the program budget an

important development has taken place in the Engineering Research

Program: two major concentrations of research were initiated. First,

a new program was organized at Oak Ridge National Lab dealing with

intelligent machines in unstructured environment. It is expected that

some resources will be available for coordinated, more narrowly

focussed related, high quality research at universities and other

research centers.

All such activities will be supported and administered directly by the

Engineering Research Program, but some coordination of efforts with

the ORNL program may prove useful. The research opportunities in this

area of interest to the DOE - Engineering Research Program have been

identified in a workshop held in November, 1983. Proceeding of the

workshop entitled "Research Needs in Intelligent Machines" are

available from the Center for Engineering Advanced Systems Research,

Oak Ridge National Lab, Post Office Box X, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830.

Secondly in FY 1985 there has started a collaborative research effort

between MIT and Idaho National Engineering Lab. At present, the

collaboration is in four distinct areas: Plasma Process Engineering,

Automated Welding, Fracture Mechanics, and Advanced Engineering

Methods and Analysis.

Again, it is expected that colateral, high-quality research efforts at

other institutions will be supported by the Engineering Research

program.

Finally, in the expectation of a future modest growth of this Program.

These were.held in September 1985 an International Workshop on TwoPhase Flow Fundamentals, and used at identifying basic research

opportunities in that field. A summary report of the workshop will be

available from the Program Office. The full proceedings will be

published as a volume in the series "Advances in Heat and Mass

Transfer" (Herrinsphere Publishing).

It should be mentioned too, that some very limited support is

available for research on large scale systems. A report of a Workshop

on Needs, Opportunities, and Options in this field is available from

Professor G. L. Thompson, Graduate School of Industrial

Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213.

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engineering Research program

are currently underway at universities, private sector laboratories,

and DOE national laboratories. In fiscal year 1985 the program

operating funds available amounted to about $13.5 million. The

distribution of these funds among various institutions and by topical

areas is illustrated on the next page. Project funding levels are
mostly in the range of $50,000 to $150,000 per year. Typical duration

of a project is three to four years, with some projects expected to

last as long as ten years or more. The BES Engineering Research

projects stem almost without expection from unsolicited proposals.

Proposals which anticipate definite results in less than two years are

usually referred to the appropriate DOE technology program for

consideration. Anyone interested in submitting a proposal is

encouraged to discuss his ideas with the technical program manager

prior to submission of a formal proposal. Such discussion helps to

establish whether or not a potential project has a reasonable chance

:of being funded. The primary considerations for possible support are

the technical quality of the proposal and the professional standing of

the principal investigators and staff. An effort is made to attract

first rate, younger research engineers and energy oriented applied

scientists. A high technical caliber of research is maintained by

requiring that the projects supported have potential for a significant

contribution to energy-related engineering science, or for an initial

contribution to a new energy relevant technology. Sponsored projects

are selected primarily for their relevance to DOE mission

requirements; the contribution to energy related higher education is

an important but secondary consideration. Thus projects sponsored at

universities are essentially limited to advanced studies both

theoretical and experimental usually performed by faculty members,

staff research scientists, and doctoral candidates.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '85 BUDGET ($000's)

BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

UNIVERSITIES

51%

$6394

57 PROJECTS)

NATIONAL

LABORATORIES

41%

$5142 $ (23 PROJECTS)

PRIVATE

SECTOR

8%

$1031

(12 PROJECTS)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '85 BUDGET

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

($000 S) % NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 3442 27 31

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 4957 40 27

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 4168 33 34
AMES LABORATORY

Iowa State University

Ames, IA 50011

01. A COMPOSITE, MULTIVIEWING $250,000

TRANSDUCER 03-B

D. O. Thompson 81-7

The objective of this project is to demonstrate a composite,

multiviewing ultrasonic transducer suitable for detecting,

characterizing, and reconstructing flaws in structural materials for

various applications. Development of this transducer utilizes a

combination of recent advances in ultrasonic scattering and inversion

theories with new concepts in transducer configurations and excitation

methods. An experimental model of a composite transducer has been used

as an -aid in developing the semi-automated data acquisition and

protocol. It has been determined that seven transducer elements which

are multiplexed using both pulse-echo and pitch-catch modes are

sufficient to produce good flaw reconstructions. Effects of limited

aperture on the reconstruction have also been examined. The

reconstruction protocol fits the acquired data to an "equivalent"

ellipsoid of general shape (3 axes, 3 angles), a shape that is

compatible with a fracture mechanics description of growing flaws and

thus suitable for failure prediction. Criteria have also been

established for individual transducer selection using experimentally

determined scattering results. It is suggested that this procedure may

form an approach for the further development of new transducer

standards.
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, IL 60439

02. THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY $130,000

OF STABILITY CONTROL 01-C

S. S. Chen, E. L. Reiss (Northwestern U), 82-4

J. A. Jendrzejczyk

Theoretical and experimental studies are aimed at enhancing the

understanding of nonlinear stability phenomena involving fluids,

solids, and their coupling. The objective is to develop methods of

controlling instability, and to explore the use of instability

mechanics in engineering design. Studies of the mathematics of the

modeled nonlinear systems are conducted at Northwestern University.

Experiments and related analysis are performed at Argonne National

Laboratory. Studies have been performed on the special fluidelastic

stability problem of a slender elastic tube conveying fluid. In

order to develop the required mathematical techniques and to'

understand the mathematical and physical phenomena'that may occur,

simpler oscillator problems have been studied. These include two

simple, coupled nonlinear oscillators as a model to study nonlinear

stability control by secondary bifurcation and to develop a technique

to study subcritical bifurcation. In parallel with the theoretical

study, experiments have been performed with a tube, fixed at the

upstream end and supported at a downstream location by. a knife-edge

support whose distance from the end can be varied. A series of tests

has been performed and reported. In addition, a numerical technique

to predict large-amplitude oscillations above the critical flow

velocity has been developed; numerical results agree well with

experimental data. Further studies will focus on analytical

methods for subcritical bifurcation and an experimental investigation

of flow and flow-induced instabilities.
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, IL 60439

03. BOUNDS ON DYNAMIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION $ 50,000

C. K. Youngdahl 01-A

84-3

In many applications where load is transmitted to the structure

through a fluid, details of the load history and spatial

distribution affect significantly the final plastic deformation.

The objective of this project is to devise load correlation

parameters based on various weighted integrals of the time-space

load distributions which can be used to characterize the effects

of the load without resorting to detailed numerical analysis.

These load correlation parameters have three important uses: to

perform design loadings; to validate computer programs which have

a nonlinear dynamic plasticity capability; and to correlate

experimental simulations with actual or predicted events. The

dynamic plastic deformation of some basic structural

configurations: will be analyzed for loadings which vary both in

magnitude and region of application with time. Load correlation

parameters will be hypothesized and their usefulness in

predicting final plastic deformation will be determined. The

analyses will be based initially on a rigid, perfectly plastic

material model, but will be extended to include strain hardening

and elastic effects if the work to determine load parameters is

successful.
BATTELLE-COLUMBUS LABORATORIES

Physical Metallurgy Section

505 King Avenue

Columbus, OH 43201

04. DAMAGE ACCUMULATION BY CRACK $ 56,000

GROWTH UNDER COMBINED 01-A

CREEP AND FATIGUE 83-3

C. E. Jaske

The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate methods

for assessing creep/fatigue crack growth under inelastic straining. A fracture-mechanics approach implementing the J integral

for fatigue and the C* integral for creep is being employed. A

crack-tip-zone interaction model is used to account for the

interactions between creep and fatigue during crack growth at

high temperatures. Experimental studies on Type 316 stainless

steel at 593 and 649 C are continuing. Experiments similar to

those previously performed on Type 316 stainless steel are being

conducted on modified 9Cr-lMo steel at 538 and 593 C. Four

specimen configurations are being used: (1) low-cycle fatigue

(LCF), (2) compact type (CT), (3) center-cracked tension (CCT),

and (4) multiple-edge-notched tension (MENT). The LCF and MENT

specimens have short (0.1 to 1.5 mm) cracks, and the CT and CCT

specimens have long (25 to 35 mm) cracks. The range of the

cyclic J integral has been shown to be a good parameter for

characterizing fatigue-crack-growth rates when creep effects are

negligible. The C* integral has been shown to be a good

parameter for characterizing creep-crack-growth rates under

static or slowly varying loading with steady-state creep across

the remaining uncracked ligament. Transient effects during

fatigue after a period of creep or vice versa can be interpreted

in terms of the crack-tip-zone interaction model. Use of the

MENT specimen configuration has been shown to provide a

relatively simple and economic means of measuring creep-crackgrowth at low propagation rates (near 1 mm per year). The

general approach is being evaluated for cases where creep-fatigue

damage may occur during dwell periods at some fraction (0 to 1.0)

of the maximum cyclic load.
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Provo, UT 84602

05. MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION $ 34,000

OF LIQUID MIXTURE THERMAL 06-A

CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY 83-2

R.L. Rowley

In spite of the importance of liquid mixture thermal

conductivities and viscosities in energy technology, existing

models and correlations are either inaccurate and inadequate or

require multiple adjustable parameters for each specific system.

This project has led to the development of a new predictive

method for liquid mixture thermal conductivities and shear

viscosities, based on the local composition concept for nonrandom

liquid mixtures, which permits accurate estimation of these

properties from thermodynamic data with no adjustable parameters.

A high-precision capillary viscometer has been used to study a

wide range of binary and ternary viscosities over a moderately

wide temperature range at ambient pressure. Additionally, a new

transient hot-wire thermal conductivity apparatus capable of

making rapid and accurate liquid mixture thermal conductivity

measurements has been designed, constructed, and implemented in

the measurement of binary and ternary liquid mixture values.

These data have been used to test the newly developed model.

Although the model contains only binary interaction terms

obtained from equilibrium thermodynamic information, it is

formally applicable to ternary mixtures as well. Test system

emphasis has been on highly nonideal mixtures containing polar

and associating components. Both binary and ternary viscosity

predicted in this manner agree well with measured values. Binary

thermal conductivity predictions are very accurate using this

method. The objective of the current fiscal year is continued

measurement of ternary mixture thermal conductivities and

utilization of those values in further testing of the model.
BROWN UNIVERSITY

Division of Engineering

Providence, RI 02912

06. GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE $ 83,000

ENSEMBLE OF SOLUTIONS 06-C

IN TWO-PHASE FLOWS AND 84-3

COMPLETE RESOLUTION

OF THE PROBLEM OF CHOKING

J. Kestin

The project studies a mathematical formalism for the qualitative

analysis of the geometric-topological structure of all trajectories (solutions) of a two-phase model in a space formed with the

state-velocity variables and physical distance. Such an analysis supplements the study of numerical solutions produced by an

appropriate computer code. It serves to answer a number of questions of physics without actually solving the equations of the

model, to establish a set of initial conditions for which the

problem is well-posed, as well as that set for which no physically meaningful solutions exist. The most important advantage

in carrying out such an analysis in detail is the fact that it

provides us with a complete resolution of the problem of choking.

An analysis of a general form of the system of equations which

govern steady-state multiphase flows shows that the statevelocity which exists at a choked section is idenpendent of the

closure conditions (phenomenological assumptions), which,

however, in the presence of appropriate inlet conditions,

determine the location of the choked cross-section.

A method of determining the character of the singular points has

been worked out.
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Pasadena, California

07. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS $ 71,000

DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 03-A

FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY 84-2

IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES

M. Morari

The process industries are a major consumer of energy and the

improvement of energy efficiency is an important goal. Process

modifications aiming at a reduction of energy consumption tend to make a

plant more integrated and thus more difficult to operate. In practice,

the primary objective is not only steady state energy efficiency but

that the plant is flexible, operable and controllable, i.e. resilient.

The research goals are to develop design strategies for resilient

processes and operating policies for highly integrated plants. The

particular subtasks are: 1) Synthesis of resilient energy management

network, 2) Development of control strategies for integrated

distillation columns, and 3) Development of control and optimization

procedures for systems with high parametric sensitivity (chemical

reactors). The latter two tasks involve an entensive experimental

verification phase. The development of interactive user-friendly CAD

packages incorporating the fundamental theoretical developments are

under way. This work is carried out in collaboration with, The

University of Wisconsin.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Berkeley, CA 94720

08. INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY $ 70,000

MOTIONS AND TRANSITION TO 01-C

TURBULENCE IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN 85-3

ENCLOSURE FLOWS WITH STREAMLINE

CURVATURE

J.A.C. Humphrey, R. Greif

A study is underway to clarify the role of secondary motions and

transition to turbulence in buoyancy driven enclosure flows.

Four flow modes will be investigated experimentally. The modes

are determined by the boundary conditions imposed along the side

walls of the enclosure. In three cases they include the unsteady

two-dimensional collision of buoyancy driven, opposed, vertical

boundary layer flows. The fourth case corresponds to the

"classical" recirculating flow configuration with one side wall

heated and the opposite wall cooled.

Preliminary experimentation suggests that centrifugal

instabilities produced by steamline curvature may be expected to

induce "Taylor-Gortler-Like" (TGL) vortex structures in the

flows. The conditions for which the instabilities occur, and the

characteristics of the flows before and after their appearance,

are subjects for research.

Qualitative and quantitative flow visualization techniques under

consideration include: (Qualitative) - the thymol blue

electrochemical technique; suspensions of crushed mother of

pearl; microspheres; and liquid crystals; (Quantitative) - liquid

crystals; laser speckle photography (LSP); laser-Doppler

velocimetry (LDV); and thermocouples. Difficulties related to

variations in index of refraction can be minimized to yield

results sufficiently accurate and precise for the purposes of

this investigation.

Direct numerical simulations of the experimental conditions will

be performed using a Navier-Stokes solver developed by us. The

procedure solves 3-D, unsteady, variable property flows. Second

and third order accurate differencing of the convective terms is

under consideration.

The results of this work are expected to contribute directly to

the basic understanding of transition to turbulence and turbulent

flow, and the ability to model these flows mathematically.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Davis, CA 95616

09. STABILITY AND STABILIZATION $ 85,000

OF PREMIXED FLAMES 06-B

C. K. Law 84-2

The program aims to investigate effects of heat loss, aerodynamic

stretching, and preferential diffusion on the limits and

mechanisms for flame propagation and the generation, suppression,

and sustenance of flame-front corrugations; to identify the

influence of these phenomena on flame stabilization; and to

explore possibilities of widening the stabilization limits.

Experiments are being conducted by using a variety of laboratoryscale burners to systematically isolate and identify the

importance of various system parameters on the phenomena of

interest. Theoretical analyses using large-activation-energy

asymptotics are performed for the various experimental flame

configurations to provide guidance and confirmation. During the

reporting period we have accurately determined the laminar flame

speeds of methane/air and propane/air mixtures with hydrogen

addition. The results show that the flame speed is significantly

increased with hydrogen addition, and that it can be linearly

correlated with the flame speed without hydrogen addition and a

single parameter indicating the extent of hydrogen addition.

Experiments have also been conducted to determine the extinction

stretch rates of methane/air and propane/air flames. Results

seem to imply that the stretch rate vanishes identically at the

flammability limits. A theory describing the response of two

interacting premixed flames has also been completed. The results

show extended regimes of mixture combustibility due to flame

interaciton and agree well with experimental data.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Los Angeles, CA 90024

10. BASIC STUDIES OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES $145,000

IN POROUS MEDIA 01-C

Ivan Catton 82-6

The research covers two broad areas: 1) single-phase convection

in porous media and 2) two-phase convection in porous media. The

objective of this study is to develop physical understanding of

the governing phenomena and models for prediction of transport

processes by theoretical and experimental means.

Single phase buoyancy-driven flow through porous media was

studied numerically using a general non-Darcian model. Emphasis

was on boundary effects in a uniform porosity porous bed and on

the importance of inertia terms. A two-dimensional analysis was

applied to the simplest possible realization, i.e. horizontal and

vertical porous layers of infinite extent. The boundary effect

was found to be negligible for moderate or low permeabilities and

the inertia terms were shown to always be important. For a

vertical layer, inertia diminishes and destabilizes the basic

shear flow. For the horizontal layer (porous Benard problem),

inertia lowers the mean heat transport.

Two-phase flow through uniform and stratified porous media were

studied. Pressure drop and void-fraction data were analyzed to

establish microscopic flow equations. The resultant equations

include models of capillary pressure, solid drag, and interfacial

drag. Analyses of two-phase flow through stratified beds were

performed to study the effects of medium stratification on the

hydrodynamic behavior of flow. Experimental studies of countercurrent flow of superheated steam and subcooled water in uniform

beds are underway.

Transport phenomena associated with the heating of a stationary

meniscus formed by an inclined partially submerged copper plate

has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. For a

near isothermal interline, the meniscus local heat transfer coefficient was evaluated using an integral method and compared

against data obtained via laser holographic interferometry. The

superheated interline lead to a wavy profile. A two dimensional

linear stability analysis has predicted the frequency of

oscillation measured.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace

and Nuclear Engineering Department

Los Angeles, CA 90024

11. ENHANCEMENT OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN TUBES $ 59,000

USING STAGED TANGENTIAL FLOW INJECTION 01-B

V.K. Dhir 85-3

The objectives of this work is to study experimentally and

analytically the staged swirl flow concept for enhancing subcooled critical heat flux in tubes. In the staged swirl flow

concept part of the coolant is injected tangentially at discrete

locations along the tube axis. This method of injection not only

results in a significant increase in the critical heat flux (CHF) but

can also be used to shift the location at which CHF occurs. The

shift is made possible by adjustment of flow rate through the

injectors. The present study is divided into two main tasks:

The first task deals with optimization of the enhancement in

subcooled critical heat flux with respect to diameter of the

injectors, the angle subtended by the injectors with the tube

axis and superposition of swirl created at different injection

locations along the tube axis. The experimental study will be

complemented with models for the swirl flow CHF and the two phase

pressure drop.

In the second task basic understanding of heat transfer and

pressure drop in swirling single and two phase flows will be

developed. This task will include development of models for

bubble detachment and motion under centifugal action and superposition and decay of swirl under single and two phase flow conditions.

Water and Freon-113 loops have been updated and are already

operational. A few critical heat flux enhancement data with subcooled water at 2 atmosphere pressure have been obtained.

Separate experiments to develop understanding of superposition

and decay of swirl have been initiated.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Scripps Institution of Oceanography MC A-013

La Jolla, CA 92093

12. Nonlinear Dynamics of Dissipative Systems $ 70,000

Henry D. I. Abarbanel 06-C

84-2

This research involves investigating the mechanisms which make

for efficient energy transfer from a slow, mean motion to a

system characterized by high frequencies relative to the mean

motion. The basic mechanism of viscosity in a fluid is an

example of this. The goal is to learn how to quantitatively

characterize the "effective" or "eddy" viscosities used in

phenomenological studies of energy, momentum, and other transfers

of a turbulent fluid. The work is proceeding by studying

analytically and numerically the behavior of systems of a few

degrees of freedom as a function of their coupling. The systems

are known numerically and, in certain regimes using the Melnikov

method, analytically to exhibit chaos. In regimes of parameter

space where the motion is regular or laminar the energy transfers

are weak; in regions of chaotic motion the rate of transfer can

be given a quantitative interpretation in terms of phase space

correlation functions. The exponential decay of these functions

on a rapid time scale, possibly related to the nontrivial

Liapunov exponents of the chaotic motion of the rapidly evolving

system, gives an additional rapid rate scale for the transfer of

energy to the coupled slow system. Applications to energy

problems include all those setups where "friction" or dissipation

of a slowly evolving flow are the result of its interaction with

a higher frequency system.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Department of Applied Mechanics

and Engineering Sciences

La Jolla, CA 92093

13. CHAOTIC ADVECTION AND EFFICIENT $ 59,000

MIXING BY DETERMINISTIC FLOWS 01-C

Hassan Aref 85-3

This project is concerned with the kinematics of regions of fluid

and/or individual particles being swept along by a flow. The

focus is on those aspects of the flow that tend to enhance

stirring and mixing quality, and the ultimate goal is to arrive

at quantitative criteria that can be helpful in the design of

devices where stirring and mixing are important. The research is

of relevance to several aspects of chemical and mechanical

engineering.

It has been known for some time that the kinematics of particles

advected passively by a flow is formally a problem closely related

to the phase space description used in the study of dynamical

systems. This formal correspondence leads to the notion of

"Lagrangian turbulence," a situation in which the trajectories of

advected particles is extremely complicated although the

advecting flow is relatively simple in the usual Eulerian

description. Particle motions can be "chaotic," in the technical

sense of the word, and such motions lead to highly efficient

stirring. The main thrust of the research is to understand the

applicability of chaotic dynamics to advection and to investigate

certain model flows in detail using numerical simulation

techniques.

The main novel insights produced so far pertain to time-dependent

two-dimensional flows. The efficient stirring of very viscous

fluids via the mechanisms mentioned is being investigated. Model

flows pertaining to stirring in devices without moving parts and

the rate at which material interfaces can be stretched are issues

stated for investigation during the coming year.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering

14. INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC PHENOMENA $81,000

NEAR GAS-LIQUID INTERFACES 01-C

S. Banerjee 85-3

H. Fenech

The purpose of this project is to study the fluid dynamic

phenomena near the interface of cocurrent and countercurrent gasliquid stratified streams. Interfacial configuration, wave

characteristics and turbulence structure will be measured

experimentally using two different techniques. Hydrogen bubble

tracers in water and high-speed motion photography will be used

to follow the path of individual bubbles and obtain a statistical

distribution of the turbulent velocity components and Reynolds

stress at several distances from the interface in a region of

fully developed flow. The alternate method consists in capturing

photographically the development of dye streaks in an organic

liquid seeded with a photochromic dye which is activated in

streaks by a laser. Two separate experimental facilities have

been constructed and tests are being conducted using each method.
UNIVERSITY OF.CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering

~...~ . Santa Barbara, CA 93106

15. CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN THE $ 43,000

CRITICAL REGION OF FLUID MIXTURES .01-B

E. Marschall 83-2

The purpose of this project is to determine convective heat

transfer rates in the vicinity of the critical point'of liquid

mixtures. The ability of pure liquids at critical or, slightly

super critical conditions to allow very large heat fluxes to

o'ccur at very.small temperature differences has.been established.

It is the basic goal of.this.study to.determine whether or hot

the same phenomenon exists for liquid mixtures. To accomplish

this goal, heat transfer rates near the critical point of liquid

mixtures are being measured depending on mixture concentrations,

temperature differences, and material of heating surface..

Emphasis is also placed on the study of the. influence of

azeotropic behavior and retrograde'evaporation or condensation on

the heat transfer characteristics. The overall resultexpected

this work is a model for the prediction of heat transfer rates

in the critical region of binary mixtures.
CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY

Chemical Engineering Department

and

Graduate School of Industrial Administration

Pittsburgh PA 15213

16. STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMAL REDESIGN $150,000

IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 03-A

L. T. Biegler, I. E. Grossmann, 85-4

G. L. Thompson, A. W. Westerberg

The optimal redesign of existing processes is becoming a problem of

great practical importance to the chemical industry and is

expected to play a major role in the future. Redesign problems are

heavily constrained and difficult to model since one must account for

the performance of existing equipment under new process conditions.

Therefore, determination of optimal modifications in an existing plant

generally will be quite different from the optimal solutions governing a

new plant.

This project will study and develop new strategies and methodologies

that account for difficult features in optimal redesign problems. In

particular, the following research areas will be addressed:

a) Long range planning for identifying redesign projects.

b) Optimal redesign of heat recovery networks and separation

systems in chemical plants.

c) Integration of simulation and optimization tools for

redesign calculations.

The proposed strategies will account for both economic and engineering

considerations involved in optimal redesign problems, and will rely on

concepts developed in the areas of process synthesis, mathematical

programming and computer science. Most of the proposed techniques

should be applicable to optimal re-design problems in other engineering

disciplines.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Enrico Fermi Institute

Chicago, IL 60637

17. FUNDAMENTAL AND TECHNIQUES $125,000

OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR 06-C

SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATION 81-6

R. Winston, J. J. O'Gallagher

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of traditional optical

design to develop instead techniques for maximizing the

collecting power of concentrating elements and systems. Designs

which exceed the concentration attainable with focusing

techniques by factors of four of more and approach the

theoretical limit are possible. This is accomplished by applying

the concepts of Hamiltonian optics, phase space conservation,

thermodynamic arguments, and radiative transfer methods. In the

early nonimaging designs the mighty edifice of aberration theory

was dismantled and replaced by a single key idea. According to

this, maximum concentration is achieved by ensuring that rays

collected at the extreme angle for which the concentrator is

designed are redirected, after at most one reflection, to form a

caustic on the absorber. This principle proved sufficiently

elastic to accommodate most boundary conditions in two dimensions

(i.e., linear geometry). However, the general problem of ideal

concentration in three dimensions remains; its solution is a principal

objective of current research. We are working on the relations between

vector flux, radiance and electrodynamics in the expectation that a

proper understanding of the connections between these concepts will lead

to new optimized designs.
CLARKSON UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Potsdam, NY 13676

18. NUMERICAL STUDIES OF COHERENT $ 56,000

EDDIES IN WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS 01-C

J. McLaughlin 82-6

The objectives of the work are to obtain information about the

origin of the "coherent" wall eddies which are responsible for

the formation of "streaks" in the viscous wall region of

turbulent shear flows and to obtain information about their

importance in transport. The work involves pseudospectral

simulations of channel flow and a three dimensional model

of the viscous wall region. The unique feature of the studies

lies in the choice of computer experiments which are employed

in order to obtain information about the coherent eddies. These

experiments can be divided into three groups (1) "wave break-up"

experiments in which, after integrating sufficiently far in time

to achieve statistical steady-state, certain spatial Fourier

components of the velocity field are zeroed and then allowed to

recover their energy by time-evolving the velocity field using

the modified field as an initial condition; (2) studies in which

steady, spanwise-modulated transpiration is applied at the walls

in an attempt to modify streak spacings and to determine what

effect such a modification has on the transport of energy and

momentum; and (3) studies of the breakdown from transitional to

turbulent flow with emphasis on the formation of coherent wall

eddies.
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

Department of Chemical Engineering

and Petroleum Refining

Golden, CO 80401

19. MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF $ 0

HEAT TRANSPORT PROPERTIES FOR

MODEL COAL LIQUID COMPOUNDS USING AN

EXISTING HOT WIRE INSTRUMENT

E. Dendy Sloan, Michael S. Graboski

The basic goal of this research is to determine some

thermophysical properties of fluids encountered in the process

of coal liquefaction. The research includes three major tasks.

First, an expanded data base will be developed for coal liquids

and model compounds. Second, these data will be tested against

existing correlations for liquid thermal conductivity. Third,

an instrument developed under a previous contract will be

evaluated as a device for determining the thermal diffusivity of

pertinent coal derived liquids.
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

Department of Chemical Engineering

and Petroleum Refining

Golden, CO 80401

20. RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER $ 0

IN OIL SHALE RETORTING 01-B

Michael C. Jones 81-4

Successful modeling of oil shale retorting and other fossil fuel

conversion processes depends upon an accurate knowledge of the

transport processes occurring. Among these are the transport of

heat between combustion gases and rock particles and the axial

transport of heat along the retort. At the temperatures of the

combustion zone in a retort, the dominant mode of heat transport

between combustion gases and solids is radiation. The objective

of this project is to provide a basis for modeling by

experimental measurements and by evaluation of models of the heat

transfer processes. The experimental method is to observe the

propagation down a packed bed of inlet gas temperature disturbances,

and to infer interphase heat transfer coefficients and axial

conductivities by comparison with the results of a differential

equation model containing those parameters. The comparison may

be made in time, Laplace, or frequency domains. The effect of

gas radiation will be determined by performing the experiment

with carbon dioxide rich mixtures and with non-radiating gas

(nitrogen) as a control.

Frequency response experiments have been carried out on a 5"

diameter packed bed of alumina spheres over a range of

temperatures, flow rates and diameters. Measurements of both

amplitude ratio and phase lag for thermometers at two different

locations have allowed the testing of different models and the

determination of model parameters. These measurements show good

promise of allowing the separation of radiation and conduction

effects.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Ithaca, NY 14853

21. FUNDAMENTAL HIGH PRESSURE DROPLET $ 14,000

COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF 06-B

EMULSIONS AND MIXTURES 83-3

C. T. Avedisian

This work is designed to provide a fundamental understanding of

the evaporation/combustion and internal boiling characteristics

of droplets of mixtures and emulsions over a range of ambient

pressures. Two principal experimental techniques are being used.

In the first, the combustion of liquid droplets is to be studied

in a drop tower. In this technique, the combustion chamber, test

droplet, and associated instrumentation will be in free fall over

a distance of about 30 ft., thus providing an experimental run

time of about 1.3s. Measurements planned include the effects of

ambient pressure and fuel composition on both the temporal

variation of droplet diameter and vapor explosion intensity.

This latter problem is being studied in more detail in the second

principal experiment. The technique involves levitating light test

droplets in a flowing stream of another heavier immiscible field

liquid (glycerine) in a vertical chamber, the pressure of which

can be controlled up to 20 atm at temperatures up to 2500 C.

The intent of this experiment is to provide quantitative

information on the specific mechanisms and parameters controlling

the internal boiling characteristics of fuel droplets which are

miscible mixtures of liquids.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY

School of Electrical Engineering

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Ithaca, NY 14853

22. COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH SMART SENSORS $140,000

G. J. Wolga 03-B

F. C. Gouldin 82-3

The objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate a

"smart" spectroscopic sensor suitable for monitoring gaseous

combustion products by differential infrared absorption

spectroscopy. The sensor is a computer controlled tunable

acoustooptic infrared filter with sufficient resolution to

resolve individual vibration-rotation absorption lines in the 5-

6.5 micron spectral region. It will be self calibrating with

respect to temperature changes and thus the sensor can operate

unattended indefinitely. A tunable CO laser has been used to

develop an accurate tuning curve for the filter in the 5 to 6.5

micron spectral region. Differential absorption spectra from CO

and CO2 spectrum are incompletely resolved due to the smaller

rotational constant and overlapping hot bands. Thus, we use the

CO spectrum to obtain the gas (rotational) temperature.

Comparison of the observed spectrum with a synthesized spectrum

permits a temperature determination which compares very favorably

with thermocouple measurements within the exhaust plenum. Data

analysis procedures for handling absorption integrated over a

path length have been developed for conditions of cylindrical

spatial symmetry and relatively small absorption. Current

efforts concern: developing methods for determining gas

concentration with resolved and unresolved spectra; introducing

combustion particulates into the flow to determine the effects on

signal to noise and consequently on the accuracy and precision of

our measurements; modeling combustion exhaust gas flow in a power

plant to select the best location for our sensor.
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY CORP.

1601 Dexter Ave. N.

Seattle, WA 98109

23. ELECTROCHEMICAL WEAR MECHANISM $ 92,633

AND DEPOSIT FORMATION IN LUBRICATED 01-D

SYSTEMS 82-3

T. R. Beck

The objective of this research is to measure and determine the

importance of electokinetic or zeta corrosion and deposit

formation in lubricating rolling and sliding systems. Zeta

corrosion is a phenomenon identified and modeled in 1968 for

hydraulic servo control valves in commercial jet airplanes.

This corrosive wear problem has now been solved by appropriate

additives based on the theory. The approach of the present

research is to compare measurements of wear for rolling and

sliding lubricated systems to calculated zeta corrosion rates

based on extensions of the valve wear model. Extensive

electrokinetic and wear experiments have been carried out with

nylon filaments or cloth rubbing on steel with lubricants of

micron-filtered water or salt solutions. This system eliminates

abrasive and adhesive wear. Use of aqueous solutions allows

comparison to phenomena in the extensive corrosion literature for

iron. Waveform of electrokinetic currents measured with an iron

microelectrode rubbing transversely on a nylon filament on a

shaft were in agreement with predictions of a model derived from

hydrodynamics and electrical double layer theory. The measured

currents were sufficient to account by Faraday's law for weight

losses by wear of thin steel disks rubbing on aqueous lubricated

nylon cloth. This wear is independent of oxygen partial pressure

from 5 ppm to 5000 ppm, indicating a wear component not driven by

oxygen reduction. The wear can be eliminated by cathodic

protection and by well-known corrosion inhibitors, indicating

that it is electrochemical in nature. The various measurements

all indicate that zeta corrosion is responsible for the wear results.
FLOW INDUSTRIES, INC.

21414 68th Avenue South

Kent, WA 98032

24. DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS $160,000

OF TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER 01-B

R. Metcalfe 84-3

The purpose of this research is to apply the technique of direct

numerical simulation to the study of turbulent heat transfer.

Direct numerical simulation techniques have been applied

successfully to such problems as the testing of turbulence

theories, an examination of second order closure modeling

assumptions, and addressing questions about the basic physics of

turbulent diffusion, mixing layer control through forcing,

homogeneous turbulence decay and the decay of turbulence in the

presence of background stratification. There are some

significant advantages to this approach. Since the flow field is

known in detail at each time step, quantities which are difficult

or impossible to measure in the laboratory can be computed. No

closure modeling is done, so that no ad-hoc assumptions are

introduced. The initial and boundary conditions as well as other

critical parameters can be precisely controlled, permitting a

systematic study of their effects on the evolution of the flow

field.
GA TECHNOLOGIES INC.

10955 John Jay Hopkins Drive

San Diego, CA 92121

25. FLUID MECHANICS OF ACOUSTIC $112,870

RESONANCE IN HEAT EXCHANGER 01-C

TUBE BUNDLES 82-4

R. D. Blevins

The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive fluid

mechanic model for acoustic resonance in shell and tube heat

exchangers. Acoustic resonance in heat exchangers is the result

of acoustic oscillations of gas in sympathy with periodic fluctuations in the flow over tubes. In the experimental phase of

the program, a simulated tube bundle is being constructed which

will be tested in air flow. Direct measurements of the onset of

resonance, intensity and mode of acoustic pressure will made with

microphones, and measurements of the exciting fluid dynamic fluctuations about the tube will be made with hot wire anemometers.

Results will be processed on-line using fast Fourier transforms.

In the theoretical phase of the program, a linear acoustic model

for the phenomenon will be developed using acoustic source and

dissipation terms and a calculated acoustic mode shape. The

experimental results will then be used to refine the acoustic

source and dissipation terms, develop a fundamental understanding

of the fluid dynamic and acoustic interaction. A nonlinear model

for the self-excitation will then be developed using Lighthill's

formulation for aerodynamic sound in interaction with the

coherent structures in the flow due to vortex shedding from the

tubes.
GA TECHNOLOGIES INC.

P.O. Box 85608

San Diego, CA 92138

26. HIGHER DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $ 75,000

John M. Greene and Jin-Soo Kim 06-C

85-3

The goal of this project is explore how the methods of nonlinear

dynamics can be applied to ever more complex systems.

The modern theory of nonlinear dynamics is, to a large extent, the

understanding of the way in which computational results can be

used to gain insight into the nature of chaotic and turbulent

systems. A property of such systems is that two different orbits

that are crudely indistinguishable are generally quite different

in their detailed behavior. Thus a single orbit, or realization,

contains a confusing mixture of uninteresting detailed

information, and usefully generalizable information. The most

easily obtained, additional, exact, information that computers can

provide comes from the solution of equations linearized around a

given orbit. The objective of our program is a thorough

understanding of the information available through linearization.

This information mostly falls under the key words of Lyapunov

exponents and directions. That is, we will study the information

available in the rates and directions of separation of nearby

orbits, or realizations. The first phase will be a thorough

analysis of some ordinary differential equations. Then we will

undertake the study of some partial differential equations.
GEO-CHEM RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

400 East Third Street

Bloomington, ID 47401

27. PREDICTIVE MODELING OF $100,000

URANIUM ROLL TYPE DEPOSITS 06-A

P. J. Ortoleva 83-4

Oxidizing meteoric waters percolating through a reduced sandstone

aquifer can cause the accumulation of uranium and other ores at

the redox interface. The oxidation of pyrite to hematite or

geothite can lead to several instabilities underlying observed

ore body properties. The existence (and in some cases nonuniqueness) of propagating redox fronts in ore-reductant systems

(such as pyrite) was demonstrated and a general exact value for

its speed was obtained for the lossless aquifer. The

nonexistence of constant velocity redox fronts in multireductant

systems was proven analytically and shown numerically to

correspond to an accumulation of one mineral at the front of the

other - the essential trapping process leading to redox deposits.

A class of instabilities was found when reaction-induced porosity

variations were allowed to interact with the percolation flow

through the porosity-dependent permeability of Darcy's law. The

planar front of dissolution of soluble components in a sandstone

aquifer (as pyrite in oxidizing inflow waters) was found analytically to be unstable to the formation of bumps. The range of

wavelengths of the most rapidly growing array of bumps brackets

the observed wavelengths in roll front deposits when geologically

reasonable flow and porosity values were used in our expressions.

Numerical simulations of the full nonlinear problem confirmed the

linear analysis, and showed that, interestingly, a single bump

(in the shape of the surface on which porosity changes) can

branch into two fingers. Even very small changes in porosity

across the redox front can lead to this fingering.

Nonlinear transport/reaction interactions underly the genesis of

uranium roll-front deposits and directly control their geometry

and quality. These insights are potentially very useful for

exploration.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Science Division

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

28. ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS $410,000

EMPHASIS ON SURFACE FLAWS 01-A

W. G. Reuter 81-6

The objective is to improve design and analytical-techniques for

predicting the integrity of flawed structural components. The

research is primarily experimental, with analytical evaluation

guiding the direction of experimental testing. Tests are being

conducted on a material (a modified ASTM A-710) exhibiting a

range of fracture toughness but essentially constant yield and

ultimate tensile strength. As the test temperature increases,

the specimen configuration-fracture toughness relationship

complies initially with requirements for linear elastic-fracture

mechanics and eventually extends beyond the range of a Jcontrolled field. Presently, compact tension and 3-point bend

specimens are being used to develop state-of-the-art fracture

mechanics data on the lower shelf (Kic) and the transition zone

and upper shelf (JIc, J-R, and CTOD). Materials such as Ti-15-3

and an aluminum base alloy are being used to obtain reduced

fracture toughness in the absence of cleavage fracture. Results

from the lower shelf and transition region are being used to

predict failure conditions for specimens containg surface flaws.

Predictions are then compared with experimental test data. These

comparisons are presently underway for 6.4 and 12.7 mm thick

surface-flawed specimens. Metallographic techniques are being

used to measure crack tip opening displacement for comparison

with analytical models. Moire interferometry and amplitude

techniques have been developed for measuring in-plane

displacement at the crack tip on tests conducted on a

servohydraulic test machine and for field applications. Also,

shadow moire techniques have been developed for out-of-plane

measurements for quantifying changes in constraint. During the

course of this development, capabilities have been developed for

measuring dynamic events.

This project is one of six projects comprising a collaborative

research program with MIT.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Sensors and Diagnostics Division

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

29. IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE $125,000

OF SMALL, HIGH VELOCITY PARTICLES 06-A

J. R. Fincke 85-3

Knowledge of in-flight particle temperature is fundamental to

understanding particle/plasma interactions in the physical and/or

chemical processing of fine powders. The measurement of inflight particle temperature is based on a coincidence technique.

A small measurement volume is defined by two independent

lens/sensing systems. When a particle is present in the

measurement volume, a signal will be observed and recorded

simultaneously by each sensing system. Once a signal is

recorded, the particle temperature may be deduced. The

uncertainty in this temperature determination will be due to lack

of information concerning the particle size, shape, and

emissivity; and to the presence of an emitting, absorbing, and

scattering medium. The proposed technique for backing out these

effects is based on in situ estimation of the particle emissivity

and the radiation emitted by the particle at several wavelenghs.

The program consists of three phases. Phase I is a basic study

of particle emissivity and its relationship to light scattering

by small particles in the visible and near infrared (IR). In the

experimental portion of Phase I, individual particles will be

electrostatically suspended, then heated by a laser beam. The

particle temperature, emissivity, and reflectance (scattering)

will be measured. Phase II will be the development of the inflight coincidence technique. The major developmental problems

in this phase are the signal processing techniques, rapid

collection of spectral data, and the development of algorithms to

deduce particle temperature and emissivity. Phase III will

apply, and modify as necessary, these techniques to measure

particle temperatures in a high temperature plasma. This phase

of the program will address the problems associated with the

presence of an emitting, absorbing, and scattering atmosphere.

This project is one of six projects comprising a collaborative

research program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Science Division

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

30. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE $335,000

PLASMA/PARTICLE INTERACTION 06-A

M. E. McIlwain, S. C. Snyder, L. D. Reynolds 85-3

The objective of this research is to quantitatively describe the

heat, mass, and momentum transfer associated with metallic or

oxide particles immersed in thermal plasma environments. In

order to characterize the interaction between plasma constituents

and particles, the development of new methods to determine plasma

flow velocity and species compositons are being developed.

Holographic interferometry is currently being considered for

plasma flow velocity determination and planar laser induced

fluorescence is being considered for compositional measurements

adjacent to particle surfaces. Using these advanced techniques,

temporal and spatially resolved distributions of the chemical and

physical properties of the plasma/particle environment will be

determined. Since this research is performed in collaboration

with research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the

resulting experimental data will be used to validate and correct

theoretical models used for thermal plasma processing and for

predictions relating to optimal torch and fixture design

criteria. Experiments are currently being performed in two

plasma torch designs, a constricted nozzle torch and an expanding

nozzle torch. Input power dissipation levels ranging from 5 to

180 KW are being studied. These torch designs produce a

representative plasma characteristic of those employed for

industrial plasma processing.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Science Division

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

31. INTEGRATED SENSOR/MODEL DEVELOPMENT $475,000

FOR AUTOMATED WELDING 03-A

H. B. Smartt, L. A. Lott, J. 0. Bolstad 85-3

The objectives of this research are (1) to develop a model of the

gas metal arc welding process suitable for real-time

process control, (2) to develop an optical sensing system which

provides critical weld bead geometry data, and (3) to develop an

ultrasonic sensing system which can directly sense weld bead

side-wall fusion and penetration. This project is part of a

collaborative research program with the Massachusetts Institute

of Technology.

A fundamental model of the gas metal arc welding process is being

developed which considers wire melting, droplet detachment,

droplet momentum, pool convection, and final weld pool geometry.

Although iterative, numerical solution techniques are required,

finite difference/finite element methods are not used. A

computer controlled welding machine has been assembled for

demonstration and verification of model and related sensor

developments.

A pulsed laser enhanced, gated electro-optical sensor is

being developed which suppresses most of the arc light, providing

an image of the electrode wire, weld pool and surrounding base

metal which is suitable for image processing. Required image

processing techniques are also being developed.

Direct sensing of weld pool solid/liquid interface location is

being developed using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic

transducers. Signal analysis/pattern recognition techniques are

being developed for automated measurements.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Advanced Methods Division

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

32. EXPERT SYSTEM AIDES FOR $200,000

ANALYSIS CODES 06-C

V. H. Ransom, R. K. Fink 85-3

R. A. Callow, W. J. Bertch

The purpose of this research is to establish the impact that

expert systems will have on the architecture of engineering

analysis codes. A secondary purpose is to assess the benefits

that are possible by employing expert systems as aides to

engineering analysis codes. Expert systems are computer

codes in which the knowledge of experts is codified and made

readily accessible to others, in this case to the user of

engineering analysis codes. Productivity can be enhanced by

reducing the human effort and level of expertise necessary to

complete analysis tasks, and by producing consistent high quality

results.

The initial phase of this research has focused on the computer

language and hardware communication issues, the best tools and

architecture for expert system development, and the

identification of the analysis code functions which could most

benefit from expert system development. The general approach

that is being taken is to select a representative analysis

code for experimentation and the development of pilot expert

systems for experimentation and assessment. The ATHENA code has

been chosen for this purpose. ATHENA is an Advanced Thermal

Hydraulic Energy Network Analyzer that is being developed for DOE

and is fully operational. It is used for transient simulation of

thermal hydraulic systems such as magnetic containment fusion

reactors, light water reactors, and in general can be used for

transient simulation of any single-phase or two-phase thermal

hydraulic circuit.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Science Division

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

33. NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURE $240,000

DYNAMICS AND CRACK GROWTH 03-B

J. A. Johnson and D. M. Tow 83-5

The purpose of this research is to develop instrumentation and

models to measure and predict the interaction of ultrasound with

cracks in engineering materials. An additional experimental

program is concerned with measuring the properties of growing

cracks, including crack-front geometry with advanced acoustic

emission and radiographic techniques.

A model of the ultrasonic field/crack interaction is based on a

numerical ray-tracing algorithm. An ultrasonic transducer,

operating in the pulse-echo mode is assumed to be equivalent to a

large number of spherical sources spread uniformly over the face

of the transducer. The total field in the region of a crack is

calculated as the sum of the fields from all these sources. The

reflected and diffracted fields from the crack are calculated

from the incident field from the transducer. These fields are

traced back to the transducer face and the integrated field

across the face is determined. This can then be directly

compared with experiment to investigate the validity of various

field/crack interaction models.

They dynamic crack growth measurements have used ultrasonic

techniques to attempt to measure the crack-front position and the

plastic zone size around the crack tip. An advance acoustic

emission (AE) detection system is being developed which will be

capable of detecting and digitizing AE signals at much higher

frequencies than used in conventional systems. This will allow

improved resolution in detecting the source of the emissions and

in discriminating between types of sources. The capability of

microfocus x-ray techniques for detecting a moving crack front

will be investigated. Real-time video recording or high-speed xray cinematography will be used to record the dynamic events.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO

Energy Resources Center

Chicago, IL 60680

34. BOILING OF AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS $70,000

J. P. Harnett 06-A

85-2

The goal of this research is to study the pool boiling behavior of

aqueous polymer solutions, both purely viscous and viscoelastic

with the objective of providing accurate boiling measurements

using well-defined fluids. Detailed measurements of the transport

and rheological properties of the test fluids will be carried out

prior to and following the experiments. The direct measurements

of the boiling heat flux and surface and fluid temperatures will

be supplemented by photographic studies to provide additional

insight into the boiling process.

Measurements of free convection heat transfer from horizontal

platinum wires to surrounding purely viscous and viscoelastic

non-Newtonian fluids have been carried out .prior to the boiling

experiment. For free convection to purely vi§cous non-Newtonian

fluids at Rayleigh number of the order of 10- to 1 it is found

that the Nusselt number decreases with decreasing power law index

values are found to be in agreement with values predicted for

Newtonian fluids provided that the zero shear rate viscosity is

used for the viscoelastic fluid viscosity.,
UNIVERSITY OF IILINOIS AT CHICAGO

Department of Civil Engineering,

Mechanics and Metallurgy

Chicago, IL 60680

35. CONTINUOUS DAMAGE THEORY $ 43,000

Dusan Krajcinovic 01-A

83-3

The study focuses on the establishment of a phenomenological

theory consistent with the geometry of the microscale and its

changes. In case of a solid weakened by an ensemble of flat,

penny-shaped cracks its diminished capacity to transmit loads can

be adequately described by a set of doublets defining the void

area density and the normal of the observed plane. The continuum

damage model formulated along these lines has the essential

structure of the slip theory. The kinetic equations are derived

assuming the existence of a flow potential in the space of

affinities. The application of the developed model to brittle

materials clearly demonstrates its ability in replicating salient

trends of mechanical response observed in experiments.

Aware of a certain degree of arbitrariness with regard to the

determination of kinetic equations (governing the damage growth)

inherent to all phenomenological models the attention was lately

shifted to some extent to micromechanical considerations. The

initial, rather promising results, offer considerable hope for

the resolution of some very important problems such as softening,

size effect, etc.

The present plans are to develop further the micromechanical

model and review a host of existing phenomenological theories to

assess their relation to actual microstructural kinetics.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Chicago, IL 60616

36. METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN $ 82,000

THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION OF 03-A

CHEMICAL REACTORS 84-3

Ali Cinar

The objective of this project is to develop a vibrational

control technique for complex nonlinear dynamic systems with

multiple steady states and limit cycles. From the mathematical

standpoint, the goal of this research is to analyze the effects

of fast parametric oscillations on the dynamics of the systems

studied. During the second period of the project the tasks were:

1. To conduct further experiments in vibrational control of a

CSTR with homogeneous liquid phase exothermic reaction,

2. To construct a catalytic exothermic CSTR system and to

develop the reactor model,

3. To model a packed-bed tubular reactor system.

The models developed in tasks 2 and 3 will be used by the

research group at the University of Michigan (S. M. Meerkov, PI)

for theoretical studies in vibrational control.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chicago, IL 60616

37. INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN $ 74,000

DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE SYSTEMS 03-B

William M. Worek 84-3

Zalman Lavan

The objective of the project is to develop an experimental

technique to measure two scalar variables in double-diffusive or

other two component systems. The two frequency optical

decomposition technique uses a dual frequency Mach-Zehnder

Interferometer to simultaneously determine the local gradients of

two scalar variables in the test system. Interferograms taken at

the two different frequencies are analyzed using index of refraction data which is a function of temperature and concentration.

The experimental program will be integrated with an analytical

approach in an attempt to identify and assess the potential

application of such a technique and the impact on stability

studies in double-diffusive systems.
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, CA 91109

38. BASIC DATA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF $ 75,000

MOLECULES AS THRESHOLD ELECTRON DETECTORS 03-B

A. Chutjian, S. Alajajian 82-3

Measurements are being made of, at high electron energy

resolution, lineshapes and cross sections for attachment of

thermal electrons to a number of perfluorinated and

chlorohalocarbon compounds. These molecules have been shown to

be viable candidates for use as molecular detectors for extremely

low-energy (0-20 millielectron volt) electrons. In particular,

the molecules c-C6F10 have extremely large cross sections, and

narrow wings, and are well-suited to use as electron detectors in

an appropriate collision geometry. In parallel, theoretical

calculations are carried out to understand observations in terms

of the molecular potential energy surfaces involved, and to

explain temperature dependence observed in other experiments.
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, CA 91109

39. THIN FILM CHEMICAL SENSORS $ 106,000

BASED ON ELECTRON TUNNELING 03-B

J. Lambe, S.K. Khanna 83-4

The objective of this three year program is to understand the

physical mechanism of detection underlying a totally new chemical

detection concept which utilized electron tunneling as the

sensing mechanism. The technical approach involves

investigations of the tunneling spectrum (second derivative of

current with respect to voltage versus voltate) of metal-metal

oxide-metal (e.g., aluminum-aluminum oxide-gold) tunnel junctions

which are exposed to chemicals such as halogens. Some of the

other key questions to be addressed in this project are:

1) what are the ultimate sensitivity and selectivity, and 2)

what are the contributions of the insulating layer and the top

porous metal electrode. These electrical measurements, in

addition to surface and interface studies, should help us to

understand the detection mechanism. A successful program can

pave the way for the development of a compact thin film

electronic chemical sensor for use in the automation of the

chemical processes, and hence, to increase reliability and

productivity.
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Physics Division and

Accelerator and Fusion Division

University of California

Berkeley, CA 94720

40. STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $150,000

Allan N. Kaufman, Robert G. Littlejohn 06-C

80-6

This project involves studies of fundamental properties of nonlinear dynamical systems which arise in physical situations of

importance to energy research. Four main subjects are being

explored. First, theoretical studies to generalize the WKB

representation of wave phenomena are in progress. In this work,

caustics are avoided by working in ray-phase space. The Maslov

concept is generalized by utilizing Heisenberg and metaplectic

operators to represent phase space translations and rotations.

In this way, WKB eigenfunctions are obtained in symplectically

covariant form, exhibiting no caustic singularities. Second,

modern Hamilionian concepts are applied to deal with classical

perturbation theories, in particular averaging methods based on

slow and fast space-time scales. Reduction techniques yield

systematic Hamiltonization of many models in current use, e.g.,

guiding-center motion and wave modulation. Third, action

principles are being used to imbed single-particle Lie-transform

perturbation methods in collective models, such as Vlasov-Maxwell

systems. Nonlinear phenomena (e.g., ponderomotive forces) are

thus dealt with self-consistently. Fourth, a new formulation of

conservative dissipative processes is being explored, in which

the entropy and energy functionals jointly generate the timeevolution of the system.
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Energy and Environment Division

University of California

Berkeley, CA 94720

41. CONTROLLED COMBUSTION $160,000

A. K. Oppenheim 06-B

79-8

The principal objective of this study is the acquisition of fundamental knowledge required for the development of controlled

combustion systems. Such systems offer the prospect of

maximizing thermal energy conversion efficiency, minimizing pollutant emissions, and optimizing the tolerance to a wide variety

of fuels. A thorough understanding of ignition--the initiation

of a self-sustained exothermic process of combustion--is for

this purpose of essential importance. The major objective of the

experimental program is the establishment of a fundamental

background for the design of enhanced ignition systems. Of prime

significance in this respect is the determination of the role of

active radicals. This is accomplished by the use of a high

frequency response molecular beam mass spectrometer that has been

designed and built especially for this purpose. The corresponding

theoretical approach is based on an extended thermo-chemical

analysis for auto-ignition in a closed system, following the

method of approach developed by Semenov and Frank-Kamenetskii.

This is supplemented by numerical modeling of jets and flame

propagation in turbulent flow.
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Department of Electronics Engineering

P. 0. Box 808 L-97

Livermore, CA 94550

42. DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE $100,000

CONTROL SYSTEMS 03-A

D. T. Gavel, A. N. Payne, and K. D. Young 82-4

The objective of this project is to develop design techniques for

adaptive control systems to achieve specific engineering

performance requirements. During the past year, it was

recognized that one of the important research directions in

adaptive control was in the incorporation of decentralized

information constraints. In the modeling and design of

controllers for large-scale systems, the decentralized approach

has proven advantageous over a more traditional 'all in one'

view. Decentralization allows the modeler to view small subsystems separately, thereby reducing considerably the modeling

and control design effort. The many issues that we have

encountered in doing research in decentralized adaptive control

have stimulated other research tasks in the decentralized

control and large-scale system area.
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY

Electronics Division

Los Alamos, NM 87545

43. DEVELOPMENT OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED $200,000

CIRCUITS (TICs) 03-B

B. McCormick, D. Wilde, R. Lemons, 82-6

M. MacRoberts, D. Lynn, R. Dooley, D. Brown

The object of this project is to develop electronics that are

capable of operating in both high-temperature and high-radiation

environments while maintaining levels of circuit sophisitcation,

integration, and reliability demanded of modern electronics. The

approach taken for these active electronic-gain devices has been

to use the intrinsically high-temperature phenomenon of

thermionic emission in conjunction with the thin-film technology

of integrated circuits to produce microminiature vacuum triodes.

High-temperature tests have been conducted at 500 °C with no

degradation in device characteristics. Current research is

focused on improving cathode lifetime, emission, and geometry to

ensure the reliability and functionality of TIC technology in

high-temperature and high radiation environments.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

44. NUMERICAL MODELLING ENERGY RELATED FLOWS $ 20,000

B.S. Berger 01-C

85-1

The objective of the current study is the numerical determination

of the motion of elastic tubes oscillating in a crossflow. A

computer program has been written and fully tested which

calculates the transient two dimensional motion of an

unconstrained circular cylinder which is restrained by a spring

and damper. The fully coupled Navier Stokes rigid body equations

are solved. Extensive numerical tests have been performed for

Re=400 which are in agreement with experimental results.

Solutions for the static case have been found for Re=1000 and 2000.

The model of the vibrating tube as a rigid circular cylinder

restrained by a spring and damper has been replaced in a second

computer simulation by a continuous model. The linear partial

differential equations describing the motion of a slender beam

have been coupled with the two dimensional Navier Stokes

equations. This approximation is currently under test for

Re=400. It is anticipated that higher values of Reynold's number

will be attained.
THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

45. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY AND $ 20,000

VORTICITY DYNAMICS OF TURBULENT SHEAR 01-C

FLOWS 85-3

Peter S. Bernard

A description of the dynamics of the vorticity field is central

to an understanding of the physics of turbulent shear flows.

This follows both from the ubiquitous presence of coherent

vortical structures in turbulent flows as well as from the role

played by vortex stretching in energy transference and the

establishment of local dissipation rates. The MVC (Mean

Vorticity and Covariance) closure allows for a connection to be

made between phenomenological events occurring in shear flows and

the overall balance of the vorticity field. The objective of

this research effort is to use these properties of the MVC

theory to formulate a complete model of the energy and vorticity

dynamics of turbulent shear flows. This is to be carried out by

seeking numerical solutions to the closure equations in the

context of channel and zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary

layer flows. To aid in the analysis of the boundary layer as well

as for comparison, purposes, experimental measurements of terms

in the vorticity and energy equations taken by a nine-sensor

vorticity probe are also being obtained.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Electrical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

46. STUDY OF MAGNETOSTATIC PROBLEMS IN $ 56,000

NONLINEAR MEDIA WITH HYSTERESIS 06-C

I. C. Mayergoyz 83-4

This project has two main research objectives: (1) to develop

boundary Galerkin's approach and its quasi-finite-element

realization in order to circumvent the difficulties which are

related to the unbounded regions of field distribution, and (2)

to investigate mathematical models of hysteresis and develop the

methods for the calculation of magnetostatic problems in media

with hysteresis.

As far as the first objective is concerned, the calculation of

magnetic in unbounded regions will be reduced to coupled

boundary/volume Galerkin's forms and a new quasi-finite-element

projection technique will, be developed on this basis. The

problems concerning convergence of the quasi-finite-element

methods, existence and uniqueness of the solution of

simultaneous nonlinear quasi-finite-element equations and global

iterative methods of the calculation of the solution of these

equations will be the focus of this research.

For the second objective, mathematical models of hysteresis as

continuous superposition of rectangular hysteresis nonlinearities

will be investigated. Special attention will be paid to the

solution of identification problems and to the generalization of

these models for the case of vector hysteresis. The application

of continuation methods to the calculation of magnetostatic

fields in media with hysteresis will be studied.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

47. TURBULENT PREMIXED $132,000

FLAME STUDY 06-B

Wai Cheng, James Keck 83-3

Steve Pope, (Cornell University)

This program is a combined experimental and theoretical study of

premixed turbulent flames. The primary aim of the experiment is

to study the gross behavior and some detailed properties of

statistically spherical flames. The theoretical part of the

program centers on the description of the flame behavior using

the pdf formulation. In both efforts, the primary variables are

the turbulent Reynolds number (based on the integral scale), and

the Damkohler number (based on the ratio of the eddy turn over

time to the chemical reaction time). The flame propagation

characteristics were recorded by high speed Schlieren photography

and the results interpreted in terms of the turbulence

characteristics obtained from hot wire measuremnets. A large

number of flame records had been collected to examine the

statistical behavior of the flame ball. A model based on

conditional velocity /flame progress variable joint pdf was

developed.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

48. A PARITY SIMULATOR FOR NUCLEAR $151,000

POWER PLANT DYNAMICS 06-C

K.F. Hansen 85-3

The simulation of the behavior of dynamic systems is an

important part of the computer field. The great advances in

digital electronics are such that most simulation is done

digitally. However, problems unique to the use of digital

computers, such as computer languages, numerical algorithms, and

computer/user interfaces have made simulation of engineering

systems difficult and/or awkward. This is particularly true with

regard to transient analysis of nuclear power plants.

One area of analog simulation that has remained in widespread

use is that of "breadboard" circuits to simulate electric

electronic networks. Recent developments have led to a very

flexible and convenient breadboard technique called parity

simulation, where individual integrated circuits in the simulator

behave as individual circuit elements. The system is also user

friendly in that the analyst communicates in his own engineering

language.

It is well-known that electric analogs can be constructed to

other physical systems such as mechanical, thermal, fluid,

magnetic, or acoustic systems. Research in this project is aimed

at developing integrated circuit analogs to plant components, such

as pipes, reactor cores, heat exchangers, pumps, etc. The IC

elements will solve the conservation equations of mass, energy, and

momentum. Thus far elements have been developed for single phase

compressible and incompressible flow.

This is one of several projects carried out in cooperation with

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory/EG&G.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

49. PLASMA REDUCTION OF $ 90,000

METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES 06-A

T.B. King 85-3

The objective of this research is to characterize the reduction

to metal of oxide particles injected into the tail flame of an arc

plasma. At the present time it is not known if asignificant

degree of reaction occurs in flight or if such reduction processes

require a molten bath and, hence, a transferred arc plasma. The

experimental method involves injecting mixtures of carbon and

metallic oxide particles, in the size range 20 to 100 microns, into an

arc plasma just beyond the point of initial generation and sampling

downstream, at various distances with a simple, watercooled

suction cup. The particles thus removed from the plasma may be

examined by microscopy and electron microanalysis to determine

the extent of reduction.

Preliminary work has been concerned with injection and collection

methods using a 50kw transferred arc plasma torch and furnace.

This system was originally designed to study gas-metal kinetics

and is not well adapted to particle injection. A new system

capable of both transferred and non-transferred modes operation

in a cold wall reactor is being constructed.

This work is closely coordinated with research at the Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory in which particle trajectories

and temperatures are to be measured. Such information is necessary

to specify the time-temperation history of individual particles.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Plasma Program

Cambridge, MA 02139

50. HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-PARTICLE REACTIONS $257,000

Prof. John F. Elliott 06-A

Prof. R. Erik Spjut 85-3

Dr. Pedro Bolsaitis

The research is directed to the study of the kinetics of

gas-particle reactions at high temperatures with the aim

of simulating the behavior of particles exposed to arc

plasmas. The experimental system consists of an electrodynamic balance in which a particle (dia. is 10 to

150 microns) is suspended by an electrostatic field and is

heated by a laser beam. The composition of the atmosphere in the chamber of the balance is controlled, and

the physical and chemical interactions between the gas

and the particle can be followed with a time resolution

of 10 to 15 milliseconds. The experimental system has

been manufactured and assembled, and the computer system

and programs for weighing the particle and controlling

its temperature have been placed in operation. The

laser heating system with the necessary safety equipment

is installed. Preliminary tests with a 7 microns tungsten

particle have shown that the design of the balance is

satisfactory. Preliminary experiments on the evaporation of silica and alumina particles are underway.

This work is closely coordinated with the experimental program at

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

51. TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN PLASMA SYSTEMS $ 71,000

J. Szekely 06-A

85-3

The purpose of this research is the development of a

comprehensive mathematical model of plasma systems and the

verification and updating of this model in the light of

experimental measurements to be obtained at the Idaho National

Engineering Laboratory. At the present time there exists a two

dimensional representation of plasma jet systems and relatively

simple models of plasma -- particle and plasma -- surface

interactions.

The specific objective of the research program is to refine the

existing two dimensional models, by allowing for the presence of

swirl, to refine the representation of plasma -- particle

interactions and finally to evolve a full, three dimensional

representation of these systems.

This work is closely coordinated with the experimental program at

the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. In addition it hoped

to compare the theoretical predictions with the experimental

measurements generated at the University of Limoges.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

52. ENERGETICS OF COMMINUTION $124,000

Terry Ring, Carl Peterson 06-C

85-3

This program is central to a broader program of comminution

research that includes basic studies on the behavior of single

particles, particulate beds, and the design and testing of a

novel coal crushing concept.

Single particle work has progressed the furthest. A very rigid

miniature compression testing device has been fabricated and data

generation has just begun. Behavior of the device is

satisfactory and computer data acquisition is being installed to

permit routine testing of a statistically significant number of

particles. This device will provide information on force and

energy requirements for particle fracture as a function of

particle size and material properties. A new theory of

comminution has been proposed which seems to explain the shift in

energies required for failure as size decreases for uniform

materials. More complex materials such as particles with voids

and composite materials will be examined next. The increased

difficulty to fracture a particle of smaller size has a practical

significance in the crushing behavior of particulate beds.

Particulated bed work will include both analytical and

experimental studies, seeking the combination of bed stress and

strain required to cause individual particle fracture within some

zones of the bed. These studies will ultimately tie back to the

individual particle failure studies when computer simulations are

used to predict particle movements and forces acting on the

particles.

A novel comminution mill has been designed which uses particleto-particle shear to cause particle failure.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Ocean Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

53. IN-PROCESS CONTROL OF RESIDUAL STRESSES $195,000

AND DISTORTION IN AUTOMATIC WELDING 03-A

Koichi Masubuchi 85-3

The objective of this research program is to develop the

technology of in-process control of residual stresses and distortion in automatic welding. The program consists of the following

three phases:

Phase 1: In-process control of residual stresses and distortion

in some weldments.

Phase 2: Development of technologies for minimizing and

eliminating, if possible, tack welds.

Phase 3: Plans for future advancement of the technology of inprocess control of residual stresses and distortion.

The effort during the first year covers primarily Phases 1 and 2.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

54. INVESTIGATION OF VISIBLE AND $ 58,000

NEAR VISIBLE LIGHT EMISSIONS AS 03-B

SENSORS FOR CONTROL OF ARC 85-3

WELDING PROCESSES

Thomas W. Eagar

The present research is part of a cooperative program among

faculty at MIT and staff at INEL to develop a sound understanding

of the arc welding process, and to develop sensing and control

methods which can be used to automate the process.

The current research is attempting to map the light emissions

spatially, temporally, and spectrally, from gas tungsten welding

arcs. The experimental method makes use of a somewhat unique

subtractive double monochromator, which provides a two

dimensional image of the arc while filtering out all but a

specific range of light wavenumbers. With it, it is possible to

photograph the distribution of relatively weak elements in the arc

without the disturbance of the strong argon or helium background

spectra. By studying the emission of Mn or Cr on stainless

steels, it is possible to see clearly the anode spot on the weld

surface. Video movies of the spot movement are being made and

will be analyzed to determine the true heat distribution on the

weld surface. Spectra from arcs on several different materials

are being measured to determine regions in the frequency spectrum

which are relatively free of light. It is hoped that such regions

will identify windows where it will be best to utilize the laser

weld pool sensor being developed by INEL.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity

Cambridge, MA 02139

55. MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF THE GAS-METAL ARC WELDING $ 95,000

PROCESS 03-B

David E. Hardt 85-3

The process of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) involves many process

control variables such as arc voltage, current, travel speed,

wire feed rate, and voltage pulsing profile. These multiple

inputs to the weld cause changes in multiple outputs such as weld

width, depth, reinforcement height and thermal effects in the

weldment. All existing work in closed-loop control of welding,

however, has treated this highly coupled, multiple input-multiple

output system as a single variable control problem,

concentrating, for example, on controlling just the weld width or

depth.

The objective of this work is to cast the GMAW control problem in

its most general sense and then examine the use of advanced

mutlivariable control methods. We have begun this work at two

extremes, one starting from a specific two-variable problem in

GMAW for which models and measurements exist, and the other from

a more basic, but idealized perspective. The former will allow

us to quickly identify where gaps in our knowledge of the process

and the characterization of the measurements exist, and allow us

to perform initial experiments in within the first year of the

project. The latter will begin building a comprehensive framework for the solution of the complete control problem, defined as

independent regulation of all relevant outputs while rejecting a

significant range of system disturbances.

This project is coordinated with the experimental work at Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

56. MODELING OF GMA WELD POOL $ 84,000

GEOMETRY AND METAL TRANSFER 03-B

William Unkel 85-3

Realtime control of weld parameters such as weld pool geometry

can reduce welding flaws and therefore increase the productivity

of producing welded structures. One important component to

achieving online control is a physically based-model of the

welding process. For a complex process such as welding, models

play several roles including:

a) interpreting noisy and often indirect measurement data;

b) identifying process modifications that make multivariable

control easier; and,

c) providing a component of the actual control algorithm.

Previous modeling efforts have concentrated on the Gas Tungsten

Arc Welding (GTAW) Process and have laid the groundwork for the

present work on the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Process.

The principal goal of the present work is to develop physically

based, but computationally simple models for the GMAW situation

and to use these models to identify process modifications to

allow a more effective multivariable control system to be

implemented. Those models will be confirmed by comparison with

experimental data and will also be considered for use in

online interpretation of sensor data.

This research is coordinated with the experimental work at Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

57. MODELING AND ANALYSIS $185,000

OF SURFACE CRACKS 01-A

David M. Parks 85-3

Frank A. McClintock

This research focuses on the analysis of ductile crack

initiation, growth and instability in part-through surfacecracked plates and shells. The overall approach consists of

determining parametric limits of applicability of the "dominant

singularity" formalism at nonlinear fracture mechanics in these

crack configurations as they are influenced (principally) by

material strain hardening, load biaxiality, and crack geometry.

When such single-parameter dominance is obtained, correlations of

crack response with J-integral or related measures may be

justified. The analysis requires detailed finite element

computations which are too costly for routine applications, so

further development of simplified analytical models such as the

so-called "line-spring" model is underway. Exploratory

experiments are also being undertaken to probe effects of

asymmetry of loading, prior plastic strain history, and other

factors on subsequent ductile fracture. Load biaxiality effects

have been simulated for axial tension and internal pressure

loading on pipes containing a circumferential crack. Accepted

solutions for J derived for tension alone can underestimate fully

plastic biaxial J-values by up to an order of magnitude.

Recent developments have resulted in marked improvement in

agreement between calculations and experimental data obtained in a

parallel effort at INEL.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

58. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM $ 86,000

TO SYNTHESIZE HEAT AND WORK 06-C

INTEGRATION SYSTEMS FOR PROCESS PLANTS 85-3

L. B. Evans

The goal of this research is to develop a prototype expert system

for the synthesis of heat and work integration systems in process

plants. This is an important problem in the design of new plants

and the retrofitting of existing plants for energy conservation.

The expert system will assist the process engineer in designing

heat and work integration systems. A scientific approach to the

design of such systems based upon sound thermodynamic principles

has emerged within the past decade, so there is now an accepted

set of design rules or heuristics that is a prerequisite for an

expert system.

The development of a prototype system seeks to answer many open

questions, such as: What is the appropriate architecture fot the

system? How should the knowledge base be represented; What is

the best strategy for generating and evaluating alternative solutions; Are standard tools of artificial intelligence suitable for

this problem or must we develop specialized procedures? Is an

expert system useful either as an aid or alternative to the

solution of the problem by a human designer?
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity

Cambridge, MA 02139

59. A STUDY OF REDUCED ORDER MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE $ 0

CONTROL FOR IMPROVED MANUFACTURING PROCESS CONTROL 03-B

David E. Hardt 82-4

This research deals with the application of adaptive control

methods to problems typical of manufacturing process control.

The basic form under investigation is the Model Reference

Adaptive control method, which involves adapting the system gains

to force the physical system performance to match that of a

reference model. To insure global stability the physical system

and reference plant must be of identical dynamical order, also

implying that the physical process is essentially linear and

quasi-stationary. However, when many manufacturing processes,

such as welding or metal forming, are considered, these restrictions become unrealistic, yet the need for adaptive controller is

evident from the highly variabls parameters associated with these

processes. Accordingly, this research has concentrated on

examining MRAC and now other associated methods with respect to

their suitability and designability for such applications.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

60. PISTON RING FRICTION AND $115,000

VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY 01-D

D. P. Hoult, J. M. Rife 80-6

The purpose of this research is to study the friction mechanism

in automotive engines, in particular the components of frictional

losses which arises due to the interaction between the piston

rings and the piston liner. It is believed that this is the

largest single component of friction in a typical automotive

engine. The research underway comprises modelling and

measuring the motion of each degree of freedom model of piston

ring as it moves up and down in the piston groove has been

completed and modifications necessary for the theory have been

described. The next steps of this project, which are underway,

are to study the ring twist and radial motion of rings in a

experimental lubrication engine. The theory has suggested a

novel concept for a gas lubricated ring which may greatly

reduce engine friction.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

61. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRICTION MODEL $ 58,000

PREDICTING THE SLIDING BEHAVIOR OF 01-D

MATERIAL PAIRS, ESPECIALLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES 85-2

Yukikazu Iwasa

The principal objectives of this research program are 1) to

develop a friction model which predicts correctly whether a

system sliding at low speeds will give steady or unsteady sliding

behavior and 2) to advance basic understanding of the

friction process.

The program consists of experimental and analytical studies.

Experimental work includes collection of data on creep properties

of the two contacting materials, namely bulk creep behavior in

tension and interface creep data in shear. The interface creep

takes place when one material is pressed against the other by a

constant force and a shear force insufficient to produce gross

sliding is applied. The extent to which the bulk creep

properties determine the interfacial creep behavior both at room

temperature and at cryogenic temperatures will be determined,

and this knowledge should lead to better models of the friction

process. In turn, such knowlege will contribute to a more

reliable operation of superconducting magnets.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003

62. A DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE $ 33,000

FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS 06-A

AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATIONS 85-3

M. F. Doherty

New techniques are being developed to aid in the design and

synthesis of multicomponent, nonideal and azeotropic separation

systems. The synthesis problem is a difficult one for it not

only entails choosing the optimal column configuration and

processing conditions, but also involves choosing the optimal

entrainer. The problem is compounded by the presence of

distillation boundaries in azeotropic mixtures which put severe

constraints on the feasible class of column sequences. At

present there is no systematic method available in the literature

for solving this synthesis problem.

The technique being developed is based on the concept of a

residue curve map. These maps represent the fundamental phaseequilibrium behavior of the mixture in a way which is uniquely

suited for separation-system studies. The maps provide

information for discriminating between feasible and infeasible

column sequences. New design tools have also been developed for

calculating such quantities as minimum reflux ratios for

azeotropic mixtures. The ultimate aim of this research program

is to develop a comprehensive body of theory which will result in

automatic computer procedures for synthesising optimal separation

sequences for multicomponent azeotropic mixtures.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003-0011

63. A HIERARCHICAL PROCEDURE FOR FLOWSHEET, $115,000

CONTROL SYSTEM, AND RETROFIT DESIGN FOR 03-B

CHEMICAL PROCESSES 83-6

J. M. Douglas, M. F. Malone

New short-cut models for the energy integration of distillation

sequences show that the total entropy of separation can be used

to select the best sequence. A computer code based on this

procedure runs essentially instantaneously, so that the use of

heuristics for selecting distillation sequences can be avoided.

Current efforts are to include complex columns, multiple feeds

and sloppy spits into the code.

The new separation system selection procedure is also being

incorporated into the "Expert System" for developing base-case

designs and evaluating process alternatives. In addition, the

"Expert System" is being modified so that it will run

"instantaneously." Moreover, systematic procedures for the

retrofitting and steady state control of complete plants, which

will serve as the knowledge base for "Expert Systems" have been

developed and are being tested.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003-0011

64. MIXING: STRETCHING, BREAKUP, AND CHAOTIC $ 52,000

DISPERSION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS 01-C

J. M. Ottino 85-3

This project involved experimental and theoretical studies of

mixing and dispersion of immiscible fluids, particularly high

viscosity liquids such as polymer solutions and melts. The

objective is the understanding of the process leading to

stretching, breakup, and chaotic dispersion of one fluid in the

bulk of another in deterministic flows. Breakup is studied at a

local scale, where velocity gradients are linear and possibly

time dependent, dispersion is studied at larger scales where the

flow is non-linear and possibly chaotic.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessman Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003

65. MULTIVARIABLE & DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF $ 60,000

NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS 03-B

E. Ydstie 85-3

The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for

nonlinear, adaptive control of chemical and petroleum processes.

The algorithm we investigate is suited for implementation in a

distributed network of computers and it is amenable for complete

plant control and optimization. The approach is motivated by the

many recent successful applications of linear adaptive control

theory. However, our approach rely on physically based process

models and the maximum use of prior information about system

characteristics. Our investigation will include:

-alogorithmic development and stability analysis.

-application to a distributed control of pilot process.

-simulation and optimization of a complete plant.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics

Ann Arbor, MI 48109

66. LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES $ 75,000

S. K. Clark 01-D

83-3

The research to be carried out under this contract is divided

roughly into two phases. The first is completion of data

acquisition on the loss characteristics of cord-rubber composites

under both uniaxial and multiaxial stress states. This effort

will utilize information currently available as well as

measurements made here. The effects of prestrain, frequency,

strain amplitude and temperature will be included in the

assessment of the viscoelastic properties of these materials.

The major activity during the latter part of the work will be

analysis and measurement of the rolling loss of a relatively

simple pneumatic tire. The tire geometry will be essentially

cylindrical in form, similar to the type of tire used in vehicles

traversing soft or marshy terrain. These are essentially

cylindrical rollers, but with end closures making it possible

to inflate them. Analysis will be carried out using the

viscoelastic material properties previously obtained, as well as

finite element codes suitable for this type of problem.

Comparison of calculated and measured rolling resistance values

will give valuable insight into the types of finite element

models best suited for this computation, and should give

confidence to the tire industry in its efforts to apply finite

element techniques to the calculation of tire operating properties.

Since tire rolling resistance represents a major component in the

vehicular fuel consumption, minimization of it represents an

important part of the overall national energy consumption effort.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Department of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science

Ann Arbor, MI 48109

67. METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF $ 97,000

STABILIZATION OF CHEMICAL REACTORS 03-B

Semyon M. Meerkov 85-2

The objective of this research project is to develop a new

control technique, referred to as vibrational control, and apply

it to systems where traditional approaches, based on the feedback

or feedforward principles, are not applicable. From the

mathematical standpoint, the goal of the project is to analyze

the effects of fast parametric oscillations on the dynamics of

nonlinear systems with multiple steady states and limit cycles.

The approach used in the research is based on asymptotic analysis

(averaging theory) of deterministic and stochastic,ordinary and

partial differential equations. The results obtained or being

currently developed include: (i) theory of vibrational control

for nonlinear systems; (ii) theory of vibrational-feedback control;

(iii) vibrational control of distributed parameter systems; (iv)

vibrational control of stochastic systems. The main application

considered is in the area of exothermic and catalytic CSTR's and

tubular reactors. The obtained theoretical results and their

implementation in terms of chemical reactors have been utilized

by the research group at the Illinois Institute of Technology

(A. Cinar, PI) in experimental studies on vibrational control.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Mechanical Engineerihg

Minneapolis, MN 55455

68. FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH $178,000

IMPINGING JETS AND WALL JETS 01-B

R.J. Goldstein 81-6

This project is directed toward providing information on the

flow and heat transfer characteristics of impinging jets and wall

jets, and related phenomena in separated flows. Measurements of

the heat transfer in the region of impingement are obtained for

single jets entering a still ambient, for jets entering a

crossflow, and for various one- and two-dimensional arrays of

jets. In addition to quantitative heat transfer measurements for

these flows, visualization techniques are used to provide insight

into the mechanisms for interaction between the jets and the

surrounding fluid. Important phenomena related to separation in

curved flows are observed. A laser-Doppler anemometer was

developed to provide detailed measurements of velocity

distributions, velocity fluctuations, and Reynolds stresses in a

plane wall jet. The measurements can be used to check the

validity of turbulent transport models that have been suggested.

Data has also been taken for a two-dimensional array of small

jets impinging on a heat transfer surface; during these studies, a

liquid crystal system was developed for examining the features of

single and multiple jet impingement on a flat surface. The

liquid crystal technique and measurement of the pressure

distribution near individual jets on an impinging jet plate are

being applied to inclined impinging jets. Related experiments on

separated flows include the characteristics of horseshoe vortices as

examined using a mass transfer system.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Minneapolis, MN 55455

69. THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING OF MATERIALS $142,000

E. Pfender 06-A

85-3

A combined analytical/experimental program is carried out directed

towards a better understanding of the interaction of particulate

matter with thermal plasmas. One of the major objectives of the work

is the development and diagnosis of a new plasma reactor which should

solve the problems of particle injection, particle confinement, and

particle dwell time in the plasma. Finally, it is intended to use

this reactor for materials studies involving superconducting alloys.

The modeling work is primarily concerned with a detailed assessment of

the relative importance of the numerous effects which determine heat,

momentum, and mass transfer to and from particles injected into

thermal plasmas. Diagnostic methods for the plasma include emission

spectroscopy, laser Doppler anemometry, current, voltage, and

calorimetric heat transfer measurements. Product powders will be

analyzes using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, x-ray

and electron diffraction, and measurements of the transition

temperature for superconducting compounds.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Tribology Group

Institute for Materials Science & Engineering

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

70. A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM IN LUBRICATION $ 60,000

S. M. Hsu 01-D

84-4

The chemical mechanisms responsible for lubrication in

concentrated tribological contacts are not well understood. The

project is examining systematically both the nature and extent of

the influence of chemical reactions on friction and wear in the

contact zone. Advances have been made in theoretical modeling of

the temperature profiles in a four-ball contact; modeling of

elastohydrodynamic film at concentrated contacts; analytical

characterization of model structures; and the investigation of

interactions between naturally occurring polar species and

antiwear additives. Pure model structures are being used as

lubricants to test the effects of chemical functional groups on

friction and wear. Chemical kinetic studies on tribochemical

reaction rates for various classes of compounds under wearing

conditions will be compiled. The topography of worn surfaces

will be characterized to predict oil film thickness under

different speed and load combinations using the NBS sixmicroliter four-ball wear tester. Micro-asperity and contact

zone temperatures will be studied and computations will be made

using Archard-Jaeger equations as well as finite element

analysis. A theoretical model linking elastohydrodynamic

theories to tribochemical rate constants with material properties

will be attempted to predict lubrication effectiveness a priori.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Office of Standard Reference Data

Gaithersburg, Md. 20899

71. SUPPORT OF CRITICAL $450,000

DATA COMPILATIONS 06-A

David R. Lide, Jr. 80-6

The Office of Standard Reference Data administers a collaborative

interagency program for preparation of compilations of physical

and chemical reference data. Each project supported is expected to

lead to a publishable data compilation containing recommended

values and accuracy estimates for the data set in question.

Projects funded during fiscal year 1985 include work on

photochemistry of transition metal coordination complexes; soft

x-ray interactions with matter; atomic transition probabilities

of highly ionized atoms; thermodynamic tables for hydrocarbon

isomer groups; ceramics phase diagrams; alloy phase diagrams;

thermophysical properties of fluids; fatigue properties; and

ductile fracture toughness of high-strength steels.

This project is included in the BES ENGINEERING RESEARCH program

for administrative convenience. Coordination with NBS is

accomplished in collaboration with several BES programs. BES FY

1985 funds for the project were provided by the Chemical Sciences

and Materials Sciences divisions, and the Division of Engineering

and Geosciences.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Thermophysics Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 and Boulder, CO 80303

72. THERMOPHYSIGAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS $520.000

IN FLUID MIXTURES 03-B

N.A. Olien, J.M.H. Levelt Sengers 84-3

The project aims at the development of accurate measurement

capabilities for the thermophysical properties of complex,

multiphase, fluid mixtures containing hydrocarbons. The research

is being done jointly by two research groups within the

Thermophysics Division of the NBS Center for Chemical

Engineering. One group is located at the Gaithersburg, MD

laboratories and the other at the Boulder, CO laboratories. The

properties involved are PVT (pressure-volume-temperature), PVTx

(pressure-volume-temperatures-composition), phase equilibria

(liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid equilibria), phase behavior in

interfaces, and transport properties (viscosity, thermal

conductivity, and diffusion coefficient). The apparatus will be

designed for use in corrosive, highly corrosive, and sometimes

toxic and flammable fluids with measurements extending to high

temperatures (800K) and high pressures (30 PMa and in some cases

70 MPa). Also under study are methods for evaluating supercritical

solvent mixtures and related fluid mixtures.
CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

The City College

Department of Chemical Engineering

New York, NY 10031

73. TOPICS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL $250,000

HYDRODYNAMICS 06-A

Benjamin G. Levich 80-8

This research comprises two main directions:

(i) Fully Developed Turbulence (FDT). We aim at the entirely

novel understanding of the nature of FDT. We assert that the

structure of FDT is determined by a foam-like topology of the

vorticity field lines where the prime role is played by the

hierarchy of helical fluctuations. The active production of

turbulence in this picture proceeds outside of these fluctuations and concentrates in space of fractal dimensionality.

Presently, we have extensive experimental data to support our

view. Further experiments are underway.

(ii) Interfacial Mechanics.

(a) A mechanism for the development of the deformation patterns

commonly observed on the surfaces of biological cell plasma

membranes was suggested. In this mechanism, the membrane is

treated as a viscoelastic continuum and a chemical reaction

network on the surface of the membrane regulates the membrane

elasticity.

(b) Hydrodynamic waves induced by chemical reactivity waves was

studied. Results indicate that a wave of chemical reactivity

derived from a multistable chemical reaction on the surface of

a thin liquid film is able to induce a hydrodynamic wave in the

film through the Marangoni tractions due to the reactivity wave.

(c) The classical linear capillary instability of a thin fluid

filament surrounded by a bulk fluid was investigated for the

case in which the filament is in steady shear flow. Results

indicate that a nonlinear interaction between the shear flow

and the capillary forces can, under certain conditions, stabilize the developing linear instability.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Evanston, IL 60201

74. EFFECTS OF CRACK GEOMETRY AND $ 55,000

NEAR-CRACK MATERIAL BEHAVIOR 03-B

ON SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES 83-3

FOR QNDE APPLICATIONS

J. D. Achenbach

Among the methods of quantitative non-destructive evaluation of

structural elements, the method based on scattering of ultrasonic (elastic) waves by flaws is particularly useful. The

work on this project is concerned with applications of the

scattered field approach to the detection of a cracklike flaw,

and to the determination of its location, size, shape, and

orientation. Interior, as well as surface-breaking and nearsurface cracks are considered. The usual mathematical modeling

of ultrasonic wave scattering by cracks is adjusted to account

for several typical characteristics of fatigue and stresscorrosions cracks, and the environment of such cracks. Effects

due to crack-face roughness, crack-closure and crack-face

interactions are considered, as well as global anisotropy.

Local anisotropy and inhomogeneity due to near-tip voids, and

the effect of a zone of plastic deformation near a crack tip

will also be investigated. Parametrical studies are expected

to display the masking of characteristic "crack-like" features

of the scattered field by a spectrum of signals due to deviations from an idealized crack geometry and idealized material

behavior. Progress has been made on the effects of crack-face

interactions and global anisotropy.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Engineering Physics and Mathematics Division

Oak Ridge, TN 37830-2008

75. CENTER FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS $925,000

ADVANCED RESEARCH (CESAR) 03-C

C. R. Weisbin 84-10

The Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR)

conducts interdisciplinary long-range research and concept

demonstration related to intelligent machines. CESAR provides a

framework for merging concepts from the fields of artificial and

machine intelligence with advanced control theory. There are two

primary themes; (1) robotic systems for identification,

navigation, and manipulation in unstructured environments, and

(2) multi-purpose plant management and maintenance. 0

Emphasis in FY 85 was directed toward automated planning for

navigation and manipulation, concurrent algorithm development for

real-time systems, robot dynamics for rigid and flexible

structures, and sensitivity uncertainty analysis for decision

making.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

and Applied Mechanics

Philadelphia, PA 19104

76. CRACK-TIP FIELDS FOR MATERIALS $ 0

WITH EXPONENTIAL-LAW-CREEP 01-A

BEHAVIOR AT HIGH STRESS 83-3

John L. Bassani

This research is concerned with elastic-viscoplastic analyses of

cracks under creep conditions, with particular emphasis on the

influence of the assumed stress dependence on the creep strain

rate. Around the tip of a sharp notch in a material described by the

assumed law the creep strain-rates are much greater than the elastic

ones. The spatial asymptotic analysis based upon a hodograph

transformation demonstrates that the notch-tip stress

intensification is weaker and the strain-rate intensification is

stronger than for a power-law creeping material.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC.

Research Park, P.O. Box 3100

Andover, Massachusetts 01810

77. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL $155,000

STUDIES OF CONDENSATION IN 06-A

MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS 84-4

M. B. Frish, G. Wilemski

This research program comprises experimental and theoretical studies

of nucleation and condensation in multicomponent gas mixtures. The

program goals are: 1) to improve basic understanding of binary

nucleation and droplet growth, 2) to stringently test theories of

binary nucleation at high nucleation rates and under nonisothermal

conditions, 3) to develop improved theories where needed, 4) to

enlarge the data base for systems of both fundamental and practical

interest, and 5) to provide reliable means for predicting the behavior

of mixtures used in practical applications such as turbo-machinery.

Experimentally, gas mixtures will be cooled in a supersonic nozzle to

obtain much higher binary nucleation rates than have previously been

studied. The nozzle is designed to insure that steady state

nucleation occurs and to give satisfactory spatial resolution of the

temperature profile. Laser light scattering is the primary means of

detecting nuclei as small as 10A in radius and of monitoring droplet

growth. Interferometry is used to diagnose the temperature profile

within the nozzle. By varying the amount of inert carrier gas used,

both isothermal and nonisothermal nucleation will be studied.

Construction of the flow and optical systems is complete, and data

collection has begun. A new thermodynamic theory of binary cluster

composition has been developed. Calculations with this theory have

established the feasibility of using bulk liquid mixture surface

tensions to compute nucleation onset (for small rates) in aqueous

alcohol and acetone mixtures, thus removing a severe deficiency of

classical binary nucleation theory.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical Engineering

West Lafayette, IN 47907

78. HEATING AND EVAPORATION $115,000

OF TURBULENT LIQUID FILMS 01-B

Issam Mudawwar 85-4

The purpose of this project is to investigate turbulent activity

in freely-falling films. During the first two years of the project,

emphasis will be placed on obtaining heat transfer data for turbulent

falling films subjected to sensible heating or to surface evaporation.

General correlations of the data will be developed, and attempts will

be made to predict the results in terms of an empirical turbulence

model. Special efforts will be made to cover the widest possible

ranges of Reynolds, Prandtl, and Kapitza numbers. During the later

stages of the project, the eddy-viscosity profile across freelyfalling films will be correlated experimentally using a Laser-Doppler

Velocimeter (LDV) system. Simultaneous measurements of the

instantaneous longitudinal and transverse velocity components, and of

the film thickness will be used to correlate the turbulent shear

stress in the presence of surface waves. Based on these results, a

new empirical turbulence model will be developed. Predictions based

on this model will be compared to heat transfer results obtained

during earlier stages of the project.

The final outcome of the proposed project will be a new turbulence

model which accounts for the effects of waves and surface tension

damping forces on the free interface of freely-falling films.
ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY

Department of Physics and Mathematics

1230 York Avenue

New York, NY 10021

79. SOME BASIC RESEARCH $ 73,000

PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY 06-C

Kenneth M. Case, E.G.D. Cohen 81-6

This project is concerned with investigations of three specific

areas: 1) the prediction and evaluation of thermophysical data

of fluids and fluid mixtures, and 2) study of the applications of

nonlinear evolution equations. Work is underway to construct a model

which can give a first approximation to the transport properties of

fluid mixtures in their dependence on size and mass of the constituent

particles. The nonlinear evolution equations being investigated

describe a very large number of energy related processes. One such

equation, the so-called Sine-Gordon equation, has been under study and

a number of previously unknown results for the equation have been

found.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Device Research Division

Albuquerque, NM 87185

80. HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS $120,000

R. J. Chaffin, L. R. Dawson, 03-B

D. R. Myers, T. E. Zipperian 80-7

The project addresses fundamental engineering questions relevant to

the development of high-temperature (up to 500 C) electronics for

energy technologies. Included are sensors, passive components, and

active semiconductor devices which provide electronic gain or control.

The FY-85 work has concentrated on electronic devices formed from

heterojunctions of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide, and

heterojunctions formed from gallium phosphide and aluminum gallium

phosphide. Mesa-isolated, liquid-phase epitaxial, heterojunction

bipolar transistors and heterojunction, semiconductor controlled

rectifiers have been fabricated. High-temperature evaluation of these

devices is currently in progress. Future studies include optimization

of these structures for high-temperature service as well a development

of stable metallization systems for these devices. An ultimate goal

is the development of a viable high-temperature integrated circuit

technology.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Research Facility

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, CA 94550

81. DYNAMICAL PERCOLATION PROCESSES $ 50,000

AND APPLICATIONS 06-C

A. R. Kerstein, B. F. Edwards 85-3

The technical goal of this project is to develop a unified

framework for predicting and interpreting phenomena in

combustion and fracture mechanics which are strongly

influenced by underlying spatial random processes. The

underlying processes for coal combustion are those

determining macromolecular chemical structure and pore

morphology. For combustion of heterogeneous propellants or

fracture of heterogeneous solids, the underlying process

determines the spatial distribution of phases or structural

defects within the material. For these applications and

others, explicit models of the underlying spatial random

processes will be formulated and their observable

consequences will be predicted by means of computer

simulations and analytical methods. Special emphasis will

be placed on "percolation threshold" effects associated with

loss of global connectedness.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Research Facility

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, CA 94550

82. DYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT $170,000

LIQUID FUEL DROPLETS 06-B

B. R. Sanders, H. A. Dwyer 81-7

The overall objective of this program is the development of

a comprehensive model of multicomponent liquid fuel droplet

vaporization and combustion. In particular, we will

numerically solve for the two-dimensional, unsteady behavior

of multicomponent liquid fuel droplets in a strong

convective environment representative of typical combustion

systems. Experimental evidence has shown that

multicomponent liquid fuels can undergo disruptive behavior

and micro-explosive combustion; however, there is no

detailed model available to explain such dynamic events.

Disruptive behavior and microexplosion phenomena are of

intense practical interest as a secondary atomization method

to provide rapid fuel droplet disintegration, vaporization

and combustion.
SCIENCE APPLICATIONS, INC.

1200 Prospect Street, P. 0. Box 2351

LaJolla, California 91038

83. ASPECTS OF TURBULENCE IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS $101,000

E. Frieman 06-C

84-3

The basic goal of this program is to advance the understanding of flow

and transport in turbulent systems. A central strategy is to exploit

the distinct sets of temporal and spatial scales exhibited by most

physical systems. The plasma system is chosen as a specific example

in which to develop and demonstrate these methods.

The program has been broken down into five tasks: (1) The first task

is to understand the relation between the various gyroradius kinetic

theories. (2) The second task is to derive these gyrokinetic

equations from the viewpoint of contemporary Hamiltonian dynamics.

The relation between divergencies in the generating functions (for Lie

transform theory) and resonances in the solutions to the nonlinear

perturbative equations of motion will also be explored in this task.

(3) The third task involves application of modern procedures to the

resulting nonlinear systems arrived at in the first two tasks. Field

theoretic techniques will lead to expansions which might be

parameterized in terms of the linearization amplitude and ratio of

Larmor theory. (4) The fourth task involves the investigation of

applying renormalization group theories to these equations to yield

nonperturbative relations among correlation functions. The nature and

distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic stochasticity will also be

examined. (5) Lastly, application of the concepts and lessons learned

to a broader class of turbulent systems will be considered.
SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS, INC.

54 Ringe Avenue Extension

Cambridge, MA 02140

84. CHAOTIC DYNAMICS IN FEEDBACK SYSTEMS $ 0

J. Baillieul, R. W. Brockett 03-A

N. Kopell 82-4

The objective of this research effort is to study chaotic motions

occuring in certain classes of dynamical systems which arise in

the study of feedback control systems, electric power conversion

circuitry and various other engineering applications. Part of

the effort is focused on a simple class of differential equations

whose coefficients depend piecewise linearly on the state.

Because this is a simpler class of dynamical systems than others

which have been widely studied recently, it is possible to obtain

especially accurate simulations of system trajectories. On the other

hand, numerical simulations that have been carried out indicate very

interesting qualitative features of the dynamics of such systems, and

there is evidence of a strange attractor in a very simple third order

system. Specific research is aimed at these and other classes of

models in three areas: (i) the use of singular perturbations

techniques to analyze first return maps, (ii) the use of

difference equations to study to qualitative behavior of

"chaotic" differential equations, and (iii) the use of

input/output analysis (particularly various control theoretic

techniques involving Nyquist plots, describing functions, etc.)

to study the qualitative behavior of feedback models.
SKF INDUSTRIES, INC.

1100 First Avenue

King of Prussia, PA 19406-1352

85. MECHANICAL INTERACTIONS OF ROUGH SURFACES $ 80,000

J. I. McCool 01-D

82-5

This program is aimed at developing fundamental information and

resolving a number of issues that impact the design of mechanical

systems in which surface microtopography per se or events which

occur on the microgeometric scale play a critical role.

The work is organized into two distinct tasks:

In Task I, a rig designed and built by SKF is being used to provide optical interferograms of the lubricated contact of rough

surfaces along with measurements of the traction

transmitted under conditions of combined rolling, sliding and

spinning. These tests will serve to explore the limitations of

predictive models of film thickness, traction, and the frequency

of asperity contact interactions and micropitting in the socalled partial EHD regime wherein the thickness of the lubricant

film separating the bodies is of the same order as the surface

roughness amplitudes.

The objective of Task II is to develop guidelines and techniques

for the digital processing of surface roughness data generated in

analog form by a stylus profile instrument.

Issues to be addressed are: filter bandpass selection, record

length, and sample spacing, spatial vs. frequency domain estimation, type of digital filtering and the effects of preprocessing.
SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Thermal Sciences Research Branch

1617 Cole Blvd.

Golden, CO 80401

86. SHEAR-INDUCED INSTABILITIES $ 75,000

IN A DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE 01-C

PARTIALLY STRATIFIED FLUID 85-3

F. Zangrando

This basic experimental study concentrates on mixing mechanisms

in a double-diffusive, stratified fluid subjected to the combined

effects of bottom heating and horizontal flow. The fluid

contains two components (in this case, heat and salt) that

contribute in opposing manner to the fluid density and that have

significantly different diffusivities (ratio of order 100). The

tasks proposed emphasize qualitative and quantitative observation

of the behavior of the interfacial layer between a doublediffusive stratification and an initially well mixed region, both

of arbitrary thickness, in the presence of buoyancy driven

convection due to bottom heating and of shear flow imposed on the

mixed region. The effect of each destabilizing component,

including line jet discharge and flow into a sink, will be first

studied separately and compared with results obtained with

single-component stratifications. The combined effect of

buoyancy driven convection with a superposed lateral flow

(recirculation) will then be studied in order to compare the

various mixing mechanisms under similar experimental conditions

and to determine the entrainment at the interfacial boundary

layer.
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Department of Physics

University Park

Los Angeles, CA 90089

87. A STUDY OF GAS-SURFACE ENERGY $ 0

EXCHANGE PROCESSES 06-A

J. A. Kunc, D. E. Shemansky 83-3

The objective of this theoretical research program is to study

the fundamental characteristics of gas-surface energy exchange

reactions. The interaction process refers to low density

conditions in the gas component and therefore has general

application to a number of disparate disciplines, including the

maintenance of clean high vacuum systems for research in subjects

such as fusion reactions, and many other important areas in

engineering and technology. The approach to the calculations is

to construct accurate theoretical models of the solid structure

on a miscroscopic scale, and account for the many body gas

surface physical interaction using Monte Carlo techniques. One of the

fundamental questions to be examined is the relationship between

the physical scale interaction potential of the individual gas

atom - solid atom pair and the effective mean potential of the

gas - surface interaction mny body system.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

88. TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS $ 68,000

OF CONCENTRATED SLURRIES 01-C

Andreas Acrivos 85-3

The aim of this research is to study the flow behavior of

concentrated suspensions from a fundamental point of view. The

work to date has uncovered a host of seemingly unrelated

phenomena pertaining to the rheology of concentrated

suspensions, to which explanations have been provided that have

shed new light on the understanding of such systems. The

principal phenomena in question are: a) the observed

resuspension of a settled bed of particles in a viscous fluid

upon being sheared, b) the existence of a shear-induced

anisotropy in a concentrated suspension which manifests itself in

measurable normal stresses; and c) the slow decay with time of

the effective viscosity of a concentrated suspension, as measured

in a Couette viscometer, together with a shear thinning behavior

in such systems. Evidence has been provided that many of these

phenomena arise as a result of the existence of a shear-induced

diffusion mechanism which produces a flux of particles from

regions of high particle concentration to low, or from regions of

high shear to low.

The current research has the following aims: a) to study the

resuspension mechanism in detail experimentally and to develop a

reliable theory which would account for the experimental

observations; b) to measure the shear-induced diffusion

coefficient by a novel technique over a wide range of particle

sizes, particle concentrations and degrees of polydispersity, and

to construct a theory for determining this coefficient; c) to

examine in depth the shear-induced anisotropy, as inferred from

our normal stress measurements, and determine to what extent it

can lead to a drift of particles in concentrated suspensions; and

d) to identify the mechanism responsible for the observed shear

thinning behavior in concentrated suspension, an experimental

fact which at present is unexplained.

The overall goal of this combined experimental and theoretical

program is to develop a theoretical framework, currently lacking,

for modelling quantitatively the flow behavior of concentrated

suspensions.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

89. HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS OF LONGITUDINAL $52,000

VORTICES EMBEDDED IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER 01-B

John Eaton 83-3

Large-scale longitudinal vortices can be developed in a turbulent

boundary layer by a variety of mechanisms. Such vortices

can cause significant local augmentation of the heat-transfer rate.

The objectives of the present study are (i) to examine the

effects of an isolated vortex independent of other interfering

phenomena and (ii) to determine what physical mechanisms are

responsible for the heat-transfer augmentation. Experiments are

being conducted in a two-dimensional, boundary-layer wind tunnel.

The vortex is formed by a half delta wing attached normal to the

test wall and at an angle of attack to the oncoming flow. The

spatially resolved heat-transfer coefficient is measured using a

constant-heat-flux foil surface with 160 thermocouples for

surface-temperature measurements. All three components of the

mean velocity are measured using a four-hole pressure probe,

and turbulent stresses are measured using hot wires. A

typical vortex decays very slowly in a zero pressure gradient

flow and causes a peak heat-transfer augmentation of around 25%.

The heat transfer behavior is a weak function of the Reynolds

number and the vortex size and strength when normalized by flat

plate values. Velocity data show that the augmentation is

associated with local thinning of the boundary

layer by the vortex. The boundary layer profiles imply that at a

given spanwise position the flow behaves like a two-dimensional

turbulent boundary layer, at least through the log region.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Division of Applied Mechanics

Stanford, CA 94305

90. ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS $330,000

George Herrmann, David M. Barnett 01-A

82-4

A variety of processes occuring in stressed deformable solids,

such as void formation, void growth, motion of dislocations and

point defects, grain boundary sliding, etc., are accompanied by

energy changes. It is these energy changes which give rise to

the concept of generalized configurational (or material) forces

and provide a most promising way to characterize state changes

and the processes in question. During the past year we have

examined material forces associated with solids containing a

specified distribution of dislocations and disclinations.

Furthermore, a remarkably simple formula has been derived for

calculating the hoop stress distribution along the boundary of a

circular cavity in an infinite sheet containing arbitrary sources

of internal stresses; the calculation can be made without solving

an elastic boundary value problem. As several specific examples

show, this formula is most useful for calculating energy release

rates. Work on generalizing this approach to cavities of

arbitrary shape is currently in progress.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Aeronautics/Astronautics

Stanford, Ca 94305-2186

91. TOMOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DATA ACQUISITION $ 70,000

SYSTEMS FOR COMBUSTION RESEARCH 03-B

L. Hesselink 85-3

The objective of the research is to study a coflowing combusting

jet using high speed optical tomography.

The approach involves development of a unique optical data

acquisition system which incorporates holographic optical

elements (HOE's) for making rapid holographic interferometry

measurements from a large number of directions about the object

(projections). Subsequent data analysis allows 3-D

reconstruction of the density or species concentration field.

Algebraic reconstruction and convolution backprojection

techniques are evaluated for this application. Holographic

interferometry projections are recorded on a high speed motion

film and after development film is digitized for further

processing. Nonlinear regression methods and Fourier techniques

are studied for fringe readout. The measurements yield density

maps in the cold coflowing jet and temperature distributions in

the combusting jet.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

W.W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics

Stanford, CA 94305

92. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING $110,000

G. S. Kino 03-B

81-6

A new type of acoustic transducer, operating at frequencies

in the 1-8 MHz range in air, has been investigated. Focused

2 MHz transducers, unfocused 1 and 8 MHz transducer, and

resonant 800 kHz proximity sensors have been constructed.

The devices have been used as range sensors suitable for

measuring distances in the 1-14 cm range with accuracies as

good as 40 microns. They have also been applied to imaging

cirucit board profiles and measuring the thickness of films

a few micrometers thick.

Perhaps the most important application is as a photoacoustic

sensor in air. At 2 MHz, the sensitivity of these devices

is fifty times better than an infrared sensor. They have

been used as photoacoustic sensor for measuring the film

thickness of silicon dioxide on silicon in the 1000-3000 A

range, and of ferrite-filled epoxy layers, of the order of 1

micron thick, laid down on magnetic recording discs. The

transverse resolution is a few micrometers. They have also

been applied to imaging regions of high surface

recombination in silicon, where carriers are generated by an

incident laser beam modulated at 2 MHz; the recombination

causes surface heating, which is detectable by acoustic wave

generation in air.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

93. FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED OPTICAL SENSING $200,000

SYSTEMS FOR THE STUDY AND CONTROL 03-B

ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES 85-3

C. H. Kruger, G. Kychakoff

The integration of optical sensors with computers is needed for

the study and control of energy conversion processes. The aim of

this program is to develop systematic methods for combining the

capabilities of optical sensors and computers, and to apply these

methods to generate a family of advanced optical sensing

systems.

In order to implement this scheme, a number of components are being

developed:

(1) Optical waveguide tranducers have many attractive features

for our application, including ease of optical alignment,

insensitivity to electrical interferences, durability, and low

cost. New transducers to sense parameters such as electric

fields in a low pressure plasma, chemical species in a liquid,

temperature in the range 10-200K, solid body curvature and

pattern misalignment are being developed.

(2) Optical signal analysis devices are needed to implement the

multiplexing and optical preprocessing parts of our sensing

system. A number of devices exploiting novel schemes to carry

out elementary signal analysis functions such as switching,

multiplication, division, subtraction, and addition are being

developed. These devices will subsequently be assembled into

analog optical circuits which will be used in our hybrid

optical/electronic signal analysis modules.

(3) Computer software is needed for data acquisition,

interpretation and control. Specific software modules being

developed initiate data acquisition, control the multiplexer and

signal analysis modules, control data transfer and convert data

from numerical to symbolic representation--the most useful form

for interpretation and control purposes. Subsequent work will

focus on the relationship between this representation and process

models.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemistry

Stanford, CA 94305

94. EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL AND THERMAL ENGINES .$102,000

J. Ross 06-C

82-4

Research is concerned with the issue of the enhancement of power

output in thermal and chemical engines by means of external

perturbations of constraints coupled to nonlinearities of the

mechanism of the engine. The possibility has been shown of the

increase in power output of the thermal engine driven by.a

chemical reaction by means of external periodic variation of

pressure, temperature and mass flux for the same average chemical

throughput as the unperturbed (steady or periodic) state. Since

the power output of an engine is necessarily accompanied by

dissipation due to irreversible processes essential for power

production, an increase in the power output by means ofexternal

perturbations is accompanied by a decrease in the rate.of entropy

production. There exists particular frequencies of external

perturbations at which resonance effects lead to enhancement of

power output. A linear analysis is possible by analytic methods

but the full nonlinearities need to be treated by numerical

methods. Research is in progress on optimization of cycles for

combined thermal and chemical engines, and the search for upper

limits of the efficiency of chemical engines with non-zero

throughput (reaction rates) of monotonic and.oscillatory

reactions.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

95. MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFERS $113,000

IN A COMPLEX, BUT WELL-DEFINED 01-B

TURBULENT FLOW 84-3

R. L. Street

A basic study of a three-dimensional, variable density,

recirculating flow is being conducted in a lid-driven cavity. A

unique facility has been created to provide an extremely wellregulated flow. Water is the working fluid. The objectives of

the research are to provide 1) a complete data base for a range

of conditions (laminar, turbulent, forced convection, etc.) in a

complex recirculating flow, 2) deeper insight into the physical

processes governing heat and momentum transport in such flow, and

3) a critical evaluation of the performance of numerical

simulation models in predicting the experimental results. Flow

and temperature visualization has been carried out for 1)

homogeneous, 2) stably stratified and 3) naturally buoyant flow

conditions. General flow features have been established for

Reynolds numbers up to 10,000, e.g., the number of identifiable

eddy structures, the presence of Taylor-Gortler vortices, and the

strength and the development of the thermocline in the stratified

cases. LDA velocity measurements have been obtained and compared

with both two- and three-dimensional numerical codes. Several

codes simulate the experimental results for laminar flows quite

well except for the Taylor-Gortler vortices, which have been

reproduced successfully so far by only two three-dimensional

codes with fine grids. Turbulent flow cases and code

modifications are to be examined. Temperature and heat flux

measurements are being made. Temperature and velocity

correlation data will be obtained for turbulent flow cases using

LDA and the temperature rig simultaneously.
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Physics and Engineering Physics

Hoboken, NJ 07030

96. INVESTIGATIONS OF TRANSITIONS FROM ORDER $ 35,000

TO CHAOS IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 06-C

George Schmidt 83-3

The transition from order to chaos in dynamical systems of few

degrees of freedom are studied, using theory, numerical

computation, and a laboratory experiment as tools of this

investigation. The first phase of the program is now completed.

We have performed a laboratory experiment studying the orbit of a

magnetic dipole in an oscillating magnetic field, with controlled

dissipation. Period doubling bifurcation sequences leading to

chaotic motion have been observed, as well as period three

orbits. For sufficiently large dissipation, chaotic motion

takes the form of a strange attractor.

While the transition to chaos in low dimensional Hamiltonian

systems is by now well understood, there is no comprehensive

theory for dissipative systems. We established a basis for such

a theory by studying the dissipative standard map numerically.

It was found that all studied stable periodic orbits of the

Hamiltonian map turn into attractors for all values of the

dissipation parameter. As the dissipation parameter is reduced

strange attractors are gradually wiped out so that none exists

for the Hamiltonian system. These results are likely to apply to

a large variety of dynamical systems.

The next stage of this work involves the detailed study of the

disappearance of strange attractors. In all systems, we have

studied the one piece strange attractor disappears first, then

the two, four, eight, etc. piece attractors. Furthermore, the

dissipation parameter values where these transitions occur seem

to follow a geometric progression that appears to be universal,

leading to a new universal constant. We plan to apply

renormalization theory to find this constant and demonstrate the

universal character of the process.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics

Austin, TX 78712

97. THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM $100,000

CONDITIONS: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS AND 06-C

APPLICATION IN ENERGY-ORIENTED PROBLEMS 81-6

I. Prigogine

This research aims at new fundamental developments in the area of

non-equilibrium phenomena, as well as at various applications to

disciplines in which complex systems giving rise to instabilities

and bifurcations are of current and primary concern. Special

emphasis is being placed on three principal directions. First,

the methods of nonlinear dynamical systems will be applied to

investigate the transition phenomena occuring in physico-chemical

problems such as atmospheric dynamics, the Belusov-Zhabotinski

reaction and the oxidation of hydrocarbons an gaseous phase.

both perturbative and global techniques will be applied, since

current experimental evidence suggests that some of these

transitions involve chaotic dynamics and homoclinic orbits.

Second, problems arising in connection with selection of

nonequilibrium states will be analysed. In particular, the

effect of extremely small influences in the selection of

symmetry-breaking states -- which are realized in chemical,

electronic, and other systems -- will be studied, taking both

additive and multiplicative fluctuations into consideration. The

implication of the results for the origin of biomolecular

chirality will be assessed. Colaborative experiments are planned

to substantiate the theoretical developments. Third, special

attention will be focused on the problem of combustion. A

fundamental analysis of this phenomenon, from both the stand

point of the theory of dynamical systems and the stand point of

stochastic theory, is still lacking. In the proposed research,

the effect of stochastic perturbations, of inhomogeneities and of

internal fluctuations during the process of ignition, in which

the system is expected to present a high sensitivity, will be

analysed using Semenov's model for combustion as well as more

realistic models. A fundamental theory of nucleation of flame

fronts is expected to be one of the outcomes of these developments.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Department of Physics

Austin, TX 78712

98. PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERIZATION $125,000

OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES 06-C

Harry L. Swinney and J. Swift 83-4

In this study techniques are being developed to characterize

regular and chaotic behavior in nonlinear systems. Although

recent theoretical and experimental studies have shown that

nonlinear nonequilibrium processes often exhibit nonperiodic

behavior, it is difficult to relate these results to nonlinear

systems in industry and in nature because research thus far has

concerned primarily deterministic systems with no perturbations,

while noise is alsays present for real systems. Moreover, the

observed nonperiodic behavior has not been quantified, so

experiments cannot be easily compared with one another and with

theory. In this research, we are addressing these problems by

(1) conducting experiments on the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction

in a well-stirred flow reactor with imposed computer-controlled

perturbations, and (2) developing a method to determine from

experimental data the Lyapunov exponents that characterize a

nonperiodic process. Methods will also be developed for

determining from laboratory data other quantities including the

fractal dimension and the metric entropy.
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

Depts. of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

Blacksburg, VA 24061

99. HEAT TRANSFER IN OSCILLATORY FLOW $101,000

D. P. Telionis, T. E. Diller 01-B

82-4

The objective has been to study the response of the velocity field and

heat transfer of a single cylinder and bundles of cylinders to forced

oscillations of the fluid crossflow. Experiments were conducted in a

wind tunnel with an emphasis on the heat transfer, and a water tunnel

where the flow was examined in detail via Laser-Doppler Velocimetry

and Flow Visualization. Both tunnels were modified to provide a

well-controlled pulsating flow. Analytical efforts were based on

numerical integrations of boundary layer equations and special

mathematical tools for modeling the flow and heat transfer in the wake

of the cylinders.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Department of Chemical Engineering

Madison, WI 53706

100. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS $101,000

DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 03-A

FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY 80-6

IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES

W. H. Ray, D. F. Rudd

The process industries are a major consumer of energy and the

improvement of energy efficiency is an important goal. Process

modifications aiming at a reductino of energy consumption tend to

make a plant more integrated and thus more difficult to operate.

In practice, the primary objective is not only steady state

energy efficiency but that the plant is flexible, operable, and

controllable, i.e. resilient. The research goals are to develop

design strategies for resilient processes and operating policies

for highly integrated plants. The particular substances are: 1)

Synthesis of resilient energy management network, 2) Development

of control strategies for integrated distillation columns, and 3)

Development of control and optimization procedures for systems

with high parametric sensitivity (chemical reactors). The latter

two tasks involve an extensive experimental verification phase.

The development of interactive user-friendly CAD packages incorporating the fundamental theoretical development are under way.

This work is carried out in collaboration with California Institute of

Technology.
BUDGET NUMBER INDEX

MECHANICAL SCIENCES:

01-A Solid Mechanics: macroscopic aspects of elastic and plastic

deformations, and crack propagation

01-B Heat Transfer

01-C Fluid Mechanics

01-D Tribology

CONTROL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION:

03-A Control systems, large scale systems

03-B Instrumentation for hostile environment, and NDE

03-C Intelligent systems

ENGINEERING DATA AND ANALYSIS:

06-A Thermophysical properties and processes

06-B Combustion

06-C Non-linear dynamics and engineering analysis
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-A

BOUNDS ON DYNAMIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION ........................... 3

DAMAGE ACCUMULATION BY CRACK GROWTH UNDER COMBINED CREEP AND

FATIGUE......................................................... 4

ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS EMPHASIS ON SURFACE FLAWS.....28

CONTINUOUS DAMAGE THEORY ........................................ 35

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACKS ......................... 57

CRACK-TIP FIELDS FOR MATERIALS WITH EXPONENTIAL-LAW-CREEP

BEHAVIOR AT HIGH STRESS ......................................... 76

ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS ........................... 90

01-B

ENHANCEMENT OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN TUBES USING STAGED

TANGENTIAL FLOW INJECTION ....................................... 11

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN THE CRITICAL REGION OF FLUID

MIXTURES........................................................15

RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN OIL SHALE RETORTING .................. 20

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER.........24

FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH IMPINGING JETS AND WALL JETS........68

HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF TURBULENT LIQUID FILMS...............78

HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS OF LONGITUDINAL VORTICES EMBEDDED IN A

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ........................................89

MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFERS IN A COMPLEX, BUT WELL-DEFINED

TURBULENT FLOW .................................................. 95

HEAT TRANSFER IN OSCILLATORY FLOW...............................99

01-C

THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STABILITY CONTROL............. 2

INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY MOTIONS AND TRANSITION TO TURBULENCE

IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN ENCLOSURE FLOWS WITH STREAMLINE CURVATURE ... 8

BASIC STUDIES OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA............10

CHAOTIC ADVECTION AND EFFICIENT MIXING BY DETERMINISTIC FLOWS...13

INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC PHENOMENA NEAR GAS-LIQUID

INTERFACES ................. ..................................... 14

NUMERICAL STUDIES OF COHERENT EDDIES IN WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS ...... 18

FLUID MECHANICS OF ACOUSTIC RESONANCE IN HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE

BUNDLES ................................ ......................... 25

NUMERICAL MODELING ENERGY RELATED FLOWS.........................44

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY AND VORTICITY DYNAMICS OF

TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS ........................................... 45

MIXING: STRETCHING, BREAKUP, AND CHAOTIC DISPERSION OF

IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS .............................................. 64

SHEAR-INDUCED INSTABILITIES IN A DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE PARTIALLY

STRATIFIED FLUID ................................................ 86

TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCENTRATED SLURRIES..............88
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-D

ELECTROCHEMICAL WEAR MECHANISM AND DEPOSIT FORMATION IN

LUBRICATED SYSTEMS ............................................. 23

PISTON RING FRICTION AND VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY .................. 60

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRICTION MODEL PREDICTING THE SLIDING

BEHAVIOR OF MATERIAL PAIRS, ESPECIALLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES......61

LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES ................. 66

A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM IN LUBRICATION ................ 70

MECHANICAL INTERACTIONS OF ROUGH SURFACES.......................85

03-A

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR

ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES ............ 7

STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMAL REDESIGN IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT ....... 16

INTEGRATED SENSOR/MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR AUTOMATED WELDING.......31

METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION

OF CHEMICAL REACTORS............................................36

DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS .............. 42

IN-PROCESS CONTROL OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AND DISTORTION IN AUTOMATIC WELDING ................................ ................... 53

CHAOTIC DYNAMICS IN FEEDBACK SYSTEMS ............................ 84

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR

ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES ........... 100

03-B

A COMPOSITE, MULTIVIEWING TRANSDUCER............................ 1

COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH SMART SENSORS...........................22

NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURE DYNAMICS AND CRACK

GROWTH......................................................... 33

INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE SYSTEMS ........ 37

BASIC DATA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULES AS THRESHOLD ELECTRON

DETECTORS.......................................................38

THIN FILM CHEMICAL SENSORS BASED ON ELECTRON TUNNELING..........39

DEVELOPMENT OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (TIC's)...........43

INVESTIGATION OF VISIBLE AND NEAR VISIBLE LIGHT EMISSIONS AS

SENSORS FOR CONTROL OF ARC WELDING PROCESSES ................... 54

MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF THE GAS-METAL ARC WELDING PROCESS......55

MODELING OF GMA WELD POOL GEOMETRY AND METAL TRANSFER...........56

A STUDY OF REDUCED ORDER MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL FOR

IMPROVED MANUFACTURING PROCESS CONTROL .......................... 59
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

03-B

A HIERARCHICAL PROCEDURE FOR FLOWSHEET, CONTROL SYSTEM, AND

RETROFIT DESIGN FOR CHEMICAL PROC ESSES..........................63

MULTIVARIABLE & DISTRIBUTED CONTROL OF NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS ....... 65

METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION OF

CHEMICAL REACTORS...............................................67

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS IN FLUID MIXTURES..........72

EFFECTS OF CRACK GEOMETRY AND NEAR-CRACK MATERIAL BEHAVIOR ON

SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR QNDE APPLICATIONS............74

HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS .................................... 80

TOMOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS FOR COMBUSTION

RESEARCH . ....................................................... 91

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING ......................................... 92

FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED OPTICAL SENSING SYSTEMS FOR THE STUDY AND

CONTROL ENERGY CONVERSION PROC ESSES.............................93

03-C

CENTER FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS ADVANCED RESEARCH (CESAR)........75

06-A

MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF LIQUID MIXTURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

AND VISCOSITY................................................... 5

PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URANIUM ROLL TYPE DEPOSITS ............... 27

IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE OF SMALL, HIGH VELOCITY

PARTICLES ....................................................... 29

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE PLASMA/PARTICLE INTERACTION ..... 30

BOILING OF AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS............................34

PLASMA REDUCTION OF METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES....................49

HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-PARTICLE REACTIONS.........................50

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN PLASMA SYSTEMS ........................... 51

A DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS

AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATIONS ........................................ 62

THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING OF MATERIALS ......................... 69

SUPPORT OF CRITICAL DATA COMPILATIONS...........................71

TOPICS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL HYDRODYNAMICS ........................ 73

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONDENSATION IN MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS ................................ ............... 77

A STUDY OF GAS-SURFACE ENERGY EXCHANGE PROCESSES................87

06-B

STABILITY AND STABILIZATION OF PREMIXED FLAMES ................. 9

EMULSIONS AND MIXTURES ............................... ........... 21

CONTROLLED COMBUSTION .......................................... 41

TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAME STUDY .................................. 47

DYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT LIQUID FUEL DROPLETS.................82
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

06-C

GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENSEMBLE OF SOLUTIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOWS

AND COMPLETE RESOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF CHOKING ............... 6

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS ...................... 12

FUNDAMENTAL AND TECHNIQUES OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR SOLAR ENERGY

CONCENTRATION...................................................17

HIGHER DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMICS...........................26

EXPERT SYSTEM AIDES FOR ANALYSIS CODES..........................32

STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS ................................... 40

STUDY OF MAGNETOSTATIC PROBLEMS IN NONLINEAR MEDIA WITH

HYSTERESIS......................................................46

A PARITY SIMULATOR FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DYNAMICS.............48

ENERGETICS OF COMMUNINUTION.....................................52

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO SYNTHESIZE HEAT AND WORK

INTEGRATION SYSTEMS FOR PROCESS PLANTS..........................58

SOME BASIC RESEARCH PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY..................79

DYNAMICAL PERCOLATION PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS ................ 81

ASPECTS OF TURBULENCE IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS ...................... 83

EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL AND THERMAL ENGINES......................94

INVESTIGATIONS OF TRANSITIONS FROM ORDER TO CHAOS IN DYNAMICAL

SYSTEMS ......................................................... 96

THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS:

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS AND APPLICATION IN ENERGY-ORIENTED PROBLEMS.97

PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES ........ 98
Abarbanel, H. D. I. 12 Hardt, D. E. 55, 59

Achenbach, J. D. 74 Harnett, S. P. 34

Acrivos, A. 88 Herrmann, G. 90

Alajajian, S. 38 Hesselink, L. 91

Aref, H. 13 Hoult, D. P. 60

Avedisian, C. T. 21 Hsu, S. M. 70

Baillieul, J. 84 Humphrey, J. A. C. 

8

Banerjee, S. 14 Iwasa, Y. 61

Barnett, D. M. 90 Jaske, C. E. 

4

Bassani, J. L. 76 Jendrzejczyk, J. A. 

2

Beck, T. R. 23 Johnson, J. A. 33

Berger, B. S. 44 Jones, Michael C. 20

Bernard, P. S. 45 Kaufman, A. N. 40

Bertch, W. J. 32 Keck, J. 47

Biegler; L. T. 16 Kerstein, A. R. 81

Blevins, R. D. 25 Kestin, J. 

6

Bdlsaitis, P. 50 Khanna, S. K. 39

Bolstad, J. 0. 31 Kim, Jin-Soo 26

Brockett, R. W. 84 King, T. B. 49

Brown, D. 43 Kino, G. S. 92

Callow, R. A. 32 Kopell, N. 84

Case, K. M. 79 Krajcinovic, D. 35

Catton, I; 10 Kruger, C. H. 93

Chaffin, R. J. 80 Kunc, J. A. 87

Chen, S. S. 2 Kychakoff, G. 93

Cheng, W. 47 Lambe, J. 39

Chutjian, A. 38 Lavan, Z. 37

Cinar, A. 36 Law, C. K. 9

Clark, S. K. 66 Lemons, R. 43

Cohen, E. G. D.' 79 Levich, B. G. 73

Dawson, L. R. 80 Lide, D. R. 71

Dhir, V. K. 11 Littlejohn, R. G. 40

Diller, T. E. 99 Lott, L. A. 31

Doherty, M. F. 62 Lynn, D. 43

Dooley, R. 43 MacRoberts, M. 43

Douglas, J. M. 63 Malone, M. F. 63

Dwyer, H. A. 82 Marschall, E. 15

Eagar, T. 54 Masubuchi, K. 53

Eaton, J. 89 Mayergoyz, I. C. 46

Edwards, B. F. 81 McClintock, F. A. 57

Elliott, J. F. 50 McCool, J. I. 85

Evans, L. B. 58 McCormick, B. 43

Fenech, H. 14 McIlwain, M. E. 30

Fincke, J. R. 29 McLaughlin, J. B. 18

Fink, R. K. 32 Meerkov, S. M. 67

Frieman, E. 83 Metcalfe, R. 24

Frish, M. B. 77 Morari, M. 

7

Gavel, D. T. 42 Mudawwar, I. 78

Goldstein, R. J. 68 Myers, D. R. 80

Gouldin, F. C. 22 O'Gallagher, J. J. 17

Graboski, M. S. 19 Olien, N. 72

Greene, J. M. 26 Oppenheim, A. K. 41

Greif, R. 8 Ortoleva, P. J. 27

Grossmann, I. E. 16 Ottino, J. M. 64

Hansen, K. F. 48 Parks, D. M. 57
Payne, A. N. 42

Peterson, C. 52

Pfender, E. 69

Pope, S. 47

Prigogine, I. 97

Ransom, V. H. 32

Ray, W. H. 100

Reiss, E. L. 2

Reuter, W. G. 28

Reynolds, L. D. 30

Rife, J. M. 60

Ring, T. 52

Ross, J. 94

Rowley, R. L. 5

Rudd, D. F. 100

Sanders, B. R. 82

Schmidt, G. 96

Sengers, J. M. H. 72

Shemansky, D. E. 87

Sloan, E. D. 19

Smartt, H. B. 31

Snyder, S. C. 30

Spjut, R. E. 50

Street, R. L. 95

Swift, J. 98

Swinney, H. L. 98

Szekely, I. 51

Telionis, D. P. 99

Thompson, D. 0. 1

Thompson, G. L. 16

Tow, D. M. 33

Unkel, W. C. 56

Weisbin, C. R. 75

Westerberg, A. W. 16

Wilde, D. 43

Wilemski, G. 77

Winston, R. 17

Wolga, G. L. 22

Worek, W. M. 37

Ydstie, E. 65

Young, K. D. 42

Youngdahl, C. K. 3

Zangrando, F. 86

Zipperian, T. E. 80

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