Farm Business Economics Report, 1996. Resource Economics Division, Economic

Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. ECI-1997.

Abstract

For farmers, particularly crops farmers, 1996 was a very good year, as reflected in farm sector

income accounts. Farm sector income accounts for 1996 show that net value added by the

agricultural production sector increased 25 percent ($19 billion) from net value added in

1995. Final agricultural sector output, the value of the sectors output of commodities and

services before expenses, rose $22.5 billion in 1996, powered by a $16.9-billion jump in the

value of crop production. Higher output, generally favorable prices, and a modest 3-percent

rise in intermediate consumption outlays boosted net value added. The value of final crop

output rose because yields were high under favorable production conditions and prices were

exceptionally favorable in the first half of the year and remained strong right through harvest.

Final livestock output also contributed, with a gain in production value of over $4 billion

between 1995 and 1996. These are some of the highlights of this report, which provides data

and commentary on the income and finances of the farm sector at the national and State level,

and estimates of production costs for major field crops, livestock, and dairy.

Keywords: Net value added, net farm income, net cash income, production expenses, cash

receipts, government payments, farm assets, farm debt, equity, costs of production, enterprise

costs and returns.

Acknowledgments

This publication benefited immensely from the critiques of Paul Westcott, Jerome Stam,

Cheryl Steele, Pat Vines, David Harrington, and Gerald Schluter.

Washington, DC 20036-5831 April 1999
Preface

Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 is the third edition of farm business statistics and

economic analysis published in this format. Prior to 1994, these data were found as tables in

three separate documents within the Economic Indicators of the Farm Sector series: (1)

National Financial Summary, (2) State Financial Summary, and (3) Costs of Production--

Major Field Crops, & Livestock and Dairy. Part I of this publication covers national- and

State-level farm income and financial balance sheet estimates that were previously included

in the separate financial summaries. Part II provides the cost of production estimates for

major crops and livestock. The purpose of the Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 is to

provide our readers with analyses, graphical presentations, and a comprehensive set of tables

to assist them in understanding the economic developments in the farm sector during 1996. 

The Economic Research Service now disseminates farm business economics information via

the Internet through its website. The Farm Business Economics Briefing Room

(www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe) is designed to provide Internet users an opportunity to

browse an extensive collection of data and analyses addressing the economic conditions in

the U.S. farm sector. Users can download the farm income, farm balance sheet, and financial

ratio indicators, and costs and returns for major crops and livestock tables printed in this

report from our Internet site. In addition, users will find a voluminous historical database

extending many of the data series for national and State accounts back many decades and will

also find component accounts that are not published. Farm income and cost of production

estimates for the previous year are completed and made available on the ERS website in

October. Farm balance sheet and financial ratios data become available by late December or

early January. 

Given our expanding capacity to provide farm business economics information on a timely

basis and in convenient formats via the Internet, the Farm Business Economics Briefing

Room will replace the printed Farm Business Economics Report as the means of publishing

farm income data and analyses beginning with the 1997 estimates. Since the materials in the

Farm Business Economics Briefing Room are updated throughout the year, the user will

benefit from bookmarking the site and browsing frequently for new and updated items. 

Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 will be the last printed version of this report. As in

previous years, the first publication of farm sector value-added and income estimates for the

last calendar year, at the national level, will continue to be released in the September edition

of Agricultural Income and Finance: Situation and Outlook Report. The estimates for 1997

were featured in the September 1998 Agricultural Income and Finance. The Resource

Economics Divisions Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators publication also

will include various aspects of farm business economics in its forthcoming editions.

This publication was prepared jointly by the Farm Structure and Performance Branch's Farm

Income Team and Costs of Production Team. The Farm Structure and Performance Branch is

a part of the Resource Economics Division, one of three divisions within the Economic

Research Service dedicated to providing the public with timely analysis and information on

the economics of the agricultural and rural sectors.

ii Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Principal contributors to this report are:

Telephone E-Mail Address

Branch Chief: Jim Johnson ................................................(202) 694-5570 jimjohn@econ.ag.gov

Farm Financial Accounts

Team Leader: Roger Strickland........................................(202) 694-5592 rogers@econ.ag.gov

Value addedRoger Strickland....................................(202) 694-5592 rogers@econ.ag.gov

Cheryl Steele..........................................(202) 694-5591 cherylj@econ.ag.gov

Cash receiptsLarry Traub..........................................(202) 694-5593 ltraub@econ.ag.gov

Cheryl Steele........................................(202) 694-5591 cherylj@econ.ag.gov

Government payments, CCC loansPat Vines ..........(202) 694-5594 patvines@econ.ag.gov

Production expensesChristopher McGath ................(202) 694-5579 cmcgath@econ.ag.gov

Size class: By value addedCheryl Steele ................(202) 694-5591 cherylj@econ.ag.gov

By cash incomeLinda Foreman..............(202) 694-5566 lfarmer@econ.ag.gov

Farm balance sheet, financial ratiosKen Erickson....(202) 694-5565 erickson@econ.ag.gov

Farm debtJim Ryan ..................................................(202) 694-5586 jimryan@econ.ag.gov

Costs of Production

Team Leader: Robert McElroy ........................................(202) 694-5578 rmcelroy@econ.ag.gov

Data CoordinatorAgnes Prentice ..............................(202) 694-5585 agnesp@econ.ag.gov

Corn, soybeans, and hogsBill McBride ....................(202) 694-5577 wmcbride@econ.ag.gov

Grain sorghum and peanutsNora Brooks..................(202) 694-5561 nbrooks@econ.ag.gov

Barley, wheat, and sugar beetsMir Ali......................(202) 694-5558 mirali@econ.ag.gov

Rice and oatsJanet Livezey ......................................(202) 694-5576 jlivezey@econ.ag.gov

Cotton, tobacco, and sugarcaneRobert McElroy ......(202) 694-5578 rmcelroy@econ.ag.gov

Dairy and cow-calfSara Short ..................................(202) 694-5588 sshort@econ.ag.gov

Editors: Linda Hatcher ......................................................(202) 694-5121 lhatcher@econ.ag.gov

Diane Decker ........................................................(202) 694-5116 ddecker@econ.ag.gov

Publication Coordinator: Dave Peacock ..........................(202) 694-5582 dpeacock@econ.ag.gov

Publication assistanceLaverne Creek ............................(202) 694-5562 lmcreek@econ.ag.gov

Computer assistancePhil Friend ....................................(202) 694-5027 pfriend@econ.ag.gov

Joyce Su........................................(202) 694-5044 joycesu@econ.ag.gov

Beverly Powell ............................(202) 694-5043 bpowell@econ.ag.gov

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 iii
Contents

Page

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv

Part I: Farm Income and Farm Financial Balance Sheet

Chapter 1: National Farm Income Estimates, 1996

Net Value Added and Net Farm Income Attain New Highs in 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Chapter 2: State Farm Income Estimates, 1996

Net Farm Income Rebounds in Most States in 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Chapter 3: Farm Sector Balance Sheet, 1996 

Farm Assets, Debt, and Equity Up in 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Chapter 4: Farm Sector Financial Performance Measures, 1996

Farm Sector Financial Performance Improved Across the Nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Chapter 5: Farm Income Estimates by Size Class, 1996

The Insights of Value Added Accounts by Farm Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Chapter 6: Government Payments, 1996

Government Payments in 1995 and 1996 Lowest in 15 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Chapter 7: Farm Sector Debt, 1996

Farm Business Debt Rose $5 Billion in 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

Part II: Costs of ProductionMajor Field Crops, Livestock, and Dairy

Chapter 8: Costs of Production for Crops, Livestock, and Milk, 1996

Although Input Expenses Were Generally Rising in 1996, Strong Market 

Prices for Most Commodities Led to Higher Net Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

CornUnique Market Conditions Resulted in Record Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

SoybeansPrices and Yields Higher in 1996; Record Returns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

WheatReturns for 1996 Difficult To Interpret Due to Regional 

Yield Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

CottonVariable Cash Expenses Remained Relatively Unchanged in 1996 . . . . . . . .138

RiceTight Stocks Boosted Prices, Improved Net Returns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Grain SorghumNet Returns to Management Negative in 1996 but 

Considerably Improved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

BarleyAt the National Level, Yields and Prices Were Higher in 1996 . . . . . . . . . . .147

OatsNet Returns More Than Tripled; Residual Returns Positive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Sugar BeetsRising Input Prices Raised Variable Cash Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

SugarcaneVariable Cash Growing Expenses Up 3 Percent per Pound . . . . . . . . . .157

PeanutsArea Planted Continued Falling, Down 8 Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

iv Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Page

TobaccoVariable Costs of Flue-Cured Tobacco Up Almost 7 Percent. . . . . . . . . . . .164

MilkCash Costs Up 6 Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

HogsHigher Hog Prices Mostly Offset by Higher Feed Costs in 1996 . . . . . . . . . . .171

Cow-CalfOperators Once Again Failed To Cover Cash Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Appendices

Appendix I : Cash Receipts for Commodities by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Appendix II : Major Data Sources for the Value-Added/Farm 

Income and Balance Sheet Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 v
List of Figures

Figure Page

Part I: Farm Income and Farm Financial Balance Sheet

Chapter 1: National Farm Income Estimates, 1996

1-1 Net value added, net farm income, and net cash income, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1-2 Net value added by farm sector and shares 

to farm operator and nonoperator participants, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1-3 Final crop and animal output, 1990-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1-4 Corn, soybeans, and wheat production, 1990-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

1-5 Final agricultural sector output and intermediate consumption outlays, 1990-96 . . .11

1-6 Direct government payments and farm sector payments to government, 1980-96 . .11

1-7 Monthly corn prices, 1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1-8 Monthly wheat prices, 1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1-9 Monthly soybean prices, 1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1-10 Monthly upland cotton prices, 1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1-11 Monthly beef prices, 1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

1-12 Monthly hog prices, 1994-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Chapter 2: State Farm Income Estimates, 1996

2-1 Top 20 States ranked by value of production, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

2-2 Top 20 States ranked by value of production per acre, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

2-3 Top 20 States ranked by net farm income, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

2-4 Top 20 States ranked by net farm income per acre, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Chapter 3: Farm Sector Balance Sheet, 1996

3-1 Farm business equity in current and real (1992) dollars, 1970-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

3-2 Farm sector asset value, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

3-3 Farm sector debt, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

3-4 Farm assets and debt, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Chapter 4: Farm Sector Financial Performance Measures, 1996

4-1 Rates of return to assets, 1975-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

4-2 Debt asset ratios, 1975-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

4-3 Asset turnover ratios, 1975-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

4-4 Interest-to-gross-cash income ratios, 1975-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

4-5 Farm debt service coverage ratios, 1975-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

4-6 Debt servicing ratios, 1975-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Chapter 5: Farm Income Estimates by Size Class, 1996

5-1 Distribution of property-related expenses, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

5-2 Distribution of variable costs related to production, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Chapter 7: Farm Sector Debt, 1996

7-1 U.S. farm sector debt, selected years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

7-2 Debt capacity utilization, 1970-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

vi Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Figure Page

Part II: Costs of ProductionMajor Field Crops, Livestock, and Dairy

Chapter 8: Costs of Production for Crops, Livestock, and Milk, 1996

8-1 Corn production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

8-2 Soybean production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

8-3 Wheat production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

8-4 Cotton production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

8-5 Rice production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

8-6 Grain sorghum production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

8-7 Barley production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

8-8 Oat production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

8-9 Sugar beet production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

8-10 Sugarcane production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

8-11 Peanut production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

8-12 Tobacco production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

8-13 Milk production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

8-14 Hog production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

8-15 Cow-calf production regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 vii
List of Tables

Table Page

Part I: Farm Income and Farm Financial Balance Sheet

Chapter 1: National Farm Income Estimates, 1996

1-1 Value added to the U.S. economy by the agricultural sector via the production

of goods and services, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

1-2 United States: Farm income indicators, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

1-3 Leading commodities for cash receipts, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

1-4 Farm sector gross capital expenditures, 1985-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

1-5 Farm sector capital replacement costs, 1985-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Chapter 2: State Farm Income Estimates, 1996

2-1 Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the 

production of goods and services, 1992-96

Alabama and Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Arizona and Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

California and Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Connecticut and Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Florida and Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Hawaii and Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Illinois and Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Iowa and Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Kentucky and Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Maine and Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Massachusetts and Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Minnesota and Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Missouri and Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Nebraska and Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

New Hampshire and New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

New Mexico and New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

North Carolina and North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Ohio and Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Oregon and Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Rhode Island and South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

South Dakota and Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Texas and Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Vermont and Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Washington and West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Wisconsin and Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

2-2 Ranking of 10 leading States in cash receipts for top 25 commodities, 1996 . . . . . .47

2-3 States ranked by cash receipts, with five leading commodities, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . .49 

2-4 Value of production, net value added, and net farm 

income for States, 1995-96, ranked by 1996 value of production . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

2-5 Ranking of States for net farm income, value of production 

per acre, and net farm income per acre, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

viii Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Table Page

Chapter 3: Farm Sector Balance Sheet, 1996

3-1 Farm business balance sheet components for 1996 by State, 

with percentage changes from 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

3-2 Farm business balance sheet components for 1996 by State, 

with percentage changes from 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

3-3 Farm business balance sheet components for 1996 by State, 

with percentage changes from 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

3-4 Farm business balance sheet, United States, December 31, 1992-96 . . . . . . . . . . . .57

3-5 Farm business balance sheet by State, December 31, 1992-96

Alabama and Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Arizona and Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

California and Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Connecticut and Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Florida and Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Hawaii and Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Illinois and Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Iowa and Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Kentucky and Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Maine and Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Massachusetts and Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Minnesota and Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Missouri and Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Nebraska and Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

New Hampshire and New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

New Mexico and New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

North Carolina and North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Ohio and Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Oregon and Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Rhode Island and South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

South Dakota and Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Texas and Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Vermont and Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Washington and West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Wisconsin and Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Chapter 4: Farm Sector Financial Performance Measures, 1996

4-1 Farm financial ratios, United States, 1960-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

4-2 Farm financial ratios by State, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

4-3 Farm financial ratios by State, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

4-4 Farm financial ratios by State, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

4-5 Farm financial ratios by State, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

4-6 Farm financial ratios by State, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Chapter 5: Farm Income Estimates by Size Class, 1996

5-1 Number of farms, net value added, and net farm 

income by value of size class, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

5-2 Percentage distribution for number of farms, net value 

added, and net farm income by value of size class, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

5-3 Number of farms and cash receipts by value of size class, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 ix
Table Page

5-4 Percentage distribution for number of farms and

cash receipts by value of size class, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

5-5 Number of farms, net value added, and net farm 

income by value of size class, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

5-6 Number of farms and net cash income by value of size class, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . .109

5-7 Number of farms and net cash income by value of size class, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Chapter 6: Government Payments, 1996

6-1 Direct government payments by program, United States, 1950-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

6-2 Total direct government payments by State, 1990-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

6-3 Direct government payments by program and State, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

6-4 Direct government payments by program and State, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

6-5 Direct government payments by program and State, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

Chapter 7: Farm Sector Debt, 1996

7-1 Real estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

7-2 Nonreal estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

7-3 Real estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

7-4 Nonreal estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

7-5 Real estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

7-6 Nonreal estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Part II: Costs of ProductionMajor Field Crops, Livestock, and Dairy

Chapter 8: Costs of Production for Crops, Livestock, and Milk, 1996

Corn

8-1A Corn production cash costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

8-1B Corn production economic costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Soybeans

8-2A Soybean production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

8-2B Soybean production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Wheat

8-3A Wheat production cash costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

8-3B Wheat production economic costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Cotton

8-4A Cotton production cash costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

8-4B Cotton production economic costs and returns, excluding

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

x Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Table Page

Rice

8-5A Rice production cash costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

8-5B Rice production economic costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Grain sorghum

8-6A Grain sorghum production cash costs and returns, excluding

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

8-6B Grain sorghum production economic costs and returns,

excluding direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Barley

8-7A Barley production cash costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

8-7B Barley production economic costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Oats

8-8A Oat production cash costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

8-8B Oat production economic costs and returns, excluding 

direct government payments, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Sugar beets

8-9A Sugar beet production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

8-9B Sugar beet production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

8-9C Beet sugar processing costs per net ton of sugar 

beets by cost item and area, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

8-9D Beet sugar processing costs per pound of refined sugar 

by cost item and area, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Sugarcane

8-10A Sugarcane production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

8-10B Sugarcane production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

8-10C Sugarcane processing costs per net ton by cost item and area, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . .160

8-10D Sugarcane processing costs per pound of 96-degree raw sugar

by cost item and area, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Peanuts

8-11A Peanut production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

8-11B Peanut production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Tobacco

8-12A Flue-cured tobacco production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

8-12B Burley tobacco production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

8-12C Burley tobacco production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Milk

8-13A Milk production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

8-13B Milk production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 xi
Table Page

Hogs

8-14A Hog production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

8-14B Hog production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

8-15A Farrow-to-finish production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

8-15B Farrow-to-finish production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

8-16A Farrow-to-feeder pig production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

8-16B Farrow-to-feeder pig production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . .175

8-17A Feeder pig-to-finish production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

8-17B Feeder pig-to-finish production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . .176

Cow-Calf

8-18A Cow-calf production cash costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

8-18B Cow-calf production economic costs and returns, 1995-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Appendix I: Cash Receipts for Commodities by State

Appendix table Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities,

United States and States, 1992-96

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

xii Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Table Page

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 xiii
xiv Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

For farmers, particularly crop farmers, 1996 was a

very good year, as reflected in farm sector income

accounts. Farm sector income accounts for 1996 show

that net value added by the agricultural production sector increased 25 percent ($19 billion) from net value

added in 1995. This report provides data and commentary on the income and finances of the farm sector at

the national and State level, and estimates of production costs for major field crops, livestock, and dairy.

Final agricultural sector output, the value of the sectors output of commodities and services before

expenses, rose $22.5 billion in 1996, powered by a

$16.9-billion jump in the value of crop production.

Higher output, generally favorable prices, and a modest 3-percent rise in intermediate consumption outlays

boosted net value added. The value of final crop output rose because yields were high under favorable production conditions and because prices were exceptionally favorable in the first half of the year and remained

strong right through harvest. Final livestock output

also contributed, with a gain in production value of

over $4 billion between 1995 and 1996.

Operators bear most of the risks of production and

marketing and reap both the losses and gains in

income from unanticipated short-term changes in production and market conditions. That 1996 was a banner year for operators is reflected in the 46-percent

gain in net farm income to a record $52 billion.

Weather conditions were nearly ideal in most regions

of the country, leading to record yields for many crops.

International demand for U.S. animal and crop products was strong, generating a high level of exports,

which in turn provided support to prices received by

farmers. 

The total value of 1996 crop sales was up 17 percent.

In volume, feed crops were the predominant contributors, but sales of food grains rose 11 percent and oil

crop sales were up 15 percent, as low international

stocks drove soybean prices higher just as U.S. production soared. In 1996, $4 billion worth of crop production went to rebuild inventories depleted by a comparable amount at the end of 1995. In meat animals,

rising hog prices were offset by declining beef prices.

However, sales of poultry and dairy products soared. 

Production expenses in 1996 were up $7 billion from

1995. Major areas of increased expenses were feed,

seed, pesticides, and rent. Net cash income, which

reflects only cash sales and expenses for the accounting year, was up by $8.7 billion. As a cash income

indicator, net cash income does not reflect the $4-billion addition to inventories for later disposition.

Direct government payments in 1996 were up a meager $32 million (0.4 percent) from those of 1995,

when payments were the lowest since 1982. Beginning

in 1996, farm programs changed markedly with implementation of the 1996 Farm Act. Because production

flexibility contracts are not related to market prices,

government payments were made at the same time

market prices were high.

Farm Sector Financial Conditions Remain Strong

Farm sector financial conditions remained strong in

1996. The debt-asset ratio for U.S. farmers as a group

was 15.1, indicating that the value of assets was seven

times higher than the value of outstanding debt. 

The value of farmers equity has risen consistently in

recent years, having soared 55 percent since 1986.

Equity was up 24 percent between 1990 and 1996, and

rose over 5 percent in 1996. The value of assets

reached another milestone in 1996: For the first time

they exceeded $1 trillion. Various measures of the

farm debt burden indicate that it is rising, which is

always a matter of concern, but it is not threatening to

the sectors financial condition. Assets, debt, and equity have risen 5 percent, 3.4 percent, and 5.3 percent

since 1995, and 22 percent, 4.6 percent, and 24 percent

since 1991. For the decade of 1986-96, assets and

equity rose 43 percent and 55 percent, respectively,

while debt declined slightly (-0.5 percent).

Grain Crop Returns Higher in 1996,

Acreage Smaller

Costs and returns estimates show that higher 1996

prices led to higher returns for corn, wheat, and rice,

despite lower yields and higher expenses. Average 

barley returns above cash costs in 1996 were nearly

double those of 1994. However, a decline in the 

value of soybean production, along with higher costs,

Summary

Farm Income Up in 1996
caused returns above total economic costs to fall about

$2-$4 per acre between 1994 and 1996. Peanut and

cotton returns were also down for 1996. Acreage

planted to major crops tended to fall between 1994 and

1996, with the exception of durum wheat, soybeans,

and cotton. Total U.S. planted acreage declined 1.7

percent. In response to favorable prices, cotton acreage

has dramatically increased in the Southeast in recent

years.

Crop prices received by farmers in 1996 were up an

average of 6.7 percent from those of 1995, but average

livestock prices were down 3.2 percent. Returns to

market hogs increased due to more favorable prices.

However, feeder pig prices did not follow the upturn

in market hog prices, and returns to feeder pig production were down. As beef production increased and

more beef moved through the market, cattle prices

declined. Consequently, returns above total economic

costs for beef producers declined in 1996. 

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 xv
Part I

Farm Income and

Farm Financial Balance Sheet
2 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996

Net value added and net farm income reached record

levels in 1996, rising substantially from 1995 (table 1-

1, table 1-2, and fig. 1-1). Net value added for 1996

was $19.1 billion more than in 1995, up 25 percent,

and $9.5 billion greater than its previous high in 1994.

Because net value added represents the total value of

the farm sectors output of goods and services, less

payments to other (nonfarm) sectors of the economy, it

reflects production agricultures addition to national

output.1 It also represents the sum of the economic

returns to all the providers of factors of agricultural

production: farm employees, lenders, landlords, and

farm operators (fig. 1-2). 

The $22.6-billion rise in final agricultural sector output far exceeded the $3.4 billion in out-of-pocket costs

represented by intermediate consumption outlays,

resulting in $19.1 billion more to be distributed among

the providers of resources to the farm sector. As a consequence, hired workers received 6.1 percent more

than in 1995 and lenders received an increase of 3.9

percent for their contributions to 1996 farm production. The earnings of nonoperator landlords were up

19.3 percent, reflecting several factors. Holders of

share-rent contracts benefited from the additional $17

billion in crop production. Indications are that the

implementation of the Federal Agriculture

Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 has resulted in

two significant trends in rental arrangements. First,

landlords are renegotiating contract terms and raising

rents to reflect the value of the governments payments

and the certainty of the multiyear schedule of payments. Second, landlords are substituting cash leases

for crop-share leases, obtaining higher rents and lessening the risk sharing.

Net farm income, which jumped $15.4 billion from

1995 to 1996, is that portion of net value added earned

by farm operators (defined as those individuals and

entities who share in the risks of production). In fact,

the major share of the 1996 increment to net value

added accrued to farm operators. Typically, it is the

farm operators who benefit most from the increases

and absorb most of the declines arising from shortterm, unanticipated weather and market conditions.

However, due to the rise in earnings of farm employChapter 1: National Farm Income Estimates, 1996

Net Value Added and Net Farm Income Attain New Highs in 1996

Roger Strickland and Chris McGath

1

ERS value-added estimates are used by the Bureau of Economic

Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, for the National Income and

Product Accounts (see p. 32, Agricultural Income and Finance, AIS-58,

September 1995) and by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development in its international agricultural accounts.

About the Value-Added Format

The value added format is now used to present the agricultural sector income accounts for the United States, replacing the traditional net farm income format. The underlying

accounting concepts remain the same under the new format

and the value for net farm income is identical.

The presence of more disaggregated components under the

value added format makes it much easier to discern what

forces are driving the changes and trends in farm income.

Changes in commodity production are the cause of most of

the volatility in the income accounts, and much more detail

is available to the reader in the value added format. For

example, the critical impact of the value of feed grain production on the gyrations in net farm income is clearly

observable in the value added format but not the previous

presentation format. Likewise, the additional contributions

in 1996 of soybeans, poultry, and dairy are clearly evident.

Perhaps most importantly, the value added approach to sector accounting has the advantage of being the format

accepted and used internationally, thereby enabling comparisons across countries. Cross-country comparisons

became more important with the sweeping changes in

Federal agricultural commodity programs enacted under

the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Farm

Act is the elimination of government controls on production as a requirement for Federal support payments to

farmers. Producer planting decisions will now be based on

incentives from the marketplace, which is truly global in

scope.

For those who may wish to verify or otherwise have a better understanding of the relationship between the new and

old presentation formats, two tables providing a map of

how to do a crosswalk between the two formats are available in the national farm income section of the ERS

Website (www.econ.ag.gov) or by requesting a copy from

the Farm Income Accounts Team Leader (E-mail:

rogers@econ.ag.gov)

Economic Research Service/USDA
ees, lenders, and landlords, net farm income rose less

in 1996 than the increase in overall net value added

(table 1-1, fig. 1-2).

Net cash income rose $8.8 billion, or 17.1 percent,

from 1995 to 1996 (table 1-2). Net cash income

reflects the cash earnings generated by the farm business that are available for debt servicing, capital purchases, and distribution to farm households to cover

family living expenses. Net cash income, unlike net

farm income, does not include the value of home consumption, changes in inventories, capital replacement,

and implicit rent and expenses related to the farm

operators dwelling, which do not reflect cash transactions during the current year. Consequently, net cash

income is more appropriate as an indicator of solvency

than a measure of the value of the sectors output,

which is viewed more accurately using either net value

added (for the sector) or net farm income (for operators). Net cash income exhibits less volatility than net

farm income, as producers try to manage their cash

flow to meet multiple objectives: paying debt and family expenses, smoothing year-to-year income fluctuations to minimize income tax liabilities, and maximizing income by postponing sales in anticipation of higher prices or accelerating sales in anticipation of lower

prices.

Agricultural Sector Output 11 Percent 

Higher in 1996

Final agricultural sector output, the value of the agricultural sectors output of commodities and services

before expenses, rose $22.6 billion in 1996 to $226.2

billion (table 1-1). Higher output, reduced by an

increase in intermediate consumption outlays of $3.4

billion, accounts for most of the $19.1-billion jump in

net value added. The value of final 1996 crop output

soared $17 billion, reflecting rebounds in acreage and

yields for major crops, both of which had declined in

1995 following 1994s record harvest (fig. 1-3). Crop

prices were much higher in the first half of 1996 relative to the same period in the prior year and tended to

remain stable in the latter half of the year, despite the

rebound in production (figs. 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10). With

the large harvest, farmers added $4 billion of harvested

crops to end-of-year inventories for later sale.

Inclusion of the inventory change enables a full

accounting of a current years production in the tabulation of the calendar years farm sector output (table 1-

1, figs. 1-1 and 1-2). 

At nearly $92 billion, the total value of livestock production in 1996 was $4.3 billion higher than in 1995,

and the first increase in 3 years (fig. 1-3). Substantial

increases in the sales of hogs, poultry, and dairy products more than offset a $4-billion decline in cattle production. Market prices available to farmers for hogs,

poultry, and dairy were all up in 1996 (fig. 1-12). The

$4-billion fall in cattle production stemmed from a

$2.9-billion drop in receipts and a $1.1-billion decline

due to a reduction in the herd (inventory adjustment).

After having declined for the 3 prior years, beef prices

stabilized near 1995 levels (fig. 1-11), but herd liquidation continued, as producers were caught in an

ongoing cost-price squeeze without prospects of an

immediate turnaround. 

Production inputs purchased and used within the current production year, called intermediate consumption outlays in table 1-1, rose a modest $3.4 billion

(3.1 percent) in 1996. Changes in individual components were not particularly noteworthy but were consistent with adjustments in production. Livestock purchases were down, reflecting a continuation of the

downturn in the beef cycle. Expenditures related to

crop production were generally up, in line with the

increase in acreage planted (table 1-1).

Net government transactions, the flow of funds

between the agricultural and government sectors, fell

to under $1 billion in 1994. By 1995, this measure had

fallen below $100 million, and declined further to $30

million in 1996. This decline reflects that the agricultural sector has recently paid the government (mostly

State and local entities) nearly as much in taxes and

fees as it received in (Federal) payments under various

farm programs. Net government transactions reached a

record high of $11 billion in 1987, in the midst of the

farm sectors financial crisis (fig. 1-6). The significant

decline in this measure is a reflection of both the general decrease in government payments (most of which

were developed to support farm operator incomes)

since 1987, and the steady growth in licensing fees

and property taxes collected from the agricultural sector. (Income taxes are not included in the accounts

because they are not incurred in production.)

Government payments to the agricultural sector in

1996 fell to 44 percent of their record 1987 level,

while the sectors payments to government entities

reached 139 percent of their 1987 amount. Lower government payments in the 1990s (except for 1993)

were due to the relatively high prices and low deficiency payments, partially the result of an expansion

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 3
4 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

in demand, including growth in exports of agricultural

commodities.

Farm Marketing Receipts Up in 1996

World economic growth and trade liberalization are

providing increased opportunities for U.S. exports, and

this environment has translated into strong export

growth for the U.S. crop and livestock sectors in the

1990s (see box on U.S. agricultural exports). In 1996,

the value of marketings of all farm commodities rose

$14.6 billion (table 1-2). Continuing an unbroken trend

stretching back to 1987, cash receipts from sales of

crops exceeded those of the previous year, having

risen 42 percent since 1987. In contrast, livestock

receipts rose in 1996 by $5.9 billion, after 2 years of

decline (fig. 1-3). The increases in livestock receipts

were powered by increases of $3.3 billion and $2.9

billion in sales of poultry and dairy products, respectively. Receipts from sales of meat animals declined

slightly as a drop in cattle sales more than offset a

$2.4-billion rise in hog sales. 

Strong growth in U.S. grain use supported commodity

prices, and 1996 was a favorable year for feed crop

farmers, who planted more acres, benefited from higher yields, and sold their production at high prices. Both

domestic and export demand were strong, with low

carryin stocks. Corn and soybean sales were up an

impressive $2.9 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively.

Notable gains in sales were also achieved by wheat

($841 million), cotton ($610 million), greenhouse/

nursery ($446 million), sorghum grain ($441 million),

rice ($293 million), and potatoes ($235 million). Corn

production, which typically represents close to onefifth of crop sales value, contributed $6.1 billion to the

rise in the value of crop production, as producers sold

$3 billion more than in 1995 and added another $3.1

billion to yearend inventories for future sale. Soybeans

also made a $2.9-billion contribution and, unlike corn,

had almost no buildup in inventory.

With the notable exception of cattle, which are in the

downward phase of their multiyear production cycle,

1996 was, financially speaking, a good year for producers of farm commodities. While not always at

record levels, both prices and yields were generally

favorable, putting farmers in the enviable position of

having commodities to market when prices were at

advantageous levels. This and the relatively small

expansion, by recent historical standards, in total production expenses (3.1 percent) are key explanations

for the $15.5-billion rise in net farm income

(table 1-2 and fig. 1-1). 

U.S. agricultural exports were a record $60.4 billion in calendar

year 1996, 8 percent higher than in 1995. Strong prices for

grains and soybeans boosted bulk exports 12 percent to $28.1

billion, the highest since 1981. High-value product (HVP)

exports reached a record $32.3 billion.

Bulk Exports Led Growth in 1996

In 1996, bulk exports accounted for much of the rise in U.S.

agricultural export value. Even though export volume declined,

higher grain and soybean prices boosted the export value to

$28.1 billion. Corn export volume fell 13 percent, but increased

prices raised the value 15 percent. Wheat shipments also

declined, but export value surged 15 percent due to higher prices

caused by tight supplies. Soybean volume, unlike grains, rose 12

percent to a record 25.6 billion tons in 1996. Soybean exports to

China, Mexico, and Indonesia were especially strong, setting

records in 1996. At $286 per ton, soybean export prices were

nearly 21 percent higher than in 1995, boosting the total value of

soybean shipments 36 percent. While cotton exports declined 26

percent in both volume and value, exports to Canada and Mexico

were a record 64,000 tons and 150,000 tons, respectively.

HVP Exports Advance for Eleventh Consecutive Year

Although (HVP) exports continued an 11-year upward trend,

they increased only 5 percent in 1996, primarily due to the slowdown in beef exports and small horticultural export gains. HVP

gains were largely due to increased poultry meat, animal feed,

and soybean meal exports. Poultry meat exports jumped 23 percent to a record $2.5 billion. Shipments to Russia were a record

937,000 tons. China represented a small but rapidly growing

market for poultry meat in 1996. U.S. port exports also reached

records, 306,000 tons and $1 billion in value. Exports of animal

feeds and fodders advanced 5 percent to $2.6 billion in 1996.

Sharply higher prices boosted the value of soybean meal exports

45 percent, to the highest level since 1988. U.S. horticultural

product exports increased nearly 4 percent to about $9.9 billion,

largely due to gains in wine and nuts. (See Economic Research

Service, Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States,

January/February/March 1997 for additional details on 1996

agricultural exports. Agricultural trade information is also published in the Economic Research Services Outlook for U.S.

Agricultural Exports.)

Agricultural Exports Surpass $60 Billion
Net cash income in 1996 also increased from 1995,

but not as dramatically as the rise in net farm income.

Farmers were able to build stocks from the excellent

harvest in 1996. These accumulated stocks are reflected in net farm income for 1996 because the commodities are valued and booked as change in inventories,

but the postponement of their sale moves cash income

into future years. Since the valuation of inventory is

not a market transaction, it is excluded from net cash

income accounting. Despite the postponing of substantial crop sales into the next year, the gain of $15.6 billion in gross cash income was more than double the

$6.8 billion in added cash expenses, resulting in a

hefty 17.1-percent rise in 1996 net cash income from

1995. 

Corn, Wheat, Soybeans, and Cotton Accounted for

Three-Fourths of Increased Crop Receipts

Cash receipts for corn, which leads all other crops in

total value marketed and provided 20 percent of the

increase in receipts from all commodities, were $21.6

billion in 1996, surpassing the previous record of

$18.6 billion in 1995 (table 1-4). Yet, the manner in

which the two consecutive sales records were attained

was very different. The modest, by recent standards,

7.4-billion-bushel corn crop produced in 1995 was 27

percent below 1994s record of 10.1 billion bushels.

However, in 1994, market prices were depressed by

the large harvests, and farmers retained sizable quantities in inventories for future sale. The resulting drawdown of the large unsold inventories held over from

1994s record crop permitted farmers to expand sales

quantities in 1995. The smaller crop and strong

demand for corn, especially for export, bolstered corn

prices. Benefiting from prices that were rising

throughout the year and continued upward into the

post-harvest period, producers were able to boost corn

revenues even with a smaller harvest (fig. 1-7).

The rebound in corn production in 1996, in combination with prices that were relatively strong during and

after the harvest season, enabled corn sales to top that

of the prior year. The net result was a $3-billion

increase in sales from 1995. With the increased 1996

cash sales and another $3.1 billion of new corn production being added to yearend inventories, 1996 was

a banner year for corn producers.

Wheat receipts were up $841 million in 1996, accounting for about 10 percent of the overall increase in crop

receipts. Harvested acreage and yields were up slightly, resulting in increased production. Prices were higher for much of the year and remained strong throughout the year, boosting sales 9 percent from 1995 

(fig. 1-8).

Soybeans were also a high spot for the U.S. agricultural sector in 1996, as acres, yield, and production were

all up from the prior year, and prices received by farmers were at exceptionally high levels compared with

1994 and 1995, due to low inventories and short supplies (fig. 1-9). Soybean receipts increased a whopping

$2.4 billion, an amount equivalent to 27 percent of the

net increase in crop revenues. A change of this magnitude is particularly noteworthy, simply because corn is

usually the only crop for which the annual change can

be expected to approach, much less exceed, $2 billion.

Cotton sales for 1996 were up $610 million, equivalent to 7 percent of the total increase in the value of

crop sales. Cotton acreage was down, but yields were

up 30 percent, leading to increased production. Prices

did not fall dramatically in the face of the rebound in

production, the result being a 9-percent rise in cotton

sales (fig. 1-10). Given that acres planted were down

almost 14 percent, producers experienced a considerable improvement in their returns. 

Vegetable Receipts Declined in 1996

With the notable exceptions of potatoes, dry beans,

cucumbers, and chili peppers, cash receipts from the

sale of vegetables were generally down in 1996.

Lettuce suffered the largest decline in value, $563 million or 28 percent, compared with 1995. In 1995, cash

receipts from lettuce had soared to 56 percent above

those of 1994 as prices spiked to exceptional levels

due to short supplies caused by adverse weather.

Unusual spring floods in the Salinas Valley of

California in 1995 lowered lettuce production, and

market prices approached $50 per hundredweight cut

for several months. With the pervasiveness of salad

bars in restaurants and the introduction of packaged

pre-cut lettuce in grocery stores, strong demand for

lettuce continued despite rising prices. In 1996, the lettuce harvest rebounded and prices retreated. Although

lettuce growers brought only about 6 percent more

product to the market than in 1995, these additional

market offerings were enough to cause head lettuce

prices to drop almost 37 percent (nearly back to their

1994 level). California and Arizona accounted for 97

percent of 1996 lettuce receipts. 

More than 47 percent of U.S. cash receipts from vegetables come from California and Florida. Cash

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 5
6 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

receipts from vegetables represent about 32 percent of

Californias cash receipts from all crops and 26 percent of Floridas. Cash receipts from potatoes enable

Idaho and Washington to follow Florida in importance

as vegetable-producing States. Potatoes were Idahos

leading commodity in cash receipts, generating more

than 21 percent of the States total cash receipts from

all commodities.

Fruits and Nuts Contributed to Expanded Farm

Sector Receipts

U.S. fruit and nut receipts in 1996 rose 6 percent from

1995, with a 7-percent increase in noncitrus fruit

receipts and a less-than-1-percent increase in citrus

receipts. In 1996, grapes, apples, oranges, and almonds

showed strong domestic and international demand in

the fresh and processed markets.

Grapes, the United States leading fruit and nut commodity in value of cash receipts, are experiencing a

remarkable boost in export demand, especially for

wine varieties. The U.S. wine industry has become

increasingly important to U.S. agriculture. Nearly 55

percent of the 1996 grape crop was used for wine. In

1996, grapes ranked 15th according to each commoditys contribution to U.S. agricultural cash receipts,

ahead of apples and oranges, but also ahead of such

crops as rice and barley (table 1-4). Total U.S. grape

receipts were up 14 percent, with wine receipts reflecting a 24-percent increase in 1996, raisin varieties a 10-

percent increase, and fresh table grapes a 5-percent

increase from 1995. Receipts were up, reflecting higher grower prices resulting from lower utilized production and increased consumer demand. Prices to growers increased 17 percent for fresh use and 16 percent

for processing uses. U.S. grapes are also important to

the worlds supply. The U.S. agricultural sector contributes 10 percent of the worlds grape output, the

third largest after Italy and France. 

Receipts for the United States second most important

fruit commodity, apples, increased 17 percent to $1.8

billion in 1996, the highest in the past 5 years. A short

supply on the East Coast and strong exports to East

Asia helped raise grower prices. Record fresh use of

apples has been noted, as well, due to a large crop and

excellent quality. A smaller crop for fresh market apple

utilization on the East Coast, due to weather and pollination problems, lowered production in some key

States.

U.S. orange receipts rose 5 percent in 1996 to $1.8 billion, setting a record for the latest 5-year period.

Quality problems with navels and a strong domestic

demand for Valencias lowered the export supply.

Domestic demand for fresh-market Valencias was

especially high, increasing Valencia receipts 25 

percent.

Almond receipts climbed to over $1 billion in 1996.

Almonds, ranking 23rd among the U.S. leading commodity receipts, are showing growth in domestic and

international markets. The United States is the worlds

largest producer and exporter of almonds.

Cattle Receipts Down Again in 1996

Cattle and calves remained the top-ranked commodity

in generation of cash receipts (table 1-3) for 1996,

comprising 15 percent of all commodities, even

though their value of sales fell $2.9 billion, or 8.4 percent. Following trend, the sales value of cattle and

calves has declined by $8.2 billion, or 21 percent,

since 1993 due to lower prices (fig. 1-11). Historically,

cattle production and the related herd size follows a

multiyear cycle and indications are that cattle are in

the downward phase of that cycle. 

Increases in poultry, pork, and dairy product sales prevented livestock receipts from falling for the third consecutive year in 1996. Poultry sales have been on the

upward trend for the last decade and experienced an

unusually large jump in 1996. Long-term per capita

consumption trends indicate increased consumer

demand for poultry meat. Increasing diet awareness

among consumers may be a factor contributing to

increased poultry consumption. 

While the adoption of large-scale production and marketing practices similar to those employed in broiler

production over the last several decades are thought to

be lowering production costs for hogs, increased prices

throughout 1996 appeared to be the key factor in

increasing the value of pork sales in 1996 (fig. 1-12)

and in increasing producer returns over 1995 (see Part

II: Costs of ProductionMajor Field Crops,

Livestock, and Dairy).

Total Expenses for Purchased Inputs and 

Services Rose 3 Percent in 1996

Total expenses for purchased inputs, such as feed and

fertilizer, and services, such as repairs and custom

workcalled intermediate consumption outlays in
table 1-1were estimated at $112.4 billion in 1996, up

$3.4 billion (3.1 percent) from 1995. This years

increase was the smallest in the last 4 years. Feed

expenses rose $1.4 billion, or equivalent to 42 percent

of the total increase, leading all other input and service

expense items, which also expanded in 1996. Increases

in items directly related to crop productionfertilizer

and lime, pesticides, and seedsfollowed in order as

the major contributors to expanding expenses. Since

the early 1980s, the ratio of intermediate consumption outlays to the agricultural sectors final output

has remained close to 50 percent. Farm production has

become more dependent upon purchased inputs and

services during the last decade and a half than during

1960-79 and 1950-59, when intermediate consumption outlays to the agricultural sectors final output

averaged 45 percent and 38 percent, respectively.

Feed Expenses Rise Again in 1996

Estimated expenditures for feed were $25.2 billion in

1996, up $1.4 billion (5.9 percent) from a revised estimate of $23.8 billion in 1995. Feed costs in 1995 were

$1.2 billion (5.3 percent) more than in 1994. This

makes 1996 the fifth straight year that feed expenses

have risen significantly, and the fourth straight year

that their rise has been the largest increase among production expenses. This pattern is likely due to shifts in

the structure and location of animal production, which

have increased the percentage of purchased feed to all

feed. A larger proportion of animals is being raised on

large, specialized operations that buy most of their

feed. In addition, dairy and hog production have

expanded in the Southwest and Mountain areas where

raising feedstuffs other than hay is uneconomical.

In each of the last 2 years, a combination of large animal stocks and increased reliance on purchased feed

has been the major reason for increased outlays for

livestock feed. Relatively low feed prices during the

last quarter of 1994 and the first half of 1995 encouraged many livestock, dairy, and poultry producers to

expand already relatively high inventory and production levels. This expansion made them vulnerable to

record-high grain and soybean prices in the last quarter

of 1995 and most of 1996, when USDAs feed price

index rose nearly 24 percent. 

Although beef producers accelerated herd reduction

during the current cattle cycles liquidation phase that

began in late 1995, and hog producers continued a

reduction in numbers that also began in 1995, ERS

estimate of grains and processed feed consumed was

down only 4.2 percent for calendar year 1996. The

large animal numbers, already in place when feed

price increases hit, forced livestock producers to continue to expend large amounts for purchased feed,

despite the direction toward reducing cattle and hog

numbers. Furthermore, unfavorable weather conditions

in early 1996 reduced forage supplies in the Southern

Plains, forcing supplemental feeding of hay. Heavier

demand for forage and hay and reduced hay production in 1996 drove supplies to extremely low levels in

the second half of 1996, bidding up the price of existing stocks.

Livestock and Poultry Purchases Fell with 

Lower Feeder Cattle Prices

Total livestock and poultry purchases fell $1.2 billion

(9.6 percent) in 1996 to $11.1 billion. The value of

interstate sales of cattle and calves,2 which constitute

75 percent of all livestock and poultry purchases, fell

$1.4 billion (14.4 percent). This is the third straight

year that interstate sales of cattle and calves have fallen more than $1 billion. Expenditures for cattle and

calves in 1996 were down $3.9 billion (32 percent)

from their previous peak in 1993. As in 1994, both

total liveweight and average value per cwt were down

in 1996. In 1995, total liveweight rose 5 percent, but

the average value fell 14 percent. In 1996, the average

value fell another 9.4 percent in response to record

high prices for grain and continuing low beef prices

(consistent with increased beef production due to

unusually high slaughter rates). 

The value of interstate sales of breeding hogs and

feeder pigs increased 37 percent in response to a 17-

percent increase in liveweight and an 18-percent jump

in the average price. Total chick and poult purchases

rose 3 percent as the poultry sector continued to

expand.

Crop Production Expenses Rose with 

Larger Acreage 

Increases in crop acreage, particularly the 11.6-percent

expansion in corn acreage, was the dominant factor in

increased crop input expenses in 1996. Seed expenses

were $6.1 billion, up 11.9 percent from 1995. USDAs

seed prices paid index (primarily hybrid corn) rose 5

percent. The remainder of the increase in seed costs

was attributable to increased acreage.

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 7

2

Interfarm sales of cattle and calves within the same State are counted as

neither receipts nor expenses. In effect, each State is treated as a big farm

and the transactions would offset one another.
8 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Estimated fertilizer and soil conditioner expenditures

were $10.9 billion in 1996, up 9 percent from 1995.

This was the third consecutive year that the increase in

fertilizer expenses exceeded 9 percent. Significant

price increases in 1994 and 1995 raised the fertilizer

prices paid index (aggregate of all fertilizer) 25 percent and accounted for much of the increase in fertilizer expenses. The price index rose only 3.3 percent in

1996, so the principal cause of the 1996 increase was

acreage increases, particularly for corn acreage. At

1995 application rates (1996 rates are not available),

the increase in fertilizer use on corn would account for

more than 60 percent of the increase in quantities

applied. Fertilizer expenses have now risen each year

since 1992. 

Expenditures for pesticides were estimated at $8.5 billion, 10.3 percent higher than 1995's $7.7 billion. This

was the largest increase since the 17.8-percent jump in

1991. The pesticide prices paid index rose 3.5 percent.

Expanded acreage accounted for the rest. Herbicides

constitute between 65 and 70 percent of pesticides

applied and are the principal pesticides used on corn.

The combination of expanded acreage and the rise in

USDAs herbicide subcomponent prices paid index

would have indicated a 10.5-percent increase in herbicide expenditures. Pesticide expenses have been

climbing steadily since 1988.

The estimate of expenditures for petroleum fuel and

oils was $5.7 billion, up 5.3 percent from the revised

1995 estimate of $5.4 billion. Gasoline and diesel fuel

prices rose sharply beginning in April due to shortages

that occurred after particularly harsh winter weather.

Contract labor expenses were $2.1 billion in 1996,

up 8.1 percent, approximately the same increase as in

1995. Wage rates for agricultural service workers in

California, which employs more than 30 percent of

such workers, rose 2.5 percent. Contract labor is treated differently from hired labor because employment is

through an intermediary that makes the arrangements

and handles the administrative functions, which qualifies the activity as a separate businessproviding

services to the employing business. Under the

Department of Commerces National Income

Accounts, contract labor is classified as being part of

the service sector as distinct from the agricultural 

sector.

Other intermediate product expenses presented a

mixed picture. Repair and maintenance of farm business assets increased 8.9 percent, led by an 8-percent

rise in motor vehicle and machinery repair and maintenance. Machine hire and custom work expenses, based

on survey results, were estimated at $4.7 billion, down

2.1 percent from 1995. Both machinery and equipment

leasing and crop-related custom work outlays were

lower.

Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses

fell 5 percent to $6.8 billion. Transportation rates for

agricultural products were down. Rail and truck rates

were up slightly, but barge rates for farm products on

the Mississippi River fell 25 percent from abnormally

high 1995 rates. The volume of grain and fresh fruit

and vegetable shipments was down around 12 percent.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics index of farm product

warehousing and storage costs fell 1.5 percent and the

volume of commodities stored was less, given the

smaller 1995 harvest, which would be reflected in the

1996 expenses. The price index for packaging and

containers in the general economy was almost 4 percent lower, so the cost to the agricultural sector was

probably less as well.

Miscellaneous expenses totaled $17.6 billion, down

1.4 percent from a revised 1995 estimate of $17.8 billion. The only significant increases were in estimated

outlays for custom feeding (12.1 percent) and general

management expenses (1.5 percent), where a 9.6-

percent rise in gross insurance expenses offset an 8.5-

percent decrease in other management expenses.

Estimated expenditures for livestock services and supplies, tools and shop equipment purchases, and irrigation water were all down.

Expenditures To Acquire Services of Factors of

Production Rose 9 Percent in 1997

Employee compensation for hired labor was $15.2

billion in 1996, $872 million higher than in 1995. The

6.1-percent increase was similar to the 6.2-percent

increase in 1995. A large jump in perquisites (noncash

benefits) was reflected in the 1995 increase in total

labor expenses. USDAs wages index rose 3.6 percent

as the average hourly wage earned by all types of

hired workers went from $6.54 to $6.78. The 1996

increase in the wages index was the largest since 1992,

and there are signs that wage rates are increasing

faster. October 1996 wage rates were 5.9 percent

above October 1995, and increases in the first three

quarters of 1997 over the same quarters in 1996 were

all greater than 4 percent.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 9

Net rent to nonoperator landlords in 1996 was $14.3

billion, up 19.3 percent from 1995. An important part

of the increase was due to a $2.7-billion (33 percent)

increase in share rents corresponding with the sectors

higher value of production. About $1.9 billion of the

increase was in corn for grain. Total landlord gross

income, excluding forest products to nonoperators,

was $20.6 billion, up 16 percent. Cash rent was $7.7

billion, up 3.3 percent, as cash rent rates and acres

rented both rose. Direct government payments

received by landlords were $1.3 billion, the same as in

1995. Expenses paid by all landlords, including capital

consumption, were $7.2 billion, up 6 percent. Crop

inputs financed by landlords rose 26 percent to $1.7

billion. Property taxes paid by landlords were $2.4 billion, up 3 percent from 1995. Nonoperator landlords

netted $12.1 billion, up 24 percent from 1995. Forest

product receipts credited to other nonoperator landlords added another $2.2 billion.

Total interest expenses were $13.2 billion, up 3.9 percent from 1995. Interest costs incurred on nonreal

estate debt were $6.9 billion, up 2.6 percent from

1995. However, nonreal estate interest, excluding

interest on Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)

loans, rose 4.6 percent. Repayment of CCC loans

returned to normal levels after a particularly heavy

retirement of CCC debt in 1995. Operators paid $109

million in interest on CCC debt in 1996, down from

$232 million in 1995. Interest on real estate debt was

$6.4 billion, up 5.2 percent from 1995. 

Interest expenses have risen in each of the last 3 years

after a long string of decreases from 1983 to 1993.

However, the $492-million increase in 1996 was about

half the dollar increases in 1994 and 1995. The 3.9-

percent rate of growth in interest expenses in 1996 was

less than half the 8.4-percent rate of increase in the

previous 2 years. The smaller increase in interest

expenses in 1996 is primarily attributable to a slower

rise in interest rates between 1995 and 1996. Nonreal

estate interest rates rose less than one-half percent,

after increasing around 7 percent in the previous 2

years, and real estate interest rates rose 1.6 percent,

resulting in a weighted-average increase of 1.1 

percent.

The 1996 rise in average farm business debt was the

sixth increase since a small decrease in 1990. In each

year during this period, average debt has risen slightly

more. Average nonreal estate debt, excluding CCC

loans, increased $2.7 billion (3.9 percent) in 1996.

This was the third straight rise of $2.7 billion in average nonreal estate debt. Average nonreal estate debt

has risen every year since 1989 but at varying rates.

From 1994 to 1996, average nonreal estate debt rose

$8.3 billion, after rising $3 billion between 1989 and

1993. Average real estate debt increased $2.1 billion

(2.5 percent) in 1996. Average real estate debt has also

been rising at an increasing rate since 1991.

Property Taxes and Capital Consumption Were

Little Changed in 1996

Property taxes paid continued their pattern of slow,

steady growth in 1996, increasing 1.6 percent to $6.8

billion. Real estate tax payments were estimated up 4.3

percent to $6.3 billion. In both 1995 and 1996, personal property taxes have fallen. After three year-to-year

declines between 1978 and 1984, property tax payments have risen every year except 1991. Taxes do not

respond immediately to changes in the value of real

estate and other property because they are set by legislation and reassessments of property values are periodic. However, the steady rise in tax payments corresponds to the overall improvement in real estate values

and reflects the capacity of operations to pay assessed

taxes in a timely manner.

Total capital consumption, including operator

dwellings, was estimated at $18.9 billion, up $15 million from 1995. Capital consumption for farm business

items only, excluding operator dwellings, was down

0.8 percent at $16.2 billion. However, operator

dwelling capital consumption rose more than 5.4 percent due to rising operator dwelling values.

Interestingly, the ratio of capital consumption to net

cash income, which measures the portion of net

income that should be reserved for capital replacement, has been fairly stable since 1987 at the 1955-70

level, while capital expenditures as a percentage of net

cash income have been slowly rising since 1986.

Despite an improved farm economy and lower interest

rates, a number of factors have worked to hold new

capital expenditures down. Farmers are continuing the

trend of maintaining and repairing machinery and

equipment and keeping items in service longer. This

trend began in the early 1980s when capital expenditures began to fall off dramatically. The percentage of

total production expenses for repair and maintenance

has been fairly constant since then. More farmers are

leasing equipment or contracting with others for custom work. Adoption of conservation tillage has 
10 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

reduced demand for tillage equipment and lowered the

horsepower requirement per acre planted for farms

using these technologies.

Capital consumption of service buildings has decreased

steadily since 1981, except for a small increase in 1995,

as new expenditures fell as low as one-third of their

1979 peak. In 1996, service building construction rose

nearly $600 million to $2.3 billion, about the same level

as in 1982. 

Tractor and farm machinery capital consumption in

1996 was estimated at $10.7 billion, down 1.2 percent

from 1995. After reaching a low point in 1987, tractor

and farm machinery capital consumption climbed a little

more than $1 billion to 1990. Since then, it has been

essentially level, varying less than $250 million per

year. Almost all of the increase from 1987 to 1990 was

due to increases in tractor capital consumption, which

has continued upward at a very slow rate. The overall

increase in tractor capital consumption is due to both

the climb in the average price of tractors, which elevates their replacement value, and increased purchases.

Capital consumption of farm machinery and equipment

was flat from 1987 to 1995, but fell more than $200

million in 1996 due to the smallest increase in the prices

paid for machinery and equipment since 1987.

Estimated investment in machinery and equipment in

1996 reached its highest point since 1990 at $5.5 billion, an increase of $450 million (8.8 percent) from

1995. Machinery and equipment purchases have stayed

between $5.1 billion and $5.5 billion each year since

1991, after large increases in 1989 and 1990.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 11

Figure 1-1

Net value added, net farm income, and net cash

income, 1992-96

Net value added and net farm income rose 

substantially in 1996

$ billion

Figure 1-2

Net value added by farm sector and shares to farm

operator and nonoperator participants, 1992-96

Farm operator and nonoperator participants all shared

in increased value added for 1996

$ billion

1992 93 94 95 96

40

60

80

100

Net value added

Net cash income

Net farm income

1992

0

20

40

60

80

100

Net farm income (farm operator's share)

Equals net value added by farm sector 

to U.S. economy

Plus returns to hired labor and 

to nonoperator 's land and capital

93 94 95 96

Figure 1-3

Final crop and animal output, 1990-96

Crops were larger share of agricultural sector output

between 1994 and 1996

Dollars per cwt

Figure 1-4

Corn, soybeans, and wheat production, 1990-96

Although not records, increased corn and soybean production in 1996 boosted final crop output

Billion bushels

1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 70

80

90

100

110

120

Crops

Livestock

Corn Wheat Soybeans

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Figure 1-5

Final agricultural sector output and intermediate

consumption outlays, 1990-96

Sector output rose rapidly in 1996, while expenses

paid to other sectors increased modestly

$ billion

Figure 1-6

Direct government payments and farm sector 

payments to government, 1980-96

Net government transactions nearly zero in 1995-96 for

the first time since 1982

$ billion

1990 91 92 93 94 95 96

0

50

100

150

200

250

Final sector output

Intermediate consumption 

outlays

1980 82 86 88 90 92 94 96 84

0

5

10

15

20

Government payments

to the agricultural sector

Agricultural sector 

payments to government
12 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

1994

1995

1996

Figure 1-7

Monthly corn prices, 1994-96

Higher corn prices over most of 1996, plus a larger

harvest, contributed to rise in cash receipts

Dollars per bushel

Figure 1-8

Monthly wheat prices, 1994-96

Higher wheat prices for much of 1996, with slightly

larger acreage and yields, boosted receipts

Dollars per bushel

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

1994

1995

1996

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

50

55

60

65

70

75

1994

1995

1996

Figure 1-9

Monthly soybean prices, 1994-96

Soybean prices rose in 1996 and remained above

1995 despite large harvest

Dollars per bushel

Figure 1-10

Monthly upland cotton prices, 1994-96

Cotton prices in 1996 remained strong even with 

bigger crop, contributing to rise in receipts

Dollars per bushel

Figure 1-11

Monthly beef prices, 1994-96

Beef prices lower for much of 1996, recovering slightly

at year’s end

Dollars per bushel

Figure 1-12

Monthly hog prices, 1994-96

Higher 1996 hog prices support value of animal 

output, offsetting lower cattle sales

Dollars per bushel

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

1994

1995

1996

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

0.55

0.65

0.75

0.85

1994

1995

1996

0.80

0.70

0.60

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

1994

1995

1996
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 13

Table 1-1—Value added to the U.S. economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and 

services, 1992-961

Change, 1995-96

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Amount Percent

Million

---------------------------------------------Thousand dollars---------------------------------------- dollars Percent

Final crop output 89,036,487 81,966,590 100,285,791 96,655,403 113,512,267 16,857 17.4

Food grains 8,467,473 8,179,932 9,545,012 10,416,611 11,549,958 1,133 10.9

Feed crops 20,098,600 20,211,046 20,351,200 24,282,381 28,113,655 3,831 15.8

Cotton 5,192,067 5,249,680 6,737,709 6,851,079 7,460,813 610 8.9

Oil crops 13,285,937 13,219,881 14,656,680 15,466,338 17,755,891 2,290 14.8

Tobacco 2,958,005 2,947,785 2,656,352 2,548,399 2,795,990 248 9.7

Fruits and tree nuts 10,178,673 10,284,137 10,334,702 11,073,919 11,713,819 640 5.8

Vegetables 11,851,388 13,434,608 13,902,047 14,890,935 14,348,758 -542 -3.6

All other crops 13,711,536 13,952,700 14,895,257 15,170,425 15,685,894 515 3.4

Home consumption 115,518 68,578 71,815 104,286 91,503 -13 -12.3

Value of inventory adjustment2 3,177,290 -5,581,757 7,135,017 -4,148,970 3,995,986 8,145 —

Final animal output 87,089,180 91,690,983 89,681,596 87,617,240 91,963,245 4,346 5.0

Meat animals 47,748,299 50,823,492 46,784,612 44,827,596 44,382,498 -445 -1.0

Dairy products 19,736,250 19,242,553 19,935,161 19,893,610 22,833,925 2,940 14.8

Poultry and eggs 15,523,553 17,325,621 18,445,009 19,068,774 22,326,291 3,258 17.1

Miscellaneous livestock 2,628,877 2,778,811 2,995,146 3,213,776 3,371,498 158 4.9

Home consumption 473,969 450,631 409,205 365,100 333,022 -32 -8.8

Value of inventory adjustment2 978,232 1,069,875 1,112,463 248,384 -1,283,989 -1,532 —

Services and forestry 15,178,596 16,583,167 17,881,849 19,374,713 20,736,536 1,362 7.0

Machine hire and customwork 1,786,650 1,864,790 2,070,810 1,927,653 2,153,757 226 11.7

Forest products sold 2,177,753 2,555,263 2,742,869 2,939,262 2,918,157 -21 -0.7

Other farm income 4,208,708 4,608,891 4,392,376 5,213,331 5,893,636 680 13.0

Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 7,005,485 7,554,223 8,675,794 9,294,467 9,770,986 477 5.1

Final agricultural sector output 191,304,263 190,240,740 207,849,236 203,647,356 226,212,048 22,565 11.1

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 93,541,914 100,565,154 104,905,582 109,011,103 112,387,179 3,376 3.1

Farm origin 38,620,492 41,193,584 41,276,993 41,627,934 42,494,681 867 2.1

Feed purchased 20,132,962 21,431,234 22,631,209 23,829,253 25,234,461 1,405 5.9

Livestock and poultry purchased 13,574,171 14,597,315 13,270,118 12,335,346 11,148,086 -1,187 -9.6

Seed purchased 4,913,359 5,165,035 5,375,666 5,463,335 6,112,134 649 11.9

Manufactured inputs 22,710,022 23,146,902 24,398,465 26,175,192 28,393,261 2,218 8.5

Fertilizers and lime 8,330,712 8,397,508 9,179,677 10,032,994 10,934,178 901 9.0

Pesticides 6,470,627 6,723,326 7,225,032 7,726,463 8,525,120 799 10.3

Petroleum fuel and oils 5,298,422 5,349,809 5,312,044 5,447,664 5,736,339 289 5.3

Electricity 2,610,261 2,676,259 2,681,712 2,968,071 3,197,624 230 7.7

Other intermediate expenses 32,211,400 36,224,668 39,230,124 41,207,977 41,499,237 291 0.7

Repair and maintenance of capital items 8,470,675 9,193,138 9,082,921 9,458,412 10,303,718 845 8.9

Machine hire and customwork 3,781,693 4,420,056 4,789,845 4,791,726 4,691,963 -100 -2.1

Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 4,541,289 5,648,396 6,820,594 7,180,481 6,817,878 -363 -5.0

Contract labor 1,717,422 1,770,956 1,805,440 1,969,054 2,128,835 160 8.1

Miscellaneous expenses 13,700,321 15,192,122 16,731,324 17,808,304 17,556,843 -251 -1.4

plus: Net government transactions 2,691,362 6,862,948 974,270 74,466 29,527 -45 -60.3

+ Direct government payments 9,168,920 13,402,015 7,879,129 7,253,372 7,285,541 32 0.4

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 360,543 362,030 414,967 461,750 428,262 -33 -7.3

- Property taxes 6,117,015 6,177,037 6,489,892 6,717,156 6,827,752 111 1.6

Gross value added 100,453,711 96,538,534 103,917,924 94,710,719 113,854,396 19,144 20.2

less: Capital consumption 18,309,531 18,377,761 18,688,225 18,914,273 18,929,540 15 0.1

Net value added 82,144,180 78,160,773 85,229,699 75,796,446 94,924,856 19,128 25.2

less: Factor payments 34,607,270 35,065,904 36,958,278 39,057,112 42,730,493 3,673 9.4

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 12,282,246 13,235,320 13,503,184 14,346,758 15,219,042 872 6.1

Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 11,187,500 11,009,084 11,719,877 11,983,988 14,293,127 2,309 19.3

Real estate and nonreal estate interest 11,137,524 10,821,500 11,735,217 12,726,365 13,218,324 492 3.9

Net farm income 47,536,909 43,094,869 48,271,420 36,739,334 52,194,363 15,455 42.1

— = Not applicable.

1

Final sector output is the gross value of the commodities and services produced within a year. Net value added is the sector's contribution to the national 

economy and is the sum of the income from production earned by all factors of production. Net farm income is the farm operator's share of income from the sector's

production activities. The concept is consistent with that employed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2

A positive value of inventory change represents current-year production not sold by December 31. A negative value is an offset to production from prior years

included in current year's sales.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
14 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 1-2—United States: Farm income indicators, 1992-96

Change, 1995-96

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Amount Percent

Million

---------------------------------------------Thousand dollars---------------------------------------- dollars Percent

Gross farm income 200,473,183 203,642,755 215,728,365 210,900,728 233,497,589 22,597 10.7

Gross cash income 188,722,689 200,081,205 198,324,071 205,037,461 220,590,081 15,553 7.6

Farm marketings 171,380,658 177,650,246 181,238,887 187,703,843 202,338,990 14,635 7.8

Crops 85,743,679 87,479,769 93,078,959 100,700,087 109,424,778 8,725 8.7

Livestock and products 85,636,979 90,170,477 88,159,928 87,003,756 92,914,212 5,910 6.8

Government payments 9,168,920 13,402,015 7,879,129 7,253,372 7,285,541 32 0.4

Farm-related income 8,173,111 9,028,944 9,206,055 10,080,246 10,965,550 885 8.8

Noncash income 7,594,972 8,073,432 9,156,814 9,763,853 10,195,511 432 4.4

Value of home consumption 589,487 519,209 481,020 469,386 424,525 -45 -9.6

Rental value of dwellings 7,005,485 7,554,223 8,675,794 9,294,467 9,770,986 477 5.1

Operator and other dwellings1 6,514,859 7,124,874 8,241,493 8,731,846 9,156,132 424 4.9

Hired laborer dwellings 490,626 429,349 434,301 562,621 614,854 52 9.3

Value of inventory adjustment 4,155,522 -4,511,882 8,247,480 -3,900,586 2,711,997 6,613

Total production expenses 152,936,274 160,547,886 167,456,945 174,161,394 181,303,225 7,142 4.1

Intermediate product expenses 92,185,035 99,156,228 103,515,109 107,503,799 110,686,606 3,183 3.0

Farm origin 38,620,492 41,193,584 41,276,993 41,627,934 42,494,681 867 2.1

Feed purchased 20,132,962 21,431,234 22,631,209 23,829,253 25,234,461 1,405 5.9

Livestock and poultry purchased 13,574,171 14,597,315 13,270,118 12,335,346 11,148,086 -1,187 -9.6

Seed purchased 4,913,359 5,165,035 5,375,666 5,463,335 6,112,134 649 11.9

Manufactured inputs 22,710,022 23,146,902 24,398,465 26,175,192 28,393,261 2,218 8.5

Fertilizer and lime 8,330,712 8,397,508 9,179,677 10,032,994 10,934,178 901 9.0

Pesticides 6,470,627 6,723,326 7,225,032 7,726,463 8,525,120 799 10.3

Fuel and oil 5,298,422 5,349,809 5,312,044 5,447,664 5,736,339 289 5.3

Electricity 2,610,261 2,676,259 2,681,712 2,968,071 3,197,624 230 7.7

Other 30,854,521 34,815,742 37,839,651 39,700,673 39,798,664 98 0.2

Repair and maintenance 8,470,675 9,193,138 9,082,921 9,458,412 10,303,718 845 8.9

Other miscellaneous 22,383,846 25,622,604 28,756,730 30,242,261 29,494,946 -747 -2.5

Interest 11,137,524 10,821,500 11,735,217 12,726,365 13,218,324 492 3.9

Real estate 5,742,274 5,488,616 5,781,610 6,041,533 6,356,574 315 5.2

Nonreal estate 5,395,250 5,332,884 5,953,607 6,684,832 6,861,750 177 2.6

Contract and hired labor expenses 13,999,668 15,006,276 15,308,624 16,315,812 17,347,877 1,032 6.3

Net rent to nonoperator landlords2 11,187,500 11,009,084 11,719,877 11,983,988 14,293,127 2,309 19.3

Capital consumption 18,309,531 18,377,761 18,688,225 18,914,273 18,929,540 15 0.1

Property taxes 6,117,015 6,177,037 6,489,892 6,717,156 6,827,752 111 1.6

Net farm income3 47,536,909 43,094,869 48,271,420 36,739,334 52,194,363 15,455 42.1

Gross receipts of farms 193,958,324 196,517,881 207,486,872 202,168,882 224,341,457 22,173 11.0

Farm production expenses 148,871,592 156,490,454 162,980,647 169,348,115 176,064,087 6,716 4.0

Nonfactor payments 114,625,269 121,773,299 126,419,705 130,713,995 133,769,246 3,055 2.3

Intermediate product expenses 91,315,202 98,332,019 102,565,703 106,551,408 109,476,374 2,925 2.7

Capital consumption 16,102,700 16,164,380 16,321,303 16,311,971 16,186,890 -125 -0.8

Property taxes 5,489,945 5,505,944 5,727,259 5,881,562 5,977,147 96 1.6

Contract labor 1,717,422 1,770,956 1,805,440 1,969,054 2,128,835 160 8.1

Factor payments 34,246,322 34,717,155 36,560,941 38,634,120 42,294,842 3,661 9.5

Interest 10,776,576 10,472,751 11,337,880 12,303,373 12,782,673 479 3.9

Hired labor compensation 12,282,246 13,235,320 13,503,184 14,346,758 15,219,042 872 6.1

Net rent to nonoperator landlords 11,187,500 11,009,084 11,719,877 11,983,988 14,293,127 2,309 19.3

Returns to operators4 45,086,732 40,027,427 44,506,225 32,820,767 48,277,370 15,457 47.1

Gross cash income 188,722,689 200,081,205 198,324,071 205,037,461 220,590,081 15,553 7.6

Cash expenses 133,646,463 141,246,959 147,600,019 153,859,697 160,649,172 6,789 4.4

Cash expenses, excluding net rent 121,086,457 128,883,363 134,500,973 140,482,829 144,951,724 4,469 3.2

Intermediate product expenses 91,315,202 98,332,019 102,565,703 106,551,408 109,476,374 2,925 2.7

Interest 10,776,576 10,472,751 11,337,880 12,303,373 12,782,673 479 3.9

Cash labor expenses 13,504,734 14,572,649 14,870,131 15,746,486 16,715,530 969 6.2

Property taxes 5,489,945 5,505,944 5,727,259 5,881,562 5,977,147 96 1.6

Net rent to nonoperator landlords5 12,560,006 12,363,595 13,099,045 13,376,869 15,697,448 2,321 17.3

Net cash income 55,076,226 58,834,246 50,724,052 51,177,764 59,940,909 8,763 17.1

1

Value added to gross income. Value added to net farm income equals difference in net farm income and returns to operators.

2

Includes landlord capital consumption.

3

Statistics in and above the net farm income line represent the farm sector, defined as including farm operators' dwellings located on farms. Statistics below the

net farm income line represent only the farm businesses to the exclusion of the operators’ dwellings. 4

Returns to operators is equivalent to net farm income excluding the income and expenses associated with farm operator's dwellings. 5

Excludes landlord capital consumption.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 15

Table 1-3—Leading commodities for cash receipts, 1996

Value of Percent Rank

U.S. of U.S. Cumulative in prior

Rank1 Items receipts total percent2 year

Thousand dollars3 ----------- Percent -----------

All commodities 202,338,990 100.0 — — Livestock and products 92,914,212 45.9 — — Crops 109,424,778 54.1 — —

1 Cattle and calves 31,138,046 15.4 15.4 1

2 Dairy products 22,833,925 11.3 26.7 2

3 Corn 21,573,363 10.7 37.3 3

4 Soybean 16,211,387 8.0 45.3 4

5 Broilers 13,906,019 6.9 52.2 5

6 Hogs 12,643,736 6.2 58.5 7

7 Greenhouse and nursery 10,887,058 5.4 63.9 6

8 Wheat 9,955,616 4.9 68.8 8

9 Cotton 7,460,813 3.7 72.5 9

10 Chicken eggs 4,756,571 2.4 74.8 10

11 Hay 3,573,530 1.8 76.6 11

12 Turkeys 3,056,314 1.5 78.1 12

13 Tobacco 2,795,990 1.4 79.5 13

14 Potatoes 2,699,259 1.3 80.8 14

15 Grapes 2,334,020 1.2 82.0 15

16 Apples 1,846,052 0.9 82.9 19

17 Sorghum grain 1,813,188 0.9 83.8 20

18 Oranges 1,798,311 0.9 84.7 17

19 Tomatoes 1,603,232 0.8 85.4 18

20 Rice 1,575,115 0.8 86.2 21

21 Lettuce 1,427,400 0.7 86.9 16

22 Sugar beets 1,017,475 0.5 87.4 22

23 Almonds 1,008,576 0.5 87.9 25

24 Barley 992,388 0.5 88.4 26

25 Peanuts 969,132 0.5 88.9 23

26 Cane for sugar 865,965 0.4 89.3 26

27 Strawberries 770,324 0.4 89.7 27

28 Aquaculture 767,750 0.4 90.1 29

29 Mushrooms 753,052 0.4 90.5 28

30 Onions 701,006 0.3 90.8 30

31 Dry beans 663,875 0.3 91.1 32

32 Corn, sweet 636,023 0.3 91.4 31

33 Horses/mules 628,000 0.3 91.8 33

34 Sheep and lambs 600,716 0.3 92.1 34

35 Christmas trees 474,435 0.2 92.3 NA

Government payments4 7,285,541 ———

— = Not applicable.

NA = Not available.

1

Rankings for States and commodities available on Internet at www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htm

2

The cumulative percentage is the sum of the percentage of U.S. total for each commodity and all preceding commodities.

3

Numbers may not add due to rounding.

4

Government payments made directly to farmers in cash or payment-in-kind.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
16 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 1-4—Farm sector gross capital expenditures, 1985-961

Total capital

Buildings and land2 Motor vehicles3 expenditures

Service structures and

Operator land improvements Machinery Including Excluding

farm Service Land Auto- and operator operator

Year dwellings4 Total structures5 improvements6 Total Tractors Trucks mobiles Total equipment7 dwellings dwellings

Million dollars

1985 938 2,256 1,314 942 3,193 1,937 1,537 225 3,699 3,232 10,124 9,186

1986 712 2,139 1,459 680 2,852 1,513 1,462 252 3,227 3,094 9,173 8,460

1987 931 2,605 1,734 870 3,536 2,104 1,855 316 4,275 4,297 12,108 11,177

1988 1,262 2,388 1,357 1,031 3,650 2,540 2,076 296 4,912 4,222 12,783 11,521

1989 1,235 2,519 1,575 944 3,754 2,903 2,350 230 5,484 5,087 14,326 13,090

1990 2,029 2,784 1,662 1,122 4,813 3,119 2,373 259 5,750 5,589 16,152 14,123

1991 1,216 2,723 1,648 1,075 3,939 2,593 2,111 289 4,993 5,410 14,343 13,126

1992 1,417 2,391 1,388 1,003 3,808 2,826 1,945 355 5,126 5,132 14,066 12,650

1993 1,508 3,191 1,661 1,531 4,699 2,689 2,221 279 5,189 5,488 15,376 13,868

1994 1,645 3,246 1,852 1,394 4,891 2,893 2,301 259 5,453 5,182 15,526 13,881

1995 1,312 3,014 1,717 1,298 4,326 2,911 2,600 200 5,711 5,051 15,088 13,776

1996 1,689 3,804 2,293 1,511 5,493 2,974 2,848 221 6,043 5,495 17,031 15,342

1

Capital expenditures are based on the Farm Costs and Returns Survey (FCRS) for 1982 and later years. Since 1991, FCRS estimates have

incorporated nonresponse and undercoverage adjustments that ensure representation of the entire farm sector. Estimates for 1988-90 are

based on interpolations of prior estimates between the final 1987 and 1991 estimates. FCRS data for 1997 were adjusted to represent the

USDA number of farms in sales classes under $100,000. FCRS data used in estimates prior to 1987 Farm Production Expenditures 

summaries. 2

Includes new construction, additions, and major improvements.

3

Share of capital items used in the farm business only.

4

Operator dwellings located on farm real estate only.

5

Includes service buildings, other structures, and dwellings not occupied by farm operators.

6

Includes fences, windmills, wells, irrigation equipment, dams and ponds, terraces, drainage ditches, tile lines, other soil conservation facilities. 7

Excludes irrigation equipment, which is included in land improvements, and minor types of equipment charged to miscellaneous expenses.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Table 1-5—Farm sector capital replacement costs, 1985-961

Total capital

Buildings Motor vehicles2 Other replacement

Operator machinery Including Excluding

farm Service Auto- and operator operator

Year dwellings3 structures4 Total Tractors Trucks mobiles Total equipment5 dwellings dwellings

Million dollars

1985 1,299 3,095 4,394 2,982 2,402 795 6,179 8,191 18,765 17,465

1986 1,277 2,954 4,231 2,830 2,121 657 5,609 7,425 17,265 15,988

1987 1,484 2,953 4,436 2,477 2,106 573 5,157 7,102 16,695 15,211

1988 1,664 2,861 4,525 2,722 2,153 530 5,405 7,077 17,007 15,343

1989 1,703 2,823 4,525 3,180 2,171 467 5,817 7,046 17,389 15,686

1990 1,606 2,747 4,353 3,553 2,160 396 6,109 7,055 17,517 15,911

1991 1,601 2,689 4,290 3,629 2,161 351 6,142 7,139 17,571 15,970

1992 1,658 2,621 4,279 3,521 2,163 349 6,033 7,084 17,396 15,738

1993 1,814 2,583 4,397 3,535 2,234 350 6,119 7,107 17,623 15,809

1994 2,096 2,551 4,646 3,577 2,343 339 6,259 7,159 18,064 15,968

1995 2,304 2,552 4,856 3,689 2,230 290 6,209 7,148 18,213 15,909

1996 2,428 2,499 4,927 3,762 2,282 267 6,311 6,946 18,184 15,756

1

Estimates are based on current replacement cost, not acquisition cost.

2

Share of item used in the farm business only.

3

Operator dwellings located on farms only. New methods and data are used to compute operator dwelling capital replacement beginning with

1984. The revised replacement rate is lower than the previous rate. Estimates before 1984 are not compatible with later estimates. 4

Includes service buildings, other structures, and dwellings not occupied by farm operators. Capital replacement is not calculated for land

improvements. 5

Excludes irrigation equipment, which is included in land improvements, and minor types of equipment charged to miscellaneous expenses.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 17

Many of the 50 States experienced a recovery in net

farm income in 1996 from the substantial declines of

the prior year. In 1995, net farm income was down significantly in most States, particularly in the Corn Belt,

Northern Plains, and the Southern Plains regions. A

decrease in the value of crop output, compared with

1994's record harvest, accounted for most of the lower

income in the Corn Belt and Northern Plains, while

higher production expenses appear to be more responsible for the income change in the Southern Plains. In

1996, net value added from production in the agricultural sector rose $2.1 billion in Iowa, the most of

any State. This was an increase of 45 percent, but

seven additional States had percentage increases of at

least that much: Missouri (89 percent), Illinois (61 percent), South Dakota (60 percent), North Dakota (59

percent), Minnesota (59 percent), Indiana (46 percent),

and Nebraska (45 percent). Nationally, cash receipts

from sales of corn, soybeans, hogs, and milk were

each up by more than $2 billion in 1996 and were

among the leading commodities in the respective commodity mixes of these eight States, with the exception

of North Dakota. Located in the countrys bread basket

and geographically contiguous, the eight States

accounted for 55 percent of the $15.6-billion increase

in U.S. net farm income. Producers in North and South

Dakota also benefited from increased wheat sales.

California continued to lead the Nation in cash receipts

and farm income by substantial amounts, reflecting

both its substantial land mass and its commodity mix,

which is heavily weighted towards those with high

value of production per acre. Californias net farm

income in 1996 rebounded to $5.6 billion, up from

$4.6 billion in 1995. Iowa, with $4 billion, representing a gain of $1.8 billion, surged past North Carolina,

to earn the second largest net farm income in 1996.

Two additional States earned more than $3 billion in

net farm income in 1996North Carolina ($3.4 billion) and Nebraska ($3.1 billion), and five more States

exceeded $2 billionTexas, Illinois, Minnesota,

Georgia, and Arkansas. In contrast, in 1995, only four

States topped the $2-billion markCalifornia ($4.6

billion), North Carolina ($2.7 billion), Texas ($2.5 billion), and Iowa ($2.2 billion).

All But One of Top 12 States in Net Farm Income

Earned More in 1996 than in 1995

California, Iowa, North Carolina, and Nebraska each

earned over $3 billion, while Texas, Illinois,

Minnesota, Georgia, and Arkansas had net farm

incomes over $2 billion. Florida, Kansas, and

Washington round out the top dozen States ranked by

net farm income (table 2-4). These dozen States

accounted for more than 60 percent of the Nations net

farm income in 1996 (fig. 2-3). Of these same States,

only Florida failed to achieve a higher net farm

income in 1996 than in the previous year. Collectively,

net farm income for the top 12 States in 1996 was $9.6

billion above 1995, equivalent to 61 percent of the

national year-over-year increase. California, North

Carolina, Texas, Iowa, Georgia, Florida, Nebraska,

Arkansas, Minnesota, and Kansas were all among the

top dozen in net farm income in 1995 as well. Illinois

and Washington entered the top 12 grouping in 1996,

displacing Kentucky and Ohio, which had been 9th

and 12th in the 1995 ranking. 

Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Minnesota more than

doubled their net farm income in 1996 from the previChapter 2: State Farm Income Estimates, 1996

Net Farm Income Rebounds in Most States in 1996

Roger Strickland and Larry Traub

Rankings by cash receipts of leading commodities for

States and leading States for commodities adds useful

information to the cash receipts statistics reported in the

appendix. Rankings of leading commodities for States convey significant information about the production mix within States, and indirectly about the factors of production that

constitute the basis for the States comparative advantage.

Correspondingly, rankings of leading States for commodities or commodity groups summarize a plethora of statistical facts to show the importance of the commodity to individual States and geographic regions, aiding in the analysis

of the likelihood and extent of impacts from climatic, policy, and price changes in the level of receipts. An extensive

set of ranking tables derived from the cash receipts statistics presented in the appendix are made available on the

ERS website (www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htm) and

from the ERS AutoFax (dial 202-694-5700 from the touchtone phone on your fax machine).
ous year. The value of final crop output soared in

1996, reflecting rebounds in both acreage and yields

for major crops, both of which had declined in 1995

following 1994s record harvest. Crop prices were

much higher in the first half of 1996 relative to the

same period a year earlier and tended to remain stable

in the latter half of the year, despite the rebound in

production. Corn and soybeans led the recovery in

crop production. The producers of these two crops and

hogs were among the principal beneficiaries of favorable prices. Corn and soybeans are the two leading

commodities in all four of the aforementioned States,

hogs are the third leading commodity in all but

Minnesota, where they rank fourth behind dairy, which

likewise benefited from favorable prices in 1996.

Net farm income statistics do not fully convey the

magnitude of the economic activity represented by

production agriculture. The amount of factor payments and intermediate consumptions outlays

incurred in generating net farm income are alternative

indicators of the level and impact of the sectors contribution to a States economy. Payments to the owners

of factors of production, in turn, represent earnings to

the nonoperators who supply land, capital, and labor

used in the farm production process. Intermediate consumption outlays represent purchases of inputs from

businesses in other sectors of the economy, which in

turn, have a multiplier effect through the generation of

profits, jobs, additional purchases, etc. Factor payments were up 9.4 percent in 1996, propelled by a

19.3-percent rise in net rental payments to nonoperator

landlords for use of their land.

The higher rental payments reflect the 17-percent jump

in value of crop production, particularly via the share

rental arrangements, where landlords receive a portion

of the harvest. In 1996, landlords benefited from the

rise in production and the strength in prices available

to farmers. Intermediate consumption outlays rose a

solid 3.1 percent as inputs associated with crop production were higher across the board. The decline in

the purchases of livestock was the major depressant on

expenditures for inputs, reflecting the pressures on

profitability in beef production.

In 1996, factor payments totaled $42.7 billion. States

with at least $2 billion in factor payments were

California ($5.7 billion), Iowa ($2.8 billion), Illinois 

($2.7 billion), and Texas ($2.4 billion). The agricultural sectors of the four States are quite different, which

is reflected in the distribution of factor payments. In

California, expenditures for hired labor comprised 67

percent of total factor payments compared with 11 percent for net rent. In contrast, net rental payments

exceeded payments to labor by at least a factor of 5 in

both Iowa (57 percent to 9 percent) and Illinois (62

percent to 11 percent). In Texas, the three factors of

production (rent, labor, and capital) shared almost

evenly in the payments. Californias production mix is

highly diversified and dominated by labor intensive

vegetables and specialty crops. The production mix in

Iowa and Illinois is predominantly corn, soybeans, and

hogs, which are conducive to mechanization, allowing

capital to be substituted for labor. In Texas, the combination of cattle and cotton necessitates a more balanced employment of production factors.

In 1996, intermediate consumption outlays totaled

$112.4 billion. States with at least $5 billion in such

purchased inputs were California ($12 billion), Texas

($8.3 billion), Iowa ($6 billion), Kansas ($5.4 billion),

and Nebraska ($5.3 billion). Nationally, intermediate

consumption outlays were up only 3 percent in 1996

and this was generally the case across the States also.

Farmers were geared up for full production in both

1995 and 1996, and the vagaries of the weather and

market prices, occurring beyond the stage when farmers have committed to expenditure outlays, accounted

for the differences in value added and income in the 2

years (table 2-4). 

Net Value Added Higher

Net value added reflects the value of all goods and services produced within the year, whether sold or added

to inventory, net of the production-related expenses

paid to other sectors of the economy (as defined by the

U.S. Department of Commerce). This net value added

is affected by changes in output value, changes in production expenses, or both. California, the Nations

leader in net value added, exhibited an increase in net

value added of $1.6 billion. The value of Californias

total production within the farm sector was up $1.4

billion to near $25 billion in 1996, and the expenditures associated with its farm production were down

ever so slightly. This same patternof increased output with relatively little change in production-related

expensesprevailed among most States that rank in

the top dozen in net farm income. Texas, a leading cattle producer, was an exception, as the value of total

production remained steady, with lower cattle sales

offsetting higher crop sales, and expenses declined, led

by livestock purchases, as producers culled their herds. 

18 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Cattle and Dairy Leading Commodities 

in Cash Receipts 

Cattle and calves remained the top-ranked commodity

in generation of cash receipts (table 2-2) for 1996,

even though their sales fell $2.9 billion (8.4 percent).

In fact, sales of cattle and calves have declined $8.2

billion, or 21 percent, since 1993 due to lower prices.

Historically, cattle production and the related herd size

follow a multiyear cycle and indications are that cattle

are in the downward phase of that cycle. As the largest

of the animals produced in significant quantities in the

U.S. agricultural sector, cattle have by far the longest

gestation period and the longest growth stage in developing into an adult animal for marketing and breeding

purposes. Texas led in cattle and calf receipts with

$5.3 billion, down $l billion (15 percent) from the

prior year. Nebraska ($4.1 billion) and Kansas ($4 billion) were the second and third leading producers of

cattle. 

Dairy products were the number two commodity in

cash sales, with California producers topping sales

with over $3.7 billion. Dairy sales rose a whopping

$637 million (21 percent) in 1996 alone, continuing a

trend that has raised the States sales $1.1 billion (42

percent) in 5 years. This shift is significant both geographically in the replacement of production in the

Lakes States and structurally in the production of milk

to large operations. The rapid population growth in

California and other adjacent States has created an

explosion in the demand for dairy products sufficient

to enable large dairies capable of achieving economies

of scale to be cost competitive regionally. Wisconsin

was second in dairy sales, falling considerably behind

California in 1996, followed by Iowa. 

Corn and soybeans were the third- and fourth-ranked

commodities in the Nation, with Iowa and Illinois the

undisputed leaders in sales of these commodities.

Iowas corn receipts were highest at $4.3 billion, followed by Illinois with $3.5 billion. Iowa also led in

soybean sales of $2.9 billion, followed by Illinois with

$2.8 billion for 1996. Broilers were the fifth-ranked

commodity, with Georgia and Arkansas the leading

producers, selling over $2.1 billion each. 

California, Texas, and Iowa Leading States 

in Cash Receipts

The top 10 States in cash receipts for all commodities

in 1996 were California, Texas, Iowa, Nebraska,

Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, North Carolina, Florida,

and Wisconsin (table 2-2). The share of total cash

receipts derived from crop or livestock sales varied

greatly among these 10 top-ranked States. California

led the Nation in crop sales with $17.1 billion, and

was the top producing State for 8 of the sectors top 25

commodities: dairy products, greenhouse and nursery

products, eggs, hay, grapes, tomatoes, lettuce, and

almonds (table 2-2). California vaulted from third to

first place in egg sales with a 27-percent rise in a single year. Eggs, like milk and other commodities in

which California is a leading producer, are perishable

and expensive to transport, because they are either

bulky and/or require special handling, such as refrigeration. Three-quarters of Californias farm sales were

from crops; fruits and nuts equaled 27 percent, vegetables 23 percent, and greenhouse and nursery 10 percent. Floridas pattern of cash receipts is similar, with

vegetables, fruits and nuts, and greenhouse and nursery accounting for 69 percent of agricultural sales. By

contrast, 60 percent of Texas cash receipts were from

livestock, and two-thirds of that was cattle and calves.

Over 8 percent of the Nations livestock sales value

was attributed to Texas. Iowas cash receipts are mostly opposite those of Texas, as crops comprise 54 percent of the total and livestock 46 percent. Feed grains

and oilseeds represented 56 percent of Iowas sales,

while hogs accounted for 23 percent. Iowa leads the

Nation in both corn and hog sales.

The top 10 States ranked according to the value of

crop salesCalifornia, Iowa, Illinois, Texas, Florida,

Minnesota, Nebraska, Washington, Indiana, and North

Carolina (table 2-2)represented 56 percent of the

cash receipts earned from crop sales. High-valued

fruits and vegetables were the major contributor to

crop cash receipts in California, Florida, and

Washington. Grains and oilseeds were the key components of cash receipts in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota,

Indiana, Ohio, and Kansas, which are a contiguous set

of States located in the Nations Corn Belt or bread

basket. The commodity mix of these and all other

States is determined by comparative advantages. For

example, these Corn Belt and bread basket States

contain some of the Nations most productive soil and

receive adequate rainfall, but are too far north to produce most of the specialty crops, such as tobacco, cotton, and citrus. Texas and North Carolina were more

dependent upon some of the specialty crops, particularly cotton, greenhouse/nursery, and tobacco. 

Ranked by level of cash receipts earned from livestock, the top 10 States were Texas, California, Iowa,

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 19
Nebraska, Kansas, North Carolina, Wisconsin,

Minnesota, Arkansas, and Georgia (table 2-2).

Collectively, these States represented 53 percent of the

Nations livestock. Texas, Nebraska, and Kansas,

ranked 1 through 3 in livestock receipts generated

from cattle sales, accounting for 43 percent of total

revenue from cattle and calves. Dairy receipts were the

largest share for California and Wisconsin, which were

number 1 and 2 in milk sales. Dairy production has

surged in California and declined in Wisconsin. Large

drylot operations, which are common in California and

benefit from economies of both specialization and

scale, have enabled the States producers to gain a

competitive edge. Hogs were a key component of livestock sales in Iowa, and have rapidly grown into the

leading commodity for North Carolina. In 1975, North

Carolina was 10th in cash receipts from hogs, accounting for 3 percent of the Nations sales. By 1996, North

Carolina was second in hog sales, representing 14 percent of the market. Broiler sales were most important

in Georgia and Arkansas, and the second leading commodity in receipts for North Carolina. 

Greenhouse and nursery production is one of the

fastest growing segments of U.S. agriculture. In 1975,

greenhouse and nursery products were 1.5 percent of

farm sales. By 1996, they had reached 5.4 percent of

total cash receipts. In 1996, greenhouse and nursery

cash receipts ranked first in farm sector sales in six

States (Alaska, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New

Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island). In all, greenhouse and

nursery ranked as 1 of the top 5 commodities in agricultural sales for 25 States. A common characteristic is

that most of these are coastal States, but the causality

linking greenhouse/nursery production to the major

bodies of water is the higher density of population in

these areas. Greenhouse and nursery products tend to

be bulky and perishable, making shipment over long

distances costly.

Net Cash Income Also Up in Most States

Net cash income rose in 41 of the 50 States, but in

most cases, the rise was not as dramatic as the increase

in net farm income. Net cash income is a measure of

solvency, in contrast to net farm income, which measures the net value of production. Net cash income is a

measure of cash earning generated from the business

that could be used to meet debt obligations and pay

family living expenses for the year. Farmers are able

to adopt strategies in managing their business activities

to achieve specific cash-flow objectives, and the

choice of strategy will depend on the production

income scenario for the year. For example, farmers can

adjust inventories to manage their cash income despite

variability in production. Current year sales, not output, are the basis of net cash income. 

In 1995, farmers had sold off stocks built up from their

1994 bumper crop, benefiting from higher prices associated with a substantial decline in crop production.

Thus, farmers were able to maintain or increase cash

receipts for major crops in 1995 despite a mediocre

production year. With the rebound in crop production

in 1996, farmers rebuilt crop inventories by $4 billion,

postponing sales into the next year, a strategy that frequently brings benefits in two forms: from prices that

typically rebound from harvest lows in years when

production is high and from smoothing their annual

incomes to reduce income tax obligations under progressive tax rates. 

Net cash income from farming was highest in

California ($6 billion) and exceeded $2 billion in eight

additional States: Iowa ($4.4 billion), Texas ($3.8 billion), North Carolina ($3.4 billion), Minnesota ($2.9

billion), Nebraska ($2.8 billion), Georgia ($2.4 billion), Arkansas ($2.1 billion), and Illinois ($2 billion).

Net cash income was higher in all nine States, except

Illinois, and it was down only because cash income

was high in 1995, when farmers sold off huge inventories of corn carried over from the record 1994 crop.

Cash income of Texas farmers was up in part from a

selloff of its cattle herd, which represented a liquidation of assets rather than earnings from production.

This effect of herd liquidation is removed from net

farm income by an offsetting entry for the reduction in

inventory. But it is net cash income available to pay

debts and living expenses and is therefore appropriate

for inclusion in a solvency measure.

20 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA
Figure 2-4

Top 20 States ranked by net farm income 

per acre, 1996

Dollars per acre

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 21

Figure 2-1

Top 20 States ranked by value of 

production, 1996

$ billion

Figure 2-2

Top 20 States ranked by value of production 

per acre, 1996

Dollars per acre

Figure 2-3

Top 20 States ranked by net farm 

income, 1996

$ billion

CA IA IL NC WA AR FL MO CO SD

TX NE MN KS WI GA IN OH PA KY

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DE CT NC MD FL GA NY NH WA AL

RI NJ MA CA PA AR VT IA ME WI

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

CA NC TX MN AR KS SD IN AL ND 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

IA NE IL GA FL WA OH MO KY MS

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

RI NC MA GA MD AR IA WA SC OH

CT NJ DE CA FL PA AL NH VT LA
22 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Alabama 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 781,861 687,710 831,256 658,305 869,748 19,729 20,894 

Food grains 12,958 9,806 13,393 11,361 17,141 0 0 Feed crops 58,011 50,161 58,770 56,278 70,571 1,903 2,386 Cotton 174,638 164,858 250,681 167,386 260,436 0 0 Oil crops 221,700 191,152 193,680 175,471 172,484 0 0 Tobacco 1,282 1,305 968 1,293 1,371 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 16,644 26,114 15,860 22,494 16,638 0 0 Vegetables 72,970 79,249 83,315 85,903 73,792 2,573 3,102 All other crops 206,413 205,386 185,117 185,062 198,204 15,223 15,389 Home consumption 2,521 1,514 1,600 2,366 2,076 30 17 Value of inventory adjustment2 14,724 -41,835 27,872 -49,309 57,035 0 0 

Final animal output 1,970,557 2,169,849 2,214,360 2,153,954 2,301,515 6,690 6,763 

Meat animals 476,767 429,649 366,901 374,601 358,043 931 825 Dairy products 72,500 72,562 72,912 66,920 70,520 2,391 2,318 Poultry and eggs 1,368,509 1,577,222 1,658,173 1,663,476 1,869,708 75 80 Miscellaneous livestock 44,879 49,631 51,564 61,597 64,687 2,639 2,699 Home consumption 3,658 3,109 2,836 2,404 2,330 534 221 Value of inventory adjustment2 4,244 37,676 61,974 -15,044) -63,773) 120 620 

Services and forestry 489,038 532,370 608,041 660,886 659,727 4,417 4,438 

Machine hire and customwork 19,977 18,817 24,957 31,069 37,068 225 235 Forest products sold 116,000 135,000 180,000 188,000 157,000 20 43 Other farm income 213,796 217,051 206,469 230,788 241,586 1,205 1,333 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 139,265 161,502 196,615 211,029 224,073 2,967 2,827 

Final agricultural sector output 3,241,456 3,389,929 3,653,657 3,473,145 3,830,990 30,836 32,095 

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 1,651,641 1,780,589 1,836,079 1,933,809 2,104,267 10,957 11,256 

Farm origin 786,384 799,107 819,373 836,206 960,622 2,617 2,520 

Feed purchased 548,783 581,766 591,382 614,950 742,174 1,586 1,575 Livestock and poultry purchased 184,497 161,628 172,195 161,833 152,259 314 191 Seed purchased 53,104 55,713 55,796 59,423 66,189 717 754 

Manufactured inputs 264,779 291,493 278,171 302,483 309,369 2,883 2,867 

Fertilizers and lime 112,150 122,880 118,556 119,763 128,575 1,173 1,127 Pesticides 65,450 76,833 75,565 84,015 89,544 231 239 Petroleum fuel and oils 66,855 67,770 62,785 69,277 72,459 1,070 1,081 Electricity 20,324 24,010 21,265 29,428 18,791 409 420 

Other intermediate expenses 600,477 689,990 738,535 795,120 834,275 5,457 5,869 

Repair and maintenance of capital items 135,102 162,291 161,918 171,932 188,272 2,529 2,627 Machine hire and customwork 44,776 36,912 46,966 49,365 67,269 182 211 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 69,713 120,469 129,255 133,235 178,759 682 852 Contract labor 7,416 7,878 8,933 12,449 16,231 155 160 Miscellaneous expenses 343,470 362,440 391,463 428,139 383,744 1,909 2,019 

plus: Net government transactions 86,034 109,425 57,518 20,313 44,340 369 449 

+ Direct government payments 119,132 137,240 89,337 53,432 75,550 1,694 1,789 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 4,244 4,771 7,006 7,649 5,034 104 104 - Property taxes 28,854 23,044 24,813 25,470 26,176 1,221 1,236 

Gross value added 1,675,849 1,718,765 1,875,096 1,559,649 1,771,063 20,247 21,289 

less: Capital consumption 269,471 281,841 294,776 302,478 302,273 5,430 5,208 

Net value added 1,406,378 1,436,924 1,580,320 1,257,171 1,468,790 14,817 16,081 

less: Factor payments 318,117 351,669 376,954 392,356 394,675 6,741 6,076 

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 105,827 125,364 118,222 124,217 126,539 3,876 3,853 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 99,557 106,071 130,563 135,917 125,556 882 1,012 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 112,733 120,234 128,169 132,222 142,580 1,983 1,211 

Net farm income 1,088,261 1,085,255 1,203,366 864,815 1,074,115 8,076 10,005 

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 23 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Arizona A

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 877,397 1,026,939 1,017,544 1,338,718 1,330,857 1,940,603 1,437,703 2,1

Food grains 29,730 28,156 45,363 47,686 81,358 662,060 362,091 8Feed crops 47,210 74,526 87,959 78,025 110,626 121,377 83,162 Cotton 297,434 286,947 342,444 297,965 341,055 539,187 379,995 5Oil crops 6,041 5,952 7,033 4,402 4,146 561,984 572,068 7Tobacco 0000 0 00 

Fruits and tree nuts 146,362 130,963 119,103 113,006 120,309 10,088 11,592 Vegetables 312,966 426,010 361,539 718,880 554,637 24,582 18,756 All other crops 71,998 80,059 86,279 86,801 95,459 28,228 26,939 Home consumption 411 244 257 373 327 2,466 1,481 Value of inventory adjustment2 -34,755 -5,918 -32,433 -8,420 22,940 -9,369 -18,381 -

Final animal output 892,770 912,657 794,492 805,250 815,704 2,721,368 2,995,503 3,2

Meat animals 612,436 624,308 479,480 470,295 427,213 514,997 503,375 5Dairy products 236,607 244,970 278,506 284,288 356,990 106,057 101,592 1Poultry and eggs 3,758 3,952 3,602 4,104 4,186 2,008,754 2,202,270 2,4Miscellaneous livestock 43,697 45,091 42,755 51,539 50,438 80,211 93,419 Home consumption 4,178 4,097 4,905 5,067 3,552 7,561 7,203 Value of inventory adjustment2 -7,906 -9,761 -14,756 -10,043 -26,675 3,788 87,644 

Services and forestry 108,805 120,108 125,767 142,071 167,596 356,428 399,176 4

Machine hire and customwork 16,314 16,995 18,197 17,703 17,166 29,735 29,735 Forest products sold 8,496 8,900 11,651 7,143 9,072 7,900 9,100 Other farm income 32,665 39,002 33,443 41,256 58,135 204,867 234,624 2Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 51,330 55,211 62,476 75,969 83,223 113,926 125,717 1

Final agricultural sector output 1,878,972 2,059,704 1,937,803 2,286,039 2,314,156 5,018,399 4,832,382 5,7

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 905,591 996,063 1,053,620 1,121,295 1,131,564 2,935,501 3,199,975 3,4

Farm origin 379,399 413,370 385,417 405,283 399,010 1,338,101 1,492,653 1,5

Feed purchased 128,319 140,571 169,064 213,163 237,491 950,728 1,097,824 1,1Livestock and poultry purchased 225,254 245,213 183,994 161,177 127,441 293,956 301,719 3Seed purchased 25,826 27,586 32,359 30,943 34,078 93,417 93,110 

Manufactured inputs 175,101 180,426 217,452 228,721 253,943 608,398 607,122 6

Fertilizers and lime 46,634 48,153 62,438 66,318 73,092 180,875 183,356 1Pesticides 60,820 66,985 78,316 82,362 89,884 224,954 216,313 2Petroleum fuel and oils 38,133 37,384 41,498 41,696 46,443 145,584 146,690 1Electricity 29,514 27,904 35,200 38,345 44,524 56,985 60,763 

Other intermediate expenses 351,091 402,267 450,751 487,291 478,611 989,002 1,100,200 1,2

Repair and maintenance of capital items 49,988 50,717 57,211 54,945 61,652 184,845 190,959 1Machine hire and customwork 87,505 97,811 100,283 115,351 97,512 165,441 180,373 2Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 30,154 52,919 56,147 64,782 54,752 195,267 251,455 3Contract labor 35,965 36,782 33,666 50,171 60,606 18,849 16,211 Miscellaneous expenses 147,479 164,038 203,444 202,042 204,089 424,600 461,202 5

plus: Net government transactions 46,617 82,657 36,065 -28,863 18,249 348,545 633,400 2

+ Direct government payments 75,580 113,878 72,125 9,456 57,993 410,026 704,667 3

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 1,867 2,208 2,892 2,382 2,787 4,803 5,310 - Property taxes 27,096 29,013 33,168 35,937 36,957 56,678 65,957 

Gross value added 1,019,998 1,146,297 920,248 1,135,881 1,200,842 2,431,443 2,265,807 2,6

less: Capital consumption 83,163 82,904 85,094 89,056 91,735 324,626 330,525 3

Net value added 936,835 1,063,393 835,154 1,046,825 1,109,107 2,106,817 1,935,282 2,2

less: Factor payments 294,656 298,315 365,936 386,067 387,488 794,195 797,257 7

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 144,319 177,840 232,712 243,613 240,321 234,176 250,742 2Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 27,155 27,469 32,814 35,253 42,687 308,713 283,352 2Real estate and nonreal estate interest 123,182 93,006 100,410 107,201 104,480 251,306 263,163 2

Net farm income 642,179 765,078 469,218 660,758 721,619 1,312,622 1,138,025 1,4

See footnotes at end of table. 
24 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

California C

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 13,714,029 15,113,338 15,998,347 16,706,096 17,237,493 1,020,420 1,201,083 1,2

Food grains 391,020 267,409 551,142 410,996 568,025 216,382 261,040 2Feed crops 558,125 614,405 741,438 671,272 713,442 438,775 424,922 4Cotton 1,129,663 1,050,028 1,219,967 1,323,382 1,190,503 0 0 Oil crops 33,169 62,844 63,052 56,202 60,568 7,734 11,482 Tobacco 0000 0 00 

Fruits and tree nuts 5,400,407 5,743,184 5,716,612 5,962,591 6,369,767 18,710 22,051 Vegetables 4,059,426 4,831,802 5,217,683 5,883,836 5,474,485 198,836 333,919 3All other crops 2,367,030 2,382,466 2,560,537 2,665,047 2,719,400 150,234 156,510 1Home consumption 4,494 2,600 2,748 4,027 3,534 1,398 839 Value of inventory adjustment2 -229,305 158,600 -74,832 -271,257 137,769 -11,649 -9,680 

Final animal output 5,144,912 5,381,062 5,571,964 5,515,943 6,182,293 2,798,385 3,034,738 2,7

Meat animals 1,532,068 1,714,197 1,528,089 1,394,572 1,259,884 2,452,888 2,668,409 2,4Dairy products 2,609,667 2,663,209 2,967,085 3,079,740 3,717,116 189,386 189,285 2Poultry and eggs 873,557 874,988 874,611 932,903 1,096,499 95,746 107,204 1Miscellaneous livestock 84,718 129,102 118,925 142,079 139,837 26,592 27,511 Home consumption 18,806 20,918 12,882 11,747 10,067 5,436 5,934 Value of inventory adjustment2 26,096 -21,352 70,372 -45,098 -41,110 28,337 36,395 -

Services and forestry 1,029,160 1,135,806 1,147,610 1,150,161 1,368,869 276,052 313,703 3

Machine hire and customwork 287,972 325,757 324,013 250,961 385,708 50,815 52,939 Forest products sold 9,077 25,052 12,011 9,320 9,500 800 750 Other farm income 188,733 236,186 197,444 253,703 301,332 99,286 116,540 1Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 543,378 548,811 614,142 636,177 672,329 125,151 143,474 1

Final agricultural sector output 19,888,101 21,630,206 22,717,921 23,372,200 24,788,655 4,094,857 4,549,524 4,3

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 9,165,376 10,347,894 10,925,699 12,135,757 12,025,152 2,688,115 2,909,115 2,9

Farm origin 2,538,115 2,890,815 2,851,569 3,170,489 3,136,250 1,804,837 1,922,007 1,7

Feed purchased 1,661,748 1,961,623 1,924,800 2,180,748 2,109,505 420,109 443,926 4Livestock and poultry purchased 486,617 511,803 527,918 517,278 492,780 1,316,677 1,405,394 1,1Seed purchased 389,750 417,389 398,851 472,463 533,965 68,051 72,687 

Manufactured inputs 2,195,377 2,208,645 2,324,489 2,605,901 2,919,748 279,112 289,401 3

Fertilizers and lime 572,266 593,582 665,736 773,346 803,532 75,773 86,477 1Pesticides 724,505 754,616 779,352 881,162 965,050 47,917 52,774 Petroleum fuel and oils 389,538 395,913 369,553 380,875 423,380 93,467 91,575 1Electricity 509,068 464,534 509,848 570,518 727,786 61,955 58,575 

Other intermediate expenses 4,431,884 5,248,434 5,749,641 6,359,367 5,969,154 604,166 697,707 8

Repair and maintenance of capital items 614,374 702,992 645,386 702,861 759,311 136,409 137,509 1Machine hire and customwork 682,471 792,989 879,881 809,209 843,616 72,866 78,078 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 962,034 1,101,985 1,548,386 1,639,427 1,386,666 63,290 113,989 1Contract labor 832,171 914,809 901,656 960,148 927,466 12,862 13,154 Miscellaneous expenses 1,340,834 1,735,659 1,774,332 2,247,722 2,052,095 318,739 354,977 4

plus: Net government transactions -26,934 34,111 -274,470 -350,127 -296,938 117,730 157,655 

+ Direct government payments 430,382 522,146 272,678 237,670 295,460 203,234 250,253 1

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 30,780 32,935 40,595 49,791 42,346 8,181 9,804 - Property taxes 426,536 455,100 506,553 538,006 550,052 77,323 82,794 

Gross value added 10,695,791 11,316,423 11,517,752 10,886,317 12,466,565 1,524,472 1,798,064 1,4

less: Capital consumption 938,092 915,427 919,809 935,798 947,040 287,025 295,990 3

Net value added 9,757,699 10,400,996 10,597,943 9,950,518 11,519,525 1,237,447 1,502,074 1,1

less: Factor payments 4,452,154 4,578,900 4,773,127 5,305,981 5,856,541 486,023 486,582 5

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 2,887,139 3,044,222 3,105,561 3,570,605 3,979,121 158,894 195,801 2Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 573,233 529,993 575,184 550,019 628,580 85,399 73,585 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 991,782 1,004,685 1,092,382 1,185,357 1,248,840 241,730 217,196 2

Net farm income 5,305,545 5,822,096 5,824,816 4,644,537 5,662,985 751,424 1,015,492 5

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 25 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Connecticut D

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 204,890 211,034 229,997 227,687 227,043 160,592 137,871 1

Food grains 0000 0 10,905 10,105 

Feed crops 4,559 4,045 4,669 4,613 4,397 27,470 21,254 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 0000 0 37,438 30,779 

Tobacco 30,075 21,310 24,861 4,294 7,623 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 16,169 15,093 15,189 14,383 15,037 4,221 4,305 Vegetables 21,608 24,763 24,941 24,614 26,763 42,281 39,768 All other crops 140,224 148,310 154,582 182,559 198,593 37,538 38,345 Home consumption 219 125 132 191 168 148 82 Value of inventory adjustment2 -7,964 -2,612 5,623 -2,967 -25,538 591 -6,767 

Final animal output 255,646 269,227 253,889 224,380 238,684 450,491 464,547 5

Meat animals 16,758 18,951 16,077 15,089 13,248 9,639 14,822 Dairy products 76,319 74,477 74,562 72,208 78,970 19,208 19,564 Poultry and eggs 90,805 107,368 100,966 72,073 76,178 417,087 429,266 4Miscellaneous livestock 68,132 68,137 61,944 68,326 68,304 3,323 3,342 Home consumption 1,126 1,322 1,333 1,197 1,070 1,340 1,469 Value of inventory adjustment2 2,506 -1,028 -993 -4,513 914 -106 -3,916 

Services and forestry 52,112 54,655 55,859 56,536 54,661 65,838 71,017 

Machine hire and customwork 1,820 1,868 1,966 2,017 1,969 2,910 2,987 Forest products sold 1,810 1,605 1,165 1,925 1,225 2,770 2,475 Other farm income 10,315 10,329 10,694 10,790 7,646 46,983 50,454 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 38,167 40,853 42,034 41,804 43,821 13,175 15,101 

Final agricultural sector output 512,648 534,916 539,745 508,603 520,389 676,921 673,435 7

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 180,380 186,363 196,698 200,201 191,962 460,660 467,608 5

Farm origin 59,955 61,035 58,732 64,095 60,534 282,583 283,571 3

Feed purchased 47,467 48,407 45,789 50,224 45,230 219,356 220,650 2Livestock and poultry purchased 5,021 5,134 4,385 3,932 3,821 51,534 51,186 Seed purchased 7,467 7,494 8,558 9,939 11,483 11,693 11,735 

Manufactured inputs 32,741 32,131 34,763 38,247 37,640 52,456 48,645 

Fertilizers and lime 12,033 11,061 12,542 13,755 13,531 21,543 18,179 Pesticides 4,617 4,305 5,191 5,990 5,267 15,648 14,591 Petroleum fuel and oils 9,245 9,601 9,573 10,559 11,294 9,603 9,950 Electricity 6,846 7,164 7,457 7,943 7,548 5,662 5,925 

Other intermediate expenses 87,684 93,197 103,203 97,859 93,788 125,621 135,392 1

Repair and maintenance of capital items 22,829 22,626 22,838 20,677 21,108 15,103 15,282 Machine hire and customwork 1,846 2,230 2,985 3,944 2,888 3,303 3,991 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 15,324 19,228 25,077 24,028 21,033 20,088 24,374 Contract labor 1,440 1,515 2,026 1,686 2,498 1,356 1,427 Miscellaneous expenses 46,245 47,598 50,277 47,524 46,261 85,771 90,318 1

plus: Net government transactions -16,873 -16,398 -18,538 -18,415 -19,270 -3,763 -487 

+ Direct government payments 2,217 2,892 2,367 2,382 1,791 2,976 6,244 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 596 467 814 916 812 504 385 - Property taxes 18,494 18,823 20,091 19,881 20,249 6,235 6,346 

Gross value added 315,396 332,155 324,509 289,987 309,156 212,498 205,340 2

less: Capital consumption 46,515 45,547 44,226 43,647 44,030 33,641 33,273 

Net value added 268,881 286,608 280,283 246,340 265,126 178,857 172,067 1

less: Factor payments 91,583 92,469 97,205 106,031 111,396 59,317 57,818 

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 75,907 80,188 81,814 89,926 94,186 23,275 24,588 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 228 -500 -697 256 419 13,839 11,180 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 15,448 12,781 16,088 15,849 16,791 22,203 22,050 

Net farm income 177,298 194,139 183,078 140,309 153,730 119,541 114,250 1

See footnotes at end of table. 
26 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Florida G

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 4,984,156 4,862,193 4,857,277 4,809,814 4,969,612 1,806,309 1,590,610 2,2

Food grains 2,349 2,268 1,717 1,255 1,534 45,606 41,770 Feed crops 24,506 22,895 25,070 23,882 30,643 151,720 111,335 1Cotton 20,502 23,393 37,916 38,598 47,432 219,979 241,824 3Oil crops 65,312 65,815 65,860 57,783 64,657 638,942 504,517 6Tobacco 31,729 30,638 27,248 30,907 31,021 170,101 156,805 1Fruits and tree nuts 1,496,193 1,487,798 1,619,356 1,688,828 1,774,086 91,002 128,714 1Vegetables 1,756,993 1,688,676 1,448,371 1,321,518 1,303,167 267,081 281,555 3All other crops 1,576,637 1,545,401 1,626,570 1,655,059 1,689,925 202,433 217,313 2Home consumption 2,137 1,284 1,356 1,963 1,723 2,521 1,514 Value of inventory adjustment2 7,798 -5,975 3,813 -9,979 25,424 16,924 -94,737 1

Final animal output 1,171,130 1,244,301 1,221,778 1,120,355 1,177,050 2,301,535 2,588,387 2,7

Meat animals 362,616 377,674 348,328 301,491 231,576 436,135 463,897 4Dairy products 401,700 385,503 408,408 363,528 431,280 229,860 226,510 2Poultry and eggs 259,678 298,831 291,605 315,475 353,469 1,583,335 1,822,378 1,9Miscellaneous livestock 141,880 149,123 146,192 157,265 171,868 35,257 35,743 Home consumption 2,370 2,241 1,969 1,598 1,361 5,537 7,203 Value of inventory adjustment2 2,886 30,929 25,276 -19,002 -12,504 11,411 32,656 

Services and forestry 220,684 219,373 241,691 269,776 290,697 518,344 561,580 6

Machine hire and customwork 20,534 19,342 25,653 31,935 38,101 22,152 20,865 Forest products sold 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 128,300 137,000 1Other farm income 61,272 64,982 63,685 70,163 78,566 198,299 218,820 2Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 123,878 120,049 137,353 152,678 159,030 169,593 184,895 2

Final agricultural sector output 6,375,970 6,325,867 6,320,746 6,199,945 6,437,358 4,626,188 4,740,577 5,5

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 2,194,494 2,435,536 2,487,206 2,762,942 2,951,157 2,156,428 2,446,654 2,5

Farm origin 507,362 549,725 539,818 573,118 621,523 946,056 1,048,281 1,0

Feed purchased 274,505 294,303 290,319 315,319 348,346 665,848 737,045 7Livestock and poultry purchased 48,471 61,979 55,765 51,473 43,361 169,670 195,268 2Seed purchased 184,386 193,443 193,734 206,326 229,816 110,538 115,968 1

Manufactured inputs 733,674 800,916 774,491 860,093 890,612 484,155 541,823 5

Fertilizers and lime 287,485 295,457 288,840 307,948 331,895 201,227 226,812 2Pesticides 290,224 340,700 335,080 372,549 397,064 134,766 158,205 1Petroleum fuel and oils 111,557 112,297 104,108 115,296 120,596 109,385 110,997 1Electricity 44,408 52,462 46,463 64,300 41,057 38,777 45,809 

Other intermediate expenses 953,459 1,084,895 1,172,897 1,329,731 1,439,022 726,217 856,550 9

Repair and maintenance of capital items 148,176 185,663 165,776 166,969 202,632 152,857 179,786 1Machine hire and customwork 116,062 96,500 108,434 154,087 161,315 71,510 62,062 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 156,949 256,279 264,814 276,301 345,322 104,072 178,457 2Contract labor 180,308 191,529 217,186 302,660 394,612 17,503 18,592 Miscellaneous expenses 351,964 354,924 416,687 429,714 335,141 380,275 417,653 4

plus: Net government transactions -168,688 -67,407 -134,486 -143,346 -179,323 65,429 130,817 

+ Direct government payments 53,085 110,680 58,588 55,045 22,872 182,300 225,493 1

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 2,981 3,352 4,921 5,259 3,708 4,111 4,622 - Property taxes 218,792 174,735 188,153 193,132 198,487 112,760 90,054 

Gross value added 4,012,788 3,822,924 3,699,055 3,293,657 3,306,879 2,535,189 2,424,740 3,0

less: Capital consumption 259,043 260,682 266,729 268,756 271,223 325,250 329,448 3

Net value added 3,753,745 3,562,242 3,432,326 3,024,901 3,035,656 2,209,939 2,095,292 2,6

less: Factor payments 1,025,668 1,166,554 1,158,256 1,212,006 1,266,594 534,688 562,935 5

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 706,632 837,082 789,391 829,417 844,927 190,471 225,635 2Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 39,374 42,048 43,295 53,018 69,097 117,481 120,992 1Real estate and nonreal estate interest 279,662 287,424 325,570 329,571 352,570 226,736 216,308 2

Net farm income 2,728,077 2,395,688 2,274,070 1,812,895 1,769,062 1,675,251 1,532,357 2,0

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 27 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Hawaii 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 437,276 422,399 432,078 422,846 416,806 1,590,289 1,807,703 1,7

Food grains 0000 0 336,260 310,042 3

Feed crops 0000 0 264,050 324,216 3

Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 0 0 0 0 0 2,794 4,181 Tobacco 0000 0 00 Fruits and tree nuts 161,209 141,509 150,624 169,488 179,932 23,333 23,073 Vegetables 38,787 36,717 39,710 42,096 39,472 626,190 723,399 7All other crops 237,017 244,015 241,577 211,020 197,190 334,256 335,924 3Home consumption 263 158 167 242 212 1,151 675 Value of inventory adjustment2 0 0 0 0 0 2,255 86,193 

Final animal output 80,174 79,402 82,708 70,777 63,791 1,126,282 1,188,753 1,2

Meat animals 35,842 33,414 26,059 21,506 18,719 715,919 717,124 6Dairy products 32,495 32,035 31,747 32,146 29,234 370,800 387,960 4Poultry and eggs 18,841 17,459 16,723 15,662 15,200 11,499 13,208 Miscellaneous livestock 1,976 2,349 2,292 2,547 2,842 47,006 48,780 Home consumption 1,221 1,002 983 879 809 7,159 7,548 Value of inventory adjustment2 -10,201 -6,857 4,904 -1,963 -3,013 -26,101 14,133 

Services and forestry 36,680 35,331 36,271 36,665 39,270 180,134 199,742 2

Machine hire and customwork 2,975 3,105 3,448 3,210 3,586 46,049 47,973 Forest products sold 320 320 320 320 320 400 420 Other farm income 1,485 1,576 1,505 1,638 1,654 37,111 43,004 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 31,900 30,330 30,998 31,497 33,710 96,574 108,345 1

Final agricultural sector output 554,130 537,132 551,057 530,288 519,867 2,896,705 3,196,198 3,2

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 193,159 198,710 213,088 216,224 216,113 1,328,891 1,421,087 1,7

Farm origin 44,682 44,606 46,064 40,577 44,049 456,331 485,467 5

Feed purchased 31,376 29,658 29,732 27,493 32,264 224,951 225,837 2Livestock and poultry purchased 664 667 1,450 547 544 142,034 164,197 1Seed purchased 12,642 14,281 14,882 12,537 11,241 89,346 95,433 1

Manufactured inputs 71,798 71,646 75,388 80,975 82,132 388,872 394,166 4

Fertilizers and lime 29,540 26,381 28,475 31,636 32,774 153,754 158,762 2Pesticides 20,396 23,087 24,775 26,188 24,816 68,474 75,415 Petroleum fuel and oils 15,850 16,014 15,961 16,315 17,177 77,533 75,739 Electricity 6,012 6,164 6,177 6,836 7,365 89,111 84,250 1

Other intermediate expenses 76,679 82,458 91,636 94,671 89,933 483,688 541,454 6

Repair and maintenance of capital items 20,268 21,138 19,797 21,358 23,058 112,531 110,596 1Machine hire and customwork 5,633 6,539 7,097 7,203 6,777 78,353 83,959 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 13,943 16,136 19,145 18,915 16,262 45,560 78,335 Contract labor 5,659 5,835 5,949 6,488 7,015 15,956 16,319 Miscellaneous expenses 31,176 32,810 39,648 40,707 36,821 231,288 252,245 3

plus: Net government transactions -42,607 -41,821 -41,000 -44,284 -46,749 61,490 77,339 

+ Direct government payments 1,822 3,131 2,911 947 580 137,395 159,316 1

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 802 816 944 1,046 935 7,078 8,280 - Property taxes 43,627 44,136 42,967 44,185 46,394 68,827 73,697 

Gross value added 318,364 296,601 296,969 269,780 257,005 1,629,304 1,852,449 1,5

less: Capital consumption 45,641 40,216 39,940 43,437 43,284 240,708 242,293 2

Net value added 272,723 256,385 257,029 226,343 213,721 1,388,596 1,610,156 1,3

less: Factor payments 216,859 209,808 214,665 214,946 215,725 516,298 548,961 6

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 176,447 175,388 175,416 176,957 177,556 186,415 229,713 3Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 18,127 14,795 18,350 19,275 18,824 145,446 134,265 1Real estate and nonreal estate interest 22,285 19,625 20,899 18,714 19,345 184,437 184,983 2

Net farm income 55,864 46,577 42,364 11,397 -2,004 872,298 1,061,195 6

See footnotes at end of table. 
28 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Illinois 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 6,149,113 5,375,044 6,872,112 5,580,630 7,672,623 3,172,514 3,074,043 3,3

Food grains 178,411 170,690 179,610 251,290 182,280 77,195 95,452 1Feed crops 2,604,174 3,000,424 2,952,141 3,460,381 3,642,132 1,240,333 1,717,411 1,3Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 2,104,919 2,379,556 2,386,076 2,449,197 2,784,742 1,018,321 1,322,454 1,1Tobacco 0000 0 35,187 33,383 

Fruits and tree nuts 25,559 21,864 13,160 21,892 18,444 22,078 22,497 Vegetables 78,493 72,055 81,194 73,420 82,692 75,790 83,300 All other crops 278,155 271,612 284,294 280,321 278,605 156,659 125,575 1Home consumption 4,439 2,600 2,678 3,876 3,401 3,562 2,074 Value of inventory adjustment2 874,963 -543,757 972,959 -959,747 680,327 543,389 -328,103 4

Final animal output 2,205,040 2,259,777 2,043,538 1,877,791 1,991,460 1,810,548 1,893,290 1,7

Meat animals 1,754,414 1,824,789 1,621,536 1,528,778 1,609,675 1,057,690 1,122,323 9Dairy products 331,569 318,150 334,894 303,104 345,300 299,117 286,650 2Poultry and eggs 62,539 73,761 76,346 76,478 87,636 447,830 459,727 4Miscellaneous livestock 17,057 16,881 17,420 17,575 18,492 13,424 14,095 Home consumption 24,549 18,554 14,099 13,210 12,817 10,656 15,644 Value of inventory adjustment2 14,912 7,642 -20,757 -61,354 -82,460 -18,169 -5,149 

Services and forestry 454,165 486,813 536,520 605,652 612,595 333,903 365,725 4

Machine hire and customwork 84,229 83,957 85,937 103,733 74,675 41,499 41,364 Forest products sold 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 17,820 21,385 Other farm income 94,936 107,133 97,717 111,577 122,588 41,221 45,181 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 270,000 290,723 347,866 385,342 410,332 233,363 257,795 3

Final agricultural sector output 8,808,318 8,121,634 9,452,170 8,064,073 10,276,678 5,316,965 5,333,058 5,5

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 3,834,368 3,975,791 4,094,041 4,062,790 4,268,519 2,747,249 2,822,145 2,8

Farm origin 1,197,745 1,222,990 1,202,004 1,096,225 1,093,643 1,109,813 1,100,637 1,1

Feed purchased 582,581 585,588 595,759 505,050 471,438 728,989 691,649 7Livestock and poultry purchased 204,201 201,585 176,286 166,050 140,606 146,472 160,463 1Seed purchased 410,963 435,817 429,959 425,125 481,599 234,352 248,525 2

Manufactured inputs 1,553,074 1,559,589 1,645,271 1,721,537 1,901,499 957,696 960,806 1,0

Fertilizers and lime 703,281 679,369 726,430 776,146 869,359 448,128 430,520 4Pesticides 492,784 507,903 570,378 602,647 700,648 277,174 285,677 3Petroleum fuel and oils 268,192 271,318 262,708 255,444 245,850 172,172 176,128 1Electricity 88,817 100,999 85,755 87,300 85,642 60,222 68,481 

Other intermediate expenses 1,083,549 1,193,212 1,246,766 1,245,028 1,273,377 679,740 760,702 7

Repair and maintenance of capital items 379,264 380,615 375,436 414,197 435,600 255,679 255,720 2Machine hire and customwork 109,365 128,109 136,173 132,036 132,529 57,934 67,863 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 112,535 136,678 151,677 137,680 148,264 67,255 88,598 Contract labor 9,416 7,008 8,131 7,087 11,491 10,195 7,587 Miscellaneous expenses 472,969 540,802 575,349 554,028 545,493 288,677 340,934 3

plus: Net government transactions 44,765 403,804 -165,551 69,015 -88,201 4,427 145,169 -1

+ Direct government payments 480,651 851,190 302,915 543,704 386,767 232,518 378,953 1

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 14,963 14,386 15,087 17,384 14,869 11,619 11,101 - Property taxes 420,923 433,000 453,379 457,305 460,099 216,472 222,683 2

Gross value added 5,018,715 4,549,647 5,192,579 4,070,298 5,919,958 2,574,143 2,656,081 2,5

less: Capital consumption 985,180 982,584 999,926 1,016,942 1,013,702 646,459 646,101 6

Net value added 4,033,535 3,567,063 4,192,653 3,053,356 4,906,256 1,927,684 2,009,980 1,8

less: Factor payments 2,372,177 2,269,684 2,215,998 2,212,639 2,650,984 1,194,578 1,231,224 1,0

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 316,093 338,012 321,294 309,947 301,821 220,240 235,511 2Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 1,445,865 1,342,836 1,291,214 1,226,896 1,644,320 584,807 629,848 4Real estate and nonreal estate interest 610,219 588,836 603,490 675,796 704,843 389,531 365,865 3

Net farm income 1,661,358 1,297,379 1,976,655 840,717 2,255,272 733,106 778,756 7

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 29 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Iowa 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 5,587,065 2,965,387 6,587,455 5,802,919 7,910,489 2,655,457 2,346,796 3,0

Food grains 5,003 2,405 5,768 5,514 6,866 1,051,963 1,145,232 1,3Feed crops 3,030,127 2,755,944 2,626,001 3,711,518 4,396,211 906,113 901,870 9Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 172 115 Oil crops 2,026,931 1,784,588 2,055,434 2,425,006 2,892,171 335,472 351,314 4Tobacco 0000 0 00 

Fruits and tree nuts 3,639 2,793 3,145 3,422 3,313 7,705 4,191 Vegetables 10,735 5,642 14,619 16,943 23,823 33,908 27,571 All other crops 63,836 54,319 68,446 71,816 73,523 36,677 39,197 Home consumption 5,645 3,357 3,513 5,034 4,417 3,672 2,140 Value of inventory adjustment2 441,149 -1,643,661 1,810,529 -436,334 510,165 279,775 -124,834 1

Final animal output 5,589,977 5,735,285 5,183,823 4,919,892 5,343,773 4,965,715 4,923,458 4,9

Meat animals 4,900,429 5,009,971 4,451,497 4,224,977 4,503,166 4,590,655 4,660,515 4,5Dairy products 507,650 506,112 498,585 501,480 546,070 151,074 135,255 1Poultry and eggs 222,495 248,941 262,031 276,208 384,683 19,446 23,515 Miscellaneous livestock 15,599 16,210 18,760 19,602 22,861 38,391 38,398 Home consumption 16,082 15,259 13,891 13,481 14,703 13,738 10,495 Value of inventory adjustment2 -72,278 -61,208 -60,941 -115,856 -127,710 152,411 55,280 1

Services and forestry 556,974 600,365 633,270 710,584 714,351 427,445 480,467 5

Machine hire and customwork 113,386 113,020 115,685 139,642 100,525 70,382 74,462 1Forest products sold 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 18,000 17,127 17,975 Other farm income 184,395 207,855 194,707 224,714 249,255 171,674 202,265 1Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 244,193 264,490 307,878 331,228 346,571 168,262 185,765 2

Final agricultural sector output 11,734,016 9,301,037 12,404,548 11,433,395 13,968,613 8,048,617 7,750,721 8,5

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 5,829,700 6,071,182 6,132,065 5,799,392 5,967,935 4,891,472 4,936,516 5,1

Farm origin 2,811,733 2,918,585 2,874,711 2,455,288 2,419,270 3,105,748 3,062,005 3,0

Feed purchased 1,446,605 1,439,579 1,499,129 1,303,887 1,229,881 777,392 776,870 8Livestock and poultry purchased 920,962 1,007,979 910,886 691,930 668,880 2,217,909 2,168,686 2,1Seed purchased 444,166 471,027 464,696 459,471 520,509 110,447 116,449 1

Manufactured inputs 1,539,447 1,567,026 1,620,005 1,694,811 1,858,932 740,071 731,093 7

Fertilizers and lime 618,378 604,587 631,882 683,955 767,238 266,502 266,551 3Pesticides 475,371 489,956 550,224 581,352 675,890 171,549 173,634 1Petroleum fuel and oils 312,641 321,176 309,428 298,718 287,503 243,825 233,206 2Electricity 133,057 151,307 128,471 130,786 128,301 58,195 57,702 

Other intermediate expenses 1,478,520 1,585,571 1,637,349 1,649,293 1,689,733 1,045,653 1,143,418 1,2

Repair and maintenance of capital items 445,226 453,924 446,483 483,910 498,263 341,121 371,633 3Machine hire and customwork 153,839 180,205 191,549 185,729 186,422 148,192 179,673 2Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 163,256 174,196 190,951 183,138 210,563 65,831 67,555 Contract labor 12,205 9,083 10,539 9,186 14,894 11,676 14,582 Miscellaneous expenses 703,994 768,163 797,827 787,330 779,591 478,833 509,975 5

plus: Net government transactions 163,461 717,411 195,852 240,832 -41,931 335,774 538,675 2

+ Direct government payments 662,278 1,229,544 732,429 784,662 501,694 592,145 783,963 4

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 18,966 18,515 19,726 22,504 19,113 13,436 13,541 - Property taxes 479,851 493,618 516,851 521,326 524,512 242,935 231,747 2

Gross value added 6,067,777 3,947,266 6,468,335 5,874,835 7,958,747 3,492,919 3,352,879 3,6

less: Capital consumption 1,153,387 1,159,257 1,175,659 1,181,215 1,168,010 639,189 636,508 6

Net value added 4,914,390 2,788,009 5,292,676 4,693,620 6,790,737 2,853,730 2,716,371 2,9

less: Factor payments 2,333,968 2,024,429 2,359,071 2,507,516 2,821,715 1,073,014 1,125,727 1,2

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 273,034 291,966 277,525 267,724 260,705 189,527 201,504 2Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 1,266,164 925,184 1,254,855 1,312,347 1,599,807 417,997 465,135 4Real estate and nonreal estate interest 794,770 807,279 826,691 927,445 961,203 465,490 459,088 4

Net farm income 2,580,422 763,580 2,933,605 2,186,104 3,969,022 1,780,716 1,590,645 1,7

See footnotes at end of table. 
30 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Kentucky L

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 1,751,128 1,551,811 1,652,328 1,391,581 1,722,702 1,197,370 1,041,049 1,3

Food grains 58,827 57,272 77,399 94,128 126,257 222,500 137,047 2Feed crops 303,709 356,634 339,540 392,313 463,804 98,213 72,516 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 446,707 341,049 4

Oil crops 210,020 236,729 259,861 245,828 306,970 208,700 200,569 1Tobacco 877,357 918,850 786,020 636,485 812,739 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 10,605 11,693 7,970 11,691 10,558 12,115 15,301 Vegetables 28,141 30,370 30,075 28,875 31,703 55,674 66,388 All other crops 73,662 69,605 71,995 75,671 79,316 245,435 257,325 2Home consumption 4,987 2,995 3,096 4,481 3,931 1,589 955 Value of inventory adjustment2 183,820 -132,337 76,372 -97,891 -112,576 -93,563 -50,101 

Final animal output 1,670,869 1,739,681 1,686,527 1,653,758 1,656,882 638,983 701,755 7

Meat animals 830,657 916,901 780,839 668,648 641,354 168,823 203,276 1Dairy products 284,275 274,030 267,297 263,925 279,048 135,360 128,800 1Poultry and eggs 79,156 88,326 107,744 119,995 166,716 234,910 301,575 3Miscellaneous livestock 437,604 445,508 493,056 562,926 631,767 71,122 71,289 Home consumption 15,946 15,699 14,489 11,781 13,294 3,590 2,940 Value of inventory adjustment2 23,231 -783 23,102 26,483 -75,297 25,178 -6,125 

Services and forestry 482,163 486,711 516,421 548,804 609,094 155,761 175,114 1

Machine hire and customwork 20,026 21,834 17,682 21,551 23,076 12,832 12,832 Forest products sold 141,500 146,500 152,000 160,000 168,000 41,806 45,000 Other farm income 111,042 94,191 100,173 105,562 137,164 23,429 33,885 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 209,595 224,186 246,566 261,691 280,854 77,694 83,397 

Final agricultural sector output 3,904,160 3,778,203 3,855,276 3,594,143 3,988,678 1,992,114 1,917,918 2,2

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 1,419,138 1,543,228 1,485,044 1,541,040 1,645,489 1,102,208 1,173,748 1,2

Farm origin 457,692 497,995 480,077 466,309 479,438 258,806 292,789 3

Feed purchased 164,926 177,059 203,817 219,439 258,100 166,688 197,751 2Livestock and poultry purchased 230,967 256,661 214,121 173,322 146,965 27,275 30,408 Seed purchased 61,799 64,275 62,139 73,548 74,373 64,843 64,630 

Manufactured inputs 353,475 375,710 363,394 403,166 427,167 407,549 390,707 3

Fertilizers and lime 169,850 180,338 175,878 196,274 207,733 122,260 112,646 1Pesticides 69,213 73,754 69,536 75,426 83,595 189,914 182,619 1Petroleum fuel and oils 88,181 88,565 92,023 100,362 102,734 76,917 75,761 Electricity 26,231 33,053 25,957 31,104 33,105 18,458 19,681 

Other intermediate expenses 607,971 669,523 641,573 671,565 738,884 435,853 490,253 5

Repair and maintenance of capital items 154,199 202,357 182,501 188,122 190,701 119,468 125,424 1Machine hire and customwork 40,768 43,794 46,930 49,748 57,203 93,456 108,527 1Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 103,246 101,088 98,961 112,978 116,840 79,639 103,644 1Contract labor 32,069 27,846 42,292 33,341 39,865 8,416 7,238 Miscellaneous expenses 277,689 294,438 270,889 287,376 334,275 134,874 145,420 1

plus: Net government transactions -13,702 15,337 -26,875 -26,356 -21,709 246,215 338,860 1

+ Direct government payments 72,125 96,697 54,879 67,358 74,542 270,835 367,357 1

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 6,362 8,382 6,420 8,270 8,292 2,656 2,937 - Property taxes 79,465 72,978 75,334 85,444 87,959 21,964 25,560 

Gross value added 2,471,320 2,250,313 2,343,356 2,026,747 2,321,479 1,136,121 1,083,029 1,2

less: Capital consumption 551,393 557,065 555,809 562,805 566,907 198,567 198,292 2

Net value added 1,919,927 1,693,248 1,787,547 1,463,942 1,754,572 937,554 884,737 1,0

less: Factor payments 607,022 584,788 606,291 650,649 708,709 504,765 501,721 4

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 176,263 189,067 181,904 190,597 193,632 153,932 164,822 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 219,318 198,653 201,618 220,691 269,979 210,631 204,195 2Real estate and nonreal estate interest 211,441 197,068 222,769 239,361 245,098 140,202 132,704 1

Net farm income 1,312,905 1,108,460 1,181,256 813,293 1,045,863 432,789 383,016 5

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 31 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Maine M

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 262,743 206,615 225,794 210,320 240,566 561,116 492,741 5

Food grains 0000 0 35,182 29,904 

Feed crops 9,269 9,112 8,632 9,619 9,338 89,374 65,114 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 0000 0 91,878 89,971 

Tobacco 0000 0 20,898 20,020 

Fruits and tree nuts 55,263 36,218 33,374 39,052 50,318 12,288 11,492 Vegetables 114,198 106,109 111,978 109,293 118,429 65,314 63,786 All other crops 36,197 35,792 37,245 42,753 45,489 222,651 244,278 2Home consumption 400 240 264 383 336 855 494 Value of inventory adjustment2 47,416 19,144 34,301 9,220 16,657 22,676 -32,318 

Final animal output 253,295 271,513 269,303 254,709 263,325 804,364 817,082 8

Meat animals 21,344 26,943 25,799 17,818 15,014 84,417 110,290 Dairy products 92,595 92,384 89,645 88,297 101,457 200,760 186,260 1Poultry and eggs 85,611 100,854 111,624 77,795 91,120 459,994 478,238 4Miscellaneous livestock 47,984 48,396 43,093 65,665 53,946 40,243 45,973 Home consumption 2,211 2,496 2,321 1,903 1,864 7,186 7,173 Value of inventory adjustment2 3,550 440 -3,179 3,231 -76 11,764 -10,852 

Services and forestry 42,817 44,388 45,497 47,339 45,057 189,747 207,156 2

Machine hire and customwork 4,692 4,816 5,069 5,199 5,075 12,856 13,196 Forest products sold 9,100 9,344 9,100 10,620 8,900 29,250 29,300 Other farm income 5,773 5,793 5,975 6,035 4,325 70,219 73,443 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 23,252 24,435 25,353 25,485 26,757 77,422 91,217 1

Final agricultural sector output 558,855 522,516 540,594 512,368 548,949 1,555,227 1,516,979 1,6

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 240,213 244,243 267,485 289,125 277,270 835,470 853,708 9

Farm origin 84,576 87,266 87,641 101,650 98,605 395,271 403,198 3

Feed purchased 61,815 64,095 63,036 73,779 67,831 297,601 302,553 2Livestock and poultry purchased 5,642 5,990 4,984 5,083 4,447 64,905 67,761 Seed purchased 17,119 17,181 19,621 22,788 26,327 32,765 32,884 

Manufactured inputs 59,100 55,591 61,059 68,138 65,529 148,728 136,966 1

Fertilizers and lime 20,295 17,182 19,149 21,211 20,562 65,603 55,539 Pesticides 16,595 15,474 18,659 21,530 18,933 35,789 33,372 Petroleum fuel and oils 14,053 14,399 14,365 15,932 17,040 30,401 30,334 Electricity 8,157 8,536 8,886 9,465 8,994 16,935 17,721 

Other intermediate expenses 96,537 101,386 118,785 119,337 113,136 291,471 313,544 3

Repair and maintenance of capital items 27,276 26,931 29,522 29,031 29,047 74,073 75,930 Machine hire and customwork 5,768 6,969 9,328 12,326 9,025 15,618 18,869 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 15,252 18,166 24,216 23,615 20,861 43,633 53,618 Contract labor 2,712 2,855 3,817 3,177 4,706 2,838 2,987 Miscellaneous expenses 45,529 46,465 51,902 51,188 49,497 155,309 162,140 1

plus: Net government transactions -10,612 -1,364 -8,988 -8,999 -18,588 -20,306 -10,257 -

+ Direct government payments 10,253 19,667 14,114 14,080 4,638 16,067 26,289 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 1,066 880 1,594 1,795 1,549 2,111 1,675 - Property taxes 19,799 20,151 21,508 21,284 21,677 34,262 34,871 

Gross value added 308,030 276,909 264,121 214,243 253,091 699,451 653,014 6

less: Capital consumption 55,820 55,533 56,155 55,508 55,124 155,103 158,117 1

Net value added 252,210 221,376 207,966 158,735 197,967 544,348 494,897 5

less: Factor payments 91,762 92,848 98,990 107,581 111,121 203,182 190,570 2

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 59,462 62,816 64,089 70,444 73,781 91,142 96,283 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 9,035 9,210 9,557 11,240 9,890 41,443 32,700 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 23,265 20,822 25,344 25,897 27,450 70,597 61,587 

Net farm income 160,448 128,528 108,976 51,155 86,846 341,166 304,327 2

See footnotes at end of table. 
32 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Massachusetts M

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 324,605 317,473 335,443 336,510 359,364 1,878,348 1,977,978 2,0

Food grains 0000 0 97,134 76,685 

Feed crops 5,777 5,336 5,424 5,576 5,253 398,805 420,962 4Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 0000 0 289,236 303,012 3

Tobacco 9,967 7,826 7,030 1,240 1,867 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 123,362 117,772 119,825 107,210 120,529 209,238 203,175 1Vegetables 55,919 59,073 63,809 60,638 75,707 371,888 417,580 4All other crops 128,466 132,327 135,492 161,480 165,275 535,019 547,474 5Home consumption 351 204 209 302 265 2,959 1,712 Value of inventory adjustment2 763 -5,065 3,654 64 -9,532 -25,931 7,378 

Final animal output 125,964 120,887 117,720 99,548 107,167 1,354,867 1,400,653 1,3

Meat animals 14,194 15,254 13,922 10,331 11,844 456,808 507,135 4Dairy products 74,450 68,069 66,148 62,624 69,992 716,344 704,931 7Poultry and eggs 21,145 22,312 21,867 10,251 10,882 109,961 131,834 1Miscellaneous livestock 15,075 15,431 15,500 16,268 16,349 26,468 27,140 Home consumption 1,689 1,863 1,622 1,269 1,429 10,939 10,917 Value of inventory adjustment2 -589 -2,042 -1,339 -1,195 -3,329 34,347 18,696 -

Services and forestry 59,130 59,803 61,538 61,181 60,729 272,521 291,898 3

Machine hire and customwork 3,280 3,366 3,544 3,634 3,548 41,971 41,819 Forest products sold 2,810 1,836 2,172 2,612 2,212 9,800 10,100 Other farm income 7,284 7,297 7,549 7,622 5,402 44,021 45,294 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 45,756 47,304 48,273 47,313 49,567 176,729 194,685 2

Final agricultural sector output 509,699 498,163 514,701 497,239 527,260 3,505,736 3,670,529 3,7

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 167,344 168,750 187,085 192,931 189,887 1,787,899 1,980,077 2,1

Farm origin 41,524 40,914 39,963 43,477 44,605 562,184 620,775 6

Feed purchased 29,004 28,296 25,975 27,315 26,018 324,973 344,826 3Livestock and poultry purchased 987 1,043 769 810 851 65,805 91,958 Seed purchased 11,533 11,575 13,219 15,352 17,736 171,406 183,991 1

Manufactured inputs 37,241 36,494 38,976 43,951 43,022 577,262 596,491 6

Fertilizers and lime 10,769 9,798 10,533 12,376 12,108 225,278 225,610 2Pesticides 7,803 7,276 8,774 10,124 8,902 169,684 184,450 1Petroleum fuel and oils 11,947 12,386 12,347 13,651 14,600 130,347 134,293 1Electricity 6,722 7,034 7,322 7,800 7,412 51,953 52,138 

Other intermediate expenses 88,579 91,342 108,146 105,503 102,260 648,453 762,811 8

Repair and maintenance of capital items 31,452 30,847 30,776 27,958 28,893 212,167 241,764 2Machine hire and customwork 4,678 5,652 7,565 9,997 7,319 46,817 65,188 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 14,787 17,672 23,567 22,846 20,542 89,861 96,520 1Contract labor 2,365 2,489 3,328 2,769 4,102 8,657 17,434 Miscellaneous expenses 35,297 34,682 42,910 41,933 41,404 290,951 341,905 3

plus: Net government transactions -18,282 -19,620 -20,543 -22,699 -23,939 -168,925 -79,853 -

+ Direct government payments 4,761 3,643 4,717 2,458 1,548 142,509 241,342 1

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 873 698 1,176 1,324 1,213 9,013 7,207 - Property taxes 22,170 22,565 24,084 23,833 24,274 302,421 313,988 1

Gross value added 324,073 309,793 307,072 281,609 313,434 1,548,912 1,610,599 1,5

less: Capital consumption 62,162 59,977 57,448 56,247 57,335 510,141 502,803 5

Net value added 261,911 249,816 249,624 225,362 256,099 1,038,771 1,107,796 1,0

less: Factor payments 94,416 97,139 103,115 108,670 114,247 631,271 650,026 6

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 75,281 79,528 81,139 89,185 93,410 418,799 418,000 4Net rent received by nonoperator landlords -1,566 -1,783 -1,846 -1,184 -1,049 8,435 40,409 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 20,701 19,394 23,822 20,669 21,886 204,037 191,617 2

Net farm income 167,495 152,677 146,509 116,692 141,852 407,500 457,770 3

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 33 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Minnesota M

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 3,246,653 1,826,402 4,034,990 3,715,810 4,756,530 1,277,000 944,765 1,4

Food grains 377,900 317,466 243,202 280,252 414,170 140,071 95,277 1Feed crops 1,215,110 896,740 1,005,027 1,421,177 1,859,633 87,496 65,313 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 687,302 508,091 5

Oil crops 949,269 858,573 991,898 1,348,037 1,661,467 302,048 302,090 2Tobacco 0000 0 00 Fruits and tree nuts 11,701 9,659 9,840 10,379 11,196 6,820 6,740 Vegetables 216,008 167,718 231,727 219,880 274,573 41,763 39,573 All other crops 433,007 333,609 477,629 401,475 419,469 43,680 45,289 Home consumption 4,823 2,864 2,956 4,380 3,843 2,137 1,284 Value of inventory adjustment2 38,835 -760,227 1,072,711 30,230 112,179 -34,317 -118,892 2

Final animal output 3,643,322 3,739,605 3,540,792 3,534,738 4,086,629 1,382,937 1,588,060 1,6

Meat animals 1,837,179 1,992,194 1,707,807 1,715,400 2,057,005 229,535 271,695 2Dairy products 1,250,305 1,226,240 1,194,086 1,181,688 1,362,180 106,500 103,600 1Poultry and eggs 489,060 509,014 516,715 519,140 710,265 765,236 923,601 1,0Miscellaneous livestock 29,621 27,576 29,394 32,015 38,973 231,031 269,165 2Home consumption 21,475 19,497 17,266 16,689 16,961 6,049 6,285 Value of inventory adjustment2 15,682 -34,916 75,524 69,806 -98,755 44,586 13,714 -

Services and forestry 573,735 597,387 637,957 667,784 708,140 296,249 353,695 3

Machine hire and customwork 76,808 76,529 86,687 67,207 97,355 14,083 14,083 Forest products sold 2,828 2,825 2,850 2,800 2,800 40,000 44,800 Other farm income 212,878 216,969 220,611 246,380 243,293 113,763 155,030 1Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 281,221 301,064 327,809 351,397 364,692 128,403 139,782 1

Final agricultural sector output 7,463,710 6,163,394 8,213,739 7,918,332 9,551,299 2,956,186 2,886,520 3,4

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 4,087,493 4,411,226 4,774,131 4,699,677 4,821,856 1,807,576 2,024,580 2,1

Farm origin 1,585,727 1,656,138 1,767,198 1,773,831 1,839,889 628,391 756,494 8

Feed purchased 870,791 907,170 966,555 1,064,216 1,110,359 478,084 597,625 6Livestock and poultry purchased 374,267 383,285 367,045 344,855 330,285 95,367 104,110 1Seed purchased 340,669 365,683 433,598 364,760 399,245 54,940 54,759 

Manufactured inputs 1,146,175 1,214,197 1,328,981 1,270,761 1,309,680 486,564 476,467 4

Fertilizers and lime 410,980 440,399 493,210 480,535 485,256 128,863 124,799 1Pesticides 342,313 372,102 427,723 402,147 435,018 241,132 231,869 2Petroleum fuel and oils 275,038 283,431 288,788 271,362 273,521 87,012 88,282 Electricity 117,844 118,265 119,260 116,717 115,885 29,557 31,517 

Other intermediate expenses 1,355,591 1,540,891 1,677,952 1,655,085 1,672,287 692,620 791,619 8

Repair and maintenance of capital items 397,175 462,956 457,977 437,530 497,540 152,376 161,338 1Machine hire and customwork 108,319 150,826 191,769 169,638 141,539 140,925 148,083 1Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 190,562 183,183 240,796 248,127 259,930 110,744 151,870 1Contract labor 8,323 16,761 13,556 9,192 11,444 12,162 10,460 Miscellaneous expenses 651,212 727,165 773,854 790,598 761,834 276,413 319,868 3

plus: Net government transactions 137,339 531,346 308,526 142,759 21,344 235,090 331,872 1

+ Direct government payments 422,023 823,250 622,280 467,601 348,804 279,904 383,791 2

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 16,878 13,855 14,606 15,556 15,244 3,992 4,414 - Property taxes 267,806 278,049 299,148 309,286 312,216 40,822 47,505 

Gross value added 3,513,555 2,283,514 3,748,135 3,361,414 4,750,788 1,383,701 1,193,812 1,4

less: Capital consumption 975,127 974,666 975,328 985,712 981,871 248,641 255,017 2

Net value added 2,538,428 1,308,848 2,772,807 2,375,702 3,768,917 1,135,060 938,795 1,2

less: Factor payments 1,185,952 1,212,484 1,293,812 1,317,710 1,525,994 545,566 565,705 5

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 344,287 343,630 359,466 334,752 387,727 176,809 189,317 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 324,949 352,555 342,625 313,178 442,279 166,989 172,764 1Real estate and nonreal estate interest 516,716 516,299 591,721 669,780 695,988 201,768 203,624 2

Net farm income 1,352,476 96,364 1,478,995 1,057,992 2,242,923 589,494 373,090 6

See footnotes at end of table. 
34 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Missouri M

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 2,221,024 1,580,310 2,318,620 1,827,284 2,922,547 802,093 1,026,360 8

Food grains 224,415 163,984 199,215 235,297 252,094 480,123 561,062 7Feed crops 679,948 648,150 670,026 595,490 871,053 291,872 195,430 2Cotton 157,282 123,857 216,360 204,278 224,716 0 0 Oil crops 860,933 764,353 862,132 896,724 996,276 5,013 6,463 Tobacco 7,226 6,337 13,283 9,310 12,078 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 12,778 14,490 12,625 13,868 11,339 481 312 Vegetables 20,907 20,708 25,221 26,355 23,232 18,647 23,356 All other crops 98,911 94,626 99,363 106,010 109,488 73,413 70,301 Home consumption 5,864 3,489 3,652 5,286 4,638 1,332 783 Value of inventory adjustment2 152,760 -259,684 216,743 -265,334 417,633 -68,788 168,653 -1

Final animal output 2,256,768 2,433,020 2,366,641 2,331,637 2,417,820 874,964 991,822 9

Meat animals 1,332,949 1,399,784 1,516,932 1,287,019 1,281,536 838,865 883,758 7Dairy products 378,430 356,864 352,176 343,850 362,400 41,695 39,026 Poultry and eggs 424,296 489,375 559,229 614,637 769,077 6,657 6,864 Miscellaneous livestock 29,643 29,534 35,013 39,524 37,132 24,033 19,669 Home consumption 25,482 24,002 22,034 18,898 15,935 9,326 9,074 Value of inventory adjustment2 65,968 133,461 -118,743 27,709 -48,260 -45,612 33,431 1

Services and forestry 416,107 454,093 503,872 562,253 581,346 178,107 202,276 2

Machine hire and customwork 52,917 52,746 53,990 65,170 46,915 33,496 34,896 Forest products sold 6,200 6,200 6,200 6,100 6,000 3,300 3,450 Other farm income 85,506 97,096 93,491 112,596 131,251 45,305 55,145 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 271,484 298,051 350,191 378,387 397,180 96,006 108,785 1

Final agricultural sector output 4,893,899 4,467,423 5,189,133 4,721,174 5,921,713 1,855,164 2,220,458 2,0

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 2,645,608 2,784,002 2,949,987 2,934,661 3,116,834 834,531 895,449 1,0

Farm origin 1,078,553 1,145,646 1,234,386 1,190,912 1,252,406 190,120 205,976 2

Feed purchased 828,928 867,766 943,658 895,521 915,360 94,429 97,036 1Livestock and poultry purchased 100,216 119,436 134,413 140,834 161,957 64,464 75,585 Seed purchased 149,409 158,444 156,315 154,557 175,089 31,227 33,355 

Manufactured inputs 735,802 754,173 767,237 802,684 879,386 234,414 239,677 2

Fertilizers and lime 332,105 334,085 336,702 364,536 409,981 68,755 73,491 Pesticides 191,071 196,932 221,157 233,668 271,667 47,446 52,256 Petroleum fuel and oils 161,171 164,644 159,697 153,904 148,122 86,700 84,136 Electricity 51,455 58,512 49,681 50,576 49,616 31,513 29,794 

Other intermediate expenses 831,253 884,183 948,364 941,065 985,041 409,997 449,796 5

Repair and maintenance of capital items 324,058 330,299 324,236 354,027 370,012 143,237 142,267 1Machine hire and customwork 92,688 100,829 114,431 109,307 115,839 45,179 48,411 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 63,988 68,962 87,066 71,136 81,102 29,696 48,995 Contract labor 12,695 9,447 10,962 9,554 15,492 7,511 7,681 Miscellaneous expenses 337,824 374,646 411,669 397,041 402,596 184,374 202,442 2

plus: Net government transactions 159,087 317,891 123,129 107,737 143,351 199,376 230,653 1

+ Direct government payments 293,645 455,364 267,404 255,972 289,279 298,773 338,008 2

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 18,133 17,708 18,873 21,747 18,667 8,986 10,547 - Property taxes 116,425 119,765 125,402 126,488 127,261 90,411 96,808 1

Gross value added 2,407,378 2,001,312 2,362,275 1,894,250 2,948,230 1,220,009 1,555,662 1,1

less: Capital consumption 671,192 680,622 697,034 706,237 708,531 281,784 283,655 2

Net value added 1,736,186 1,320,690 1,665,241 1,188,013 2,239,699 938,225 1,272,007 8

less: Factor payments 926,447 872,068 871,855 882,345 1,045,127 411,095 422,053 4

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 200,186 214,068 203,479 196,294 191,147 81,565 100,510 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 344,460 285,406 285,653 257,512 400,748 135,539 141,797 1Real estate and nonreal estate interest 381,801 372,594 382,723 428,539 453,232 193,991 179,746 2

Net farm income 809,739 448,622 793,386 305,668 1,194,572 527,130 849,954 4

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 35 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Nebraska 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 3,244,869 2,464,663 3,723,753 3,321,441 4,859,219 67,007 114,874 1

Food grains 178,359 214,050 236,438 337,056 339,176 2,348 2,450 Feed crops 2,149,396 2,073,086 2,015,290 2,512,961 2,781,907 39,894 56,767 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 503,859 546,367 638,408 706,292 834,649 4 0 Tobacco 0000 0 00 

Fruits and tree nuts 1,950 1,800 1,300 1,300 1,300 77 86 Vegetables 70,096 75,809 100,252 108,573 125,741 19,221 33,842 All other crops 105,925 114,086 119,396 96,398 94,007 11,534 9,441 Home consumption 1,809 1,070 1,113 1,611 1,414 137 79 Value of inventory adjustment2 233,475 -561,605 611,556 -442,750 681,025 -6,208 12,209 

Final animal output 5,758,404 6,000,266 5,323,577 5,375,243 5,355,568 182,950 187,639 1

Meat animals 5,407,511 5,567,711 5,135,540 4,907,775 4,949,586 147,147 146,284 1Dairy products 150,570 136,250 138,240 133,125 147,600 43,152 42,189 Poultry and eggs 74,792 99,989 89,561 107,080 136,149 50 39 Miscellaneous livestock 42,804 42,347 41,374 42,540 43,926 3,992 3,708 Home consumption 9,911 9,574 9,263 9,063 9,215 1,823 1,901 Value of inventory adjustment2 72,816 144,395 -90,401 175,660 69,092 -13,214 (6,482) 

Services and forestry 425,176 480,743 523,358 569,772 645,368 38,284 41,016 

Machine hire and customwork 80,616 85,289 129,614 103,654 129,833 4,710 4,907 Forest products sold 2,650 2,550 2,000 2,000 2,000 88 250 Other farm income 205,335 242,802 212,199 269,874 310,433 6,766 7,248 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 136,575 150,102 179,545 194,244 203,102 26,720 28,611 

Final agricultural sector output 9,428,449 8,945,672 9,570,688 9,266,456 10,860,155 288,241 343,529 3

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 5,149,798 5,500,500 5,200,160 5,321,825 5,293,234 141,687 155,654 1

Farm origin 3,170,509 3,425,047 2,962,071 2,921,630 2,720,114 49,092 57,062 

Feed purchased 739,593 778,900 790,666 768,265 793,577 32,602 29,900 Livestock and poultry purchased 2,239,843 2,444,691 1,953,123 1,931,293 1,673,352 13,009 23,444 Seed purchased 191,073 201,456 218,282 222,072 253,185 3,481 3,718 

Manufactured inputs 885,179 868,421 972,165 1,039,228 1,178,080 32,595 32,220 

Fertilizers and lime 323,923 319,520 385,490 427,429 498,942 5,587 5,843 Pesticides 214,653 217,262 242,074 271,021 304,421 3,283 3,615 Petroleum fuel and oils 244,620 230,530 232,367 241,679 265,082 11,499 11,203 Electricity 101,983 101,119 112,234 99,099 109,635 12,226 11,559 

Other intermediate expenses 1,094,110 1,207,022 1,265,924 1,360,967 1,395,040 60,000 66,372 

Repair and maintenance of capital items 330,229 367,524 372,780 376,147 434,543 16,870 15,449 Machine hire and customwork 121,540 147,359 167,131 178,662 155,401 6,984 7,484 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 79,726 81,793 85,166 101,936 98,818 4,459 7,997 Contract labor 8,511 10,629 6,307 12,178 7,481 1,809 1,850 Miscellaneous expenses 554,104 599,717 634,540 692,044 698,797 29,878 33,592 

plus: Net government transactions 60,386 406,449 -69,784 69,561 -49,528 943 -4,077 

+ Direct government payments 478,729 806,273 348,246 507,303 388,819 11,244 7,013 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 11,282 11,510 12,104 16,080 13,171 751 864 - Property taxes 407,061 388,314 405,926 421,662 425,176 9,550 10,226 

Gross value added 4,339,037 3,851,621 4,300,744 4,014,192 5,517,393 147,497 183,798 1

less: Capital consumption 628,323 630,930 646,749 654,806 651,903 39,580 38,669 

Net value added 3,710,714 3,220,691 3,653,995 3,359,386 4,865,490 107,917 145,129 1

less: Factor payments 1,217,934 1,296,621 1,438,972 1,557,841 1,790,026 44,047 47,129 

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 200,997 213,700 247,735 243,253 267,332 23,986 29,557 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 486,169 512,616 569,902 619,215 809,349 748 356 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 530,768 570,305 621,335 695,373 713,345 19,313 17,216 

Net farm income 2,492,780 1,924,071 2,215,023 1,801,545 3,075,464 63,870 98,000 

See footnotes at end of table. 
36 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

New Hampshire Ne

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 83,822 79,951 87,381 84,903 86,658 459,924 496,033 5

Food grains 0 0 0 0 0 4,589 4,455 

Feed crops 3,899 3,894 3,849 3,884 3,317 19,550 17,797 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 0000 0 22,217 24,377 

Tobacco 0000 0 00 Fruits and tree nuts 12,743 11,910 12,480 11,489 11,728 80,720 83,200 Vegetables 17,104 19,847 20,742 20,779 22,016 139,699 160,236 1All other crops 46,830 47,156 48,382 49,839 51,544 186,613 213,753 2Home consumption 148 82 83 116 102 493 293 Value of inventory adjustment2 3,098 -2,938 1,845 -1,204 -2,049 6,043 -8,078 

Final animal output 70,904 65,918 64,121 62,197 69,794 194,013 193,451 1

Meat animals 6,868 9,468 7,498 6,716 7,243 17,383 18,926 Dairy products 46,248 43,840 43,120 43,470 49,764 48,576 48,465 Poultry and eggs 9,015 7,234 7,362 7,568 9,571 32,670 36,598 Miscellaneous livestock 5,399 5,464 5,522 5,627 5,724 93,576 93,320 Home consumption 1,206 1,268 1,407 1,208 747 1,036 856 Value of inventory adjustment2 2,168 -1,356 -788 -2,392 -3,255 772 -4,714 

Services and forestry 23,820 24,494 25,582 25,510 25,484 99,524 109,955 1

Machine hire and customwork 780 800 843 864 844 3,792 3,893 Forest products sold 3,110 3,100 3,140 3,230 3,444 20,340 26,246 Other farm income 3,478 3,487 3,599 3,623 2,564 12,878 12,949 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 16,452 17,107 18,000 17,793 18,632 62,514 66,867 

Final agricultural sector output 178,546 170,363 177,084 172,610 181,936 753,461 799,439 8

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 63,899 64,930 68,942 71,786 72,494 293,041 301,221 3

Farm origin 21,603 21,956 20,171 22,353 24,262 69,761 69,772 

Feed purchased 17,361 17,705 15,408 17,001 18,099 31,650 32,811 Livestock and poultry purchased 589 585 576 489 545 5,584 4,316 Seed purchased 3,653 3,666 4,187 4,863 5,618 32,527 32,645 

Manufactured inputs 11,691 11,621 12,287 13,542 13,325 78,404 76,254 

Fertilizers and lime 3,292 3,084 3,331 3,689 3,592 28,728 26,752 Pesticides 1,566 1,460 1,760 2,031 1,786 19,623 18,297 Petroleum fuel and oils 3,809 3,912 3,901 4,313 4,612 20,573 21,285 Electricity 3,024 3,165 3,295 3,509 3,335 9,480 9,920 

Other intermediate expenses 30,605 31,353 36,484 35,891 34,907 144,876 155,195 1

Repair and maintenance of capital items 11,155 10,611 10,719 9,604 10,116 49,586 50,330 Machine hire and customwork 809 978 1,309 1,729 1,266 5,585 6,747 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 4,885 5,931 7,818 7,834 6,919 21,292 27,944 Contract labor 421 443 592 493 730 4,306 4,532 Miscellaneous expenses 13,335 13,390 16,046 16,231 15,876 64,107 65,642 

plus: Net government transactions -10,984 -10,737 -12,198 -12,383 -12,684 -34,002 -37,976 -

+ Direct government payments 1,550 1,942 1,475 1,183 1,093 10,695 7,298 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 305 233 389 420 388 1,078 879 - Property taxes 12,229 12,446 13,284 13,146 13,389 43,619 44,395 

Gross value added 103,663 94,696 95,945 88,441 96,758 426,418 460,242 5

less: Capital consumption 22,761 21,650 21,102 20,610 21,043 91,521 91,301 

Net value added 80,902 73,046 74,843 67,831 75,715 334,897 368,941 4

less: Factor payments 26,130 26,368 28,221 30,694 32,413 152,194 161,572 1

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 21,027 22,212 22,663 24,910 26,090 112,100 118,422 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 86 -426 -371 34 238 12,675 13,670 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 5,017 4,582 5,929 5,750 6,085 27,419 29,480 

Net farm income 54,772 46,678 46,622 37,137 43,302 182,703 207,370 2

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 37 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

New Mexico N

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 480,383 458,060 483,046 492,975 531,202 929,204 958,217 1,0

Food grains 32,741 21,588 18,308 14,919 18,195 17,982 12,894 Feed crops 143,977 168,024 181,346 170,949 208,495 147,382 144,898 1Cotton 24,690 36,799 36,480 34,385 43,458 0 0 Oil crops 19,178 19,294 16,481 14,253 10,014 8,124 11,699 Tobacco 0000 0 00 

Fruits and tree nuts 53,275 24,897 34,252 58,234 19,350 193,801 169,773 1Vegetables 157,135 149,137 140,496 152,794 159,040 268,195 337,033 3All other crops 52,677 47,851 54,499 52,100 53,015 305,940 293,751 2Home consumption 740 444 470 680 596 2,083 1,234 Value of inventory adjustment2 -4,030 -9,974 714 -5,339 19,038 -14,303 -13,065 

Final animal output 1,029,214 1,131,804 1,164,653 972,815 1,182,714 1,916,379 1,892,053 1,8

Meat animals 723,796 779,797 676,609 498,755 640,495 209,179 254,407 2Dairy products 269,554 310,767 393,882 430,803 523,279 1,527,273 1,463,554 1,4Poultry and eggs 14,716 16,769 15,127 13,439 17,274 82,280 90,799 Miscellaneous livestock 17,106 15,996 15,926 17,599 16,441 89,567 92,328 Home consumption 7,746 5,976 5,593 5,300 3,961 8,812 8,162 Value of inventory adjustment2 -3,704 2,499 57,516 6,919 -18,736 -732 -17,197 -

Services and forestry 87,903 95,309 102,271 116,457 130,130 223,727 240,057 2

Machine hire and customwork 13,268 13,822 14,799 14,397 13,961 17,705 18,172 Forest products sold 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 7,630 9,190 Other farm income 21,494 26,073 24,227 28,275 35,824 63,815 64,004 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 48,141 50,414 58,245 68,785 75,345 134,577 148,691 1

Final agricultural sector output 1,597,500 1,685,173 1,749,970 1,582,247 1,844,046 3,069,310 3,090,327 3,1

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 834,496 908,175 1,023,569 906,404 1,110,878 1,455,186 1,463,474 1,5

Farm origin 504,827 541,428 574,646 469,406 639,008 531,817 523,281 5

Feed purchased 145,396 169,605 231,711 258,694 309,005 438,356 431,550 4Livestock and poultry purchased 342,419 353,652 321,621 190,330 307,556 21,906 19,917 Seed purchased 17,012 18,171 21,314 20,382 22,447 71,555 71,814 

Manufactured inputs 100,397 101,710 123,501 129,117 144,475 334,358 319,699 3

Fertilizers and lime 23,571 25,762 34,882 37,049 40,833 106,072 90,264 1Pesticides 12,549 13,821 16,158 16,993 18,545 68,977 64,318 Petroleum fuel and oils 40,264 39,424 43,822 43,877 48,872 92,355 95,054 Electricity 24,013 22,703 28,639 31,198 36,225 66,954 70,063 

Other intermediate expenses 229,272 265,037 325,422 307,881 327,395 589,011 620,494 7

Repair and maintenance of capital items 56,142 56,071 64,859 64,015 70,342 184,882 185,772 1Machine hire and customwork 23,743 27,543 26,983 32,858 25,352 27,768 33,549 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 25,161 43,154 47,951 43,796 43,596 93,984 114,430 1Contract labor 16,066 16,431 15,039 22,411 27,073 6,824 7,181 Miscellaneous expenses 108,160 121,838 170,590 144,801 161,032 275,553 279,562 3

plus: Net government transactions 39,797 54,122 34,896 28,091 30,676 -146,994 -125,015 -1

+ Direct government payments 60,267 76,442 61,042 55,134 59,000 47,872 72,286 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 3,153 3,778 4,949 4,076 4,705 5,070 4,128 - Property taxes 17,317 18,542 21,197 22,967 23,619 189,796 193,173 2

Gross value added 802,801 831,120 761,297 703,934 763,843 1,467,130 1,501,839 1,4

less: Capital consumption 91,956 91,547 94,460 97,810 100,299 423,332 430,624 4

Net value added 710,845 739,573 666,837 606,124 663,544 1,043,798 1,071,215 9

less: Factor payments 209,640 226,076 273,266 299,309 300,188 480,750 480,936 5

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 87,628 107,982 141,299 147,917 145,918 327,516 345,990 3Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 41,312 37,399 43,222 55,041 57,798 -4,198 -8,546 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 80,700 80,695 88,745 96,351 96,472 157,432 143,492 1

Net farm income 501,205 513,497 393,571 306,815 363,356 563,048 590,279 4

See footnotes at end of table. 
38 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

North Carolina No

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 2,753,146 2,769,055 3,291,332 2,991,425 3,468,885 2,531,859 1,981,142 2,6

Food grains 82,660 70,069 93,660 108,956 124,012 1,181,820 1,464,870 1,2Feed crops 195,300 152,769 165,258 184,913 269,470 379,999 315,358 3Cotton 144,133 132,762 261,992 278,443 343,232 0 0 Oil crops 329,831 290,471 351,328 248,783 312,896 288,732 219,899 3Tobacco 1,049,524 1,029,927 942,931 1,048,523 1,021,487 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 41,291 46,332 57,410 58,841 48,351 100 100 Vegetables 197,421 253,758 294,753 281,184 286,906 197,466 183,011 2All other crops 737,160 875,045 946,509 954,917 997,632 191,510 165,772 2Home consumption 3,069 1,810 1,913 2,819 2,474 3,288 1,942 Value of inventory adjustment2 -27,243 -83,888 175,578 -175,954 62,425 288,944 -369,810 2

Final animal output 2,877,795 3,295,770 3,474,691 3,842,954 4,514,458 655,897 717,831 6

Meat animals 899,858 1,102,652 1,150,013 1,421,757 1,903,037 493,219 455,662 4Dairy products 218,854 211,248 210,532 189,750 211,756 118,080 107,400 1Poultry and eggs 1,612,303 1,822,114 1,911,483 2,053,936 2,249,917 10,953 10,805 Miscellaneous livestock 53,182 53,949 56,942 60,587 62,613 27,754 26,540 Home consumption 12,727 12,934 12,028 11,512 10,621 7,078 6,302 Value of inventory adjustment2 80,871 92,873 133,693 105,412 76,514 -1,187 111,122 

Services and forestry 863,707 919,173 1,049,575 1,269,937 1,380,831 192,070 228,026 2

Machine hire and customwork 20,752 22,625 18,322 22,332 23,913 34,501 36,502 Forest products sold 498,824 538,312 650,000 830,000 900,000 412 800 Other farm income 136,323 143,423 152,134 177,048 196,076 89,204 115,602 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 207,808 214,813 229,119 240,557 260,842 67,953 75,122 

Final agricultural sector output 6,494,648 6,983,998 7,815,598 8,104,316 9,364,174 3,379,826 2,926,999 3,5

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 2,504,457 2,767,268 3,014,258 3,415,625 3,923,532 1,338,094 1,421,132 1,5

Farm origin 1,188,862 1,321,636 1,542,802 1,780,278 2,153,527 238,280 255,039 2

Feed purchased 871,453 991,186 1,215,926 1,436,071 1,814,320 74,408 80,503 Livestock and poultry purchased 227,209 236,637 236,180 236,860 230,656 57,423 62,302 Seed purchased 90,200 93,813 90,696 107,347 108,551 106,449 112,234 1

Manufactured inputs 563,291 587,717 567,203 640,161 682,449 549,740 562,082 6

Fertilizers and lime 205,029 207,568 207,053 241,671 257,934 188,363 205,324 2Pesticides 147,876 157,578 148,566 161,150 178,604 171,565 173,650 1Petroleum fuel and oils 149,565 145,932 151,398 165,220 169,153 153,975 147,574 1Electricity 60,821 76,639 60,186 72,120 76,758 35,837 35,534 

Other intermediate expenses 752,304 857,915 904,253 995,186 1,087,556 550,074 604,011 6

Repair and maintenance of capital items 129,622 164,664 146,782 151,319 154,517 221,897 246,761 2Machine hire and customwork 61,245 66,996 83,433 78,711 99,564 75,436 91,460 1Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 179,775 179,300 197,898 251,085 257,349 26,525 27,193 Contract labor 38,862 33,745 51,251 40,404 48,310 4,347 5,429 Miscellaneous expenses 342,800 413,210 424,889 473,667 527,816 221,869 233,168 2

plus: Net government transactions -32,049 32,336 -23,941 -75,843 -43,602 284,241 412,366 2

+ Direct government payments 74,805 132,448 77,618 40,151 75,702 443,156 564,531 4

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 5,254 6,806 5,240 6,750 6,844 8,229 8,419 - Property taxes 101,600 93,306 96,319 109,244 112,460 150,686 143,746 1

Gross value added 3,958,142 4,249,066 4,777,399 4,612,849 5,397,040 2,325,973 1,918,233 2,2

less: Capital consumption 408,262 403,754 399,630 404,984 412,869 491,734 495,399 5

Net value added 3,549,880 3,845,312 4,377,769 4,207,865 4,984,171 1,834,239 1,422,834 1,7

less: Factor payments 1,127,097 1,187,769 1,304,135 1,527,533 1,610,163 840,689 867,722 9

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 337,946 362,496 348,762 365,430 371,247 78,925 83,914 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 584,711 629,392 717,657 890,830 964,499 489,132 522,659 5Real estate and nonreal estate interest 204,440 195,881 237,716 271,273 274,417 272,632 261,149 2

Net farm income 2,422,783 2,657,543 3,073,634 2,680,332 3,374,008 993,550 555,112 8

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 39 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Ohio O

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 2,863,599 2,563,296 3,060,083 2,935,840 3,031,180 1,173,091 1,098,591 1,1

Food grains 181,530 145,873 202,811 295,836 210,940 457,291 454,659 4Feed crops 831,358 1,023,422 897,236 988,563 1,024,953 132,970 136,976 1Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 68,692 82,130 1

Oil crops 791,663 885,941 998,995 1,054,521 1,126,550 108,203 98,234 1Tobacco 42,169 38,913 32,943 31,740 34,341 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 36,868 26,609 31,914 36,758 37,865 16,289 17,494 Vegetables 133,670 159,409 148,044 128,529 148,254 41,113 47,296 All other crops 542,661 554,376 559,248 558,099 593,882 294,275 300,220 2Home consumption 4,275 2,502 2,609 3,725 3,269 3,891 2,321 Value of inventory adjustment2 299,405 -273,749 186,283 -161,931 -148,873 50,367 -40,739 -

Final animal output 1,563,739 1,640,517 1,612,791 1,639,033 1,898,629 2,481,029 2,773,033 3,0

Meat animals 609,392 707,214 570,070 558,844 701,687 1,994,514 2,237,157 2,0Dairy products 625,110 596,050 596,505 598,670 651,000 166,455 166,562 1Poultry and eggs 284,308 321,570 373,068 407,621 565,337 302,184 350,207 4Miscellaneous livestock 34,654 26,763 23,949 24,321 26,974 54,822 54,097 Home consumption 22,327 13,750 19,211 18,378 20,491 16,355 18,004 Value of inventory adjustment2 -12,052 -24,830 29,988 31,199 -66,860 -53,301 -52,994 2

Services and forestry 552,349 597,440 666,512 725,059 739,663 339,374 360,430 3

Machine hire and customwork 48,269 48,113 49,248 59,446 42,794 43,024 43,098 Forest products sold 168,175 178,175 188,175 188,175 186,729 2,000 2,000 Other farm income 55,330 63,050 60,165 71,661 78,595 101,023 103,082 1Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 280,575 308,102 368,924 405,777 431,545 193,327 212,250 2

Final agricultural sector output 4,979,687 4,801,253 5,339,386 5,299,932 5,669,473 3,993,494 4,232,054 4,6

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 2,257,116 2,373,609 2,452,082 2,451,839 2,599,354 2,282,869 2,413,196 2,6

Farm origin 831,261 857,683 873,827 824,290 863,464 1,153,583 1,212,420 1,4

Feed purchased 571,198 575,318 614,298 558,027 553,676 454,694 453,771 4Livestock and poultry purchased 53,753 63,578 43,683 52,844 68,018 649,021 709,511 9Seed purchased 206,310 218,787 215,846 213,419 241,770 49,868 49,138 

Manufactured inputs 734,993 770,958 802,589 843,818 928,220 382,247 383,430 3

Fertilizers and lime 322,409 340,838 361,163 393,211 441,433 152,540 146,939 1Pesticides 212,900 219,432 246,424 260,365 302,705 64,077 62,212 Petroleum fuel and oils 146,026 149,670 143,194 137,500 132,342 131,030 138,055 1Electricity 53,658 61,018 51,808 52,742 51,740 34,600 36,224 

Other intermediate expenses 690,862 744,968 775,666 783,731 807,670 747,039 817,346 7

Repair and maintenance of capital items 295,683 296,627 297,010 322,499 335,854 198,185 205,866 1Machine hire and customwork 48,468 56,775 60,348 58,515 58,733 105,459 126,669 1Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 62,257 75,236 84,646 76,198 83,909 81,781 136,136 1Contract labor 9,853 7,333 8,509 7,416 12,024 31,436 23,249 Miscellaneous expenses 274,601 308,997 325,153 319,103 317,150 330,178 325,426 3

plus: Net government transactions -2,237 93,036 -63,585 -16,585 -19,469 156,707 226,943 

+ Direct government payments 166,122 265,374 117,041 167,236 163,120 248,322 323,949 2

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 12,465 11,972 12,712 14,453 12,186 12,373 9,877 - Property taxes 155,894 160,366 167,914 169,368 170,403 79,242 87,129 1

Gross value added 2,720,334 2,520,680 2,823,718 2,831,508 3,050,649 1,867,332 2,045,801 2,0

less: Capital consumption 702,917 704,349 723,090 737,196 736,957 399,987 404,727 4

Net value added 2,017,417 1,816,331 2,100,628 2,094,312 2,313,692 1,467,345 1,641,074 1,6

less: Factor payments 964,479 991,743 928,714 994,362 985,975 513,495 510,435 5

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 273,340 292,294 277,837 268,025 260,997 125,642 138,193 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 417,841 441,645 386,797 436,807 420,005 87,908 91,131 1Real estate and nonreal estate interest 273,298 257,804 264,080 289,530 304,973 299,945 281,111 2

Net farm income 1,052,938 824,588 1,171,914 1,099,950 1,327,718 953,850 1,130,639 1,0

See footnotes at end of table. 
40 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Oregon Pen

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 1,695,623 1,880,742 1,932,075 2,054,043 2,353,406 1,276,566 1,111,623 1,2

Food grains 173,330 185,510 204,477 280,897 294,182 27,410 22,743 Feed crops 182,787 210,209 238,903 225,104 262,629 232,795 286,150 2Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crop 912 1,292 2,226 2,969 2,235 56,098 64,874 Tobacco 0000 0 27,233 24,413 

Fruits and tree nuts 254,507 219,098 234,811 238,934 260,543 97,770 94,521 Vegetables 328,384 417,587 389,158 372,753 397,036 98,154 97,674 All other crops 760,525 783,045 854,803 927,944 1,103,387 578,231 596,236 6Home consumption 2,055 1,234 1,322 1,938 1,701 2,850 1,679 Value of inventory adjustment2 -6,877 62,767 6,375 3,504 31,694 156,025 -76,667 

Final animal output 771,133 780,190 766,206 666,320 657,462 2,564,032 2,613,272 2,6

Meat animals 386,868 400,765 367,979 322,802 283,013 565,605 664,524 5Dairy products 225,642 214,577 218,897 212,901 236,999 1,485,229 1,410,209 1,4Poultry and eggs 112,679 93,990 91,234 81,891 98,535 461,032 500,600 5Miscellaneous livestock 40,901 38,062 42,969 42,379 37,983 46,743 44,672 Home consumption 14,095 12,993 11,933 11,706 10,290 20,114 21,816 Value of inventory adjustment2 -9,052 19,803 33,194 -5,359 -9,358 -14,691 -28,549 -

Services and forestry 606,679 802,329 773,731 762,861 789,985 350,533 367,588 4

Machine hire and customwork 60,096 67,981 67,617 52,371 80,491 28,011 28,751 Forest products sold 345,164 499,814 441,325 416,033 390,879 17,000 18,000 Other farm income 41,107 51,912 43,013 55,098 65,185 78,890 80,545 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 160,312 182,622 221,776 239,359 253,430 226,632 240,292 2

Final agricultural sector output 3,073,435 3,463,261 3,472,012 3,483,224 3,800,853 4,191,131 4,092,483 4,2

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 1,253,421 1,378,588 1,470,237 1,596,431 1,605,673 2,001,621 2,048,923 2,2

Farm origin 295,251 340,416 320,678 331,436 323,454 883,457 890,018 8

Feed purchased 199,125 234,637 215,022 223,452 206,079 688,961 693,853 6Livestock and poultry purchased 22,498 26,930 30,309 18,731 16,503 113,191 114,565 1Seed purchased 73,628 78,849 75,347 89,253 100,872 81,305 81,600 

Manufactured inputs 352,382 346,314 369,738 410,661 451,595 374,561 368,341 3

Fertilizers and lime 121,768 114,532 132,804 152,984 158,899 131,189 122,494 1Pesticides 108,529 113,040 116,746 131,997 144,563 67,770 63,193 Petroleum fuel and oils 76,244 76,911 74,277 74,306 82,597 99,164 102,667 1Electricity 45,841 41,831 45,911 51,374 65,536 76,438 79,987 

Other intermediate expenses 605,788 691,858 779,821 854,334 830,624 743,603 790,564 9

Repair and maintenance of capital items 216,143 237,762 253,231 268,202 281,166 249,256 246,239 2Machine hire and customwork 49,533 58,364 67,357 62,699 62,364 39,916 48,226 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 124,634 138,964 189,998 197,157 177,072 121,245 151,714 1Contract labor 26,950 29,627 29,201 31,095 30,036 9,446 9,941 Miscellaneous expenses 188,528 227,141 240,034 295,181 279,986 323,740 334,444 3

plus: Net government transactions -29,480 -32,650 -67,533 -102,491 -78,440 -127,437 -132,871 -1

+ Direct government payments 87,474 92,806 74,416 51,773 74,262 48,765 45,151 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 15,293 16,987 21,217 26,036 21,603 6,308 5,105 - Property taxes 101,661 108,469 120,732 128,228 131,099 169,894 172,917 1

Gross value added 1,790,534 2,052,023 1,934,242 1,784,302 2,116,740 2,062,072 1,910,688 1,8

less: Capital consumption 301,208 312,764 327,780 337,387 341,461 547,004 541,796 5

Net value added 1,489,326 1,739,259 1,606,462 1,446,915 1,775,279 1,515,068 1,368,892 1,2

less: Factor payments 931,370 1,065,396 1,043,338 1,088,100 1,156,558 501,932 486,431 5

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 362,619 382,349 390,054 448,461 499,770 343,086 362,439 3Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 400,830 516,655 485,855 461,682 468,409 -22,951 -35,326 -Real estate and nonreal estate interest 167,921 166,392 167,429 177,957 188,379 181,797 159,318 1

Net farm income 557,956 673,864 563,124 358,816 618,721 1,013,136 882,461 7

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 41 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Rhode Island Sou

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 62,073 65,937 68,556 69,704 72,137 648,588 604,587 8

Food grains 0000 0 40,688 30,455 

Feed crops 516 472 451 430 540 54,563 34,439 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 74,561 63,370 1Oil crops 0000 0 90,426 74,603 

Tobacco 0000 0 190,448 185,612 1

Fruits and tree nuts 3,333 3,369 3,279 3,168 3,203 35,773 39,838 Vegetables 5,553 6,607 6,725 6,469 6,740 53,248 86,614 All other crops 51,570 56,135 57,880 60,020 61,090 125,170 134,647 1Home consumption 38 23 24 35 31 1,343 790 Value of inventory adjustment2 1,063 -669 197 -418 533 -17,632 -45,781 

Final animal output 13,811 13,183 12,197 9,311 10,484 550,619 608,505 6

Meat animals 1,641 1,697 1,526 1,155 2,103 176,493 205,111 1Dairy products 4,554 4,370 4,368 4,334 4,805 61,036 59,887 Poultry and eggs 4,989 4,923 4,856 2,412 3,148 286,879 323,486 3Miscellaneous livestock 2,602 1,545 1,337 1,255 1,238 12,154 12,671 Home consumption 147 135 204 209 72 5,135 5,597 Value of inventory adjustment2 -122 513 -94 -54 -882 8,922 1,753 -

Services and forestry 9,141 9,643 10,024 10,087 9,711 125,652 134,115 1

Machine hire and customwork 567 582 612 628 613 7,937 7,476 Forest products sold 290 220 150 170 175 7,000 7,700 Other farm income 2,261 2,263 2,342 2,365 1,674 33,285 37,875 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 6,023 6,578 6,920 6,924 7,249 77,430 81,064 

Final agricultural sector output 85,025 88,763 90,777 89,102 92,332 1,324,859 1,347,207 1,6

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 20,527 21,361 24,081 25,038 30,848 646,457 734,596 7

Farm origin 5,096 5,410 5,269 5,959 12,758 212,589 241,487 2

Feed purchased 3,424 3,663 3,375 3,769 3,211 145,163 166,186 1Livestock and poultry purchased 167 236 169 186 7,232 34,755 41,025 Seed purchased 1,505 1,511 1,725 2,004 2,315 32,671 34,276 

Manufactured inputs 4,358 4,280 4,509 5,027 4,922 199,099 213,143 2

Fertilizers and lime 1,422 1,318 1,344 1,479 1,450 86,939 88,851 Pesticides 926 864 1,041 1,202 1,057 51,760 60,762 Petroleum fuel and oils 1,328 1,384 1,381 1,554 1,663 47,387 48,156 Electricity 682 714 743 792 752 13,013 15,374 

Other intermediate expenses 11,073 11,671 14,303 14,052 13,168 234,769 279,966 3

Repair and maintenance of capital items 3,822 3,920 4,020 3,663 3,725 79,079 91,805 Machine hire and customwork 301 364 487 644 472 20,917 18,974 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 2,466 3,153 4,221 4,156 3,564 30,710 52,737 Contract labor 188 197 264 220 325 7,479 7,945 Miscellaneous expenses 4,296 4,037 5,311 5,369 5,082 96,584 108,505 1

plus: Net government transactions -3,142 -3,353 -3,331 -3,444 -3,655 41,827 77,268 

+ Direct government payments 308 140 451 318 156 72,588 102,512 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 98 81 141 159 141 2,238 2,465 - Property taxes 3,352 3,412 3,641 3,603 3,670 28,523 22,779 

Gross value added 61,356 64,049 63,365 60,620 57,829 720,229 689,879 8

less: Capital consumption 6,724 6,816 6,667 6,607 6,705 155,983 155,293 1

Net value added 54,632 57,233 56,698 54,013 51,124 564,246 534,586 7

less: Factor payments 10,308 11,158 11,939 13,449 14,145 202,463 217,009 2

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 8,834 9,333 9,521 10,466 10,962 84,288 99,850 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords -572 -665 -779 -703 -719 49,400 51,252 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 2,046 2,490 3,197 3,686 3,902 68,775 65,907 

Net farm income 44,324 46,075 44,759 40,564 36,979 361,783 317,577 5

See footnotes at end of table. 
42 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

South Dakota Te

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 1,424,419 1,155,043 1,864,436 1,477,832 2,428,438 1,141,499 1,015,617 1,2

Food grains 340,830 376,846 338,532 390,156 523,551 39,997 38,945 Feed crops 588,265 529,119 650,439 648,756 780,615 143,901 137,908 1Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 247,901 183,087 2

Oil crops 371,437 287,432 540,809 591,084 679,026 184,317 190,939 2Tobacco 0000 0 246,389 266,089 2

Fruits and tree nuts 175 158 150 152 166 10,049 10,430 Vegetables 7,353 6,291 9,126 7,133 11,151 47,738 53,726 All other crops 36,334 36,392 94,868 59,200 56,238 171,710 182,737 1Home consumption 1,918 1,136 1,183 1,661 1,458 4,658 2,732 Value of inventory adjustment2 78,107 -82,331 229,329 -220,310 376,234 44,839 -50,976 

Final animal output 1,903,579 1,967,333 1,810,494 1,660,836 1,588,035 1,030,498 1,078,627 1,0

Meat animals 1,481,110 1,679,999 1,424,009 1,416,790 1,311,259 542,515 482,326 4Dairy products 210,816 207,174 201,728 195,875 211,700 260,820 250,240 2Poultry and eggs 51,119 51,437 46,845 55,812 71,208 166,228 199,793 1Miscellaneous livestock 23,530 25,346 29,057 31,524 38,598 29,325 29,239 Home consumption 12,164 12,732 11,057 10,127 9,596 16,357 14,262 Value of inventory adjustment2 124,840 -9,355 97,798 -49,292 -54,326 15,253 102,767 

Services and forestry 219,523 250,725 263,254 293,469 328,364 341,736 363,432 3

Machine hire and customwork 35,301 37,347 56,757 45,389 56,852 16,763 18,276 Forest products sold 590 595 600 610 620 37,421 51,479 Other farm income 99,576 123,580 101,334 135,739 154,542 63,166 59,312 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 84,056 89,203 104,563 111,731 116,350 224,386 234,365 2

Final agricultural sector output 3,547,521 3,373,101 3,938,184 3,432,137 4,344,837 2,513,733 2,457,676 2,6

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 1,526,645 1,600,768 1,621,404 1,681,781 1,733,226 1,065,203 1,131,665 1,1

Farm origin 571,197 588,611 535,928 530,658 505,087 322,714 333,633 3

Feed purchased 256,807 262,227 251,907 232,342 231,144 177,406 181,561 2Livestock and poultry purchased 218,159 224,923 174,086 186,472 146,430 89,754 94,292 Seed purchased 96,231 101,461 109,935 111,844 127,513 55,554 57,780 

Manufactured inputs 418,458 424,260 457,618 491,446 555,136 302,547 319,722 3

Fertilizers and lime 119,813 130,606 145,375 165,012 192,747 136,959 143,083 1Pesticides 117,032 118,454 131,982 147,764 165,975 78,023 83,142 Petroleum fuel and oils 133,639 127,632 127,465 132,053 144,840 67,843 68,645 Electricity 47,974 47,568 52,796 46,617 51,574 19,722 24,852 

Other intermediate expenses 536,990 587,897 627,858 659,677 673,003 439,942 478,309 4

Repair and maintenance of capital items 206,071 226,913 225,827 220,706 252,772 135,143 174,685 1Machine hire and customwork 75,295 91,289 103,538 110,682 96,271 65,276 59,462 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 28,557 29,505 33,359 38,671 38,502 67,588 60,116 Contract labor 4,949 6,181 3,668 7,082 4,350 22,879 19,866 Miscellaneous expenses 222,118 234,009 261,466 282,536 281,108 149,056 164,180 1

plus: Net government transactions 95,166 263,335 112,512 59,747 44,727 27,070 76,864 

+ Direct government payments 271,899 432,424 289,205 244,998 229,605 115,866 160,624 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 7,069 7,238 7,502 9,500 7,663 5,768 7,510 - Property taxes 169,664 161,851 169,191 175,751 177,215 83,028 76,250 

Gross value added 2,116,042 2,035,667 2,429,292 1,810,103 2,656,338 1,475,600 1,402,875 1,5

less: Capital consumption 387,891 387,709 393,727 391,711 387,762 447,017 442,403 4

Net value added 1,728,151 1,647,958 2,035,565 1,418,392 2,268,576 1,028,583 960,472 1,0

less: Factor payments 618,767 675,185 775,572 763,890 936,629 418,417 420,333 4

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 75,893 80,689 93,541 91,848 100,940 120,470 129,221 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 285,287 316,515 383,871 343,811 497,255 143,009 146,632 1Real estate and nonreal estate interest 257,587 277,981 298,160 328,231 338,434 154,938 144,480 1

Net farm income 1,109,384 972,773 1,259,993 654,502 1,331,947 610,166 540,140 6

See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 43 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Texas 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 3,989,087 4,292,355 4,769,043 4,758,009 5,192,738 193,058 220,890 2

Food grains 515,496 414,473 399,603 421,533 506,911 20,596 21,585 Feed crops 1,038,829 977,250 1,084,490 1,220,131 1,412,217 80,691 104,543 1Cotton 951,502 1,622,010 1,837,139 1,357,721 1,809,633 0 0 Oil crops 247,063 194,439 202,927 198,179 221,798 714 1,108 Tobacco 0000 0 00 

Fruits and tree nuts 102,720 83,489 74,019 105,129 67,288 15,854 11,085 Vegetables 351,004 407,675 394,837 452,034 348,106 35,263 35,338 All other crops 737,654 820,135 826,982 902,964 929,252 40,415 44,030 Home consumption 10,851 6,583 6,956 10,169 8,923 723 428 Value of inventory adjustment2 33,968 -233,699 -57,910 90,149 -111,390 -1,198 2,773 

Final animal output 7,972,667 8,645,335 8,295,568 8,412,127 7,371,397 613,208 622,695 6

Meat animals 5,792,846 6,345,962 6,022,962 6,439,126 5,499,461 288,294 324,755 3Dairy products 760,213 780,710 830,800 791,570 920,798 169,532 165,065 1Poultry and eggs 816,621 897,788 950,176 961,219 1,118,391 63,824 70,566 Miscellaneous livestock 152,761 186,814 308,315 258,869 219,379 50,954 53,322 Home consumption 20,109 17,496 16,316 15,336 12,849 7,607 6,194 Value of inventory adjustment2 430,117 416,565 166,999 -53,993 -399,481 32,997 2,793 

Services and forestry 1,334,777 1,385,070 1,484,632 1,620,263 1,777,600 93,226 106,578 1

Machine hire and customwork 131,576 131,802 137,152 142,729 137,001 15,254 15,892 Forest products sold 70,000 88,000 88,000 105,000 107,000 290 283 Other farm income 552,394 530,594 538,058 631,681 771,818 20,568 24,889 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 580,807 634,674 721,422 740,853 761,781 57,114 65,514 

Final agricultural sector output 13,296,531 14,322,760 14,549,243 14,790,399 14,341,735 899,492 950,163 9

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 7,268,031 7,921,769 7,705,897 8,803,150 8,340,048 384,710 419,859 4

Farm origin 3,284,754 3,543,015 3,333,209 3,921,884 3,331,093 154,105 169,299 1

Feed purchased 1,526,606 1,538,529 1,651,703 2,015,619 1,986,220 87,174 88,017 1Livestock and poultry purchased 1,520,816 1,770,624 1,441,860 1,650,918 1,068,453 56,044 69,653 Seed purchased 237,332 233,862 239,646 255,347 276,420 10,887 11,629 

Manufactured inputs 1,405,966 1,461,480 1,518,079 1,751,263 1,893,022 66,002 67,142 

Fertilizers and lime 477,960 505,861 563,170 641,486 673,956 14,038 16,021 Pesticides 324,023 314,588 320,600 375,703 415,861 7,123 7,845 Petroleum fuel and oils 427,545 456,310 460,437 507,398 548,264 28,473 27,801 Electricity 176,438 184,721 173,872 226,676 254,941 16,368 15,475 

Other intermediate expenses 2,577,312 2,917,274 2,854,609 3,130,003 3,115,933 164,603 183,418 2

Repair and maintenance of capital items 563,781 595,152 532,305 670,474 740,080 56,217 55,797 Machine hire and customwork 448,734 623,669 515,144 490,869 474,614 12,114 12,981 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 257,853 439,315 427,396 560,067 369,059 12,776 22,552 Contract labor 167,031 123,534 106,504 79,079 105,247 3,383 3,460 Miscellaneous expenses 1,139,913 1,135,604 1,273,260 1,329,514 1,426,933 80,113 88,628 1

plus: Net government transactions 824,025 1,056,951 434,665 204,756 307,297 11,552 10,111 

+ Direct government payments 1,162,039 1,420,830 863,129 642,673 764,778 35,972 36,614 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 27,054 21,970 27,340 25,821 33,319 3,244 3,829 - Property taxes 310,960 341,909 401,124 412,096 424,162 21,176 22,674 

Gross value added 6,852,525 7,457,942 7,278,012 6,192,005 6,308,984 526,334 540,415 4

less: Capital consumption 1,223,268 1,249,956 1,280,879 1,291,333 1,296,179 107,403 109,745 1

Net value added 5,629,257 6,207,986 5,997,133 4,900,672 5,012,805 418,931 430,670 3

less: Factor payments 2,124,467 2,081,141 2,193,645 2,376,402 2,439,310 115,376 119,482 1

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 633,561 696,849 651,569 779,549 738,357 54,572 67,250 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 672,544 663,931 784,358 733,054 832,424 7,071 3,999 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 818,362 720,361 757,718 863,799 868,529 53,733 48,233 

Net farm income 3,504,790 4,126,845 3,803,488 2,524,270 2,573,495 303,555 311,188 2

See footnotes at end of table. 
44 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Vermont 

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 98,275 77,187 88,144 86,921 91,770 838,528 645,688 8

Food grains 0000 0 45,757 39,091 

Feed crops 16,311 14,794 12,347 12,079 11,164 105,109 82,182 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 7,722 9,365 Oil crops 0000 0 161,586 131,189 1

Tobacco 0000 0 189,667 180,807 1

Fruits and tree nuts 10,398 9,560 8,607 9,791 10,153 46,881 43,669 Vegetables 9,874 9,797 11,200 12,300 13,500 104,230 85,520 1All other crops 56,676 51,210 53,644 55,704 62,792 128,541 135,566 1Home consumption 351 211 216 302 265 2,466 1,514 Value of inventory adjustment2 4,665 -8,385 2,130 -3,255 -6,104 46,569 -63,215 

Final animal output 408,671 390,928 396,276 389,556 438,490 1,373,381 1,428,009 1,4

Meat animals 34,398 60,007 50,219 40,816 35,413 416,814 424,696 3Dairy products 343,198 332,850 331,262 331,204 392,688 291,888 276,500 2Poultry and eggs 3,555 3,995 2,611 2,204 2,647 555,473 618,058 6Miscellaneous livestock 5,277 5,380 5,989 6,134 6,309 90,386 95,818 1Home consumption 1,900 2,043 1,682 1,260 1,104 13,086 11,919 Value of inventory adjustment2 20,343 -13,347 4,513 7,938 329 5,734 1,018 

Services and forestry 45,945 47,118 49,483 49,950 47,151 301,776 297,367 3

Machine hire and customwork 3,088 3,169 3,336 3,422 3,340 10,899 11,883 Forest products sold 3,950 3,969 4,840 5,400 5,950 0 0 Other farm income 14,936 14,972 15,497 15,688 11,209 104,323 97,382 1Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 23,971 25,008 25,810 25,440 26,652 186,554 188,102 1

Final agricultural sector output 552,891 515,233 533,903 526,427 577,411 2,513,685 2,371,064 2,5

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 250,876 256,241 269,915 284,976 290,947 1,057,076 1,117,546 1,1

Farm origin 117,597 118,038 112,240 121,807 134,096 405,236 428,344 4

Feed purchased 105,504 105,416 99,699 109,452 122,302 282,939 303,106 3Livestock and poultry purchased 7,514 8,027 7,293 6,260 4,752 79,167 80,380 Seed purchased 4,579 4,595 5,248 6,095 7,042 43,130 44,858 

Manufactured inputs 38,567 37,336 39,734 43,411 42,615 254,090 261,293 2

Fertilizers and lime 12,654 10,730 12,008 13,057 12,525 100,422 96,803 Pesticides 3,486 3,250 3,919 4,522 3,977 62,907 67,034 Petroleum fuel and oils 11,484 11,905 11,887 13,135 14,048 66,129 66,418 Electricity 10,943 11,451 11,920 12,697 12,065 24,632 31,038 

Other intermediate expenses 94,712 100,867 117,941 119,758 114,236 397,750 427,909 4

Repair and maintenance of capital items 27,512 27,409 28,260 26,158 26,140 111,995 130,989 1Machine hire and customwork 5,696 6,882 9,212 12,172 8,912 22,988 24,827 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 15,820 19,433 24,977 24,661 22,992 69,306 62,995 Contract labor 871 916 1,225 1,020 1,511 15,875 13,784 Miscellaneous expenses 44,813 46,227 54,267 55,747 54,681 177,586 195,314 1

plus: Net government transactions -19,003 -21,465 -22,654 -22,409 -23,040 -47,263 -25,125 -

+ Direct government payments 5,550 3,377 4,254 4,325 4,035 29,072 46,346 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 768 634 1,069 1,165 1,033 3,426 4,514 - Property taxes 23,785 24,208 25,839 25,569 26,042 72,909 66,957 

Gross value added 283,012 237,527 241,333 219,042 263,424 1,409,346 1,228,393 1,3

less: Capital consumption 61,741 60,385 58,762 57,382 57,357 357,545 348,125 3

Net value added 221,271 177,142 182,571 161,660 206,067 1,051,801 880,268 1,0

less: Factor payments 59,504 59,023 65,245 69,327 73,259 367,270 364,165 3

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 37,305 39,408 40,206 44,194 46,288 164,189 176,115 1Net rent received by nonoperator landlords -1,456 -2,033 -2,056 -1,289 -989 48,457 45,145 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 23,655 21,648 27,095 26,422 27,960 154,624 142,905 1

Net farm income See footnotes at end of table. 
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 45 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Washington We

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 2,951,866 3,242,071 3,165,481 3,552,270 4,248,713 92,732 70,996 

Food grains 436,442 481,296 520,899 706,986 774,530 1,560 1,390 Feed crops 245,908 267,744 260,822 309,204 364,768 17,861 20,553 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 1,716 1,831 3,718 3,664 4,744 6 NA Tobacco 0 0 0 0 0 6,529 6,480 

Fruits and tree nuts 1,149,827 1,062,351 1,014,180 1,231,952 1,466,167 28,130 25,532 Vegetables 573,002 781,897 810,410 818,163 831,098 5,800 6,300 All other crops 480,326 505,798 533,120 561,135 575,283 19,049 15,021 Home consumption 2,028 1,185 1,252 1,812 1,590 1,096 658 Value of inventory adjustment2 62,617 139,969 21,080 -80,646 230,533 12,701 -4,938 

Final animal output 1,486,194 1,616,021 1,565,606 1,563,987 1,624,835 250,265 324,963 3

Meat animals 607,681 706,231 700,064 652,353 626,399 107,591 127,615 Dairy products 645,710 635,005 677,191 684,172 788,075 36,448 35,370 Poultry and eggs 144,578 154,506 172,429 178,872 179,463 98,980 152,338 1Miscellaneous livestock 76,332 68,933 75,843 68,024 70,453 6,461 6,436 Home consumption 14,356 12,950 7,218 6,429 6,601 6,406 6,983 Value of inventory adjustment2 -2,463 38,396 -67,139 -25,863 -46,156 -5,621 -3,779 

Services and forestry 561,840 640,302 709,522 711,347 730,473 72,921 80,769 

Machine hire and customwork 65,030 73,562 73,169 56,671 87,101 2,460 2,682 Forest products sold 295,000 345,000 395,000 380,000 345,000 3,800 4,000 Other farm income 57,503 74,815 62,066 78,407 94,637 18,786 21,681 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 144,307 146,925 179,287 196,269 203,735 47,875 52,406 

Final agricultural sector output 4,999,900 5,498,394 5,440,609 5,827,604 6,604,021 415,918 476,728 5

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 2,101,102 2,417,602 2,514,477 2,842,252 2,842,625 190,470 240,038 2

Farm origin 647,036 819,046 739,570 845,745 847,517 73,411 100,137 1

Feed purchased 372,730 470,543 454,179 506,800 493,017 49,476 64,888 Livestock and poultry purchased 155,283 221,040 163,589 194,663 191,436 20,018 31,175 Seed purchased 119,023 127,463 121,802 144,282 163,064 3,917 4,074 

Manufactured inputs 539,746 536,921 586,888 649,224 712,152 36,842 39,011 

Fertilizers and lime 187,465 179,785 222,458 251,672 261,571 12,839 13,407 Pesticides 177,466 184,842 190,901 215,839 236,387 6,281 6,693 Petroleum fuel and oils 108,416 111,704 107,029 107,299 119,268 13,283 13,317 Electricity 66,399 60,590 66,500 74,414 94,926 4,439 5,594 

Other intermediate expenses 914,320 1,061,635 1,188,019 1,347,283 1,282,956 80,217 100,890 1

Repair and maintenance of capital items 243,054 261,224 270,757 283,895 296,338 30,341 39,883 Machine hire and customwork 80,449 94,792 109,397 101,832 101,289 3,287 3,531 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 220,389 252,852 342,488 379,566 337,957 10,616 11,784 Contract labor 50,239 55,228 54,434 57,966 55,992 3,265 2,835 Miscellaneous expenses 320,189 397,539 410,943 524,024 491,380 32,708 42,857 

plus: Net government transactions 51,905 60,972 -12,131 -62,769 -21,261 -5,219 -5,296 

+ Direct government payments 188,743 207,208 152,840 115,832 156,039 6,862 6,259 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 17,051 18,427 22,713 27,510 22,826 1,152 1,518 - Property taxes 119,787 127,809 142,258 151,091 154,474 10,929 10,037 

Gross value added 2,950,703 3,141,764 2,914,001 2,922,583 3,740,135 220,229 231,394 2

less: Capital consumption 355,608 355,485 368,172 373,378 372,840 91,625 91,917 

Net value added 2,595,095 2,786,279 2,545,829 2,549,205 3,367,295 128,604 139,477 1

less: Factor payments 1,358,526 1,410,969 1,506,773 1,616,288 1,767,954 58,031 59,490 

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 594,357 626,694 639,323 735,058 819,156 23,458 25,162 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 557,077 570,977 633,489 624,778 677,155 3,028 2,982 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 207,092 213,298 233,961 256,452 271,643 31,545 31,346 

Net farm income 1,236,569 1,375,310 1,039,056 932,917 1,599,341 70,573 79,987 

See footnotes at end of table. 
46 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-1—Value added to the economy by the agricultural sector via the production of goods and services, 1992-96

Wisconsin W

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1992 1993 

Thousand dollars Final crop output 1,244,769 1,148,622 1,791,023 1,619,484 1,758,702 168,720 205,098 1

Food grains 11,074 13,183 25,461 33,963 28,560 18,979 18,344 Feed crops 599,177 521,636 525,224 795,184 788,178 90,136 86,793 Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oil crops 121,768 127,197 165,540 199,986 235,680 229 233 Tobacco 22,224 19,070 10,352 8,670 8,993 0 0 Fruits and tree nuts 88,160 86,231 105,604 115,891 120,536 12 12 Vegetables 353,515 328,903 384,819 364,432 379,580 25,472 20,356 All other crops 193,915 198,098 203,405 206,610 211,937 63,296 54,813 Home consumption 4,330 2,600 2,748 4,027 3,534 504 303 Value of inventory adjustment2 -149,394 -148,296 367,870 -109,279 -18,296 -29,908 24,244 -

Final animal output 4,262,746 4,047,955 3,970,481 3,919,296 4,225,139 660,499 704,608 6

Meat animals 973,957 975,236 860,438 789,006 739,130 578,664 633,817 5Dairy products 3,097,803 2,906,048 2,873,682 2,915,917 3,261,815 12,375 11,867 Poultry and eggs 174,189 185,693 185,230 197,828 218,112 156 161 Miscellaneous livestock 34,117 41,264 42,180 46,218 69,021 16,873 14,605 Home consumption 19,862 20,441 18,020 16,284 14,771 5,766 4,178 Value of inventory adjustment2 -37,182 -80,727 -9,069 -45,957 -77,710 46,665 39,980 -

Services and forestry 405,612 446,914 493,193 540,734 580,694 86,785 101,384 1

Machine hire and customwork 46,821 46,652 52,844 40,969 59,346 11,495 11,976 Forest products sold 55,935 75,500 75,800 76,000 76,000 650 700 Other farm income 87,101 88,941 90,801 101,768 102,122 31,703 37,932 Gross imputed rental value of farm dwellings 215,755 235,821 273,748 321,997 343,226 42,937 50,776 

Final agricultural sector output 5,913,127 5,643,491 6,254,697 6,079,514 6,564,536 916,004 1,011,090 8

less: Intermediate consumption outlays 2,892,093 3,126,991 3,378,760 3,361,962 3,342,852 461,580 494,551 5

Farm origin 999,751 1,078,974 1,160,404 1,183,742 1,214,606 234,398 247,267 2

Feed purchased 775,036 839,204 883,457 930,403 927,448 58,318 57,107 Livestock and poultry purchased 35,390 36,544 43,193 50,626 65,280 166,511 179,939 1Seed purchased 189,325 203,226 233,754 202,713 221,878 9,569 10,221 

Manufactured inputs 712,241 722,302 785,043 762,954 780,756 66,325 66,967 

Fertilizers and lime 264,942 256,191 293,844 292,811 295,343 17,289 18,791 Pesticides 154,503 167,948 188,927 181,509 196,345 7,889 8,689 Petroleum fuel and oils 167,840 172,761 175,814 164,873 166,189 29,514 28,489 Electricity 124,956 125,402 126,458 123,761 122,879 11,633 10,998 

Other intermediate expenses 1,180,101 1,325,715 1,433,313 1,415,266 1,347,490 160,857 180,317 2

Repair and maintenance of capital items 351,250 405,433 421,168 405,772 459,775 50,978 52,061 Machine hire and customwork 73,618 102,508 126,482 115,293 96,196 13,040 13,973 Marketing, storage, and transportation expenses 158,679 156,127 202,260 197,463 178,861 13,444 22,812 Contract labor 7,201 14,501 11,728 7,953 9,901 4,351 4,450 Miscellaneous expenses 589,353 647,146 671,675 688,785 602,757 79,044 87,021 1

plus: Net government transactions -217,203 -85,008 -188,795 -256,005 -286,641 11,700 16,104 

+ Direct government payments 166,027 310,168 236,401 183,832 156,849 36,663 43,213 

- Motor vehicle registration and licensing fees 13,040 10,827 11,682 12,310 11,913 2,969 3,559 - Property taxes 370,190 384,349 413,514 427,527 431,577 21,994 23,550 

Gross value added 2,803,830 2,431,493 2,687,142 2,461,547 2,935,043 466,124 532,643 3

less: Capital consumption 881,656 893,187 911,299 932,779 931,335 91,735 95,679 

Net value added 1,922,174 1,538,306 1,775,843 1,528,768 2,003,708 374,389 436,964 2

less: Factor payments 1,159,346 1,160,174 1,294,431 1,244,701 1,443,312 133,525 141,769 1

Employee compensation (total hired labor) 476,801 475,891 497,822 463,596 536,960 43,708 53,860 Net rent received by nonoperator landlords 300,966 322,071 383,524 334,260 434,616 24,927 23,884 Real estate and nonreal estate interest 381,579 362,212 413,085 446,845 471,736 64,890 64,025 

Net farm income 762,828 378,132 481,412 284,067 560,396 240,864 295,195 

NA = Not available. 1Final sector output is the gross value of the commodities and services produced within a year. Net value added is the sector's contribution to the national economy and is the sum of t

of production. Net farm income is the operator’s share on income from the sector’s activities. The concept is consistent with that employed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2A 

current-year production not sold by December 1. A negative value is an offset to production from prior years that is included in current-year sales.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 47

Table 2-2Ranking of 10 leading States in cash receipts for top 25 commodities, 1996

Top 10 States by their value of cash receipts 

Commodity1 Rank2 Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Million

dollars --------------------------------------------- State and million dollars ---------------------------------------------

CA TX IA NE IL MN KS NC FL WI

All commodities 202,339 23,310 13,053 12,853 9,454 9,050 8,809 7,869 7,831 6,131 6,062

TX CA IA NE KS NC WI MN AR GA

All livestock and products 92,814 7,758 6,213 5,457 5,277 4,570 4,427 4,288 4,168 3,357 3,279

CA IA IL TX FL MN NE WA IN NC

All crops 109,425 17,096 7,396 6,989 5,295 4,942 4,641 4,177 4,017 3,663 3,404

TX NE KS CO IA OK CA SD MN MT

Cattle and calves 1 31,138 5,331 4,082 3,995 2,072 1,461 1,446 1,145 946 925 656

CA WI NY PA MN TX MI WA ID OH

Dairy products 2 22,834 3,717 3,262 1,693 1,662 1,362 921 807 788 653 651

IA IL NE IN MN OH KS WI TX MO

Corn 3 21,573 4,290 3,546 2,491 1,784 1,704 947 783 707 684 670

IA IL MN IN OH MO NE AR SD KS

Soybeans 4 16,211 2,892 2,784 1,618 1,453 1,126 996 828 763 561 455

GA AR AL NC MS TX DE MD VA CA

Broilers 5 13,906 2,205 2,122 1,635 1,310 1,197 726 524 513 466 457

IA NC MN IL NE IN MO OH KS SD

Hogs 6 12,644 3,004 1,749 1,116 1,039 856 830 652 398 328 325

CA FL NC TX OH OR MI PA GA OK

Greenhouse/nursery3 7 10,887 2,224 1,140 889 838 517 442 422 318 273 263

ND KS MT WA SD ID MN OK CO NE

Wheat 8 9,956 1,607 1,184 861 775 520 484 413 398 391 338

TX CA GA MS AR LA NC AZ TN AL

Cotton 9 7,461 1,810 1,191 782 726 625 520 343 341 276 260

CA OH GA IN AR PA TX IA AL NC

Chicken eggs 10 4,757 367 359 348 320 300 295 291 247 225 218

CA WA OR ID CO TX NM PA OK KS

Hay 11 3,574 565 231 220 198 169 166 155 116 102 97

NC MN MO AR CA VA IN SC PA IA

Turkeys 12 3,056 612 427 249 232 222 204 151 108 103 102

NC KY TN SC VA GA OH FL PA IN

Tobacco 13 2,796 1,021 813 219 215 188 176 34 31 22 22

ID WA CA OR WI ND CO MN ME MI

Potatoes 14 2,699 716 470 179 164 154 132 124 119 103 94

__________________

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
48 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 2-2—Ranking of 10 leading States in cash receipts for top 25 commodities, 1996—Continued

Top 10 States by their value of cash receipts 

Commodity1 Rank2 Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Million

dollars --------------------------------------------- State and million dollars ---------------------------------------------

CA WA NY AZ PA OR MI AR GA OH

Grapes 15 2,334 2,154 58 44 20 17 15 14 5 4 2

WA CA NY MI PA VA NC OH ID OR

Apples 16 1,846 1,098 147 138 107 49 39 24 24 22 17

KS TX NE MO OK AR IL CO LA SD

Sorghum grain 17 1,813 678 558 203 111 62 47 37 26 26 17

FL CA AZ TX — — — — — —

Oranges 18 1,798 1,291 493 8 7

CA FL OH GA SC IN VA NJ MI TN

Tomatoes 19 1,603 908 382 47 44 34 25 25 24 21 18

AR CA LA TX MS MO — — — —

Rice 20 1,575 644 320 246 181 133 51

CA AZ NJ FL NM OH CO WA NY —

Lettuce 21 1,427 1,084 306 13 7 6 5 4 2 1

MN ID ND CA MI MT WY CO NE OR

Sugar beets 22 1,017 303 184 165 95 66 52 37 37 31 16

CA — — — — — — — — —

Almonds 23 1,009 1,009

ND ID MT MN WA CA WY CO OR UT

Barley 24 992 303 155 153 73 70 47 30 27 24 23

GA TX AL NC FL VA OK NM SC AZ

Peanuts 25 969 389 171 119 96 59 59 59 10 8 1

CA FL ID WA AZ MI OR WI GA TX

Vegetables 14,349 5,474 1,303 848 831 555 429 397 380 378 348

CA FL WA OR MI NY HA WI MA AZ

Fruits and nuts 11,074 6,370 1,774 1,466 261 223 209 180 121 121 120

— = Not applicable.

1The 25 leading commodities ranked by value of farm marketings, plus totals for vegetables and fruits and nuts.

2Rankings of the States and commodities available on Internet at www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htm

3Excludes mushrooms.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 49 Economic Research Service/USDA Table 2-3—States ranked by cash receipts, with five leading commodities, 19961 Livestock Total and products Crops Five leading commodities for each State 1 23 4 

Cash Cash Cash Cash Cash Cash 

State Rank receipts Rank receipts Rank receipts Commodity receipts Commodity receipts Commodity receipts Commodity 

Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand 

dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 

California 1 23,309,526 2 6,213,336 1 17,096,190 Dairy products 3,717,116 Greenhouse/nursery 2,223,707 Grapes 2,154,422 Cotton Texas 2 13,053,234 1 7,758,029 4 5,295,205 Cattle and calves 5,331,297 Cotton 1,809,633 Dairy products 920,798 Greenhouse/nursery Iowa 3 12,852,687 3 5,456,780 2 7,395,907 Corn 4,290,116 Hogs 3,003,970 Soybean 2,892,171 Cattle and calves Nebraska 4 9,454,041 4 5,277,261 7 4,176,780 Cattle and calves 4,081,767 Corn 2,490,992 Hogs 856,139 Soybean Illinois 5 9,049,998 16 2,061,103 3 6,988,895 Corn 3,545,576 Soybean 2,783,554 Hogs 1,038,640 Cattle and calves Minnesota 6 8,808,931 8 4,168,423 6 4,640,508 Corn 1,704,389 Soybean 1,618,232 Dairy products 1,362,180 Hogs Kansas 7 7,869,209 5 4,570,327 11 3,298,882 Cattle and calves 3,994,745 Wheat 1,183,561 Corn 782,902 Sorghum grain North Carolina 8 7,831,309 6 4,427,323 10 3,403,986 Hogs 1,748,690 Broilers 1,310,429 Tobacco 1,021,487 Greenhouse/nursery Florida 9 6,130,658 28 1,188,193 5 4,942,465 Oranges 1,290,577 Greenhouse/nursery 1,140,419 Cane for sugar 461,741 Dairy products Wisconsin 10 6,061,542 7 4,288,078 22 1,773,464 Dairy products 3,261,815 Corn 706,978 Cattle and calves 543,626 Soybean Arkansas 11 5,886,786 9 3,356,623 14 2,530,163 Broilers 2,122,313 Soybean 763,365 Rice 644,295 Cotton Georgia 12 5,687,046 10 3,279,260 16 2,407,786 Broilers 2,205,294 Cotton 781,640 Peanuts 388,552 Chicken eggs Washington 13 5,680,980 22 1,664,390 8 4,016,590 Apples 1,098,717 Dairy products 788,075 Wheat 774,530 Cattle and calves Indiana 14 5,558,099 20 1,894,655 9 3,663,444 Corn 1,784,351 Soybean 1,453,360 Hogs 829,748 Chicken eggs Ohio 15 5,121,783 18 1,944,998 12 3,176,785 Soybean 1,126,253 Corn 947,039 Dairy products 651,000 Greenhouse/nursery Missouri 16 4,950,421 13 2,450,145 15 2,500,276 Soybean 995,839 Corn 670,412 Hogs 651,631 Cattle and calves Colorado 17 4,229,447 12 2,759,135 25 1,470,312 Cattle and calves 2,071,753 Wheat 391,421 Corn 327,659 Dairy products Pennsylvania 18 4,142,509 11 2,864,577 28 1,277,932 Dairy products 1,662,423 Cattle and calves 338,674 Greenhouse/nursery 318,004 Chicken eggs South Dakota 19 3,683,512 23 1,632,765 20 2,050,747 Cattle and calves 945,528 Corn 635,461 Soybean 560,509 Wheat Michigan 20 3,642,927 25 1,447,981 18 2,194,946 Dairy products 807,488 Corn 477,441 Greenhouse/nursery 421,846 Soybean Oklahoma 21 3,565,551 14 2,439,301 30 1,126,250 Cattle and calves 1,446,470 Wheat 397,612 Broilers 328,950 Hogs Kentucky 22 3,550,232 21 1,718,885 21 1,831,347 Tobacco 812,739 Horses/mules 628,000 Cattle and calves 484,705 Corn North Dakota 23 3,532,393 38 536,777 13 2,995,616 Wheat 1,606,747 Cattle and calves 305,457 Barley 302,768 Sunflower Mississippi 24 3,462,784 19 1,934,279 24 1,528,505 Broilers 1,197,004 Cotton 726,425 Soybean 327,950 Aquaculture Idaho 25 3,409,945 26 1,329,258 19 2,080,687 Potatoes 715,708 Dairy products 652,605 Cattle and calves 573,575 Wheat Alabama 26 3,173,595 15 2,362,958 34 810,637 Broilers 1,634,802 Cattle and calves 286,068 Cotton 260,436 Chicken eggs New York 27 3,043,034 17 2,044,547 31 998,487 Dairy products 1,693,251 Greenhouse/nursery 238,875 Apples 138,222 Corn Oregon 28 2,976,542 35 656,530 17 2,320,012 Greenhouse/nursery 441,503 Wheat 294,182 Cattle and calves 257,598 Dairy products Virginia 29 2,378,146 24 1,477,983 32 900,163 Broilers 466,388 Dairy products 289,980 Cattle and calves 211,294 Turkeys Tennessee 30 2,371,873 29 997,660 26 1,374,213 Cattle and calves 355,971 Cotton 275,895 Soybean 272,953 Dairy products Louisiana 31 2,342,068 34 687,210 23 1,654,858 Cotton 520,245 Cane for sugar 271,418 Soybean 249,040 Rice Arizona 32 2,146,417 31 838,827 27 1,307,590 Cattle and calves 384,228 Dairy products 356,990 Cotton 341,055 Lettuce Montana 33 2,027,226 32 796,927 29 1,230,299 Wheat 860,646 Cattle and calves 655,770 Barley 152,889 Hay New Mexico 34 1,709,056 27 1,197,489 37 511,567 Cattle and calves 628,219 Dairy products 523,279 Hay 154,745 Chili peppers South Carolina 35 1,602,056 33 737,210 33 864,846 Broilers 306,657 Tobacco 214,650 Greenhouse/nursery 167,578 Cotton Maryland 36 1,533,770 30 900,503 35 633,267 Broilers 512,672 Greenhouse/nursery 230,409 Dairy products 199,971 Corn Utah 37 873,143 36 646,139 41 227,004 Cattle and calves 244,193 Dairy products 219,475 Hay 78,119 Wheat New Jersey 38 800,958 44 195,563 36 605,395 Greenhouse/nursery 257,032 Dairy products 44,829 Peaches 33,649 Blueberries Delaware 39 757,036 37 573,456 44 183,580 Broilers 524,216 Soybean 40,935 Corn 35,176 Greenhouse/nursery Wyoming 40 661,979 39 477,641 43 184,338 Cattle and calves 394,748 Hay 41,617 Sugar beets 37,474 Wheat Vermont 41 534,666 40 437,057 46 97,609 Dairy products 392,688 Cattle and calves 34,305 Greenhouse/nursery 31,000 Maple products Connecticut 42 489,113 43 236,700 40 252,413 Greenhouse/nursery 123,149 Dairy products 78,970 Aquaculture 61,881 Chicken eggs Maine 43 485,111 42 261,537 42 223,574 Potatoes 103,476 Dairy products 101,457 Chicken eggs 86,940 Aquaculture Hawaii 44 482,589 48 65,995 38 416,594 Cane for sugar 108,334 Pineapples 87,282 Greenhouse/nursery 74,487 Macadamia nuts Massachusetts 45 477,698 46 109,067 39 368,631 Greenhouse/nursery 146,672 Cranberries 98,283 Dairy products 69,992 Apples West Virginia 46 388,170 41 308,191 48 79,979 Broilers 148,013 Cattle and calves 48,459 Dairy products 37,848 Turkeys Nevada 47 286,002 45 153,436 45 132,566 Cattle and calves 81,017 Hay 66,915 Dairy products 62,310 Potatoes New Hampshire 48 160,907 47 72,302 47 88,605 Dairy products 49,764 Greenhouse/nursery 40,000 Apples 8,507 Cattle and calves Rhode Island 49 82,867 49 11,294 49 71,573 Greenhouse/nursery 50,000 Dairy products 4,805 Chicken eggs 2,580 Sweet corn Alaska 50 29,418 50 6,108 50 23,310 Greenhouse/nursery 17,992 Dairy products 2,608 Potatoes 1,698 Hay 

1Rankings for States and commodities available on Internet at www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htmSource: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
50 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 2-4—Value of production, net value added, and net farm income for States, 1995-96, ranked by 1996 

value of production

 1995 1996 

Final Net Net Final Net Net

agricultural value farm agricultural value farm

Rank1 State output2 added3 income4 output2 added3 income4

Thousand dollars

1 California 23,352,271 9,930,589 4,624,608 24,792,634 11,523,504 5,666,964

2 Texas 14,790,399 4,900,672 2,524,270 14,343,432 5,014,502 2,575,192

3 Iowa 11,433,350 4,693,575 2,186,059 13,968,612 6,790,736 3,969,021

4 Nebraska 9,266,456 3,359,386 1,801,545 10,860,155 4,865,490 3,075,464

5 Illinois 8,063,913 3,053,196 840,557 10,276,677 4,906,255 2,255,271

6 Minnesota 7,918,332 2,375,702 1,057,992 9,551,301 3,768,918 2,242,924

7 North Carolina 8,018,002 4,121,551 2,594,018 9,205,089 4,825,086 3,214,923

8 Kansas 8,017,178 2,298,036 1,052,199 8,903,012 3,126,572 1,728,327

9 Washington 5,822,929 2,544,530 928,242 6,604,022 3,367,295 1,599,341

10 Wisconsin 6,086,026 1,535,280 290,579 6,566,281 2,005,454 562,142

11 Arkansas 5,475,021 2,213,712 1,484,023 6,522,022 2,893,423 2,089,045

12 Georgia 5,830,977 2,580,404 1,963,368 6,466,893 2,900,216 2,244,004

13 Florida 6,200,109 3,025,065 1,813,059 6,432,993 3,031,291 1,764,697

14 Indiana 5,239,159 1,729,807 561,302 6,149,285 2,524,396 1,256,935

15 Missouri 4,724,825 1,191,664 309,319 5,928,665 2,246,652 1,201,525

16 Ohio 5,309,425 2,103,805 1,109,443 5,688,532 2,332,752 1,346,777

17 Colorado 4,628,941 1,316,538 635,349 4,740,818 1,533,901 843,535

18 Pennsylvania 4,183,119 1,124,563 547,628 4,624,795 1,547,534 934,293

19 South Dakota 3,432,137 1,418,392 654,502 4,344,839 2,268,578 1,331,949

20 Kentucky 3,743,439 1,613,238 962,589 4,225,767 1,991,662 1,282,953

21 North Dakota 3,253,568 1,300,107 339,362 4,098,962 2,073,130 964,047

22 Oklahoma 4,029,043 1,053,179 487,894 4,059,895 1,142,774 549,997

23 Mississippi 3,431,489 1,064,702 576,179 3,984,698 1,488,466 954,636

24 Alabama 3,473,144 1,257,170 864,814 3,838,373 1,476,174 1,081,499

25 Michigan 4,004,178 1,349,231 662,918 3,816,115 1,150,166 375,895

26 Oregon 3,477,519 1,441,210 353,111 3,800,853 1,775,280 618,721

27 Idaho 3,454,903 1,376,758 633,490 3,738,986 1,580,853 818,437

28 New York 3,111,578 842,670 283,773 3,311,896 1,054,965 462,487

29 Virginia 2,590,256 930,423 546,152 2,769,370 976,077 580,782

30 Tennessee 2,611,012 914,220 443,307 2,748,500 979,748 487,110

31 Louisiana 2,224,814 975,417 520,608 2,556,630 1,203,325 705,602

32 Arizona 2,286,039 1,046,825 660,758 2,311,390 1,106,340 718,852

33 Montana 2,250,814 970,161 413,165 2,192,128 900,070 334,898

34 New Mexico 1,658,289 682,166 382,857 1,849,157 668,656 368,468

35 Maryland 1,607,003 435,605 210,636 1,816,869 612,137 369,884

36 South Carolina 1,578,594 593,120 368,103 1,790,144 717,722 475,316

37 Utah 965,208 340,293 178,975 1,053,401 373,064 213,678

38 New Jersey 902,527 410,498 226,938 935,675 451,450 260,598

39 Wyoming 883,757 282,519 90,311 860,302 255,854 66,754

40 Delaware 754,840 158,550 93,177 855,446 208,581 138,075

41 Vermont 526,427 161,660 92,333 577,411 206,067 132,808

42 Connecticut 515,132 252,869 146,838 553,571 298,309 186,913

43 Maine 513,847 160,214 52,634 548,949 197,967 86,846

44 Massachusetts 497,738 225,861 117,191 535,977 264,816 150,569

45 Hawaii 530,288 226,343 11,397 519,867 213,721 (2,004)

46 West Virginia 482,690 104,744 42,948 474,314 76,254 13,104

47 Nevada 338,006 108,752 47,585 359,701 117,039 56,109

48 New Hampshire 172,610 67,831 37,137 181,936 75,715 43,302

49 Rhode Island 89,074 53,985 40,536 92,332 51,123 36,978

50 Alaska 34,599 17,296 11,195 34,979 16,403 10,328

United States 203,784,950 75,934,040 36,876,928 226,463,634 95,176,442 52,445,950

1Rankings for States and commodities available on Internet at www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htm

2Total value of all commodities and services produced in the sector.

3Final sector output less intermediate consumption outlays, net government transactions, and capital consumption. It is the sum of the 

contributions of all factors of production, regardless of ownership. 4Net value added less payments to factors of production is the residual returns to operators.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 51

Table 2-5—Ranking of States for net farm income, value of production per acre, and net farm income per

acre, 1996

Net farm Value of Net farm 

Rank1 State income State production State income

Thousand Dollars Dollars

dollars per acre per acre

1 California 5,662,985 Delaware 1,514 Rhode Island 587

2 Iowa 3,969,022 Rhode Island 1,466 Connecticut 405

3 North Carolina 3,374,008 Connecticut 1,369 North Carolina 367

4 Nebraska 3,075,464 New Jersey 1,114 New Jersey 310

5 Texas 2,573,495 North Carolina 1,018 Massachusetts 249

6 Illinois 2,255,272 Massachusetts 925 Delaware 244

7 Minnesota 2,242,923 Maryland 866 Georgia 189

8 Georgia 2,233,736 California 826 California 189

9 Arkansas 2,101,176 Florida 625 Maryland 177

10 Florida 1,769,062 Pennsylvania 602 Florida 172

11 Kansas 1,728,549 Georgia 547 Arkansas 140

12 Washington 1,599,341 Arkansas 436 Pennsylvania 123

13 South Dakota 1,331,947 New York 430 Iowa 120

14 Ohio 1,327,718 Vermont 428 Alabama 110

15 Indiana 1,240,962 New Hampshire 423 Washington 102

16 Missouri 1,194,572 Iowa 421 New Hampshire 101

17 Alabama 1,074,115 Washington 421 South Carolina 99

18 Kentucky 1,045,863 Maine 410 Vermont 98

19 North Dakota 964,049 Alabama 391 Ohio 88

20 Mississippi 963,672 Wisconsin 391 Louisiana 81

21 Pennsylvania 945,911 Indiana 386 Illinois 80

22 Colorado 843,535 Ohio 375 Indiana 78

23 Idaho 818,438 Illinois 366 Mississippi 76

24 Arizona 721,619 South Carolina 362 Minnesota 75

25 Louisiana 700,944 Michigan 360 Kentucky 75

26 Oregon 618,721 Hawaii 327 Virginia 66

27 Virginia 567,940 Virginia 321 Nebraska 65

28 Wisconsin 560,396 Minnesota 321 Maine 65

29 Oklahoma 551,396 Mississippi 317 Idaho 61

30 South Carolina 492,747 Louisiana 293 New York 60

31 New York 462,487 Kentucky 285 Missouri 40

32 Tennessee 386,142 Idaho 277 Kansas 36

33 Michigan 375,895 Nebraska 231 Michigan 35

34 Maryland 372,622 Tennessee 224 Oregon 35

35 New Mexico 363,356 Oregon 217 Wisconsin 33

36 Montana 334,898 Missouri 197 Tennessee 33

37 New Jersey 260,597 Kansas 186 South Dakota 30

38 Utah 213,677 Colorado 146 Colorado 26

39 Connecticut 153,730 West Virginia 127 North Dakota 24

40 Massachusetts 141,852 Oklahoma 119 Arizona 20

41 Delaware 138,075 Texas 111 Texas 20

42 Vermont 132,808 North Dakota 102 Utah 19

43 Maine 86,846 South Dakota 99 Oklahoma 16

44 Wyoming 66,755 Utah 96 Alaska 11

45 Nevada 56,109 Arizona 65 New Mexico 8

46 New Hampshire 43,302 New Mexico 42 Nevada 6

47 Rhode Island 36,979 Nevada 41 Montana 6

48 West Virginia 10,332 Alaska 38 West Virginia 3

49 Alaska 10,328 Montana 37 Wyoming 2

50 Hawaii -2,004 Wyoming 25 Hawaii -1

United States 52,194,363 United States 233 United States 54

1Rankings for States and commodities available on Internet at www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htm

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
52 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Farm equity (in nominal dollars) has increased steadily

since 1990 as asset values have risen faster than farm

debt. U.S. farm sector equity (wealth) fell from a peak

of $799 billion in 1980 to $546 billion in 1986, then

rose sharply to $879 billion in 1996. Growth in real

estate assets has been the major component of expanding farm asset values. Texas, California, Illinois, Iowa,

and Nebraska were the top five States ranked according to value of farm assets and farm equity in 1996.

Farm Asset Values Continue To Grow

Farm business real estate assets for 1996 were 5.8 percent greater than in 1995, raising total farm assets 5

percent for the year. In fact, growth in real estate

assets has been the major component of expanding

asset values since 1992 (fig. 3-2). While real estate

assets have grown 28 percent since 1991, nonreal

estate assets have increased only 5 percent (table 3-2).

Real estate values have grown at slightly increasing

rates each year since the beginning of the 1990s. 

Farm Sector Debt Rose for Second 

Consecutive Year

Farm debt rose more than $5 billion from 1995 to

1996, a 3.4-percent increase. Nonreal estate debt has

grown more rapidly than real estate debt since 1991

(fig. 3-3). Nonreal estate debt rose nearly $3 billion, a

3.8-percent increase over 1995. This increase in farm

debt, the fourth consecutive annual increase, reflects

both farm investors positive view of the future of the 

farm sectorstable to growing returns on their 

investmentsand the favorable interest rate environment. Farmers appear increasingly willing to purchase

new machinery and equipment and invest in farmland.

Farm Equity Rose 4.7 Percent

Farm equity rose from $834.3 billion in 1995 to

$878.7 billion in 1996. Farm equity has increased

since 1991, as asset values have risen faster than farm

debt (fig. 3-4). When adjusted for inflation (1992 dollars), the value of farm wealth increased from $775.4

billion in 1995 to $801.1 billion in 1996 (fig. 3.1).

Farm Equity Highest in Texas, California,

Illinois, Iowa, and Nebraska

Collectively, Texas, California, Illinois, Iowa, and

Nebraska held about one-third of the Nations farm

assets in 1996. Texas recorded the greatest asset value,

$85.8 billion, up 6.2 percent from 1995. Texas also

ranked first in equity value at $75.9 billion. California

ranked second in farm assets with $79.3 billion and

second in equity with $64.4 billion. Californias farm

sector also carried more total debt ($14.9 billion) than

any other State.

The most rapid rate of asset growth was Massachusetts

(9.3 percent). The most rapid rate of growth of farm

equity was Rhode Island (16.6 percent) (table 3-1).

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Nebraska, Rhode Island,

and Indiana are the top five States ranked in order of

the percentage growth of asset values. Utah had the

most rapid rate of increase in farm debt from 1995 to

1996 (up 36.1 percent), perhaps reflecting increased

investment in hog operations.

Chapter 3: Farm Sector Balance Sheet, 1996

Farm Assets, Debt, and Equity Up in 1996

Ken Erickson
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 53

Figure 3-1

Farm business equity in current and real (1992)

dollars, 1970-96

In real dollars, equity at 10-year plateau

$ billion

Figure 3-2

Farm sector asset value, 1992-96

Farm assets growing, due mostly to increasing 

land values

$ billion

1970

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Real dollars

(1992) 

Current

dollars

80 90 96 1992

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Nonreal estate assets

93 94 95 96

 Real estate

Figure 3-3

Farm sector debt, 1992-96

Farm debt rising; nonreal estate debt rising faster than

real estate debt

$ billion

Figure 3-4

Farm assets and debt, 1992-96

Farm assets growing faster than debt

$ billion

1992

0

20

40

60

80

100

Real estate debt Nonreal estate debt

93 94 95 96 1992

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Assets Debt

93 94 95 96
54 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-1—Farm business balance sheet components for 1996 by State, with percentage 

changes from 1995

Total Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

farm change Real change Nonreal change Total change Farm change

business from estate from estate from farm from business from

State assets 1995 assets 1995 assets 1995 debt 1995 equity 1995

Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand

dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent

Alabama 14,614,594 2.06 11,636,513 4.19 2,978,081 -5.50 1,605,264 3.02 13,009,330 1.94

Alaska 612,015 5.98 268,297 5.13 343.718 6.66 12,670 7.18 599,345 5.96

Arizona 15,282,719 4.97 14,080,434 5.26 1,202,285 1.65 1,056,902 -12.58 14,225,817 6.56

Arkansas 18,325,994 4.25 13,351,003 0.76 4,974,991 14.92 3,687,302 1.99 14,638,692 4.83

California 79,314,754 4.27 68,077,459 4.41 11,237,295 3.46 14,916,997 4.14 64,397,757 4.31

Colorado 21,668,915 5.39 17,028,063 5.73 4,640,852 4.15 3,504,812 6.67 18,164,103 5.15

Connecticut 2,651,054 8.99 2,362,896 10.13 288,158 0.44 210,876 5.66 2,440,178 9.29

Delaware 1,859,365 6.70 1,564,153 9.05 295,212 -4.24 307,239 -2.12 1,552,126 8.63

Florida 25,990,695 -0.23 22,137,946 -0.26 3,852,749 -0.07 3,895,128 -1.35 22,095,567 -0.03

Georgia 18,469,951 2.79 14,123,381 5.30 4,346,570 -4.60 3,316,349 5.20 15,153,602 2.28

Hawaii 4,715,824 4.24 4,341,448 5.00 374,376 -3.78 207,109 2.16 4,508,715 4.34

Idaho 14,939,737 3.86 11,381,286 6.08 3,558,451 -2.64 2,558,890 -1.68 12,380,847 5.09

Illinois 68,477,866 5.95 57,088,415 6.69 11,389,451 2.40 8,664,632 7.17 59,813,234 5.78

Indiana 34,447,386 7.81 27,117,701 9.38 7,329,685 2.35 4,938,764 3.84 29,508,622 8.50

Iowa 63,828,315 7.52 48,013,338 8.88 15,814,977 3.59 11,641,687 6.38 52,186,628 7.77

Kansas 33,910,885 5.58 24,814,485 3.98 9,096,400 10.23 6,039,266 0.28 27,871,619 6.81

Kentucky 21,916,217 3.08 16,965,754 4.55 4,950,463 -1.66 3,082,203 7.35 18,834,014 2.41

Louisiana 8,360,995 -10.22 9,235,350 2.19 -874,355 -417.93 1,461,227 -9.31 6,899,768 -10.41

Maine 2,074,681 -0.35 1,479,943 0.70 594,738 -2.86 349,672 3.58 1,725,009 -1.11

Maryland 8,406,560 3.36 7,107,707 4.55 1,298,853 -2.69 981,904 1.56 7,424,656 3.60

Massachusetts 3,453,625 9.28 2,971,999 10.77 481,626 0.89 258,350 8.17 3,195,275 9.37

Michigan 19,149,247 5.68 13,856,510 7.82 5,292,737 0.47 2,850,727 4.72 16,298,520 5.85

Minnesota 39,731,119 4.49 26,901,563 6.56 12,829,556 0.39 8,104,174 5.15 31,626,945 4.32

Mississippi 13,654,155 4.24 9,912,042 2.78 3,742,113 8.31 2,389,478 -4.52 11,264,677 6.31

Missouri 34,597,853 5.05 25,572,781 6.18 9,025,072 1.97 5,565,936 6.76 29,031,917 4.73

Montana 21,055,972 5.39 16,543,081 5.36 4,512,891 5.53 2,610,255 1.66 18,445,717 5.95

Nebraska 40,718,695 8.43 29,700,773 7.59 11,017,922 10.75 8,111,378 5.33 32,607,317 9.23

Nevada 3,181,241 5.61 2,613,855 5.42 567,386 6.51 229,648 -2.80 2,951,593 6.33

New Hampshire 1,059,276 0.77 923,066 0.85 136,210 0.25 80,224 7.27 979,052 0.28

New Jersey 6,680,566 0.23 6,026,919 0.24 653,647 0.22 531,556 27.28 6,149,010 -1.57

New Mexico 13,210,747 6.62 11,387,062 8.03 1,823,685 -1.41 1,271,649 7.63 11,939,098 6.51

New York 13,167,075 3.59 9,034,089 4.28 4,132,986 2.13 2,111,962 -3.01 11,055,113 4.96

North Carolina 20,788,910 2.94 15,650,238 1.80 5,138,672 6.60 3,468,200 5.73 17,320,710 2.40

North Dakota 22,307,756 4.59 15,407,786 6.78 6,899,970 -0.01 3,880,898 4.31 18,426,858 4.65

Ohio 34,036,724 5.90 26,909,096 6.08 7,127,628 5.19 3,775,302 9.66 30,261,422 5.44

Oklahoma 22,670,447 4.89 16,485,853 4.20 6,184,594 6.77 3,992,693 3.66 18,677,754 5.16

Oregon 18,182,458 6.23 14,527,289 7.76 3,655,169 0.54 2,184,210 -0.25 15,998,248 7.18

Pennsylvania 22,078,631 4.44 16,962,094 4.99 5,116,537 2.64 2,530,714 1.39 19,547,917 4.84

Rhode Island 460,153 8.19 414,739 9.66 45,414 -3.63 35,411 -42.06 424,742 16.62

South Carolina 7,684,559 1.79 5,865,255 2.71 1,819,304 -1.08 862,002 2.11 6,822,557 1.75

South Dakota 20,041,811 4.30 13,036,437 1.88 7,005,374 9.12 3,799,784 2.30 16,242,027 4.78

Tennessee 20,638,390 5.48 15,946,006 8.13 4,692,384 -2.63 2,152,146 3.59 18,486,244 5.70

Texas 85,848,897 6.21 68,661,940 7.68 17,186,957 0.74 9,960,056 -1.96 75,888,841 7.39

Utah 8,522,064 6.76 7,145,018 7.60 1,377,046 2.59 938,550 36.12 7,583,514 3.98

Vermont 2,507,159 0.74 1,816,755 1.04 690,404 -0.04 367,261 5.54 2,139,898 -0.04

Virginia 18,532,949 5.01 14,804,210 4.23 3,728,739 8.23 1,817,206 -1.32 16,715,743 5.75

Washington 20,876,446 7.55 16,948,354 10.12 3,928,092 -2.29 3,125,860 2.24 17,750,586 8.54

West Virginia 3,792,110 2.97 3,018,862 3.63 773,248 0.47 392,425 0.26 3,399,685 3.29

Wisconsin 27,698,983 4.20 17,357,688 6.38 10,341,295 0.73 5,363,215 3.15 22,335,768 4.45

Wyoming 8,669,474 6.71 6,819,177 6.80 1,850,297 6.38 954,707 3.92 7,714,767 7.06

United States 1,034,870,969 5.02 805,396,109 5.79 229,474,860 2.42 156,154,870 3.39 878,716,099 5.32

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 55

Table 3-2—Farm business balance sheet components for 1996 by State, with percentage 

changes from 1991

Total Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

farm change Real change Nonreal change Total change Farm change

business from estate from estate from farm from business from

State assets 1991 assets 1991 assets 1991 debt 1991 equity 1991

Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand

dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent

Alabama 14,614,594 36.38 11,636,513 50.43 2,978,081 -0.08 1,605,264 14.11 13,009,330 39.75

Alaska 612,015 18.44 268,297 13.27 343,718 22.81 12,670 -45.30 599,345 21.43

Arizona 15,282,719 28.22 14,080,434 31.31 1,202,285 0.57 1,056,902 -17.93 14,225,817 33.82

Arkansas 18,325,994 18.12 13,351,003 16.11 4,974,991 23.89 3,687,302 18.49 14,638,692 18.03

California 79,314,754 13.91 68,077,459 14.96 11,237,295 7.96 14,916,997 13.80 64,397,757 13.94

Colorado 21,668,915 33.31 17,028,063 43.38 4,640,852 5.98 3,504,812 23.56 18,164,103 35.37

Connecticut 2,651,054 27.07 2,362,896 32.67 288,158 -5.64 210,876 5.19 2,440,178 29.39

Delaware 1,859,365 41.47 1,564,153 53.88 295,212 -0.90 307,239 1.84 1,552,126 53.27

Florida 25,990,695 7.71 22,137,946 9.58 3,852,749 -1.90 3,895,128 9.62 22,095,567 7.38

Georgia 18,469,951 24.14 14,123,381 32.23 4,346,570 3.55 3,316,349 20.02 15,153,602 25.08

Hawaii 4,715,824 12.61 4,341,448 16.48 374,376 -18.69 207,109 -28.19 4,508,715 15.63

Idaho 14,939,737 28.80 11,381,286 38.15 3,558,451 5.89 2,558,890 3.68 12,380,847 35.59

Illinois 68,477,866 34.27 57,088,415 40.14 11,389,451 10.97 8,664,632 18.58 59,813,234 36.90

Indiana 34,447,386 35.75 27,117,701 44.45 7,329,685 11.01 4,938,764 7.89 29,508,622 41.88

Iowa 63,828,315 25.85 48,013,338 33.51 15,814,977 7.18 11,641,687 17.98 52,186,628 27.75

Kansas 33,910,885 18.15 24,814,485 22.67 9,096,400 7.36 6,039,266 9.54 27,871,619 20.20

Kentucky 21,916,217 28.20 16,965,754 43.85 4,950,463 -6.62 3,082,203 12.19 18,834,014 31.26

Louisiana 8,360,995 -1.15 9,235,350 27.05 -874,355 -173.56 1,461,227 -14.55 6,899,768 2.25

Maine 2,074,681 14.31 1,479,943 18.84 594,738 4.42 349,672 26.07 1,725,009 12.19

Maryland 8,406,560 36.78 7,107,707 47.84 1,298,853 -2.94 981,904 3.74 7,424,656 42.80

Massachusetts 3,453,625 17.58 2,971,999 19.77 481,626 5.68 258,350 -12.43 3,195,275 20.93

Michigan 19,149,247 26.68 13,856,510 36.67 5,292,737 6.32 2,850,727 10.53 16,298,520 30.00

Minnesota 39,731,119 13.14 26,901,563 15.12 12,829,556 9.22 8,104,174 22.28 31,626,945 11.02

Mississippi 13,654,155 18.37 9,912,042 19.15 3,742,113 16.34 2,389,478 -3.24 11,264,677 24.26

Missouri 34,597,853 24.02 25,572,781 31.89 9,025,072 6.09 5,565,936 21.10 29,031,917 24.60

Montana 21,055,972 27.20 16,543,081 36.23 4,512,891 2.35 2,610,255 5.49 18,445,717 31.02

Nebraska 40,718,695 24.29 29,700,773 29.44 11,017,922 12.26 8,111,378 22.81 32,607,317 24.67

Nevada 3,181,241 20.90 2,613,855 27.61 567,386 -2.67 229,648 -4.24 2,951,593 23.42

New Hampshire 1,059,276 10.26 923,066 13.15 136,210 -6.01 80,224 18.68 979,052 9.62

New Jersey 6,680,566 13.47 6,026,919 14.41 653,647 5.47 531,556 22.02 6,149,010 12.79

New Mexico 13,210,747 24.00 11,387,062 28.33 1,823,685 2.43 1,271,649 19.44 11,939,098 24.51

New York 13,167,075 7.03 9,034,089 12.05 4,132,986 -2.52 2,111,962 4.82 11,055,113 7.46

North Carolina 20,788,910 31.12 15,650,238 33.09 5,138,672 25.47 3,468,200 27.96 17,320,710 31.78

North Dakota 22,307,756 20.66 15,407,786 26.80 6,899,970 8.90 3,880,898 16.44 18,426,858 21.59

Ohio 34,036,724 34.02 26,909,096 44.97 7,127,628 4.29 3,775,302 18.76 30,261,422 36.20

Oklahoma 22,670,447 10.08 16,485,853 14.88 6,184,594 -0.95 3,992,693 7.97 18,677,754 10.55

Oregon 18,182,458 46.98 14,527,289 60.81 3,655,169 9.55 2,184,210 -12.55 15,998,248 62.04

Pennsylvania 22,078,631 14.01 16,962,094 19.24 5,116,537 -0.47 2,530,714 6.54 19,547,917 15.05

Rhode Island 460,153 36.27 414,739 40.44 45,414 7.17 35,411 -0.47 424,742 40.60

South Carolina 7,684,559 9.79 5,865,255 13.81 1,819,304 -1.42 862,002 -5.15 6,822,557 12.02

South Dakota 20,041,811 11.33 13,036,437 11.14 7,005,374 11.68 3,799,784 11.14 16,242,027 11.37

Tennessee 20,638,390 26.42 15,946,006 36.10 4,692,384 1.81 2,152,146 7.81 18,486,244 29.01

Texas 85,848,897 14.10 68,661,940 19.56 17,186,957 -3.50 9,960,056 2.81 75,888,841 15.77

Utah 8,522,064 51.93 7,145,018 60.30 1,377,046 19.56 938,550 41.84 7,583,514 53.28

Vermont 2,507,159 10.64 1,816,755 13.37 690,404 4.06 367,261 6.49 2,139,898 11.39

Virginia 18,532,949 18.04 14,804,210 20.42 3,728,739 9.45 1,817,206 -5.86 16,715,743 21.39

Washington 20,876,446 25.42 16,948,354 33.96 3,928,092 -1.62 3,125,860 8.82 17,750,586 28.89

West Virginia 3,792,110 11.79 3,018,862 18.20 773,248 -7.74 392,425 -1.27 3,399,685 13.52

Wisconsin 27,698,983 20.74 17,357,688 36.44 10,341,295 1.19 5,363,215 13.30 22,335,768 22.67

Wyoming 8,669,474 37.27 6,819,177 47.68 1,850,297 8.96 954,707 10.51 7,714,767 41.51

United States 1,034,870,969 22.00 805,396,109 28.06 229,474,860 4.62 156,154,870 12.01 878,716,099 23.96

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
56 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-3—Farm business balance sheet components for 1996 by State, with percentage 

changes from 1986

Total Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

farm change Real change Nonreal change Total change Farm change

business from estate from estate from farm from business from

State assets 1986 assets 1986 assets 1986 debt 1986 equity 1986

Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand

dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent dollars Percent

Alabama 14,614,594 52.19 11,636,513 61.91 2,978,081 23.27 1,605,264 -9.49 13,009,330 66.17

Alaska 612,015 14.00 268,297 -18.33 343,718 64.98 12,670 -63.12 599,345 19.27

Arizona 15,282,719 29.82 14,080,434 32.75 1,202,285 3.16 1,056,902 -38.45 14,225,817 41.48

Arkansas 18,325,994 35.95 13,351,003 29.05 4,974,991 58.72 3,687,302 14.63 14,638,692 42.64

California 79,314,754 43.81 68,077,459 48.15 11,237,295 22.12 14,916,997 9.56 64,397,757 55.03

Colorado 21,668,915 47.10 17,028,063 49.08 4,640,852 40.28 3,504,812 5.70 18,164,103 59.13

Connecticut 2,651,054 59.40 2,362,896 72.58 288,158 -1.95 210,876 7.29 2,440,178 66.39

Delaware 1,859,365 51.55 1,564,153 63.33 295,212 9.63 307,239 18.13 1,552,126 60.53

Florida 25,990,695 23.98 22,137,946 23.36 3,852,749 27.66 3,895,128 4.93 22,095,567 28.08

Georgia 18,469,951 35.84 14,123,381 38.86 4,346,570 26.89 3,316,349 -0.69 15,153,602 47.73

Hawaii 4,715,824 44.99 4,341,448 52.97 374,376 -9.69 207,109 -41.64 4,508,715 55.60

Idaho 14,939,737 53.63 11,381,286 62.07 3,558,451 31.71 2,558,890 -6.90 12,380,847 77.48

Illinois 68,477,866 70.11 57,088,415 84.28 11,389,451 22.79 8,664,632 4.98 59,813,234 86.91

Indiana 34,447,386 60.20 27,117,701 75.13 7,329,685 21.78 4,938,764 -7.98 29,508,622 82.88

Iowa 63,828,315 78.36 48,013,338 94.55 15,814,977 42.38 11,641,687 6.06 52,186,628 110.35

Kansas 33,910,885 44.30 24,814,485 50.89 9,096,400 28.93 6,039,266 4.65 27,871,619 57.20

Kentucky 21,916,217 45.20 16,965,754 58.35 4,950,463 13.03 3,082,203 0.35 18,834,014 56.66

Louisiana 8,360,995 -19.10 9,235,350 15.11 -874,355 -137.83 1,461,227 -39.16 6,899,768 -13.02

Maine 2,074,681 34.17 1,479,943 42.98 594,738 16.34 349,672 2.52 1,725,009 43.13

Maryland 8,406,560 50.18 7,107,707 64.70 1,298,853 1.31 981,904 5.29 7,424,656 59.15

Massachusetts 3,453,625 63.34 2,971,999 73.43 481,626 20.18 258,350 13.74 3,195,275 69.31

Michigan 19,149,247 47.84 13,856,510 60.39 5,292,737 22.71 2,850,727 -17.96 16,298,520 71.96

Minnesota 39,731,119 56.21 26,901,563 71.57 12,829,556 31.53 8,104,174 3.85 31,626,945 79.39

Mississippi 13,654,155 22.95 9,912,042 20.10 3,742,113 31.21 2,389,478 -25.74 11,264,677 42.81

Missouri 34,597,853 49.13 25,572,781 58.44 9,025,072 27.84 5,565,936 7.61 29,031,917 61.04

Montana 21,055,972 46.04 16,543,081 46.91 4,512,891 42.95 2,610,255 -18.19 18,445,717 64.29

Nebraska 40,718,695 59.39 29,700,773 66.90 11,017,922 42.13 8,111,378 21.11 32,607,317 72.99

Nevada 3,181,241 28.13 2,613,855 30.32 567,386 18.90 229,648 -38.36 2,951,593 39.87

New Hampshire 1,059,276 14.31 923,066 24.14 136,210 -25.62 80,224 14.78 979,052 14.27

New Jersey 6,680,566 86.91 6,026,919 100.15 653,647 16.09 531,556 36.73 6,149,010 93.03

New Mexico 13,210,747 68.40 11,387,062 73.81 1,823,685 40.99 1,271,649 12.01 11,939,098 77.94

New York 13,167,075 17.43 9,034,089 24.72 4,132,986 4.14 2,111,962 -14.03 11,055,113 26.26

North Carolina 20,788,910 36.85 15,650,238 36.34 5,138,672 38.44 3,468,200 17.40 17,320,710 41.55

North Dakota 22,307,756 34.05 15,407,786 32.37 6,899,970 37.98 3,880,898 -0.45 18,426,858 44.61

Ohio 34,036,724 62.15 26,909,096 79.62 7,127,628 18.62 3,775,302 3.24 30,261,422 74.59

Oklahoma 22,670,447 21.86 16,485,853 19.82 6,184,594 27.62 3,992,693 -6.49 18,677,754 30.30

Oregon 18,182,458 67.34 14,527,289 77.45 3,655,169 36.44 2,184,210 -19.53 15,998,248 96.27

Pennsylvania 22,078,631 40.30 16,962,094 52.91 5,116,537 10.18 2,530,714 8.68 19,547,917 45.79

Rhode Island 460,153 81.25 414,739 100.15 45,414 -2.69 35,411 42.30 424,742 85.48

South Carolina 7,684,559 46.88 5,865,255 60.01 1,819,304 16.14 862,002 -34.12 6,822,557 73.89

South Dakota 20,041,811 47.99 13,036,437 33.01 7,005,374 87.21 3,799,784 1.99 16,242,027 65.44

Tennessee 20,638,390 50.48 15,946,006 61.44 4,692,384 22.27 2,152,146 -4.10 18,486,244 61.16

Texas 85,848,897 7.62 68,661,940 3.55 17,186,957 27.71 9,960,056 -11.88 75,888,841 10.84

Utah 8,522,064 52.02 7,145,018 57.58 1,377,046 28.50 938,550 13.21 7,583,514 58.76

Vermont 2,507,159 17.24 1,816,755 22.15 690,404 6.03 367,261 13.03 2,139,898 18.00

Virginia 18,532,949 42.42 14,804,210 62.42 3,728,739 -4.35 1,817,206 -0.94 16,715,743 49.53

Washington 20,876,446 50.86 16,948,354 57.71 3,928,092 27.04 3,125,860 1.32 17,750,586 65.07

West Virginia 3,792,110 47.87 3,018,862 59.28 773,248 15.55 392,425 27.66 3,399,685 50.62

Wisconsin 27,698,983 34.38 17,357,688 48.65 10,341,295 15.73 5,363,215 -5.47 22,335,768 49.51

Wyoming 8,669,474 37.25 6,819,177 35.92 1,850,297 42.36 954,707 8.22 7,714,767 41.96

United States 1,034,870,969 42.79 805,396,109 48.51 229,474,860 25.79 156,154,870 -0.52 878,716,099 54.76

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 57

Table 3-4—Farm business balance sheet, United States, December 31, 1992-96

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Numbers

Farms 2,107,840 2,083,430 2,064,720 2,071,520 2,063,910

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 873,770,005 910,668,263 942,972,973 985,363,673 1,034,870,969

Real estate 646,336,932 678,333,181 712,377,849 761,304,027 805,396,109

Livestock and poultry1 70,962,162 72,778,679 67,912,189 57,778,086 60,143,401

Machinery and motor vehicles2 85,312,665 85,947,336 86,661,526 86,662,014 85,474,749

Crops3 24,167,846 23,282,537 23,066,282 27,238,265 30,589,207

Purchased inputs 3,946,492 3,789,677 5,036,668 3,371,612 4,361,891

Financial 43,043,908 46,536,853 47,918,459 49,009,669 48,905,612

Farm debt 139,250,069 142,199,727 147,079,289 151,042,037 156,154,870

By purpose:

Real estate 75,619,055 76,272,365 77,959,458 79,559,811 81,929,727

Nonreal estate4 63,631,014 65,927,362 69,119,831 71,482,226 74,225,143

By lender:

Farm Credit System 35,821,193 35,517,886 35,867,550 37,410,827 39,834,474

Farm Service Agency 13,556,086 12,096,285 11,505,601 10,164,955 9,141,214

Commercial banks 51,721,212 54,598,564 57,889,146 60,106,304 61,697,359

Life insurance companies 8,783,056 9,007,115 9,050,305 9,116,242 9,493,434

Individuals and others 29,366,534 30,979,872 32,766,692 34,243,715 35,988,390

Equity 734,519,936 768,468,536 795,893,684 834,321,636 878,716,099

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 19.0 18.5 18.5 18.1 17.8

Debt/assets 15.9 15.6 15.6 15.3 15.1

1Excludes horses, mules, and broilers.

2Include only farm share value for trucks and autos.

3All non-CCC crops held on farms plus the value above loan rate for crops held under CCC.

4Excludes debt for nonfarm purposes.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
58 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Alabama and Alaska, December 31, 1992-96

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Alabama Number

Farms 46,000 46,000 46,000 47,000 45,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 11,435,700 12,689,073 13,726,357 14,320,175 14,614,594

Real estate 8,413,984 9,427,878 10,518,967 11,168,653 11,636,513

Livestock and poultry1 974,423 1,068,280 951,141 745,387 665,730

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,165,202 1,190,127 1,211,593 1,233,497 1,170,297

Crops3 121,143 124,726 113,489 149,025 50,802

Purchased inputs 26,092 31,661 53,443 42,139 59,860

Financial 734,856 846,401 877,724 981,474 1,031,392

Farm debt 1,393,317 1,438,384 1,470,769 1,558,219 1,605,264

By purpose:

Real estate 697,183 722,275 713,902 757,592 796,130

Nonreal estate4 696,134 716,109 756,867 800,627 809,134

By lender:

Farm Credit System 358,198 360,840 372,844 420,735 463,379

Farm Service Agency5 141,313 117,814 105,015 90,345 87,859

Commercial banks 519,743 574,734 590,203 630,868 614,185

Life insurance companies 44,654 35,364 31,333 25,089 24,235

Individuals and others 329,373 349,633 371,373 391,181 415,605

Equity 10,042,383 11,250,689 12,255,588 12,761,956 13,009,330

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 13.9 12.8 12.0 12.2 12.3

Debt/assets 12.2 11.3 10.7 10.9 11.0

Alaska Number

Farms 540 530 520 520 510

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 526,813 558,522 594,627 577,470 612,015

Real estate 225,349 232,351 237,214 255,210 268,297

Livestock and poultry1 5,362 5,533 6,668 7,085 7,434

Machinery and motor vehicles2 19,735 19,784 19,761 19,690 19,136

Crops3 0 623 0 0 0

Purchased inputs 639 602 790 525 676

Financial 275,728 299,629 330,194 294,960 316,472

Farm debt 17,853 15,619 16,046 11,821 12,670

By purpose:

Real estate 11,359 9,974 10,014 6,137 7,179

Nonreal estate4 6,494 5,645 6,032 5,684 5,491

By lender:

Farm Credit System 2,010 898 738 541 497

Farm Service Agency5 521 502 452 531 1,240

Commercial banks 6,096 5,427 6,228 2,868 2,687

Life insurance companies 2,454 1,644 1,059 0 0

Individuals and others 6,773 7,147 7,570 7,880 8,244

Equity 508,960 542,903 578,581 565,649 599,345

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.1 2.1

Debt/assets 3.4 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.1

See footnotes at end of table. Continued— 
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 59

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Arizona and Arkansas, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Arizona Number

Farms 7,500 7,400 7,400 7,400 7,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 11,958,495 12,177,234 12,859,092 14,559,233 15,282,719

Real estate 10,739,212 10,958,423 11,633,120 13,376,412 14,080,434

Livestock and poultry1 569,829 557,145 533,166 477,132 486,160

Machinery and motor vehicles2 373,066 375,966 382,747 381,376 383,024

Crops3 29,644 29,987 30,229 56,705 42,630

Purchased inputs 39,408 35,828 46,805 30,643 38,667

Financial 207,336 219,885 233,025 236,965 251,804

Farm debt 1,175,491 1,212,092 1,241,387 1,208,950 1,056,902

By purpose:

Real estate 506,298 493,764 471,309 483,976 472,411

Nonreal estate4 669,193 718,328 770,078 724,974 584,491

By lender:

Farm Credit System 175,743 188,788 184,674 218,851 249,170

Farm Service Agency5 139,578 134,131 133,726 105,305 65,457

Commercial banks 367,816 388,740 431,920 386,548 240,630

Life insurance companies 195,536 185,992 157,448 148,601 132,331

Individuals and others 296,817 314,440 333,619 349,646 369,315

Equity 10,783,004 10,965,142 11,617,705 13,350,283 14,225,817

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 10.9 11.1 10.7 9.1 7.4

Debt/assets 9.8 10.0 9.7 8.3 6.9

Arkansas Number

Farms 45,000 45,000 44,000 43,000 43,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 16,296,254 17,067,304 17,581,818 17,579,246 18,325,994

Real estate 12,242,416 12,611,548 13,124,209 13,250,075 13,351,003

Livestock and poultry1 1,127,570 1,222,180 1,220,845 957,215 897,617

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,674,884 1,710,711 1,702,866 1,658,201 1,643,164

Crops3 174,901 250,424 168,586 291,548 914,366

Purchased inputs 34,387 26,065 32,940 21,477 28,346

Financial 1,042,096 1,246,376 1,332,372 1,400,730 1,491,498

Farm debt 3,118,245 3,333,264 3,403,683 3,615,478 3,687,302

By purpose:

Real estate 1,772,798 1,859,066 1,904,000 2,002,824 2,074,898

Nonreal estate4 1,345,447 1,474,198 1,499,683 1,612,654 1,612,404

By lender:

Farm Credit System 706,812 838,879 820,942 907,286 945,441

Farm Service Agency5 448,010 378,683 349,481 298,605 268,842

Commercial banks 1,154,770 1,316,515 1,407,180 1,536,294 1,537,192

Life insurance companies 293,168 252,237 245,608 262,862 288,561

Individuals and others 515,402 546,949 580,472 610,429 647,266

Equity 13,178,009 13,734,040 14,178,135 13,963,768 14,638,692

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 23.7 24.3 24.0 25.9 25.2

Debt/assets 19.1 19.5 19.4 20.6 20.1

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
60 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, California and Colorado, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

California Number

Farms 82,000 79,000 79,000 80,000 82,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 71,695,939 71,311,697 71,072,238 76,063,937 79,314,754

Real estate 61,094,485 60,371,441 59,911,166 65,202,475 68,077,459

Livestock and poultry1 3,513,595 3,651,450 3,585,765 3,253,190 3,323,360

Machinery and motor vehicles2 3,865,223 3,803,468 3,872,071 3,907,035 3,968,394

Crops3 360,891 408,530 390,332 534,433 696,535

Purchased inputs 223,381 217,802 295,785 196,082 247,529

Financial 2,638,364 2,859,006 3,017,119 2,970,722 3,001,477

Farm debt 13,160,465 13,447,444 13,944,921 14,324,363 14,916,997

By purpose:

Real estate 7,638,888 7,806,881 7,954,202 8,062,138 8,297,559

Nonreal estate4 5,521,577 5,640,563 5,990,719 6,262,225 6,619,438

By lender:

Farm Credit System 3,826,389 3,676,618 3,554,951 3,644,728 3,811,719

Farm Service Agency5 596,765 567,817 593,682 499,072 322,722

Commercial banks 3,990,009 4,037,706 4,356,608 4,591,193 4,966,841

Life insurance companies 2,349,025 2,633,909 2,761,991 2,790,127 2,872,123

Individuals and others 2,398,269 2,531,393 2,677,688 2,799,243 2,943,592

Equity 58,535,474 57,864,253 57,127,317 61,739,574 64,397,757

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 22.5 23.2 24.4 23.2 23.2

Debt/assets 18.4 18.9 19.6 18.8 18.8

Colorado Number

Farms 25,500 25,500 25,300 25,000 24,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 17,158,962 18,836,867 19,756,159 20,560,329 21,668,915

Real estate 12,634,812 14,024,961 15,044,806 16,104,507 17,028,063

Livestock and poultry1 2,055,439 2,082,495 1,996,188 1,712,738 1,914,148

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,167,581 1,192,556 1,204,544 1,185,996 1,151,736

Crops3 359,365 491,254 365,756 441,237 395,565

Purchased inputs 113,458 76,009 91,237 58,985 78,823

Financial 828,307 969,592 1,053,628 1,056,866 1,100,580

Farm debt 2,794,760 2,944,152 3,059,227 3,285,588 3,504,812

By purpose:

Real estate 1,489,772 1,550,899 1,570,069 1,679,230 1,743,543

Nonreal estate4 1,304,988 1,393,253 1,489,158 1,606,358 1,761,269

By lender:

Farm Credit System 855,326 889,652 886,278 975,173 1,084,207

Farm Service Agency5 143,723 133,814 124,343 116,983 124,620

Commercial banks 823,567 905,546 994,204 1,107,276 1,158,193

Life insurance companies 170,906 167,164 155,735 143,470 141,869

Individuals and others 801,132 847,977 898,669 942,685 995,922

Equity 14,364,202 15,892,715 16,696,932 17,274,741 18,164,103

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 19.5 18.5 18.3 19.0 19.3

Debt/assets 16.3 15.6 15.5 16.0 16.2

See footnotes at end of table. Continued— 
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 61

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Connecticut and Delaware, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Connecticut Number

Farms 4,000 3,800 3,800 3,800 3,800

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 2,292,923 2,412,675 2,387,032 2,432,406 2,651,054

Real estate 1,976,189 2,100,117 2,068,952 2,145,509 2,362,896

Livestock and poultry1 71,755 72,352 74,383 65,331 65,917

Machinery and motor vehicles2 122,028 118,406 120,542 120,110 119,021

Crops3 18,540 17,122 20,331 12,850 18,452

Purchased inputs 9,490 10,448 11,474 6,679 5,151

Financial 94,921 94,230 91,350 81,927 79,617

Farm debt 198,713 194,030 199,040 199,588 210,876

By purpose:

Real estate 85,027 85,363 85,453 82,524 80,120

Nonreal estate4 113,686 108,667 113,587 117,064 130,756

By lender:

Farm Credit System 117,441 124,091 126,002 131,113 131,362

Farm Service Agency5 17,429 15,976 15,960 12,801 14,466

Commercial banks 22,502 10,024 10,350 6,566 12,983

Life insurance companies 00000

Individuals and others 41,339 43,939 46,727 49,108 52,067

Equity 2,094,210 2,218,645 2,187,992 2,232,818 2,440,178

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 9.5 8.8 9.1 8.9 8.6

Debt/assets 8.7 8.0 8.3 8.2 8.0

Delaware Number

Farms 2,700 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 1,433,333 1,543,086 1,628,845 1,742,663 1,859,365

Real estate 1,136,612 1,260,051 1,334,663 1,434,382 1,564,153

Livestock and poultry1 30,727 27,727 30,179 29,183 24,370

Machinery and motor vehicles2 152,861 144,565 147,173 146,646 145,316

Crops3 25,714 19,852 23,960 36,150 25,366

Purchased inputs 3,310 3,156 3,970 2,370 2,950

Financial 84,109 87,735 88,900 93,932 97,210

Farm debt 330,565 338,871 305,998 313,905 307,239

By purpose:

Real estate 174,959 177,156 154,692 164,617 153,229

Nonreal estate4 155,606 161,715 151,306 149,288 154,010

By lender:

Farm Credit System 150,373 152,157 119,140 139,049 139,568

Farm Service Agency5 12,198 10,642 12,326 7,917 10,473

Commercial banks 88,832 79,917 69,041 57,532 56,446

Life insurance companies 0 11,868 15,848 14,836 0

Individuals and others 79,162 84,287 89,641 94,572 100,752

Equity 1,102,768 1,204,215 1,322,847 1,428,758 1,552,126

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 30.0 28.1 23.1 22.0 19.8

Debt/assets 23.1 22.0 18.8 18.0 16.5

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
62 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Florida and Georgia, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Florida Number

Farms 39,000 39,000 39,000 39,000 40,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 23,739,856 25,106,691 25,487,771 26,051,187 25,990,695

Real estate 19,846,107 20,979,725 21,326,441 22,195,697 22,137,946

Livestock and poultry1 1,207,465 1,287,076 1,226,104 935,712 874,238

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,331,050 1,359,522 1,384,044 1,379,084 1,401,619

Crops3 63,163 45,347 53,283 45,922 58,791

Purchased inputs 57,614 52,596 60,819 30,712 35,678

Financial 1,234,457 1,382,425 1,437,080 1,464,060 1,482,423

Farm debt 3,633,581 3,885,208 4,061,008 3,948,500 3,895,128

By purpose:

Real estate 2,618,217 2,764,665 2,919,637 2,789,183 2,687,597

Nonreal estate4 1,015,364 1,120,543 1,141,371 1,159,317 1,207,531

By lender:

Farm Credit System 801,962 850,103 813,799 874,364 915,656

Farm Service Agency5 230,973 216,632 198,279 164,631 135,763

Commercial banks 1,050,892 1,032,199 1,107,339 1,002,607 908,502

Life insurance companies 935,104 1,136,885 1,253,963 1,188,067 1,178,999

Individuals and others 614,588 649,390 687,628 718,831 756,209

Equity 20,106,275 21,221,483 21,426,763 22,102,687 22,095,567

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 18.1 18.3 19.0 17.9 17.6

Debt/assets 15.3 15.5 15.9 15.2 15.0

Georgia Number

Farms 46,000 46,000 45,000 45,000 43,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 16,078,603 16,366,185 17,148,697 17,968,514 18,469,951

Real estate 11,764,041 11,836,081 12,549,712 13,412,273 14,123,381

Livestock and poultry1 956,566 1,007,657 986,770 805,736 776,475

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,339,864 1,368,525 1,362,921 1,358,038 1,285,913

Crops3 157,817 120,705 172,879 223,234 220,304

Purchased inputs 39,345 37,299 44,473 29,614 36,579

Financial 1,820,970 1,995,918 2,031,942 2,139,619 2,027,299

Farm debt 2,791,518 2,749,608 2,862,183 3,152,537 3,316,349

By purpose:

Real estate 1,644,279 1,559,460 1,590,809 1,688,354 1,756,873

Nonreal estate4 1,147,239 1,190,148 1,271,374 1,464,183 1,559,476

By lender:

Farm Credit System 804,707 805,247 843,663 955,254 1,007,824

Farm Service Agency5 358,051 295,269 261,154 215,847 138,035

Commercial banks 1,057,022 1,040,193 1,135,305 1,331,977 1,451,617

Life insurance companies 120,318 129,893 113,860 114,456 150,909

Individuals and others 451,347 479,006 508,201 535,004 567,965

Equity 13,287,085 13,616,577 14,286,514 14,815,977 15,153,602

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 21.0 20.2 20.0 21.3 21.9

Debt/assets 17.4 16.8 16.7 17.5 18.0

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 63

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Hawaii and Idaho, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Hawaii Number

Farms 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,600

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 4,061,244 4,402,466 4,227,627 4,523,798 4,715,824

Real estate 3,583,107 4,006,800 3,822,686 4,134,712 4,341,448

Livestock and poultry1 93,542 88,304 86,354 75,432 74,538

Machinery and motor vehicles2 213,127 217,686 221,612 220,818 209,698

Crops3 00000

Purchased inputs 8,468 8,169 10,853 7,260 9,367

Financial 163,000 81,507 86,122 85,576 80,773

Farm debt 296,110 266,522 259,100 202,732 207,109

By purpose:

Real estate 175,307 176,619 166,261 107,838 105,036

Nonreal estate4 120,803 89,903 92,839 94,894 102,073

By lender:

Farm Credit System 89,413 78,570 74,349 62,494 59,462

Farm Service Agency5 40,500 41,673 39,989 40,668 50,728

Commercial banks 103,049 80,986 71,905 38,765 33,453

Life insurance companies 23,151 22,260 27,388 12,793 12,233

Individuals and others 39,996 43,034 45,471 48,013 51,234

Equity 3,765,134 4,135,944 3,968,527 4,321,066 4,508,715

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 7.9 6.4 6.5 4.7 4.6

Debt/assets 7.3 6.1 6.1 4.5 4.4

Idaho Number

Farms 21,000 20,500 20,500 21,500 22,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 11,741,944 12,901,943 13,338,078 14,384,345 14,939,737

Real estate 8,252,562 9,263,181 9,866,440 10,729,234 11,381,286

Livestock and poultry1 1,152,668 1,276,984 1,154,750 1,041,667 1,118,448

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,188,883 1,185,402 1,206,783 1,261,115 1,278,741

Crops3 680,424 684,322 570,535 824,771 619,140

Purchased inputs 59,332 53,241 73,278 49,666 67,799

Financial 408,075 438,813 466,292 477,892 474,323

Farm debt 2,498,105 2,435,821 2,592,652 2,602,743 2,558,890

By purpose:

Real estate 1,281,715 1,185,549 1,222,568 1,226,590 1,261,332

Nonreal estate4 1,216,390 1,250,272 1,370,084 1,376,153 1,297,558

By lender:

Farm Credit System 762,214 641,809 684,871 689,029 772,918

Farm Service Agency5 290,764 260,056 253,442 213,570 238,767

Commercial banks 756,345 821,436 908,078 904,192 685,685

Life insurance companies 169,532 166,125 169,396 194,084 230,853

Individuals and others 519,192 546,397 576,866 601,867 630,668

Equity 9,243,839 10,466,122 10,745,426 11,781,602 12,380,847

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 27.0 23.3 24.1 22.1 20.7

Debt/assets 21.3 18.9 19.4 18.1 17.1

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
64 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Illinois and Indiana, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Illinois Number

Farms 81,000 79,000 77,000 77,000 76,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 51,397,715 55,151,573 58,860,048 64,629,936 68,477,866

Real estate 40,580,013 44,128,513 48,189,493 53,507,381 57,088,415

Livestock and poultry1 1,663,460 1,679,470 1,395,017 1,279,881 1,395,089

Machinery and motor vehicles2 4,814,026 4,795,595 4,758,496 4,741,445 4,637,429

Crops3 2,345,171 2,436,137 2,297,989 2,952,878 3,035,727

Purchased inputs 262,057 270,866 374,423 252,018 331,429

Financial 1,732,988 1,840,992 1,844,630 1,896,333 1,989,777

Farm debt 7,386,475 7,548,173 7,803,030 8,084,933 8,664,632

By purpose:

Real estate 4,414,143 4,473,399 4,587,912 4,690,151 4,880,830

Nonreal estate4 2,972,332 3,074,774 3,215,118 3,394,782 3,783,802

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,615,433 1,683,832 1,706,222 1,797,289 1,860,364

Farm Service Agency5 409,378 360,287 340,288 301,861 357,496

Commercial banks 3,594,068 3,696,084 3,875,444 4,036,597 4,394,867

Life insurance companies 344,636 308,426 294,804 294,935 318,095

Individuals and others 1,422,788 1,499,544 1,586,272 1,654,253 1,733,809

Equity 44,011,240 47,603,400 51,057,018 56,545,003 59,813,234

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 16.8 15.9 15.3 14.3 14.5

Debt/assets 14.4 13.7 13.3 12.5 12.7

Indiana Number

Farms 65,000 63,000 63,000 62,000 61,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 26,843,644 28,309,989 29,784,485 31,952,616 34,447,386

Real estate 19,727,918 21,013,700 22,670,708 24,791,360 27,117,701

Livestock and poultry1 1,083,794 1,114,835 991,845 947,139 1,047,592

Machinery and motor vehicles2 3,007,213 2,977,031 3,030,728 2,971,933 2,897,483

Crops3 1,304,328 1,361,594 1,164,530 1,479,658 1,515,323

Purchased inputs 128,889 126,887 171,634 117,803 155,670

Financial 1,591,502 1,715,942 1,755,040 1,644,723 1,713,617

Farm debt 4,558,848 4,508,592 4,674,395 4,756,218 4,938,764

By purpose:

Real estate 2,972,305 2,977,447 3,031,351 3,039,902 3,082,734

Nonreal estate4 1,586,543 1,531,145 1,643,044 1,716,316 1,856,030

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,093,475 1,029,143 1,106,520 1,119,375 1,191,329

Farm Service Agency5 317,996 275,845 250,658 211,496 250,747

Commercial banks 1,770,304 1,756,236 1,775,312 1,832,195 1,821,331

Life insurance companies 233,694 246,360 274,737 273,332 295,734

Individuals and others 1,143,378 1,201,009 1,267,168 1,319,819 1,379,623

Equity 22,284,796 23,801,397 25,110,090 27,196,398 29,508,622

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 20.5 18.9 18.6 17.5 16.7

Debt/assets 17.0 15.9 15.7 14.9 14.3

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 65

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Iowa and Kansas, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Iowa Number

Farms 103,000 102,000 101,000 100,000 98,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 53,119,895 54,401,432 56,176,681 59,365,698 63,828,315

Real estate 37,658,820 39,424,083 41,154,874 44,098,875 48,013,338

Livestock and poultry1 4,048,760 4,006,219 3,325,065 3,108,470 3,443,658

Machinery and motor vehicles2 5,927,972 5,995,992 6,044,298 5,963,009 5,790,755

Crops3 2,814,652 2,166,158 2,589,362 3,166,771 3,376,822

Purchased inputs 323,461 335,601 463,310 315,885 407,458

Financial 2,346,230 2,473,379 2,599,772 2,712,688 2,796,284

Farm debt 9,990,255 10,443,998 10,735,776 10,943,053 11,641,687

By purpose:

Real estate 5,605,815 5,808,371 6,034,648 6,202,480 6,503,303

Nonreal estate4 4,384,440 4,635,627 4,701,128 4,740,573 5,138,384

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,534,089 1,566,163 1,573,316 1,611,444 1,809,099

Farm Service Agency5 596,144 532,347 533,757 493,439 523,927

Commercial banks 4,601,015 4,958,565 5,125,550 5,225,544 5,529,543

Life insurance companies 460,557 446,608 399,712 386,766 414,406

Individuals and others 2,798,356 2,940,317 3,103,442 3,225,861 3,364,712

Equity 43,129,640 43,957,434 45,440,905 48,422,645 52,186,628

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 23.2 23.8 23.6 22.6 22.3

Debt/assets 18.8 19.2 19.1 18.4 18.2

Kansas Number

Farms 67,000 65,000 65,000 66,000 66,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 29,294,980 30,856,928 31,918,097 32,117,154 33,910,885

Real estate 20,336,332 21,899,275 23,025,285 23,865,062 24,814,485

Livestock and poultry1 3,732,138 3,853,296 3,548,830 2,924,415 3,419,179

Machinery and motor vehicles2 3,288,277 3,258,358 3,317,130 3,356,093 3,325,659

Crops3 696,460 483,146 612,081 542,841 841,792

Purchased inputs 116,109 111,516 151,087 98,800 127,619

Financial 1,125,664 1,251,337 1,263,684 1,329,943 1,382,151

Farm debt 5,578,692 5,790,020 5,934,021 6,022,218 6,039,266

By purpose:

Real estate 2,491,897 2,551,312 2,593,830 2,675,021 2,692,470

Nonreal estate4 3,086,795 3,238,708 3,340,191 3,347,197 3,346,796

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,198,415 1,222,974 1,223,464 1,280,843 1,327,327

Farm Service Agency5 338,490 309,349 300,353 279,287 319,474

Commercial banks 2,772,689 2,916,332 3,001,832 2,995,844 2,842,534

Life insurance companies 141,806 144,754 138,135 130,316 132,937

Individuals and others 1,127,292 1,196,611 1,270,236 1,335,929 1,416,994

Equity 23,716,288 25,066,908 25,984,076 26,094,936 27,871,619

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 23.5 23.1 22.8 23.1 21.7

Debt/assets 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.8 17.8

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
66 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Kentucky and Louisiana, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Kentucky Number

Farms 91,000 91,000 89,000 89,000 88,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 18,005,580 18,851,608 20,025,441 21,261,485 21,916,217

Real estate 12,855,648 13,539,403 14,721,136 16,227,527 16,965,754

Livestock and poultry1 1,524,098 1,562,521 1,506,020 1,286,420 1,081,350

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,892,266 1,932,743 1,924,360 1,917,465 1,878,727

Crops3 613,575 645,979 668,243 602,408 686,500

Purchased inputs 80,510 87,338 130,718 97,610 136,863

Financial 1,039,483 1,083,624 1,074,964 1,130,055 1,167,023

Farm debt 2,693,575 2,593,921 2,767,833 2,871,091 3,082,203

By purpose:

Real estate 1,697,819 1,721,797 1,743,771 1,806,063 1,864,195

Nonreal estate4 995,756 872,124 1,024,062 1,065,028 1,218,008

By lender:

Farm Credit System 616,825 495,349 653,838 714,703 799,389

Farm Service Agency5 338,250 301,221 282,931 253,836 310,789

Commercial banks 1,165,200 1,208,391 1,261,593 1,317,428 1,360,654

Life insurance companies 113,010 103,011 54,970 48,620 48,772

Individuals and others 460,287 485,950 514,501 536,506 562,599

Equity 15,312,005 16,257,687 17,257,608 18,390,394 18,834,014

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 17.6 16.0 16.0 15.6 16.4

Debt/assets 15.0 13.8 13.8 13.5 14.1

Louisiana Number

Farms 29,000 29,000 28,000 27,000 27,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 8,436,916 8,214,949 8,481,396 9,312,677 8,360,995

Real estate 7,529,967 7,492,382 8,097,413 9,037,658 9,235,350

Livestock and poultry1 627,713 608,891 590,320 476,214 422,250

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,120,462 1,144,430 1,124,897 1,080,835 1,071,034

Crops3 87,476 120,742 127,962 173,688 275,987

Purchased inputs 17,020 20,539 32,815 24,730 34,050

Financial -945,722 -1,172,035 -1,492,011 -1,480,448 -2,677,676

Farm debt 1,626,274 1,612,818 1,606,096 1,611,219 1,461,227

By purpose:

Real estate 725,688 753,242 784,060 785,831 782,245

Nonreal estate4 900,586 859,576 822,036 825,388 678,982

By lender:

Farm Credit System 341,178 356,875 331,946 341,045 369,539

Farm Service Agency5 453,359 364,089 324,650 251,247 101,544

Commercial banks 467,722 512,494 548,366 615,700 588,582

Life insurance companies 129,444 130,846 137,580 126,361 108,412

Individuals and others 234,438 248,513 263,554 276,868 293,150

Equity 6,810,642 6,602,131 6,875,300 7,701,458 6,899,768

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 23.9 24.4 23.4 20.9 21.2

Debt/assets 19.3 19.6 18.9 17.3 17.5

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 67

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Maine and Maryland, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Maine Number

Farms 7,300 7,300 7,600 7,600 7,400

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 1,953,413 2,033,943 2,039,326 2,081,950 2,074,681

Real estate 1,344,120 1,423,463 1,427,907 1,469,697 1,479,943

Livestock and poultry1 95,136 97,990 97,546 92,825 94,268

Machinery and motor vehicles2 278,746 284,708 301,755 300,674 290,106

Crops3 106,507 106,473 91,198 104,333 94,158

Purchased inputs 23,086 16,246 11,886 6,397 7,302

Financial 105,818 105,063 109,034 108,024 108,904

Farm debt 294,103 308,318 324,217 337,571 349,672

By purpose:

Real estate 113,010 115,846 114,406 117,602 123,402

Nonreal estate4 181,093 192,472 209,811 219,969 226,270

By lender:

Farm Credit System 94,446 92,279 93,735 90,589 98,506

Farm Service Agency5 98,534 97,873 95,642 89,774 69,825

Commercial banks 34,869 38,578 52,318 58,624 67,727

Life insurance companies 10,635 20,367 19,470 32,122 42,859

Individuals and others 55,581 59,219 63,052 66,462 70,754

Equity 1,659,310 1,725,625 1,715,109 1,744,379 1,725,009

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 17.7 17.9 18.9 19.4 20.3

Debt/assets 15.1 15.2 15.9 16.2 16.9

Maryland Number

Farms 15,600 15,000 14,500 14,300 13,700

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 6,908,292 7,577,532 8,243,169 8,133,240 8,406,560

Real estate 5,524,864 6,212,037 6,874,297 6,798,522 7,107,707

Livestock and poultry1 277,673 271,130 260,004 223,188 204,908

Machinery and motor vehicles2 658,254 646,476 636,198 625,175 593,512

Crops3 102,505 85,690 90,836 118,807 117,624

Purchased inputs 22,014 22,513 32,898 23,077 33,483

Financial 322,982 339,686 348,936 344,471 349,326

Farm debt 975,373 999,631 1,018,106 966,857 981,904

By purpose:

Real estate 605,756 634,866 661,412 617,289 609,629

Nonreal estate4 369,617 364,765 356,694 349,568 372,275

By lender:

Farm Credit System 537,899 533,613 534,423 487,649 482,556

Farm Service Agency5 44,597 39,823 35,764 35,858 39,134

Commercial banks 146,923 154,826 162,479 146,340 147,532

Life insurance companies 8,662 20,677 20,007 19,040 19,734

Individuals and others 237,292 250,691 265,432 277,969 292,948

Equity 5,932,919 6,577,901 7,225,063 7,166,383 7,424,656

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 16.4 15.2 14.1 13.5 13.2

Debt/assets 14.1 13.2 12.4 11.9 11.7

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
68 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Massachusetts and Michigan, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Massachusetts Number

Farms 6,400 6,200 6,000 6,000 6,100

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 2,979,901 3,170,029 3,064,526 3,160,321 3,453,625

Real estate 2,512,744 2,693,973 2,587,556 2,682,948 2,971,999

Livestock and poultry1 60,342 61,359 57,392 54,429 51,302

Machinery and motor vehicles2 194,187 192,142 189,298 188,620 190,024

Crops3 21,297 12,857 21,994 18,972 15,975

Purchased inputs 12,234 9,458 8,722 3,075 3,676

Financial 179,097 200,240 199,564 212,277 220,649

Farm debt 300,591 295,626 289,397 238,827 258,350

By purpose:

Real estate 121,501 134,110 129,084 111,768 120,848

Nonreal estate4 179,090 161,516 160,313 127,059 137,502

By lender:

Farm Credit System 127,104 123,504 119,625 122,984 128,842

Farm Service Agency5 36,282 35,990 36,217 13,472 39,393

Commercial banks 75,956 65,574 61,501 29,436 16,151

Life insurance companies 18,870 25,544 24,193 22,677 20,731

Individuals and others 42,378 45,016 47,860 50,259 53,234

Equity 2,679,310 2,874,403 2,775,129 2,921,494 3,195,275

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 11.2 10.3 10.4 8.2 8.1

Debt/assets 10.1 9.3 9.4 7.6 7.5

Michigan Number

Farms 54,000 52,000 52,000 54,000 53,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 15,541,887 16,130,498 16,856,386 18,119,851 19,149,247

Real estate 10,258,575 10,861,752 11,675,597 12,851,913 13,856,510

Livestock and poultry1 1,043,525 1,067,272 987,250 874,614 870,322

Machinery and motor vehicles2 2,479,734 2,438,971 2,482,963 2,569,222 2,498,776

Crops3 795,680 705,650 598,809 689,174 750,122

Purchased inputs 143,485 126,853 162,510 107,366 142,481

Financial 820,888 930,000 949,257 1,027,562 1,031,036

Farm debt 2,628,609 2,612,241 2,643,573 2,722,326 2,850,727

By purpose:

Real estate 1,452,356 1,407,967 1,426,557 1,449,632 1,489,926

Nonreal estate4 1,176,253 1,204,274 1,217,016 1,272,694 1,360,801

By lender:

Farm Credit System 990,050 998,850 1,020,730 1,107,541 1,220,393

Farm Service Agency5 329,186 287,732 269,307 239,591 200,508

Commercial banks 628,332 611,224 610,920 608,155 633,304

Life insurance companies 66,332 67,861 60,576 55,274 50,398

Individuals and others 614,618 646,573 682,039 711,765 746,123

Equity 12,913,278 13,518,257 14,212,813 15,397,525 16,298,520

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 20.4 19.3 18.6 17.7 17.5

Debt/assets 16.9 16.2 15.7 15.0 14.9

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 69

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Minnesota and Mississippi, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Minnesota Number

Farms 88,000 87,000 85,000 87,000 87,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 35,996,613 35,673,900 36,147,157 38,025,454 39,731,119

Real estate 23,943,481 23,794,938 24,127,250 25,246,082 26,901,563

Livestock and poultry1 2,345,665 2,362,162 2,178,535 2,118,000 2,193,793

Machinery and motor vehicles2 5,130,180 5,180,375 5,152,576 5,254,916 5,207,262

Crops3 1,817,942 1,545,064 1,641,117 2,357,815 2,276,010

Purchased inputs 327,054 335,311 443,586 291,280 355,247

Financial 2,432,291 2,456,050 2,604,093 2,757,361 2,797,244

Farm debt 6,750,502 6,913,780 7,322,743 7,706,977 8,104,174

By purpose:

Real estate 3,530,090 3,633,747 3,768,459 3,890,662 4,017,053

Nonreal estate4 3,220,412 3,280,033 3,554,284 3,816,315 4,087,121

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,662,157 1,684,922 1,818,092 1,945,591 2,138,617

Farm Service Agency5 474,504 424,796 426,896 395,114 346,193

Commercial banks 2,819,637 2,913,655 3,093,203 3,301,629 3,434,746

Life insurance companies 194,249 208,654 209,912 215,888 250,847

Individuals and others 1,599,667 1,681,754 1,774,639 1,848,754 1,933,772

Equity 29,246,111 28,760,120 28,824,414 30,318,477 31,626,945

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 23.1 24.0 25.4 25.4 25.6

Debt/assets 18.8 19.4 20.3 20.3 20.4

Mississippi Number

Farms 39,000 39,000 39,000 42,000 44,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 11,860,179 12,577,986 13,078,870 13,099,253 13,654,155

Real estate 8,552,510 9,073,087 9,570,168 9,644,271 9,912,042

Livestock and poultry1 809,317 851,794 729,935 598,352 557,203

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,321,872 1,350,148 1,374,500 1,474,927 1,531,150

Crops3 207,580 224,134 193,551 230,154 509,154

Purchased inputs 30,056 30,888 40,615 26,564 31,846

Financial 938,844 1,047,935 1,170,101 1,124,985 1,112,760

Farm debt 2,320,855 2,318,754 2,420,884 2,502,693 2,389,478

By purpose:

Real estate 1,193,921 1,227,940 1,270,338 1,336,316 1,410,375

Nonreal estate4 1,126,934 1,090,814 1,150,546 1,166,377 979,103

By lender:

Farm Credit System 356,025 306,978 367,796 408,881 435,208

Farm Service Agency5 620,352 544,413 511,346 432,948 248,491

Commercial banks 772,344 868,707 925,332 1,013,605 1,037,361

Life insurance companies 232,863 239,865 236,737 248,874 247,451

Individuals and others 339,209 358,790 379,673 398,384 420,968

Equity 9,539,324 10,259,232 10,657,986 10,596,560 11,264,677

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 24.3 22.6 22.7 23.6 21.2

Debt/assets 19.6 18.4 18.5 19.1 17.5

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
70 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Missouri and Montana, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Missouri Number

Farms 107,000 106,000 105,000 105,000 104,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 29,286,503 30,717,665 31,385,469 32,934,028 34,597,853

Real estate 20,335,606 21,318,862 22,243,309 24,083,244 25,572,781

Livestock and poultry1 2,962,495 3,192,647 2,784,721 2,288,824 2,234,434

Machinery and motor vehicles2 3,228,343 3,266,584 3,294,130 3,282,327 3,221,584

Crops3 854,895 839,189 876,467 975,343 1,159,153

Purchased inputs 110,555 103,357 128,639 83,356 104,500

Financial 1,794,609 1,997,026 2,058,203 2,220,934 2,305,401

Farm debt 4,610,684 4,720,750 4,862,260 5,213,623 5,565,936

By purpose:

Real estate 2,760,541 2,795,398 2,871,650 3,091,776 3,229,003

Nonreal estate4 1,850,143 1,925,352 1,990,610 2,121,847 2,336,933

By lender:

Farm Credit System 811,939 835,078 846,801 1,015,085 1,069,561

Farm Service Agency5 469,498 399,898 367,885 328,857 388,308

Commercial banks 2,230,733 2,331,741 2,457,477 2,640,377 2,829,182

Life insurance companies 172,506 180,833 164,387 159,749 159,296

Individuals and others 925,942 973,200 1,025,712 1,069,557 1,119,588

Equity 24,675,819 25,996,915 26,523,209 27,720,405 29,031,917

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 18.7 18.2 18.3 18.8 19.2

Debt/assets 15.7 15.4 15.5 15.8 16.1

Montana Number

Farms 24,300 23,800 22,500 22,000 22,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 16,982,567 18,695,917 19,541,300 19,978,156 21,055,972

Real estate 12,526,463 13,889,196 15,009,468 15,701,548 16,543,081

Livestock and poultry1 1,902,750 1,986,015 1,868,957 1,593,730 1,674,964

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,347,034 1,348,451 1,297,790 1,264,403 1,252,937

Crops3 592,351 819,584 664,887 746,050 873,231

Purchased inputs 74,321 66,361 81,732 52,644 69,015

Financial 539,648 586,310 618,466 619,781 642,744

Farm debt 2,456,709 2,446,680 2,616,143 2,567,735 2,610,255

By purpose:

Real estate 1,570,267 1,547,089 1,618,410 1,561,011 1,608,435

Nonreal estate4 886,442 899,591 997,733 1,006,724 1,001,820

By lender:

Farm Credit System 584,167 510,068 557,058 471,567 467,425

Farm Service Agency5 352,032 316,684 298,597 266,169 222,268

Commercial banks 684,390 753,106 852,530 894,441 930,233

Life insurance companies 171,705 171,524 175,748 177,539 204,446

Individuals and others 664,370 695,298 732,209 758,020 785,883

Equity 14,525,858 16,249,237 16,925,157 17,410,421 18,445,717

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 16.9 15.1 15.5 14.8 14.2

Debt/assets 14.5 13.1 13.4 12.9 12.4

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 71

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Nebraska and Nevada, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Nebraska Number

Farms 56,000 55,000 55,000 56,000 56,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 33,138,381 35,420,050 36,153,838 37,552,295 40,718,695

Real estate 22,788,358 24,769,807 25,979,074 27,604,248 29,700,773

Livestock and poultry1 4,305,743 4,518,090 3,927,265 3,493,540 4,044,215

Machinery and motor vehicles2 3,230,125 3,240,306 3,298,751 3,346,693 3,316,344

Crops3 1,537,723 1,480,803 1,462,543 1,597,031 2,061,558

Purchased inputs 192,046 181,225 244,897 172,192 231,251

Financial 1,084,386 1,229,819 1,241,308 1,338,591 1,364,554

Farm debt 6,869,488 7,257,649 7,469,855 7,700,842 8,111,378

By purpose:

Real estate 2,907,296 3,049,937 3,109,245 3,201,231 3,369,026

Nonreal estate4 3,962,192 4,207,712 4,360,610 4,499,611 4,742,352

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,086,304 1,179,933 1,087,144 1,108,729 1,222,298

Farm Service Agency5 456,616 408,294 388,361 361,267 423,822

Commercial banks 3,576,091 3,847,198 4,090,311 4,216,537 4,325,565

Life insurance companies 291,001 275,283 263,124 292,442 318,892

Individuals and others 1,459,450 1,546,942 1,640,916 1,721,867 1,820,801

Equity 26,268,893 28,162,401 28,683,983 29,851,453 32,607,317

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 26.2 25.8 26.0 25.8 24.9

Debt/assets 20.7 20.5 20.7 20.5 19.9

Nevada Number

Farms 2,500 2,400 2,400 2,500 2,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 2,531,251 2,626,523 2,738,981 3,012,154 3,181,241

Real estate 1,964,690 2,036,078 2,158,298 2,479,428 2,613,855

Livestock and poultry1 309,520 310,774 296,537 261,705 279,712

Machinery and motor vehicles2 125,718 123,271 125,494 130,255 129,073

Crops3 35,506 54,492 48,799 59,271 77,037

Purchased inputs 10,395 8,110 8,091 2,961 2,917

Financial 85,422 93,798 101,762 78,534 78,647

Farm debt 232,829 230,922 235,642 236,270 229,648

By purpose:

Real estate 160,273 154,353 157,095 152,136 148,646

Nonreal estate4 72,556 76,569 78,547 84,134 81,002

By lender:

Farm Credit System 95,271 95,400 97,066 98,984 100,394

Farm Service Agency5 23,756 23,407 21,838 20,807 21,240

Commercial banks 15,569 14,368 23,398 17,509 11,435

Life insurance companies 27,390 23,535 15,235 17,891 12,069

Individuals and others 70,844 74,212 78,105 81,079 84,510

Equity 2,298,422 2,395,601 2,503,339 2,775,884 2,951,593

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 10.1 9.6 9.4 8.5 7.8

Debt/assets 9.2 8.8 8.6 7.8 7.2

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
72 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, New Hampshire and New Jersey,

December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

New Hampshire Number

Farms 2,700 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,400

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 972,515 1,043,781 1,051,040 1,051,132 1,059,276

Real estate 819,658 893,310 903,119 915,256 923,066

Livestock and poultry1 41,522 42,084 39,964 36,058 32,875

Machinery and motor vehicles2 77,883 73,656 71,985 68,739 71,077

Crops3 13,317 12,464 13,404 12,142 10,665

Purchased inputs 3,479 2,866 3,205 2,062 2,420

Financial 16,656 19,401 19,363 16,875 19,173

Farm debt 68,893 74,629 75,072 74,787 80,224

By purpose:

Real estate 32,525 40,344 40,170 38,414 37,031

Nonreal estate4 36,368 34,285 34,902 36,373 43,193

By lender:

Farm Credit System 36,368 37,994 37,531 40,475 44,578

Farm Service Agency5 12,520 11,981 11,892 7,341 8,152

Commercial banks 1,478 5,004 4,773 5,092 4,383

Life insurance companies 00000

Individuals and others 18,528 19,651 20,875 21,879 23,111

Equity 903,622 969,152 975,968 976,345 979,052

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.2

Debt/assets 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.6

New Jersey Number

Farms 9,000 8,900 8,900 9,000 9,200

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 6,045,109 6,286,328 6,649,502 6,664,928 6,680,566

Real estate 5,383,982 5,628,595 5,978,318 6,012,712 6,026,919

Livestock and poultry1 68,590 63,804 61,548 63,606 63,171

Machinery and motor vehicles2 297,567 300,555 305,976 308,305 312,299

Crops3 22,134 24,791 34,377 31,585 22,637

Purchased inputs 14,358 13,608 17,827 11,771 14,932

Financial 258,478 254,975 251,456 236,949 240,608

Farm debt 458,435 459,528 416,984 417,617 531,556

By purpose:

Real estate 255,089 255,485 259,276 246,750 369,406

Nonreal estate4 203,346 204,043 157,708 170,867 162,150

By lender:

Farm Credit System 221,700 207,370 193,430 199,993 328,920

Farm Service Agency5 57,073 57,205 55,671 54,244 43,714

Commercial banks 70,769 80,534 41,632 37,441 27,228

Life insurance companies 189 87 5,554 244 242

Individuals and others 108,705 114,330 120,697 125,695 131,452

Equity 5,586,674 5,826,800 6,232,518 6,247,311 6,149,010

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 8.2 7.9 6.7 6.7 8.6

Debt/assets 7.6 7.3 6.3 6.3 8.0

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 73

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, New Mexico and New York, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

New Mexico Number

Farms 13,500 13,500 13,500 13,500 13,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 9,927,084 10,564,549 11,236,836 12,390,436 13,210,747

Real estate 8,110,819 8,653,688 9,255,494 10,540,605 11,387,062

Livestock and poultry1 921,866 964,307 1,000,591 843,160 842,527

Machinery and motor vehicles2 416,744 425,658 433,336 431,783 427,868

Crops3 64,779 76,334 74,120 85,508 100,232

Purchased inputs 27,104 22,100 26,197 15,328 14,020

Financial 385,772 422,462 447,098 474,052 439,038

Farm debt 1,051,323 1,106,121 1,123,745 1,181,455 1,271,649

By purpose:

Real estate 564,467 596,962 604,900 643,569 692,617

Nonreal estate4 486,856 509,159 518,845 537,886 579,032

By lender:

Farm Credit System 312,313 341,758 338,799 370,979 428,564

Farm Service Agency5 97,248 88,598 79,844 68,887 76,052

Commercial banks 309,646 327,907 336,530 357,543 360,986

Life insurance companies 59,739 59,844 63,384 64,900 69,970

Individuals and others 272,377 288,013 305,188 319,147 336,076

Equity 8,875,761 9,458,428 10,113,091 11,208,981 11,939,098

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 11.8 11.7 11.1 10.5 10.7

Debt/assets 10.6 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.6

New York Number

Farms 38,000 37,500 36,000 36,000 36,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 13,002,669 13,671,023 13,204,321 12,710,307 13,167,075

Real estate 8,639,007 9,318,338 8,933,877 8,663,626 9,034,089

Livestock and poultry1 1,302,578 1,294,011 1,242,328 1,138,456 1,176,170

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,830,935 1,845,494 1,803,630 1,797,167 1,780,869

Crops3 438,990 379,945 385,259 352,413 382,768

Purchased inputs 91,719 87,507 121,781 87,538 118,597

Financial 699,440 745,728 717,446 671,107 674,582

Farm debt 2,109,784 2,138,236 2,156,326 2,177,559 2,111,962

By purpose:

Real estate 882,516 884,852 885,064 859,827 842,783

Nonreal estate4 1,227,268 1,253,384 1,271,262 1,317,732 1,269,179

By lender:

Farm Credit System 797,052 832,457 819,435 828,330 841,541

Farm Service Agency5 331,836 322,382 320,987 293,245 218,718

Commercial banks 520,910 498,904 504,302 520,958 484,830

Life insurance companies 5,587 4,634 3,919 3,581 7,136

Individuals and others 454,368 479,859 507,684 531,444 559,737

Equity 10,892,885 11,532,787 11,047,995 10,532,748 11,055,113

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 19.4 18.5 19.5 20.7 19.1

Debt/assets 16.2 15.6 16.3 17.1 16.0

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
74 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, North Carolina and North Dakota,

December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

North Carolina Number

Farms 60,000 59,000 58,000 58,000 58,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 16,943,656 17,217,490 18,367,036 20,194,265 20,788,910

Real estate 12,573,454 12,709,292 13,640,594 15,373,708 15,650,238

Livestock and poultry1 915,452 996,650 1,028,954 1,154,445 1,409,392

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,925,297 1,933,716 1,935,229 1,928,294 1,910,808

Crops3 318,703 249,229 329,661 345,181 382,310

Purchased inputs 39,621 39,064 54,970 38,749 53,125

Financial 1,171,129 1,289,539 1,377,628 1,353,888 1,383,037

Farm debt 2,643,837 2,696,650 2,976,567 3,280,159 3,468,200

By purpose:

Real estate 1,395,122 1,326,848 1,360,749 1,417,552 1,423,986

Nonreal estate4 1,248,715 1,369,802 1,615,818 1,862,607 2,044,214

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,090,926 1,060,544 1,155,589 1,361,650 1,449,957

Farm Service Agency5 282,361 243,906 218,365 181,358 199,274

Commercial banks 665,173 746,116 935,732 1,034,166 1,060,586

Life insurance companies 76,790 83,246 67,897 71,908 87,054

Individuals and others 528,587 562,837 598,985 631,077 671,328

Equity 14,299,819 14,520,840 15,390,469 16,914,106 17,320,710

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 18.5 18.6 19.3 19.4 20.0

Debt/assets 15.6 15.7 16.2 16.2 16.7

North Dakota Number

Farms 33,000 32,500 32,000 32,000 31,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 19,479,026 20,440,989 21,057,529 21,329,442 22,307,756

Real estate 12,794,200 13,407,700 14,024,122 14,428,930 15,407,786

Livestock and poultry1 1,357,021 1,452,995 1,320,167 1,097,512 1,170,413

Machinery and motor vehicles2 2,403,843 2,418,062 2,423,805 2,415,119 2,318,430

Crops3 1,206,752 1,217,179 1,219,752 1,320,432 1,249,058

Purchased inputs 130,082 124,597 158,787 106,716 135,402

Financial 1,587,128 1,820,456 1,910,896 1,960,733 2,026,667

Farm debt 3,274,051 3,442,767 3,609,859 3,720,574 3,880,898

By purpose:

Real estate 1,617,458 1,601,548 1,624,606 1,639,848 1,658,896

Nonreal estate4 1,656,593 1,841,219 1,985,253 2,080,726 2,222,002

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,015,967 1,128,797 1,099,010 1,120,439 1,177,498

Farm Service Agency5 605,414 529,485 493,435 459,714 391,097

Commercial banks 1,120,953 1,224,565 1,431,230 1,528,230 1,666,826

Life insurance companies 29,569 30,432 26,070 27,879 32,723

Individuals and others 502,104 529,489 560,114 584,311 612,754

Equity 16,204,975 16,998,222 17,447,670 17,608,868 18,426,858

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 20.2 20.3 20.7 21.1 21.1

Debt/assets 16.8 16.8 17.1 17.4 17.4

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 75

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Ohio and Oklahoma, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Ohio Number

Farms 78,000 76,000 75,000 74,000 72,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 26,142,871 27,570,884 30,033,456 32,141,613 34,036,724

Real estate 19,068,739 20,570,382 22,996,867 25,365,968 26,909,096

Livestock and poultry1 1,218,288 1,262,945 1,150,434 1,059,297 1,087,747

Machinery and motor vehicles2 3,186,995 3,171,701 3,186,424 3,132,673 3,020,365

Crops3 978,577 849,835 881,501 949,781 1,116,458

Purchased inputs 121,749 128,653 190,516 137,552 190,174

Financial 1,568,523 1,587,368 1,627,714 1,496,342 1,712,884

Farm debt 3,178,025 3,070,660 3,340,407 3,442,698 3,775,302

By purpose:

Real estate 1,951,564 1,911,637 2,030,735 2,057,571 2,152,608

Nonreal estate4 1,226,461 1,159,023 1,309,672 1,385,127 1,622,694

By lender:

Farm Credit System 955,024 843,429 1,049,695 1,082,863 1,221,328

Farm Service Agency5 254,289 217,688 191,815 162,363 181,710

Commercial banks 1,123,249 1,133,723 1,197,511 1,253,589 1,378,839

Life insurance companies 112,628 103,627 84,417 89,776 95,820

Individuals and others 732,834 772,192 816,969 854,106 897,605

Equity 22,964,846 24,500,224 26,693,049 28,698,915 30,261,422

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 13.8 12.5 12.5 12.0 12.5

Debt/assets 12.2 11.1 11.1 10.7 11.1

Oklahoma Number

Farms 71,000 70,500 70,000 71,000 72,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 21,132,245 21,740,708 22,412,195 21,612,969 22,670,447

Real estate 14,744,140 15,158,661 15,736,991 15,820,635 16,485,853

Livestock and poultry1 3,062,805 3,063,906 3,108,119 2,268,865 2,548,743

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,892,612 1,919,483 1,940,246 1,960,912 1,970,498

Crops3 284,997 321,243 291,827 301,787 486,551

Purchased inputs 57,758 62,406 88,809 62,728 77,702

Financial 1,089,933 1,215,009 1,246,203 1,198,042 1,101,100

Farm debt 3,618,618 3,724,462 3,893,694 3,851,883 3,992,693

By purpose:

Real estate 1,627,385 1,608,064 1,659,349 1,755,250 1,882,230

Nonreal estate4 1,991,233 2,116,398 2,234,345 2,096,633 2,110,463

By lender:

Farm Credit System 705,812 659,591 663,858 666,494 754,796

Farm Service Agency5 552,645 490,084 460,687 420,113 379,647

Commercial banks 1,635,941 1,819,571 1,974,726 1,893,522 1,922,861

Life insurance companies 89,779 86,200 87,753 132,358 157,536

Individuals and others 634,440 669,017 706,670 739,396 777,854

Equity 17,513,627 18,016,246 18,518,501 17,761,086 18,677,754

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 20.7 20.7 21.0 21.7 21.4

Debt/assets 17.1 17.1 17.4 17.8 17.6

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
76 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Oregon and Pennsylvania, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Oregon Number

Farms 37,500 37,500 38,000 38,500 38,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 13,386,676 14,640,485 15,923,661 17,116,865 18,182,458

Real estate 9,851,046 10,914,669 12,185,926 13,481,324 14,527,289

Livestock and poultry1 938,663 1,010,309 957,727 789,986 793,981

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,509,083 1,541,363 1,590,087 1,605,237 1,590,680

Crops3 240,618 286,557 250,975 339,807 360,664

Purchased inputs 87,225 81,494 96,676 52,340 59,768

Financial 760,041 806,093 842,270 848,171 850,076

Farm debt 2,341,865 2,127,639 2,165,546 2,189,651 2,184,210

By purpose:

Real estate 1,569,676 1,308,065 1,346,381 1,344,779 1,313,702

Nonreal estate4 772,189 819,574 819,165 844,872 870,508

By lender:

Farm Credit System 639,190 555,562 527,066 491,580 502,477

Farm Service Agency5 166,620 149,596 144,268 127,502 130,071

Commercial banks 470,383 568,470 538,448 577,642 538,636

Life insurance companies 391,720 150,155 214,667 223,873 214,263

Individuals and others 673,950 703,855 741,098 769,055 798,765

Equity 11,044,811 12,512,846 13,758,115 14,927,214 15,998,248

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 21.2 17.0 15.7 14.7 13.7

Debt/assets 17.5 14.5 13.6 12.8 12.0

Pennsylvania Number

Farms 52,000 51,000 51,000 50,000 50,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 19,216,389 20,166,978 20,294,880 21,141,007 22,078,631

Real estate 13,912,855 14,847,733 15,029,183 16,155,911 16,962,094

Livestock and poultry1 1,580,935 1,579,770 1,507,541 1,400,880 1,425,526

Machinery and motor vehicles2 2,142,932 2,146,679 2,185,399 2,134,871 2,115,511

Crops3 638,019 609,312 549,178 553,534 641,343

Purchased inputs 115,180 109,758 141,586 88,717 110,592

Financial 826,468 873,726 881,993 807,094 823,565

Farm debt 2,409,071 2,431,320 2,468,509 2,496,118 2,530,714

By purpose:

Real estate 1,376,662 1,386,951 1,409,307 1,433,865 1,433,888

Nonreal estate4 1,032,409 1,044,369 1,059,202 1,062,253 1,096,826

By lender:

Farm Credit System 899,632 868,240 839,961 815,792 810,254

Farm Service Agency5 224,136 213,666 206,749 191,354 158,977

Commercial banks 750,570 785,150 825,986 864,865 906,869

Life insurance companies 9,376 8,025 6,464 5,585 683

Individuals and others 525,357 556,239 589,349 618,521 653,930

Equity 16,807,318 17,735,658 17,826,371 18,644,889 19,547,917

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 14.3 13.7 13.9 13.4 13.0

Debt/assets 12.5 12.1 12.2 11.8 11.5

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 77

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Rhode Island and South Carolina,

December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Rhode Island Number

Farms 700 700 700 700 700

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 374,199 408,480 416,415 425,326 460,153

Real estate 330,937 360,718 364,707 378,200 414,739

Livestock and poultry1 5,730 5,988 6,189 6,168 5,261

Machinery and motor vehicles2 22,033 22,504 22,910 22,828 22,621

Crops3 1,412 1,125 1,673 1,166 946

Purchased inputs 715 905 1,173 747 699

Financial 13,372 17,240 19,763 16,217 15,887

Farm debt 38,140 39,687 38,877 61,119 35,411

By purpose:

Real estate 14,754 18,415 18,613 31,349 15,745

Nonreal estate4 23,386 21,272 20,264 29,770 19,666

By lender:

Farm Credit System 27,136 28,368 27,202 26,746 24,154

Farm Service Agency5 4,508 4,607 4,677 27,714 5,110

Commercial banks 1,729 1,640 1,600 976 110

Life insurance companies 00000

Individuals and others 4,767 5,072 5,398 5,681 6,037

Equity 336,059 368,793 377,538 364,207 424,742

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 11.4 10.8 10.3 16.8 8.3

Debt/assets 10.2 9.7 9.3 14.4 7.7

South Carolina Number

Farms 24,500 24,000 23,000 22,000 21,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 6,924,165 7,080,948 7,505,869 7,549,399 7,684,559

Real estate 5,024,769 5,194,079 5,629,613 5,710,244 5,865,255

Livestock and poultry1 388,554 397,397 308,044 257,250 257,126

Machinery and motor vehicles2 676,269 676,639 660,142 629,177 609,302

Crops3 73,572 30,954 82,086 102,902 86,317

Purchased inputs 47,930 34,035 29,648 15,836 21,432

Financial 713,071 747,844 796,336 833,990 845,127

Farm debt 879,973 834,861 849,773 844,195 862,002

By purpose:

Real estate 496,384 412,336 408,154 377,059 373,042

Nonreal estate4 383,589 422,525 441,619 467,136 488,960

By lender:

Farm Credit System 390,529 357,847 368,078 406,481 437,248

Farm Service Agency5 182,629 165,886 162,881 132,733 92,298

Commercial banks 142,202 140,234 139,713 120,967 134,932

Life insurance companies 11,985 9,040 7,352 3,315 5,845

Individuals and others 152,602 161,852 171,750 180,700 191,678

Equity 6,044,192 6,246,087 6,656,096 6,705,204 6,822,557

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 14.6 13.4 12.8 12.6 12.6

Debt/assets 12.7 11.8 11.3 11.2 11.2

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
78 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, South Dakota and Tennessee, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

South Dakota Number

Farms 35,000 34,500 34,000 33,000 32,500

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 18,075,964 18,659,383 18,837,859 19,215,583 20,041,811

Real estate 11,181,444 11,619,128 12,080,232 12,795,764 13,036,437

Livestock and poultry1 2,830,896 2,869,091 2,572,970 2,180,838 2,415,659

Machinery and motor vehicles2 2,058,989 2,072,989 2,079,794 2,011,391 1,962,951

Crops3 1,090,286 1,130,873 1,049,794 1,156,174 1,462,350

Purchased inputs 112,728 106,116 156,930 115,964 163,071

Financial 801,621 861,186 898,139 955,452 1,001,343

Farm debt 3,434,616 3,578,158 3,672,647 3,714,495 3,799,784

By purpose:

Real estate 1,426,280 1,478,226 1,500,636 1,577,595 1,617,696

Nonreal estate4 2,008,336 2,099,932 2,172,011 2,136,900 2,182,088

By lender:

Farm Credit System 662,719 695,500 659,801 667,866 683,329

Farm Service Agency5 619,072 561,428 530,908 487,007 468,791

Commercial banks 1,513,065 1,643,959 1,766,256 1,796,158 1,842,831

Life insurance companies 45,372 51,121 53,924 73,014 80,829

Individuals and others 594,234 626,150 661,757 690,451 724,003

Equity 14,641,348 15,081,225 15,165,212 15,501,088 16,242,027

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 23.5 23.7 24.2 24.0 23.4

Debt/assets 19.0 19.2 19.5 19.3 19.0

Tennessee Number

Farms 85,000 84,000 83,000 81,000 80,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 17,106,672 17,175,451 18,104,528 19,566,751 20,638,390

Real estate 12,396,076 12,311,857 13,130,271 14,747,640 15,946,006

Livestock and poultry1 1,297,476 1,383,456 1,385,680 1,113,825 930,963

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,810,203 1,827,172 1,837,985 1,787,269 1,749,196

Crops3 304,529 273,146 281,057 370,700 422,031

Purchased inputs 45,902 42,197 54,420 36,558 48,863

Financial 1,252,486 1,337,623 1,415,115 1,510,759 1,541,331

Farm debt 1,990,926 1,839,125 2,000,199 2,077,646 2,152,146

By purpose:

Real estate 1,063,073 1,065,339 1,123,285 1,155,532 1,196,087

Nonreal estate4 927,853 773,786 876,914 922,114 956,059

By lender:

Farm Credit System 638,507 451,983 592,704 623,952 684,866

Farm Service Agency5 317,205 272,880 250,009 212,117 209,073

Commercial banks 651,000 706,677 726,390 789,964 781,778

Life insurance companies 24,335 25,842 25,572 26,188 26,463

Individuals and others 359,837 381,743 405,523 425,424 449,967

Equity 15,115,746 15,336,326 16,104,329 17,489,105 18,486,244

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 13.2 12.0 12.4 11.9 11.6

Debt/assets 11.6 10.7 11.1 10.6 10.4

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 79

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Texas and Utah, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Texas Number

Farms 198,000 200,000 200,000 202,000 205,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 77,477,105 79,573,796 81,915,592 80,827,646 85,848,897

Real estate 58,699,536 60,316,226 62,704,251 63,766,894 68,661,940

Livestock and poultry1 8,982,695 8,986,380 8,703,010 6,416,700 6,411,280

Machinery and motor vehicles2 5,486,676 5,660,647 5,762,749 5,799,520 5,832,278

Crops3 623,603 547,303 630,065 732,019 832,952

Purchased inputs 170,038 150,984 194,158 123,823 158,564

Financial 3,514,557 3,912,256 3,921,359 3,988,690 3,951,883

Farm debt 9,373,328 9,713,132 9,919,578 10,159,173 9,960,056

By purpose:

Real estate 4,545,396 4,503,279 4,533,595 4,689,786 4,901,996

Nonreal estate4 4,827,932 5,209,853 5,385,983 5,469,387 5,058,060

By lender:

Farm Credit System 2,570,016 2,542,150 2,461,588 2,568,448 2,623,056

Farm Service Agency5 967,919 890,223 876,589 768,673 484,239

Commercial banks 3,384,182 3,734,060 3,919,674 4,056,700 3,904,670

Life insurance companies 429,360 410,293 400,561 397,337 452,383

Individuals and others 2,021,827 2,136,406 2,261,166 2,368,015 2,495,708

Equity 68,103,777 69,860,664 71,996,014 70,668,473 75,888,841

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 13.8 13.9 13.8 14.4 13.1

Debt/assets 12.1 12.2 12.1 12.6 11.6

Utah Number

Farms 13,200 13,000 13,000 13,400 13,400

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 6,065,384 6,410,792 7,000,743 7,982,441 8,522,064

Real estate 4,867,786 5,207,827 5,825,658 6,640,104 7,145,018

Livestock and poultry1 637,914 626,929 626,445 510,964 551,603

Machinery and motor vehicles2 430,979 433,528 441,348 453,297 449,187

Crops3 90,334 116,226 114,267 101,262 120,730

Purchased inputs 27,209 29,321 36,362 22,694 24,478

Financial 11,162 -3,039 -43,337 254,120 231,048

Farm debt 654,606 651,471 669,783 689,507 938,550

By purpose:

Real estate 353,791 341,461 340,604 349,374 364,434

Nonreal estate4 300,815 310,010 329,179 340,133 574,116

By lender:

Farm Credit System 167,397 161,564 148,812 154,989 168,439

Farm Service Agency5 86,211 83,607 82,395 77,760 77,476

Commercial banks 196,720 192,687 210,915 220,768 447,897

Life insurance companies 8,672 8,458 11,081 10,987 9,964

Individuals and others 195,606 205,156 216,582 225,003 234,773

Equity 5,410,778 5,759,321 6,330,960 7,292,934 7,583,514

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 12.1 11.3 10.6 9.5 12.4

Debt/assets 10.8 10.2 9.6 8.6 11.0

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
80 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Vermont and Virginia, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Vermont Number

Farms 6,400 6,400 6,200 6,000 6,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 2,361,557 2,477,024 2,442,607 2,488,690 2,507,159

Real estate 1,666,220 1,778,292 1,759,218 1,798,001 1,816,755

Livestock and poultry1 256,863 258,382 261,983 240,670 239,470

Machinery and motor vehicles2 271,906 277,723 273,896 264,111 261,716

Crops3 59,123 51,956 51,152 51,151 52,047

Purchased inputs 14,196 16,381 21,119 13,598 14,183

Financial 93,249 94,290 75,239 121,159 122,988

Farm debt 323,884 344,105 344,574 347,981 367,261

By purpose:

Real estate 165,630 182,488 186,672 181,424 175,019

Nonreal estate4 158,254 161,617 157,902 166,557 192,242

By lender:

Farm Credit System 148,054 151,948 151,023 159,455 162,319

Farm Service Agency5 57,066 53,911 54,222 52,331 67,221

Commercial banks 49,865 65,184 61,709 54,812 51,738

Life insurance companies 0 0 0 18 17

Individuals and others 68,879 73,062 77,621 81,367 85,967

Equity 2,037,673 2,132,919 2,098,033 2,140,709 2,139,898

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 15.9 16.1 16.4 16.3 17.2

Debt/assets 13.7 13.9 14.1 14.0 14.7

Virginia Number

Farms 45,000 45,000 46,000 47,000 48,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 15,526,740 16,020,448 16,772,243 17,648,854 18,532,949

Real estate 12,095,130 12,483,097 13,061,544 14,203,634 14,804,210

Livestock and poultry1 1,027,536 1,067,191 1,021,939 884,858 871,215

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,242,616 1,269,196 1,320,802 1,344,679 1,360,836

Crops3 263,660 203,400 276,462 307,373 387,444

Purchased inputs 32,165 32,952 48,191 35,205 48,956

Financial 865,633 964,612 1,043,305 873,105 1,060,288

Farm debt 1,924,845 1,905,041 1,884,776 1,841,458 1,817,206

By purpose:

Real estate 1,232,346 1,207,233 1,220,061 1,166,544 1,127,000

Nonreal estate4 692,499 697,808 664,715 674,914 690,206

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,001,649 983,133 933,961 891,809 872,863

Farm Service Agency5 170,838 149,771 136,876 116,797 90,922

Commercial banks 385,141 385,431 410,741 417,366 422,148

Life insurance companies 49,002 49,383 45,024 40,205 35,083

Individuals and others 318,214 337,322 358,175 375,280 396,190

Equity 13,601,895 14,115,407 14,887,467 15,807,396 16,715,743

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 14.2 13.5 12.7 11.7 10.9

Debt/assets 12.4 11.9 11.2 10.4 9.8

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 81

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Washington and West Virginia, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Washington Number

Farms 37,000 36,000 36,000 36,000 36,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 16,882,857 18,543,722 18,769,432 19,411,599 20,876,446

Real estate 12,806,350 14,373,302 14,709,366 15,391,310 16,948,354

Livestock and poultry1 1,045,223 1,093,517 985,350 817,099 777,707

Machinery and motor vehicles2 1,885,108 1,873,394 1,907,184 1,900,350 1,883,117

Crops3 340,281 376,017 303,135 417,419 359,257

Purchased inputs 66,753 59,608 68,686 39,063 45,087

Financial 739,142 767,884 795,711 846,358 862,924

Farm debt 2,816,277 2,921,918 3,036,605 3,057,329 3,125,860

By purpose:

Real estate 1,486,183 1,595,258 1,563,129 1,538,027 1,571,701

Nonreal estate4 1,330,094 1,326,660 1,473,476 1,519,302 1,554,159

By lender:

Farm Credit System 552,383 585,030 593,805 525,567 576,068

Farm Service Agency5 199,021 177,540 168,660 145,666 162,674

Commercial banks 1,133,865 1,160,715 1,273,592 1,326,459 1,320,968

Life insurance companies 325,673 361,621 328,250 358,315 331,283

Individuals and others 605,298 637,011 672,299 701,323 734,868

Equity 14,066,580 15,621,804 15,732,827 16,354,270 17,750,586

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 20.0 18.7 19.3 18.7 17.6

Debt/assets 16.7 15.8 16.2 15.8 15.0

West Virginia Number

Farms 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 3,416,849 3,488,116 3,569,146 3,682,861 3,792,110

Real estate 2,571,730 2,627,192 2,745,465 2,913,202 3,018,862

Livestock and poultry1 305,421 300,898 251,448 216,988 199,475

Machinery and motor vehicles2 321,400 328,275 334,196 332,999 329,979

Crops3 72,685 76,349 80,916 66,621 92,979

Purchased inputs 11,850 10,177 10,739 6,299 7,978

Financial 133,763 145,225 146,382 146,752 142,837

Farm debt 407,062 413,895 403,884 391,388 392,425

By purpose:

Real estate 292,477 298,394 281,535 270,053 264,209

Nonreal estate4 114,585 115,501 122,349 121,335 128,216

By lender:

Farm Credit System 129,917 128,994 111,375 104,254 97,144

Farm Service Agency5 59,801 58,817 55,389 53,873 60,628

Commercial banks 83,185 92,708 103,451 101,270 104,836

Life insurance companies 81,113 77,119 73,922 69,340 63,603

Individuals and others 53,046 56,255 59,747 62,651 66,214

Equity 3,009,787 3,074,221 3,165,262 3,291,473 3,399,685

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 13.5 13.5 12.8 11.9 11.5

Debt/assets 11.9 11.9 11.3 10.6 10.4

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—
82 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 3-5—Farm business balance sheet, Wisconsin and Wyoming, December 31, 1992-96—Continued

Item 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 

Wisconsin Number

Farms 79,000 79,000 79,000 80,000 79,000

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 23,735,262 24,050,619 25,327,968 26,582,888 27,698,983

Real estate 13,424,338 13,687,773 14,805,062 16,316,227 17,357,688

Livestock and poultry1 3,185,777 3,037,031 2,995,936 2,705,677 2,721,225

Machinery and motor vehicles2 4,351,161 4,444,236 4,524,397 4,565,251 4,467,303

Crops3 990,785 989,399 964,509 1,019,581 1,132,946

Purchased inputs 215,257 208,915 275,737 190,489 244,012

Financial 1,567,944 1,683,265 1,762,327 1,785,663 1,775,809

Farm debt 4,735,496 4,912,232 4,992,287 5,199,662 5,363,215

By purpose:

Real estate 2,440,117 2,431,614 2,477,634 2,590,626 2,704,736

Nonreal estate4 2,295,379 2,480,618 2,514,653 2,609,036 2,658,479

By lender:

Farm Credit System 1,255,199 1,354,364 1,329,379 1,432,037 1,503,464

Farm Service Agency5 465,603 399,730 371,467 331,890 260,146

Commercial banks 1,914,142 1,990,705 2,067,792 2,161,498 2,254,557

Life insurance companies 52,596 64,929 60,034 59,392 70,907

Individuals and others 1,047,798 1,102,503 1,163,616 1,214,845 1,274,142

Equity 18,999,766 19,138,387 20,335,681 21,383,226 22,335,768

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 24.9 25.7 24.6 24.3 24.0

Debt/assets 20.0 20.4 19.7 19.6 19.4

Wyoming Number

Farms 9,200 9,200 9,200 9,200 9,100

Thousand dollars

Farm assets 6,872,820 7,651,851 7,771,912 8,124,634 8,669,474

Real estate 5,025,731 5,628,216 5,927,762 6,385,229 6,819,177

Livestock and poultry1 1,034,914 1,129,990 973,800 842,874 964,256

Machinery and motor vehicles2 413,521 422,367 429,985 428,444 419,944

Crops3 125,405 178,163 141,142 188,548 178,385

Purchased inputs 25,258 20,088 25,721 15,925 21,604

Financial 247,991 273,027 273,502 263,614 266,108

Farm debt 834,429 911,202 899,612 918,706 954,707

By purpose:

Real estate 411,680 439,074 419,859 415,143 442,888

Nonreal estate4 422,749 472,128 479,753 503,563 511,819

By lender:

Farm Credit System 208,338 218,650 145,421 129,712 139,561

Farm Service Agency5 63,272 58,237 55,476 50,975 53,093

Commercial banks 300,559 354,118 410,516 439,671 439,689

Life insurance companies 58,363 65,570 61,504 61,816 74,438

Individuals and others 203,896 214,627 226,694 236,533 247,924

Equity 6,038,391 6,740,649 6,872,300 7,205,928 7,714,767

Percent

Ratio:

Debt/equity 13.8 13.5 13.1 12.8 12.4

Debt/assets 12.1 11.9 11.6 11.3 11.0

1Excludes horses, mules, and broilers.

2Include only farm share value for trucks and autos.

3All non-CCC crops held on farms plus the value above loan rate for crops held under CCC.

4Excludes debt for nonfarm purposes.

5Farmers Home Administration prior to 1994.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 83

Financial ratios reflect the stresses and strains on

resources used in agricultural production at the sector

level (United States, production region, and State).

They are not representative of individual farms, but

are composites or averages of all farms. The nature

and structure of agriculture varies not only across

regions and States at a point in time (for example,

between the Corn Belt and the Mountain States in

1996), but also within regions and States over time

(for example, the Corn Belt in 1990 and 1996). The

financial ratios can be estimated by USDA production

regions to provide a perspective about the extent of

variation in performance.3

Overall profitability and solvency for the average

farm in each region was much higher in 1996 than in

1985 (during the farm financial crisis years). Also,

overall profitability and solvency were noticeably

higher in 1996 than in 1990. 

Total returns to farm assets (from current income and

from real capital gains) in 1996 were highest in the

Pacific States (9.2 percent, down from 9.5 percent in

1990). Other regions with total rates of return on farm

assets greater than the U.S. 1996 average of 6.3 percent include the Corn Belt (8.2 percent), the Northern

Plains (8.9 percent), Southeast (6.5 percent), Delta (6.6

percent). Those regions with total rates of return on

farm assets less than the U.S. average include the

Northeast (2.8 percent), the Lake States (3.9 percent),

Appalachia (5.3 percent), Southern Plains (2.8 percent), and Mountain States (5.4 percent). These rates

of return in 1996 are in contrast to a decade earlier

when they were negative for each production region.

The Northeast (12.1 percent), Mountain (12.3 percent),

Appalachia (12.7 percent), Southern Plains (12.9 percent), Southeast (14.5 percent), and Corn Belt (14.7

percent) had debt-to-asset ratios (solvency measures)

less than the U.S. average of 15.1 percent. Solvency

ratios exceeded the U.S. average in the Pacific region

(17.1 percent), Lake States (18.9 percent), the Delta

(18.7 percent), and Northern Plains (18.7 percent).

Most regions had very similar or even lower debt-toasset ratios in 1996 compared with 1990, and according to this measure, were notedly more solvent than in

1985. 

Chapter 4: Farm Sector Financial Performance Measures, 1996

Farm Sector Financial Performance Improved Across the Nation

Ken Erickson

3The USDA production regions are Northeast (Connecticut, Delaware,

Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,

Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont); Lake States (Michigan, Minnesota,

Wisconsin); Corn Belt (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio); Northern

Plains (Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota); Appalachia

(Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia); Southeast

(Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina); Delta (Arkansas, Louisiana,

Mississippi); Southern Plains (Oklahoma, Texas); Mountain (Arizona,

Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming);

Pacific (California, Oregon, Washington). Alaska and Hawaii have been

omitted due to insufficient data.
84 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Definition of Financial Ratios1

Ratio Computation method Significance

Liquidity:

Farm business debt Net cash farm income + interest Measures the farm business’s ability to

service coverage Interest + principal payments repay both interest and principal

Debt servicing Interest + principal payments Measures the share of the farm business’s

Gross cash farm income gross income needed to service debt

Times interest Net farm income before Measures the farm business’s ability to

interest and taxes service debt out of net income earned

Interest payments

Efficiency:

Gross ratio Cash operating expenses Measures the proportion of gross cash farm

Gross cash farm income income absorbed by cash operating expenses

Interest to gross cash income Interest Measures the share of gross cash farm 

Gross cash farm income income committed to interest payments

Asset turnover Gross cash farm income Measures the gross farm income 

Farm business assets generated per dollar of farm business assets

Net cash farm Net cash farm income Measures the burden placed on net cash

income to debt Farm business debt farm income to retire outstanding debt

(debt burden ratio)

Solvency:

Debt to assets Farm business debt Measures debt pledged against farm

Farm business assets business assets, indicating overall 

financial risk

Debt to equity Debt Measures the relative proportion of funds

Equity invested by creditors (debt) and owners (equity)

Profitability:

Rates of return on assets

Current income Returns to farm assets Measures how efficiently the farm business

from current income uses its assets; the per dollar return on farm

Farm business assets assets (from current income only)

Real capital gains Real capital gains The per dollar return on farm assets from 

on farm business assets real capital gains

Farm business assets

Rates of return on equity

Current income Returns to farm assets Measures the returns to equity capital 

from current income - interest employed in farm business from current 

Farm business equity income less interest

Real capital gains Real capital gains The per dollar return on farm equity from 

on farm business assets real capital gains

Farm business equity

Operating profit margin Returns to farm assets Measures profits earned per dollar of 

Gross cash farm income gross cash income

1Asset, debt, and equity values are an average for December 31 of the current and previous years.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 85

Figure 4-1

Rates of return to assets, 1975-961

Farm sector investments have been profitable 

in the 1990’s

Percent

1975

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Profitability ratio

80 85 90 92 93 94 95 96

Return to farm assets from current income and real capital gains. 1

Figure 4-2

Debt asset ratios, 1975-961

Farm sector solvency steadily improving

Percent

1

1975

0

5

10

15

20

25

Farm business debt/farm business assets.

80 85 90 92 93 94 95 96

Solvency ratio

Figure 4-3

Asset turnover ratios, 1975-961

Greater gross returns per dollar invested in the 1990’s

Cents/dollar

1

1975

0

5

10

15

20

25

Measures gross cash income generated per dollar of farm assets.

80 85 90 92 93 94 95 96

Efficiency ratio

Figure 4-4

Interest-to-gross-cash income ratios, 1975-961

Lower income and larger debt boosted ratio 

slightly in 1995

Percent

1

12

1975

0

2

4

6

8

10

Interest payment/gross cash farm income.

80 85 90 92 93 94 95 96

Efficiency ratio

Figure 4-5

Farm debt service coverage ratios, 1975-961

Liquidity has improved in the 1990’s

Ratio

1975

0

0.5

1.5

2.5

1Net cash income + interest/interest + principal payments.

80 85 90 92 93 94 95 96

3.0

2.0

1.0

Liquidity ratio

Figure 4-6

Debt servicing ratios, 1975-961

Farmers have been better able to pay debts in 1990’s

Ratio

1975

0

0.05

0.15

0.25

1Interest + principal payments/gross cash farm income.

80 85 90 92 93 94 95 96

Liquidity ratio

0.30

0.20

0.10
86 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 4-1—Farm financial ratios, United States, 1960-96

Liquidity Efficiency

Farm business Times Interest to Asset Net cash

debt service Debt interest Gross gross cash turnover farm income

Year coverage servicing earned ratio farm income ratio to debt

Ratio

1960 3.48 0.12 10.46 63.37 3.63 20.16 64.28 

1961 3.51 0.12 10.51 62.97 3.65 20.73 64.45 

1962 3.25 0.12 9.77 64.39 3.84 20.77 59.74 

1963 2.93 0.13 8.72 65.62 4.19 20.47 54.13 

1964 2.71 0.15 7.44 64.96 4.52 19.88 51.08 

1965 2.62 0.15 8.02 65.23 4.71 19.86 49.04 

1966 2.82 0.15 7.82 63.81 4.70 20.72 51.36 

1967 2.35 0.16 6.57 67.53 5.30 19.33 43.03 

1968 2.31 0.17 6.24 66.96 5.49 19.15 43.09 

1969 2.56 0.16 6.48 65.45 5.52 20.01 46.60 

1970 2.45 0.16 6.02 66.45 5.85 20.04 45.34 

1971 2.27 0.17 5.97 68.08 5.98 19.46 42.00 

1972 2.58 0.16 6.76 64.72 5.58 20.47 47.95 

1973 3.35 0.13 8.99 60.15 4.91 23.80 63.95 

1974 2.86 0.15 6.33 62.86 5.79 21.61 56.09 

1975 2.26 0.17 5.50 67.38 6.70 18.90 44.34 

1976 2.05 0.19 4.22 69.21 7.22 17.64 40.79 

1977 1.74 0.21 3.76 71.93 8.21 15.98 34.81 

1978 1.77 0.21 3.82 71.75 8.35 16.53 36.03 

1979 1.57 0.22 3.40 75.28 9.27 16.23 32.94 

1980 1.45 0.24 2.23 76.13 10.91 15.23 31.31 

1981 1.32 0.27 2.57 77.55 13.09 14.86 29.72 

1982 1.39 0.28 2.28 74.82 13.87 15.70 31.83 

1983 1.38 0.28 1.87 74.62 13.61 16.01 31.02 

1984 1.35 0.27 2.43 76.02 12.99 17.34 29.99 

1985 1.65 0.25 2.78 70.14 11.25 19.37 34.95 

1986 1.82 0.23 3.15 68.67 10.28 20.42 38.02 

1987 2.14 0.19 3.83 67.57 8.78 22.28 45.11 

1988 2.24 0.17 4.02 68.98 7.95 35.24 47.60 

1989 2.24 0.16 4.64 70.72 7.47 22.39 47.69 

1990 2.26 0.16 4.77 71.70 6.96 22.50 47.74 

1991 2.20 0.15 4.67 72.68 6.37 21.78 44.75 

1992 2.42 0.14 5.82 70.82 5.71 21.92 47.26 

1993 2.55 0.14 5.55 70.59 5.23 22.43 49.25 

1994 2.17 0.14 5.67 74.42 5.72 21.40 42.91 

1995 2.10 0.15 4.41 75.04 6.00 21.27 42.59 

1996 2.33 0.14 5.47 72.83 5.79 21.84 47.35 

See footnote at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 87

Table 4-1—Farm financial ratios, United States, 1960-96—Continued

Solvency Profitability Returns to

Rates of return on assets from: Rates of return on equity from: farm assets

Debt Debt Real Real to

to to Current capital Current capital gross cash

State assets equity income gains Total income gains Total farm income

Percent

1960 12.87 14.78 2.29 0.14 2.43 1.79 0.39 2.18 11.37 

1961 13.29 15.33 2.93 3.71 6.63 2.50 4.36 6.85 14.11 

1962 14.12 16.44 2.90 2.55 5.45 2.44 3.16 5.60 13.99 

1963 15.03 17.69 2.99 3.37 6.36 2.49 4.15 6.64 14.59 

1964 15.75 18.69 2.36 3.27 5.63 1.73 4.08 5.81 11.89 

1965 16.22 19.36 3.39 4.87 8.26 2.92 6.09 9.02 17.06 

1966 16.76 20.14 3.68 2.73 6.42 3.24 3.86 7.10 17.77 

1967 17.16 20.72 2.76 1.92 4.68 2.09 2.84 4.93 14.30 

1968 17.08 20.60 2.51 0.88 3.38 1.76 1.87 3.63 13.10 

1969 17.33 20.97 3.07 -0.14 2.94 2.38 0.68 3.05 15.36 

1970 17.48 21.19 2.95 -0.53 2.42 2.15 0.31 2.46 14.73 

1971 17.64 21.42 3.03 2.94 5.97 2.26 4.34 6.61 15.56 

1972 17.27 20.88 4.22 7.14 11.36 3.72 9.32 13.04 20.59 

1973 16.16 19.28 7.71 11.25 18.96 7.85 14.74 22.58 32.39 

1974 16.89 20.32 4.55 -1.23 3.32 3.95 0.40 4.35 21.05 

1975 16.65 19.97 3.62 7.20 10.82 2.83 9.85 12.68 19.16 

1976 16.26 19.42 2.11 9.43 11.54 1.00 12.24 13.24 11.95 

1977 17.02 20.50 1.76 3.72 5.49 0.54 5.61 6.16 11.04 

1978 16.60 19.91 2.37 8.00 10.37 1.19 10.98 12.17 14.32 

1979 16.87 20.30 2.54 5.25 7.79 1.25 7.96 9.21 15.68 

1980 16.97 20.44 1.20 -0.03 1.17 -0.56 1.83 1.27 7.88 

1981 18.57 22.80 2.29 -6.34 -4.05 0.42 -6.18 -5.76 15.40 

1982 19.99 24.98 2.21 -7.24 -5.03 0.04 -7.84 -7.80 14.06 

1983 20.26 25.40 1.31 -2.42 -1.11 -1.09 -2.01 -3.10 8.19 

1984 22.61 29.22 3.24 -12.51 -9.27 1.25 -15.03 -13.77 18.67 

1985 22.98 29.84 3.63 -12.28 -8.65 1.88 -14.72 -12.84 18.76 

1986 21.66 27.65 3.11 -7.40 -4.28 1.31 -8.82 -7.51 15.25 

1987 19.10 23.61 4.12 0.88 5.00 2.71 2.22 4.93 18.49 

1988 17.64 21.43 5.98 1.29 7.27 2.47 1.97 4.44 16.96 

1989 16.89 20.32 4.36 -0.89 3.47 3.25 -0.15 3.10 19.48 

1990 16.36 19.56 4.01 -1.82 2.19 2.93 -1.11 1.82 17.83 

1991 16.44 19.67 2.93 -1.94 0.99 1.84 -1.70 0.14 13.43 

1992 15.94 18.96 3.98 -0.15 3.84 3.26 0.42 3.68 18.17 

1993 15.61 18.50 2.91 2.44 5.35 2.07 3.32 5.39 12.99 

1994 15.60 18.48 3.58 1.33 4.91 2.79 2.01 4.79 16.71 

1995 15.33 18.10 2.13 3.10 5.24 1.01 4.13 5.14 10.02 

1996 15.09 17.77 3.77 2.52 6.29 2.95 3.38 6.33 17.25 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
88 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 4-2—Farm financial ratios by State, 1992

Liquidity Efficiency

Farm business Times Interest to Asset Net cash

debt service Debt interest Gross gross cash turnover farm income

Year coverage servicing earned ratio farm income ratio to debt

Ratio

Alabama 4.73 0.09 10.91 61.99 3.36 28.86 94.44 

Alaska 3.04 0.14 5.69 63.77 6.62 5.53 60.34 

Arizona 2.99 0.15 6.43 62.61 6.29 16.26 68.85 

Arkansas 2.92 0.11 6.45 71.30 4.58 33.39 56.73 

California 2.84 0.12 6.78 69.75 4.84 28.24 53.31 

Colorado 2.01 0.14 4.43 78.06 5.67 24.84 40.69 

Connecticut 5.28 0.09 13.67 58.12 3.08 21.96 108.31 

Delaware 2.70 0.09 6.66 78.92 3.23 48.39 51.11 

Florida 5.09 0.10 11.54 53.99 4.34 26.28 88.14 

Georgia 3.86 0.12 8.89 60.20 4.69 29.73 73.72 

Hawaii 2.09 0.10 5.46 82.98 4.07 12.92 38.45 

Idaho 2.55 0.16 6.10 64.55 6.05 25.30 49.35 

Illinois 1.38 0.18 4.41 83.15 7.36 15.82 26.68 

Indiana 1.15 0.18 3.44 87.10 7.80 18.29 21.64 

Iowa 1.97 0.16 4.85 74.21 6.61 22.65 38.37 

Kansas 1.95 0.15 5.35 77.13 5.68 27.67 41.30 

Kentucky 3.20 0.14 7.59 60.89 5.61 20.16 58.17 

Louisiana 2.16 0.16 4.24 72.12 6.07 26.62 45.76 

Maine 2.75 0.13 8.75 70.03 4.60 26.13 59.55 

Maryland 2.65 0.12 6.32 73.08 4.63 22.24 47.66 

Massachusetts 3.59 0.13 10.16 58.12 4.27 15.77 72.29 

Michigan 1.94 0.14 4.48 77.61 5.63 22.50 37.12 

Minnesota 1.91 0.17 4.14 73.49 6.63 21.16 37.27 

Mississippi 1.88 0.16 4.12 76.78 6.25 26.41 38.01 

Missouri 1.54 0.19 3.43 78.62 7.80 16.32 29.57 

Montana 2.25 0.21 4.18 61.60 8.73 12.89 41.32 

Nebraska 2.27 0.15 6.46 71.63 5.53 28.69 47.57 

Nevada 2.77 0.15 4.80 65.88 6.34 11.24 49.69 

New Hampshire 4.81 0.09 14.35 62.17 3.05 16.24 94.06 

New Jersey 3.13 0.11 9.25 68.24 3.80 11.62 55.15 

New Mexico 3.10 0.13 7.43 65.54 4.93 15.63 59.90 

New York 2.48 0.14 5.78 69.78 5.11 23.61 51.17 

North Carolina 5.50 0.08 13.35 58.64 3.08 38.37 104.44 

North Dakota 2.03 0.20 5.20 68.09 7.77 18.21 41.51 

Ohio 2.34 0.13 5.42 74.21 5.71 17.66 45.10 

Oklahoma 1.93 0.19 4.44 70.71 7.19 19.32 40.20 

Oregon 2.17 0.14 4.93 75.54 5.26 23.30 36.86 

Pennsylvania 3.09 0.12 7.51 68.39 4.51 19.95 58.10 

Rhode Island 6.85 0.09 24.30 41.50 2.49 21.97 129.37 

South Carolina 3.09 0.13 6.68 65.56 4.95 18.99 58.23 

South Dakota 2.07 0.20 5.97 65.65 7.18 19.50 42.64 

Tennessee 2.45 0.17 5.47 65.71 6.28 13.90 47.30 

Texas 2.29 0.15 5.66 71.88 5.96 17.53 47.85 

Utah 2.89 0.15 7.04 61.45 6.20 14.36 56.99 

Vermont 3.20 0.12 8.84 64.60 4.48 21.92 60.50 

Virginia 2.74 0.15 5.90 63.99 6.40 14.66 50.34 

Washington 2.93 0.11 7.55 71.83 4.05 29.63 56.27 

West Virginia 2.00 0.19 3.58 69.98 8.04 10.58 34.09 

Wisconsin 2.14 0.16 3.97 72.75 6.05 25.82 42.38 

Wyoming 2.00 0.19 5.05 69.26 7.13 13.45 39.55 

United States 2.42 0.14 5.82 70.82 5.71 21.92 47.26 

See footnote at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 89

Table 4-2—Farm financial ratios by State, 1992—Continued

Solvency Profitability Returns to

Rates of return on assets from: Rates of return on equity from: farm assets

Debt Debt Real Real to

to to Current capital Current capital gross cash

State assets equity income gains Total income gains Total farm income

Percent

Alabama 12.18 13.87 5.51 2.07 7.58 5.20 2.82 8.01 19.09 

Alaska 3.39 3.51 -0.17 -4.21 -4.38 -0.56 -4.24 -4.80 -3.14 

Arizona 9.83 10.90 5.32 -1.25 4.07 4.79 -1.02 3.77 32.69 

Arkansas 19.13 23.66 6.74 1.17 7.91 6.48 2.21 8.68 20.18 

California 18.36 22.48 7.09 -0.34 6.75 7.03 0.29 7.31 25.10 

Colorado 16.29 19.46 3.37 2.02 5.39 2.36 3.06 5.42 13.57 

Connecticut 8.67 9.49 3.75 7.95 11.70 3.38 9.06 12.44 17.08 

Delaware 23.06 29.98 8.00 4.76 12.77 8.37 7.06 15.43 16.54 

Florida 15.31 18.07 9.94 -2.40 7.54 10.35 -2.29 8.07 37.83 

Georgia 17.36 21.01 9.18 4.32 13.50 9.48 5.94 15.42 30.86 

Hawaii 7.29 7.86 1.23 -0.66 0.57 0.76 -0.48 0.28 9.53 

Idaho 21.28 27.02 6.85 -0.54 6.31 6.76 0.14 6.89 27.07 

Illinois 14.37 16.78 4.19 -2.37 1.81 3.53 -2.26 1.27 26.45 

Indiana 16.98 20.46 2.73 0.51 3.24 1.58 1.27 2.85 14.91 

Iowa 18.81 23.16 5.16 0.90 6.06 4.53 1.84 6.36 22.78 

Kansas 19.04 23.52 4.99 -1.70 3.29 4.23 -1.38 2.84 18.03 

Kentucky 14.96 17.59 5.01 3.36 8.37 4.59 4.55 9.14 24.85 

Louisiana 19.28 23.88 4.97 1.53 6.49 4.18 2.68 6.86 18.66 

Maine 15.06 17.72 4.91 2.48 7.40 4.38 3.46 7.84 18.81 

Maryland 14.12 16.44 2.74 8.15 10.89 2.00 10.08 12.08 12.32 

Massachusetts 10.09 11.22 2.50 6.96 9.46 2.03 8.08 10.12 15.86 

Michigan 16.91 20.36 -1.17 -0.03 -1.19 -2.93 0.59 -2.34 -5.19 

Minnesota 18.75 23.08 0.79 -0.43 0.37 -0.75 0.18 -0.57 3.75 

Mississippi 19.57 24.33 5.00 -1.02 3.97 4.21 -0.47 3.74 18.92 

Missouri 15.74 18.69 0.62 -0.29 0.33 -0.78 0.24 -0.53 3.82 

Montana 14.47 16.91 2.31 1.93 4.24 1.38 2.80 4.18 17.88 

Nebraska 20.73 26.15 6.64 -3.13 3.51 6.36 -3.16 3.19 23.16 

Nevada 9.20 10.13 1.60 -5.84 -4.23 0.98 -6.11 -5.13 14.27 

New Hampshire 7.08 7.62 1.91 2.51 4.41 1.52 2.93 4.45 11.75 

New Jersey 7.58 8.21 0.58 0.22 0.80 0.14 0.49 0.63 4.95 

New Mexico 10.59 11.84 3.82 -12.28 -8.46 3.40 -13.33 -9.94 24.43 

New York 16.23 19.37 0.12 5.34 5.46 -1.30 6.96 5.66 0.50 

North Carolina 15.60 18.49 14.78 1.94 16.72 16.25 2.92 19.17 38.52 

North Dakota 16.81 20.20 4.98 1.55 6.52 4.31 2.52 6.84 27.33 

Ohio 12.16 13.84 1.92 0.45 2.37 1.04 0.94 1.98 10.87 

Oklahoma 17.12 20.66 1.68 -0.74 0.94 0.35 -0.24 0.12 8.71 

Oregon 17.49 21.20 1.94 2.60 4.54 0.88 3.93 4.81 8.34 

Pennsylvania 12.54 14.33 0.00 -3.28 -3.28 -1.03 -3.31 -4.34 -0.01 

Rhode Island 10.19 11.35 9.68 7.33 17.01 10.19 8.52 18.71 44.07 

South Carolina 12.71 14.56 1.76 -4.86 -3.10 0.94 -5.12 -4.17 9.27 

South Dakota 19.00 23.46 5.35 -2.80 2.55 4.88 -2.74 2.14 27.44 

Tennessee 11.64 13.17 0.39 3.33 3.72 -0.54 4.20 3.65 2.83 

Texas 12.10 13.76 3.62 -0.91 2.71 2.95 -0.59 2.35 20.67 

Utah 10.79 12.10 2.80 4.44 7.24 2.15 5.40 7.55 19.49 

Vermont 13.71 15.89 0.58 7.26 7.84 -0.47 9.03 8.56 2.64 

Virginia 12.40 14.15 2.25 -4.34 -2.10 1.50 -4.52 -3.03 15.34 

Washington 16.68 20.02 6.76 -1.00 5.76 6.69 -0.57 6.12 22.80 

West Virginia 11.91 13.52 -2.77 -5.25 -8.02 -4.11 -5.54 -9.65 -26.21 

Wisconsin 19.95 24.92 -0.74 2.21 1.47 -2.89 3.55 0.66 -2.88 

Wyoming 12.14 13.82 2.60 4.33 6.92 1.88 5.43 7.31 19.30 

United States 15.94 18.96 3.98 -0.15 3.84 3.26 0.42 3.68 18.17 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
90 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 4-3—Farm financial ratios by State, 1993

Liquidity Efficiency

Farm business Times Interest to Asset Net cash

debt service Debt interest Gross gross cash turnover farm income

Year coverage servicing earned ratio farm income ratio to debt

Ratio

Alabama 4.64 0.09 10.22 63.57 3.41 27.90 94.69

Alaska 4.46 0.10 10.28 60.16 3.84 5.56 78.82

Arizona 3.64 0.12 9.54 61.60 4.32 17.65 76.21

Arkansas 2.43 0.12 5.58 76.11 4.78 31.97 47.40

California 2.86 0.12 7.25 71.29 4.56 29.99 53.62

Colorado 2.47 0.12 6.06 75.01 4.56 25.69 47.60

Connecticut 5.92 0.08 17.66 57.49 2.46 21.22 114.30

Delaware 2.68 0.09 6.47 78.66 3.17 45.27 49.32

Florida 4.34 0.10 9.94 59.59 4.46 25.75 75.05

Georgia 3.78 0.11 8.50 63.52 4.25 29.80 71.08

Hawaii 1.85 0.10 5.62 85.84 3.70 12.18 32.74

Idaho 2.65 0.15 7.14 64.89 5.71 25.47 51.94

Illinois 2.11 0.15 3.94 73.80 6.25 17.26 39.97

Indiana 2.23 0.14 3.74 74.17 6.05 20.92 40.57

Iowa 2.06 0.17 2.56 72.58 6.61 22.23 39.80

Kansas 2.17 0.14 4.97 74.68 5.34 27.95 45.35

Kentucky 3.63 0.12 7.00 59.93 4.93 20.43 64.09

Louisiana 2.06 0.15 4.08 75.04 5.73 27.07 42.71

Maine 2.69 0.12 8.14 70.72 4.09 24.85 54.89

Maryland 2.90 0.11 6.51 71.65 3.93 20.54 48.62

Massachusetts 3.50 0.13 10.04 60.10 4.06 14.94 67.78

Michigan 1.98 0.13 5.03 78.50 4.95 23.23 37.12

Minnesota 1.57 0.18 1.73 78.83 6.68 20.81 30.40

Mississippi 1.71 0.15 3.07 80.92 6.04 26.42 34.96

Missouri 1.50 0.19 2.53 79.58 7.51 15.74 28.27

Montana 2.29 0.20 6.27 63.07 7.80 12.54 40.83

Nebraska 2.27 0.15 5.05 71.77 5.61 29.20 47.95

Nevada 3.02 0.13 7.29 66.59 5.20 12.18 52.32

New Hampshire 4.82 0.08 13.90 62.71 2.76 15.69 88.26

New Jersey 3.51 0.11 9.54 65.43 3.79 12.19 62.82

New Mexico 3.11 0.12 7.59 66.98 4.63 16.71 59.77

New York 2.56 0.14 6.46 69.01 4.58 22.75 50.82

North Carolina 5.95 0.07 15.04 58.35 2.72 40.27 114.29

North Dakota 2.16 0.18 3.68 67.04 7.01 18.37 43.64

Ohio 2.99 0.12 4.82 70.00 4.85 18.77 56.23

Oklahoma 2.28 0.17 5.33 67.54 6.17 20.61 46.48

Oregon 2.27 0.12 5.70 77.44 4.79 23.38 40.11

Pennsylvania 3.40 0.11 7.62 67.03 3.82 20.21 60.48

Rhode Island 6.72 0.09 20.87 41.55 2.91 21.04 129.80

South Carolina 3.04 0.12 6.16 68.70 4.48 20.08 58.68

South Dakota 2.21 0.19 5.08 64.16 7.20 20.66 46.57

Tennessee 2.38 0.16 5.27 68.90 5.89 13.51 44.72

Texas 2.81 0.13 7.20 68.80 4.72 18.98 56.08

Utah 3.21 0.14 7.92 61.23 5.11 14.57 61.09

Vermont 3.28 0.12 7.57 64.93 4.07 21.21 60.12

Virginia 2.61 0.15 5.08 66.80 5.95 14.44 46.58

Washington 2.96 0.10 8.05 73.65 3.85 30.29 56.49

West Virginia 2.28 0.16 3.87 70.26 6.71 12.50 38.33

Wisconsin 1.76 0.16 3.11 78.01 5.83 24.79 34.16

Wyoming 1.99 0.18 5.98 70.34 6.67 12.87 38.92

United States 2.55 0.14 5.55 70.59 5.23 22.43 49.25

See footnote at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 91

Table 4-3—Farm financial ratios by State, 1993—Continued

Solvency Profitability Returns to

Rates of return on assets from: Rates of return on equity from: farm assets

Debt Debt Real Real to

to to Current capital Current capital gross cash

State assets equity income gains Total income gains Total farm income

Percent

Alabama 11.34 12.78 5.83 5.20 11.03 5.53 6.19 11.72 20.91 

Alaska 2.80 2.88 -0.04 -0.44 -0.48 -0.27 -0.37 -0.64 -0.80 

Arizona 9.95 11.05 5.66 0.21 5.87 5.44 0.48 5.91 32.09 

Arkansas 19.53 24.27 6.02 -0.23 5.79 5.57 0.25 5.82 18.84 

California 18.86 23.24 7.22 -2.32 4.90 7.19 -2.33 4.86 24.09 

Colorado 15.63 18.53 4.03 6.58 10.62 3.40 8.26 11.66 15.69 

Connecticut 8.04 8.75 4.50 5.27 9.78 4.34 5.97 10.31 21.22 

Delaware 21.96 28.14 6.68 6.97 13.65 6.77 9.65 16.42 14.76 

Florida 15.47 18.31 8.07 3.11 11.18 8.18 4.08 12.26 31.35 

Georgia 16.80 20.19 7.07 -1.26 5.81 7.00 -1.05 5.95 23.73 

Hawaii 6.05 6.44 0.81 7.19 8.01 0.39 7.88 8.27 6.68 

Idaho 18.88 23.27 6.89 7.58 14.47 6.80 10.06 16.85 27.06 

Illinois 13.69 15.86 2.44 5.61 8.05 1.58 6.90 8.48 14.13 

Indiana 15.93 18.94 2.47 3.59 6.06 1.44 4.76 6.20 11.81 

Iowa 19.20 23.76 0.58 2.95 3.53 -1.09 4.17 3.08 2.62 

Kansas 18.76 23.10 3.90 4.21 8.11 2.96 5.72 8.68 13.94 

Kentucky 13.76 15.96 1.97 1.93 3.90 1.13 2.64 3.77 9.67 

Louisiana 19.63 24.43 2.77 0.08 2.86 1.51 0.66 2.18 10.23 

Maine 15.16 17.87 1.38 4.65 6.03 0.43 5.88 6.31 5.56 

Maryland 13.19 15.20 1.67 7.58 9.25 1.00 9.14 10.14 8.15 

Massachusetts 9.33 10.28 1.58 5.23 6.81 1.07 6.04 7.11 10.54 

Michigan 16.19 19.32 -0.53 3.14 2.61 -2.01 4.21 2.20 -2.28 

Minnesota 19.38 24.04 -3.74 -0.59 -4.34 -6.34 -0.20 -6.54 -17.98 

Mississippi 18.44 22.60 1.95 2.10 4.04 0.43 3.13 3.56 7.37 

Missouri 15.37 18.16 -0.88 0.88 -0.01 -2.45 1.46 -0.99 -5.61 

Montana 13.09 15.06 3.60 7.18 10.79 3.04 8.69 11.74 28.73 

Nebraska 20.49 25.77 5.23 5.00 10.24 4.52 6.88 11.41 17.92 

Nevada 8.79 9.64 2.33 1.76 4.09 1.86 2.16 4.03 19.10 

New Hampshire 7.15 7.70 -0.40 5.08 4.68 -0.90 5.64 4.74 -2.55 

New Jersey 7.31 7.89 1.19 3.09 4.28 0.78 3.53 4.31 9.76 

New Mexico 10.47 11.69 3.79 1.06 4.84 3.37 1.44 4.81 22.67 

New York 15.64 18.54 -1.32 7.10 5.78 -2.81 8.88 6.07 -5.80 

North Carolina 15.66 18.57 14.78 -1.43 13.35 16.22 -1.27 14.95 36.70 

North Dakota 16.84 20.25 2.28 3.02 5.31 1.20 4.09 5.29 12.43 

Ohio 11.14 12.53 0.81 5.01 5.82 -0.12 5.98 5.86 4.30 

Oklahoma 17.13 20.67 2.64 -0.01 2.63 1.65 0.46 2.11 12.81 

Oregon 14.53 17.00 4.78 4.83 9.61 4.35 6.21 10.56 20.43 

Pennsylvania 12.06 13.71 -0.86 4.07 3.21 -1.86 4.96 3.10 -4.24 

Rhode Island 9.72 10.76 8.72 5.62 14.33 9.00 6.49 15.48 41.43 

South Carolina 11.79 13.37 2.49 -0.32 2.16 1.81 -0.04 1.77 12.37 

South Dakota 19.18 23.73 3.99 3.29 7.28 3.10 4.60 7.69 19.33 

Tennessee 10.71 11.99 -1.05 -2.51 -3.56 -2.08 -2.52 -4.61 -7.81 

Texas 12.21 13.90 3.78 0.75 4.53 3.28 1.17 4.45 19.90 

Utah 10.16 11.31 2.20 3.67 5.87 1.63 4.36 5.99 15.12 

Vermont 13.89 16.13 -1.05 8.08 7.03 -2.22 9.74 7.52 -4.95 

Virginia 11.89 13.50 0.08 -0.85 -0.78 -0.89 -0.65 -1.54 0.55 

Washington 15.76 18.70 8.12 8.77 16.89 8.29 10.90 19.19 26.79 

West Virginia 11.87 13.46 -3.17 -3.05 -6.21 -4.55 -3.15 -7.70 -25.35 

Wisconsin 20.42 25.67 -2.57 1.31 -1.27 -5.04 2.21 -2.83 -10.39 

Wyoming 11.91 13.52 1.53 6.50 8.03 0.76 7.69 8.46 11.89 

United States 15.61 18.50 2.91 2.44 5.35 2.07 3.32 5.39 12.99 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
92 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 4-4—Farm financial ratios by State, 1994

Liquidity Efficiency

Farm business Times Interest to Asset Net cash

debt service Debt interest Gross gross cash turnover farm income

Year coverage servicing earned ratio farm income ratio to debt

Ratio

Alabama 4.50 0.09 10.58 64.21 3.53 26.14 93.33 

Alaska 2.98 0.14 4.57 66.31 8.65 5.33 82.19 

Arizona 2.45 0.13 6.00 72.38 4.99 15.89 52.89 

Arkansas 3.01 0.11 6.65 71.18 4.50 34.49 59.11 

California 2.79 0.12 6.80 71.96 4.75 31.42 53.55 

Colorado 1.66 0.14 3.71 82.75 5.42 22.76 33.18 

Connecticut 5.00 0.08 13.63 61.49 3.14 20.58 104.68 

Delaware 2.46 0.09 6.08 81.54 3.49 45.55 49.19 

Florida 3.85 0.11 8.56 61.17 5.11 24.55 68.66 

Georgia 4.05 0.11 10.25 61.64 4.30 31.21 79.50 

Hawaii 1.59 0.09 5.08 89.16 3.95 11.98 29.08 

Idaho 1.79 0.16 4.65 77.21 6.30 24.15 36.66

Illinois 1.49 0.17 5.03 81.31 6.97 14.80 28.21 

Indiana 1.25 0.17 3.74 85.89 7.13 16.88 22.68 

Iowa 1.37 0.18 5.17 82.11 7.30 20.01 26.32 

Kansas 1.89 0.15 5.01 77.73 5.78 26.82 40.27 

Kentucky 3.11 0.14 6.64 62.53 5.92 18.24 57.40 

Louisiana 2.06 0.15 4.99 75.61 5.86 27.51 43.16 

Maine 2.02 0.14 6.15 77.00 4.97 24.34 43.84 

Maryland 2.18 0.12 5.15 78.06 5.13 18.62 39.52 

Massachusetts 3.09 0.13 8.16 64.81 4.92 14.98 64.05 

Michigan 1.65 0.14 3.39 82.14 5.73 21.96 32.51 

Minnesota 1.10 0.19 4.01 86.35 7.76 20.44 22.08 

Mississippi 1.63 0.14 4.51 82.31 5.90 25.92 33.10 

Missouri 1.58 0.18 3.40 78.68 7.30 16.05 29.76 

Montana 1.70 0.21 3.61 72.91 8.71 11.66 31.53 

Nebraska 1.76 0.17 5.22 76.34 6.64 25.73 37.89 

Nevada 2.09 0.13 5.25 78.45 5.45 12.04 37.39 

New Hampshire 3.97 0.09 11.10 67.06 3.58 15.09 77.11 

New Jersey 3.82 0.10 9.85 65.70 4.00 12.73 71.92 

New Mexico 2.12 0.13 5.67 77.65 5.16 15.49 41.67 

New York 2.04 0.15 4.90 75.01 5.50 22.44 42.82 

North Carolina 5.46 0.08 14.34 59.59 3.10 41.26 112.61 

North Dakota 1.75 0.20 4.44 72.52 7.76 17.50 36.29 

Ohio 2.59 0.12 6.07 73.01 5.16 16.84 48.64 

Oklahoma 1.63 0.18 5.07 76.65 6.66 19.30 33.58 

Oregon 2.07 0.12 5.08 79.98 4.83 21.41 37.87 

Pennsylvania 2.61 0.12 5.75 73.67 4.77 19.44 49.93 

Rhode Island 6.10 0.10 16.14 45.25 3.67 20.36 124.90 

South Carolina 3.43 0.11 8.68 65.40 4.45 20.76 70.18 

South Dakota 1.96 0.21 5.79 67.54 7.73 20.18 41.94 

Tennessee 2.49 0.16 5.39 67.32 6.58 13.61 49.09 

Texas 2.55 0.14 6.55 70.19 5.06 18.03 51.73 

Utah 2.24 0.15 5.70 72.95 5.67 13.38 44.43 

Vermont 2.61 0.13 6.28 70.45 5.19 20.48 50.83 

Virginia 2.60 0.15 5.74 67.43 6.24 14.27 47.91 

Washington 2.61 0.11 6.05 76.23 4.15 29.22 51.09 

West Virginia 1.96 0.16 3.77 75.11 7.10 12.46 34.38 

Wisconsin 1.20 0.17 3.17 86.08 6.73 23.64 24.34 

Wyoming 1.33 0.21 2.68 79.87 8.17 11.25 27.12 

United States 2.17 0.14 5.67 74.42 5.72 21.40 42.91 

See footnote at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 93

Table 4-4—Farm financial ratios by State, 1994—Continued

Solvency Profitability Returns to

Rates of return on assets from: Rates of return on equity from: farm assets

Debt Debt Real Real to

to to Current capital Current capital gross cash

State assets equity income gains Total income gains Total farm income

Percent

Alabama 10.71 12.00 6.66 6.07 12.74 6.45 7.11 13.56 25.50 

Alaska 2.70 2.77 -0.13 -0.96 -1.08 -0.61 -0.92 -1.52 -2.39

Arizona 9.65 10.69 3.33 3.22 6.55 2.81 3.83 6.64 20.95 

Arkansas 19.36 24.01 7.70 -0.68 7.02 7.63 -0.28 7.35 22.32 

California 19.62 24.41 7.71 -2.80 4.91 7.70 -2.92 4.78 24.54 

Colorado 15.48 18.32 1.72 3.01 4.73 0.57 3.99 4.56 7.54 

Connecticut 8.34 9.10 3.98 -0.99 2.99 3.64 -0.88 2.76 19.36 

Delaware 18.79 23.13 5.83 3.00 8.83 5.32 4.40 9.72 12.80 

Florida 15.93 18.95 7.22 -0.56 6.67 7.08 -0.23 6.85 29.42 

Georgia 16.69 20.03 9.88 2.84 12.72 10.26 3.87 14.13 31.66 

Hawaii 6.13 6.53 0.80 -7.43 -6.62 0.35 -7.75 -7.40 6.70 

Idaho 19.44 24.13 4.39 2.09 6.48 3.55 3.12 6.67 18.18 

Illinois 13.26 15.28 4.05 4.20 8.25 3.48 5.21 8.69 27.35 

Indiana 15.69 18.62 0.76 2.77 3.53 -0.52 3.72 3.20 4.52 

Iowa 19.11 23.63 5.37 0.56 5.93 4.83 1.24 6.08 26.84 

Kansas 18.59 22.84 5.23 1.46 6.69 4.53 2.33 6.86 19.50 

Kentucky 13.82 16.04 3.25 4.02 7.27 2.51 5.03 7.54 17.79 

Louisiana 18.94 23.36 5.78 4.07 9.84 5.16 5.60 10.76 21.00 

Maine 15.90 18.90 0.63 -1.70 -1.07 -0.69 -1.59 -2.28 2.58 

Maryland 12.35 14.09 1.42 6.29 7.71 0.53 7.55 8.08 7.61 

Massachusetts 9.44 10.43 2.14 -1.01 1.13 1.54 -0.87 0.68 14.26 

Michigan 15.68 18.60 -1.67 2.81 1.13 -3.49 3.78 0.29 -7.62

Minnesota 20.26 25.40 1.40 -1.27 0.12 -0.24 -1.03 -1.26 6.83 

Mississippi 18.51 22.71 4.35 -0.50 3.85 3.46 -0.10 3.36 16.78 

Missouri 15.49 18.33 0.69 -0.48 0.21 -0.56 -0.15 -0.71 4.32 

Montana 13.39 15.46 1.56 3.62 5.19 0.63 4.52 5.15 13.41 

Nebraska 20.66 26.04 5.99 1.26 7.25 5.39 2.19 7.58 23.29 

Nevada 8.60 9.41 1.05 2.03 3.08 0.43 2.45 2.88 8.72 

New Hampshire 7.14 7.69 -0.68 -1.15 -1.82 -1.31 -1.06 -2.37 -4.49

New Jersey 6.27 6.69 -0.08 4.40 4.31 -0.63 4.89 4.26 -0.64

New Mexico 10.00 11.11 1.96 1.23 3.19 1.29 1.63 2.93 12.65 

New York 16.33 19.52 -2.15 -0.78 -2.93 -4.02 -0.49 -4.51 -9.57

North Carolina 16.21 19.34 17.24 2.45 19.69 18.99 3.33 22.32 41.79 

North Dakota 17.14 20.69 4.48 0.48 4.95 3.76 1.04 4.80 25.58 

Ohio 11.12 12.51 1.88 6.31 8.20 1.14 7.38 8.53 11.20 

Oklahoma 17.37 21.03 2.19 -0.09 2.09 1.09 0.37 1.45 11.33 

Oregon 13.60 15.74 2.40 4.53 6.93 1.59 5.65 7.24 11.21 

Pennsylvania 12.16 13.85 -2.04 -0.21 -2.25 -3.38 0.08 -3.30 -10.50

Rhode Island 9.34 10.30 3.78 -0.82 2.95 3.35 -0.66 2.69 18.55 

South Carolina 11.32 12.77 5.28 3.34 8.62 4.93 4.08 9.00 25.45 

South Dakota 19.50 24.22 6.73 1.33 8.06 6.41 2.20 8.61 33.35 

Tennessee 11.05 12.42 -0.63 1.22 0.59 -1.71 1.64 -0.07 -4.65

Texas 12.11 13.78 3.43 0.97 4.40 2.86 1.43 4.29 19.02 

Utah 9.57 10.58 0.24 6.25 6.49 -0.58 7.19 6.61 1.77 

Vermont 14.11 16.42 -1.01 2.54 1.53 -2.41 3.33 0.92 -4.91

Virginia 11.24 12.66 1.09 -0.18 0.91 0.23 0.10 0.33 7.67 

Washington 16.18 19.30 6.73 0.02 6.75 6.57 0.46 7.03 23.04 

West Virginia 11.32 12.76 -2.38 -2.29 -4.67 -3.70 -2.28 -5.98 -19.14

Wisconsin 19.71 24.55 -0.93 2.20 1.27 -3.16 3.34 0.18 -3.94

Wyoming 11.58 13.09 -0.27 2.27 2.00 -1.35 2.88 1.53 -2.43

United States 15.60 18.48 3.58 1.33 4.91 2.79 2.01 4.79 16.71 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
94 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 4-5—Farm financial ratios by State, 1995

Liquidity Efficiency

Farm business Times Interest to Asset Net cash

debt service Debt interest Gross gross cash turnover farm income

Year coverage servicing earned ratio farm income ratio to debt

Ratio

Alabama 3.72 0.09 7.73 69.04 3.72 24.06 77.29 

Alaska 5.40 0.08 11.72 59.18 3.41 5.66 105.29 

Arizona 2.99 0.12 7.50 68.24 4.75 16.29 66.54 

Arkansas 2.95 0.12 6.41 69.67 4.83 32.87 57.88 

California 2.36 0.12 5.37 76.76 4.95 31.64 46.42 

Colorado 1.48 0.14 3.72 84.55 5.85 22.38 30.28 

Connecticut 4.19 0.09 11.11 66.50 3.22 19.72 87.56 

Delaware 2.33 0.08 5.08 84.02 3.17 44.32 46.14 

Florida 3.25 0.12 7.09 67.29 5.23 23.79 58.06 

Georgia 3.92 0.11 8.92 62.71 4.35 32.21 78.29 

Hawaii 1.23 0.09 3.97 92.81 3.66 11.44 23.51 

Idaho 1.72 0.16 4.34 78.52 6.37 24.09 35.80 

Illinois 1.96 0.17 2.92 73.99 7.15 14.94 38.51 

Indiana 1.93 0.16 2.98 76.20 6.87 17.97 36.08 

Iowa 2.05 0.17 3.92 71.63 7.29 21.50 40.87 

Kansas 1.69 0.16 3.43 79.94 6.28 26.10 36.82 

Kentucky 2.55 0.15 4.75 67.41 6.54 16.73 47.95 

Louisiana 2.32 0.14 5.27 72.30 5.49 25.52 46.87 

Maine 1.39 0.15 3.80 84.67 5.19 23.61 30.16 

Maryland 2.20 0.11 4.05 79.51 4.60 18.92 39.17 

Massachusetts 2.93 0.12 7.80 69.58 4.41 14.53 59.61 

Michigan 2.22 0.14 4.68 74.84 5.63 22.16 44.47 

Minnesota 1.46 0.20 3.04 79.37 8.16 21.34 30.32 

Mississippi 2.11 0.14 4.12 76.17 5.48 26.79 41.74 

Missouri 1.34 0.20 2.01 81.30 8.46 14.96 25.94 

Montana 1.32 0.23 3.51 79.40 9.54 10.92 25.10 

Nebraska 1.91 0.17 4.20 74.07 6.96 26.69 42.65 

Nevada 1.68 0.14 4.14 81.87 6.08 10.40 30.66 

New Hampshire 3.61 0.09 9.74 70.36 3.47 15.06 69.94 

New Jersey 3.83 0.09 9.91 68.58 3.56 12.46 69.55 

New Mexico 1.90 0.15 4.42 77.95 6.06 13.21 38.08 

New York 1.68 0.15 3.78 79.97 5.55 23.13 35.39 

North Carolina 4.81 0.08 11.28 62.98 3.28 41.28 102.55 

North Dakota 1.52 0.22 2.55 75.38 8.77 17.02 32.87 

Ohio 2.82 0.13 5.38 69.70 5.31 16.63 54.29 

Oklahoma 1.32 0.21 2.77 80.91 8.06 18.19 28.07 

Oregon 1.62 0.12 3.74 85.10 5.11 19.89 30.18 

Pennsylvania 2.25 0.12 4.66 77.87 4.69 19.06 42.65 

Rhode Island 4.73 0.12 12.98 48.91 4.27 19.65 91.61 

South Carolina 3.00 0.11 6.57 70.12 4.40 20.36 61.99 

South Dakota 1.89 0.21 3.53 68.29 8.42 20.09 41.54 

Tennessee 1.86 0.17 4.17 74.65 7.21 12.28 36.93 

Texas 1.88 0.15 4.40 78.47 5.74 17.98 39.74 

Utah 1.87 0.16 4.65 76.90 6.22 11.74 37.95 

Vermont 2.25 0.13 5.46 74.94 5.11 20.24 43.48 

Virginia 2.43 0.14 5.26 70.93 6.12 13.82 44.93 

Washington 2.41 0.11 5.23 78.72 4.24 30.63 48.96 

West Virginia 1.65 0.16 2.59 80.07 7.14 11.90 29.37 

Wisconsin 1.48 0.17 2.59 81.37 7.00 23.41 30.55 

Wyoming 0.91 0.24 2.53 87.73 9.34 10.22 19.31 

United States 2.10 0.15 4.41 75.04 6.00 21.27 42.59 

See footnote at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 95

Table 4-5—Farm financial ratios by State, 1995—Continued

Solvency Profitability Returns to

Rates of return on assets from: Rates of return on equity from: farm assets

Debt Debt Real Real to

to to Current capital Current capital gross cash

State assets equity income gains Total income gains Total farm income

Percent

Alabama 10.88 12.21 3.72 5.72 9.44 3.17 6.71 9.88 15.48 

Alaska 2.05 2.09 0.09 0.80 0.89 -0.10 0.89 0.79 1.62 

Arizona 8.30 9.06 4.03 10.04 14.08 3.58 11.28 14.86 24.76 

Arkansas 20.57 25.89 5.96 -4.48 1.48 5.46 -4.98 0.48 18.14 

California 18.83 23.20 5.49 4.90 10.39 4.86 6.66 11.52 17.36 

Colorado 15.98 19.02 2.01 3.68 5.68 0.83 4.82 5.65 8.96 

Connecticut 8.21 8.94 1.01 0.53 1.54 0.41 0.81 1.22 5.12 

Delaware 18.01 21.97 2.74 5.10 7.84 1.64 6.82 8.46 6.18 

Florida 15.16 17.86 4.81 0.40 5.21 4.22 0.94 5.17 20.23 

Georgia 17.54 21.28 9.35 4.04 13.39 9.60 5.38 14.97 29.04 

Hawaii 4.48 4.69 0.07 3.82 3.89 -0.37 4.20 3.82 0.58 

Idaho 18.09 22.09 3.40 4.40 7.80 2.30 6.00 8.30 14.13 

Illinois 12.51 14.30 1.70 7.27 8.97 0.73 8.71 9.43 11.39 

Indiana 14.89 17.49 1.16 5.74 6.90 -0.09 7.23 7.14 6.45 

Iowa 18.43 22.60 3.62 3.92 7.54 2.52 5.41 7.93 16.82 

Kansas 18.75 23.08 2.62 -0.13 2.49 1.21 0.42 1.63 10.05 

Kentucky 13.50 15.61 0.04 4.33 4.37 -1.22 5.41 4.19 0.27 

Louisiana 17.30 20.92 5.34 6.02 11.35 4.80 7.90 12.70 20.91 

Maine 16.21 19.35 -7.61 -0.34 -7.95 -10.53 0.07 -10.45 -32.23

Maryland 11.89 13.49 0.31 0.79 1.10 -0.64 1.26 0.62 1.63 

Massachusetts 7.56 8.17 -0.68 0.72 0.04 -1.45 1.05 -0.40 -4.71

Michigan 15.02 17.68 -0.75 5.71 4.97 -2.36 7.20 4.84 -3.37

Minnesota 20.27 25.42 -0.21 2.38 2.16 -2.45 3.61 1.15 -1.01

Mississippi 19.11 23.62 3.03 -1.04 1.99 1.92 -0.70 1.22 11.31 

Missouri 15.83 18.81 -1.95 2.05 0.10 -3.81 2.89 -0.93 -13.03

Montana 12.85 14.75 1.22 0.85 2.07 0.20 1.37 1.57 11.15 

Nebraska 20.51 25.80 4.92 3.10 8.02 3.86 4.55 8.41 18.45 

Nevada 7.84 8.51 -0.67 8.41 7.74 -1.42 9.39 7.97 -6.44

New Hampshire 7.11 7.66 0.14 0.47 0.61 -0.41 0.70 0.29 0.94 

New Jersey 6.27 6.68 0.59 -0.57 0.01 0.15 -0.44 -0.29 4.71 

New Mexico 9.54 10.54 1.28 5.31 6.59 0.54 6.15 6.68 9.72 

New York 17.13 20.67 -3.92 -2.02 -5.94 -6.25 -1.91 -8.17 -16.96

North Carolina 16.24 19.39 15.10 5.37 20.47 16.41 6.88 23.28 36.58 

North Dakota 17.44 21.13 1.44 0.01 1.45 -0.07 0.54 0.47 8.45 

Ohio 10.71 12.00 0.70 6.59 7.29 -0.20 7.70 7.49 4.22 

Oklahoma 17.82 21.69 -0.59 -3.18 -3.77 -2.49 -3.32 -5.81 -3.23

Oregon 12.79 14.67 0.51 3.29 3.80 -0.58 4.17 3.59 2.57 

Pennsylvania 11.81 13.39 -3.29 3.70 0.41 -4.76 4.55 -0.21 -17.28

Rhode Island 14.37 16.78 -0.51 1.10 0.59 -1.53 1.52 -0.02 -2.60

South Carolina 11.18 12.59 1.32 -1.59 -0.27 0.47 -1.47 -0.99 6.46 

South Dakota 19.33 23.96 1.70 2.34 4.04 0.02 3.51 3.52 8.48 

Tennessee 10.62 11.88 -0.04 5.61 5.56 -1.04 6.59 5.55 -0.35

Texas 12.57 14.38 1.41 0.16 1.56 0.43 0.53 0.96 7.82 

Utah 8.64 9.45 -0.07 7.52 7.44 -0.88 8.52 7.63 -0.63

Vermont 13.98 16.26 -0.52 3.31 2.78 -1.81 4.26 2.44 -2.59

Virginia 10.43 11.65 -0.62 2.25 1.63 -1.65 2.84 1.19 -4.52

Washington 15.75 18.69 5.26 2.61 7.88 4.72 3.59 8.31 17.18 

West Virginia 10.63 11.89 -6.69 -1.86 -8.54 -8.46 -1.77 -10.23 -56.17

Wisconsin 19.56 24.32 -2.58 4.94 2.36 -5.25 6.75 1.50 -11.03

Wyoming 11.31 12.75 -0.98 3.42 2.44 -2.18 4.19 2.00 -9.59

United States 15.33 18.10 2.13 3.10 5.24 1.01 4.13 5.14 10.02 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
96 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 4-6—Farm financial ratios by State, 1996

Liquidity Efficiency

Farm business Times Interest to Asset Net cash

debt service Debt interest Gross gross cash turnover farm income

Year coverage servicing earned ratio farm income ratio to debt

Ratio

Alabama 3.99 0.09 8.72 67.75 3.69 25.60 83.72

Alaska 5.21 0.08 10.69 61.97 3.57 5.25 111.22

Arizona 3.37 0.11 8.26 67.26 4.52 15.22 75.26

Arkansas 3.36 0.11 8.08 67.61 4.54 36.40 66.53

California 2.48 0.12 5.98 75.28 4.99 31.30 49.38

Colorado 1.72 0.15 4.50 80.46 5.66 22.18 34.41

Connecticut 4.69 0.09 11.36 62.13 3.23 19.65 100.48

Delaware 2.69 0.08 6.60 82.62 3.02 45.86 54.41

Florida 3.06 0.12 6.58 69.54 5.47 24.07 57.58

Georgia 4.02 0.10 9.36 62.63 4.21 34.80 81.01

Hawaii 0.95 0.09 3.29 95.35 3.87 9.71 20.33

Idaho 2.06 0.15 5.18 75.61 5.81 23.12 42.55

Illinois 1.74 0.17 4.85 77.39 7.14 14.65 34.25

Indiana 2.03 0.16 4.53 74.93 6.79 17.26 38.63

Iowa 2.35 0.16 5.67 68.28 6.84 22.76 46.87

Kansas 1.80 0.15 4.55 79.23 6.18 26.74 39.50

Kentucky 3.06 0.14 5.63 62.63 5.85 18.49 57.40

Louisiana 2.93 0.12 6.24 69.04 5.18 29.71 61.53

Maine 1.77 0.15 4.95 79.21 5.27 24.36 38.53

Maryland 2.61 0.11 6.18 76.43 4.48 20.41 48.29

Massachusetts 3.73 0.11 8.59 64.33 4.31 13.47 78.87

Michigan 2.03 0.15 3.32 76.40 5.95 19.86 41.00

Minnesota 2.17 0.17 4.67 69.54 7.07 25.13 45.10

Mississippi 2.49 0.13 5.73 74.09 5.27 28.40 49.78

Missouri 1.55 0.19 3.92 78.26 7.95 16.12 29.87

Montana 1.65 0.21 3.15 74.76 8.65 11.40 31.26

Nebraska 2.01 0.17 5.91 72.59 6.83 26.81 44.55

Nevada 1.55 0.14 4.55 84.02 6.07 9.86 28.68

New Hampshire 3.97 0.09 10.32 67.07 3.44 15.86 79.25

New Jersey 3.89 0.10 10.51 66.34 3.68 12.67 66.77

New Mexico 2.06 0.13 5.01 78.16 5.19 14.09 40.18

New York 1.98 0.15 4.69 76.47 5.57 24.46 42.92

North Carolina 5.22 0.08 13.71 61.85 2.93 43.03 109.91

North Dakota 1.73 0.20 4.38 73.24 8.00 18.90 37.40

Ohio 3.08 0.13 5.91 66.68 5.18 17.07 59.67

Oklahoma 1.27 0.21 2.97 81.86 8.10 18.01 26.70

Oregon 2.14 0.12 4.98 79.94 4.96 20.20 41.03

Pennsylvania 2.87 0.11 6.51 72.27 4.55 20.17 55.26

Rhode Island 4.36 0.11 11.42 54.65 4.38 17.32 88.09

South Carolina 3.32 0.11 7.83 68.85 4.23 21.18 71.53

South Dakota 1.98 0.20 5.46 68.44 8.05 21.44 43.49

Tennessee 2.29 0.16 3.67 70.04 6.49 12.85 44.94

Texas 2.19 0.14 4.45 74.56 5.69 17.87 45.90

Utah 1.74 0.17 5.27 76.27 5.77 11.52 34.36

Vermont 2.86 0.13 6.68 68.51 4.83 21.29 56.79

Virginia 2.55 0.14 5.13 71.08 5.84 14.06 48.49

Washington 2.92 0.10 7.46 74.62 4.13 31.87 60.75

West Virginia 1.42 0.17 1.65 83.73 7.36 10.24 26.02

Wisconsin 1.62 0.17 3.1 79.34 6.96 24.16 33.76

Wyoming 0.64 0.26 2.25 93.49 10.00 9.09 13.31

United States 2.33 0.14 5.47 72.83 5.79 21.84 47.35

See footnote at end of table. Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 97

Table 4-6—Farm financial ratios by State, 1996—Continued

Solvency Profitability Returns to

Rates of return on assets from: Rates of return on equity from: farm assets

Debt Debt Real Real to

to to Current capital Current capital gross cash

State assets equity income gains Total income gains Total farm income

Percent

Alabama 10.98 12.34 5.02 1.87 6.90 4.56 2.37 6.93 19.63 

Alaska 2.07 2.11 -0.12 0.06 -0.06 -0.33 0.11 -0.21 -2.22

Arizona 6.92 7.43 4.00 3.25 7.26 3.62 3.75 7.37 26.31 

Arkansas 20.12 25.19 9.84 -3.42 6.42 10.35 -3.73 6.62 27.03 

California 18.81 23.16 6.81 2.25 9.07 6.46 3.31 9.77 21.77 

Colorado 16.17 19.30 3.02 2.25 5.27 2.08 3.09 5.17 13.61 

Connecticut 7.95 8.64 1.69 6.15 7.84 1.15 6.92 8.07 8.59 

Delaware 16.52 19.79 4.94 5.39 10.33 4.30 7.02 11.33 10.76 

Florida 14.99 17.63 5.29 -2.46 2.83 4.69 -2.49 2.21 21.97 

Georgia 17.96 21.88 11.15 1.76 12.91 11.71 2.62 14.32 32.05 

Hawaii 4.39 4.59 -0.20 1.50 1.30 -0.65 1.82 1.16 -2.04

Idaho 17.13 20.67 4.76 3.22 7.98 4.44 4.70 9.14 20.58 

Illinois 12.65 14.49 4.29 3.57 7.86 3.67 4.36 8.03 29.31 

Indiana 14.34 16.74 3.25 4.89 8.14 2.50 6.26 8.76 18.84 

Iowa 18.24 22.31 7.23 5.41 12.64 6.80 6.99 13.79 31.78 

Kansas 17.81 21.67 4.73 1.41 6.14 3.76 2.25 6.01 17.67 

Kentucky 14.06 16.37 1.87 1.64 3.51 0.91 2.24 3.15 10.11 

Louisiana 17.48 21.18 6.97 2.39 9.36 6.55 3.39 9.94 23.47 

Maine 16.85 20.27 -0.70 -1.99 -2.69 -2.39 -1.94 -4.32 -2.88

Maryland 11.68 13.22 2.69 1.47 4.15 2.00 1.96 3.96 13.17 

Massachusetts 7.48 8.09 0.27 6.10 6.38 -0.37 7.45 7.09 2.02 

Michigan 14.89 17.49 -1.44 4.63 3.18 -3.23 6.09 2.86 -7.27

Minnesota 20.40 25.62 2.65 3.17 5.82 1.06 4.46 5.52 10.54 

Mississippi 17.50 21.21 4.90 0.13 5.03 4.28 0.71 4.98 17.25 

Missouri 16.09 19.17 1.20 1.49 2.69 -0.09 2.20 2.10 7.46 

Montana 12.40 14.15 1.31 3.71 5.02 0.38 4.67 5.05 11.50 

Nebraska 19.92 24.88 8.29 3.48 11.77 7.93 4.85 12.79 30.92 

Nevada 7.22 7.78 -0.53 1.89 1.36 -1.21 2.22 1.01 -5.39

New Hampshire 7.57 8.19 0.88 -1.66 -0.78 0.37 -1.63 -1.27 5.56 

New Jersey 7.96 8.64 1.73 -0.73 1.00 1.37 -0.63 0.74 13.69 

New Mexico 9.63 10.65 2.14 2.55 4.69 1.58 3.08 4.66 15.20 

New York 16.04 19.10 -1.89 3.78 1.89 -3.90 5.00 1.10 -7.73

North Carolina 16.68 20.02 15.50 0.27 15.77 17.45 0.78 18.24 36.02 

North Dakota 17.40 21.06 5.40 2.30 7.70 4.66 3.25 7.91 28.55 

Ohio 11.09 12.48 2.21 3.96 6.17 1.48 4.67 6.15 12.96 

Oklahoma 17.61 21.38 -1.29 0.48 -0.80 -3.34 1.08 -2.26 -7.14

Oregon 12.01 13.65 2.78 2.10 4.87 2.04 2.74 4.78 13.75 

Pennsylvania 11.46 12.95 0.47 1.72 2.19 -0.50 2.23 1.73 2.31 

Rhode Island 7.70 8.34 -0.70 5.69 4.99 -1.83 7.48 5.66 -4.05

South Carolina 11.22 12.63 3.90 -0.62 3.28 3.62 -0.46 3.16 18.43 

South Dakota 18.96 23.39 7.29 1.82 9.11 6.74 2.76 9.50 33.97 

Tennessee 10.43 11.64 -1.13 3.49 2.37 -2.21 4.21 2.00 -8.75

Texas 11.60 13.12 1.25 2.45 3.70 0.26 3.10 3.36 6.97 

Utah 11.01 12.38 0.65 2.94 3.59 -0.01 3.46 3.45 5.68 

Vermont 14.65 17.16 -0.57 2.60 2.03 -1.96 3.57 1.61 -2.66

Virginia 9.81 10.87 0.50 0.83 1.33 -0.36 1.19 0.83 3.57 

Washington 14.97 17.61 7.28 6.12 13.39 6.98 7.58 14.56 22.83 

West Virginia 10.35 11.54 -5.63 -1.62 -7.25 -8.04 -1.77 -9.81 -54.96

Wisconsin 19.36 24.01 -1.32 2.94 1.62 -3.66 4.15 0.49 -5.45

Wyoming 11.01 12.38 -0.10 3.18 3.08 -1.12 3.82 2.71 -1.05

United States 15.09 17.77 3.77 2.52 6.29 2.95 3.38 6.33 17.25 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
98 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Value added is a production-based measurethat is,

the creation of new income through production. The

account component, final agricultural sector output,

is the total of all production from resources controlled

by farming operations. The value-added accounts were

first used by ERS 6 years ago and were adopted as the

standard presentation in 1997. The presence of net

farm income as the bottom-line in the value-added

accounting provides a common reference point, and

every line item in the value-added table can be related

directly to one or more line items in the traditional

farm income accounts. (Those with access to the

Internet can view an explanation as to how to accomplish a crosswalk between the value-added format and

the traditional farm income format at

http://www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/finfidva.htm)

The value-added accounts for measuring farm income

are now available by size class. These accounts provide additional perspective and insight into the often

differing priorities, management strategies, and operational characteristics of the various participants in the

U.S. farm sector. This information supplements the

aggregate measures in the national sector accounts and

enables a more thorough analytical evaluation of the

economics of the U.S. agricultural sector. 

The annual size class accounts are maintained and presented in tables 5-1 through 5-4, which contain the

accounts for 1996. Table 5-1, with the value-added

account, and table 5-3, with the additional details

regarding commodities produced, are both expressed

in monetary units, which is helpful in gaining perspective. Tables 5-2 and 5-4 are identical to tables 5-1 and

5-3, respectively, except that the information is represented as relationships (shares) and expressed in percentage terms. Knowledge of the relationships supplements the information base formed by the monetary

amounts and is often more revealing in terms of priorities of the participants and their operational attributes.

For a simple illustration, the smallest size class (less

than $20,000 of production), representing 63 percent

of farms, generated only 6 percent of the farm sectors

final output. In contrast, the largest size class (with

production valued at $1 million or more) represented

1.1 percent of farms and accounted for 26 percent of

final output (table 5-2). The following illustrates the

flexibility of these accounts as a tool in analysis: When

combined, the three largest size classes for farms, with

production in excess of $250,000, comprised 8 percent

of farm operations and accounted for 61 percent of

production. This line of analysis could be pursued from

the perspective that the U.S. farm sector has two distinct groups of farmsthe less than 10 percent of farms

that create a majority of production and a majority of

farms that create less than 10 percent of production. 

Production of total crops and total livestock are distributed somewhat comparably across the various size

groups, with the largest farms producing the biggest

share of each. Livestock production is a little more

concentrated on the larger farms, reflecting economies

of size available in production of eggs, hogs, milk, and

beef. The services and forestry account presents a

contrast, which can be traced primarily to the influence of gross imputed rental value of dwellings.

There is a correlation between the number of farms

and the number of farm dwellings. Consequently,

gross imputed rental value of dwellings comprises

almost half of the services and forestry account

across all sales classes.

Farms with production of

$1 million $20,000 to Less than

 or more $999,999 $20,000 

Percent

Number of farms 1.1 36.1 62.8

Crop output 24.0 73.4 2.5

Livestock output 32.3 63.5 4.3

Services and forestry 11.5 59.7 28.7

Total of all output 26.2 66.5 5.6

Some Characteristics of the Smallest Farms

Farms of all sizes show a definite tendency to specialize in certain types of production (table 5-4). The

smallest farms are notable for their disproportionate

share of production of cattle and calves, tobacco, and

miscellaneous livestock, with the latter being the nonChapter 5: Farm Income Estimates by Size Class, 1996

The Insights of Value-Added Accounts by Farm Size

Roger Strickland and Cheryl Steele
traditional animals. On the other hand, the very largest

operations demonstrate a preference for specialty crops

(nursery, fruits, vegetables), hogs, cotton, and poultry

and eggs, with egg production being particularly concentrated in this size group.

Tobacco is concentrated on small farms because of

production controls that were initiated decades ago and

are thus locked into historic production patterns existing at the inception of the Governments

allotment/quota programs, when farms were predominantly much smaller. The earnings from tobacco

became capitalized into the allotments/quotas, and the

additional capital costs have served to inhibit consolidation of ownership into larger operations, as large

growers prefer to acquire marketing quotas via renting

from owners rather than expending capital for 

purchases.

Production classified as miscellaneous livestock is

often small or exotic animals that require more monitoring and hands-on management. Examples would be

fish, mink, ostrich, and crayfish. Production of these

animals might appeal to that segment of small farms

having available relatively more operator and family

labor than the small, cattle-producing operations

addressed immediately below.

The type and organization of cattle production common to the smaller operations tend to be the low-maintenance cow-calf operations where the feed consists

mostly of pasture supplemented by hay. A typical operation might be one in which, during the summer, the

cow with calf feeds on pasture land, which is likely to

be moist bottom land not conducive to row-cropping

but productive for forage crops. Then, during the fall

and winter, the growing herd grazes cropland planted

to cover crops or small grains. Some calves may be

slaughtered for home consumption in the winter and

the others sold as yearling or feeders in the early

spring to make way for the new calf crop. 

A key structural attribute associated with this type of

operation that makes it attractive to small operators is

that no person needs to be present to assist the cattle in

grazing. Even when the animals diet must be supplemented with hay, a person can distribute the hay once

a day. This type of operation leaves the operator and

family members free to engage in off-farm employment. Another attribute that may be an important criterion in enterprise selection for those who are engaged

in off-farm employment (and not dependent on farming for their livelihood) is the aesthetic appeal of a

cow-calf operation (cute calves, the serenity of pastures, scenic fences, etc.)

Production of Fungible Commodities

Table 5-4 shows that a disproportionately large percentage of storable, fungible crops, such as food

grains, feed crops, and oil crops, are produced on the

intermediate-sized farms with sales ranging from

$20,000 to $1 million. Fungible means that one unit is

essentially the same as another unit, regardless of who

produces it or where production occurs. The storable

attribute is significant because it further limits the

opportunities to add value through post-harvest services, such as sorting, grading, special storage, and transportation requirements. Such products are thus more

likely to be sold through a local wholesaler (grain elevator), where the commodity is added to the top of the

storage bin and sold out of the bottom in a firstin/first-out system for handling indistinguishable (fungible) quantities.

Given that operations with sales ranging from

$100,000 to $250,000 produce the largest share of

these food, feed, and oil crops (table 5-4), the implication may well be that this size of farm is large enough

to realize most of the economies of scale in production. At this level of production, farms can fully

employ their equipment using state-of-the art technologies, but the nature of the commodities being produced

offer little opportunity to add value by assuming the

functions of the next middleman in the assembly,

preparation, or other steps in product marketing. 

Farms with production of

$1 million $20,000 to Less than

 or more $999,999 $20,000 

Percent

Livestock and products 32.3 63.5 4.3

Food grains 12.2 86.5 1.2

Feed crops 9.4 86.9 3.7

Cotton 33.5 65.8 .7

Tobacco 8.8 77.6 13.7

Oil crops 9.1 88.9 1.9

Vegetables 32.7 66.1 1.1

Fruit and nuts 37.6 57.7 4.7

Greenhouse and nursery 65.5 32.7 1.9

Profitability Much Lower on the Smallest Farms 

Those establishments classified as farming operations

with sales of less than $20,000 appear to be quite inefEconomic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 99
100 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

ficient when viewed though a financial accounting

lens. In fact, they are so much more inefficient in production activities than the larger operations that they

earn an increasingly smaller share of the income from

production as each layer of expenses is peeled away.

Producing 6.1 percent of total output, these smallest

operations generated only 1.8 percent of the gross

value added, indicating that they expended proportionately more on intermediate consumption outlays,

which are out-of-pocket (variable) expense items.

From a financial accounting perspective, the earnings

picture for these smallest farms appears only to worsen

with a more complete accounting of expenses, indicating negative net value added and net farm income. The

implications are that the smallest farms are relatively

inefficient producers and that the operators are not

economically rational, if the assumption is that their

primary objective is to earn a before-income-tax profit.

If, on the other hand, the operators were seeking to

achieve one or more other objectives, they may have

been much more successful than is apparent from the

typical economic accounting perspective. More likely,

the operators of these small farms operate on the

assumption that they are unlikely to earn a substantial

profit on their farming activities in most years and that

the cumulative earnings over several years will be a

substantial loss. Then, their objective becomes to maximize their combined income from all sources, in

which case, they will in effect seek to minimize their

after-income-tax losses on the farming activities. Thus,

in their management strategy, the tax refund becomes

part of the revenue stream to the farming activities and

affects decisions made regarding the operating characteristics and structure of the production activities. 

To realistically model this management strategy, one

would have to account for the tax savings accruing to

the operators nonfarm earnings and recognize that this

alternative after-income-tax measure of earnings

would result in a more positive assessment of the

finances of the farming enterprises. In addition, the

objectives may extend into other noneconomic factors,

such as the aesthetic appeal of rural life.

This is not a sectorwide issue. A sharply contrasting

picture emerges for those farms larger than $20,000, as

is clearly evidenced in the following distributions summarized from table 5-2. These larger operations

increase their share of production income at each level

of measurement as one moves down the value-added

accounting model. From these aggregate statistics, it is

not immediately obvious that those farms exceeding

$1 million in sales gain much in efficiency over those

in the in-between group. As will be seen later, these

are not homogeneous groups, as there is an obvious

tendency for the larger groups to specialize in different

commodities. This tendency implies that there are

gains in profit potential with growth in size in some

types of production, even though the benefits may

derive from expanding into new functions rather than

savings in production costs.

Farms with production of

$1 million $20,000 to Less than

 or more $999,999 $20,000 

Percent

Number of farms 1.1 36.1 62.8

Total of all output 25.6 68.2 6.1

Gross value added 27.8 70.4 1.8

Net value added 31.7 72.2 -3.9

Net farm income 36.9 75.4 -12.3

A particularly noteworthy tendency evident in figure 

5-1 is that the smallest farms incur a share of propertyrelated expenses that is greatly disproportionate to

their share of the farm sectors output (fig. 5-2). It is

also in contrast to the situation with the out-of-pocket

(variable) costs, where the share incurred by the smallest farms is much more proportionate to their share of

the production (fig. 5-2). There is the clear implication

that the smallest farms own considerable property,

which raises an accounting issue that may be addressed

through either of two questions: (1) Is there an overcounting of the portion of these expenses related directly to the farming activity? or (2) Does the traditional

financial accounting model omit some benefits, including, perhaps, some noneconomic benefits? A related

question is source of funds for the capital expenditures

because, if the accounting of expenses and benefits is

appropriate, the capital stock is being consumed and

would have to be funded from another source.

Factor Payments

Expenditures for the factors of production (hired labor,

rented land, and borrowed capital) reflect significant

structural differences in the three size groups of farming operations summarized below. The operator and

family members furnish most of the labor required on

the small operations, and as a group, small operations

paid only 3.2 percent of the sectors total hired labor

costs. It logically follows that the largest operations

would have to incur a large share (45 percent) of the

sectors labor costs, as not only is the labor input from
the operator and family limited, but management

activities may be a more profitable use of their time.

Likewise, the smaller operations pay an even smaller

share of the net rental payments for land to nonoperator landlords because the smaller operations tend to

own their land and often look to alternative sources of

income rather than expansion of farming activities

through renting land from others.

The story here is the overwhelming proportion of the

rent paid to nonoperator landlords (83 percent) and

interest payments (72 percent) paid by the farmers

falling into the in-between group with sales ranging

from $20,000 to $1 million. Again, these are the ones

producing the fungible field crops and the livestock.

The field crops and the cow-calf operations are land

intensive, causing this group to incur the bulk of the

land rental expenses. Why these producers pay such a

large share of the interest expenses is not quite so

clear, but operations in this size group are still mostly

owner-operated, whether there is one owner or several

family members. Their primary sources of capital for

operating expenses and expansion are debt capital and

inheritance, with the latter often resulting in additional

debt to pay inheritance taxes. Many of the farm operations with sales over $1 million are corporate farms

and often subsidiaries of larger corporations, in which

case the capital may be provided internally. Inheritance

taxes have no effect because the taxes are the obligation of the stockholder and not the corporation.

Farms with production of

$1 million $20,000 to Less than

 or more $999,999 $20,000 

Percent

Number of farms 1.1 36.1 62.8

Factor payments:

Employee 

compensation 44.7 52.1 3.2

Net rent received by

nonoperator landlords 14.1 83.2 2.7

Real estate and nonreal

estate interest 14.9 71.2 13.9

Negative Numbers Tell a Story

Four negative numbers appear in the size class

accounts presented in table 5-1, and each is quite logical when put in perspective. Net government transactions are negative for both the $1-million-and-over

group and $20,000-and-less group, but the causes are

different. (The negative indicates that they are paying

more in taxes and fees to government entities than

they receive in direct payments under government programs.) Congress imposes payment limitations on the

amounts that individual farming operations may

receive under Federal programs. Many of the largest

operations produce livestock or fruit and vegetable

crops not covered under Federal programs. The negative in net government transactions for the smaller

group reflects the relatively high property taxes paid

by small producers due to the disproportionate value

of total assets comprised by both farm dwellings and

motor vehicles. The impact is also seen in the size of

the share of capital consumption and interest on real

estate incurred by the smallest operations, as they generally have considerably more than would appear to be

justified if the sole objective were to maximize profitability of the farm operation.

Both net value added and net farm income are negative for the $20,000-and-less group of farms, which

again reflects the rural-living aspects of these small

operations, where supplemental income from off-farm

sources generally is greater than the income from

farming activities. Typically the value of buildings,

particularly dwellings, and motor vehicles far exceeds

what would appear to be justifiable for the farming

activities. The implication is that the operators may be

consuming elements of the rural lifestyle that are not

subject to market transactions and which are not

included in the agricultural sector accounts.

Farms with production of

$1 million Less than

 or more $20,000 

Percent

Net government

transactions -58,279 -711,592

Net value added 30,061,943 -3,717,570

Net farm income 19,274,743 -6,430,648

In conclusion, the disaggregation of the national value

added accounts into size class accounts represents a

significant addition to the value of the agricultural sector accounts by enabling analysts to peer inside the

sector to ascertain the attributes and differences among

groups of farm operations. These details provide significant new information about the U.S. farming sector

and greatly expand the range and types of issues that

analysts may address. The insights touched upon in

this chapter illustrate the many substantive questions

that may be addressed through these accounts. 

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 101
102 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Figure 5-1

Distribution of property-related expenses, 1996

Small farms incurred large property-related expenses

14.9%

13.1%

17.9%

21.9%

9.3% 8.9%

13.9%

Real estate and nonreal

estate interest

Capital consumption 

14.0%

8.9%

8.4%

30.3%

9.9%

8.8%

19.6%

Vehicle registration and

licensing fees

10.3%

9.4%

22.6%

8.9% 8.4%

22.2%

18.2%

Property taxes

9.1%

10.5%

17.0%

23.4%

10.6%

8.1%

21.2%

$1,000,000 or more

Less than $20,000

Farms by sales class

$500,000-$999,999 $250,000-$499,999 $100,000-$249,999

$50,000-$99,999 $20,000-$49,999
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 103

Figure 5-2

Distribution of variable costs related to production, 1996

Variable costs for small farms were in line with their share of output

Final agricultural sector output

26.2%

5.6%

4.9%

20.9% 7.9%

19.2%

15.8% 24.6%

15.2%

18.2%

19.6%

7.9%

5.6%

8.9%

Intermediate consumption outlays

44.7%

14.5%

17.6% 13.6%

3.4%

3.0%

3.2%

 Employee compensation

14.1%

17.6%

29.0%

7.4%

3.6%

2.7%

25.7%

Net rent paid to

nonoperator landlords

$1,000,000 or more

Less than $20,000

Farms by sales class

$500,000-$999,999 $250,000-$499,999 $100,000-$249,999

$50,000-$99,999 $20,000-$49,999
104 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 5-1—Number of farms, net value added, and net farm income by value of size class, 1996

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Number

Number of farms1 21,904 42,843 98,090 214,739 159,743 229,738 1,296,853 2,063,910

Thousand dollars

+ Final crop output 27,273,592 19,369,733 24,516,379 26,121,443 8,549,744 4,810,650 2,870,725 113,512,267

+ Final animal output 29,658,147 14,172,456 15,802,964 17,313,001 6,568,935 4,533,788 3,913,956 91,963,245

+ Services and forestry 2,394,240 2,135,448 3,187,828 3,763,059 1,643,993 1,656,642 5,955,326 20,736,536

= Final agricultural 

sector output 59,325,979 35,677,637 43,507,171 47,197,503 16,762,671 11,001,080 12,740,007 226,212,048

less: Intermediate consumption 

outlays 27,610,013 17,073,794 20,509,078 21,990,799 8,923,260 6,279,197 10,001,037 112,387,179

Farm origin 13,631,209 7,411,348 7,835,285 6,645,307 2,796,237 1,695,431 2,479,864 42,494,681

Manufactured inputs 5,085,081 4,535,242 6,013,563 6,821,741 2,335,354 1,686,133 1,916,147 28,393,261

Other intermediate expenses 8,893,723 5,127,204 6,660,231 8,523,751 3,791,669 2,897,633 5,605,026 41,499,237

plus: Net government transactions -58,279 164,042 296,677 183,155 40,789 114,735 -711,592 29,527

+ Direct government payments 606,521 927,085 1,534,554 1,875,444 804,178 701,743 836,016 7,285,541

- Motor vehicle registration 

and licensing fees 40,402 44,081 77,978 94,869 38,008 36,077 96,847 428,262

- Property taxes 624,398 718,962 1,159,899 1,597,421 725,380 550,931 1,450,761 6,827,752

= Gross value added 31,657,687 18,767,885 23,294,770 25,389,858 7,880,201 4,836,618 2,027,377 113,854,396

less: Capital consumption 1,595,744 1,688,435 2,644,747 3,717,854 1,663,913 1,873,901 5,744,947 18,929,541

= Net value added 30,061,943 17,079,450 20,650,023 21,672,004 6,216,288 2,962,717 -3,717,570 94,924,855

less: Factor payments 10,787,200 6,457,452 9,188,573 8,635,256 2,797,065 2,151,867 2,713,079 42,730,493

Employee compensation 6,805,499 2,209,044 2,677,029 2,070,855 514,556 455,354 486,705 15,219,042

Net rent received by 

nonoperator landlords 2,008,470 2,512,446 4,142,291 3,667,473 1,059,549 514,267 388,630 14,293,127

Real estate and nonreal 

estate interest 1,973,231 1,735,962 2,369,252 2,896,928 1,222,959 1,182,247 1,837,744 13,218,324

= Net farm income 19,274,743 10,621,998 11,461,450 13,036,748 3,419,223 810,849 -6,430,648 52,194,362

1Farm Numbers and Land in Farms, National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Feb. 1998.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 105

Table 5-2—Percentage distribution for number of farms, net value added, and net farm income 

by value of size class, 1996

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Percent

Number of farms 1.1 2.1 4.8 10.4 7.7 11.1 62.8 100.0

Final crop output 24.0 17.1 21.6 23.0 7.5 4.2 2.5 100.0 

Final animal output 32.3 15.4 17.2 18.8 7.1 4.9 4.3 100.0 

Services and forestry 11.5 10.3 15.4 18.1 7.9 8.0 28.7 100.0

Final agricultural 

sector output 26.2 15.8 19.2 20.9 7.4 4.9 5.6 100.0

less: Intermediate consumption 

outlays 24.6 15.2 18.2 19.6 7.9 5.6 8.9 100.0

Farm origin 32.1 17.4 18.4 15.6 6.6 4.0 5.8 100.0 

Manufactured inputs 17.9 16.0 21.2 24.0 8.2 5.9 6.7 100.0

Other intermediate expenses 21.4 12.4 16.0 20.5 9.1 7.0 13.5 100.0 

plus: Net government transactions

+ Direct government payments 8.3 12.7 21.1 25.7 11.0 9.6 11.5 100.0 

- Motor vehicle registration 9.4 10.3 18.2 22.2 8.9 8.4 22.6 100.0

and licensing fees

- Property taxes 9.1 10.5 17.0 23.4 10.6 8.1 21.2 100.0 

= Gross value added 27.8 16.5 20.5 22.3 6.9 4.2 1.8 100.0 

less: Capital consumption 8.4 8.9 14.0 19.6 8.8 9.9 30.3 100.0 

= Net value added 31.7 18.0 21.8 22.8 6.5 3.1 -3.9 100.0

less: Factor payments 25.2 15.1 21.5 20.2 6.5 5.0 6.3 100.0

Employee compensation 44.7 14.5 17.6 13.6 3.4 3.0 3.2 100.0 

Net rent received by 

nonoperator landlords 14.1 17.6 29.0 25.7 7.4 3.6 2.7 100.0

Real estate and nonreal 

estate interest 14.9 13.1 17.9 21.9 9.3 8.9 13.9 100.0 

= Net farm income 36.9 20.4 22.0 25.0 6.6 1.6 -12.3 100.0

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
106 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 5-3—Number of farms and cash receipts by value of size class, 1996

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Number

Number of farms1 21,904 42,843 98,090 214,739 159,743 229,738 1,296,853 2,063,910 

Thousand dollars

All commodities 57,137,945 34,036,384 39,791,590 40,153,375 13,991,604 8,696,395 7,329,872 202,338,990 

Livestock and products 30,071,951 14,405,442 15,844,089 16,405,281 6,226,759 4,325,906 4,432,960 92,914,212

Meat animals 13,581,488 5,972,109 7,192,184 7,040,839 3,206,635 3,568,797 3,820,445 44,382,498

Cattle and calves 8,393,572 3,652,804 4,818,613 5,190,712 2,643,931 3,013,851 3,424,562 31,138,046 

Hogs 5,234,127 2,344,275 2,329,988 1,648,237 452,772 419,646 214,691 12,643,736 

Dairy products 7,083,312 2,799,211 4,137,051 7,070,753 1,351,540 362,374 29,684 22,833,925 

Poultry and eggs 8,630,898 5,438,238 4,119,647 1,763,554 1,172,130 NA NA 22,326,291 

Broilers 3,643,099 5,701,468 3,217,018 1,130,420 200,664 NA NA 13,906,019 

Miscellaneous livestock 776,254 195,884 395,207 530,134 496,453 394,735 582,831 3,371,498 

Crops 27,065,994 19,630,942 23,947,501 23,748,095 7,764,845 4,370,489 2,896,911 109,424,778 

Food grains 1,414,292 1,753,053 3,274,298 3,600,122 904,708 459,573 143,912 11,549,958 

Wheat 981,823 1,260,779 2,685,926 3,513,835 921,990 443,124 148,140 9,955,616 

Feed crops 2,640,153 5,022,786 7,182,477 7,888,973 2,766,103 1,576,895 1,036,269 28,113,655 

Corn 2,029,838 3,887,951 5,971,075 6,482,796 1,947,643 967,350 286,710 21,573,363 

Cotton 2,500,193 1,671,744 1,671,446 1,266,846 219,348 81,248 49,987 7,460,813 

Tobacco 245,488 334,400 667,682 606,674 266,542 293,551 381,653 2,795,990 

Oil crops 1,621,113 2,745,949 5,009,292 5,404,538 1,446,750 1,185,206 343,044 17,755,891 

Soybeans 1,435,194 2,516,656 4,514,061 4,903,945 1,366,134 1,149,063 326,335 16,211,387 

Vegetables 4,694,053 4,248,811 2,871,186 2,251,320 83,079 39,459 160,850 14,348,758 

Fruits and nuts 4,407,090 1,411,749 1,764,804 1,470,201 1,667,345 447,819 544,810 11,713,819 

All other crops 9,543,612 2,442,451 1,506,316 1,259,420 410,970 286,738 236,386 15,685,894 

Nursery 7,127,321 1,105,145 902,755 940,751 356,116 250,620 204,350 10,887,058 

NA = Not available.

1Farm Numbers and Land in Farms, National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Feb. 1998.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 107

Table 5-4—Percentage distribution for number of farms and cash receipts by value of size class, 1996

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Percent

Number of farms 1.1 2.1 4.8 10.4 7.7 11.1 62.8 100.0

All commodities 27.4 16.3 19.7 21.3 7.4 4.5 3.4 100.0

Livestock and products 32.3 15.4 17.2 18.8 7.1 4.9 4.3 100.0

Meat animals 30.6 13.5 16.2 15.9 7.2 8.0 8.6 100.0

Cattle and calves 27.0 11.7 15.5 16.7 8.5 9.7 11.0 100.0

Hogs 41.4 18.5 18.4 13.0 3.6 3.3 1.7* 100.0

Dairy products 31.0 12.3 18.1 31.0 5.9 1.6 0.1** 100.0

Poultry and eggs 38.7 24.4 18.5 7.9 L L 0.1 100.0

Broilers 26.2 41.0* 23.1 8.1 L L 0.0 100.0

Miscellaneous livestock 23.0 5.8 11.7 15.7 14.7* 11.7* 17.3* 100.0

Crops 23.9 17.0 21.5 23.0 7.5 4.3 2.7 100.0

Food grains 12.2 15.2 28.3 31.2 7.8 4.0 1.2 100.0

Wheat 9.9 12.7 27.0 35.3 9.3 4.5 1.5 100.0

Feed crops 9.4 17.9 25.5 28.1 9.8 5.6 3.7 100.0

Corn 9.4 18.0 27.7 30.1 9.0 4.5 1.3 100.0

Cotton 33.5 22.4 22.4 17.0 2.9 1.1 0.7 100.0

Tobacco 8.8 12.0 23.9 21.7 9.5 10.5 13.7 100.0

Oil crops 9.1 15.5 28.2 30.4 8.1 6.7 1.9 100.0

Soybeans 8.9 15.5 27.8 30.3 8.4 7.1 2.0 100.0

Vegetables 32.7 29.6 20.0 15.7 0.6 0.3 1.1 100.0

Fruits and nuts 37.6 12.1 15.1 12.6 14.2 3.8 4.7* 100.0

All other crops 60.8 15.6 9.6 8.0 2.6* 1.8* 1.5* 100.0

Nursery 65.5 10.2 8.3 8.6 3.3* 2.3* 1.9* 100.0

*Coefficient of variation is between 25 and 50.

**Coefficient of variation is 55.3.

L = Undisclosed.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
108 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 5-5—Number of farms, net value added, and net farm income by value of size class, 1995

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Number

Number of farms1 17,395 30,286 75,338 219,341 194,723 261,012 1,273,425 2,071,520

Thousand dollars

+ Final crop output 23,492,096 13,869,084 17,349,645 22,778,779 9,769,928 5,885,347 3,510,524 96,655,403 

+ Final animal output 33,084,270 9,869,206 11,291,234 17,941,382 7,456,227 4,205,628 3,769,294 87,617,240 

+ Services and forestry 2,368,752 1,675,331 2,028,145 3,258,052 1,937,084 1,773,561 6,333,787 19,374,713 

= Final agricultural 

sector output 58,945,118 25,413,621 30,669,023 43,978,213 19,163,239 11,864,536 13,613,605 203,647,356 

less: Intermediate consumption 29,032,416 12,638,245 16,003,995 23,656,307 10,202,395 7,240,696 10,237,047 109,011,103

outlays

Farm origin 14,817,748 5,537,448 5,511,255 8,022,903 2,918,278 1,950,916 2,869,385 41,627,934

Manufactured inputs 3,940,485 3,236,906 4,750,848 6,842,327 2,966,857 2,099,444 2,338,325 26,175,192 

Other intermediate expenses 10,274,182 3,863,891 5,741,892 8,791,077 4,317,260 3,190,337 5,029,338 41,207,977 

plus: Net government transactions -270,250 131,916 344,549 540,340 -118,852 -1,280 -551,956 74,466 

= Gross value added 29,642,452 12,907,292 15,009,577 20,862,245 8,841,992 4,622,560 2,824,602 94,710,719 

less: Capital consumption 1,398,914 1,341,075 2,012,534 3,651,769 2,256,226 2,276,740 5,977,015 18,914,273 

= Net value added 28,243,538 11,566,217 12,997,043 17,210,476 6,585,766 2,345,820 -3,152,413 75,796,446 

less: Factor payments 10,047,912 4,802,971 6,718,332 8,452,242 3,731,967 2,055,305 3,248,383 39,057,112

Employee compensation 6,590,901 1,977,270 2,165,500 1,914,001 809,874 390,375 498,837 14,346,758 

Net rent received by 

nonoperator landlords 1,408,958 1,638,331 2,888,860 3,647,447 1,380,675 646,057 373,661 11,983,988 

Real estate and 

nonreal estate interest 2,048,054 1,187,370 1,663,972 2,890,794 1,541,417 1,018,873 2,375,885 12,726,365 

= Net farm income 18,195,626 6,763,246 6,278,710 8,758,235 2,853,799 290,515 -6,400,796 36,739,335 

1Farm Numbers and Land in Farms, National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Feb. 1998.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 109

Table 5-6—Number of farms and net cash income by value of size class, 19951, 2

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Number

Number of farms 17,395 30,286 75,338 219,341 194,723 261,012 1,273,425 2,071,520 

Million dollars

Gross cash income 59,826 27,581 31,512 43,907 19,816 11,352 11,044 205,037 

Cash receipts from marketings 57,693 25,977 29,049 40,058 17,922 9,756 7,248 187,704 

Crops 25,154 15,675 17,837 22,341 10,444 5,692 3,557 100,700 

Government supported 4,072 9,749 13,482 17,094 7,883 4,244 2,421 58,946 

Nonsupported 21,082 5,926 4,355 5,246 2,561 1,448 1,136 41,755 

Livestock 32,539 10,302 11,211 17,718 7,478 4,064 3,691 87,004 

Government payments 282 688 1,372 2,116 838 805 1,153 7,253 

Farm-related income 1,852 916 1,091 1,733 1,056 790 2,643 10,080 

Cash expenses 39,222 17,912 23,695 33,549 14,740 9,951 14,790 153,860 

Net cash income 20,604 9,669 7,817 10,358 5,076 1,401 -3,747 51,178 

Percent

Percent of total:

Number of farms 0.8 1.5 3.6 10.6 9.4 12.6 61.5 100.0 

Gross cash income 29.2 13.5 15.4 21.4 9.7 5.5 5.4 100.0 

Cash receipts from marketings 30.7 13.8 15.5 21.3 9.5 5.2 3.9 100.0 

Crops 25.0 15.6 17.7 22.2 10.4 5.7 3.5 100.0 

Government supported 6.9 16.5 22.9 29.0 13.4 7.2 4.1 100.0 

Nonsupported 50.5 14.2 10.4 12.6 6.1 3.5 2.7 100.0 

Livestock 37.4 11.8 12.9 20.4 8.6 4.7 4.2 100.0 

Government payments 3.9 9.5 18.9 29.2 11.6 11.1 15.9 100.0 

Farm-related income 18.4 9.1 10.8 17.2 10.5 7.8 26.2 100.0 

Cash expenses 25.5 11.6 15.4 21.8 9.6 6.5 9.6 100.0 

Net cash income 40.3 18.9 15.3 20.2 9.9 2.7 -7.3 100.0 

Dollars

Per farm operation:1

Gross cash income 3,439,258 910,695 418,276 200,175 101,765 43,491 8,672 98,979 

Cash receipts from marketings 3,316,612 857,743 385,579 182,630 92,038 37,379 5,692 90,612 

Crops 1,446,043 517,573 236,765 101,853 53,635 21,808 2,793 48,612 

Government supported 234,097 321,916 178,958 77,934 40,481 16,260 1,901 28,455 

Nonsupported 1,211,946 195,657 57,806 23,919 13,154 5,548 892 20,156 

Livestock 1,870,569 340,170 148,815 80,778 38,403 15,572 2,898 42,000 

Government payments 16,196 22,709 18,213 9,646 4,305 3,085 905 3,501 

Farm-related income 106,450 30,243 14,484 7,899 5,422 3,026 2,076 4,866 

Cash expenses 2,254,764 591,447 314,518 152,952 75,698 38,125 11,615 74,274 

Net cash income 1,184,493 319,248 103,758 47,223 26,068 5,366 -2,942 24,705 

1Farm operations may have several households sharing in the earnings of the business (for example, partners or shareholders in the

farm corporation). The number of households per farm operation tends to increase as sales per farm increase. 2Based on final U.S numbers as of September 1997 and on distributors from the 1995 FCRS.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
110 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 5-7—Number of farms and net cash income by value of size class, 19961, 2

$1,000,000 $500,000- $250,000- $100,000- $50,000- $20,000- Less than Total

Item or more $999,999 $499,999 $249,999 $99,999 $49,999 $20,000 U.S.

Number

Number of farms 21,904 42,843 98,090 214,739 159,743 229,738 1,296,853 2,063,910 

Million dollars

Gross cash income 63,505 33,870 43,563 42,155 16,393 10,883 10,221 220,590 

Cash receipts from marketings 61,284 31,830 40,127 38,067 14,675 9,325 7,031 202,339 

Crops 31,107 17,304 24,265 21,705 7,946 4,434 2,663 109,425 

Government supported 8,835 11,522 18,277 17,590 5,774 3,490 1,599 67,085 

Nonsupported 22,272 5,783 5,988 4,115 2,172 945 1,064 42,339 

Livestock 30,176 14,525 15,862 16,363 6,730 4,891 4,367 92,914 

Government payments 607 927 1,535 1,875 804 702 836 7,286 

Farm-related income 1,614 1,113 1,902 2,212 914 856 2,354 10,966 

Cash expenses 38,812 24,200 30,859 32,020 12,305 8,832 13,621 160,649 

Net cash income 24,692 9,669 12,704 10,135 4,089 2,052 -3,400 59,941 

Percent

Percent of total:

Number of farms 1.1 2.1 4.8 10.4 7.7 11.1 62.8 100.0 

Gross cash income 28.8 15.4 19.7 19.1 7.4 4.9 4.6 100.0 

Cash receipts from marketings 30.3 15.7 19.8 18.8 7.3 4.6 3.5 100.0 

Crops 28.4 15.8 22.2 19.8 7.3 4.1 2.4 100.0 

Government supported 13.2 17.2 27.2 26.2 8.6 5.2 2.4 100.0 

Nonsupported 52.6 13.7 14.1 9.7 5.1 2.2 2.5 100.0 

Livestock 32.5 15.6 17.1 17.6 7.2 5.3 4.7 100.0 

Government payments 8.3 12.7 21.1 25.7 11.0 9.6 11.5 100.0 

Farm-related income 14.7 10.1 17.3 20.2 8.3 7.8 21.5 100.0 

Cash expenses 24.2 15.1 19.2 19.9 7.7 5.5 8.5 100.0 

Net cash income 41.2 16.1 21.2 16.9 6.8 3.4 -5.7 100.0 

Dollars

Per farm operation:1

Gross cash income 2,899,244 790,552 444,114 196,307 102,624 47,373 7,881 106,880 

Cash receipts from marketings 2,797,845 742,938 409,080 177,273 91,869 40,592 5,421 98,037 

Crops 1,420,181 403,903 247,375 101,075 49,740 19,301 2,054 53,018 

Government supported 403,353 268,929 186,327 81,912 36,144 15,190 1,233 32,504 

Nonsupported 1,016,828 134,974 61,049 19,164 13,595 4,112 821 20,514 

Livestock 1,377,664 339,035 161,704 76,198 42,129 21,291 3,368 45,019 

Government payments 27,692 21,639 15,644 8,733 5,034 3,055 645 3,530 

Farm-related income 73,708 25,975 19,390 10,301 5,721 3,726 1,815 5,313 

Cash expenses 1,771,945 564,856 314,598 149,113 77,027 38,442 10,503 77,837 

Net cash income 1,127,299 225,696 129,516 47,195 25,597 8,931 -2,622 29,042 

1Farm operations may have several households sharing in the earnings of the business (for example, partners or shareholders in the

farm corporation). The number of households per farm operation tends to increase as sales per farm increase. 2Based on final U.S numbers as of September 1997 and on distributors from the 1995 FCRS.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 111

Government payments of $7.3 billion in 1995 and

1996 were the lowest since 1982 (table 6-1). Total

payments in both years were only 8 percent below

those of 1994 but 41 percent lower than the $13.4 billion in 1993, when payments rose 46 percent from a

year earlier to the highest level since 1988. Direct government payments were expected to begin declining

after 1996 but are now expected to begin declining in

1998. Payments in 1996 and later years reflect production flexibility payments provided under the 1996

Farm Act, but unanticipated adjustments for deficiency

payments owed to farmers in 1996 and repayments

owed by farmers under the previous farm program are

included in 1996 payments. The influence will extend

into 1997, also.

Under the old farm program, deficiency payments due

to producers were made in as many as three payments,

in two calendar years. The first payment was based on

an estimation of the final amount likely to be owed to

the producer, using projected market prices over the

relevant period. Subsequent payments were the balance due once the actual market prices became known.

During the 1995/96 marketing year, commodity prices

received by farmers tended to be higher than had been

projected when determining initial deficiency payments for the 1995/96 crops. For many producers, this

meant that the disbursement received as the first deficiency payment for the 1995 crops exceeded the

amount they were due, once all the information necessary to complete the final determination became available. As a consequence, these producers were required

to reimburse the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and

the reimbursements were then available for disbursement under production flexibility contract payments.

After 1997, the influence of the deficiency repayment

adjustments should be concluded and the payment

totals will begin to follow the declining levels of production flexibility contract payments specified in the

1996 Farm Act. The payment totals will be constrained

by the funding set forth in the 1996 Farm Act through

the year 2002.

Innovative Legislation Was Implemented in 1996

As a refresher, new legislation enacted effective for

1996 represented a significant departure from the legislation it replaced, mandating sweeping changes in

the operational design of Federal farm programs for a

period of 7 years. Under the new farm programs, government payments to farmers will decline over 7 years

in both absolute terms and as a proportion of production income. Both the declining payments and diminishing role of the Government crystallized in the new

legislation represent extensions of existing trends

under which government assistance provides a declining share of production income.

The 1996 Farm Act, more formally known as the

Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of

1996, signed in April 1996, initiated a new government farm policy for 1996 through 2002 that disconnects the link between production history and the level

of Federal support payments. The legislation also severed the links between government payments and the

crops produced and commodity prices. During the 7-

year period covered by the 1996 Act, payments determined during a one-time sign-up window in 1996 are

scheduled to decline. The payments are a function of

the farmers established program crop acreage times

the established program yield multiplied (per a formula) by a set payment rate. The crop acreage and program yields remain constant throughout the 7 years,

but payment rates are scheduled to generally decline.

Nonrecourse marketing loans administered by the

Commodity Credit Corporation remain available for

the contract crops (wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, barley,

oats, oilseeds, and extra-long staple cotton). The loan

rates are generally much lower than past support levels, and marketing loans are available to producers.

Consequently, farmers do not necessarily have to place

the commodity under loan in order to receive the benefits for which they are eligible, and the Governments

potential financial exposure through loan defaults is

reduced.

Restrictions. Farmers are not bound to plant any particular set of crops and have flexibility as to what they

Chapter 6: Government Payments, 1996

Government Payments in 1995 and 1996 Lowest in 15 Years

Roger Strickland and Pat Vines
112 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

do plant, with some exceptions pertaining to fruits and

vegetables. Two requirements that farmers must meet

are to comply with established conservation measures

and either buy crop insurance or sign a waiver to all

Federal disaster assistance.

Exceptions. The legislation contains special language

for peanuts and sugar that generally maintains the

structure of those programs established under the previous legislation but at lower support levels, thereby

reducing the Governments exposure. The dairy price

support program will be phased out over 4 years and

the dairy milk marketing orders are to be reduced by

two-thirds in 3 years. Tobacco program provisions are

covered under separate legislation and are not affected

by the 1996 Farm Act.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 113

Table 6-1—Direct government payments by program, United States, 1950-961

Feed

Year grains Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conservation2 Miscellaneous3 Total

Million dollars

1950 np np np np np 246 37 283 

1951 np np np np np 246 40 286 

1952 np np np np np 242 33 275 

1953 np np np np np 181 32 213 

1954 np np np np np 217 40 257 

1955 np np np np np 188 41 229 

1956 np np np np 54 220 280 554 

1957 np np np np 53 230 732 1,015 

1958 np np np np 14 215 859 1,088 

1959 np np np np 82 233 367 682 

1960 np np np np 51 223 429 703 

1961 772 42 np np 56 236 387 1,493 

1962 841 253 np np 54 230 368 1,746 

1963 843 215 np np 37 231 370 1,696 

1964 1,163 438 np 39 25 236 278 2,179 

1965 1,391 525 np 70 18 224 235 2,463 

1966 1,293 679 np 773 34 231 267 3,277 

1967 865 731 np 932 29 237 284 3,078 

1968 1,366 747 np 787 66 229 268 3,463 

1969 1,643 858 np 828 61 204 199 3,793 

1970 1,504 871 np 919 49 208 166 3,717 

1971 1,054 878 np 822 69 173 149 3,145 

1972 1,845 856 np 813 110 198 140 3,962 

1973 1,142 474 np 718 65 72 136 2,607 

1974 101 70 np 42 4 192 125 530 

1975 279 77 np 138 13 193 107 807 

1976 196 135 4 108 39 209 47 734 

1977 187 887 130 89 5 328 192 1,818 

1978 1,172 963 3 127 27 239 499 3,030 

1979 494 114 59 185 33 197 294 1,376 

1980 382 211 2 172 28 214 276 1,285 

1981 243 625 2 222 35 201 605 1,933 

1982 713 652 156 800 46 179 946 3,492 

1983 1,346 864 278 662 84 188 5,874 9,296 

1984 367 1,795 192 275 118 191 5,493 8,431 

1985 2,861 1,950 577 1,106 98 189 924 7,705 

1986 5,158 3,500 423 1,042 112 254 1,325 11,814 

1987 8,490 2,931 475 1,204 144 1,531 1,972 16,747 

1988 7,219 1,842 465 924 117 1,607 2,306 14,480 

1989 3,141 603 671 1,184 81 1,771 3,436 10,887 

1990 2,701 2,311 465 441 96 1,898 1,386 9,298 

1991 2,649 2,166 550 407 154 1,858 431 8,215 

1992 2,499 1,403 512 751 188 1,899 1,916 9,168 

1993 4,844 1,909 650 1,226 173 1,967 2,633 13,402 

1994 1,447 1,156 337 826 202 1,978 1,933 7,879 

1995 3,024 587 784 30 98 1,896 834 7,253 

19965 -384 -473 175 -105 56 1,793 6,220 7,281 

np = No program.

1Components may not add due to rounding. Includes both cash payments and payments in kind (PIK).

2Includes Great Plains and other conservation programs.

3Through 1970, total amounts are for Soil Bank Programs, which were discontinued in 1971. Starting with 1971, amounts include 

all other programs. 4Less than $500,000.

5Commodity-specific payments in 1996 reflect final deficiency payments due farmers under previous law, as well as repayments by farmers of

unearned deficiency payments disbursed in advance of final determination. Production flexibility payments under the 1996 Farm Act are 

included in the miscellaneous category.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
114 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 6-2—Total direct government payments by State, 1990-96

State 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Alabama 82,226 66,350 119,132 137,240 89,337 53,432 75,476 

Alaska 1,117 1,285 1,694 1,789 1,348 1,735 1,258 

Arizona 43,349 40,493 75,580 113,878 72,125 9,456 57,283

Arkansas 312,696 352,750 410,026 704,667 302,809 383,199 361,872 

California 252,333 260,825 430,382 522,146 272,678 237,670 293,741

Colorado 236,723 217,102 203,234 250,253 176967 166,963 175,621

Connecticut 2,123 1,351 2,217 2,892 2,367 2,382 1,792 

Delaware 3,213 2,676 2,976 6,244 5580 3109 4,889

Florida 37,155 40,786 53,085 110,680 58,588 55,045 22,648

Georgia 130,593 97,675 182,300 225,493 139,726 66,393 114,452

Hawaii 519 906 1,822 3,131 2,911 947 580 

Idaho 133,431 141,250 137,395 159,316 127,322 89,449 115,773 

Illinois 506,603 441,407 480,651 851,190 302,915 543,704 386,693 

Indiana 244,170 210,055 232,518 378,953 136,807 245,968 213,633 

Iowa 753,733 644,955 662,278 1,229,544 732,429 784,662 501,668 

Kansas 834,746 697,895 592,145 783,963 467,532 422,226 554,988 

Kentucky 81,610 73,416 72,125 96,697 54,879 67,358 74,666 

Louisiana 154,631 174,605 270,835 367,357 181,289 157,129 176,435 

Maryland 17,386 15,342 16,067 26,289 15,601 15,142 17,638 

Massachusetts 3,023 1,494 4,761 3,643 4,717 2,458 1,547 

Maine 6,982 6,066 10,253 19,667 14,114 14,080 4,638 

Michigan 168,831 123,691 142,509 241,342 102,065 150,996 109,571 

Minnesota 511,759 435,819 422,023 823,250 622,280 467,601 348,706 

Mississippi 185,969 176,298 279,904 383,791 225,528 129,159 184,901 

Missouri 299,065 268,615 293,645 455,364 267,404 255,972 289,227 

Montana 299,599 320,133 298,773 338,008 256,143 189,801 240,718 

Nebraska 624,646 490,659 478,729 806,273 348,246 507,303 388,738 

New Hampshire 1,856 1,477 1,550 1,942 1,475 1,183 1,094 

North Carolina 73,255 52,837 74,805 132,448 77,618 40,151 75,628 

North Dakota 545,378 533,853 443,156 564,531 457,317 296,215 353,417 

Nevada 5,347 5,679 11,244 7,013 4,784 4,265 2,605 

New Jersey 15,744 4,051 10,695 7,298 7,596 5,492 3,250 

New Mexico 63,840 58,447 60,267 76,442 61,042 55,134 58,989 

New York 59,304 41,242 47,872 72,286 42,417 43,481 43,277 

Ohio 197,006 156,708 166,122 265,374 117,041 167,236 163,079 

Oklahoma 319,040 290,922 248,322 323,949 207,003 164,621 236,693 

Oregon 89,137 89,105 87,474 92,806 74,416 51,773 73,202 

Pennsylvania 41,414 34,364 48,765 45,151 32,688 41,055 37,100 

Rhode Island 191 110 308 140 451 318 156 

South Carolina 62,637 49,364 72,588 102,512 60,188 33,771 42,865 

South Dakota 332,851 286,237 271,899 432,424 289,205 244,998 229,543 

Tennessee 91,029 70,331 115,866 160,624 95,584 47,329 79,793 

Texas 974,702 777,925 1,162,039 1,420,830 863,129 642,673 764,454 

Utah 34,897 33,197 35,972 36,614 32,055 24,495 20,986 

Vermont 5,793 3,339 5,550 3,377 4,254 4,325 4,012 

Virginia 32,378 26,616 29,072 46,346 34,232 25,390 30,377 

Washington 205,425 206,084 188,743 207,208 152,840 115,832 155,304 

West Virginia 6,049 5,421 6,862 6,259 5,513 5,235 4,537 

Wisconsin 181,243 149,950 166,027 310,168 236,401 183,832 156,789 

Wyoming 31,283 33,241 36,663 43,213 38,173 31,229 24,374 

United States 9,298,030 8,214,399 9,168,920 13,402,015 7,879,129 7,253,372 7,280,678 

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 115

Table 6-3—Direct government payments by program and State, 19941

Feed

Year grains Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conservation2 Miscellaneous3 Total

Thousand dollars

Alabama 2,522 2,841 0 31,756 131 30,193 21,894 89,337 

Alaska 107 0 0 0 9 1,098 134 1,348 

Arizona 1,827 4,932 0 54,472 1,701 2,997 6,196 72,125 

Arkansas 3,707 19,708 132,478 56,235 541 17,032 73,108 302,809 

California 8,010 22,672 67,699 92,860 9,952 14,640 56,845 272,678 

Colorado 21,982 44,744 0 0 8,064 85,016 17,161 176,967 

Connecticut 340 0 0 0 42 372 1,613 2,367 

Delaware 1,226 461 0 0 5 553 3,335 5,580 

Florida 1,406 484 83 3,606 34 15,684 37,291 58,588 

Georgia 7,628 9,520 0 31,052 37 32,506 58,983 139,726 

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 11 714 2,186 2,911 

Idaho 18,596 44,204 0 0 5,195 42,209 17,118 127,322 

Illinois 178,445 16,901 0 0 768 70,053 36,748 302,915 

Indiana 79,125 9,001 0 0 330 37,250 11,101 136,807 

Iowa 238,724 213 0 0 3,013 195,266 295,213 732,429 

Kansas 73,717 199,183 0 31 2,141 163,088 29,372 467,532 

Kentucky 16,057 5,175 10 0 190 29,654 3,793 54,879 

Louisiana 3,061 3,371 52,752 71,819 38 10,037 40,211 181,289 

Maine 317 2 0 0 134 4,559 9,102 14,114 

Maryland 4,522 1,509 0 0 136 2,482 6,952 15,601 

Massachusetts 153 0 0 0 80 658 3,826 4,717 

Michigan 39,376 10,516 0 0 999 24,406 26,768 102,065 

Minnesota 127,790 53,583 0 0 2,069 108,546 330,292 622,280 

Mississippi 2,253 4,906 25,045 112,007 19 41,668 39,630 225,528 

Missouri 36,761 24,167 10,097 18,036 1,622 124,538 52,183 267,404 

Montana 35,725 89,401 0 0 11,772 109,940 9,305 256,143 

Nebraska 160,763 42,782 0 0 1,959 85,372 57,370 348,246 

Nevada 156 514 0 0 1,583 822 1,709 4,784 

New Hampshire 129 0 0 0 79 726 541 1,475 

New Jersey 1,089 267 0 0 42 650 5,548 7,596 

New Mexico 4,889 6,042 0 5,398 9,222 21,700 13,791 61,042 

New York 13,241 2,566 0 0 521 8,088 18,001 42,417 

North Carolina 12,755 5,131 0 18,497 120 10,414 30,701 77,618 

North Dakota 70,373 167,502 0 0 3,403 114,761 101,278 457,317 

Ohio 51,024 17,590 0 0 1,699 31,294 15,434 117,041 

Oklahoma 4,996 105,623 113 17,308 2,764 55,124 21,075 207,003 

Oregon 3,911 25,504 0 0 3,534 29,672 11,795 74,416 

Pennsylvania 7,983 912 0 0 700 9,992 13,101 32,688 

Rhode Island 1 0 0 0 10 89 351 451

South Carolina 6,820 5,677 0 12,947 8 14,148 20,588 60,188 

South Dakota 53,523 51,283 0 0 11,174 74,733 98,492 289,205 

Tennessee 7,027 5,503 63 34,335 92 26,999 21,565 95,584 

Texas 66,557 73,431 48,370 265,400 89,820 182,502 137,049 863,129 

Utah 2,157 3,536 0 0 8,496 11,052 6,814 32,055 

Vermont 333 1 0 0 216 1,937 1,767 4,254 

Virginia 5,789 2,741 0 618 812 6,994 17,278 34,232 

Washington 16,183 66,686 0 0 872 57,003 12,096 152,840 

West Virginia 726 61 0 0 425 2,345 1,956 5,513 

Wisconsin 50,828 1,518 0 0 610 54,154 129,291 236,401 

Wyoming 2,309 3,476 0 0 14,753 12,308 5,327 38,173 

United States 1,446,939 1,155,840 336,710 826,377 201,947 1,978,038 1,933,278 7,879,129 

1Includes both cash payments and payments in kind (PIK).

2Includes amount paid under agriculture and conservation programs (Conservation Reserve, Agriculture Conservation, Emergency

Conservation, and Great Plains Program). 3The programs included Rural Clean Water, Forestry Incentive Long Term, Water Bank Practice Cost Share, Dairy Indemnity, Dairy

Termination, Extended Warehouse Storage, Extended Farm Storage, Colorado River Salinity, Livestock Emergency Assistance, Interest

Payments, Disaster, Loan Deficiency, Market Gains, Naval Stores Conservation, Milk Marketing Fee, Options Pilot, Milk Diversion, Emergency

Feed, Rice Marketing, 90 Day Rule, Payment Limitation Refund, Additional Interest, Arkansas Beaver Lake, Wetlands Reserve, and Disaster

non-Program Crops.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
116 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 6-4—Direct government payments by program and State, 19951

Feed

Year grains Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conservation2 Miscellaneous3 Total

Thousand dollars

Alabama 3,366 1,736 0 1,605 42 31,768 14,914 53,432 

Alaska 57 0 0 0 1 1,056 621 1,735 

Arizona 1,914 2,100 0 2,131 771 1,783 757 9,456 

Arkansas 6,306 9,743 312,680 1,317 128 15,336 37,689 383,199 

California 8,635 11,701 155,898 5,239 5,797 15,360 35,040 237,670 

Colorado 43,441 21,681 0 0 4,838 83,175 13,828 166,963 

Connecticut 720 0 0 0 20 382 1,260 2,382 

Delaware 2,178 151 0 0 1 373 406 3,109 

Florida 1,638 215 163 14 4 10,246 42,765 55,045 

Georgia 9,811 3,705 0 -201 27 32,141 20,910 66,393 

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 406 541 947

Idaho 7,544 22,453 0 0 3,078 40,898 15,476 89,449 

Illinois 453,012 9,268 0 0 384 66,016 15,024 543,704 

Indiana 200,170 4,336 0 0 180 35,742 5,540 245,968 

Iowa 590,712 87 0 0 1,391 183,865 8,607 784,662 

Kansas 154,774 96,105 0 -4 911 157,485 12,955 422,226 

Kentucky 34,003 2,608 33 0 94 28,214 2,406 67,358 

Louisiana 4,324 2,262 122,038 2,154 14 9,048 17,289 157,129 

Maine 577 0 0 0 54 3,575 9,874 14,080 

Maryland 9,719 667 0 0 85 2,370 2,301 15,142 

Massachusetts 425 0 0 0 38 498 1,497 2,458 

Michigan 86,358 5,186 0 0 475 22,817 36,160 150,996 

Minnesota 268,603 27,744 0 0 1,057 106,069 64,128 467,901 

Mississippi 3,438 2,587 61,395 4,473 16 38,561 18,689 129,159 

Missouri 84,962 11,366 25,097 338 589 119,034 14,586 255,972 

Montana 18,119 46,826 0 0 6,982 108,702 9,172 189,801 

Nebraska 382,850 20,297 0 0 817 81,416 21,923 507,303 

Nevada 108 342 0 0 732 785 2,298 4,265 

New Hampshire 267 0 0 0 32 575 309 1,183 

New Jersey 2,209 129 0 0 28 402 2,724 5,492 

New Mexico 7,976 3,412 0 -108 4,753 20,616 18,485 55,134 

New York 25,589 1,366 0 0 306 6,152 10,068 43,481 

North Carolina 19,856 1,940 0 -666 67 9,213 9,741 40,151 

North Dakota 48,133 87,987 0 0 1,761 113,720 44,614 296,215 

Ohio 121,457 7,583 0 0 792 28,868 8,536 167,236 

Oklahoma 9,630 55,742 227 941 932 52,851 44,298 164,621 

Oregon 2,635 11,858 0 0 1,833 28,801 6,646 51,773 

Pennsylvania 16,543 432 0 0 434 9,639 14,007 41,055 

Rhode Island 5 0 0 0 4 206 103 318

South Carolina 10,162 2,928 0 671 5 13,023 6,982 33,771 

South Dakota 104,094 28,590 0 0 5,614 75,911 30,789 244,998 

Tennessee 13,235 2,651 177 493 52 25,807 4,914 47,329 

Texas 128,216 40,565 106,755 11,327 38,280 174,084 143,446 642,673 

Utah 1,619 1,839 0 0 4,759 10,508 5,770 24,495 

Vermont 796 0 0 0 100 1,786 1,643 4,325 

Virginia 9,638 1,259 0 -36 466 6,530 7,533 25,390 

Washington 9,699 33,283 0 0 507 55,859 16,484 115,832 

West Virginia 1,470 29 0 0 245 1,634 1,857 5,235 

Wisconsin 110,838 721 0 0 356 51,178 20,739 183,832 

Wyoming 2,114 1,714 0 0 8,403 11,719 7,279 31,229 

United States 3,023,945 587,194 784,463 29,688 98,255 1,896,203 833,623 7,253,372 

1Includes both cash payments and payments in kind (PIK).

2Includes amount paid under agriculture and conservation programs (Conservation Reserve, Agriculture Conservation, Emergency

Conservation, and Great Plains Program). 3The programs include Rural Clean Water, Forestry Incentive Annual, Forestry Incentive Long Term, Water Bank Annual, Water Bank Practice

Cost Share, Dairy Indemnity, Dairy Termination, Extended Warehouse Storage, Extended Farm Storage, Colorado River Salinity, Livestock

Emergency Assistance, Interest Payments, Disaster, Loan Deficiency, Market Gains, Naval Stores Conservation, Milk Marketing Fee, Options

Pilot, Milk Diversion, Emergency Feed, Rice Marketing, 90 Day Rule, Payment Limitation Refund, Additional Interest, Arkansas Beaver Lake,

Wetlands Reserve, and Interest On CCC 6S.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 117

Table 6-5—Direct government payments by program and State, 19961

Feed

Year grains Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conservation2 Miscellaneous3 Total

Thousand dollars

Alabama 314 -212 0 -4,119 16 28,813 50,665 75,476 

Alaska -23 -0 0 0 3 1,091 187 1,258 

Arizona 17 -1,166 0 -7,082 523 1,422 63,569 57,283 

Arkansas -93 -8,170 68,240 -7,374 72 14,201 294,995 361,872 

California -563 -4,526 34,272 -13,668 3,088 16,997 258,141 293,741 

Colorado -3,450 -17,015 0 0 2,521 80,423 113,142 175,621 

Connecticut -106 0 0 0 9 331 1,558 1,792 

Delaware -353 -149 0 0 1 372 5,017 4,889 

Florida 134 -41 5 -351 2 7,737 15,162 22,648 

Georgia 358 -1,509 0 -3,025 13 29,990 88,626 114,452 

Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 390 190 580 

Idaho -4,477 -19,910 0 0 1,591 39,629 98,939 115,773 

Illinois -66,086 -8,978 0 0 196 63,879 397,683 386,693 

Indiana -23,350 -4,150 0 0 86 33,177 207,871 213,633 

Iowa -112,123 -77 0 0 728 170,112 443,027 501,668 

Kansas -14,443 -87,920 0 -1 448 153,081 503,824 554,988 

Kentucky -1,394 -2,224 8 0 44 25,302 52,931 74,666 

Louisiana 324 -410 26,744 -9,225 4 8,454 150,544 176,435 

Maine -55 0 0 0 26 2,943 1,724 4,638 

Maryland -1,123 -619 0 0 46 2,363 16,971 17,638 

Massachusetts -27 0 0 0 17 441 1,116 1,547 

Michigan -9,308 -4,476 0 0 231 22,959 100,166 109,571 

Minnesota -42,070 -24,769 0 0 589 98,814 316,142 348,706 

Mississippi 136 -1,261 13,103 -15,530 4 37,324 151,124 184,901 

Missouri -2,313 -9,615 5,611 -1,666 350 113,753 183,107 289,227 

Montana -6,295 -41,494 0 0 3,504 102,825 182,179 240,718 

Nebraska -47,314 -17,668 0 0 422 76,793 376,504 388,738 

Nevada -26 -148 0 0 352 654 1,773 2,605 

New Hampshire -3 0 0 0 15 424 657 1,094 

New Jersey -125 -84 0 0 13 298 3,147 3,250 

New Mexico -534 -1,676 0 -514 2,526 19,183 40,006 58,989 

New York -2,045 -943 0 0 156 6,359 39,750 43,277 

North Carolina -197 -1,342 0 -1,369 36 8,495 70,005 75,628 

North Dakota -12,319 -77,769 0 0 961 106,213 336,332 353,417 

Ohio -10,239 -7,266 0 0 401 27,638 152,545 163,079 

Oklahoma -673 -43,050 63 -2,431 443 49,937 232,405 236,693 

Oregon -588 -9,793 0 0 1,054 28,571 53,958 73,202 

Pennsylvania -1,539 -302 0 0 216 8,263 30,462 37,100 

Rhode Island -1 0 0 0 2 61 94 156 

South Carolina 770 -1,452 0 -1,858 1 12,544 32,858 42,865 

South Dakota -2,267 -15,981 0 0 2,809 68,851 176,130 229,543 

Tennessee -87 -1,889 22 -4,291 25 23,325 62,689 79,793 

Texas -6,536 -20,639 26,727 -32,341 24,621 163,461 609,160 764,454 

Utah -436 -1,196 0 0 2,565 9,811 10,242 20,986 

Vermont -76 -0 0 0 34 1,335 2,720 4,012 

Virginia -502 -920 0 -39 223 6,877 24,738 30,377 

Washington -2,203 -30,491 0 0 260 54,896 132,841 155,304 

West Virginia -144 -20 0 0 136 1,944 2,621 4,537 

Wisconsin -10,483 -644 0 0 181 48,903 118,832 156,789 

Wyoming -456 -1,260 0 0 4,127 11,060 10,903 24,374 

United States -384,393 -473,223 174,795 -104,884 55,689 1,792,720 6,219,973 7,280,678 

1Includes both cash payments and payments in kind (PIK).

2Includes amount paid under agriculture and conservation programs (Conservation Reserve, Agriculture Conservation, Emergency 

Conservation, and Great Plains Program). 3Includes Production Flexibility Contracts Payments under the 1996 Farm Act. Other programs included in the miscellaneous category are

Rural Clean Water, Forestry Incentive Annual, Dairy Indemnity, Dairy Termination, Extended Warehouse Storage, Extended Farm Storage,

Livestock Emergency Assistance, Interest Payments, Disaster, Loan Deficiency, Market Gains, Naval Stores Conservation Milk Marketing Fee,

Options Pilot, Emergency Feed, Rice Marketing, Payment Limitation Refund, Additional Interest, Arkansas Beaver Lake, Noninsured Assistance,

Interest on NAP, Karnal Bunt Fungus, Production Flexibility, Disaster Reserve, and Environment Quality Incentives.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
118 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

In 1996, farm debt reached its highest level since

1986, but farm equity rose as gains in asset values outpaced the increase in debt. California carried the

largest total farm business debt, followed by Iowa and

Texas. Banks share of farm business lending

decreased for the first time in 15 years.

Debt Increase Moderate, Given the Sector’s

Healthy Financial Condition

Total farm business debt rose more than $5 billion during 1996, reaching over $156 billion, the highest since

1986. The 1996 increase marked the fourth consecutive year of rising debt. This growth in loan balances

reflected investors positive view of the future of the

farm sectorstable to growing returns on their 

investmentand the favorable interest rate environment (see Chapter 3). Various measures of the debt

burden (see Chapter 4) indicate that the current

increase, while a matter of concern, is not threatening

to the sectors financial condition. Farm asset values

have been rising more rapidly than debt in recent

years, as evidenced by the decline in the sectors

debt/asset ratio from 23 percent in 1985 to 15.1 percent in 1996. Rising debt loads have not produced

widespread financial problems for U.S. farmers. While

the additional indebtedness may burden farmers ability to repay in certain geographic areas, it is not expected to precipitate a return of the financial stress experienced in the early 1980s (fig. 7-1). (Financial ratios

are defined in Chapter 4.)

Measures of farmers ability to meet payments on their

loans improved slightly in 1996; they remained favorable relative to their levels in the early 1980s. The

farm business debt service coverage ratio, which

assesses the ability of farm businesses to repay interest

and principal from current earnings, rose from 2.10 in

1995 to 2.33 in 1996, indicating that farmers had adequate income to service their existing debt. This measure remains above its 1985 level of 1.65. The debt

servicing ratio was stable at 14 percent during 1992-

94, but rose to 15 percent in 1995, and fell back to 14

percent in 1996, indicating that loan payments were

taking a smaller portion of current income. In contrast,

principal and interest payments had absorbed 25 percent of gross cash income in 1985. These measures

suggest that farmers in the early 1990s were better

able to meet the scheduled interest and principal payments on their debt out of current income than they

had been during the previous decade. 

Debt repayment capacity utilization (fig. 7-2), a

measure of the actual debt held compared with the 

theoretical maximum debt that could be repaid from

current income, rose from 45 percent in 1993 to 53

percent in 1994. This measure increased further to 56

percent in 1995, a new high for in the 1990s. The

favorable income level reduced this measure to 49 percent in 1996. By comparison, debt repayment capacity utilization had reached almost 107 percent in 1981.

Recent changes in this measure reflect a reduction in

use of total debt repayment capacity, and its level

remains favorable compared with the values recorded

in 1977-86. (See Agricultural Income and Finance,

May 1992 or September 1995, for additional information about the use of the debt repayment capacity utilization measure.)

A similar general assessment applies to interest on

farm debt. Although rising in 1996, interest payments

were a significantly smaller expense item than in the

early 1980s. Total interest payments on farm business

loans were about $500 million higher in 1996 than in

1995. This marked the third consecutive increase in

interest expenses, which had declined annually from

1982 through 1993. Farm business debt has been rising since reaching a low in 1989, but generally favorable interest rates have restrained interest expenses.

Economywide interest rates generally trended upward

during the first three quarters of 1996, then declined

late in the year. For the year, average interest rates on

existing agricultural loans rose, since many production

loans had been negotiated before the decline in overall

interest rates.

Despite Federal Reserve Bank surveys indicating that

the average bank interest rates on new nonreal estate

loans fell from 9.5 percent in 1995 to 8.4 percent in

1996, the average rate on all outstanding nonreal estate

Chapter 7: Farm Sector Debt, 1996

Farm Business Debt Rose $5 Billion in 1996

Jim Ryan
loans rose slightly, from 9.5 percent in 1995 to 9.6 percent in 1996. Average interest rates on outstanding

loans represent a weighted average of interest rates

taken out in 1996 and prior years, while rates charged

on new loans better reflect the changes in interest rates

in the overall economy. Nonreal estate debt rose 3.8

percent in 1996, reaching over $74 billion. The simultaneous increases in debt and average interest rates

produced a $300-million increase in nonreal estate

interest expense. Real estate interest expense rose over

$200 million, as real estate debt increased 3 percent to

$81.9 billion, and average mortgage rates rose from an

estimated 8.01 percent in 1995 to 8.14 percent in

1996. 

California, Iowa, and Texas Hold 

the Most Farm Debt 

Californias 1996 farm business debt was $14.9 billion, the largest for any State. Iowa was second with

$11.6 billion, followed by Texas with $10 billion.

Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Kansas, Missouri, and

Wisconsin each registered farm debt of over $5 billion.

These nine States accounted for about 50 percent of

the farm sectors debt in 1996. The top 12 States

(adding Indiana, Oklahoma, and Florida) accounted for

58 percent of all debt outstanding.

Commercial Banks’ Farm Debt Share Growth Slows

The share of farm business debt held by commercial

banks increased continuously from 21 percent in 1981

to 39.8 percent in 1995. It retreated modestly to 39.5

percent in 1996. Over this period, bank-held farm debt

rose from less than $39 billion to $61.7 billion.

Financing provided by the Farm Credit System (FCS)

peaked in 1984 at $65 billion, declined to about $35

billion by 1990, and stabilized at that level during the

early 1990s. In 1996, FCS debt rose to almost $40 billion, driven principally by a 12-percent gain in nonreal

estate loans outstanding. The Farm Credit Systems

share of farm debt peaked at 34 percent in 1982,

declined to less than 25 percent by 1994, and rebounded to 25.5 percent by the end of 1995. The share held

by USDAs Farm Service Agency (formerly FmHA)

fell from 16 percent in 1987 to less than 6 percent in

1996, as the agency continued to shift its lending focus

from direct loans to guaranteed loans. Individuals and

others accounted for about 23 percent of total farm

financing in 1996. 

Farm Credit System loans were a relatively larger

share of debt in the Northeast, Appalachia, and Lake

States, while commercial banks were the most important loan source for States in the Corn Belt, Northern

Plains, Southern Plains, and Delta States. (See tables

7-1 through 7-6 for details on credit sources by State.) 

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 119
120 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1970

Real estate debt Nonreal estate debt

80 85 90 95 96

Figure 7-1

U.S. farm sector debt, selected years

Debt rising in the 1990’s, but still below the early 1980’s

$ billion

Figure 7-2

Debt capacity utilization, 1970-96

Utilization up for 1995, but close to 1990-95 average

Percent

1970

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990-96 average

100%

Utilization

80 90 96
Table 7-1—Real estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1994

CCC

Farm Farm Life All Individual storage and Real

Credit Service insurance operating and drying estate

State System Agency companies banks others loans debt1

Thousand dollars

Alabama 206,944 57,793 31,333 300,018 117,813 0 713,902 

Alaska 738 430 1,059 3,056 4,732 0 10,014 

Arizona 80,550 47,613 157,448 40,194 145,504 0 471,309 

Arkansas 563,677 165,868 245,608 721,295 207,552 0 1,904,000 

California 2,499,664 199,261 2,761,991 1,088,132 1,405,153 0 7,954,202 

Colorado 708,723 71,850 155,735 246,017 387,746 0 1,570,069 

Connecticut 52,853 9,760 0 6,038 16,802 0 85,453 

Delaware 73,502 9,033 15,848 32,871 23,437 0 154,692 

Florida 518,272 86,947 1,253,963 705,138 355,317 0 2,919,637 

Georgia 505,224 95,229 113,860 707,181 169,315 0 1,590,809 

Hawaii 59,866 27,996 27,388 40,634 10,378 0 166,261 

Idaho 513,962 154,956 169,396 41,174 343,081 0 1,222,568 

Illinois 1,428,318 211,918 294,804 1,716,251 936,621 0 4,587,912 

Indiana 847,404 158,349 274,737 936,633 814,229 0 3,031,351 

Iowa 1,327,592 296,163 399,712 1,884,511 2,126,670 0 6,034,648 

Kansas 992,580 183,801 138,135 833,226 446,087 0 2,593,830 

Kentucky 411,777 184,727 54,970 793,683 298,614 0 1,743,771 

Louisiana 254,231 72,611 137,580 217,671 101,967 0 784,060 

Maine 27,851 42,877 19,470 6,782 17,426 0 114,406 

Maryland 378,975 21,254 20,007 113,607 127,569 0 661,412 

Massachusetts 61,407 21,413 24,193 3,872 18,198 0 129,084 

Michigan 605,013 118,209 60,576 242,501 400,257 0 1,426,557 

Minnesota 1,194,529 190,803 209,912 1,055,273 1,117,941 0 3,768,459 

Mississippi 236,590 155,781 236,737 478,967 162,263 0 1,270,338 

Missouri 639,723 226,474 164,387 1,210,361 630,706 0 2,871,650 

Montana 488,213 134,987 175,748 231,940 587,522 0 1,618,410 

Nebraska 835,642 242,987 263,124 1,089,976 677,516 0 3,109,245 

Nevada 62,946 13,921 15,235 10,357 54,636 0 157,095 

New Hampshire 19,910 6,635 0 4,540 9,084 0 40,170 

New Jersey 119,902 24,389 5,554 32,952 76,479 0 259,276 

New Mexico 232,845 49,635 63,384 107,323 151,712 0 604,900 

New York 348,813 124,882 3,919 157,164 250,287 0 885,064 

North Carolina 485,934 132,191 67,897 499,913 174,815 0 1,360,749 

North Dakota 684,997 222,164 26,070 366,824 324,551 0 1,624,606 

Ohio 718,836 111,957 84,417 677,132 438,393 0 2,030,735 

Oklahoma 519,678 213,418 87,753 473,826 364,674 0 1,659,349 

Oregon 405,734 83,346 214,667 73,975 568,659 0 1,346,381 

Pennsylvania 491,794 92,159 6,464 573,281 245,609 0 1,409,307 

Rhode Island 12,792 2,796 0 1,315 1,710 0 18,613 

South Carolina 211,027 58,345 7,352 71,383 60,048 0 408,154 

South Dakota 459,146 277,414 53,924 325,735 384,416 0 1,500,636 

Tennessee 382,843 133,249 25,572 415,871 165,749 0 1,123,285 

Texas 1,791,605 281,400 400,561 974,765 1,085,264 0 4,533,595 

Utah 93,242 45,528 11,081 43,804 146,950 0 340,604 

Vermont 67,711 39,048 0 46,493 33,421 0 186,672 

Virginia 705,529 58,681 45,024 251,019 159,808 0 1,220,061 

Washington 502,515 104,336 328,250 227,884 400,144 0 1,563,129 

West Virginia 71,433 33,738 73,922 77,096 25,345 0 281,535 

Wisconsin 671,464 156,440 60,034 918,692 671,005 0 2,477,634 

Wyoming 112,584 31,199 61,504 81,057 133,515 0 419,859 

United States 24,687,100 5,485,961 9,050,305 21,159,403 17,576,690 0 77,959,458 

1Excluding farm operator residences.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 121
122 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 7-2—Nonreal estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1994

All Farm Farm Individuals Nonreal CCC

operating Credit Service and estate commodity

State banks System Agency others debt1 loans

Thousand dollars

Alabama 290,185 165,900 47,222 253,560 756,867 21,021 

Alaska 3,172 0 22 2,838 6,032 0 

Arizona 391,726 104,124 86,113 188,115 770,078 49,876 

Arkansas 685,885 257,265 183,613 372,920 1,499,683 433,710 

California 3,268,476 1,055,287 394,421 1,272,535 5,990,719 251,778 

Colorado 748,187 177,555 52,493 510,923 1,489,158 49,931 

Connecticut 4,312 73,149 6,200 29,925 113,587 183 

Delaware 36,170 45,638 3,293 66,204 151,306 1,894 

Florida 402,201 295,527 111,332 332,311 1,141,371 645 

Georgia 428,124 338,439 165,925 338,886 1,271,374 15,685 

Hawaii 31,271 14,483 11,993 35,093 92,839 0 

Idaho 866,904 170,909 98,486 233,785 1,370,084 25,369 

Illinois 2,159,193 277,904 128,370 649,651 3,215,118 683,427 

Indiana 838,679 259,116 92,309 452,939 1,643,044 323,133 

Iowa 3,241,039 245,724 237,594 976,772 4,701,128 1,137,393 

Kansas 2,168,606 230,884 116,552 824,149 3,340,191 119,590 

Kentucky 467,910 242,061 98,204 215,887 1,024,062 48,100 

Louisiana 330,695 77,715 252,039 161,587 822,036 145,374 

Maine 45,536 65,884 52,765 45,626 209,811 68 

Maryland 48,872 155,448 14,510 137,863 356,694 13,268 

Massachusetts 57,629 58,218 14,804 29,662 160,313 140 

Michigan 368,419 415,717 151,098 281,782 1,217,016 93,104 

Minnesota 2,037,930 623,563 236,093 656,698 3,554,284 736,748 

Mississippi 446,365 131,206 355,565 217,410 1,150,546 220,569 

Missouri 1,247,116 207,078 141,411 395,006 1,990,610 163,881 

Montana 620,590 68,845 163,610 144,687 997,733 64,882 

Nebraska 3,000,335 251,502 145,374 963,400 4,360,610 519,837 

Nevada 13,041 34,120 7,917 23,469 78,547 0 

New Hampshire 233 17,621 5,257 11,791 34,902 0 

New Jersey 8,680 73,528 31,282 44,218 157,708 3,543 

New Mexico 229,207 105,954 30,209 153,476 518,845 9,489 

New York 347,138 470,622 196,105 257,397 1,271,262 29,664 

North Carolina 435,819 669,655 86,174 424,170 1,615,818 37,870 

North Dakota 1,064,406 414,013 271,271 235,563 1,985,253 146,665 

Ohio 520,379 330,859 79,858 378,576 1,309,672 184,319 

Oklahoma 1,500,900 144,180 247,269 341,996 2,234,345 16,413 

Oregon 464,473 121,332 60,922 172,439 819,165 6,843 

Pennsylvania 252,705 348,167 114,590 343,740 1,059,202 16,729 

Rhode Island 285 14,410 1,881 3,688 20,264 0 

South Carolina 68,330 157,051 104,536 111,702 441,619 11,943 

South Dakota 1,440,521 200,655 253,494 277,341 2,172,011 229,820 

Tennessee 310,519 209,861 116,760 239,774 876,914 99,665 

Texas 2,944,909 669,983 595,189 1,175,902 5,385,983 155,842 

Utah 167,111 55,570 36,867 69,632 329,179 2,615 

Vermont 15,216 83,312 15,174 44,200 157,902 76 

Virginia 159,722 228,432 78,195 198,367 664,715 14,881 

Washington 1,045,708 91,290 64,324 272,155 1,473,476 25,142 

West Virginia 26,355 39,942 21,651 34,402 122,349 1,203 

Wisconsin 1,149,100 657,915 215,027 492,611 2,514,653 123,152 

Wyoming 329,459 32,837 24,277 93,179 479,753 1,544 

United States 36,729,743 11,180,450 6,019,640 15,190,002 69,119,831 6,237,024 

1Excluding farm operator residences.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Table 7-3—Real estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1995

CCC

Farm Farm Life All Individual storage and Real

Credit Service insurance operating and drying estate

State System Agency companies banks others loans debt1

Thousand dollars

Alabama 232,994 51,419 25,089 326,828 121,262 0 757,592 

Alaska 541 283 0 453 4,859 0 6,137 

Arizona 88,884 38,243 148,601 58,854 149,395 0 483,976 

Arkansas 606,477 151,411 262,862 768,624 213,449 0 2,002,824 

California 2,559,878 180,210 2,790,127 1,087,313 1,444,610 0 8,062,138 

Colorado 782,274 69,342 143,470 285,344 398,800 0 1,679,230 

Connecticut 52,618 8,169 0 4,485 17,252 0 82,524 

Delaware 85,845 5,911 14,836 33,929 24,096 0 164,617 

Florida 520,182 78,865 1,188,067 636,989 365,080 0 2,789,183 

Georgia 519,348 80,722 114,456 799,575 174,254 0 1,688,354 

Hawaii 51,708 27,480 12,793 5,201 10,656 0 107,838 

Idaho 497,305 136,412 194,084 45,789 352,999 0 1,226,590 

Illinois 1,475,221 197,374 294,935 1,759,932 962,690 0 4,690,151 

Indiana 832,696 138,156 273,332 958,059 837,658 0 3,039,902 

Iowa 1,334,364 291,384 386,766 2,003,895 2,186,071 0 6,202,480 

Kansas 1,030,170 174,475 130,316 881,451 458,609 0 2,675,021 

Kentucky 435,890 171,112 48,620 843,751 306,691 0 1,806,063 

Louisiana 258,669 61,376 126,361 234,570 104,855 0 785,831 

Maine 20,460 38,858 32,122 8,269 17,892 0 117,602 

Maryland 346,031 21,710 19,040 99,296 131,211 0 617,289 

Massachusetts 58,838 7,390 22,677 4,179 18,684 0 111,768 

Michigan 620,462 109,550 55,274 252,542 411,804 0 1,449,632 

Minnesota 1,188,882 186,366 215,888 1,149,837 1,149,689 0 3,890,662 

Mississippi 254,798 139,824 248,874 525,871 166,948 0 1,336,316 

Missouri 771,389 212,242 159,749 1,299,330 649,067 0 3,091,776 

Montana 398,286 123,691 177,539 257,497 603,998 0 1,561,011 

Nebraska 830,571 235,022 292,442 1,146,884 696,312 0 3,201,231 

Nevada 63,569 12,766 17,891 1,814 56,096 0 152,136 

New Hampshire 20,199 4,558 0 4,330 9,327 0 38,414 

New Jersey 115,499 23,440 244 28,942 78,625 0 246,750 

New Mexico 256,955 43,004 64,900 122,941 155,769 0 643,569 

New York 334,634 116,867 3,581 147,303 257,441 0 859,827 

North Carolina 487,837 113,823 71,908 564,443 179,541 0 1,417,552 

North Dakota 681,126 214,229 27,879 383,063 333,551 0 1,639,848 

Ohio 724,024 100,590 89,776 692,075 451,105 0 2,057,571 

Oklahoma 520,643 202,746 132,358 524,166 375,337 0 1,755,250 

Oregon 357,587 73,144 223,873 104,684 585,491 0 1,344,779 

Pennsylvania 478,074 85,098 5,585 612,503 252,605 0 1,433,865 

Rhode Island 12,449 16,168 0 976 1,755 0 31,349 

South Carolina 203,528 52,098 3,315 56,327 61,792 0 377,059 

South Dakota 464,027 267,729 73,014 377,608 395,217 0 1,577,595 

Tennessee 401,343 117,282 26,188 440,537 170,181 0 1,155,532 

Texas 1,864,506 262,585 397,337 1,049,110 1,116,248 0 4,689,786 

Utah 98,462 42,721 10,987 46,325 150,879 0 349,374 

Vermont 69,373 36,728 18 40,991 34,315 0 181,424 

Virginia 652,604 51,489 40,205 258,130 164,115 0 1,166,544 

Washington 418,594 92,933 358,315 256,576 411,610 0 1,538,027 

West Virginia 66,884 31,937 69,340 75,861 26,030 0 270,053 

Wisconsin 700,114 144,564 59,392 996,104 690,453 0 2,590,626 

Wyoming 91,577 29,874 61,816 94,534 137,342 0 415,143 

United States 24,938,389 5,073,370 9,116,242 22,358,090 18,073,716 0 79,559,811 

1Excluding farm operator residences.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 123
124 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 7-4—Nonreal estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1995

All Farm Farm Individuals Nonreal CCC

operating Credit Service and estate commodity

State banks System Agency others debt1 loans

Thousand dollars

Alabama 304,040 187,741 38,926 269,919 800,627 10,048 

Alaska 2,415 0 248 3,021 5,684 0 

Arizona 327,694 129,967 67,062 200,251 724,974 19,462 

Arkansas 767,670 300,809 147,194 396,980 1,612,654 350,443 

California 3,503,880 1,084,850 318,862 1,354,633 6,262,225 232,644 

Colorado 821,932 192,899 47,641 543,885 1,606,358 18,597 

Connecticut 2,081 78,495 4,632 31,856 117,064 196 

Delaware 23,603 53,204 2,006 70,476 149,288 715 

Florida 365,618 354,182 85,766 353,751 1,159,317 148 

Georgia 532,402 435,906 135,125 360,750 1,464,183 5,434 

Hawaii 33,564 10,786 13,188 37,357 94,894 0 

Idaho 858,403 191,724 77,158 248,868 1,376,153 17,637 

Illinois 2,276,665 322,068 104,487 691,563 3,394,782 240,572 

Indiana 874,136 286,679 73,340 482,161 1,716,316 152,608 

Iowa 3,221,649 277,080 202,055 1,039,790 4,740,573 382,623 

Kansas 2,114,393 250,673 104,812 877,320 3,347,197 22,381 

Kentucky 473,677 278,813 82,724 229,815 1,065,028 26,509 

Louisiana 381,130 82,376 189,871 172,013 825,388 123,124 

Maine 50,355 70,129 50,916 48,570 219,969 44 

Maryland 47,044 141,618 14,148 146,758 349,568 8,034 

Massachusetts 25,257 64,146 6,082 31,575 127,059 108 

Michigan 355,613 487,079 130,041 299,961 1,272,694 49,136 

Minnesota 2,151,792 756,709 208,748 699,065 3,816,315 345,507 

Mississippi 487,734 154,083 293,124 231,436 1,166,377 185,238 

Missouri 1,341,047 243,696 116,615 420,490 2,121,847 60,012 

Montana 636,944 73,281 142,478 154,022 1,006,724 38,988 

Nebraska 3,069,653 278,158 126,245 1,025,555 4,499,611 141,881 

Nevada 15,695 35,415 8,041 24,983 84,134 0 

New Hampshire 762 20,276 2,783 12,552 36,373 0 

New Jersey 8,499 84,494 30,804 47,070 170,867 2,344 

New Mexico 234,602 114,024 25,883 163,378 537,886 4,294 

New York 373,655 493,696 176,378 274,003 1,317,732 24,100 

North Carolina 469,723 873,813 67,535 451,536 1,862,607 14,779 

North Dakota 1,145,167 439,313 245,485 250,760 2,080,726 66,730 

Ohio 561,514 358,839 61,773 403,001 1,385,127 84,052 

Oklahoma 1,369,356 145,851 217,367 364,059 2,096,633 3,924 

Oregon 472,958 133,993 54,358 183,564 844,872 2,936 

Pennsylvania 252,362 337,718 106,256 365,916 1,062,253 9,485 

Rhode Island 0 14,297 11,546 3,926 29,770 0 

South Carolina 64,640 202,953 80,635 118,908 467,136 4,245 

South Dakota 1,418,550 203,839 219,278 295,234 2,136,900 84,932 

Tennessee 349,427 222,609 94,835 255,243 922,114 75,251 

Texas 3,007,590 703,942 506,088 1,251,767 5,469,387 89,770 

Utah 174,443 56,527 35,039 74,124 340,133 2,113 

Vermont 13,821 90,082 15,603 47,052 166,557 123 

Virginia 159,236 239,205 65,308 211,165 674,914 6,817 

Washington 1,069,883 106,973 52,733 289,713 1,519,302 14,088 

West Virginia 25,409 37,370 21,936 36,621 121,335 1,064 

Wisconsin 1,165,394 731,923 187,326 524,392 2,609,036 55,162 

Wyoming 345,137 38,135 21,101 99,191 503,563 725 

United States 37,748,214 12,472,438 5,091,585 16,169,999 71,482,226 2,979,023 

1Excluding farm operator residences.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Table 7-5—Real estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1996

CCC

Farm Farm Life All Individual storage and Real

Credit Service insurance operating and drying estate

State System Agency companies banks others loans debt1

Thousand dollars

Alabama 263,968 44,686 24,235 338,821 124,420 0 796,130 

Alaska 493 642 0 1,058 4,985 0 7,179 

Arizona 109,441 34,380 132,331 42,974 153,286 0 472,411 

Arkansas 636,357 139,321 288,561 791,651 219,009 0 2,074,898 

California 2,651,820 167,706 2,872,123 1,123,680 1,482,230 0 8,297,559 

Colorado 819,949 64,497 141,869 308,043 409,185 0 1,743,543 

Connecticut 48,774 7,372 0 6,274 17,701 0 80,120 

Delaware 85,758 5,400 0 37,347 24,724 0 153,229 

Florida 503,019 71,087 1,178,999 559,905 374,587 0 2,687,597 

Georgia 495,728 70,495 150,909 860,950 178,792 0 1,756,873 

Hawaii 50,873 26,533 12,233 4,465 10,933 0 105,036 

Idaho 502,576 123,262 230,853 42,449 362,192 0 1,261,332 

Illinois 1,494,153 186,639 318,095 1,894,184 987,759 0 4,880,830 

Indiana 849,387 129,030 295,734 949,110 859,473 0 3,082,734 

Iowa 1,482,981 273,431 414,406 2,089,485 2,243,000 0 6,503,303 

Kansas 1,043,899 165,966 132,937 879,116 470,552 0 2,692,470 

Kentucky 488,043 158,922 48,772 853,781 314,677 0 1,864,195 

Louisiana 280,201 52,491 108,412 233,556 107,585 0 782,245 

Maine 18,161 35,779 42,859 8,246 18,357 0 123,402 

Maryland 338,390 20,034 19,734 96,843 134,628 0 609,629 

Massachusetts 56,184 20,139 20,731 4,623 19,171 0 120,848 

Michigan 643,997 102,066 50,398 270,937 422,528 0 1,489,926 

Minnesota 1,204,717 178,250 250,847 1,203,611 1,179,629 0 4,017,053 

Mississippi 277,635 126,827 247,451 587,165 171,297 0 1,410,375 

Missouri 794,168 198,827 159,296 1,410,743 665,969 0 3,229,003 

Montana 388,875 115,678 204,446 279,709 619,727 0 1,608,435 

Nebraska 915,094 221,636 318,892 1,198,959 714,445 0 3,369,026 

Nevada 64,866 10,881 12,069 3,272 57,558 0 148,646 

New Hampshire 19,660 4,151 0 3,650 9,570 0 37,031 

New Jersey 245,015 22,554 242 20,922 80,673 0 369,406 

New Mexico 288,104 39,826 69,970 134,891 159,826 0 692,617 

New York 302,980 111,910 7,136 156,611 264,146 0 842,783 

North Carolina 462,987 102,074 87,054 587,654 184,216 0 1,423,986 

North Dakota 666,124 204,801 32,723 413,011 342,237 0 1,658,896 

Ohio 772,931 92,987 95,820 728,017 462,853 0 2,152,608 

Oklahoma 587,652 194,590 157,536 557,341 385,111 0 1,882,230 

Oregon 352,861 66,306 214,263 79,535 600,738 0 1,313,702 

Pennsylvania 454,761 81,203 683 638,057 259,183 0 1,433,888 

Rhode Island 11,227 2,607 0 110 1,801 0 15,745 

South Carolina 188,202 47,148 5,845 68,445 63,401 0 373,042 

South Dakota 471,151 244,076 80,829 416,130 405,509 0 1,617,696 

Tennessee 425,658 106,260 26,463 463,093 174,613 0 1,196,087 

Texas 1,946,217 250,558 452,383 1,107,521 1,145,317 0 4,901,996 

Utah 98,535 39,871 9,964 61,256 154,808 0 364,434 

Vermont 65,869 34,613 17 39,313 35,208 0 175,019 

Virginia 628,099 46,692 35,083 248,738 168,388 0 1,127,000 

Washington 452,728 83,968 331,283 281,393 422,329 0 1,571,701 

West Virginia 60,994 30,788 63,603 82,117 26,707 0 264,209 

Wisconsin 711,215 132,487 70,907 1,081,694 708,434 0 2,704,736 

Wyoming 96,900 27,533 74,438 103,098 140,918 0 442,888 

United States 25,819,377 4,718,980 9,493,434 23,353,554 18,544,385 0 81,929,727 

1Excluding farm operator residences.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 125
126 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 7-6—Nonreal estate farm business debt by State, December 31, 1996

All Farm Farm Individuals Nonreal CCC

operating Credit Service and estate commodity

State banks System Agency others debt1 loans

Thousand dollars

Alabama 275,364 199,411 43,173 291,185 809,134 32,485 

Alaska 1,629 4 598 3,259 5,491 25 

Arizona 197,656 139,729 31,077 216,029 584,491 4,438 

Arkansas 745,541 309,084 129,521 428,257 1,612,404 311,459 

California 3,843,161 1,159,899 155,016 1,461,362 6,619,438 93,184 

Colorado 850,150 264,258 60,123 586,737 1,761,269 27,084 

Connecticut 6,709 82,588 7,094 34,366 130,756 180 

Delaware 19,099 53,810 5,073 76,028 154,010 2,120 

Florida 348,597 412,637 64,676 381,622 1,207,531 780 

Georgia 590,667 512,096 67,540 389,173 1,559,476 24,373 

Hawaii 28,988 8,589 24,195 40,301 102,073 0 

Idaho 643,236 270,342 115,505 268,476 1,297,558 26,951 

Illinois 2,500,683 366,211 170,857 746,050 3,783,802 300,064 

Indiana 872,221 341,942 121,717 520,150 1,856,030 169,955 

Iowa 3,440,058 326,118 250,496 1,121,712 5,138,384 492,149 

Kansas 1,963,418 283,428 153,508 946,442 3,346,796 43,307 

Kentucky 506,873 311,346 151,867 247,922 1,218,008 25,612 

Louisiana 355,026 89,338 49,053 185,565 678,982 156,854 

Maine 59,481 80,345 34,046 52,397 226,270 86 

Maryland 50,689 144,166 19,100 158,320 372,275 11,123 

Massachusetts 11,528 72,658 19,254 34,063 137,502 113 

Michigan 362,367 576,396 98,442 323,595 1,360,801 39,696 

Minnesota 2,231,135 933,900 167,943 754,143 4,087,121 417,164 

Mississippi 450,196 157,573 121,664 249,671 979,103 180,432 

Missouri 1,418,439 275,393 189,481 453,619 2,336,933 101,454 

Montana 650,524 78,550 106,590 166,156 1,001,820 55,594 

Nebraska 3,126,606 307,204 202,186 1,106,356 4,742,352 245,919 

Nevada 8,163 35,528 10,359 26,952 81,002 60 

New Hampshire 733 24,918 4,001 13,541 43,193 0 

New Jersey 6,306 83,905 21,160 50,779 162,150 3,151 

New Mexico 226,095 140,460 36,226 176,250 579,032 10,885 

New York 328,219 538,561 106,808 295,591 1,269,179 21,039 

North Carolina 472,932 986,970 97,200 487,112 2,044,214 20,137 

North Dakota 1,253,815 511,374 186,296 270,517 2,222,002 162,217 

Ohio 650,822 448,397 88,723 434,752 1,622,694 74,916 

Oklahoma 1,365,520 167,144 185,057 392,743 2,110,463 5,815 

Oregon 459,101 149,616 63,765 198,027 870,508 5,502 

Pennsylvania 268,812 355,493 77,774 394,747 1,096,826 12,065 

Rhode Island 0 12,927 2,503 4,236 19,666 0 

South Carolina 66,487 249,046 45,150 128,277 488,960 4,887 

South Dakota 1,426,701 212,178 224,715 318,494 2,182,088 136,349 

Tennessee 318,685 259,208 102,813 275,354 956,059 107,036 

Texas 2,797,149 676,839 233,681 1,350,391 5,058,060 82,763 

Utah 386,641 69,904 37,605 79,965 574,116 2,330 

Vermont 12,425 96,450 32,608 50,759 192,242 108 

Virginia 173,410 244,764 44,230 227,802 690,206 9,916 

Washington 1,039,575 123,340 78,706 312,539 1,554,159 37,985 

West Virginia 22,719 36,150 29,840 39,507 128,216 1,259 

Wisconsin 1,172,863 792,249 127,659 565,708 2,658,479 46,008 

Wyoming 336,591 42,661 25,560 107,006 511,819 1,466 

United States 38,343,805 14,015,097 4,422,234 17,444,005 74,225,143 3,508,495 

1Excluding farm operator residences.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Part II

Costs of Production

Major Field Crops, Livestock, and Dairy
128 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Acreage and Prices Generally Up for 1996 Crops

Acres planted to major U.S. crops in 1996 were up an

average 5.1 percent from 1995 and the highest in at

least the past 10 years. Harvested acreage also rose

(4.2 percent) and was also the highest in 10 years.

Farmers planted 11.6 percent more corn, 9.4 percent

more wheat, and 2.6 percent more soybeans. At the

same time, acres planted to cotton, rice, sorghum, and

sugar beets fell.

Despite production increases for many crops, prices

were generally high in 1996. The overall prices received

index for crops was up 12.5 percent for the year.

Input Prices Also Up

The 1996 prices paid index for general inputs was up

an average 5.5 percent. Of course, there was wide variation among individual inputs. Fertilizer prices rose

only 3 percent, as did chemical prices. Fuel prices,

however, jumped nearly 12 percent over the relatively

steady prices of the previous 4 years.

How these input prices affected individual crops and

livestock commodities depended on each enterprises

input mix. Feed prices were up an average 25 percent,

which, with lackluster livestock prices, meant lower net

returns to livestock producers. The same higher feed

prices meant higher net returns to feed grain producers.

Government Payments

For corn, barley, grain sorghum, rice, and cotton, ERS

has been publishing costs and returns both including

and excluding the costs of participation in government

programs, along with the program payments received.

A primary reason for including government program

costs and returns in the crop production accounts has

been their impact on producer planting decisions.

Under Federal legislation prior to 1996, producers had

to plant program crops in accordance with certain program provisions in order to qualify for payments. This

meant that the planted acreage of a program crop was

not only determined by expected market returns to the

crop, but also by returns associated with program participation. Consequently, some resources were committed to production of a program commodity due to

returns associated with program participation, not

expected market returns.

Provisions of the 1996 Farm Act eliminated the

requirement that program crops be planted in order to

qualify for program payments. Target prices and deficiency payments were replaced with fixed annual payments, while basic, Findley, and announced loan rates

were replaced with marketing assistance loans. There

are no longer mandatory acreage reduction or paid

land diversion provisions and, therefore, no direct cost

of program participation. The new legislation means

that producers are free to make planting decisions in

response to market forces, and resources are not held

in the production of a program crop simply because of

program provisions.

Because government payments are not directly associated with the production of any specific commodity,

ERS did not develop cost and return data estimates

that included government program effects for program

crops for the 1996 calendar year.

New Survey Data

New survey data for grain sorghum, peanuts, and burley tobacco are underlying the 1995 and 1996 estimates for those crops. In addition to the new data, the

accounting framework and methodology for burley

tobacco has been changed to reflect that of other field

crops. Next year, two final commodities, flue-cured

tobacco and cow-calf production, will be brought into

methodological consistency with the other commodities for which cost-of-production estimates are made.

New analyses are also available electronically for oats,

sorghum, and peanuts. These short reports (titled Farm

Business Economic Indicators Updates) provide preliminary analyses of the production systems used in

growing these crops. The reports can be found on the

ERS website at http://www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe in

the publications section.

Chapter 8: Costs of Production for Crops, Livestock, and Milk, 1996

Although Input Expenses Were Generally Rising in 1996, Strong Market

Prices for Most Commodities Led to Higher Net Returns

Bob McElroy and Staff
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 129

Unique market conditions in 1996 led to record returns

to corn production. The average corn yield improved

to about 5 percent above the previous 5-year average.

Despite higher yields, corn prices remained near $3

per bushel at harvest. The combination of relatively

high prices and yields pushed the value of corn at harvest to a record high of $389 per acre. Average returns

above cash costs, at $166 per acre, were also the highest reported by USDA since tracking began in 1975.

Residual returns to management and risk ($22 per

acre) were positive for the first time since 1980.

Record returns to corn production in 1996, coupled

with only a modest rise in costs, provided incentives

for expanded acreage, but lower prices late in 1996

dampened expectations for 1997.

Returns to corn production in 1996 improved from

1995 in all major production regions as prices and

yields were up across most of the Nation. Corn growers in the Southeast and Plains States benefited the

most from better market conditions. The harvest price

for corn in the Southeast was $3.43 per bushel, up

more than 50 cents from 1995, while cash costs per

bushel changed little and economic costs were only 8

cents per bushel higher. The resulting cash returns of

$168 per acre and returns above economic costs of $37

are record highs for the Southeast since 1975. In the

Plains States, the average corn yield was up about 25

bushels per acre from 1995. Cash costs increased

about $16 per acre and economic costs were $37 higher, but per bushel costs fell about 25 cents. Cash

returns in the Plains States nearly doubled and residual

returns moved above $40, also a record high.

Stronger prices and yields also improved returns in the

North Central region, where most corn is grown. With

the harvest price up nearly 20 cents per bushel and

yields up about 10 bushels, cash returns moved above

$160 per acre, a record high, and residual returns were

$16. Costs per acre moved 8-10 percent higher in the

North Central region, but higher yields left per bushel

costs mostly unchanged. Price and yield conditions

were not as favorable in the Northeast, where greater

yields led to lower prices. Still, cash and economic

returns to corn production improved as the increased

value of corn more than offset a modest cost increase.

Corn

Unique Market Conditions Resulted in Record Returns
130 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Plains States

North Central

Northeast

Southeast

Figure 8-1

Corn production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1991 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 131

Table 8-1A—Corn production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United States Northeast Southeast North Central Plains States

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding 

direct government payments):

Corn 321.98 388.73 231.85 252.73 306.63 385.29 318.44 370.55 346.36 453.78

Total, gross value of production 321.98 388.73 231.85 252.73 306.63 385.29 318.44 370.55 346.36 453.78

Cash expenses:

Seed 23.98 24.06 22.56 22.59 20.24 20.96 23.80 23.76 25.33 25.63

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 55.85 56.13 48.36 49.28 64.60 66.52 54.82 55.97 58.31 55.45

Chemicals 26.34 26.82 25.66 26.06 30.25 31.34 26.59 27.18 25.09 25.08

Custom operations1 9.65 9.76 9.07 9.03 3.84 4.23 8.97 9.10 12.60 12.67

Fuel, lube, and electricity 17.92 21.14 10.51 13.07 13.34 15.38 11.26 13.98 38.55 42.67

Repairs 15.91 17.00 12.70 13.78 19.12 19.53 14.91 15.98 18.63 19.69

Hired labor 8.03 8.37 13.00 13.46 17.87 18.11 6.47 6.77 10.09 10.23

Other variable cash expenses2 0.45 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.84 1.98

Total, variable cash expenses 158.13 163.77 141.86 147.27 169.26 176.07 146.82 152.74 190.44 193.40

General farm overhead 12.46 15.04 6.36 7.63 11.31 14.37 11.55 13.89 16.05 19.21

Taxes and insurance 20.01 22.70 22.14 23.49 13.01 15.84 19.63 21.95 21.96 25.90

Interest 16.73 21.14 2.88 3.65 9.02 10.55 15.26 19.27 24.09 30.42

Total, fixed cash expenses 49.20 58.88 31.38 34.77 33.34 40.76 46.44 55.11 62.10 75.53

Total, cash expenses 207.33 222.65 173.24 182.04 202.60 216.83 193.26 207.85 252.54 268.93

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 114.65 166.08 58.61 70.69 104.03 168.46 125.18 162.70 93.82 184.85

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 2.78 2.99 3.19 3.06 2.91 3.43 2.74 2.92 2.83 3.07

Yield (bu/planted acre) 115.82 130.01 72.68 82.59 105.37 112.33 116.22 126.90 122.39 147.81

Table 8-1B—Corn production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United States Northeast Southeast North Central Plains States

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding 

direct government payments):

Corn 321.98 388.73 231.85 252.73 306.63 385.29 318.44 370.55 346.36 453.78

Total, gross value of production 321.98 388.73 231.85 252.73 306.63 385.29 318.44 370.55 346.36 453.78

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 158.13 163.77 141.86 147.27 169.26 176.07 146.82 152.74 190.44 193.40

General farm overhead 12.46 15.04 6.36 7.63 11.31 14.37 11.55 13.89 16.05 19.21

Taxes and insurance 20.01 22.70 22.14 23.49 13.01 15.84 19.63 21.95 21.96 25.90

Capital replacement 32.71 34.95 19.16 20.76 29.79 31.07 27.74 29.82 49.12 51.40

Operating capital 4.42 4.17 3.97 3.75 4.73 4.48 4.10 3.89 5.32 4.92

Other nonland capital 13.18 13.35 10.58 10.85 11.73 11.72 11.59 11.82 18.28 18.11

Land 67.28 85.48 25.84 25.88 59.03 74.06 75.26 92.55 51.82 76.03

Unpaid labor 25.23 26.78 31.30 32.69 19.28 21.05 26.24 28.03 22.56 23.75

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 333.42 366.24 261.21 272.32 318.14 348.66 322.93 354.69 375.55 412.72

Residual returns to 

management and risk -11.44 22.49 -29.36 -19.59 -11.51 36.63 -4.49 15.86 -29.19 41.06

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 2.78 2.99 3.19 3.06 2.91 3.43 2.74 2.92 2.83 3.07

Yield (bu/planted acre) 115.82 130.01 72.68 82.59 105.37 112.33 116.22 126.90 122.39 147.81

1

Cost of custom operations, technical services, and commercial drying.

2

Cost of purchased irrigation water.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
132 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Soybeans

Prices and Yields Higher in 1996; Record Returns

Both prices and yields of soybeans moved higher in

1996, producing record returns. Soybean prices rose

above $8 per bushel in 1996 and settled near $7 at harvest, up about 10 percent from 1995. Yields were

somewhat above the previous 5-year average. Higher

prices and yields sent the value of soybeans at harvest

above $250 per acre, a record high. Likewise, average

returns above cash costs, at $130 per acre, were the

highest reported since USDA began tracking in 1975.

Residual returns to management and risk were the

highest reported since 1979. While costs showed only

a modest increase, the record returns to soybean production in 1996 suggested incentives for expanded

1997 acreage that were spurred by rising prices in

early 1997.

Returns to soybean production improved across the

Nation from 1995 to 1996 as a unique set of market

conditions led to higher prices and yields in all major

production regions. Cash and economic returns in

southern production areas were the highest since 1988.

Among growers in the Delta, cash returns improved

more than 100 percent from 1995 to 1996 and residual

returns moved more than $50 per acre higher. The

1996 harvest price rose about 60 cents from 1995,

while a 35-percent increase in yield was the major

force behind a $1-per-bushel drop in costs. Improved

conditions in the Southeast were somewhat less

impressive as the harvest price was 40 cents higher

and yields were up only about 2 bushels. However,

both cash and economic costs in 1996 were down

about 20 cents per bushel from 1995.

Stronger soybean prices also improved the 1996 outlook for soybean production in the northern regions,

while 20-percent higher yields in the Northern Plains

further brightened the situation. In the Northern Plains,

the 1996 soybean harvest price was up about 75 cents

a bushel from 1995 while production costs were down

about 50 cents. The net result was a rise in cash

returns of about $1.25 per bushel and residual returns

of nearly $1.40 per bushel. Unlike in other regions,

soybean production costs per bushel in the North

Central region were up in 1996 as yields were only

slightly higher than in 1995. Cash cost increases were

spread evenly among most production items, while

economic costs were up due mainly to higher land values. However, the 1996 soybean harvest price was

nearly 70 cents higher than in 1995, more than offsetting any cost increases and resulting in the highest

cash and economic returns to soybean production since

the late 1970s.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 133

Northern 

Plains

North Central

Delta

Southeast

Figure 8-2

Soybean production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1990 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
134 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-2A—Soybean production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North Central Northern Plains Southeast Delta

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Soybeans 218.54 256.36 236.69 265.55 182.50 254.69 184.39 214.76 156.63 232.47

Total, gross value of production 218.54 256.36 236.69 265.55 182.50 254.69 184.39 214.76 156.63 232.47

Cash expenses:

Seed 13.32 15.01 14.37 16.11 11.84 13.43 11.09 12.19 9.12 11.43

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 9.76 10.45 9.19 9.72 3.32 3.66 24.96 26.85 6.14 6.33

Chemicals 24.82 24.95 25.99 26.16 19.79 19.95 23.57 23.5 23.96 24.16

Custom operations1 3.65 3.65 4.04 4.04 2.44 2.41 2.29 2.38 3.81 3.88

Fuel, lube, and electricity 7.64 9.45 6.68 8.22 10.12 12.51 8.80 10.55 10.71 14.06

Repairs 10.68 10.04 10.01 9.24 11.27 11.03 12.23 11.65 13.72 13.51

Hired labor 6.01 6.40 4.63 5.02 5.45 5.66 11.59 11.76 12.20 13.00

Other variable cash expenses2 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total, variable cash expenses 75.93 80.00 74.94 78.54 64.45 68.87 94.53 98.88 79.66 86.37

General farm overhead 11.58 11.44 12.69 12.59 9.72 9.51 8.12 7.96 8.97 8.83

Taxes and insurance 18.64 19.71 21.43 22.66 15.14 15.99 11.17 12.06 8.63 9.35

Interest 15.02 15.65 17.01 17.79 13.66 14.23 7.06 7.30 9.41 9.80

Total, fixed cash expenses 45.24 46.80 51.13 53.04 38.52 39.73 26.35 27.32 27.01 27.98

Total, cash expenses 121.17 126.80 126.07 131.58 102.97 108.60 120.88 126.20 106.67 114.35

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 97.37 129.56 110.62 133.97 79.53 146.09 63.51 88.56 49.96 118.12

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 6.26 6.91 6.25 6.91 5.96 6.72 6.52 6.95 6.62 7.26

Yield (bu/planted acre) 34.91 37.10 37.87 38.43 30.62 37.90 28.28 30.90 23.66 32.02

Table 8-2B—Soybean production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North Central Northern Plains Southeast Delta

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Soybeans 218.54 256.36 236.69 265.55 182.50 254.69 184.39 214.76 156.63 232.47

Total, gross value of production 218.54 256.36 236.69 265.55 182.50 254.69 184.39 214.76 156.63 232.47

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 75.93 80.00 74.94 78.54 64.45 68.87 94.53 98.88 79.66 86.37

General farm overhead 11.58 11.44 12.69 12.59 9.72 9.51 8.12 7.96 8.97 8.83

Taxes and insurance 18.64 19.71 21.43 22.66 15.14 15.99 11.17 12.06 8.63 9.35

Capital replacement 23.25 21.88 21.50 19.84 29.49 28.77 23.39 22.26 28.77 28.39

Operating capital 2.12 2.04 2.10 2.00 1.80 1.75 2.64 2.51 2.23 2.20

Other nonland capital 13.62 12.13 13.45 11.78 14.91 13.79 12.51 11.42 14.45 13.53

Land 55.30 65.63 62.29 71.53 48.39 69.28 31.38 37.10 33.92 44.29

Unpaid labor 19.35 20.94 20.37 22.25 20.73 21.70 15.75 16.63 12.56 13.60

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 219.79 233.77 228.77 241.19 204.63 229.66 199.49 208.82 189.19 206.56

Residual returns to 

management and risk -1.25 22.59 7.92 24.36 -22.13 25.03 -15.10 5.94 -32.56 25.91

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 6.26 6.91 6.25 6.91 5.96 6.72 6.52 6.95 6.62 7.26

Yield (bu/planted acre) 34.91 37.10 37.87 38.43 30.62 37.90 28.28 30.90 23.66 32.02

1

Cost of custom operations and technical services.

2

Cost of purchased irrigation water.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 135

Wheat

Returns for 1996 Difficult To Interpret Due to Regional Yield Differences

For 1996, U.S. farmers planted wheat on 75.6 million

acres and produced 2,285 million bushels, up 4.7 percent from 1995. However, harvested area and production of winter wheat dropped because of a harsh winter

over major growing areas and drought conditions,

especially in the Central States and Southwest. The

area and production of spring wheat, including durum,

increased because of mostly good to fair growing conditions until summer followed by dry weather at harvest time. 

Nationally, wheat yields averaged 30.4 bushels per

planted acre, down about 5 percent from 1995.

Regionally, wheat yields declined 15 percent in the

Central and Southern Plains and 25 percent in the

North Central region. Yields were up some 6-17 percent in other regions.

Total cash costs of producing wheat rose 2.3 percent in

1996, while economic costs rose 6.2 percent. On a per

bushel basis, total economic costs rose to $5.94, up

11.6 percent from 1995, primarily due to the rise in

production costs and low yields.

At the regional level, per acre cash costs rose from

very little in the Central and Southern Plains to 6.5

percent in the Pacific region. Most of the cost increase

was due to a rise in fertilizer and fuel prices and 

higher wage rates. The Pacific region had the highest

increase in per acre cash costs, primarily due to an

intensive use of inputs on irrigated land. However, on

a per bushel basis, cash costs increased in the North

Central region and in the Central and Southern Plains,

while they declined in other wheat-producing regions. 

Total economic costs per bushel ranged from $3.61 in

the Southeast to $7.60 in the Central and Southern

Plains. Per bushel costs declined only in the Southeast,

primarily due to a good wheat crop. The North Central

region had the highest increase in per bushel economic

costs, followed by the Central and Southern Plains.

Wheat returns over cash expenses are difficult to interpret due to regional yield differences. National average

yields fell slightly, and net cash returns rose to $50 an

acre, up $20 from 1995 due to offsetting higher wheat

prices. Wheat farmers with a cost structure near the

national average would have benefited from the rising

returns. On the other hand, those farmers whose wheat

crop was damaged and who had yields substantially

below the national average would not have seen such

high returns. Gross value of wheat production at harvest time covered cash costs plus capital replacement

in every region. Total economic costs were covered

only in the Southeast region. 
136 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Central and

Southern Plains

North Central

Southeast

Northern Plains

Pacific

Figure 8-3

Wheat production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1994 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 137

Table 8-3A—Wheat production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United North Northern Central and

States Central Southeast Plains Southern Plains Pacific

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding 

direct government payments):

Wheat 130.23 146.94 206.39 141.90 146.99 219.66 120.59 143.56 95.56 105.09 254.75 332.18

Wheat straw 4.44 5.35 23.96 33.59 5.20 4.55 0.51 0.60 4.44 4.43 1.80 2.08

Total, gross value of production 134.67 152.29 230.35 175.49 152.19 224.21 121.10 144.16 100.00 109.52 256.55 334.26

Cash expenses:

Seed 7.57 9.26 14.09 16.59 13.20 14.71 7.44 8.93 5.30 6.79 10.06 11.94

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 20.89 21.11 43.66 45.32 36.91 38.21 15.34 15.63 17.37 16.72 32.88 34.74

Chemicals 5.86 6.23 0.90 0.94 6.93 7.42 7.98 8.27 2.90 3.06 15.10 16.00

Custom operations 5.96 5.35 4.75 4.04 6.91 7.35 2.59 2.72 9.08 7.79 7.06 7.90

Fuel, lube, and electricity 8.47 9.71 5.28 5.77 5.20 6.51 5.99 7.12 9.44 10.95 19.45 22.34

Repairs 12.20 13.26 9.13 9.45 9.54 11.57 12.51 14.09 11.53 12.03 18.12 19.60

Hired labor 4.01 4.69 1.93 2.06 7.21 7.92 2.30 2.39 4.15 5.18 11.76 15.35

Other variable cash expenses1 0.38 0.40 0.74 0.78 0.31 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.07 3.07 3.38

Total, variable cash expenses 65.34 70.01 80.48 84.95 86.21 93.97 54.18 59.18 59.83 62.59 117.50 131.25

General farm overhead 7.00 5.80 10.34 8.64 5.13 4.31 5.45 4.54 6.74 5.60 12.45 10.37

Taxes and insurance 10.08 10.02 15.29 15.38 12.04 11.68 8.83 8.67 8.46 8.36 17.23 17.68

Interest 10.94 9.63 10.47 9.22 5.97 5.29 10.68 9.39 10.85 9.54 14.93 13.31

Total, fixed cash expenses 28.02 25.45 36.10 33.24 23.14 21.28 24.96 22.60 26.05 23.50 44.61 41.36

Total, cash expenses 93.36 95.46 116.58 118.19 109.35 115.25 79.14 81.78 85.88 86.09 162.11 172.61

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 41.31 56.83 113.77 57.30 42.84 108.96 41.96 62.38 14.12 23.43 94.44 161.65

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 4.08 4.84 3.78 4.16 3.44 4.41 4.31 4.86 4.02 5.21 4.19 4.81

Yield (bu/planted acre) 31.92 30.36 54.60 34.11 42.73 49.81 27.98 29.54 23.77 20.17 60.80 69.06

Table 8-3B—Wheat production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government 

payments, 1995-96

United North Northern Central and

States Central Southeast Plains Southern Plains Pacific

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding 

direct government payments):

Wheat 130.23 146.94 206.39 141.90 146.99 219.66 120.59 143.56 95.56 105.09 254.75 332.18

Wheat straw 4.44 5.35 23.96 33.59 5.20 4.55 0.51 0.60 4.44 4.43 1.80 2.08

Total, gross value of production 134.67 152.29 230.35 175.49 152.19 224.21 121.10 144.16 100.00 109.52 256.55 334.26

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 65.34 70.01 80.48 84.95 86.21 93.97 54.18 59.18 59.83 62.59 117.50 131.25

General farm overhead 7.00 5.80 10.34 8.64 5.13 4.31 5.45 4.54 6.74 5.60 12.45 10.37

Taxes and insurance 10.08 10.02 15.29 15.38 12.04 11.68 8.83 8.67 8.46 8.36 17.23 17.68

Capital replacement 22.81 24.95 20.27 21.00 18.64 22.78 24.24 27.29 19.77 20.65 35.08 38.21

Operating capital 1.83 1.78 2.25 2.16 2.41 2.39 1.51 1.51 1.67 1.59 3.28 3.34

Other nonland capital 11.95 12.16 11.40 11.30 10.25 11.93 13.51 14.49 10.18 9.60 14.58 13.40

Land 42.51 46.40 50.62 44.38 20.00 25.90 43.02 46.35 32.29 34.36 89.16 111.33

Unpaid labor 8.51 9.36 8.81 9.38 6.41 6.75 5.92 6.34 9.90 10.66 13.91 19.20

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 170.03 180.48 199.46 197.19 161.09 179.71 156.66 168.37 148.84 153.41 303.19 344.78

Residual returns to 

management and risk -35.36 -28.19 30.89 -21.70 -8.90 44.50 -35.56 -24.21 -48.84 -43.89 -46.64 -10.52

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 4.08 4.84 3.78 4.16 3.44 4.41 4.31 4.86 4.02 5.21 4.19 4.81

Yield (bu/planted acre) 31.92 30.36 54.60 34.11 42.73 49.81 27.98 29.54 23.77 20.17 60.80 69.06

1

Cost of purchased irrigation water and baling.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
138 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Cotton

Variable Cash Expenses Remained Relatively Unchanged in 1996

Upland cotton planted acreage totaled 14.4 million

acres, down 14 percent from 1995, and harvested

acreage, at 12.6 million acres, was 20 percent less than

1995. Cotton lint production for 1996 was about 5 percent above 1995. In addition, continued strong worldwide demand for cotton has resulted in continued

higher market prices. The Southern Plains continued to

have weather-related problems at critical times during

the production period, which resulted in the abandonment of about 30 percent of the planted acreage and a

2-percent reduction in production from 1995. Although

the acreage planted to cotton was 14 percent lower in

the Southeast in 1996 than in the previous year, cotton

production was up by 21 percent (compared with a 

2-percent increase in the Delta, a 2-percent decrease in

the Southern Plains, and a 3-percent increase in the

Southwest).

Total variable cash expenses for the United States

remained relatively unchanged from 1995 to 1996 on a

per acre basis. Overall, the prices that cotton producers

paid for their purchased inputs were relatively stable

from 1995 to 1996. Regional land costs, which were

influenced by the higher value of cotton, were slightly

higher.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 139

Southwest

Southern Plains

Southeast

Delta

Figure 8-4

Cotton production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1991 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
140 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-4A—Cotton production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United States Southeast Delta Southern Plains Southwest

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production excluding

(direct government payments):

Cotton 339.85 383.84 406.13 536.61 467.18 566.19 192.40 189.19 589.34 634.70

Cotton seed 48.94 70.73 57.98 93.97 61.12 72.40 26.36 38.99 109.19 151.51

Total, gross value of production 388.79 454.57 464.11 630.58 528.30 638.59 218.76 228.18 698.53 786.21

Cash expenses:

Seed 15.67 16.75 9.99 10.14 9.64 9.36 19.44 23.83 15.20 15.99

Fertilizer 44.89 46.53 52.71 56.61 56.19 57.44 29.58 29.34 75.44 81.67

Chemicals 50.43 50.98 82.44 82.36 85.08 88.03 21.04 20.76 54.56 57.71

Custom operations 21.69 20.92 17.37 16.98 25.18 24.78 9.80 9.44 74.26 69.83

Fuel, lube, and electricity 38.31 35.67 27.38 24.76 32.33 30.17 41.74 39.33 52.00 48.98

Repairs 28.59 29.18 34.95 35.68 42.38 43.25 34.95 35.68 40.80 41.64

Hired labor 39.91 41.86 22.58 23.75 46.91 50.75 22.92 23.69 121.54 124.45

Ginning 53.13 50.84 60.49 57.88 66.23 63.37 33.11 31.68 103.03 98.59

Other variable cash expenses 5.79 6.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.27 0.29 51.96 54.34

Total, variable cash expenses 298.41 298.78 307.91 308.16 363.95 367.16 212.85 214.04 588.79 593.20

General farm overhead 18.20 16.52 14.10 12.80 18.82 17.08 15.59 14.15 34.36 31.18

Taxes and insurance 23.33 23.31 19.15 19.08 22.67 22.50 18.91 18.92 49.77 49.39

Interest 20.48 19.60 24.37 23.32 27.03 25.87 10.85 10.38 43.37 41.51

Total, fixed cash expenses 62.01 59.43 57.62 55.20 68.52 65.45 45.35 43.45 127.50 122.08

Total, cash expenses 360.42 358.21 365.53 363.36 432.47 432.61 258.20 257.49 716.29 715.28

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 28.37 96.36 98.58 267.22 95.83 205.98 -39.44 -29.31 -17.76 70.93

Harvest-period price (dollars/lb) 0.70 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.67 0.60 0.70 0.63

Yield (lb/planted acre) 485.50 590.53 541.51 715.48 622.90 786.38 287.16 315.31 841.92 1007.46

Table 8-4B—Cotton production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government 

payments, 1995-96

United States Southeast Delta Southern Plains Southwest

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Cotton 339.85 383.84 406.13 536.61 467.18 566.19 192.40 189.19 589.34 634.70

Cotton seed 48.94 70.73 57.98 93.97 61.12 72.40 26.36 38.99 109.19 151.51

Total, gross value of production 388.79 454.57 464.11 630.58 528.30 638.59 218.76 228.18 698.53 786.21

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 298.41 298.78 307.91 308.16 363.95 367.16 212.85 214.04 588.79 593.20

General farm overhead 18.20 16.52 14.10 12.80 18.82 17.08 15.59 14.15 34.36 31.18

Taxes and insurance 23.33 23.31 19.15 19.08 22.67 22.50 18.91 18.92 49.77 49.39

Capital replacement 54.79 55.93 66.33 67.70 77.87 79.48 33.39 32.19 82.13 83.83

Operating capital 8.34 7.60 8.61 7.84 10.17 8.51 5.95 5.45 16.46 15.10

Other nonland capital 19.66 20.06 22.50 22.96 23.28 23.76 14.62 14.93 30.03 30.65

Land 45.61 47.80 34.17 36.02 77.33 81.02 26.16 27.33 76.85 81.04

Unpaid labor 33.73 30.58 22.94 24.13 21.88 23.67 28.57 29.53 47.63 48.77

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 502.07 500.58 495.71 498.69 615.97 623.18 356.04 356.54 926.02 933.16

Residual returns to 

management and risk -113.28 -46.01 -31.60 131.89 -87.68 15.41 -137.28 -128.36 -227.49 -146.95

Harvest-period price (dollars/lb) 0.70 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.67 0.60 0.70 0.63

Yield (lb/planted acre) 485.50 590.53 541.51 715.48 622.90 786.38 287.16 315.31 841.92 1007.46

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 141

Rice

Tight Stocks Boosted Prices, Improved Net Returns

Rice plantings were down in 1996, but yields were

record or near-record across the southern producing

States. California yields were down slightly due to disease, weed, and weather problems. Steady production

and lower beginning stocks kept supplies from growing. Continued tight stocks, especially for high-quality

long-grain rice, helped to boost prices and improve net

returns. Increased returns substantially exceeded

increased costs in most areas. Costs were up mainly

due to higher seed, fertilizer, and fuel prices.

Two regions (Arkansas non-Delta and Mississippi

River Delta) of the four rice-growing areas had positive residual returns to management and risk in 1996.

These two regions had the least negative residual

returns in 1995.

Harvest-month prices improved the greatest in the

Gulf Coast region, helping that region to show the

most improvement in residual returns from 1995 to

1996. In 1995, the Gulf Coast region (first region to

harvest rice) had already sold most of its crop before

prices escalated dramatically when Japan unexpectedly

started buying rice on the world market. A decline in

the medium grain (type preferred by Japan) price premium in 1996 had the most impact in California,

where most of the U.S. medium-grain rice is grown. 
142 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

California

Gulf Coast

Mississippi

River Delta

Arkansas

(non-Delta)

Figure 8-5

Rice production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1992 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 143

Table 8-5A—Rice production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

Arkansas Mississippi

United States (non-Delta) River Delta Gulf Coast1 California

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Rice 488.66 592.70 502.15 630.01 472.69 588.32 413.13 543.08 680.60 744.96

Total, gross value of production 488.66 592.70 502.15 630.01 472.69 588.32 413.13 543.08 680.60 744.96

Cash expenses:

Seed 19.23 22.38 17.08 20.67 18.46 20.36 19.71 22.92 23.44 27.27

Fertilizer 54.96 56.10 50.26 52.09 51.70 50.14 58.25 58.43 62.94 67.61

Chemicals 65.11 67.86 62.12 64.74 63.61 66.30 59.91 62.44 79.82 83.20

Custom operations2 45.15 45.57 34.48 34.45 34.43 34.21 40.35 40.59 84.92 87.16

Fuel, lube, and electricity 57.42 73.03 56.35 77.04 60.26 77.36 55.05 69.03 59.18 65.96

Repairs 28.51 28.69 28.01 27.91 25.84 25.54 27.64 27.77 34.01 35.37

Hired labor 32.52 35.81 29.32 32.29 28.62 31.52 34.06 37.50 41.07 45.23

Drying3 28.37 30.14 24.19 27.27 11.53 12.76 27.40 29.80 58.49 57.65

Other variable cash expenses4 11.40 12.03 1.06 1.12 0.01 0.01 20.20 21.31 32.05 33.82

Total, variable cash expenses 342.67 371.61 302.87 337.58 294.46 318.20 342.57 369.79 475.92 503.27

General farm overhead 29.91 28.00 18.04 16.89 16.50 15.44 22.65 21.20 78.69 73.66

Taxes and insurance 29.30 31.88 23.36 25.53 19.91 21.56 25.78 28.20 56.91 61.63

Interest 26.77 26.42 26.33 25.98 23.04 22.73 24.04 23.72 36.16 35.69

Total, fixed cash expenses 85.98 86.30 67.73 68.40 59.45 59.73 72.47 73.12 171.76 170.98

Total, cash expenses 428.65 457.91 370.60 405.98 353.91 377.93 415.04 442.91 647.68 674.25

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 60.01 134.79 131.55 224.03 118.78 210.39 -1.91 100.17 32.92 70.71

Harvest-period price (dollars/cwt) 8.77 9.75 8.85 9.85 8.67 9.75 8.05 9.75 8.87 9.85

Yield (cwt/planted acre) 55.72 60.79 56.74 63.96 54.52 60.34 51.32 55.70 76.73 75.63

Table 8-5B—Rice production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

Arkansas Mississippi

United States (non-Delta) River Delta Gulf Coast1 California

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Rice 488.66 592.70 502.15 630.01 472.69 588.32 413.13 543.08 680.60 744.96

Total, gross value of production 488.66 592.70 502.15 630.01 472.69 588.32 413.13 543.08 680.60 744.96

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 342.67 371.61 302.87 337.58 294.46 318.20 342.57 369.79 475.92 503.27

General farm overhead 29.91 28.00 18.04 16.89 16.50 15.44 22.65 21.20 78.69 73.66

Taxes and insurance 29.30 31.88 23.36 25.53 19.91 21.56 25.78 28.20 56.91 61.63

Capital replacement 58.87 59.25 56.44 56.23 51.96 51.34 58.74 58.99 72.15 75.04

Operating capital 9.59 9.47 8.46 8.59 8.23 8.10 9.63 9.46 13.30 12.81

Other nonland capital 21.08 19.98 22.61 21.43 20.17 19.11 20.93 19.84 19.64 18.62

Land 113.49 125.26 106.15 114.31 106.70 110.97 79.66 86.91 183.41 217.60

Unpaid labor 25.26 26.89 26.01 28.64 16.61 17.57 30.62 32.23 27.11 27.82

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 630.17 672.34 563.94 609.20 534.54 562.29 590.58 626.62 927.13 990.45

Residual returns to 

management and risk -141.51 -79.64 -61.79 20.81 -61.85 26.03 -177.45 -83.55 -246.53 -245.49

Harvest-period price (dollars/cwt) 8.77 9.75 8.85 9.85 8.67 9.75 8.05 9.75 8.87 9.85

Yield (cwt/planted acre) 55.72 60.79 56.74 63.96 54.52 60.34 51.32 55.70 76.73 75.63

1

Gulf Coast includes southwest Louisiana, upper and lower Texas coast.

2

Cost of custom operations and technical services.

3

Commercial drying only, beginning in 1992.

4

Cost of purchased irrigation water.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
144 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Grain Sorghum

Net Returns to Management Negative in 1996 but Considerably Improved

Area planted to sorghum rose almost 40 percent from

1995 to 13 million acres in 1996. Production also rose

75 percent to just over 800 million bushels. Because of

higher production, the average harvest-month price fell

from $2.75 per bushel in 1995 to $2.70 in 1996. The

average yield rose about 21 percent, and gross value

and returns rose as well. Variable cash expenses rose

somewhat from 1995, but fixed cash and economic

costs were relatively unchanged. Although residual

returns to management and risk remained negative,

they were considerably improved over previous years.

Area planted to sorghum in 1996 rose dramatically

from a year earlier in Kansas and Texas. Kansas growers planted 4.8 million acres, up from 3.3 million in

1995, while Texas growers seeded 4.4 million acres,

up from 2.7 million. Production nearly doubled in

Kansasrising from 173.6 million bushels in 1995 to

354 million in 1996. Production in Texas rose from

129.6 million bushels to 182.4 million. Oklahomas

crop increased from 12.8 million bushels to 28.9 million, and Nebraskas rose from 56.8 million to 97.8

million bushels. Yields in Kansas, Missouri, and

Nebraska returned to their higher 1994 levels.

Regionally, yields were slightly lower in the Southern

Plains and considerably higher in the Central Plains

than in 1995. Cash production costs were higher in

both regions in 1996. Costs for fertilizer, chemicals,

fuel, and repairs accounted for 81 percent of variable

costs in the Central Plains and 77 percent in the

Southern Plains.

Variable costs in 1996 varied from 96 cents per bushel

in the Central Plains to $2.10 in the Southern Plains,

where irrigation was used more frequently. Cash costs

varied from $1.36 per bushel in the Central Plains to

$2.63 in the Southern Plains.

Although vastly improved from 1995, residual returns

to management and risk remained negative in the

Southern Plains. Residual returns in the Central Plains

were positive in 1996 due to the higher gross value of

production.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 145

Central Plains

Southern Plains

Figure 8-6

Grain sorghum production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1995 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
146 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-6A—Grain sorghum production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government 

payments, 1995-96

United States Southern Plains Central Plains

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Sorghum 141.87 170.91 154.58 193.37 123.05 141.80

Total, gross value of production 141.87 170.91 154.58 193.37 123.05 141.80

Cash expenses:

Seed 5.42 6.00 5.12 5.07 5.90 7.21

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 19.19 17.99 19.56 18.06 18.62 17.90

Chemicals 12.63 12.28 14.87 14.66 9.15 9.21

Custom operations1 5.07 5.26 4.36 4.69 6.19 5.99

Fuel, lube, and electricity 14.13 17.95 8.61 12.31 22.74 25.24

Repairs 15.65 16.95 14.74 16.77 17.05 17.18

Hired labor 4.99 5.42 3.82 4.16 6.81 7.03

Other variable cash expenses2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total, variable cash expenses 77.08 81.85 71.08 75.72 86.46 89.76

General farm overhead 9.13 8.88 10.18 10.07 7.48 7.35

Taxes and insurance 9.13 9.27 10.21 10.25 7.43 8.00

Interest 9.30 9.61 10.89 11.57 6.83 7.07

Total, fixed cash expenses 27.56 27.76 31.28 31.89 21.74 22.42

Total, cash expenses 104.64 109.61 102.36 107.61 108.20 112.18

Gross value of production 

less cash expenses 37.23 61.30 52.22 85.76 14.85 29.62

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 2.75 2.70 2.81 2.44 2.66 3.32

Yield (bu/planted acre) 51.59 63.30 55.01 79.25 46.26 42.71

Table 8-6B—Grain sorghum production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government 

payments, 1995-96

United States Southern Plains Central Plains

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding 

direct government payments):

Sorghum 141.87 170.91 154.58 193.37 123.05 141.80

Total, gross value of production 141.87 170.91 154.58 193.37 123.05 141.80

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 77.08 81.85 71.08 75.72 86.46 89.76

General farm overhead 9.13 8.88 10.18 10.07 7.48 7.35

Taxes and insurance 9.13 9.27 10.21 10.25 7.43 8.00

Capital replacement 28.73 31.13 27.45 31.28 30.72 30.93

Operating capital 2.16 2.08 1.99 1.93 2.42 2.28

Other nonland capital 12.65 12.98 12.18 13.12 13.39 12.79

Land 31.81 25.25 36.39 30.52 24.66 18.44

Unpaid labor 9.33 9.89 9.01 9.62 9.82 10.24

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 180.02 181.33 178.49 182.51 182.38 179.79

Residual returns to 

management and risk -38.15 -10.42 -23.91 10.86 -59.33 -37.99

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 2.75 2.70 2.81 2.44 2.66 3.32

Yield (bu/planted acre) 51.59 63.30 55.01 79.25 46.26 42.71

1

Cost of custom operations and technical services.

2

Cost of purchased irrigation water.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 147

Barley

At the National Level, Yields and Prices Were Higher in 1996

In 1996, U.S. farmers planted barley on 7.14 million

acres and produced about 396 million bushels, 10 percent above the 1995 crop. The area harvested for grain

was 6.79 million acres, 8 percent more than in 1995

and the largest since 1992 when 7.29 million acres

were harvested. At the national level, yields and prices

were higher in 1996.

Rising input prices increased the U.S. cash costs for

producing barley by 7 percent to $117 per acre, while

economic costs rose 8 percent to $203 per acre. The

value of the 1996 barley crop at harvest time increased

19 percent from 1995 due to higher yields and prices.

With an average 1996 yield of 54.5 bushels per planted

acre, barley growers would have covered all cash costs

at $2.14 per bushel and total economic costs at $3.72.

With an average 1996 harvest-period price of $2.97,

growers with costs near the national average would

have needed yields of 68.2 bushels or more to cover

total economic costs.

Regionally, cash costs rose 2-9 percent from 1995,

ranging from $99 to $171 per acre. While regional

economic costs rose 1-11 percent, they ranged from

$175 in the Northern Plains to $287 in the Northwest.

The Northwest region had the highest costs because of

irrigation-related expenses. Although the Northern

Plains (a major barley-producing region) had the lowest per acre costs, the price received at harvest ($2.82

per bushel) was not enough to cover total economic

costs; a price of $3.55 would have covered all the

costs. Break-even yields in this region were estimated

to be 62 bushels per planted acre, 13 bushels more

than actual yields.
148 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Southwest

Northeast

Northwest Northern Plains

Figure 8-7

Barley production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1992 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 149

Table 8-7A—Barley production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United States Northeast Northern Plains Northwest Southwest

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Barley 134.65 161.72 136.41 205.75 109.22 139.00 217.00 222.41 168.00 198.69

Barley straw 4.26 4.21 39.90 53.21 1.87 1.89 4.72 3.80 7.43 5.51

Total, gross value of production 138.91 165.93 176.31 258.96 111.09 140.89 221.72 226.21 175.43 204.20

Cash expenses:

Seed 7.44 9.50 11.91 11.77 5.72 7.63 11.61 14.65 11.04 12.49

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 20.50 21.06 39.66 40.91 16.77 17.11 32.62 33.24 15.59 16.81

Chemicals 9.12 9.50 3.55 3.46 7.69 7.86 16.33 17.05 7.40 7.26

Custom operations 4.88 4.70 4.83 4.81 3.46 3.41 7.87 7.04 10.93 10.77

Fuel, lube, and electricity 12.08 13.15 7.37 8.59 7.42 8.85 28.37 26.64 17.97 19.86

Repairs 13.80 15.79 12.34 14.06 13.04 15.21 17.10 18.37 13.59 15.19

Hired labor 4.99 5.24 4.47 4.64 3.80 3.98 8.48 8.54 7.80 8.66

Other variable cash expenses1 1.86 1.96 1.86 2.00 0.86 0.98 4.61 4.43 4.44 4.73

Total, variable cash expenses 74.67 80.90 85.99 90.24 58.76 65.03 126.99 129.96 88.76 95.77

General farm overhead 7.98 7.95 7.04 7.32 7.27 7.28 9.58 9.06 11.28 11.69

Taxes and insurance 13.20 14.27 12.97 14.09 11.87 12.86 15.04 15.89 21.33 23.64

Interest 12.79 13.38 4.41 4.70 13.01 13.7 16.06 15.84 6.88 7.44

Total, fixed cash expenses 33.97 35.60 24.42 26.11 32.15 33.84 40.68 40.79 39.49 42.77

Total, cash expenses 108.64 116.50 110.41 116.35 90.91 98.87 167.67 170.75 128.25 138.54

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 30.27 49.43 65.90 142.61 20.18 42.02 54.05 55.46 47.18 65.66

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 2.53 2.97 1.71 3.06 2.47 2.82 2.75 3.18 2.77 3.55

Yield (bu/planted acre) 53.22 54.45 79.77 67.24 44.22 49.29 78.91 69.94 60.65 55.97

Table 8-7B—Barley production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government 

payments, 1995-96

United States Northeast Northern Plains Northwest Southwest

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Barley 134.65 161.72 136.41 205.75 109.22 139.00 217.00 222.41 168.00 198.69

Barley straw 4.26 4.21 39.90 53.21 1.87 1.89 4.72 3.80 7.43 5.51

Total, gross value of production 138.91 165.93 176.31 258.96 111.09 140.89 221.72 226.21 175.43 204.20

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 74.67 80.90 85.99 90.24 58.76 65.03 126.99 129.96 88.76 95.77

General farm overhead 7.98 7.95 7.04 7.32 7.27 7.28 9.58 9.06 11.28 11.69

Taxes and insurance 13.20 14.27 12.97 14.09 11.87 12.86 15.04 15.89 21.33 23.64

Capital replacement 28.30 32.17 23.04 26.28 26.15 30.38 36.37 38.47 31.17 34.85

Operating capital 2.09 2.06 2.40 2.29 1.65 1.66 3.55 3.31 2.48 2.44

Other nonland capital 14.89 16.09 12.28 13.33 14.89 16.43 15.60 15.61 14.44 15.42

Land 39.37 42.13 20.55 19.58 32.45 35.96 65.64 64.25 49.07 51.29

Unpaid labor 6.64 6.99 12.90 13.68 5.09 5.38 10.57 10.82 8.30 9.08

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 187.14 202.56 177.17 186.81 158.13 174.98 283.34 287.37 226.83 244.18

Residual returns to 

management and risk -48.23 -36.63 -0.86 72.15 -47.04 -34.09 -61.62 -61.16 -51.40 -39.98

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 2.53 2.97 1.71 3.06 2.47 2.82 2.75 3.18 2.77 3.55

Yield (bu/planted acre) 53.22 54.45 79.77 67.24 44.22 49.29 78.91 69.94 60.65 55.97

1

Cost of purchased irrigation water and baling.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
150 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Oats

Net Returns More Than Tripled; Residual Returns Positive

Production continued to slide in 1996 as seeded area

fell 26 percent and yields per planted acre increased

just 6 percent. As a result, oat prices were up substantially in 1996. Higher values for both grain and straw

boosted the total value of production. With value of

production strongly exceeding a rise in costs, net

returns more than tripled and residual returns to management and risk moved from negative to positive on a

national level. Much of the increase in costs was due

to higher prices for seed and fuel.

The Northeast region continued to have the highest

value of production in 1996 because of higher oat

prices. Value of production remained lowest in the

Northern Plains because of lower grain prices and

lower straw value. Improved yields in the North

Central region and Northern Plains compared with the

Northeast allowed these regions to move closer to the

Northeast in 1996 value of production. 

Costs continued to be highest in the Northeast and

lowest in the Northern Plains. Lower costs and higher

yields in the Northern Plains and North Central

regions compared with the Northeast moved these

areas ahead of the Northeast in residual returns to

management and risk in 1996.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 151

Northern

Plains

North

Central

Northeast

Figure 8-8

Oat production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1994 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
152 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-8A—Oat production cash costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United States Northeast North Central Northern Plains

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Oats 72.87 128.26 86.00 125.37 71.40 119.06 59.55 115.37

Oat straw 27.51 32.03 36.17 42.11 37.98 44.21 7.66 8.92

Total, gross value of production 100.38 160.29 122.17 167.48 109.38 163.27 67.21 124.29

Cash expenses:

Seed 7.46 8.81 12.14 15.13 8.91 9.67 4.59 6.21

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 15.76 17.05 22.44 30.38 20.61 20.12 8.64 10.25

Chemicals 1.72 1.82 2.73 2.88 1.19 1.26 2.18 2.3

Custom operations1 4.30 4.33 4.89 4.91 5.69 5.75 2.42 2.42

Fuel, lube, and electricity 6.38 7.41 10.24 12.38 4.08 4.19 7.57 9.78

Repairs 10.31 9.63 13.70 11.51 8.03 6.50 11.61 12.35

Hired labor 1.76 1.93 2.84 3.12 1.58 1.73 0.32 0.35

Other variable cash expenses2 1.02 1.19 1.25 1.46 1.40 1.63 0.34 0.40

Total, variable cash expenses 48.71 52.17 70.23 81.77 51.49 50.85 37.67 44.06

General farm overhead 5.65 5.29 8.42 7.88 4.83 4.52 3.43 3.21

Taxes and insurance 13.88 14.85 21.00 22.10 19.00 20.15 7.00 7.75

Interest 5.57 5.49 5.34 5.27 6.22 6.14 5.17 5.10

Total, fixed cash expenses 25.10 25.63 34.76 35.25 30.05 30.81 15.60 16.06

Total, cash expenses 73.81 77.80 104.99 117.02 81.54 81.66 53.27 60.12

Gross value of production less cash expenses 26.57 82.49 17.18 50.46 27.84 81.61 13.94 64.17

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 1.30 2.16 1.52 2.32 1.28 2.02 1.15 1.92

Yield (bu/planted acre) 56.05 59.38 56.58 54.04 55.78 58.94 51.78 60.09

Table 8-8B—Oat production economic costs and returns, excluding direct government payments, 1995-96

United States Northeast North Central Northern Plains

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production (excluding

direct government payments):

Oats 72.87 128.26 86.00 125.37 71.40 119.06 59.55 115.37

Oat straw 27.51 32.03 36.17 42.11 37.98 44.21 7.66 8.92

Total, gross value of production 100.38 160.29 122.17 167.48 109.38 163.27 67.21 124.29

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 48.71 52.17 70.23 81.77 51.49 50.85 37.67 44.06

General farm overhead 5.65 5.29 8.42 7.88 4.83 4.52 3.43 3.21

Taxes and insurance 13.88 14.85 21.00 22.10 19.00 20.15 7.00 7.75

Capital replacement 18.58 17.33 21.24 17.84 14.94 12.10 20.62 21.92

Operating capital 0.70 1.22 1.10 2.08 0.80 1.29 0.59 1.12

Nonland capital 11.43 10.82 12.78 12.09 11.07 10.48 11.80 11.17

Land 26.72 27.83 5.76 6.00 35.61 37.08 21.55 22.44

Unpaid labor 14.30 15.85 19.05 20.91 18.66 19.94 8.58 10.27

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 139.97 145.36 159.58 170.67 156.40 156.41 111.24 121.94

Residual returns to management and risk -39.60 14.93 -37.41 -3.19 -47.02 6.86 -44.03 2.35

Harvest-period price (dollars/bu) 1.30 2.16 1.52 2.32 1.28 2.02 1.15 1.92

Yield (bu/planted acre) 56.05 59.38 56.58 54.04 55.78 58.94 51.78 60.09

1

Cost of custom operations and technical services.

2

Cost of baling.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 153

Sugar Beets

Rising Input Prices Raised Variable Cash Costs

U.S. farmers planted beets on about 1.37 million acres

and produced 26.57 million tons in 1996, 5.3 percent

below the 1995 harvest. The largest decline in beet

area was in Ohio, where planted acres fell 73 percent

from 1995 levels to 4,400 acres in 1996. A 20- to 30-

percent decline in beet area was reported in Michigan,

Nebraska, California, and Texas. Planted acres

increased the most in North Dakota, followed by

Minnesota and Colorado. North Dakota and Minnesota

growers planted beets on 667,600 acres, up 43,600

from 1995 and accounting for nearly half the total U.S.

beet area. 

The overall 1996 prices paid index for farm production

inputs rose an average 5.5 percent from 1995.

However, price increases varied among individual

inputs. The greatest was for fuel, 11.7 percent, followed by labor, 6.3 percent. Prices for fertilizers and

chemicals rose about 3 percent from 1995. Rising

input prices led to a 2.3-percent rise in total variable

cash costs. In sugar beet production, hired labor,

chemicals, and fertilizers were the major cash expenses, accounting for about 60 percent of the total variable costs. In 1996, expenses for these major inputs

rose an average 3.5 percent from 1995. Regionally,

hired labor expenses averaged 20-30 percent of total

variable costs. The region most affected by rising

wage rates was the Northwest, where the per acre

wage bill increased 8.7 percent.

In 1996, U.S. beet yields per planted acre were very

similar to those of 1995. However, the influence of

weather varied among the beet-producing regions.

Yields were slightly higher than in 1995 in all regions

except the Great Lakes, where cool summer weather

conditions slowed beet development. In the Great

Lakes region, beet yields averaged 12.9 tons per planted acre, down 16.6 percent from 1995. On a per ton

basis, variable cash costs averaged $22.26, up 2.5 percent from 1995. Per ton variable costs increased in all

regions except the Southwest, where they fell 2.6 percent from 1995. Per ton variable costs increased the

most (20.6 percent) in the Great Lakes, primarily due

to poor yields. 
154 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Southwest

Northwest

Great Plains

Red 

River

Valley Great

Lakes

Figure 8-9

Sugar beet production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1992 about production practices and costs of 

production.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 155

Table 8-9A—Sugar beet production cash costs and returns, 1995-961

United Great Red River Great

States Lakes Valley Plains Northwest Southwest

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Beets 748.52 746.61 527.68 439.68 685.85 698.52 674.09 692.29 993.93 1,017.37 1,191.06 1,246.62

Beet tops 0.75 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 2.82 0.04 0.04 2.77 2.97

Total, gross value of production 749.27 747.32 527.68 439.68 685.85 698.52 676.89 695.11 993.97 1,017.41 1,193.83 1,249.59

Cash expenses:

Seed 39.58 41.72 23.48 24.23 41.15 42.91 43.42 45.61 42.97 44.53 44.64 46.73

Fertilizer 70.06 70.89 67.14 70.86 39.90 41.68 88.02 90.51 121.00 125.82 101.69 107.98

Chemicals 71.21 73.91 58.77 60.63 68.13 71.12 74.75 77.24 79.62 82.75 86.14 89.32

Custom operations 40.15 34.71 30.97 24.37 24.12 24.34 23.38 22.64 36.59 36.55 188.03 166.70

Fuel and lubrication 39.05 41.64 21.24 22.77 17.85 21.87 49.03 53.53 93.50 95.71 60.65 65.27

Repairs 38.72 38.45 27.61 24.29 28.93 29.37 51.98 52.52 58.07 58.52 44.72 45.61

Hired labor 99.67 104.52 58.03 61.91 69.33 77.02 103.76 103.60 177.78 193.22 182.25 187.06

Purchased irrigation water 9.10 9.07 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 12.21 13.47 28.59 30.18 30.66 32.35

Freight and dirt hauling charges 13.40 16.01 6.22 6.29 9.55 11.93 15.42 18.11 11.80 14.11 45.33 64.52

Miscellaneous 11.53 12.83 4.45 4.16 14.47 16.54 5.47 6.15 5.34 5.62 33.68 37.42

Hauling allowance (-) -6.87 -8.57 -2.28 -2.31 -9.14 -11.39 -1.88 -1.89 -1.24 -1.48 -24.78 -35.27

Total, variable cash expenses 425.60 435.18 295.63 297.20 304.33 325.43 465.56 481.49 654.02 685.53 793.01 807.69

General farm overhead 38.82 26.30 39.68 27.76 30.43 20.78 44.44 31.37 47.23 32.36 54.00 36.99

Taxes and insurance 43.40 36.14 59.37 51.47 39.36 32.92 40.57 34.34 38.40 32.39 52.58 47.19

Interest 49.70 35.95 52.85 38.78 45.83 33.00 56.97 42.13 51.21 36.99 45.44 32.83

Total, fixed cash expenses 131.92 98.39 151.90 118.01 115.62 86.70 141.98 107.84 136.84 101.74 152.02 117.01

Total, cash expenses 557.52 533.57 447.53 415.21 419.95 412.13 607.54 589.33 790.86 787.27 945.03 924.70

Gross value of production

less cash expenses 191.75 213.75 80.15 24.47 265.90 286.39 69.35 105.78 203.11 230.14 248.80 324.89

Season-average price (dollars/ton) 38.19 38.19 34.11 34.11 38.38 38.38 37.14 37.14 40.42 40.42 39.40 39.40

Yield (net tons/planted acre)2 19.60 19.55 15.47 12.89 17.87 18.20 18.15 18.64 24.59 25.17 30.23 31.64

Table 8-9B—Sugar beet production economic costs and returns, 1995-961

United Great Red River Great

States Lakes Valley Plains Northwest Southwest

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Beets 748.52 746.61 527.68 439.68 685.85 698.52 674.09 692.29 993.93 1,017.37 1,191.06 1,246.62

Beet tops 0.75 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 2.82 0.04 0.04 2.77 2.97

Total, gross value of production 749.27 747.32 527.68 439.68 685.85 698.52 676.89 695.11 993.97 1,017.41 1,193.83 1,249.59

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 425.60 435.18 295.63 297.20 304.33 325.43 465.56 481.49 654.02 685.53 793.01 807.69

General farm overhead 38.82 26.30 39.68 27.76 30.43 20.78 44.44 31.37 47.23 32.36 54.00 36.99

Taxes and insurance 43.40 36.14 59.37 51.47 39.36 32.92 40.57 34.34 38.40 32.39 52.58 47.19

Capital replacement 51.36 51.14 35.93 31.68 38.00 38.58 68.64 69.18 83.27 83.9 51.73 52.76

Operating capital 11.90 11.08 8.26 7.56 8.51 8.28 13.01 12.25 18.28 17.45 22.16 20.56

Nonland capital 27.47 25.75 25.08 21.1 19.60 18.86 38.12 36.97 38.82 37.07 28.54 27.59

Land 128.22 132.30 96.98 93.37 126.35 131.89 104.22 109.94 171.85 169.94 167.58 183.37

Coop share 25.94 26.24 0.00 0.00 59.31 53.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Unpaid labor 45.15 48.15 57.22 61.46 33.25 36.95 72.12 76.24 43.96 47.56 28.19 28.93

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 797.86 792.28 618.15 591.60 659.14 667.63 846.68 851.781,095.83 1,106.20 1,197.79 1,205.08

Residual returns to 

management and risk -48.59 -44.96 -90.47 -151.92 26.71 30.89 -169.79 -156.67 -101.86 -88.79 -3.96 44.51

Season-average price (dollars/ton) 38.19 38.19 34.11 34.11 38.38 38.38 37.14 37.14 40.42 40.42 39.40 39.40

Yield (net tons/planted acre)2 19.60 19.55 15.47 12.89 17.87 18.20 18.15 18.64 24.59 25.17 30.23 31.64

Note: Sugar beet regions defined as Great Lakes (Michigan, Ohio), Red River Valley (Minnesota, eastern North Dakota), Great Plains 

(western North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Texas), Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, except Klamath County), and Southwest

(California, Klamath County, OR). 1

1995 estimates are revised.1996 estimates are preliminary. Sugar beet prices are held at the 1995 level because State-level prices for the

1996 season will not be available before January 1998. 2

Yields are those reported in USDA's 1992 Farm Costs and Returns Survey of sugar beet growers adjusted for year-over-year changes as

reported by NASS/USDA in Crop Production, 1996 Summary, January 1997.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
156 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-9C—Beet sugar processing costs per net ton of sugar beets by cost item and area, 1995-961

United States East West

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per net ton

Variable cash expenses:

Beet acquisition 3.63 3.66 3.13 3.13 4.19 4.25

Processing 9.24 10.07 10.09 10.82 8.29 9.23

Labor 3.28 3.31 3.20 3.09 3.38 3.54

Fuel 3.55 4.35 3.66 4.49 3.42 4.19

Chemicals 0.75 0.75 0.83 0.83 0.66 0.66

Electricity 0.66 0.64 1.01 0.99 0.27 0.25

Materials and supplies 1.00 1.02 1.38 1.42 0.56 0.58

Repairs and maintenance 3.17 3.12 3.90 3.79 2.35 2.38

Labor benefits 2.12 2.13 2.17 2.10 2.07 2.17

Marketing 9.27 9.50 9.03 9.22 9.53 9.81

Total, variable cash expenses 27.42 28.48 28.31 29.06 26.43 27.83

Fixed expenses:

Depreciation 1.68 1.59 2.29 2.17 1.00 0.95

Taxes and insurance 0.35 0.34 0.40 0.38 0.30 0.30

Interest 1.38 1.25 1.04 0.94 1.75 1.60

Total, fixed cash expenses 3.41 3.19 3.72 3.50 3.06 2.84

General and administrative 1.43 1.46 1.09 1.08 1.81 1.87

Labor 0.61 0.61 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.61

Nonlabor 0.82 0.85 0.46 0.47 1.23 1.26

Pulp drying and marketing 3.28 3.38 3.54 3.76 3.00 2.96

Total, processing costs 35.54 36.50 36.66 37.40 34.30 35.50

Credits:

Dried pulp 5.57 5.47 6.62 6.68 4.39 4.12

Molasses 1.77 1.82 2.11 2.22 1.40 1.37

Other 0.45 0.43 0.53 0.52 0.36 0.33

Total, credits 7.79 7.72 9.26 9.42 6.15 5.82

Table 8-9D—Beet sugar processing costs per pound of refined sugar by cost item and area, 1995-961

United States East West

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Cents per pound of refined sugar

Variable cash expenses:

Beet acquisition 1.243 1.253 1.107 1.109 1.385 1.403

Processing 3.164 3.447 3.572 3.832 2.739 3.047

Labor 1.124 1.132 1.132 1.096 1.116 1.170

Fuel 1.215 1.489 1.297 1.590 1.129 1.384

Chemicals 0.258 0.257 0.295 0.294 0.220 0.219

Electricity 0.226 0.220 0.359 0.351 0.088 0.083

Materials and supplies 0.341 0.350 0.489 0.502 0.186 0.191

Repairs and maintenance 1.084 1.068 1.380 1.341 0.776 0.785

Labor benefits 0.726 0.730 0.768 0.743 0.683 0.715

Marketing 3.173 3.252 3.198 3.265 3.147 3.240

Total, variable cash expenses 9.390 9.751 10.025 10.290 8.730 9.190

Fixed expenses:

Depreciation 0.576 0.546 0.811 0.769 0.331 0.314

Taxes and insurance 0.120 0.117 0.140 0.136 0.099 0.098

Interest 0.471 0.429 0.367 0.334 0.579 0.527

Total, fixed cash expenses 1.167 1.092 1.319 1.239 1.010 0.939

General and administrative 0.489 0.498 0.386 0.383 0.597 0.618

Labor 0.208 0.209 0.224 0.217 0.192 0.201

Nonlabor 0.281 0.290 0.162 0.167 0.405 0.417

Pulp drying and marketing 1.124 1.157 1.252 1.331 0.991 0.977

Total, processing costs 12.170 12.498 12.981 13.243 11.327 11.724

Credits:

Dried pulp 1.907 1.872 2.345 2.364 1.451 1.360

Molasses 0.607 0.623 0.746 0.787 0.462 0.453

Other 0.155 0.148 0.189 0.185 0.119 0.109

Total, credits 2.669 2.643 3.280 3.336 2.032 1.922

Recovery per net ton of beets (lbs) 292.000 309.200 282.400 311.000 302.800 307.200

1

Eastern region is Red River Valley and Michigan/Ohio; Western region is all others.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 157

Sugarcane

Variable Cash Growing Expenses Up 3 Percent per Pound

Total cash expenses for growing an acre of sugarcane

in 1996 fell 1.1 percent. Because hired labor is the

largest single cost component for growing sugarcane,

and lower wage rates in 1996 caused labor expenses to

fall. Fertilizer expenses also fell as Florida used more

potash than nitrogen. Potash prices fell in 1996, while

nitrogen prices rose. The higher nitrogen prices caused

USDAs fertilizer prices paid index to rise but had a

minimal effect on sugarcane growers. It should also be

noted that beginning in 1995, the Everglades

Restoration Tax was added to Florida costs, raising

U.S. fixed costs. 

Cane yields were essentially unchanged at the national

level. However, lower 1996 sugar recovery rates were

responsible for a 3-percent rise in variable cash growing expenses (measured in costs per pound of sugar

produced). Processing the crop cost about 2 percent

more than in 1995. Most of this was due to the lower

sugar recovery rates.
158 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Hawaii

Texas-Louisiana Florida

Figure 8-10

Sugarcane production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1992 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 159

Table 8-10A—Sugarcane production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States Florida Hawaii Louisiana/Texas

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per harvested acre

Gross value of production1 983.24 979.40 1,058.76 1,040.40 2,632.45 2,645.37 708.38 727.01

Cash expenses:

Seed2 37.79 38.48 27.95 27.95 — — 52.30 54.63

Fertilizer 71.18 67.56 61.33 57.99 285.41 294.92 55.83 53.82

Chemicals 66.16 67.70 59.10 61.15 150.01 155.23 63.42 65.66

Custom operations 59.75 61.53 106.65 104.81 62.26 62.57 11.64 12.20

Fuel, lube, and electricity 26.84 29.80 21.67 23.79 83.30 93.51 25.40 29.73

Repairs 95.42 97.01 80.12 80.84 419.62 432.97 72.59 79.00

Hired labor 333.27 323.91 406.54 396.76 1,504.49 1,378.30 119.78 126.81

Purchased irrigation water 5.57 5.77 6.70 7.07 NA NA 5.07 4.92

Miscellaneous 7.65 7.16 0.56 0.58 104.39 109.14 3.41 3.59

Hauling allowance (-) 8.17 8.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.47 19.69

Total, variable cash expenses 695.45 690.16 770.63 760.95 2,609.48 2,526.63 391.98 410.67

General farm overhead 88.47 82.83 114.79 107.45 339.08 317.38 31.94 29.41

Taxes and insurance3 48.56 50.72 59.27 59.93 49.50 48.28 37.53 40.51

Interest 13.39 13.03 9.61 9.49 NA NA 18.83 18.48

Total, fixed cash expenses 150.42 146.58 183.67 176.86 388.58 365.65 88.31 88.39

Total, cash expenses 845.87 836.74 954.31 937.81 2,998.06 2,892.28 480.28 499.06

Gross value of production 

less cash expenses 137.36 142.66 104.45 102.59 -365.61 -246.91 228.10 227.96

Season-average price (dollars/ton)1 29.50 29.50 30.60 30.60 32.30 32.30 26.96 26.96

Yield (net tons/harvested acre) 33.33 33.20 34.60 34.00 81.50 81.90 26.28 26.96

Table 8-10B—Sugarcane production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States Florida Hawaii Louisiana/Texas

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per harvested acre

Gross value of production 983.24 979.40 1,058.76 1,040.40 2,632.45 2,645.37 708.38 727.01

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 695.45 690.16 770.63 760.95 2,609.48 2,526.63 391.98 410.67

General farm overhead 88.47 82.83 114.79 107.45 339.08 317.38 31.94 29.41

Taxes and insurance3 48.56 50.72 59.27 59.93 49.50 48.28 37.53 40.51

Capital replacement 77.25 78.83 50.77 52.88 184.37 192.06 91.53 96.07

Operating capital 19.44 17.56 21.54 19.37 72.94 64.30 10.96 10.45

Other nonland capital 30.89 29.31 12.01 11.86 107.10 105.74 41.10 40.89

Land 155.04 159.95 180.34 183.54 235.51 241.60 119.72 124.27

Unpaid labor 15.62 15.81 1.39 1.36 NA NA 31.97 33.96

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 1,130.72 1,125.17 1,210.76 1,197.34 3,597.99 3,495.99 756.72 786.22

Residual returns to management and risk -147.48 -145.77 -152.00 -156.94 -965.54 -850.62 -48.34 -59.20

Season-average price (dollars/ton)1 29.50 29.50 30.60 30.60 32.30 32.30 26.96 26.96

Yield (net tons/harvested acre) 33.33 33.20 34.60 34.00 81.50 81.90 26.28 26.96

— = Not applicable.

NA = Not available.

1

For 1996, sugarcane prices are held at the 1995 level. Prices for the 1996 season will not be available before January 1998.

2

Includes cost of purchased seed and home-grown seed.

3

Includes Florida Everglades Restoration tax.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
160 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-10C—Sugarcane processing costs per net ton by cost item and area, 1995-96

United States Florida Hawaii Louisiana/Texas

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per net ton

Variable cash expenses:

Cane transportation 2.78 2.77 3.07 3.08 1.74 1.75 2.78 2.74

Processing 4.85 5.06 4.11 4.26 8.04 8.43 4.67 4.89

Labor 2.41 2.44 2.55 2.62 3.78 3.73 1.72 1.73

Fuel 0.56 0.69 0.23 0.28 1.40 1.72 0.70 0.86

Chemicals 0.29 0.29 0.20 0.19 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.39

Electricity 0.45 0.47 0.12 0.12 1.35 1.45 0.56 0.58

Materials and supplies 1.13 1.16 1.02 1.05 1.13 1.16 1.29 1.32

Repairs and maintenance 3.67 3.63 2.89 2.87 5.51 5.40 4.04 3.99

Labor benefits 1.44 1.45 1.13 1.16 3.11 3.07 1.25 1.26

Marketing 2.48 2.54 2.39 2.46 5.75 5.89 1.40 1.43

Total, variable cash expenses 15.22 15.45 13.59 13.82 24.15 24.53 14.14 14.31

Fixed cash expenses:

Depreciation 1.35 1.28 0.99 0.94 2.42 2.29 1.45 1.37

Taxes and insurance 0.45 0.47 0.28 0.29 0.41 0.42 0.69 0.71

Interest 0.43 0.39 0.56 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.36

Total, fixed cash expenses 2.23 2.13 1.83 1.74 2.82 2.72 2.54 2.45

General and administrative:

Labor 0.75 0.75 0.66 0.68 1.09 1.07 0.73 0.73

Nonlabor 1.30 1.33 1.62 1.67 0.82 0.84 1.03 1.06

Total, general and administrative 2.04 2.09 2.28 2.35 1.90 1.91 1.76 1.80

Total, processing costs 19.49 19.67 17.70 17.91 28.88 29.16 18.45 18.56

Credits:

Molasses 1.70 1.73 1.61 1.71 1.24 1.11 2.00 1.99

Bagasse 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.11

Other 0.40 0.34 0.11 0.10 2.56 2.11 0.00 0.00

Total, credits 2.18 2.14 1.78 1.88 3.80 3.22 2.12 2.10

Table 8-10D—Sugarcane processing costs per pound of 96-degree raw sugar by cost item 

and area, 1995-96

United States Florida Hawaii Louisiana/Texas

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per net ton

Variable cash expenses:

Cane transportation 1.175 1.182 1.252 1.265 0.700 0.718 1.254 1.246

Processing 2.045 2.155 1.673 1.750 3.244 3.458 2.104 2.224

Labor 1.017 1.041 1.038 1.076 1.526 1.529 0.776 0.788

Fuel 0.237 0.293 0.092 0.113 0.565 0.705 0.318 0.393

Chemicals 0.124 0.125 0.080 0.080 0.153 0.155 0.178 0.179

Electricity 0.190 0.201 0.049 0.051 0.545 0.595 0.252 0.264

Materials and supplies 0.478 0.495 0.415 0.430 0.455 0.475 0.579 0.600

Repairs and maintenance 1.549 1.545 1.177 1.181 2.223 2.213 1.823 1.812

Labor benefits 0.609 0.620 0.460 0.477 1.255 1.257 0.565 0.573

Marketing 1.047 1.084 0.974 1.010 2.317 2.415 0.631 0.651

Total, variable cash expenses 6.424 6.587 5.536 5.683 9.739 10.062 6.377 6.506

Fixed cash expenses:

Depreciation 0.570 0.546 0.403 0.385 0.975 0.940 0.653 0.624

Taxes and insurance 0.190 0.198 0.115 0.121 0.163 0.174 0.313 0.324

Interest 0.180 0.165 0.229 0.210 0.000 0.000 0.180 0.166

Total, fixed cash expenses 0.940 0.910 0.747 0.716 1.138 1.114 1.146 1.113

General and administrative:

Labor 0.315 0.321 0.270 0.280 0.438 0.439 0.329 0.334

Nonlabor 0.547 0.569 0.660 0.686 0.330 0.346 0.466 0.484

Total, general and administrative 0.861 0.890 0.931 0.967 0.768 0.785 0.795 0.818

Total, processing costs 8.225 8.387 7.214 7.366 11.645 11.960 8.319 8.438

Credits:

Molasses 0.719 0.737 0.655 0.701 0.502 0.454 0.904 0.906

Bagasse 0.032 0.031 0.027 0.028 0.000 0.000 0.052 0.050

Other 0.168 0.144 0.043 0.043 1.030 0.866 0.000 0.000

Total, credits 0.919 0.913 0.725 0.772 1.532 1.320 0.956 0.955

Recovery per net ton of cane (lbs) 237.0 234.6 245.4 243.2 248.0 243.8 221.8 219.9

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 161

Peanuts

Area Planted Continued Falling, Down 8 Percent

Area planted to peanuts continued falling, down 8 percent from 1995 levels to 1.4 million acres in 1996.

Production was up 5 percent from 1995 levels at 3.6

billion pounds, but still below 1994 levels. Although

the quota price was unchanged from 1995 at $678 per

ton, the average harvest-month price fell from 29 cents

per pound to 26 cents. On average, yields rose 13 percent to 2,443 pounds per planted acre, and returns rose

as well. Residual returns to management and risk were

positive in 1996; higher gross value and lower fixed

costs more than offset higher variable cash expenses.

Area planted to peanuts fell across all regions,

although Texas reported more peanut acres in 1996

than in 1995. Yields rose in all three regions, with the

largest yields and yield increases in the Virginia-North

Carolina region. Growers in Alabama and Oklahoma

had lower production in 1996, but there were considerably fewer acres planted in these States and yields

were higher in 1996 than in 1995.

The Virginia-North Carolina region continues to have

the highest gross value of production and production

costs. Variable costs increased slightly more than the

decline in fixed costs. The region has the highest

chemical and labor costs, but the lowest cost of commercial drying as most Virginia-North Carolina growers do their own drying.

The Southeast region accounts for the majority of U.S.

peanut productionsome 52 percent in 1996, down

from 55 percent in 1995. Growers here had the lowest

costs for fuel and repairs, and the increase in variable

costs was offset by the decline in fixed costs.

The Southern Plains had the lowest yields and gross

value of production. Variable costs were lowest in this

region as expenditures for fertilizer and chemicals

were half that of the other regions. Costs for fuel,

repairs, and replacement were highest here because of

irrigation.

Per pound variable production costs varied from 13.7

cents in Virginia-North Carolina to 14 cents in the

Southern Plains and 14.4 cents in the Southeast. Total

cash costs per pound varied from 15.9 cents in

Virginia-North Carolina to 17 cents in the Southeast

and 17.5 cents in the Southern Plains.
162 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Southern Plains

Southeast

VirginiaNorth Carolina

Figure 8-11

Peanut production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1995 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 163

Table 8-11A—Peanut production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

Virginia/

United States North Carolina Southeast Southern Plains

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Peanuts 620.62 635.14 744.61 832.06 657.51 680.56 493.75 481.58

Peanut hay 10.35 12.10 9.18 9.98 8.13 9.06 15.85 19.15

Total, gross value of production 630.97 647.24 753.79 842.04 665.64 689.62 509.60 500.73

Cash expenses:

Seed 72.87 74.75 84.24 92.73 75.05 76.03 61.09 62.57

Fertilizer, lime, and gypsum 43.47 44.12 53.55 52.20 49.62 52.29 23.94 23.85

Chemicals 97.83 99.71 139.24 142.94 112.44 117.85 40.50 41.08

Custom operations1 8.44 8.70 4.71 4.85 8.69 8.84 10.24 10.51

Fuel, lube, and electricity 34.84 40.31 32.17 40.05 26.48 29.70 54.49 61.09

Repairs 27.85 28.62 26.89 27.83 26.27 27.03 31.88 32.14

Hired labor 31.97 32.86 43.13 42.63 30.15 32.27 28.91 28.74

Drying 14.95 17.03 4.21 5.15 16.44 18.29 18.44 20.99

Other variable cash expenses2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total, variable cash expenses 332.22 346.10 388.14 408.38 345.14 362.30 269.49 280.97

General farm overhead 17.38 12.94 24.69 18.56 15.78 11.84 16.27 12.05

Taxes and insurance 20.17 17.96 23.11 20.90 20.66 18.44 17.27 15.43

Interest 44.67 35.47 29.42 23.28 44.96 35.57 53.54 41.85

Total, fixed cash expenses 82.22 66.37 77.22 62.74 81.40 65.85 87.08 69.33

Total, cash expenses 414.44 412.47 465.36 471.12 426.54 428.15 356.57 350.30

Gross value of production 

less cash expenses 216.53 234.77 288.43 370.92 239.10 261.47 153.03 150.43

Harvest-period price (dollars/lb) 0.29 0.26 0.31 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.24

Yield (lbs/planted acre) 2,140 2,443 2,402 2,972 2,267 2,521 1,703 2,007

Table 8-11B—Peanut production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

Virginia/

United States North Carolina Southeast Southern Plains

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Peanuts 620.62 635.14 744.61 832.06 657.51 680.56 493.75 481.58

Peanut hay 10.35 12.10 9.18 9.98 8.13 9.06 15.85 19.15

Total, gross value of production 630.97 647.24 753.79 842.04 665.64 689.62 509.60 500.73

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 332.22 346.10 388.14 408.38 345.14 362.30 269.49 280.97

General farm overhead 17.38 12.94 24.69 18.56 15.78 11.84 16.27 12.05

Taxes and insurance 20.17 17.96 23.11 20.90 20.66 18.44 17.27 15.43

Capital replacement 47.62 49.13 39.53 40.92 42.48 43.79 63.72 63.93

Operating capital 9.29 8.37 10.85 10.27 9.65 8.75 7.53 6.62

Other nonland capital 28.43 27.70 26.67 26.16 26.03 25.41 34.72 32.98

Land 52.94 44.67 66.09 62.93 45.76 43.06 60.21 37.97

Peanut quota 93.92 94.89 103.83 108.58 102.55 103.07 69.16 71.58

Unpaid labor 30.64 32.14 29.82 29.49 27.23 29.12 38.48 39.44

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 632.61 633.90 712.73 726.19 635.28 645.78 576.85 560.97

Residual returns to management and risk -1.64 13.34 41.06 115.85 30.36 43.84 -67.25 -60.24

Harvest-period price (dollars/lb) 0.29 0.26 0.31 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.24

Yield (lbs/planted acre) 2,140 2,443 2,402 2,972 2,267 2,521 1,703 2,007

1

Cost of custom operations and technical services.

2

Cost of purchased irrigation water.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
164 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Tobacco

Variable Costs of Flue-Cured Tobacco Up Almost 7 Percent

Flue-Cured Tobacco 

Adverse weather conditions in the Southeast at harvest

influenced flue-cured tobacco prices. However, fluecured tobacco production was about 22 percent higher

in 1996 than 1995. Variable costs of producing an acre

of flue-cured tobacco in 1996 averaged $2,026, up

almost 7 percent from 1995. Among the cost components, selling costs (warehouse fees, no-net-cost and

marketing assessments, inspection, and grading fees),

which are influenced by production and the market

price, increased the most (17 percent). The next largest

change was in fuel-related costs (up 15 percent), followed by chemical costs (up 4 percent). Selling and

labor costs increased $21 and $24 per acre, respectively, from 1995 to 1996. Total 1996 ownership costs per

acre declined about 1 percent ($564 to $559). Of the

ownership costs, taxes and insurance costs decreased

the most (4 percent). Both general farm overhead and

land and quota costs increased by 14 and 12 percent,

respectively, reflecting the effects of an increase in

yield of 218 pounds per acre. 

Burley Tobacco 

Note: Burley tobacco cost estimates for 1995 and 1996

are based on new data collected through USDAs 1995

Farm Costs and Returns Survey. The burley budget

now conforms with format and methodologies used for

other commodities in the costs-of-production project.

In-depth research based on the new data will be published soon. Data for flue-cured tobacco have just been

collected, and flue-cured budgets will be revised next

year.

The variable costs of producing and selling burley

tobacco increased from $1,249 per acre in 1995 to

$1,343 in 1996. Total fixed costs decreased almost $61

per acre. Selling costs (warehouse fees, no-net-cost

and marketing assessments, inspection, and grading

fees) rose $28 in 1996. The largest changes among all

individual cost items per acre between 1995 and 1996

were general farm overhead (down 21 percent), labor

(up 15 percent), and selling costs (up 13 percent).

General farm overhead was lower, as were all allocated costs, due to burley tobaccos lower contribution to

the overall value of production of the farm. While the

gross value of production for burley tobacco was higher in 1996 than in 1995, all other farm enterprises

together were higher. Land and quota charges

increased from $955 per acre in 1995 to $1,008

because of higher yields and increased market prices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 165

Burley

Flue-cured

Figure 8-12

Tobacco production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1991 for flue-cured tobacco and in 1995 for burley

tobacco about production practices and costs of production.
166 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-12A—Flue-cured tobacco production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

Item 1995 19961

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production 3,467.80 3,951.39

Variable costs:

Labor2 725.12 758.39

Noncash benefits3 24.68 25.81

Fertilizer and lime4 225.90 229.60

Plant bed materials5 46.11 47.77

Chemicals6 218.50 226.10

Custom operations 8.15 8.15

Fuel and lubrication7 59.86 69.07

Curing fuel and electricity8 297.89 343.72

Repairs9 142.88 146.71

Warehouse fee 91.90 104.71

No-net-cost and marketing assessment 15.46 21.51

Inspection and grading fee 15.44 17.85

Interest 22.44 22.87

Other10 3.81 3.91

Total, variable costs 1,898.14 2,026.17

Machinery and barn ownership costs:

Capital replacement 320.71 320.94

Return to other nonland capital 103.31 104.22

Taxes and insurance 140.21 134.22

Total, ownership costs 564.23 559.38

Other costs:

General farm overhead 224.52 255.83

Land and quota charge11 799.19 897.88

Total, excluding land and quota 2,686.89 2,841.38

Yield (lbs/acre) 1,933 2,151

1

Preliminary.

2

Includes operator, family, exchange, and hired labor valued at prevailing hired wage rates.

3

Includes rental values of housing, personal property, utilities, drinks, snacks, and field toilets.

4

Includes custom costs if they could not be separated.

5

Includes plant bed seed, fertilizer, pesticides, fumigants, and purchased plants.

6

Includes insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, pesticides, and growth regulators. Also includes custom costs if they could not be separated. 7

Includes tractors, machinery and irrigation fuel, and lubrication.

8

Includes cost of LP gas, fuel oil, or diesel, and electricity used to cure tobacco.

9

Includes machinery, equipment, irrigation, and barn repairs.

10Includes cover crop seed, sticks, and twine. 11Weighted average of cash and share rents.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 167

Table 8-12B—Burley tobacco production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

Item 1995 1996 

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production 3,371.00 3,847.53

Cash expenses:

Seed and plant bed1, 2 104.65 103.80

Fertilizer 279.68 305.84

Chemicals 94.54 97.83

Custom operations 10.82 12.90

Fuel, lube, and electricity3 63.57 73.35

Repairs4 68.57 70.41

Hired labor5 398.99 421.80

Marketing expenses6 210.41 238.67

Other variable cash expenses7 17.31 18.74

Total, variable cash expenses 1,248.54 1,343.34

General farm overhead 206.42 163.48

Taxes and insurance 45.21 40.13

Interest 77.24 64.50

Total, fixed cash expenses 328.87 268.11

Total, cash expenses 1,577.41 1,611.45

Gross value of production less cash expenses 1,793.59 2,236.08

Table 8-12C—Burley tobacco production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

Item 1995 1996 

Dollars per planted acre

Gross value of production:

Burley tobacco 3,371.00 3,847.53

Total, gross value of production 3,371.00 3,847.53

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 1,248.54 1,343.34

General farm overhead 206.42 163.48

Taxes and insurance 45.21 40.13

Capital replacement 97.91 91.07

Operating capital 34.16 34.19

Other nonland capital 118.29 104.28

Land and quota8 955.33 1,008.22

Unpaid labor9 553.55 585.19

Total, economic (full ownership) costs 3,259.41 3,369.90

Residual returns to management and risk 111.59 477.63

Harvest-period price (dollars/lb) 1.845 1.920

Yield (lbs/planted acre) 1,827 2,004

1

Includes seeds, purchased plants, fiber, plastic and/or canvas covers, potting soil, tray, tubes, wood, etc.

2

Excludes chemicals, fertilizers, fuels, lubricants, and utilities.

3

Includes cost of LP gas, gasoline, diesel fuels, and lubricants used for tractors, trucks, machinery, and irrigation equipment. Also includes

fuel cost for heating barns and sheds. 4

Includes costs of repairs for machinery, equipment, irrigation, and burley tobacco-related buildings.

5

Includes hired labor valued at prevailing hired wage rates and cash and noncash benefits.

6

Includes marketing assessments and fees, no-net cost, inspection, and grading.

7

Includes items, such as sticks, twine, grading boxes, and baling supplies.

8

Weighted average of cash and share rented quota.

9

Includes operator, partner, and family unpaid labor.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
168 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Milk

Cash Costs Up 6 Percent

Cash and economic costs of producing 100 pounds

(cwt) of milk in the United States in 1996 were up 6

and 3 percent, respectively, from 1995. Most of the

increase was due to higher feed costs. Obtaining

enough quality forage for the existing herd was a challenge over much of the country. Even concentrate

availability became a factor. Very low grain stocks

meant no guarantee of a steady flow of concentrate

ration of a reasonably constant composition. Supplies

of high-quality alfalfa were also very tight. Although

1995 alfalfa production was large, a relatively small

share was dairy quality. By the spring of 1996, stocks

of good forage were largely exhausted. Cool, wet

weather over much of the country delayed hay and

pasture development and slashed quality. Later cuttings also had widespread quality problems. High concentrate prices magnified the forage quality problems.

Nevertheless, higher milk prices in 1996 outpaced the

increase in costs of grain and other concentrates.

Higher milk prices helped boost 1996 returns to dairy

farms, particularly for producers who grew their own

feed grains or who priced their feed ahead. The U.S.

gross value of production less cash expenses rose more

than $1 per cwt from 1995. While residual returns to

management and risk remained negative, they also

posted an improvement of more than $1 from 1995.

Cash production costs varied by region. In 1996, the

Southeast continued to see the highest cost, averaging

$14.92 per cwt of milk sold, while the Pacific region

again saw the lowest costs, averaging $11.20 per cwt.

All six regions saw a substantial increase in feed costs

from 1995 to 1996.

Residual returns to management and risk improved in

all six regions. However, only the Pacific regions

returns were positive.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 169

Upper

Midwest

Northeast

Southeast

Southern Plains

Pacific

Corn Belt

Figure 8-13

Milk production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1993 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
170 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-13A—Milk production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States Northeast Southeast Upper Midwest Corn Belt Southern Plains Pacific

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt

Gross value of production:

Milk 12.80 14.78 13.26 15.19 14.94 17.41 12.83 14.74 12.91 14.88 13.00 15.10 11.91 13.89

Cattle 0.87 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.99 0.86 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.97 0.88 0.79 0.64 0.57

Other income1 0.60 0.61 0.50 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.76 0.77 0.51 0.52 0.41 0.40 0.55 0.57

Total, gross value 

of production 14.27 16.17 14.54 16.39 16.42 18.77 14.59 16.40 14.52 16.37 14.29 16.29 13.10 15.03

Cash expenses:

Feed—Concentrates 3.51 4.09 3.48 4.04 5.26 5.89 3.53 4.19 3.77 4.47 4.59 5.86 2.89 3.13

Byproducts 0.21 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.46 0.45 0.11 0.11 0.24 0.25 0.18 0.19 0.43 0.43

Liquid whey 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.05 0.15 0.16 0.22 0.24 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04

Hay 1.45 1.60 1.29 1.37 0.65 0.69 0.98 1.04 1.48 1.80 2.02 2.81 2.28 2.45

Silage 1.25 1.37 1.76 1.84 0.93 0.98 1.41 1.51 1.15 1.46 0.10 0.14 0.91 1.00

Pasture and other forage 0.12 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.13 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.19 0.20

Total, feed costs 6.66 7.53 6.73 7.46 7.41 8.12 6.31 7.17 6.97 8.35 6.97 9.09 6.74 7.25

Other—Hauling 0.46 0.44 0.75 0.68 0.96 0.96 0.26 0.25 0.43 0.43 0.61 0.59 0.41 0.39

Artificial insemination 0.15 0.14 0.21 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.11

Veterinary and medicine 0.38 0.36 0.49 0.44 0.49 0.49 0.44 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.20

Bedding and litter 0.24 0.23 0.38 0.37 0.01 0.00 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05

Marketing 0.38 0.36 0.49 0.45 0.53 0.53 0.26 0.25 0.31 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.47 0.44

Custom services 

and supplies 0.43 0.42 0.60 0.54 0.65 0.65 0.34 0.34 0.38 0.38 0.32 0.31 0.42 0.40

Fuel, lube, and electricity 0.49 0.53 0.65 0.70 0.31 0.34 0.57 0.62 0.52 0.58 0.44 0.49 0.27 0.28

Machinery and 

building repairs 0.78 0.76 0.95 0.93 0.63 0.63 1.04 1.01 0.91 0.87 0.44 0.43 0.31 0.30

Hired labor 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.61 1.36 1.35 0.58 0.56 0.64 0.61 0.81 0.78 0.57 0.56

DHIA fees 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07

Dairy assessment 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.03

Total, variable cash 10.85 11.49 12.16 12.51 12.68 13.27 10.51 11.19 11.23 12.47 10.32 12.27 9.80 10.08

expenses

General farm overhead 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.53 0.66 0.63 0.67 0.65 0.59 0.56 0.47 0.45 0.34 0.34

Taxes and insurance 0.29 0.33 0.40 0.44 0.33 0.37 0.38 0.43 0.27 0.31 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.13

Interest 0.83 0.85 0.77 0.79 0.58 0.60 1.14 1.16 0.70 0.71 0.59 0.60 0.63 0.64

Total, fixed cash expenses 1.66 1.71 1.72 1.76 1.57 1.60 2.19 2.24 1.56 1.58 1.21 1.21 1.09 1.11

Total, cash expenses 12.51 13.20 13.88 14.27 14.25 14.87 12.70 13.43 12.79 14.05 11.53 13.48 10.89 11.19

Gross value of production 

less cash expenses 1.76 2.97 0.66 2.12 2.17 3.90 1.89 2.97 1.73 2.32 2.76 2.81 2.21 3.84

Table 8-13B—Milk production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States Northeast Southeast Upper Midwest Corn Belt Southern Plains Pacific

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt

Gross value of production:

Milk 12.80 14.78 13.26 15.19 14.94 17.41 12.83 14.74 12.91 14.88 13.00 15.10 11.91 13.89

Cattle 0.87 0.78 0.78 0.69 0.99 0.86 1.00 0.89 1.10 0.97 0.88 0.79 0.64 0.57

Other income1 0.60 0.61 0.50 0.51 0.49 0.50 0.76 0.77 0.51 0.52 0.41 0.40 0.55 0.57

Total, gross value 

of production 14.27 16.17 14.54 16.39 16.42 18.77 14.59 16.40 14.52 16.37 14.29 16.29 13.10 15.03

Economic (full 

ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 10.85 11.49 12.16 12.51 12.68 13.27 10.51 11.19 11.23 12.47 10.32 12.27 9.80 10.08

General farm overhead 0.54 0.53 0.55 0.53 0.66 0.63 0.67 0.65 0.59 0.56 0.47 0.45 0.34 0.34

Taxes and insurance 0.29 0.33 0.40 0.44 0.33 0.37 0.38 0.43 0.27 0.31 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.13

Capital replacement 2.07 2.01 2.09 2.02 2.56 2.54 2.41 2.34 2.18 2.07 2.19 2.10 1.42 1.40

Operating capital 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08

Other nonland capital 0.94 0.87 0.91 0.83 1.66 1.55 1.08 0.99 0.95 0.85 0.96 0.87 0.65 0.61

Land 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01

Unpaid labor 1.85 1.80 2.66 2.56 0.33 0.32 2.23 2.15 3.19 3.00 0.93 0.90 0.45 0.45

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 16.65 17.13 18.89 19.00 18.34 18.80 17.39 17.85 18.53 19.38 15.12 16.85 12.88 13.10

Residual returns to 

management and risk -2.38 -0.96 -4.35 -2.61 -1.92 -0.03 -2.80 -1.45 -4.01 -3.01 -0.83 -0.56 0.22 1.93

1

Includes the dairy's share of receipts from cooperative patronage dividends, assessment refunds, renting or leasing of dairy animals, the estimated value of

manure as a fertilizer, and insurance indemnity payments.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 171

Hogs

Higher Hog Prices Mostly Offset by Higher Feed Costs in 1996

Higher hog prices during 1996 led to an increased

value of hog production that was mostly offset by

higher feed costs. Market hog prices ranged from $50

to $60 per cwt during much of 1996, up from $40 to

$50 in 1995. Feeder pig prices were also up sharply

from 1995 levels, mostly in the $70-$80 range.

However, the higher corn and soybean prices that benefited crop producers offset much of the additional

income from higher hog prices. Feed costs rose about

30 percent for all producer types. Average returns

above cash costs improved for market hog producers,

but changed little for feeder pig operations. Residual

returns to management and risk changed little among

hog producers and remained negative as they have

since 1992. Negative average farm returns to resources

used in the hog sector help explain the continually

declining number of hog operations.

Farrow-to-finish hog producers in both the North and

South benefited from much higher market hog prices

in 1996, but paid higher feed costs. Feed costs were up

about 30 percent in both regions as corn and soybean

prices soared. However, the greater value of hog production improved both cash and residual returns to farrow-to-finish production in both regions. Southern

producers pay more for feed than northern producers,

due mainly to fewer local supplies, but have similar

returns because of somewhat higher production values.

Much of this is due to a positive inventory change in

the South, indicating expanded production, compared

with a decline in the North.

Despite higher feeder pig prices in 1996, returns to

feeder pig production were down in both the North

and South as feeder pigs continued to be the lowest

returning hog enterprise. Feeder pig prices in the

South lagged those in the North, where the value of

feeder pig production rose nearly 20 percent compared

with only 10 percent in the South. However, higher

feed costs offset much of the increased value in both

regions. Cash returns in 1996 were mostly unchanged

from 1995, but returns above economic costs were

about $3 per cwt lower among northern growers, and

$8 lower in the South. Continued poor returns to feeder pig production suggest a greater decline in this specialty relative to other hog producer types.

In contrast to feeder pig production, feeder pig finishing produced improved returns in 1996, particularly in

the South. Higher market hog prices pushed the value

of finished hogs up 25 percent in both the North and

South. Higher feed costs were somewhat offsetting,

but cash and economic returns to feeder pig finishing

moved higher in both regions. Cash returns improved

nearly $3 per cwt in the North and nearly $9 in the

South. Likewise, returns above economic costs were

up about $1 in the North, but more than $7 in the

South. Newer, larger, and more efficient operations

characterize hog finishing in the South and likely

account for the regions lower costs. Among all hog

enterprises, only feeder pig finishing in the South

showed a positive residual return to management and

risk at about $5 per cwt. This helps explain the continued growth of contract hog finishing in the South relative to other hog enterprises.
172 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

North

South

Figure 8-14

Hog production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1992 about production practices and costs of 

production.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 173

Table 8-14A—Hog production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 38.45 48.87 38.03 48.31 40.01 50.69

Feeder pigs 4.57 5.17 4.58 5.28 4.55 4.83

Cull stock 2.22 3.02 2.19 3.02 2.31 3.04

Breeding stock 2.01 2.63 2.19 2.92 1.35 1.69

Inventory change -0.20 -0.84 -0.58 -1.38 1.20 0.94

Other income2 1.32 1.31 1.42 1.43 0.93 0.93

Total, gross value of production 48.37 60.16 47.83 59.58 50.35 62.12

Cash expenses:

Feed—

Grain 12.28 17.25 12.58 17.86 11.20 15.24

Protein sources 7.96 10.48 8.34 11.29 6.56 7.82

Complete mixes 5.83 7.08 4.74 5.67 9.78 11.70

Other feed items3 0.56 0.67 0.66 0.80 0.20 0.22

Total, feed costs 26.63 35.48 26.32 35.62 27.74 34.98

Other—

Feeder pigs 3.31 3.81 3.04 3.58 4.31 4.58

Veterinary and medicine 1.41 1.41 1.55 1.57 0.89 0.89

Bedding and litter 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.02

Marketing 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.56 0.72 0.70

Custom services and supplies 0.50 0.51 0.46 0.47 0.63 0.64

Fuel, lube, and electricity 1.58 1.83 1.56 1.84 1.65 1.78

Repairs 1.40 1.41 1.43 1.45 1.28 1.28

Hired labor 2.55 2.74 2.54 2.78 2.56 2.63

Total, variable cash expenses 38.05 47.86 37.55 47.97 39.80 47.50

General farm overhead 1.91 1.59 2.07 1.72 1.35 1.14

Taxes and insurance 1.06 1.03 1.09 1.06 0.98 0.95

Interest 3.00 2.65 3.25 2.90 2.07 1.83

Total, fixed cash expenses 5.97 5.27 6.41 5.68 4.40 3.92

Total, cash expenses 44.02 53.13 43.96 53.65 44.20 51.42

Gross value of production less cash expenses 4.35 7.03 3.87 5.93 6.15 10.70

Table 8-14B—Hog production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 38.45 48.87 38.03 48.31 40.01 50.69

Feeder pigs 4.57 5.17 4.58 5.28 4.55 4.83

Cull stock 2.22 3.02 2.19 3.02 2.31 3.04

Breeding stock 2.01 2.63 2.19 2.92 1.35 1.69

Inventory change -0.20 -0.84 -0.58 -1.38 1.20 0.94

Other income2 1.32 1.31 1.42 1.43 0.93 0.93

Total, gross value of production 48.37 60.16 47.83 59.58 50.35 62.12

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 38.05 47.86 37.55 47.97 39.80 47.50

General farm overhead 1.91 1.59 2.07 1.72 1.35 1.14

Taxes and insurance 1.06 1.03 1.09 1.06 0.98 0.95

Capital replacement 11.26 11.76 11.15 11.49 11.69 12.64

Operating capital 1.06 1.22 1.05 1.22 1.11 1.21

Other nonland capital 4.09 4.07 3.93 3.84 4.70 4.83

Land 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.12 0.13

Unpaid labor 4.93 5.17 5.15 5.48 4.12 4.16

Total, economic (full ownership) costs 62.57 72.92 62.23 73.03 63.87 72.56

Residual returns to management and risk -14.20 -12.76 -14.40 -13.45 -13.52 -10.44

1

Cwt gain = (cwt sold - cwt purchased) + cwt inventory change.

2

Value of manure production.

3

Milk replacer, milk, milk byproducts, antibiotics, and other medicated additives.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
174 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-15A—Farrow-to-finish production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 39.76 50.37 39.60 50.18 40.39 51.03

Feeder pigs 0.41 0.46 0.39 0.45 0.48 0.51

Cull stock 2.06 2.83 2.16 2.99 1.65 2.25

Breeding stock 0.17 0.24 0.14 0.21 0.26 0.35

Inventory change -0.26 -0.95 -0.61 -1.42 1.09 0.73

Other income2 1.38 1.38 1.48 1.48 1.00 1.00

Total, gross value of production 43.52 54.33 43.16 53.89 44.87 55.87

Cash expenses:

Feed—

Grain 12.85 18.14 12.61 17.94 13.74 18.85

Protein sources 8.68 11.48 8.70 11.81 8.60 10.31

Complete mixes 4.19 5.12 3.50 4.23 6.86 8.28

Other feed items3 0.54 0.64 0.61 0.73 0.28 0.32

Total, feed costs 26.26 35.38 25.42 34.71 29.48 37.76

Other—

Feeder pigs 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.05 0.05

Veterinary and medicine 1.22 1.25 1.29 1.32 0.98 0.98

Bedding and litter 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.02

Marketing 0.47 0.48 0.45 0.46 0.56 0.54

Custom services and supplies 0.42 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.51 0.51

Fuel, lube, and electricity 1.50 1.75 1.44 1.72 1.73 1.88

Repairs 1.38 1.40 1.40 1.42 1.33 1.34

Hired labor 2.29 2.52 2.18 2.45 2.68 2.75

Total, variable cash expenses 33.73 43.42 32.80 42.73 37.34 45.83

General farm overhead 1.70 1.41 1.80 1.50 1.31 1.11

Taxes and insurance 0.96 0.94 0.98 0.96 0.88 0.85

Interest 2.68 2.38 2.91 2.61 1.77 1.55

Total, fixed cash expenses 5.34 4.73 5.69 5.07 3.96 3.51

Total, cash expenses 39.07 48.15 38.49 47.80 41.30 49.34

Gross value of production less cash expenses 4.45 6.18 4.67 6.09 3.57 6.53

Table 8-15B—Farrow-to-finish production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Market hogs 39.76 50.37 39.60 50.18 40.39 51.03

Feeder pigs 0.41 0.46 0.39 0.45 0.48 0.51

Cull stock 2.06 2.83 2.16 2.99 1.65 2.25

Breeding stock 0.17 0.24 0.14 0.21 0.26 0.35

Inventory change -0.26 -0.95 -0.61 -1.42 1.09 0.73

Other income2 1.38 1.38 1.48 1.48 1.00 1.00

Total, gross value of production 43.52 54.33 43.16 53.89 44.87 55.87

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 33.73 43.42 32.80 42.73 37.34 45.83

General farm overhead 1.70 1.41 1.80 1.50 1.31 1.11

Taxes and insurance 0.96 0.94 0.98 0.96 0.88 0.85

Capital replacement 10.95 11.37 10.90 11.19 11.13 12.01

Operating capital 0.94 1.11 0.92 1.09 1.04 1.16

Other nonland capital 3.98 3.94 3.87 3.78 4.40 4.51

Land 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.12 0.13

Unpaid labor 4.75 4.97 4.90 5.18 4.16 4.22

Total, economic (full ownership) costs 57.23 67.39 56.41 66.69 60.38 69.82

Residual returns to management and risk -13.71 -13.06 -13.25 -12.80 -15.51 -13.95

1

Cwt gain = (cwt sold - cwt purchased) + cwt inventory change.

2

Value of manure production.

3

Milk replacer, milk, milk byproducts, antibiotics, and other medicated additives.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 175

Table 8-16A—Farrow-to-feeder pig production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 0.92 1.16 1.01 1.30 0.65 0.80

Feeder pigs 62.08 72.12 62.46 74.52 60.95 65.74

Cull stock 5.32 7.24 5.13 6.99 5.89 7.89

Breeding stock 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.07

Inventory change 0.02 -0.48 -0.23 -0.89 0.78 0.61

Other income2 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.50 1.29 1.30

Total, gross value of production 69.88 81.64 69.97 83.60 69.62 76.41

Cash expenses:

Feed—

Grain 14.19 19.86 16.68 23.93 6.71 9.01

Protein sources 8.33 10.75 9.60 12.77 4.50 5.37

Complete mixes 15.19 19.26 10.25 12.77 30.02 36.55

Other feed items3 0.68 0.81 0.85 1.04 0.17 0.19

Total, feed costs 38.39 50.68 37.38 50.51 41.40 51.12

Other—

Feeder pigs 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.01

Veterinary and medicine 4.89 4.78 5.67 5.60 2.56 2.60

Bedding and litter 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.27 0.04 0.04

Marketing 2.76 2.85 2.34 2.45 4.03 3.92

Custom services and supplies 1.47 1.57 0.99 1.03 2.90 3.01

Fuel, lube, and electricity 4.67 5.38 4.59 5.39 4.89 5.36

Repairs 2.90 2.90 3.16 3.21 2.11 2.06

Hired labor 7.44 7.89 6.22 6.44 11.09 11.75

Total, variable cash expenses 62.75 76.30 60.65 74.96 69.03 79.87

General farm overhead 3.44 2.94 3.44 2.94 3.44 2.93

Taxes and insurance 2.21 2.20 2.02 1.98 2.80 2.77

Interest 5.91 5.38 5.37 4.82 7.51 6.87

Total, fixed cash expenses 11.56 10.52 10.83 9.74 13.75 12.57

Total, cash expenses 74.31 86.82 71.48 84.70 82.78 92.44

Gross value of production less cash expenses -4.43 -5.18 -1.51 -1.10 -13.16 -16.03

Table 8-16B—Farrow-to-feeder pig production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 0.92 1.16 1.01 1.30 0.65 0.80

Feeder pigs 62.08 72.12 62.46 74.52 60.95 65.74

Cull stock 5.32 7.24 5.13 6.99 5.89 7.89

Breeding stock 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.07

Inventory change 0.02 -0.48 -0.23 -0.89 0.78 0.61

Other income2 1.43 1.45 1.47 1.50 1.29 1.30

Total, gross value of production 69.88 81.64 69.97 83.60 69.62 76.41

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 62.75 76.30 60.65 74.96 69.03 79.87

General farm overhead 3.44 2.94 3.44 2.94 3.44 2.93

Taxes and insurance 2.21 2.20 2.02 1.98 2.80 2.77

Capital replacement 25.13 27.25 22.93 24.11 31.73 35.58

Operating capital 1.75 1.94 1.70 1.91 1.93 2.03

Other nonland capital 8.46 8.70 7.59 7.54 11.06 11.77

Land 0.44 0.48 0.44 0.47 0.44 0.49

Unpaid labor 10.48 11.38 10.76 11.96 9.64 9.84

Total, economic (full ownership) costs 114.66 131.19 109.53 125.87 130.07 145.28

Residual returns to management and risk -44.78 -49.55 -39.56 -42.27 -60.45 -68.87

1

Cwt gain = (cwt sold - cwt purchased) + cwt inventory change.

2

Value of manure production.

3

Milk replacer, milk, milk byproducts, antibiotics, and other medicated additives.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
176 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Table 8-17A—Feeder pig-to-finish production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 52.82 66.89 53.00 67.24 52.41 66.20

Feeder pigs 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Cull stock 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06

Breeding stock 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00

Inventory change 0.18 -0.46 -0.52 -1.52 1.74 1.62

Other income2 1.06 1.05 1.30 1.32 0.51 0.51

Total, gross value of production 54.14 67.57 53.85 67.12 54.75 68.44

Cash expenses:

Feed—

Grain 9.66 13.37 11.44 16.26 5.69 7.67

Protein sources 4.65 6.11 5.47 7.48 2.81 3.40

Complete mixes 8.33 9.89 6.60 7.65 12.22 14.32

Other feed items3 0.32 0.39 0.45 0.55 0.05 0.06

Total, feed costs 22.96 29.76 23.96 31.94 20.77 25.45

Other—

Feeder pigs 17.71 20.11 17.94 21.22 17.19 17.91

Veterinary and medicine 0.75 0.73 0.95 0.95 0.30 0.29

Bedding and litter 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.00

Marketing 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.42 0.41

Custom services and supplies 0.40 0.42 0.35 0.36 0.53 0.54

Fuel, lube, and electricity 0.76 0.86 0.75 0.88 0.78 0.83

Repairs 0.90 0.90 1.02 1.04 0.62 0.61

Hired labor 0.79 0.88 0.98 1.14 0.37 0.36

Total, variable cash expenses 44.82 54.21 46.56 58.14 40.98 46.40

General farm overhead 1.60 1.32 1.81 1.52 1.11 0.93

Taxes and insurance 1.02 0.99 1.05 1.03 0.94 0.91

Interest 3.12 2.75 3.58 3.21 2.10 1.84

Total, fixed cash expenses 5.74 5.06 6.44 5.76 4.15 3.68

Total, cash expenses 50.56 59.27 53.00 63.90 45.13 50.08

Gross value of production less cash expenses 3.58 8.30 0.85 3.22 9.62 18.36

Table 8-17B—Feeder pig-to-finish production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North South

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per cwt gain1

Gross value of production:

Market hogs 52.82 66.89 53.00 67.24 52.41 66.20

Feeder pigs 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Cull stock 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06

Breeding stock 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00

Inventory change 0.18 -0.46 -0.52 -1.52 1.74 1.62

Other income2 1.06 1.05 1.30 1.32 0.51 0.51

Total, gross value of production 54.14 67.57 53.85 67.12 54.75 68.44

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 44.82 54.21 46.56 58.14 40.98 46.40

General farm overhead 1.60 1.32 1.81 1.52 1.11 0.93

Taxes and insurance 1.02 0.99 1.05 1.03 0.94 0.91

Capital replacement 7.68 8.00 7.79 8.06 7.42 7.87

Operating capital 1.25 1.38 1.30 1.48 1.14 1.18

Other nonland capital 3.00 3.00 2.82 2.77 3.43 3.46

Land 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.05 0.06

Unpaid labor 4.18 4.36 4.78 5.12 2.84 2.85

Total, economic (full ownership) costs 63.65 73.36 66.23 78.24 57.91 63.66

Residual returns to management and risk -9.51 -5.79 -12.38 -11.12 -3.16 4.78

1

Cwt gain = (cwt sold - cwt purchased) + cwt inventory change.

2

Value of manure production.

3

Milk replacer, milk, milk byproducts, antibiotics, and other medicated additives.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 177

Cash and economic costs for U.S. cow-calf operations

in 1996 increased from 1995 levels. Producers operated under the pressures of high grain prices, large cattle

supplies, bad weather conditions, and poor feedlot

returns. A short grain crop in 1995/96 led to record

high grain prices. While much of the Central Plains

and Southwestern United States dealt with drought, the

Northern States experienced unusually wet conditions.

Hay supplies were tight due to supplemental drought

feeding during the summer. Accumulated pasture

growth for grazing in the winter largely ended in most

areas by early November. Cool, wet weather resulted

in disappointing wheat pasture growth, although planted acreage was up sharply and emergence was above

average.

While 1996 grain prices held down feeder cattle price

gains, tight forage supplies and relatively low feeder

cattle prices led to continued large cow slaughter. As

more beef moved through the market, cattle prices

declined. The total gross value of production in 1996

fell 13 percent from the previous year.

Cow-calf operators that marketed calves in 1996 once

again failed to cover cash costs. The North Central,

South, Great Plains, and West regions all posted a negative average value for the gross value of production

less cash expenses for 1996. Operators in the West and

South regions again experienced the largest shortfalls.

Residual returns to management and risk deteriorated

further in the four regions, as total economic costs

increased.

Cow-Calf

Operators Once Again Failed To Cover Cash Costs
178 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

West

Great

Plains

North Central

South

Figure 8-15

Cow-calf production regions

Notes: Shading and patterns indicate production regions where producers were surveyed in 1990 about production practices and costs of 

production. Production regions are defined for each crop based on common cultural practices.
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 179

Table 8-18A—Cow-calf production cash costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North Central South Great Plains West

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per bred cow

Gross value of production:

Steer calves 44.94 35.35 44.68 35.08 59.11 45.59 42.52 32.87 36.65 30.60

Heifer calves 37.80 29.56 26.21 20.34 58.67 45.07 34.89 26.79 29.69 24.77

Yearling steers 105.94 97.17 106.69 100.47 68.63 56.77 115.28 109.63 122.75 110.41

Yearling heifers 58.35 53.88 70.32 66.18 27.12 22.98 72.55 68.66 56.34 50.71

Other cattle 84.89 71.46 68.92 59.36 55.30 45.76 99.76 81.75 93.34 82.49

Total, gross value of production 331.92 287.42 316.82 281.43 268.83 216.17 365.00 319.70 338.77 298.98

Cash expenses:

Feeder cattle 11.67 10.58 2.20 2.15 15.34 12.62 13.85 13.41 9.15 7.92

Feed—

Grain 9.76 8.98 14.44 11.91 7.84 8.17 10.90 9.58 7.36 7.32

Protein supplements 24.03 29.21 20.41 26.48 18.01 21.96 30.16 36.70 20.67 24.36

Byproducts 7.69 8.02 4.91 5.25 14.25 14.69 7.32 7.72 3.80 3.93

Harvested forages 80.87 86.74 72.35 76.90 48.56 51.60 90.18 98.53 97.64 102.54

Pasture 73.86 79.22 34.88 37.45 44.51 44.24 74.61 79.70 116.65 128.54

Total, feed costs 196.21 212.17 146.99 157.99 133.17 140.66 213.17 232.23 246.12 266.69

Other—

Veterinary and medicine 18.23 17.55 28.69 27.48 13.83 13.36 18.12 17.46 17.42 16.82

Livestock hauling 4.32 4.18 1.60 1.56 6.59 6.34 3.08 2.99 5.66 5.48

Marketing 4.30 4.16 3.84 3.72 4.77 4.63 4.62 4.46 3.57 3.45

Custom feed mixing 0.22 0.21 0.04 0.04 0.14 0.13 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.23

Fuel, lube 19.11 23.00 23.41 28.20 19.14 22.76 20.30 24.95 15.08 17.54

Machinery and building repairs 31.06 31.83 40.54 41.54 30.65 31.60 33.36 34.18 23.10 23.63

Hired labor 30.91 31.65 11.94 13.17 37.25 36.93 27.78 28.87 39.44 40.17

Other variable cash expenses 5.79 5.95 5.29 5.56 6.98 7.20 6.30 6.46 4.11 4.19

Total, variable cash expenses 321.82 341.28 264.54 281.41 267.86 276.23 340.88 365.30 363.88 386.12

General farm overhead 38.56 36.15 31.64 29.70 36.40 34.16 38.41 35.99 43.94 41.14

Taxes and insurance 15.96 17.27 14.03 15.29 17.69 19.00 12.74 13.89 20.77 22.33

Interest 34.31 33.99 35.20 34.86 19.76 19.53 28.87 28.65 55.96 55.27

Total, fixed cash expenses 88.83 87.41 80.87 79.85 73.85 72.69 80.02 78.53 120.67 118.74

Total, cash expenses 410.65 428.69 345.41 361.26 341.71 348.92 420.90 443.83 484.55 504.86

Gross value of production

less cash expenses -78.73 -141.27 -28.59 -79.83 -72.88 -132.75 -55.90 -124.13 -145.78 -205.88

Table 8-18B—Cow-calf production economic costs and returns, 1995-96

United States North Central South Great Plains West

Item 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996

Dollars per bred cow

Gross value of production:

Steer calves 44.94 35.35 44.68 35.08 59.11 45.59 42.52 32.87 36.65 30.60

Heifer calves 37.80 29.56 26.21 20.34 58.67 45.07 34.89 26.79 29.69 24.77

Yearling steers 105.94 97.17 106.69 100.47 68.63 56.77 115.28 109.63 122.75 110.41

Yearling heifers 58.35 53.88 70.32 66.18 27.12 22.98 72.55 68.66 56.34 50.71

Other cattle 84.89 71.46 68.92 59.36 55.30 45.76 99.76 81.75 93.34 82.49

Total, gross value of production 331.92 287.42 316.82 281.43 268.83 216.17 365.00 319.70 338.77 298.98

Economic (full ownership) costs:

Variable cash expenses 321.82 341.28 264.54 281.41 267.86 276.23 340.88 365.30 363.88 386.12

General farm overhead 38.56 36.15 31.64 29.70 36.40 34.16 38.41 35.99 43.94 41.14

Taxes and insurance 15.96 17.27 14.03 15.29 17.69 19.00 12.74 13.89 20.77 22.33

Capital replacement 84.89 83.59 96.38 95.03 81.34 80.41 85.23 83.56 82.08 81.16

Operating capital 13.49 13.03 11.09 10.74 11.23 10.54 14.29 13.94 15.26 14.74

Other nonland capital 37.59 37.31 47.93 47.64 36.28 36.20 37.45 37.04 34.17 33.95

Land 0.04 0.05 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

Unpaid labor 92.42 96.62 132.88 142.65 96.94 101.02 86.69 90.34 79.26 81.97

Total, economic 

(full ownership) costs 604.77 625.30 598.61 622.58 547.80 557.63 615.71 640.08 639.39 661.44

Residual returns to 

management and risk -272.85 -337.88 -281.79 -341.15 -278.97 -341.46 -250.71 -320.38 -300.62 -362.46

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Appendix I

Cash Receipts

for Commodities

by State
United States

All commodities 171,380,658 177,650,246 181,238,887 187,703,843 202,338,990 

Livestock and products 85,636,979 90,170,477 88,159,928 87,003,756 92,914,212 

Meat animals 47,748,299 50,823,492 46,784,612 44,827,596 44,382,498 

Cattle and calves 37,272,292 39,361,709 36,394,811 34,004,481 31,138,046 

Hogs 10,016,503 10,910,817 9,882,643 10,264,264 12,643,736 

Sheep and lambs 459,504 550,966 507,158 558,851 600,716 

Dairy products 19,736,250 19,242,553 19,935,161 19,893,610 22,833,925 

Milk, retail 275,845 263,161 303,238 392,964 482,818 

Milk, wholesale 19,460,405 18,979,392 19,631,923 19,500,646 22,351,107 

Poultry/eggs 15,523,553 17,325,621 18,445,009 19,068,774 22,326,291 

Broilers 9,176,537 10,415,826 11,371,723 11,762,222 13,906,019 

Farm chickens 82,842 96,435 77,517 61,315 61,429 

Chicken eggs 3,384,490 3,779,430 3,780,349 3,879,609 4,756,571 

Turkeys 2,396,728 2,509,672 2,643,765 2,822,151 3,056,314 

Ducks 8,736 8,493 8,874 9,512 10,614 

Other poultry 474,220 515,765 562,781 533,965 535,344 

Miscellaneous livestock 2,628,877 2,778,811 2,995,146 3,213,776 3,371,498 

Honey 122,741 125,029 116,124 145,653 180,192 

Horses/mules 433,000 441,000 489,000 559,000 628,000 

Mohair 13,389 12,066 32,247 22,191 15,486 

Wool 60,181 39,071 52,403 64,285 39,658 

Aquaculture 635,755 686,746 706,109 757,105 767,750 

Other livestock 1,363,811 1,474,899 1,599,263 1,665,542 1,740,412 

Crops 85,743,679 87,479,769 93,078,959 100,700,087 109,424,778 

Food grains 8,467,473 8,179,932 9,545,012 10,416,611 11,549,958 

Rice 1,255,836 698,550 1,665,183 1,282,383 1,575,115 

Rye 17,572 17,077 20,397 19,175 19,227 

Wheat 7,194,065 7,464,305 7,859,432 9,115,053 9,955,616 

Feed crops 20,098,600 20,211,046 20,351,200 24,282,381 28,113,655 

Barley 814,534 655,481 702,629 824,893 992,388 

Corn 14,665,455 14,606,523 14,675,201 18,625,832 21,573,363 

Hay 3,122,644 3,570,554 3,701,536 3,326,517 3,573,530 

Oats 176,489 142,838 132,840 121,695 145,676 

Sorghum grain 1,314,428 1,225,350 1,128,094 1,371,988 1,813,188 

Silage 5,050 10,300 10,900 11,456 15,510 

Cotton 5,192,067 5,249,680 6,737,709 6,851,079 7,460,813 

Cotton lint, all 4,673,466 4,654,785 6,096,156 6,241,223 6,723,079 

Cottonseed 518,601 594,895 641,553 609,856 737,734 

Tobacco 2,958,005 2,947,785 2,656,352 2,548,399 2,795,990 

Oil crops 13,285,937 13,219,881 14,656,680 15,466,338 17,755,891 

Flaxseed 14,905 13,326 15,287 12,673 10,355 

Peanuts 1,285,671 1,031,829 1,229,762 1,001,150 969,132 

Soybeans 11,619,434 11,780,613 12,826,218 13,857,413 16,211,387 

Sunflower 304,213 298,185 464,949 466,837 432,344 

Sesame 306 300 350 352 NA

Vegetables 11,851,388 13,434,608 13,902,047 14,890,935 14,348,758 

Beans, dry 488,875 522,707 611,148 609,049 663,875 

Peas, dry 30,061 36,999 35,342 57,766 32,948 

Lentils (beans) 28,814 30,090 25,613 34,899 21,094 

Potatoes 2,002,295 2,342,344 2,486,729 2,464,550 2,699,259 

Sweetpotatoes 156,463 162,168 181,290 196,720 205,620 

Taro 3,002 2,760 2,806 3,264 2,891 

Ginger root 6,380 5,247 5,220 5,046 7,050 

Artichokes 43,447 45,762 61,557 61,965 58,729 

Asparagus 173,015 167,645 177,641 177,974 157,001 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 181
Beans, green lima 21,251 22,629 32,920 36,869 34,331 

Beans, snap 250,787 271,039 293,089 282,664 284,328 

Beets 5,879 6,623 8,113 8,814 8,092 

Broccoli 284,423 277,663 374,049 414,804 402,610 

Brussels sprouts 17,104 24,761 15,471 14,390 16,131 

Cabbage 217,762 287,331 239,712 268,169 251,184 

Carrots 352,733 295,852 336,756 426,282 377,642 

Cauliflower 193,937 201,381 193,127 211,438 217,632 

Celery 258,662 319,216 237,949 315,108 197,753 

Corn, sweet 480,159 532,325 635,057 640,444 636,023 

Cucumbers 295,186 296,389 283,534 286,002 311,962 

Eggplant, all 20,650 17,721 20,886 16,225 15,766 

Escarole 11,148 13,502 15,151 14,642 12,901 

Garlic 102,854 132,470 183,852 140,700 145,592 

Kale/collards NA NA 3,455 3,398 3,924 

Lettuce 1,171,977 1,469,131 1,277,825 1,990,554 1,427,400 

Onions 541,062 936,972 707,437 737,677 701,006 

Peas, green 135,954 88,004 124,138 131,762 117,333 

Peppers, green 386,153 437,480 456,245 452,906 462,377 

Peppers, chili 67,379 56,077 55,868 44,840 65,460 

Spinach 67,254 80,952 74,662 80,018 75,492 

Tomatoes 1,906,363 1,711,985 1,745,910 1,604,977 1,603,232 

Radishes 21,578 36,961 25,888 23,873 20,021 

Squash 56,294 49,488 53,218 58,657 37,947 

Miscellaneous vegetables 1,513,751 1,925,226 2,279,910 2,277,536 2,306,442 

Cantaloups 251,059 297,055 300,618 350,698 400,795 

Honeydews 63,811 68,888 68,184 89,193 91,265 

Watermelons 223,866 261,765 271,677 357,062 275,650 

Fruits/nuts 10,178,673 10,284,137 10,334,702 11,073,919 11,713,819 

Grapefruit 372,390 316,395 323,121 312,194 299,875 

Lemons 238,687 282,818 248,103 267,598 228,340 

Limes 11,213 3,171 3,687 4,001 1,632 

Oranges 1,473,551 1,522,351 1,655,244 1,711,810 1,798,311 

Tangelos 14,994 20,361 13,508 16,942 17,470 

Tangerines 99,313 87,984 75,126 126,623 97,315 

Apples 1,589,220 1,361,328 1,352,718 1,578,502 1,846,052 

Apricots 37,838 38,694 48,883 27,744 37,152 

Avocados 205,176 139,592 260,340 240,185 238,910 

Cherries 233,391 224,030 248,953 211,771 264,066 

Dates 22,037 22,756 18,609 17,598 18,277 

Figs 18,985 24,341 23,768 15,841 12,606 

Grapes 1,846,216 2,000,601 1,888,164 2,044,622 2,334,020 

Nectarines 73,710 102,421 68,168 93,990 115,029 

Olives 90,585 56,974 38,977 50,065 102,588 

Peaches 379,749 398,852 314,699 404,990 380,332 

Pears 275,242 247,201 226,809 241,393 292,452 

Pineapples 102,100 79,850 78,890 87,360 87,282 

Plums and prunes 254,126 261,545 257,255 324,005 294,842 

Coffee 4,080 6,525 12,040 16,200 20,150 

Bananas 4,920 4,446 5,069 5,200 5,200 

Papayas 14,415 13,673 13,831 18,494 18,488 

Kiwifruit 13,833 16,502 18,413 15,089 13,368 

Mangos 4,280 950 1,500 1,725 1,500 

Guavas 1,896 2,171 2,549 2,378 2,331 

Cranberries 214,767 196,820 230,795 223,938 246,248 

Strawberries 698,004 670,753 837,038 812,312 770,324 

Blueberries 128,616 111,233 108,417 122,283 143,572 

Raspberries 85,715 83,335 92,958 74,307 71,480 

Blackberry group 25,185 15,300 19,899 26,558 33,121 

Other berries 87,129 90,109 93,106 94,436 91,374 

Almonds 691,340 930,618 965,202 880,896 1,008,576 

Filberts 15,304 25,963 17,604 35,611 16,329 

Pecans 240,797 213,862 207,345 271,673 141,119 

Walnuts 286,230 361,400 238,960 327,600 317,750 

Macadamia nuts 32,640 32,980 36,225 37,740 44,070 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

182 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Pistachios 151,410 162,640 118,809 161,320 121,800 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 138,214 152,653 169,317 168,020 179,563 

All other crops 13,711,536 13,952,700 14,895,257 15,170,425 15,685,894 

Maple products 39,125 23,493 32,248 28,719 42,169 

Sugar beets 1,206,480 1,023,687 1,234,470 1,070,663 1,017,475 

Cane for sugar 876,824 868,035 899,279 893,344 865,965 

Alfalfa 50,003 41,330 57,800 55,836 57,754 

Bentgrass 12,062 10,074 9,552 12,149 13,868 

Bluegrass-Kentucky 22,316 28,491 24,634 25,632 33,175 

Crimson clover 4,104 2,323 2,477 2,933 4,315 

Fescue 43,309 46,257 37,610 48,378 96,168 

Orchardgrass 8,865 9,593 11,887 13,690 9,752 

Red clover 7,088 4,904 3,692 5,230 6,053 

Sorghum Sudan crosses 4,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 5,000 

Other seeds 269,705 294,866 300,887 317,383 315,140 

Hops 129,445 133,965 134,701 135,087 123,944 

Mint 141,368 113,627 136,847 157,906 154,612 

Other field crops 503,291 529,852 675,544 607,609 666,127 

Christmas trees 330,276 417,034 435,619 458,492 474,435 

Greenhouse/nursery 9,286,612 9,592,179 10,021,195 10,440,668 10,887,058 

Mushrooms 684,638 700,815 736,417 757,878 753,052 

Alabama

All commodities 2,727,271 2,857,095 2,951,334 2,871,842 3,173,595 

Livestock and products 1,962,655 2,129,064 2,149,550 2,166,594 2,362,958 

Meat animals 476,767 429,649 366,901 374,601 358,043 

Cattle and calves 395,283 345,904 299,518 308,310 286,068 

Hogs 81,272 83,483 67,181 66,221 71,856 

Dairy products 72,500 72,562 72,912 66,920 70,520 

Milk, wholesale 72,500 72,562 72,912 66,920 70,520 

Poultry/eggs 1,368,509 1,577,222 1,658,173 1,663,476 1,869,708 

Broilers 1,194,901 1,349,766 1,443,549 1,438,200 1,634,802 

Farm chickens 2,570 8,611 7,193 5,811 7,048 

Chicken eggs 170,188 217,845 205,431 216,465 225,358 

Other poultry 850 1,000 2,000 3,000 2,500 

Miscellaneous livestock 44,879 49,631 51,564 61,597 64,687 

Aquaculture 32,247 40,087 41,058 50,909 52,795 

All other livestock 12,000 9,000 10,000 10,000 11,000 

Crops 764,616 728,031 801,784 705,248 810,637 

Food grains 12,958 9,806 13,393 11,361 17,141 

Wheat 12,958 9,806 13,393 11,361 17,141 

Feed crops 58,011 50,161 58,770 56,278 70,571 

Corn 38,690 28,540 35,137 37,820 51,609 

Hay 16,990 18,990 20,526 17,273 17,805 

Sorghum grain 1,209 1,741 1,762 693 466

Cotton 174,638 164,858 250,681 167,386 260,436 

Cotton lint, all 160,111 151,591 232,769 155,516 236,305 

Cottonseed 14,527 13,267 17,912 11,870 24,131 

Tobacco 1,282 1,305 968 1,293 1,371 

Oil crops 221,700 191,152 193,680 175,471 172,484 

Peanuts 180,310 145,752 144,129 139,420 118,749 

Soybeans 41,204 45,020 48,737 35,433 53,512 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 183
Vegetables 72,970 79,249 83,315 85,903 73,792 

Potatoes 10,816 10,331 19,849 15,048 11,100 

Spring 4,432 4,862 5,289 3,910 2,690 

Summer 6,384 5,469 14,560 11,138 8,410 

Sweetpotatoes 9,257 9,675 10,431 11,032 9,496 

Corn, sweet 2,682 1,980 3,060 1,884 2,873 

Tomatoes 6,495 14,595 8,870 7,907 9,350 

Miscellaneous vegetables 40,000 35,000 36,000 43,000 35,000 

Watermelons 1,635 5,506 2,736 3,971 3,572 

Fruits/nuts 16,644 26,114 15,860 22,494 16,638 

Peaches 3,756 4,277 3,760 5,985 253

Other berries 3,000 3,600 3,200 2,500 3,800 

Pecans 4,780 10,890 3,160 8,452 7,440 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 4,800 7,300 5,300 5,100 4,800 

All other crops 206,413 205,386 185,117 185,062 198,204 

Other seeds 2,200 1,200 1,600 2,300 2,800 

Other field crops 3,300 3,200 3,800 3,600 5,400 

Greenhouse/nursery 200,913 200,986 179,717 179,162 190,004 

Floriculture 50,913 55,986 49,717 49,162 56,004 

Other greenhouse 150,000 145,000 130,000 130,000 134,000 

Alaska

All commodities 25,735 26,799 27,890 29,702 29,418 

Livestock and products 6,036 5,922 6,045 5,820 6,108 

Meat animals 931 825 915 793 1,043 

Dairy products 2,391 2,318 2,465 2,323 2,608 

Milk, wholesale 2,326 2,253 2,395 2,253 2,538 

Poultry/eggs 75 80 73 78 77

Other poultry 8 9 9 78 77

Miscellaneous livestock 2,639 2,699 2,592 2,626 2,380 

Other livestock 2,633 2,692 2,582 2,617 2,374 

Crops 19,699 20,877 21,845 23,882 23,310 

Feed crops 1,903 2,386 2,828 3,421 2,068 

Barley 362 419 509 884 666

Oats 18 98 105 161 72

Vegetables 2,573 3,102 2,898 3,556 3,029 

Potatoes 1,653 2,022 1,843 2,344 1,698 

Miscellaneous vegetables 920 1,080 1,055 1,212 1,331 

All other crops 15,223 15,389 16,119 16,905 18,213 

Other field crops 163 309 286 320 221

Greenhouse/nursery 15,060 15,080 15,833 16,585 17,992 

Arizona

All commodities 1,808,239 1,950,934 1,854,063 2,156,991 2,146,417 

Livestock and products 896,498 918,321 804,343 810,226 838,827 

Meat animals 612,436 624,308 479,480 470,295 427,213 

Cattle and calves 583,514 591,201 446,060 433,953 384,228 

Hogs 19,253 22,591 22,140 29,329 34,609 

Sheep and lambs 9,669 10,516 11,280 7,013 8,376 

Dairy products 236,607 244,970 278,506 284,288 356,990 

Milk, wholesale 236,607 244,970 278,506 284,288 356,990 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

184 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Poultry/eggs 3,758 3,952 3,602 4,104 4,186 

Other poultry 224 230 232 331 377

Miscellaneous livestock 43,697 45,091 42,755 51,539 50,438 

Honey 2,079 2,202 1,414 2,670 1,613 

Other livestock 40,590 42,257 40,676 48,006 48,132 

Crops 911,741 1,032,613 1,049,720 1,346,765 1,307,590 

Food grains 29,730 28,156 45,363 47,686 81,358 

Wheat 29,730 28,156 45,363 47,686 81,358 

Feed crops 47,210 74,526 87,959 78,025 110,626 

Barley 3,915 4,607 5,276 3,806 16,165 

Corn 1,437 4,460 4,728 8,141 14,992 

Hay 34,168 50,959 63,545 51,742 55,454 

Sorghum grain 2,640 4,200 3,510 2,880 8,505 

Silage 5,050 10,300 10,900 11,456 15,510 

Corn silage 3,250 8,500 9,100 6,656 12,150 

Sorghum silage 1,800 1,800 1,800 4,800 3,360 

Cotton 297,434 286,947 342,444 297,965 341,055 

Cotton lint, all 268,359 253,591 308,085 265,130 300,489 

Upland 207,255 196,150 265,113 241,345 260,857 

Long staple 61,104 57,441 42,972 23,785 39,632 

Cottonseed 29,075 33,356 34,359 32,835 40,566 

Oil crops 6,041 5,952 7,033 4,402 4,146 

Peanuts 342 925 750 499 528

Sesame 306 300 350 352 NA

Jojoba 4,500 1,200 1,800 2,250 2,340 

Vegetables 312,966 426,010 361,539 718,880 554,637 

Potatoes 10,912 11,963 12,003 13,127 16,436 

Broccoli 14,770 21,503 21,817 36,232 25,135 

Carrots 3,262 2,689 3,604 9,205 7,925 

Cauliflower 19,558 20,930 22,984 28,920 25,410 

Lettuce 172,422 260,548 185,057 489,019 305,683 

Head 128,204 188,107 144,270 353,908 212,810 

Other 6,654 4,378 5,244 16,356 6,365 

Romaine 10,295 24,404 15,004 48,051 34,632 

Leaf 27,269 43,659 20,539 70,704 51,876 

Onions 4,418 10,342 5,308 5,331 6,559 

Miscellaneous vegetables 34,327 25,735 45,563 41,496 56,257 

Cantaloups 38,254 48,838 43,877 61,104 84,677 

Honeydews 5,005 6,912 8,247 13,882 11,111 

Watermelons 8,678 14,930 11,805 20,520 15,444 

Fruits/nuts 146,362 130,963 119,103 113,006 120,309 

Grapefruit 15,836 6,532 4,836 7,720 4,236 

Fresh pink seedless 15,286 6,645 4,932 7,754 4,424 

Lemons 52,156 49,895 37,660 39,035 47,229 

Fresh 47,692 46,869 35,462 37,541 44,816 

Processing 4,464 3,026 2,198 1,494 2,413 

Oranges 12,717 13,273 8,216 7,556 7,895 

Naval, fresh, early and mid 8,411 6,457 4,652 3,628 4,066 

Valencias, fresh 4,328 6,814 3,595 4,021 3,993 

Tangerines 16,442 11,367 11,837 8,452 10,055 

Fresh 16,181 11,483 11,873 8,459 10,124 

Apples 6,059 3,654 4,621 782 12,432 

Fresh 2,577 900 1,000 80 1,776 

Processing 3,482 2,754 3,621 702 10,656 

Grapes 12,488 18,066 24,430 23,314 20,063 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 4,764 6,901 5,303 5,997 7,859 

All other crops 71,998 80,059 86,279 86,801 95,459 

Other seeds 22,002 18,810 19,850 28,002 25,451 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 185
Other field crops 2,031 1,995 3,151 2,909 1,763 

Christmas trees NA NA 82 129 288

Greenhouse/nursery 47,965 59,254 63,196 55,761 67,957 

Floriculture 12,515 21,354 22,796 12,061 22,787 

Other greenhouse 35,450 37,900 40,400 43,700 45,170 

Arkansas

All commodities 4,657,525 4,355,259 5,394,516 5,089,646 5,886,786 

Livestock and products 2,710,019 2,900,656 3,144,751 3,021,568 3,356,623 

Meat animals 514,997 503,375 523,500 467,136 438,768 

Cattle and calves 394,328 359,118 366,546 310,897 251,775 

Hogs 120,537 144,197 156,802 155,998 186,710 

Dairy products 106,057 101,592 101,748 98,394 107,680 

Milk, wholesale 106,057 101,592 101,748 98,394 107,680 

Poultry/eggs 2,008,754 2,202,270 2,420,426 2,343,688 2,687,575 

Broilers 1,529,660 1,684,366 1,820,138 1,768,930 2,122,313 

Farm chickens 8,970 15,675 16,575 13,385 10,696 

Chicken eggs 264,974 285,829 329,593 294,353 299,950 

Turkeys 196,650 205,000 224,400 241,020 231,616 

Other poultry 8,500 11,400 29,720 26,000 23,000 

Miscellaneous livestock 80,211 93,419 99,077 112,350 122,600 

Honey 1,521 1,825 1,811 2,130 2,923 

Aquaculture 71,203 83,810 89,986 102,827 112,214 

Catfish 31,603 34,036 34,812 41,034 52,214 

Other aquaculture 39,600 49,774 55,174 61,793 60,000 

Other livestock 7,470 7,780 7,257 7,380 7,450 

Crops 1,947,506 1,454,603 2,249,765 2,068,078 2,530,163 

Food grains 662,060 362,091 811,168 683,791 940,080 

Rice 533,170 242,562 687,311 513,839 644,295 

Wheat 128,890 119,529 123,857 169,952 295,785 

Feed crops 121,377 83,162 99,936 102,733 148,071 

Corn 19,374 20,139 20,943 25,988 56,725 

Hay 35,020 30,712 39,959 36,082 43,343 

Oats 1,921 1,899 1,949 989 1,276 

Sorghum grain 65,062 30,412 37,085 39,674 46,727 

Cotton 539,187 379,995 557,577 590,473 624,783 

Cotton lint, all 485,379 335,233 495,445 530,282 555,801 

Cottonseed 53,808 44,762 62,132 60,191 68,982 

Oil crops 561,984 572,068 719,423 627,118 763,497 

Soybeans 561,752 571,773 719,189 626,937 763,365 

Vegetables 24,582 18,756 24,419 26,076 19,820 

Tomatoes 9,117 5,451 9,889 10,920 4,940 

Miscellaneous vegetables 8,000 8,000 8,000 9,000 9,000 

Watermelons 4,200 2,999 2,538 1,920 1,716 

Fruits/nuts 10,088 11,592 10,031 14,397 10,135 

Apples 1,010 1,810 1,225 1,360 1,169 

Grapes 2,070 2,710 2,619 4,438 5,035 

Peaches 2,652 3,069 1,960 3,189 171

Blueberries 1,812 1,928 1,652 1,800 1,480 

Other berries 600 600 700 770 750

Pecans 1,571 990 1,440 1,820 1,080 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 31 100 110 180 150

All other crops 28,228 26,939 27,211 23,490 23,777 

Other seeds 3,500 1,500 500 1,200 1,000 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

186 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Other field crops 3,048 2,980 3,340 3,100 3,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 21,680 22,436 23,348 19,167 19,754 

Floriculture 11,680 11,936 12,348 9,167 9,754 

Other greenhouse 10,000 10,500 11,000 10,000 10,000 

California

All commodities 19,038,850 20,333,634 21,559,141 22,522,620 23,309,526 

Livestock and products 5,100,010 5,381,496 5,488,710 5,549,294 6,213,336 

Meat animals 1,532,068 1,714,197 1,528,089 1,394,572 1,259,884 

Cattle and calves 1,437,117 1,590,174 1,428,205 1,289,765 1,144,563 

Hogs 41,432 50,537 45,186 35,887 41,895 

Sheep and lambs 53,519 73,486 54,698 68,920 73,426 

Dairy products 2,609,667 2,663,209 2,967,085 3,079,740 3,717,116 

Milk, retail 80,428 66,921 97,107 189,991 270,698 

Milk, wholesale 2,529,239 2,596,288 2,869,978 2,889,749 3,446,418 

Poultry/eggs 873,557 874,988 874,611 932,903 1,096,499 

Broilers 350,549 352,512 373,230 383,175 456,690 

Farm chickens 1,482 1,651 1,058 910 812

Chicken eggs 277,944 265,988 255,277 288,369 367,317 

Turkeys 219,929 208,980 193,242 212,520 221,738 

Other poultry 23,653 45,857 51,804 47,929 49,942 

Miscellaneous livestock 84,718 129,102 118,925 142,079 139,837 

Honey 17,072 22,500 12,240 24,608 22,932 

Wool 4,543 2,780 3,457 5,355 3,256 

Aquaculture 11,694 13,258 9,767 12,055 11,384 

Catfish 5,243 6,551 5,181 6,703 6,502 

Trout 6,451 6,707 4,586 5,352 4,882 

Other livestock 51,409 90,564 93,461 100,061 102,265 

Crops 13,938,840 14,952,138 16,070,431 16,973,326 17,096,190 

Food grains 391,020 267,409 551,142 410,996 568,025 

Rice 217,102 147,207 394,808 264,700 319,880 

Wheat 173,918 120,202 156,334 146,296 248,145 

Feed crops 558,125 614,405 741,438 671,272 713,442 

Barley 29,648 23,956 29,242 38,457 46,908 

Corn 44,542 58,429 65,425 68,751 98,774 

Hay 480,228 528,708 643,660 561,748 564,621 

Oats 3,707 3,312 3,111 2,316 3,139 

Cotton 1,129,663 1,050,028 1,219,967 1,323,382 1,190,503 

Cotton lint, all 1,023,562 933,908 1,119,392 1,238,460 1,072,632 

Upland 906,322 838,674 1,015,741 1,156,419 909,610 

Long staple 117,240 95,234 103,651 82,041 163,022 

Cottonseed 106,101 116,120 100,575 84,922 117,871 

Oil crops 33,169 62,844 63,052 56,202 60,568 

Vegetables 4,059,426 4,831,802 5,217,683 5,883,836 5,474,485 

Beans, dry 71,615 67,301 81,298 94,944 92,338 

Potatoes 134,255 180,695 171,643 171,924 179,266 

Winter 18,926 27,136 19,333 21,519 26,144 

Spring 65,127 95,459 88,369 82,008 84,674 

Summer 22,495 19,844 26,741 29,890 25,403 

Fall 27,707 38,256 37,200 38,507 43,045 

Sweetpotatoes 47,473 40,221 45,682 56,784 51,579 

Artichokes 43,447 45,762 61,557 61,965 58,729 

Fresh 17,015 29,142 30,030 35,140 29,367 

Broccoli 255,717 247,863 341,638 365,772 368,990 

Brussels sprouts 17,104 24,761 15,471 14,390 16,131 

Carrots 217,062 180,640 219,947 274,024 268,078 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 187
Celery 190,445 230,545 194,181 283,894 179,433 

Fresh 38,480 49,840 55,339 62,552 65,754 

Corn, sweet, fresh 38,205 37,940 31,125 42,424 56,628 

Garlic 102,854 132,470 183,852 140,700 145,592 

Lettuce 926,237 1,135,240 1,033,085 1,453,601 1,084,331 

Head 687,960 837,540 698,610 1,062,000 735,088 

Romaine 84,165 98,952 125,832 157,136 151,099 

Leaf 154,112 198,748 208,643 234,465 198,144 

Onions 125,426 161,668 180,482 219,641 225,929 

Spring 42,480 59,400 23,643 46,200 26,716 

Summer, nonstorage 82,946 102,268 78,485 84,456 NA

Storage NA NA 78,354 88,985 199,213 

Peppers, green 104,470 149,057 152,287 188,523 172,826 

Spinach, fresh 26,117 39,990 36,621 43,470 42,803 

Tomatoes 791,093 795,326 928,438 852,667 908,254 

Desert or fresh 343,728 266,288 272,800 191,862 244,087 

Processing 447,365 529,038 655,638 660,805 664,167 

Miscellaneous vegetables 347,442 656,547 827,313 823,954 825,000 

Cantaloups 161,280 188,955 179,145 205,178 232,342 

Honeydews 40,950 44,088 45,177 54,155 67,802 

Watermelons 52,320 59,094 71,164 91,005 79,002 

Fruits/nuts 5,400,407 5,743,184 5,716,612 5,962,591 6,369,767 

Grapefruit 44,739 52,675 53,393 52,644 55,878 

Fresh pink seedless 14,137 14,995 14,712 53,932 56,429 

Fresh white seedless 31,218 38,038 39,812 NA NA

Lemons 183,894 230,044 207,768 226,484 178,264 

Fresh 170,214 211,469 192,492 216,848 168,742 

Processing 13,680 18,575 15,276 9,636 9,522 

Oranges 492,373 470,364 475,089 516,631 492,751 

Naval, fresh, early and mid 286,450 303,070 277,759 266,294 260,618 

Naval, processing, early and mid 10,921 3,467 1,713 2,504 4,338 

Valencias, fresh 194,012 171,360 200,640 256,200 239,787 

Valencias, processing 990 599 1,597 3,359 3,316 

Tangerines 34,412 26,963 26,135 32,296 14,669 

Fresh 33,869 27,249 26,219 32,492 14,887 

Apples 185,624 138,131 138,478 154,815 146,912 

Fresh 148,030 104,634 100,365 110,485 103,933 

Processing 37,594 33,497 38,113 44,330 42,979 

Apricots 32,458 32,288 43,700 21,085 32,169 

Avocados 197,092 135,678 247,794 228,606 226,239 

Cherries 38,342 43,203 63,512 41,540 45,430 

Dates 22,037 22,756 18,609 17,598 18,277 

Figs 18,985 24,341 23,768 15,841 12,606 

Grapes 1,684,850 1,823,455 1,718,322 1,859,900 2,154,422 

Wine 843,000 866,382 855,915 965,150 1,192,185 

Table 231,717 356,111 312,667 366,774 383,486 

Raisins 610,133 600,962 549,740 527,976 578,751 

Nectarines 73,710 102,421 68,168 93,990 115,029 

Olives 90,585 56,974 38,977 50,065 102,588 

Peaches 200,146 203,105 165,388 181,022 249,336 

Freestone 79,510 90,072 67,918 93,175 134,826 

Clingstone 120,636 113,033 97,470 87,847 114,510 

Pears 82,983 77,806 70,269 62,183 89,728 

Bartlett 74,970 68,287 60,904 52,453 76,594 

Other 8,013 9,519 9,365 9,730 13,134 

Plums and prunes 245,602 256,799 251,854 317,287 286,318 

Plums 63,033 93,954 79,358 117,849 93,257 

Prunes 182,569 162,845 172,496 199,438 193,061 

Kiwifruit 13,833 16,502 18,413 15,089 13,368 

Strawberries 513,028 457,855 647,575 611,002 584,860 

Raspberries 48,276 39,000 30,000 23,325 25,520 

Blackberry group 1,548 1,980 1,510 1,710 2,248 

Other berries NA 2,356 2,537 3,200 3,200 

Almonds 691,340 930,618 965,202 880,896 1,008,576 

Pecans 4,160 2,880 1,740 3,712 1,079 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

188 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Walnuts 286,230 361,400 238,960 327,600 317,750 

Pistachios 151,410 162,640 118,809 161,320 121,800 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 62,750 70,950 80,642 62,750 70,750 

All other crops 2,367,030 2,382,466 2,560,537 2,665,047 2,719,400 

Sugar beets 151,857 125,528 132,258 125,765 95,309 

Alfalfa 34,068 24,116 40,381 38,520 38,500 

Other seeds 60,517 94,086 95,623 83,312 83,763 

Other field crops 79,276 80,150 146,606 114,442 114,380 

Christmas trees 24,720 21,000 18,807 14,928 15,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 1,882,421 1,902,610 1,986,450 2,140,928 2,223,707 

Floriculture 685,785 639,404 701,448 690,928 723,707 

Other greenhouse 1,196,636 1,263,206 1,285,002 1,450,000 1,500,000 

Mushrooms, agaricus 129,831 130,564 135,435 141,266 142,456 

Colorado

All commodities 3,795,283 4,202,333 4,051,113 4,156,420 4,229,447 

Livestock and products 2,764,612 2,992,409 2,764,169 2,742,570 2,759,135 

Meat animals 2,452,888 2,668,409 2,412,908 2,375,542 2,360,673 

Cattle and calves 2,336,630 2,485,036 2,224,165 2,164,531 2,071,753 

Hogs 73,999 88,994 94,129 106,203 174,293 

Sheep and lambs 42,259 94,379 94,614 104,808 114,627 

Dairy products 189,386 189,285 214,160 206,240 245,769 

Milk, retail 12,372 13,395 15,600 15,400 18,009 

Milk, wholesale 177,014 175,890 198,560 190,840 227,760 

Poultry/eggs 95,746 107,204 106,957 126,616 115,965 

Chicken eggs 42,827 47,988 42,790 47,361 52,101 

Other poultry 90 120 150 200 210

Miscellaneous livestock 26,592 27,511 30,144 34,172 36,728 

Honey 2,270 2,244 1,915 1,971 1,754 

Wool 4,406 2,600 3,317 4,316 3,152 

Aquaculture 2,370 2,134 2,274 2,269 2,420 

All other livestock 17,000 20,000 22,000 25,000 28,000 

Crops 1,030,671 1,209,924 1,286,944 1,413,850 1,470,312 

Food grains 216,382 261,040 299,196 417,920 391,596 

Wheat 216,294 260,984 299,107 417,808 391,421 

Feed crops 438,775 424,922 484,380 509,322 551,284 

Barley 20,299 23,109 15,178 26,441 26,525 

Corn 272,227 223,864 278,663 305,984 327,659 

Hay 128,076 165,381 171,722 159,259 169,133 

Oats 958 1,255 1,004 1,412 1,983 

Sorghum grain 17,215 11,313 17,813 16,226 25,984 

Oil crops 7,734 11,482 12,854 13,218 15,092 

Sunflower 7,426 10,520 11,322 11,702 14,603 

Vegetables 198,836 333,919 304,186 275,477 287,913 

Beans, dry 43,160 69,128 55,413 45,261 53,928 

Potatoes 64,730 110,296 130,638 119,626 123,874 

Summer 10,517 13,038 14,878 17,041 15,104 

Fall 54,213 97,258 115,760 102,585 108,770 

Cabbage 2,336 4,859 6,365 3,534 7,293 

Carrots 10,059 9,150 11,780 23,085 10,189 

Corn, sweet 4,668 7,224 7,258 5,805 8,197 

Cucumbers 1,139 2,010 1,728 956 1,080 

Lettuce 16,116 11,275 6,970 6,564 4,158 

Onions 45,145 102,274 63,865 53,712 60,803 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 189
Spinach 6,786 10,185 8,670 5,075 4,290 

Miscellaneous vegetables 3,500 5,000 7,000 9,000 10,000 

Cantaloups 1,080 2,328 4,147 2,657 3,672 

Fruits/nuts 18,710 22,051 21,780 20,292 17,263 

Apples 10,841 13,495 12,981 8,881 5,853 

Fresh 9,055 12,001 11,847 6,763 4,079 

Processing 1,786 1,494 1,134 2,118 1,774 

Peaches 5,165 5,287 5,742 7,932 7,934 

Pears 1,137 1,670 1,097 1,000 480

Other berries 70 75 70 65 70

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 950 1,300 1,500 2,000 2,500 

All other crops 150,234 156,510 164,548 177,621 207,164 

Sugar beets 37,683 35,482 33,772 25,311 36,533 

Other seeds 950 900 950 930 900

Other field crops 14,000 15,000 12,000 13,000 15,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 88,562 97,315 108,950 127,818 144,039 

Floriculture 52,662 58,515 54,950 63,818 70,039 

Other greenhouse 33,000 35,000 40,000 42,000 45,000 

Greenhouse tomatoes 2,900 3,800 14,000 22,000 29,000 

Connecticut

All commodities 464,649 482,454 477,791 458,159 489,113 

Livestock and products 252,014 268,933 253,549 227,696 236,700 

Meat animals 16,758 18,951 16,077 15,089 13,248 

Cattle and calves 15,374 17,488 14,868 13,900 11,295 

Hogs 948 1,060 810 730 1,494 

Dairy products 76,319 74,477 74,562 72,208 78,970 

Milk, retail 2,679 2,805 3,116 3,628 4,558 

Milk, wholesale 73,640 71,672 71,446 68,580 74,412 

Poultry/eggs 90,805 107,368 100,966 72,073 76,178 

Chicken eggs 75,905 84,803 80,757 52,707 58,583 

Other poultry 12,685 20,000 18,230 17,680 16,987 

Miscellaneous livestock 68,132 68,137 61,944 68,326 68,304 

Aquaculture 61,753 61,753 55,558 61,881 61,881 

Other livestock 6,305 6,310 6,318 6,352 6,343 

Crops 212,635 213,521 224,242 230,463 252,413 

Feed crops 4,559 4,045 4,669 4,613 4,397 

Hay 4,559 4,045 4,669 4,613 4,397 

Tobacco 30,075 21,310 24,861 4,294 7,623 

Vegetables 21,608 24,763 24,941 24,614 26,763 

Corn, sweet 5,648 7,755 7,975 7,560 7,911 

Miscellaneous vegetables 15,960 17,008 16,966 17,054 18,852 

Fruits/nuts 16,169 15,093 15,189 14,383 15,037 

Apples 7,245 5,984 6,407 5,924 6,139 

Fresh 6,603 5,306 5,771 5,246 5,336 

Peaches 1,850 1,820 1,100 1,260 1,540 

Other berries 5,037 5,245 5,433 4,704 4,771 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,224 1,324 1,524 1,830 1,826 

All other crops 140,224 148,310 154,582 182,559 198,593 

Christmas trees 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,200 8,350 

Greenhouse/nursery 99,452 107,881 111,542 118,251 123,149 

Floriculture 35,452 40,881 41,542 46,251 49,149 

Other greenhouse 64,000 67,000 70,000 72,000 74,000 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

190 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Delaware

All commodities 609,110 611,550 659,963 678,633 757,036 

Livestock and products 449,257 466,994 505,372 516,953 573,456 

Meat animals 9,639 14,822 9,942 7,102 9,782 

Cattle and calves 4,440 8,932 3,163 2,566 4,494 

Hogs 5,191 5,874 6,764 4,520 5,270 

Dairy products 19,208 19,564 19,454 19,008 21,114 

Milk, wholesale 19,208 19,564 19,454 19,008 21,114 

Poultry/eggs 417,087 429,266 472,606 487,439 539,137 

Broilers 401,798 414,528 458,615 474,096 524,216 

Chicken eggs 14,623 14,310 13,680 12,995 14,578 

Other poultry 42 44 46 48 49

Miscellaneous livestock 3,323 3,342 3,370 3,404 3,423 

Other livestock 3,300 3,320 3,350 3,380 3,400 

Crops 159,853 144,556 154,591 161,680 183,580 

Food grains 10,905 10,105 11,821 17,005 18,117 

Wheat 10,905 10,105 11,821 17,005 18,117 

Feed crops 27,470 21,254 23,593 26,580 39,230 

Barley 2,542 2,445 1,801 3,001 2,823 

Corn 23,656 17,656 20,536 22,500 35,176 

Hay 1,272 1,153 1,256 1,079 1,231 

Oil crops 37,438 30,779 36,557 28,271 40,953 

Soybeans 37,376 30,748 36,542 28,251 40,935 

Vegetables 42,281 39,768 37,255 47,896 43,528 

Potatoes 10,083 7,232 6,855 11,836 9,971 

Beans, snap, fresh 238 485 432 759 496

Miscellaneous vegetables 16,645 15,825 13,767 14,205 14,400 

Watermelons 2,214 3,240 1,795 4,704 3,276 

Fruits/nuts 4,221 4,305 4,853 3,316 4,183 

Apples 3,066 2,975 3,335 1,945 2,558 

Other berries 380 403 480 508 640

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 85 87 89 91 92

All other crops 37,538 38,345 40,512 38,612 37,569 

Other seeds 23 24 25 26 26

Other field crops 6,729 7,048 8,638 7,518 6,975 

Christmas trees NA NA 305 304 304

Greenhouse/nursery 27,509 27,523 27,665 27,850 27,895 

Mushrooms, agaricus 3,277 3,739 3,868 2,887 2,342 

Florida

All commodities 6,140,095 6,078,015 6,046,641 5,955,589 6,130,658 

Livestock and products 1,165,874 1,211,131 1,194,533 1,137,759 1,188,193 

Meat animals 362,616 377,674 348,328 301,491 231,576 

Cattle and calves 349,447 362,495 335,837 289,802 217,008 

Hogs 13,126 15,106 12,399 11,581 14,441 

Dairy products 401,700 385,503 408,408 363,528 431,280 

Milk, wholesale 401,700 385,503 408,408 363,528 431,280 

Poultry/eggs 259,678 298,831 291,605 315,475 353,469 

Broilers 164,856 187,714 191,151 218,361 230,607 

Farm chickens 3,028 3,569 1,406 895 88

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 191
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

192 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Chicken eggs 91,104 106,838 98,348 95,519 122,064 

Other poultry 690 710 700 700 710

Miscellaneous livestock 141,880 149,123 146,192 157,265 171,868 

Honey 12,126 11,300 9,080 12,659 22,932 

Other livestock 128,023 137,450 136,820 144,307 148,780 

Crops 4,974,221 4,866,884 4,852,108 4,817,830 4,942,465 

Food grains 2,349 2,268 1,717 1,255 1,534 

Wheat 2,349 2,268 1,717 1,255 1,534 

Feed crops 24,506 22,895 25,070 23,882 30,643 

Corn 11,117 12,094 11,045 12,033 19,092 

Hay 13,389 10,801 14,025 11,849 11,551 

Cotton 20,502 23,393 37,916 38,598 47,432 

Cotton lint, all 18,285 20,590 34,751 35,004 41,809 

Tobacco 31,729 30,638 27,248 30,907 31,021 

Oil crops 65,312 65,815 65,860 57,783 64,657 

Peanuts 57,886 57,684 58,302 52,551 59,040 

Soybeans 7,375 8,091 7,490 5,165 5,545 

Vegetables 1,756,993 1,688,676 1,448,371 1,321,518 1,303,167 

Potatoes 92,359 128,194 118,655 84,010 81,926 

Winter 35,420 42,234 54,584 27,168 4,206 

Spring 30,174 51,260 41,295 34,904 59,747 

Other 26,765 34,700 22,776 21,938 17,973 

Beans, snap, fresh 71,271 70,517 59,076 63,206 70,960 

Carrots 20,228 25,551 11,252 16,971 12,768 

Corn, sweet 73,149 102,588 105,232 108,423 92,879 

Cucumbers 86,097 80,010 58,200 51,081 78,920 

Fresh 78,747 72,072 47,488 37,795 54,426 

Processing 7,350 7,938 10,712 13,286 24,494 

Eggplant, all 17,410 13,075 15,606 14,005 11,424 

Escarole 7,000 7,611 8,969 9,440 5,300 

Lettuce 18,128 26,770 16,884 10,118 6,985 

Head 13,948 21,249 13,080 NA NA

Romaine 2,916 3,763 2,702 7,794 5,565 

Leaf 1,264 1,758 1,102 2,324 1,420 

Peppers, green 209,630 215,939 197,465 177,188 211,554 

Tomatoes, fresh 821,805 607,464 465,663 414,966 381,996 

Radishes 21,578 36,961 25,888 23,873 20,021 

Squash 45,850 38,170 43,216 41,686 27,297 

Miscellaneous vegetables 135,322 167,162 212,014 216,019 221,086 

Watermelons 66,150 66,600 57,868 62,700 49,980 

Fruits/nuts 1,496,193 1,487,798 1,619,356 1,688,828 1,774,086 

Grapefruit 309,484 239,353 251,406 232,392 219,664 

Fresh pink seedless 135,450 109,834 101,495 90,872 108,248 

Processing pink seedless 29,621 23,947 22,135 24,402 14,550 

Fresh white seedless 67,108 44,420 61,625 46,981 40,997 

Processing white seedless 70,820 55,529 62,645 65,618 51,597 

Processing, other 6,485 5,623 3,506 4,519 4,272 

Lemons 2,637 2,879 2,675 2,079 2,847 

Limes 11,213 3,171 3,687 4,001 1,632 

Fresh 10,445 3,011 3,546 3,837 1,541 

Oranges 966,764 1,033,810 1,168,788 1,179,082 1,290,577 

Naval, fresh, early and mid 46,217 58,621 46,149 50,479 60,635 

Naval, processing, early and mid 418,160 545,101 666,548 572,962 539,631 

Valencias, fresh 32,439 16,721 18,819 26,320 30,704 

Valencias, processing 449,969 400,924 424,585 514,391 644,423 

Temple, fresh 8,819 5,966 5,142 5,581 5,767 

Temple, processing 11,160 6,477 7,545 9,349 9,417 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Tangelos 14,994 20,361 13,508 16,942 17,470 

Fresh 9,863 11,024 7,008 8,738 8,789 

Processing 5,131 9,337 6,500 8,204 8,681 

K-early citrus 3,434 3,143 4,606 6,914 9,221 

Avocados 7,701 3,608 12,320 11,324 12,408 

Mangos 4,280 950 1,500 1,725 1,500 

Strawberries 108,864 121,313 101,425 118,608 112,632 

Blueberries 3,752 1,300 5,690 5,050 4,965 

Other berries 100 100 100 100 100

Pecans 3,770 3,460 1,600 945 1,095 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 12,800 6,900 18,900 29,800 35,700 

All other crops 1,576,637 1,545,401 1,626,570 1,655,059 1,689,925 

Cane for sugar 471,087 442,738 459,911 458,205 461,741 

Other seeds 4,200 4,200 4,300 4,400 4,400 

Other field crops 32,275 39,169 37,687 37,028 37,898 

Christmas trees 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 1,027,694 1,017,655 1,080,986 1,109,773 1,140,419 

Floriculture 552,694 542,655 600,986 629,773 660,419 

Other greenhouse 475,000 475,000 480,000 480,000 480,000 

Mushrooms, agaricus 40,354 40,608 42,455 44,377 44,427 

Georgia

All commodities 4,071,451 4,232,361 4,687,582 5,136,236 5,687,046 

Livestock and products 2,284,587 2,548,528 2,670,995 2,788,594 3,279,260 

Meat animals 436,135 463,897 418,419 428,819 404,196 

Cattle and calves 267,564 287,403 269,535 284,886 236,328 

Hogs 168,410 176,359 148,532 143,702 167,612 

Dairy products 229,860 226,510 238,183 222,046 241,561 

Milk, retail 2,605 3,070 2,763 3,256 3,581 

Milk, wholesale 227,255 223,440 235,420 218,790 237,980 

Poultry/eggs 1,583,335 1,822,378 1,975,433 2,102,238 2,588,655 

Broilers 1,268,096 1,501,440 1,653,225 1,771,920 2,205,294 

Farm chickens 11,022 13,866 10,284 8,414 11,233 

Chicken eggs 269,654 276,580 282,045 289,545 348,002 

Turkeys 24,596 18,399 17,227 19,331 7,308 

Other poultry 9,967 12,093 12,652 13,028 16,818 

Miscellaneous livestock 35,257 35,743 38,960 35,491 44,848 

Honey 3,086 2,733 2,873 3,081 4,539 

All other livestock 27,514 28,842 31,824 28,885 31,423 

Crops 1,786,864 1,683,833 2,016,587 2,347,642 2,407,786 

Food grains 45,606 41,770 56,259 42,677 88,477 

Rye 2,192 2,096 3,420 2,191 3,488 

Wheat 43,414 39,674 52,839 40,486 84,989 

Feed crops 151,720 111,335 139,857 117,782 167,735 

Corn 119,981 86,500 101,972 85,088 133,287 

Hay 26,408 19,749 31,472 29,794 31,274 

Oats 2,802 1,986 2,739 1,022 1,700 

Sorghum grain 2,529 3,100 3,674 1,878 1,474 

Cotton 219,979 241,824 391,759 741,333 781,640 

Cotton lint, all 202,987 224,626 365,735 701,209 727,696 

Cottonseed 16,992 17,198 26,024 40,124 53,944 

Tobacco 170,101 156,805 135,854 148,505 176,320 

Oil crops 638,942 504,517 612,401 480,989 446,117 

Peanuts 551,601 428,899 532,712 417,902 388,552 

Soybeans 85,952 74,210 76,142 59,991 56,482 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 193
Vegetables 267,081 281,555 340,542 434,069 378,469 

Sweetpotatoes 6,342 4,916 4,281 4,128 4,681 

Beans, green lima 4,428 3,264 4,350 5,280 4,216 

Beans, snap, fresh 16,414 13,000 16,072 16,800 14,208 

Cabbage 13,680 33,418 24,300 35,340 33,867 

Corn, sweet 16,029 11,622 33,660 35,000 23,976 

Cucumbers, fresh NA 16,380 23,814 28,800 21,257 

Onions 35,204 44,372 40,510 66,738 53,800 

Tomatoes 36,112 25,480 34,965 56,823 43,740 

Miscellaneous vegetables 110,842 103,095 124,142 117,684 126,602 

Cantaloups 5,920 4,648 6,563 10,010 13,923 

Watermelons 19,236 18,900 25,500 54,285 32,400 

Fruits/nuts 91,002 128,714 102,698 127,724 77,944 

Apples 4,488 4,541 3,051 4,251 3,680 

Grapes 2,630 3,035 2,481 3,318 3,517 

Peaches 26,714 32,245 27,549 29,657 3,380 

Blueberries 9,090 2,610 4,125 7,760 4,415 

Other berries 1,020 612 1,674 1,579 887

Pecans 45,060 83,560 62,900 79,961 61,884 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 2,000 2,111 918 1,198 181

All other crops 202,433 217,313 237,217 254,563 291,084 

Other seeds 4,744 5,959 5,768 7,602 8,000 

Other field crops 3,408 3,165 3,583 4,257 4,529 

Greenhouse/nursery 191,200 204,900 223,300 237,300 273,000 

Floriculture 40,260 44,933 47,540 54,250 54,397 

Other greenhouse 150,940 159,967 175,760 183,050 218,603 

Mushrooms, agaricus NA 3,289 4,126 4,964 5,115 

Hawaii

All commodities 526,167 507,498 508,732 494,465 482,589 

Livestock and products 89,154 85,257 76,821 71,861 65,995 

Meat animals 35,842 33,414 26,059 21,506 18,719 

Cattle and calves 29,235 26,860 19,700 14,639 11,905 

Hogs 6,521 6,293 6,175 6,672 6,585 

Dairy products 32,495 32,035 31,747 32,146 29,234 

Milk, wholesale 32,495 32,035 31,747 32,146 29,234 

Poultry/eggs 18,841 17,459 16,723 15,662 15,200 

Broilers 2,807 2,256 2,575 1,995 2,080 

Chicken eggs 15,846 15,005 13,959 13,516 12,963 

Other poultry 10 20 20 20 20

Miscellaneous livestock 1,976 2,349 2,292 2,547 2,842 

Other livestock 1,233 1,490 1,758 1,897 1,819 

Crops 437,013 422,241 431,911 422,604 416,594 

Vegetables 38,787 36,717 39,710 42,096 39,472 

Taro 3,002 2,760 2,806 3,264 2,891 

Ginger root 6,380 5,247 5,220 5,046 7,050 

Cucumbers 1,715 1,656 1,547 1,600 NA

Peppers, green 1,596 1,425 1,325 1,392 1,273 

Tomatoes 2,976 3,024 2,548 2,910 3,630 

Miscellaneous vegetables 17,383 16,938 20,372 20,655 19,000 

Watermelons 1,280 1,696 2,208 3,120 2,788 

Fruits/nuts 161,209 141,509 150,624 169,488 179,932 

Pineapples 102,100 79,850 78,890 87,360 87,282 

Coffee 4,080 6,525 12,040 16,200 20,150 

Bananas 4,920 4,446 5,069 5,200 5,200 

Papayas 14,415 13,673 13,831 18,494 18,488 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

194 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Guavas 1,896 2,171 2,549 2,378 2,331 

Macadamia nuts 32,640 32,980 36,225 37,740 44,070 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 775 1,558 1,794 1,861 2,148 

All other crops 237,017 244,015 241,577 211,020 197,190 

Cane for sugar 159,103 165,938 163,066 131,461 108,334 

Other seeds 7,319 7,500 9,600 9,640 12,230 

Other field crops 804 915 1,728 2,048 2,075 

Greenhouse/nursery 69,679 69,513 67,005 67,787 74,487 

Floriculture 45,145 48,893 46,281 45,213 51,987 

Other greenhouse 24,534 20,620 20,724 22,574 22,500 

Idaho

All commodities 2,732,107 2,887,907 2,950,426 3,153,399 3,409,945 

Livestock and products 1,145,224 1,167,072 1,199,068 1,221,284 1,329,258 

Meat animals 715,919 717,124 677,825 645,388 603,629 

Cattle and calves 693,414 691,870 652,120 618,134 573,575 

Hogs 8,318 10,351 9,475 9,153 9,830 

Sheep and lambs 14,187 14,903 16,230 18,101 20,224 

Dairy products 370,800 387,960 456,330 508,130 652,605 

Milk, wholesale 370,800 387,960 456,330 508,130 652,605 

Poultry/eggs 11,499 13,208 14,135 12,470 15,464 

Chicken eggs 11,164 12,837 13,716 12,039 15,050 

Other poultry 294 320 346 374 405

Miscellaneous livestock 47,006 48,780 50,778 55,296 57,560 

Honey 3,580 4,910 3,896 4,140 4,455 

Wool 1,718 1,202 1,533 1,904 1,381 

Aquaculture 28,450 29,180 30,174 33,197 32,232 

Other livestock 13,258 13,488 15,175 16,055 19,492 

Mink pelts 4,712 4,522 5,763 6,155 9,054 

All other livestock 8,546 8,966 9,412 9,900 10,438 

Crops 1,586,883 1,720,835 1,751,358 1,932,115 2,080,687 

Food grains 336,260 310,042 323,645 399,053 483,914 

Wheat 336,260 310,042 323,645 399,053 483,914 

Feed crops 264,050 324,216 316,552 345,601 370,322 

Barley 124,618 124,838 125,435 145,488 155,296 

Corn 12,699 8,657 10,866 11,118 14,781 

Hay 125,662 189,618 179,399 187,832 198,405 

Oats 1,071 1,103 852 1,163 1,840 

Oil crops 2,794 4,181 7,749 7,570 3,604 

Vegetables 626,190 723,399 719,457 818,041 848,101 

Beans, dry 35,639 39,278 53,262 43,882 45,528 

Peas, dry 14,299 16,292 15,192 23,187 13,467 

Dry, edible 8,041 6,862 9,475 15,014 6,726 

Wrinkled seed 5,360 8,020 5,189 6,902 5,467 

Austrian winter 898 1,410 528 1,271 1,274 

Lentils (beans) 10,819 12,600 12,903 17,154 8,272 

Potatoes 513,634 557,472 572,811 675,663 715,708 

Corn, sweet 8,737 10,422 9,012 9,293 12,263 

Onions 33,637 78,754 50,989 41,910 47,410 

Miscellaneous vegetables 2,600 2,782 2,977 3,185 3,408 

Fruits/nuts 23,333 23,073 25,078 22,694 35,209 

Apples 17,139 16,642 17,437 15,056 22,147 

Fresh 15,165 13,562 14,786 11,071 16,549 

Processing 1,974 3,080 2,651 3,985 5,598 

Cherries 1,073 1,108 1,882 1,092 2,681 

Peaches 1,372 1,597 1,264 1,380 3,855 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 195
Plums and prunes 1,168 847 1,355 1,863 3,055 

Other berries 144 151 159 167 177

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 2,437 2,728 2,981 3,136 3,294 

All other crops 334,256 335,924 358,877 339,156 339,537 

Sugar beets 194,040 195,000 213,104 191,484 184,073 

Other seeds 58,888 60,415 57,380 55,984 57,618 

Hops 9,373 9,637 11,035 9,610 8,282 

Mint 18,818 15,511 19,736 21,859 26,587 

Peppermint 14,423 13,032 18,048 20,064 24,781 

Spearmint 4,395 2,479 1,688 1,795 1,806 

Other field crops 926 982 883 941 1,005 

Christmas trees 4,646 4,971 5,319 5,691 6,089 

Greenhouse/nursery 47,143 49,068 51,106 53,265 55,553 

Illinois

All commodities 7,435,290 8,149,782 7,946,671 8,462,436 9,049,998 

Livestock and products 2,165,579 2,233,581 2,050,196 1,925,935 2,061,103 

Meat animals 1,754,414 1,824,789 1,621,536 1,528,778 1,609,675 

Cattle and calves 707,872 703,989 671,069 622,257 564,158 

Hogs 1,037,381 1,112,479 942,568 898,861 1,038,640 

Sheep and lambs 9,161 8,321 7,899 7,660 6,877 

Dairy products 331,569 318,150 334,894 303,104 345,300 

Milk, wholesale 331,569 318,150 334,894 303,104 345,300 

Poultry/eggs 62,539 73,761 76,346 76,478 87,636 

Chicken eggs 32,040 39,678 40,960 43,434 51,790 

Turkeys 29,274 32,508 33,660 31,450 33,914 

Other poultry 750 50 50 50 50

Miscellaneous livestock 17,057 16,881 17,420 17,575 18,492 

Other livestock 15,924 15,867 15,935 16,170 17,080 

Mink pelts 1,414 1,357 1,425 1,660 2,570 

All other livestock 14,510 14,510 14,510 14,510 14,510 

Crops 5,269,711 5,916,201 5,896,475 6,536,501 6,988,895 

Food grains 178,411 170,690 179,610 251,290 182,280 

Wheat 177,837 170,238 179,244 250,706 181,673 

Feed crops 2,604,174 3,000,424 2,952,141 3,460,381 3,642,132 

Corn 2,492,737 2,892,702 2,849,442 3,374,910 3,545,576 

Hay 71,062 67,313 69,098 50,000 55,631 

Oats 6,004 2,882 2,555 3,991 4,329 

Sorghum grain 34,371 37,527 31,046 31,480 36,596 

Oil crops 2,104,919 2,379,556 2,386,076 2,449,197 2,784,742 

Soybeans 2,103,620 2,378,341 2,384,973 2,447,662 2,783,554 

Vegetables 78,493 72,055 81,194 73,420 82,692 

Potatoes 6,398 5,783 7,695 7,986 11,154 

Beans, snap 9,547 8,815 10,472 8,672 14,963 

Cabbage, fresh 1,841 1,430 1,530 1,392 2,185 

Corn, sweet 24,813 23,169 28,601 21,295 25,341 

Fresh 9,074 7,070 10,304 8,553 11,026 

Processing 15,739 16,099 18,297 12,742 14,315 

Miscellaneous vegetables 22,500 22,500 22,500 22,500 22,500 

Fruits/nuts 25,559 21,864 13,160 21,892 18,444 

Apples 17,591 14,379 8,624 14,824 14,804 

Fresh 16,070 13,262 8,126 13,566 13,766 

Processing 1,521 1,117 498 1,258 1,038 

Peaches 4,968 4,485 1,536 4,068 640

Other berries 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

196 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
All other crops 278,155 271,612 284,294 280,321 278,605 

Other seeds 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 

Other field crops 13,300 13,300 13,300 13,300 13,300 

Greenhouse/nursery 224,688 218,314 229,432 220,506 218,456 

Floriculture 74,688 68,314 79,432 70,506 68,456 

Other greenhouse 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 

Indiana

All commodities 4,443,624 5,282,867 4,664,044 5,187,002 5,558,099 

Livestock and products 1,818,061 1,882,795 1,733,723 1,758,704 1,894,655 

Meat animals 1,057,690 1,122,323 975,413 1,009,626 1,015,509 

Cattle and calves 320,881 327,674 301,165 280,149 183,202 

Hogs 732,307 791,341 670,002 725,701 829,748 

Sheep and lambs 4,502 3,308 4,246 3,776 2,559 

Dairy products 299,117 286,650 295,738 278,272 312,522 

Milk, wholesale 299,117 286,650 295,738 278,272 312,522 

Poultry/eggs 447,830 459,727 448,417 456,201 552,750 

Farm chickens 3,906 1,607 1,176 624 613

Chicken eggs 211,751 246,007 230,801 236,328 320,129 

Turkeys 146,824 140,423 144,480 140,750 151,102 

Other poultry 58,693 42,050 40,850 45,050 44,050 

Miscellaneous livestock 13,424 14,095 14,155 14,605 13,874 

All other livestock 12,803 13,288 13,413 13,775 13,012 

Crops 2,625,563 3,400,072 2,930,321 3,428,298 3,663,444 

Food grains 77,195 95,452 103,817 164,553 117,583 

Wheat 76,983 95,243 103,649 164,391 117,518 

Feed crops 1,240,333 1,717,411 1,374,560 1,700,341 1,822,479 

Corn 1,201,143 1,675,767 1,332,123 1,661,686 1,784,351 

Hay 37,256 40,087 41,766 36,671 36,804 

Oats 1,934 1,557 671 1,984 1,324 

Tobacco 35,187 33,383 29,164 22,334 21,500 

Oil crops 1,018,321 1,322,454 1,174,112 1,304,641 1,453,442 

Soybeans 1,018,177 1,322,328 1,173,999 1,304,531 1,453,360 

Vegetables 75,790 83,300 89,585 88,241 98,431 

Potatoes 6,028 6,259 7,343 6,944 8,585 

Beans, snap 1,400 1,678 2,007 2,140 228

Corn, sweet, fresh 7,390 9,589 8,817 8,221 9,332 

Cucumbers 2,128 1,650 2,317 2,179 1,711 

Tomatoes 18,462 17,641 23,081 18,641 25,320 

Fresh 5,460 5,670 5,928 5,399 9,979 

Processing 13,002 11,971 17,153 13,242 15,341 

Miscellaneous vegetables 29,615 30,781 31,905 33,165 34,615 

Cantaloups 3,780 6,528 5,742 6,637 8,687 

Watermelons 6,169 8,020 7,828 9,969 9,626 

Fruits/nuts 22,078 22,497 18,829 25,007 24,791 

Apples 11,312 11,742 10,066 12,890 12,611 

Fresh 9,981 10,633 9,459 11,411 11,672 

Processing 1,331 1,109 607 1,479 939

Peaches 2,658 2,753 NA 1,769 1,041 

Blueberries 1,745 1,352 1,847 2,442 2,462 

Other berries 5,883 6,090 6,276 6,658 7,270 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 480 560 640 1,248 1,407 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 197
All other crops 156,659 125,575 140,254 123,181 125,218 

Other seeds 305 288 278 303 314

Mint 14,564 10,944 13,429 15,763 9,444 

Peppermint 10,764 8,294 10,716 13,387 8,613 

Spearmint 3,800 2,650 2,713 2,376 831

Other field crops 37,590 29,110 34,034 19,320 26,634 

Christmas trees NA NA 6,000 6,500 6,800 

Greenhouse/nursery 90,577 71,391 72,790 67,187 66,868 

Floriculture 42,252 43,691 43,190 36,387 34,568 

Other greenhouse 48,325 27,700 29,600 30,800 32,300 

Mushrooms 13,623 13,842 13,723 14,108 15,158 

Iowa

All commodities 10,786,444 10,386,925 10,004,286 11,256,486 12,852,687 

Livestock and products 5,646,173 5,781,234 5,230,873 5,022,267 5,456,780 

Meat animals 4,900,429 5,009,971 4,451,497 4,224,977 4,503,166 

Cattle and calves 2,144,651 2,160,888 1,856,502 1,717,598 1,461,149 

Hogs 2,732,215 2,820,048 2,571,601 2,480,163 3,003,970 

Sheep and lambs 23,563 29,035 23,394 27,216 38,047 

Dairy products 507,650 506,112 498,585 501,480 546,070 

Milk, wholesale 507,650 506,112 498,585 501,480 546,070 

Poultry/eggs 222,495 248,941 262,031 276,208 384,683 

Broilers 27,999 30,150 29,700 25,200 28,638 

Chicken eggs 95,282 125,077 126,299 156,168 246,792 

Turkeys 90,558 87,780 99,968 88,608 101,936 

Other poultry 7,400 4,800 5,500 5,950 6,632 

Miscellaneous livestock 15,599 16,210 18,760 19,602 22,861 

Honey 2,297 1,646 2,360 2,618 3,808 

Other livestock 12,505 13,904 15,762 15,742 18,273 

Mink pelts 2,505 2,404 2,762 2,742 4,848 

All other livestock 10,000 11,500 13,000 13,000 13,425 

Crops 5,140,271 4,605,691 4,773,413 6,234,219 7,395,907 

Food grains 5,003 2,405 5,768 5,514 6,866 

Wheat 5,003 2,405 5,768 5,514 6,866 

Feed crops 3,030,127 2,755,944 2,626,001 3,711,518 4,396,211 

Corn 2,913,216 2,643,773 2,509,485 3,607,232 4,290,116 

Hay 101,514 106,164 104,557 92,021 94,560 

Oats 15,397 6,007 11,959 12,265 11,535 

Oil crops 2,026,931 1,784,588 2,055,434 2,425,006 2,892,171 

Soybeans 2,026,910 1,784,588 2,055,434 2,425,006 2,892,171 

Vegetables 10,735 5,642 14,619 16,943 23,823 

Potatoes 1,226 643 1,724 1,243 1,065 

Miscellaneous vegetables 5,043 3,278 9,139 13,057 17,445 

Fruits/nuts 3,639 2,793 3,145 3,422 3,313 

Apples 3,125 2,459 2,629 2,725 2,687 

Other berries 462 300 464 641 570

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 52 34 52 56 56

All other crops 63,836 54,319 68,446 71,816 73,523 

Other seeds 2,054 1,336 2,062 2,138 2,218 

Other field crops 5,060 3,289 5,081 5,112 5,413 

Christmas trees 1,260 1,260 1,260 1,260 1,580 

Greenhouse/nursery 55,335 48,313 59,922 63,186 64,194 

Floriculture 32,481 33,458 36,977 39,401 39,655 

Other greenhouse 22,854 14,855 22,945 23,785 24,539 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

198 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Kansas

All commodities 7,171,576 7,327,173 7,623,574 7,571,861 7,869,209 

Livestock and products 4,799,566 4,857,683 4,757,974 4,536,372 4,570,327 

Meat animals 4,590,655 4,660,515 4,546,827 4,321,055 4,334,357 

Cattle and calves 4,306,486 4,365,297 4,294,531 4,080,676 3,994,745 

Hogs 271,867 281,042 240,066 228,929 328,025 

Sheep and lambs 12,302 14,176 12,230 11,450 11,587 

Dairy products 151,074 135,255 142,208 143,418 168,270 

Milk, wholesale 151,074 135,255 142,208 143,418 168,270 

Poultry/eggs 19,446 23,515 26,717 32,045 37,088 

Chicken eggs 11,330 12,275 11,381 11,917 15,068 

Turkeys 7,240 10,578 14,448 19,712 21,560 

Other poultry 262 262 393 336 300

Miscellaneous livestock 38,391 38,398 42,222 39,854 30,612 

Other livestock 36,049 36,753 40,757 37,448 28,853 

Crops 2,372,010 2,469,490 2,865,600 3,035,489 3,298,882 

Food grains 1,051,963 1,145,232 1,374,854 1,324,638 1,184,123 

Wheat 1,051,782 1,144,264 1,373,979 1,323,850 1,183,561 

Feed crops 906,113 901,870 990,149 1,247,675 1,563,005 

Barley 1,522 1,192 979 801 952

Corn 454,138 399,076 526,307 643,496 782,902 

Hay 98,329 131,333 123,781 88,945 96,944 

Oats 4,644 2,245 2,838 3,318 3,910 

Sorghum grain 347,480 368,024 336,244 511,115 678,297 

Cotton 172 115 375 324 1,033 

Oil crops 335,472 351,314 432,246 402,397 495,028 

Soybeans 322,913 327,292 405,277 366,075 455,183 

Sunflower 12,522 23,965 26,910 36,237 39,685 

Vegetables 33,908 27,571 21,950 16,252 16,511 

Beans, dry 6,848 8,271 9,884 8,996 10,037 

Miscellaneous vegetables 27,060 19,300 12,066 7,256 6,474 

Fruits/nuts 7,705 4,191 6,640 3,516 1,698 

Other berries 1,990 2,045 1,535 830 306

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 970 410 423 417 477

All other crops 36,677 39,197 39,386 40,687 37,484 

Other seeds 1,981 1,680 2,510 4,025 1,125 

Other field crops 5,147 7,097 4,130 2,953 3,281 

Greenhouse/nursery 29,549 30,420 32,746 33,709 33,078 

Floriculture 24,049 22,420 24,246 24,909 23,838 

Other greenhouse 5,500 8,000 8,500 8,800 9,240 

Kentucky

All commodities 3,194,013 3,405,918 3,221,796 3,100,485 3,550,232 

Livestock and products 1,631,692 1,724,765 1,648,936 1,615,494 1,718,885 

Meat animals 830,657 916,901 780,839 668,648 641,354 

Cattle and calves 683,158 768,130 648,095 548,246 484,705 

Hogs 146,334 147,803 131,653 119,132 155,898 

Sheep and lambs 1,165 968 1,091 1,270 751

Dairy products 284,275 274,030 267,297 263,925 279,048 

Milk, wholesale 284,275 274,030 267,297 263,925 279,048 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 199
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

200 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Poultry/eggs 79,156 88,326 107,744 119,995 166,716 

Broilers 48,496 52,200 71,190 82,560 122,507 

Chicken eggs 30,233 35,643 36,097 37,006 43,824 

Other poultry 72 107 110 98 83

Miscellaneous livestock 437,604 445,508 493,056 562,926 631,767 

Horses/mules 433,000 441,000 489,000 559,000 628,000 

Other livestock 2,948 2,987 2,963 2,988 2,988 

Crops 1,562,321 1,681,153 1,572,860 1,484,991 1,831,347 

Food grains 58,827 57,272 77,399 94,128 126,257 

Wheat 58,827 57,272 77,399 94,128 126,257 

Feed crops 303,709 356,634 339,540 392,313 463,804 

Barley 1,313 1,567 1,211 1,540 2,163 

Corn 250,666 296,314 277,976 313,894 363,846 

Hay 48,932 56,779 58,455 72,389 92,390 

Sorghum grain 2,798 1,974 1,898 4,490 5,405 

Tobacco 877,357 918,850 786,020 636,485 812,739 

Oil crops 210,020 236,729 259,861 245,828 306,970 

Soybeans 209,747 236,565 259,691 245,722 306,852 

Vegetables 28,141 30,370 30,075 28,875 31,703 

Peppers, green 2,570 2,842 2,835 NA NA

Miscellaneous vegetables 25,048 26,996 26,996 28,821 31,703 

Fruits/nuts 10,605 11,693 7,970 11,691 10,558 

Apples 3,332 3,500 1,405 3,191 4,305 

Fresh 3,221 3,361 1,333 3,001 3,921 

Other berries 5,750 6,000 5,843 6,000 5,298 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 450 513 722 793 581

All other crops 73,662 69,605 71,995 75,671 79,316 

Other seeds 1,747 2,142 1,532 1,829 2,818 

Other field crops 15,140 17,256 18,723 22,068 20,294 

Greenhouse/nursery 56,724 50,157 51,686 51,714 56,144 

Floriculture 21,474 22,357 21,986 21,679 21,657 

Other greenhouse 35,250 27,800 29,700 30,035 34,487 

Louisiana

All commodities 1,899,559 1,795,135 2,028,702 2,013,292 2,342,068 

Livestock and products 610,215 704,940 699,607 629,845 687,210 

Meat animals 168,823 203,276 162,182 122,949 121,736 

Cattle and calves 161,311 196,097 155,294 115,455 111,596 

Hogs 7,242 6,923 6,633 7,263 9,816 

Dairy products 135,360 128,800 128,310 122,820 133,326 

Milk, wholesale 135,360 128,800 128,310 122,820 133,326 

Poultry/eggs 234,910 301,575 333,753 305,516 344,241 

Chicken eggs 25,543 34,613 40,885 38,704 38,319 

Other poultry 3,219 18,266 21,698 6,104 2,321 

Miscellaneous livestock 71,122 71,289 75,362 78,560 87,907 

Honey 2,456 2,102 1,578 2,474 3,294 

Aquaculture 46,263 45,512 45,409 51,923 60,098 

Catfish 13,184 18,843 19,700 18,862 27,273 

Crawfish 33,079 26,669 25,709 33,061 32,825 

Other livestock 22,374 23,655 28,341 24,126 24,497 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Crops 1,289,344 1,090,195 1,329,095 1,383,447 1,654,858 

Food grains 222,500 137,047 231,299 211,850 273,744 

Rice 203,023 128,842 223,111 200,741 246,324 

Wheat 19,477 8,205 8,188 11,109 27,420 

Feed crops 98,213 72,516 95,197 91,057 212,273 

Corn 61,517 46,498 68,378 64,074 175,134 

Hay 9,988 6,287 10,570 9,472 11,189 

Sorghum grain 26,708 19,731 16,249 17,511 25,950 

Cotton 446,707 341,049 471,439 501,649 520,245 

Cotton lint, all 411,621 303,146 428,217 456,151 468,125 

Cottonseed 35,086 37,903 43,222 45,498 52,120 

Oil crops 208,700 200,569 167,933 182,905 249,072 

Soybeans 208,287 200,144 167,722 182,786 249,040 

Vegetables 55,674 66,388 70,875 71,337 73,897 

Sweetpotatoes 28,889 32,914 39,905 41,496 46,017 

Peppers, green 2,880 4,395 4,600 6,900 3,432 

Tomatoes 2,970 2,331 2,920 2,109 1,880 

Miscellaneous vegetables 18,925 25,114 21,851 18,702 19,824 

Watermelons 1,799 1,420 1,336 1,815 2,346 

Fruits/nuts 12,115 15,301 22,292 23,764 16,677 

Peaches 1,665 1,584 1,672 2,621 156

Strawberries 6,960 5,390 7,238 5,415 3,904 

Other berries 1,776 1,246 1,599 2,495 714

Pecans 1,120 5,975 8,300 8,600 7,400 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 594 1,106 3,483 4,633 4,503 

All other crops 245,435 257,325 270,060 300,885 308,950 

Cane for sugar 212,903 222,233 235,758 267,396 271,418 

Other field crops 2,423 2,939 3,499 3,794 2,768 

Christmas trees 2,505 2,927 2,396 2,441 3,205 

Greenhouse/nursery 27,604 29,226 28,407 27,254 31,559 

Floriculture 17,584 20,913 19,284 17,034 20,161 

Other greenhouse 10,020 8,313 9,123 10,220 11,398 

Maine

All commodities 462,461 455,808 461,390 450,292 485,111 

Livestock and products 247,534 268,577 270,161 249,575 261,537 

Meat animals 21,344 26,943 25,799 17,818 15,014 

Cattle and calves 19,692 25,442 23,603 16,309 13,923 

Hogs 1,358 1,012 1,109 953 620

Dairy products 92,595 92,384 89,645 88,297 101,457 

Milk, retail 2,260 2,084 2,084 2,047 2,233 

Milk, wholesale 90,335 90,300 87,561 86,250 99,224 

Poultry/eggs 85,611 100,854 111,624 77,795 91,120 

Chicken eggs 80,401 96,420 107,797 73,883 86,940 

Other poultry 4,266 3,580 3,233 3,410 4,110 

Miscellaneous livestock 47,984 48,396 43,093 65,665 53,946 

Aquaculture 42,896 42,896 37,731 59,940 48,278 

Other livestock 4,780 4,990 5,040 5,200 5,353 

Crops 214,927 187,231 191,229 200,717 223,574 

Feed crops 9,269 9,112 8,632 9,619 9,338 

Hay 8,177 8,337 8,124 8,627 7,540 

Oats 1,092 775 508 992 1,798 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 201
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

202 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Vegetables 114,198 106,109 111,978 109,293 118,429 

Potatoes 103,108 92,995 97,818 95,270 103,476 

Miscellaneous vegetables 6,845 8,450 9,660 9,365 9,490 

Fruits/nuts 55,263 36,218 33,374 39,052 50,318 

Apples 13,645 11,114 9,643 10,349 12,281 

Fresh 12,410 10,139 8,878 9,361 10,409 

Processing 1,235 975 765 988 1,872 

Blueberries 34,519 17,979 17,744 21,004 30,000 

Other berries 6,967 7,047 5,928 7,650 7,980 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 132 78 59 49 57

All other crops 36,197 35,792 37,245 42,753 45,489 

Maple products 2,433 1,616 2,145 2,965 3,657 

Other seeds 430 425 432 432 557

Other field crops 7,334 6,751 6,668 7,356 9,275 

Christmas trees 6,000 6,000 6,000 7,000 7,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 20,000 21,000 22,000 25,000 25,000 

Maryland

All commodities 1,322,999 1,345,326 1,339,223 1,405,155 1,533,770 

Livestock and products 785,414 820,761 798,701 833,564 900,503 

Meat animals 84,417 110,290 82,925 77,890 57,929 

Cattle and calves 54,236 79,740 52,762 59,962 44,474 

Hogs 29,364 29,307 28,928 17,034 12,763 

Dairy products 200,760 186,260 181,525 175,560 199,971 

Milk, wholesale 200,760 186,260 181,525 175,560 199,971 

Poultry/eggs 459,994 478,238 489,568 528,904 587,518 

Broilers 403,920 426,240 432,630 462,468 512,672 

Farm chickens 1,686 1,967 1,343 890 888

Chicken eggs 44,318 39,888 45,227 53,440 62,221 

Other poultry 8,605 8,630 8,888 9,185 9,455 

Miscellaneous livestock 40,243 45,973 44,683 51,210 55,085 

All other livestock 40,000 45,600 44,300 50,790 54,750 

Crops 537,585 524,565 540,522 571,591 633,267 

Food grains 35,182 29,904 36,363 55,730 52,977 

Wheat 34,918 29,658 36,158 55,524 52,915 

Feed crops 89,374 65,114 70,196 84,629 129,476 

Barley 5,455 6,105 4,540 7,020 6,382 

Corn 69,300 45,006 50,966 62,412 106,043 

Hay 14,284 13,831 14,587 14,909 16,531 

Tobacco 20,898 20,020 18,530 20,869 19,202 

Oil crops 91,878 89,971 93,883 72,918 93,742 

Soybeans 91,572 89,755 93,772 72,840 93,654 

Vegetables 65,314 63,786 67,249 73,051 75,966 

Potatoes 2,220 3,231 1,907 2,704 2,569 

Beans, snap, fresh 2,747 1,749 2,144 3,942 2,268 

Cabbage 1,712 2,080 990 2,020 3,072 

Cucumbers, fresh 3,252 2,464 3,101 2,709 1,700 

Spinach 8,859 6,090 1,452 2,880 1,050 

Tomatoes, fresh 7,460 7,920 10,175 6,396 10,885 

Miscellaneous vegetables 21,817 23,040 29,196 31,310 29,205 

Cantaloups 3,353 3,234 3,825 4,374 6,696 

Watermelons 4,200 4,095 2,117 3,640 3,456 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Fruits/nuts 12,288 11,492 11,670 13,453 12,290 

Apples 5,362 5,753 6,008 4,801 4,299 

Fresh 3,708 4,600 5,034 3,706 2,906 

Processing 1,654 1,153 974 1,095 1,393 

Peaches 3,136 2,422 1,098 3,542 3,440 

Other berries 2,900 2,422 3,664 4,200 3,640 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 890 895 900 910 911

All other crops 222,651 244,278 242,631 250,941 249,614 

Other seeds 130 132 134 136 138

Other field crops 12,700 13,076 15,500 17,788 17,450 

Greenhouse/nursery 208,758 229,717 225,253 231,321 230,409 

Floriculture 30,758 34,217 31,753 32,321 30,909 

Other greenhouse 178,000 195,500 193,500 199,000 199,500 

Mushrooms, agaricus 1,036 1,326 1,717 1,696 1,617 

Massachusetts

All commodities 448,355 443,400 449,017 435,618 477,698 

Livestock and products 124,864 121,066 117,437 99,474 109,067 

Meat animals 14,194 15,254 13,922 10,331 11,844 

Cattle and calves 11,099 12,238 11,092 8,372 9,669 

Hogs 2,541 2,460 2,021 1,367 1,662 

Dairy products 74,450 68,069 66,148 62,624 69,992 

Milk, retail 5,442 5,693 5,377 4,688 4,837 

Milk, wholesale 69,008 62,376 60,771 57,936 65,155 

Poultry/eggs 21,145 22,312 21,867 10,251 10,882 

Chicken eggs 17,218 17,338 17,026 7,315 8,757 

Turkeys 3,455 4,504 4,543 2,648 1,920 

Other poultry 298 324 222 201 201

Miscellaneous livestock 15,075 15,431 15,500 16,268 16,349 

Aquaculture 8,020 8,020 7,941 8,622 8,622 

All other livestock 6,828 6,935 7,147 7,183 7,141 

Crops 323,491 322,334 331,580 336,144 368,631 

Feed crops 5,777 5,336 5,424 5,576 5,253 

Hay 5,777 5,336 5,424 5,576 5,253 

Tobacco 9,967 7,826 7,030 1,240 1,867 

Vegetables 55,919 59,073 63,809 60,638 75,707 

Potatoes 4,203 4,659 4,835 5,186 4,962 

Corn, sweet 7,776 10,800 14,175 11,583 13,720 

Tomatoes 6,880 5,640 5,280 4,875 5,780 

Miscellaneous vegetables 36,000 36,900 38,550 37,900 49,645 

Fruits/nuts 123,362 117,772 119,825 107,210 120,529 

Apples 13,573 11,566 12,481 12,633 14,004 

Fresh 12,211 10,378 11,544 11,588 12,755 

Processing 1,362 1,188 937 1,045 1,249 

Cranberries 101,143 97,384 98,771 86,446 98,283 

Other berries 6,495 6,742 6,884 5,875 6,056 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,271 1,248 1,239 1,276 1,306 

All other crops 128,466 132,327 135,492 161,480 165,275 

Maple products 1,740 1,112 1,456 1,105 1,906 

Christmas trees 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 4,500 

Greenhouse/nursery 117,495 123,436 125,940 146,422 146,672 

Floriculture 49,495 54,436 53,940 72,422 70,672 

Other greenhouse 68,000 69,000 72,000 74,000 76,000 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 203
Michigan

All commodities 3,210,901 3,339,928 3,415,115 3,626,110 3,642,927 

Livestock and products 1,309,581 1,371,040 1,398,663 1,343,477 1,447,981 

Meat animals 456,808 507,135 494,257 456,484 452,014 

Cattle and calves 254,426 296,899 305,512 264,812 232,109 

Hogs 198,281 206,320 184,630 186,293 214,496 

Sheep and lambs 4,101 3,916 4,115 5,379 5,409 

Dairy products 716,344 704,931 739,045 717,469 807,488 

Milk, retail 5,060 5,391 5,395 4,419 3,488 

Milk, wholesale 711,284 699,540 733,650 713,050 804,000 

Poultry/eggs 109,961 131,834 128,138 129,151 139,785 

Chicken eggs 47,066 53,705 50,823 50,315 68,426 

Other poultry 300 3,300 3,825 2,325 3,025 

Miscellaneous livestock 26,468 27,140 37,223 40,373 48,694 

Honey 3,811 3,950 4,257 6,961 9,504 

Aquaculture 2,410 2,986 2,315 1,850 2,055 

Other livestock 19,944 19,916 30,153 31,013 36,914 

Mink pelts 1,314 1,261 1,903 1,733 2,767 

All other livestock 18,630 18,655 28,250 29,280 34,147 

Crops 1,901,320 1,968,888 2,016,452 2,282,633 2,194,946 

Food grains 97,134 76,685 91,645 143,737 102,482 

Wheat 96,679 76,263 91,220 143,231 102,103 

Feed crops 398,805 420,962 403,436 532,681 534,122 

Barley 2,481 2,658 2,430 2,611 3,130 

Corn 331,399 353,974 328,079 470,355 477,441 

Hay 60,398 60,090 70,239 57,002 49,318 

Oats 4,527 4,240 2,688 2,713 4,233 

Oil crops 289,236 303,012 305,782 364,074 352,218 

Soybeans 288,045 302,083 304,825 363,059 351,302 

Vegetables 371,888 417,580 451,298 448,507 429,332 

Beans, dry 95,336 110,021 145,253 127,137 116,630 

Potatoes 90,008 102,390 86,854 85,650 94,309 

Summer 18,270 23,925 16,215 NA NA

Fall 71,738 78,465 70,639 85,650 94,309 

Asparagus 15,398 17,155 14,194 20,106 20,110 

Fresh 2,384 2,346 1,474 2,556 2,607 

Processing 13,014 14,809 12,720 17,550 17,503 

Beans, snap 11,799 15,108 13,580 12,048 13,657 

Fresh 2,305 2,436 2,261 2,087 2,292 

Processing 9,494 12,672 11,319 9,961 11,365 

Carrots 24,086 17,517 24,637 34,564 17,736 

Cauliflower 3,865 4,220 3,288 2,617 2,367 

Celery 17,547 14,014 14,745 14,255 13,294 

Corn, sweet 15,709 17,333 18,300 16,166 17,229 

Fresh 12,512 13,981 15,300 14,444 15,181 

Processing 3,197 3,352 3,000 1,722 2,048 

Cucumbers 29,438 31,712 31,930 36,697 38,217 

Fresh 11,662 11,934 10,282 15,390 16,720 

Processing 17,776 19,778 21,648 21,307 21,497 

Onions 21,130 34,820 14,956 13,474 15,775 

Peppers, green 7,700 8,243 7,904 8,104 7,360 

Tomatoes 23,926 24,277 23,187 19,814 20,993 

Fresh 11,340 11,628 12,560 10,944 10,454 

Processing 12,586 12,649 10,627 8,870 10,539 

Miscellaneous vegetables 8,000 11,000 45,000 50,000 45,000 

Cantaloups 1,478 2,057 1,435 2,086 918

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

204 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Fruits/nuts 209,238 203,175 186,864 204,072 223,135 

Apples 97,424 91,126 84,553 102,094 106,917 

Fresh 49,327 46,537 39,095 48,347 51,726 

Processing 48,097 44,589 45,458 53,747 55,191 

Cherries 52,808 43,327 49,133 29,148 46,809 

Sweet 11,708 18,717 13,497 15,700 15,607 

Tart 41,100 24,610 35,636 13,448 31,202 

Grapes 10,375 11,670 14,860 15,196 13,555 

Peaches 8,631 10,260 3,400 12,594 10,870 

Pears 1,299 1,240 1,255 1,400 1,560 

Plums and prunes 2,364 1,710 993 1,603 837

Strawberries 7,727 7,637 6,300 6,822 4,512 

Blueberries 27,100 34,650 25,180 33,450 36,330 

Other berries 1,060 1,015 925 1,085 1,095 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 450 540 265 680 650

All other crops 535,019 547,474 577,427 589,562 553,657 

Maple products 2,533 1,913 2,491 1,480 2,737 

Sugar beets 112,767 113,808 113,890 100,386 66,349 

Other seeds 300 295 100 205 130

Other field crops 6,650 7,250 7,450 6,885 6,320 

Christmas trees 37,000 38,443 40,000 40,000 40,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 358,933 369,574 398,385 424,625 421,846 

Floriculture 138,933 145,574 168,385 184,625 181,846 

Other greenhouse 220,000 224,000 230,000 240,000 240,000 

Mushrooms, agaricus 15,181 14,597 13,915 14,810 15,856 

Minnesota

All commodities 6,809,160 6,338,789 6,407,325 7,129,443 8,808,931 

Livestock and products 3,606,165 3,755,024 3,448,002 3,448,243 4,168,423 

Meat animals 1,837,179 1,992,194 1,707,807 1,715,400 2,057,005 

Cattle and calves 963,399 1,045,785 859,566 835,231 925,163 

Hogs 856,057 928,483 832,128 865,073 1,115,777 

Sheep and lambs 17,723 17,926 16,113 15,096 16,065 

Dairy products 1,250,305 1,226,240 1,194,086 1,181,688 1,362,180 

Milk, wholesale 1,250,305 1,226,240 1,194,086 1,181,688 1,362,180 

Poultry/eggs 489,060 509,014 516,715 519,140 710,265 

Broilers 71,619 80,818 84,524 83,616 94,425 

Chicken eggs 95,838 103,193 88,967 98,335 150,491 

Turkeys 279,930 285,180 304,776 299,093 426,735 

Other poultry 40,675 39,113 38,130 37,978 38,415 

Miscellaneous livestock 29,621 27,576 29,394 32,015 38,973 

Honey 9,234 7,632 6,984 9,471 10,511 

Other livestock 19,855 19,528 21,916 21,808 27,980 

Mink pelts 8,256 7,923 10,305 10,065 16,249 

All other livestock 11,599 11,605 11,611 11,743 11,731 

Crops 3,202,995 2,583,765 2,959,323 3,681,200 4,640,508 

Food grains 377,900 317,466 243,202 280,252 414,170 

Rye 1,055 1,114 1,336 1,289 1,012 

Wheat 376,845 316,352 241,866 278,963 413,158 

Feed crops 1,215,110 896,740 1,005,027 1,421,177 1,859,633 

Barley 77,312 59,513 51,392 53,078 72,895 

Corn 1,039,532 688,750 831,755 1,285,777 1,704,389 

Hay 84,602 134,764 113,047 72,494 69,740 

Oats 13,664 13,713 8,833 9,828 12,609 

Oil crops 949,269 858,573 991,898 1,348,037 1,661,467 

Soybeans 906,626 804,216 934,124 1,271,404 1,618,232 

Sunflower 40,383 51,743 53,427 68,340 34,052 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 205
Vegetables 216,008 167,718 231,727 219,880 274,573 

Beans, dry 30,707 27,566 38,207 37,423 44,970 

Potatoes 85,909 87,912 92,971 86,830 118,889 

Fall 72,958 76,056 80,585 86,830 118,889 

Carrots 3,687 1,443 3,800 2,599 3,124 

Corn, sweet 42,897 28,194 52,787 48,357 56,113 

Onions 3,074 794 2,417 1,779 1,208 

Peas, green 36,733 12,775 30,547 32,818 38,817 

Miscellaneous vegetables 6,300 4,750 5,000 4,400 5,200 

Fruits/nuts 11,701 9,659 9,840 10,379 11,196 

Apples 8,901 6,559 6,892 7,559 8,471 

Other berries 2,800 3,100 2,948 2,820 2,725 

All other crops 433,007 333,609 477,629 401,475 419,469 

Sugar beets 327,191 218,570 358,154 282,492 302,898 

Other seeds 5,925 6,512 7,909 9,758 7,244 

Other field crops 12,025 16,575 14,801 9,357 10,116 

Christmas trees 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 

Greenhouse/nursery 85,671 90,052 94,914 98,078 97,421 

Floriculture 49,671 50,052 51,414 54,578 53,921 

Other greenhouse 36,000 40,000 43,500 43,500 43,500 

Mississippi

All commodities 2,641,482 2,630,434 2,889,872 3,134,266 3,462,784 

Livestock and products 1,332,302 1,568,061 1,706,050 1,685,767 1,934,279 

Meat animals 229,535 271,695 266,963 192,049 188,026 

Cattle and calves 207,121 241,722 242,521 156,778 137,940 

Hogs 22,343 29,910 24,180 35,132 49,926 

Dairy products 106,500 103,600 102,950 96,585 105,616 

Milk, wholesale 106,500 103,600 102,950 96,585 105,616 

Poultry/eggs 765,236 923,601 1,047,093 1,114,795 1,354,234 

Broilers 664,814 813,950 921,978 992,404 1,197,004 

Farm chickens 4,010 3,229 2,475 2,753 3,271 

Chicken eggs 96,331 105,831 121,544 119,048 153,569 

Other poultry 81 591 1,096 590 390

Miscellaneous livestock 231,031 269,165 289,044 282,338 286,403 

Aquaculture 223,178 261,360 280,697 271,875 274,559 

Other livestock 7,015 7,288 7,840 9,680 10,680 

Crops 1,309,180 1,062,373 1,183,822 1,448,499 1,528,505 

Food grains 140,071 95,277 161,632 145,396 186,844 

Rice 108,282 73,789 141,399 121,113 132,505 

Wheat 31,789 21,488 20,233 24,283 54,339 

Feed crops 87,496 65,313 84,670 99,372 185,687 

Corn 40671 36431 49377 67344 146341

Hay 28,904 17,488 25,167 23,754 27,772 

Sorghum grain 17,921 11,394 10,126 8,274 11,574 

Cotton 687,302 508,091 570,961 798,336 726,425 

Cotton lint, all 621,240 450,149 496,840 727,405 649,363 

Upland 621,010 449,988 496,840 727,405 649,363 

Cottonseed 66,062 57,942 74,121 70,931 77,062 

Oil crops 302,048 302,090 266,984 303,415 328,010 

Soybeans 301,849 301,967 266,920 303,242 327,950 

Vegetables 41,763 39,573 44,695 42,574 41,657 

Sweetpotatoes 5,829 8,468 11,223 12,316 16,479 

Miscellaneous vegetables 30,620 28,180 29,622 26,500 22,500 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

206 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Watermelons 3,096 2,925 3,850 3,758 2,678 

Fruits/nuts 6,820 6,740 9,121 8,460 4,205 

Other berries 4,520 2,000 5,759 5,700 1,600 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,240 1,410 1,112 800 850

All other crops 43,680 45,289 45,759 50,946 55,677 

Other seeds 750 750 750 800 800

Other field crops 6,791 6,990 7,705 7,480 6,800 

Christmas trees 5,000 5,200 5,240 6,100 7,440 

Greenhouse/nursery 31,139 32,349 32,031 36,536 40,607 

Floriculture 9,139 9,349 7,031 9,536 11,607 

Other greenhouse 22,000 23,000 25,000 27,000 29,000 

Missouri

All commodities 4,227,718 4,112,062 4,561,575 4,372,362 4,950,421 

Livestock and products 2,165,318 2,275,557 2,463,350 2,285,030 2,450,145 

Meat animals 1,332,949 1,399,784 1,516,932 1,287,019 1,281,536 

Cattle and calves 882,145 861,180 1,002,517 685,870 626,318 

Hogs 446,875 534,594 510,031 596,995 651,631 

Sheep and lambs 3,929 4,010 4,384 4,154 3,587 

Dairy products 378,430 356,864 352,176 343,850 362,400 

Milk, wholesale 378,430 356,864 352,176 343,850 362,400 

Poultry/eggs 424,296 489,375 559,229 614,637 769,077 

Broilers 184,212 214,452 250,154 280,175 397,163 

Farm chickens 2,631 3,724 4,021 2,674 2,108 

Chicken eggs 55,726 62,746 61,811 69,621 92,768 

Turkeys 147,630 178,920 205,390 231,525 248,798 

Other poultry 34,097 29,533 37,853 30,642 28,240 

Miscellaneous livestock 29,643 29,534 35,013 39,524 37,132 

Honey 1,186 1,034 1,020 1,125 1,498 

Aquaculture 4,561 4,138 3,320 4,888 3,769 

Catfish 2,429 2,506 1,756 2,924 1,746 

Trout 2,132 1,632 1,564 1,964 2,023 

All other livestock 23,572 24,118 30,330 33,070 31,565 

Crops 2,062,400 1,836,505 2,098,225 2,087,332 2,500,276 

Food grains 224,415 163,984 199,215 235,297 252,094 

Rice 36,080 26,669 45,323 44,979 50,847 

Wheat 188,335 137,315 153,892 190,318 201,247 

Feed crops 679,948 648,150 670,026 595,490 871,053 

Corn 496,468 449,582 475,796 427,965 670,412 

Hay 96,345 123,597 102,055 82,168 88,123 

Sorghum grain 85,898 74,255 91,466 84,478 111,317 

Cotton 157,282 123,857 216,360 204,278 224,716 

Cotton lint, all 138,136 108,044 193,613 183,099 197,549 

Cottonseed 19,146 15,813 22,747 21,179 27,167 

Tobacco 7,226 6,337 13,283 9,310 12,078 

Oil crops 860,933 764,353 862,132 896,724 996,276 

Soybeans 860,543 764,134 861,948 896,356 995,839 

Vegetables 20,907 20,708 25,221 26,355 23,232 

Potatoes 8,289 8,728 10,124 8,871 11,039 

Miscellaneous vegetables 5,430 4,165 4,624 3,370 2,990 

Watermelons 4,234 4,977 6,037 8,004 4,424 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 207
Fruits/nuts 12,778 14,490 12,625 13,868 11,339 

Apples 7,324 8,689 6,530 6,922 7,459 

Fresh 6,908 8,284 6,211 6,252 7,034 

Grapes 834 883 1,265 1,105 959

Peaches 2,430 1,800 1,600 2,835 1,518 

Other berries 700 700 750 725 520

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,200 2,350 2,300 2,200 883

All other crops 98,911 94,626 99,363 106,010 109,488 

Other seeds 27,480 21,520 24,350 35,760 36,985 

Other field crops 6,035 4,680 6,315 1,880 5,035 

Christmas trees 3,800 3,800 4,000 4,100 4,200 

Greenhouse/nursery 61,449 64,514 64,613 64,183 63,168 

Floriculture 35,449 38,014 37,613 36,483 34,768 

Other greenhouse 26,000 26,500 27,000 27,700 28,400 

Montana

All commodities 1,780,799 1,806,241 1,884,614 1,870,128 2,027,226 

Livestock and products 911,250 949,317 855,660 796,251 796,927 

Meat animals 838,865 883,758 786,141 727,155 721,632 

Cattle and calves 779,958 818,162 728,590 667,838 655,770 

Hogs 33,681 40,503 33,332 33,634 37,065 

Sheep and lambs 25,226 25,093 24,219 25,683 28,797 

Dairy products 41,695 39,026 40,478 40,299 44,688 

Milk, wholesale 41,230 38,570 40,004 40,299 44,688 

Poultry/eggs 6,657 6,864 4,814 5,298 6,228 

Chicken eggs 6,533 6,563 4,538 4,988 5,940 

Other poultry 68 214 239 246 256 

Miscellaneous livestock 24,033 19,669 24,227 23,499 24,379 

Honey 5,264 5,027 6,497 6,106 6,178 

Wool 5,072 2,993 4,379 5,428 3,901 

All other livestock 12,457 10,459 11,595 10,645 11,645 

Crops 869,549 856,924 1,028,954 1,073,877 1,230,299 

Food grains 480,123 561,062 705,597 726,894 860,646 

Wheat 480,123 561,062 705,597 726,894 860,646 

Feed crops 291,872 195,430 206,450 236,828 250,170 

Barley 152,739 86,439 121,117 141,945 152,889 

Corn 4,854 3,805 3,946 5,419 4,609 

Hay 131,398 101,086 77,568 86,372 88,979 

Oats 2,881 4,100 3,819 3,092 3,693 

Oil crops 5,013 6,463 8,452 9,919 8,205 

Vegetables 18,647 23,356 26,045 24,237 29,601 

Beans, dry 2,604 3,744 4,013 3,518 4,245 

Potatoes 15,908 18,967 21,382 20,069 24,706 

Miscellaneous vegetables 135 645 650 650 650 

Fruits/nuts 481 312 920 1,067 1,044 

Other berries 85 85 85 86 86 

All other crops 73,413 70,301 81,490 74,932 80,633 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 60 60 65 65 65

Sugar beets 55,714 50,968 54,763 47,601 51,870 

Other seeds 3,239 4,664 8,824 7,192 9,471 

Other field crops 4,460 4,669 6,903 9,139 8,292 

Greenhouse/nursery 10,000 10,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

208 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Nebraska

All commodities 8,685,262 8,871,495 8,515,799 8,953,100 9,454,041 

Livestock and products 5,675,677 5,846,297 5,404,715 5,190,520 5,277,261 

Meat animals 5,407,511 5,567,711 5,135,540 4,907,775 4,949,586 

Cattle and calves 4,619,794 4,707,491 4,380,389 4,157,817 4,081,767 

Hogs 778,068 850,302 747,628 739,003 856,139 

Sheep and lambs 9,649 9,918 7,523 10,955 11,680 

Dairy products 150,570 136,250 138,240 133,125 147,600 

Milk, wholesale 150,570 136,250 138,240 133,125 147,600 

Poultry/eggs 74,792 99,989 89,561 107,080 136,149 

Broilers 5,520 6,141 6,552 6,696 4,788 

Chicken eggs 53,310 72,634 60,810 74,702 109,013 

Other poultry 2,250 3,400 3,450 3,500 3,500 

Miscellaneous livestock 42,804 42,347 41,374 42,540 43,926 

Honey 3,816 3,079 2,218 3,197 4,485 

All other livestock 38,400 38,800 38,700 38,700 38,700 

Crops 3,009,585 3,025,198 3,111,084 3,762,580 4,176,780 

Food grains 178,359 214,050 236,438 337,056 339,176 

Wheat 176,822 213,190 235,609 336,243 338,420 

Feed crops 2,149,396 2,073,086 2,015,290 2,512,961 2,781,907 

Barley 1,607 1,008 658 537 1,715 

Corn 1,857,518 1,776,979 1,738,579 2,238,286 2,490,992 

Hay 82,265 103,464 101,306 78,728 78,709 

Oats 9,662 4,993 6,287 4,411 7,228 

Sorghum grain 198,344 186,642 168,460 190,999 203,263 

Oil crops 503,859 546,367 638,408 706,292 834,649 

Soybeans 498,451 538,560 630,146 696,620 827,656 

Vegetables 70,096 75,809 100,252 108,573 125,741 

Beans, dry 47,978 49,099 64,383 75,068 83,388 

Potatoes 17,118 19,560 27,029 27,775 33,703 

Summer 3,094 4,365 9,424 8,361 10,039 

Fall 14,024 15,195 17,605 19,414 23,664 

Miscellaneous vegetables 5,000 7,150 8,840 5,730 8,650 

Fruits/nuts 1,950 1,800 1,300 1,300 1,300 

Other berries 350 200 200 200 200

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,600 1,600 1,100 1,100 1,100 

All other crops 105,925 114,086 119,396 96,398 94,007 

Sugar beets 54,925 52,586 54,896 40,798 31,407 

Other seeds 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,500 2,500 

Other field crops 32,500 36,500 40,000 31,100 38,100 

Nevada

All commodities 267,419 294,806 306,681 282,081 286,002 

Livestock and products 194,341 192,220 189,633 163,585 153,436 

Meat animals 147,147 146,284 134,688 109,215 86,911 

Cattle and calves 142,243 141,431 130,640 102,436 81,017 

Hogs 1,879 1,788 1,820 1,597 1,909 

Sheep and lambs 3,025 3,065 2,228 5,182 3,985 

Dairy products 43,152 42,189 50,750 50,520 62,310 

Milk, wholesale 43,152 42,189 50,750 50,520 62,310 

Poultry/eggs 50 39 52 55 56

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 209
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

210 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Miscellaneous livestock 3,992 3,708 4,143 3,795 4,159 

Other livestock 2,647 2,700 2,800 2,800 2,800 

Crops 73,078 102,586 117,048 118,496 132,566 

Food grains 2,348 2,450 2,445 3,296 6,174 

Wheat 2,348 2,450 2,445 3,296 6,174 

Feed crops 39,894 56,767 65,363 67,035 67,669 

Hay 38,892 55,764 64,612 66,367 66,915 

Oil crops 4 NA NA NA NA

Vegetables 19,221 33,842 36,163 32,427 42,123 

Potatoes 11,154 16,200 14,460 16,286 20,471 

Onions 4,914 15,120 17,640 11,362 15,979 

Spring NA NA 8,820 NA NA

Summer, nonstorage NA NA 8,820 11,362 15,979 

Miscellaneous vegetables 3,153 2,522 4,063 4,779 5,673 

Fruits/nuts 77 86 77 73 85

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 77 86 77 73 85

All other crops 11,534 9,441 13,000 15,665 16,515 

Other seeds 6,596 4,211 7,520 9,875 10,505 

Other field crops 995 980 940 930 930

Greenhouse/nursery 3,943 4,250 4,540 4,860 5,080 

New Hampshire

All commodities 148,106 148,813 148,955 149,372 160,907 

Livestock and products 67,530 66,006 63,502 63,381 72,302 

Meat animals 6,868 9,468 7,498 6,716 7,243 

Cattle and calves 5,649 7,908 6,888 6,216 6,560 

Dairy products 46,248 43,840 43,120 43,470 49,764 

Milk, wholesale 46,248 43,840 43,120 43,470 49,764 

Poultry/eggs 9,015 7,234 7,362 7,568 9,571 

Chicken eggs 5,460 3,938 3,153 2,750 2,835 

Other poultry 2,975 2,684 3,747 4,388 6,381 

Miscellaneous livestock 5,399 5,464 5,522 5,627 5,724 

Aquaculture 756 756 800 810 810

All other livestock 4,456 4,530 4,561 4,613 4,574 

Crops 80,576 82,807 85,453 85,991 88,605 

Feed crops 3,899 3,894 3,849 3,884 3,317 

Hay 3,899 3,894 3,849 3,884 3,317 

Vegetables 17,104 19,847 20,742 20,779 22,016 

Miscellaneous vegetables 13,665 15,755 15,750 15,400 16,000 

Fruits/nuts 12,743 11,910 12,480 11,489 11,728 

Apples 9,046 7,857 8,326 8,539 8,507 

Fresh 7,918 6,837 7,516 7,549 7,472 

Other berries 3,369 3,723 3,887 2,693 2,936 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 328 330 267 257 285

All other crops 46,830 47,156 48,382 49,839 51,544 

Maple products 3,093 2,343 2,540 2,432 3,311 

Christmas trees 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 34,000 35,700 37,000 39,000 40,000 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
New Jersey

All commodities 645,593 701,127 770,215 773,216 800,958 

Livestock and products 192,205 197,309 180,659 196,172 195,563 

Meat animals 17,383 18,926 13,640 11,122 10,195 

Cattle and calves 15,460 16,206 11,139 9,142 7,251 

Hogs 1,142 1,820 1,580 872 1,824 

Dairy products 48,576 48,465 44,850 42,028 44,829 

Milk, wholesale 48,576 48,465 44,850 42,028 44,829 

Poultry/eggs 32,670 36,598 29,886 26,669 31,172 

Chicken eggs 30,042 33,313 26,684 23,162 28,817 

Turkeys 1,383 1,685 1,734 1,782 1,370 

Other poultry 960 1,384 1,324 1,663 944 

Miscellaneous livestock 93,576 93,320 92,283 116,353 109,367 

All other livestock 93,360 93,037 92,023 116,061 109,026 

Crops 453,388 503,818 589,556 577,044 605,395 

Food grains 4,589 4,455 4,721 7,512 8,087 

Wheat 3,864 3,901 4,150 6,774 7,849 

Feed crops 19,550 17,797 17,584 19,972 24,969 

Corn 11,636 10,799 10,878 11,857 16,872 

Hay 7,365 6,606 6,404 7,655 7,704 

Oil crops 22,217 24,377 25,411 19,624 23,118 

Soybeans 22,198 24,346 25,391 19,617 23,105 

Vegetables 139,699 160,236 194,975 177,096 185,096 

Potatoes 4,779 3,781 3,657 4,373 4,272 

Sweetpotatoes 3,377 3,069 2,444 3,505 3,541 

Asparagus 2,530 2,323 1,764 2,800 3,852 

Beans, snap, fresh 4,010 6,759 4,182 5,845 4,723 

Corn, sweet, fresh 11,826 15,884 12,929 11,288 15,768 

Cucumbers, fresh 8,536 7,909 8,260 7,779 5,247 

Eggplant, all 3,240 4,646 5,280 2,220 4,342 

Escarole 2,843 3,269 2,640 2,592 4,121 

Kale/collards NA NA 3,455 3,398 3,924 

Kale NA NA 1,435 1,638 1,593 

Collards NA NA 2,020 1,760 2,331 

Lettuce 7,183 10,922 15,869 11,278 12,582 

Head 4,342 8,402 12,449 8,748 8,226 

Romaine 2,841 2,520 3,420 2,530 4,356 

Peppers, green 13,603 21,794 44,975 24,422 27,830 

Spinach 4,302 4,878 5,288 6,100 6,486 

Tomatoes, fresh 21,420 18,896 28,863 26,730 23,559 

Squash 10,444 11,318 10,002 16,971 10,650 

Winter 1,820 2,835 1,770 2,451 1,260 

Summer 8,624 8,483 8,232 14,520 9,390 

Miscellaneous vegetables 28,759 29,680 30,186 35,049 32,492 

Pumpkins 3,658 2,693 3,569 3,140 3,315 

Miscellaneous vegetables, other 25,101 26,987 26,617 31,909 29,177 

Fruits/nuts 80,720 83,200 84,760 88,913 102,056 

Apples 7,388 11,771 10,763 11,225 8,789 

Fresh 5,166 9,818 8,630 8,895 6,008 

Processing 2,222 1,953 2,133 2,330 2,781 

Peaches 25,500 25,288 22,685 26,180 33,649 

Cranberries 23,326 18,219 26,003 22,700 22,750 

Strawberries 1,685 1,539 759 944 1,101 

Blueberries 21,820 25,005 23,205 26,500 33,010 

Other berries 530 530 357 357 357 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 471 848 988 1,007 2,400 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 211
All other crops 186,613 213,753 262,105 263,927 262,069 

Other field crops 4,666 4,051 4,836 4,719 4,845 

Greenhouse/nursery 181,755 209,510 257,077 259,016 257,032 

Floriculture 65,569 81,200 90,998 96,898 94,434 

Other greenhouse 116,186 128,310 166,079 162,118 162,598 

New Mexico

All commodities 1,508,845 1,590,919 1,583,406 1,458,230 1,709,056 

Livestock and products 1,025,172 1,123,329 1,101,544 960,596 1,197,489 

Meat animals 723,796 779,797 676,609 498,755 640,495 

Cattle and calves 709,526 763,886 664,389 483,140 628,219 

Hogs 3,880 4,894 3,727 3,429 1,374 

Sheep and lambs 10,390 11,017 8,493 12,186 10,902 

Dairy products 269,554 310,767 393,882 430,803 523,279 

Milk, retail 10,670 10,428 11,526 13,581 13,921 

Milk, wholesale 258,884 300,339 382,356 417,222 509,358 

Poultry/eggs 14,716 16,769 15,127 13,439 17,274 

Chicken eggs 14,645 16,693 15,000 13,383 17,213 

Other poultry 40 40 40 40 40

Miscellaneous livestock 17,106 15,996 15,926 17,599 16,441 

Wool 3,490 2,151 2,737 3,510 2,340 

Other livestock 12,500 12,750 12,000 12,500 12,500 

Crops 483,673 467,590 481,862 497,634 511,567 

Food grains 32,741 21,588 18,308 14,919 18,195 

Wheat 32,741 21,588 18,308 14,919 18,195 

Feed crops 143,977 168,024 181,346 170,949 208,495 

Corn 19,718 23,462 26,679 28,214 38,673 

Hay 102,573 122,949 137,705 130,484 154,745 

Sorghum grain 21,686 21,613 16,962 12,251 15,077 

Cotton 24,690 36,799 36,480 34,385 43,458 

Cotton lint, all 22,342 33,014 33,239 30,979 38,929 

Upland 13,613 21,623 23,458 24,660 28,654 

Long staple 8,729 11,391 9,781 6,319 10,275 

Cottonseed 2,348 3,785 3,241 3,406 4,529 

Oil crops 19,178 19,294 16,481 14,253 10,014 

Peanuts 18,985 18,988 16,376 14,190 9,954 

Vegetables 157,135 149,137 140,496 152,794 159,040 

Beans, dry 5,818 6,713 6,653 6,340 7,029 

Potatoes 20,897 19,010 22,491 24,045 19,903 

Summer 5,596 6,960 6,204 11,694 8,192 

Fall 15,301 12,050 16,287 12,351 11,711 

Lettuce 8,711 7,088 7,182 8,493 5,654 

Onions 38,080 43,999 32,052 52,826 44,744 

Peppers, chili 67,379 56,077 55,868 44,840 65,460 

Miscellaneous vegetables 16,250 16,250 16,250 16,250 16,250 

Fruits/nuts 53,275 24,897 34,252 58,234 19,350 

Apples 2,535 1,757 1,752 894 1,530 

Other berries 40 40 40 40 40

Pecans 49,200 21,600 30,960 55,800 16,280 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 

All other crops 52,677 47,851 54,499 52,100 53,015 

Other seeds 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 

Other field crops 8,390 8,390 9,000 9,000 9,000 

Christmas trees NA NA 1,674 1,674 1,674 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

212 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Greenhouse/nursery 42,047 37,181 41,232 39,062 39,358 

Floriculture 24,047 19,181 23,232 21,062 21,358 

Other greenhouse 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 

New York

All commodities 2,849,723 2,871,136 2,878,794 2,858,839 3,043,034 

Livestock and products 1,908,299 1,901,088 1,888,343 1,852,438 2,044,547 

Meat animals 209,179 254,407 228,402 160,983 115,476 

Cattle and calves 194,733 237,212 215,722 149,201 102,096 

Hogs 12,018 13,820 9,390 8,050 10,099 

Sheep and lambs 2,428 3,375 3,290 3,732 3,281 

Dairy products 1,527,273 1,463,554 1,495,702 1,487,695 1,693,251 

Milk, retail 8,651 8,074 7,033 4,395 3,740 

Milk, wholesale 1,518,622 1,455,480 1,488,669 1,483,300 1,689,511 

Poultry/eggs 82,280 90,799 89,844 91,601 101,213 

Broilers 1,369 1,530 1,904 2,381 3,280 

Chicken eggs 46,713 52,000 50,002 55,871 66,949 

Turkeys 4,268 4,505 5,300 5,451 5,373 

Ducks 8,736 8,493 8,874 9,512 10,614 

Other poultry 20,337 23,683 23,400 18,187 14,968 

Miscellaneous livestock 89,567 92,328 74,395 112,159 134,607 

Honey 2,818 2,539 2,913 3,728 4,787 

Other livestock 85,625 88,897 70,457 107,533 128,598 

Mink pelts 942 904 1,306 1,505 1,104 

All other livestock 84,683 87,993 69,151 106,028 127,494 

Crops 941,424 970,048 990,451 1,006,401 998,487 

Food grains 17,982 12,894 18,978 26,825 29,277 

Wheat 17,501 12,521 18,608 26,377 28,937 

Feed crops 147,382 144,898 155,880 166,698 201,491 

Corn 67,800 70,355 80,156 91,452 123,726 

Hay 74,528 71,573 74,904 71,004 73,487 

Oats 5,054 2,970 820 4,242 4,278 

Oil crops 8,124 11,699 14,281 15,121 18,250 

Soybeans 7,875 11,407 13,940 14,843 18,091 

Vegetables 268,195 337,033 327,840 313,991 261,412 

Beans, dry 7,882 8,816 10,299 10,722 9,927 

Potatoes 61,475 56,513 66,194 60,349 57,577 

Beans, snap 12,041 19,602 23,986 21,378 20,841 

Fresh 4,366 8,840 13,572 8,701 7,691 

Processing 7,675 10,762 10,414 12,677 13,150 

Beets 1,785 2,668 2,630 2,548 3,127 

Cabbage 34,536 47,509 45,311 49,111 36,980 

Fresh 33,171 43,932 42,875 47,081 35,111 

Processing 1,365 3,577 2,436 2,030 1,869 

Carrots 7,807 4,376 5,271 4,261 2,915 

Cauliflower 5,545 7,560 7,181 4,799 4,662 

New York, Upstate 3,765 4,896 NA NA NA

Celery 5,441 2,435 NA NA NA

Corn, sweet 30,692 39,544 44,463 54,991 39,470 

Fresh 19,647 23,265 30,988 38,556 23,206 

Processing 11,045 16,279 13,475 16,435 16,264 

Cucumbers, fresh 8,901 6,667 6,306 6,674 7,093 

Lettuce 7,782 3,972 3,896 2,093 1,040 

Onions 34,713 76,040 51,587 41,180 39,287 

Peas, green 5,887 5,555 7,047 9,546 8,461 

Tomatoes, fresh 6,846 9,936 14,760 7,380 3,359 

Miscellaneous vegetables 35,000 44,800 37,800 37,800 26,000 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 213
Fruits/nuts 193,801 169,773 178,266 191,970 208,603 

Apples 130,985 106,067 111,953 132,860 138,222 

Fresh 85,580 68,551 76,067 89,950 91,017 

Processing 45,405 37,516 35,886 42,910 47,205 

Cherries 4,513 2,165 3,631 2,076 2,000 

Tart 4,015 1,570 2,934 1,116 1,146 

Grapes 37,584 26,165 39,761 36,264 43,800 

Peaches 3,595 2,660 1,757 2,280 4,003 

Pears 4,734 3,781 4,848 5,392 5,748 

Strawberries 8,346 22,032 11,648 8,988 9,840 

Blueberries 1,144 1,646 1,404 1,104 1,021 

Other berries 1,100 3,457 1,584 846 1,449 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,800 1,800 1,680 2,160 2,520 

All other crops 305,940 293,751 295,206 291,796 279,454 

Maple products 9,360 3,366 6,150 4,888 8,747 

Other seeds 172 1,376 743 825 644 

Other field crops 522 672 470 1,133 1,328 

Christmas trees 30,100 30,000 29,000 28,600 27,400 

Greenhouse/nursery 261,839 254,390 256,884 253,890 238,875 

Floriculture 136,508 127,806 125,237 126,192 108,623 

Other greenhouse 125,331 126,584 131,647 127,698 130,252 

Mushrooms, agaricus 3,942 3,942 NA NA NA

North Carolina

All commodities 5,561,517 6,041,096 6,442,811 6,890,590 7,831,309 

Livestock and products 2,784,197 3,189,963 3,328,970 3,726,030 4,427,323 

Meat animals 899,858 1,102,652 1,150,013 1,421,757 1,903,037 

Cattle and calves 168,607 171,990 166,689 146,936 153,846 

Hogs 730,814 930,022 982,788 1,274,355 1,748,690 

Dairy products 218,854 211,248 210,532 189,750 211,756 

Milk, wholesale 218,854 211,248 210,532 189,750 211,756 

Poultry/eggs 1,612,303 1,822,114 1,911,483 2,053,936 2,249,917 

Broilers 855,729 1,004,000 1,061,775 1,161,950 1,310,429 

Farm chickens 13,281 13,289 10,350 8,111 9,158 

Chicken eggs 180,047 195,193 196,858 203,041 217,875 

Turkeys 475,416 519,232 544,800 582,134 612,255 

Other poultry 87,830 90,400 97,700 98,700 100,200 

Miscellaneous livestock 53,182 53,949 56,942 60,587 62,613 

Aquaculture 6,714 7,279 5,820 8,657 9,603 

Catfish 1,436 1,495 1,382 1,993 2,466 

Trout 5,278 5,784 4,438 6,664 7,137 

All other livestock 45,800 45,800 50,120 51,220 52,220 

Crops 2,777,320 2,851,133 3,113,841 3,164,560 3,403,986 

Food grains 82,660 70,069 93,660 108,956 124,012 

Wheat 82,165 69,012 92,729 108,139 123,105 

Feed crops 195,300 152,769 165,258 184,913 269,470 

Barley 2,674 1,725 1,721 2,923 3,139 

Corn 177,990 139,177 148,969 161,625 241,824 

Hay 9,998 8,202 10,310 16,758 21,383 

Oats 2,893 2,163 2,284 1,585 1,382 

Sorghum grain 1,745 1,502 1,974 2,022 1,742 

Cotton 144,133 132,762 261,992 278,443 343,232 

Cotton lint, all 136,957 125,762 250,067 268,458 326,457 

Cottonseed 7,176 7,000 11,925 9,985 16,775 

Tobacco 1,049,524 1,029,927 942,931 1,048,523 1,021,487 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

214 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Oil crops 329,831 290,471 351,328 248,783 312,896 

Peanuts 126,164 94,968 133,988 91,427 95,918 

Soybeans 203,467 195,466 217,329 157,352 216,978 

Vegetables 197,421 253,758 294,753 281,184 286,906 

Potatoes 15,029 17,923 22,529 19,941 21,587 

Spring 13,649 17,077 21,815 19,231 20,888 

Sweetpotatoes 40,522 42,192 51,802 55,583 53,409 

Beans, snap, fresh 6,272 5,824 7,221 6,322 5,580 

Cabbage 7,920 8,586 9,500 8,237 5,121 

Corn, sweet 4,802 5,678 5,233 4,616 8,505 

Cucumbers 19,633 23,207 28,749 21,983 20,243 

Fresh 2,604 2,668 3,949 5,388 7,150 

Processing 17,029 20,539 24,800 16,595 13,093 

Peppers, green 4,326 4,000 6,765 5,130 10,416 

Tomatoes 4,848 4,703 6,065 4,179 6,048 

Miscellaneous vegetables 89,500 135,000 150,000 145,000 148,000 

Watermelons 4,294 6,273 6,210 9,077 6,525 

Fruits/nuts 41,291 46,332 57,410 58,841 48,351 

Apples 17,882 17,529 21,953 22,655 24,003 

Fresh 7,015 7,808 11,121 10,799 11,650 

Processing 10,867 9,721 10,832 11,856 12,353 

Peaches 2,352 6,029 7,168 7,027 764

Strawberries 7,303 6,556 9,376 12,307 10,787 

Blueberries 9,545 13,354 13,878 12,720 11,150 

Other berries 325 400 435 430 400

Pecans 2,825 1,300 3,470 2,580 464

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 45 100 110 105 102

All other crops 737,160 875,045 946,509 954,917 997,632 

Other seeds 650 700 750 740 700

Other field crops 4,000 4,000 6,000 6,500 7,000 

Christmas trees NA 75,000 88,000 90,000 100,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 732,235 795,113 851,222 857,112 889,397 

Floriculture 82,235 85,113 81,222 82,112 89,397 

Other greenhouse 650,000 710,000 770,000 775,000 800,000 

North Dakota

All commodities 2,889,633 2,949,417 3,027,577 3,141,141 3,532,393 

Livestock and products 650,006 600,407 624,595 567,242 536,777 

Meat animals 493,219 455,662 476,079 411,188 360,836 

Cattle and calves 444,773 402,198 428,866 366,347 305,457 

Hogs 39,533 43,712 38,704 38,228 48,401 

Sheep and lambs 8,913 9,752 8,509 6,613 6,978 

Dairy products 118,080 107,400 102,480 96,524 107,545 

Milk, wholesale 118,080 107,400 102,480 96,524 107,545 

Poultry/eggs 10,953 10,805 11,716 15,750 23,204 

Chicken eggs 1,401 2,784 1,530 1,504 2,681 

Turkeys 8,619 6,843 9,108 12,863 19,404 

Other poultry 442 545 459 490 568

Miscellaneous livestock 27,754 26,540 34,320 43,780 45,192 

Honey 11,575 10,296 15,566 15,919 17,802 

All other livestock 15,094 15,551 18,005 26,861 26,685 

Crops 2,239,627 2,349,010 2,402,982 2,573,899 2,995,616 

Food grains 1,181,820 1,464,870 1,263,512 1,431,235 1,607,752 

Rye 1,800 1,668 1,167 1,176 1,005 

Wheat 1,180,020 1,463,202 1,262,345 1,430,059 1,606,747 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 215
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

216 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Feed crops 379,999 315,358 360,094 388,645 490,025 

Barley 237,280 174,885 215,104 230,059 302,768 

Corn 78,987 49,809 61,539 100,795 131,696 

Hay 43,545 69,189 62,511 40,213 38,538 

Oats 20,187 21,475 20,940 17,578 17,023 

Oil crops 288,732 219,899 330,149 339,783 409,689 

Soybeans 98,991 76,090 82,233 108,940 154,128 

Sunflower 169,447 126,131 218,287 190,008 207,936 

Vegetables 197,466 183,011 230,829 218,588 282,764 

Beans, dry 87,883 80,056 92,278 108,016 149,554 

Potatoes 108,083 100,955 136,326 107,572 131,560 

Miscellaneous vegetables 1,500 2,000 2,225 3,000 1,650 

Fruits/nuts 100 100 100 100 190

Other berries 70 70 70 70 70

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 30 30 30 30 120

All other crops 191,510 165,772 218,298 195,548 205,196 

Sugar beets 155,848 127,903 172,589 153,624 164,728 

Other seeds 604 521 379 508 420

Other field crops 7,862 10,122 17,402 13,395 11,905 

Christmas trees 196 226 201 190 185

Ohio

All commodities 4,113,383 4,486,140 4,434,783 4,683,502 5,121,783 

Livestock and products 1,553,464 1,651,597 1,563,592 1,589,456 1,944,998 

Meat animals 609,392 707,214 570,070 558,844 701,687 

Cattle and calves 279,970 351,434 277,443 252,670 293,436 

Hogs 321,508 346,097 280,903 297,782 397,788 

Sheep and lambs 7,914 9,683 11,724 8,392 10,463 

Dairy products 625,110 596,050 596,505 598,670 651,000 

Milk, wholesale 625,110 596,050 596,505 598,670 651,000 

Poultry/eggs 284,308 321,570 373,068 407,621 565,337 

Broilers 30,428 35,698 57,098 67,725 88,695 

Farm chickens 2,652 1,996 544 485 390

Chicken eggs 170,296 203,423 229,052 252,973 358,694 

Turkeys 58,102 58,638 63,504 67,340 97,662 

Other poultry 22,830 21,815 22,870 19,098 19,896 

Miscellaneous livestock 34,654 26,763 23,949 24,321 26,974 

Honey 752 1,307 1,106 1,147 1,646 

Other livestock 33,384 25,019 22,267 22,459 24,973 

Mink pelts 1,612 1,547 1,971 1,997 3,611 

All other livestock 31,772 23,472 20,296 20,462 21,362 

Crops 2,559,919 2,834,543 2,871,191 3,094,046 3,176,785 

Food grains 181,530 145,873 202,811 295,836 210,940 

Wheat 181,211 145,548 202,428 295,392 210,699 

Feed crops 831,358 1,023,422 897,236 988,563 1,024,953 

Corn 733,275 929,240 807,043 923,068 947,039 

Hay 90,279 88,477 85,590 60,289 72,754 

Oats 7,804 5,705 4,603 5,206 5,160 

Tobacco 42,169 38,913 32,943 31,740 34,341 

Oil crops 791,663 885,941 998,995 1,054,521 1,126,550 

Soybeans 791,094 885,466 998,445 1,054,096 1,126,253 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Vegetables 133,670 159,409 148,044 128,529 148,254 

Potatoes 17,535 19,455 20,179 8,889 9,677 

Summer 8,807 10,326 10,829 NA NA

Fall 8,728 9,129 9,350 8,889 9,677 

Beans, snap, fresh 1,818 2,164 2,839 3,219 2,280 

Cabbage, fresh 2,965 6,544 4,586 4,694 7,524 

Cucumbers 10,184 7,879 9,785 9,505 15,725 

Escarole 1,305 2,622 3,542 2,610 3,480 

Lettuce 6,875 6,541 4,655 4,029 4,767 

Romaine 2,367 3,247 2,167 2,045 2,272 

Leaf 4,508 3,294 2,488 1,984 2,495 

Onions 1,831 2,462 1,751 1,378 1,336 

Peppers, green 1,683 3,155 3,422 4,437 3,318 

Tomatoes 39,960 50,378 46,517 36,642 46,671 

Fresh 13,995 29,535 21,777 15,904 22,397 

Processing 25,965 20,843 24,740 20,738 24,274 

Miscellaneous vegetables 33,071 31,442 28,487 26,250 28,554 

Cantaloups 869 1,061 1,098 1,263 858

Fruits/nuts 36,868 26,609 31,914 36,758 37,865 

Apples 19,842 13,315 20,383 22,720 23,547 

Fresh 17,965 11,552 19,091 21,057 22,060 

Processing 1,877 1,763 1,292 1,663 1,487 

Grapes 2,732 1,710 1,629 2,029 1,906 

Peaches 2,812 2,450 NA 2,442 3,280 

Strawberries 7,140 4,736 4,880 4,200 3,204 

Other berries 3,673 3,729 4,437 4,803 5,307 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 669 669 585 564 621

All other crops 542,661 554,376 559,248 558,099 593,882 

Maple products 1,590 2,228 2,340 1,872 2,565 

Other seeds 419 337 216 216 227

Other field crops 26,625 36,750 32,350 25,020 37,670 

Christmas trees 14,875 14,875 14,875 14,875 15,229 

Greenhouse/nursery 470,796 476,351 483,338 490,699 517,030 

Floriculture 143,427 148,982 155,338 155,499 150,330 

Other greenhouse 327,369 327,369 328,000 335,200 366,700 

Mushrooms, agaricus 16,277 15,974 15,517 16,658 18,183 

Oklahoma

All commodities 3,636,808 3,945,032 3,899,594 3,663,270 3,565,551 

Livestock and products 2,517,975 2,808,023 2,699,407 2,571,986 2,439,301 

Meat animals 1,994,514 2,237,157 2,087,679 1,956,634 1,772,386 

Cattle and calves 1,944,819 2,168,875 1,984,502 1,758,556 1,446,470 

Hogs 44,673 63,854 98,720 193,293 320,714 

Sheep and lambs 5,022 4,428 4,457 4,785 5,202 

Dairy products 166,455 166,562 167,580 168,350 195,622 

Milk, wholesale 166,455 166,562 167,580 168,350 195,622 

Poultry/eggs 302,184 350,207 400,785 403,565 428,419 

Broilers 203,878 239,688 303,582 302,709 328,950 

Farm chickens 2,294 2,926 2,833 2,740 2,161 

Chicken eggs 69,840 73,333 59,858 64,285 66,868 

Other poultry 15,000 22,500 22,500 22,250 17,750 

Miscellaneous livestock 54,822 54,097 43,363 43,437 42,874 

Other livestock 52,600 52,700 41,900 42,220 42,000 

Crops 1,118,833 1,137,009 1,200,187 1,091,284 1,126,250 

Food grains 457,291 454,659 477,391 421,851 400,616 

Rye 1,335 1,385 2,354 2,216 3,004 

Wheat 455,956 453,274 475,037 419,635 397,612 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 217
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

218 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Feed crops 132,970 136,976 143,067 147,891 231,077 

Corn 31,529 36,146 36,818 41,258 66,783 

Hay 66,267 66,194 75,269 65,280 101,993 

Sorghum grain 33,717 33,289 29,580 40,589 61,628 

Cotton 68,692 82,130 100,090 55,080 55,062 

Cotton lint, all 60,831 71,000 88,920 48,043 48,598 

Cottonseed 7,861 11,130 11,170 7,037 6,464 

Oil crops 108,203 98,234 126,576 100,728 103,920 

Peanuts 76,522 61,198 80,910 59,086 58,563 

Soybeans 31,397 36,723 45,317 41,178 45,068 

Vegetables 41,113 47,296 47,066 48,122 44,929 

Miscellaneous vegetables 34,500 40,000 40,000 38,000 35,000 

Watermelons 4,054 6,490 3,825 6,174 6,101 

Fruits/nuts 16,289 17,494 21,418 32,015 7,125 

Peaches 1,459 5,104 6,136 10,545 NA

Other berries 4,650 4,800 5,600 5,600 5,600 

Pecans 9,930 7,340 9,432 15,620 1,275 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 250 250 250 250 250

All other crops 294,275 300,220 284,579 285,597 283,521 

Other seeds 5,000 7,000 1,950 3,000 850

Other field crops 2,335 4,050 1,510 2,350 3,250 

Christmas trees NA NA NA 400 400

Greenhouse/nursery 274,213 275,356 265,977 263,932 263,106 

Floriculture 14,213 15,356 15,977 13,932 13,106 

Other greenhouse 260,000 260,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 

Mushrooms, agaricus 12,727 13,814 15,142 NA NA

Oregon

All commodities 2,466,535 2,564,135 2,645,457 2,708,574 2,976,542 

Livestock and products 766,090 747,394 721,079 659,973 656,530 

Meat animals 386,868 400,765 367,979 322,802 283,013 

Cattle and calves 360,019 372,719 341,620 300,607 257,598 

Hogs 11,882 12,925 10,200 9,599 8,361 

Sheep and lambs 14,967 15,121 16,159 12,596 17,054 

Dairy products 225,642 214,577 218,897 212,901 236,999 

Milk, retail 12,767 12,977 14,651 14,651 16,744 

Milk, wholesale 212,875 201,600 204,246 198,250 220,255 

Poultry/eggs 112,679 93,990 91,234 81,891 98,535 

Broilers 37,440 33,418 33,325 33,760 40,470 

Chicken eggs 43,790 44,306 46,197 36,336 45,633 

Other poultry 13,518 12,193 11,452 11,547 12,156 

Miscellaneous livestock 40,901 38,062 42,969 42,379 37,983 

Honey 1,478 1,989 1,690 2,109 2,985 

Wool 1,321 863 1,246 1,930 1,010 

Other livestock 37,510 34,195 39,063 37,530 33,363 

Mink pelts 4,682 4,725 7,030 6,899 6,700 

All other livestock 32,828 29,470 32,033 30,631 26,663 

Crops 1,700,445 1,816,741 1,924,378 2,048,601 2,320,012 

Food grains 173,330 185,510 204,477 280,897 294,182 

Wheat 173,330 185,510 204,477 280,897 294,182 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Feed crops 182,787 210,209 238,903 225,104 262,629 

Barley 21,437 14,595 20,772 19,973 24,424 

Corn 4,508 5,920 7,222 8,709 13,255 

Hay 150,426 185,692 205,671 191,195 219,650 

Oats 6,416 4,002 5,238 5,227 5,300 

Oil crops 912 1,292 2,226 2,969 2,235 

Vegetables 328,384 417,587 389,158 372,753 397,036 

Beans, dry 2,713 3,408 4,237 4,668 4,137 

Potatoes 91,350 121,733 128,520 133,496 163,838 

Fall 13,279 22,070 23,284 28,715 26,414 

Other 78,071 99,663 105,236 104,781 137,424 

Beans, snap 24,762 22,975 24,877 26,171 24,943 

Carrots 12,601 8,324 7,547 1,020 860

Corn, sweet 37,962 37,871 40,063 40,311 40,353 

Fresh 6,100 5,591 4,435 4,939 3,510 

Processing 31,862 32,280 35,628 35,372 36,843 

Onions 87,895 149,115 105,132 82,582 69,241 

Storage 65,540 118,410 72,271 56,898 46,201 

Storage-West 22,355 30,705 32,861 25,684 23,040 

Peas, green 8,472 12,345 12,664 15,923 8,408 

Miscellaneous vegetables 38,090 40,528 47,408 51,344 68,450 

Fruits/nuts 254,507 219,098 234,811 238,934 260,543 

Apples 20,181 19,324 21,221 17,801 17,027 

Fresh 16,279 16,703 19,401 15,123 13,636 

Processing 3,902 2,621 1,820 2,678 3,391 

Cherries 47,520 30,775 29,015 23,903 35,476 

Sweet 45,131 30,349 27,830 23,733 34,962 

Grapes 9,717 9,840 9,126 13,300 15,300 

Peaches 4,511 2,648 4,327 2,675 4,523 

Pears 66,740 56,785 53,287 60,488 71,605 

Bartlett 19,601 16,355 17,668 17,672 16,236 

Other 47,139 40,430 35,619 42,816 55,369 

Plums and prunes 3,208 662 1,772 1,206 1,947 

Cranberries 13,968 7,254 15,444 8,432 15,475 

Strawberries 21,105 26,972 30,825 26,830 22,835 

Blueberries 12,010 7,953 9,070 6,900 12,755 

Blackberry group 23,637 13,320 18,389 24,848 30,873 

Blackberries 19,284 9,535 14,207 20,836 25,433 

Boysenberries 4,028 3,429 3,853 3,750 5,193 

Other berries 48 75 50 50 50

Filberts 15,180 25,826 17,514 35,424 16,235 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 1,248 1,455 1,236 1,277 941

All other crops 760,525 783,045 854,803 927,944 1,103,387 

Sugar beets 14,617 14,917 15,869 15,877 16,270 

Alfalfa 5,375 5,814 6,684 7,311 7,506 

Bentgrass 12,062 10,074 9,552 12,149 13,868 

Bluegrass-Kentucky 11,013 12,762 11,770 11,938 15,718 

Crimson clover 4,104 2,323 2,477 2,933 4,315 

Fescue 43,309 46,257 37,610 48,378 96,168 

Chewing 6,849 4,380 4,700 3,747 5,362 

Hard NA 1,704 2,740 1,158 750

Red 3,305 3,012 2,122 1,616 2,002 

Tall 33,155 37,161 28,048 41,857 88,054 

Orchardgrass 8,865 9,593 11,887 13,690 9,752 

Red clover 7,088 4,904 3,692 5,230 6,053 

Ryegrass 92,025 109,175 135,398 134,828 159,832 

Other seeds 28,863 27,782 26,226 26,521 25,330 

Hops 21,849 23,108 26,891 26,187 21,709 

Mint 51,121 39,156 52,654 60,081 57,652 

Peppermint 48,571 37,066 50,750 58,125 55,845 

Spearmint 2,550 2,090 1,904 1,956 1,807 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 219
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

220 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Other field crops 19,038 24,988 21,323 24,424 32,153 

Christmas trees 70,733 71,574 75,289 85,517 89,710 

Greenhouse/nursery 345,056 352,459 385,000 419,000 441,503 

Floriculture 51,095 60,042 66,135 67,283 72,075 

Other greenhouse 293,961 292,417 318,865 351,717 369,428 

Pennsylvania

All commodities 3,676,300 3,806,616 3,768,994 3,769,120 4,142,509 

Livestock and products 2,558,609 2,620,005 2,604,984 2,553,254 2,864,577 

Meat animals 565,605 664,524 590,067 491,706 512,468 

Cattle and calves 436,768 511,944 452,713 354,678 338,674 

Hogs 124,213 147,123 131,426 132,023 167,872 

Sheep and lambs 4,624 5,457 5,928 5,005 5,922 

Dairy products 1,485,229 1,410,209 1,444,940 1,456,359 1,662,423 

Milk, retail 64,093 64,047 62,860 65,079 69,023 

Milk, wholesale 1,421,136 1,346,162 1,382,080 1,391,280 1,593,400 

Poultry/eggs 461,032 500,600 526,199 563,400 646,679 

Broilers 183,142 183,145 199,828 203,345 245,175 

Farm chickens 6,086 6,464 3,300 2,871 3,090 

Chicken eggs 197,090 239,785 238,339 265,124 295,160 

Turkeys 74,659 71,156 84,672 92,000 103,194 

Other poultry 55 50 60 60 60

Miscellaneous livestock 46,743 44,672 43,778 41,789 43,007 

Aquaculture 4,314 4,482 5,417 5,147 5,219 

Other livestock 41,265 39,252 37,274 35,420 36,496 

Mink pelts 1,815 1,742 2,094 2,270 3,356 

All other livestock 39,450 37,510 35,180 33,150 33,140 

Crops 1,117,691 1,186,611 1,164,010 1,215,866 1,277,932 

Food grains 27,410 22,743 24,833 37,950 41,867 

Wheat 26,580 22,304 24,449 37,554 41,598 

Feed crops 232,795 286,150 271,293 328,799 356,237 

Barley 6,640 7,449 6,247 7,417 9,875 

Corn 119,120 170,293 144,010 217,911 221,548 

Hay 98,718 102,795 117,943 98,139 115,909 

Oats 8,317 5,613 3,093 5,332 8,905 

Tobacco 27,233 24,413 21,392 11,340 22,420 

Oil crops 56,098 64,874 68,544 56,966 63,579 

Soybeans 55,816 64,545 68,188 56,565 63,316 

Vegetables 98,154 97,674 97,968 86,773 95,249 

Potatoes 28,992 32,303 30,538 28,266 29,696 

Beans, snap 3,447 3,377 4,125 4,059 2,685 

Corn, sweet 21,323 19,770 20,966 16,532 23,674 

Fresh 20,572 18,814 19,972 15,756 22,653 

Tomatoes 17,815 14,832 16,506 11,453 15,009 

Fresh 15,065 13,223 14,440 8,547 12,870 

Processing 2,750 1,609 2,066 2,906 2,139 

Miscellaneous vegetables 18,000 19,000 19,000 18,000 18,000 

Cantaloups 2,150 2,100 2,438 2,730 1,898 

Fruits/nuts 97,770 94,521 75,529 97,549 108,044 

Apples 45,688 46,261 42,446 45,163 49,445 

Fresh 19,680 20,794 20,552 23,120 25,538 

Processing 26,008 25,467 21,894 22,043 23,907 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Cherries 3,299 3,513 4,041 2,221 3,267 

Sweet 1,653 1,562 1,656 1,209 1,568 

Tart 1,646 1,951 2,385 1,012 1,699 

Grapes 14,652 11,365 14,557 10,768 16,614 

Peaches 20,071 19,925 NA 24,645 24,816 

Pears 1,970 1,925 2,200 2,292 1,970 

Strawberries 6,490 5,832 5,985 5,760 5,432 

Other berries 2,800 2,700 2,800 3,000 3,000 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 2,800 3,000 3,500 3,700 3,500 

All other crops 578,231 596,236 604,451 596,489 590,536 

Maple products 2,337 964 1,528 1,079 1,747 

Other seeds 650 620 600 600 600

Other field crops 2,700 2,600 3,000 3,000 3,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 304,926 315,885 313,315 314,680 318,004 

Floriculture 104,926 105,885 108,315 114,680 118,004 

Other greenhouse 200,000 210,000 205,000 200,000 200,000 

Mushrooms, agaricus 261,669 266,056 272,432 265,090 254,600 

Rhode Island

All commodities 74,758 79,118 80,422 79,243 82,867 

Livestock and products 13,786 12,535 12,087 9,156 11,294 

Meat animals 1,641 1,697 1,526 1,155 2,103 

Cattle and calves 1,134 997 926 762 1,598 

Dairy products 4,554 4,370 4,368 4,334 4,805 

Milk, wholesale 4,554 4,370 4,368 4,334 4,805 

Poultry/eggs 4,989 4,923 4,856 2,412 3,148 

Chicken eggs 4,323 4,333 4,429 1,842 2,580 

Other poultry 651 558 415 551 566

Miscellaneous livestock 2,602 1,545 1,337 1,255 1,238 

Aquaculture 239 239 51 83 83

Other livestock 2,306 1,263 1,265 1,142 1,129 

Crops 60,972 66,583 68,335 70,087 71,573 

Feed crops 516 472 451 430 540

Vegetables 5,553 6,607 6,725 6,469 6,740 

Potatoes 1,808 1,633 1,542 1,708 1,545 

Miscellaneous vegetables 2,528 3,000 2,950 3,060 3,245 

Fruits/nuts 3,333 3,369 3,279 3,168 3,203 

Apples 1,547 1,584 1,474 1,353 1,381 

Other berries 1,374 1,375 1,400 1,400 1,400 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 412 410 405 415 422

All other crops 51,570 56,135 57,880 60,020 61,090 

Other field crops 9,445 9,820 9,930 10,080 10,140 

Christmas trees 875 940 950 940 950

Greenhouse/nursery 41,250 45,375 47,000 49,000 50,000 

South Carolina

All commodities 1,201,439 1,250,733 1,395,740 1,429,652 1,602,056 

Livestock and products 536,562 601,155 616,238 613,472 737,210 

Meat animals 176,493 205,111 183,774 148,322 143,079 

Cattle and calves 112,583 132,957 123,414 91,697 74,588 

Hogs 63,898 72,143 60,315 56,579 68,437 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 221
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

222 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Dairy products 61,036 59,887 60,745 55,304 62,185 

Milk, retail 2,344 2,377 1,651 1,019 1,060 

Milk, wholesale 58,692 57,510 59,094 54,285 61,125 

Poultry/eggs 286,879 323,486 355,337 390,946 512,343 

Broilers 136,317 169,752 206,080 234,738 306,657 

Farm chickens 2,731 2,345 1,792 1,380 1,401 

Chicken eggs 69,094 69,442 70,389 70,680 87,108 

Turkeys 70,637 74,172 69,136 75,778 107,717 

Other poultry 8,100 7,775 7,940 8,370 9,460 

Miscellaneous livestock 12,154 12,671 16,382 18,900 19,603 

Aquaculture 799 616 1,974 1,770 3,223 

Other livestock 10,760 11,460 13,580 16,100 15,460 

Crops 664,877 649,578 779,502 816,180 864,846 

Food grains 40,688 30,455 52,265 39,281 58,629 

Wheat 39,627 29,797 51,280 38,518 57,729 

Feed crops 54,563 34,439 50,431 63,375 83,409 

Corn 44,786 26,589 36,400 51,625 71,819 

Hay 7,112 6,036 10,299 10,225 9,890 

Oats 1,670 1,001 2,233 910 1,209 

Cotton 74,561 63,370 127,427 131,782 157,690 

Cotton, Upland 69,933 58,600 120,642 125,235 148,134 

Cottonseed 4,628 4,770 6,785 6,547 9,556 

Tobacco 190,448 185,612 182,689 186,795 214,650 

Oil crops 90,426 74,603 71,004 90,738 88,132 

Peanuts 9,425 6,983 9,933 9,016 7,975 

Soybeans 80,655 67,248 60,437 81,448 79,991 

Vegetables 53,248 86,614 88,620 91,786 75,399 

Sweetpotatoes 2,938 2,475 2,739 2,412 3,507 

Beans, snap, fresh 1,727 1,140 2,310 1,832 1,800 

Cucumbers 6,052 10,777 10,431 9,334 8,472 

Fresh 1,490 3,318 4,520 5,590 5,520 

Processing 4,562 7,459 5,911 3,744 2,952 

Tomatoes, fresh 22,450 40,320 35,700 44,733 34,200 

Miscellaneous vegetables 15,562 27,320 32,490 28,220 23,200 

Watermelons 4,343 4,200 4,800 5,235 4,180 

Fruits/nuts 35,773 39,838 53,610 48,092 10,085 

Apples 9,901 6,814 7,424 6,940 4,612 

Fresh 7,364 4,774 5,534 5,200 2,603 

Processing 2,537 2,040 1,890 1,740 2,009 

Peaches 23,550 27,570 35,640 34,240 1,478 

Other berries 1,104 1,700 2,000 2,300 1,900 

Pecans 351 2,234 7,002 3,315 1,631 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 344 811 1,050 1,000 40

All other crops 125,170 134,647 153,456 164,331 176,852 

Other seeds 1,169 2,000 2,500 2,600 2,700 

Other field crops 772 2,202 2,800 3,500 3,400 

Christmas trees 2,850 2,700 3,000 3,000 3,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 120,379 127,745 144,998 155,060 167,578 

Floriculture 15,379 15,745 21,998 25,060 27,578 

Other greenhouse 105,000 112,000 123,000 130,000 140,000 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
South Dakota

All commodities 3,110,969 3,200,194 3,335,563 3,396,482 3,683,512 

Livestock and products 1,766,575 1,963,956 1,701,639 1,700,001 1,632,765 

Meat animals 1,481,110 1,679,999 1,424,009 1,416,790 1,311,259 

Cattle and calves 1,102,265 1,290,897 1,076,792 1,067,088 945,528 

Hogs 346,693 354,576 316,335 313,360 324,917 

Sheep and lambs 32,152 34,526 30,882 36,342 40,814 

Dairy products 210,816 207,174 201,728 195,875 211,700 

Milk, wholesale 210,816 207,174 201,728 195,875 211,700 

Poultry/eggs 51,119 51,437 46,845 55,812 71,208 

Turkeys 29,694 26,910 27,270 34,944 43,200 

Chicken eggs 16,846 19,874 14,219 15,381 23,140 

Other poultry 3,353 3,652 4,353 4,591 4,240 

Miscellaneous livestock 23,530 25,346 29,057 31,524 38,598 

Honey 10,812 12,485 13,520 14,484 21,185 

Wool 3,686 2,552 3,349 4,284 2,757 

Other livestock 9,032 10,309 12,188 12,756 14,656 

Mink pelts 1,885 1,809 2,332 2,353 4,285 

All other livestock 7,147 8,500 9,856 10,403 10,371 

Crops 1,344,394 1,236,238 1,633,924 1,696,481 2,050,747 

Food grains 340,830 376,846 338,532 390,156 523,551 

Rye 2,458 2,760 2,639 3,292 3,287 

Wheat 338,372 374,086 335,893 386,864 520,264 

Feed crops 588,265 529,119 650,439 648,756 780,615 

Barley 31,209 21,695 20,550 19,202 15,807 

Corn 418,417 330,254 465,331 502,772 635,461 

Hay 93,022 136,639 123,937 95,590 96,249 

Oats 26,554 20,942 20,809 13,579 16,133 

Sorghum grain 19,063 19,589 19,812 17,613 16,965 

Oil crops 371,437 287,432 540,809 591,084 679,026 

Flaxseed 820 1,816 1,426 1,141 893

Soybeans 314,441 218,501 402,136 452,060 560,509 

Sunflower 54,270 65,986 135,431 136,066 115,908 

Vegetables 7,353 6,291 9,126 7,133 11,151 

Potatoes 6,428 4,964 6,008 4,992 8,879 

Miscellaneous vegetables 925 1,327 3,118 2,141 2,272 

Fruits/nuts 175 158 150 152 166

Other berries 56 68 52 50 55

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 119 90 98 102 111

All other crops 36,334 36,392 94,868 59,200 56,238 

Other seeds 4,912 4,791 4,403 6,223 2,460 

Other field crops 17,835 17,551 75,925 38,147 38,208 

Greenhouse/nursery 13,551 14,050 14,540 14,830 15,570 

Tennesee

All commodities 2,090,890 2,025,459 2,172,627 2,120,433 2,371,873 

Livestock and products 998,888 961,598 971,709 892,595 997,660 

Meat animals 542,515 482,326 498,414 420,212 462,987 

Cattle and calves 440,709 378,894 420,529 329,545 355,971 

Hogs 101,609 102,859 77,550 90,451 106,453 

Dairy products 260,820 250,240 247,390 239,430 253,590 

Milk, wholesale 260,820 250,240 247,390 239,430 253,590 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 223
Poultry/eggs 166,228 199,793 196,987 203,756 252,133 

Broilers 152,685 182,061 181,071 185,900 232,155 

Chicken eggs 12,925 16,985 15,360 17,526 19,553 

Miscellaneous livestock 29,325 29,239 28,918 29,197 28,950 

Other livestock 27,900 27,900 27,900 27,900 27,900 

Crops 1,092,002 1,063,861 1,200,918 1,227,838 1,374,213 

Food grains 39,997 38,945 46,983 59,498 82,657 

Wheat 39,997 38,945 46,983 59,498 82,657 

Feed crops 143,901 137,908 138,769 172,653 228,140 

Corn 114,448 108,288 109,333 135,074 188,040 

Hay 22,217 22,494 23,630 33,174 35,917 

Sorghum grain 7,236 7,126 5,806 4,405 4,183 

Cotton 247,901 183,087 289,402 287,872 275,895 

Cotton lint, all 219,553 162,601 259,206 259,610 246,721 

Cottonseed 28,348 20,486 30,196 28,262 29,174 

Tobacco 246,389 266,089 247,968 205,439 218,810 

Oil crops 184,317 190,939 214,600 224,033 272,953 

Soybeans 184,098 190,903 214,591 224,033 272,953 

Vegetables 47,738 53,726 65,208 58,464 62,416 

Beans, snap, fresh 6,733 8,359 11,583 8,877 10,505 

Tomatoes 15,120 19,008 24,219 17,199 17,544 

Miscellaneous vegetables 24,269 24,814 26,363 29,813 30,814 

Fruits/nuts 10,049 10,430 7,468 9,595 9,281 

Apples 2,184 2,557 1,759 2,705 2,305 

Peaches 1,451 2,888 646 1,841 270

Other berries 5,731 4,238 3,948 3,948 6,181 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 538 687 876 994 525

All other crops 171,710 182,737 190,520 210,284 224,061 

Other seeds 239 209 236 236 296

Other field crops 5,585 5,510 5,732 8,938 6,917 

Greenhouse/nursery 144,754 154,239 157,729 171,545 187,182 

Floriculture 27,254 30,396 31,629 34,545 35,030 

Other greenhouse 117,500 123,843 126,100 137,000 152,152 

Texas

All commodities 11,466,709 12,730,745 12,932,250 13,108,475 13,053,234 

Livestock and products 7,522,441 8,211,274 8,112,253 8,450,784 7,758,029 

Meat animals 5,792,846 6,345,962 6,022,962 6,439,126 5,499,461 

Cattle and calves 5,644,620 6,188,563 5,882,207 6,295,596 5,331,297 

Hogs 78,508 89,367 76,838 79,448 93,663 

Sheep and lambs 69,718 68,032 63,917 64,082 74,501 

Dairy products 760,213 780,710 830,800 791,570 920,798 

Milk, wholesale 760,213 780,710 830,800 791,570 920,798 

Poultry/eggs 816,621 897,788 950,176 961,219 1,118,391 

Broilers 553,784 608,700 659,453 646,316 726,264 

Farm chickens 1,330 2,179 2,948 2,310 1,937 

Chicken eggs 181,755 202,541 198,147 216,691 290,646 

Other poultry 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,100 800

Miscellaneous livestock 152,761 186,814 308,315 258,869 219,379 

Honey 5,525 4,391 3,811 5,966 5,921 

Mohair 12,354 11,197 30,602 20,940 14,606 

Wool 16,896 11,050 15,582 15,488 8,316 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

224 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Aquaculture 2,386 1,576 3,720 875 936

Other livestock 115,600 158,600 254,600 215,600 189,600 

Crops 3,944,268 4,519,471 4,819,997 4,657,691 5,295,205 

Food grains 515,496 414,473 399,603 421,533 506,911 

Rice 158,179 79,481 173,231 137,011 181,264 

Wheat 356,748 334,258 225,344 283,661 325,032 

Feed crops 1,038,829 977,250 1,084,490 1,220,131 1,412,217 

Corn 475,806 447,698 610,281 711,240 684,348 

Hay 130,211 130,016 133,340 120,186 165,559 

Oats 4,190 7,438 6,251 3,262 3,789 

Sorghum grain 428,299 391,514 334,084 384,977 557,745 

Cotton 951,502 1,622,010 1,837,139 1,357,721 1,809,633 

Cotton lint, all 827,012 1,414,351 1,645,296 1,177,366 1,610,622 

Upland 811,875 1,378,557 1,620,782 1,159,877 1,584,181 

Long staple 15,137 35,794 24,514 17,489 26,441 

Cottonseed 124,490 207,659 191,843 180,355 199,011 

Oil crops 247,063 194,439 202,927 198,179 221,798 

Peanuts 182,960 162,852 172,587 155,131 170,872 

Soybeans 58,045 26,210 26,454 38,438 46,290 

Sunflower 5,961 5,122 3,777 4,545 4,505 

Vegetables 351,004 407,675 394,837 452,034 348,106 

Beans, dry 6,275 8,529 6,494 3,464 2,816 

Potatoes 30,839 30,433 34,293 27,464 23,439 

Summer 24,484 19,807 23,950 19,605 15,791 

Sweetpotatoes 10,560 17,074 11,558 8,569 16,147 

Cabbage 44,496 46,851 30,666 54,570 40,330 

Carrots 13,799 13,718 12,839 18,303 20,720 

Celery 5,363 12,463 6,916 8,280 4,745 

Corn, sweet 2,608 3,150 1,555 2,720 1,120 

Cucumbers 18,522 14,296 19,938 15,105 12,236 

Fresh 4,444 2,736 3,630 2,518 1,512 

Processing 14,078 11,560 16,308 12,587 10,724 

Onions 64,921 90,306 64,813 83,821 50,930 

Spring 55,301 72,522 50,333 72,250 39,010 

Summer, nonstorage 9,620 17,784 14,480 11,571 11,920 

Peppers, green 34,853 23,200 29,753 30,215 22,604 

Spinach 11,693 11,428 10,608 11,572 9,803 

Fresh 6,688 5,376 4,649 5,944 3,758 

Processing 5,005 6,052 5,959 5,628 6,045 

Tomatoes, fresh 2,191 4,810 4,277 8,064 7,722 

Miscellaneous vegetables 4,732 17,247 22,918 27,320 23,916 

Cantaloups 32,895 37,306 52,348 54,659 47,124 

Honeydews 17,856 17,888 14,760 21,156 12,352 

Watermelons 35,964 50,400 60,060 67,165 48,136 

Fruits/nuts 102,720 83,489 74,019 105,129 67,288 

Grapefruit 2,331 17,835 13,486 19,438 20,097 

Fresh pink seedless 2,304 16,307 11,509 17,051 18,351 

Processing pink seedless 27 1,528 1,977 2,387 1,746 

Oranges 1,697 4,904 3,151 8,541 7,088 

Naval, fresh early and mid 1,548 4,213 2,479 6,519 5,935 

Peaches 7,696 8,136 5,811 6,480 3,848 

Pecans 87,300 48,000 48,800 68,110 29,000 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 3,696 4,614 2,771 2,560 7,255 

All other crops 737,654 820,135 826,982 902,964 929,252 

Sugar beets 28,911 25,513 18,290 12,812 8,833 

Cane for sugar 33,731 37,126 40,544 36,282 24,472 

Sorghum Sudan crosses 4,000 3,000 5,000 4,000 5,000 

Other seeds 21 88 97 75 56

Other field crops 2,350 1,333 853 587 382

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 225
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

226 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Christmas trees 9,000 16,000 10,000 21,000 16,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 628,000 707,000 721,000 792,000 838,000 

Floriculture 157,656 181,171 174,733 179,934 183,852 

Other greenhouse 470,344 525,829 546,267 612,066 654,148 

Utah

All commodities 766,137 831,397 826,950 812,019 873,143 

Livestock and products 572,604 613,708 597,101 591,331 646,139 

Meat animals 288,294 324,755 301,793 289,677 283,824 

Cattle and calves 268,701 301,883 280,846 261,437 244,193 

Hogs 4,435 5,654 4,752 5,629 18,014 

Sheep and lambs 15,158 17,218 16,195 22,611 21,617 

Dairy products 169,532 165,065 181,930 181,837 219,475 

Milk, retail 13,814 12,726 13,786 12,074 13,395 

Milk, wholesale 155,718 152,339 168,144 169,763 206,080 

Poultry/eggs 63,824 70,566 59,531 69,268 73,536 

Chicken eggs 21,774 23,655 18,453 20,135 21,885 

Other poultry 610 720 834 7,867 10,570 

Miscellaneous livestock 50,954 53,322 53,847 50,549 69,304 

Honey 1,527 1,224 1,345 686 1,329 

Wool 3,414 2,240 2,690 3,535 2,009 

Other livestock 42,931 46,878 47,464 42,732 63,477 

Mink pelts 16,145 15,494 20,460 17,490 30,267 

All other livestock 26,786 31,384 27,004 25,242 33,210 

Crops 193,533 217,689 229,849 220,688 227,004 

Food grains 20,596 21,585 25,249 32,475 38,060 

Wheat 20,596 21,585 25,249 32,475 38,060 

Feed crops 80,691 104,543 112,813 110,663 108,210 

Barley 15,009 18,247 14,364 19,366 22,691 

Corn 5,822 5,510 5,796 5,696 6,682 

Hay 59,239 79,745 91,870 85,008 78,119 

Oil crops 714 1,108 1,421 1,581 1,397 

Vegetables 35,263 35,338 31,913 23,089 23,462 

Potatoes 8,376 8,254 8,203 6,933 6,614 

Onions 7,670 9,914 6,714 5,634 6,150 

Miscellaneous vegetables 17,063 14,643 14,447 10,036 10,200 

Fruits/nuts 15,854 11,085 12,275 8,975 14,315 

Apples 7,094 6,117 5,268 3,726 5,977 

Fresh 6,252 5,517 4,655 3,016 5,363 

Cherries 5,909 2,109 4,296 2,270 4,884 

Sweet 1,709 1,149 2,030 1,646 2,490 

Tart 4,200 960 2,266 624 2,394 

Peaches 1,364 1,392 1,518 1,550 1,584 

Other berries 348 471 343 675 743

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 349 310 296 294 292

All other crops 40,415 44,030 46,178 43,905 41,560 

Other seeds 1,442 1,302 1,252 1,277 1,675 

Other field crops 669 640 387 490 481

Christmas trees 134 137 140 143 146

Greenhouse/nursery 32,754 35,546 36,842 34,983 32,378 

Floriculture 20,707 23,499 24,795 28,305 25,333 

Other greenhouse 12,047 12,047 12,047 6,678 7,045 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Vermont

All commodities 479,687 487,593 475,879 470,232 534,666 

Livestock and products 386,428 402,232 390,081 380,358 437,057 

Meat animals 34,398 60,007 50,219 40,816 35,413 

Cattle and calves 32,346 58,002 48,670 39,527 34,305 

Dairy products 343,198 332,850 331,262 331,204 392,688 

Milk, retail 1,786 1,870 1,870 1,870 1,926 

Milk, wholesale 341,412 330,980 329,392 329,334 390,762 

Poultry/eggs 3,555 3,995 2,611 2,204 2,647 

Chicken eggs 2,532 2,600 1,655 1,190 1,733 

Other poultry 639 820 277 278 282

Miscellaneous livestock 5,277 5,380 5,989 6,134 6,309 

Aquaculture 331 331 300 324 324

Other livestock 4,595 4,620 5,265 5,446 5,563 

Crops 93,259 85,361 85,798 89,874 97,609 

Feed crops 16,311 14,794 12,347 12,079 11,164 

Hay 16,311 14,794 12,347 12,079 11,164 

Vegetables 9,874 9,797 11,200 12,300 13,500 

Miscellaneous vegetables 8,363 7,808 9,484 10,800 11,316 

Fruits/nuts 10,398 9,560 8,607 9,791 10,153 

Apples 7,043 5,504 6,165 7,043 7,098 

Fresh 6,180 4,908 5,639 6,383 6,344 

Other berries 3,297 4,000 2,400 2,700 3,000 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 58 56 42 48 55

All other crops 56,676 51,210 53,644 55,704 62,792 

Maple products 12,711 7,440 10,397 10,147 14,575 

Other field crops 5,365 3,170 3,647 3,557 4,757 

Christmas trees 13,600 13,600 11,600 12,000 12,460 

Greenhouse/nursery 25,000 27,000 28,000 30,000 31,000 

Virginia

All commodities 2,144,054 2,122,461 2,194,166 2,230,400 2,378,146 

Livestock and products 1,354,561 1,415,072 1,409,431 1,392,851 1,477,983 

Meat animals 416,814 424,696 370,104 321,069 297,881 

Cattle and calves 336,371 339,302 292,424 252,371 211,294 

Hogs 74,036 78,838 72,220 63,341 81,410 

Sheep and lambs 6,407 6,556 5,460 5,357 5,177 

Dairy products 291,888 276,500 272,272 266,340 289,980 

Milk, wholesale 291,888 276,500 272,272 266,340 289,980 

Poultry/eggs 555,473 618,058 664,131 695,148 773,829 

Broilers 330,145 370,986 397,880 400,828 466,388 

Farm chickens 2,497 2,273 2,321 1,669 1,716 

Chicken eggs 63,252 65,437 69,325 68,318 75,366 

Turkeys 137,879 157,080 171,864 198,810 204,250 

Other poultry 21,700 22,282 22,741 25,523 26,109 

Miscellaneous livestock 90,386 95,818 102,924 110,294 116,293 

Aquaculture 13,555 14,983 17,084 19,508 20,978 

Trout 2,030 2,075 1,966 2,199 2,222 

Other aquaculture 11,525 12,908 15,118 17,309 18,756 

All other livestock 76,200 80,200 85,200 90,200 94,673 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 227
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

228 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Crops 789,493 707,389 784,735 837,549 900,163 

Food grains 45,757 39,091 44,061 65,516 69,692 

Wheat 45,348 38,863 43,719 65,281 69,253 

Feed crops 105,109 82,182 85,959 107,859 146,622 

Barley 9,561 7,742 6,305 10,525 12,344 

Corn 66,630 44,920 52,449 66,518 96,338 

Hay 28,918 29,520 27,205 30,816 37,940 

Cotton 7,722 9,365 25,700 42,072 57,575 

Cotton lint, all 6,986 8,464 23,564 38,952 52,929 

Tobacco 189,667 180,807 168,590 174,906 187,793 

Oil crops 161,586 131,189 160,622 141,704 154,599 

Peanuts 81,476 53,580 80,075 61,928 58,981 

Soybeans 79,982 77,506 80,491 79,750 95,600 

Vegetables 104,230 85,520 113,683 110,119 73,948 

Potatoes 16,799 19,504 19,373 21,362 20,187 

Beans, snap, fresh 3,300 3,213 5,869 5,789 4,182 

Cabbage, fresh 5,363 4,921 5,700 4,250 3,393 

Corn, sweet, fresh 2,548 1,625 2,397 1,328 1,411 

Cucumbers, fresh 15,184 4,390 9,127 9,480 7,800 

Peppers, green 2,842 3,430 4,914 6,595 1,764 

Spinach 2,159 931 1,782 579 0 

Tomatoes, fresh 40,672 34,170 47,583 43,586 24,898 

Miscellaneous vegetables 13,230 9,261 14,553 14,000 8,400 

Fruits/nuts 46,881 43,669 45,129 53,045 52,980 

Apples 32,887 27,791 30,108 34,445 39,024 

Fresh 13,072 10,516 13,542 16,987 21,947 

Processing 19,815 17,275 16,566 17,458 17,077 

Peaches 3,858 4,005 2,486 5,750 4,420 

Other berries 1,882 2,014 2,070 2,150 1,613 

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 8,254 9,859 10,465 10,700 7,923 

All other crops 128,541 135,566 140,991 142,328 156,954 

Other field crops 1,331 1,452 1,512 1,511 1,579 

Christmas trees 9,982 10,381 10,481 10,500 11,025 

Greenhouse/nursery 117,181 123,642 128,906 130,287 144,317 

Floriculture 44,387 47,820 51,670 52,287 61,067 

Other greenhouse 72,794 75,822 77,236 78,000 83,250 

Washington

All commodities 4,361,522 4,665,592 4,768,676 5,214,525 5,680,980 

Livestock and products 1,474,301 1,564,675 1,625,527 1,583,421 1,664,390 

Meat animals 607,681 706,231 700,064 652,353 626,399 

Cattle and calves 598,036 696,456 691,250 645,033 611,337 

Hogs 6,912 5,966 5,410 4,532 10,979 

Sheep and lambs 2,733 3,809 3,404 2,788 4,083 

Dairy products 645,710 635,005 677,191 684,172 788,075 

Milk, retail 49,730 50,140 57,191 56,112 55,535 

Milk, wholesale 595,980 584,865 620,000 628,060 732,540 

Poultry/eggs 144,578 154,506 172,429 178,872 179,463 

Broilers 58,374 61,200 70,140 68,138 74,480 

Chicken eggs 68,948 74,628 83,403 93,241 89,961 

Other poultry 16,982 18,419 18,612 17,234 14,798 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Miscellaneous livestock 76,332 68,933 75,843 68,024 70,453 

Honey 2,042 1,647 2,009 2,018 2,942 

Aquaculture 57,583 49,995 55,992 46,922 46,509 

Trout 5,864 5,889 4,760 6,368 5,955 

Other aquaculture 51,719 44,106 51,232 40,554 40,554 

Other livestock 16,388 17,021 17,593 18,769 20,746 

Mink pelts 3,373 3,237 3,502 3,587 5,576 

All other livestock 13,015 13,784 14,091 15,182 15,170 

Crops 2,887,221 3,100,917 3,143,149 3,631,104 4,016,590 

Food grains 436,442 481,296 520,899 706,986 774,530 

Wheat 436,442 481,296 520,899 706,986 774,530 

Feed crops 245,908 267,744 260,822 309,204 364,768 

Barley 39,370 39,174 29,538 57,629 70,237 

Corn 32,888 33,687 39,422 49,512 61,912 

Hay 171,125 192,481 190,139 200,844 231,104 

Oats 2,525 2,402 1,723 1,219 1,515 

Oil crops 1,716 1,831 3,718 3,664 4,744 

Vegetables 573,002 781,897 810,410 818,163 831,098 

Beans, dry 16,220 17,384 20,155 19,354 18,444 

Peas, dry 15,650 20,660 20,066 34,410 19,416 

Dry, edible 13,760 16,934 15,781 26,640 16,006 

Wrinkled seed 1,890 3,726 4,285 7,770 3,410 

Lentils (beans) 17,995 17,490 12,710 17,745 12,822 

Potatoes 288,244 407,272 443,748 415,816 470,293 

Asparagus 59,040 55,790 56,304 58,659 63,312 

Fresh 28,644 25,806 24,304 25,179 30,552 

Processing 30,396 29,984 32,000 33,480 32,760 

Carrots 27,143 23,409 25,440 34,449 24,784 

Corn, sweet 41,461 47,697 53,053 69,221 57,584 

Fresh 3,931 4,998 4,234 5,220 5,850 

Processing 37,530 42,699 48,819 64,001 51,734 

Lettuce 4,061 3,188 3,432 4,586 2,200 

Onions 29,886 108,785 62,702 52,059 55,792 

Summer, nonstorage 6,474 7,020 6,372 6,160 5,639 

Storage 23,412 101,765 56,330 45,899 50,153 

Peas, green 22,645 22,115 33,805 30,246 20,408 

Miscellaneous vegetables 43,960 49,720 67,850 70,010 75,750 

Fruits/nuts 1,149,827 1,062,351 1,014,180 1,231,952 1,466,167 

Apples 824,910 703,048 692,793 859,979 1,098,717 

Fresh 720,426 635,222 635,751 769,067 983,871 

Processing 104,484 67,826 57,042 90,912 114,846 

Apricots 5,070 6,280 4,989 6,659 4,728 

Cherries 77,711 97,009 91,157 107,899 121,255 

Sweet 74,895 94,036 88,700 106,519 118,940 

Tart 2,816 2,973 2,457 1,380 2,315 

Grapes 66,747 89,929 57,600 73,676 57,744 

Peaches 10,732 10,145 8,953 13,994 5,555 

Pears 115,086 102,714 92,768 107,513 120,020 

Bartlett 46,236 43,831 39,367 41,436 39,518 

Other 68,850 58,883 53,401 66,077 80,502 

Plums and prunes 1,784 1,527 1,281 2,046 2,685 

Cranberries 7,615 6,371 9,453 8,779 8,928 

Strawberries 4,856 5,946 5,456 5,426 6,605 

Blueberries 5,771 3,409 4,182 3,096 5,639 

Raspberries 22,005 28,126 39,423 35,182 30,459 

Other berries 1,076 1,030 845 676 748

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 6,340 6,680 5,190 6,840 2,990 

All other crops 480,326 505,798 533,120 561,135 575,283 

Alfalfa 10,560 11,400 10,735 10,005 11,748 

Bluegrass-Kentucky 11,303 15,729 12,864 13,694 17,457 

Other seeds 2,784 2,940 3,456 2,387 4,158 

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 229
See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

230 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

Hops 98,223 101,220 96,775 99,290 93,953 

Mint 50,857 43,000 44,001 51,547 54,734 

Peppermint 19,264 20,238 26,773 34,272 35,783 

Spearmint 31,593 22,762 17,228 17,275 18,951 

Other field crops 51,000 52,500 55,000 62,000 68,000 

Christmas trees 37,000 42,000 42,000 42,000 45,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 204,575 220,090 240,000 245,792 246,452 

Floriculture 71,182 68,765 68,496 73,187 71,452 

Other greenhouse 133,393 151,325 171,504 172,605 175,000 

West Virginia

All commodities 328,415 397,035 401,884 390,940 388,170 

Livestock and products 249,480 321,759 330,978 311,981 308,191 

Meat animals 107,591 127,615 97,970 76,390 55,683 

Cattle and calves 99,398 119,988 90,807 69,269 48,459 

Hogs 5,554 4,886 4,260 3,516 3,535 

Sheep and lambs 2,639 2,741 2,903 3,605 3,689 

Dairy products 36,448 35,370 36,046 34,190 37,848 

Milk, wholesale 36,448 35,370 36,046 34,190 37,848 

Poultry/eggs 98,980 152,338 190,971 195,753 208,765 

Broilers 55,780 99,891 128,774 131,052 148,013 

Chicken eggs 13,433 19,524 23,958 23,502 22,610 

Turkeys 29,290 32,164 37,498 40,608 37,620 

Other poultry 7 7 7 8 9

Miscellaneous livestock 6,461 6,436 5,991 5,648 5,895 

All other livestock 5,225 5,475 4,750 4,720 4,760 

Crops 78,935 75,276 70,906 78,959 79,979 

Food grains 1,560 1,390 1,534 2,204 2,072 

Wheat 1,560 1,390 1,534 2,204 2,072 

Feed crops 17,861 20,553 18,533 21,316 25,662 

Corn 6,887 8,472 7,213 8,275 10,852 

Hay 10,547 11,807 11,025 12,799 14,620 

Tobacco 6,529 6,480 6,529 5,749 3,775 

Oil crops 6 NA NA NA NA

Vegetables 5,800 6,300 6,000 5,800 5,600 

Miscellaneous vegetables 5,800 6,300 6,000 5,800 5,600 

Fruits/nuts 28,130 25,532 20,595 25,877 24,355 

Apples 18,303 15,952 13,975 16,057 13,019 

Fresh 6,343 6,418 6,221 8,076 5,401 

Processing 11,960 9,534 7,754 7,981 7,618 

Peaches 2,843 2,442 NA 3,700 5,726 

Other berries 225 235 240 240 220

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 6,759 6,903 6,380 5,880 5,390 

All other crops 19,049 15,021 17,715 18,013 18,515 

Other field crops 2,480 2,000 4,500 4,600 5,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 16,500 13,000 13,200 13,400 13,500 

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Wisconsin

All commodities 5,669,899 5,402,559 5,381,935 5,673,705 6,061,542 

Livestock and products 4,280,066 4,108,241 3,961,530 3,948,969 4,288,078 

Meat animals 973,957 975,236 860,438 789,006 739,130 

Cattle and calves 767,583 737,547 653,558 611,214 543,626 

Hogs 201,124 232,178 201,681 171,847 190,001 

Sheep and lambs 5,250 5,511 5,199 5,945 5,503 

Dairy products 3,097,803 2,906,048 2,873,682 2,915,917 3,261,815 

Milk, wholesale 3,097,189 2,905,406 2,872,998 2,915,233 3,261,815 

Poultry/eggs 174,189 185,693 185,230 197,828 218,112 

Broilers 22,770 26,208 24,690 34,941 57,874 

Chicken eggs 29,431 32,117 30,169 30,635 45,248 

Other poultry 39,080 39,153 41,542 36,772 42,722 

Miscellaneous livestock 34,117 41,264 42,180 46,218 69,021 

Honey 4,019 4,838 3,195 4,037 4,467 

Aquaculture 1,548 1,838 1,269 1,950 1,821 

Other livestock 28,332 34,406 37,501 39,905 62,536 

Mink pelts 17,286 16,771 19,471 20,163 35,896 

All other livestock 11,046 17,635 18,030 19,742 26,640 

Crops 1,389,833 1,294,318 1,420,405 1,724,736 1,773,464 

Food grains 11,074 13,183 25,461 33,963 28,560 

Wheat 10,542 12,710 23,931 32,825 27,684 

Feed crops 599,177 521,636 525,224 795,184 788,178 

Barley 7,149 5,583 6,381 7,832 10,245 

Corn 488,440 389,274 424,401 697,350 706,978 

Hay 88,728 113,089 84,655 80,480 56,389 

Oats 14,860 13,690 9,787 9,522 14,566 

Tobacco 22,224 19,070 10,352 8,670 8,993 

Oil crops 121,768 127,197 165,540 199,986 235,680 

Soybeans 120,976 126,387 164,335 198,013 234,473 

Vegetables 353,515 328,903 384,819 364,432 379,580 

Beans, dry 4,943 5,707 5,424 4,396 3,849 

Potatoes 109,399 120,116 131,802 138,554 153,580 

Beans, snap 29,869 34,182 40,068 31,386 34,300 

Beets 1,667 2,145 2,818 3,559 2,713 

Cabbage 17,600 6,804 8,909 10,823 8,033 

Fresh 14,252 5,772 5,119 7,350 5,392 

Processing 3,348 1,032 3,790 3,473 2,641 

Carrots 8,686 6,153 9,084 5,309 4,828 

Corn, sweet 48,370 38,739 66,667 56,980 63,964 

Fresh NA NA 4,158 6,828 8,850 

Processing 48,370 38,739 62,509 50,152 55,114 

Cucumbers 7,750 11,309 10,032 8,228 5,398 

Onions 3,118 8,207 6,519 4,250 6,063 

Peas, green 36,851 14,480 24,429 22,807 25,893 

Miscellaneous vegetables 84,087 79,923 77,400 76,074 69,633 

Fruits/nuts 88,160 86,231 105,604 115,891 120,536 

Apples 13,502 13,239 17,683 11,914 13,537 

Fresh 12,758 12,728 17,136 11,508 12,985 

Cranberries 68,715 67,592 81,124 97,581 100,812 

Strawberries 4,158 4,560 5,246 5,170 4,312 

Other berries 342 320 335 850 850

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 110 90 90 84 80

See footnotes at end of table. Continued—

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars

Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 231
232 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

All other crops 193,915 198,098 203,405 206,610 211,937 

Maple products 2,496 2,079 2,730 2,489 2,497 

Other seeds 450 251 182 156 156

Mint 4,604 3,756 6,130 7,598 5,866 

Peppermint 1,701 1,509 2,968 4,200 3,437 

Spearmint 2,903 2,247 3,162 3,398 2,429 

Other field crops 1,808 1,937 1,787 878 938

Christmas trees 35,000 35,000 38,000 38,000 38,000 

Greenhouse/nursery 148,358 153,813 153,278 156,152 163,143 

Floriculture 49,358 54,813 54,278 57,152 59,143 

Other greenhouse 99,000 99,000 99,000 99,000 104,000 

Wyoming

All commodities 806,192 841,001 783,333 728,064 661,979 

Livestock and products 608,068 660,450 623,092 543,987 477,641 

Meat animals 578,664 633,817 593,592 512,670 444,375 

Cattle and calves 542,764 592,656 559,202 461,699 394,748 

Hogs 4,864 7,726 6,356 9,787 17,278 

Sheep and lambs 31,036 33,435 28,034 41,184 32,349 

Dairy products 12,375 11,867 11,624 8,880 10,813 

Milk, wholesale 12,375 11,867 11,624 8,880 10,813 

Poultry/eggs 156 161 222 345 854

Other poultry 62 62 62 195 702

Miscellaneous livestock 16,873 14,605 17,654 22,092 21,599 

Honey 1,550 991 1,841 999 2,657 

Wool 6,938 4,184 6,168 7,693 4,997 

Other livestock 8,385 9,430 9,645 13,400 13,945 

Crops 198,124 180,551 160,241 184,077 184,338 

Food grains 18,979 18,344 18,746 27,643 34,710 

Wheat 18,979 18,344 18,746 27,643 34,710 

Feed crops 90,136 86,793 79,258 87,151 88,866 

Barley 17,598 23,609 18,878 22,291 30,072 

Corn 9,886 7,634 9,737 12,608 15,270 

Hay 61,682 54,185 49,679 50,843 41,617 

Oats 970 1,365 964 1,409 1,907 

Oil crops 229 233 238 244 201

Vegetables 25,472 20,356 16,584 17,972 18,462 

Beans, dry 22,756 16,928 13,297 15,374 16,557 

Potatoes 2,251 2,963 2,887 2,398 1,705 

Miscellaneous vegetables 465 465 400 200 200

Fruits/nuts 12 12 10 10 10

Miscellaneous fruits and nuts 12 12 10 10 10

All other crops 63,296 54,813 45,405 51,057 42,089 

Sugar beets 58,486 51,648 42,135 47,087 37,474 

Other seeds 350 200 200 470 675

Other field crops 160 165 170 500 840

Greenhouse/nursery 4,300 2,800 2,900 3,000 3,100 

NA = Not available.

1

USDA estimates and publishes individual cash receipt values only for major commodities and major producing States. The U.S. receipts for

individual commodities, computed as the sum of the reported States, may understate the value of sales for some commodities, with the balance

included in the appropriate category labeled "other" or "miscellaneous." The degree of underestimation in some of the minor commodities can

be substantial.

Source: Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Appendix table—Cash receipts by commodity groups and selected commodities, United States and 

States, 1992-961—Continued

State and commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Thousand dollars
Appendix II

Major Data Sources

for the Value-Added/Farm 

Income and Balance Sheet Accounts
234 Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 Economic Research Service/USDA

The component items contained within the value

added/farm income and balance sheet accounts are

developed through analysis of numerous surveys and

data provided by alternative sources.

Cash Receipts Accounts

Major Livestock Commodities

For the Major Producing States: After the close of

the year, USDAs National Agricultural Statistics

Service (NASS) publishes calendar year cash receipts

and home consumption and we use those numbers. For

the current year, we develop indexes to indicate direction and magnitude of changes in monthly sales quantities and multiply by NASS published monthly prices.

Major Crop Commodities

For the Major Producing States: NASS publishes, for

the crop marketing year, quantity and value of production, neither of which we can use directly. We have to

make a number of adjustments to the NASS quantity

produced.

 The quantity produced is reduced by the used-onfarm to avoid double counting the value added in 

livestock receipts.

 The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is 

one of two channels for producers to sell their 

production, with the balance going through 

open-market channels.

 NASS publishes quantities for crop marketing years. 

The quantities to be sold through open market 

channels are distributed by months and aggregated 

to calendar year quantities.

 That portion of the harvest not sold by December 31 

is accounted for within the calendar year through 

placement into inventories, where it is valued at the 

calendar year weighted average price to preclude the 

changes in price from January 1 to December 31.

 If calendar year sales exceed the harvest, representing 

a drawdown of inventories produced in an earlier 

year, the negative value of the inventory change 

serves to offset the value of these sales.

Confidential Commodities and Producing States

NASS omits some commodities and/or States from its

publications due to concerns regarding disclosing

information about individual operations. NASS provides these data to us under an agreement that we will

maintain the confidentiality. These are incorporated

into the accounts, are reflected in the aggregates, and

are tracked throughout to preclude release via the several outlets by which clients access the information.

Minor Commodities and Minor Producing States

These estimates are developed in cooperating with the

NASS State Offices, which get data from any and all

available sources. With the number and diversification

of the commodities, one cannot easily summarize the

sources and data quality.

Most States use informed opinions as a major source

of data for cash receipts from commodities in the

unpublished report. Most of these States check the

informed opinions with three major sources: State survey programs, producer associations, and the States

extension service. California is unique in that it relies

heavily on surveys that are conducted by organizations

other than NASS. Some States use NASS-conducted

surveys for estimating cash receipts of important

minor commodities.

Incorporation of CCC Loan Statistics

The placement of farm commodities with the CCC has

historically been treated as equivalent to a sale. Even

though commonly referred to as a loan, the agreement

is a nonrecourse loan, meaning that it is the farmers

decision as to whether to reverse the transaction for

the purpose of reclaiming the commodity or to let the

government retain possession and ownership.

Obviously, the farmer will reclaim the commodity only

if an additional profit can be made by doing so, meaning that it can be sold at a higher price (or if the

farmer can avoid purchasing grain for feed at a higher

price).

Production Expenses Accounts

Each year, ERS and NASS jointly conduct the

Agricultural Resource Management Study (ARMS) in
Economic Research Service/USDA Farm Business Economics Report, 1996 235

two stages with surveys. Following the tabulation of

the financial information, which is collected in the

spring when farms have complete tax-year records, the

Farm Production Expense Board meets in late June to

establish production expense estimates for the

Department of Agriculture. The Board established total

expense levels for the 48 contiguous States and for

each farm production region. In early July, NASS

releases it annual Farm Production Expenditures

report, which reports information as collected on the

survey.

ERS releases official estimates of value-added farm

income incorporating expense estimates established by

the Board in the September issue of the Agricultural

Income and Finance Situation and Outlook Report, in

the subsequent issue of the Farm Business Economics

Report, and on the ERS website

(www.econ.ag.gov/briefing/fbe/fi/fi.htm).

ERS accounts are for the national farm sector, and

estimates are expanded to include Hawaii and Alaska.

ERS is also required to deliver preliminary and final

value-added income estimates for the U.S. agricultural

sector (and individual States), with detailed component

accounts to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)

of the U.S. Department of Commerce for use in developing estimates for gross domestic product, national

income accounts, and regional income accounts.

For most components, ERS expense estimates are conceptually the same as those published by NASS, but

there are exceptions when the estimates are more

appropriate for sector or national income accounting.

Two notable exceptions: The ERS capital consumption account is replacement cost and is based on a

realistic or actual useful life and rate of consumption,

rather than book value and tax-related depreciation

schedules. The ERS interest expenses are based on

information collected from lenders, whereas the estimate published by NASS is that reported by farm

operators. A significant portion of the debt, particularly

that secured by farm real estate, is held by individuals

and entities other than the onsite operator (landlords

and partners, for example). All farmland is considered

to be in the farm sector for purposes of sector and

national income accounting.

Balance Sheet

The many surveys conducted by NASS are the source

of real estate asset values (value per acre of land and

buildings, land in farms) and data needed to estimate

value of crops stored, and livestock and poultry inventories. Information from the Census of Agriculture is

used to develop building and dwelling ratios (used to

estimate farm business real estate values for land and

farm buildings), value of machinery and equipment,

and financial assets.

ARMS is the source of data used to estimate individuals and others farm debt, value of machinery and

equipment, and value of purchased inputs.

USDAs Agricultural Cooperative Service provides

data regarding net worth of rural electric cooperatives

and net worth of rural telephone cooperatives.

Farm debt owed is developed from information provided by lenders including the Farm Credit

Administration, USDAs Farm Service Agency, and the

American Council of Life Insurance. Commercial

bank debt is developed from data provided by the

Board of Governers of the Federal Reserve System,

the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal

Deposit Insurance Corporation.