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Filed 1/5/15 P. v. Stolp CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COPY

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Calaveras)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

GERALD H. STOLP,

Defendant and Appellant.

C069983

(Super. Ct. No. 10F4767)

Defendant Gerald H. Stolp, aka Gerald H. Wise, appeals following conviction on 

three counts of first degree burglary, with findings he had two prior serious or violent 

felony convictions. (Pen. Code, §§ 459-460, 667, subds. (d)-(e); unless otherwise stated 

statutory references that follow are to the Penal Code.) A fourth burglary count was 

dismissed after the jury was unable to reach a verdict.

On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to 

dismiss the case for delay in prosecution, in violation of his rights to due process and a 

speedy trial under the federal and state Constitutions. We conclude the two-year delay 
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between commission of the crimes and the filing of charges and the five-year delay 

between the filing of charges and defendant’s arrest in Virginia, did not violate 

defendant’s due process or speedy trial rights. We affirm the judgment.

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Several vacation homes in the Arnold area of Calaveras County were burglarized 

in late January or early February 2002. Defendant had lived in the area as a child. None 

of the victims knew defendant or gave him permission to enter their home. 

On February 7, 2002, victim David Smith got a phone call from a neighbor saying

Smith’s home on Murphys Drive had been burglarized. The burglar entered Smith’s 

home through a sliding glass door on the back deck. A rifle, shotgun, ammunition, 

hunting knives, and a pillowcase were missing. A shotgun had been discharged into a 

mattress. Smith had last been at the vacation home on January 21, 2002. 

On February 11, 2002, Des Martinez received a phone call that her home on 

Stanislaus Drive had been burglarized. A window pane in the front door was broken, and 

items were missing. She had last been at the house around noon on February 3, 2002. 

The count involving Martinez was ultimately dismissed after the jury was unable to reach 

a verdict. 

On February 13, 2002, Ronald Peterson learned his home had been burglarized 

when he went there after receiving a phone bill for calls he did not make, including 

several “900” numbers, between January 27 and February 3, 2002. He had last been at 

the house on January 21, 2002. He found the door kicked open. Inside was a mess, with 

food wrappers, clothing, alcohol bottles, and bullet casings lying around. There were 

bullet holes in the walls and a burnout spot in the linoleum. Items missing included 

knives, ammunition, a shotgun, silverware, televisions, VCR, speakers, and a microwave. 

Defendant’s fingerprints were found on bottles and an armrest. Police also found a letter 

addressed to a Patty Miles, whose Subaru defendant admittedly stole on January 24, 
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2002. One of the phone calls made from Peterson’s home was to defendant’s friend Gary

Rowe. Peterson’s trash cans contained a February 2, 2002, grocery receipt from Big 

Trees Market; handwritten notes including several “900” numbers; and a receipt for a 

pizza ordered by “Jerry,” defendant’s nickname. Surveillance video from the market 

showed a person who looked like defendant buying the items listed on the receipt found 

in Peterson’s home. A prosecution investigator gave a lay opinion that the handwriting 

was defendant’s. Smith’s knives, bag, ammunition, and Smith’s shotgun were also found 

in the Peterson home. 

On February 14, 2002, Robert Mugford learned his home had been burglarized 

when he went there after receiving a phone bill for $1,800, including international calls 

and calls to 900 numbers, made between February 1st and 3rd, 2002. He found the door 

kicked in and a window broken. Mugford had last been at the house on January 15, 2002. 

Missing items included a lamp, clothing, most of the electronics, and a pillowcase. The 

pillowcase was later found in Peterson’s home. DNA from four cigarette butts in 

Mugford’s home matched defendant’s DNA profile. Peterson’s phone was found in 

Mugford’s house. 

The defense called as a witness defendant’s friend and former cellmate, Joseph 

Solar. Defendant stayed at Solar’s home for up to a week-and-a-half in January or 

February 2002, until they had an argument. Defendant later apologized and asked for 

help cashing a check. 

Defendant testified he was paroled on a prior conviction on January 17, 2002. He 

stayed with Rowe in Grass Valley for a couple of days and then stayed with Solar until 

their fight. Defendant admitted he stole Miles’s Subaru on January 24, 2002. He slept in 

the car for a few nights and then called Rowe for a place to stay. After talking to Rowe, 

defendant went to meet a man at a bar. The man led defendant to a house (Peterson’s 

home). A woman was already inside. Defendant did not see any broken windows or 

doors. Defendant stayed there for three to five days until he obtained his final paycheck
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from a job he had before he went to prison. Other people came in and out of the house. 

Defendant did not recall using the house phone but may have. Defendant denied taking

anything. He did not recall patronizing the market or restaurant but could not say for sure 

that he did not, and he acknowledged it looked like him in the market surveillance video. 

He did not think the handwriting on the papers looked like his handwriting. 

Defendant denied ever being in the other victims’ homes. He conceded cigarette 

butts with his DNA were found in the Mugford house but felt “[s]omebody else put them 

there.” 

Defendant said Solar helped him cash the paycheck. Defendant then visited

Rowe. Rowe’s girlfriend, a flight attendant, booked a plane ticket to Virginia for him. 

Defendant testified his girlfriend in Virginia had wired him money for the ticket. He 

drove to the Reno airport, where he left Miles’s car and caught his flight. He did not 

know what day this was but said he was “pretty sure” he was gone by February 2, 2002. 

Pest control records indicated routine service to the Smith home on February 5, 

2002. Pest control technician Louis Alexander testified he serviced the Smith house but 

had no independent recollection of that day. He did not recall seeing signs of a break-in,

but generally he just sprayed the perimeter, sometimes from 30 feet away. Smith had 

testified there were closed vertical blinds covering the area of broken glass on the upper 

rear deck where the burglar entered. The upper deck sticks out over the hillside. Smith, 

who has taken over his own pest control, sprays under the deck where the house meets 

the ground but does not spray on top of the deck. 

A defense handwriting expert opined the handwritten notes had more than one 

author and perhaps as many as four and were inconsistent with defendant’s handwriting. 

The expert acknowledged some “6’s” were consistent with defendant’s handwriting, but 

said everyone’s 6’s have some similarity. 

During deliberations, the jury sent a question to the court, stating it had reached a 

decision on three counts but wanted to know how to complete the verdict form on Count 
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II (victim Martinez) because the jury was “split 11-1 on the Defendant’s guilt. The one 

has no intention of changing their mind, as well as the 11 will not change.” 

The jury returned verdicts finding defendant guilty on three of the four burglary 

counts (victims Smith, Peterson, and Mugford). The jury found true a special allegation 

that the prosecution commenced within the three-year statute of limitations. The jury 

found true that defendant had prior convictions for first degree burglary in 1991 and 

2001. 

The court declared a mistrial on Count II (victim Martinez) and later dismissed it 

on the People’s motion. 

In December 2011, the trial court sentenced defendant to three consecutive terms 

of 25 years to life, for an aggregate term of 75 years to life. 

DISCUSSION

Defendant argues the seven-year delay between commission of the offenses in 

2002 and his 2009 arrest violates his right to due process of law and his right to a speedy 

trial. The People respond two time periods are at issue, because due process delay is 

measured from the date the crimes were committed, while the constitutional right to a 

speedy trial was triggered in 2004, when the complaint was filed. (People v. Cowan

(2010) 50 Cal.4th 401, 430 (Cowan).) We conclude defendant fails to show grounds for 

reversal.

A. Legal Standards

1. Due Process

“ ‘ “[D]elay in prosecution that occurs before the accused is arrested or the 

complaint is filed may constitute a denial of the right to a fair trial and to due process of 

law under the state and federal Constitutions. A defendant seeking to dismiss a charge on 

this ground must demonstrate prejudice arising from the delay. The prosecution may 

offer justification for the delay, and the court considering a motion to dismiss balances 
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the harm to the defendant against the justification for the delay.” [Citation.]’ ” (Cowan, 

supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 430.)

“Prejudice may be shown by ‘ “loss of material witnesses due to lapse of time 

[citation] or loss of evidence because of fading memory attributable to the delay.” ’ 

[Citations.] And although the federal constitutional standard for what constitutes 

sufficient justification for delay is unclear [citation], [the California Supreme Court has] 

noted that ‘the law under the California Constitution is at least as favorable for defendant 

in this regard’ as federal law [citation]. Accordingly, . . . we apply California law here.” 

(Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at pp. 430-431.) “Under the California standard, ‘negligent, as 

well as purposeful, delay in bringing charges may, when accompanied by a showing of 

prejudice, violate due process. This does not mean, however, that whether the delay was 

purposeful or negligent is irrelevant.’ [Citation.] Rather, ‘whether the delay was 

negligent or purposeful is relevant to the balancing process. Purposeful delay to gain an

advantage is totally unjustified, and a relatively weak showing of prejudice would suffice 

to tip the scales towards finding a due process violation. If the delay was merely 

negligent, a greater showing of prejudice would be required to establish a due process 

violation.’ [Citation.] The justification for the delay is strong when there is 

‘investigative delay, nothing else.’ [Citation.]” (Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 431.) 

“ ‘The statute of limitations is usually considered the primary guarantee against bringing 

overly stale criminal charges,’ . . . .” (People v. Nelson (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1242, 1250.)

“We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for 

prejudicial prearrest delay [citation], and defer to any underlying factual findings if 

substantial evidence supports them [citation].” (Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 431.)

2. Speedy Trial

Under the state Constitution, the right to a speedy trial attaches with the filing of 

the felony complaint, which in this case was April 2004. (People v. Martinez (2000) 22 
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Cal.4th 750, 754 (Martinez).) Where review is sought after trial, the defendant must 

show prejudice. (Id. at p. 755.) “Under the state Constitution’s speedy trial right, . . . no 

presumption of prejudice arises from delay after the filing of a complaint and before 

arrest or formal accusation by indictment or information [citation]; rather, in this situation 

a defendant seeking dismissal must affirmatively demonstrate prejudice [citation].” (Id. 

at p. 755, original italics.) In reviewing application of facts found to the legal question 

whether the defendant was denied his right to a speedy trial, our review is de novo. 

(People v. Cromer (2001) 24 Cal.4th 889, 894.)

The federal constitutional right to a speedy trial allows prejudice to be presumed if 

the delay is “uncommonly long,” but the federal right does not attach until the defendant 

is arrested or the information is filed. (United States v. Marion (1971) 404 U.S. 307, 320

[30 L.Ed.2d 468]; People v. Williams (2013) 58 Cal.4th 197, 233; Martinez, supra, 22 

Cal.4th at pp. 754-755.) Here, the federal speedy trial right did not attach until January 

2010, when defendant was arrested, and defendant does not claim any prejudicial delay 

after his arrest.

B. Background

In June 2011, before trial, defendant moved to dismiss the case for delay in 

prosecution based on the seven-year delay between commission of the crimes and his 

arrest. The prosecutor opposed the motion. The trial court conducted evidentiary

hearings before and after trial. 

At the pretrial hearing, defendant testified and admitted he fled California in 

February 2002 in violation of parole. He went to Virginia, where he was arrested in 

March 2002, released in early 2003, rearrested in the summer of 2003, pleaded guilty to 

nine counts of fraudulently using bank notes, and was sentenced to six years in prison in 

Virginia. 
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In California, the prosecutor filed the complaint in April 2004 and obtained an 

arrest warrant in May 2004, naming defendant as Gerald H. Wise and giving a Virginia 

jail as defendant’s last known address. While incarcerated in Virginia, defendant learned 

of the California case and in December 2004 wrote to the Calaveras County District 

Attorney’s office, asserting his Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial on the California 

charges (which had not yet attached) and stating he would not contest extradition. The 

response was that his request failed to comply with statutory requirements. Defendant 

claimed the Virginia prison denied him access to California law. 

After defendant’s Virginia prison term ended in September 2009, he was kept 

confined pending word from California but was then released on his own recognizance. 

A California arrest warrant issued in October 2009, using both surnames, Wise and Stolp. 

Defendant testified he was served with the arrest warrant on December 28, 2009, when he 

showed up for a hearing in a Virginia court, and he was arrested on the California warrant

in January 2010. The prosecutor filed an information on February 25, 2010, and an 

amended information in March 2011. 

Defendant made various motions to dismiss or set aside the information for delay. 

In opposition, the prosecutor submitted her own declaration attesting 18 burglaries had 

been reported in the same area during January, February, and March of 2002. The 

District Attorney’s office received a police report in June 2002 on some of the burglaries, 

requested additional reports, and requested followup in February 2003. In early 2004, the 

prosecutor requested additional followup by a prosecution investigator before filing the 

complaint. In September 2009, defendant was due to be released from the Virginia 

prison. Because defendant would not waive extradition, the prosecutor sought a 

governor’s warrant, which was granted on November 2, 2009. The law and motion judge

denied defendant’s dismissal motion. Defendant’s attempt to obtain dismissal on the 

ground of the three-year statute of limitations (§ 801) was also denied. For limitations 

purposes, the prosecution was commenced when the 2004 arrest was issued, plus the 
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limitations period is tolled for up to three years if the defendant is out of the state. 

(§§ 803-804.) 

In June 2011, defendant filed a motion to dismiss for delay in prosecution, 

asserting the prosecution knew in May 2002 that (1) the police investigation revealed 

defendant’s fingerprints were at one crime scene; (2) defendant had not kept in contact 

with his parole officer; and (3) defendant was in custody in Virginia. 

At the pretrial hearing on the dismissal motion, defendant argued he was 

prejudiced by the delay between the 2002 burglaries and his arrest seven years later. And 

he argued there was no legitimate justification for the delay, “particularly” from 2004 

forward. He assertedly tried to gather evidence to show he left California before 

February 5, 2002, the date a pest control technician performed routine service at victim 

Smith’s home without noticing any sign of a break-in. Since the burglaries appeared to 

be the work of a single perpetrator, defendant thought this would exonerate him. A 

defense investigator testified defendant said he left California in early February 2002 but 

did not recall the exact date, and the investigator was unable to gather supporting 

evidence because business records such as airline records and airport parking records

were unavailable, and witnesses such as the pest control technician could not remember. 

The prosecutor argued defendant failed to show prejudice. 

The trial court issued a written interim ruling in July 2011, finding “the facts 

regarding a showing of prejudice have not been fully developed. There are uncontacted 

witnesses who could potentially corroborate defendant’s account of when he left the State 

of California.” The court denied the dismissal motion without prejudice to revisit the 

matter after trial. Defendant noted his motion had also asserted intentional delay by the 

People, relieving him from having to show prejudice. The trial court declined to dismiss 

on that ground. 

After the jury returned its verdicts on November 16, 2011, the court held another

evidentiary hearing on the dismissal motion. Defense counsel filed a declaration attesting
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he asked Reno airport security when the Subaru was parked at the airport but was told the 

information was unavailable. He obtained defendant’s employment records, but they did 

not show the date defendant cashed his last paycheck. He contacted the bank where 

defendant cashed the check but was told they destroy records after seven years. The 

defense did not directly contact the woman who wired defendant money, because she had 

been victimized by defendant and was terrified of him. The defense contacted her 

through a third party, but she did not remember when defendant arrived in Virginia and 

thought it was in January 2002. The defense investigator said Rowe did not return phone 

calls, so the investigator suggested contacting his mother, but defense counsel said Rowe 

was in Australia (as the prosecutor apparently thought), and was not needed. 

The prosecution adduced evidence they easily reached Rowe, who said he spent 

less than a day in Australia due to a visa problem. The prosecutor also easily reached 

Rowe’s girlfriend, who said she did not remember making flight arrangements for 

defendant and would have remembered had she done so, because he was a “criminal 

type,” and she did not like criminal types and would not have wanted to help him. 

The trial court, citing case law that faded memory may suffice for prejudice, asked 

the prosecutor if she wanted to present justification for the delay. She said, “Not at this 

time” and asserted the court had to make a finding of prejudice before the burden shifted 

to the People. The trial court retorted even the slightest showing of prejudice could shift 

the burden, and “I really think for the purpose of the record, I would like to have the 

People’s justification so we don’t have to come back later and do this.” The prosecutor 

explained she was prepared only on the issue of prejudice, and “the People are not 

prepared to offer justification at this time.” 

In arguing the question of prejudice, the prosecutor noted the defense did not 

diligently pursue supporting evidence, as shown by their asserted inability to contact 

defendant’s friend, Rowe, whereas the prosecution had quick success in contacting him. 
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On November 21, 2011, the trial court issued a written ruling denying defendant’s 

dismissal motion. The court noted defendant admitted at the hearing of the motion that 

he was released on parole on January 17, 2002, stole a car, spent several days in the 

Peterson home, and then absconded from parole, flying out of Reno to Virginia. The 

ruling stated in part:

“The defendant argues that he has been prejudiced by the delay in bringing his 

case to trial since evidence of the precise date in early February of 2002, circa February 

2nd, when he fled the State of California cannot be corroborated due to the lack of 

records which have been purged and memories that have faded. The court finds the 

defendant has not made a sufficient showing of prejudice. Even assuming the defendant 

actually left . . . California in early February of 2002, he was in the Arnold area within 

the alleged times of all of the burglaries with the exception of Count II, (on or about and 

between February 3, 2002, and February 11, 2002). The court notes that Count II was 

dismissed on the People’s motion following a mistrial.

“Assuming arguendo that the defendant has made a sufficient showing to shift the 

burden to the People to show a legitimate justification for the delay, that burden has been 

met. The delay in this case was primarily occasioned by the defendant’s flight from . . . 

California and his commission of additional crimes in the State of Virginia. As a result, 

he was in and out of custody and transferred between various penal institutions in the 

State of Virginia.

“In balancing the competing interests at this juncture, the court cannot overlook 

the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt presented at trial and the jury’s guilty 

verdicts as to Counts I, III, and IV.” 

C. Analysis

On appeal, defendant refers to the “seven-year delay” between 2002 and 2009

without differentiation between the different rights asserted. 
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We disregard defendant’s reliance on cases involving the federal speedy trial 

claim, because it was not triggered until defendant was arrested in 2009, and defendant 

does not claim or demonstrate prejudice or unjustifiable delay after that point. 

Elimination of the federal speedy trial claim eliminates defendant’s ability to rely on a

presumption of prejudice, and he must affirmatively demonstrate prejudice. (Martinez, 

supra, 22 Cal.4th at p. 755.)

As to the due process claim for the period between the 2002 commission of the 

crimes and the 2004 filing of the complaint, defendant fails to show prejudice. He fails to 

show the two-year period left him unable to gather evidence upon learning of the charges 

in 2004. He fails to show he attempted to gather evidence in 2004. Moreover, the delay 

was justified. Although defendant’s fingerprints were identified in April 2002 and there 

was probable cause to charge defendant on several counts by June 2002, the record shows 

an ongoing investigation of 18 burglaries that were ultimately winnowed down to the 

four counts charged against defendant. Defendant does not argue or show the 

investigation was deliberately slow in order to prejudice him. The record shows nothing 

more than investigative delay, which is strong justification for delay. (Cowan, supra, 50 

Cal.4th at p. 431.)

As to the state speedy trial claim for the period between 2004 and 2009, we see no 

basis for reversal. Defendant focuses on his asserted inability to prove his claim that he 

left California before February 3, 2002. But all three burglaries of which defendant was 

convicted could have occurred before February 3rd. 

Defendant argues the prosecution used the telephone calls as evidence that the 

burglaries were committed by the same person. Since the last of those calls were made 

on February 3rd (8:24 p.m. from Martinez’s phone, 3:24 p.m. from Mugford’s phone), 

defendant argues he could have cast reasonable doubt as to his identity as the perpetrator 

had he been able to show he left California by that date. However, defendant did not 

initially claim that date. At the pretrial hearing, the defense investigator testified he 
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spoke with defendant, who said he left California in early February 2002 but did not 

know what date. Even though the defense knew before trial that the last phone calls were 

made February 3rd, defendant testified at the pretrial hearing that “we were trying to 

establish that I was gone prior to February 5th” -- the date of the pest control service. 

Proving he left before February 5th would not help defendant, because there is no 

evidence the pest control technician should have noticed signs of forced entry. Forced 

entry was by broken glass on an upper deck with closed vertical blinds. The technician 

merely sprayed the perimeter from as much as 30 feet away.

Proving he left on February 3rd would not help defendant, because the last phone 

call was at 8:24 p.m. on February 3rd, and therefore defendant could have made that call 

and then left for the airport. He did not testify what time of day his flight left. 

Defendant’s presence in the crime area on February 2nd was established by the market 

surveillance video. Moreover, the phone records would not exonerate defendant in any 

case, because there was a rash of burglaries of the unoccupied vacation homes in the area, 

not all of which were charged against defendant. He left behind the list of “900” 

numbers, and there was no evidence he secured the home when he left.

Additionally, the defense did not even try to contact the woman who wired money 

to defendant until after the trial began. The defense then communicated with her through 

a third person, because defendant victimized her, and she is hostile toward and terrified 

by defendant -- circumstances not the fault of the prosecution. 

Thus, defendant failed to show prejudice.

Even assuming defendant showed prejudice sufficient to shift the burden to the 

prosecution to justify the delay, defendant fails to show grounds for reversal. Although 

the prosecution did not present evidence as to why it declined to extradite defendant 

sooner, the trial court properly found there was justifiable delay because defendant fled 

California. (People v. Perez (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 302, 308 [though not an absolute bar 

to a speedy trial claim, flight to avoid prosecution is a factor to be considered].) 
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Defendant argues the delay was unjustified, because California authorities knew his 

whereabouts in the Virginia prison, and he even urged them to bring him to trial. The 

Attorney General does not argue inability to extradite defendant earlier, and we therefore

do not rely on the Virginia incarceration itself as justification for the five-year delay in 

California. By the same token, however, though the California authorities knew where 

defendant was in 2004, defendant in 2004 knew about the California burglary charges 

against him and, though incarcerated, could have undertaken to pin down evidence of 

when he left California. He did not testify to any such efforts. Contrary to defendant’s 

contention, the fact the prosecution declined to extradite him in 2004 does not, in itself, 

suffice to show purposeful delay to weaken the defense. Thus, any balancing of 

prejudice against delay would not weigh in defendant’s favor. Moreover, there was 

overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt on the three counts of which he stands 

convicted. His DNA was found in the Peterson and Mugford homes, and he admitted 

staying at the Peterson home for several days. The receipt found in the home was from a 

February 2nd transaction captured by surveillance video showing a person who appeared 

to be defendant. Moreover, a number of items stolen from the Smith home were found in 

the Peterson home. 

Defendant cites Dickey v. Florida (1970) 398 U.S. 30 [26 L.Ed.2d 26], which 

found a speedy trial violation under the federal Constitution where a person incarcerated 

in federal prison sought a speedy trial on state charges in Florida, and the state prosecutor 

let eight years lapse before bringing him to trial. Dickey noted that, upon demand of the 

accused, the state had a constitutional duty to make a diligent and good faith effort to 

secure his presence from the custodial jurisdiction and afford him a trial. (Id. at pp. 36-

37.) However, we have explained the federal speedy trial did not attach until defendant’s 

arrest in 2009, at which point he was no longer incarcerated in Virginia, and he makes no 

claim of prejudice or unjustified delay after his arrest.
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Defendant also cites People v. Mirenda (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 1313. There, 

however, the delay was 25 years, and the defendant showed prejudice, e.g., death of the 

sole independent witness. (Id. at pp. 1331-1332.) The appellate court upheld the trial 

court’s determinations that delay in prosecution was justified until 1982, when the 

California authorities found the defendant in Pennsylvania, but the delay in prosecution 

between 1982 and 2007 was not justified under the circumstances of the case. (Ibid.) 

The circumstances included an admission by the prosecutor that nothing was done, and 

the prosecution not only declined to extradite the defendant but also changed the arrest 

warrant to “California only” thereby preventing execution of the warrant outside of the 

state. (Id. at p. 1333.)

We conclude defendant fails to show grounds for reversal.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 HULL , J.

We concur:

 RAYE , P. J.

 HOCH , J.