DOE/ER-0301 J t Vf '

Summaries of FY 1986

Engineering Research

November 1986

U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences
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DOE/E R-0301

Dist. Category UC-38

Summaries of FY 1986

Engineering Research

November 1986

U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Research

Office of Basic Energy Sciences

Division of Engineering and Geosciences

Washington, D.C. 20545
FOREWORD

This report documents the BES Engineering Research program for fiscal

year 1986; it provides a summary for each of the program projects in

addition to a brief program overview. The report is intended to

provide staff of Congressional committees, other executive

departments, and other DOE offices with substantive program

information so as to facilitate governmental overview and coordination

of Federal research programs. Of equal importance, its availability

facilitates communication of program information to interested

research engineers and scientists. The organizational chart for the

DOE Office of Energy Research (OER) on the next page delineates the

six Divisions within the OER Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES).

Each BES Division administers basic, mission oriented research

programs in the area indicated by its title. The BES Engineering

Research program is one such program; it is administered by the

Engineering, and Geosciences Division of BES. Dr. Oscar P. Manley is

technical manager of the Engineering Research program; inquiries

concerning the program may be addressed to him, in writing or by phone

at (301) 353-5822.

In preparing this report we asked the principal investigators to

submit summaries for their projects that were specifically applicable

to fiscal year 1986. The summaries received have been edited as

necessary, but the press for timely publication made it impractical to

have the investigators review and approve the summaries prior to

publication. For more information about a given project, it is

suggested that the investigators be contacted directly.
Engineering Research Program

within DOE

Secretary of Energy

Deputy Secretary

Under Secretary

Assistant Secretaries Office of Energy Research * Federal Energy · Nuclear Energy Regulatory Commission · Conservation and Renewable * Economic Regulatory · Fossil Commission · Defense * Energy Information · Environmental Administration · International Affairs etc.

* Program Analysis Basic Energ Sciences Management

* Magnetic Fusion Special Programs

• High Energyand Nuclear Physics * Scientific Computing

* Health and!nvironmental | Research

* Field Operations

* Material Sciences Division Engineering and * Advanced Energy Projects

* Chemical Sciences Division Geosciences Division * Biological Energy

Research

* Carbon Dioxide

Research

I I

Engineering

Research Program
INTRODUCTION

The individual project summaries follow the program overview. The

summaries are ordered alphabetically by name of institution and so the

table of contents lists all of the institutions at which projects were

sponsored in fiscal year 1986.

The projects are numbered sequentially for individual identification

in the indexes. Each project entry begins with a centered,

institutional-departmental heading. The project number precedes the

capitalized project title. The names of the investigators are listed

immediately below the title. The funding level for fiscal year 1986

appears to the right of title; it is followed by the budget activity

number (e.g., 01-A). These numbers categorize the projects for

budgetary purposes and the categories are described in the budget

number index. The year in which the project began and the anticipated

duration in years are indicated respectively by the first two and last

digits of the sequence directly below the budget activity number

(e.g., 84-2). The summary description of the project completes the

entry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Program Review .................................................. Introduction

Project Summaries

Ames Laboratory ................................................ 1

Argonne National Laboratory..................................... 2

Boston University .............................................. 4

Brown University ................................................ 5

California Institute of Technology .............................. 6

California, University of, Berkeley .............................. 7

California, University of, Davis.................................8

California, University of, Los Angeles.......................... 9

California, University of, San Diego ............................ 11

California, University of, Santa Barbara........................14

Carnegie-Mellon University ..................................... 15

Chicago, University of..........................................17

Clarkson University ............................................. 19

Cornell University..............................................20

Dartmouth College...............................................21

Electrochemical Technology Corp.................................22

Flow Industries, Inc............................................23

GA Technologies Inc ............................................. 24

Geo-Chem Research Associates ................................... 26

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory ........................... 27

Illinois at Urbana, University of...............................33

Illinois at Chicago, University of .............................. 34

Illinois Institute of Technology ................................ 36

Jet Propulsion Laboratory ...................................... 38

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ................................... 40

Los Alamos National Laboratory ................................. 41

Maryland, University of ........................................ 42

Massachusetts Institute of Technology .......................... 45

Massachusetts, University of....................................59

Michigan, University of ......................................... 63

Minnesota, University of ........................................ 65

National Bureau of Standards....... ..................... 67

New York, City University of....................................69

North Carolina State University.................................70

Northwestern University ................................ ...... 71

Oak Ridge National Laboratory...................................73

Physical Sciences Inc...........................................74

Purdue University ...............................................75

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute................................76

Rockefeller University.........................................78

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.......................79

Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore.........................80

Science Applications, Inc.......................................82

Scientific Systems, Inc ......................................... 83
Project Summaries Page

SKF Tribonetics ....................................... ....... 84

Solar Energy Research Institute.... ............................. 85

Stanford University .............................................86

Steven Institute of Technology....... .................... ....... 95

Texas at Austin, University of..................................96

Tufts University ............................................. 98

United Technologies Research Center ...... ... ......... ....... .99

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ..... ...... 100

Washington State University ..... .............................. 101

Westinghouse R&D Center ....................................... 102

Wisconsin, University of ............... .... .............. .. 103
PROGRAM REVIEW

BES ENGINEERING RESEARCH

The BES Engineering Research program is one of the component research

programs which collectively constitute the DOE Basic Energy Sciences

program. The DOE Basic Energy Sciences program supports energy

related research in the physical and biological sciences, and in

engineering. The chief purpose of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences

program is to provide the fundamental scientific base on which

identification and development of future, national energy options will

depend. The major product of the program becomes part of the body of

data and knowledge upon which the applied energy technologies are

founded; the product is knowledge relevant to energy exploration,

production, conversion and use.

The BES Engineering Research program was started 1979 to help resolve

the numerous serious engineering issues arising from efforts to meet

U.S. energy needs. The program supports fundamental research on

broad, generic topics in energy related engineering--topics not as

narrowly scoped as those addressed by the shorter term engineering

research projects sponsored by the various DOE technology programs.

Special emphasis is placed on projects which, if successfully

concluded, will benefit more than one energy technology. During the

first year several workshops were sponsored for the purpose of

identifying energy related engineering research needs and initial

priorities. Representatives from industry, academic institutions,

national laboratories, and leading members of professional

organizations (Engineering Societies Commission on Energy, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and

Joint Automation and Control Committee) participated in the workshops.

In addition to the participants in the workshops, staff

representatives from the DOE technology programs and other leading

U.S. energy engineering experts made significant contributions to the

setting of program priorities. There resulted from this process a

strong confirmation of the need for a long-range, fundamental

engineering research program with two major goals. The broad goals

that were established by this process for the BES Engineering Research

program are:

1) To extend the body of knowledge underlying current engineering

practice so as to create new options for enhancing energy

savings and production, for prolonging useful equipment life,

and for reducing costs without degradation of industrial

production and performance quality; and

2) To broaden the technical and conceptual base for solving

future engineering problems in the energy technologies.
In this process, it was further established that to achieve these

goals, the BES Engineering Research program should address the

following topics identified as essential to the progress of many

energy technologies:

1) Advanced industrial Technology -- improvement of energy

conversion and utilization, opening new technological

possibilities, and improvement of energy systems.

2) Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Processes -- broadening of

understanding of heat transfer in non-steady flows,

methodology for reducing vibrations and noise in heat

exchangers, and engineering aspects of combustion.

3) Solid Mechanics -- continuum mechanics and crack propagation

in structures.

4) Dynamics and Control of Processes and Systems -- development

and use of information describing system behavior (system

models), performance criteria, and theories of control

optimization to achieve the best possible system performance

subject to known constraints.

A Scoping Workshop held in December, 1986 confirmed the continued needs for

research in these topical areas. Because of budgetary limitations, the

implemented BES Engineering Research program is somewhat less broad than

the program envisioned above. at present, equal emphasis is being placed

on three carefully selected, high priority research areas; namely,

1) Mechanical Sciences -- including tribology (basic nature of

friction reduction phenomena), heat transfer, and solid

mechanics (continuum mechanics and crack propagation).

2) System Sciences--including process control and instrumentation.

3) Engineering Analysis -- including non-linear dynamics, data

bases for thermophysical properties of fluids, and modeling

of combustion processes for engineering application.

These areas contain the most critical elements of the four topics

enumerated above; as such they are of importance to energy

technologies both in the short and long term, and therefore of

immediate programmatic interest. It should be noted that other areas

of basic research important to engineering are monitored elsewhere in

BES. For instance, separation sciences and research on thermophysical

properties, are among the responsibilities of the Chemical Sciences
Division, while microscopic aspects of fracture mechanics are in the

domain of the Material Sciences Division. As resources permit, other

high priority areas are being added to the Engineering Research

program. Thus as a result of some growth in the program budget an

important development has taken place in the Engineering Research

Program: two major concentrations of research were initiated. First,

a new program was organized at Oak Ridge National Lab dealing with

intelligent machines in unstructured environment. It is expected that

some resources will be available for coordinated, more narrowly

focussed related, high quality research at universities and other

research centers.

All such activities will be supported and administered directly by the

Engineering Research Program, but some coordination of efforts with

the ORNL program may prove useful. The research opportunities in this

area of interest to the DOE - Engineering Research Program have been

identified in a workshop held in November, 1983. Proceeding of the

workshop entitled "Research Needs in Intelligent Machines" are

available from the Center for Engineering Advanced Systems Research,

Oak Ridge National Lab, Post Office Box X, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830.

Secondly in FY 1985 there has started a collaborative research effort

between MIT and Idaho National Engineering Lab. At present, the

collaboration is in four distinct areas: Plasma Process Engineering,

Automated Welding, Fracture Mechanics, and Advanced Engineering

Methods and Analysis.

Colateral, high-quality research efforts at other institutions are

supported by the Engineering Research program.

Finally, in the expectation of a future modest growth of this Program, an

International Workshop on Two-Phase Flow Fundamentals was held in September

1985. This meeting was used to identify basic research needs in the field

of two-phase flow and heat transfer; a summary report of the workshop is

available from the Program Office. The full proceedings will be published

as a volume in the series "Advances in Heat and Mass Transfer (Hemisphere

Publishing Company).

It should be mentioned too, that some very limited support is

available for research on large scale systems. A report of a Workshop

on Needs, Opportunities, and Options in this field is available from

Professor G. L. Thompson, Graduate School of Industrial

Administration, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213.

Research projects sponsored by the BES Engineering Research program,

are currently underway at universities, private sector laboratories,

and DOE national laboratories. In fiscal year 1986 the program

operating funds available amounted to about $13 million. The

distribution of these funds among various institutions and by topical

areas is illustrated on the next page. Project funding levels are
mostly in the range of $50,000 to $150,000 per year. Typical duration

of a project is three to four years, with some projects expected to

last as long as ten years or more. The BES Engineering Research

projects stem almost without expection from unsolicited proposals for

competitive grants. Proposals which anticipate definite results in less

than two years are usually referred to the appropriate DOE technology

program for consideration. Anyone interested in submitting a proposal is

encouraged to discuss his ideas with the technical program manager prior to submission of a formal proposal. Such discussion helps to establish

whether or not a potential project has a reasonable chance of being funded.

The primary considerations for possible support are the technical quality of the proposal and the professional standing of the principal investigators and staff. An effort is made to attract first rate, younger research engineers and energy oriented applied scientists. A high technical caliber of research is maintained by requiring that the projects supported have potential for a significant contribution to energy-related engineering science, or for an initial contribution to a new energy relevant technology. Sponsored projects are selected primarily for their

relevance to DOE mission requirements; the contribution to energy related higher education is an important but secondary consideration. Thus

projects sponsored at universities are essentially limited to advanced

studies both theoretical and experimental usually performed by faculty members, staff research scientists, and doctoral candidates.
ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '86 BUDGET ($000's)

BY INSTITUTIONAL TYPE

UNIVERSITIES

NATIONAL 54%

LABORATORIES $6911 34% $6911 $438% (72 PROJECTS)

(20 PROJECTS)

OTHER

12%

$1560

(12 PROJECTS)

ENGINEERING RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY '86 BUDGET

BY TECHNICAL AREAS

($000 s) % NUMBER OF PROJECTS

MECHANICAL SCIENCES 3223 25 38

SYSTEMS SCIENCES 4723 37 34

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 4955 38 32
AMES LABORATORY

Iowa State University

Ames, IA 50011

01. MULTIVIEWING TRANSDUCER SYSTEM $241,000

D. O. Thompson 03-B

81-7

The objective of this project is to demonstrate a composite,

multiviewing ultrasonic transducer system suitable for detecting,

characterizing, and reconstructing flaws in structural materials for

various applications and for the evaluation of inverse algorithms for

flaw sizing. Development of this transducer utilizes a combination of

recent advances in ultrasonic scattering and inversion theories with

new concepts in transducer configurations and excitation methods.

Automated data acquisition has been developed using seven transducer

elements multiplexed for both pulse-echo and pitch-catch modes. The

reconstruction protocol fits the acquired data to an "equivalent"

ellipsoid of general shape (3 axes, 3 angles), a shape that is

compatible with a fracture mechanics description of growing flaws and

thus suitable for failure prediction. In the effort to improve the

reconstruction reliability with a limited aperture, a multi-angle

signal amplitude contour technique was developed which instructed the

automated system to acquire data with the most favorable angular

configuration. This technique has dramatically improved the

reconstruction reliability for flaws oriented at a difficult tilt

angle for the reconstruction. In addition, artificial intelligence may

be incorporated to determine the shape and angular configuration of the

flaw from the signal amplitude contours and the full reconstruction

may be constrained by such predetermined information for greater

stability and reliability. New technqiues have also been developed

for generating unipolar stress pulses in both pulse-echo and pitchcatch modes. These pulses show significantly broader bandwidths than

do the usual ultrasonic pulses, a feature that is necessary in the

application of inversion algorithms for flaw sizing. They are also

important in the measurement of gradients of material properties. A

new transducer system has also been designed using these advances that

will extend reconstruction capabilities to include 2-D computed

tomographic and 3-D ultrasonic reconstructions.
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, IL 60439

02. THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY $123,000

OF STABILITY CONTROL 01-C

E. L. Reiss (Northwestern University), 86-3

T. M. Mulcahy, S. P. Vanka, M. Wambsganns

Theoretical and experimental studies are aimed at enhancing the

understanding of stability phenomena involving fluids, solids,

and their coupling. The objective is to develop methods of

controlling, delaying, and/or avoiding instability.

To develop mathematical techniques and gain physical insight into

nonlinear instability phenomena, oscillator problems are studied.

Application of periodic forces opposing unstable motion was identified

and experimentally verified to control the instability of a pipe

conveying fluid. Periodic forces will be investigated as a means to

initiate secondary bifurcations; sometimes more desirable

(acceptable) bifurcations, initiated below the critical conditions for

primary bifurcation, will receive special attention. Also "internal"

or parametric excitation, such as variation of governing dimensions,

will be investigated as a method of active control.

Fluidelastic instabilities with laminar flow leaking in narrow

constricted channels between closely spaced bodies, numerical will

be studied. In particular, the slope joint region of telescoping

tubes conveying fluids will be investigated. Model problems will be

analyzed to help interpret the different instabilities experimentally

observed and the flow damping correlations being developed.
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Components Technology Division

Argonne, IL 60439

03. BOUNDS ON DYNAMIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION $123,000

C. K. Youngdahl 01-A

84-3

In many applications where load is transmitted to the structure

through a fluid, details of the load history and spatial

distribution affect significantly the final plastic deformation.

The objective of this project is to devise load correlation

parameters based on various weighted integrals of the time-space

load distributions which can be used to characterize the effects

of the load without resorting to detailed numerical analysis.

These load correlation parameters have three important uses: to

perform design and safety analyses of structures over a wide range of

design variables and loadings; to validate computer programs which

have a nonlinear dynamic plasticity capability; and to correlate

experimental simulations with actual or predicted events. The

dynamic plastic deformation of some basic structural

configurations will be analyzed for loadings which vary both in

magnitude and region of application with time. Load correlation

parameters will be hypothesized and their usefulness in

predicting final plastic deformation will be determined. The

analyses will be based initially on a rigid, perfectly plastic

material model, but will be extended to include strain hardening

and elastic effects if the work to determine load parameters is

successful.
BOSTON UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemistry

Boston, MA 02215

04. DIFFUSION, FLUID FLOW, AND SOUND $65,000

PROPAGATION IN DISORDERED MEDIA 06-C

Thomas Keyes 86-3

The basic transport processes, of which those mentioned in the title

are important examples, become extremely complicated in the presence

of large amounts of disorder. For example, the effect of a low

density of fixed scatterers upon diffusion is easy to calculate; at

high density, diffusion may cease altogether and the problem becomes

difficult. Lattice vibrations on an ordered lattice are described by

perfect sound waves, but disorder-perhaps some broken bonds- can cause

the vibrations to be "localized" with no ordinary long-wavelength

sound at all (localization is thought to occur with an infinitesimal

amount of disorder in two dimensions). Of course, large disorder is

the rule in nature, as in the interior of a porous rock.

The aim of this project is to apply modern methods of nonequilibrium

statistical mechanics to transport with large disorder. Those methods

are the "Repeated Ring" kinetic equation, an extension of Boltzmann's

equation to complicated systems, the Renormalization Group, and

computer simulation. Transport coefficients and correlation functions

will be calculated. The project has only just begun, but a molecular

dynamics simulation of lattice vibrations (sound) on disordered

lattices is running. While the program was being tested, almost

accidentally, a clear manifestation of the unusual localization

phenomenon in two dimensions was discovered and is now being analyzed;

this phenomenon is most interesting theoretically. Lattice vibrations

in several disordered systems, and the other transport problems

listed, will be investigated as the project develops.
BROWN UNIVERSITY

Division of Engineering

Providence, RI 02912

05. GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENSEMBLE OF SOLUTIONS IN TWO- $ 83,000

PHASE FLOWS AND COMPLETE RESOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF 06-C

CHOKING 84-3

J. Kestin

The project studies a mathematical formalism for the qualitative

analysis of the geometric-topological structure of all trajectories

(solutions) of a two-phase model in a space formed with the statevelocity variables and physical distance. Such an analysis

supplements the study of numerical solutions produced by an

appropriate computer code. It serves to answer a number of questions of physics without actually solving the equations of the

model, to establish a set of initial conditions for which the

problem is well-posed, as well as that set for which no physically meaningful solutions exist. The most important advantage

in carrying out such an analysis in detail is the fact that it

provides us with a complete resolution of the problem of choking.

An analysis of a general form of the problem makes it possible to

adapt the powerful analytic tools used in the study of dynamical

systems to problems in two-phase flow. The most important discovery

is based on the applicability of the center manifold theorem which

reduces the study of the singular points of the nonlinear system to

that of a locally linearized system.

The most important special result asserts that the state velocity

which exists at a choked section depends only on the conservation

equations used in the model and is independent of the closure

conditions. The latter do, however, determine the location of the

choked cross-section (together with the sufficient condition of

choking) when it is located inside the channel.

A general theory makes it possible to relate the state-velocity vector

at choking to the velocity of propagation of small disturbances and

the characteristics of the wider, time-dependent model of two-phase

flow.

Following one specific idea, we have made a contribution to the study

of transition from bubble to slug to froth flow.
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Pasadena, California

06. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS $ 50,200

DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES 03-A

FOR ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY 84-2

IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES

M. Morari

The process industries are a major consumer of energy and the

improvement of energy efficiency is an important goal. Process

modifications aiming at a reduction of energy consumption tend to make

a plant more integrated and thus more difficult to operate. In

practice, the primary objective is not only steady state energy

efficiency but that the plant is flexible, operable and controllable,

i.e. resilient. The research goals are to develop design strategies

for resilient processes and operating policies for highly integrated

plants. The particular subtasks are: 1) Synthesis of resilient energy

management network, 2) Development of control strategies for

integrated distillation columns, and 3) Development of control and

optimization procedures for systems with high parametric sensitivity

(chemical reactors). The latter two tasks involve an intensive

experimental verification phase. The development of interactive userfriendly CAD packages incorporating the fundamental theoretical

developments are under way. This work is carried out in collaboration

with the University of Wisconsin.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Berkeley, CA 94720

07. INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY $ 67,000

MOTIONS AND TRANSITION TO 01-C

TURBULENCE IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN 85-3

ENCLOSURE FLOWS WITH STREAMLINE CURVATURE

J.A.C. Humphrey, R. Greif

A study is underway to clarify the role of secondary motions and

transition to turbulence in buoyancy driven enclosure flows.

Four flow modes will be investigated experimentally. The modes '

are determined by the boundary conditions imposed along the side

walls of the enclosure. In three cases they include the unsteady

two-dimensional collision of buoyancy driven, opposed, vertical

boundary layer flows. The fourth case corresponds to the

"classical" recirculating flow configuration with one side wall

heated and the opposite wall cooled.

Preliminary experimentation suggests that centrifugal

instabilities produced by steamline curvature may be expected to

induce "Taylor-Gortler-Like" (TGL) vortex structures in the

flows. The conditions for which the instabilities occur, and the

characteristics of the flows before and after their appearance,

are subjects for research.

The results of this work are expected to contribute directly to

the basic understanding of transition to turbulence and turbulent

flow, and the ability to model these flows mathematically.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Davis, CA 95616

08. STABILITY AND STABILIZATION OF $ 90,000

PREMIXED FLAMES 06-B

C. K. Law 86-3

The program aims to investigate effects of heat loss, aerodynamic

stretching, and preferential diffusion on the limits and mechanisms

for flame propagation and the generation, suppression, and sustenance

of flame-front corrugations; to identify the influence of these

phenomena on flame stabilization, and to explore possibilities of

widening the stabilization limits. Experiments are being conducted by

using a variety of laboratory-scale burners to systematically isolate

and identify the importance of the various system parameters on the

phenomena of interest. Theoretical analyses using large-activationenergy asymptotics are performed for the various experimental flame

configurations to provide guidance and confirmation.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

Department of Mechanical Aeropsace and Nuclear Engineering

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Los Angeles, CA 90024

09. BASIC STUDIES OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES $145,000

IN POROUS MEDIA 01-C

Ivan Catton 82-6

The research covers two broad areas: 1) single-phase convection in

porous media and 2) two-phase convection in porous media. The

objective of this study is to develop physical understanding of the

governing phenomena and models for prediction of transport processes

by theoretical and experimental means.

On the basis of a phenomenological stochastic model for single-phase

flow through packed beds of random structure, a more refined

formulation of the problem of mass and heat transport through porous

media was obtained. The Forchheimer momentum equation was justified

and an expression for the "effective" conduction coefficient was

obtained. The latter accounts for (hydrodynamic) dispersive effects

which are shown to lower the mean heat transport even for the low

velocities encountered in natural convection through porous media.

Two-phase flow through uniform and stratified porous media were

studied. Pressure drop and void-fraction data were analyzed to

establish microscopic flow equations. The resultant equations include

models of capillary pressure, solid drag, and interfacial drag.

Analyses of two-phase flow through stratified beds were performed to

study the effects of medium stratification on the hydrodynamic

behavior of flow. Experimental studies of counter-current flow of

superheated steam and subcooled water in uniform beds are underway.

Transport phenomena associated with the heating of a stationary

meniscus formed by an inclined partially submerged copper plate has

been investigated experimentally and theoretically. For a near

isothermal interline, the meniscus local heat transfer coefficient was

evaluated using an integral method and compared against data

obtained via laser holographic interferometry. The superheated

Interline led to a wavy profile. A two dimensional linear stability

analysis has predicted the frequency of oscillation measured.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

Department of Mechanical, Aerospace

and Nuclear Engienering

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Los Angeles, CA 90024

10. ENHANCEMENT OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN $ 43,000

TUBES USING STAGED TANGENTIAL FLOW 01-B

INJECTION 85-3

V. K. Dhir

The objective of this work is to study experimentally and analytically

the staged swirl flow concept for enhancing subcooled critical heat

flux in tubes. In the staged swirl flow concept part of the coolant

is injected tangentially at discrete locations along the tube axis.

This method of injection not only results in a significant increase in

the critical heat flux (CHF) but can also be used to shift the

location at which CHF occurs. The shift is made possible by

adjustment of flow rate through the injectors. The present study is

divided into two main tasks:

The first task deals with optimization of the enhancement in subcooled

critical heat flux with respect to diameter of the injectors, the

angle subtended by the injectors with the tube axis and superposition

of swirl created at different injection locations along the tube axis.

The experimental study will be complemented with models for the swirl

flow CHF and the two phase pressure drop.

In the second task basic understanding of heat transfer and pressure

drop in swirling single and two phase flows will be developed. This

task will include development of models for bubble detachment and

motion under centrifugal action and superposition and decay of swirl

under single and two phase flow conditons.

Water and Freon-113 loops have been updated and are already

operational. DC power supply rated at 2500 amps and 40 volts has been

installed. Critical heat flux enhancement data with subcooled water

at 2 atmospheres pressure have been obtained. Separate experiments to

develop understanding of superposition and decay of swirl have been

initiated. A semi-theoretical model for superposition of swirl has

been developed.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Scripps Institution of Oceanography MC A-013

La Jolla, CA 92093

11. NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS $ 70,000

Henry D. I. Abarbanel 06-C

84-2

This research involves investigating the mechanisms which make

for efficient energy transfer from a slow, mean motion to a

system characterized by high frequencies relative to the mean

motion. The basic mechanism of viscosity in a fluid is an

example of this. The goal is to learn how to quantitatively

characterize the "effective" or "eddy" viscosities used in

phenomenological studies of energy, momentum, and other transfers

of a turbulent fluid. The work is proceeding by studying

analytically and numerically the behavior of systems of a few

degrees of freedom as a function of their coupling. The systems

are known numerically and, in certain regimes using the Melnikov

method, analytically to exhibit chaos. In regimes of parameter

space where the motion is regular or laminar the energy transfers

are weak; in regions of chaotic motion the rate of transfer can

be given a quantitative interpretation in terms of phase space

correlation functions. The exponential decay of these functions

on a rapid time scale, possibly related to the nontrivial

Liapunov exponents of the chaotic motion of the rapidly evolving

system, gives an additional rapid rate scale for the transfer of

energy to the coupled slow system. Applications to energy

problems include all those setups where "friction" or dissipation

of a slowly evolving flow are the result of its interaction with

a higher frequency system.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Department of Applied Mechanics

and Engineering Sciences

La Jolla, CA 92093

12. CHAOTIC ADVECTION AND EFFICIENT $ 56,000

MIXING BY DETERMINISTIC FLOWS 01-C

Hassan Aref 85-3

This project is concerned with the kinematics of regions of fluid

and/or individual particles being swept along by a flow. The

focus is on those aspects of the flow that tend to enhance

stirring and mixing quality, and the ultimate goal is to arrive

at quantitative criteria that can be helpful in the design of

devices where stirring and mixing are important. The research is

of relevance to several aspects of chemical and mechanical

engineering.

It has been known for some time that the kinematics of particles

advected passively by a flow is formally a problem closely related

to the phase space description used in the study of dynamical

systems. This formal correspondence leads to the notion of

"Lagrangian turbulence," a situation in which the trajectories of

advected particles is extremely complicated although the

advecting flow is relatively simple in the usual Eulerian

description. Particle motions can be "chaotic," in the technical

sense of the word, and such motions lead to highly efficient

stirring. The main thrust of the research is to understand the

applicability of chaotic dynamics to advection and to investigate

certain model flows in detail using numerical simulation

techniques.

The main novel insights produced so far pertain to time-dependent

two-dimensional flows. The efficient stirring of very viscous

fluids via the mechanisms mentioned is being investigated. Model

flows pertaining to stirring in devices without moving parts and

the rate at which material interfaces can be stretched are issues

slated for investigation during the coming year.

/
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

Institute for Nonlinear Science, B-003

La Jolla, CA 92093

13. THE STOCHASTIC TRAJECTORY $ 85,000

ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE (STAT) APPLIED 06-C

TO CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL, AND QUANTUM 86-3

SYSTEMS

Bruce J. West

The understanding of a number of important physical, chemical, and

systems problems has been limited by the dearth of analytic tools to

deal with non-Markovian processes. We have formulated a new technique

that we propose to further develop in directions dictated by a number

of important applications. Each application requires a different kind

of extension of the theory. The applications we propose to consider

include chemical reactions in fluids, wave propagation in random

media, the survival probabilities of randomly loaded systems, and

quantum mechanical energy propagation in polymers.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

Department-of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

14. INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC $ 90,000

PHENOMENA NEAR GAS-LIQUID INTERFACES 01-C

S. Banerjee, H. Fenech 85-3

The purpose of this project is to study the fluid dynamic phenomena

near the interface of cocurrent and countercurrent gas-liquid

stratified streams. Interfacial configuration, wave characteristics

and turbulence structure are measured experimentally using two

different techniques. Oxygen bubble tracers in water and long

exposure photography are used to follow the path of individual bubbles

and obtain a statistical distribution of the turbulent velocity

components and Reynolds stress at several distances from the interface

in a region of fully developed flow. The alternative method consists

of capturing, photographically, the evolution of dye streaks in an

organic liquid seeded with a photochromic dye which is activated in

streaks by a UV laser. Two separate experimental facilities have been

constructed and tests are being conducted using each method. The

results obtained from the oxygen bubble technique at Reynolds numbers

of 5,000 and 10,000 both show that, near the free surface, the motions

into the free surface are damped while the streamwise motions are

promoted.
CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY

Chemical Engineering Department and

Graduate School of Industrial Administration

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

15. STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMAL REDESIGN $144,000

IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 03-A

L. T. Biegler, I. E. Grossmann, 85-4

G. L. Thompson, A. W. Westerberg

As the chemical industry matures it is important to consider the

redesign of existing processes to accommodate changes in the

environment. Redesign problems tend to be harder to solve than

"grassroots" problems because constraints dealing with the existing

process need to be considered. Therefore, determination of optimal

modifications in an existing plant generally will be quite different

from optimal solutions for a new plant. This project addresses the

optimal redesign problem through the following areas:

(1) Optimization and heat integration strategies for existing

flowsheets - process simulation or flowsheeting plays an important

role in evaluating redesigns. Here, advanced optimization strategies

are applied to rigorous and complex simulation models. In addition,

simultaneous optimization and heat integration strategies have been

developed to guide improved designs.

(2) Primal/dual linear (LP) and quadratic programming (QP) algorithmsthese algorithms form the heart of many advanced nonlinear programming

strategies. However, existing methods generally do not perform well

for highly constrained problems. This project deals with the

development of new LP and QP algorithms based on relaxation of primal

and dual constraints. Preliminary results indicate that this strategy

is about 10 times faster than current methods for large linear

programs. A code for quadratic programming has also been developed

and is currently being tested on both randomly generated problems and

chemical engineering examples.

(3) Redesign for flexibility and controllability - based on recently

developed strategies for evaluation of process operability, mixed

integer nonlinear programming strategies are being developed for

improving operability through structural modifications. Specialized

to linear applications, these strategies are straightforward to apply

and yield very useful information about the trade-off between cost and

improved process operability. Also, problems are addressed for

improving the dynamic behavior of a process by introducing minor

structural changes.
CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY

Mechanical Engineering Department

Pittsburgh, PA 15213

16. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES $ 95,000

OF VERTICAL ANNULAR LIQUID JETS 06-C

N. Chigier, J. I. Ramos 86-3

The objective of this study is to determine the dynamics and

convergence length of vertical annular jets as a function of the inlet

inner radius, inlet thickness, inlet velocity, inlet flow angle,

surface tension, and turbulence. Another objective is to study the

start-up and stability of annular liquid jets. The experimental part

of the program will be performed with different liquids in order to

determine the effects of the Froude, Reynolds, and Weber numbers and

geometry on the convergence and stability of annular jets. The

theoretical part of the research program will deal with the

development of an implicit finite-difference scheme for studying the

dynamics and stability of annular liquid jets. These theoretical

studies will be based on the solution of the time-dependent

axisymmetric form of the Navier-Stokes equations and will account for

surface tension and for the adverse axial pressure gradient which

occurs near the annular liquid jet convergence. Simplified models

based on a parabolic approximation in which the axial pressure

gradient is neglected, and on an extension of the Boussinesq equations

will also be developed. The results of these models will be compared

with each other and with experimental data to be obtained at Carnegie

Mellon University and at the Westinghouse R&D Center.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Department of Chemistry

Chicago, IL 60637

17. TOPICS IN FINITE-TIME THERMODYNAMICS $ 75,000

R. Stephen Berry 06-C

86-3

The objective of this research is the analysis in thermodynamic terms

of the performance of systems and processes subject to time or rate

constraints. Part of the research deals with developing methods for

conducting analyses, such as emerged from the introduction of a

suitable metric in the space of thermodynamic variables and the

evaluation of path lengths with that metric. The lengths so obtained

have been shown to be directly related to the dissipation associated

with the path. Another piece of recent work at this basic level just

completed under this project is an attempt to introduce a variational

formulation of irreversible heat transfer and diffusion, which is

intended to apply in nonlinear as well as linear situations.

The other aspect of this research is the application of the general

methods to the analysis of specific systems of current interest.

During the initial period of this project, the stopping of a beam of

atoms by absorption and re emission of laser light was analyzed and the

entropy changes in the process were evaluated. The reduction in

entropy of the atomic beam due to cooling and stopping is compensated

a thousandfold over by the increases in the entropy of the light due to

randomization of the phase, the polarization and especially the

propagation direction.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Enrico Fermi Institute

Chicago, IL 60637

18. FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNIQUES $140,000

OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR 06-C

SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATION 81-6

R. Winston, J. J. O'Gallagher

Nonimaging optics departs from the methods of traditional optical

design to develop instead techniques for maximizing the collecting

power of concentrating elements and systems. Designs which exceed the

concentration attainable with focusing techniques by factors of four

or more and approach the theoretical limit are possible. This is

accomplished by applying the concepts of Hamiltonian optics, phase

space conservation, thermodynamic arguments, and radiative transfer

methods. In the early nonimaging designs the mighty edifice of

aberration theory was dismantled and replaced by a single key idea.

According to this, maximum concentration is achieved by ensuring

that rays collected at the extreme angle for which the concentrator is

designed are redirected, after at most one reflection, to form a

caustic on the absorber. This principle proved sufficiently elastic

to accommodate most boundary conditions in two dimensions (i.e., linear

geometry). Ideal solutions in three dimensions have also been

formulated. Our work on vector flux has led to a reexamination of the

foundations of radiometry with emphasis on observable effects.

Experiments to detect these effects are being planned.
CLARKSON UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Potsdam, NY 13676

19. NUMERICAL STUDIES OF COHERENT $ 56,000

EDDIES IN WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS 01-C

J. McLaughlin 82-6

The objectives of the work are to obtain information about the

origin of the "coherent" wall eddies which are responsible for

the formation of "streaks" in the viscous wall region of

turbulent shear flows and to obtain information about their

importance in transport. The work involves pseudospectral

simulations of channel flow and a three dimensional model

of the viscous wall region. The unique feature of the studies

lies in the choice of computer experiments which are employed

in order to obtain information about the coherent eddies. These

experiments can be divided into three groups (1) "wave break-up"

experiments in which, after integrating sufficiently far in time

to achieve statistical steady-state, certain spatial Fourier

components of the velocity field are set to zero and then allowed to

recover their energy by time-evolving the velocity field using

the modified field as an initial condition; (2) studies in which

steady, spanwise-modulated transpiration is applied at the walls

in an attempt to modify streak spacings and to determine what

effect such a modification has on the transport of energy and

momentum; and (3) studies of the breakdown from transitional to

turbulent flow with emphasis on the formation of coherent wall

eddies.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY

School of Electrical Engineering

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Ithaca, NY 14853

20. COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH SMART SENSORS $ 0

G. J. Wolga, F. C. Gouldin 01-C

82-6

The objective of this project is to develop and demonstrate a

"smart" spectroscopic sensor suitable for monitoring gaseous

combustion products by differential infrared absorption

spectroscopy. The sensor is a computer controlled tunable

acoustooptic infrared filter with sufficient resolution to

resolve individual vibration-rotation absorption lines in the 5-

6.5 micron spectral region. It will be self calibrating with

respect to temperature changes and thus the sensor can operate

unattended indefinitely. A tunable CO laser has been used to

develop an accurate tuning curve for the filter in the 5 to 6.5

micron spectral region. Differential absorption spectra from CO

and C2O spectra are incompletely resolved due to the smaller

rotational constant and overlapping hot bands. Thus, we use the

CO spectrum to obtain the gas (rotational) temperature.

Comparison of the observed spectrum with a synthesized spectrum

permits a temperature determination which compares very favorably

with thermocouple measurements within the exhaust plenum. Data

analysis procedures for handling absorption integrated over a

path length have been developed for conditions of cylindrical

spatial symmetry and relatively small absorption. Current

efforts concern: developing methods for determining gas

concentration with resolved and unresolved spectra; introducing

combustion particulates into the flow to determine the effects on

signal to noise and consequently on the accuracy and precision of

our measurements; modeling combustion exhaust gas flow in a power

plant to select the best location for our sensor.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

Thayer School of Engineering

Hanover, NH 03755

21. SUBCOOLED SPRAYS IN A VAPOR $155,000

ENVIRONMENT-TESTS OF THE TWO-FLUID 01-C

MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW 86-3

G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter

The "separated" or "two-fluid" model for two-phase flow is being used

to describe the behavior of a subcooled spray in a vapor environment.

Detailed measurements will be used to determine viable forms of the

"interaction" terms describing mass, energy and momentum transfer

between the phases. The overall purpose is to advance the state-ofthe-art of basic analytical and computational tools for describing

two-phase multidimensional flow.

In the two-fluid model each phase satisfies the usual set of equations

of conservations of mass, momentum and energy with the influence of one

phase on the other appearing as "interaction terms" that couple the

two sets. While much effort has been devoted to writing down various

forms of equations and discussing how they can be obtained by

averaging the basic conservation laws for each phase, few workers have

actually applied them to specific situations. It is likely that

useful and reasonable simple expressions can be devised to represent

coupling effects when the flow pattern is clearly defined: for

instance, a dispersion of one phase in the other. Previously,

physically-based formulations have been applied to a one-dimensonal

representation of fluidized beds, sedimentation, and "mist-lift"

processes or the two- and three-dimensional modeling of sprays in

gases and particles interacting with a fluid.

This project concerns a dispersed flow regime in which heat and mass

transfer play leading roles: the condensation of vapor on a subcooled

spray of droplets. Analysis of this regime requires the inclusion of

significant interaction terms in all of the conservation laws, thus

providing a comprehensive test of the theory. Complementary

analytical and experimental work are planned. The experiments are

intended to build up to realistic complexity (e.g., a drop size

spectrum in the spray, variations in spray flux as a function of

angle) while keeping the flow pattern sufficiently well-defined to be

amenable to theoretical representation.
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY CORP.

1601 Dexter Ave. N.

Seattle, WA 98109

22. ELECTROCHEMICAL WEAR MECHANISM $ 0

AND DEPOSIT FORMATION IN LUBRICATED 01oD

SYSTEMS 82-3

T. R. Beck

The objective of this research is to measure and determine the

importance of electrokinetic or zeta corrosion and deposit

formation in lubricating rolling and sliding systems. Zeta

corrosion is a phenomenon identified and modeled in 1968 for

hydraulic servo control valves in commercial jet airplanes.

This corrosive wear problem has now been solved by appropriate

additives based on the theory. The approach of the present

research is to compare measurements of wear for rolling and

sliding lubricated systems to calculated zeta corrosion rates

based on extensions of the valve wear model. Extensive

electrokinetic and wear experiments have been carried out with

nylon filaments or cloth rubbing on steel with lubricants of

micron-filtered water or salt solutions. This system eliminates

abrasive and adhesive wear. Use of aqueous solutions allows

comparison to phenomena in the extensive corrosion literature for

iron. Waveform of electrokinetic currents measured with an iron

microelectrode rubbing transversely on a nylon filament on a

shaft were in agreement with predictions of a model derived from

hydrodynamics and electrical double layer theory. The measured

currents were sufficient to account by Faraday's law for weight

losses by wear of thin steel disks rubbing on aqueous lubricated

nylon cloth. This wear is independent of oxygen partial pressure

from 5 ppm to 5000 ppm, indicating a wear component not driven by

oxygen reduction. The wear can be eliminated by cathodic

protection and by well-known corrosion inhibitors, indicating

that it is electrochemical in nature. The various measurements

all indicate that zeta corrosion is responsible for the wear results.
FLOW INDUSTRIES, INC.

21414 68th Avenue South

Kent, WA 98032

23. DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF $115,000

TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER 01-B

R. Metcalfe 84-3

The purpose of this research is to apply the technique of direct

numerical simulation to the study of turbulent heat transfer. Direct

numerical simulation techniques have been applied successfully to such

problems as the testing of turbulence theories, an examination of

second order closure modeling assumptions, and addressing questions

about the basic physics of the evolution of turbulent flows. In this

work, direct numerical simulations of turbulent convection in the

presence of background shear have been performed. The basic effect of

the shear is to reduce the randomness of the convection and introduce

anisotropy by aligning large scale structures in the direction of the

mean flow. The presence of shear tends to decrease both the total

heat transfer and the departures from the linear profiles of mean

temperature and velocity. The simulations show that the pressure

diffusion term plays an important role in the energy balance equation

and should not be neglected in turbulence models.
GA TECHNOLOGIES INC.

10955 John Jay Hopkins Drive

San Diego, CA 92121

24. FLUID MECHANICS OF ACOUSTIC $ 0

RESONANCE IN HEAT EXCHANGER 01-C

TUBE BUNDLES 82-4

R. D. Blevins

The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive fluid

mechanics model for acoustic resonance in shell and tube heat

exchangers. Acoustic resonance in heat exchangers is the result

of acoustic oscillations of gas in sympathy with periodic fluctuations in the flow over tubes. In the experimental phase of

the program, a simulated tube bundle is being constructed which

will be tested in air flow. Direct measurements of the onset of

resonance, intensity and mode of acoustic pressure will made with

microphones, and measurements of the exciting fluid dynamic fluctuations about the tube will be made with hot wire anemometers.

Results will be processed on-line using fast Fourier transforms.

In the theoretical phase of the program, a linear acoustic model

for the phenomenon will be developed using acoustic source and

dissipation terms and a calculated acoustic mode shape. The

experimental results will then be used to refine the acoustic

source and dissipation terms, and develop a fundamental understanding

of the fluid dynamic and acoustic interaction. A nonlinear model

for the self-excitation will then be developed using Lighthill's

formulation for aerodynamic sound in interaction with the

coherent structures in the flow due to vortex shedding from the

tubes.
GA TECHNOLOGIES INC.

P.O. Box 85608

San Diego, CA 92138

25. HIGHER DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $ 0

John M. Greene and Jin-Soo Kim 06-C

85-3

The goal of this project is to explore how the methods of nonlinear

dynamics can be applied to ever more complex systems.

The modern theory of nonlinear dynamics is, to a large extent, the

understanding of the way in which computational results can be

used to gain insight into the nature of chaotic and turbulent

systems. A property of such systems is that two different orbits

that are crudely indistinguishable are generally quite different

in their detailed behavior. Thus a single orbit, or realization,

contains a confusing mixture of uninteresting detailed

information, and usefully generalizable information. The most

easily obtained, additional, exact information that computers can

provide comes from the solution of equations linearized around a

given orbit. The objective of our program is a thorough

understanding of the information available through linearization.

This information mostly falls under the key words of Lyapunov

exponents and directions. That is, we will study the information

available in the rates and directions of separation of nearby

orbits, or realizations. The first phase will be a thorough

analysis of some ordinary differential equations. Then we will

undertake the study of some partial differential equations.
GEO-CHEM RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

400 East Third Street

Bloomington, IN 47401

26. PREDICTIVE MODELING OF $ 80,000

URANIUM ROLL TYPE DEPOSITS 06-A

P. J. Ortoleva 83-4

Oxidizing meteoric waters percolating through a reduced sandstone

aquifer can cause the accumulation of uranium and other ores at

the redox interface. The oxidation of pyrite to hematite or

geothite can lead to several instabilities underlying observed

ore body properties. The existence (and in some cases nonuniqueness) of propagating redox fronts in ore-reductant systems

(such as pyrite) was demonstrated and a general exact value for

its speed was obtained for the lossless aquifer. The

nonexistence of constant velocity redox fronts in multireductant

systems was proven analytically and shown numerically to

correspond to an accumulation of one mineral at the front of the

other - the essential trapping process leading to redox deposits.

A class of instabilities was found when reaction-induced porosity

variations were allowed to interact with the percolation flow

through the porosity-dependent permeability of Darcy's law. The

planar front of dissolution of soluble components in a sandstone

aquifer (as pyrite in oxidizing inflow waters) was found analytically to be unstable to the formation of bumps. The range of

wavelengths of the most rapidly growing array of bumps brackets

the observed wavelengths in roll front deposits when geologically

reasonable flow and porosity values were used in our expressions.

Numerical simulations of the full nonlinear problem confirmed the

linear analysis, and showed that, interestingly, a single bump

(in the shape of the surface on which porosity changes) can

branch into two fingers. Even very small changes in porosity

across the redox front can lead to this fingering.

Nonlinear transport/reaction interactions underly the genesis of

uranium roll-front deposits and directly control their geometry

and quality. These insights are potentially very useful for

exploration.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

27. ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS $365,000

EMPHASIS ON SURFACE FLAWS 01-A

W. G. Reuter 81-6

The objective is to improve design and analytical techniques for

predicting the integrity of flawed structural components. The

research is primarily experimental, with analytical evaluation guiding

the direction of experimental testing. Tests are being conducted on a

material (a modified ASTM A-710) exhibiting a range of fracture

toughness but essentially constant yield and ultimate tensile

strength. As test temperature increases, the specimen configurationfracture toughness relationship complies initially with requirements

for linear elastic-fracture mechanics and extends beyond the range of

a J-controlled field. Presently, compact tension and bend specimens

are being used to develop state-of-the-art fracture mechanics data on

the lower shelf (KIc), transition zone (Jc, J-R curves, etc.) and on

the upper shelf (JIc, J-R. curves, etc.). Results from the lower

shelf and transition region are being used to predict failure

conditions for specimens containing surface flaws. Predictions are

then compared with experimental test data. These tests have been

supplemented by data generated from Ti-15-3 heat treated to develop a

plastic zone size of nominally 0.1 mm. These comparisons are

presently underway for 6.4 and 12.7 mm thick surface-flawed specimens.

Metallographic techniques are being used to measure crack tip opening

displacement and remaining ligament size for comparison with

analytical models. Laser interferometry techniques are being used to

evaluate and quantify the deformation in the crack region.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Sensors and Diagnostics Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

28. IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE $ 90,000

OF SMALL, HIGH VELOCITY PARTICLES 06-A

J. R. Fincke 85-3

Knowledge of in-flight particle temperature is fundamental to

understanding particle/plasma interactions in the physical and/or

chemical processing of fine powders. The measurement of in-flight

particle temperature is based on a coincidence technique. A small

measurement volume is defined by two independent lens/sensing systems.

When a particle is present in the measurement volume, a signal will be

observed and recorded simultaneously by each sensing system. Once a

signal is recorded, the particle temperature may be deduced. The

uncertainty in this temperature determination will be due to lack of

information concerning the particle size, shape, and emissivity; and

due to the presence of an emitting, absorbing, and scattering medium.

The program consists of three phases. In Phase 1 (FY 85) individual

particles were electrodynamically suspended, then heated by a laser

beam. The particle temperatures and emissivities were measured.

Results to date indicate that optical property data for the parent

material are adequate for estimation of particle emissivity. In Phase

II (FY 86) the in-flight coincidence technique was developed. This

effort included the development of both analog and digital signal

processing techniques. Phase III will apply, and modify as necessary,

these techniques to measure particle temperatures in a high

temperature plasma. This phase of the program will address the

problems associated with the presence of an emitting, absorbing, and

scattering atmosphere.

This project is one of six projects comprising a collaborative

research program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

29. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE $328,000

PLASMA/PARTICLE INTERACTION 06-A

M. E. McIlwain, C. B. Shaw, 85-3

S. C. Snyder, L. D. Reynolds

The objective of this research is to quantitatively describe the heat

mass, and momentum transfer associated with metallic or oxide

particles immersed in thermal plasma environments. In order to

characterize the interaction between plasma constituents and

particles, the development of new methods to determine plasma flow

velocity and species compositions are being developed. Holographic

interferometry is currently being considered for plasma flow velocity

determination and planar laser induced fluorescence is being

considered for compositional measurements adjacent to particle

surfaces. Using these advanced techniques, temporal and spatially

resolved distributions of the chemical and physical properties of the

plasma/particle environment will be determined. Since this research

is performed in collaboration with research at Massachusetts Institute

of Technology, the resulting experimental data will be used to

validate and correct theoretical models used for thermal plasma

processing and for predictions relating to optimal torch and fixture

design criteria. Experiments are currently being performed in two

plasma torch designs, a constricted nozzle torch and an expanding

nozzle torch. Input power dissipation levels ranging from 5 to 180 kW

are being studied. These torch designs produce a representative

plasma characteristic of those employed for industrial plasma

processing.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Materials Technology Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

30. . INTEGRATED SENSOR/MODEL DEVELOPMENT $496,000

FOR AUTOMATED WELDING 03-A

H. B. Smartt, J. A. Johnson, J. O. Bolstad 85-3

The objectives of this research are (1) to develop a model of the gas

metal arc welding process suitable for real-time process control, (2)

to develop an optical sensing capability to provide critical weld bead

.geometry data, and (3) to develop an ultrasonic sensing capability to

directly sense weld bead side-wall fusion and penetration. This

project is part of a collaborative research program with the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

A fundamental model of the gas metal arc welding process has been

developed which considers wire melting and heat and mass transfer to

the base metal. Although iterative numerical solution techniques are

required, finite difference/finite element methods are not used. A

computer controlled welding machine has been built and used to

demonstrate the ability to independently control the heat and mass

input to the weld, using the above model in combination with an

adaptive feedback control scheme. This work is being extended to

allow real-time, optimized control of pulsed current welding to be

achieved.

A pulsed laser enhanced, gated electro-optical sensor has been

developed which suppresses most of the welding arc light, providing an

image of the electrode wire, weld pool, and surrounding base metal

which is suitable for image processing. Image processing techniques

are being developed to obtain quantitative information from the above

images regarding the weld pool geometry and position.

Direct sensing of the weld pool solid/liquid interface location is

being developed using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic transducers.

Signal analysis/pattern recognition techniques are being developed for

automated measurements. Signal generation by use of laser pulses

directed on the weld pool surface is also being studied.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Advanced Methods Projects Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

31. EXPERT SYSTEM AIDS FOR ANALYSIS CODES $246,000

V. H. Ransom, R. K. Fink 06-C

R. A. Callow, T. K. Larson 85-3

The objectives of this research are to establish the impact that

expert systems will have on the architecture of engineerng analysis

codes and to assess the potential benefits that expert systems can

produce when used as aids to engineering analysis tasks. The tasks of

physical system abstraction and modeling, input model preparation,

output analysis, and code execution have been identified as profitable

applications for expert systems. Programming language compatibilities

and inter-computer communications have been identified as potential

problems in implementation of such systems. These problems have been

avoided in the present research by using a XEROX 1108 AI workstation

for the expert system research and communicating with the engineering

analysis computer via a local area network. In this way InterLISP D

and LOOPS, an AI language and expert system building tool, can be used

yet communication with a FORTRAN based analysis code.

A prototype modeling and input expert system has been built for the

ATHENA code, a general purpose thermal hydraulic system transient

simulation code. The input system is designed to provide an

intelligent environment to assist the analyst in developing a model

of a thermal hydraulic system. The intelligent environment provides

input conviniences such as engineering units conversion as well as

higher level assistance in the model abstraction process that embodies

rules for correct use of the code and the heuristic knowledge that has

evolved from successful application of the code to physical problems.

Present research is focusing on the human-computer interface and means

for facilitating the analytical model abstraction of the physical

system. Future research will include experimentation with the use of

expert system methods for output interpretation and to more

effectively control the execution phase of the analysis code.
IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Sensors and Diagnostics Group

Idaho Falls, ID 83415

32. NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF $193,000

FRACTURE DYNAMICS AND CRACK GROWTH 03-B

J. A. Johnson, B. A. Barna, R. A. Allemeir 83-5

The purpose of this research is to develop instrumentaiton and models

to measure and predict the emission and interaction of ultrasound from

growing cracks in engineerng materials, and to investigate methods of

sensing the properties of growing cracks.

Models of the ultrasonic field/crack interaction are based on a

numerical ray-tracing algorithm and on a numerical (finite difference)

solution to the partial differential equations (PDE) describing the

system. In the ray-tracing model, an ultrasonic transducer, operating

in the pulse-echo mode is assumed to be equivalent to a large number

of spherical sources spread uniformly over the face of the transducer.

The total field in the region of a crack is calculated as the sum of

the fields from all these sources. The reflected and diffracted

fields from the crack are calculated from the incident field from the

transducer and a model of the field-crack interaction. These fields

are then traced back to the transducer face and the integrated field

across the face is determined.

In the finite difference model, a source of acoustic emission (AE) is

modeled by changing boundary conditions and the ultrasonic fields that

propagate from the source to a receiver are calculated. All mode

conversions are automatically included in the numerical solution to

the PDE with the boundary conditions of the system.

The dynamic crack growth measurements have used ultrasonics techniques

to measure the properties of a growing crack. An advanced AE detection

system is being developed which will be capable of detecting and

digitizing AE signals at much higher frequencies than in conventional

systems. This will allow improved resolution in detecting the

locations of the sources of emissions and in discriminating between

types of sources.

This program is coordinated with the Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis

program at INEL and the Modeling and Analysis of Surface Cracks at

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Department of Chemical Engineering

Urbana, IL 61801

33. GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES $102,000

Thomas J. Hanratty 01-C

86-3

Research is being conducted to obtain a better understanding of gasliquid flow in horizontal and vertical pipelines. The goals are (1)

to develop methods to predict the initiation of slugs in horizontal

gas-liquid flows, and (2) to obtain a better understanding of the

interfacial wave patterns in stratified gas-liquid flows, (3) to

obtain improved predictive models for horizontal and vertical annular

flows, (4) to obtain an improved predictive model for stratified

flows. Experiments are being conducted in two facilities which allow

for studies with three different pipe diameters and a range of liquid

viscosities.

A linear theory has been developed that describes the initiation of

slugs at low gas velocities. This is being tested by examining the

effect of liquid viscosity. The reason for the inapplicability of

this theory at high gas velocities is being explored. The main

feature of the model for stratified flow is that it incorporates the

effect of waves on the interfacial stress. The principal problem in

modeling annular flow is the prediction of the fraction of the liquid

entrained. Correlations for this quantity are being developed from

measured rates of atomization and deposition.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO

Energy Resources Center

Chicago, IL 60680

34. BOILING OF AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS $ 67,000

J.P. Hartnett 06-A

85-2

The goal of this research is to study the pool boiling behavior of

aqueous polymer solutions, both purely viscous and viscoelastic with

the objective of providing accurate boiling measurements using welldefined fluids. Detailed measurements of the transport and

rheological properties of the test fluids are being carried out prior

to and following the experiments. It has been determined that the

chemistry (i.e. changes in the polymer structure as a result of

increases in operating temperature level, interactions with the

materials of the test section, etc.) plays a major role.

Consequently, careful monitoring of the rheology is critical if the

boiling results are to be meaningful. The direct measurements of the

boiling heat flux and surface and fluid temperatures will be

supplemented by photographic studies to provide additional insight

into the boiling process.

Measurements of free convection heat transfer from horizontal platinum

wires to surrounding purely viscous and viscoelastic non-Newtonian

fluids have been carried out prior to the boiling studies. For free

convection to purely viscous non-Newtonian fluids at Rayleigh numbers

of the order of 10- to 1 it is found that the Nusselt number

decreases with decreasing power law index whereas at high Rayleigh

number Ra>>l, the Nusselt number increases with decreasing power law

index. In the case of free convection to viscoelastic fluids the heat

transfer measurements are in agreement with values predicted for

Newtonian fluids provided that the zero shear rate viscosity is used

for the viscoelastic fluid viscosity.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO

Department of Civil Engineering,

Mechanics, and Metallurgy

Chicago, IL 60680

35. CONTINUOUS DAMAGE THEORY $ 44,000

Dusan Krajcinovic 01-A

83-4

The research conducted during the past year was focused on two

seemingly disparate tasks; establishment of a common mathematical

basis for the phenomenological models and formulation of a

micromechanically based continuum damage model. As it turned out the

two tasks had a lot in common. Using the effective field

approximation it was possible to derive the compliance tensor for an

elastic solid weakened by an ensemble of microcracks.

Once the essential structure of the analytical model was established

it was possible to demonstrate that the so called scalar, second and

fourth order tensor models are only the truncations of the general

model. Moreover, the phenomenological model developed during the work

on this project proves to be directly related to the micromechanical

one. In other words, the proposed phenomenological model also

contains the scalar, second and fourth order tensor models as special

cases.

The so called Taylor approximation was used to simplify the analyses

using the micromechanical model. The results in replicating the

experimental trends are very encouraging.

The current plans are to further develop the formulated models with an

ultimate objective of the combined brittle-ductile phenomena.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Chicago, IL 60616

36. METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN $ 54,000

THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION OF 03-A

CHEMICAL REACTORS 84-3

Ali Cinar

The objective of this project is to develop the vibrational control

technique for complex nonlinear dynamic systems with multiple steady

states and limit cycles. From the mathematical standpoint, the goal

of this research is to analyze the effects of fast parametric

oscillations on the dynamics of the systems studied. During the third

period of the project the tasks were:

1. To study the effects of simultaneous vibrations in two input

variables. The effect of frequency, amplitude and phase

shift have been studied numerically and experimentally using

a CSTR with homogeneous liquid phase exothermic reaction.

2. To complete the construction of a reaction system with a packedbed CSTR and to conduct preliminary experiments for assessing the

effect of vibrational operation on the selectivity of a parallel

reaction. As.a test reaction the oxidation of ethylene over

supported silver catalysts to ethylene oxide and to carbon dioxide

is used.

3. To study the effect of vibrational control on distributed

parameter systems. A tubular packed-bed reactor system is used.

Detailed and reduced-order models of a packed-bed tubular reactor

system have been formulated. To determine the ranges of input

variables for stable operation, steady state bifurcation diagrams

based on the detailed reactor model as well as short-cut

techniques for stability analysis have been developed.

The models developed in tasks 2 and 3 are being used by the research

group at the University of Michigan (S. M. Meerkov, Principal

Investigator) for theoretical studies in vibrational control.
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering

Chicago, IL 60616

37. INTERFEROMETRIC MEASURMENTS IN $ 80,000

DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE SYSTEMS 03-B

William M. Worek, Zalman Lavan 84-3

The objective of the project is to develop a nonintrusive experimental

technique to simultaneously measure two scalar variables in doublediffusive or other two component systems. The experimental technique

utilizes a dual-frequency (i.e., dual-source) Mach-Zehnder

Interferometer to simultaneously measure the variation of refractive

index within the test system at two disparate wavelengths. Two

interferograms, simultaneously acquired at the two wavelengths, are

then analyzed using refractive index data, which are temperature,

concentration and wavelength dependent, to resolve the temperature and

concentration fields in the test system.

The variation of refractive index with temperature, concentration and

wavelength in a saline water solution was not thoroughly documented

previously. The first part of the experimental program was expanded

to acquire this data. This data is then used in subsequent

experimental tests in a laboratory scaled double-diffusive system.

Also, the experimental program will be integrated with an analytical

approach in an attempt to identify and assess the potential

application of such a technique and the impact on stability studies in

double-diffusive systems.
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY

California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, CA 91109

38. BASIC DATA FOR THE DEVELOPEMENT OF $ 0

MOLECULES AS THRESHOLD ELECTRON DETECTORS 03-B

A. Chutjian, S. Alajajian 82-3

Measurements are being made of, at ultralow electron energies and at

high electron energy resolution, lineshapes and cross sections for

attachment of thermal electrons to a number of perfluorinated and

chlorohalocarbon compounds. These molecules have been shown to be

viable candidates for use as molecular detectors of extremely lowenergy (0-20 millielectron volt) electrons. In particular, the

molecules c-C5F8 (perfluorocyclopentene) have been shown to have

extremely large cross sections, and narrow wings, and are well-suited

to use as electron detectors in an appropriate collision geometry. In

parallel, theoretical calculations are carried out to understand

observations in terms of the molecular potential energy surfaces

involved, and to explain temperature dependencies of the attachment

phenomena.
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Physics Division and

Accelerator and Fusion Division

University of California

Berkeley, CA 94720

39. STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS $150,000

Allan N. Kaufman, Robert G. Littlejohn 06-C

80-6

This project involves studies of fundamental properties of nonlinear

dynamical systems which arise in physical situations of important to

energy research. Four subjects are being explored. First,

theoretical studies to generalize the WKB representation of wave

phenomena are in progress. The main theme of this work is the use of

phase space methods to represent wave fields and evolution operators.

These are most conveniently implemented in terms of wave packets, and

lead to results which are uniform, representation-independent, and

free of caustic singularities. Recent progress includes a general

theory of quantization with wave packets. Second, a new formulation

of conservative dissipative processes is being explored, in which the

entropy and energy functionals jointly generate the time-evolution of

the system. Third, action principles are being used to imbed singleparticle Lie-transform perturbation methods in collective models, such

as Vlasov-Maxwell systems. Nonlinear phenomena (e.g., ponderomotive

forces) are thus dealt with self-consistently. Fourth, we have

initiated a study of adiabatic variation of parameters in non-ergodic,

non-integrable Hamiltonian systems.
LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY

Energy and Environment Division

University of California

Berkeley, CA 94720

40. CONTROLLED COMBUSTION $190,00

A. K. Oppenheim 06-B

79-8

The principal objective of this study is to provide scientific

background for the development of controlled combustion systems, i.e.

prime movers whose combustors are not only sources of power, as they

are according to current technology, but also operate as chemical

reactors at a modern high tech level, so that the evolution of

exothermic energy is properly monitored to eliminate combustion

instabilities and minimize the formation of pollutants. For I.C.

engines this offers the prospect of efficient and clean combustion

associated with relatively low exhaust temperatures, devoid of such

problems as knock and cycle-to-cycle variation, leading thus to the

annihilation of major technological constraints imposed upon the

automotive industry: the octane standard and the catalytic converter.

Means to accomplish this involve an exploitation of active radicals

obtainable from plasma and flame jets as well as from product

recirculation. Major laboratory apparatus consists of a molecular

beam mass spetrometer and a shock tube associated with an assortment

of laser-powered optical apparatus including systems for megacyclefrequency schlieren cinematography and laser induced fluorescence

imagery. The experimental program is supplemented by a significant

effort in numerical modeling of the fluid mechanic, thermodynamic, and

chemical kinetic aspects of the processes under study.
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY

Electronics Division

Los Alamos, NM 87545

41. DEVELOPMENT OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED $ 96,000

CIRCUITS (TICs) 03-B

B. McCormick, D. Wilde, R. Lemons, 82-6

M. MacRoberts, D. Lynn, R. Dooley, D. Brown

The object of this project is to develop electronics that are

capable of operating in both high-temperature and high-radiation

environments while maintaining levels of circuit sophistication,

integration, and reliability demanded of modern electronics. The

approach taken for these active electronic-gain devices has been

to use the intrinsically high-temperature phenomenon of

thermionic emission in conjunction with the thin-film technology

of integrated circuits to produce microminiature vacuum triodes.

High-temperature tests have been conducted at 500°C with no

degradation in device characteristics. Current research is

focused on improving cathode lifetime, emission, and geometry to

ensure the reliability and functionality of TIC technology in

high-temperature and high radiation environments.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

42. NUMERICAL MODELLING ENERGY RELATED FLOWS $ 0

B.S. Berger 01-C

85-1

The objective of the current study is the numerical determination

of the motion of elastic tubes oscillating in a crossflow. A

computer program has been written and fully tested which

calculates the transient two dimensional motion of an

unconstrained circular cylinder which is restrained by a spring

and damper. The fully coupled Navier Stokes rigid body equations

are solved. Extensive numerical tests have been performed for

Re=400 which are in agreement with experimental results.

Solutions for the static case have been found for Re=1000 and 2000.

The model of the vibrating tube as a rigid circular cylinder

restrained by a spring and damper has been replaced in a second

computer simulation by a continuous model. The linear partial

differential equations describing the motion of a slender beam

have been coupled with the two dimensional Navier Stokes

equations. This approximation is currently under test for

Re=400. It is anticipated that higher values of Reynold's number

will be attained.
THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

43. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY AND $ 30,000

VORTICITY DYNAMICS OF TURBULENT SHEAR 01-C

FLOWS 85-3

Peter S. Bernard

A description of the dynamics of the vorticity field is central

to an understanding of the physics of turbulent shear flows.

This follows both from the ubiquitous presence of coherent

vortical structures in turbulent flows as well as from the role

played by vortex stretching in energy transference and the

establishment of local dissipation rates. The MVC (Mean

Vorticity and Covariance) closure allows for a connection to be

made between phenomenological events occurring in shear flows and

the overall balance of the vorticity field. The objective of

this research effort is to use these properties of the MVC

theory to formulate a complete model of the energy and vorticity

dynamics of turbulent shear flows. This is to be carried out by

seeking numerical solutions to the closure equations in the

context of channel and zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary

layer flows. To aid in the analysis of the boundary layer as well

as for comparison purposes, experimental measurements of terms

in the vorticity and energy equations taken by a nine-sensor

vorticity probe are also being obtained.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

Department of Electrical Engineering

College Park, MD 20742

44. STUDY OF MAGNETOSTATIC PROBLEMS IN $ 62,000

NONLINEAR MEDIA WITH HYSTERESIS 06-C

I. C. Mayergoyz 83-4

This project has two main research objectives: (1) to develop

boundary Galerkin's approach and its quasi-finite-element

realization in order to circumvent the difficulties which are

related to the unbounded regions of field distribution, and (2)

to investigate mathematical models of hysteresis and develop the

methods for the calculation of magnetostatic problems in media

with hysteresis.

As far as the first objective is concerned, the calculation of

magnetic fields in unbounded regions will be reduced to coupled

boundary/volume Galerkin's forms and a new quasi-finite-element

projection technique will be developed on this basis. The

problems concerning convergence of the quasi-finite-element

methods, existence and uniqueness of the solution of

simultaneous nonlinear quasi-finite-element equations and global

iterative methods of the calculation of the solution of these

equations will be the focus of this research.

For the second objective, mathematical models of hysteresis as

continuous superposition of rectangular hysteresis nonlinearities

will be investigated. Special attention will be paid to the

solution of identification problems and to the generalization of

these models for the case of vector hysteresis. The application

of continuation methods to the calculation of magnetostatic

fields in media with hysteresis will be studied.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

45. TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAME STUDY $ 0

Wai Cheng, James Keck, 06-B

Steve Pope (Cornell University) 83-3

This program is a combined experimental and theoretical study of

premixed turbulent flames. The primary aim of the experiment is to

study the growth behavior and some detailed properties of statistically

spherical flames. The theoretical part of the program centers on the

description of the flame behavior using the pdf formulation.

Techniques using a thin sheet laser light to illuminate the flame ball

have been developed to look at the relationship between the flame

structure and the burn rate. The illuminated flow will be recorded

on high speed movies and the image will be digitized. Then the

topology and dynamics of the flame structures will be analyzed

statistically. Experiments to examine the effect of pressure gradient

on the flame propagation characteristics is planned. The development

of a pdf description of the turbulent flame behavior follows the

experiment closely. The approach is to model the topology of the

flame surface by studying their kinematics and dynamics. Initially

the reaction zone will be modelled as a simple regular propagating

surface which propagates at the laminar flame speed. Then the effects

of curvature and stretching on the flame speed will be added and local

breakdown on the regular surface due to self-intersection and the

formation of cusps will be examined. The experimental and theoretical

efforts will lead to a comprehensive description of the turbulent

premixed flames.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

46. A PARITY SIMULATOR FOR NUCLEAR $1,386,000

POWER PLANT DYNAMICS 06-C

K.F. Hansen 85-3

The simulation of the behavior of dynamic systems is an

important part of the computer field. The great advances in

digital electronics are such that most simulation is done

digitally. However, problems unique to the use of digital

computers, such as computer languages, numerical algorithms, and

computer/user interfaces have made.simulation of engineering

systems difficult and/or awkward. This is particularly true with

regard to transient analysis of nuclear power plants.

One area of analog simulation that has remained in widespread

use is that of "breadboard" circuits to simulate electric

electronic networks. Recent developments have led to a very

flexible and convenient breadboard technique called parity

simulation, where individual integrated circuits in the simulator

behave as individual circuit elements. The system is also user

friendly in that the analyst communicates in his own engineering

language.

It is well-known that electric analogs can be constructed to

other physical systems such as mechanical, thermal, fluid,

magnetic, or acoustic systems. Research in this project is aimed

at developing integrated circuit analogs to plant components, such

as pipes, reactor cores, heat exchangers, pumps, etc. The IC

elements will solve the conservation equations of mass, energy, and

momentum. Thus far elements have been developed for single phase

compressible and incompressible flow.

This is one of several projects carried out in cooperation with

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory/EG&G.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

47. PLASMA REDUCTION OF $ 76,000

METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES 06-A

J. F. Elliott, J.Szekely, R. E. Spjut 85-3

The objective of this research is to characterize the reduction to

metal of oxide particles injected into the tail flame of an arc

plasma. At the present time, it is not known if a significant degree

of reaction occurs in flight, or if such reduction processes require a

molten bath and, hence, a transferred arc plasma. The experimental

method involves injecting mixtures of carbon and metallic oxide

particles, in the size range of 20 to 100 microns, into an arc plasma

just beyond the point of initial generation and sampling downstream

at various distances with a simple, water-cooled suction cup. The

particles thus removed from the plasma may be examined by microscopy

and electron microanalysis to determine the extent of reduction.

Another important aspect of this work is to determine the rate of heat

transfer between the plasma and injected solid particles. In a

preliminary set of experiments, solid particles of varying

thermophysical properties will be injected into the plasma and then

collected. By sectioning and analyzing these particles it will be

possible to establish the extent to which melting has in fact

occurred. These experimental measurements will be critically compared

with the theoretical predictions.

The new 50ks furnace has been installed and placed in operation. It

can be operated in either the non-transferred arc or transferred arc

mode. The system is equipped with automatically controlled devices

for feeding powders into the plasma flame. Initial work has been

begun on the physical and chemical modification of simple oxide

particles and composite carbon-oxide particles that have passed

through the plasma flame.

This work is closely coordinated with the plasma modelling and gasparticle studies in progress at MIT, and with measurements of particle

trajectories and temperatures of particles passing through plasma

flames that are in progress at the Idaho National Engineering

Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Plasma Program

Cambridge, MA 02139

48. HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-PARTICLE REACTIONS $230,000

J. F. Elliot, R. E. Spjut, P. P. Bolsaitis 06-A

85-3

The objective of the research program is to examine the

physicochemical behavior of individual inorganic particles in

conditions simulating those to which particles are exposed in arc

plasmas. In the experimental arrangement, a particle is suspended by

the field in an electrostatic balance and it is heated in a laser beam.

Manipulation of the charge on the particle and precise measurement of

the strength of the field permits determination of the weight of the

particle before and after its exposure to the laser beam, and under

some conditions, during the heating and cooling of the particle in the

experiment. The composition of the gas in the reaction chamber is

controlled, and the temperature of the particle can be measured and

controlled with a time resolution as short as one or two milliseconds.

Experiments are in progress to determine the rate of volatilization of

alumina and silica particles in various gas compositions, and the

kinetics of reactions in composite carbon-alumina and carbon-silica

particles.

This work is closely coordinated with the other plasma processing

programs in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT

and with the experimental program on plasma processing at the Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

49. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF $102,000

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN PLASMA SYSTEMS 06-A

J. Szekely 85-3

The purpose of this investigation is to develop a comprehensive

mathematical representation of the electromagnetic force field, the

velocity field, temperature field and chemical composition of plasma

flames, together with their interaction with solid particles.

To date, computed results have been obtained describing the flow

field, the temperatures and the composition of a non-transferred arc

with swirl, with annular and sideways injected gas streams.

It has been shown that swirl plays a profound effect in modifying both

the flow and the entrainment of the secondary and tertiary streams.

These calculations should form the basis of the rational design of

plasma reactors.

The theoretical predictions are being compared to measurements

conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

50. ENERGETICS OF COMMINUTION $148,000

Carl Peterson 06-C

85-3

This program is central to a broader program of comminution

research that includes basic studies on the behavior of single

particles, particulate beds, and the design and testing of a

novel coal crushing concept.

Single particle work has progressed the furthest. A very rigid

miniature compression testing device has been fabricated and data

generation has just begun. Behavior of the device is

satisfactory and computer data acquisition is being installed to

permit routine testing of a statistically significant number of

particles. This device will provide information on force and

energy requirements for particle fracture as a function of

particle size and material properties. A new theory of

comminution has been proposed which seems to explain the shift in

energies required for failure as size decreases for uniform

materials. More complex materials such as particles with voids

and composite materials will be examined next. The increased

difficulty to fracture a particle of smaller size has a practical

significance in the crushing behavior of particulate beds.

Particulated bed work will include both analytical and

experimental studies, seeking the combination of bed stress and

strain required to cause individual particle fracture within some

zones of the bed. These studies will ultimately tie back to the

individual particle failure studies when computer simulations are

used to predict particle movements and forces acting on the

particles.

A novel comminution mill has been designed which uses particleto-particle shear to cause particle failure.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Ocean Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

51. IN-PROCESS CONTROL OF RESIDUAL STRESSES $ 87,000

AND DISTORTION IN AUTOMATIC WELDING 03-A

Koichi Masubuchi 85-3

The objective of this research program is to develop the technology of

in-process control of residual stresses and distortion in automatic

welding. The program consists of the following three phases:

Phase 1: In-process control of residual stresses and

distortion in some weldments.

Phase 2: Development of technologies for minizing and

eliminating, if possible, tack welds.

Phase 3: Plans for future advancement of the technology

of in-process control of residual stresses

and distortion.

The effort thus far covers primarily Phases 1 and 2. The program has

been carried out smoothly as originally proposed.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

52. INVESTIGATION OF VISIBLE AND $ 75,000

NEAR VISIBLE LIGHT EMISSIONS AS 03-B

SENSORS FOR CONTROL OF ARC 85-3

WELDING PROCESSES

Thomas W. Eagar

The present research is part of a cooperative program among faculty at

MIT and staff at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to develop

sensing and control methods which can be used to automate the gas

metal arc welding processes.

Recent research has mapped the light emissions spatially, temporally,

and spectrally, from gas tungsten welding arcs. The experimental

method makes use of a somewhat unique subtractive double

monochromator, which provides a two dimensional image of the arc while

filtering out all but a specific range of light wavenumbers. Thus it

is possible to photograph the distribution of relatively weak elements

in the arc without the disturbance of the strong argon or helium

background spectra. By studying the emission of Mn or Cr on stainless

steels, it is possible to see clearly the anode spot on the weld

surface. Video movies of the spot movement are being made and will be

analyzed to determine the true heat distribution on the weld surface.

Spectra from arcs on several different materials have been measured to

determine regions in the frequency spectrum which are relatively free

of light. It is hoped that such regions will identify windows where

it will be best to utilize the laser weld pool sensor being developed

by INEL.

Additional work has begun on modelling of the mechanism of metal

transfer in gas metal arcs. Experimentally, a laser back lit viewing

system has been developed which permits viewing of anode and cathode

jet phenomena, thus helping to determine the effect of these gas

flows on metal transfer. An image intensifier has been added to the

subtractive double monochromator described above with the intent of

studying the metal vapors produced during GMAW welding. This work

interfaces with the experimental GMAW control system being developed

at INEL.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity

Cambridge, MA 02139

53. MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF THE GAS-METAL $102,000

ARC WELDING PROCESS 03-B

David E. Hardt 85-3

The process of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) involves many process

control variables such as arc voltage, current, travel speed,

wire feed rate, and voltage pulsing profile. These multiple

inputs to the weld cause changes in multiple outputs such as weld

width, depth, reinforcement height and thermal effects in the

weldment. All existing work in closed-loop control of welding,

however, has treated this highly coupled, multiple input-multiple

output system as a single variable control problem,

concentrating, for example, on controlling just the weld width or

depth.

The objective of this work is to cast the GMAW control problem in

its most general sense and then examine the use of advanced

mutlivariable control methods. We have begun this work at two

extremes, one starting from a specific two-variable problem in

GMAW for which models and measurements exist, and the other from

a more basic, but idealized perspective. The former will allow

us to quickly identify where gaps in our knowledge of the process

and the characterization of the measurements exist, and allow us

to perform initial experiments within the first year of the

project. The latter will begin building a comprehensive framework for the solution of the complete control problem, defined as

independent regulation of all relevant outputs while rejecting a

significant range of system disturbances.

This project is coordinated with the experimental work at Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

54. MODELING OF GMA WELD POOL $ 88,000

GEOMETRY AND METAL TRANSFER 03-B

William Unkel 85-3

Realtime control of weld parameters such as weld pool geometry

can reduce welding flaws and therefore increase the productivity

of producing welded structures. One important component to

achieving online control is a physically-based model of the

welding process. For a complex process such as welding, models

play several roles including:

a) interpreting noisy and often indirect measurement data;

b) identifying process modifications that make multivariable

control easier; and,

c) providing a component of the actual control algorithm.

Previous modeling efforts have concentrated on the Gas Tungsten

Arc Welding (GTAW) process and have laid the groundwork for the

present work on the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process.

The principal goal of the present work is to develop physically

based, but computationally simple models for the GMAW situation

and to use these models to identify process modifications to

allow a more effective multivariable control system to be

implemented. Those models will be confirmed by comparison with

experimental data and will also be considered for use in

online interpretation of sensor data.

This research is coordinated with the experimental work at Idaho

National Engineering Laboratory.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

55. MODELING AND ANALYSIS $200,000

OF SURFACE CRACKS 01-A

David M. Parks 85-3

Frank A. McClintock

This research focuses on the analysis of ductile crack

initiation, growth and instability in part-through surfacecracked plates and shells. The overall approach consists of

determining parametric limits of applicability of the "dominant

singularity" formalism at nonlinear fracture mechanics in these

crack configurations as they are influenced (principally) by

material strain hardening, load biaxiality, and crack geometry.

When such single-parameter dominance is obtained, correlations of

crack response with J-integral or related measures may be

justified. The analysis requires detailed finite element

computations which are too costly for routine applications, so

further development of simplified analytical models such as the

so-called "line-spring" model is underway. Exploratory

experiments are also being undertaken to probe effects of

asymmetry of loading, prior plastic strain history, and other

factors on subsequent ductile fracture. Load biaxiality effects

have been simulated for axial tension and internal pressure

loading on pipes containing a circumferential crack. Accepted

solutions for J derived for tension alone can underestimate fully

plastic biaxial J-values by up to an order of magnitude.

Recent developments have resulted in marked improvement in

agreement between calculations and experimental data obtained in a

parallel effort at INEL.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

56. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM $ 62,000

TO SYNTHESIZE HEAT AND WORK 06-C

INTEGRATION SYSTEMS FOR PROCESS PLANTS 85-3

L. B. Evans

The goal of this research is to develop a prototype expert system

for the synthesis of heat and work integration systems in process

plants. This is an important problem in the design of new plants

and the retrofitting of existing plants for energy conservation.

The expert system will assist the process engineer in designing

heat and work integration systems. A scientific approach to the

design of such systems based upon sound thermodynamic principles

has emerged within the past decade, so there is now an accepted

set of design rules or heuristics that is a prerequisite for an

expert system.

The development of a prototype system seeks to answer many open

questions, such as: What is the appropriate architecture for the

system? How should the knowledge base be represented? What is

the best strategy for generating and evaluating alternative solutions? Are standard tools of artificial intelligence suitable for

this problem or must we develop specialized procedures? Is an

expert system useful either as an aid or alternative to the

solution of the problem by a human designer?
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

The Energy Laboratory

Cambridge, MA 02139

57. PISTON RING FRICTION AND $115,000

VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY 01-D

D. P. Hoult 80-6

A novel method, using laser fluorescence, has been used to measure oil

film thickness on the piston skirt, liner, and piston lands for the

first time. Preliminary results shows that although the oil film

thickness between the rings and liner is in good agreement with

theory, the thickness of lubricant on the piston lands is nearly 5-10

times larger than theory predicts.

The method is accurate to a fraction of a micron, and is self

calibrating in a running engine. A study is underway to make a

detailed survey of the oil film thickness on the piston lands and

skirt.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, MA 02139

58. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRICTION MODEL $ 65,000

PREDICTING THE SLIDING BEHAVIOR OF 01-D

MATERIAL PAIRS, ESPECIALLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES 85-2

Yukikazu Iwasa

The principal objectives of this research program are 1) to

develop a friction model which predicts correctly whether a

system sliding at low speeds will give steady or unsteady sliding

behavior and 2) to advance basic understanding of the

friction process.

The program consists of experimental and analytical studies.

Experimental work includes collection of data on creep properties

of the two contacting materials, namely bulk creep behavior in

tension and interface creep data in shear. The interface creep

takes place when one material is pressed against the other by a

constant force and a shear force insufficient to produce gross

sliding is applied. The extent to which the bulk creep

properties determine the interfacial creep behavior both at room

temperature and at cryogenic temperatures will be determined,

and this knowledge should lead to better models of the friction

process. In turn, such knowlege will contribute to a more

reliable operation of superconducting magnets.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003

59. A DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE $ 35,000

FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS 06-A

AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATIONS 85-3

M. F. Doherty

New techniques are being developed to aid in the design and

synthesis of multicomponent, nonideal and azeotropic separation

systems. The synthesis problem is a difficult one for it not

only entails choosing the optimal column configuration and

processing conditions, but also involves choosing the optimal

entrainer. The problem is compounded by the presence of

distillation boundaries in azeotropic mixtures which put severe

constraints on the feasible class of column sequences. At

present there is no systematic method available in the literature

for solving this synthesis problem.

The technique being developed is based on the concept of a

residue curve map. These maps represent the fundamental phaseequilibrium behavior of the mixture in a way which is uniquely

suited for separation-system studies. The maps provide

information for discriminating between feasible and infeasible

column sequences. New design tools have also been developed for

calculating such quantities as minimum reflux ratios for

azeotropic mixtures. The ultimate aim of this research program

is to develop a comprehensive body of theory which will result in

automatic computer procedures for synthesising optimal separation

sequences for multicomponent azeotropic mixtures.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003-0011

60. A HIERARCHICAL PROCEDURE FOR FLOWSHEET, $130,000

CONTROL SYSTEM, AND RETROFIT DESIGN FOR 03-B

CHEMICAL PROCESSES 83-6

J. M. Douglas, M. F. Malone

The objectives of the research were to develop new tools that could be

used to develop conceptual process designs, to quickly screen retrofit

opportunities, and to assess potential control problems at the

conceptual stage of a process design. An interactive computer program

for conceptual design has almost been completed. This code contains

both a qualitative knowledge base (including many new design

heuristics that we have developed) and a quantitative knowledge base

(including many new short-cut design procedures that we have

developed). The code proceeds through a hierarchy of decisions, so

that projects with poor prospects can be terminated early. However,

in its present form, it is limited to vapor-liquid processes. The

short-cut design procedures for complex distillation columns, which

were developed with funding from this grant, are currently being added

to the code.

A code for process retrofits has just been started. The models for

complex columns will also be included in this code. Again, a

systematic procedure for screening retrofits will be used as the basis

for the code. We have developed a systematic approach for

synthesizing steady-state control systems that are close to optimal,

but we are still working on a procedure to extend the results to

dynamic systems.
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003-0011

61. MIXING: STRETCHING, BREAKUP, AND $ 53,000

CHAOTIC MOTION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS 01-C

J. M. Ottino 85-3

In spite of its universality and practical implications, mixing of

fluids is largely an empirical art. The goal of our research focuses

on two aspects of the problem with long range objective of

establishing a sound background for the analysis of such processes:

(i) experimental investigation of the conditions that determine the

onset of chaos in deterministic two dimensional flows.

(ii) studies of the dynamics of stretching and breakup of small

droplets in such flows.

Thus, (i) focuses on a global scale whereas (ii) is a local analysis--

deformation and breakup in a Lagrangian (linear) time dependent flow.

This brief report highlights primarily point (i). During the past

year we established experimentally that a periodically operated two

dimensional cavity flow is capable of chaotic behavior. Since this

implies exponential separation of initial conditions (fluid filaments)

this finding has also practical significance. Our investigation

centered primarily on the detection of horseshoe functions and in

contrasting the behavior of periodically operated flows with steady

flows, investigation of the influence of the period of the

oscillation, and the geometry of the cavity. We determined that there

is an optimum period to accomplish the best mixing (in a qualitative

sense) in a given time. Similar studies are being conducted in a

newly developed eccentric journal bearing flow. So far, most of our

work was conducted using only one fluid (Newtonian) but we are now

starting experiments involving two different fluids, for example a

blob of a Newtonian fluid immersed in a viscoelastic one. Finally, in

(ii) we developed models to study the stretching of slender lowviscosity breakup in linear flows. Our long-range goal is to be able

to connect these studies with those developed in (i).
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS

Chemical Engineering Department

Goessmann Laboratory

Amherst, MA 01003

62. MULTIVARIABLE AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL $ 57,000

OF NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS 03-B

E. Ydstie 85-3

The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for nonlinear,

adaptive control of chemical and petroleum processes. The algorithm

we investigate is suited for implementation in a distributed network

of computers and it is amenable for complete plant control and

optimization. The approach is motivated by the many recent successful

applications of linear adaptive control theory, however our approach

relies on physically based process models and the maximum use of prior

information about system characteristics. Our investigation will

include:

-algorithmic development and stability analysis,

-application to a distributed control of pilot process,

-simulation and optimization of a complete plant.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics

Ann Arbor, MI 48109

63. LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES $ 73,000

S. K. Clark 01-D

83-3

The research to be carried out under this contract is divided

roughly into two phases. The first is the completion of data

acquisition on the loss characteristics of cord-rubber composites

under both uniaxial and multiaxial stress states. This effort

will utilize information currently available as well as

measurements made here. The effects of prestrain, frequency,

strain amplitude and temperature will be included in the

assessment of the viscoelastic properties of these materials.

The major activity during the latter part of the work will be

analysis and measurement of the rolling loss of a relatively

simple pneumatic tire. The tire geometry will be essentially

cylindrical in form, similar to the type of tire used in vehicles

traversing soft or marshy terrain. These are essentially

cylindrical rollers, but with end closures making it possible

to inflate them. Analysis will be carried out using the

viscoelastic material properties previously obtained, as well as

finite element codes suitable for this type of problem.

Comparison of calculated and measured rolling resistance values

will give valuable insight into the types of finite element

models best suited for this computation, and should give

confidence to the tire industry in its efforts to apply finite

element techniques to the calculation of tire operating properties.

Since tire rolling resistance represents a major component in the

vehicular fuel consumption, minimization of it represents an

important part of the overall national energy consumption effort.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

Department of Electrical Engineering

and Computer Science

Ann Arbor, MI 48109

64. METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF $ 97,000

STABILIZATION OF CHEMICAL REACTORS 03-B

Semyon M. Meerkov 85-2

The objective of this research project is to develop a new

control technique, referred to as vibrational control, and apply

it to systems where traditional approaches, based on the feedback

or feedforward principles, are not applicable. From the

mathematical standpoint, the goal of the project is to analyze

the effects of fast parametric oscillations on the dynamics of

nonlinear systems with multiple steady states and limit cycles.

The approach used in the research is based on asymptotic analysis

(averaging theory) of deterministic and stochastic, ordinary and

partial differential equations. The results obtained or being

currently developed include: (i) theory of vibrational control

for nonlinear systems; (ii) theory of vibrational-feedback control;

(iii) vibrational control of distributed parameter systems; (iv)

vibrational control of stochastic systems. The main application

considered is in the area of exothermic and catalytic CSTR's and

tubular reactors. The obtained theoretical results and their

implementation in terms of chemical reactors have been utilized

by the research group at the Illinois Institute of Technology

(A. Cinar, Principal Investigator) in experimental studies on

vibrational control.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Minneapolis, MN 55455

65. FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH $120,000

IMPINGING JETS AND WALL JETS 01-B

R. J. Goldstein 81-6

This program consists of a number of interrelated projects on heat and

mass transfer, as well as flow distribution in impinging jets, wall

jets and separated flows. The research on impinging jets includes a

study of the influence of angle of inclination, between the jet and

surface, on heat transfer and another study on heat transfer in a

three temperature problem when the surface, jet and ambient are at

different temperatures. The latter study requires further

consideration of adiabatic or recovery wall temperatures, as occur in

other problems with mixing fluid streams. When the spacing between

the origin of the jet and the wall is relatively small, there appears

to be a thermal or enthalpy separation due to the large curvature of

the flow.

In a wall jet, measurements are made of detailed turbulence properties

determined from a specially designed laser-Doppler system and newly

developed software to determine velocity fluctuations from

measurements at two different orientations. Results, including

profiles of shear stress, are being compared to predictions for

turbulent transport, which have been developed in other studies.

The separated flow research includes mass transfer measurements, over

two dimensional cavities, as well as flow around two and three

dimensional roughness elements. With flow around small or large

circular cylinders protruding from the surface, a horseshoe vortex and

a series of smaller vortices within the horseshoe vortex are inferred

from mass transfer measurements. At some locations transport

coefficients are an order of magnitude greater than those observed

along the cylinder far from the plate surface.

In these studies, special measurement techniques are being developed.

One is the use of liquid crystals with a special constant temperature

bath to reduce heat losses as well as prevent overheating of the

surface; another is a microprobe to measure local heat flow; a third

in an automated profilometer to measure changes in a subliming

surface.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Minneapolis, MN 55455

66. THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING OF MATERIALS $142,000 E. Pfender 06-A

85-3

A combined analytical/experimental program is carried out directed towards a better understanding of the interaction of particulate matter with thermal plasmas. One of the major objectives of the work is the development and diagnosis of a new plasma reactor which should solve the problems of particle injection, particle confinement, and particle dwell time in the plasma. Finally, it is intended to use this reactor for materials studies involving superconducting alloys.

The modeling work is primarily concerned with a detailed assessment of the relative importance of the numerous effects which determine heat, momentum, and mass transfer to and from particles injected into thermal plasmas. Diagnostic methods for the plasma include emission

spectroscopy, laser Doppler anemometry, current, voltage, and calorimetric heat transfer measurements. Product powders will be analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, x-ray and electron diffraction, and measurements of the transition

temperature for superconducting compounds.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Tribology Group

Institute for Materials Science & Engineering

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

67. A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM IN LUBRICATION $ 86,000

S. M. Hsu 01-D

84-4

The chemical mechanisms responsible for lubrication in

concentrated tribological contacts are not well understood. The

project is examining systematically both the nature and extent of

the influence of chemical reactions on friction and wear in the

contact zone. Advances have been made in theoretical modeling of

the temperature profiles in a four-ball contact; modeling of

elastohydrodynamic film at concentrated contacts; analytical

characterization of model structures; and the investigation of

interactions between naturally occurring polar species and

antiwear additives. Pure model structures are being used as

lubricants to test the effects of chemical functional groups on

friction and wear. Chemical kinetic studies on tribochemical

reaction rates for various classes of compounds under wearing

conditions will be compiled. The topography of worn surfaces

will be characterized to predict oil film thickness under

different speed and load combinations using the NBS sixmicroliter four-ball wear tester. Micro-asperity and contact

zone temperatures will be studied and computations will be made

using Archard-Jaeger equations as well as finite element

analysis. A theoretical model linking elastohydrodynamic

theories to tribochemical rate constants with material properties

will be attempted to predict lubrication effectiveness a priori.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Thermophysics Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 and Boulder, CO 80303

68. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS $520,000

IN FLUID MIXTURES 03-B

N. A. Olien, J. M. H. Levelt Sengers 84-3

The project aims at the development of accurate measurement

capabilities for the thermophysical properties of complex, multiphase,

fluid mixtures containing hydrocarbons. The research is being done

jointly by two research groups within the Thermophysics Division of

the NBS Center for Chemical Engineering. One group is located at the

Gaithersburg, MD laboratories and the other at the Boulder, CO

laboratories. The properties involved are PVT (pressure-volumetemperature), PVTx (pressure-volume-temperatures-composition), phase

equilibria (liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid equilibria), phase behavior

in interfaces, and transport properties (viscosity, thermal

conductivity, and diffusion coefficient). The apparatus will be

designed for use in corrosive, highly corrosive, and sometimes toxic

and flammable fluids with measurements extending to high temperatures

(800K) and high pressure (30 MPa and in some cases 70 MPa). Also

under study are methods for evaluating supercritical solvent mixtures

and related fluid mixtures.
CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

The City College

Department of Chemical Engineering

New York, NY 10031

69. TOPICS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL $250,000

HYDRODYNAMICS 06-A

Benjamin G. Levich 80-8

This research comprises two main directions:

(i) Fully Developed Turbulence (FDT). We aim at the entirely

novel understanding of the nature of FDT. We assert that the

structure of FDT is determined by a foam-like topology of the

vorticity field lines where the prime role is played by the

hierarchy of helical fluctuations. The active production of

turbulence in this picture proceeds outside of these fluctuations and concentrates in space of fractal dimensionality.

Presently, we have extensive experimental data to support our

view. Further experiments are underway.

(ii) Interfacial Mechanics.

(a) A mechanism for the development of the deformation patterns

commonly observed on the surfaces of biological cell plasma

membranes was suggested. In this mechanism, the membrane is

treated as a viscoelastic continuum and a chemical reaction

network on the surface of the membrane regulates the membrane

elasticity.

(b) Hydrodynamic waves induced by chemical reactivity waves were

studied. Results indicate that a wave of chemical reactivity

derived from a multistable chemical reaction on the surface of

a thin liquid film is able to induce a hydrodynamic wave in the

film through the Marangoni tractions due to the reactivity wave.

(c) The classical linear capillary instability of a thin fluid

filament surrounded by a bulk fluid was investigated for the

case in which the filament is in steady shear flow. Results

indicate that a nonlinear interaction between the shear flow

and the capillary forces can, under certain conditions, stabilize the developing linear instability.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Raleigh, NC 27695-7910

70. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF $ 90,000

DISORDERED POROUS MEDIA FROM 01-C

THE MICROSTRUCTURE 86-3

S. Torquato

This research program is concerned with the quantitative relationship

between certain transport properties of a disordered porous medium

that arise in various energy-related problems (e.g., thermal (and

electrical) conductivity and the fluid permeability) and its

microstructure. In particular, we shall focus our attention on

studying the effect of: porosity, spatial distribution of the phase

elements, interfacial surface statistics, phase conductivity, and size

distribution of the phase elements, on the conductivity and

permeability of models of both unconsolidated media (e.g., soils and

packed beds of discrete particles) and consolidated media (e.g.,

sandstones and sintered materials).

The program has been broken down into four basic tasks: (1) the

development of theoretical expressions for the bulk properties which

depend upon the microstructure through various sets of statistical

correlation functions, (2) the evaluation of these and other

correlation functions that have arisen in the literature for

nontrivial models of porous media, using results and methods of

statistical mechanics, (3) the calculation of transport-property

expressions which involve this statistical formulation, and (4) the

comparison of theoretical results to experimental measurements of the

conductivity and permeability of porous media. We are in the process

of computing microstructure-sensitive property relations for models of

porous media with heretofore unattained accuracy.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Evanston, IL 60201

71. EFFECTS OF CRACK GEOMETRY AND $ 65,000

NEAR-CRACK MATERIAL BEHAVIOR ON 03-B

SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES 83-3

FOR QNDE APPLICATIONS

J. D. Achenbach

Among the methods of quantitative non-destructive evaluation of

structural elements, the method based on scattering of ultrasonic

(elastic) waves by flaws is particularly useful. The work on this

project is concerned with applications of the scattered field approach

to the detection and characterization of cracklike flaws. The work is

both analytical and numerical in nature. Several forward solutions to

model problems have proven to be very helpful in the design of

experimental configurations. They have also provided invaluable aid

in the interpretation of scattering data for the inverse problem. In

recent work, numerical results have been obtained by the finite

difference method (flaws near surfaces) and by the boundary element

method (distributions of voids). The usual mathematical modeling of

ultrasonic wave scattering by cracks is being extended to account for

several typical characteristics of fatigue and stress-corrosion

cracks, and the environment of such cracks. Work is in progress on

scattering by a cloud of microcracks and/or a plastic zone, which

surrounds a crack tip. Further parametric studies are expected to

display the masking of characteristic "crack-like" features of the

scattered field by a spectrum of signals due to deviations from

idealized crack geometries and idealized material behavior.
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

2145 Sheridan Road

Evanston, IL 60201

72. THINNING AND RUPTURE OF A THIN $334,000

LIQUID FILM ON A HORIZONTAL HEATED 01-C

SOLID SURFACE 86-3

S. G. Bankoff

The proposed work aims at studying the non-isothermal rupture of a

thin liquid film under controlled conditions. The program consists of

experiments on a horizontal film on a plate containing a heater strip

and theoretical analyses of such systems. The experiments will

monitor the film profile and observe the critical heat fluxes for film

rupture and for rewetting. The theory will account for

thermocapillarity and evaporation during an initial phase of the

process. It will be augmented by disjoining pressures due to van der

Waals attractions during the final phase of rupture.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Engineering Physics and Mathematics Division

Oak Ridge, TN 37831

73. CENTER FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS $965,000

ADVANCED RESEARCH (CESAR) 03-C

C. R. Weisbin 84-10

The Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research (CESAR) conducts

interdisciplinary long-range research and concept demonstration

related to intelligent machines. CESAR provides a framework for

merging concepts from the fields of artificial and machine

intelligence with advanced control theory. There are two primary

themes: robotic systems for identification, navigation, and

manipulation in unstructured environments; and multi-purpose plant

management and maintenance.

Specific FY 86 research initiatives resulting in publications

included: (1) development of methods for real-time planning with

sensor feedback, (2) determination of concurrent algorithms for

optimal implementation on advanced parallel computers, (3) formulation

of a learning theory for enhanced knowledge acquisition and

interpretation, (4) modelling the dynamics of flexible structures, (5)

generation of automated sensitivity analysis methods for model

simplification and parameter identification (6) generation of a

machine vision system based on principles of human vision, and (7)

inclusion of (1)-(6) within a systems integration framework

encompassing concept demonstration and feasibility.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC.

Research Park, P.O. Box 3100

Andover, MA 01810

74. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL $114,000

STUDIES OF CONDENSATION IN 06-A

MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS 84-4

M. B. Frish, G. Wilemski

This research program comprises experimental and theoretical studies

of nucleation and condensation in multicomponent gas mixtures. The

program goals are: 1) to improve basic understanding of binary

nucleation and droplet growth, 2) to stringently test theories of

binary nucleation at high nucleation rates and under nonisothermal

conditions, 3) to develop improved theories where needed, 4) to

enlarge the data base for systems of both fundamental and practical

interest, and 5) to provide reliable means for predicting the behavior

of mixtures used in practical applications such as turbo-machinery.

Experimentally, gas mixtures will be cooled in a supersonic nozzle to

obtain much higher binary nucleation rates than have previously been

studied. The nozzle is designed to insure that steady state

nucleation occurs and to give satisfactory spatial resolution of the

temperature profile. Laser light scattering is the primary means of

detecting nuclei as small as 10A in radius and of monitoring droplet

growth. Interferometry is used-to diagnose the temperature profile

within the nozzle. By varying the amount of insert carrier gas used,

both isothermal and nonisothermal nucleation will be studied.

Construction of the flow and optical systems is complete, and data

collection has begun. A new thermodynamic theory of binary cluster

composition has been developed. Calculations with this theory have

established the feasibility of using bulk liquid mixture surface

tensions to compute nucleation onset (for small rates) in aqueous

alcohol and acetone mixtures, thus removing a severe deficiency of

classical binary nucleation theory.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical Engineering

West Lafayette, IN 47907

75. HEATING AND EVAPORATION $110,000

OF TURBULENT LIQUID FILMS 01-B

Issam Mudawwar 85-4

The purpose of this project is to investigate turbulent activity

in freely-falling films. During the first two years of the project,

emphasis will be placed on obtaining heat transfer data for turbulent

falling films subjected to sensible heating or to surface evaporation.

General correlations of the data will be developed, and attempts will

be made to predict the results in terms of an empirical turbulence

model. Special efforts will be made to cover the widest possible

ranges of Reynolds, Prandtl, and Kapitza numbers. During the later

stages of the project, the eddy-viscosity profile across freelyfalling films will be correlated experimentally using a Laser-Doppler

Velocimeter (LDV) system. Simultaneous measurements of the

instantaneous longitudinal and transverse velocity components, and of

the film thickness will be used to correlate the turbulent shear

stress in the presence of surface waves. Based on these results, a

new empirical turbulence model will be developed. Predictions based

on this model will be compared to heat transfer results obtained

during earlier stages of the project.

The final outcome of the proposed project will be a new turbulence

model which accounts for the effects of waves and surface tension

damping forces on the free interface of freely-falling films.
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

and Aeronautical Engineering and Mechanics

Troy, NY 12180-3590

76. INELASTIC DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE $120,000

AT HIGH TEMPERATURE 01-A

Erhard Krempl 86-3

A combined theoretical and experimental investigation is performed to

study the biaxial deformation and failure behavior of AISI Type 304

Stainless Steel under low-cycle fatigue conditions at elevated

temperature. The purpose is to characterize the material behavior in

mathematical equations which are ultimately intended for use in

inelastic stress analysis and life prediction. Creep-fatigue

interaction and ratcheting are of special concern. The long-term

goal is the development of a finite element program that can directly

calculate the life-to-crack initiation of a component under a given

load history.

The previously-developed viscoplasticity theory based on overstress

which uses neither a yield surface nor loading and unloading

conditions will be augmented to include the effects of recovery and

aging. This constitutive equation will be combined with an

incremental damage accumulation law. It exists in uniaxial form and

will be reviewed and extended to multiaxial, isotropic conditions.

The theory will be checked against companion experiments.

For the experiments an MTS servohydraulic axial torsion test system is

available together with an MTS Data/Control Processor. Induction

heating (10 KHz frequency), MTS biaxial grips and an MTS biaxial

extensometer will be used for the first time in this study of biaxial

deformation and failure behavior.

At the temperature of interest (presumably 550°C or 600°C) tests will

be conducted to ascertain whether aging and recovery are significant.

Exploratory experiments and tests intended for identifying material

functions of the theory will be performed. They include biaxial, high

temperature low-cycle fatigue and ratcheting experiments. These test

results and data from the literature are needed to find material

constants and functions of the theory. Test results not used in

determining the material properties provide for a check of the

predictive capability of the theory.
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Department of Nuclear Engineering and Science

Troy, NY 12180-3590

77. AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLOSURE CONDITIONS $ 98,000

FOR TWO FLUID MODELS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW 06-C

R. T. Lahey, Jr., D. A. Drew 86-3

The objective of the analytical study being conducted is to

investigate the constraints imposed on the closure conditions of two

fluid models of two-phase flow by:

(1) The postulate of continuum mechanics.

(2) The second law of thermodynamics.

(3) Mathematical well-posedness.

(4) Stability considerations.

In particular, we plan to develop an analytical basis on which

unacceptable interfacial transfer laws and parameters can be filtered

out. We have now begun work on investigating some of the existing

closure laws which are commonly used in two fluid models. Formulation

for the Basset force and the Reynolds stress are now being

investigated. In addition, numerically-based algebraic manipulations

are being employed to investigate the eigenvalues of currentgeneration two-fluid models. It is felt that the results of this

research should significantly advance the state-of-the-art in the two

fluid modeling of two-phase flows such that, in the future, well-posed

models can be developed which only exhibit instabilities of physical

origin.
ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY

Department of Physics and Mathematics

1230 York Avenue

New York, NY 10021

78. SOME BASIC RESEARCH $ 97,000

PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY 06-C

Kenneth M. Case, E.G.D. Cohen 81-6

This project is concerned with investigations of three specific

areas: 1) the prediction and evaluation of thermophysical data

of fluids and fluid mixtures, and 2) a study of the applications of

nonlinear evolution equations. Work is underway to construct a model

which can give a first approximation to the transport properties of

fluid mixtures in their dependence on size and mass of the constituent

particles. The nonlinear evolution equations being investigated

describe a very large number of energy related processes. One such

equation, the so-called Sine-Gordon equation, has been under study and

a number of previously unknown results for the equation have been

found.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Device Research Division

Albuquerque, NM 87185

79. HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS $115,000

P. S. Peercy, L. R. Dawson, 03-B

D. R. Myers, T. E. Zipperian 80-7

The project addresses fundamental engineering Questions relevant to

the development of high-temperature (up to 500 C) electronics for

energy technologies. Included are sensors, passive components, and

active semiconductor devices which provide electronic gain or control.

The FY-85 work has concentrated on electronic devices formed from

heterojunctions of gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide, and

heterojunctions formed from gallium phosphide and aluminum gallium

phosphide. Mesa-isolated, liquid-phase epitaxial heterojunction

bipolar transistors and heterojunction, semiconductor controlled

rectifiers have been fabricated. High-temperature evaluation of these

devices is currently in progress. Future studies include optimization

of these structures for high-temperature service as well as development

of stable metallization systems for these devices. An ultimate goal

is the development of a viable high-temperature integrated circuit

technology.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Research Facility

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, CA 94550

80. DYNAMICAL PERCOLATION PROCESSES $130,000

AND APPLICATIONS 06-C

A. R. Kerstein, B. F. Edwards 85-3

The technical goal of this project is to develop a unified framework

for predicting and interpreting phenomena in combustion and fracture

mechanics which are strongly influenced by underlying spatial random

processes. The underlying processes for coal combustion are those

determining macromolecular chemical structure and pore morphology.

For combustion of heterogeneous propellants or fracture of

heterogeneous solids, the underlying process determines the spatial

distribution of phases or structural defects within the material. For

these applications and others, explicit models of the underlying

spatial random processes will be formulated and their observable

consequences will be predicted by means of computer simulations and

anlytical methods. Special emphasis will be placed on "percolation

threshold" effects associated with loss of global connectedness.
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES

Combustion Research Facility

Thermofluids Division

Livermore, CA 94550

81. DYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT $130,000

LIQUID FUEL DROPLETS 06-B

B. R. Sanders, H. A. Dwyer 81-7

Theoverall objective of this program is the development of

a comprehensive model of multicomponent liquid fueldroplet

vaporizationandcombustion. Inparticular, we will

numerically solve for the two-dimensional, unsteady behavior

ofmulticomponentliquid fuel droplets in a strong convective

environment representative of typicalcombustion systems.

Experimental evidence has shown that multicomponent liquid

fuels can undergo disruptivebehavior and micro-explosive

combustion;however, there is no detailed model available to

explain such dynamic events. Disruptive behavior and microexplosion

phenomena are of intense practical interest as secondary atomization

methods to provide rapid fuel dropletdisintegration,vaporization

and combustion.
SCIENCE APPLICATIONS, INC.

1200 Prospect Street, P. 0. Box 2351

La Jolla, California 91038

82. ASPECTS OF TURBULENCE IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS $119,336

E. Frieman, William Hagan 06-C

84-3

The basic goal of this program is to advance the understanding of flow

and transport in turbulent systems. A central strategy is to exploit

the distinct sets of temporal and spatial scales exhibited by most

physical systems. The plasma system is chosen as a specific example

in which to develop and demonstrate these methods.

The program has been broken down into five tasks: (1) The first task

is to understand the relation between the various gyroradius kinetic

theories. (2) The second task is to derive these gyrokinetic

equations from the viewpoint of contemporary Hamiltonian dynamics.

The relation between divergencies in the generating functions (for Lie

transform theory) and resonances in the solutions to the nonlinear

perturbative equations of motion will also be explored in this task.

(3) The third task involves application of modern procedures to the

resulting nonlinear systems arrived at in the first two tasks. Field

theoretic techniques will lead to expansions which might be

parameterized in terms of the linearization amplitude and ratio of

Larmor theory. (4) The fourth task involves the investigation of

applying renormalization group theories to these equations to yield

nonperturbative relations among correlation functions. The nature and

distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic stochasticity will also be

examined. (5) Lastly, application of the concepts and lessons learned

to a broader class of turbulent systems will be considered.
SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS, INC.

54 Ringe Avenue Extension

Cambridge, MA 02140

83. CHAOTIC DYNAMICS IN FEEDBACK SYSTEMS $ 0

J. Baillieul, R. W. Brockett 03-A

N. Kopell 82-4

The objective of this research effort is to study chaotic motions

occuring in certain classes of dynamical systems which arise in

the study of feedback control systems, electric power conversion

circuitry and various other engineering applications. Part of

the effort is focused on a simple class of differential equations

whose coefficients depend piecewise linearly on the state.

Because this is a simpler class of dynamical systems than others

which have been widely studied recently, it is possible to obtain

especially accurate simulations of system trajectories. On the other

hand, numerical simulations that have been carried out indicate very

interesting qualitative features of the dynamics of such systems, and

there is evidence of a strange attractor in a very simple third order

system. Specific research is aimed at these and other classes of

models in three areas: (i) the use of singular perturbation

techniques to analyze first return maps, (ii) the use of

difference equations to study the qualitative behavior of "chaotic"

differential equations, and (iii) the use of input/output analysis

(particularly various control theoretic techniques involving Nyquist

plots, describing functions, etc.) to study the qualitative behavior

of feedback models.
SKF TRIBONETICS

1100 First Avenue

King of Prussia, PA 19406-1352

84. MECHANICAL INTERACTIONS OF $ 135,294

ROUGH SURFACES 01-D

J. I. McCool 82-5

This program is aimed at developing fundamental information and

resolving a number of issues that impact the design of mechanical

systems in which surface microtopography per se or events which occur

on the microgeometric scale play critical roles.

The work is organized into two distinct tasks:

In Task I, a rig designed and built by SKF is being used to provide

optical interferograms of the lubricated contact of rough surfaces

along with measurements of the traction transmitted under conditions

of combined rolling, sliding, and spinning. These tests serve to

explore the limitations of predictive models of film thickness,

traction, and the frequency of asperity contact interactions and

micropitting in the so-called partial EHD regime wherein the thickness

of the lubricant film separating the bodies is of the same order as

the surface roughness amplitudes.

The objective of Task II is to develop guidelines and techniques for

the digital processing of surface roughness data generated in analog

form by a stylus profile instrument.

Results to date include i) application of microcontact models to

microfracture in ceramics, ii) methodology enabling the use of stylus

instrument output for computation of microcontact conditions, iii) a

comprehensive comparison of extant microcontact models, iv) an

evaluation of the predictive ability of an isothermal elastic/plastic

traction model in the presence of lateral sliding and spin and v) the

determination via simulation of the distribution of contact area,

pressure, load and flash temperature at asperity sites under the

Greenwood-Williamson microcontact model.
SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Thermal Sciences Research Branch

1617 Cole Blvd.

Golden, CO 80401

85. SHEAR-INDUCED INSTABILITIES $ 91,000

IN A DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE 01-C

PARTIALLY STRATIFIED FLUID 85-3

F. Zangrando

This basic experimental study concentrates on mixing mechanisms

in a double-diffusive, stratified fluid subjected to the combined

effects of bottom heating and horizontal flow. The fluid

contains two components (in this case, heat and salt) that

contribute in an opposing manner to the fluid density and have

significantly different diffusivities (ratio of order 100). The

tasks proposed emphasize qualitative and quantitative observation

of the behavior of the interfacial layer between a doublediffusive stratification and an initially well mixed region, both

of arbitrary thickness, in the presence of buoyancy driven

convection due to bottom heating and of shear flow imposed on the

mixed region. The effect of each destabilizing component,

including line jet discharge and flow into a sink, will be first

studied separately and compared with results obtained with

single-component stratifications. The combined effect of

buoyancy driven convection with a superposed lateral flow

(recirculation) will then be studied in order to compare the

various mixing mechanisms under similar experimental conditions

and to determine the entrainment at the interfacial boundary

layer.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

86. TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS $ 70,000

OF CONCENTRATED SLURRIES 01-C

Andreas Acrivos 85-3

The aim of this research is to study the flow behavior of

concentrated suspensions from a fundamental point of view. The

work to date has uncovered a host of seemingly unrelated

phenomena pertaining to the rheology of concentrated

suspensions, to which explanations have been provided that have

shed new light on the understanding of such systems. The

principal phenomena in question are: a) the observed

resuspension of a settled bed of particles in a viscous fluid

upon being sheared, b) the existence of a shear-induced

anisotropy in a concentrated suspension which manifests itself in

measurable normal stresses; and c) the slow decay with time of

the effective viscosity of a concentrated suspension, as measured

in a Couette viscometer, together with a shear thinning behavior

in such systems. Evidence has been provided that many of these

phenomena arise as a result of the existence of a shear-induced

diffusion mechanism which produces a flux of particles from

regions of high particle concentration to low, or from regions of

high shear to low.

The current research has the following aims: a) to study the

resuspension mechanism in detail experimentally and to develop a

reliable theory which would account for the experimental

observations; b) to measure the shear-induced diffusion

coefficient by a novel technique over a wide range of particle

sizes, particle concentrations and degrees of polydispersity, and

to construct a theory for determining this coefficient; c) to

examine in depth the shear-induced anisotropy, as inferred from

our normal stress measurements, and determine to what extent it

can lead to a drift of particles in concentrated suspensions; and

d) to identify the mechanism responsible for the observed shear

thinning behavior in concentrated suspension, an experimental

fact which at present is unexplained.

The overall goal of this combined experimental and theoretical

program is to develop a theoretical framework, currently lacking,

for modelling quantitatively the flow behavior of concentrated

suspensions.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305-3030

87. HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS OF $ 60,000

LONGITUDINAL VORTICES EMBEDDED IN 01-B

A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER 83-3

John Eaton

Embedded longitudinal vortices with length scales of the order of the

boundary layer thickness, develop naturally in many flows and are

purposely introduced in other cases. Such vortices can cause

significant augmentation of the heat-transfer rate. The objectives of

the present study are (i) to examine the effects of single vortices

and vortex pairs independent of other interfering phenomena and (ii)

to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for the heat

transfer augmentation. The experiments are conducted in a twodimensional boundary layer wind tunnel. The measurements include the

spatially resolved heat transfer and skin friction coefficients, all

components of the mean velocity vector and Reynolds stress tensor, and

temperature profiles. The data and analysis of the single vortex

cases are complete. The inner layers of the boundary layer behave as

simple 2-D boundary layers for these weakly three-dimensional flows

and simple analytical methods could be used to predict the heat

transfer augmentation, but not the vortex decay. The work is now

being extended to vortex pairs which impose a stronger threedimensional perturbation and may reduce the Reynolds stresses. The

mean velocity measurements show that appropriately chosen vortex pairs

can produce a wide region of boundary layer thinning which should

result in a sharply increased average heat transfer coefficient.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Division of Applied Mechanics

Stanford, CA 94305

88. ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS $ 0

George Herrmann, David M. Barnett 01-A

82-4

A variety of processes occuring in stressed deformable solids,

such as void formation, void growth, motion of dislocations and

point defects, grain boundary sliding, etc., are accompanied by

energy changes. It is these energy changes which give rise to

the concept of generalized configurational (or material) forces

and provide a most promising way to characterize state changes

and the processes in question. During the past year we have

examined material forces associated with solids containing a

specified distribution of dislocations and disclinations.

Furthermore, a remarkably simple formula has been derived for

calculating the hoop stress distribution along the boundary of a

circular cavity in an infinite sheet containing arbitrary sources

of internal stresses; the calculation can be made without solving

an elastic boundary value problem. As several specific examples

show, this formula is most useful for calculating energy release

rates. Work on generalizing this approach to cavities of

arbitrary shape is currently in progress.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Aeronautics/Astonautics

Stanford, CA 94305-2186

89. TOMOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DATA $ 80,000

ACQUISITION SYSTEMS FOR 03-B

COMBUSTION RESEARCH 85-3

L. Hesselink

The objective of the research is to study a coflowing combusting jet

using high speed optical tomography.

The approach involves development of a unique optical data acquisition

system which incorporates holographic optical elements (HOE's) for

making rapid holographic interferometry measurements from a large

number of directions about the object (projections). Subsequent data

anlysis allows 3-D reconstruction of the density or species

concentration field. Algebraic reconstruction and convolution

backprojection techniques have been evaluated for this application.

All interferometry projections are recorded in 1 msec and after

development the film is digitized for further processing. Nonlinear

regression methods and Fourier techniques are studied for fringe

readout.

Presently measurements of species concentration are being made in a

cold coflowing jet and temperature distribution in a combusting jet.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

W. W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics

Stanford, CA 94305

90. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING $115,000

G. S. Kino 03-B

81-6

The aim of this project is to arrive at techniques for contactless

nondestructive testing and range sensing. Devices which can be

rapidly scanned over a surface so as to detect flaws and measure their

profiles are badly needed. The measurement of parameters such as

surface roughness are also required. For this purpose, we are

developing acoustic sensors operating in air and contactless

photoacoustic techniques.

We have developed a new type of PZT ceramic acoustic transducer with a

quarter wavelength matching layer of RTV rubber which operates in air

in the frequency range of 1-8 MHz. The transducer itself has been

used for range sensing and for photoacoustic measurements. As an

example, it has enabled us to measure regions of high surface

recombination rates on semiconductors by varying the number of

injected carriers in a semiconductor, using a laser beam modulated at

2 MHz. We detect the rf term in the surface temperature due to

recombination. Similar techniques have been used by us to measure

film thicknesses and profiles.

We are now developing a new acoustic transducer operating in air which

utilized a 1000 A thick pellicle of boron nitride as the detector of

acoustic waves in the air. The deflection of the surface is measured

by highly sensitive optical phase measurement of an optical beam

reflected from the pellicle. The system is as sensitive as our

previous acoustic transducer, but has the advantage that it can be

operated over a bandwidth from a few Hz to several MHz.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Stanford, CA 94305

91. FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED OPTICAL SENSING $192,000

SYSTEMS FOR THE STUDY AND CONTROL OF 03-B

ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES 85-3

C. H. Kruger, G. Kychakoff

The integration of optical sensors with computers is needed for the

study and control of energy conversion processes. The aim of this

program is to develop systematic methods for combining the

capabilities of optical sensors and computers, and to apply these

methods to generate a family of advanced optical sensing systems.

The system architecture being investigated consists of light sources,

an optical muliplexer, optical waveguides and transducers, hybrid

optical/electronic signal analysis modules and a digital computer. The

multiplexer directs light via an optical fiber from a source to one of

a number of remotely located fiber-optic tranducers; the light is

altered by interaction with the environment and returns via a

demultiplexer to a hybrid optical/electronic signal analysis module.

Here the light is analyzed and a digital representation is generated.

The computer interprets the data, converting it to a form suitable for

process control.

Optical waveguide transducers have many attractive features for our

application, including ease of optical alignment, insensitivity to

electrical interferences, durability and low cost. New transducers to

sense parameters such as electric fields in low pressure plasma (using

Stark-parity-mixing spectroscopy), chemical species in a liquid (using

evanescent field absorption spectroscopy), solid body curvature (using

reflectance measurements) and pattern misalignment (using LCDTVs as

spatial light modulators) are being developed.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemistry

Stanford, CA 94305

92. REDUCTION OF DISSIPATION $105,000

IN COMBUSTION AND ENGINES 06-C

J. Ross 82-4

Research is concerned with the issue of the enhancement of power

output in thermal and chemical engines by means of external

perturbations of constraints coupled to nolinearities of the mechanism

of the engine. The possibility has been shown of the increase in

power output of the thermal engine driven by a chemical reaction by

means of external periodic variations of pressure, temperature, and

mass flux for the same average chemical throughput as the unperturbed

(steady or periodic) state. Since the power output of an engine is

necessarily accompanied by dissipation due to irreversible processes

essential for power production, an increase in the power output by

means of external perturbations is accompanied by a decrease in the

rate of entropy production. There exist particular frequencies of

external perturbations at which resonance effects lead to enhancement

of power output. Full nonlinear analyses are being made on two

systems: combustion of fuel with steady and oscillatory fuel input;

and model reactions of a proton pump.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Environmenal Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Stanford, CA 94305-2179

93. MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFER $ 94,000

IN A COMPLEX, BUT WELL- 01-B

DEFINED TURBULENT FLOW 84-3

R. L. Street, J. R. Koseff

A basic study of the heat and momentum transfers in three-dimensional

variable density, recirculating flows is being conducted. Current

objectives of the research are (1) to gain deeper insight into the

characteristics of mixed (natural and forced) convection flows over a

range of Archimedes numbers and flow geometries, (2) to complete

development of our numerical simulation code, and (3) to carry out

simulations of several significant natural and mixed convection flows.

A unique experimental facility was constructed. It employs water as

the working fluid and a moving lid to drive the flow in a cavity. In

addition, a powerful numerical code, called REMIXCS, was constructed

to simulate the three-dimensional unsteady motions and heat transfer.

Measurements have included those obtained by laser-Doppleranemometry, thermocouple-based temperature probes, and a new flow

visualization technique employing liquid crystal microcapsules (which

yield both particle tracks and temperature fields). The numerical

code has successfully simulated the complex motions and heat transfers

in natural, forced and mixed convection cases which were studied

experimentally in the facility. The simulations led to the discovery

of the key role of longitudinal (Taylor-Goertler-type) vortices in the

that transfer and mixing processes in the forced or mixed convection

modes. Both experiments in the facility and the simulation of natural

and mixed convection cases are continuing.
STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Design Division

Stanford, CA 94305

94. GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION OF $ 83,000

NON-POSYNOMIAL DESIGN MODELS 03-C

Douglass J. Wilde 86-3

The overall goal is to develop rigorous, efficient ways to solve

realistic design optimization problems lacking convexity, or even

unimodality, by decomposing them into more easily solvable convex or

unimodel subproblems. Two approaches are under study: (1) leastsquares approximation and primal-dual methods based on posynomial

Geometric Programming, and (2) convex decomposition of non-convex

polyhedral sets.

Geometric Programming optimization problems can be solved by

maximizing a dual function subject to linear constraints. This dual,

although convex, is only poorly approximated by a homogeneous

quadratic form, but allowing axis rotation gives a remarkably good

fit by the method of least squares. The resulting quadratic program

has a closed form matrix solution to be used iteratively. A primaldual formulation for solving non-convex problems is also under study.

The only known convex decomposition scheme for three dimensional

polyhedra fails in the presence of certain types of vertices. Now

under study is a remedy for this degeneracy giving a decomposition

scheme possibly extendable to non-convex polyhedra and curved objects

in higher dimensions. Such a method may prove capable of

decomposing multimodel optimization problems into unimodal subproblems.
STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Physics and Engineering Physics

Hoboken, NJ 07030

95. INVESTIGATIONS OF TRANSITIONS $ 38,000

FROM ORDER TO CHAOS IN DYNAMICAL 06-C

SYSTEMS 83-3

George Schmidt

The transition from order to chaos in dynamical systems of few degrees

of freedom are studied, using theory, numerical computation, and a

laboratory experiment as tools of this investigation. The first

phase of the program is now completed.

We have performed a laboratory experiment studying the orbit of a

magnetic dipole in an oscillating magnetic field, with controlled

dissipation. Period doubling bifurcation sequences leading to chaotic

motion have been observed, as well as period three orbits. For

sufficiently large dissipation, chaotic motion takes the form of a

strange attractor.

While the transition to chaos in low dimensional Hamiltonian systems

is by now well understood, there is not a comprehensive theory for

dissipative systems. We established a basis for such a theory by

studying the dissipative standard map numerically. It was found that

all studied stable periodic orbits of the Hamiltonian map turn into

attractors for all values of the dissipation parameter. As the

dissipation parameter is reduced strange attractors are gradually

wiped out so that none exists for the Hamiltonian system. These

results are likely to apply to a large variety of dynamical systems.

The detailed study of the disappearance of strange attractors in

several systems led to the following conclusions: As the dissipation

is reduced the one piece strange attractor disappears first, then the

two, four, eight etc. piece strange attractors. The dissipation

parameter values where these transitions occur follow a universal

geometric progression.

With this evidence from computer experiments we performed a

renormalization calculation, that indeed proves universal behavior for

strange attractors. It follows further that all aspects of the

behavior of dissipative systems that belong to the class investigated

are universal, e.g. Liapunov exponents, fractal dimensions, homoclinic

and hetroclinic crisis etc. behave in a universal way. Thus the

fundamental theory of dissipative dynamical systems, represented by

two dimensional maps has been established.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics

Austin, TX 78712

96. THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM $ 40,000

CONDITIONS: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS AND 06-C

APPLICATION IN ENERGY-ORIENTED PROBLEMS 81-6

I. Prigogine

This research aims at new fundamental developments in the area of

non-equilibrium phenomena, as well as at various applications to

disciplines in which complex systems giving rise to instabilities

and bifurcations are of current and primary concern. Special

emphasis is being placed on three principal directions. First,

the methods of nonlinear dynamical systems will be applied to

investigate the transition phenomena occuring in physico-chemical

problems such as atmospheric dynamics, the Belusov-Zhabotinski

reaction and the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase.

Both perturbative and global techniques will be applied, since

current experimental evidence suggests that some of these

transitions involve chaotic dynamics and homoclinic orbits.

Second, problems arising in connection with selection of

nonequilibrium states will be analyzed. In particular, the

effect of extremely small influences in the selection of

symmetry-breaking states -- which are realized in chemical,

electronic, and other systems -- will be studied, taking both

additive and multiplicative fluctuations into consideration. The

implication of the results for the origin of biomolecular

chirality will be assessed. Collaborative experiments are planned

to substantiate the theoretical developments. Third, special

attention will be focused on the problem of combustion. A

fundamental analysis of this phenomenon, from both the standpoint

of the theory of dynamical systems and the standpoint of

stochastic theory, is still lacking. In the proposed research,

the effect of stochastic perturbations, of inhomogeneities and of

internal fluctuations during the process of ignition, in which

the system is expected to present a high sensitivity, will be

analyzed using Semenov's model for combustion as well as more

realistic models. A fundamental theory of nucleation of flame

fronts is expected to be one of the outcomes of these developments.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

Department of Physics

Austin, TX 78712

97. PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERIZATION $125,000

OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES 06-C

Harry L. Swinney, J. Swift 83-4

In this study techniques are being developed to characterize regular

and chaotic behavior in nonlinear systems. Although recent

theoretical and experimental studies have shown that nonlinear

nonequilibrium processes often exhibit nonperiodic behavior, it is

difficult to relate these results to nolinear systems in industry and

in nature because research thus far has concerned primarily

deterministic systems with no perturbations, while noise is always

present for real systems. Moreover, the observed nonperiodic behavior

has not been well quantified, so experiments cannot be easily compared

with one another and with theory. In this research we are addressing

these problems by (1) conducting experimental studies of the

instabilities and transition sequences in nonequilibrium chemical

reactions in a well-stirred flow reactor, (2) examining the effect of

periodic and nonperiodic perturbations on the system dynamics in

nonequilibrium reactions, and (3) developing general methods for

determining from laboratory data various dynamical invariants,

including Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimension, mutual information,

and the metric entropy.
TUFTS UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Medford, MA 02155

98. EFFECTIVE ELASTIC PROPERTIES $107,000

OF CRACKED SOLIDS 01-A

Mark Kachanov 86-2

Effective elastic properties of solids with cracks will be

investigated on the basis of the new approach to many cracks problems

developed recently by the author. The results will be sensitive to

mutual positions of cracks within the representative volume and will

be applicable up to quite high crack densities.
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH CENTER

Propulsion Science Laboratory

East Hartford, CT 06108

99. LASER DIAGNOSTICS OF PACVD PROCESSES $180,000

W. C. Roman, J. H. Stufflebeam, 06-A

F. A. Otter, A. C. Eckbreth 86-3

The objectives of this research are to perform a comprehensive

experimental investigation of the fundamental nonequilibirum reactive

plasma mechanisms of the plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition

(PACVD) process applicable to hard face coatings. Based on its

superior erosion resistance, TiB2 will be the initial hard face coating

material. In the first task, novel non-intrusive laser diagnostic

techniques (e.g., optical emission and absorption spectoscopy, Laser

Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy

(CARS) and Frequency Modulation (FM) laser absorption spectoscopy)

will be used to determine, in situ, the reactive plasma composition,

temperature, and species concentrated and distribution in the gas

phase. The second task includes use of Auger Electron Spectoscopy

(AES), Ion Scattering Spectrometry (ISS), Secondary Ion Mass

Spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS), and Glancing

Angle X-ray Diffraction Analysis for detailed coating characterization

combined with physical measurement of coating surface smoothness,

density, hardness, and adherence. These combined tasks will allow a

correlation of the PACVD parameters with their required coating

properties, thus providing a predictive capability that is severely

lacking in the present science base of advanced coatings. Preparation

of the experimental facility, including an oil-free high vacuum system,

is underway. Characterization of reference (Ti-6A1-4V) substrates has

been initiated together with a detailed assessment of the diagnostic

technique.
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

Departments of Engineering Science,

Mechanics, and Mechanical Engineering

Blacksburg, VA 24061

100. HEAT TRANSFER IN OSCILLATORY FLOW $ 0

D. P. Telionis, T. Eo Diller 01-B

82-4

The objective has been to study the response of the velocity field and

heat transfer of a single cylinder and bundles of cylinders to forced

oscillations of the fluid crossflow. Experiments were conducted in a

wind tunnel with an emphasis on the heat transfer, and a water tunnel

where the flow was examined in detail via Laser-Doppler Velocimetry

and Flow Visualization. Both tunnels were modified to provide a

well-controlled pulsating flow. Analytical efforts were based on

numerical integrations of boundary layer equations and special

mathematical tools for modeling the flow and heat transfer in the wake

of the cylinders.
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pullman, WA 99164-2920

101. PARTICLE DISPERSON BY ORDERED $ 65,000

MOTION IN MIXING LAYERS 01-B

T. R. Troutt 86-3

This research program is directed towards understanding the role of

quasi deterministic large scale vortices in the dispersions of

particles by turbulent mixing layers. The primary objective of this

experimental study, which has just been initiated, is to determine the

influence and importance of these vortex structures on the particle

dispersion process over a range of particle and flow parameters. It

is hypothesized that if the time scale associated with the vortex

motion and the particle relaxation time are of the same order,

significantly enhanced particle dispersion may occur.

The experiments will employ high speed photographic methods to track the

dispersing particles. The nature of the instantaneous vortex

structures will be determined by simultaneously measuring the particle

dispersions and the large scale flow features. Direct cause and effect

relations between large vortices and the particle dispersion

process can be ascertained in this way. Artificial forcing techniques

will be used to control the vortex structures for aiding the

interpretation of the experiments.

The primary anticipated result of this study is a new physical model

for interpreting and predicting particle dispersion in unbounded

turbulent shear flows. New techniques for controlling or modifying

the dispersion of particles in turbulent flows are a possible outcome

of the research program.
WESTINGHOUSE R&D CENTER

Advanced Chemical Research Department

1310 Beulah Road

Pittsburg, PA 15235

102. THE DESIGN OF A CYLINDRICAL FILM $145,000

CHEMICAL REACTOR 01-C

R. M. Roidt 86-3

This research is to investigate the basic characteristics of a

cylindrical film chemical reactor; i.e., a falling annulus of liquid

within which gases and sprays may be injected to react chemically.

The program is primarily experimental and will focus upon film

stability and its relationship to fluid properties as well as geometry

variables such as film thickness, annular eccentricity and diameter.

Gas entrainment rates, the effect of spray injection and heat release

will also be considered.

This work is closely coordinated with the Carnegie-Mellon University

Combustion Laboratory.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Department of Chemical Engineering

Madison, WI 53706

103. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN $106,000

AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY 03-A

EFFICIENCY, HIGH PRODUCT QUALITY, 80-6

AND IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY IN THE

PROCESS INDUSTRIES

W. Harmon Ray

The process industries are having great difficulty competing in the

world market because of high energy costs, high labor rates, and old

technology for many processes. This project is concerned with the

development of process design and control strategies for improving

energy efficiency, product quality, and productivity in the process

industry. In particular, (i) the resilient design and control of

chemical reactors, and (ii) the operation of complex processing

systems, will be investigated. Major emphasis in part (i) will be on

two important classes of chemical reactors: polymerization processes

and packed bed reactors. In part (ii), the main focus will be on

developing process identification and control procedures which allow

the design of advanced control systems based on limited process

information and which will work reliably when process parameters

change in an unknown manner. Specific topics to be studies include

new process identification procedures, nonlinear controller designs,

adaptive control methods, and techniques for distributed parameter

systems. Both fundamental and immediately applicable results are

expected. The theoretical developments are being tested experimentally

on pilot scale equipment in the laboratory. These experiments not

only allow improvements in theoretical work, but also represent real

life demonstrations of the effectiveness of the methods and of the

feasibility of implementing them in an industrial environment. The

new techniques developed in this project will be incorporated into

computer-aided design packages and disseminated to industry.

Therefore, it is expected that the work will have an impact on

industrial practice.
BUDGET NUMBER INDEX

MECHANICAL SCIENCES:

01-A Solid Mechanics: macroscopic aspects of elastic and plastic

deformations, and crack propagation

01-B Heat Transfer

01-C Fluid Mechanics

01-D Tribology

CONTROL SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION:

03-A Control systems, large scale systems

03-B Instrumentation for hostile environment, and NDE

03-C Intelligent systems

ENGINEERING DATA AND ANALYSIS:

06-A Thermophysical properties and processes.

06-B Combustion

06-C Non-linear dynamics and engineering analysis
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-A

BOUNDS ON DYNAMIC PLASTIC DEFORMATION ........................... 3

STABILITY AND STABILIZATION OF PREMIXED FLAMES ................. 8

CONTINUOUS DAMAGE THEORY ........................................35

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CRACKS ......................... 55

INELASTIC DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE..............76

ENERGY CHANGES IN TRANSFORMING SOLIDS ........................... 88

EFFECTIVE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF CRACKED SOLIDS .................. 98

01-B

ENHANCEMENT OF CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN TUBES USING STAGED

TANGENTIAL FLOW INJECTION ....... ........ ........................... 10

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF TURBULENT HEAT TRANSFER.........23

FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH IMPINGING JETS AND WALL JETS.......65

HEATING AND EVAPORATION OF TURBULENT LIQUID FILMS.................75

HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS OF LONGITUDINAL VORTICES EMBEDDED IN A

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ........................................ 87

MOMENTUM AND HEAT TRANSFERS IN A COMPLEX, BUT WELL-DEFINED

TURBULENT FLOW ..... . ....................................93

HEAT TRANSFER IN OSCILLATORY FLOW .............................. 100

PARTICLE DISPERSON BY ORDERED MOTION IN MIXING LAYERS ..........101

01-C

THEORETICAL/EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STABILITY CONTROL ............. 2

INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY MOTIONS AND TRANSITION TO TURBULENCE

IN BUOYANCY-DRIVEN ENCLOSURE FLOWS WITH STREAMLINE CURVATURE.... 7

BASIC STUDIES OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA ........... 8

CHAOTIC ADVECTION AND EFFICIENT MIXING BY DETERMINISTIC FLOWS...12

INVESTIGATION OF FLUID DYNAMIC PHENOMENA NEAR GAS-LIQUID

INTERFACES ...................................................... 14

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF VERTICAL

ANNULAR LIQUID JETS ............................................. 16

NUMERICAL STUDIES OF COHERENT EDDIES IN WALL-BOUNDED FLOWS......19

COMBUSTION CONTROL WITH SMART SENSORS .......................... 20

SUBCOOLED SPRAYS IN A VAPOR ENVIRONMENT-TESTS OF THE TWOFLUID MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE FLOW .................................. 21

FLUID MECHANICS OF ACOUSTIC RESONANCE IN HEAT EXCHANGER

TUBE BUNDLES ... ............................................. 24

GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES .................................... 33

NUMERICAL MODELLING ENERGY RELATED FLOWS ........................ 42

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY AND VORTICITY DYNAMICS

OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS ........ ............................... 43

MIXING: STRETCHING, BREAKUP, AN CHAOTIC MOTION OF

IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS .............................................. 61
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

01-C

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF DISORDERED POROUS MEDIA FROM

THE MICROSTRUCTURE ... ........................................... 70

THINNING AND RUPTURE OF A THIN LIQUID FILM ON A

HORIZONTAL HEATED SOLID SURFACE ................................ 72

SHEAR-INDUCED INSTABILITIES IN A DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE

PARTIALLY STRATIFIED FLUID ......................................85

TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS ON CONCENTRATED SLURRIES..............86

THE DESIGN OF A CYLINDRICAL FILM CHEMICAL REACTOR .............. 102

01-D

ELECTROCHEMICAL WEAR MECHANISM AND DEPOSIT FORMATION IN

LUBRICATED SYSTEMS .............................................. 22

PISTON RING FRICTION AND VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY...................57

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FRICTION MODEL PREDICTING THE SLIDING

BEHAVIOR OF MATERIAL PAIRS, ESPECIALLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES ...... 58

LOSS CHARACTERISTICS OF CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES. ................. 63

A STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM IN LUBRICATION................67

MECHANICAL INTERACTIONS OF ROUGH SURFACES ...... ................. 84

03-A

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR

ENHANCED ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES............ 6

STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMAL REDESIGN IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT.......15

INTEGRATED SENSOR/MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR AUTOMATED WELDING ....... 30

METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF STABILIZATION

OF CHEMICAL REACTORS ........................................ ....36

IN-PROCESS CONTROL OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AND DISTORTION

IN AUTOMATIC WELDING. ........................................... 51

CHAOTIC DYNAMICS IN FEEDBACK SYSTEMS ............................ 83

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY, HIGH PRODUCT QUALITY, AND IMPROVED

PRODUCTIVITY IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES ......................... 103

03-B

MULTIVIEWING TRANSDUCER SYSTEM.................................. 1

NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURE DYNAMICS AND

CRACK GROWTH ................................................... 32

INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE SYSTEMS........37

BASIC DATA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULES AS THRESHOLD

ELECTRON DETECTORS .............................................. 38
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

03-B

DEVELOPMENT OF THERMIONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (TICs) ............ 41

INVESTIGATION OF VISIBLE AND NEAR VISIBLE LIGHT

EMISSIONS AS SENSORS FOR CONTROL OF ARC WELDING PROCESSES .......52

MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF THE GAS-METAL ARC WELDING PROCESS......53

MODELING OF GMA WELD POOL GEOMETRY AND METAL TRANSFER ........... 54

A HIERARCHICAL PROCEDURE FOR FLOWSHEET, CONTROL

SYSTEM, AND RETROFIT DESIGN FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSES..............60

MULTIVARIABLE AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL ON NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS .....62

METHOD OF VIBRATIONAL CONTROL IN THE PROBLEM OF

STABILIZATION OF CHEMICAL REACTORS..............................64

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS IN FLUID MIXTURES ..........68

EFFECTS OF CRACK GEOMETRY AND NEAR-CRACK MATERIAL

BEHAVIOR ON SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR QNDE

APPLICATIONS....... ............................................. 71

HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS.. .................................. 79

TOMOGRAPHIC OPTICAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS FOR

COMBUSTION RESEARCH. ............................................89

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING..........................................90

FLEXIBLE AUTOMATED OPTICAL SENSING SYSTEMS FOR THE

STUDY AND CONTROL OF ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESSES................91

03-C

CENTER FOR ENGINEERING SYSTEMS ADVANCED RESEARCH (CESAR) ........73

GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION OF NON-POSYNOMIAL DESIGN MODELS.............94

06-A

PREDICTIVE MODELING OF URANIUM ROLL TYPE DEPOSITS...............26

IN-FLIGHT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE OF SMALL,

HIGH VELOCITY PARTICLES ......................................... 28

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE PLASMA/PARTICLE

INTERACTION ..................................................... 29

BOILING OF AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS . ........................... 34

PLASMA REDUCTION OF METALLIC OXIDE PARTICLES....................47

HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS-PARTICLE REACTIONS ............. ........... 48

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN

PLASMA SYSTEMS ................. ................................. 49

A DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE FOR HOMOGENEOUS AND

HETEROGENEOUS AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATIONS..........................59

THERMAL PLASMA PROCESSING OF MATERIALS .......................... 66

TOPICS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL HYDRODYNAMICS . ......... .............. 69

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONDENSATION

IN MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS .......................................74

LASER DIAGNOSTICS OF PACVD PROCESSES .............................99
PROJECT TITLES

Budget Project

Number Number

06-B

STABILITY AND STABILIZATION OF PREMIXED FLAMES ............... 8

CONTROLLED COMBUSTION ........................................... 40

TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAME STUDY ................... ............... 45

DYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT LIQUID FUEL DROPLETS ................. 81

06-C

DIFFUSION, FLUID FLOW, AND SOUND PROPAGATION IN

DISORDERED MEDIA......................... ....................... 4

GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENSEMBLE OF SOLUTIONS IN

TWO-PHASE FLOWS AND COMPLETE RESOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

OF CHOKING ...................................................... 5

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS.......................11

THE STOCHASTIC TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE (STAT)

APPLIED TO CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL, AND QUANTUM SYSTEMS............13

TOPICS IN FINITE-TIME THERMODYNAMICS ........................... 17

FUNDAMENTALS AND TECHNIQUES OF NONIMAGING OPTICS FOR

SOLAR ENERGY CONCENTRATION ......................... .......... 18

HIGHER DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR DYNAMICS.. ......................... 25

EXPERT SYSTEM AIDES FORANALYSIS CODES .......................... 31

STUDIES IN NONLINEAR DYNAMICS . .................................. 39

STUDY OF MAGNETOSTATIC PROBLEMS IN NONLINEAR MEDIA

WITH HYSTERESIS . ................................................44

A PARITY SIMULATOR FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DYNAMICS.............46

ENERGETICS OF COMMINUTION ..... .................................. 50

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM TO SYNTHESIZE HEAT AND

WORK INTEGRATION SYSTEMS FOR PROCESS PLANTS .... ................. 56

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLOSURE CONDITIONS FOR TWO FLUID MODELS

OF TWO-PHASE FLOW...... .. ............................................. 77

SOME BASIC RESEARCH PROBLEMS RELATED TO ENERGY .................. 78

DYNAMICAL PERCOLATION PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS ................ 80

ASPECTS OF TURBULENCE IN NONLINEAR SYSTEMS ...................... 82

REDUCTION OF DISSIPATION IN COMBUSTION AND ENGINES .............. 92

INVESTIGATIONS OF TRANSITIONS FROM ORDER TO CHAOS IN

DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ............ ................................... 95

THE BEHAVIOR OF MATTER UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS:

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS AND APPLICATION IN ENERGY-ORIENTED

PROBLEMS ...................... ............................... . 96

PERTURBATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES........97
Abarbanel, Henry D. I. 11 Hagan, William 82

Achenbach, J. D. 71 Hanratty, Thomas J. 33

Acrivos, A. 86 Hansen, K. F. 46

Alajajian, S. 38 Hardt, David E. 53

Allemeir, R. A. 32 Hartnett, J. P. 34

Aref, Hassan 12 Herrmann, George 88

Baillieul, J. 83 Hesselink, L. 89

Banerjee, S. 14 Hoult, D. P. 57

Bankoff, S. G. 72 Hsu, S. M. 67

Barna, B. A. 32 Humphrey, J. A. C. 

7

Barnett, David M. 88 Iwasa, Yukikazu 58

Beck, T. R. 22 Johnson, J. A. 30,32

Berger, B. S. 42 Kachanov, Mark 98

Bernard, Peter S. 43 Kaufman, Allan N. 39

Berry, R. Stephen 17 Keck, James 45

Biegler, L. T. 15 Kerstein, A. R. 80

Blevins, R. D. 24 Kestin, J. 

5

Bolsaitis, P. P. 48 Keyes, Thomas 

4

Bolstad, J. 0. 30 Kim, Jin-Soo 25

Brockett, R. W. 83 Kino, G. S. 90

Brown, D. 41 Kopell, N. 83

Callow, R. A. 31 Koseff, J. R. 93

Case, Kenneth M. 78 Krajcinovic, Dusan 35

Catton, Ivan 9 Krempl, Erhard 76

Cheng, Wai 45 Kruger, C. H. 91

Chigier, N. 16 Kychakoff, G. 91

Chutjian, A. 38 Lahey, R. T. 77

Cinar, Ali 36 Larson, T. K. 31

Clark, S. K. 62 Lavan, Zalman 37

Cohen, E. G. D. 78 Law, C. K. 

8

Dawson, L. R. 79 Lemons, R. 41

Dhir, V. K. 10 Levich, Benjamin G. 69

Diller, T. E. 100 Lynn, D. 41

Doherty, M. F. 59 MacRoberts, M. 41

Dooley, R. 41 Malone, M. F. 60

Douglas, J. M. 60 Masubuchi, Koichi 51

Drew, D. A. 77 Mayergoyz, I. C. 44

Dwyer, H. A. 81 McClintock, Frank A. 55

Eagar, Thomas W. 52 McCool, J. I. 84

Eaton, John 87 McCormick, B. 41

Eckbreth, A. C. 99 McIlwain, M. E. 29

Edwards, B. F. 80 McLaughlin, J. 19

Elliott, J. F. 47,48 Meerkov, Semyon M. 64

Evans, L. B. 56 Metcalfe, R. 23

Fenech, H. 14 Morari, M. 

6

Fincke, J. R. 28 Mudawwar, Issam 75

Fink, R. K. 31 Mulcahy, T. M. 

2

Frieman, E. 82 Myers, D. R. 79

Frish, M. B. 74 O'Gallagher, J. J. 18

Goldstein, R. J. 65 Olien, N. A. 68

Gouldin, F. C. 20 Oppenheim, A. K. 40

Greene, John M. 25 Ortoleva, P. J. 26

Greif, R. 7 Otter, F. A. 99

Grossmann, I. E. 15 Ottino, J. M. 61
Parks, David M. 55

Peterson, Carl 50

Peercy, P. S. 79

Pfender, E. 66

Pope, Steve 45

Prigogine, I. 96

Ramos, J. I. 16

Ransom, V. H. 31

Ray, W. Harmon 103

Reiss, E. L. 2

Reuter, W. G. 27

Reynolds, L. D. 29

Richter, H. J. 21

Roidt, R. M. 102

Roman, W. C. 99

Ross, J. 92

Sanders, B. R. 81

Schmidt, George 95

Sengers, J. M. H. 68

Shaw, C. B. 29

Smartt, H. B. 30

Snyder, S. C. 29

Spjut, R. E. 47,49

Street, R. L. 93

Stufflebeam, J. H. 99

Swift, J. 97

Swinney, Harry L. 97

Szekely, J. 47,49

Telionis, D. P. 100

Thompson, D. 0. 1

Thompson, G. L. 15

Torquato, S. 70

Troutt, T. R. 101

Unkel, William 54

Vanka, S. P. 2

Wallis, G. B. 21

Wambsganss, M. 2

Weisbin, C. R. 73

West, Bruce J. 13

Westerberg, A. W. 15

Wilde, Douglass J. 94

Wilde, D. 41

Wilemski, G. 74

Winston, R. 18

Wolga, G. J. 20

Worek, William M. 37

Youngdahl, C. K. 3

Ydstie, E. 62

Zangrando, F. 85

Zipperian, T. E. 79

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