IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

CAROLINE BEHREND, et al. : CIVIL ACTION

:

v. :

:

COMCAST CORPORATION, et al. : NO. 03-6604

MEMORANDUM

Padova, J. April 12, 2012

I. INTRODUCTION

Presently before the Court in this class action suit alleging violations of sections 1 and 2 of

the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1, 2, is the motion of Defendants Comcast Corporation, Comcast

Holdings Corporation, Comcast Cable Communications, Inc., Comcast Cable Communications

Holdings, Inc., and Comcast Cable Holdings, LLC (collectively “Comcast”) for summary judgment

pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. The Third Amended Complaint alleges that Comcast entered into

agreements with its competitors to allocate the nation’s regional cable markets amongst themselves

through swaps of their respective cable assets. The Class alleges that, as a result of all the swap

agreements, Comcast unreasonablyrestrained trade and willfullyobtained and maintained monopoly

power in the relevant geographic market, the Philadelphia direct marketing area (“DMA”). The

Class contends that Comcast has used its monopoly power to raise cable prices to artificially high,

supra-competitive levels. For the following reasons, we grant Comcast’s motion for summary

judgment on the Class’s section 1 claim, insofar as it charges that Comcast’s conduct was a per se

violation of the antitrust laws. We also grant the motion in part on the Class’s section 2 claims.

II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

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to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

An issue is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the

nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A factual dispute

is “material” if it might affect the outcome of the case under governing law. Id.

“[A] party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the

district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] which it

believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477

U.S. 317, 323 (1986). When the moving party also bears the burden of proof at trial, that party must

support its motion with sufficient evidence that would entitle it to a directed verdict. In re Bressman,

327 F.3d 229, 237 (3d Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). Once the moving party has made such a

showing, the non-moving party can defeat the motion “with probative evidence that would

demonstrate the existence of a triable issue of fact.” Id. at 238 (citations omitted).

III. SECTION 1 PER SE LIABILITY BASED UPON HORIZONTAL MARKET

ALLOCATION

In order to prove its antitrust claims, the Class must establish: (1) a violation of the antitrust

laws, here sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, (2) individual injury resulting from that violation

(antitrust impact), and (3) measurable damages. 15 U.S.C. § 15; In re Hydrogen Peroxide Antitrust

Litig., 552 F.3d 305, 311 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Am. BearingCo. v. Litton Indus., Inc., 729 F.2d 943,

948 (3d Cir. 1984)). Section 1 of the Sherman Act condemns contracts, conspiracies, and

combinations in restraint of trade. 15 U.S.C. § 1. Because even beneficial legitimate contracts or

combinations restrain trade to some degree, section 1 has long been interpreted to prohibit only those

contracts or combinations that are “unreasonably restrictive of competitive conditions.” Standard

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Oil Co. of N.J. v. United States, 221 U.S. 1, 58 (1911). “Three general standards have emerged for

determining whether a business combination unreasonably restrains trade under section 1.” United

States v. Brown Univ., 5 F.3d 658, 668 (3d Cir. 1993). 

Under traditional “rule of reason” analysis, a fact finder “weighs all of the circumstances of

a case in deciding whether a restrictive practice should be prohibited as imposing an unreasonable

restraint on competition.” Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc., 433 U.S. 36, 49 (1977). “The

inquiry is whether the restraint at issue ‘is one that promotes competition or one that suppresses

competition.’” Deutscher Tennis Bund v. ATP Tour, Inc., 610 F.3d 820, 830 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting

Nat’l Soc’y of Prof’l Eng’rs v. United States, 435 U.S. 679, 691 (1978)). To establish a section 1

violation under the rule of reason test, a plaintiff must prove: (1) concerted action by the defendants;

(2) that produced anti-competitive effects within the relevant product and geographic markets; (3)

that the concerted action was illegal; and (4) that the plaintiff was injured as a proximate result of

the concerted action. Rossi v. Standard Roofing, Inc., 156 F.3d 452, 464-65 (3d Cir. 1998) (citation

omitted). 

“The plaintiff bears an initial burden under the rule of reason of showing that the

alleged combination or agreement produced adverse, anticompetitive effects within

the relevant product and geographic markets.” Brown [Univ.], 5 F.3d at 668. “The

plaintiff may satisfy this burden by proving the existence of actual anticompetitive

effects,” or defendant’s market power. Id. “If a plaintiff meets his initial burden of

adducing adequate evidence of market power or actual anti-competitive effects, the

burden shifts to the defendant to show that the challenged conduct promotes a

sufficiently pro-competitive objective.” Id. at 669. “To rebut, the plaintiff must

demonstrate that the restraint is not reasonably necessary to achieve the stated

objective.” Id.

Deutscher Tennis Bund, 610 F.3d at 830. 

Certain restraints are per se illegal “‘because of their pernicious effect on competition and

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lack of any redeeming virtue. . . .’” Id. (quoting Brown Univ. 5 F.3d at 669); see also N.W.

Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pac. Stationery and Printing Co., 472 U.S. 284, 289-90 (1985). 

However, “‘[p]er se liability is reserved for only those agreements that are so plainly anticompetitive

that no elaborate study of the industry is needed to establish their illegality.’” Deutscher Tennis

Bund, 610 F.3d at 830 (quoting Texaco Inc. v. Dagher, 547 U.S. 1, 5 (2006) (stating “this Court

presumptively applies rule of reason analysis. . . .”) (quoting Nat’l Soc’y of Prof’l Eng’rs, 435 U.S.

at 692)); see also State Oil v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10 (1997) (“Per se treatment is appropriate ‘[o]nce

experience with a particular kind of restraint enables the Court to predict with confidence that the

rule of reason will condemn it.’” (quoting Arizona v. Maricopa County Med. Soc’y, 457 U.S. 332,

344 (1982) (alteration in original)). A horizontal market allocation agreement is one of the species

of perniciously anticompetitive conduct that is per se illegal. See Palmer v. BRG of Ga., Inc., 498

U.S. 46, 49-50 (1990) (per curium); United States v. Topco Assocs., Inc., 405 U.S. 596, 608 (1972).

Finally, courts apply an intermediate or “quick look” rule of reason analysis “in cases where

per se condemnation is inappropriate but where no elaborate industry analysis is required to

demonstrate the anticompetitive character of an inherently suspect restraint.” Deutscher Tennis

Bund, 610 F.3d at 830 (quoting Brown Univ., 5 F.3d at 669 (internal quotation marks omitted)). 

“Under ‘quick look’ analysis, the competitive harm is presumed, and ‘the defendant must promulgate

‘some competitive justification’ for the restraint.’” Id. at 831 (quoting Brown Univ., 5 F.3d at 669

quoting NCAA v. Bd. of Regents, 468 U.S. 85, 110 (1984)). 

1

The selection of the mode of analysis to apply to an antitrust claim is a question of law for 1

the court to determine. California ex rel. Harris v. Safeway, Inc., 651 F.3d 1118, 1124 (9th Cir.

2011) (holding that the selection of the proper mode of antitrust analysis is a question of law, to be

reviewed de novo on appeal (citingXIPhillip Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law ¶ 1909b,

at 279 (2d ed. 2005))); Stop & Shop Supermarket Co. v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of R.I., 373 F.3d

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Comcast argues that application of the per se rule here is improper for several reasons. First,

it asserts that courts are increasingly reluctant to apply the per se label, especially where the

economic impact of the challenged business practice is not immediately obvious. Second, no court

has previously condemned as a per se violation transactions that have been approved by federal

antitrust or regulatory agencies. Third, it asserts that the alleged market allocation here was not 2

among competing firms. Finally, Comcast contends that the swap transactions were not naked 3

restraints on trade because no markets were actually allocated since the swap agreements did not

contain no-compete clauses restricting the Counterparties from re-entering themarket and competing

57, 61 (1st Cir. 2004) (stating that whether a plaintiff’s alleged facts comprise a per se claim is

normally a question of legal characterization that can often be resolved by the judge on a motion to

dismiss or for summary judgment); Deutscher Tennis Bund, 610 F.3d at 833 (holding that the

“application of the quick look analysis is a question of law to be determined by the court,” and

therefore has no application to jury inquiry (citing ABA Section of Antitrust Law, Model Jury

Instructions in Civil Antitrust Cases A–8 n. 2 (2005))).

Comcast’s argument about per se liability and regulatory approval is not new. In deciding 2

Comcast’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we rejected – both on initial review and on reconsideration – its

argument that the initial Class Complaint failed to state a per se violation, finding that the allegations

supported a claim that the swap agreements constituted a horizontal market allocation. Addressing

one of Comcast’s main arguments, we held that “[t]he mere fact that regulatory and law enforcement

agencies may have reviewed and approved the challenged transactions is not ground for dismissal

of Plaintiffs’ claims.” Glaberson v. Comcast Corp., Civ. A. No. 03-6604, 2006 WL2559479, at *10 

(E.D.Pa. Aug. 31, 2006) modified by Glaberson v. Comcast Corp., Civ. A. No. 03-6604, 2006 WL

3762028 (E.D.Pa. Dec. 19, 2006) (citing Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States, 410 U.S. 366, 372

(1973) (explaining that “[a]ctivities which come under the jurisdiction of a regulatory agency

nevertheless maybe subject to scrutiny under the antitrust laws”); Cableamerica Corp. v. Fed. Trade

Comm’n, 795 F. Supp. 1082, 1092 (N.D. Ala.1992) (stating that “‘[a]ntitrust immunity is not

conferred by the bare fact that defendants’ activities might be controlled by an agency having broad

powers over their conduct’” and that “‘[t]here is no general presumption that Congress intends the

antitrust laws to be displaced whenever it gives an agency regulatory authority over an industry”’

(quoting Phonetele, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 664 F.2d 716, 729 (9th Cir. 1981)))).

Comcast argues that because the transactions were not among competitors, the entire section 3

1 claim fails, even if analyzed under the rule of reason. We will return to this issue infra.

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with one another. The Class responds that the summary judgment record establishes a horizontal

allocation of markets between competitors that is a naked restraint on trade constituting a per se

violation of section 1. 

A. Comcast’s Acquisition of Cable Companies and Cable Assets

Beginning in 1998, Comcast embarked upon a course of conduct to create a cable “cluster”

in the Philadelphia DMA by acquiring the cable systems of other large multi-system operators

(“MSOs”)that operated and offered multichannel video programming distributor (“MVPD”)service

in various franchise areas in the PhiladelphiaDMA. (See Class Certification Memorandum Opinion,

Doc. No. 430, entered January 7, 2010 (“Class Cert. Mem.”), at 7-8 n. 8; Def. Ex. 59, Deposition

of Michael A. Williams, Ph. D. on May 29, 2009 (“Williams Dep.”), at 104-105.) In the first

acquisition transaction, occurring in April 1998, Comcast acquired from Marcus Cable certain cable

systems operating as the incumbent wireline MVPD provider in franchise areas located in Kent

County, Delaware, serving approximately 27,000 subscribers. (See Compl., ¶ 52(a) ; Class Cert. 4

Mem., p. 7-8 n.8.) In June 1999, Comcast acquired from Greater Philadelphia Cablevision, Inc.

certain cable systems operating as the incumbent wireline MVPD provider in franchise areas located

in one of the four franchise areas in the City of Philadelphia. The system had approximately 79,000

subscribers. (Compl. ¶ 52(b); Class Cert. Mem., p. 7-8 n.8.)

In January 2000, Comcast acquired certain cable systems previously owned and operated by

Lenfest Communications, Inc. (“Lenfest”) in the Philadelphia region. The Lenfest systems operated

as the incumbent wireline MVPD operator in franchise areas located in Berks, Bucks, Chester,

Delaware, and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania; Atlantic, Camden, Burlington, Cape May,

All references herein to the Complaint are to the Class’s Third Amended Complaint. 4

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Cumberland, and Salem Counties, New Jersey; and New Castle County, Delaware. These cable

systems served approximately 1.1 million cable subscribers. (See Compl., ¶ 52(c); Class Cert.

Mem., p. 7-8, n.8.) Comcast also acquired Lenfest’s ownership interestsinGarden State Cablevision

L.P. and its 212,000 subscribers located in the Philadelphia DMA. (Expert Decl. of Michael

Williams, Ph.D. ¶ 113 (“Williams Decl.”).) Thus, Comcast acquired a total of approximately 1.25

million subscribers from Lenfest.

Comcast’s acquisition of the Lenfest systems was part of a larger course of conduct of

swapping cable assets to build Comcast’s cable cluster in the Philadelphia DMA. In December 2000

and April 2001, Comcast and AT&T Corporation swapped certain cable system assets that were

previously owned by MediaOne Group, Inc., including AT&T-owned systems operating as the

incumbent wireline MVPD provider in franchise areas located in the Philadelphia region. (See

Compl., ¶ 55(a), (c); Class Cert. Mem., p. 7-8, n. 8.) Prior to the transaction, Comcast had sought

a merger agreement with MediaOne, but AT&T had made a superior bid. (Pl. Ex. 32 at COMPA1151021.) Rather than engage in “another round of competitive bidding,” Comcast and AT&T

“reach[ed] an amicable and acceptable alternative” calling for Comcast to terminate its proposed

merger and for the two companies to divide the MediaOne assets between themselves. (Id.) In the

transaction, Comcast acquired from AT&T approximately 1.365 million MediaOne and legacy

AT&T subscribers in the Philadelphia DMA – representing all of AT&T’s cable assets and

subscribers in the Philadelphia DMA – in exchange for AT&T’s receipt of all of Comcast’s cable

assets and subscribers in Chicago and certain parts of California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia and

Pennsylvania (all of which were outside the Philadelphia DMA). (Williams’ Decl. ¶ 113; Compl.

¶ 55(b).) As a result of the transaction, AT&T exited the Philadelphia DMA.

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Leo Hindery, the former CEO of TCI, as well as AT&T Broadband after it acquired TCI,

authored a book in which he described how Comcast’s acquisition of Lenfest was intimately tied to

the AT&T/Comcast/MediaOne swap transaction. At that time, AT&T owned 50% of Lenfest, with

the other 50% owned by the company’s founder, Harold “Gerry” Lenfest, and his family. Hindery,

who wanted to acquire MediaOne to both build AT&T’s cable business and to create crossmarketing opportunities for AT&T’s branded telephone service, developed a strategy to combat

Comcast’s bid for MediaOne by attempting to purchase the other half of Lenfest in order to offer it

as “trade bait” to Comcast in exchange for Comcast dropping its pursuit of MediaOne. (Pl. Ex. 52,

Hindery, The Biggest Game of All, p. 133, 146-151.) Hindery was successful, and the combined

result of the transactions gave Comcast control of its own legacy franchises in the Philadelphia

DMA, the much larger holdings of Lenfest, and AT&T’s formerlegacyfranchises in the Philadelphia

DMA.

In January2001,Comcast and Adelphia Communications Corporation swapped certain cable

system assets, including Adelphia-owned systems operating as the incumbent wireline MVPD

provider in franchise areas located in Chester, Delaware and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania,

involving 464,000 subscribers – representing all of Adelphia’s cable assets and subscribers in the

Philadelphia DMA. As a result of the transaction, Adelphia exited the Philadelphia DMA. (See

Compl., ¶ 55(b); Class Cert. Mem., p. 7-8, n. 8; Williams Decl. ¶ 113.)

In July 2006, Time Warner Cable, Inc. (“Time Warner”) and Comcast acquired, pursuant to

a joint bid, certain cable systems from the bankruptcy estate of Adelphia (the “Time

Warner/Comcast/Adelphia Transaction”). As part of the Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia

Transaction, Comcast and Time Warner swapped certain cable systems, including both self-owned

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systems as well as Adelphia-owned systems. One of the systems Comcast acquired was a Time

Warner-owned cable system operating as the incumbent wireline MVPD provider in the city of

Philadelphia, serving approximately 40,000 subscribers. (See Adelphia Comm’ns Corp., 21 FCC

Rcd 8203 (2006) (“Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia Order”), ¶ 12; see also Class Cert. Mem., p. 7-8,

n. 8.) The transaction involved all of Time Warner’s cable assets and subscribers in the Philadelphia

DMA. As a result of the transaction, Time Warner exited the Philadelphia DMA.

Finally, in August of 2007, Comcast acquired from Patriot Media & Communications

(“Patriot”) certain cable systems operating as the incumbent wireline MVPD provider in franchise

areas located in Somerset, Hunterdon, Morris and Mercer counties in New Jersey, serving

approximately 81,000 subscribers. (See Class Cert. Mem., p. 7-8, n. 8; Def. Ex. 38, Plaintiffs’ Class

Certification Hearing Ex. 91; see also Def. Ex. 27, Comcast Press Release, Comcast Corporation to

Acquire Patriot Media, April 3, 2007.)

B. The Class’s Evidence of Comcast’s Anticompetitive Intent in Forming the

Philadelphia Cluster.

The Class presents evidence in several areas to support its contention that there are genuine

issues of material fact concerning whether Comcast had anticompetitive intent in entering into the

swap transactions.

1. Evidence that Comcast had a long-standing corporate strategy to develop

clusters.

The Class cites to internal Comcast documents evincing a twenty-year strategy of acquiring

cable properties in contiguous areas, including the Philadelphia DMA. (See e.g., Pl. Ex. 49,

“Comcast History - 1998-1999,” p. 3 (“For nearly twenty years, Comcast had pursued a strategy of

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acquiring cable properties in contiguous areas, especially in the Atlantic seaboard region. . . .”); Pl.

Ex. 51, Special Board Mtg. Minutes of May 24, 1999, p. 1 (concerning the Adelphia swaps, Comcast

CEO Brian Roberts “noted that the Company, under the proposed swaps, would acquire cable

systems in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania to enhance the Company’s clustering strategy in

its mid-Atlantic region.”).) In announcing the bid to acquire MediaOne assets, CEO Roberts

emphasized that the combination would have a direct clustering effect, giving Comcast clusters in

the top 20 markets representing 80% of the cable market and would leaveComcast a “well-clustered

company.” (Pl. Ex. 54, Tr. of Conf. Call of March 22, 1999, p. 2.) After the agreement with AT&T

supplanted Comcast’sinitial MediaOne bid, and resulted in Comcast and AT&T allocatingLenfest’s

cable systems to Comcast, Roberts stated that Comcast’s “clustering position becomes even better.”

(Pl. Ex. 49, Comcast History 1998-1999, p.12.) Comcast COO Steven Burke testified that

Comcast’s goal was “to have clusters that were as big as possible in each DMA, our goal was and

is.” (Pl. Ex. 82, Dep. of Steven Burke on December 5, 2008 (“S. Burke Dep.”), 117:10-12.) Burke

wrote to the attendees of a corporate retreat that, “[f]ully 85% of our 8.2 million subscribers will be

in clusters over 200,000 subscribers. These clusters represent a unique opportunity to maximize our

business if we learn how to manage them as efficiently as possible.” (Pl. Ex. 63, “Clusters/2000

Management Retreat,” p.1 (emphasis in original).) Robert Pick, Comcast’s executive in charge of

corporate development wrote that clustering “is the impetus for the next wave of cable acquisitions.” 

(Pl. Ex. 26A, “Trades/Swap Memo.”) In testimony before the FTC in the Adelphia acquisition case,

Pick stated that Comcast and Time Warner agreed to divide Adelphia assets between themselves to

enable geographic clustering, which “was really most important to Comcast. . . . [T]o the extent we

could get an entire market, that was important because we wanted – we wanted clustering.” (Pl. Ex.

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26, Dep. of Robert Pick of July 19, 2005, 36:5-21.)

2. Evidence that the purpose behind the swaps and acquisitions strategy was to

control, dominate and consolidate cable markets.

The Class cites numerous Comcast internal documents as evidencing its strategy to gain

control over cable markets. In announcing Comcast’s acquisition of Lenfest, Roberts stated that

“Comcast views geographic consolidation of key markets as critically important to the company’s

future.” (Pl. Ex. 62, Comcast Press Release of January 18, 2000, p.1.) Joseph Donnelly of

Comcast’s corporate development unit wrote about the Adelphia acquisition, “step back and say

where does it get us – ie – can we dominate mkt, etc.” (Pl. Ex. 29, Handwritten note on Letter of

July 22, 1999.) An analysis of a Toledo, Ohio cable company noted its acquisition “would present

Comcast with the opportunity to own approximately 50% of the 66 largest DMA in the nation.” th

(Pl. Ex. 39, Memo of May 27, 1999.) An analysis of Cablevision properties stated that the

“Cleveland market offers Comcast the opportunity to consolidate the 13 largest DMA in the th

country, as currently, no MSO dominates this market” and the “Kalamazoo system offers Comcast

the opportunity to dominate a top-50 DMA, provided Comcast does a second swap with AT&T to

obtain its subscriber base in this market.” (Pl. Ex. 40, Memo of October 13, 1999, p. 4.) A 2005

memo about New Hampshire stated Comcast had a “real opportunityto consolidate thismarket along

DMA-rational lines and effectively lock up one of the real growth areas in New England.” (Pl. Ex.

41, Email of October 19, 2005.)

3. Evidence that clustering was a common strategy among market participants.

In his book, Leo Hindery declared that shared markets made no sense in the cable industry;

that the industry would benefit from clustering with one cable operator per market; and to effectuate

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this happening, cable operators would have to voluntarily swap systems across the country. (Pl.

Ex.52, Hindery, The Biggest Game of All, p. 73-74. ) In his deposition, Hindery testified that “the 5

whole premise . . . was that some operators would leave an area and others would stay and you

would become the significant operator in that DMA.” (Pl. Ex. 89, Dep. of Leo Hinderyof November

14, 2008 (“Hindery Dep.”), 190:14-16.) He stated that “all of the cable operators by 1997, 1998, at

TCI’s urging, adopted [his strategy]. . . . Every major company participated in the exchange of

systems over those 24 months, roughly.” (Id. at 86:14-18.)

When asked about Comcast’s desire to control DMAs, Brian Roberts stated in his deposition

that, during the time frame of the July 2006 Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia swap transaction,

“there was a lot of swapping going on, as you referred to, that Mr. Hindery facilitated. Satellite is

there, as a real competitor. There are other competitors in the market, real and future competitors,

like phone companies. I think it’s, you know, the notion of aggregating more customers in one

cluster. Once you do so, there’s only an incumbent cable company in each of these different 30,000

franchises, and if somebody is able to secure acquiring them, then they have a major presence in the

market.” (Pl. Ex. 93, Roberts Dep., 127:22-128:11.)

Hindery wrote that cable systems owning spread out franchises, 5

had always struck me as nonsensical. It was inefficient for cable operators and

confusing for customers. Istrongly believed that the entire industry, including TCI,

would benefit enormously by “clustering” cable systems into specific markets, with

one cable operator per market. To make this plan work, however, we’d have to

convince other cable operators to voluntarily swap systems across the country. This

was no small challenge. To pull it off, we’d have to get everybody to agree to basic

valuations and stick to them. But I knew it was quite doable, provided we could get

everybody rowing in the same direction.

(Pl. Ex.52 at 73-74.) 

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4. Evidence that the swap agreements were naked restraints of trade as market

and customer allocations.

To support its position that Comcast engaged in an illegal market allocation scheme, the

Class cites to numerous Comcast internal documents, wherein company executives discussed

“rationalizing” the cable industry through possible cable swaps and acquisitions that would

consolidate Comcast’s position in certain markets in exchange for its giving up positions in other

markets. (See Pl. Ex. 28, Memo of August 15, 1996, p. 2 (“Both Comcast and Adelphia would like

to obtain the other’s eastern Florida systems.”); Pl. Ex. 32, Special Bd. Mtg. Minutes of May 4,

1999, p. 3 (listing systems to be swapped between Comcast and AT&T); Pl. Ex. 36, Memo of July

11, 1996 (discussing Philadelphia DMA as a “Comcast Sacrosanct System”; and proposing swaps

in California); Pl. Ex. 37, Memo of September 29, 1997 (discussing swap of Pittsburgh system for

New Jersey and Tennessee systems to “further rationalize the NYC”); Pl. Ex. 38, Memo of May 25,

1999 (discussing clustering opportunity in Southeast Georgia and South Carolina, including swaps

of Savannah and Macon, Georgia systems where Comcast “currently dominates each of these

markets”); Pl. Ex. 42, Memo of April 6, 2000 (discussing swap of Muncie, Indiana for Kentucy

systems to enable Comcast to “get even better clustered” in the Indianapolis DMA in exchange for

“get[ting] out of Kentucky”); Pl. Ex. 44 at COM-PA2107968, (attachment to email of April 8, 2003

discussing swaps in Ohio, Kentucy, Indiana, and New Mexico “to rationalize the large Ohio

markets”); Pl. Ex. 46, Email of November 13, 2003 (discussing swaps in Tennessee, Colorado and

New Mexico that were never consummated)). The Class also cites Steve Burke’s testimony that

Comcast and AT&T agreed to swap their respective cable assets in Philadelphia and Chicago

because “there was no clear path to [Comcast] having a big cluster in Chicago, it would make more

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sense for us to get Philadelphia and to swap Chicago.” (Pl. Ex. 82, S. Burke Dep. 109-110.) Robert

Pick described the swapping of cable assets between Comcast and Time Warner as “horse trading”

among the companies. (Pl. Ex. 26, Pick FTC Testimony, at 23:25-25:6; Pl. Ex. 92, Pick Dep. 228:3-

8.)

5. Evidence that Comcast had anticompetitive intent to allocate markets.

The Class asserts that Comcast had an anticompetitive intent to allocate the Philadelphia

DMA in entering into the AT&T transaction, based primarily upon the content of Leo Hindery’s

book describing the negotiations between Comcast and AT&T. The Class describes the deal as an 6

agreement byComcast to stand down from competitive bidding with AT&T for MediaOne in return

for receiving Lenfest. (Class Pl. Mem. at 43.) Its evidence of anticompetitive intent includes the

Comcast Board minutes describing “discussions with AT&T to reach an amicable and acceptable

alternative to another round of competitive bids,” (Pl. Ex. 32, Special Mtg. Of Bd. Minutes of May

4, 1999, p. 2), as well as deposition evidence that the transaction made Comcast the dominant cable

operator in the Philadelphia DMA. (See Pl. Ex. 31, Donnelly “Lenfest Due Diligence” Memo at 4

In his book, Hindery wrote, 6

Comcast, which is based in Philadelphia, had been trying for years to buy Lenfest

Communications, which owned the cable systems in suburban Philadelphia. Gerry

Lenfest, the company’s founder and namesake, had always refused to sell. Luckily

for me, AT&T owned 50 percent of Lenfest. To entice Brian [Roberts] to stand

down on MediaOne, I decided to offer him Lenfest Communications. . . .

Itold Brian flat out that he could have Lenfest, and therefore the Philadelphia

systems he’d wanted for so long, on one condition. He had to promise right then and

there not to fight me on MediaOne. He had to agree to take Lenfest as a consolation

prize and walk away. . . . Brian considered my offer, then extended his had to shake

on the deal.

(Pl. Ex. 52, Hindery, The Biggest Game of All, p. 2.)

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(“The acquisition of Lenfest will make Comcast the dominant CATV operator in the Philadelphia

DMA (rank – 4 )”); Pl. Ex. 89, HinderyDep., 53:16-20 (“Q. When it attained Lenfest, did Comcast th

become dominant within the Philadelphia DMA? . . . A. It certainly became the largest cable

operator in that market, yes.); Pl. Ex. 102, AT&T Bd. of Directors Mtg. of March 17, 1999

“Executive Summary” (noting Lenfest “is the leading cable television operator in the greater

Philadelphia market.”).7

6. Evidence of non-compete provisions.

The Class argues that the existence of non-compete clauses further supports application of

the per se rule. Contrary to Comcast’s factual assertion, the Class asserts that following the

MediaOne deal, Comcast obtained non-compete agreements with GerryLenfest and members of his

family. (Pl. Ex. 25, Non-Compete Agreement of January 18, 2000.) The term was 3 years and

covered Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey. (Id.) While it does not assert that the noncompete agreements were themselves a per se violation, the Class asserts that the non-compete 8

In response to this evidence, Comcast asserts that the Class’s reliance upon the Lenfest 7

transaction to support a per se claim of market allocation is improper because the Lenfest transaction

was an acquisition transaction, not a swap of cable assets. Comcast argues that the Class seeks to

mischaracterize the Lenfest sale as a swap because we have previously held that the per se claim is

limited to the Class’s allegations in the Third Amended Complaint that only the swap agreements

constituted per se violations, while the Class separately alleged that the acquisition agreements were

subject to rule of reason analysis. See Glaberson, 2006 WL 2559479, at *9 n.7 (citing Third

Amended Complaint ¶¶ 73-74.) Based on the Hindery evidence, we find that the Class has met its

summary judgment burden to demonstrate a genuine issue of fact whether AT&T’s agreement to sell

the Lenfest assets was an integral part of a broader agreement to swap cable assets between AT&T

and Comcast. 

We have previously held that non-compete agreements executed upon the sale of a business 8

are generally not recognized as antitrust violations, see Class Cert. Mem. at 18-19, and rejected the

Class Expert’s market structure analysis to the extent he relied upon the Lenfest non-compete

agreement. (Id.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 15 of 72
agreements are evidence that Lenfest exited the market, and of Comcast’s intention to dominate the

Philadelphia market.

7. Evidence of the consequences of the swaps.

Finally, the Class contends that there is ample evidence of anticompetitive consequences

arising from Comcast’s clustering activity. It offers Dr. Williams’ opinions that Comcast’s gain in

market share was a consequence of the swap transactions, making the Philadelphia DMA more

concentrated, creating entry barriers, removing firms that competed in the geographic market,

deterring overbuilding, and increasing prices. (Williams Decl. ¶ 56 (“In sum, economic analysis

shows that Comcast’s alleged anticompetitive conduct in the Philadelphia DMA reduced the extent

of competition provided by overbuilders in the Philadelphia DMA. Econometric evidence shows

that reductions in overbuilding cause cable rates to increase, all else equal. Thus, Comcast’s conduct

led to rates being increased or maintained above the level that would prevail in the absence of that

conduct throughout the Philadelphia DMA.”); ¶ 120 (“the effect of the swaps is to allocate that

geographic market between the firms;” “market allocation has diminished competition in the

Philadelphia DMA”.)

C. Comcast’s Evidence of Pro-Competitive Justifications.

Comcast responds to the Class’s evidence by contending that none of the swap transactions

were “naked” market allocation agreements with no other purpose or effect; that each involved real,

substantial exchanges of plant, infrastructure, employees, contracts and other business resources; and

its growth strategy to use clustering did not transform otherwise lawful swap agreements into a

horizontal market allocation because cable firms have legitimate business reasons for clustering that

have been recognized by regulators and the Class’s own experts. Comcast asserts that the summary

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 16 of 72
judgment record establishes that clustering the Philadelphia DMA allowed it to introduce new

products, such as high-speed internet, telephone, pay per view, video on demand, digital video

recorders, digital cable, substantially increased channel choice and high-definition television. (Def.

Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 48; Def. Ex. 50, Doyle Dep., 91:12-92:3. ). It also asserts that the 9

economies of scale associated with clustering enable cable providers to compete against DBS

companies with a national footprint, as well as telephone companies, who by virtue of their existing

telephone clusters, and possessing vastly larger resources, were emerging as competitors in multiple

product markets – video, data and telephone. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 49-51; Def. Ex.

54, Deposition of Robert S. Pick on October 28, 2008 (“Pick Dep.”), 56:1-57:23 ; see also Def. Ex.

10

Michael Doyle, the president of Comcast’s Eastern Division, testified that 9

one additional advantage of the clustering, too, is your ability of getting into the new

products. In a lot of Comcast acquisitions where companies were smaller, theydidn’t

have and didn’t spend the capital necessary to offer the new products. And so

certainly the advantage to clustering is you have the resources and you have the

personnel who can run the new products. And in this day and age, as well as it’s

been over the last years, it’s not a video industry anymore. It’s a video, Internet, and

telephone industry. It’s a commercial business application. 

So, I think the clustering certainly gives you the ability to offer more

advanced services to consumers.

(Def. Ex. 50, Doyle Dep., 91:12-92:3.)

Robert Pick, Comcast’s senior vice president of corporate development, testified that 10

the idea of clustering just sort of morphed from the industry. Part of it was 

competitivelydriven when you have – when you had like the direct broadcast satellite

providers come into being. Their footprint by nature is national. They just put a

satellite up in the air and then the signal can reach most of the country. 

So when their footprint is national, you know, and we’re dealing with small

franchises, we obviously cannot compete effectively. They can tell one story. They

have an upgraded network. They give one channel lineup. They can offer more

channels. So for us to compete when we’re just a particular franchise in a market

makes it more difficult. It also started to develop as the telephone companies got into

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 17 of 72
51, Hindery Dep., 132:11-15 ; Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., 144:23-145:22. ). Finally, it asserts that 11 12

the FCC has recognized the efficiencies associated with clustering and expressly considered the

potential effects of clustering when it approved the Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia transaction in

2006, well after clustering in the Philadelphia DMA had already occurred. (Def. Statement of

Undisputed Facts ¶ 52-53; Def. Ex. 17, FCC 99-418, Sixth Annual Competition Report, ¶¶

161-162 ; see also Def. Ex. 18, FCC 01-1, Seventh Annual Competition Report, ¶ 166 (clustering 13

the business and their – their footprint by nature is much larger than ours. And so –

and then it just sort of happened when you – you know, TCI at one point in time was

the largest cable operator in the U.S. and they were financially and operationally

stressed at one point in time, so they looked to create clusters or they were giving –

they’ve either sold systems or created joint ventures with – with operators where they

would put the systems, clustered systems, on a local basis and said to an operator,

here, you run it, you’re better able to run these things because of the scale economies

within a cluster. 

(Def. Ex. 54, Pick Dep., 56:6-57:13.)

Hindery testified that clustering “had nothing to do with controlling the market. It had 11

everything to do with putting ourselves in an operating cost structure that mirrored as closely as

possible our nearest and closest competitors.” (Def. Ex. 51, Hindery Dep., 132:11-15.)

Roberts testified that 12

[t]here was, post-’92, as I have said repeatedly, a desire to take this patchwork of

cable systems, and create more sensible businesses so we can compete more 

effectively in the future against the oncoming competitors, who all had complete

DMAs, where in case of satellite, two competitors for every market who had a

hundred percent market share in the United States. So every home in America can get

the product. They [national footprint DBS providers] can run an ad in the middle of

the Super Bowl, let alone, in local broadcast television. 

So there was, no question, a lot of desire to try to get larger in markets. 

(Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., 144:23-145:22.)

The FCC stated that 13

Clustering of cable systems can create greater economies of scale and size. 

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 18 of 72
“permits cable operators to . . . gain efficiencies related to economies of scale and scope resulting

in lower administrative costs, enhanced deployment of new technologies and services, and

encouraging the extension into previously unserved areas”); Def. Ex. 19, FCC 01-389, Eighth

Annual Competition Report, ¶ 14 (“By clustering their systems, cable operators may be able to

achieve efficiencies that facilitate the provision of cable and other services, such as telephony.”).).

Based in large part upon these governmental reports, Comcast’s expert Dr. David Tecce

opined that the entry of the DBS companies, who were capable of offering higher quality digital

television in a nationwide footprint, created a competitive crisis for cable firms, who up to that time

were providing analog signals to non-contiguous individual franchise areas. 

The need to make significant investments in order to upgrade cable systems

to compete with DBS providers led to consolidation among cable operators. DBS

had large-scale national operations, which gave them ability to take advantage of

scale economies. To compete effectively, most cable firms needed to achieve larger

scale.

(April 10, 2009 Expert Report of David J. Teece, Ph.D. (“Teece Report”) at ¶ 17.) “As a result,

cable firms sought to achieve economies of scale through mergers and acquisitions. Many old-line

cable firms decided to sell their systems rather than make the investments in system upgrades

necessary to stay competitive with DBS providers in the new competitive environment.” (Id. ¶ 18.) 

Teece recounts the history of the “deployment of digital cable transmission that paved the way for

Accordingly, it can enable cable operators to offer a wider variety of broadband

services at lower prices to customers in geographic areas that are larger than single

cable franchise areas. Clustering can thus make cable operators more effective

competitors to LECs whose local service areas are usually much larger than a single

cable franchise area. The General Accounting Office, in its report on the changing

status of competition to cable television, also found that ownership ties and clustering

strategies may provide cost savings and possible competitive advantages.

(Def. Ex. 17, FCC 99-418, Sixth Annual Competition Report, ¶ 162.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 19 of 72
cable firms to offer other advanced services. In addition to offering superior video picture quality,

digital transmission allows for the provision of several other advanced digital services such as

HDTV, Video-on-Demand (“VOD”), Digital Video Recorder (“DVR”), broadband Internet, and

cable telephony. These technological advances have ushered a new paradigm in the

telecommunications industry, dubbed ‘convergence,’ under which multiple forms of

telecommunications content (audio, video, and data) are delivered to the consumer bya single firm.” 

(Id. ¶ 16 (citations omitted).) He concludes that:

Regional clustering created significant efficiencies, including achieving economies

of scale in upgrading systems to digital and to offer advanced services such as

broadband Internet and cable telephony. . . . Clustering allowed cable operators to

achieve regional scale comparable to DBS providers and ILECs. For instance, a

former TCI and AT&T executive testified that clustering “had everything to do with

putting ourselves in an operating cost structure that mirrored as closely as possible

our nearest and closest competitors.”

(Id. ¶ 21.) 

Comcast also presents evidence that the entry of incumbent local exchange carriers (“LECs”

or “ILECs”) such as Verizon’s FiOS system, also created new competition for the cable industry. 

Dr. Teece reports that ILEC competition, which by 2008 had captured 18% market share, is expected

to continue to provide significant competition to cable and DBS firms in the next few years. (Id. ¶

25-26.) He states:

The threat of competition from ILECs has been another factor contributing to cable

operators’ clustering strategy. Because the ILECs’ phone footprints were much

larger than a typical cable franchise area, clustering allowed cable firms to capture

economies of scale and compete effectively in offering advanced services and selling

advertising. According to testimony from a former TCI and AT&T executive,

clustering was designed to “meet the challenge of these regional phone companies

coming and providing video and providing Internet over their existing phone lines.

(Id. ¶ 28 (citations omitted).) Dr. Teece concludes that Comcast’s clustering in response to new

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 20 of 72
sources of competition has benefitted consumers. He asserts that consumers benefit from the

programming diversity brought about by increased MVPD channel capacity (id. ¶ 32-33), and from

the ability of a clustered system to provide advanced services such as HDTV, internet and cable

telephony (id. ¶ 34-39).

14

Another Comcast expert, Dr. Stanley Besen, opines that entry into the MVPD market by

ILECs, who are essentially in the same shoes as wireline overbuilders, has not been impeded by

clustering. He opines that, 

Verizon is currently an actual competitor, providing service that is comparable to that

provided by the other operators in large sections of the Philadelphia Cluster. 

Moreover, Verizon is a well-financed, sophisticated company, with access to the

same programming that is available to Comcast, an established brand-name, and

long-standing consumer relationships. In addition, it is able to offer both telephone

and high-speed internet services along with television programming, in what has

come to be called “Triple Play” packages. In short, it poses a formidable competitive

threat to Comcast and other cable operators not only as a potential but as an actual

competitor. Verizon was not eliminated as either an actual or potential competitor

by the transactions at issue so that, on Plaintiffs’ theory, households in the areas that

they serve, or might serve in the future, have not been harmed by the transactions at

Michael Salinger, Director of the Federal Trade Commission’s Bureau of Economics, 14

testified before the Senate JudiciaryCommittee on the Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia transaction

that: 

It was also very clear from the outset that the parties’ principal objective in making

the acquisition and asset swap was to increase “clustering” in the TWC and Comcast

cable assets. Clustering enables cable firms to realize economies of scale associated

with providing cable service in contiguous areas. By acquiring contiguous systems,

TWC and Comcast could lower several categories of costs, such as management,

administrative and marketing costs, as well as the expense of providing system

upgrades. In addition, TWC and Comcast could use clustering to position themselves

better to compete with local telephone companies and other providers in the delivery

of video and telephone service.

(Def. Ex. 22, Michael Salinger, Dir. Bureau of Econ., Prepared Statement of the FTC:

Sports Programming and Cable Distribution: The Comcast/Adelphia/Time Warner Transaction

(Dec. 7, 2006), p. 4.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 21 of 72
issue.

(May 6, 2009 Expert Report of Dr. Stanley Besen ¶ 32 (citations omitted).) 

D. Analysis

The United States Supreme Court has held that the per se test applies to naked restraints on

trade, one where the “purpose of the practice are to threaten the proper operation of our

predominantly free-market economy – that is, whether the practice facially appears to be one that

would always or almost always tend to restrict competition and decrease output, and in what portion

of the market, or instead one designed to ‘increase economic efficiency and render markets more,

rather than less, competitive.’” Broad. Music, Inc v. CBS., 441 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1979) (“BMI”)

(quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 438 U.S. 422, 441 n.16 (1978); see also 2 Areeda and

Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law, § 305 (3d ed. 2007) (per se rule “rests on various judgments about facts,

economics, and social policy: that naked price fixing usually harms the economy if the collaborators

have any marked power; that legitimate objectives are so rarely present that they should be

disregarded; and that little or nothing worthwhile is lost bya categorical prohibition, which dispenses

with unnecessary and costly litigation about power, purpose, effect, or claimed redeeming virtues,

and which establishes the ‘bright line’ permitting those severe punishments that deter and guide

private conduct.”). The geographic division of markets among competitors is a per se violation of

the Sherman Act. See Palmer, 498 U.S. at 49 (per curiam) (“[A]greements between competitors to

allocate territories to minimize competition are illegal”); Topco Assocs., Inc., 405 U.S. at 608 (“This

Court has reiterated time and time again that ‘[h]orizontal territorial limitations . . . are naked

restraints of trade with no purpose other than stifling of competition.’ Such limitations are per se

violations of the Sherman Act.” (alteration in original; internal citations omitted)). 

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 22 of 72
However, even when the per se label has been applied to a category of anticompetitive

conduct, the cases establish that courts may still look to see whether the economic effects of a

particular practice in a particular industry justify abandoning a rule of reason analysis. In BMI, the

Court found that, because the blanket license at issue, granting a licensee access to an entire music

catalog, created an entirely different product from one that any given composer was able to sell by

himself, and did not restrain the right of any individual copyright ownerto sell his own compositions

separately to any buyer at any price, it could not “be wholly equated with a simple horizontal

arrangement among competitors.” 441 U.S. at 23-24. The Court cautioned that when reviewing

courts “have some doubt . . . about the extent to which [a] practice threatens the ‘central nervous

system of the economy,’ . . . that is, competitive pricing as the free market’s means of allocating

resources,” application of the per se rule should not be used to short circuit a more critical analysis

of the practice. Id. (quoting United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 226 n.59

(1940)). Similarly, in Eichorn, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that

even where the plaintiff alleged a classic variety of per se violation, in that case a group boycott,

where the facts used to establish the antitrust violation “are substantially different from the classic

per se horizontal price fixing and group boycott conspiracies the Court has generally found to be per

se antitrust violations,” the rule of reason must be used to determine whether the practice is

condemned by section 1. Eichorn, 248 F.3d at 139 (citing BMI, 441 U.S. at 8 (“Easy labels [like

price fixing] do not always supply ready answers.”)). 

The authorities agree that this “modern approach” to antitrust analysis should apply where

the rationale of the per se rule does not neatly fit the industry involved. In BMI, the Supreme Court

held that countervailing pro-competitive virtues, like the creation of efficiencies in the operation of

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 23 of 72
a market or in the provision of goods and services, made application of the per se test inappropriate

to blanket licenses for copyrighted music. 441 U.S. at 20 (“The blanket license, as we see it, is not

a ‘naked restrain[t] of trade with no purpose except stifling of competition,’ White Motor Co. v.

United States, 372 U.S. 253, 263, 83 S.Ct. 696, 702, 9 L.Ed.2d 738 (1963), but rather accompanies

the integration of sales, monitoring, and enforcement against unauthorized copyright use.”) 

In light of BMI, the earlier Topco decision, holding that horizontal market allocation

agreements were a per se section 1 violation, has been criticized as going too far. One commentator

stated,

The Court in Topco was a bit like a driver who, because of his “rule” never to pick

up hitchhikers, refuses to give a ride to a close friend whose car has broken down. 

This wooden approach to per se rules has been abandoned in subsequent horizontal

restraint cases, particularly Broadcast Music, which emphasized the need to

characterize restraints before applying a per se rule. . . . [U]nder Broadcast Music,

a court must determine whether the restraint at issue is one to which the rationale of

the rule applies. The Topco association could not possibly have been a cartel,

because no licensee had a significant market share in its designated territory; the

market shares were so trivial, that the licensees could have merged – at least under

modern standards – without drawing the attention of the enforcement agencies. 

Moreover, the defendants articulated and proved procompetitive benefits. The

association seems clearly to have been ancillary to a larger productive purpose.

2 Kintner, Federal Antitrust Law, § 11.39 (2002) (citing Eichorn; Polk Bros. v. Forest City Enter.,

776 F.2d 185, 189-90 (7 Cir. 1985) (holding that per se rule is designed for “naked” restraints rather

th

than agreements that facilitate productive activity)); see also Augusta News Co. v. Hudson News

Co., 269 F.3d 41, 48 (1st Cir. 2001) (“Despite unguardedly broad language in [Topco], it is

commonly understood today that per se condemnation is limited to ‘naked’ market division

agreements, that is, to those that are not part of a larger pro-competitive joint venture.”). In Polk

Bros., the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit noted that courts “must distinguish

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 24 of 72
between ‘naked’ restraints, those in which the restriction on competition is unaccompanied by new

production or products, and ‘ancillary’ restraints, those that are part of a larger endeavor whose

success they promote.” Id. at 188 (citing National Collegiate Athletic Assoc. v. Bd. of Regents of

Univ. of Oklahoma, 468 U.S. 85 (1984)). Noting the Supreme Court’s admonition in Copperweld

Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., 467 U.S. 752, 767-68 (1984) that “it is sometimes difficult to

distinguish robust competition from conduct with long-run anti-competitive effects,” Polk Bros.

stressed that 

a court must be very sure that a category of acts is anti-competitive before

condemning that categoryper se. See [BMI] and NCAA, supra, both of which assess

under the Rule of Reason horizontal agreements that also involve cooperation among

rivals that might produce larger output and more desirable products. Both BMI and

NCAA emphasize that condemnation per se is an unusual step, one that depends on

confidence that a whole category of restraints is so likely to be anticompetitive that

there is no point in searching for a potentially beneficial instance.

776 F.2d at 189; accord Texaco Inc. v. Dagher, 547 U.S. 1, 5 (2006) (“Accordingly, ‘we have

expressed reluctance to adopt per se rules . . . ‘where the economic impact of certain practices is not

immediately obvious.’’ ” quoting State Oil Co., 522 U.S. at 10); Eichorn, 248 F.3d 131, 144 n.2.

We find that the Class has failed to meet its summary judgment burden with respect to

whether the swap transactions were naked market division agreements, rather than merely ancillary

restraints on trade. The Class’s evidence, for example, that Comcast executives, as well as Leo

Hindery, had a long standing desire to “rationalize” the cable industry by consolidating positions in

certain markets in exchange for giving up positions in other markets, does not support the conclusion

that the swap agreements were naked restraints of trade that were “‘so plainly anticompetitive that

no elaborate study of the industry is needed to establish their illegality.’” Deutscher Tennis Bund,

610 F.3d at 830 (quoting Texaco Inc., 547 U.S. at 5). Moreover, the ability of cable companies to

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 25 of 72
provide new and advanced services, achieved through clustering their systems, requires proof offacts

that “are substantially different from the classic per se horizontal price fixing and group boycott

conspiracies the Court has generally found to be per se antitrust violations.’” Eichorn, 248 F.3d at

139. The competitive efficiencies achieved by clustering – economies of scale needed to upgrade

systems to digital service, and creating the ability to offer advanced services such as broadband

Internet and cable telephony in larger geographic footprints to effectively compete with DBS

providers and ILECs – are the type of pro-competitive conditions that the Third Circuit held can

render an industry practice “substantially different from the classic” horizontal restraints subjected

to per se treatment. Eichorn 248 F.3d at 139 (citing BMI, 441 U.S. at 8 (“Easy labels [like price

fixing] do not always supply ready answers.”)). Like the creation of the blanket license in BMI,

creation of cable clusters in order to allow MVPD providers to offer new and improved products is

not a categorically “naked restrain[t] of trade with no purpose except stifling of competition.” BMI,

441 U.S. at 20. Accordingly, we hold that the rule of reason test is the proper method of analyzing

the Class’s section 1claim.

IV. SECTION 1 RULE OF REASON ANALYSIS – ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL

COMPETITION

Having addressed the parties’ arguments on the issue of per se liability, the only section 1

issue remaining to be decided is Comcast’s argument that summary judgment must be entered in its

favor because the transaction counterparties were never “competitors.” In granting class

certification, we determined that class treatment of the section 1 liability issue was limited to

whetherthe Class could demonstrate that Comcast conspired with competitors to allocate markets. 

(See Amended Class Certification Order, Doc. No. 432, entered January 13, 2010 (“1/13 Order”),

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 26 of 72
¶ 11(a) (emphasis added).) Comcast argues that, even applying a rule of reason analysis to the

section 1 claim, the Class has failed to meet its Rule 56 burden to create a genuine issue of fact that

Comcast conspired with its competitors to allocate markets because the Transaction Counterparties

never directly competed for cable subscribers. We find that the Class has met its Rule 56 burden to

create a jury issue on whether Comcast and the Counterparties were competitors.

A. Evidence of Actual Competition.

Comcast concedes that, prior to the Transactions, Comcast and the Counterparties each

offered cable services to subscribers in the Philadelphia DMA. However, it asserts that they were

never “competitors” because, at all times, they operated cable systems in their own respective,

non-overlapping franchise areas and never offered services to the same subscribers, at the same time,

anywhere in the Philadelphia region. (Def. Ex. 59, Williams Dep., at 80:12-25, 104:24-105:3; Def.

Ex. 46, Deposition of Steve Burke on December 5, 2008 (“S. Burke Dep.”), at 15:23-16:6;

24:23-25:1, 51:17-22, 205:19-21; Def. Ex. 47, Deposition of Scott Burnside on November 11, 2008

(“Burnside Dep.”), at 183:16-184:5; Def. Ex. 55, Deposition of Thomas Steel on July 17, 2008

(“RCN 30(b)(6) Dep.”), at 192:21-193:17; Def.Ex. 51,Deposition of Leo Hindery, Jr., on November

14, 2008 (“Hindery Dep.”), at 94:5-8; 167:9-12; Def. Ex. 52, Deposition of Harold (Gerry) Lenfest

on November 18, 2008 (“Lenfest Dep.”) at 89:14- 90:5, 95:9-14; Def. Ex. 50, Deposition of Michael

Doyle on November 6 and 20, 2008 (“Doyle Dep.”), at 155:1-18; Def. Ex. 56, Deposition of Brian

Roberts on September 23, 2008 (“Roberts Dep.”), at 208:14-17.)

Prior to the Transactions, no class member had the option of simultaneously obtaining video

programming from both Comcast and any of the Counterparties at the same household or within the

same local franchise area. (See Def. Ex. 59, Williams Dep., at 104:24-105:3; Def. Ex. 51, Hindery

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 27 of 72
Dep., at 167:9-12; Def. Ex. 46, S. Burke Dep., at 15:23-16:6; 24:23-25:1, 51:17-22, 205:19-21; Def.

Ex. 50, Doyle Dep., at 155:1-18; Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., at 208:14-17.) Because each cable

company offered MVPD service within separate, non-overlapping franchise areas, Comcast asserts

that it did not actually and directly compete with any Counterparty for the business of any cable

subscriber. (See Def. Ex. 51, Hindery Dep., at 94:5-8, 167:9-12; Def. Ex. 52, Lenfest Dep., at

89:14-90:5, 95:9-15; Def. Ex. 46, S. Burke Dep., at 24:23-25:1; see also Def. Ex. 22, Michael

Salinger, Dir., Bureau of Econ., Prepared Statement of the FTC, before the Cmte. on the Judiciary

United States Senate: Sports Programming and Cable Distribution: The Comcast/Time

Warner/Adelphia Transaction (Dec. 7, 2006), at 4 (testifying that “the FTC staff determined that

[Time Warner] and Comcast were not acquiring any cable assets that competed with their existing

assets. In other words, the transaction eliminated no horizontal competition between the parties.”) 

Comcast supports its assertion by citing the rationale of the Federal Communications

Commission in rejecting an objection to the Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia Transaction that it

reduced competition between Comcast and Adelphia or Time Warner. The FCC determined that,

prior to the Transaction, Comcast did not compete directly with Adelphia or Time Warner because

each offered cable services in adjacent franchises and, thus, consumers did not have the ability to

choose between them. (See Def. Ex. 16, Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia Order, ¶ 82.) Similarly,

15

The FCC’s Time Warner/Comcast/Adelphia Order stated, in response to an objection to the 15

proposed merger that:

In DMAs where both Time Warner and Comcast currently operate, however, they

generally do not compete directly for subscribers. Their systems usually operate in

adjacent franchise areas within a DMA, and consumers do not have the ability to

choose between them. Accordingly, the elimination of Time Warner’s or Comcast’s

presence in a particular DMA does not likely indicate the loss of head-to-head

competition.

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the FCC rejected an objection to the Comcast/AT&T/MediaOne Transaction on the ground that

Comcast and AT&T, or AT&T and MediaOne were competitors, finding that actual competition

exists only among cable firms that overbuild each other’s franchise areas and that there was no

evidence that Comcast and AT&T, or AT&T and MediaOne, would have overbuilt one another in

the absence of the transactions. (See Def. Ex. 15, AT&T/Comcast Order, ¶ 94; Def. Ex. 14, 16

(Def. Ex. 16 ¶ 82.) The Class concedes that the FCC approved the transaction, but contends that

neither the FCC’s approval nor its legal conclusion are proper evidence of competition. 

(Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 33.)

In approving the Comcast/AT&T Transaction, the FCC stated: 16

CFA offers no evidence to suggest that AT&T and Comcast would overbuild each

other’s cable systems such that the proposed merger would diminish competition in

these local franchise areas. Applicants deny having any intentions to overbuild, and

confirm that they have not overbuilt in each other’s franchise areas, with the

exception of the few non-consolidated affiliate systems. Accordingly, we cannot

conclude from the record that AT&T and Comcast had intentions of overbuilding

each other’s local markets, or that they were likely to do so. 

(Def. Ex. 15 ¶ 94.) In the AT&T/MediaOne order, the FCC found:

BellSouth argues that the merger will eliminate current and future MVPD

competition between AT&T and MediaOne in local areas where the Applicants have

overlapping or adjacent cable franchise areas. BellSouth contends that, in the

absence of the proposed merger, AT&T and MediaOne would build over

(“overbuild”) each other’s cable systems, thereby offering consumers in those areas

two MVPD cable choices. However, we find no evidence in the record to suggest

that AT&T and MediaOne would overbuild each other’s cable systems such that the

proposed merger would diminish competition in these local areas.

. . .

Since the initial acquisition of the Fayetteville and PowderSprings overbuilt systems,

the system owners have not constructed anymore overbuilds, and there is no evidence

to suggest that AT&T and MediaOnewould overbuild one another absent the merger.

AT&T and MediaOne hold overlapping franchise authority in 13 other areas, but

have no overbuilds in these areas. There is no evidence that they would overbuild

each other in these areas absent the merger. We find that the proposed merger is

unlikely to diminish MVPD competition between the Applicants to a degree that

would warrant the denial of the Application or the imposition of conditions.

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 29 of 72
MediaOne Group, Inc., 15 FCC Rcd 9816 (2000) (“AT&T/MediaOne Order”), ¶¶ 94-95.) Finally,

Comcast asserts that the swap agreements did not contain non-compete or other enforceable

provisions restricting Comcast or the Counterparties from re-entering the area and competing with

one another. However, as noted, the Lenfest acquisition agreement involved a contractual covenant

not to compete binding upon Gerry Lenfest, and other family member owners of Lenfest.

The Class responds that each Counterparty offered the same product in the same geographic

market; namely, each operated as an MVPD distributor at the same level of the market within the

Philadelphia DMA, and therefore were actual competitors prior to the Transactions. Its economics

expert, Dr. Michael A. Williams, opines that Comcast and each of the Counterparties were

competitors because they engaged in the same business in the same product market and geographic

market. (Williams Decl. ¶ 164; Expert Reply Decl. Of Michael Williams, Ph.D. (“Williams Reply

Decl.”) ¶ 15 (stating that at least eight cable companies provided service in the Philadelphia DMA

in areas adjacent to Comcast franchises, before being acquired by Comcast)). 

Comcast’s internal documents show that the company itself viewed other MSOs as its

competitors. (See Pl. Ex. 134 (Comcast internal emails identifying companies that are Comcast’s

major competitors.)) Comcast required the CEO of Lenfest to sign a non-compete agreement as part

of the Lenfest acquisition. According to Dr. Williams, the non-compete clause “demonstrate[s] that

in Comcast’s view, the relevant geographic area where these individuals represented a continuing

competitive threat to Comcast was not only larger than [a local franchise area], it was larger than the

footprints [in which the companies had previously provided service] . . . showing that Comcast

(Def. Ex. 14 ¶¶ 94-95.) The Class concedes that the FCC approved the transactions, but contends

that neither the FCC’s approval nor its legal conclusion are proper evidence of competition. 

(Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 34.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 30 of 72
viewed MVPD companies in these neighboring geographic locations as competitors and/or potential

competitors, even though Comcast was not an incumbent cable provider in those locations at that

time.” (Williams Decl. ¶ 79-80.) 

17

Comcast also viewed other MSOs as competitors for the purchase of cable assets and

customers. (Pl. Ex. 32, “Minutes of a Special Mtg. of Bd. of Directors of Comcast Corp. of May

4, 1989, at COM PA1151021 (describing the arrangement by which Comcast and AT&T

agreed to abandon their competition to purchase MediaOne’s cable assets and, instead,

“reach[ed] an amicable and acceptable alternative to another round of competitive bids,”

involving a swap of various AT&T and Comcast cable assets resulting in the addition of

750,000 subscribers for Comcast.) Dr. Williams cites the MediaOne transaction, as well as the

competition between Comcast, Lenfest and Mediacom for Marcus Cable’s Eastern Shore

Systems, and the competition between Comcast and several other MSOs for the assets of

Cablevision systems in Ohio, Massachusetts and Michigan, to support his assertion that

Comcast competed with the Counterpartiesto acquire cable assets before they were themselves

acquired by Comcast. (Williams Decl. ¶ 122.) Brian Roberts, Comcast’s CEO, also

acknowledged that Lenfest, prior to its acquisition, was a potential competitor for other cable

systems in the Philadelphia DMA. (Pl. Ex. 93, Roberts Dep., 231-32.)

Finally, the Class contends that Comcast’s competitors also considered other MSOs to be

competitors. For example, AT&TBoard ofDirectors’ internal documents list other MSOs, including

Dr. Williams also notes that a non-compete agreement was executed between Comcast and 17

executives at Prime Communications, as part of a loan agreement. (Williams Decl. ¶ 23.) There is

no evidence that Prime Communication was involved in any of the acquisition or swap transactions.

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Comcast, as competitors. (Pl. Ex. 101, October 1999 AT&T Bd. of Directors Mtg., “Competitive

Cable TV Statistics”; Pl. Ex. 102, March 1999 AT&T Bd. of Directors Mtg. “Acquisition of 50%

Interest in Lenfest Communications Executive Summary”.) Gerry Lenfest likewise testified that

Comcast was a “competitor in acquiring systems,” although he stated that Comcast was not a

direct competitor for subscribers. (Pl. Ex. 90, Dep. of Harold Lenfest on November 18, 2008,

89:10-25.)

18

B. Evidence of Potential Competition.

Comcast also argues that the Class cannot create a genuine issue of material fact that the

transactions eliminated anypotential competition between itself and the Counterparties because there

is no evidence that it or anyCounterparty ever intended to enter another’s market as an overbuilder. 

Comcast asserts that the Class has produced no evidence that Comcast, Lenfest, or any of the other

Counterparties intended to overbuild one anotherin the Philadelphia DMA at some future time. (See

10/15 Tr. 84:24-85:16; Def. Ex. 59, Williams Dep., 105:9-106:18. ) It also asserts that there is no 19

evidence that anyCounterparty had any intention of overbuilding Comcast or took affirmative steps

toward doing so. Rule 30(b)(6) representatives of Lenfest and AT&T, the only two Counterparties

deposed by Plaintiffs, each testified that the companies had no intention of overbuilding Comcast,

The Class makes additional arguments that Comcast also competed with other MSOs

18

for original cable franchises and engaged in “benchmark competition” with other MSOs. We

have already rejected these portions of the Class expert’s market structure analysis. (See Class Cert.

Mem. at 18 (rejecting theory of competition for the award of original franchises because all awards

occurred before the class period); id. at 51-52 (rejecting theory of benchmark competition as not

capable of proof at trial through common evidence).)

Dr. Williams conceded that, in reviewing all of the documents and depositions in the case,

19

he had seen no business plan suggesting that Comcast or another MSO was planning to overbuild

another MSO in the Philadelphia DMA. (Def. Ex. 59, Williams Dep., 105:9-106:18.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 32 of 72
had not taken any affirmative steps toward doing so, and did not consider overbuilding to be

economically viable. (See 10/14 Tr., 140:9-14; Def. Ex. 52, Lenfest Dep., 82:25-85:3, 89:23-90:5;

Def. Ex. 51, Hindery Dep., 181:7-23.)

Comcast also asserts:

! It had no interest in, or intent to, overbuild anyCounterparty nor had it taken any affirmative

steps toward doing so, such as seeking to obtain the necessary franchise approvals, building

out infrastructure, setting aside capital for that purpose or otherwise performing anyplanning

whatsoever for such a move, because Comcast did not consider overbuilding to be an

economically viable business model. (See Def. Ex. 46, S. Burke Dep., 13:7-14:8,

52:16-57:7; Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., 173:4-174:24.) 

! Its pricing decisions were not based on a concern that other MSOs might overbuild Comcast.

(See Def. Ex. 46, S. Burke Dep., 207:14-20; Def. Ex. 50, Doyle Dep., 183:14-23; Def. Ex.

57, Deposition of David Scott on December 3, 2008 (“Scott Dep.”), 107:19-108:6.)

! There is no evidence that any of the Counterparties based their pricing decisions on Comcast

prices. To the contrary, Gerry Lenfest testified that Lenfest did not base its pricing decisions

on a concern that Comcast might overbuild Lenfest franchise areas. (Def. Ex. 52, Lenfest

Dep., 70:8-16, 72:6-73:16, 90:21-91:9.)

! The Federal Communications Commission determined in evaluating several of the

Transactions that the merging entities had no intention of overbuilding one another’s

franchise areas, nor were they likely to do so. (See Def. Ex. 15, AT&T/Comcast Order, ¶ 94;

Def. Ex. 14, AT&T/MediaOne Order, ¶¶ 94-95.)

Based upon these averments, Comcast argues that the Class cannot demonstrate a jury issue that any

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 33 of 72
Counterparty’s presence on the fringe of a Comcast franchise prior to the merger, tempered

Comcast’s competitive behavior.

The Class responds that it has produced evidence that there was a “potential for incumbent

MSOs in the Philadelphia DMA to overbuild each other’s territories, since they have done so in other

markets,” and that the FCC recognizes that adjacent cable operators are the most likely entrants. 

(Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 36). To support its factual assertions of potential overbuilding in the

Philadelphia DMA, the Class relies upon specific instances of overbuilding in other parts of the

country; deposition testimony from Leo Hindery that it is not uncommon for MSOs to overbuild 20

each other’s franchise areas (Pl. Ex. 89, Hindery Dep. at 95-96); an assertion by its expert, Dr.

Williams, that “there’s certainly a potential for the incumbent MSOs in the Philadelphia DMA to

overbuild each other’s territories because they have done it in other places, (Pl. Ex. 100, Williams

Dep. at 46-47); and the FCC’s Thirteenth Annual Report, which states that “clustering can present

See Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 8. The Class cites overbuilding that occurred in New York 20

City (Pl. Ex. 89, Hindery Dep., 95-96); Dover, Delaware (where Storer Cable, a competitor to a

corporate predecessor of Marcus Cable – itself now a Comcast corporate predecessor – overbuilt

approximately500 homes) (Pl. Ex. 27 at COM-PA0776597); Terre Haute, Indiana (where 20-25%

of Time Warner’s territoryhad been overbuilt byCharter) (Pl. Ex. 23 at COM-PA1130645); Tampa,

Florida (where an Adelphia franchise was overbuilt by Time Warner) (Pl. Ex. 35); Kalamazoo,

Michigan (where Cablevision overbuilt approximately 300 homes served by Adelphia) (Pl. Ex. 40

at COM-PA1835049); Ann Arundel County, Maryland (where Millenium Cable and AT&T had

overbuilt each other’s areas representing 50,000 homes passed) (Pl. Ex. 92 at 294-95; Pl. Ex. 103

at COM-DOJ273974-75); City of Aventura, Florida (where a Comcast area was overbuilt by

Cablevision and Comcast overbuilt AT&T areas) (Pl. Ex. 120 at COM-PA1082923); Alameda,

California (5,300 homes overbuilt by Comcast) (Pl. Ex. 124 at COM-PA1267909); Newman

County, Georgia (18,000 subscribers overbuilt byCharter and Comcast) (Id. at COM-PA1267922);

Oshtemo County, Michigan (Cablevision overbuilt an Adelphia franchise area) (Pl. Ex. 133 at

COM-PA1835049); Orlando, Florida area (Brighthouse overbuilt an Adelphia franchise area) (Pl.

Ex. 106 at COM-PA00011036); Powhatan, Virginia (80,000 homes overbuilt byAdelphia)(Pl. Ex.

112 at COM-PA0374859); and Dolthan, Alabama (6,500 homes in a Comcast franchise area

overbuilt by Time Warner) (Pl. Ex. 125 at COM-PA1382980).

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a barrier to entry for the most likely potential overbuilder, (i.e. an adjacent cable operator)” (Pl. Ex.

146, Thirteenth Annual Report ¶ 180 (parenthetical in original)). It asserts that, to the extent that

Comcast and other MSOs avoid overbuilding adjacent franchise areas, record evidence shows that

they do so as part of, and in support of, collusive and illegal agreements to allocate cable markets. 

C. Analysis

We find that the Class has produced evidence from which a jury could find in its favor on

the section 1 claim’s requirement that Comcast conspired with competitors to allocate markets. 

Comcast’s assertions that the Counterparties were not its actual competitors – because each operated

cable systems in their own respective, non-overlapping franchise area, and never offered services to

the same subscribers, at the same time, anywhere in the Philadelphia region – would have some

purchase had we determined that the relevant geographic market was the individual franchise area. 

However, in the class certification proceedings, we specifically rejected the opinion of Comcast

expert Dr. Teece that the relevant geographic market should be pegged at the franchise level or,

alternatively at the even smaller household level because the Class showed that it could establish by

common evidence that the relevant geographic market should be the DMA. Importantly, Comcast 21

has not challenged at the summary judgment stage the Class’s position that the relevant geographic

market is the DMA.

We find that the Class need not show that Comcast competed with the Counterparties in the

same franchise areas for those Counterparties to be deemed its actual competitors. Rather, based

We concluded that “[b]ecause the record evidence shows that consumers throughout the 21

DMA can face similar competitive choices and suffer the same alleged antitrust impact resulting

from Comcast’s clustering conduct in the Philadelphia DMA, we find that it can be the appropriate

geographic market definition.” (Class Cert. Mem. at 14-15.) 

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 35 of 72
upon the proposed market definitions, it is sufficient that each provided MVPD services in the

Philadelphia DMA. Were we to agree with Comcast’s assertion that parties to an alleged market

allocation schememust have actuallycompeted with one anotherfor the same customers irrespective

of market definitions, bizarre results could ensue. Assume, for example, that two firms at opposite

ends of the country – who have never grown so large as to be able to expand to the center of the

country – agree they will never cross the Mississippi River to directly compete with one another. 

In a suit against both firms asserting a nationwide geographic market definition, their agreement

would satisfy all of the elements of an illegal horizontal market allocation. But each firm could

immunize itself from antitrust liability merely by agreeing to the allocation early enough to avoid

being deemed direct competitors. Clearly, the teaching of Palmer and Topco prohibits this result. 

See Palmer 498 U.S. at 49-50 (noting that “[t]he defendants in Topco had never competed in the

same market, but had simply agreed to allocate markets”). Given the relevant product and

geographic market definitions presumed by Comcast, it necessarily follows that each Counterparty

could be its actual competitor in the market. Accordingly, we conclude that Comcast’s contentions 22

that (1) each company operated within its own respective, non-overlapping franchise area, and (2)

never offered services to the same subscribers at the same time anywhere within the Philadelphia

DMA, cannot eliminate the Class’s market allocation claim as a matter of law where the Class has

created a genuine issue of material fact that each company offered MVPD services in the

We reject Comcast’s reliance upon Volvo Trucks N. Am., Inc. v. Reeder-Simco GMC, Inc., 22

546 U.S. 164, 174-75 (2006) and Feesers, Inc. v. Michael Foods, Inc., 498 F.3d 206, 214 (3d Cir.

2007). Volvo Trucks and Feesers were not Sherman Act market allocation cases. Rather they were

decisions construing Section 2(a) of the Robinson-Patman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 13(a), involving claims

of price discrimination by a manufacturer against entities in the market position of a wholesaler. See

Volvo Trucks, 546 U.S. at 171; Feesers, 498 F.3d at 208-11.

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 36 of 72
Philadelphia DMA prior to the swap transactions. 

We find, however, that the Class has failed to meet its summary judgment burden to create

a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast or a Counterpartywas a potential overbuild competitor. 

The two variants of potential competition theory apply section 7 of the Clayton Act to prohibit

mergers and acquisitions by one company with another if “the effect of such acquisition may be

substantially to lessen competition.” United States v. Marine Bancorporation, 418 U.S. 602, 622

(1974). The Class’s assertion that overbuilding has occurred in other markets does not create a

23

genuine factual issue that there was any potential for overbuilding in the Philadelphia DMA among

As we stated in the class certification proceedings, 23

Under the first theory, “perceived potential competition,” the Supreme Court held

that competition might be diminished if a company that industry participants had

thought might actually enter the market on its own, instead simply acquired a

company already in that market. See Marine Bancorporation, 418 U.S. at 625

(“[T]he Court has interpreted § 7 as encompassing what is commonly known as the

‘wings effect’– the probability that the acquiring firm prompted premerger

procompetitive effects within the target market by being perceived by the existing

firms in that market as likely to enter de novo. . . . The elimination of such present

procompetitive effects may render a merger unlawful under § 7.”). Under these

cases, “perceived potential competition focuses on the premerger effect on prices of

the perception that if profits rise, a new company will enter the market and drive

down both prices and profits.” Alberta Gas Chemicals Ltd. v. E.I. Du Pont De

nemours and Co., 826 F.2d 1235 (3d Cir. 1987).

. . .

The actual potential competition doctrine has not received a clear stamp of validity

from the Supreme Court, but other courts have applied it where the plaintiff can

show: (1) that the relevant market is oligopolistic; (2) that absent the acquisition [of

the incumbent cable operator], the acquiring company [Comcast] would likely have

entered the market in the near future either de novo or through a toehold acquisition;

and (3) that such entryby the acquiring company[Comcast] would carrya substantial

likelihood of ultimately producing deconcentration of the market or other significant

procompetitive effects. Tenneco, Inc. v. FTC, 689 F.2d 346, 352 (2d Cir. 1982)

(citing Marine Bancorporation, 418 U.S. at 630, 633).

Behrend v. Comcast, 245 F.R.D. 195, 207 (E.D. Pa. 2007).

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 37 of 72
the transaction Counterparties prior to the mergers. Evidence that other MSOs in other parts of the

country engaged in overbuilding, and evidence that neighboring MSOs are the most likely

overbuilder entrants, is insufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact on whether (1) the

transaction Counterparties here would likely have entered a competitor’s franchise area in the near

future as a potential overbuilder had they not been acquired by Comcast or (2) that they had any

intention to potentially overbuild each others’ franchise areas, when the record evidence of those

parties’ intentions is directly to the contrary. Accordingly, we conclude that the section 1 rule of

reason claim may proceed on the Class’s theory that Comcast and the Counterparties were

“competitors” prior to the Transactions, but not upon its theory that they were potential overbuild

competitors.24

V. SECTION 2 CLAIM – PREDATORY CONDUCT

The Third Amended Complaint contains two claims under section 2 of the Sherman Act,25

monopolization (Count II) and attempted monopolization (Count III) . The Class identifies two 26

types of allegedly predatory conduct to support its section 2 claims: Comcast’s clustering conduct

We also find that the Class, to the extent that it raises the issues, cannot rely upon other 24

forms of competition identified by its expert Dr. Williams, namely benchmark competition,

competition for original cable franchises, and competition for bargaining power with programming

content providers, which we have previously rejected as unsupported by evidence common to the

class.

Section 2 of the Sherman Act states: “Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to 25

monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the

trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations” is guilty of an offense and

subject to penalties. 15 U.S.C. § 2. 

Comcast argues with respect to both claims that the Class has failed to show predatory 26

conduct. Accordingly, our analysis of the two section 2 claims is identical for the purposes of the

Motion.

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 38 of 72
and its conduct toward RCN, a cable overbuilder that attempted to overbuild Comcast franchises in

Delaware County, Pennsylvania. (Compl. ¶¶ 83-103.) Comcast argues it is entitled to summary

judgment because its clustering strategy had legitimate business justifications, and, accordingly,

cannot be deemed to be predatory anticompetitive conduct. It asserts that the Class has failed to

meet its summary judgment burden to create a genuine issue of material fact that the transactions

creating the cluster, either singlyor collectively, lacked a legitimate non-pretextual business purpose. 

Additionally, it argues that its conduct in relation to RCN was not predatory or exclusionary, and that

no jury could find that either (1) Comcast’s conduct in licensing Comcast SportNet Philadelphia

(“CSN Philadelphia”) to RCN, (2) RCN’s inability to engage contractors, or (3) Comcast’s price

discounts to potential RCN subscribers, constituted predatory conduct. Rather, it asserts, the 27

summary judgment record demonstrates that RCN’s inability to compete in the Philadelphia DMA

resulted from its own financial difficulties in raising capital. The Class responds that it has presented

ample evidence demonstrating the transactions were anticompetitive and lacked valid business

justifications. It also asserts that genuine issues of fact exist regarding Comcast’s conduct toward

In the class certification proceedings, we rejected two other theories presented by the Class 27

to demonstrate predatory conduct. We rejected the Class’s assertion that Comcast’s anti-RCN

lobbying activity could be used as proof of predatory conduct, because it was at odds with the NoerrPennington doctrine. (Class Cert. Mem. at 46 (citing Eastern R.R. Presidents Conference v. Noerr

Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127 (1961); United Mine Workers of Am. v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657

(1965) (holding that an individual is immune from antitrust liability for exercising First Amendment

right to petition the government)).) We also extensively discussed the issue of Comcast’s conduct

in denying access to its DBS competitors to CSN Philadelphia in the last class certification opinion,

which was based on the same record currently before us on summary judgment. We rejected Dr.

Williams’ and Dr. Singer’s opinions tying Comcast’s clustering activity in the Philadelphia DMA

to reduced DBS penetration rates as susceptible to proof at trial through available evidence common

to the class. (Id. at 26-28.) In its summary judgment brief and in its Counterstatement of Facts, the

Class concedes that these issues have been rejected and does not reraise them, other than to preserve

an objection to the prior rulings.

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RCN. 

The elements of a section 2 monopolization claim are (1) the possession of monopoly power

and (2) the willful acquisition and maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or

development or consequences of a superior product, business acumen, or historical accident. United

States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 570-71 (1966); Crossroads Cogeneration Corp. v. Orange &

Rockland Utils., Inc., 159 F.3d 129, 141 (3d Cir. 1998). The elements of section 2 attempted

monopolization are (1) that the defendant has a specific intent to monopolize, and (2) that the

defendant has engaged in anticompetitive conduct that, taken as a whole, creates (3) a dangerous

probability of achieving monopoly power. West Penn Allegheny Health Sys., Inc. v. UPMC, 627

F.3d 85, 108 (3d Cir. 2010) (citing Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506 U.S. 447, 456 (1993)).

28

The distinction between the two claims is that “monopolization requires proof of monopoly power,

while attempted monopolization requires only proof of a dangerous probability of achieving a

monopoly. Courts interpret the latter requirement to imply a showing of market share somewhat

less than that required for monopoly power.” 2 Kintner, Federal Antitrust Law § 14.9.

The possession of monopoly power “will not be found unlawful unless it is accompanied by

an element of anticompetitive conduct.” Verizon Commc’ns Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko,

LLP, 540 U.S. 398, 407 (2004) (emphasis deleted); Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 501 F.3d

297, 308 (3d Cir. 2007) (“the acquisition or possession of monopoly power must be accompanied

To determine whether there exists a viable claim of monopolization or attempted 28

monopolization, a court must inquire into the relevant product and geographic market. Spectrum

Sports, Inc., 506 U.S. at 459. We have already held in the class certification proceeding that the

Class can establish through common evidence its definitions that the relevant product market is the

provision of multichannel video programmingservice (“MVPS”) and the relevant geographicmarket

is the Philadelphia DMA. For the purposes of its summary judgment motion, Comcast does not

challenge these definitions. 

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 40 of 72
by some anticompetitive conduct on the part of the possessor”); Morris Comm’ncs Corp. v. PGA

Tour, Inc., 364 F.3d 1288, 1295 (11th Cir. 2004) (“Unlawful monopoly power requires

anticompetitive conduct, which is ‘conduct without a legitimate business purpose that makes sense

only because it eliminates competition.’” (quoting Gen. Indus. Corp. v. Hartz Mountain Corp., 810

F.2d 795, 804 (8th Cir. 1987))); LePage’s Inc. v. 3M, 324 F.3d 141, 153-54 (3rd Cir. 2003). 

Antitrust conduct, also called exclusionary conduct or predatory conduct, “is central to the offenses

of both monopolization and attempted monopolization.” 2 Kintner, Federal Antitrust Law, § 14.9. 

The analysis of predatory conduct is the same under both sections. Id. 

Courts follow a sequential analysis in examining predatory conduct. First, the burden of

proof of demonstrating predatory conduct and anticompetitive effect rests on the plaintiff. United

States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34, 58 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citing Monsanto, 465 U.S. at 763). If

a plaintiff successfully demonstrates anticompetitive conduct, the defendant must demonstrate a

“procompetitive justification” for its conduct. Id. at 59 (citing Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image

Technical Servs., Inc., 504 U.S. 451, 483 (1992)). A “procompetitive justification” is a

“nonpretextual claim that [the monopolist’s] conduct is indeed a form of competition on the merits

because it involves, for example, greater efficiency or enhanced consumer appeal. . . .” Id., see also

LePage’s Inc., 324 F.3d at 163 (“‘In general, a business justification is valid if it relates directly or

indirectly to the enhancement of consumer welfare. Thus, pursuit of efficiency and quality control

might be legitimate competitive reasons . . . , while the desire to maintain a monopoly market share

or thwart the entry of competitors would not.’” (quoting Data Gen. Corp. v. Grumman Sys. Support

Corp., 36 F.3d 1147, 1183 (1st Cir. 1994))) (alteration in original); see also 2 Kintner, Federal

Antitrust Law § 14.35 (“practices that harm other firms without harming competition, or that harm

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 41 of 72
rivals because of the defendant’s superior efficiency cannot constitute unlawfully exclusionary

conduct in the attempt context.”) . Once the defendant has met its burden to demonstrate a valid 29

business justification, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the proffered business 30

justification is pretextual. See Image Technical Servs., Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 125 F.3d 1195,

1212 (9th Cir. 1997). 

31

Kintner explains, 29

In considering exclusionary practices, it is critical to bearin mind that all competition

excludes. Everyact of innovation, price cutting, new entryor expanded output harms

competitors, excluding them from some part of the market, sometimes to the point

of destruction. But the antitrust laws actively promote this kind of harm to

competitors. . . . [I]t is only when firms engage in practices that are inefficiently

exclusionary – practices that predictably will lead to lower output and higher prices

by reducing competition in the market as a whole – that antitrust law may intervene

to enjoin or penalize the conduct.

2 Kintner, Federal Antitrust Law, § 14.14.

At least one court has held that the question is not whether the business justification is

30

sufficient, but merely whether defendant establishes it had one. Bell v. Dow Chem. Co., 847 F.2d

1179, 1186 (5th Cir. 1988) (stating that the Supreme Court’s decision in Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen

Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585, 597 (1985) “does not hold that a jury can weigh the

sufficiency of a legitimate business justification against the anticompetitive effects of a refusal to

deal in or order to find intent by a defendant to monopolize. . . . The fact determination that may be

left to a jury is whetherthe defendant has a legitimate business reason for its refusal, not whetherthat

reason is sufficient. The Aspen jury presumably found all of [defendant’s] business justifications

to be unpersuasive, not persuasive but insufficient.”).

We note that in Microsoft the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

31

Circuit offered an alternative route to demonstrating that the conduct was predatory, holding that “if

the monopolist’s procompetitive justification stands unrebutted, then the plaintiff must demonstrate

that the anticompetitive harm of the conduct outweighs the procompetitive benefit.” Microsoft, 253

F.3d at 59; see also Abbott Labs. v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 432 F. Supp. 2d 408, 422 (D. Del.

2006) (stating that Microsoft’s rubric allowed alternate means to plaintiff to rebut defendant’s

justification: as pretextual or, alternatively, by demonstrating that the anticompetitive harm of the

conduct outweighs the procompetitive benefit). The Third Circuit has never specificallyadopted this

alternative. See e.g., United States v. Dentsply Intern., Inc., 399 F.3d 181, 187, 196 (3d Cir. 2005)

(acknowledging business justification defense to predatory conduct claim without mentioning

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A. Creation of the Philadelphia cluster.

1. Has the Class created a genuine issue of material fact that the creation of the

Philadelphia DMA cluster was predatory?

The Class contends that building the Philadelphia cluster was predatory conduct because it

was accomplished through the use of the swap agreements to allocate the market between Comcast,

AT&T and Time Warner. (Compl. ¶ 83.) In addition to the evidence already discussed, the Class

balancing) (citing LaPage’s Inc. 324 F.3d at 152); Broadcom Corp., 501 F.3d at 318 (same). Other

post-Microsoft appellate decisions have also been silent on whetherthis alternative is available. See

e.g., Morris Commc’ns Corp. v. PGA Tour, Inc., 364 F.3d 1288, 1295 (11th Cir. 2004) (holding that

once the defendant has met its burden to show its valid business justification, the burden shifts to

the plaintiff to show that the proffered business justification is pretextual); ACT, Inc. v. Sylvan

Learning Sys., Inc., 296 F.3d 657, 670 (8th Cir. 2002) (holding that when a valid business reason

exists for the conduct alleged to be predatory or anti-competitive, that conduct cannot support the

inference of a section 2 violation; plaintiff’s evidence did not create a triable jury question on

whether defendant’s proffered business reasons were legitimate); see also 3 Areeda andHovenkamp,

Antitrust Law, § 658 (3d ed. 2007) (noting generally that few decisions have discussed the burden

shifting issue in any detail). 

In their discussion of the section 2 issues, neither party relied upon the alternative balancing

test, made anyargument that the test is applicable under Third Circuit case law, or attempted to apply

the test to the summary judgement record. Moreover, the Class initially advised the Court that it was

not relying upon the alternative balancing test. (N.T. 4/2/12 at 3:16-5:3.) However, in a later

correspondence, the Class noted that, as part of its argument that Comcast lacked a valid business

justification, it had argued in a footnote that a reasonable jury could conclude that the harm caused

byComcast’s anticompetitive conduct “far overshadowed” any claimed business justification. (See

Pl. Mem. at 72 n.55.) 

We find that any reliance upon the alternative balancing test was waived. The Class’s

footnote was entirely devoted to the pretext issue, not the balancing test. Moreover, arguments

“raised in passing (such as, in a footnote), but not squarely argued, are considered waived.” John

Wyeth & Bro. Ltd. v. CIGNA Int’l Corp., 119 F.3d 1070, 1076 n.6 (3d Cir. 1997) (finding cursory

arguments contained in footnote in appellate briefwere waived). The Class’s correspondence, issued

after it had stated on the record that it was not relying upon the test, is insufficient to raise an

argument that it did not include in its formal brief. See Acumed LLC v. Advanced Surgical Servs.,

Inc., 561 F.3d 199, 223 (3d Cir. 2009) (holding that a party has sufficient notice before a summary

judgment is entered against it if it had reason to believe that the court might reach the matter at issue

on the pending summary judgment application and the party had an opportunity to support its

position fully); Warren G. v. Cumberland County Sch. Dist., 190 F.3d 80, 84 (3d Cir. 1999) (holding

that an issue is waived if it is not raised in a party’s initial appellate brief).

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points to Dr. Williams’ opinions that the swaps and acquisitions caused large increases in Comcast

market share and market concentration. Its market share rose from 23.9% in 1998 to 77.8% in

2Q2002, ending at 69.5% in 4Q2007. (Williams Decl. ¶ 114.) Williams opined that Comcast

“would be expected to exercise substantial market or monopoly power, unless barriers to entry were

low.” (Id. ¶ 117.) However, he opined, there exist substantial barriers to entry into the MVPD

market, both wire-based and satellite, including substantial sunk capital cost, strategic behavior by

incumbents designed to raise their rivals’ costs, such as limiting programming availability, local and

state level regulations, and technological limitations. (Id. ¶ 118.) Dr. Williams contends that, among

the anticompetitive results from Comcast’s acquisition of market power from its clustering the

Philadelphia DMA was its ability to deter overbuilding. (Id. ¶ 131; Williams Supp. Decl., Table 5;

see also SingerReply Decl. ¶¶ 42-59.) Because, Dr. Williams opines, the presence of an overbuilder

restrains cable prices (see Williams Decl. ¶ 133 and App. IV), the Class contends there is ample

evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Comcast’s clustering of the Philadelphia

DMA decreased overbuilding and led to increased prices. Relying upon the Supreme Court’s

decision in Grinnell Corp., the Class argues that the swaps transactions are thus sufficient proof of

anticompetitive conduct, standing alone, to permit a jury to find for the Class on its section 2 claims.

In Grinnell, the Court held that acquiring competitors in order to perfect a monopoly is

predatory conduct. 384 U.S. at 576 ; see also 2 Kintner, Federal Antitrust Law § 14.13 (“The 32

The Court stated: 32

We have said enough about the great hold that the defendants have on this market. 

The percentage is so high as to justify the finding of monopoly. And, as the facts

already related indicate, this monopoly was achieved in large part by unlawful and

exclusionarypractices. The restrictive agreements that pre-empted for each company

a segment of the market where it was free of competition of the others were one

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conduct element of the monopolization offense can be satisfied by a merger (or series of mergers)

to monopoly or by inefficient exclusionary conduct. . . . An acquisition or series of acquisitions that

threaten to achieve monopoly power may establish the requisite conduct and specific intent for an

attempt to monopolize.”). Because the Class has presented evidence creating genuine issues of

material fact that (1) the swaps resulted in a dominate market share, (2) the anticompetitive results

from Comcast’s acquisition of market power from its clustering the Philadelphia DMA included its

ability to deter overbuilding and (3) the presence of an overbuilder restrains cable prices, the Class

may rely upon the transactions themselves and evidence of Comcast’s resultant increase in market

share as proof of predatory conduct.

2. Has Comcast stated a “procompetitive justification” for its conduct?

Comcast argues it is entitled to summary judgment on the section 2 claim because it had

legitimate, procompetitive justifications in creating the Philadelphia cluster, and the Class has failed

to create a triable issue negating this claim. Based on the evidence already discussed in conjunction

with the arguments on the per se claim, Comcast argues that each transaction was undertaken for

valid business purposes. It argues that its decision to create a cluster in the Philadelphia DMA was

undertaken to achieve greater efficiency, a prototypically valid business purpose.

device. Pricing practices that contained competitors were another. The acquisitions

by Grinnell of ADT, AFA, and Holmes were still another. Grinnell long faced a

problem of competingwith ADT. That was one reason it acquired AFA and Holmes. 

Prior to settlement of its dispute and controversy with ADT, Grinnell prepared to go

into the central station service business. By acquiring ADT in 1953, Grinnell

eliminated that alternative. Its control of the three other defendants eliminated any

possibility of an outbreak of competition that might have occurred when the 1907

agreements terminated. By those acquisitions it perfected the monopoly power to

exclude competitors and fix prices.

Grinnell, 384 U.S. at 576.

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Comcast asserts that contemporaneous Comcast documents identify the efficiencies and

advantages associated with clustering, including opportunities in the areas of general management,

new product introductions, marketing, brand building, retail presence, ad sales, government and

community relations, local programming, call centers, training, and business communications

services. (Def. Mem. at 34-35; Def. Ex. 29, “Clusters/2000 Management Retreat Memo.,” at COMPA0214427-28 (outlining management opportunities created by large clusters, including general

management, new productintroduction,marketing, ad sales, government/community relations, local

programming, call centers and training); Def. Ex. 28 (same).) It adds that testimony confirmed that

clustering enabled Comcast to realize marketing efficiencies by increasing its presence across a

DMA (thereby enabling its self-advertising to reach a wider audience), and to realize other

efficiencies such as consolidating infrastructure, operations, call centers, and management. (Def.

Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶¶ 46-47; Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., 116:2-117:16 ; Def. Ex. 50,

33

CEO Roberts testified that among the advantages of clustering were 33

economies of scale and improved consumer benefits. And Iwould say that those two

categories are what I’ve been talking about with clustering, that I think in ’99 you – 

depending on the scale, now this total acquisition would have done what I said

earlier, make us substantially larger, so we would have qualified for programing

discounts. 

We would be able to consolidate managers within a market. We’d be able to

open up call centers within those markets, that would be open 24 hours a day, instead

of kicking over to an answering service at night. When most people watch television,

historically, that’s how cable service was provided. Now you had a much larger area,

and you’re able to use new technology, as well as have a bigger scale of operations. 

We are able to recruit better executives because it’s closer to the caliber of

being a TV station general manager. Often considered the best job in media was to

run one of the local markets, because you had the entire market in the broadcast

industry or the radio industry, or the newspaper industry, or frankly, the phone

industry. You were in charge of either a state or a city. So heretofore, we would

have, you know, lower paid, smaller area of line of responsibility. So there’s a

myriad of benefits that happened in that situation.

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Doyle Dep., 90:3-92:3 (stating that a benefit of clustering was the ability to recruit better people and

manage business more efficiently); Def. Ex. 53, Marshall Dep., 32:24-33:22 (stating that a benefit

of clustering was better ad sales and economies of scale).) As noted in the discussion of per se

liability, Comcast asserts that clustering also allowed it to introduce new products such as high-speed

internet, telephone, pay per view, video on demand, digital video recorders, digital cable,

substantially more channels, and high-definition television. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶

48.) The economies of scale associated with clustering enabled cable providers to compete with

satellite companies with a national footprint, and telephone companies possessing vastly larger

resources and clusters, who were emerging as competitors in multiple product markets – video, data,

and telephone. (Id. ¶ 49; Def. Ex. 54, Pick Dep., 56:1-57:23; Def. Ex. 51, Hindery Dep., 132:11-15;

Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., 144:23-146:7.). We find that Comcast has stated procompetitive

justifications for its clustering conduct. 

3. Has the Class created a genuine issue of material fact that the proffered

business justification for clustering is pretextual?

The Class does not dispute that Comcast has identified efficiencies purportedly associated

with clustering. (Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 46.) Rather, the Class asserts that Comcast did not

present evidence that it conducted any post-transaction studies to see whether its assumptions about

efficiencies were correct and there is no evidence in the record creating a genuine issue of material

fact that the transactions actually resulted in increased efficiency for Comcast. It argues that a

reasonable jury could conclude from Comcast’s “lack of interest” in whether its stated justification

was true that its claimed efficiency justification was pretextual. (Class Pl. Mem. at 70.)

Def. Ex. 56, Roberts Dep., 116:2-117:16

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In contrast to the lack of evidence of actual efficiencies, the Class argues that the evidence

creates a genuine issue of material fact that, with each transaction Comcast raised its prices,

suggesting that the claim of efficiency is pretextual. (Class Pl. Mem. at 72-73 (citing Pl. Ex. 6,

“Analysis of Adelphia New JerseyRates,” at COM-PA0513589 (stating “it appears that Adelphia’s

rates could rise about $8.53 to be in line with Comcast’s rates.”); Pl. Ex. 126, Peyton Email of March

30, 2006 (stating with regard to the Adelphia/Time Warner swap transaction that a “factor[] driving

the brand transition timing” was “[a] desire to take as many scheduled rate increases as possible

under the existing Adelphia or TW system name.”); Pl. Ex. 5, “Rating Agency Presentation January

2002,” at COM-PA0206424 (noting that operating cash flow per formersubscriber of E. W. Scripps,

Jones Intercable and Lenfest increased, on average, 30% within one year of Comcast’s acquisition

ofthose systems.); Pl. Ex. 130, “KeyMessages,” (noting after integration of AT&T systems revenues

increased by 9.8%, operating cash flow by 22.9%, margins by 8.2 points, and operating cash flow

per subscriber by 23.4%; after integration of Adelphia systems revenues increased by 15.3%,

operating cash flow by 28%, margins by 12 points, and operating cash flow per subscriber by

23.4%); Pl. Ex. 113, Presentation of Brian Roberts at Salomon Smith Barney 12 Annual th

Entertainment, Media & Telecommunications Conference, at COM-PA0470175 (stating that “in

every other acquisition we’ve been able to get the Comcast margin to 42 percent within two years”);

Pl. Ex. 123, Announcement of Adelphia and Time Warner Transactions, at COM-PA1137177-178

(showing acquired Adelphia systems’ operating cash flow margin increasing from 30% to 39% after

acquisition, showing historyof increases afterAT&Tand prior Adelphia acquisitions).) When asked

about projecting revenues models after completing acquisitions, Robert Pick testified that Comcast

“generally assume[d] there [would] be rate increases in the – over the modeling period.” (Pl. Ex.

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 48 of 72
92, Pick Dep., 87:2-4.) David Scott, Comcast’s executive vice-president of finance and

administration, testified that Comcast’s cable headquarters “directionally” advised how much it

expected companywide prices to increase in its budgetingmodel each year, while allowing individual

franchises to vary across the country. (Pl. Ex. 96, Scott Dep., 26:22-28:14.)

The Class also asserts that Comcast did not need to allocate markets in order to achieve

efficiency; that it could have built its cluster by overbuilding its competitors rather than acquiring

them or swapping for their assets. (Pl. Mem. at 75-76.) It argues that a reasonable jury could find

that Comcast’s decision to pursue efficiency through swaps and acquisitions, rather than through

overbuilding, harmed competition, was unnecessarilyrestrictive, and was thus anticompetitive, even

if Comcast was allegedly engaging in those transactions in pursuit of increased efficiency. 

Comcast responds that (1) the Class cites no authority for its assertion that a company

claiming efficiencymust conduct formal studies to establish that its goal was achieved, (2) the Class

itself elicited testimony that Comcast had achieved efficiencies, (3) the Class’s experts conceded that

clustering can lead to efficiencies, (4) the FCC concluded that clustering increased efficiencies, and

(5) the Class itself elicited testimony that obvious efficiencies were observed by Comcast after the

transactions. It points out that it raised cable prices annually both before and after the transactions, 34

Robert Pick testified in response to a question by Class counsel about whether Comcast 34

studied whether its estimated efficiencies were realized that,

I’m not aware – I’m not sure or at least I’m not aware of any specific studies

that were done to see if they were achieved or not achieved. Some of them obvious

were obvious. Forinstance, Ithink in the operating efficiencies, we assumed that we

could bring margins of the AT&T systems to that level close to or similar to the

Comcast system.

And so it’s just obvious that you could see during the financial – looking at

financial results that if the margins of those things approved – improved at or close

to Comcast systems, you would see that we were able to do that.

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in both legacy and in newly acquired franchises. (Def. Sup. Ex. 93, S. Burke Dep., 44:5-20, 45:5-

8. ) Thus, it argues that its intention to raise prices after acquiring systems does not establish 35

pretext. It also emphasizes that it is undisputed that it introduced new services into its acquired

territories that were not previously available, like digital cable, DVRs, and telephone and internet

service. 

We find that the Class has not met its summary judgment burden to create a genuine issue

of material fact that Comcast’s claim of efficiency as a justification for clustering was a pretext. The

Class’s evidence that Comcast raised prices does not refute the claim of efficiency. While the Class

did not have to present direct evidence establishing pretext to meet its summary judgment burden,

it had to present probative evidence that would demonstrate the existence of a triable issue of fact

upon which a reasonable jury could disbelieve what Comcast asserts. It has tried to do this by

arguing that Comcast could have achieved the same efficiency of clustering by overbuilding its

competitors, rather than acquiring them or swapping for their assets, and asserting that Comcast

never studied whether it was achieving its goals. We reject these contentions for several reasons. 

First, the underlying assumptions – that clustering efficiencies can be similarly created

(Pl. Ex. 92, Pick Dep., 305:12-22.)

COO Burke testified that 35

Basic cable rates in virtually every system in every cable company in every state in

the country are raised every year because our programming costs go up every year. 

And, so, there were basic rate increases I would say in virtually all of the systems in

the Philadelphia area every year during the period of time.

. . .

We raise prices every year because our programming increases every year.

(Def. Sup. Ex. 93, S. Burke Dep., 44:5-20, 45:5-8.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 50 of 72
through overbuilding, and that creating a cluster through overbuilding is an equallyefficient business

model – are unsupported by any evidence. Second, the fact that Comcast could have achieved

efficiencies differentlyis insufficient to show that Comcast’s efficiencyjustifications were a pretext. 

Third, there is no authority that an antitrust defendant’s expectations of efficiency proved accurate. 

Similarly, the fact that Comcast did not study its efficiencies is also insufficient to show that the

efficiency justification was a pretext. Moreover, the evidence in the record supports the fact that

clustering in fact leads to efficiencies of scale. Finally, the Class does not dispute that Comcast 36

was able to provide significant new services to its customers as a result of clustering. 

Accordingly, we grant summary judgment to Comcast on the Class’s section 2 claim

regarding Comcast’s clustering conduct. The Class has failed to create a genuine issue of material

fact that Comcast’s proffered business justification was pretextual.

B. RCN

As noted above, the Class argues that Comcast’s conduct toward RCN was predatory in three

respects: (1) its conduct blocking RCN’s access to cable infrastructure installation contractors, (2)

its conduct in licensing CSN Philadelphia to RCN, and (3) its practice of offering price discounts

to potential RCN subscribers. We shall examine each claim individually.

1. Access to cable infrastructure installation contractors.

a. Has the Class created a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast’s

See Def. Ex. 18, Seventh Annual Competition Report, ¶ 166 (clustering “permits cable 36

operators to . . . gain efficiencies related to economies of scale and scope resulting in lower

administrative costs, enhanced deployment of new technologies, and encouraging the extension into

previously unserved areas”); Def. Ex. 19, FCC 01-389, Eighth Annual Competition Report, ¶ 14

(“By clustering their systems, cable operators may be able to achieve efficiencies that facilitate the

provision of cable and other services, such as telephony.”).

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 51 of 72
actions blocking RCN’s access to cable infrastructure installation

contractors were predatory?

In June 1998, RCN sought and received certifications to operate Open Video Systems37

(“OVS”) in four counties in the Philadelphia DMA (Delaware, Bucks, Chester, and Montgomery). 

(Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 54.) Of those four counties, RCN chose to enter Delaware

County first, breaking ground on its overbuild cable system in the Borough of Folcroft in late 1999. 

(Id. ¶ 55.) From there, RCN continued its overbuilding throughout DelawareCounty. In 2000, RCN

overbuilt in Folcroft, Ridley Township, Eddystone, Norwood, Sharon Hill, Prospect Park and

Collingdale. In 2001 RCN overbuilt in Glenolden, Ridley Park, Upper Darby, Colwyn, Morton,

Tinicum Township, Clifton Heights, DarbyTownship and DarbyBorough. In 2002, RCN overbuilt

in Rutledge, Milbourne, East Lansdowne and Lansdowne. In 2003, RCN overbuilt in Yeadon. (Id.

¶ 57; Def. Ex. 41, Laura Burke Deposition Exhibit 13.).)

On May 29, 2002, RCN sent a letter to the FCC complaining that “it [was] aware of no less

than fifteen (15) contractors in the Philadelphia market – representing virtually all of the viable

construction and installation contractors in the area – whom Comcast or, prior to its acquisition by

Comcast, Suburban Cable, have prevented or tried to prevent from doing business with RCN.”38

(Def. Ex. 43, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep. Ex. 22 at RCN 0000237.) After Suburban merged into Comcast,

those Suburban personnel responsible for the company’s contractor non-compete policy “went to

An OVS is a “facility consisting of a set of transmission paths and associated signal

37

generation, reception, and control equipment that is designed to provide cable servicewhich includes

video programming and which is provided to multiple subscribers within a community. . . .” 47

C.F.R. § 76.1500(a).

Dr. Singer, a class expert, opined that the fifteen area contractors constituted approximately 38

53% of the available contractors in the Philadelphia area. (Singer Decl. ¶ 124.)

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 52 of 72
work for Comcast, where the practice of intimidating contractors continued.” (Id. at RCN 0000238.) 

Scott Burnside, RCN’s Senior Vice President forRegulatoryandGovernmental Affairs, testified that

RCN suffered “delays and setbacks by not having full cooperation from the outside contractors that

it would normally expect to have.” (Pl. Ex. 83, Burnside Dep., 81:13-16.) 

James Cleaver, an installation subcontractor who had worked for Suburban Cable, testified

that several subcontractors who had worked for Comcast were barred from further work when

Comcast became aware that they were working as subcontractors for his company on the RCN build

out. (Pl. Ex. 84, Cleaver Dep., 61:9-77:22.) When Cleaver’s company began working for RCN as

a subcontractor, he received an email from Chris Patterson of Suburban Cable, which was about to

be acquired by Comcast. (Def. Ex.43, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep. Ex. 22, at RCN0000241.) Patterson told

Cleaver:

You suggest that Suburban did not have a problem with you working for other area

cable companies and you were right, because theywere not in direct competition with

Suburban Cable as RCN is. Every mile of rear buss plant that you build gives RCN,

our competitor the ability to take customers away from Suburban Cable. Our

company and the Cable industry does not share the same perspective that you do in

regards to competition. 

. . .

You are correct, you are a business man and as we discussed on the phone you need

to take the proper business decisions for your company. In my opinion your business

decision should have been to stay with Suburban and become a part of our major

project. You also know that we will become part of a larger cluster under Comcast

ownership which will span the Tri-state area and south through Baltimore and

Washington. You need to know that they have a more intense feeling about

competing with RCN than Suburban does, and our intensity is pretty strong. Why

you choose to work for a smaller company such as RCN in light of things to come

are more of a short term decision vs looking at the long term in this area with

Comcast. Again, you made a business decision for your company any your

employee’s [sic] and that is fine. Suburban had to act on a legal document that you

signed for Non-compete. This is the only reason why Suburban terminated your

contracts, because it was in breach.

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(Id.) Cleaver testified on cross examination at his deposition that when he worked for Suburban

Cable he had access to the company’s design plans and used Suburban’s equipment. (Def. Ex. 48

Cleaver Dep. 101:14-25.) He understood that Suburban had concerns because its design plans were

confidential and also concerns about equipment being mixed up with the equipment of other

companies. (Id. at 101:14-104:7.) He also testified that he currently continues to get work from

Comcast, even though he also works for RCN and Verizon. (Id. at 79:13-17.) Finally, Cleaver

testified that RCN paid contractors higher rates “because they wanted to lure whoever [sic] they

could, and the only way you are going to get them on is to pay the money.” (Pl. Ex. 84, Cleaver

Dep., 118:2-23.)

Notwithstanding the evidence of RCN’s complaint to the FCC and the Burnside and Cleaver

testimony, Comcast offers evidence that by April 2001, RCN was able to complete its buildout in

Delaware County, achieving a penetration rate of 20 – 21%, which was above its 20% minimum

target required to keep its operations viable and generate a return. (Def. Statement of Undisputed

Facts ¶ 58; Def. Ex. 55, RCN Rule 30(b)(6) Dep., 62:12-18.) It adds that, when deposed by the

Class, RCN did not identify any barriers to entry created by Comcast in the Philadelphia DMA;

instead, RCN’s 30(b)(6) designee stated that the only barriers to entry RCN faced in entering the

Philadelphia DMA were (i) physical access to the poles that were owned by the utilities to build its

system and (ii) obtaining a franchise from each municipality to provide the service. (Def. Statement

of Undisputed Facts ¶ 59; Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep., 47:17-49:4, 55:11-21.) The Rule

30(b)(6) witness testified that the company had not experienced “any lack of contractors” at the

hands of Comcast, and that it was able to retain all the cable construction and installation contractors

necessary to build out its cable systems in Delaware County. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts 

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 54 of 72
¶ 67-69; Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep., 152:24-153:1; see also Def. Ex. 47, Burnside Dep.,

158:25-159:13. ) Comcast has also presented evidence that the pool of cable installers and 39

construction contractors available to build out cable systems in Eastern Pennsylvania numbered in

the hundreds, including both locally-based contractors and national companies. (Def. Statement of

Undisputed Facts ¶ 66; Def. Ex. 48, Deposition of James Cleaver on May 14, 2008 (“Cleaver

Dep.”), 114:23-117:16; Def. Ex. 40, Cleaver Dep. Ex. 9.) Comcast notes that RCN stated to the

FCC that Comcast had exclusive arrangements with only 15 of these contractors. (Def. Ex. 43, RCN

30(b)(6) Dep. Ex. 22 at RCN 0000237.) 

Although RCN complained to the FCC that Comcast had tied up fifteen installation

contractors with non-compete agreements, the record contains evidence of only two signed

contractor non-compete agreements – the one discussed in the Cleaver deposition between Suburban

Cable TV Co. (which was later acquired by Comcast) and Installation Technologies, Inc. (“ITI”),

After offering direct testimony that RCN had suffered set backs and delays due to 39

Comcast’s interference with contractors, on cross-examination at his deposition, RCN executive

Scott Burnside confirmed the testimony of the Rule 30(b)(6) witness:

Q. And you testified about access to contractors. RCN was able to

get contractors to build out in Delaware County, right?

. . .

THE WITNESS: To some degree, yes.

BY MR. KORPUS:

Q. To a degree sufficient to build out its system in Delaware County

to its specifications, right?

MR. WOODWARD: Objection. Form.

THE WITNESS: To do construction in Delaware County, they were

able to get construction people willing to do work in Delaware

County.

(Def. Ex. 47, Burnside Dep., 158:25-159:13.). Burnside also testified that some contractors left

Comcast to work for RCN because they did not like Comcast’s “bullying tactics.” (Id. at 160:25-

161:11.) 

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 55 of 72
dated April 22, 1999 and terminated on November 26, 1999, (Def. Ex. 39, Cleaver Deposition

Exhibit 6); and another between Suburban and Lewis Communications dated April 9, 1999. (Def.

Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 71; Def. Ex. 43, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep. Ex. 22 at RCN000242-45.) 

Both non-compete agreements were executed before the class period. Those provisions prohibited

the contractors from working for anyone besides Comcast during the term of the principal contract

in geographic areas where Comcast faced competition. (Def. Ex. 43; Def. Ex. 39.) In the

Suburban/ITI contract, the term of the non-compete extended for six months after termination of the

contract, i.e., May 2000. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 73; Def. Ex. 39.) It is undisputed

that Comcast never brought an action to enforce this provision and ITI continued to work for RCN

after Comcast terminated the contract for cause. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 74;

Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 74.) The Suburban/Lewis non-compete only lasted for the duration of

the contract. Moreover, it is undisputed that, when asked byComcast to honor the agreement, Lewis

instead chose to work for RCN. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 75; Counterstatement of

Facts ¶ 75.) 

Comcast also presents evidence that RCN’s tenuous financial condition, rather than any

problems it experienced with the availability of contractors, caused the company to ultimately

abandon its efforts to overbuild in the Philadelphia DMA. In December 2000, while its build-out

of Delaware County was underway, RCN announced that, in order to conserve cash, the company

had abandoned its plans to enter any new markets where it did not already provide video service. 

This announcement applied nationwide – not just to Philadelphia. (Def. Statement of Undisputed

Facts ¶ 80; Def. Ex. 45, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep. Ex. 34.) RCN confirmed in its public filings pursuant

to the federal securities law and in statements to the FCC that it had abandoned plans to engage in

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Case 2:03-cv-06604-JP Document 475 Filed 04/12/12 Page 56 of 72
further overbuilding (in Philadelphia or elsewhere) because it lacked the necessary capital. (Def.

Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 81-83; Def. Ex. 3, RCN 2001 10-K405, p. 51.; Def. Ex. 42, RCN

30(b)(6) Dep. Ex. 8 (Initial Comments of RCN Corp. in re Annual Assessment of the State of

Competition, dated August 3, 2001), p. 7; see also Def. Ex. 47, Burnside Dep., 170:7-171:22.) 

Consistent with the announced change in its strategy, RCN did not start any new overbuild

construction, and instead actually sought to free itself from its build-out obligations in the

Philadelphia DMA and elsewhere. RCN did not even build out franchise areas where it already had

franchise approvals and therefore the legal obligation to build. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts

¶ 84; Def. Ex. 3, RCN 2001 10-K405, p. 20, 52; Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep., 159:9-160:13;

Def. Ex. 3, RCN 2001 10-K405, p. 20, 26; Def. Ex. 4, RCN 2002 10-KA, p. 22, 28; Def. Ex. 5 RCN

2003 10-K, p. 32; Def. Ex. 6, RCN 2004 10-K, p. 16; Def. Ex. 7, RCN 2005 10-K, p. 19.) Among

the areas affected byRCN’s strategic retrenchment were communities in Bucks County where RCN

had franchise approvals and build out obligations. In 2002 and 2003, due to its continuing net losses

and ongoing inability to raise capital, RCN reiterated in its public disclosures that it would not be

able to honor its build-out requirements in certain communities across the country, including in

Eastern Pennsylvania. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 88; Def. Ex. 3, RCN 2001 10-K405,

p 20, 24, 51-52; Def. Ex. 4, RCN 2002 10-KA, p. 22, 26-27; Def. Ex. 5, RCN 2003 10-K, p. F-1,

F-26, F-29, F-39; Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep., 164:20-165:6, 167:20-168:24.) In May 2004,

RCN filed for bankruptcy. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 89; Counterstatement of Facts ¶

89.) Even after emerging from bankruptcy, RCN’s financial problems persisted, and its losses

continued to mount. It is undisputed that, in May 2005, RCN disclosed that it was continuing its

efforts to terminate or renegotiate franchise agreements in communities across the country, including

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Eastern Pennsylvania, to avoid breaches and related penalties, and announced that it expected to

continue to experience net losses “for the foreseeable future.” (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts

¶ 93; Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 93.) 

The Class does not dispute that RCN was suffering from financial problems. It contends that

RCN, in part, blamed its problems on “the inability to secure, or the uncertainty about whetherit will

be able to secure, essential programming,” (Def. Ex. 42, Initial Comments of RCN Corp to FCC, p.

i-ii) and that RCN repeatedly complained to the FCC about Comcast. It contends that RCN’s

financial problems are evidence of the toll Comcast exacted on its competitor through its

anticompetitive conduct in the Philadelphia DMA, i.e, by limiting RCN’s access to contractors, as

well as its conduct in targeting price discounts to prospective RCN subscribers – which we discuss

below – Comcast raised RCN’s costs. (See Singer Merits Reply Decl. ¶ 34 (“Comcast’s contractorforeclosure strategy directly raised RCN’s costs of supplying MVPD service in the Philadelphia

DMA and thereby provided Comcast with an artificial cost advantage vis-a-vis RCN. Dr. Teece’s

proposed remedy – importing contractors from distant areas – is also an example of raising rivals’

costs.”); see also Teece Decl. ¶ 176 (finding that “a number of Philadelphia area contractors chose

to work solely (or mostly) with RCN,” but noting also that “RCN apparently paid contractors more

than Comcast in order to incentivize them to work with RCN.”).)

Drawing all inferences in favor of the Class as the non-moving party, we find that the Class

has succeeded in creating a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast acted with predatory intent

regarding RCN’s access to cable infrastructure installation contractors. There is a genuine issue of

fact with regard to the reasons whyRCN encountered problems in its build out in Delaware County. 

Comcast’s evidence showing a larger pool of contractors, that RCN was able to complete its build

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out in Delaware County with available contractors, that Comcast never enforced non-compete

agreements with contractors, and that RCN’s problems arose from its lack of capital, does not

establish that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issue. The contrary evidence

Comcast presents merely counters the Class’s evidence; it does not establish that no jury could find

predatory conduct on the part of Comcast if it chose to believe the Class’s evidence. 

b. Has Comcast stated a “procompetitive justification” for its conduct?

Comcast’s stated justification for “tying up” contractors with non-compete clauses is that it

utilized non-compete clauses with contractors to protect its proprietary customer information,

confidential design plans, and equipment. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 76; Def. Ex. 46,

S. Burke Dep., 167:15-168:21; Def. Ex. 48, Cleaver Dep., 103:18-104:4 (acknowledging that

Comcast personnel expressed concerns about confidential design plans and mixing up equipment

on the same truck)). Comcast’s Steve Burke testified generally that the companywas concerned that

an installation contractor, who had access to Comcast’s customer lists, might also work for DirecTV

or RCN:

we don’t like the fact that you have names of our customers and now you are doing

business with DirecTV, and the potential for somebody to make a bigger commission

by doing business with DirecTV than Comcast, all of a sudden we lose a customer.

So Ithink it’s totally appropriate to tell a contractor, you know, we have enough work

for 50 people, you work for us, we don’t want you working for our competitor. But

I don’t know in the specific case of RCN whether that was done in Philadelphia.

(Def. Ex. 46, S. Burke Dep. 167:16-168:1.) He added,

It’s not a matter of company policy that if a company does work for anyone else they

can’t do work for us, but just as a matter of common business sense, if someone – 

if you have someone who is doing a lot of business with you and a lot of business

with one of your competitors and you suspect that that is damaging you because they

are taking your names and customers to someone else, boy, if I was running a system

in Sarasota, Florida, I would stop it.

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(Id. 168:13-22.) We find that Comcast has stated a legitimate procompetitive justification for its

conduct with regard to cable infrastructure installation contractors.

c. Has the Class created a genuine issue of material fact that the

proffered business justification is pretextual?

We find that the Class has failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast’s

stated justification was a pretext for predatory conduct. Indeed, in its summary judgment brief, the

Class does not address Comcast’s justifications for imposing no-compete terms on cable installers,

i.e., the need for cable companies to protect their customer lists, design plans, and equipment.40

Accordingly, we conclude that the Class has failed to meet its summary judgment burden on the

issue of whether Comcast’s justifications for requiring no-compete clauses by cable infrastructure

installation contractors were pretextual.

2. RCN’s access to CSN Philadelphia.

The Class contends that CSN Philadelphia, Comcast’s regional sports network, is “must

have” programming needed by MVPDs, including RCN, to compete in the Philadelphia DMA. (Pl.

Ex. 83, Burnside Dep., 83:14-85:12.) The Third Amended Complaint alleges that Comcast initially

refused to provide RCN, and then provided only on a short-term basis, access to Comcast SportsNet

Philadelphia, refusing to enter into a stable, multi-year license for the content until only shortly

We note that Dr. Singer addresses the issue in his declaration, opining that “[t]here does 40

not appear to be a compelling justification for [the contractor no-compete] conduct, as one Comcast

official noted to another that ‘I am not entirely sure what problem a[n] [exclusivity] program would

be designed to solve’ and that exclusive contracting ‘has not bubbled up from the field as an urgent

need and so I am not sure what we are trying to fix.’” (Singer Decl. ¶ 112 (quoting COMPA1456482).) While it is unclear whether Dr. Singer was aware of Comcast’s stated justifications

when he stated there did not appear to be one, his opinion denying that Comcast had stated any

justifications is not supported by the record.

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before the Third Amended Complaint was filed. (Compl. ¶¶ 86-90.) The Class asserts that RCN’s

initial attempt to license CSN Philadelphia was “initially rebuffed,” and that Comcast later indicated

it would terminate RCN’s access to CSN Philadelphia during the time period that it was building out

its DelawareCounty communities. (Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 61; Pl. Ex. 97, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep.,

69:16-20; Pl. Ex. 118.) It presents evidence that, during this time frame when RCN was attempting

to sign up customers in its new operating areas, Comcast call center workers were directed to tell

subscribers cancelling in favor of RCN that RCN will no longer have the right to carry Comcast

SportsNet after October 1, 2000. (Pl. Ex. 81, S. Burke Dep., 123:6-19; Pl. Ex. 83, Burnside Dep.,

116:22-118:8). While conceding that “Comcast eventually allowed RCN access to the ‘must-have’

programming on a series of short term, month-to-month contracts,” it characterizes this arrangement

as “outside the industry norm.” (Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 61 (citing Pl. Ex. 135, Letter of April

16, 2001, p. 6.).) 

41

We note that the summary judgment record includes testimony from Scott Burnside that 41

Comcast used CSN Philadelphia to create an entry barrier. Burnside, referring to the month-tomonth contract period, testified “it gave Comcast some leverage . . . over RCN and where RCN

might go into other competitive – other communities in that greater Philadelphia market. (Pl. Ex.

83, Burnside Dep., 104:23-105:2.; but see Def. Ex. 47, Burnside Dep., 114:18-21 (stating “RCN still

does have the programming required to be competitive because they are there and competing on a

dailybasis.”); see also Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep., 49:5-15 (stating that obtaining programming

is not an entry barrier)). 

However, we find that the evidence cited for the “outside the industry norm” proposition, as

well as the claim that Comcast told RCN it would terminate its access to CSN Philadelphia, is taken

out of context. CSN Philadelphia’s CEO Jack Williams informed RCN on May 25, 2000 that, due

to changes in the cost of programming, the market, and the needs of Comcast’s affiliates, Comcast

would not be able “to extend its arrangement with your system at the price and on the other terms

and conditions currently in effect when your agreement expires this coming October.” (Pl. Ex.

118, Letter of May 25, 2000 (emphasis added).) The letter states that this same notice was being

given to all CSN Philadelphia affiliates. The Class concedes that RCN received a long-term contract

executed in December 2003, and made effective as of October 1, 2001, the termination date of its

prior long-term contract. (Pl. Ex. 79.)

The contention that the intervening short-term contracts were “outside the industry norm”

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In his report, Dr. Singer opined that Comcast sought to deny RCN access to CSN

Philadelphia, and then sought to raise its rival’s costs by artificially inflating the price, once the FCC

determined that Comcast was required to provide access to its wireline competitors. (Singer Decl.

¶ 97.) Dr. Singer opines that, “[e]ven though Comcast ultimately was compelled to supply RCN

with [CSN Philadelphia], the episode reveals Comcast’s anticompetitive intent and highlights the

competitive implications of such exclusionary conduct in the downstream market.” (Singer Decl.

¶ 100.)

Comcast responds that RCN has had access to CSN Philadelphia continuously from before

the class period to the present day and that RCN’s own corporate designee testified that lack of

access to CSN Philadelphia programming did not constitute a barrier to entry for RCN into the

Philadelphia DMA. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 61; Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep., p.

127:17-22; Def. Ex. 47, Burnside Dep., 143:16-144:12.) It adds that RCN had a

“most-favored-nation” clause guaranteeing that it would receive CSN Philadelphia on terms no less

is based upon a letter Comcast CEO Brian Roberts sent to Senator Arlen Specter. In describing

Comcast’s relations with RCN, he stated that RCN “has had, and continues to have, a contractual

agreement to carry Comcast SportsNet on its systems in the network’s greater Philadelphia service

area;” that in “October 2000, every Comcast SportsNet affiliate was offered a six-month carriage

renewal (through March 2001), after which the carriage agreement would remain in place on a

continuous, month-to-month basis; while this month-to-month agreement is in place, either Comcast

SportsNet or the affiliate has the right to terminate the agreement on 90 days’ notice.” (Pl. Ex. 135,

Letter of April 16, 2001, p. 6 (emphasis in original).) Roberts told Specter that Comcast did this “to

assure affiliates of continuous service while the company reviewed its business plan and structure”

and Roberts stated that Comcast advised RCN that, on completion of that review, it would offer “all

affiliates a standard new contract whose terms and length will be consistent with established industry

practices.” (Id. (emphasis in original).) The Class reads the statement that the new contract would

“be consistent with industrystandards” as evidence that the intercedingmonth-to-month arrangement

was outside the norm. This characterization ignores the evidence, undisputed by the Class, that the

interceding arrangement was imposed on all affiliates and was instituted by Comcast “to assure

affiliates of continuous service while the company reviewed its business plan and structure.” (Id.) 

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favorable than those provided to other licensees. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 63; Def. Ex.

31, 32.) Comcast asserts that it licensed the programming to RCN, its competitor, on exactly the

same terms offered to all CSN Philadelphia licensees (including Comcast Cable itself). (Def.

Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 64; Def. Ex. 49, Deposition of Joseph Donnelly on November 19,

2008 (“Donnelly Dep.”), 162:15-19 (stating “I can tell you that the Comcast SportsNet rates in

Philadelphia are the same for everybody. And there are competitors, people who are, like Verizon

who get it and pay the same rate as we do, RCN who pays the same rate as we do.”); Def. Ex. 60,

Deposition of Jack Williams on December 16, 2008 (“Jack Williams Dep.”), 45:20-46:2; 69:12-18;

Def. Ex. 55, RCN 30(b)(6) Dep. 139:6-12, 141:16-143:20.) The “short-term” agreements, which

were the same for all licensees, occurred only during a one-year period when Comcast was

conducting an internal review of pricing strategy. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 65; Def.

Ex. 60, Jack Williams Dep., p. 45:8-46:23 (stating “When RCN came on in Philadelphia, we offered

a contract that would expire at the same time of all the other contracts. That contract was then

extended for a year, as were all of the others.”).) 

Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Class, we find that the Class has

failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast acted with predation toward RCN with

regard to its carriage of CSN Philadelphia. While the Class contends that Comcast acted with

predation toward RCN because it was overbuilding Comcast’s Delaware County franchises, the

Class failed to create a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast treated RCN differently from all

of its other CSN Philadelphia affiliates during the relevant time frame. Comcast advised each

affiliate that its contract would not be renewed on the existing terms; it offered each affiliate short

term contracts extending their carriage during the period in which Comcast was reassessing its terms

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of carriage; and it eventually offered RCN – like every other affiliate – a long term carriage contract

back dated to the end of the prior long term contract, with no interruption in service. Information

provided by Comcast call center workers to prospective RCN subscribers, that RCN had access to

CSN Philadelphia on a short term basis, was truthful and there is no evidence that Comcast offered

dissimilar information to inquiries from non-RCN prospective subscribers. The Class offered no

evidence to create a genuine issue that Comcast threatened to cancel RCN’s carriage or that Comcast

acted “outside the industry norm” in placing all of its affiliates on short term carriage contracts while

it reassessed its terms of carriage. Accordingly, we find that the Class has failed to create a genuine

issue of material fact that Comcast acted with predatory intent in dealing with RCN’s carriage of

CSN Philadelphia.

3. Targeted price discounts.

Finally, the Class asserted in theThirdAmended Complaint that Comcast’s policyof offering

targeted price discounts to prospective RCN customers to convince them not to switch service was

predatory conduct. (Compl. ¶¶ 93-94.) The summary judgment record shows that, beginning in the

winter of 2000 when RCN was about to offer service in Folcroft, DelawareCounty, Comcast offered

discounts in the form of the “Comcast Advantage Plan” or “CAP” to customers in Folcroft. CAP 

offered a price freeze and free premium channels for eighteen months to customers who signed a

written agreement not to cancel service during that period. (Def. Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶

77-78; Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 77.) Customers who switched to another provider or otherwise

terminated the contract incurred a termination penalty ranging from $30 to $75 dollars. (Pl. Ex. 2

at COM-PA0982337; Pl. Ex. 81, Dep. of Laura Burke of April 25, 2008 (“L. Burke Dep.”) 37:13-

38:4.) Comcast did not use written contracts for customers in any other franchise area in the

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Philadelphia DMA at the time it offered CAP to customers in Folcroft. (Pl. Ex. 81, L. Burke Dep.,

42:4-17.) The early termination penalty was also unique to CAP. (Id. at 44:13-17.) Comcast

enforced the penalty, collecting the termination fee by including it as a separately itemized line on

the customer’s monthly cable bill. (Pl. Ex. 81, L. Burke Dep., 92:3-93:11.) Although it began

offeringCAP in Folcroft, Comcast adjusted and changed the program over time, extending the offer

to other areas that RCN entered as an overbuilder. (Id. at 97:4-99:3.) 

The purpose of CAP was to keep customers from switching cable providers. (Pl. Ex. 85,

Dep. of Frank Dingianni of June 25, 2008 (“Dingianni Dep.”), 19:22-24.) Specifically, Comcast 

wanted to hold RCN at bay. . . . There was a certain percentage number that they

were trying to hit, that they thought that RCN wouldn’t be able to survive. . . . If they

held them under 30 percent . . . . The amount of subscribers that RCN could get out

of the areas and then maintain profitability. . . . [T]here was a break point where they

wouldn’t be viable, RCN.

(Id. at 40:8-19, 42:22-24.) In Folcroft, an area “[s]wept by CAP reps in March/April,” as of June

2000, Comcast was able to sign up 70% of its subscribers to CAP contracts; for Ridley Township,

which was “[s]wept byCAP reps in May/June,” Comcast was able to sign up 77% of its subscribers

to CAP contracts. (Pl. Ex. 1, “Marketing Overview”.) Dr. Singer opined for the Class that 

Comcast believed that RCN’s minimum viable scale was a 50 percent penetration

rate. . . . Comcast documents demonstrate that Comcast’s CAP program held RCN

to 10 percent penetration, and that the CAP program ensured that RCN could not

under any circumstances achieve a penetration rate of more than 16 percent. By

holding RCN to a penetration rate below this minimum viable scale, Comcast

ensured that RCN’s business model was doomed to fail. Facing these “unfavorable

economics,” RCN would incur a loss on every subscriber it successfully wrested

from Comcast. Accordingly, Comcast’s exclusionaryconduct significantlyimpaired

competition from RCN.

(Singer Merits Reply Decl. ¶ 41.) According to Dr. Singer, because of the price freeze in RCN areas

and increased prices in non-RCN areas, “Comcast customers in RCN areas received rates that were

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18 to 38 percent below the rate paid by Comcast customers in non-RCN areas. The implications of

this disparate pricing policy are clear – but for RCN’s failure to enter the City of Philadelphia,

Comcast’s customers in those areas would have enjoyed significantly lower prices.” (Singer Decl.

¶ 115.)

Comcast responds that CAP was a purely voluntary program, which subscribers were free

to accept or reject. It notes too that the Class’s own expert opined that price discounts in response

to entry by a new competitor are a consumer benefit of competition. (See Williams Decl., ¶¶ 142-43,

Table 6. ) Finally, it asserts, and the Class does not dispute, that there is no evidence that the prices

42

charged under CAP were lower than any relevant measure of Comcast’s costs. (Def. Statement of

Undisputed Facts ¶ 78; Counterstatement of Facts ¶ 78.) It argues that, irrespective of the evidence

marshaled by the Class that Comcast specifically targeted CAP to maintain its subscriber base

against incursion by RCN, its CAP pricing cannot be deemed predatory absent evidence that

Comcast offered cable services below cost to drive RCN out of the market. 

We find that the fact that Comcast never charged below cost prices to potential RCN

customers does not mandate a summary judgment finding that CAP was not exclusionary conduct. 

In the section of his report entitled “Incumbent Cable Operators Reduce Rates when 42

Competitors Enter,” Dr. Williams opines 

The evidence illustrates, through individual pricing decisions, how incumbent cable

operators responded to new entrants. The econometric analyses reviewed above

establish that competition lowers rates, while the evidence shown in the table

illustrates how incumbent cable operators compete for subscribers using lower rates

and other promotional incentives. Comcast’s anticompetitive conduct, which created

and increased barriers to entry, reduced the extent of that entry, which would have

required Comcast to offer such lower rates and promotions.

(Williams Decl., ¶ 143.) As evidence supporting his opinion, Dr. Williams specifically cites the

CAP program in Folcroft. (Id., Table 6.)

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While Comcast is correct that section 2 claims based upon predatory pricing require evidence that

the defendant has cut prices below some measure of its costs in providing the product, see Brook

Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209, 222-23 (1993) (“a plaintiff

seeking to establish competitive injury resulting from a rival’s low prices must prove that the prices

complained of are below an appropriate measure of its rival’s costs”), the theory upon which the

Class proceeds is not that Comcast’s pricing policy was predatory. The Class asserts that CAP

constituted predatory conduct because it was an exclusionary practice, entered into by a monopolist,

to block the entry of a new competitor. 

The Class has presented evidence that CAP was an exclusivity arrangement, that its purpose

was to prevent RCN from attaining market penetration by locking up customers to an incentivized

long term commitment to receiving their MVPD services from Comcast, and included penalty

provisions if a customer chose to switch providers. An exclusivity arrangement bymonopolists can

constitute an exclusionary practice. LePage’s Inc., 324 F.3d at 157 (citing U.S. Healthcare, Inc. v.

Healthsource, Inc., 986 F.2d 589, 593 (1st Cir. 1993). An exclusionary practice is “‘a method by 43

which a firm . . . trades a part of its monopoly profits, at least temporarily, for a larger market share,

by making it unprofitable for other sellers to compete with it.’” Id. at 164 (alteration in original)

(quoting Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective 28 (1976)). In discussing the

In addition to relying upon the decision in LePage’s, Inc., the Class cites to Telecor 43

Commc’ns, Inc. v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 305 F.3d 1124, 1139-40 (10th Cir. 2002) to also support the

proposition that conduct by a monopolist to lock up customers with long term contracts in

anticipation of competition is exclusionary. The case is inapposite. At the referenced pin cite, the

United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, discusses whether the “state action doctrine”

immunized conduct under state antitrust law, declining to reach the question because “it is clear that

no state policy expressly permitted Southwestern Bell to attempt to lock up customers contractually

long beyond the November 1996 introduction of competition in an effort to stymie that competition.” 

Id. The Court was clearlydiscussing an inapposite doctrine concerning an inapposite state law issue.

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antitrust impact of an exclusivity arrangement in the form of bundled rebates, the en banc court in

LePage’s, Inc. held that “[w]hen a monopolist’s actions are designed to prevent one or more new or

potential competitors from gaining a foothold in the market by exclusionary, i.e. predatory, conduct,

its success in that goal is not only injurious to the potential competitor but also to competition in

general.” Id. at 159. Most importantly, LePages’s, Inc. rejected the proposition advanced by 3M and

repeated here by Comcast that “after Brooke Group, no conduct by a monopolist who sells its

product above cost — no matter how exclusionary the conduct — can constitute monopolization in

violation of § 2 of the Sherman Act.” Id. at 147. LePage’s, Inc. unequivocally closes the door in this

Circuit on an assertion that above cost pricing safe-harbors otherwise exclusionary conduct.

While a new entrant may engage in “promotional” activity, such as offering a discount in

exchange for a period of exclusivity, or offering below cost pricing in the short term in order to

introduce itself or a new product to the market, “[w]hen a firm has considerable market power in the

very product or service being promoted, the promotional pricing defense disappears.” 3A Areeda

and Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law, § 746 (3d Ed. 2008); see also id. at § 1807 (discount contracts are

“problematic” when the defendant is a dominant firm in a position to force “an all-or-nothing

choice”). The Class has created a genuine issue of material fact that Comcast, a firm possessing

market power, was able to lock up 70% to 77% of the potential customer base available to the new

entrant. Because it possessed market power, its decision to target promotional discounts to deter a

new entrant may be deemed predatory and an exercise of market power to maintain its monopoly. 

As Comcast makes no arguments that CAP had otherwise legitimate business justifications, we

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conclude that the claim must be submitted to a jury.

44

VI. ANTITRUST INJURY

We have previously determined that proof of antitrust impact of the section 1 and section 2

claims must be limited to the one theory the Class successfully demonstrated could be proved by

evidence common to the Class, namely, that Comcast’s clustering conduct deterred the entry of

overbuilders in the Philadelphia DMA. (Class Cert. Mem. at 45-47; Order of January 13, 2010 at

¶ 11.) Comcast argues that summary judgment should be entered on all claims because the Class

has failed to create a trial issue on this sole remaining theory of antitrust injury. Comcast argues 45

that (1) the Class has failed to prove the antitrust impact of clustering on RCN, and (2) Dr. Williams’

We note that Comcast asks that, in the event we should only find that there is a genuine 44

issue of fact as to whether its conduct toward RCN was predatory, we amend our class certification

order to limit the Class to subscribers residing in Delaware County. (See Def. Mem. at 50-51.) 

Because we conclude that the Class may present to a jury its section 1 rule of reason claim that

Comcast’s clustering conduct unreasonably restrained trade, as well as its section 2 monopolization

claim based upon the targeted discounts in Delaware County, we find no cause to amend our order. 

Individual antitrust injury or antitrust impact, must be established for a plaintiff to have 45

standing under section 1 or section 2 of the Sherman Act. Bell v. Dow Chem. Co., 847 F.2d 1179,

1182 (5th Cir. 1988) (holding that “Antitrust injury is a component of the standing inquiry, not a

separate qualification.”). This requirement is inferred from section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C.

§ 15, which affords a remedy to any person injured in his business or property “by reason of” an

antitrust violation. In Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429 U.S. 477, 489 (1977), the

Supreme Court described antitrust injury as

. . . injury of the type the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and that flows from

that which makes the defendants’ acts unlawful. The injury should reflect the

anticompetitive effect either of the violation or of anticompetitive acts made possible

by the violation. It should, in short, be “the type of loss that the claimed violations

. . . would be likely to cause.”

Id. (citing Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 125 (1969)); see also Atl.

Richfield, 495 U.S. at 342-44.

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theories of the general antitrust impact of clustering are purely theoretical and divorced from the

factual record. It argues that some amount of empirical evidence is required to show antitrust

impact; because the Class cannot present empirical evidence to support Dr. Williams’ theory, the fact

that the Class has successfully stated a theory should not prevent the grant of summary judgment.

Because we have found the Class has presented evidence from which a jury could find that

Comcast had monopoly power derived from its creation of its cluster in the Philadelphia DMA, and

acted with predation toward RCN in its targeted discounts to prospective RCN subscribers, it follows

that the Class has met its summary judgment burden on the causation issue of antitrust impact. The

Class has presented evidence from which a jury could find that Comcast’s conduct did deter

overbuilding, as well as evidence that RCN stopped overbuilding because of Comcast’s conduct. 

Genuine issues of fact exist on both these issues rendering summary judgment inappropriate. 

We also reject Comcast’s arguments that the Class cannot show antitrust impact on a theory

that clustering deters overbuilding in general. Comcast argues that the Class has failed to meet its

summary judgment burden because it has not presented empirical evidence to support Dr. Williams’

theory that clustering deterred overbuilding. (Def. Mem. at 57 (citing, among others, In re Baby

Food Antitrust Litig., 166 F.3d 112, 135 (3d Cir. 1999) (holding that expert’s unsupported economic

theory and assumptions must be rejected where the opinion was not supported by actual record

evidence); Mass. School of Law v. Am. Bar Ass’n, 107 F.3d 1026, 1040 (3d Cir. 1997) (holding that

economic expert’s report was properly disregarded where it was based on general and theoretical

observations and was not tied to evidence in the record)). In granting class certification, we found

that, although Dr. Williams’ other theories of antitrust impact were not capable of proof common

to the class, his clustering theory was supported by empirical evidence and was based upon the

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factual record. (Class Cert. Mem. 29-47.) Dr. Williams had theorized that econometric studies

showed that, “all else equal, ownership of a cable system by a large MSO (typically defined as one

of the ten largest MSOs) generally results in higher [cable] rates of approximately 5% to 10%.” 

(Williams Decl. ¶ 52.) He concluded that studies showed that an MSO “can increase its profits by

clustering its cable systems so that they share their boundaries with one another and share as little

total boundary as possible with other cable providers serving adjacent franchise areas. Such

contiguous clustering is profit-enhancing for an MSO because it reduces the likelihood or amount

of overbuilding into its franchise areas.” (Id. ¶ 88.) He identified several anticompetitive

consequences arising from the resulting reduction in overbuilding within the MSO’s franchise areas,

and supported his theories by presenting (1) two economic models of overbuilding (Williams Decl.

App’x II at 107-26; Williams Cl. Reply Decl. App’x I at 13-18.), (2) citations to reports issued by

the FCC and the General Accounting Office, and (3) at least six scholarly articles. (Class Cert.

Mem. 34-38.) 

In accepting Dr. Williams’ general theory on the anticompetitive impact of clustering, we

rejected competing opinions offered by Comcast’s experts and concluded that the Class “has

successfully shown, through Dr. Williams’ model, as well as his citations to empirical studies

conducted by governmental agencies and private researchers, that the presence of an overbuilder

constrains cable prices.” (Class Cert. Mem. at 45-46.) We found that the Class “has also shown that

Comcast engaged in conduct designed to deter the entry of overbuilders in the Philadelphia DMA,

including denying RCN access to the services of cable installation contractors.” (Id. at 46.) While

that last portion of our decision has now been shown to be unsupported by the summary judgment

record, the Class has presented the governmental and scholarly research supporting the general

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antitrust impact theory that clustering deters overbuilding, as well as evidence that the CAP

discounts were predatory. Accordingly, we find that the Class has met its summary judgment burden

of presenting evidence sufficient to create a genuine fact issue on the antitrust impact theory that

clustering deters overbuilding.

VII. CONCLUSION

We find that the Class can proceed to trial on Count I of the Third Amended Complaint, the

Sherman Act section 1 rule of reason claim, based upon the theory that Comcast’s creation of the

Philadelphia cluster through its acquisition of competing cable companies and its swapping of cable

assets constituted a horizontal allocation of markets. However, per se treatment of the section 1

claim is rejected because Comcast has succeeded in showing that the clustering of its cable assets

created pro-competitive economic efficiencies and allowed it to offer new products and services to

consumers. The portions of Count II, asserting a section 2 monopolization claim, and Count III,

asserting an attempted monopolization claim, which contend that Comcast acted with predation in

creating its anti-RCN targeted discounts, may also proceed to trial. We grant summary judgment to

Comcast on those portions of Counts II and III contending that (1) Comcast’s clustering conduct, (2)

its conduct blockingRCN’s access to cable infrastructure installation contractors, and (3) its conduct

in licensing CSN Philadelphia to RCN, constituted acts of monopolization or attempted

monopolization.

An appropriate order will be entered.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ John R. Padova 

John R. Padova, J.

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