__________________________________________________

NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

_________________________________________

E.D. TABS July 1996

_________________________________________

Salaries of Full-Time Instructional

Faculty 1994-95

_________________________________________________________

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 96-855
Highlights

The U.S. Department of Education has collected data on full-time instructional faculty since 1968. From 1968 to

1985 these data were collected as part of the Higher Education General Information Surveys (HEGIS); from 1986

to the present they have been collected through the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).

Although IPEDS encompasses the entire spectrum of postsecondary education institutions, data on the number,

salaries, tenure, and fringe benefits of full-time instructional salary are collected only from those institutions that

are accredited at the college level by an agency recognized by the Secretary of Education, that is, those institutions

that originally comprised the HEGIS universe. This report presents the results of analyses of data on salaries of fulltime instructional faculty on 9- and 10-month contracts although data were also collected on the number and salaries

of full-time instructional faculty on 11- and 12-month contracts and other contract schedules as well. The data were

collected through the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) for the academic years 1989-90,

1990-91, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1993-94, and 1994-95.

In the fall of the 1994-95 school year, the total number of full-time instructional faculty on 9- or 10-month contracts

was 384,960 (table 11), representing 86.1 percent of the total full-time instructional faculty in higher education

institutions. Of these the percentage distribution by rank remained the same as in 1993-94, 31 percent held the rank

of full professor, about 24 percent were associate professors, another 23 percent were assistant professors, and the

remaining (22 percent) were split among instructors (6 percent), lecturers (2 percent), or were employed in schools

with no academic rank (14 percent).

The average salary for all ranks of full-time instructional faculty on 9- and 10-month contracts in institutions of

higher education was $47,800 (table 3) in 1994-95. This varied by rank, however, from a high of $62,700 for full

professors to a low of $29,700 for instructors. 

Table 1 compares the average salaries of full-time instructional faculty among faculty of different ranks and across

the years 1989-90 through 1994-95. Salaries for all ranks in constant 1994-95 dollars indicate how salaries kept

pace with inflation over this 6-year time period. In 1994-95, the salary increases for all ranks outpaced inflation

except for the salaries of lecturers and those in schools with no academic rank. Between 1991-92 and 1992-93

salary increases generally did not keep pace with inflation, but between 1992-93 and 1993-94 salaries for all ranks

but instructors outpaced inflation. In constant 1994-95 dollars, lecturers were making less in 1994-95, on the

average, than they were in 1989-90 ($33,198 vs $34,340). Lecturers and instructional faculty in schools with no

academic rank were making slightly more in 1993-94 than in 1994-95.

In 1994-95, average salaries for male full-time instructional faculty were approximately $10,000 higher (24%) than

the average salaries for full-time instructional faculty who were women (tables 2 and 3). This situation has not

changed much since 1989-90. However, when rank is considered, men's and women's average salaries were

somewhat more comparable. For example, among full professors men earned about 13 percent more than women

in 1994-95; among associate and assistant professors, and instructors men earned about 6 to 7 percent more than

women. 

In addition to variations in average salary due to rank and gender, average salaries also varied by institutional control

and level and by state. The average salary for all ranks combined in 1994-95 at private institutions was about 3

percent higher than those at public institutions. However, in comparisons among ranks, only the average salaries

for full professors and lecturers were higher in private institutions than in public institutions (7 percent higher and

11 percent higher, respectively, tables 5 and 6).

Average salaries in 1994-95 for all ranks combined in 4-year institutions were 19 percent higher than salaries in 2-

year institutions (tables 7 and 8). The higher average salaries in 4-year institutions were for those faculty with any

iii
professorial rank: full, assistant or associate. Full-time instructional faculty designated as instructors or lecturers,

or faculty in schools with no academic rank had higher average salaries in 2-year than in 4-year institutions. In fact,

the average salary of full-time instructional faculty in schools with no academic rank was 18 percent higher in 2-year

than in 4-year institutions (tables 7 and 8). It is, perhaps, worth noting in table 8 that in several states, (e.g.

Arizona, Delaware, Maine) there are no 2-year higher education institutions that have ranked full-time instructional

faculty. 

Average salaries for all ranks combined vary considerably by state ranging from a high of $59,200 in New Jersey

to a low of $35,213 in North Dakota (table 4). Connecticut ($56,559), California ($55,293), Massachusetts

($55,110) were among the states with the highest average salaries. South Dakota ($35,269), Montana ($36,728),

Mississippi ($37,250), Arkansas ($37,655), and West Virginia ($37,812) were among the states with the lowest

average salaries.

iv
CONTENTS

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

List of tables

Table 1. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty on 9- and 10-month

contracts, by academic year and academic rank: 50 states and the

District of Columbia, 1989-90 through 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Table 2. Average salaries in constant 1994-95 dollars of full-time instructional

faculty on 9- and 10-month contracts in institutions of higher education,

by academic rank and sex: 50 states and the District of Columbia, 1989-90 

through 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Table 3. Average salaries in current dollars of full-time instructional

faculty on 9- and 10-month contracts in institutions of higher education,

by academic rank and sex: 50 states and the District of Columbia, 1989-90

through 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table 4. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-month

contracts, in higher education institutions, by academic rank and state:

Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Table 5. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-month

contracts, in public higher education institutions, by academic rank and

state: Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Table 6. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-month

contracts, in private higher education institutions, by academic rank and

state: Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Table 7. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-month

contracts, in 4-year higher education institutions, by academic rank and

state: Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 8. Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-month

contracts, in 2-year higher education institutions, by academic rank and

state: Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Table 9. Average salaries for male full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and

10-month contracts, in higher education institutions, by academic rank

and state: Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 10. Average salaries for female full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and

10-month contracts, in higher education institutions, by academic rank

and state: Academic year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

v
Table 11. Number of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-month contracts,

in higher education institutions, by academic rank and state: Academic

year 1994-95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Appendix A

Salary Survey Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Appendix B

Salary Survey Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

vi
Table 1.--Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty on 9- and 10-month contracts, by academic year and by academic rank:

50 states and the District of Columbia, 1989-90 through 1994-95

 Professor Associate professor Assistant professor Instructor Lecturer No Academic rank

Academic Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual

year Average percent Average percent Average percent Average percent Average percent Average percent

salary change salary change salary change salary change salary change salary change

Constant 1994-95 dollars

1989-90 62,556 1/ 46,662 1/ 38,722 1/ 29,649 1/ 34,340 1/ 40,936 1/

1990-91 62,379 -0.3 46,513 -0.3 38,675 -0.1 29,574 -0.3 33,804 -1.6 40,832 -0.3

1991-92 62,503 0.2 46,718 0.4 38,901 0.6 33,645 13.8 33,144 -2.0 41,119 0.7

1992-93 62,041 -0.7 46,376 -0.7 38,650 -0.6 30,077 -10.6 32,217 -2.8 39,860 -3.1

1993-94 62,387 0.6 46,575 0.4 38,709 0.2 29,654 -1.4 33,667 4.5 41,747 4.7

1994-95 62,709 0.5 46,713 0.3 38,756 0.1 29,665 0.0 33,198 -1.4 41,227 -1.2

 Current dollars

1989-90 52,810 1/ 39,932 1/ 32,689 1/ 25,030 1/ 28,990 1/ 34,559 1/

1990-91 55,540 5.2 41,414 3.7 34,434 5.3 26,332 5.2 30,097 3.8 36,395 5.3

1991-92 57,433 3.4 42,929 3.7 35,745 3.8 30,916 17.4 30,456 1.2 37,783 3.8

1992-93 58,789 2.4 43,945 2.4 36,625 2.5 28,501 -7.8 30,529 0.2 37,771 0.0

1993-94 60,649 3.2 45,278 3.0 37,630 2.7 28,828 1.1 32,729 7.2 40,584 7.4

1994-95 62,709 3.4 46,713 3.2 38,756 3.0 29,665 2.9 33,198 1.4 41,227 1.6

1/Not computed.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS "Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits 

of Full-Time Instructional Faculty" 1989-90, 1990-91, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1993-94 and 1994-95 surveys.
Table 2.--Average salaries in constant 1994-95 dollars of full-time instructional faculty on 9- 

and 10-month contracts in institutions of higher education, by academic rank and sex: 50 

states and the District of Columbia, 1989-90 through 1994-95

Academic year Associate Assistant No academic

and sex All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

1989-90

Total 47,539 62,556 46,662 38,722 29,649 34,339 40,935

 Men 50,655 63,551 47,537 40,015 30,718 36,913 42,620

 Women 40,491 56,459 44,383 36,827 28,808 31,977 38,531

1990-91

Total 47,357 62,379 46,514 38,674 29,575 33,803 40,877

 Men 50,614 63,513 47,440 40,024 30,761 36,994 42,720

 Women 40,300 55,852 44,172 36,754 28,678 31,573 38,388

1991-92

Total 47,722 62,503 46,718 38,900 33,645 33,144 41,118

 Men 50,983 63,657 47,682 40,232 36,304 35,742 42,902

 Women 40,847 56,178 44,365 37,070 31,422 31,070 38,766

1992-93

Total 47,187 62,040 46,375 38,650 30,076 32,232 39,860

 Men 50,513 63,289 47,336 39,935 31,219 34,310 41,542

 Women 40,508 55,673 44,176 36,970 29,233 30,522 37,771

1993-94

Total 47,693 62,387 46,576 38,709 29,654 33,667 41,747

 Men 51,000 63,630 47,554 39,906 30,670 35,793 43,462

 Women 41,206 56,315 44,416 37,206 28,942 31,938 39,577

1994-95

Total 47,811 62,709 46,713 38,756 29,665 33,198 41,227

 Men 51,228 64,046 47,705 39,923 30,528 35,082 43,103

 Women 41,369 56,555 44,626 37,352 29,072 31,677 38,967

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS "Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time

Instructional Faculty" 1989-90, 1990-91, 1991-92, 1993-94, and 1994-95 surveys. 

1
Table 3.--Average salaries in current dollars of full-time instructional faculty on 9- and 10-month 

contracts in institutions of higher education, by academic rank and sex: 50 states and the 

District of Columbia, 1989-90 through 1994-95

Academic year Associate Assistant No academic

and sex All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

1989-90

Total 40,133 52,810 39,392 32,689 25,030 28,990 34,559

 Men 42,763 53,650 40,131 33,781 25,933 31,162 35,980

 Women 34,183 47,663 37,469 31,090 24,320 26,995 32,528

1990-91

Total 42,165 55,540 41,414 34,434 26,332 30,097 36,395

 Men 45,065 56,549 42,239 35,636 27,388 32,938 38,036

 Women 35,881 49,728 39,329 32,724 25,534 28,111 34,179

1991-92

Total 43,851 57,433 42,929 35,745 30,916 30,456 37,783

 Men 46,848 58,494 43,814 36,969 33,359 32,843 39,422

 Women 37,534 51,621 40,766 34,063 28,873 28,550 35,622

1992-93

Total 44,714 58,789 43,945 36,625 28,501 30,529 37,771

 Men 47,866 59,972 44,855 37,842 29,583 32,512 39,365

 Women 38,385 52,755 41,861 35,032 27,700 28,922 35,792

1993-94

Total 46,364 60,649 45,278 37,630 28,828 32,729 40,584

 Men 49,579 61,857 46,229 38,794 29,815 34,796 42,251

 Women 40,058 54,746 43,178 36,169 28,136 31,048 38,474

1994-95

Total 47,811 62,709 46,713 38,756 29,665 33,198 41,227

 Men 51,228 64,046 47,705 39,923 30,528 35,082 43,103

 Women 41,369 56,555 44,626 37,352 29,072 31,677 38,967

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS "Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time

instructional Faculty" 1989-90, 1990-91, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1993-94, and 1994-95 surveys.
Table 4.--Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 

10-month contracts, in higher education institutions, by academic 

rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $47,811 $62,709 $46,713 $38,756 $29,665 $33,198 $41,227

Alabama ................................................ 40,576 54,810 42,705 36,005 27,879 28,039 37,103

Alaska ................................................... 49,023 61,798 52,395 41,952 35,093 --- 37,052

Arizona .................................................. 48,863 64,668 48,276 40,656 25,412 33,955 43,414

Arkansas ............................................... 37,655 49,415 40,355 34,510 25,866 16,634 30,285

California .............................................. 55,293 68,023 51,114 42,526 37,477 39,395 50,107

Colorado ............................................... 46,350 59,606 45,842 39,180 28,901 28,765 33,154

Connecticut ........................................... 56,559 71,916 51,994 42,386 33,716 40,435 20,610

Delaware ................................................ 52,773 72,356 54,129 41,832 32,037 39,470 41,883

District of Columbia .............................. 54,560 71,938 50,976 41,426 32,600 33,402 33,026

Florida ................................................... 43,078 55,000 42,984 37,525 30,607 29,001 35,933

Georgia .................................................. 42,852 57,429 44,003 36,541 27,845 30,236 30,128

Hawaii ................................................... 51,978 65,899 51,811 44,578 37,053 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 40,248 48,173 40,330 36,344 28,632 --- 37,801

Illinois ................................................... 49,511 65,653 47,383 39,862 28,074 26,739 46,569

Indiana .................................................. 45,395 60,606 44,902 37,817 26,584 30,607 30,781

Iowa ...................................................... 44,571 59,581 44,700 37,514 29,349 37,028 34,754

Kansas ................................................... 40,538 53,746 40,751 34,930 30,450 28,276 34,925

Kentucky ............................................... 40,463 52,298 39,783 34,078 27,010 26,573 27,873

Louisiana .............................................. 39,725 53,555 41,133 34,579 25,834 27,651 28,263

Maine .................................................... 41,499 55,663 42,467 34,882 27,844 33,821 32,400

Maryland ............................................... 48,177 61,818 46,739 38,873 31,241 30,497 42,777

Massachusetts ....................................... 55,110 68,089 50,035 42,381 31,568 42,251 34,036

Michigan ............................................... 50,804 62,611 48,570 40,956 31,990 31,170 50,039

Minnesota .............................................. 46,147 58,330 44,579 37,062 28,649 28,387 42,786

Mississippi ............................................ 37,250 50,661 40,362 36,004 27,458 22,272 33,305

Missouri ................................................ 43,280 56,641 43,647 37,141 28,702 25,448 32,795

Montana ................................................ 36,728 45,552 37,173 32,514 25,695 23,104 29,182

Nebraska ............................................... 42,293 57,000 44,026 36,533 28,128 25,617 32,209

Nevada .................................................. 46,820 56,796 49,055 40,293 37,008 31,489 42,520

New Hampshire ..................................... 47,424 58,814 44,723 37,092 29,625 28,177 23,484

New Jersey ............................................ 59,200 77,553 57,712 45,269 33,733 37,297 43,974

New Mexico .......................................... 41,898 54,926 43,442 35,963 28,828 31,600 32,675

New York .............................................. 53,916 69,775 51,955 41,931 32,067 39,699 21,450

North Carolina ....................................... 44,472 60,726 44,983 37,808 29,136 30,854 31,880

North Dakota ......................................... 35,213 45,935 37,242 34,241 29,164 24,162 23,001

Ohio ...................................................... 47,166 61,538 46,184 37,785 29,836 26,910 34,721

Oklahoma .............................................. 39,686 50,712 41,970 36,231 28,607 22,560 31,868

Oregon .................................................. 42,639 54,399 42,397 36,190 28,545 25,090 40,251

Pennsylvania ......................................... 52,303 68,050 50,981 41,509 32,444 30,940 32,169

Rhode Island ......................................... 51,818 64,294 47,970 40,594 28,647 39,038 48,318

South Carolina ....................................... 39,333 54,677 41,822 34,816 26,927 31,635 29,908

South Dakota ........................................ 35,269 45,658 36,837 32,453 25,673 24,445 23,720

Tennessee .............................................. 43,721 57,700 42,625 35,786 27,049 26,712 28,671

Texas ..................................................... 43,892 58,806 43,912 37,361 29,387 29,214 39,136

Utah ....................................................... 43,744 57,033 42,702 36,778 29,845 27,604 32,479

Vermont ................................................ 42,053 55,441 41,496 34,717 30,094 32,447 30,089

Virginia ................................................. 45,710 59,629 44,725 37,091 28,839 32,472 23,527

Washington ........................................... 44,107 58,898 44,349 38,224 29,819 35,850 37,583

West Virginia ........................................ 37,812 47,536 37,952 32,069 25,097 25,216 25,407

Wisconsin ............................................. 47,633 59,500 45,563 38,444 30,562 32,876 46,079

Wyoming .............................................. 39,291 54,637 41,908 37,601 25,438 27,997 32,308

---Data not applicable.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 5.--Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 

10-month contracts, in public higher education institutions, by 

academic rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $47,432 $61,366 $46,955 $39,147 $29,877 $32,761 $42,186

Alabama ................................................ 41,681 57,178 44,326 37,533 28,860 28,448 37,468

Alaska ................................................... 49,601 62,298 52,676 42,473 35,396 --- 37,052

Arizona .................................................. 49,089 65,443 48,011 41,348 26,180 33,955 43,414

Arkansas ............................................... 38,262 51,956 41,393 35,506 27,023 16,634 30,285

California .............................................. 54,875 66,385 50,781 42,650 39,112 40,347 50,477

Colorado ............................................... 46,290 59,584 45,993 39,303 29,628 26,026 33,154

Connecticut ........................................... 55,421 67,824 53,546 42,048 33,648 45,002 ---

Delaware ................................................ 52,741 73,614 53,707 42,137 31,389 39,470 41,883

District of Columbia .............................. 50,764 59,630 47,628 38,645 35,636 --- ---

Florida ................................................... 42,837 54,111 43,091 38,354 30,883 31,016 35,867

Georgia .................................................. 42,848 57,328 44,524 36,822 28,176 33,167 34,869

Hawaii ................................................... 52,545 66,769 52,572 45,080 37,096 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 40,670 48,320 40,330 36,353 28,632 --- 35,272

Illinois ................................................... 47,960 61,338 46,302 39,306 24,625 26,682 47,384

Indiana .................................................. 45,140 61,632 45,499 38,345 25,265 30,742 30,799

Iowa ...................................................... 47,658 66,133 48,913 40,752 30,127 --- 34,947

Kansas ................................................... 42,292 56,636 42,911 36,827 31,937 28,731 35,456

Kentucky ............................................... 42,080 54,553 41,069 34,949 28,118 26,615 41,772

Louisiana .............................................. 38,105 51,173 39,587 34,123 25,800 18,290 28,263

Maine .................................................... 40,293 52,848 41,686 34,280 26,532 34,145 32,483

Maryland ............................................... 47,621 59,917 47,077 39,096 30,722 30,516 22,267

Massachusetts ....................................... 48,814 54,653 47,125 39,013 31,588 37,901 33,040

Michigan ............................................... 53,038 65,294 50,743 42,980 34,993 31,012 51,126

Minnesota .............................................. 47,716 59,693 46,487 39,069 27,119 --- 42,981

Mississippi ............................................ 37,641 52,385 42,188 37,181 28,208 21,373 33,305

Missouri ................................................ 43,639 55,963 44,931 37,947 29,265 21,880 34,008

Montana ................................................ 37,436 46,147 37,787 32,994 25,697 23,104 29,390

Nebraska ............................................... 43,598 58,921 45,645 38,933 27,983 25,573 32,243

Nevada .................................................. 47,042 56,836 49,287 40,574 37,186 31,391 42,943

New Hampshire ..................................... 46,402 53,574 45,220 37,144 30,998 28,177 30,980

New Jersey ............................................ 60,174 78,260 60,173 46,932 34,028 38,856 50,265

New Mexico .......................................... 42,129 55,546 43,684 36,263 28,828 31,599 29,981

New York .............................................. 54,817 67,971 52,756 42,504 32,696 41,643 32,379

North Carolina ....................................... 45,525 62,757 47,220 40,383 35,193 30,631 32,116

North Dakota ......................................... 36,001 46,444 37,730 34,738 29,389 24,162 25,383

Ohio ...................................................... 48,770 63,752 47,664 39,043 30,251 27,356 36,837

Oklahoma .............................................. 39,677 49,939 41,857 36,878 29,413 21,787 32,742

Oregon .................................................. 42,490 54,280 42,988 36,897 28,740 23,004 40,306

Pennsylvania ......................................... 53,446 68,347 53,295 42,960 33,143 30,099 39,711

Rhode Island ......................................... 51,032 59,232 46,867 39,157 23,946 --- ---

South Carolina ....................................... 40,182 57,023 43,536 36,753 27,349 32,140 29,895

South Dakota ........................................ 36,298 46,529 37,786 33,377 25,643 24,970 24,909

Tennessee .............................................. 44,595 57,631 43,725 36,985 27,498 40,570 28,654

Texas ..................................................... 43,202 58,046 43,501 37,341 29,900 28,914 39,296

Utah ....................................................... 42,037 55,258 40,952 36,103 29,359 29,048 32,678

Vermont ................................................ 43,336 56,004 42,525 34,001 26,533 31,111 35,912

Virginia ................................................. 46,557 60,878 45,370 37,970 29,325 34,330 22,796

Washington ........................................... 44,044 59,842 44,866 39,039 27,554 36,637 37,679

West Virginia ........................................ 38,644 48,355 38,359 32,636 25,135 25,263 ---

Wisconsin ............................................. 48,955 61,125 46,308 40,568 34,076 32,884 46,143

Wyoming .............................................. 39,291 54,637 41,908 37,601 25,438 27,997 32,308

---Data not applicable.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 6.--Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 

10-month contracts, in private higher education institutions, by 

academic rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $48,741 $65,633 $46,228 $38,025 $29,089 $34,597 $30,095

Alabama ................................................ 34,517 45,677 35,456 30,448 23,632 21,492 17,677

Alaska ................................................... 37,514 43,902 44,831 34,143 32,524 --- ---

Arizona .................................................. 42,552 47,370 52,471 29,441 22,903 --- ---

Arkansas ............................................... 34,907 42,414 36,160 30,352 19,495 --- ---

California .............................................. 57,006 73,581 51,761 42,315 35,200 35,496 35,279

Colorado ............................................... 46,757 59,748 45,038 38,530 24,200 32,416 ---

Connecticut ........................................... 57,914 76,826 50,070 42,761 33,909 37,172 20,610

Delaware ................................................ 53,041 62,256 56,355 39,203 38,381 --- ---

District of Columbia .............................. 55,078 74,136 51,409 41,788 32,487 33,402 33,026

Florida ................................................... 44,045 58,501 42,675 35,456 28,853 28,020 38,567

Georgia .................................................. 42,861 57,659 42,471 35,626 26,354 28,360 28,081

Hawaii ................................................... 45,581 54,179 45,446 40,613 35,595 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 38,655 30,559 --- 33,000 --- --- 38,755

Illinois ................................................... 52,289 70,843 48,637 40,437 31,594 27,084 36,363

Indiana .................................................. 45,953 58,714 43,818 36,767 29,667 28,621 27,898

Iowa ...................................................... 39,299 49,196 38,697 33,959 28,199 37,028 31,067

Kansas ................................................... 29,763 35,110 31,183 27,462 23,394 21,900 23,871

Kentucky ............................................... 34,652 43,475 34,831 30,813 24,536 22,500 27,306

Louisiana .............................................. 47,775 63,061 46,598 37,117 26,492 33,139 ---

Maine .................................................... 44,756 62,332 45,123 35,672 33,395 31,333 31,755

Maryland ............................................... 50,292 69,387 45,130 37,984 34,326 30,381 43,963

Massachusetts ....................................... 58,669 78,443 51,459 43,620 31,552 43,492 34,311

Michigan ............................................... 39,929 49,027 39,595 34,868 26,917 40,579 31,538

Minnesota .............................................. 42,366 54,855 41,997 34,861 29,834 28,387 30,179

Mississippi ............................................ 34,340 43,465 34,202 30,691 23,449 30,364 ---

Missouri ................................................ 42,579 57,915 41,120 35,773 27,384 28,783 28,622

Montana ................................................ 31,986 38,622 34,016 29,073 25,676 --- 28,366

Nebraska ............................................... 38,278 50,347 40,060 32,021 28,447 26,615 17,646

Nevada .................................................. 29,877 41,910 35,685 25,166 26,887 40,000 21,658

New Hampshire ..................................... 48,747 66,783 43,934 37,049 28,393 --- 22,548

New Jersey ............................................ 56,822 76,138 50,354 41,000 32,525 35,238 38,901

New Mexico .......................................... 37,362 35,229 35,598 28,858 --- 31,688 43,344

New York .............................................. 52,980 71,835 51,106 41,349 31,230 35,984 21,431

North Carolina ....................................... 42,053 56,766 40,542 33,700 26,291 33,446 25,217

North Dakota ......................................... 29,413 39,746 33,463 30,245 26,812 --- 20,120

Ohio ...................................................... 43,484 56,526 42,421 35,362 28,910 24,204 13,488

Oklahoma .............................................. 39,723 53,806 42,303 33,449 24,585 29,000 26,215

Oregon .................................................. 43,193 54,656 41,096 34,987 27,732 27,988 25,298

Pennsylvania ......................................... 50,920 67,684 48,291 39,889 31,060 33,096 27,782

Rhode Island ......................................... 52,440 70,527 48,844 41,572 28,961 39,038 48,318

South Carolina ....................................... 35,696 46,147 36,105 30,180 25,069 23,187 30,450

South Dakota ........................................ 31,386 40,943 33,823 29,077 25,825 23,920 22,055

Tennessee .............................................. 41,730 57,861 39,793 33,340 25,725 23,490 28,672

Texas ..................................................... 46,952 61,138 45,294 37,432 26,677 30,741 23,644

Utah ....................................................... 47,542 60,486 45,988 38,263 32,628 21,302 31,855

Vermont ................................................ 40,804 54,825 40,165 35,429 30,806 41,130 29,447

Virginia ................................................. 42,797 55,538 42,235 34,423 26,428 28,644 23,966

Washington ........................................... 44,353 56,015 43,474 36,952 31,619 27,583 18,884

West Virginia ........................................ 33,101 41,156 35,300 29,571 24,899 23,566 25,407

Wisconsin ............................................. 41,455 51,507 43,468 34,446 27,768 31,789 37,480

Wyoming .............................................. --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

---Data not applicable.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education National Center Education Statistics, IPEDS "Salaries, 

Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 7.--Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 

10-month contracts, in 4-year higher education institutions, by 

academic rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $49,608 $64,027 $47,141 $39,048 $29,193 $33,104 $35,324

Alabama ................................................ 41,672 54,810 42,705 36,007 27,496 28,039 14,105

Alaska ................................................... 48,971 61,835 52,381 41,876 35,093 --- 37,052

Arizona .................................................. 51,413 64,668 48,276 40,656 25,412 33,955 26,471

Arkansas ............................................... 39,224 49,433 40,461 34,845 26,842 16,634 28,232

California .............................................. 58,037 68,648 51,164 42,492 34,482 39,395 36,499

Colorado ............................................... 48,771 60,289 46,307 39,394 29,257 28,765 33,321

Connecticut ........................................... 58,583 74,646 52,691 42,909 34,449 40,549 40,000

Delaware ................................................ 54,482 72,356 54,129 41,832 32,037 39,470 ---

District of Columbia .............................. 54,560 71,938 50,976 41,426 32,600 33,402 33,026

Florida ................................................... 47,144 59,809 43,939 38,603 30,034 29,364 39,308

Georgia .................................................. 44,423 58,360 44,727 37,323 27,578 30,236 25,009

Hawaii ................................................... 55,992 70,046 52,860 45,810 35,754 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 41,005 48,478 40,544 36,545 28,899 --- 33,684

Illinois ................................................... 50,346 65,666 47,403 39,898 28,128 26,739 37,898

Indiana .................................................. 46,835 61,451 45,204 38,038 26,412 30,607 36,500

Iowa ...................................................... 46,930 60,897 45,214 37,864 29,108 37,028 29,655

Kansas ................................................... 42,422 54,217 40,837 34,954 26,406 26,836 22,236

Kentucky ............................................... 42,260 53,598 41,654 35,523 26,848 26,573 27,896

Louisiana .............................................. 40,638 54,008 41,640 34,916 25,810 27,651 23,904

Maine .................................................... 43,228 55,663 42,467 34,882 27,844 33,821 35,043

Maryland ............................................... 49,723 66,216 47,797 40,078 31,547 30,592 42,777

Massachusetts ....................................... 57,289 73,054 51,034 43,112 32,008 42,251 34,310

Michigan ............................................... 50,931 63,371 48,729 40,832 31,616 31,170 32,989

Minnesota .............................................. 47,530 59,227 44,579 37,131 28,654 28,387 23,671

Mississippi ............................................ 40,011 50,974 40,576 36,144 27,711 22,272 ---

Missouri ................................................ 44,358 57,459 43,714 37,262 28,304 25,675 28,796

Montana ................................................ 37,656 45,577 37,173 32,514 25,695 23,104 26,902

Nebraska ............................................... 44,024 57,000 44,046 36,550 28,289 25,617 17,913

Nevada .................................................. 48,710 64,006 49,055 40,293 39,629 31,489 ---

New Hampshire ..................................... 49,347 63,519 46,052 37,759 30,742 28,177 30,980

New Jersey ............................................ 61,720 80,062 58,499 45,586 33,356 38,771 49,332

New Mexico .......................................... 45,060 57,702 44,180 36,634 25,338 31,600 41,727

New York .............................................. 56,122 71,742 52,551 42,268 32,791 39,299 38,183

North Carolina ....................................... 46,140 61,068 45,212 37,969 29,505 30,854 34,413

North Dakota ......................................... 36,417 46,067 38,313 34,442 29,265 24,164 20,802

Ohio ...................................................... 48,708 62,811 46,475 38,143 29,751 27,955 12,213

Oklahoma .............................................. 41,372 53,085 42,199 35,957 28,253 22,560 25,814

Oregon .................................................. 44,082 54,786 42,458 36,242 28,263 25,090 27,145

Pennsylvania ......................................... 53,165 70,074 51,564 41,697 32,784 30,811 37,809

Rhode Island ......................................... 53,059 67,009 48,737 41,819 28,961 39,038 48,318

South Carolina ....................................... 42,560 54,958 41,992 34,895 25,780 31,635 31,904

South Dakota ........................................ 35,287 45,658 36,837 32,453 25,642 24,445 23,720

Tennessee .............................................. 45,646 58,404 43,926 36,467 26,623 26,712 26,535

Texas ..................................................... 46,128 60,721 44,344 37,639 28,295 29,258 26,471

Utah ....................................................... 45,660 57,910 43,350 37,435 30,528 27,629 31,763

Vermont ................................................ 42,540 55,441 41,496 34,717 30,094 32,447 32,707

Virginia ................................................. 47,956 61,967 46,308 37,975 28,661 32,472 33,963

Washington ........................................... 47,612 58,898 44,349 38,224 29,819 35,850 39,279

West Virginia ........................................ 38,311 47,940 38,369 32,308 25,500 26,231 25,385

Wisconsin ............................................. 48,644 59,777 45,949 38,686 30,697 32,939 37,480

Wyoming .............................................. 46,418 57,025 44,608 40,052 38,238 27,997 ---

---Data not applicable.

SOURCE U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 8.--Average salaries of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 

10-month contracts, in 2-year higher education institutions, by 

academic rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $41,523 $50,412 $42,531 $36,080 $30,815 $35,298 $41,635

Alabama ................................................ 37,316 --- --- 35,873 36,929 --- 37,339

Alaska ................................................... 53,813 59,573 53,967 47,949 --- --- ---

Arizona .................................................. 43,935 --- --- --- --- --- 43,935

Arkansas ............................................... 29,080 35,149 32,606 28,633 18,748 --- 30,368

California .............................................. 50,450 54,319 50,294 43,379 43,895 --- 50,478

Colorado ............................................... 33,320 39,488 34,434 30,654 26,293 --- 33,144

Connecticut ........................................... 44,914 55,186 45,682 39,191 33,195 33,701 20,004

Delaware ................................................ 41,883 --- --- --- --- --- 41,883

District of Columbia .............................. --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

Florida ................................................... 36,443 42,100 37,901 33,061 30,964 19,109 35,853

Georgia .................................................. 33,633 42,371 38,002 32,510 28,421 --- 30,926

Hawaii ................................................... 44,501 54,353 48,278 42,031 37,640 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 38,139 39,298 35,707 33,525 27,421 --- 38,913

Illinois ................................................... 47,015 31,800 28,516 26,901 24,422 --- 47,133

Indiana .................................................. 33,508 44,862 37,071 32,696 28,819 --- 30,772

Iowa ...................................................... 34,617 38,328 33,788 30,712 30,612 --- 34,918

Kansas ................................................... 35,527 37,008 35,532 33,228 41,362 * 35,115

Kentucky ............................................... 32,011 41,955 32,682 27,354 27,313 --- 26,739

Louisiana .............................................. 30,406 39,312 34,793 30,173 25,941 --- 28,424

Maine .................................................... 32,254 --- --- --- --- --- 32,254

Maryland ............................................... 44,140 52,366 44,057 35,654 30,561 27,014 ---

Massachusetts ....................................... 39,421 43,422 35,829 32,801 30,564 --- 33,524

Michigan ............................................... 50,316 51,242 44,813 45,162 34,324 --- 51,066

Minnesota .............................................. 42,467 38,266 --- 34,538 28,399 --- 42,877

Mississippi ............................................ 33,139 36,096 32,533 29,109 23,941 --- 33,305

Missouri ................................................ 37,596 49,301 42,969 35,341 30,456 18,935 33,409

Montana ................................................ 29,537 34,457 --- --- --- --- 29,507

Nebraska ............................................... 32,167 --- 29,522 29,398 19,461 --- 32,275

Nevada .................................................. 41,680 42,775 --- --- 36,865 --- 42,520

New Hampshire ..................................... 33,449 37,465 30,818 26,722 24,597 --- 22,548

New Jersey ............................................ 50,321 64,485 54,918 44,150 33,973 27,229 26,251

New Mexico .......................................... 31,153 32,640 35,961 31,751 29,818 --- 29,912

New York .............................................. 45,513 61,495 48,755 40,378 31,409 42,019 12,805

North Carolina ....................................... 30,344 35,353 29,637 26,856 22,577 --- 30,454

North Dakota ......................................... 30,404 35,624 34,088 32,723 28,992 24,003 23,745

Ohio ...................................................... 39,397 50,328 44,059 36,037 29,983 26,231 35,598

Oklahoma .............................................. 33,234 32,662 30,325 38,097 30,052 --- 32,445

Oregon .................................................. 40,213 43,283 40,871 34,974 30,863 --- 40,364

Pennsylvania ......................................... 44,825 53,046 45,247 39,200 30,108 33,000 31,333

Rhode Island ......................................... 41,758 49,034 36,863 31,647 23,946 --- ---

South Carolina ....................................... 30,334 44,316 35,942 31,195 29,228 --- 29,901

South Dakota ........................................ 27,514 --- --- --- 27,514 --- ---

Tennessee .............................................. 34,398 44,039 38,223 32,197 27,667 --- 29,991

Texas ..................................................... 38,561 43,896 40,353 35,555 30,835 26,899 39,188

Utah ....................................................... 32,807 40,299 35,850 31,787 28,704 27,507 32,668

Vermont ................................................ 20,729 --- --- --- --- --- 20,729

Virginia ................................................. 36,567 43,587 38,548 33,915 29,142 --- 23,074

Washington ........................................... 37,453 --- --- --- --- --- 37,453

West Virginia ........................................ 30,090 40,174 30,781 25,985 22,896 18,925 25,447

Wisconsin ............................................. 45,511 48,453 40,994 33,784 28,683 24,878 46,143

Wyoming .............................................. 31,622 36,932 34,610 30,942 23,760 --- 32,308

---Data not applicable.

 * Number of faculty reported in this category were too small to yield reliable results. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 9.--Average salaries for male full-time instructional faculty, on 9- 

and 10-month contracts, in higher education institutions, by 

academic rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $51,228 $64,046 $47,705 $39,923 $30,528 $35,082 $43,103

Alabama ................................................ 43,455 55,992 43,910 37,360 28,051 30,803 37,926

Alaska ................................................... 51,628 62,590 52,953 43,414 36,189 --- 42,710

Arizona .................................................. 51,855 65,383 49,321 42,045 26,283 35,472 43,960

Arkansas ............................................... 40,773 50,307 41,169 35,266 27,118 15,035 31,410

California .............................................. 58,092 69,370 52,062 43,592 38,504 42,341 51,097

Colorado ............................................... 49,642 60,852 46,741 40,331 30,521 29,847 33,989

Connecticut ........................................... 60,276 73,733 53,092 43,421 33,857 40,615 19,035

Delaware ................................................ 57,394 74,529 54,794 42,622 33,123 43,369 41,764

District of Columbia .............................. 58,285 73,442 51,799 42,193 33,780 34,250 32,502

Florida ................................................... 45,996 57,427 43,845 38,665 31,703 30,338 37,109

Georgia .................................................. 46,210 58,867 45,054 37,789 27,647 32,670 32,667

Hawaii ................................................... 55,130 67,658 52,401 44,660 37,593 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 41,650 48,745 40,861 37,414 29,018 --- 38,701

Illinois ................................................... 52,979 67,007 48,422 41,213 29,514 26,844 48,827

Indiana .................................................. 49,248 61,763 46,239 39,362 27,142 31,901 31,526

Iowa ...................................................... 48,066 60,986 46,239 38,363 30,419 40,585 36,062

Kansas ................................................... 43,220 54,428 41,758 36,261 33,246 26,876 36,138

Kentucky ............................................... 43,474 53,469 41,177 34,753 27,889 27,562 29,420

Louisiana .............................................. 43,527 54,698 42,043 36,124 26,392 31,138 28,521

Maine .................................................... 43,957 56,985 43,491 34,919 27,284 38,341 33,094

Maryland ............................................... 51,801 63,599 47,749 40,472 32,163 30,802 44,353

Massachusetts ....................................... 59,558 71,425 51,410 44,194 32,158 44,871 34,746

Michigan ............................................... 53,928 63,729 49,953 42,431 32,063 31,473 51,946

Minnesota .............................................. 48,654 59,352 45,378 37,818 27,994 29,125 43,935

Mississippi ............................................ 40,063 51,832 41,285 37,133 27,655 25,432 33,402

Missouri ................................................ 46,459 57,642 44,463 38,572 29,134 24,982 34,373

Montana ................................................ 38,613 45,979 37,647 33,280 26,548 23,104 30,254

Nebraska ............................................... 45,415 58,040 44,888 37,617 28,252 27,119 33,350

Nevada .................................................. 49,417 59,436 49,818 41,454 37,630 32,125 42,891

New Hampshire ..................................... 51,275 61,659 46,320 38,649 28,300 29,456 28,040

New Jersey ............................................ 63,712 79,543 59,473 47,110 34,197 39,018 46,999

New Mexico .......................................... 45,027 56,829 44,595 36,967 29,138 33,686 34,985

New York .............................................. 58,077 70,952 52,973 43,170 32,514 41,380 28,629

North Carolina ....................................... 48,370 62,165 46,011 38,964 29,670 32,687 33,482

North Dakota ......................................... 37,397 46,447 38,028 35,807 29,845 27,103 23,758

Ohio ...................................................... 50,642 62,977 47,454 38,672 30,837 26,967 35,729

Oklahoma .............................................. 42,404 52,625 42,877 37,056 30,274 23,572 32,308

Oregon .................................................. 45,043 54,836 43,296 36,911 29,881 25,015 41,596

Pennsylvania ......................................... 56,038 69,575 52,192 42,782 33,637 33,938 34,313

Rhode Island ......................................... 55,518 66,582 50,273 42,214 28,970 35,802 48,927

South Carolina ....................................... 42,613 55,811 42,663 35,505 27,289 35,118 30,694

South Dakota ........................................ 37,808 45,825 37,321 33,855 25,698 --- 23,840

Tennessee .............................................. 47,388 58,716 43,778 36,959 27,525 28,041 28,318

Texas ..................................................... 47,183 60,551 44,881 38,272 29,914 30,809 40,335

Utah ....................................................... 46,657 58,106 43,730 38,102 30,742 29,320 33,906

Vermont ................................................ 45,064 56,513 42,493 35,415 30,454 34,361 31,954

Virginia ................................................. 49,203 61,481 45,940 38,391 29,490 35,954 24,134

Washington ........................................... 46,691 59,630 44,879 39,452 30,647 36,787 38,366

West Virginia ........................................ 40,381 48,376 38,881 33,391 24,850 28,937 25,393

Wisconsin ............................................. 50,206 60,342 46,239 39,659 30,949 34,985 47,307

Wyoming .............................................. 42,638 55,683 42,378 38,583 26,763 29,854 33,895

---Data not applicable.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 10.--Average salaries for female full-time instructional faculty, 

on 9- and 10-month contracts, in higher education institutions, by 

academic rank and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. $41,369 $56,555 $44,626 $37,352 $29,072 $31,677 $38,967

Alabama ................................................ 35,884 48,623 39,536 34,223 27,783 25,768 36,264

Alaska ................................................... 44,730 59,120 51,358 40,136 34,158 --- 32,455

Arizona .................................................. 43,271 59,827 45,764 39,023 25,045 32,336 42,791

Arkansas ............................................... 32,195 43,761 38,199 33,363 25,267 17,633 29,373

California .............................................. 49,756 62,529 49,440 41,298 36,560 36,783 48,646

Colorado ............................................... 39,218 51,824 43,851 37,811 27,420 27,781 32,146

Connecticut ........................................... 48,828 64,634 49,934 41,100 33,601 40,235 21,295

Delaware ................................................ 45,380 62,436 52,759 40,858 31,551 34,597 41,953

District of Columbia .............................. 47,832 66,327 49,553 40,672 31,847 31,928 34,981

Florida ................................................... 37,742 46,545 40,877 36,031 29,548 27,901 34,679

Georgia .................................................. 37,323 51,032 41,842 35,162 27,955 27,126 27,745

Hawaii ................................................... 46,493 59,513 50,589 44,481 36,632 --- ---

Idaho ..................................................... 36,420 44,813 39,031 34,554 28,306 --- 34,941

Illinois ................................................... 42,601 57,913 44,895 37,991 27,244 26,607 43,687

Indiana .................................................. 37,635 53,611 41,731 35,713 26,304 29,956 30,196

Iowa ...................................................... 37,902 51,647 41,444 36,445 28,487 28,137 33,372

Kansas ................................................... 35,151 49,017 38,188 33,126 28,343 29,615 33,385

Kentucky ............................................... 35,559 47,442 37,466 33,351 26,480 26,085 27,229

Louisiana .............................................. 33,624 47,762 39,072 32,829 25,573 26,126 28,069

Maine .................................................... 36,879 48,591 40,424 34,849 28,313 27,656 31,052

Maryland ............................................... 42,304 56,105 45,028 37,266 30,766 30,287 38,468

Massachusetts ....................................... 46,475 56,998 47,398 40,447 31,163 39,342 33,426

Michigan ............................................... 44,217 56,551 45,589 39,112 31,936 30,989 47,123

Minnesota .............................................. 41,360 53,436 43,221 36,218 29,127 27,648 40,966

Mississippi ............................................ 33,851 45,194 38,093 34,296 27,350 20,166 33,245

Missouri ................................................ 37,368 51,522 41,750 35,500 28,419 25,662 31,015

Montana ................................................ 32,391 42,545 35,850 31,469 25,172 --- 27,579

Nebraska ............................................... 35,962 49,684 41,536 35,326 28,044 24,913 30,404

Nevada .................................................. 41,399 47,038 46,951 38,563 35,732 30,959 42,042

New Hampshire ..................................... 40,328 48,979 41,986 35,215 29,884 27,112 21,207

New Jersey ............................................ 51,013 70,499 54,482 43,153 33,421 35,341 39,300

New Mexico .......................................... 36,219 46,520 40,765 34,853 28,481 30,415 29,824

New York .............................................. 46,232 65,160 50,035 40,555 31,759 38,284 17,668

North Carolina ....................................... 37,588 53,408 42,691 36,304 28,780 29,587 30,686

North Dakota ......................................... 30,973 41,597 35,209 32,043 28,236 21,925 22,228

Ohio ...................................................... 40,241 54,089 43,495 36,739 29,162 26,875 33,713

Oklahoma .............................................. 34,659 41,804 39,731 35,114 27,416 21,392 31,280

Oregon .................................................. 38,560 51,630 40,693 35,269 27,702 25,185 38,776

Pennsylvania ......................................... 44,769 60,989 48,326 39,966 31,649 29,368 28,377

Rhode Island ......................................... 44,563 55,802 44,333 38,799 28,163 41,132 46,365

South Carolina ....................................... 33,751 48,319 39,810 33,909 26,661 29,498 29,202

South Dakota ........................................ 30,667 44,445 35,237 30,721 25,659 24,445 23,640

Tennessee .............................................. 36,766 51,369 40,410 34,503 26,753 25,433 29,095

Texas ..................................................... 37,869 49,953 41,628 36,167 28,955 27,910 37,800

Utah ....................................................... 36,266 48,178 40,000 34,745 28,941 25,571 29,839

Vermont ................................................ 36,056 49,222 39,292 33,893 29,891 31,652 27,014

Virginia ................................................. 38,980 51,018 42,177 35,622 28,354 29,318 23,224

Washington ........................................... 38,996 54,154 42,968 36,833 29,275 34,663 36,526

West Virginia ........................................ 33,122 43,489 36,306 30,414 25,245 22,848 25,421

Wisconsin ............................................. 42,814 54,436 44,019 37,011 30,330 31,419 44,666

Wyoming .............................................. 33,158 47,447 40,280 36,195 24,358 26,943 30,477

---Data not applicable.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Table 11.--Number of full-time instructional faculty, on 9- and 10-

month contracts, in higher education institutions, by academic rank 

and state: Academic year 1994-95

AssociateAssistant No Academic

State All ranks Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer rank

50 States and D.C. .................................. 384,960 118,944 93,437 89,836 21,353 7,986 53,404

Alabama ................................................ 6,332 1,209 1,357 1,628 517 51 1,570

Alaska ................................................... 752 184 223 240 76 0 29

Arizona .................................................. 5,153 1,305 1,045 775 64 153 1,811

Arkansas ............................................... 3,238 785 741 854 423 26 409

California .............................................. 36,082 12,859 5,311 4,546 572 647 12,147

Colorado ............................................... 5,618 1,919 1,379 1,227 291 63 739

Connecticut ........................................... 5,451 2,224 1,487 1,385 202 120 33

Delaware ................................................ 1,253 334 364 279 97 9 170

District of Columbia .............................. 3,452 1,254 1,020 868 195 63 52

Florida ................................................... 12,548 3,734 2,896 2,582 993 113 2,230

Georgia .................................................. 8,674 2,146 2,454 3,064 843 41 126

Hawaii ................................................... 1,732 579 393 445 315 0 0

Idaho ..................................................... 1,836 481 362 377 94 0 522

Illinois ................................................... 18,078 4,902 3,742 3,628 689 319 4,798

Indiana .................................................. 9,476 2,867 2,509 2,759 434 266 641

Iowa ...................................................... 5,548 1,595 1,312 1,433 399 7 802

Kansas ................................................... 4,923 1,207 1,102 1,076 270 45 1,223

Kentucky ............................................... 5,531 1,621 1,693 1,668 401 97 51

Louisiana .............................................. 6,447 1,687 1,606 2,051 973 46 84

Maine .................................................... 1,840 438 572 430 68 26 306

Maryland ............................................... 6,632 2,242 1,843 1,737 403 224 183

Massachusetts ....................................... 15,127 6,553 4,142 3,271 496 401 264

Michigan ............................................... 12,717 4,117 3,017 2,549 355 426 2,253

Minnesota .............................................. 8,212 2,431 1,763 1,637 275 6 2,100

Mississippi ............................................ 4,310 714 678 855 387 20 1,656

Missouri ................................................ 7,615 2,194 1,956 2,140 574 89 662

Montana ................................................ 1,479 442 356 409 79 * 192

Nebraska ............................................... 2,979 763 707 867 164 47 431

Nevada .................................................. 1,235 371 293 274 58 88 151

New Hampshire ..................................... 1,967 731 665 496 55 11 9

New Jersey ............................................ 8,480 2,967 2,398 2,358 513 188 56

New Mexico .......................................... 2,353 623 601 640 172 69 248

New York .............................................. 33,469 12,545 9,225 7,808 1,471 1,284 1,136

North Carolina ....................................... 10,074 2,782 2,576 2,411 338 504 1,463

North Dakota ......................................... 1,488 237 438 488 149 81 95

Ohio ...................................................... 15,790 4,955 4,911 4,402 1,103 99 320

Oklahoma .............................................. 4,640 1,205 933 1,390 509 28 575

Oregon .................................................. 4,689 1,100 912 786 212 43 1,636

Pennsylvania ......................................... 20,993 6,923 6,135 6,293 1,266 221 155

Rhode Island ......................................... 2,567 1,013 681 664 80 28 101

South Carolina ....................................... 5,762 1,400 1,279 1,211 562 71 1,239

South Dakota ........................................ 1,294 314 284 456 178 * 60

Tennessee .............................................. 7,848 2,508 2,222 2,208 802 53 55

Texas ..................................................... 22,871 6,159 4,780 5,046 1,509 1,163 4,214

Utah ....................................................... 3,750 1,184 984 989 323 59 211

Vermont ................................................ 1,478 442 401 373 36 75 151

Virginia ................................................. 9,961 3,011 3,299 2,751 775 101 24

Washington ........................................... 7,368 1,878 1,291 1,152 149 161 2,737

West Virginia ........................................ 2,684 826 781 795 226 36 20

Wisconsin ............................................. 10,099 2,740 2,144 1,868 149 257 2,941

Wyoming .............................................. 1,065 244 174 197 69 58 323

*Number of faculty reported in this category were too small to yield reliable results.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, IPEDS 

"Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty 1994-95" survey.
Appendix A

Salary Survey Description

Introduction

Salary data were requested from 3,767 postsecondary institutions in 1994. The Salary universe was developed by

selecting from the 1993-94 Institutional Characteristics (IC) Universe I: all accredited higher education institutions

(including the accredited less-than-2-year institutions) and non-accredited institutions that grant bachelor's, master's,

doctoral, and first-professional degrees. None of the institutions that were sent a salary survey file had responded

positively to any of the exclusion questions on the IC form. The survey form was the same for all institutions

surveyed1. Part A request total salary outlays (in whole dollars), the total number of full-time instructional faculty

that were paid those outlays, and the number of those faculty that have tenure, who are on tenure track, and the

number not on tenure track. These data were collected by rank (professor, associate professor, assistant professor,

instructor, lecturer, and no academic rank) and by gender (men and women), and by length of contract (9/10 -

month and 11/12 - month contracts). In addition, data on salary outlays, total number, and tenure status were

collected for full-time faculty on contract schedules other than 9/10 and 11/12 months although these data were not

collected by rank or by gender.

Fringe benefits data (Part B of the survey form) were collected for those full-time instructional faculty reported in

Part A. Fringe benefits expenditures (in whole dollars) and the number of full-time faculty covered, by length of

contract (9/10 and 11/12- month contracts), were collected for the following benefits plans:

1. Retirement plans (other than Social Security)

2. Medical/dental plans

3. Group life insurance

4. Other insurance benefits (Cafeteria Plan, etc.)

5. Guaranteed disability income protection

6. Tuition plans (dependents only) restricted/unrestricted

7. Housing plan -- restricted/unrestricted

8. Social Security taxes

9. Unemployment compensation

10. Worker's compensation

11. Other benefits in kind with cash options

 

 

1The previous years' data were collected and handled in the same manner. See previous years' reports for more

detailed information (NCES publications 1989-90 through 1993-94).

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Appendix B

Salary Survey Methodology

Overview

The Salary survey is an annual survey which was mailed to 3,767 institutions in 1994-95. 2,329 were sent to 4-year

institutions. 1,414 were sent to 2-year institutions. 24 were sent to less-than-2-year institutions.

The salary universe was developed by selecting from the 1993-94 institutional characteristics (IC) Universe I: all

accredited higher education institutions (including the accredited less-than-2-year institutions) and non-accredited

institutions that grant bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and first-professional degrees. None of the institutions that were

sent a salary survey file had responded positively to any of the exclusion questions on the IC form. The exclusions

are:

a. All of the instructional faculty are employed on a part-time basis

b. All of the instructional faculty are military personnel

c. All of the instructional faculty contribute their services (e.g., are members of a religious order)

d. All of the instructional faculty teach preclinical or clinical medicine

Salary Data Base Composition

The forms were mailed in July 1994. The survey results were collected from November 15, 1994 through April

15, 1995. During this time period some institutions were added to the universe and other institutions were deleted.

The deletions (out-of-scope) were received through formal notification from IPEDS state coordinators, the

Department of Education eligibility notices, and from follow-up telephone calls. They included schools that had

closed, did not offer postsecondary programs, or were duplicated in the file.

The overall response rate was calculated as the ratio of the number of completed questionnaires divided by the

number of schools in the final universe. The final universe is derived by subtracting the number of institutions

determined to be out-of-scope from the number of surveys mailed and adding in schools new to the universe. A

summary of the universe is provided below:

TABLE B-1: SALARIES SURVEY RESPONSE TOTALS

Final Percent

 Level Mailed Deleted Universe Responded Response

 Total 3,767 25 3,742 3,434 91.8

4-year 2,329 10 2,319 2,088 90.0

2-year 1,414 9 1,405 1,334 94.9

Less-than-2-year 24 6 18 12 66.7

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Data Management

Follow-up for nonresponse was started on January 9, 1995 by telephone and letter. Data were edited for major

reporting and processing errors. Generated totals were compared to the reported totals. If these were within an

acceptable range, the generated totals replaced the reported totals; otherwise, institutions were contacted to resolve

the discrepancies. Data were also checked for consistency with prior year responses. Data were imputed for total

nonresponding institutions.

Imputations

Partially responding Institutions

In 1994-95, the missing data items were resolved during telephone follow-up with the institutions.

Total nonresponding Institutions

Imputation procedures used for nonresponding institutions were as follows:

I. Imputation groups used to impute 1994-95 Salary data.

1. All responding institutions were grouped into IPEDS sectors and BEA Region2. If any group had fewer

than 20 institutions, it was merged with the adjacent BEA Region.

2. Sectors 1 and 2 (4-year public and private nonprofit institutions) were further disaggregated into: 

(a) schools granting 30 or more doctoral degrees; 

(b) schools granting 30 or more postbaccalaureate degrees, but not 30 or more doctoral degrees;

and 

(c) all other schools (including schools with no Completions data).

3. Sectors 3, 6, and 9 (4-year, 2-year and less-than-2-year private for-profit institutions), were considered

one imputation group.

4. Sectors 4 and 7 (2-year and less-than-2-year public institutions) were considered one imputation group.

5. Sectors 5 and 8 (2-year and less-than-2-year private non-profit institutions) were considered one

imputation group.

II. For institutions that responded in 1993-94 and not in 1994-95, the following method was used:

A. A group ratio of 1994 data to 1993 data for salary outlays was calculated for institutions responding in

both 1993-94 and 1994-95. For each 1994-95 nonrespondent institution, the group ratio was multiplied

by the institution's reported 1993-94 data to get an estimate for 1994-95 salary outlays.

B. For all the reporting schools in each of the identified groups, the ratio or the average number of full-time

instructional faculty (9/10, 11/12 and other summed) per full-time-equivalent student (FTE) 

was computed (This was done for both the current and prior years). FTE was calculated by taking 

 

 

2Bureau of Economic Analysis.

14
all of the full-time students plus one third of the part-time students as reported in the IPEDS Fall

Enrollment survey.

 C. The FTE enrollment for the nonresponding institutions was obtained from the IPEDS Fall Enrollment

survey.

D. The average number of full-time instructional faculty per FTE for the sector was then multiplied by the

FTE of the non-responding institution. This yielded an estimate of the number of full-time instructional

faculty for the nonresponding school.

E. To distribute the estimated total number of full-time instructional faculty across the various academic

ranks, the total full-time faculty from each school's prior year Salary report was computed. The total

full-time faculty equals the sum of rows 15, 30 and 31 in column 4 of the Salary form.

F. Each institution's ratio of total full-time faculty to FTE for the prior year was computed. The prior year

faculty to FTE ratio was then multiplied by the current year's FTE to obtain the imputation factor for

the current years's total full-time faculty.

G. To compute the imputations for the nonsummary cells in columns 1-3, each cell in columns 1-3 in the

institutions prior year Salary report was multiplied by the factor computed in Step F.

H. The imputations were rounded to units and details were added to obtain imputations for the nonsummary

cell in column 4 and then for summary cells in columns 1-4.

I. The prior year salary/faculty ratios were multiplied by the corresponding nonsummary faculty imputations

in column 4 to obtain interim salary imputations for nonsummary cells. Details were then added to

obtain interim salary imputations for summary cells.

J. Final imputations were obtained by multiplying each interim salary imputation computed in Step I by

the group ratio of current year average salary to prior year average salary computed in Step A.

III. For nonresponding institutions that reported Salary data in the prior year but are not the Fall enrollment file

in either the Current or prior year, the prior year's response was used as final imputed values for columns 1-4

and interim imputes for column 5. To obtain the final imputed values for column 5, the interim figures were

multiplied by the group ratio of the current year average salary to prior year average salary.

IV. The imputation method below was used for nonresponding institutions without prior year Salary data, but with

data on the Fall Enrollment file:

A. Using institutions that reported data for both Salary and Fall Enrollment, the following aggregates were

computed:

1. The aggregate FTE on the Fall Enrollment file;

2. The aggregate for each cell of Part A on the Salary survey;

3. The total full-time faculty - men plus women for all contract lengths. (Column 4, rows 15 + 30

+ 31).

B. The group average for each cell on the Salary form was computed by dividing the cell aggregate by the

number of institutions in the group.

C. The group ratio of aggregate total full-time faculty from Step A-3 was compared to the aggregate fulltime-equivalent enrollment from Step A-1.

15
D. A group mean of total full-time faculty was computed by dividing the aggregate total full-time faculty

from Step A-3 by the number of institutions in the group.

E. The FTE for each nonresponding institution was obtained from the Fall Enrollment Survey.

F. The imputation for the total full-time faculty for each nonresponding institution was calculated, by

multiplying the group ratio of aggregate total full-time faculty to aggregate full-time-equivalent

enrollment (Step C) by each nonreponding institution's FTE (Step E).

G. The ratio of the imputed total full-time faculty in the nonresponding institution from Step F was

computed to the group mean total full-time faculty from Step D.

H. The ratio of the imputed total full-time faculty in the nonresponding school to the group mean total fulltime faculty was multiplied by the group average for each nonsummary cell in column 1- 3 (Step B) to

obtain faculty imputations for the nonresponding institution.

I. The imputations were rounded to units and added to obtain imputations for nonsummary cells in column

4 and then for summary cells in columns 1-4 for the nonresponding institutions.

J. For each nonsummary line group means (Step B), the ratio of salary to faculty was computed.

K. The group mean salary/faculty ratios was multiplied by the corresponding nonsummary faculty

imputations in column 4 for the nonresponding school to obtain salary imputations for nonsummary cells.

The details were added to obtain salary imputations for summary cells.

V. For totally nonresponding institutions, without prior year Salary data, no Fall Enrollment file, group means

were imputed.

VI. Part B was not imputed for any nonresponding institution.

16