ID 

Union Calendar No. 896 

115TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 141 

[Report No. 115–1128, Part I] 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

MAY 3, 2017 

Referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition 

to the Committees on Armed Services, Transportation and Infrastructure, 

Foreign Affairs, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, for 

a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for 

consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

JANUARY 3, 2019 

Reported from the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology with 

amendments 

[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

JANUARY 3, 2019 

Committees on Armed Services, Transportation and Infrastructure, Foreign 

Affairs, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence discharged; 

committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the 

Union and ordered to be printed 

[For text of Senate passed bill, see copy of bill as printed in the House of Representatives on 

May 3, 2017] 


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AN ACT 

To improve understanding and forecasting of space weather 

events, and for other purposes. 


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1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Space Weather Coordi5 nation Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. SPACE WEATHER. 

7 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle VI of title 51, United 

8 States Code, is amended by adding after chapter 605 the 

9 following: 

10 ‘‘CHAPTER 606—SPACE WEATHER 

‘‘Sec. 

‘‘60601. Space weather findings; policy. 

‘‘60602. Space weather coordination. 

‘‘60603. Space weather priorities, plan, and research roadmap. 

‘‘60604. Space weather reports. 

‘‘60605. Pilot program for obtaining commercial sector space weather data. 

‘‘60606. Definitions. 

11 ‘‘§ 60601. Space weather findings; policy 

12 ‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

13 ‘‘(1) Space weather events pose a significant 

14 threat to humans working in the space environment, 

15 to modern technological systems, and critical terres16 trial infrastructure. 

17 ‘‘(2) The effects of severe space weather events on 

18 the electric power grid, satellites and satellite commu19 nications, services, orbits and information, airline op20 erations, astronauts living and working in space, and 

21 space based position, navigation, and timing systems 


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1 could have significant societal, economic, national se2 curity, and health impacts. 

3 ‘‘(3) Space weather observation and forecasting 

4 are essential for the success of deep space exploration. 

5 ‘‘(4) Earth and space observations provide cru6 cial data necessary to predict and warn about space 

7 weather events. 

8 ‘‘(5) Clear roles and accountability of Federal 

9 departments and agencies are critical for an efficient 

10 and effective response to threats posed by space weath11 er. 

12 ‘‘(6) Observations and measurements closer to the 

13 sun and advanced instrumentation would provide for 

14 more advanced warning of solar activity resulting in 

15 space weather activity. 

16 ‘‘(7) Coordination and collaboration between 

17 Federal departments and agencies, international 

18 partners, the academic community, and the commer19 cial sector is necessary to improve the Nation’s ability 

20 to understand, prepare for, avoid, mitigate, and re21 spond to severe space weather events. 

22 ‘‘(8) The commercial sector should be solicited to 

23 support and enable Federal space weather activities 

24 and encouraged to provide and separately invest in 

25 innovative space weather data and services. 


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1 ‘‘(b) STATEMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY.—It is the pol2 icy of the United States that— 

3 ‘‘(1) the United States should establish and 

4 maintain baseline capabilities for space weather ob5 servation and forecasting to protect civil aviation, 

6 space transportation, national security, human life, 

7 critical infrastructure, commercial enterprise, and 

8 economic vitality in the United States; 

9 ‘‘(2) the establishment and maintenance of such 

10 baseline capabilities for space weather should, to the 

11 extent practicable, leverage the space weather observa12 tion capabilities, data, and services of the academic 

13 community and commercial sector; 

14 ‘‘(3) space weather observation and forecasting 

15 are not exclusive functions of the Federal Government; 

16 and 

17 ‘‘(4) the Federal Government should, as prac18 ticable, obtain space weather data and services 

19 through contracts with the commercial sector, when 

20 the data and services are available, cost-effective, and 

21 add value. 

22 ‘‘§ 60602. Space weather coordination 

23 ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.— 

24 ‘‘(1) NATIONAL SPACE COUNCIL.—It is the sense 

25 of Congress that— 


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1 ‘‘(A) members of the National Space Coun2 cil are key stakeholders of the Federal Govern3 ment with respect to space weather; 

4 ‘‘(B) the Users’ Advisory Group of the Na5 tional Space Council should effectively and effi6 ciently represent and advocate on behalf of non7 governmental organizations and the academic 

8 community within the Nation’s space weather 

9 enterprise; and 

10 ‘‘(C) the National Space Council is the ap11 propriate Federal entity to review, establish, and 

12 coordinate the Nation’s space weather priorities. 

13 ‘‘(2) OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POL14 ICY.—It is the sense of Congress that the Office of 

15 Science and Technology Policy— 

16 ‘‘(A) efficiently and effectively identifies op17 portunities and avenues to advance the leader18 ship of the United States in science and tech19 nology; and 

20 ‘‘(B) is well positioned to identify opportu21 nities for advancement in coordination of space 

22 weather research-to-operations and operations-to23 research. 


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1 ‘‘(b) COORDINATING AUTHORITY.—The National 

2 Space Council shall oversee efforts and activities of the Fed3 eral Government— 

4 ‘‘(1) to implement the Nation’s space weather 

5 priorities; and 

6 ‘‘(2) to prepare for, avoid, mitigate, and respond 

7 to space weather events. 

8 ‘‘(c) NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR SPACE WEATHER OB9 SERVATION AND FORECASTING.— 

10 ‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—In order to address the 

11 Nation’s space weather priorities and further coordi12 nate efforts to monitor, prepare for, avoid, mitigate, 

13 and respond to space weather events, the President 

14 shall, in consultation with the Chair of the National 

15 Space Council— 

16 ‘‘(A) establish a committee with respect to 

17 space weather observation and forecasting to be 

18 known as the ‘National Committee for Space 

19 Weather Observation and Forecasting’ (in this 

20 chapter referred to as the ‘National Committee’); 

21 and 

22 ‘‘(B) establish one advisory committee for 

23 the purpose specified in paragraph (3)(B), the 

24 composition of which shall be determined by the 

25 Co-Chairs of the National Committee and shall 


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1 include equal representation from the academic 

2 community, commercial sector, and space weath3 er end users. 

4 ‘‘(2) NATIONAL COMMITTEE COMPOSITION.—The 

5 National Committee shall— 

6 ‘‘(A) be co-chaired by the Administrator of 

7 the National Aeronautics and Space Administra8 tion, the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary 

9 of Commerce, or their designated representatives, 

10 provided that such designated representatives are 

11 of the Under Secretary or Assistant Secretary 

12 level or higher; 

13 ‘‘(B) include as permanent voting members 

14 all Federal departments or agencies determined 

15 to be key space weather stakeholders or otherwise 

16 necessary for inclusion as such permanent voting 

17 members by the President, with the agreement of 

18 the Chair of the National Space Council; and 

19 ‘‘(C) be empowered, with the approval of the 

20 Chair of the National Space Council, to allow a 

21 relevant, non-member Federal department or 

22 agency to participate in meetings of the National 

23 Committee as either a non-permanent observer or 

24 semi-permanent liaison to the National Com25 mittee. 


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1 ‘‘(3) DUTIES.— 

2 ‘‘(A) NATIONAL COMMITTEE.—The duties of 

3 the National Committee are the following: 

4 ‘‘(i) To effectively and efficiently pro5 mote coordination between Federal agencies, 

6 the academic community, and the commer7 cial sector to advance the Nation’s space en8 terprise. 

9 ‘‘(ii) To coordinate the implementation 

10 of the national space weather plan devel11 oped under section 60603(b) across the Fed12 eral Government, in partnership with the 

13 academic community, international part14 ners, and the commercial sector. 

15 ‘‘(iii) To collaborate with the Director 

16 of the Office of Science and Technology Pol17 icy to identify opportunities for the aca18 demic community and commercial sectors to 

19 advance the understanding of space weath20 er. 

21 ‘‘(B) ADVISORY COMMITTEES.—The duty of 

22 the advisory committee established pursuant to 

23 paragraph (1)(B) shall be to advise the National 

24 Committee with respect to— 


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1 ‘‘(i) the development and implementa2 tion of the national space weather plan es3 tablished under section 60603(b); and 

4 ‘‘(ii) the capabilities of the academic 

5 community and the commercial sector to 

6 meet the national space weather priorities 

7 identified under section 60603(a). 

8 ‘‘(d) USER SURVEY.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Chair of the National 

10 Space Council, in consultation with the heads of other 

11 relevant Federal agencies, the academic community, 

12 and the commercial sector, shall direct the Users’ Ad13 visory Group of the Council to conduct a comprehen14 sive survey to identify the space weather observation, 

15 research, modeling, forecasting, and prediction needs 

16 of the space weather user community. 

17 ‘‘(2) SURVEY CONSIDERATIONS.—The survey con18 ducted under paragraph (1) shall— 

19 ‘‘(A) assess the adequacy of current Federal 

20 Government goals for lead time, accuracy, cov21 erage, timeliness, data rate, and data quality for 

22 space weather observations and forecasting; 

23 ‘‘(B) identify options and methods to, in 

24 consultation with the academic community and 


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1 the commercial sector, improve the goals speci2 fied in subparagraph (A); 

3 ‘‘(C) identify opportunities for the genera4 tion of new data to address the needs of the space 

5 weather user community; 

6 ‘‘(D) identify methods to increase coordina7 tion of, with respect to space weather, research8 to-operations and operations-to-research; 

9 ‘‘(E) identify the most efficient and effective 

10 formal mechanism or mechanisms for the shar11 ing of space weather data, operational fore12 casting needs, research needs, findings, models, 

13 and capabilities between the Federal Govern14 ment, the academic community, the commercial 

15 sector, and the space weather user community; 

16 ‘‘(F) identify opportunities for new tech17 nologies, research, and instrumentation to aid in 

18 research, understanding, monitoring, modeling, 

19 prediction, and forecasting of space weather; and 

20 ‘‘(G) identify methods and technologies to 

21 improve preparedness for potential space weather 

22 events. 

23 ‘‘(e) SPECIAL AUTHORITY.—In order to better under24 stand space weather, the National Space Council may lever25 age expertise from any Federal agency or partner, as 


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1 deemed appropriate by the Chair of the National Space 

2 Council, including through the use of— 

3 ‘‘(1) interagency agreements; 

4 ‘‘(2) memoranda of understanding; and 

5 ‘‘(3) shared personnel. 

6 ‘‘§ 60603. Space weather priorities, plan, and research 

7 roadmap 

8 ‘‘(a) NATIONAL SPACE WEATHER PRIORITIES.—The 

9 National Space Council, in consultation with the Users’ Ad10 visory Group of the National Space Council, the academic 

11 community, and the commercial sector, shall establish na12 tional priorities for space weather, with respect to— 

13 ‘‘(1) the protection of life and property; 

14 ‘‘(2) the support of the leadership, economic de15 velopment, and national security of the United States; 

16 and 

17 ‘‘(3) the space weather prediction and forecasting 

18 needs of end-users. 

19 ‘‘(b) NATIONAL SPACE WEATHER PLAN.—The Na20 tional Committee shall develop a national space weather 

21 plan to implement the priorities established under sub22 section (a). Such plan shall, with respect to activities car23 ried out to meet such priorities— 

24 ‘‘(1) delineate appropriate roles among Federal 

25 agencies; 


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1 ‘‘(2) consider small satellite options, hosted pay2 loads, public-private partnerships, and commercial 

3 options such as data-buys, and other acquisition ap4 proaches, that maximize Federal investment and min5 imize overall costs to the Federal Government; 

6 ‘‘(3) identify knowledge gaps and their resolution 

7 through specific research and development activities 

8 to improve operational space weather forecasting; 

9 ‘‘(4) describe collaborative opportunities with 

10 stakeholders, including the academic community, non11 governmental organizations, the commercial sector, 

12 and foreign governments; 

13 ‘‘(5) leverage the work conducted through the Na14 tional Space Weather Strategy and National Space 

15 Weather Action Plan of the National Science and 

16 Technology Council before the date of the enactment 

17 of this section; 

18 ‘‘(6) include a formal mechanism to share oper19 ational needs of space weather forecasters with Fed20 eral agencies engaged in space weather research and 

21 development activities, the academic community, and 

22 the commercial sector; and 

23 ‘‘(7) appropriately prioritize the critical land24 based, sea-based, air-based, or space-based observation 

25 capabilities. 


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1 ‘‘(c) NATIONAL SPACE WEATHER RESEARCH ROAD2 MAP.—The Director of the Office of Science and Technology 

3 Policy shall issue a national space weather research road4 map that— 

5 ‘‘(1) considers the national space weather prior6 ities established under subsection (a); 

7 ‘‘(2) considers the national space weather plan 

8 issued under subsection (b); 

9 ‘‘(3) considers the National Academy of Sciences, 

10 Engineering, and Medicine’s decadal survey rec11 ommendations; 

12 ‘‘(4) includes a formal mechanism that provides 

13 for the sharing of the research needs, findings, models, 

14 and capabilities with space weather operational fore15 casting centers; and 

16 ‘‘(5) enhances coordination between research 

17 modeling centers, forecasting centers, and the commer18 cial sector. 

19 ‘‘§ 60604. Space weather reports 

20 ‘‘(a) SURVEY AND PRIORITIES.—Not later than 180 

21 days after the date of enactment of the Space Weather Co22 ordination Act, the Chair of the National Space Council 

23 shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech24 nology of the House of Representatives and the Committee 


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1 on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, 

2 a report on— 

3 ‘‘(1) the findings of the user survey under section 

4 60602(d); and 

5 ‘‘(2) the recommended space weather priorities 

6 under section 60603(a). 

7 ‘‘(b) NATIONAL SPACE WEATHER PLAN.—Not later 

8 than 270 days after the date of enactment of the Space 

9 Weather Coordination Act, the Chair of the National Space 

10 Council shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, 

11 and Technology of the House of Representatives and the 

12 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of 

13 the Senate, the national space weather plan developed under 

14 section 60603(b). 

15 ‘‘(c) NATIONAL SPACE WEATHER RESEARCH ROAD16 MAP.—Not later than one year after the date of enactment 

17 of the Space Weather Coordination Act, the Director of the 

18 Office of Science and Technology Policy shall submit to the 

19 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House 

20 of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, 

21 Science, and Transportation of the Senate, the national 

22 space weather research roadmap issued under section 

23 60603(c). 

24 ‘‘(d) REVALUATION OF CONTENT.—Not later than one 

25 year after the date on which each Presidential term begins, 


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1 as well as when determined to be necessary by the Chair 

2 of the National Space Council during the intervening years, 

3 the applicable entities shall review and assess the content 

4 previously developed under this section and update and re5 submit such content when appropriate. 

6 ‘‘§ 60605. Pilot program for obtaining commercial sec7 tor space weather data 

8 ‘‘(a) PILOT PROGRAM.— 

9 ‘‘(1) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than one year 

10 after the date of the enactment of the Space Weather 

11 Coordination Act, the Secretary of Commerce, acting 

12 through the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans 

13 and Atmosphere (in this section referred to as the 

14 ‘Secretary’), shall establish a pilot program under 

15 which the Secretary will offer to enter into contracts 

16 with one or more entities in the commercial sector for 

17 the provision to the Secretary of space weather data 

18 generated by such an entity that meets the standards 

19 and specifications published under paragraph (2). 

20 ‘‘(2) DATA STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS.— 

21 Not later than one year after the date of the enact22 ment of the Space Weather Coordination Act, the Sec23 retary shall publish standards and specifications for 

24 ground-based, ocean-based, air-based, and space-based 

25 commercial space weather data and metadata. 


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1 ‘‘(3) CONTRACTS.— 

2 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 

3 months after the date of enactment of the Space 

4 Weather Coordination Act, the Secretary shall 

5 offer to enter, through an open competition, into 

6 at least one contract with one or more commer7 cial sector entities capable of providing space 

8 weather data that— 

9 ‘‘(i) meets the standards and specifica10 tions established by the Secretary for pro11 viding such data; and 

12 ‘‘(ii) is provided in a manner that al13 lows the Secretary to calibrate and evaluate 

14 the data for use in space weather research 

15 and forecasting models of the National Oce16 anic and Atmospheric Administration. 

17 ‘‘(B) ASSESSMENT.—Not later than the date 

18 that is 3 years after the date on which the Sec19 retary enters into a contract under subpara20 graph (A), the Secretary shall assess, and submit 

21 to the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech22 nology of the House of Representatives and the 

23 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor24 tation of the Senate a report on, the extent to 

25 which data provided under such contract meet 


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1 the standards and specifications established 

2 under paragraph (1) and the extent to which the 

3 pilot program has demonstrated— 

4 ‘‘(i) the viability of assimilating the 

5 commercially provided data into National 

6 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

7 space weather research and forecasting mod8 els; 

9 ‘‘(ii) whether, and by how much, the 

10 data so provided add value to space weather 

11 forecasts of the National Oceanic and At12 mospheric Administration; and 

13 ‘‘(iii) the accuracy, quality, timeliness, 

14 validity, reliability, usability, information 

15 technology security, and cost-effectiveness of 

16 obtaining commercial space weather data 

17 from commercial sector providers. 

18 ‘‘(4) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

19 There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out 

20 this subsection $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

21 2019 through 2022, to remain available until ex22 pended. 

23 ‘‘(b) DATA AND HOSTED SATELLITE PAYLOADS.—Not24 withstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary may 

25 enter into agreements for— 


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1 ‘‘(1) the purchase of space weather data through 

2 contracts with commercial providers; and 

3 ‘‘(2) the placement of space weather satellite in4 struments on payloads co-hosted by the Federal Gov5 ernment and the commercial sector. 

6 ‘‘(c) OBTAINING FUTURE DATA.—If an assessment 

7 under subsection (a)(3)(B) demonstrates the ability of com8 mercial space weather data to meet data and metadata 

9 standards and specifications published under subsection 

10 (a)(2), the Secretary shall— 

11 ‘‘(1) where appropriate, cost-effective, and fea12 sible, obtain space weather data from commercial sec13 tor providers; 

14 ‘‘(2) as early as possible in the acquisition proc15 ess for any future National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

16 Administration space weather observational capa17 bility, consider whether a suitable, cost-effective, com18 mercial capability is or will be available to meet the 

19 observational requirements by the planned oper20 ational date of the system; 

21 ‘‘(3) if a suitable, cost-effective, commercial capa22 bility is or will be available as described in para23 graph (2), determine whether it is in the national in24 terest to develop a governmental observational capa25 bility; and 


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1 ‘‘(4) submit to the Committee on Science, Space, 

2 and Technology of the House of Representatives and 

3 the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor4 tation of the Senate a report detailing any deter5 mination made under paragraph (2) or (3). 

6 ‘‘(d) DATA SHARING PRACTICES.— 

7 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall, to the 

8 extent practicable, leverage United States leadership 

9 in space weather observation and forecasting to 

10 incentivize international partners to increase their 

11 space weather observational and forecasting capabili12 ties and contribute additional space weather observa13 tions, data, models, predictions, and forecasts. The 

14 Under Secretary shall continue to meet international 

15 data sharing agreements entered into prior to the date 

16 of enactment of this Act. 

17 ‘‘(2) NASA AND NSF DATA.—The Administrator 

18 of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra19 tion and the Director of the National Science Foun20 dation shall each make space weather related data ob21 tained for scientific research purposes available to 

22 space weather forecasters, operations centers, and the 

23 commercial sector and support model development 

24 and model applications for space weather forecasting. 


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1 ‘‘(3) NOAA DATA.—The Secretary shall work 

2 with the academic community to make space weather 

3 related data obtained from operational forecasting 

4 available for scientific research. 

5 ‘‘(e) RESEARCH FOR IMPROVED SPACE WEATHER

6 FORECASTING.—The Secretary, the Director of the National 

7 Science Foundation, and the Administrator of the National 

8 Aeronautics and Space Administration shall support basic 

9 and applied research which could improve space weather 

10 forecasting lead time and accuracy. 

11 ‘‘§ 60606. Definitions 

12 ‘‘In this chapter: 

13 ‘‘(1) NATIONAL SPACE COUNCIL.—The term ‘Na14 tional Space Council’ means the National Space 

15 Council established under Executive Order 13803, (82 

16 Fed. Reg. 31429, relating to establishment of National 

17 Space Council) or any successor entities as deter18 mined by the President.’’. 

19 (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 

20 (1) CONFORMING REPEAL.—Section 809 of the 

21 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Au22 thorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 18388) and the 

23 item relating to that section in the table of contents 

24 under section 1(b) of that Act (124 Stat. 2806) are 

25 repealed. 


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1 (2) TABLE OF CHAPTERS.—The table of chapters 

2 of title 51, United States Code, is amended by adding 

3 after the item relating to chapter 605 the following: 

‘‘606. Space Weather ..............................................................................60601’’. 

Amend the title so as to read: ‘‘An Act to improve 

understanding and forecasting of space weather and promote coordination between stakeholders, and for other 

purposes.’’. 


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Union Calendar No. 896 

115TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 141 

[Report No. 115–1128, Part I] 

AN ACT 

To improve understanding and forecasting of space 

weather events, and for other purposes. 

JANUARY 3, 2019 

Reported from the Committee on Science, Space, and 

Technology with amendments 

JANUARY 3, 2019 

Committees on Armed Services, Transportation and Inthe Union and ordered to be printed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of lect Committee on Intelligence discharged; committed frastructure, Foreign Affairs, and the Permanent SeVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:30 Jan 04, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 6651 Sfmt 6651 E:\BILLS\S141.RH S141

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