1 

p[6450-01-P] 

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY 

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 

10 CFR Part 430 

[Docket No. EE-RM-94-403] 

RIN 1904-AA67 

Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Clothes Washer Energy 

Conservation Standards 

AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of Energy 

ACTION: Final Rule. 

SUMMARY: The Department of Energy (DOE or Department) has determined that revised 

energy conservation standards for clothes washers will result in significant conservation of 

energy, are technologically feasible, and are economically justified. On this basis, the 

Department today amends the existing energy conservation standards for standard-size clothes 

washers as proposed and as recommended by stakeholders. The Department also amends the 

standards for compact clothes washers as well as making minor amendments to the test 

procedure for measuring the energy efficiency of clothes washers. 
2 

DATES: The effective date of this rule is January 1, 2004, except that the effective date of the 

amendments to Appendix J to subpart B of Part 430 is [INSERT DATE 30 DAYS AFTER 

PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. 

The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference as of 

January 1, 2004 of certain publications listed in this rule. 

ADDRESSES: A copy of the Technical Support Document (TSD) may be read at the DOE 

Freedom of Information Reading Room, U.S. Department of Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 

1E-190, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-3142, between the 

hours of 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Copies of 

the TSD can be obtained from the Codes and Standards Internet site at: 

http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes_standards/applbrf/clwasher.html or from the U.S. 

Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Forrestal Building, 

Mail Station EE-41, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585, (202) 586-9127. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Bryan Berringer, U.S. Department of 

Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Forrestal Building, Mail Station 

EE-41, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585-0121, (202) 586-0371, Email: Bryan.Berringer@ee.doe.gov, or Eugene Margolis, Deputy Assistant General Counsel, 

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of General Counsel, Forrestal Building, Mail Station GC-72, 

1000 
3 

 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585-0103, (202) 586-9526, E-mail: 

Eugene.Margolis@hq.doe.gov 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

The Department of Energy (DOE or Department) is incorporating by reference, test procedures 

from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC). These test 

procedures are set forth in the standards publications listed below: 

1. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Test Method 118-1997, Oil 

Repellency: Hydrocarbon Resistance Test (reaffirmed 1997). 

2. American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Test Method 79-2000, 

Absorbency of Bleached Textiles (reaffirmed 2000). 

Copies of these standards publications may be viewed at the Freedom of Information Reading 

Room, U.S. Department of Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 1E–190, 1000 Independence 

Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585–0101, telephone (202) 586–3142, between the hours of 9 

a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. 
4 

Copies of the above standards incorporated by reference can be obtained from the American 

Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 1215, Research Triangle Park, NC 

27709, telephone (919) 549-8141, telefax (919) 549-8933, or electronic mail: orders@aatcc.org

I. Introduction 

A. Consumer Overview 

1. Background 

2. Clothes Washer Features 

3. Consumer Benefits 

4. National Benefits 

B. Authority 

C. Background 

1. Current Standards 

2. History of Previous Rulemakings 

3. Process Improvement 

4. Test Procedures 

II. General Discussion 

A. Test Procedures 

B. Technological Feasibility 

1. General 

2. Maximum Technologically Feasible Levels 

C. Energy Savings 
5 

1. Determination of Savings 

2. Significance of Savings 

D. Economic Justification 

1. Economic Impact on Manufacturers and on Consumers 

2. Life-Cycle-Costs 

3. Energy Savings 

4. Lessening of Utility or Performance of Products 

5. Impact of Lessening of Competition 

6. Need of The Nation to Conserve Energy 

7. Other Factors 

E. Standards Incorporated by Reference 

III. Methodology 

IV. Discussion of Comments 

A. Test Procedure 

B. Standard 

C. Two Standards in One Rulemaking 

D. Consumer Information Statement 

E. Consumer Input 

F. Energy and Economic Analyses 

G. Product Classes 

H. Incremental Retail Costs 

I. Water Savings 

J. Detergent Savings 
6 

K. Life-Cycle-Costs and Payback 

L. Cost Effectiveness 

 V. Analytical Results and Conclusion 

A. Analytical Results 

B. Conclusion 

1. Trial Standard Level 6 – MEF 1.63 

2. Trial Standard Level 5 – MEF 1.36 

3. Trial Standard Level 4 – MEF 1.26 

4. Trial Standard Level 3 – MEF 1.04/1.26 

VI. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review 

A. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act 

B. Review Under Executive Order 12866, “Regulatory Planning and Review” 

C. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

D. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act 

E. Review Under Executive Order 12988, “Civil Justice Reform” 

F. Review Under Executive Order 12630, "Takings" Assessment Review 

G. Review Under Executive Order 13132, “Federalism” 

H. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

I. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriation Act of 

1999. 

J. Review Under the Plain Language Directives 

K. Congressional Notification 

L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act 
7 

I. Introduction

A. Consumer Overview 

1. Background 

The Department of Energy (DOE or Department) is directed by the Energy Policy and 

Conservation Act, as amended, to consider establishing minimum efficiency standards for 

various consumer products, including clothes washers. Today’s standards are consistent with 

these requirements of the law. DOE is amending almost ten-year-old minimum efficiency 

standards for new standard-sized residential clothes washers. These amended standards take into 

account a decade of technological advancements and will save consumers and the nation money, 

significant amounts of energy and water, and have substantial environmental and economic 

benefits. 

Interested parties involved in this rulemaking, including manufacturers and energy 

efficiency advocates, jointly proposed these clothes washer efficiency standards to the 

Department. The parties believe these to be the highest standards which are technologically 

feasible and economically justified as required by law. The standards, as proposed by the 

parties, consist of two stages. The first stage begins on January 1, 2004, and requires that all 

new residential clothes washers manufactured after that date be 22 percent more efficient than 

today’s minimally compliant clothes washer. The second stage begins on January 1, 2007, and 

requires that all new residential clothes washers manufactured after that date be 35 percent more 

efficient than today’s minimally compliant clothes washer. Delaying the standard 
8 

implementation date for the higher efficiency level gives manufacturers more time to research 

and develop lower-cost solutions to achieve higher standards. 

The Department has reviewed the Joint Proposal and agrees the recommended standard is 

the highest efficiency level that is technologically feasible and economically justified as required 

by law. The Department therefore is amending the energy conservation standard for the 

standard-size residential clothes washers as recommended in the Joint Proposal. 

2. Clothes Washer Features 

The amended efficiency levels can be met by either top- or front-loading designs. In fact, 

there are vertical-axis top-loading and horizontal-axis front-loading washers on the market today 

that already meet the higher 2007 standard. Thus, consumers will have the same range of clothes 

washers as they have today. Furthermore, the clothes washer energy efficiency standard will not 

impact clothes washer features valued by consumers such as door placement, capacity, water 

temperature and adjustable load sizes. The Department does not expect the cleaning ability or 

the reliability and repair costs of washing machines to be changed by the design changes 

anticipated under the clothes washer amended standards and repair parts will continue to be 

available for today’s washers. 

The energy and water savings result primarily from a variety of innovative designs such 

as more efficient use of hot and cold water by using more accurate sensors that can detect the 

clothing load and use only as much water for washing as is necessary. The new washers also use 
9 

higher spin speeds to remove more water from the clothes so less time and energy is needed to 

dry the clothes. 

3. Consumer Benefits 

Table 1 summarizes the “vital statistics” of today’s typical clothes washer. Table 2 

presents the implications for the average consumer of the 2004 and 2007 clothes washer 

standards. 

Table 1 Vital Statistics of Today’s Typical Clothes Washers 

Average Price $421 

Number of Washes per Year 392 

Annual Utility Bill $115 

Life Expectance 14.1 Years 

Energy Consumption 3.23 kWh per wash ( 1266 kWh per year) 

Water Consumption 39.2 Gallons per wash (15,366 gallons per year)

Table 2 Implications of New Standards for the Average Consumer

Year Standard Comes Into Effect 2004 (Stage 1) 2007 (Stage 2) 

New Clothes Washer Price $474 $670 

Estimated Price Increase $53 $249 

Annual Utility Bill Savings $15 $48 

Median Payback Period 3.5 Years 5.0 Years 

Average Net Savings Over 

Appliance Life 

$103 $260 
10 

Energy Savings Per Wash 0.612 kWh 1.361 kWh

Energy Savings per Year 239 kWh 533 kWh

Water Savings per Wash 4.0 Gallons 18.1 Gallons

Water Savings per Year 1568 Gallons 7095 Gallons

Currently, the typical clothes washer has a price of $421 and costs $115 a year in energy 

and water bills. In order to meet the 2004 standard, the Department estimates that the price of a 

washer will be $474, an increase of $53. This price increase will be offset by an annual savings 

of about $15 on the utility bills. In order to meet the 2007 standard, the Department estimates 

that the price of a washer will be $670, an increase of $249. This price increase will be offset by 

an annual savings of about $48. It should be noted that DOE based its estimate of the 

incremental retail cost for the 2007 standards on manufacturer cost estimates for horizontal-axis 

machines submitted to the Department in 1997. New cost information derived from vertical-axis 

washers now in the market that meet the 2007 standards indicate that the incremental prices 

could be substantially less. Based on the Department’s analysis, the incremental price of these 

high-efficiency vertical-axis washers would be approximately $1501

. 

The Department recognizes that few consumers are actually typical in the energy and 

water prices that they pay and the number of wash loads that they do per year. Consequently, the 

Department has investigated the effects of the different energy and water prices across the nation 

and different clothes washer usage patterns. The Department estimates that about 90 percent and 

 1

 Assumes a $75 incremental manufacturer cost and a total mark-up of 1.99 (TSD Chapter 5 section 5.4.1 
11 

81 percent of all consumers purchasing a new washer will save money as a result of the 2004 and 

2007 standards, respectively. 

 and Chapter 6 section 6.1). 

The Department also investigated how these standards might affect low income 

consumers and senior households. The Department estimates that about 90 percent and 81 

percent of all low income consumers purchasing a new washer will save money as a result of the 

2004 and 2007 standards, respectively. For senior households, these values are 84 and 72 

percent. 

4. National Benefits 

The standards will provide large benefits to the nation. DOE estimates the standards will 

save 5.52 quads of energy over 27 years (2004 to 2030). This is equivalent to the total energy 

consumption of all U.S. homes over a period of approximately 3.3 months. By 2020, the 

standards will avoid the construction of four 400 megawatt coal-fired plants and eleven 400 

megawatt gas-fired plants. These energy savings will result in cumulative greenhouse gas 

emission reductions of 95.1 million metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent, or an 

amount equal to that produced by three million cars in a year. Additionally, air pollution will 

have cumulative reduction by the elimination of 253.5 thousand metric tons of nitrous oxides 

(NOx) and 28.1 thousand metric tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from 2004 to 2030. The 

cumulative water savings are estimated at 11 trillion gallons, enough water to supply the 

needs of 6.6 million households for 25 years, meaning less water will be pumped from 
12 

America's aquifers and rivers, and less strain will be placed on many of the nation’s water 

and sewer systems. In total, we estimate the net economic benefit to the nation of this standard 

will be $15.3 billion from 2004 to 2030. 

Please note that you can find additional information about clothes washers on the DOE 

web-site at: 

www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes_standards/applbrf/clwasher.html 

B. Authority 

Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, Pub. L. 94-163, as 

amended by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, Pub. L. 95-619, by the National 

Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), Pub. L. 100-12, by the National Appliance 

Energy Conservation Amendments of 1988, Pub. L. 100-357, and the Energy Policy Act of 

1992, Pub. L. 102-4862 (the Act or EPCA) created the Energy Conservation Program for 

Consumer Products other than Automobiles. The consumer products subject to this program 

(often referred to hereafter as "covered products") include clothes washers. 

Under the Act, the program consists essentially of three parts: testing, labeling, and 

Federal energy conservation standards. The Department, in consultation with the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, amends or establishes new test procedures for each of the 

 

 2Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act, 

the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments of 1988, and the 

Energy Policy Act of 1992, is referred to in this rule as the "Act." Part B of Title III is codified at 42 U.S.C. 6291 et seq. Part B 

of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the National Energy Conservation Policy Act only, is 

referred to in this rule as the National Energy Conservation Policy Act.
13 

covered products. Section 323 of EPCA, 42 U.S.C. 6293. Test procedures appear at 10 CFR 

Part 430, Subpart B. 

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) prescribes rules governing the labeling of covered 

products after DOE publishes test procedures. Section 324(a) of EPCA, 42 U.S.C. 6294(a). At 

the present time, there are Federal Trade Commission rules requiring labels for clothes washers. 

Any new or amended standard must be designed so as to achieve the maximum 

improvement in energy efficiency that is technologically feasible and economically justified. 

Section 325(o)(2)(A) of EPCA, 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(A). 

Section 325(o)(2)(B)(i) of EPCA, 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i), provides that before DOE 

determines whether a standard is economically justified, it must first solicit comments on a 

proposed standard. After reviewing comments on the proposal, DOE must then determine that 

the benefits of the standard exceed its burdens, based, to the greatest extent practicable, on a 

weighing of the following seven factors: 

“(I) The economic impact of the standard on the manufacturers and on the consumers of 

the products subject to such standard; 

(II) The savings in operating costs throughout the estimated average life of the covered 

product in the type (or class) compared to any increase in the price of, or in the initial 

charges for, or maintenance expenses of, the covered products which are likely to result 

from the imposition of the standard; 
14 

(III) The total projected amount of energy savings likely to result directly from the 

imposition of the standard; 

(IV) Any lessening of the utility or the performance of the covered products likely to 

result from the imposition of the standard; 

(V) The impact of any lessening of competition, as determined in writing by the 

Attorney General, that is likely to result from the imposition of the standard; 

(VI) The need for national energy conservation; and 

(VII) Other factors the Secretary considers relevant.” 

C. Background 

1. Current Standards 

The existing clothes washer efficiency standards have been in effect since 1994. Energy 

efficiency for a clothes washer is measured in terms of an energy factor (EF), which measures 

overall clothes washer efficiency, in terms of cubic feet per kilowatt-hour per cycle, and is 

determined by the DOE test procedure. 10 CFR Part 430, Subpart B, Appendix J. The current 

clothes washer efficiency standards are as follows: 

· top-loading, compact (less than 1.6 cubic feet capacity), EF = 0.90 

· top-loading, standard (1.6 cubic feet or greater capacity), EF = 1.18 

· top-loading, semi-automatic, must have an unheated rinse option 

· front-loading, must have an unheated rinse option 

· suds-saving, must have an unheated rinse option 

2. History of Previous Rulemakings 
15 

On November 14, 1994, DOE published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 

(ANOPR). 59 FR 56423. On November 19, 1998, DOE published a Supplemental ANOPR. 

(Hereafter referred to as the 1998 Supplemental ANOPR.) 63 FR 64344. In the 1998 

Supplemental ANOPR, DOE provided interested persons an opportunity to comment on: 

(1) The product classes that we propose to analyze; 

(2) The analytical framework, models (e.g., the Government Regulatory Impact Model 

(GRIM)), and tools (e.g., a Monte Carlo sampling methodology, and life-cycle-cost (LCC) and 

national energy savings (NES) spreadsheets) we used to perform analyses of the impacts of 

standards; and 

(3) The results of preliminary analyses for LCC, payback and national energy savings 

contained in the Preliminary Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for 

Consumer Products: Clothes Washers (TSD) dated October 1998 and summarized in the 1998 

Supplemental ANOPR. 

On October 5, 2000, DOE published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR or 

proposed rule) for energy efficiency standards. 65 FR 59550. For the NOPR, we analyzed the 

energy savings, benefits and burdens of amended energy conservation standards for clothes 

washers and shared the results of these analyses with all stakeholders. Based on these analyses, 

several of the major stakeholders, including clothes washer manufacturers and energy efficiency 

advocates, submitted to the Department a joint proposal for the highest standard level which they 
16 

believed to be technologically feasible and economically justified (hereafter referred as the Joint 

Comment). (Joint Comment, No. 204). Based on our review of the Joint Comment, we found 

the proposed standards technologically feasible and economically justified. Therefore, we 

proposed to amend the energy conservation standard for clothes washers for residential 

applications as recommended in the Joint Comment and announced a public hearing, which was 

held on November 15, 2000. 

Included in the NOPR for energy efficiency standards were revisions to the clothes 

washer test procedure. The test procedure revisions we made were necessary due to 

discrepancies uncovered in the measurement of remaining moisture content (RMC). The 

discrepancies were found to be caused by variations in the properties of the energy test cloth. 

The situation has been addressed in the test procedure revisions by adding provisions for cloth 

certification based on the results of extractor testing and the derivation of a cloth-specific 

correction factor. In addition, we incorporated minor editorial changes to help clarify both 

Appendices J and J1 of the test procedure based on the joint proposal by stakeholders. These 

changes, as proposed in the NOPR, are included in this final rule. 

3. Process Improvement 

A moratorium was placed on publication of proposed or final rules for appliance 

efficiency standards as part of the FY 1996 appropriations legislation. Pub. L. 104-134. That 

moratorium expired on September 30, 1996. 
17 

On July 15, 1996, the Department published a Process Improvement Rule establishing 

procedures, interpretations and policies to guide the Department in the consideration of new or 

revised appliance efficiency standards (Procedures for Consideration of New or Revised Energy 

Conservation Standards for Consumer Products, 61 FR 36974, July 15, 1996). DOE has 

followed the Process Improvement Rule, to the extent possible, in developing the clothes washer 

standard. 

We developed an analytical framework for the clothes washer standards rulemaking for 

our stakeholders. The analytical framework described the different analyses (e.g., LCC, payback 

and manufacturing impact analyses (MIA)) to be conducted, the method for conducting them, the 

use of new LCC and national energy savings (NES) spreadsheets, and the relationship between 

the various analyses. We have conducted several meetings, workshops and discussions 

regarding energy efficiency standards for clothes washers. These workshops included 

discussions on proposed design options and a preliminary engineering analysis on November 15, 

1996; development of an analytical framework for appliance standards rulemaking on July 23, 

1997; and development of two new spreadsheet tools for LCC and NES on March 11, 1998. We 

conducted public hearings on December 15, 1998, to receive additional comments on the 1998 

Supplemental ANOPR and on July 22, 1999, to discuss the process, analytical tools and 

uncertainties with the test procedures. We conducted a public hearing on November 15, 2000, to 

receive comment on proposed efficiency standards addressed in the NOPR published on October 

5, 2000. 
18 

In the NOPR, we also incorporated the recommendations made by the Advisory 

Committee on Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards on April 21, 1998. (Advisory Committee, 

No. 96). These recommendations relate to using the full range of consumer marginal energy 

prices (CMEP) in the LCC analysis (replacing the use of national average energy prices), 

defining a range of energy price futures for each fuel used in the economic analyses and defining 

a range of primary energy conversion factors and associated emission reductions, based on the 

generation displaced by energy efficiency standards for each rulemaking. Marginal energy 

prices are used in the LCC, payback and the NPV portion of the NES analyses. Because the 

NES results are inputs to the analyses for utility, emissions and employment; these analyses are 

also impacted by using marginal rates. 

4. Test Procedures 

Federal test procedures for clothes washers were first established in 1977. Simultaneous 

with the NOPR for clothes washer standards, the Department was also in the process of revising 

the clothes washer test procedure. The Department needed to address a number of innovative 

technologies for which there were no test procedures. A number of proposals were published, 

including one on December 22, 1993, (58 FR 67710) and another on March 23, 1995, (60 FR 

15330). In its comments to the March 1995 proposed rule, the Association of Home Appliance 

Manufacturers (AHAM) requested that DOE adopt an additional new test procedure, that 

captures current consumer habits that affect energy use, which would be used in considering the 

revision of the clothes washer energy conservation standards, and would go into effect upon 

issuance of standards. 
19 

On April 22, 1996, the Department issued a supplemental Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking proposing such a new test procedure, Appendix J1, as well as certain additional 

revisions to the currently applicable test procedure in Appendix J to Subpart B of 10 CFR Part 

430. 61 FR 17589. The supplemental notice was published to seek comments on whether DOE 

should adopt the AHAM recommended test procedure with certain changes. The final rule, 

published on August 27, 1997, adopted this recommendation. 62 FR 45484. Appendix J is the 

current applicable test procedure, and it will expire on December 31, 2003. Appendix J1 is 

informational and will not become mandatory until the energy conservation standards of this rule 

become effective on January 1, 2004. The Appendix J test procedure specifies an energy 

efficiency descriptor called the energy factor (EF). The Appendix J1 test procedure specifies an 

energy efficiency descriptor called the modified energy factor (MEF) which replaces the EF. 

Contrasting with the previous EF descriptor, the MEF descriptor incorporates clothes dryer 

energy by consideration of the remaining moisture content (RMC) of clothes leaving the clothes 

washer. Other substantive differences between the test procedures include using different water 

temperatures for testing and using cloth loads in J1 but not in J. The issuance of the test 

procedure final rule was a major step in accelerating the development of clothes washer 

standards. The test procedure final rule provided the basis upon which the energy and water 

consumption calculations could be determined. 

During this standards rulemaking, it was discovered that the test cloth to be used for 

determining the RMC was giving inconsistent results. The Department investigated possible 
20 

causes for the inconsistent test results, and results are summarized in the DOE report, 

“Development of a Standardized Energy Test Cloth for Measuring Remaining Moisture Content 

in a Residential Clothes Washer,” May 2000. (DOE, No. 200). As part of our investigation into 

the cause of these discrepancies, we found that various lots of test cloth will yield inconsistent 

RMC results. To understand the effects of operating variables and cloth specifications, it was 

necessary to conduct laboratory tests to determine RMC. To insure that test results would not be 

influenced or biased by any manufacturer’s product (clothes washer), we used an extractor to 

remove moisture content. An extractor is a centrifuge – basically a rotating basket that has a 

controllable speed to produce a variety of centrifugal forces. The speed was varied to impose 

different centripetal accelerations on the test load. These accelerations are reported in terms of 

gravitational acceleration (g). We also soaked the cloth in a tub at controlled temperature rather 

than use the agitated soak cycle provided by a typical washer. The RMC tests closely resemble 

those specified in the clothes washer test procedure. 

An extractor-based test has been established to examine RMC values at different 

gravitational forces (g-forces). A correction factor is derived by which the deviation between a 

new production batch of test cloth and a standard reference test cloth is measured. This 

deviation is measured as the root mean square between the set of measured RMC values and the 

set of standard RMC values. If this absolute deviation is below 2 percent, then no correction 

factors are needed in MEF tests using that batch of cloth. If the absolute root-mean-square 

(RMS) difference between the cloth RMC values and standard RMC values is above 2 percent, 

then correction factors must be applied when using the cloth to test the MEF of a clothes washer. 
21 

As part of this rulemaking, we included revisions to the test procedure based on our 

proposed language addressed in the May 2000 report dealing with the energy test cloth, RMC, 

extractor testing and the correction factor and Joint Stakeholders Comment. (Joint Comment, 

No. 204). In addition, we incorporated AHAM’s comments and Joint Stakeholders Comment 

requesting minor editorial changes to help clarify both Appendices J and J1. (AHAM , Nos. 197 

and 199, and Joint Comment, No. 204). These changes have been included in their entirety in 

this rulemaking pertaining to the test procedure. 

II. General Discussion

A. Test Procedures 

As addressed in the NOPR for energy efficiency standards, we included revisions to the 

test procedure dealing with the energy test cloth, RMC, extractor testing and the correction 

factor based on our May 2000 report, which can be found in Appendix C of the TSD. We also 

incorporated changes suggested in AHAM’s comments and in the Joint Comment requesting 

minor editorial changes to help clarify both Appendices J and J1 of the test procedure. (AHAM, 

Nos. 197 and 199, and Joint Comment, No. 204). In addition, during the public hearing held on 

November 15, 2000, and in a written statement, AHAM requested that the test procedure be 

further clarified and enhanced by incorporating additional changes. These changes have been 

included in their entirety in this final rule. A more complete discussion of these comments is 

found in section IV of this rule. 
22 

B. Technological Feasibility 

1. General 

There are top- and front-loading clothes washers in the market at all of the efficiency 

levels prescribed in today’s final rule. The Department, therefore, believes all of the efficiency 

levels contained in today’s final rule for both top- and front-loading clothes washers are 

technologically feasible as required by 325(o)(2)(A) of EPCA, as amended. 

2. Maximum Technologically Feasible Levels 

The Act requires the Department, in considering any new or amended standards, to 

consider those that "shall be designed to achieve the maximum improvement in energy 

efficiency * * * which the Secretary determines is technologically feasible and economically 

justified." (Section 325 (o)(2)(A)). Accordingly, for each class of product considered in this 

rulemaking, a maximum technologically feasible (max tech) design option was identified and 

considered as discussed in the NOPR. 65 FR 59550, 59555 - 56 (October 5, 2000). See Section 

V. Analytical Results and Conclusions for details of the levels analyzed for this rulemaking. 

The Department considers design options technologically feasible if they are already in 

use by the respective industry or research has progressed to the development of a working 

prototype. The Process Improvement Rule sets forth a definition of technological feasibility as 

follows: “Technologies incorporated in commercially available products or in working 

prototypes will be considered technologically feasible.” 10 CFR 430, Subpart C, Appendix 

A(4)(a)(4)(I). 
23 

In consultation with interested parties, the Department developed a list of design options 

on all possible energy saving designs for consideration. The Department gathered design option 

information from previous clothes washer analyses, trade publications, industry research 

organizations, product brochures from domestic and foreign manufacturers, and appliance 

conferences, including the International Appliance Technical Conference (IATC). The “Draft 

Report on Design Options for Clothes Washers” and “Draft Report on the Preliminary 

Engineering Analysis for Clothes Washers” provide details on the potential technologies. The 

following designs were considered: improved fill control, tighter tub tolerance, added insulation, 

increased motor efficiency, thermostatically controlled mixing values, improved water 

extraction, horizontal-axis, horizontal-axis with recirculation, advanced control/sensor, sudssaving, direct drive motor, automatic fill control, reduced thermal mass, electrolytic 

disassociation of water, ultrasonic washing, bubble action, and ozonated laundering. (Clothes 

Washer Public Workshop, No. 55B and 55C). Based on this information the Department 

determined that a 50 percent reduction in the energy use of the baseline model (corresponding to 

an MEF of 1.634) is the maximum technologically feasible level for both the Top-Loading, 

Standard (1.6 ft.3

 or greater capacity) and Front-Loading classes. 

Additionally, under the guidelines in the Process Improvement Rule, DOE conducted a 

screening analysis to eliminate from consideration, early in the process, any design option which 

is not practicable to manufacture, install, or service, will eliminate product utility features, or for 

which there are safety concerns that can not be resolved. In order to conduct the screening 

analysis, the Department gathered information regarding all current technology options and 
24 

prototype designs. In consultation with interested parties, the Department developed a list of 

design options for consideration in the rulemaking. All technologically feasible design options 

were considered in the screening analysis, and none were rejected. 

C. Energy Savings 

1. Determination of Savings 

The Department forecasted energy savings through the use of a national energy savings 

(NES) spreadsheet as discussed in the NOPR. 65 FR 59550, 59556, 59563 - 68 (October 5, 

2000). 

2. Significance of Savings 

Under section 325(o)(3)(B) of the Act, the Department is prohibited from adopting a 

standard for a product if that standard would not result in "significant" energy savings. While 

the term "significant" has never been defined in the Act, the U.S. Court of Appeals, in Natural 

Resources Defense Council v. Herrington, 768 F.2d 1355, 1373 (D.C. Cir. 1985), concluded that 

Congressional intent in using the word "significant" was to mean "non-trivial." The savings to 

the nation are 5.52 quads of energy over 27 years (2004 to 2030) which is equivalent to the total 

energy consumption of all U.S. homes over a period of approximately 3.3 months. We consider 

this to be non-trivial and therefore determine it to be significant. 

D. Economic Justification 
25 

As noted earlier, Section 325(o)(2)(B)(i) of the Act provides seven factors to be 

evaluated in determining whether a conservation standard is economically justified. 

1. Economic Impact on Manufacturers and on Consumers 

 We considered the economic impact on manufacturers and on consumers as discussed in 

the NOPR. 65 FR 59550, 59556 (October 5, 2000). The clothes washer industry would 

experience a cumulative NPV loss of between $421.1 - 528.4 million representing between 29.2 

and 36.7 percent of base case industry value. The Department estimates that about 89 percent 

and 81 percent of all consumers purchasing a new washer will save money as a result of the 2004 

and 2007 standards, respectively. In total, we estimate the benefit to the nation of this standard 

will be $15.3 billion from 2004 to 2030. 

2. Life-Cycle-Costs 

We considered life-cycle-costs as discussed in the NOPR. 65 FR 59550, 59556 - 57 

(October 5, 2000). At the 1.04 MEF level, consumers would experience a savings in LCC of 

$103, while they would experience a LCC savings of $260 at the 1.26 MEF level that would go 

into effect in 2007. The payback for the 1.04 MEF level is 3.5 years, and 5.0 years for the 1.26 

MEF. 

3. Energy Savings 

While significant conservation of energy is a separate statutory requirement for imposing 

an energy conservation standard, the Act requires DOE, in determining the economic 
26 

justification of a standard, to consider the total projected energy savings that are expected to 

result directly from revised standards. The Department used the NES spreadsheet results, 

discussed earlier, in its consideration of total projected savings. The savings to the nation are 

5.52 quads of energy over 27 years (2004 to 2030). 

4. Lessening of Utility or Performance of Products 

This factor cannot be quantified. In establishing classes of products, the Department tries 

to eliminate any degradation of utility or performance in the products under consideration in this 

rulemaking. 

An issue of utility that was considered in this rule concerns the consumer utility of 

vertical-axis (V-axis) and horizontal-axis (H-axis) machines. We conducted consumer focus 

groups and a conjoint analysis study to address this issue. A conjoint analysis is a quantitative 

method to estimate the value consumers place on the clothes washer attributes. The focus group 

and conjoint results indicate that price is the most important attribute when consumers are 

purchasing a new clothes washer, although in each case another attribute is virtually tied with 

price in terms of importance. In the focus groups, 83 percent of the respondents included price 

in their top ten list of important clothes washer attributes, while 81 percent included wash tub 

capacity in that same list. In the conjoint analysis, price had the highest relative importance 

score (26 percent), followed closely by the availability of a wash load size option on the control 

panel (25 percent). Of the six attributes included in the conjoint analysis survey, door placement 
27 

was the fifth most important attribute with a relative importance score of 11 percent (for further 

information, see Chapter 8 and Appendix G of the TSD). 

5. Impact of Lessening of Competition 

This factor seeks the views of the Attorney General to determine the potential impacts on 

competition resulting from the imposition of the proposed energy efficiency standard. 

In order to assist the Attorney General in making such a determination, the Department 

provided the Attorney General with copies of the NOPR and the Technical Support Document 

for review. In a letter responding to the NOPR, the Attorney General concluded “that the 

proposed clothes washer standard would not adversely affect competition.” (Department of 

Justice, No. 233 at 2). The letter is printed at the end of today’s rule. 

6. Need of The Nation to Conserve Energy 

We reported the environmental effects from today’s final rule in the NOPR. 65 FR 

59550, 59557, 59578 - 79 (October 5, 2000). The energy savings this final rule will result in 

cumulative greenhouse gas emission reductions of 95.1 million metric tons (Mt) of carbon 

dioxide (CO2) equivalent, or an amount equal to that produced by three million cars every year. 

Additionally, air pollution will be reduced by the elimination of 253.5 thousand metric tons of 

nitrous oxides (NOx) and 28.1 thousand metric tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from 2004 to 2030. 

7. Other Factors 
28 

This provision allows the Secretary of Energy, in determining whether a standard is 

economically justified, to consider any other factors that the Secretary deems to be relevant. 

Section 325(o)(2)(B)(i)(VI) of EPCA, 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i)(VI). 

Under this provision, we considered the water savings from each standard level. The 

Department received numerous comments asking for the inclusion of a water factor standard in 

addition to the MEF standard. (City of Austin, Nos. 105 at 1 and 187 at 2; City of Bellingham, 

Washington, Department of Public Works, No. 106 at 1; Lower Colorado River Authority 

(LRCA), No.109 at 1; Amy Vicker and Associates, Inc., No.110 at 1; City of San Diego, 

No.123 at 1; City of Santa Barbara, Public Works Department, No. 125 at 1; City of Seattle, No. 

126 at 2; Santa Clara valley Water District, No.127 at 1; American Water Works Association, 

No.149 at 1; City of Redmond, Office of the Mayor, No.153 at 1; Massachusetts Water 

Resources Authority, No.152 at 4; State of New Mexico, Office of the State Engineer, No.158 at 

1). As stated previously, the Department considered water savings as a factor in determining the 

economic justification of the clothes washer standard level. The water savings are estimated at 

11 trillion gallons, enough water to supply the needs of 6.6 million households for 25 years,

meaning less water will be pumped from America's aquifers and rivers, and less strain will 

be placed on many of the nation’s water and sewer systems. However, the Department 

does not have the authority to prescribe a minimum water factor standard. 
29 

The Secretary has also strongly considered the Joint Comment. This proposal adopts a 

two stage implementation process oriented toward mitigating financial impacts on manufacturers 

and ensuring no loss of product utility for consumers. Thus, we are adopting the Joint Comment 

proposal. 

E. Standards Incorporated by Reference 

Section 325(o)(2)(A) of EPCA specifies that any new or amended energy conservation 

standard the Department prescribes shall be designed to “achieve the maximum improvement in 

energy efficiency * * * which the Secretary determines is technologically feasible and 

economically justified.” Consistent with the EPCA directive that the standard achieve maximum 

improvement in the energy efficiency, it follows that the test procedure to measure efficiency be 

both valid and repeatable, in other words, provide consistent results. During this standards 

rulemaking process it was discovered that the test cloth used for determining remaining moisture 

content (RMC) was giving inconsistent results. The effect of RMC on modified energy factor 

and hence energy efficiency can be substantial. This is discussed in the proposed rule under 

section III.A. Test Procedure, 65 FR 59555 (October 5, 2000). After investigating possible 

causes for the inconsistent test results, we found that various lots of test cloth had been treated 

with a stain or water repellant finish that would affect RMC. Consequently, the American 

Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 118-1997, Oil Repellency: 

 Hydrocarbon Resistence Test (reaffirmed 1997), and Test Method 79-2000, Absorbency of 

Bleached Textiles (reaffirmed 2000), were added to the proposed rule, under Appendix J1 to 
30 

Subpart B of Part 430, to determine whether such a finish was present in a test cloth. Also, a 

procedure was added to “wash out” that finish, so that any test cloth would be equivalent to any 

other test cloth and therefore produce consistent results. Both of the above procedures were 

accepted by the stakeholders under the Joint Comment recommendation submitted to the 

Department by clothes washer manufacturers and energy conservation advocates (Joint 

Comment, No. 204), and are incorporated by reference in today’s final rule. 

III. Methodology

 

As discussed in the NOPR, the Department developed new analytical tools for this 

rulemaking. The first tool was a spreadsheet that calculates LCC and payback period. The 

second calculates national energy savings and national net present value (NPV). The 

Department also completely revised the methodology used in assessing manufacturer impacts 

including the adoption of the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM). Additionally, 

DOE developed a new approach using the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) to 

estimate impacts of clothes washers energy efficiency standards on electric utilities and the 

environment. 65 FR 59550, 59557 - 71 (October 5, 2000). 

In general, when information is based on periodic forecasts and surveys such as the 

Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) forecasts of energy prices and the Residential Energy 

Consumption Survey (RECS), both from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), we try to 

use the latest available information. The analysis in support of the NOPR was performed using 
31 

RECS1993 and AEO1999 data. Just prior to publication of the NOPR both RECS1997 and 

AEO2000 data became available. Although we did not expect a significant difference in results 

by updating to RECS1997 and AEO2000, we stated our intent to use this updated information 

for the final rule. We have updated the analysis for Trial Standard Level 3 using RECS1997 and 

AEO2000 and have included it in Appendix R of the TSD. 

IV. Discussion of Comments

A. Test Procedure 

During the public hearing held on November 15, 2000 and in a written statement, AHAM 

requested that the test procedure be further clarified and enhanced by incorporating the following 

additional changes: 

1) Specify that the test cloth can be used for up to 60 runs in Appendix J, as proposed for 

J1. 

2) Specify that Appendix J1 (currently informational) is the test procedure to be used to 

determine which models meet Energy Star requirements prior to implementation of the January 

1, 2004 standard requirement. 

3) Require that a permanent marking be applied to future test cloth lots. 

4) Implement a process to publish the correction factors on future test cloth lots (i.e., 

publish in Federal Register, on web-site, or by letter). (AHAM, No. 211) 
32 

These changes to the test procedure are proposed by AHAM for clarification and 

consistency purposes only. No objections were raised at the public hearing or in written 

comments to this proposal, and the Department believes they would clarify the test procedure 

without changing any test results. Therefore, Item #1 will be included in the final rule for 

consistency in Appendices J and J1. Item #2 will be addressed by letter from DOE to the 

stakeholders specifying that Appendix J1 along with the revisions in this final rule will be used 

to determine which models meet Energy Star requirements starting January 1, 2001. Item #3 

will be included in the final rule by adding a statement to require that the test cloth have a 

permanent marking identifying the lot. Item #4 will be addressed by DOE notifying stakeholders 

via the Internet site at: 

http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes_standards/applbrf/clwasher.html with the lot number 

and correction factors along with the accepted laboratories and mills to be used. 

B. Standard 

Since we started work on this rulemaking following the 1991 standard final rule, we 

have had eight public hearings/workshops and three public solicitations for comment. As noted 

above, DOE published an ANOPR on November 14, 1994. 59 FR 56423. On November 19, 

1998, DOE published a Supplemental ANOPR. 63 FR 64344. On October 5, 2000, DOE 

published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR). 65 FR 59550. In preparation of the 

NOPR, we conducted several analyses regarding the energy savings, benefits, and burdens of 

amended energy conservation standards for clothes washers and have shared the results of these 
33 

analyses with all stakeholders. Based on these analyses, several of the major stakeholders, 

including clothes washer manufacturers and energy efficiency advocates, submitted to the 

Department a joint proposal for the highest standard level which they believed to be 

technologically feasible and economically justified. As a result, based on the aforementioned, 

we proposed to amend the energy conservation standard for clothes washers for residential 

applications as recommended in the joint proposal. We announced a public hearing, which was 

held on November 15, 2000. 

Today’s final rule standards are based on the joint proposal submitted to the Department 

by clothes washer manufacturers and energy conservation advocates. (Joint Comment, No. 204). 

 The joint stakeholders consist of the following: Alliance Laundry Systems LLC; Amana 

Appliances; Asko Incorporated; Frigidaire Home Products; General Electric Appliances (GEA); 

Maytag Corporation; Miele, Inc.; Fisher & Paykel Ltd; Whirlpool Corporation; Alliance to Save 

Energy; American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE); Appliance Standards 

Awareness Project; California Energy Commission (CEC); City of Austin, Texas; Natural 

Resources Defense Council (NRDC); Northwest Power Planning Council; and Pacific Gas and 

Electric (PG&E). The proposal as submitted in the Joint Comment consists of four parts as 

follows: 

“Clothes Washer Energy Standard. The clothes washer energy standards for standard 

class clothes washers shall be 1.04 modified energy factor (MEF) in 1/1/2004 and 1.26 MEF in 

1/1/2007. The energy test procedure will be revised to ensure that variability between test cloths 
34 

will not significantly affect remaining moisture content (RMC) results. Additional clarifications 

will also be made to test procedure. 

“Energy Star Labeling Program. Energy Star levels shall be set as follows: Standard 

Class Clothes Washers--1.26 MEF in 2001; 1.42 MEF in 2004; Refrigerator/Freezers--10% 

better than the 2001 standard in 2001; change to 15% better than the 2001 in 2004. 

“Tax Credit for the Production of Energy Efficient Clothes Washers and RefrigeratorFreezers. The credit shall provide for two energy efficiency tiers, each with separately 

designated funds. There is $30 million in each designated fund per company per efficiency tier. 

Cap of $60 million per company for the two funds or yearly cap with carry forward. Annual 

total tax credit cannot exceed in any taxable year 2% of corporate gross revenues as determined 

by average of 3 prior years. 

“Standard Class Clothes Washers: Two tiers coterminous 2001-2006; $50 per unit for 

products manufactured with a 1.26 MEF and $100 per unit for products manufactured with a 

1.42 MEF, increasing to 1.5 MEF in 2004. Includes residential-style "coin-operated" washers. 

“Refrigerators: First tier effective in 2001. $50 per unit for products manufactured 10% 

above 2001 minimum efficiency standard. Credit runs through 2004. Second tier also effective 

in 2001 and runs through 2006. It is $100 for products manufactured 15% above the 2001 
35 

minimum efficiency standard. Credits apply to automatic defrost refrigerator-freezers only, at 

16.5 cubic feet internal volume and above.

“Voluntary Industry Water Program. Water factor reporting shall be part of a voluntary 

industry sponsored program. AHAM members agree to publicly disclose through AHAM, water 

factors for each model that meets Energy Star/Tax Credit MEF levels, starting sometime in 

calendar year 2001. In calendar year 2002 and each year thereafter, industry-wide shipment 

weighted average water factors for units shipped in the previous year shall be reported by 

AHAM. Water factor calculations will use Appendix J water factor through 2003 and will use 

Appendix J1 thereafter. Starting in 2007, AHAM members agree to report water factor for all 

models. AHAM will sponsor water conference.” (Joint Comment, No. 204). 

 

This rulemaking only addresses the clothes washer energy standards of this proposal. 

The above standard, based on this proposal would go into effect in stages, with the first stage 

going into effect on January 1, 2004, and the second stage going into effect on January 1, 2007 

(hereafter referred to as the 2004 standard and 2007 standard, respectively). The initial standard 

 is a 22 percent reduction in energy consumption over the current standard (or a MEF of 1.04). 

The later, more stringent standard, is a 35 percent reduction in energy consumption over the 

current standard (or a MEF of 1.26). Both top-loading vertical-axis and front-loading horizontalaxis design clothes washers are currently available in retail appliance stores at these levels. 
36 

In response to the NOPR, we received additional comments supporting the proposed 

energy conservation standard announced from AHAM (representing Alliance Laundry Systems 

LLC; Asko Incorporated; Amana Appliances; AB Electrolux (Frigidaire Home Products); GEA, 

Fisher & Paykel Ltd; Maytag Corporation; Miele, Inc.; and Whirlpool Corporation), 

manufacturers, energy efficiency advocates, utilities and consumers. (AHAM, No. 212 at 1; 

Amana, No. 223 at 1; Whirlpool, No. 236 at 2; Maytag, No. 230 at 2; ACEEE, Nos. 214 & 227; 

NRDC, No. 225 at 2; AWWA, No. 234; Comment No. 218). However, Oregon Office of Energy 

(OOE) request a standard level at a 40 percent improvement over the baseline washer or a MEF 

of 1.36. (OOE, No. 219 at 2). 

We also received three comments from Congress. Representative Ralph Regula (R-OH) 

supports this rulemaking and believes it should be approved without delay. (Comment No. 220) 

Representatives Joe Knollenberg (R-MI) and Wally Herger (R-CA) are asking for 120- and 90-

day extensions of the comment period, respectively. (Docket No. EE-RM/STD-98-440, 

Comment No. 73 at 68 and Comment No. 239). This rulemaking process for clothes washers 

began on November 14, 1994, almost 6 years ago with the publication of the Advanced Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking. 59 FR 56423. Subsequently, there were eight public hearings/workshops 

and three public solicitations for comment. Thus, DOE is adopting the proposed rule and does 

not plan to extend the comment period. 

C. Two Standards in One Rulemaking 
37 

The Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) and Consumer Alert (CA) commented that the 

statute does not specifically allow for the creation of two standards in one rulemaking. (CEI & 

CA, No. 207 at 2; CEI, No. 228 at 3). More specifically, these comments contended that the 

2007 standard, coming only 3 years after the 2004 standard, violates the requirement in section 

325 of the Act that an amended standard for these products “shall apply to products 

manufactured after a date which is 5 years after . . . the effective date of the previous amendment 

. . . ” 42 U.S.C. 6395(m). 

DOE disagrees with this comment. In this rulemaking, DOE is complying with the 

mandate in section 325(g)(4)(B) of the Act to determine whether to amend the standards in effect 

for clothes washers. Consistent with section 325(m), section 325(g)(4)(C) of the Act provides 

that a second and any subsequent amendments shall apply to products manufactured five years 

after the effective date of the previous amendment, except that in no case may the amended 

standard apply to products manufactured within 3 years after publication of the standard. 

Today’s amended final rule will have been published 6-1/2 years after the effective date of the 

previous final rule, in conformity with the statute, and applies to products manufactured 3 years 

or more after its publication date. 

Nothing in the Act precludes DOE, in carrying out its duty to determine whether to 

amend the existing standards, from promulgating amendments that take effect in two stages. In 

this rulemaking, DOE has determined that an interim 2004 standard is technologically feasible 

and economically justified. This less stringent interim standard gives industry sufficient lead 
38 

time to depreciate their current assets and plan a more orderly transition of their production 

facilities. Delaying the implementation date for the higher efficiency level gives manufacturers 

more time to research and develop lower cost solutions to achieve higher standards. Under the 

provisions in the Act, DOE may not apply subsequent amendments of these standards to 

products manufactured within 5 years after the effective date of the second or final stage of this 

rule (i.e., until 2012). 

AHAM and the NRDC both support DOE’s position that there is nothing in the statute 

which prohibits rule amendments that consist of initial or interim standards and more stringent or 

final standards. (Mr. Samuels of AHAM, No. 216CC at 23; Mr. Goldstein of NRDC, No. 

216CC at 56). 

Thus, DOE is adopting the rule, as proposed. 

D. Consumer Information Statement 

The Consumer Federation of America (CFA) commented that it believes that the 

Consumer Overview section could be improved to include the following information: impact on 

the “first cost” or purchase price, impact on LCC (i.e. energy costs and water savings), payback 

period, impact of a rule on affordability of product for the average consumer and especially the 

low and moderate income population, and environmental implications/benefits of a rulemaking. 

(CFA, Nos. 210 & 232 at 2). In addition, as it was recommended by the Appliance Standards 

Advisory Committee at its October 24, 2000, meeting, the consumer information statement 

(Consumer Overview) should be in simplified language so that it is understandable to the 
39 

consumer. (Advisory Committee Meeting Transcripts dated October 24, 2000, at 43). These 

changes have been made to the Consumer Overview section of this final rule. 

E. Consumer Input 

CEI and CA commented that they believe there was inadequate consumer input into the 

rulemaking process. (CEI & CA, No. 209). General Electric (GE) commented that DOE has 

given adequate time for consumer input by holding numerous comment periods and hearings. 

(Mr. Jones of GE, No. 216CC at 74). Since we started work on this rulemaking in 1991 we have 

had eight public hearings/workshops and three public solicitations for comment. DOE published 

an ANOPR on November 14, 1994 with a 75 day comment period. 59 FR 56423. On November 

19, 1998, DOE published a Supplemental ANOPR and held a public hearing on December 15, 

1998 with a 75 day comment period. 63 FR 64344. All of the technical information pertaining 

to the Supplemental ANOPR and a copy of the Supplemental ANOPR were made available 

immediately thereafter on our Internet site. On October 5, 2000 DOE published a NOPR and 

held a public hearing on November 15, 2000 with a 60 day comment period. 65 FR 59550. All 

of the technical information pertaining to the NOPR and a copy of the NOPR were made 

available immediately thereafter on our Internet site. 

Since February 1999, the Department received 10 letters from consumers opposing the 

proposed energy efficiency standards and about 200 comments opposing a ban on top-loading 

vertical-axis clothes washers. (Comment No. 217). In addition, we responded to about 200 emails and phone calls by sending in return a fact-sheet and a copy of the rule. On the other hand, 
40 

the Department received over 600 letters from consumers supporting the energy conservation 

standards at a 40 percent improvement in efficiency (today’s requirement is for a 35 percent 

improvement by 2007). (Comment Nos. 191, 192, 193, 196, & 201). We have also received 

comments from consumer advocate groups such as the Arizona Consumers Council, Center for 

Environmental Citizenship, Coalition for Consumer Rights, Residential Providers Association of 

Oregon, and others supporting the energy conservation standards at a 40 percent improvement in 

efficiency. (Comment No. 191). In addition, in selecting today’s standards, we considered the 

results of the consumer focus groups and a conjoint analysis study we performed to address the 

consumer utility issue pertaining to top-loading vertical-axis and front-loading horizontal-axis 

machines. Based on the above, DOE concludes that many consumers are concerned that a new 

standard would ban, or have the unintended effect of banning, top-loading vertical-axis clothes 

washers. The Department notes that the standard adopted today mandates a minimum level of 

energy efficiency and that at least three clothes washer manufacturers currently have top-loading 

clothes washers which meet the 2007 standards. 

In conclusion, we believe there has been ample time and opportunity for public comment 

and that consumer input has been received and consumer interests represented and considered. 

F. Energy and Economic Analyses 

The Department received several comments with respect to various elements of the 

energy and economic analyses. This section addresses product classes, incremental retail costs, 

water savings, detergent savings, LCC and payback, and cost effectiveness. 
41 

 

G. Product Classes 

Currently, DOE divides clothes washers into classes based on size and features, such as 

suds-saving. For the existing standards, DOE defines residential clothes washers in the 

following classes: 

· top-loading, compact (less than 1.6 cubic feet capacity); 

· top-loading, standard (1.6 cubic feet or greater capacity); 

· top-loading, semi-automatic; 

· front-loading; and 

· suds-saving. 

In the NOPR, the Department indicated it would maintain the current product classes. 

The Department received several comments on its proposal to maintain separate product 

classes for top-loading and front-loading washers and to establish the same efficiency 

requirement for both. OOE commented that DOE should follow the lead of the Federal Trade 

Commission and establish only two classes of automatic clothes washers - standard and compact 

- as there is no basis for doing otherwise and to avoid consumer confusion. (OOE, No. 219 at 8). 

 NRDC commented that it made more sense to collapse the V-axis and H-axis classes into a 

single class. (Mr. Goldstein of NRDC, No. 216CC at 57). Whirlpool commented that it fully 

supports the consolidation of the top- and front-loading standard capacity classes. (Whirlpool, 

No. 236). Maytag commented that it fully agrees with the Department’s conclusion that a single 

efficiency standard for standard class top- and front-loading washers is clearly justified. 
42 

(Maytag, No. 230 at 2). Amana commented that it supports the Department’s proposal to have 

the same energy-efficiency standard for V-axis and H-axis washers while maintaining separate 

classes for these products on the basis of differences in technology, cost and utility/performance. 

 It believes, however, that the Department should correct the designations from top- and frontloading to V-axis and H-axis. (Amana, No. 223 at 5). 

The Department agrees that currently both V-axis and H-axis washers can achieve the 

same range of efficiency and that different efficiency standards are not warranted based on axis 

of rotation or orientation of loading. For this reason, the Department proposed a single minimum 

efficiency for the existing “standard” size top-loading and front-loading washers. However DOE 

is concerned that in the future these classes may have a different potential for efficiency 

improvement. Therefore, in today’s final rule, the Department is maintaining both the Standard 

Top-Loading and Front-Loading product classes but is requiring a single efficiency standard 

level for both the Standard Top-Loading and Front-Loading classes of washers. 

Additionally, Amana requested that the Department segregate the standard size washer 

class into subclasses on the basis of capacity in cubic feet to eliminate the potential of confusion 

and prevent consumers from being misled in comparing washers of different sizes and 

mistakenly purchasing a smaller one that consumes more energy. (Amana, No. 223 at 4). The 

Department understands that the FTC labeling could lead to confusion for the consumer. We do 

not believe, however, that this issue can be addressed by defining additional efficiency 

subclasses. The Department will take up this matter with FTC to study this issue. 
43 

The Department received several comments on the issue of increasing the volume 

definition of the compact class from 1.6 cubic feet to 2.0 cubic feet. Maytag commented that it 

agreed with the Department’s proposal to maintain the existing 1.6 cubic feet definition of the 

compact product class since it believes increasing the compact class to 2.0 cubic feet could place 

manufacturers who have complied with more stringent efficiency standards at a competitive 

disadvantage. (Maytag, No. 230 at 2). The OOE commented it was generally indifferent to the 

Department’s decision to keep the definition of the compact class at less than 1.6 cubic foot 

capacity. However, OOE deplores that the Department has not examined the potential to 

improve the energy efficiency of these products. (OOE, No. 219 at 7). Whirlpool commented 

that it disagrees with the Department’s proposal to maintain the current less than 1.6 cubic feet 

definition for compact washers and recommends that the Department redefine the “compact” 

class to instead be either “top-loading units less than 2.0 cubic feet in capacity with external 

width not to be in excess of 22.5 inches OR top-loading units that are less than 1.6 cubic feet in 

capacity and not more than 24 inches in width.” (Whirlpool, No. 236 at 3). 

The Department appreciates Whirlpool’s suggested language to redefine the compact 

class. However, given that this proposed change in definition is new and was not subject to 

public notice and comment, the implications are not fully understood. Thus, the Department is 

maintaining the current classification for the compact class. 
44 

Whirlpool commented that it disagrees with the MEF value of 0.65 for the compact class 

and suggested that, based on its testing, an MEF of 0.57 more accurately reflects the current EF 

standard of 0.9. (Whirlpool, No. 236 at 3). Since the compact class was not analyzed, it is the 

Department’s intention that current clothes washers for this class qualify under the new MEF 

minimum energy efficiency requirement. The Department has conducted sample calculations 

and testing on both a 1.46 cubic feet washer and a 1.93 cubic feet washer. Based on the findings, 

the Department is maintaining the 0.65 MEF value. 

 

H. Incremental Retail Costs 

The American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) commented that DOE 

based its estimate of incremental retail cost for the proposed standards on manufacturer cost 

estimates for horizontal-axis machines. ACEEE adds that manufacturers stated at the NOPR 

hearing that incremental costs may well be less than estimated. ACEEE further remarks that this 

observation is supported by the Department’s own reverse engineering analysis, which found 

mid-point incremental manufacturer costs for V-axis machines that meet or exceed the 2007 

standard to be approximately $75. Applying the mark-ups used in the DOE analysis, ACEEE 

calculates a $140 incremental retail price which is lower than the $249 incremental retail price 

used by the Department in its analysis. Based on its analysis of past rulemakings, ACEEE 

believes that the incremental price will be around $50. To capture the full range of possible 

future prices, ACEEE recommends that DOE state that the incremental price will be in the range 

of $50-$239. ACEEE does not believe DOE should revise its analysis using this range since the 
45 

proposed standards clearly meet the NAECA criteria at $239 and would certainly meet these 

criteria if the costs were lower. (ACEEE, No. 227 at 1). 

The Oregon Office of Energy (OOE) also commented that the engineering analysis for 

washers meeting the proposed standard (MEF=1.26) overstates the manufacturing costs of this 

level. OOE states that DOE based its analysis on the assumption that the standard would only be 

met with H-axis clothes washer designs. OOE commented that in recent months it has become 

clear to the Oregon Energy Office that manufacturers will meet the proposed new standard with 

fairly traditional top-loading, vertical-axis designs that incorporate programmable electronic 

controls. (OOE, No. 219 at 3). 

As commented by ACEEE and OOE, the engineering cost and performance data used in 

the DOE analysis for the proposed standard level is based on H-axis technology. The decision to 

base the engineering analysis on H-axis technology was made in response to AHAM comments 

in 1996 (AHAM, No. 67 at 1) and 1998 (AHAM, No. 84 and 86) that manufacturers could not 

achieve levels of efficiency improvement beyond 25 percent with traditional V-axis clothes 

washers. More recently, two manufacturers introduced high-efficiency V-axis clothes washers 

into the U.S. market that meet or exceed the performance requirements of the 2007 standard. 

The Department had efficiency testing performed on three commercially available highefficiency washers and one prototype V-axis washer. Additionally, the Department had these 

washers disassembled and analyzed to estimate their manufacturing costs. As commented by 

ACEEE, these washers had a lower estimated cost range then their H-axis counterparts. Thus, 
46 

the Department agrees with ACEEE that the price estimates used by the Department in its 

analysis may be at the high end of what may be expected and that lower prices for the proposed 

efficiency would only improve the justification of the standards. The Department notes that in 

this period of rapid technological advances and new product introductions, assessing the future 

cost and performance of clothes washers is an uncertain exercise. As with any forecast, there is 

a range of uncertainty in the forecasted results. 

 Additionally, ACEEE reasoned that given the downward trend in the Producer Price 

Index, it was likely that clothes washer manufacturers would achieve future productivity gains 

and design improvements that would allow them to have lower costs than submitted in 1997. 

(ACEEE, No. 227 at 1). The Department agrees that the recent introduction of high efficiency 

V-axis designs and the reverse-engineering results on these designs indicates that the price 

impact of the standard on consumers may be lower than expected. Consideration of a PPI 

deflator however appears to the Department as very speculative. In order to comply with 

NAECA and assure that the standards that are adopted are economically justifiable, the 

Department adopts price and cost estimates that can be made with a fairly high degree of 

certainty. While historic price data as indicated in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer 

Price Index (PPI) may indicate trends or tendency towards real price decreases, the reasons 

behind these trends are unclear. While it is fairly certain that real prices for appliances will not 

increase given the same quality and type of product, the possibility of a continuing decrease is 

far from certain. The Department therefore utilizes an analysis that assumes constant real prices 

for the same quality and type of clothes washer. 
47 

I. Water Savings 

OOE commented that the 35 percent level of energy reduction can be achieved by a Vaxis design which may have programmable electronic controls and, therefore, the assumed water 

savings may be less than the level stated in the analysis. (OOE, No. 219 at 2, 3 & 4). 

The Department believes that while an H-axis washer typically is a design approach that 

results in water savings, there is no guarantee of water savings with any design approach, at any 

level of energy efficiency. Water use may be increased by, for example, adding more cold rinses 

without impacting a minimum MEF level. The Department has relied on manufacturer data 

based on what manufacturers would build at each standard level. The water use data presented 

by manufacturers estimates the same water savings at both the 35 percent and 40 percent levels 

using horizontal-axis technology and only a slightly higher water usage level at the 25 percent 

level using vertical-axis technology. As we can now observe in the marketplace, similar V-axis 

washer technology may be used to achieve a 35 percent level or even a 40 percent level. 

J. Detergent Savings 

OOE commented that DOE should include detergent savings that owners of H-axis 

machines (and any others that reliably deliver equivalent water savings) will experience at the 40 

percent improvement and above (MEF standard levels of 1.36 and above). (OOE, No. 219 at 6 
48 

& 7). Unilever HPC commented that it is erroneous and arbitrary to state that you can save 

detergent using high efficiency washers because the amount of detergent used is a purely 

discretionary consumer decision. It further commented that to include detergent savings is to 

imply a cleaning performance standard which the proposed standard does not actually address. 

(Mr. Linard of Unilever, No. 216CC at 84). 

The Department believes that while some consumers may use less detergent even at MEF 

levels of 1.26 as estimated by the OOE in the Pacific Northwest, others may use currently more 

expensive detergents specially manufactured for H-axis washers. OOE also states that there is 

every reason to expect that detergent manufacturers will have a difficult time significantly 

increasing the price of these detergents to compensate for reductions in use. No evidence is 

provided to support that statement. There is no conclusive proof of what price consumers will 

pay for detergent in 2007 when the standard takes effect at levels equivalent to that achieved by 

H-axis washers. 

K. Life-Cycle-Costs and Payback 

The Regulatory Studies Program at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University 

(Center) commented that the Department used different savings estimates at different places in 

the NOPR and the TSD. (Center, No. 224 at 5). The NOPR presented values based both on 

point estimates and also more detailed estimates based on distributions of input values. The 

primary results used in the analysis of Payback Periods and life-cycle-costs are based on a 

distribution of inputs used to create a distribution of LCC and Payback Periods. This 
49 

methodology allows consideration of ranges of inputs (e.g. numbers of loads per year, energy 

price) rather than just using typical or average values. Table 3 presents the results of a 

simplified point value analysis that uses average input values for each variable and calculates a 

single output value. Tables 4 and 5 present the results of a more detailed simulation of 10,000 

households which has input distributions for each variable and output distributions for each 

result. 

We calculated the distributed results using 10,000 individual payback periods and found 

their average, rather than dividing the average retail price increase by the average annual 

savings. These two methods of determining the average payback period are not mathematically 

equivalent. The average retail price increase and the average operating cost savings shown are 

also determined from distributions to account for the differences in fuel prices, how often 

households do the wash, etc. (see Chapter 7 of the TSD for details). To avoid confusion, for this 

final rule, the Department has modified the Consumer Overview to reflect the more detailed 

distribution-derived values for price and operating cost. 

Table 3: Single Point Values 

MEF Level 

Year 

Single Point Values (for U.S. mix of fuel types) 

Payback Period 

(Years) 

Delta Retail Price on most 

likely based incremental 

manufacturer costs 

Operating Cost 

Savings, 

(Avg. Inputs used) 

Mean LCC 

Savings 

1.04 

2004 

3.2 $53 $16 $105 

1.26 

2007 

4.7 $240 $51 $262
50 

Table 4: Distribution-Derived Values

MEF Level 

Year

Distributions 

Payback 

(years) 

Delta Retail Price Annual Operating Cost 

Savings 

Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median 

1.04 

2004 

4.6 3.5 $53 $47 $15 $13 

1.26 

2007 

6.8 5.0 $249 $177 $48 $43

Table 5: Distribution-Based LCC Savings

MEF Level 

Year

Distributions 

LCC Savings 

Mean Median 

1.04 

2004 

$103 $81 

1.26 

2007 

$260 $208

L. Cost Effectiveness 

The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) states that at least 90 percent of consumers should 

have lower life-cycle-costs under any new standard. EEI then argues that the proposed clothes 

washer standards are not economically justified since only 80-81 percent of consumers will have 

lower life-cycle-costs, and only 72 percent of senior citizens will have lower-life-cycle costs. 

Additionally, EEI believes that a payback period of 7 years is too long. (EEI, No. 209 at 1). The 

Department disagrees. First of all, EEI states no reason why 90 percent should be an acceptable 

level. Secondly, EPCA requires the Department to consider LCC as just one of the factors in 

determining economic justification of a standard level. In determining economic justification, 

EPCA directs the Secretary to determine whether the benefits of a standard exceed the burdens. 
51 

Consumer LCC and payback, the resulting energy savings, the need for national energy 

conservation and the economic impacts on manufacturers and consumers are just a few of the 

factors that the Secretary must consider. There is no mathematical formula given or used for 

weighing the benefits and burdens of the various factors. 

Furthermore, because of wide variations in usage rates and energy prices across the 

country, no national standard can be designed to minimize, or even reduce, life-cycle-costs for 

all consumers. The Department analyzes the expected impacts of proposed standards on 

consumers taking these differences into account. However, there will always be some 

consumers who will have higher life-cycle-costs under any national standard. In making its 

determination regarding the overall benefits and burdens of any standard, the Department 

considers both the magnitude of any adverse effects that are expected on consumers, as well as 

the total number or any groupings of consumers that might be adversely affected. However, the 

Department does not recognize any arbitrary mathematical threshold for LCC benefits as 

suggested by EEI, and the ratio of consumers with LCC savings versus those with LCC increases 

will vary from rulemaking to rulemaking depending on the various benefits and burdens of each 

unique rulemaking. 

The Mercatus Center stated that the proposed clothes washer standards are not 

economically justified. (Center, No. 224 at 17). The Center claimed that the standard will harm 

the majority of consumers and will take away consumer choice by eliminating top-loading, 

vertical-axis clothes washers. The Center recommended that the Department not go forward 
52 

with the proposed standard and stated that since the Department believes that consumers pass up 

energy efficient washers because they are misinformed about operating costs, that the 

Department should construct a program to correct this deficiency. The Center further stated that 

consumers do not need to be coerced into saving money. 

Much of the Center’s comment is a philosophical argument against the use of Federal 

energy efficiency standards as a means of modifying consumer product choices or behavior. In 

its comment, the Center grades the Department on issues such as whether the Department has 

identified a significant market failure, has identified an appropriate Federal role, has examined 

alternative approaches, has maximized net benefits and has understood individual choice and 

property impacts. Most of these issues had been resolved by the Congress when they enacted the 

statutory requirements which guide and limit the Department’s decision-making process. 

Furthermore, when tested in the court in Natural Resources Defense Council v. Herrington, 768 

F. 2d 1355, 1406-07 (D.C. Cir. 1985), the court stated that "the entire point of a mandatory 

program was to change consumer behavior." As is stated under section I.B. Authority at the 

beginning of this final rulemaking, the Act requires the Department to “establish standards 

designed to achieve the maximum improvement in energy efficiency that is technologically 

feasible and economically justified.” This emphasis on maximizing energy savings may or may 

not lead to standards that also maximize economic benefits - although in this case the proposed 

clothes washer standards would produce National and consumer benefits that are very close the 

maximum of the standard levels analyzed. 
53 

Most of the analysis presented by the Center assumes that the standards would eliminate 

top-loading, vertical-axis clothes washers. As is discussed in the Energy and Economic 

Analyses comments, while the original manufacturer data submitted assumed that all clothes 

washers at and above a 35 percent improvement would be horizontal-axis machines, 

manufacturers have already begun offering top-loading, vertical-axis clothes washers that would 

meet the 2007 standard. Thus, a key assumption made by the Center is incorrect. 

In another part of its analysis, the Center speculated that if consumers used their clothes 

washers less than average, they would experience lower benefits. This is true, and as discussed 

in the response to the EEI comment above, and the LCC and Payback discussion, the Department 

analyzed the expected impacts of the proposed standards on consumers taking usage and other 

differences into account. As reported in the Conclusion section of today’s rule, the Department 

found that 20 percent of consumers would experience higher life-cycle-costs under the 2007 

standard, and that the impact was considered in the decision for today’s rule. 

V. Analytical Results and Conclusion

A. Analytical Results 

We examined six trial standard levels. Table 6 presents the baseline and trial standard 

levels, the associated MEF values and the percentage reduction in energy use from the baseline 

achieved at the trial standard level. Trial Standard Level 3 contains two stages of standards 

which were proposed in the Joint Comment. (Joint Comment, No. 204). 
54 

Table 6.-- Trial Standard Levels For Clothes Washers

Trial Standard 

Level MEF 

Percent 

Reduction in 

Energy Use

Baseline 0.817 0 

1 1.021 20 

2 1.089 25 

3 1.04 in 2004 

1.26 in 2007 

~22 in 2004

~35 in 2007 

4 1.257 35 

5 1.362 40 

6 1.634 50 

The Department presented the results of its analytical analysis in the NOPR which are 

unchanged for today’s final rule. 65 FR 59550, 59571—81 (October 5, 2000). 

We also added, for comparative evaluation purposes, the results of Trial Standard Level 

3 using the RECS97 and AEO2000 data. These results have been included as an Appendix R of 

the TSD. The rulemaking process is such that months to years can take place between the time 

an analysis is completed and a final rule is issued. During that time span, conditions or data are 

likely to change and the Department attempts to insure that any such changes will not 

compromise the robustness of the analysis or lead to a different conclusion. For example, the 

NOPR used the AEO1999 forecast of electricity prices and electricity generation mix to 

determine energy savings and net present value. Since the analysis was completed, the 
55 

AEO2000 forecast became available. The Department examined the impact of the AEO2000 

forecast on energy savings and net present value. The energy savings reported in the NOPR 

ranged from 2.12 to 7.53 Quads. Using the data from AEO2000 shows the energy saving which 

ranged from 2.09 to 7.44 Quads. The net present values reported in the NOPR ranged from 3.66 

to 16.88 billion dollars. Using the data from AEO2000 shows the NPV which ranged from 3.76 

to 16.89 billion dollars. The Department does not consider these changes to be meaningful or a 

reason to revise the analysis. Additionally, it would be incorrect to select only one portion of the 

analysis for revision, such as the electric price, without also examining other related inputs, such 

as equipment prices, which also might have slightly changed. While the Department 

acknowledges that the analysis performed for the NOPR does not fully reflect some of the 

changes in the industry and energy markets that have occurred more recently, the Department 

believes that the analysis is still a valid basis for today’s final rule. 

B. Conclusion 

The Act specifies that any new or amended energy conservation standard for any type (or 

class) of covered product shall be designed to achieve the maximum improvement in energy 

efficiency which the Secretary determines is technologically feasible and economically justified. 

 Section 325(o)(2)(A), 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(A). In determining whether a standard is 

economically justified, the Secretary must determine whether the benefits of the standard exceed 

its burdens. Section 325(o)(2)(B)(i), 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i). The amended standard must 

result in significant conservation of energy. Section 325(o)(3)(B), 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(3)(B). 
56 

We considered the impacts of standards beginning with the most efficient level. We have 

included a summary of the analysis results in Table 7 to aid the reader in the discussion of the 

benefits and burdens for the different trial standard levels. 

Table 7.--Summary Analysis Results

Trial Standard Level 6 5 4 3 2 1 

MEF 1.63 1.36 1.26 1.04 in 2004, 

1.26 in 2007 

1.09 1.02 

Total Energy Saved (Quads) 7.53 6.03 5.99 5.52 4.04 2.12 

Water Savings (trillion gallons) 10.85 12.94 12.94 11.59 9.09 0.53 

NPV (Billion $) 10.79 16.73 16.88 15.3 14.29 3.66 

Emissions 

Carbon Equivalent (Mt) 134.6 107.3 106.2 95.1 70.9 38.1 

Discounted Carbon Equivalent 

(Mt)1

35.6 28.6 28.3 24.1 19.0 10.2 

NOx (kt) 364 283.1 280.6 253.5 193.6 115.6 

Discounted NOx (kt)1 108.3 85.2 84.0 70.8 58.3 33.8 

SO2 (kt)2 31.41 30.31 30.31 28.11 30.31 31.41 

Discounted SO2 (kt)1 8.3 8.0 8.1 7.3 8.0 8.3 

Manufacturer Impacts 

Cumulative Loss in Industry 

NPV ($ Million)3

474.5 - 648.9 453.1 - 524.9 510.1 - 612.5 421.1 - 528.4 409.9 - 566.2 19.2 - 90.1 

% Change in Industry NPV (33.0)-(45.2) (31.7)-(36.5) (35.4)-(42.5) (29.2)-(36.7) (28.5)-(39.3) (1.3)-(6.3) 

Standard Deviation % NPV 27.7 27.7 17.7 15.8 11.4 11.5 

Life-Cycle-Cost ($) 

Mean Savings ($) 176 243 242 103/260 211 61 

Percent Households LCC Less 

than Baseline 

69 80 79 81/90 87 84 
57 

Median Payback (years) 7.0 5.1 5.1 3.5/5.0 4.0 0.6

1

 The Department makes no effort to monetize the benefits of the emission reductions, but there may be 

time related differences in the perceived value of the emissions depending on when they occur, as with 

monetized benefits that accumulate over time. Emission reductions that occur sooner are often more 

desirable than equivalent reductions that occur later. Like monetary benefits, the health, recreational and 

ecosystem benefits that result from emission reductions are often perceived to have a greater value if they 

occur sooner, rather than later. To the extent that the different trial standard levels have slightly different 

shipment distributions over time, some trial standard levels might have a slightly higher proportion of 

earlier emission reductions than another trial standard level. To show the possible effect of the different 

timing patterns of the emissions, the Department is also presenting discounted emissions. These 

calculations were done using the same seven percent discount rate as was used for discounting monetized 

benefits. 

2

 Results only include household SO2 emissions reductions because SO2 emissions from power plants are 

capped by clean air legislation. Thus, SO2 emissions will only be negligibly affected by possible water 

heater standards. 

3

 Includes impacts on dryer and repair business.

1. Trial Standard Level 6 - MEF 1.63 

 

First, we considered the most efficient level (max tech), MEF 1.63, which saves a total of 

7.53 quads of energy through 2030. This is a significant amount of energy. The cumulative 

water savings through 2030 would be 10.85 trillion gallons. The emissions reductions through 

2030 would total 134.6 Mt of carbon equivalent, 364 kt of NOx, and 31.41 kt of SO2. At this 

level, consumers experience a mean savings in LCC of $176, with a median payback of 7.0 

years. 

At Trial Standard Level 6, the clothes washer industry would experience a cumulative 

NPV loss of between $474.5 - 648.9 million which represents between 33.0 and 45.2 percent of 

the clothes washer industry value absent standards ($1,439.1 million - base case). This impact is 
58 

not evenly distributed among the six major manufacturers.3

 The large variability of impacts is 

attributed to the presence of existing product for some manufacturers at this efficiency level 

which means that some firms may gain a competitive advantage. This variability is measured by 

the standard deviation of individual companies’ changes in NPV.4

 At this level, the standard 

deviation in individual companies’ percentage change in NPV is 27.7 percent. Given the high 

industry impacts and the uneven burden on individual firms, there exists a significant risk of 

industry consolidation. 

 3

 Alliance Laundry Systems LLC, Amana Appliances, Frigidaire Home Products, General Electric 

Appliances (GEA), Maytag Corporation, and Whirlpool Corporation 

4

 The standard deviation is a measure of how widely individual companies’ percentage NPV changes are 

dispersed from the industry percentage change in value. Refer to Chapter 11 of the TSD for a description of the 

calculation method. 
59 

At this trial standard level a small company with an assumed market share of 2.1 percent 

would lose 90.7 to 102.8 percent of its value. A small company with an assumed market share of 

4.2 percent would lose 166 to 178.1 percent of its value. Based on the major loss in company 

value associated with meeting this standard level, it is likely that one or both of the two smaller 

manufacturers5

 would cease to produce clothes washers covered by the standard and might also 

cease to market commercial clothes washers. These values can be found in Chapter 11 in Table 

11.39 of the TSD. 

 The Department concludes that the burdens of Trial Standard Level 6 outweigh the 

benefits. Consequently, the Department concludes Trial Standard Level 6 is not economically 

justified. 

2. Trial Standard Level 5 - MEF 1.36 

Next, we considered a 1.36 MEF, which saves a total of 6.03 quads of energy through 

2030, also a significant amount. The cumulative water savings through 2030 for this trial 

standard level would be 12.94 trillion gallons. The emissions reductions through 2030 would 

total 107.3 Mt of carbon equivalent, 283.1 kt of NOx, and 30.31 kt of SO2. At this level, 

consumers experience a mean savings in LCC of $243, with a median 5.1 year payback. 

 5

 Alliance Laundry Systems LLC and Amana Appliances 
60 

The clothes washer industry would experience a cumulative NPV loss of between $453.1 - 

524.9 million. This represents between 31.7 and 36.5 percent of industry value absent standards 

($1,439.1 million - base case). For the same reason in Trial Standard Level 6, this impact is not 

evenly distributed among the six major manufacturers. At this level the standard deviation in 

individual companies’ percentage change in NPV is 27.7 percent. (Refer to Chapter 11 of the 

TSD for a description of the calculation method for standard deviation.) Given the high industry 

impacts and the uneven burden on individual firms, there exists a significant risk of industry 

consolidation. 

At this trial standard level a small company with an assumed market share of 2.1 percent 

would lose 87.7 to 92.7 percent of its value. A small company with an assumed market share of 

4.2 percent would lose 160.3 to 165.3 percent of its value. Based on the major loss in company 

value associated with meeting this standard level, it is likely that one or both of the two smaller 

manufacturers6

 would cease to produce clothes washers covered by the standard and might also 

cease to market commercial clothes washers. These values can be found in Chapter 11 in Table 

11.39 of the TSD. 

The Department concludes that the burdens of Trial Standard Level 5 outweigh the 

benefits. Consequently, the Department concludes Trial Standard Level 5 is not economically 

justified. 

 6

 Alliance Laundry Systems LLC and Amana Appliances 
61 

3. Trial Standard Level 4 - MEF 1.26 

Next, we considered a 1.26 MEF, which saves a total of 5.99 quads of energy through 

2030, a significant amount. Just as in the case of the 1.36 MEF, the cumulative water savings 

through 2030 would equal 12.94 trillion gallons. The cumulative emissions reductions through 

2030, however, are slightly lower for the 1.26 MEF because the cumulative energy savings is 

lower for this standard level than the 1.36 MEF. The 1.26 MEF level would save 106.2 Mt of 

carbon equivalent, 280.6 kt of NOx, and 30.31 kt of SO2. At this level, consumers experience a 

mean savings in LCC of $242 with a median payback of 5.1 years. 

Under a 1.26 MEF standard, the clothes washer industry would experience a cumulative 

NPV loss of between $510.1 - 612.5 million. This represents between 35.4 and 42.5 percent of 

industry value absent standards ($1,439.1 million - base case). Compared to Trial Standard 

Levels 5 and 6, this impact is more evenly distributed amongst the six major manufacturers as 

represented by a standard deviation in individual companies’ NPV of 17.7 percent, and thus there 

exists less risk of industry consolidation. Refer to Chapter 11 of the TSD for a description of the 

calculation method for standard deviation. This lower standard deviation reflects the greater 

diversity of designs, approaches and engineering flexibility to meet this efficiency level compared 

to Trial Standard Levels 5 and 6. However, given the high level of investment required to meet 

this efficiency level and an inability to spread fixed costs over large volumes, small 

manufacturers are particularly vulnerable. At this trial standard level a small company with an 

assumed market share of 2.1 percent would lose 91.8 to 98.9 percent of its value. A small 
62 

company with an assumed market share of 4.2 percent would lose 164.4 to 171.6 percent of its 

value. Based on the major loss in company value associated with meeting this standard level, it is 

likely that one or both of the two smaller manufacturers7

 would cease to produce clothes washers 

covered by the standard and might also cease to market commercial clothes washers. These 

values can be found in Chapter 11 in Table 11.39 of the TSD. 

The Department concludes that the burdens of Trial Standard Level 4 outweigh the 

benefits. Consequently, the Department concludes Trial Standard Level 4 is not economically 

justified. 

4. Trial Standard Level 3 - MEF 1.04/1.26 

 7

 Alliance Laundry Systems LLC and Amana Appliances 
63 

Next, we considered the two step 1.04/1.26 MEF efficiency level, which was proposed in 

the Joint Comment. (Joint Comment, No. 204). This trial standard level, Trial Standard Level 3, 

has energy savings of 5.52 quads through 2030, a significant amount. The cumulative water 

savings through 2030 would equal 11.59 trillion gallons. The emissions reductions through 2030 

would total 95.1 Mt of carbon equivalent, 253.5 kt of NOx, and 28.11 kt of SO2.

8

 At the 1.04 

MEF level, consumers would experience a savings in LCC of $103, while they would experience 

a mean LCC savings of $260 at the 1.26 MEF level that would go into effect in 2007. The 

median payback for the 1.04 MEF level is 3.5 years, and 5.0 years for the 1.26 MEF. The clothes 

washer industry would experience a cumulative NPV loss of between $421.1 - 528.4 million 

representing between 29.2 and 36.7 percent of base case industry value. 

Compared to a single step standard level of a 1.26 MEF implemented in 2004, the Joint 

Comment proposal reduces the impacts of the standards on manufacturers by delaying the 

effective date three years for the 1.26 MEF level. This allows clothes washer manufacturers more 

time to depreciate their current assets and plan a more orderly transition of their production 

facilities. Delaying the standard implementation date for the higher efficiency level gives 

manufacturers more time to research and develop lower-cost solutions to achieve higher 

standards. 

 8

 The Department recognizes that the Environmental Protection Agency is considering regulations which 

could affect the amount of sulfur in home heating oil. 
64 

Since the MIA shows that small manufacturers suffer the greatest impact, the Department 

takes into consideration that the consensus proposal was developed in consultation with, and 

supported by small manufacturers. 

Furthermore, we consider that the Joint Comment specifically states that the proposal is 

not expected to eliminate any competitors. (Joint Comment, No. 204). 

Based on the manufacturers’ statement in the Joint Comment, we believe that these 

impacts from the proposal are mitigated and conclude that, given the benefits, the standards 

submitted in the Joint Comment are economically justified. (Joint Comment, No. 204). 

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended, directs the Department to consider 

the impact of any lessening of competition that is likely to result from the standards, as 

determined by the Attorney General. In a letter responding to the NOPR, the Attorney General 

concluded “that the proposed clothes washer standard would not adversely affect competition.” 

(Department of Justice, No. 233 at 2). See Department of Justice letter, dated December 4, 2000, 

which is printed as the appendix to this rule. 

After carefully considering the analysis and comments, the Department amends the energy 

conservation standards for clothes washers as proposed by the Joint Comment. (Joint Comment, 

No. 204). The Department concludes this standard saves a significant amount of energy and is 

technologically feasible and economically justified. In determining economic justification, the 
65 

Department finds that the benefits of energy and water savings, consumer LCC savings, national 

net present value increase, job creation and emission reductions resulting from the standard 

outweigh the burdens of the loss of manufacturer net present value, and consumer LCC increases 

for some users of clothes washers covered by today’s notice. Therefore, the Department today is 

amending the energy conservation standards for clothes washers at Trial Standard Level 3. The 

clothes washer energy efficiency standards for Top-Loading, Standard (1.6 ft.3

 or greater 

capacity) and Front-Loading class clothes washers shall be 1.04 MEF on January 1, 2004 and 

1.26 MEF on January 1, 2007. 

VI. Procedural Issues and Regulatory Review

A. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act 

The Department prepared an Environmental Assessment (EA) (DOE/EA-1344) which is 

available from: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 

Forrestal Building, Mail Station EE-41, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 

20585-0121, (202) 586-0371. We found the environmental effects associated with various 

standard efficiency levels for clothes washers to be not significant, and therefore we are 

publishing, elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, a Finding of No Significant Impact 

(FONSI) pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. 4321 et 

seq., the regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality (40 CFR Parts 1500-1508), and the 

Department’s regulations for compliance with NEPA (10 CFR Part 1021). 
66 

B. Review Under Executive Order 12866, “Regulatory Planning and Review” 

Today's regulatory action has been determined to be an "economically significant 

regulatory action" under Executive Order 12866, "Regulatory Planning and Review." (58 FR 

51735, October 4, 1993). Accordingly, today's action was subject to review under the Executive 

Order by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) of the Office of Management 

and Budget. 

The draft submitted to OIRA and other documents submitted to OIRA for review have 

been made a part of the rulemaking record and are available for public review in the Department’s 

Freedom of Information Reading Room, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 

20585, between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, telephone (202) 

586-3142. 

The proposed rule contained a summary of the Regulatory Impact Analysis which focused 

on the major alternatives considered in arriving at the approach to improving the energy 

efficiency of consumer products (65 FR 59582-83). The reader is referred to the complete 

"Regulatory Impact Analysis," which is contained in the TSD, available as indicated at the 

beginning of this rulemaking. It consists of: (1) a statement of the problem addressed by this 

regulation, and the mandate for government action; (2) a description and analysis of the feasible 

policy alternatives to this regulation; (3) a quantitative comparison of the impacts of the 

alternatives; and (4) the national economic impacts of the proposed standard. 
67 

C. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

The Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., requires an assessment of the impact 

of regulations on small businesses. Small businesses are defined as those firms within an industry 

that are privately owned and less dominant in the market. 

To be categorized as a “small” clothes washer manufacturer, a firm must employ no more 

than 1,000 employees. The clothes washer industry is characterized by six firms accounting for 

nearly 99 percent of sales. By the above definition none of the six major U.S. manufacturers of 

clothes washers are considered “small.” The Department is aware of one small domestic 

manufacturer of clothes washer, Staber Industries, that produces a top-loading horizontal-axis 

clothes washer. The energy efficiency of this product already exceeds the 2007 standard level. 

The Department prepared a manufacturing impact analysis which was made public and 

available to all the clothes washer manufacturers. This analysis considered the effects on small 

manufacturers with a minimum annual production of 165,000 units (representing a 2.1 percent 

market share for Alliance Laundry Systems LLC). The Department did not receive any 

information or comments indicating that even smaller manufacturers of clothes washers would be 

impacted differentially from those included in the small manufacturer analysis performed. 

Furthermore, the small manufacturer is a signer of the Joint Comment. 

In view of the foregoing, the Department has determined and hereby certifies pursuant to 

section 605(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act that, for this particular industry, the standard 
68 

levels in today’s final rule will not “have a significant economic impact on a substantial number 

of small entities,” and it is not necessary to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis. 

D. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act 

No new information or record keeping requirements are imposed by this rulemaking. 

Accordingly, no Office of Management and Budget clearance is required under the Paperwork 

Reduction Act. 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. 

E. Review Under Executive Order 12988, “Civil Justice Reform” 

With respect to the review of existing regulations and the promulgation of new 

regulations, section 3(a) of Executive Order 12988, “Civil Justice Reform,” 61 FR 4729 

(February 7, 1996), imposes on Executive agencies the general duty to adhere to the following 

requirements: (1) eliminate drafting errors and ambiguity; (2) write regulations to minimize 

litigation; and (3) provide a clear legal standard for affected conduct rather than a general 

standard and promote simplification and burden reduction. With regard to the review required by 

sections 3(a) and 3(b) of Executive Order 12988, it specifically requires that Executive agencies 

make every reasonable effort to ensure that the regulation: (1) clearly specifies the preemptive 

effect, if any; (2) clearly specifies any effect on existing Federal law or regulation; (3) provides a 

clear legal standard for affected conduct while promoting simplification and burden reduction; (4) 

specifies the retroactive effect, if any; (5) adequately defines key terms; and (6) addresses other 

important issues affecting clarity and general draftsmanship under any guidelines issued by the 

Attorney General. Section 3(c) of Executive Order 12988 requires Executive agencies to review 
69 

regulations in light of applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine whether they are 

met or it is unreasonable to meet one or more of them. DOE reviewed today’s final rule under the 

standards of section 3 of the Executive Order and determined that, to the extent permitted by law, 

the final regulations meet the relevant standards. 

F. Review Under Executive Order 12630, "Takings" Assessment Review 

DOE has determined pursuant to Executive Order 12630, "Governmental Actions and 

Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property Rights," 52 FR 8859 (March 18, 1988), that 

this regulation would not result in any takings that might require compensation under the Fifth 

Amendment to the United States Constitution. 
70 

G. Review Under Executive Order 13132, “Federalism” 

Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 4, 1999) imposes certain requirements on 

agencies formulating and implementing policies or regulations that preempt State law or that have 

federalism implications. Agencies are required to examine the constitutional and statutory 

authority supporting any action that would limit the policy making discretion of the States and 

carefully assess the necessity for such actions. Agencies also must have an accountable process 

to ensure meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have federalism implications. DOE published its intergovernmental 

consultation policy on March 14, 2000. (65 FR 13735). DOE has examined today’s final rule 

and has determined that it would not have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the 

relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and 

responsibilities among the various levels of government. State regulations that may have existed 

on the products that are the subject of today’s final rule were preempted by the Federal standards 

established in the NAECA Amendments of 1987. States can petition the Department for 

exemption from such preemption based on criteria set forth in EPCA, as amended. 

H. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

With respect to a proposed regulatory action that may result in the expenditure by State, 

local and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector of $100 million or more 

(adjusted annually for inflation), section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 

(UMRA) requires a Federal agency to publish estimates of the resulting costs, benefits and other 

effects on the national economy. 2 U.S.C. 1532(a), (b). UMRA also requires each Federal 
71 

agency to develop an effective process to permit timely input by state, local, and tribal 

governments on a proposed significant intergovernmental mandate. The Department’s 

consultation process is described in a notice published in the Federal Register on March 18, 

1997 (62 FR 12820). Today’s final rule may impose expenditures of $100 million or more on the 

private sector. It does not contain a Federal intergovernmental mandate. 

Section 202 of UMRA authorizes an agency to respond to the content requirements of 

UMRA in any other statement or analysis that accompanies the proposed rule. 2 U.S.C. 1532(c). 

The content requirements of section 202(b) of UMRA relevant to a private sector mandate 

substantially overlap the economic analysis requirements that apply under section 325(o) of 

EPCA and Executive Order 12866. The Supplementary Information section of the Notice of 

Final Rulemaking and “Regulatory Impact Analysis” section of the TSD for this final rule 

responds to those requirements. 

Under section 205 of UMRA, the Department is obligated to identify and consider a 

reasonable number of regulatory alternatives before promulgating a rule for which a written 

statement under section 202 is required. DOE is required to select from those alternatives the 

most cost-effective and least burdensome alternative that achieves the objectives of the rule 

unless DOE publishes an explanation for doing otherwise or the selection of such an alternative is 

inconsistent with law. As required by section 325(o) of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act 

(42 U.S.C. 6295(o)), today’s final rule establishes energy conservation standards for clothes 

washers that are designed to achieve the maximum improvement in energy efficiency that DOE 
72 

has determined to be both technologically feasible and economically justified. A full discussion 

of the alternatives considered by DOE is presented in the "Regulatory Impact Analysis" section of 

the TSD for today’s final rule. 

I. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act of 1999 

Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 

No. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family Policymaking Assessment for any 

proposed rule or policy that may affect family well-being. Today’s final rule would not have any 

impact on the autonomy or integrity of the family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has 

concluded that it is not necessary to prepare a Family Policymaking Assessment. 

J. Review Under the Plain Language Directives 

Section 1(b)(12) of Executive Order 12866 requires that each agency draft its regulations 

to be simple and easy to understand, with the goal of minimizing the potential for uncertainty and 

litigation arising from such uncertainty. Similarly, the Presidential memorandum of June 1, 1998 

(63 FR 31883) directs the heads of executive departments and agencies to use plain language in 

all proposed and final rulemaking documents published in the Federal Register. 

Today’s rule uses the following general techniques to abide by Section 1(b)(12) of 

Executive Order 12866 and the Presidential memorandum of June 1, 1998: 

· Organization of the material to serve the needs of the readers (stakeholders). 

 Use of common, everyday words in short sentences. 
73 

 Shorter sentences and sections. 

K. Congressional Notification 

As required by 5 U.S.C. 801, DOE will submit to Congress a report regarding the issuance 

of today’s final rule prior to the effective date set forth at the outset of this notice. DOE also will 

submit the supporting analyses to the Comptroller General (GAO) and make them available to 

each House of Congress. The report will state that it has been determined that the rule is a “major 

rule” as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). 

L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act 

The test procedure amendments finalized today incorporate the American Association of 

Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Methods 118-1997, “Oil Repellency: 

Hydrocarbon Resistance Test” (reaffirmed 1997), and 79-2000, “Absorbency of Bleached 

Textiles” (reaffirmed 2000), to determine whether a stain resistant or water repellent finish is 

present in a test cloth used to measure remaining moisture content and therefore the energy 

consumption of a clothes washer. 

The findings required of DOE by section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act 

serve to alert the public and DOE regarding the use and background of commercial standards in 

the rulemaking process. DOE has evaluated the promulgation of AATCC Test Methods 118-

1997 (reaffirmed 1997), and 79-2000 (reaffirmed 2000), in light of the public participation 
74 

criteria of section 32(b). The Department is unable to conclude whether development of these 

standards fully complied with section 32(b) regarding the manner of public participation. 

As required by section 32(c), DOE has consulted with the Attorney General and the 

Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission concerning the impact of these standards on 

competition, prior to prescribing final test procedures. 

List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 430 

Administrative practice and procedure, Energy conservation, Household appliances, 

Incorporation by Reference 

Issued in Washington, D.C., on 

 

Dan W. Reicher 

Assistant Secretary 

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 

For the reasons set forth in the preamble, Part 430 of Chapter II of Title 10, Code of 

Federal Regulations is amended, as set forth below. 

PART 430 -- ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS 
75 

1. The authority citation for part 430 continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6309; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note. 

2. Appendix J to subpart B of part 430 is amended: 

a. By adding a new paragraph after the Title. 

b. In section 2, by adding paragraphs 2.3.1, 2.3.2, and by revising paragraphs 2.6.1.3, 

2.6.2, 2.10, 2.11 and 2.11.1. 

c. In section 3, by revising paragraph 3.3.1. 

d. By adding a new section 8. 

The additions and revisions read as follows: 

Appendix J to Subpart B of Part 430—Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy 

Consumption of Automatic and Semi-Automatic Clothes Washers

The provisions of this appendix J shall apply to products manufactured [INSERT DATE 

30 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. 

* * * * *
76 

2. TESTING CONDITIONS 

* * * * * 

2.3 Supply water. * * * 

2.3.1 Supply water requirements for water and energy consumption testing. For nonwaterheating clothes washers not equipped with thermostatically controlled water valves, the 

temperature of the hot and cold water supply shall be maintained at 100 ±10F (37.8C ±5.5C). 

 For nonwater-heating clothes washers equipped with thermostatically controlled water valves, 

the temperature of the hot water supply shall be maintained at 140F ±5F (60.0C ±2.8C) and 

the cold water supply shall be maintained at 60F ±5F (15.6C ±2.8C). For water-heating 

clothes washers, the temperature of the hot water supply shall be maintained at 140F ±5F 

(60.0C ±2.8C) and the cold water supply shall not exceed 60F (15.6C). Water meters shall be 

installed in both the hot and cold water lines to measure water consumption. 

2.3.2 Supply water requirements for remaining moisture content testing. For nonwater-heating 

clothes washers not equipped with thermostatically controlled water valves, the temperature of 

the hot water supply shall be maintained at 140F ±5F and the cold water supply shall be 

maintained at 60F ±5F. All other clothes washers shall be connected to water supply 

temperatures as stated in section 2.3.1. 

* * * * * 
77 

2.6.1.3 The number of test runs on the same energy test cloth shall not exceed 60 test runs. All 

energy test cloth must be permanently marked identifying the lot number of the material. Mixed 

lots of material shall not be used for testing the clothes washers. 

* * * * * 

2.6.2 Energy Stuffer Cloth. The energy stuffer cloths shall be made from energy test cloth 

material and shall consist of pieces of material that are 12 inches by 12 inches (30.5 cm by 30.5 

cm) and have been hemmed to 10 inches by 10 inches (25.4 cm by 25.4 cm) before washing. The 

maximum shrinkage after five washes shall not be more than four percent on the length and 

width. The number of test runs on the same energy suffer cloth shall not exceed 60 test runs. All 

energy stuffer cloth must be permanently marked identifying the lot number of the material. 

Mixed lots of material shall not be used for testing the clothes washers. 

* * * * * 

2.10 Wash time (period of agitation or tumble) setting. If the maximum available wash time in 

the normal cycle is greater than 9.75 minutes, the wash time shall be not less than 9.75 minutes. 

If the maximum available wash time in the normal cycle is less than 9.75 minutes, the wash time 

shall be the maximum available wash time. 

* * * * *
78 

2.11 Agitation speed and spin speed settings. Where controls are provided for agitation speed 

and spin speed selections, set them as follows: 

2.11.1 For energy and water consumption tests, set at the normal cycle settings. If settings at the 

normal cycle are not offered, set the control settings to the maximum speed permitted on the 

clothes washer. 

3. TEST MEASUREMENTS 

* * * ** * 

3.3.1 The wash temperature shall be the same as the rinse temperature for all testing. Cold rinse 

is the coldest rinse temperature available on the machine. Warm rinse is the hottest rinse 

temperature available on the machine. 

* * * * * 

8. SUNSET 

The provisions of this appendix J expire on December 31, 2003. 

3. Appendix J1 to subpart B of part 430 is amended: 

a. By removing the Note after the Title and adding a new paragraph. 

b. In section 1, by adding paragraphs 1.22 and 1.23. 
79 

c. In section 2, by revising paragraphs 2.6.1, 2.6.2, and adding paragraphs 2.6.3 through 

2.6.7.2. 

d. In section 4, by adding at the end of the definition of ERx, ER a, ER n the words “per 

definitions in section 3.7.2". 

The additions and revisions read as follows: 

Appendix J1 to Subpart B of Part 430—Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy 

Consumption of Automatic and Semi-Automatic Clothes Washers

The provisions of this appendix J1 shall apply to products manufactured beginning 

January 1, 2004. 

1. DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS 

* * * * * 

1.22 Cold rinse means the coldest rinse temperature available on the machine (and should be the 

same rinse temperature selection tested in section 3.7). 

1.23 Warm rinse means the hottest rinse temperature available on the machine (and should be the 

same rinse temperature selection tested in section 3.7). 
80 

2. TESTING CONDITIONS 

* * * * * 

2.6.1 Energy Test Cloth. The energy test cloth shall be made from energy test cloth material, as 

specified in 2.6.4, that is 24 inches by 36 inches (61.0 cm by 91.4 cm) and has been hemmed to 

22 inches by 34 inches (55.9 cm by 86.4 cm) before washing. The energy test cloth shall be clean 

and shall not be used for more than 60 test runs (after preconditioning as specified in section 

2.6.3). All energy test cloth must be permanently marked identifying the lot number of the 

material. Mixed lots of material shall not be used for testing the clothes washers. 

* * * * * 

2.6.2 Energy Stuffer Cloth. The energy stuffer cloth shall be made from energy test cloth 

material, as specified in 2.6.4, and shall consist of pieces of material that are 12 inches by 12 

inches (30.5 cm by 30.5 cm) and have been hemmed to 10 inches by 10 inches (25.4 cm by 25.4 

cm) before washing. The energy stuffer cloth shall be clean and shall not be used for more than 

60 test runs (after preconditioning as specified in section 2.6.3). All energy stuffer cloth must be 

permanently marked identifying the lot number of the material. Mixed lots of material shall not 

be used for testing the clothes washers. 

2.6.3 Preconditioning of Test Cloths. The new test cloths, including energy test cloths and 

energy stuffer cloths, shall be pre-conditioned in a clothes washer in the following manner: 
81 

2.6.3.1 Perform 5 complete normal wash-rinse-spin cycles, the first two with AHAM Standard 

detergent 2A and the last three without detergent. Place the test cloth in a clothes washer set at 

the maximum water level. Wash the load for ten minutes in soft water (17 ppm hardness or less) 

using 6.0 grams per gallon of water of AHAM Standard detergent 2A. The wash temperature is 

to be controlled to 135F ±5oF (57.2C ±2.8oC) and the rinse temperature is to be controlled to 

60F ±5oF (15.6C ±2.8oC). Repeat the cycle with detergent and then repeat the cycle three 

additional times without detergent, bone drying the load between cycles (total of five wash and 

rinse cycles). 

2.6.4 Energy test cloth material. The energy test cloths and energy stuffer cloths shall be made 

from fabric meeting the following specifications. The material should come from a roll of 

material with a width of approximately 63 inches and approximately 500 yards per roll, however, 

other sizes maybe used if they fall within the specifications. 

2.6.4.1 Nominal fabric type. Pure finished bleached cloth, made with a momie or granite weave, 

which is nominally 50 percent cotton and 50 percent polyester. 

2.6.4.2 The fabric weight shall be 5.60 ounces per square yard (190.0 g/m2

), ±5 percent. 

2.6.4.3 The thread count shall be 61 x 54 per inch (warp x fill), ±2 percent. 
82 

2.6.4.4 The warp yarn and filling yarn shall each have fiber content of 50 percent ±4 percent 

cotton, with the balance being polyester, and be open end spun, 15/1 ±5 percent cotton count 

blended yarn. 

2.6.4.5 Water repellent finishes, such as fluoropolymer stain resistant finishes shall not be 

applied to the test cloth. The absence of such finishes shall be verified by: 

2.6.4.5.1 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 118-

1997, Oil Repellency: Hydrocarbon Resistance Test (reaffirmed 1997), of each new lot of test 

cloth (when purchased from the mill) to confirm the absence of Scotchguard or other water 

repellent finish (required scores of “D” across the board). 

2.6.4.5.2 American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test Method 79-

2000, Absorbency of Bleached Textiles (reaffirmed 2000), of each new lot of test cloth (when 

purchased from the mill) to confirm the absence of Scotchguard or other water repellent finish 

(time to absorb one drop should be on the order of 1 second). 

2.6.4.5.3 The standards listed in sections 2.6.4.5.1 and 2.6.4.5.2 which are not otherwise set forth 

in this part 430 are incorporated by reference. The material listed in this paragraph has been 

approved for incorporation by reference by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance 

with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Any subsequent amendment to a standard by the 

standard-setting organization will not affect the DOE test procedures unless and until amended by 
83 

DOE. Material is incorporated as it exists on the date of the approval and notice of any change in 

the material will be published in the Federal Register. The standards incorporated by reference 

are the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Test Method 118-1997, Oil 

Repellency: Hydrocarbon Resistance Test (reaffirmed 1997) and Test Method 79-2000, 

Absorbency of Bleached Textiles (reaffirmed 2000). 

(a) The above standards incorporated by reference are available for inspection at: 

(i) Office of the Federal Register Information Center, 800 North Capitol Street, NW, 

Suite 700, Washington, DC; 

(ii) U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 

Hearings and Dockets, “Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Clothes Washer 

Energy Conservation Standards,” Docket No. EE-RM-94-403, Forrestal Building, 1000 

Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC. 

(b) Copies of the above standards incorporated by reference can be obtained from the 

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 1215, Research Triangle Park, 

NC 27709, telephone (919) 549-8141, telefax (919) 549-8933, or electronic mail: 

orders@aatcc.org

2.6.4.6 The moisture absorption and retention shall be evaluated for each new lot of test cloth by 

the Standard Extractor Remaining Moisture Content (RMC) Test specified in section 2.6.5. 

2.6.4.6.1 Repeat the Standard Extractor RMC Test in section 2.6.5 three times. 
84 

2.6.4.6.2 An RMC correction curve shall be calculated as specified in section 2.6.6. 

2.6.5 Standard Extractor RMC Test Procedure. The following procedure is used to evaluate the 

moisture absorption and retention characteristics of a lot of test cloth by measuring the RMC in a 

standard extractor at a specified set of conditions. Table 2.6.5 is the matrix of test conditions. 

The 500g requirement will only be used if a clothes washer design can achieve spin speeds in the 

500g range. When this matrix is repeated 3 times, a total of 48 extractor RMC test runs are 

required. For the purpose of the extractor RMC test, the test cloths may be used for up to 60 test 

runs (after preconditioning as specified in section 2.6.3). 

Table 2.6.5 -- Matrix of Extractor RMC Test Conditions 

“g” Force Warm Soak Cold Soak

15 min. spin 4 min. spin 15 min. spin 4 min. spin 

50 

200 

350 

500 

2.6.5.1 The standard extractor RMC tests shall be run in a Bock Model 215 extractor (having a 

basket diameter of 19.5 inches, length of 12 inches, and volume of 2.1 ft3), with a variable speed 
85 

drive [Bock Engineered Products, P.O. Box 5127, Toledo, OH 43611] or an equivalent extractor 

with same basket design (i.e. diameter, length, volume, and hole configuration) and variable 

speed drive. 

2.6.5.2 Test Load. Test cloths shall be preconditioned in accordance with 2.6.3. The load size 

shall be 8.4 lbs., consistent with section 3.8.1. 

2.6.5.3 Procedure. 

2.6.5.3.1 Record the “bone-dry” weight of the test load (WI). 

###

2.6.5.3.2 Soak the test load for 20 minutes in 10 gallons of soft (< 17 ppm) water. The entire test 

load shall be submerged. The water temperature shall be 100F +5F. 

2.6.5.3.3 Remove the test load and allow water to gravity drain off of the test cloths. Then 

manually place the test cloths in the basket of the extractor, distributing them evenly by eye. Spin 

the load at a fixed speed corresponding to the intended centripetal acceleration level (measured in 

units of the acceleration of gravity, g) +1 g for the intended time period +5 seconds. 

2.6.5.3.4 Record the weight of the test load immediately after the completion of the extractor spin 

cycle (WC). 
86 

2.6.5.3.5 Calculate the RMC as (WC-WI)/WI. 

2.6.5.3.6 The RMC of the test load shall be measured at three (3) g levels: 50g; 200g; and 350g, 

using two different spin times at each g level: 4 minutes; and 15 minutes. If a clothes washer 

design can achieve spin speeds in the 500g range than the RMC of the test load shall be measured 

at four (4) g levels: 50g; 200g; 350g; and 500g, using two different spin times at each g level: 4 

minutes; and 15 minutes. 

2.6.5.4 Repeat 2.6.5.3 using soft (<17 ppm) water at 60F +5F. 

2.6.6 Calculation of RMC correction curve. 

2.6.6.1 Average the values of 3 test runs and fill in Table 2.6.5. Perform a linear least-squares fit 

to relate the standard RMC (RMCstandard) values (shown in Table 2.6.6.1) to the values measured 

in 2.6.5 (RMCcloth): RMCstandard ~ A * RMCcloth + B 

Where A and B are coefficients of the linear least squares fit. 

Table 2.6.6.1 -- Standard RMC values (RMCstandard) 

G

RMC percent

Warm Soak Cold Soak

 
87 

15 min. spin 4 min. spin 15 min. spin 4 min. spin 

50 50.4 55.7 52.8 59.0 

200 35.6 40.4 37.9 43.1 

350 29.6 33.1 30.6 35.8 

500 24.2 28.7 25.5 30.0 

2.6.6.2 Check accuracy of linear least squares fit using the following method: 

The root mean square value of 

shall be less than 2 percent, where a sum is taken over all of the different tests, where 

RMCstandard_i

is the RMC standard value measured for the I-th test, and RMCcorr_i is the corrected RMC value 

for the I-th cloth test. This equation is valid only for the use with three (3) g force values 

therefore when using the 500g requirement; replace the 500g value instead of the 350g value. 

2.6.7 Application of RMC correction curve. 
88 

2.6.7.1 Using the coefficients, A and B calculated in section 2.6.6.1: 

RMCcorr = A * RMC + B 

2.6.7.2 Substitute RMCcorr values in calculations in section 3.8. 

* * * * * 

4. CALCULATION OF DERIVED RESULTS FROM TEST MEASUREMENTS 

* * * * * 

4.1.5 * * * ERx, ER a, ER n, are reported electrical energy consumption values, 

in kilowatt-hours per cycle, at maximum, average, and minimum test loads, respectively, for the 

warm rinse cycle per definitions in section 3.7.2. 

* * * * * 

4. Section 430.32 of subpart C, 10 CFR part 430 is amended by revising paragraph (g) to read as 

follows: 

§ 430.32 Energy and water conservation standards and effective dates.

* * * * * 
89 

(g) Clothes washers. 

(1) Clothes washers manufactured before January 1, 2004, shall have an energy factor no less 

than: 

Product Class 

Energy factor 

(cu.ft./kWh/cycle) 

i. Top-Loading, 

Compact (less than 1.6 

ft.3 capacity). 

0.9 

ii. Top-Loading, 

Standard (1.6 ft.3

 or 

greater capacity). 

1.18 

iii. Top-Loading, SemiAutomatic. Not Applicable.1

iv. Front-Loading Not Applicable.1

v. Suds-saving Not Applicable.1

1

 Must have an unheated rinse water option. 

(2) Clothes washers manufactured on or after January 1, 2004 and before January 1, 2007, shall 

have a modified energy factor no less than: 

Product Class 

Modified Energy Factor 

(cu.ft./kWh/cycle) 

i. Top-Loading, 

Compact (less than 1.6 

ft.3

 capacity). 

0.65 

ii. Top-Loading, 

Standard (1.6 ft.3

 or 

greater capacity). 

1.04 

iii. Top-Loading, SemiAutomatic. Not Applicable.1

 
90 

iv. Front-Loading 1.04 

v. Suds-saving Not Applicable.1

1

 Must have an unheated rinse water option 

(3) Clothes washers manufactured on or after January 1, 2007 shall have a modified energy factor 

no less than: 

Product Class 

Modified Energy Factor 

(cu.ft./kWh/cycle) 

i. Top-Loading, 

Compact (less than 1.6 

ft.3 capacity). 

0.65 

ii. Top-Loading, 

Standard (1.6 ft.3

 or 

greater capacity). 

1.26 

iii. Top-Loading, SemiAutomatic. Not Applicable.1

iv. Front-Loading 1.26 

v. Suds-saving Not Applicable.1

1

 Must have an unheated rinse water option 

* * * * * 
91 

Appendix

[The following letter from the Department of Justice will not appear in the Code of Federal 

Regulations.] 

 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 

 Antitrust Division 

A. DOUGLAS MELAMED 

Acting Assistant Attorney General 

 

Main Justice Building 

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. 

Washington, D.C. 20530-0001 

(202)514-2401/(202) 696-2645 (i) 

Antitrust@justic.usdoj.gov internet 

Http://www.usdoj.gov (World Wide Web) 

 December 4, 2000 

Mary Anne Sullivan, General Counsel 

Department of Energy 

Washington, D.C. 20585 

Dear General Counsel Sullivan: 

I am responding to your October 16, 2000 letter seeking the views of the 

Attorney General about the potential impact on competition of two proposed energy 

efficiency standards: one for clothes washers and the other for residential central air 

conditioners and heat pumps. Your request was submitted pursuant to Section 325 

(o) (2) (B) (i) of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, 42, U.S.C. 6291 

(“EPCA”), which requires the Attorney General to make a determination of the 

impact of any lessening of competition that is likely to result from the imposition of 

proposed energy efficiency standards. The Attorney General’s responsibility for 

responding to requests from other departments about the effect of a program on 

competition has been delegated to the Assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust 

Division in 28 CFR 0.40 (g). 
92 

We have reviewed the proposed standards and the supplementary information 

published in the Federal Register notices and submitted to the Attorney General, 

which include information provided to the Department of Energy by manufacturers. 

We have additionally conducted interviews with members of the industries. 

Page 2 

We have concluded that the proposed clothes washer standard would not 

adversely affect competition. In reaching this conclusion, we note that the proposed 

standard is based on a joint recommendation submitted to the Department of Energy 

by manufacturers and energy conservation advocates. That recommendation states 

that virtually all manufacturers of clothes washers who sell in the United States 

participated in arriving at the recommendation through their trade association, that the 

recommendation was developed in consultation with small manufacturers, and that 

the manufacturers believe the new standard would not likely reduce competition. We 

note further that, as the industry recommended, the proposed standard will be phased 

in over six years, which will allow companies that do not already have products that 

meet the proposed standard sufficient time to redesign their product lines. 

* * * * * 

Sincerely, 

A. Douglas Melamed