RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 20a0369p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JASPER POLLINI,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

AMY ROBEY, Warden,

Respondent-Appellee.

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No. 19-5131

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville.

No. 3:14-cv-00689—David J. Hale, District Judge.

Argued: August 5, 2020

Decided and Filed: November 25, 2020

Before: GILMAN, BUSH, and READLER, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Timothy G. Arnold, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADVOCACY, Frankfort, 

Kentucky, for Appellant. James C. Shackleford, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Timothy G. Arnold, DEPARTMENT OF 

PUBLIC ADVOCACY, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellant. James C. Shackleford, OFFICE OF 

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Frankfort, Kentucky, for Appellee.

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OPINION

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CHAD A. READLER, Circuit Judge. Jasper Pollini committed a burglary, fled the 

scene, and, upon returning to retrieve his burglary tools, shot and killed a man. Following his 

>
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 2

conviction in Kentucky state court, Pollini asserted numerous grounds for relief in a federal 

habeas petition. The district court, however, rejected each of them. 

We granted Pollini a certificate of appealability with respect to two claims relating to the 

alleged ineffective assistance of his appellate counsel in state court. On the first claim, we agree 

with the district court that the claim fails the prejudice prong of Strickland v. Washington, 

466 U.S. 668 (1984). But for the other, we disagree that Pollini procedurally defaulted the claim. 

Accordingly, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand the case to the district court for further 

proceedings.

I.

Pollini’s Crimes And Trial. While burglarizing a garage late one evening, Jasper Pollini 

was confronted by Dan Zeigler, the garage’s owner, at which point Pollini fled the scene. Pollini 

v. Commonwealth, 172 S.W.3d 418, 421 (Ky. 2005). Zeigler then alerted his neighbor, Byron 

Pruitt, that a burglar was in the area. Id. 

Pollini soon realized he had left his tools in Zeigler’s garage. Arming himself with a 

handgun, Pollini recruited his sister, Crystal Plank, to drive him back to the garage. Id. at 421–

22. As the two neared the garage, Pruitt approached their car with a flashlight. Id. Seeing a 

light in the distance, Pollini fired a gun shot into the dark. Id. Tragically, the shot struck and 

killed Pruitt. 

Pollini was charged with various crimes, including murder. Plank was charged with 

facilitation of murder. Following their arrests, Pollini and Plank each gave a recorded statement 

to the police recounting the events that unfolded the night of Pruitt’s murder. Both statements 

assert that Pollini did not intend to kill Pruitt when the shot was fired. Because their respective 

charges arose out of the same set of facts, the two were tried together as co-defendants. During 

trial, Plank’s attorney prepared a transcript of Plank’s statement to the police and sought to admit 

the transcript along with the audiotape of her statement into evidence. The court admitted the 

audiotape. But it denied admission of the transcript on the grounds that the Commonwealth had 

not been given the opportunity to verify the transcript’s accuracy in its entirety. During closing 

arguments, however, the Commonwealth was permitted to exhibit a portion of the transcript to 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 3

the jury. Yet during its deliberations, the jury had access to only the audiotape of Plank’s 

statement and not the transcript. 

This proved relevant when the jury had difficulty locating or understanding a portion of 

Plank’s statement on the audiotape. That obstacle prompted the jury to write the judge to ask: 

“Does there exist a transcript of the Plank conversation w/Police? Difficult to locate on tape, if 

so, can we pls request?” Without communicating with the parties, the judge responded to the 

jury: “There’s none available.” There is no dispute between the parties that this ex parte jury 

communication violated Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure 9.74, which prohibits judge-jury 

communication without apprising counsel of the communication. See Pollini v. Litteral, No. 

3:14-cv-689-DJH-RSE, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7459, at *8 (W.D. Ky. Jan. 15, 2019); see also 

Ky. RCr 9.74 (“No information requested by the jury or any juror after the jury has retired for 

deliberation shall be given except in open court in the presence of the defendant . . . and the 

entire jury, and in the presence of or after reasonable notice to counsel for the parties.”).

Following its deliberations, the jury found Pollini guilty of murder, burglary in the first 

degree and second degree, and receiving stolen property. During the ensuing sentencing phase, 

the court submitted to the jury the following aggravated circumstance for their consideration: 

Was Pollini in the process of committing burglary when he killed Pruitt? The jury answered in 

the affirmative, subjecting Pollini to an increased range of sentencing options. From those 

options, the jury recommended a life sentence without the possibility of parole for 25 years. The 

trial judge agreed and handed down the recommended sentence.

Pollini’s Direct Appeals. Pollini raised a host of issues on direct appeal. Chief among 

them was his contention that there was insufficient evidence to justify his sentence because he 

was not committing a burglary when he killed Pruitt. According to Pollini, the shooting occurred 

after the burglary had ended, when Pollini was returning to recover his tools. The Kentucky 

Court of Appeals found no merit in Pollini’s argument. But the Kentucky Supreme Court did, 

and accordingly vacated Pollini’s sentence and remanded the case. Because Pollini’s appellate 

counsel failed to seek a new trial to remedy the jury’s error, the remand was limited to a 

resentencing without the inclusion of the aggravating circumstance. See Pollini, 172 S.W.3d at 

432. Notable here is the fact that Plank, in raising a similar challenge to the jury’s finding that 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 4

the two were committing a burglary at the time of the killing, did argue for a new trial on appeal. 

And when the Kentucky Court of Appeals vacated her conviction for facilitating burglary in the 

first degree for insufficient evidence, it remanded her case for a new trial. Plank v. 

Commonwealth, No. 2003-CA-001861-MR, 2005 Ky. App. Unpub. LEXIS 777, at *22–25 

(Ky. Ct. App. June 3, 2005).

On remand, Pollini’s sentence was reduced to simple life imprisonment. Pollini v. 

Commonwealth, No. 2006-SC-000835-MR, 2008 Ky. Unpub. LEXIS 17, at *2 (Ky. Jan. 24, 

2008). Pollini again appealed, but to no avail. And here again, it bears comparing what Pollini 

and Plank argued in their respective appeals. In neither of his direct appeals did Pollini argue 

that the trial judge violated Rule 9.74 when it communicated ex parte with the jury. Plank, by 

comparison, did raise the ex parte issue on direct appeal. And while the Kentucky Court of 

Appeals vacated her conviction on other grounds, the court also found it “very 

bothersome . . . that counsel was never even given notice that [the jury] had requested the 

transcript.” Plank, 2005 Ky. App. Unpub. LEXIS 777, at *25.

Pollini’s State Court Collateral Attack. Having exhausted his direct appeal options, 

Pollini, with new counsel, collaterally attacked his state court proceedings. See Ky. RCr 11.42 

(governing motions to vacate, set aside, or correct sentences). Pollini asserted several claims of 

ineffective assistance of counsel. Among them was Pollini’s Rule 9.74 argument that his prior 

counsel was constitutionally ineffective, in violation of the Sixth Amendment standard 

articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), because “counsel failed to raise the 

improper ex parte communication between the trial court and the jury.” Unlike the other 

ineffective assistance of counsel claims Pollini asserted, which he expressly limited to the 

conduct of his trial counsel, Pollini did not specify which counsel—trial or appellate—failed to 

raise the Rule 9.74 issue. 

Following the trial court’s denial of his request for collateral relief, Pollini appealed. The 

Kentucky Court of Appeals interpreted Pollini’s argument regarding the failure to raise the Rule 

9.74 violation as an error by “both his trial and appellate counsel.” Pollini v. Commonwealth, 

No. 2009-CA-000964-MR, 2010 LEXIS 128, at *15 (Ky. Ct. App. July 16, 2010). As to 

Pollini’s trial counsel, the appeals court found nothing that constituted deficient performance. Id.
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 5

at *15–16. And as to Pollini’s appellate counsel, the appeals court explained that Kentucky law 

did not recognize ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims in cases where an appeal was 

decided following a merits review. Id. at *15. Rather, Kentucky law recognized claims for 

ineffective appellate counsel in just two instances: (1) if a defendant’s appeal was dismissed 

because of ineffective assistance of counsel; or (2) if a defendant’s conviction was not appealed 

due to counsel’s neglect. Boykin v. Webb, 541 F.3d 638, 647–48 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Hicks v. 

Commonwealth, 825 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Ky. 1992)). Accordingly, the Kentucky Court of Appeals 

held that Pollini’s ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim was not a “cognizable issue in 

this jurisdiction.” Pollini, 2010 LEXIS 128, at *15 (quoting Lewis v. Commonwealth, 42 S.W.3d 

605, 614 (Ky. 2001)).

Proceeding pro se, Pollini sought discretionary review in the Kentucky Supreme Court. 

Around the same time, the Kentucky Supreme Court, in Hollon v. Commonwealth, overruled 

Hicks and “recognize[d] [ineffective assistance of appellate counsel] claims premised upon 

appellate counsel’s alleged failure to raise a particular issue on direct appeal.” 334 S.W.3d 431, 

436 (Ky. 2010) (overruling Hicks, 825 S.W.2d at 281). In light of this change in law, the 

Kentucky Supreme Court remanded Pollini’s case for consideration as to whether Pollini’s direct 

appeal counsel was ineffective when he failed to raise the alleged ex parte contact between the 

judge and jury. See Pollini v. Commonwealth, No. 2009-CA-000964-MR, 2011 LEXIS 246, at 

*1, *8 (Ky. Ct. App. Dec. 22, 2011). On remand, the Kentucky Court of Appeals determined 

that appellate counsel’s failure to raise the Rule 9.74 violation constituted deficient performance 

that was “egregious,” and thus amounted to ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Id. at 

*14–15. In reaching that conclusion, the appeals court noted its earlier observation in Plank’s 

companion appeal that the ex parte communication was “very bothersome.” Id. at *14; see also

Plank, 2005 Ky. App. LEXIS 777, at *25. On this basis, the appeals court vacated Pollini’s 

conviction. Pollini, 2011 LEXIS 246, at *15.

But Pollini’s relief was fleeting. The Commonwealth appealed to the Kentucky Supreme 

Court, which in turn reinstated Pollini’s conviction. Commonwealth v. Pollini, 437 S.W.3d 144, 

153 (Ky. 2014). After acknowledging the Rule 9.74 violation, the Kentucky Supreme Court 

assessed what standard of review should apply to that violation. At the time of Pollini’s 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 6

conviction and direct appeal, Kentucky arguably applied a strict structural error standard to Rule 

9.74 violations. See, e.g., Mills v. Commonwealth, 44 S.W.3d 366, 372 (Ky. 2001) (citing and 

quoting Lett v. Commonwealth, 144 S.W.2d 505 (Ky. 1940), for the apparent proposition that 

prejudice is not required for reversal under Rule 9.74). But see Johnson v. Commonwealth, 

12 S.W.3d 258, 266 (Ky. 1999) (“Long ago, we joined the trend away from a strict or technical 

application of the rules forbidding conversations with or among jurors.” (citing Cosby v. 

Commonwealth, 451 S.W.2d 653, 654 (Ky. 1970))). But while Pollini’s case was pending on 

collateral review, the Kentucky Supreme Court adopted a “fundamental fairness” standard of 

review for Rule 9.74 violations, effectively a harmless error standard, which made it more 

difficult for appellants to prevail. See McAtee v. Commonwealth, 413 S.W.3d 608, 626 (Ky. 

2013) (“[W]e review for harmless error, which, in the context of ex parte communications 

between judge and jury, we define as contact that does not impugn the fundamental fairness of 

an otherwise constitutionally acceptable trial.” (cleaned up)). And notwithstanding the more 

defendant-friendly standard in effect at the time of Pollini’s direct appeal, the Kentucky Supreme 

Court concluded it was free to apply the new harmless error standard to Pollini’s case because 

the standard of review for a Rule 9.74 violation was an issue of procedure (rather than substance) 

under Kentucky law. Pollini, 437 S.W.3d at 151. Applying this new standard, the Kentucky 

Supreme Court found that the trial court’s Rule 9.74 violation was not significant enough to 

“impugn the fundamental fairness of an otherwise constitutionally acceptable trial,” rendering 

the error harmless. Id. at 151–52 (citation omitted). Pollini’s conviction was therefore 

reinstated. Id. at 153.

One background matter deserves further emphasis. As already noted, Pollini, throughout 

his state court collateral attack, failed to raise an argument that he presses today: appellate 

counsel’s alleged ineffective assistance in failing to seek a new trial in response to the jury’s 

erroneous conclusion that Pollini was still in the process of committing a burglary when he shot 

and killed Pruitt. Unlike Pollini’s Rule 9.74 ineffective assistance of counsel claim, which the 

Kentucky courts interpreted broadly to apply to both his trial and appellate counsel, his 

ineffective assistance claim regarding the failure to seek a new trial involved solely Pollini’s 

appellate counsel. And a claim of that ilk did not exist under Kentucky law at the time Pollini 

filed his state collateral attack. Ordinarily, the same would have been true for Pollini’s Rule 9.74 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 7

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. But since the Kentucky courts deemed Pollini 

to have raised that claim at the time Hollon was announced, the claim was addressed and 

resolved by the Kentucky courts on collateral review. 

II.

Two of Pollini’s habeas challenges are before us today. First, Pollini argues that the 

Kentucky Supreme Court unreasonably applied the ineffective assistance of counsel standards 

articulated in Strickland when it utilized the harmless (rather than structural) error standard in 

reviewing the Rule 9.74 violation. Second, Pollini claims that the remedy for his successful 

challenge on appeal to the jury verdict should have been a new trial, not merely resentencing, 

and that his appellate counsel was thus ineffective for failing to request a new trial. On the first 

claim, the district court rejected Pollini’s claim on the merits. Pollini, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

7459, at *10, 12. As to the second, the district court concluded that the claim was procedurally 

defaulted because Pollini did not raise it in his state court collateral attack. Id. at *13–14. 

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) guides our review. Under 

AEDPA, we may award Pollini habeas relief only if (1) the Kentucky court’s decision was 

contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, federal law, or (2) the Kentucky court’s decision 

was “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 

100 (2011) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (d)(2)). In this context, “federal law” means law as 

“determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” Abby v. Howe, 742 F.3d 221, 226 (6th 

Cir. 2014) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). And because “habeas corpus is a ‘guard against 

extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems,’ not a substitute for ordinary error 

correction through appeal,” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102–03 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 

U.S. 307, 332 n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in the judgment)), AEDPA requires that we 

defer to the Kentucky Supreme Court’s application of federal law if “‘fairminded jurists could

disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Id. at 101 (quoting Yarborough v. 

Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 8

A. Pollini Fails To Show That The Kentucky Supreme Court’s Treatment Of His 

Rule 9.74 Claim Ran Afoul Of AEDPA.

With this high bar in mind, we turn to Pollini’s claim regarding his appellate counsel’s 

alleged ineffective assistance in failing to seek relief for the trial court’s Rule 9.74 violation. 

Strickland provides the relevant federal law by which we measure the state court decision at 

issue. For Pollini to succeed, then, the Kentucky Supreme Court’s resolution of the Rule 9.74 

claim must have been (1) contrary to—or an unreasonable application of—Strickland, or 

(2) based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (d)(2). 

And to prevail on a Strickland-based ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, Pollini 

must satisfy two prongs: (1) that his appellate counsel was deficient, and (2) that the deficiency 

prejudiced him. Hill v. Mitchell, 842 F.3d 910, 939, 945–46 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Strickland, 

466 U.S. at 687 and Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 285 (2000)). 

1. The Kentucky Supreme Court Did Not Unreasonably Apply Strickland’s 

Second Prong

At issue here is Strickland’s second prong—whether Pollini was prejudiced by his 

appellate counsel’s failure to raise the trial court’s Rule 9.74 violation. Generally speaking, 

Pollini can demonstrate prejudice by showing that he would have prevailed on appeal had his 

appellate counsel properly raised the issue. Whether Pollini would have prevailed turns on what 

standard of review the Kentucky Supreme Court was required to apply to a Rule 9.74 violation: a 

“structural error” or “fundamental fairness” standard. On that issue, the legal landscape shifted 

during the course of Pollini’s appeal. At the time of his direct appeal, Rule 9.74 violations were 

subject to a structural error standard, meaning Pollini likely would have prevailed had his 

counsel raised the issue. But by the time of his collateral attack, Rule 9.74 violations were 

reviewed under a fundamental fairness standard, one more favorable to the Commonwealth. The 

Kentucky Supreme Court held that the latter standard applied in Pollini’s case. As a result, 

Pollini could not show prejudice from his appellate counsel’s error.

In assessing Pollini’s challenge, the “pivotal question is whether the state court’s 

application of the Strickland standard was unreasonable,” which “is different from asking 

whether [] counsel’s performance fell below Strickland’s standard.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 9

101. Out of respect for AEDPA’s deference requirement, “even a strong case for relief does not 

mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable.” Id. at 101–02. In other words, 

even if we believe the Kentucky Supreme Court applied Strickland incorrectly, that alone is 

insufficient to grant Pollini relief, for “an unreasonable application of federal law is different 

from an incorrect application of federal law.” Id. at 101 (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 

362, 410 (2000)). 

Measured against the controlling case law backdrop, the Kentucky Supreme Court’s 

decision to apply the fundamental fairness standard was not “contrary to clearly established 

Federal law.” Abby, 742 F.3d at 225–26 (alterations omitted) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). 

Under AEDPA, only holdings of the Supreme Court constitute clearly established federal law. 

Williams, 529 U.S. at 412. And Pollini does not point to (nor can we identify) any Supreme 

Court holding directly prohibiting the Kentucky Supreme Court from applying the current 

standard of review to his case.

Indeed, Supreme Court authority leans against Pollini’s argument. Instructive here is 

Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364 (1993). In Lockhart, the Supreme Court reviewed the Eighth 

Circuit’s decision granting a petitioner habeas relief on the ground of ineffective assistance of 

appellate counsel. In reaching that conclusion, the Eighth Circuit applied the law in effect at the 

time of the petitioner’s appeal rather than the law in effect at the time of the petitioner’s 

collateral attack. Doing so, the Supreme Court explained, was error. In the Strickland context, 

“[t]o set aside a conviction or sentence solely because the outcome would have been different but 

for counsel’s error may grant the defendant a windfall to which the law does not entitle him.” 

Lockhart, 506 U.S. at 369–70 (citation omitted). Lockhart clarified that Strickland is not solely 

outcome-based, but also incorporates fairness notions. Strickland’s prejudice inquiry “focuses 

on the question whether counsel’s deficient performance renders the result of the trial unreliable 

or the proceeding fundamentally unfair. Unreliability or unfairness does not result if the 

ineffectiveness of counsel does not deprive the defendant of any substantive or procedural right 

to which the law entitles him.” Id. at 372 (citations omitted). A petitioner, in other words, 

should not benefit from an invalid legal rule in effect at the time of his trial or sentencing. 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 10

In many respects, today’s outcome follows from Lockhart. Pollini’s argument is 

essentially this: he would have received relief had the Kentucky Supreme Court applied the law 

at the time of his direct appeal, not at the time of his collateral attack. That is the same scenario 

addressed in Lockhart. And to prevent “windfall[s]” to defendants, Lockhart applied the law in 

effect at the time of the collateral attack. Id. at 370. 

To be sure, Lockhart’s footprint is limited. In its aftermath, the Supreme Court clarified 

that the basic Strickland inquiry remains unchanged. See Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 166 

(2012) (“The Court has rejected the argument that [Lockhart] modified Strickland before and 

does so again now.”). Lockhart’s reach thus seems to be contained to scenarios where a 

petitioner’s relief could be categorized as unjust because of the abolition of a legal right. See id.

at 167 (observing that Lockhart demonstrates that “there are also situations in which it would be 

unjust to characterize the likelihood of a different outcome as legitimate ‘prejudice,’ because 

defendants would receive a windfall as a result of the application of an incorrect legal principle 

or a defense strategy outside the law.” (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 391)). But today’s 

scenario falls well within Lockhart’s wheelhouse—Pollini claims entitlement to a legal standard 

that Kentucky no longer employs. 

Our prior decisions read Lockhart in the same manner. Take, for example, Abby v. Howe, 

742 F.3d 221 (6th Cir. 2014). In Abby, a convicted murderer had a legitimate Fifth Amendment 

objection that his counsel did not raise at trial. The Supreme Court later changed the law, 

rendering that objection obsolete. Citing Lockhart, we determined that no prejudice existed 

because “[a]ny objection by [counsel] would be ‘wholly meritless under current governing law, 

even if the objection might have been considered meritorious at the time of its omission.’” Id. at 

228 (emphasis added) (quoting Lockhart, 506 U.S. at 374 (O’Connor, J., concurring)). To the 

same effect is Evans v. Hudson, 575 F.3d 560, 566 (6th Cir. 2009). Again relying on Lockhart, 

we held in Evans that a petitioner could not “show the necessary prejudice for his claim of 

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel based on the failure to raise a now-meritless claim,” 

even if “the [petitioner]’s claim may have had merit at the time of [petitioner’s] appeal.” Id. 

(emphasis added). As these cases confirm, when measured against the backdrop of Lockhart, the 

Kentucky Supreme Court’s application of the harmless error standard was not unreasonable. 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 11

Pollini disagrees. Emphasizing Strickland’s command that, to establish prejudice, a 

“defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional 

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 

Pollini contends that we must “decide whether there is a reasonable probability that the claim 

would have prevailed at the time counsel failed to raise it.” See McFarland v. Yukins, 356 F.3d 

688, 699 (6th Cir. 2004) (emphasis added). But that conclusion is in tension with Lockhart. To 

be sure, one Justice in Lockhart agreed that Strickland required courts to look to the law “at the 

time of trial or sentencing” when examining prejudice. See Lockhart, 506 U.S. at 381–82 

(Stevens, J., dissenting) (“By defining prejudice in terms of the effect of counsel’s errors on the 

outcome of the proceedings, . . . the Strickland Court establishes its point of reference firmly at 

the time of trial or sentencing.”). But the majority found this dissenting point unpersuasive.

True, in some instances we have applied the law in existence at the time of the alleged 

ineffective assistance of counsel to assess whether Strickland’s prejudice prong was satisfied. 

See, e.g., Carter v. Timmerman-Cooper, 380 F. App’x 470, 474 (6th Cir. 2010) (finding no 

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because at the time of petitioner’s appeal, the law did 

not support his resentencing argument, making it “unlikely that [petitioner] would have 

succeeded before the Fifth District on November 23, 2004”); Benning v. Warden, Lebanon Corr. 

Inst., 345 F. App’x 149, 158 (6th Cir. 2009) (holding that petitioner was prejudiced by his 

appellate counsel’s failure to make an argument that the law supported at the time of his appeal 

because “if counsel had briefed the Blakely issue, [petitioner] would have been entitled to a 

remand for resentencing”). Both decisions, however, are non-binding unpublished opinions. 

And both, it bears adding, were decided on de novo review, rather than under the deferential 

AEDPA standard, because the respective state courts had not assessed the merits of the 

petitioners’ ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Carter, moreover, may have misconstrued 

the relevant legal standard. Carter cited to Smith v. Murray, in which the Supreme Court 

directed lower courts to assess counsel’s conduct at the time of the alleged ineffectiveness. 

Carter, 380 F. App’x at 474 (citing Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 536 (1986)). But Smith was 

addressing the deficiency prong of the Strickland analysis, not the prejudice prong. Smith, 

477 U.S. at 536 (“Viewed in light of Virginia law at the time, . . . [counsel’s conduct] fell well 

within the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” (cleaned up)). 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 12

Pollini notes one other difference between himself and the petitioners in Lockhart, Abby, 

and Evans. While those petitioners relied on a defunct legal right that no longer existed (and 

could even be characterized as having never validly existed), Pollini still maintained a valid legal 

claim to be privy to jury communications. Only the standard of review for violations of that 

right has changed (in a way, all agree, that dramatically undercut Pollini’s likelihood of success). 

But it is unclear why this distinction matters. The underlying logic of Lockhart was to prohibit 

defendants from receiving “windfalls” through the use of old law. Lockhart, 506 U.S. at 370. 

And here, Pollini would be receiving a benefit Kentucky law no longer provides. The upshot is 

thus the same in both instances: Pollini would receive something to which he is no longer 

entitled. 

Pollini’s two out-of-circuit habeas decisions, Shaw v. Wilson, 721 F.3d 908 (7th Cir. 

2013), and Young v. Dretke, 356 F.3d 616 (5th Cir. 2004), do not make us think otherwise. 

Those courts, we acknowledge, applied the law in effect at the time of the trial and sentencing, 

not that in effect while the case was on appeal. But those cases dealt with a change in statutory

law. In view of that distinction, those courts reasoned that Lockhart was inapplicable because 

the repeal or amendment of a statute does not render the prior statute invalid during the period it 

was in effect. See, e.g., Shaw, 721 F.3d at 919 (“A legislative repeal of a statute does not present 

the same situation as the one in which a court mistakenly recognizes a right for some period of 

time and then corrects itself (or is corrected by a reviewing court).”). And even setting aside this 

distinctive feature, these decisions do not help Pollini clear the AEDPA bar because they are not 

holdings of the Supreme Court.

With all of this back and forth, perhaps the best one can say is that it is not entirely clear 

whether the Kentucky Supreme Court’s decision to retroactively apply a new legal standard to 

Pollini’s Strickland claim was correct. We have disagreed ourselves over whether to apply 

current law retroactively for Strickland claims. Compare Carter, 380 F. App’x at 474 with Abby, 

742 F.3d at 228. Put another way, today’s case arguably is one where “fairminded jurists could 

disagree” over which legal standard the Kentucky Supreme Court should have applied. 

Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101 (quoting Yarborough, 541 U.S. at 664); see also id. (quoting 

Williams, 529 U.S. at 410) (“[A]n unreasonable application of federal law is different from an 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 13

incorrect application of federal law.” (emphasis omitted)). In that circumstance, however, 

AEDPA requires that we defer to the Kentucky Supreme Court’s resolution of the issue. We 

thus honor that command.

2. The Kentucky Supreme Court’s Decision Did Not Rest On An 

Unreasonable Factual Determination

Pollini alternatively contends that the Kentucky Supreme Court’s Strickland 

determination “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence 

presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). “To prove that a state court’s 

factual assessment was ‘unreasonable,’ a petitioner must show that ‘a reasonable factfinder must’ 

disagree with the state court’s assessment.” Woods v. Smith, 660 F. App’x 414, 424 (6th Cir. 

2016) (quoting Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 341 (2006)). Meeting this standard requires Pollini 

to do more than show an alternative way to view the facts. Franklin v. Bradshaw, 695 F.3d 439, 

447–48 (6th Cir. 2012) (“[A] state-court factual determination is not unreasonable merely 

because the federal habeas court would have reached a different conclusion in the first instance.” 

(quoting Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301 (2010))). Rather, he must show “that the state court’s 

presumptively correct factual findings are rebutted by ‘clear and convincing evidence’ and do 

not have support in the record.” Matthews v. Ishee, 486 F.3d 883, 889 (6th Cir. 2007). 

With respect to the Kentucky Supreme Court’s interpretation of the facts, we start with 

the jury’s request of the trial judge. The jury wrote: “Does there exist a transcript of the Plank 

conversation w/Police? Difficult to locate on tape, if so, can we pls request?” Pollini argues that 

the trial judge prejudiced him by not asking his counsel how to proceed, as Plank’s statement to 

police included evidence that Pollini never intended to shoot Pruitt. In other words, Pollini 

wanted the jury to have access to the tape, and because the jury might not have had access to 

Plank’s statement through the tape, he was harmed by the trial judge not discussing the matter 

with Pollini before telling the jury that no transcript was available. 

The Kentucky Supreme Court saw things differently. It noted that because the transcript 

was neither admitted into evidence nor read aloud in court, the trial judge could not have 

provided the jury with a copy of the transcript of Plank’s statement. Pollini, 437 S.W.3d at 152. 

Had it wanted to take some kind of action in response to the jury’s note, the trial judge had only 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 14

two options, the Kentucky Supreme Court explained: allow Pollini to enter the transcript into 

evidence and read it aloud in court, or bring the jury back into the courtroom to have the relevant 

portions of the audiotape played again for the jury. Id. Neither one seemingly was attractive. 

Because Pollini had objected to entering the transcript into evidence multiple times at trial, the 

Kentucky Supreme Court found that Pollini was unlikely to suddenly change course during jury 

deliberations. Id. It thus concluded there was no harm in not reading the transcript aloud to the 

jury, a judgment that we cannot say is unreasonable. 

Nor was there harm in not replaying the audiotape in open court. As the Kentucky 

Supreme Court observed, the jury “was provided with an audiotape of Plank’s statement, which 

it was allowed to listen to at will in the jury room.” Id. Implicit in this finding is the notion that 

the jury had the correct tape and that the tape was working. Pollini, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

7459, at *11–12. That conclusion too was not an unreasonable determination of the facts. The 

jury noted that a portion of Plank’s statement was “difficult to locate” or comprehend, a clear 

indication that the jury had a working version of the audiotape. Id. And any contention that the 

jury might have had the wrong tape is pure conjecture. Id. Because the tape was played 

previously in open court, the jurors would have indicated to the judge if the wrong tape was in 

the jury room. Id. We thus cannot say that “‘a reasonable factfinder must’ disagree with the 

state court’s assessment.” Woods, 660 F. App’x at 424 (quoting Rice, 546 U.S. at 341). Nor, for 

these same reasons, do we agree with Pollini that the Kentucky Supreme Court’s factual 

determination resulted in an unreasonable application of Strickland. 

B. Pollini Did Not Procedurally Default His Ineffective Assistance Of Appellate 

Counsel Claim Regarding Counsel’s Failure To Request A New Trial.

We next turn to Pollini’s claim that his appellate counsel was ineffective for seeking only 

a new sentence, and not a new trial, as a remedy for the jury’s erroneous conclusion that Pollini 

was still in the process of committing burglary when he shot Pruitt. Pollini acknowledges that he 

did not raise the argument during the collateral state court proceedings. But, he says, that was 

because Kentucky did not recognize most types of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel 

claims at the time of his state court collateral attack, meaning the district court was wrong to find 

that the argument was procedurally defaulted. Pollini, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 7459, at *13–14. 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 15

In overruling its prior decision disallowing certain types of ineffective assistance of appellate 

counsel claims, the Kentucky Supreme Court in Hollon declared its ruling “to have prospective 

effect only.” Hollon, 334 S.W.3d at 439 (overruling Hicks, 825 S.W.2d at 281). Because 

Pollini’s just-discussed ineffective assistance of counsel claim involving the alleged violation of 

Rule 9.74 was read broadly by the Kentucky courts to include both trial and appellate counsel, 

and was thus already pending on appeal when Hollon was decided, the Kentucky Supreme Court

was able to grant discretionary review to hear that claim. But because Pollini did not raise his 

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel argument regarding the failure to seek a new trial, he 

was not able to retroactively assert that claim post-Hollon. 

A “habeas petitioner procedurally defaults a claim if: (1) the petitioner fails to comply 

with a state procedural rule; (2) the state courts enforce the rule; (3) the state procedural rule is 

an adequate and independent state ground for denying review of a federal constitutional claim; 

and (4) the petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice excusing the default.” Wogenstahl v. 

Mitchell, 668 F.3d 307, 321 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Guilmette v. Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 290 (6th 

Cir. 2010) (en banc)). With roots in notions of federalism and comity, the procedural default 

doctrine is premised on the idea that state courts should have the first pass at remedying any 

violation of a state prisoner’s federal constitutional rights. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 

730–31 (1991) (internal citations omitted). A state court is deprived of this opportunity, 

however, when a petitioner violates a state rule of procedure that prevents the state from hearing 

his claim. For example, in Coleman, the Supreme Court held that a petitioner who filed his 

appellate brief three days late had effectively deprived the state of a fair opportunity to pass on 

his claims, and thus had procedurally defaulted them, because the state had consistently and 

strictly applied its timing deadlines for filing such appellate briefs. Id. at 742–44. So long as the 

state procedural rule is one that is an independent and adequate ground for refusing to fully 

consider the petitioner’s argument, the federal courts likewise will not hear the petitioner’s 

claim. Williams v. Anderson, 460 F.3d 789, 806 (6th Cir. 2006).

Pollini, however, did not fail to comply with state procedural rules. He acknowledges 

that he did not argue in state court that his appellate counsel was constitutionally ineffective in 

failing to seek a new trial rather than solely a resentencing. But nor could he have made that 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 16

claim under Kentucky law. After all, the Kentucky Supreme Court, at the time Pollini filed for 

state collateral review, refused to recognize the argument. See Harper v. Commonwealth, 

978 S.W.2d 311, 318 (Ky. 1998) (“RCr 11.42 cannot be used as a vehicle for relief from 

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.” (citation omitted)); Boykin, 541 F.3d at 647–48 

(noting that “the district court was correct in addressing the merits of [petitioner]’s claim of 

ineffective appellate counsel even though the Kentucky Supreme Court refuses to recognize such 

a claim”). In view of that state law limitation, Pollini did not procedurally default his ineffective 

assistance of appellate counsel claim by failing to raise the claim in state court. See Matthews v. 

Parker, 651 F.3d 489, 499 (6th Cir. 2011) (“Furthermore, according to Kentucky law, Petitioner 

could not have raised this claim in his state post-conviction motion. . . . Petitioner’s habeas 

petition was his first opportunity to raise his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, 

and he did not procedurally default this claim by not previously raising it.”), rev’d on other 

grounds, 567 U.S. 37 (2012). 

Comity and federalism concerns do not suggest otherwise. Our “duty to protect a state’s 

interest in its procedural rules is only applicable once we determine that the state has decided a 

given case on a procedural basis.” Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 292. Here, Kentucky had not made 

such a procedural determination when Pollini sought collateral review. By not allowing 

appellants to bring certain types of ineffective assistance of counsel claims, Kentucky voluntarily 

forwent the opportunity to have a first pass at remedying violations of a state prisoner’s federal 

rights. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 730. Respecting those rights today thus does no disrespect to 

decisions of a coordinate state court.

Concluding otherwise, it bears noting, seemingly would deprive Pollini of the 

opportunity to vindicate his alleged injuries. See Halvorsen v. White, 746 F. App’x 489, 494 (6th 

Cir. 2018) (“Because we have previously permitted district courts to review the merits of 

[Kentucky ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims] to ensure that a recognized federal 

right is not rendered non-cognizable, we accept [defendant’s] invitation to address it here . . . .”) 

(citation omitted)). With that consideration in mind, we held in Matthews and Halvorsen that a 

Kentucky prisoner does not default his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims when 

binding state precedent barred him from doing so on direct appeal. The same is true here. 
No. 19-5131 Pollini v. Robey Page 17

Because Pollini did not procedurally default this ineffective assistance of appellate counsel 

claim, he may proceed on that claim on remand.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed in part, vacated in 

part, and remanded for further proceedings.