Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Bulletin 2209–F

Preliminary Bibliography of Lacustrine Diatomite 

Deposits in the Western United States and 

Related Topics

Chapter F of
Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research

James D. Bliss, Phillip R. Moyle, and Keith R. Long, Editors

Bulletin 2209–F

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey 

Preliminary Bibliography of Lacustrine Diatomite 

Deposits in the Western United States and 

Related Topics

By Karen S. Bolm,1 Alan R. Wallace,2 Phillip R. Moyle,3 James D. Bliss,1 and Greta J. Orris1

Chapter F of
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

Version 1.0, 2003

This publication is available only online at:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2209-f/

Text edited by George A. Havach

Layout by Stephen L. Scott

Manuscript approved for publication, July 24, 2003

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication

is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government 
CONTENTS

Introduction 1

References Cited 1

Bibliography 1

Abstracts 13

Index 15

References Cited 1

Figure

1. Sketch map of the Western United States, showing locations of principal 

 diatomite operations 1

III
1

Figure 1 is an outline map of the Western United States (Washington, 

Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, 

Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana). The locations of diatomite deposits 

are shown as green dots and yellow squares. Figure caption follows

Preliminary Bibliography of Lacustrine Diatomite 

Deposits in the Western United States and 

Related Topics

By Karen S. Bolm,1 Alan R. Wallace,2 Phillip R. Moyle,3 James D. Bliss,1 and Greta J. Orris1

Introduction

As part of the assessment of lacustrine diatomite 

resources in the Western United States (fig. 1), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project members conducted a review of 

literature relating to the formation, location, and nature of 

deposits in the study area. This preliminary bibliography consists of selected publications to identify, locate, and describe 

the deposits to be studied, to characterize common geologic 

factors about the deposits, and to better understand the factors 

that control their formation, preservation, or destruction. The 

bibliography also serves as a resource for other workers to 

research the topic.

References included in the preliminary bibliography 

were gathered by searching existing bibliographic data bases 

and library collections. Project researchers also contributed 

references that they found during the course of their work. 

This bibliography should be considered a working document 

that will grow as research and literature searches continue. 

Clearly, many significant publications may be missing from 

this preliminary list; therefore, USGS staff members intend 

to issue a revised bibliography as project work progresses. To 

assure completeness, input from other researchers and industry is welcome.

Although the focus of this bibliography is lacustrine 

diatomite deposits of the Western United States, additional 

references that provide a foundation of knowledge for the 

study of diatomites, diatoms, and diatom-related processes 

(ecology, geology, geochemistry) and for the uses and behavior of diatomite have also been included.

An index of keywords has been added to this bibliography, designed to help the user locate reports by topic or by 

geographic location. The letter “A” following a number indicates that the report referenced is an abstract.

Reference Cited

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Series DDS–52, 2 CD–ROMs.

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U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Ariz.

2

U.S. Geological Survey, Reno, Nev.

3

U.S. Geological Survey, Spokane, Wash.

Figure 1. Western United States, showing locations of diatomite 

deposits. Many deposits near the Pacific coast formed in marine 

environments; the rest formed in freshwater environments. 

Data sources: yellow squares, Mineral Resources Data System 

(MRDS); green dots, Mineral Availability System/Minerals Industry Location System (MAS/MILS). Many deposits listed in MRDS 

are also listed in MAS/MILS. From McFaul and others (2000).

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[abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with 

Programs, v. 26, no. 7, p. A–521.

28. Starratt, S.W., 1998, Diatom studies in the Great Basin; 

from economic deposits to indicators of past climate 

change [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts 

with Programs, v. 30, no. 7, p. 163.

29. Starratt, S.W., 2001, Diatom studies in the western United 

States; from economic deposits to indicators of past climate change [abs.]: PaleoBios, v. 21, no. 2, supp., p. 121.

30. Stewart, J.H., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., Perkins, M.E., and 

Dumitru, T.A., 2000, Age of Basin and Range faulting 

based on coarse clastics in Miocene sedimentary rocks, 

west-central Nevada [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, no. 7, p. 44.

31. Ten Brink, A.L., Cashman, P.H., and Trexler, J.H., Jr., 

2000, Neogene depositional and deformational history 

of Warm Springs Valley, northern Walker Lake [abs.]: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 

v. 32, no. 6, p. 71.

32. Tinl, T.L., 1984, Diatom paleoecology of the Bonneville 

Formation, Tule Valley, Millard County, Utah [abs.]: 

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 

v. 16, no. 4, p. 258.

33. Trexler, J.H., Jr., Cashman, P.H., Kelly, T.S., and Perkins, 

M.E., 2002, Neogene sedimentary record of paleogeography along the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada from 

11 to 3 Ma—Verdi Basin, western Nevada [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 

34, no. 5, p. A44.

34. Unruh, M.E., and Ruff, R.W., 1982, Lacustrine diatomaceous deposits of Piute Valley, California and Nevada 

[abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists 

Bulletin, v. 66, no. 10, p. 1702.

35. VanLandingham, S.L., 1985, Snake River basin versus 

Great Basin and other areas as a standard for lacustrine 

diatom stratigraphy [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 4, p. 269.

36. Wolfe, J.A., and Schorn, H.E., 1994, Fossil floras indicate 

high altitude for west-central Nevada at 16 Ma & collapse to about present altitudes by 12 Ma [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 

26, no. 7, p. 521.
15

Index

Adrian, Oreg. 301

Alaska 39, 172

Aldrich Station Formation 17, 30A, 36A

algae 1, 8, 16,17, 25, 26, 31–33, 35–39, 41, 63, 64, 68, 95, 

 96, 120–122, 127, 140, 146, 153, 160, 172, 173, 178, 

 188–192, 199, 215, 217, 225–229, 235, 267, 291, 293, 

 302, 304, 320–323, 328, 1A, 2A, 4A, 11A, 12A, 14A, 

 20A, 25A, 27A, 28A, 32A, 34A, 35A

Alkali Canyon Formation 286

Antelope County, Nebr. 25

Apache County, Ariz. 205

Aravaipa deposit 277

arid environment 33, 241

Arizona 26, 27, 44, 54, 56, 77, 174, 205, 224, 242, 259, 275, 

 277, 306, 314

Arrow Canyon Range 240

ash falls 25, 244, 245

Alvord Desert 280

Baker County, Oreg. 19A

Basin and Range Province 14, 33, 112, 135, 144, 155, 173, 

 245, 255, 265, 272, 273, 293, 296, 298, 308, 311, 334, 

 5A, 9A, 15A, 17A, 20A, 27A, 28A, 30A, 33A, 35A

Battle Mountain 4, 94

Beaver Dam Formation 17A

Beaver Divide 192

Big Snowy Group 24

biogeography 16, 35, 199, 235

biostratigraphy 16, 20, 35, 37, 38, 41, 68, 85, 107, 109, 134, 

 153, 167, 168, 172, 173, 190, 199, 235, 289, 293, 296, 

 297, 324, 1A, 2A, 6A, 7A, 12A, 18A, 25A, 28A

Birch Creek 134

Bishop Tuff 33

Black Mountain 213

Blackleaf Formation 24

Blackwater Draw 293

Boca Basin 311

Boca Reservoir 311

Bonneville Formation 32A

Boulder Dam 56

Box Canyon 239

Box Elder County, Utah 15A

brackish-water environment 33

Bradley Lake 11A

British Columbia 53, 62, 138, 141–143, 282

Bruneau, Idaho 301

Bryce Canyon National Park 72

Buffalo Canyon 273

Buffalo Valley 28A, 36A

Burney, Calif. 91

Burney Falls 8

California 8, 28, 32–34, 41, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 63–66, 

 71, 79–81, 90, 91, 104, 107, 112, 178, 184, 188, 189, 

 191, 193, 194, 203, 214, 218, 223–225, 255, 279, 285, 

 302, 306, 307, 311, 317, 4A, 10A, 17A, 34A

Camp Creek Wilderness Study Area 165

Camp Davis 131

Campbell County, Wyo. 129

Canada 53, 62, 120, 138, 141–143, 166, 282

Carboniferous 24, 53

Carlin 254, 290

Carson Range 33A

Cascade Range 112, 178, 286, 328, 13A

Casebier Hill 131

Cassia County, Idaho 245

Cenozoic 1, 5, 8–10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 25, 31–33, 35–39, 

55, 68, 91, 102, 107–109, 117, 122, 127, 134, 135, 

137, 140, 142, 144, 153, 155, 157, 160, 167, 168, 172–

174, 188–192, 199, 207, 208, 211, 217, 226, 227, 233, 

234, 239–241, 244, 245, 248, 252, 254–258, 262, 267, 

269, 273, 274, 277–279, 284, 286–293, 296–298, 301, 

302, 304–306, 311, 319–323, 328, 332, 337, 338, 1A, 

2A, 4A–9A, 11A–14A, 16A–20A, 25A, 27A, 28A, 

30A–33A, 35A, 36A

Chalk Bluffs 311

Chalk Hills 9, 167, 168, 272, 311

Chalk Hills Formation 288, 289, 301, 304, 12A

Chaves County, N.Mex. 3A

Chief District 265

Chief Range 265

Chilcotin Group 142

Christmas Valley 68

Churchill Butte Quadrangle 263

Churchill County, Nev. 20, 108, 296, 297, 334

Clark area 263

Clark County, Nev. 216, 258

Clarkia 38

Clarkia Flora 18A

clastic rocks 5, 17, 37, 44, 47, 53, 65, 67, 72, 75, 87, 95, 118, 

131, 132, 144, 145, 162, 174, 195, 204, 205, 245, 251, 

252, 297, 302, 1A, 3A, 5A, 16A, 27A, 30A, 31A, 33A, 

34A

clastic sedimentary deposits 90, 134, 136, 169, 174, 204, 

205, 214, 240, 241, 255, 293, 8A, 10A, 13A, 15A

Clear Lake 328

climate change 32, 35, 36, 41, 138, 241, 257

Clover Creek 260

Clovis, N.Mex. 293

Coal Valley Formation 9, 107, 117

Cobble Cuesta 298, 30A

Cochise County, Ariz. 205, 259

Colorado 127, 204

Colorado Plateau 239, 18A

Colorado River 77

Columbia County, Oreg. 199

Columbia Plateau 68, 248, 262, 286, 18A

Columbia River 325, 13A

Columbia River Basalt Group 262, 2A, 27A

construction materials 6, 90, 115, 312, 313, 34A

Cottonwood Wilderness Study Area 165

Cretaceous 24, 122, 188, 189, 191, 209, 290

Cry Lake 4A

Crystal Lake 146

 Index
16 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research 

Cuitzeo Basin 153

Cuitzeo Lake 153

Deep Creek-Owyhee River Wilderness Study Area 268

depositional environment 10, 14, 32, 41, 134, 144, 167, 174, 

 239, 240, 258, 262, 297, 298, 311, 5A, 16A, 30A, 31A

Desert Peak Quadrangle 196

Devils Gate 6A

Devils Lake 182, 267

diatomaceous earth 52, 64, 65, 67, 72, 75, 95, 96, 131, 132, 

 145, 175, 195, 214, 250, 251, 275, 302, 310, 1A, 27A, 

 34A

diatomite 8, 15, 19, 28, 42–44, 47, 49–54, 56, 58–70, 72, 

 74–76, 78, 82–84, 86, 88–96, 98, 99, 105, 106, 118, 

 119, 121–126, 129–134, 136, 142, 147–154, 159, 

 161–163, 171, 174, 175, 178–180, 183–185, 193, 

 195, 198, 200–209, 214, 217–224, 230, 231, 233, 238, 

 242, 246, 251, 252, 259–261, 263, 264, 268, 269, 273, 

 275–277, 279–282, 285, 292, 293, 300, 302, 303, 309, 

 313, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 326, 329, 330, 332, 

 335, 338, 2A, 3A, 8A, 10A, 13A, 14A, 16A, 31A, 32A, 

 34A, 35A

diatoms 1, 2, 8, 15, 16, 17, 23, 25–27, 31–33, 35, 36, 38–41, 

 64, 68, 77, 95–97, 104, 111, 113, 121, 127, 138, 140, 

 153, 160, 166, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178, 181, 186–192, 

 199, 212, 215, 217, 225–229, 235–237, 253, 267, 283, 

 291, 293–295, 299, 302, 304, 321–323, 327, 328, 1A, 

 2A, 4A, 11A, 12A, 14A, 20A, 21A, 27A–29A, 32A, 

 34A, 35A

Donner Pass Zone 9A

Douglas County, Nev. 7, 210

Eagle-Picher mine 43, 152

economic geology 6, 14, 15, 18, 21–24, 28, 42–44, 47, 49–51, 

 53, 56, 58–66, 68, 72, 75, 76, 79–81, 90, 92, 95, 96, 

 101, 106, 112, 114, 129, 131, 136, 142, 143, 145, 

 155, 158, 159, 162, 179, 184, 195, 200–209, 212, 214, 

 216, 219–222, 231, 238, 242, 246, 251, 252, 259, 265, 

 268, 270, 275–280, 282, 285, 290, 292, 302, 307–309, 

 312–314, 316, 317, 329, 330, 334, 338, 10A, 29A, 34A

Elko County, Nev. 213, 278, 290

Elko Formation 290

Ellensburg Formation 252, 284, 286, 2A

Emigrant Peak fault zone 255

Eocene 11, 142, 192, 199, 256, 290, 35A

Esmeralda Basin 87

Esmeralda County, Nev. 87, 255

Esmeralda Formation 293, 22A, 25A

evaporites 28, 59, 60, 61, 204, 205, 220, 221, 3A

Fallon area 226

Fish Lake Valley Fault zone 255

Fort Rock Basin 68

Fort Rock Formation 68

Freemont County, Wyo. 192

Frenchman Coulee 1A, 2A

Frenchman Hills 1A

freshwater environment 32, 33, 172, 192, 199, 229, 235, 236, 

 328, 4A, 27A, 28A, 32A

Gabbs Valley 298

Gardnerville Basin 311

geochemistry 73, 104, 146, 244, 245, 257, 269, 279, 282, 

 298, 338, 4A, 8A

geomorphology 8, 167, 178, 240

Gila County, Ariz. 205

Gila Valley 45

Gillam Spring 13

Glenns Ferry Formation 167, 168, 287, 289, 301, 306, 12A

Glenns Ferry Lake 134

Gold Creek and Sperry Creek Wilderness Study Area 98

Gooding City of Rocks 212

Gooding City of Rocks East Wilderness Study Area 309

Gooding City of Rocks West Wilderness Study Area 309

Gooding County, Idaho 212

Graham County, Ariz. 54, 205, 259

Grand Canyon 77

Grande Ronde Valley 325

Grant County, N.Mex. 259

Grant County, Wash. 1A, 2A

Grassy Mountain deposit 266

Great Basin 14, 32, 33, 112, 120, 173, 186, 294, 17A, 27A, 

 28A, 35A

Great Plains 256, 267, 293

Great Valley 10A

Greenlee County, Ariz. 205

Grouse Creek Mountains 15A

Hagerman Cliffs 289

Hamlin Valley 274

Harney County, Oreg. 17, 269, 280, 322

Harper Basin 160

Hawaii 251

Hay Ranch Formation 290

Hazen 46

Hidalgo County, N.Mex. 259

historical geology 9

Holly Joe Quadrangle 277

Holocene 85, 140, 239, 267, 328, 4A, 11A

Horse Camp Formation 144

Horse Creek 279

Hot Springs Mountain 296

Humboldt County, Nev. 278, 338

Humboldt Formation 290, 17A

Hunter Creek 311

Idaho 3, 21, 22, 37, 38, 103, 115, 134, 167, 168, 198, 206, 

 207, 212, 244, 245, 248, 250, 251, 266, 268, 286–289, 

 292, 301, 304, 306, 309, 323, 7A, 12A, 18A, 27A

Idaho Formation 28

Imperial County, Calif. 307

In-ko-pah Wilderness Study Area 307

Indian Wells Formation 290

industrial minerals 4, 6, 7, 19, 21, 22, 46, 49, 57–62, 74, 81, 

 86, 114–116, 118, 130, 136, 139, 141, 143, 145, 158, 

 159, 204–206, 218, 221, 224, 231, 232, 259, 270, 277, 

 278, 308, 312, 317, 318

Inyo County, Calif. 32, 33, 35, 41, 64, 255

Iron County, Utah 258

Jackson Lake 8A
17

Jacumba Wilderness Study Area 307

Juntura 322

K/Ar 11, 274, 17A

Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada 282

Kansas 256

lacustrine environment 15, 33, 35–39, 41, 87, 108, 109, 120, 

 127, 134, 144, 146, 153, 160, 172, 235, 239, 262, 267, 

 269, 273, 276, 277, 286, 287, 293, 306, 311, 322, 3A, 

 5A, 6A, 11A–13A, 16A, 22A, 25A–28A, 30A, 31A, 

 34A, 35A

Lake Bonneville 32A

Lake Britton 91, 203, 285

Lake Canyon 239

Lake County, Oreg. 68

Lake Idaho 287, 325

Lake Lahontan 35

Lake Mojave 35

Lake Oswego 328

Lake Owyhee 266

lake sedimentary deposits 2, 35, 41, 85, 102, 120, 181, 267, 

 11A

Lake Washington 2

Lassen County, Calif. 279

Latah Formation 190, 234, 262, 286

Lava Beds National Monument 178

Laramie County, Wyo. 129

Lassen County, Calif. 107

Lewis and Clark County, Mont. 316

light penetration 2

limnology 35, 120, 267

Lincoln County, Nev. 241, 258, 265, 315

Little Humboldt River 278

Little Owyhee River 3

Llano Estacado 293

Lockwood 2, 94

Lompoc, Calif. 214, 225

Long Valley 65, 107

Luna County, N.Mex. 259

Lyon County, Nev. 7, 210

Maine 182

Malheur County, Oreg. 1, 14, 98, 165, 280, 301, 322

Malheur River-Bluebucket Creek Wilderness Study Area 269

Mammoth Quadrangle 275, 277

Maricopa County, Ariz. 205

Mayberry Park 311

McCarran Bridge 311

McDermitt caldera complex 17

McKay Formation 286

Meadow Valley 211, 247

Medicine Lake 178

Mesozoic 24, 53, 108, 122, 155, 188, 189, 191, 209, 290

Mexico 36, 136, 153

Michoacán, Mexico 36, 153

microfossils 1, 8, 15–17, 25–27, 31–33, 35–41, 64, 68, 95, 96, 

 109, 121, 122, 127, 146, 153, 160, 172, 173, 178, 187–

 192, 199, 215, 

 217, 225–229, 235, 267, 291, 293, 302, 

 304, 306, 320–323, 1A, 2A, 4A, 7A, 12A, 14A, 20A, 

 22A, 25A, 27A, 28A, 32A, 34A, 35A

Middlegate Formation 297

Middlegate, Nev. 297

Millard County, Utah 32A

Mineral County, Nev. 6, 20A

mineral exploration 42, 68, 218, 279, 280, 309, 316, 335, 338, 

 10A

mineral resources 3, 6, 18, 21, 42, 50, 51, 56, 66, 76, 79, 80, 

 81, 90, 98, 100, 101, 106, 110, 112, 114, 136, 143, 

 155, 158, 162, 165, 185, 196, 204, 207–210, 212, 217–

 219, 231, 235, 238, 268, 269, 276, 279, 280, 282, 290, 

 292, 307, 309, 315, 316, 334, 10A

mineralogy 71, 251, 314

mining 42, 81, 132, 156, 218, 302

Miocene 1, 5, 12, 14, 17, 20, 25, 37, 39, 103, 107, 117, 142, 

 144, 160, 167, 168, 172, 190, 207, 217, 225–227, 233, 

 243, 245, 248, 252, 262, 271–273, 284, 288, 289, 296–

 298, 301, 302, 304, 320–322, 324, 336, 338, 1A, 2A, 

 5A–7A, 9A, 14A, 17A–27A, 30A, 31A, 36A

models 120, 235, 239, 257, 276, 277, 286, 290

Modoc Plateau 55, 63, 112, 194

Mohave County, Ariz. 44, 205

Monarch Mill Formation 297

Mono County, Calif. 65, 71, 255

Mono Lake 71

Montana 24, 248, 316

Monterey Formation 302

Moon Lake 176

Morgan Ranch Formation 117

Mount Bennett Hills, Idaho 100

Mount Mazama 2

Mount Shasta 178

Muddy Creek Formation 44, 240, 258

Muggins Mountains 45

National Elk Refuge 131

Navajo County, Ariz. 205

Nebraska 25, 256

Neogene 1, 5, 8–10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 25, 31, 37–39, 44, 68, 

 91, 107–109, 117, 134, 135, 142, 144, 153, 160, 167, 

 68, 172–174, 207, 211, 217, 225–227, 233, 240, 241, 

 244, 245, 248, 252, 255–257, 262, 269, 271, 273, 277, 

 284, 286–290, 293, 296–298, 301, 302, 304–306, 311, 

 320–323, 338, 1A, 2A, 5A–7A, 9A, 12A–14A, 16A 

 20A, 24A, 25A, 27A, 30A, 31A, 33A, 36A

Nevada 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 20, 29, 46, 56–61, 87, 105–107, 

 117, 135, 144, 155, 156, 171, 177, 183, 188, 189, 191, 

 210, 211, 213, 214, 216–222, 224, 226, 227, 230–233, 

 240, 241, 244, 247, 254, 255, 258, 263, 265, 270–274, 

 278, 283, 290, 296, 297, 311, 315, 317, 319, 332, 334, 

 336, 338, 5A, 9A, 15A–17A, 20A–27A, 30A, 33A, 

 34A, 36A

New Mexico 224, 238, 259, 3A

nonmarine deposits 1, 321

North Dakota 176, 267

Nye County, Nev. 219, 273, 298

Okanagan-Boundary District 62

 Index
18 Contributions to Industrial-Minerals Research 

Oligocene 199, 256, 290

Oregon 1, 5, 14, 17, 38, 43, 47, 68, 93, 97, 98, 101, 103, 110, 

 114, 139, 160, 165, 168, 179, 196, 197, 199, 208, 209, 

 214, 226, 245, 248, 256, 266, 269, 276, 280, 286, 301, 

 317, 322, 323, 325, 328, 329, 6A, 7A, 11A, 12A, 17A, 

 19A

Ormsby County, Nev. 7, 210

Otis Basin 322

Oviatt Creek 38

Overton 216

Owens Lake 32, 33, 35, 34, 41, 50

Owens Valley 32

Owyhee County, Idaho 110, 134, 167, 207, 268, 301, 304

Owyhee Mountains 134

Owyhee Plateau 207

Owyhee River Canyon 110, 268

paleobotany 1, 9–11, 13, 25–27, 91, 121, 157, 160, 188, 189, 

 191, 192, 215, 229, 256, 291, 294, 304, 320–322, 332, 

 336, 7A, 14A, 28A

paleoclimatology 10, 12, 32–34, 36, 41, 85, 109, 235, 239, 

 240, 241, 248, 249, 256, 257, 284, 288, 305, 306, 337, 

 17A, 27A–29A, 36A

paleoecology 1, 9, 15–17, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 85, 127, 134, 

 157, 167, 192, 199, 217, 257, 258, 284, 287, 293, 306, 

 322, 6A, 20A, 22A, 24A, 25A, 28A, 32A, 35A

Paleogene 127, 142, 192, 199, 290, 28A, 35A

paleohydrology 32, 33, 239

paleolimnology 2, 31, 33, 35–37, 40, 111, 120, 181, 182, 239, 

 267, 11A, 13A, 26A, 28A

paleontology 8–10, 20, 26, 27, 95, 96, 104, 121, 137, 157, 

 167, 188, 189, 191, 192, 225, 226, 227, 251, 287, 291, 

 320, 321, 322, 332, 19A, 25A

Paleozoic 24, 115, 155, 316

Panaca area 247

Panaca Basin 240, 241

Panaca Formation 211, 240, 258

Pasco Basin 286

Payette, Idaho 103

Payette Formation 160

Peavine Mountain 33A

Pecos River Valley 3A

Permian 115, 316

Pershing County, Nev. 155, 217

petrology 9, 55, 174, 338

Pettus Lake Member 68

Phosphoria Formation 316

phosphorus 2

physical geology 9

Pima County, Ariz. 205

Pinal County, Ariz. 174, 205, 277

Pine Nut Mountains 16A

Piñon Range 290

Pit River Canyon Wilderness Study Area 279

Pittsburg Bluff Formation 199

Piute Valley 34A

plankton 2

Plant Ridge 273

Plantae 1, 8–10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 25–27, 31–33, 35–39, 41, 64, 

 68, 91, 95, 96, 107, 120–122, 127, 140, 146, 153, 157, 

 160, 172, 173, 178, 187–192, 199, 215, 217, 225–229, 

 235, 256, 257, 267, 273, 291, 293, 302, 304, 306, 320–

 323, 328, 332, 1A, 2A, 4A, 7A, 11A, 12A, 14A, 17A–

 20A, 24A, 25A, 27A, 28A, 32A, 34A, 35A

Platte County, Wyo. 129

Pleistocene 33, 36, 41, 44, 85, 91, 122, 255, 289, 293, 16A, 

 32A

Pliocene 8–10, 44, 68, 91, 107, 109, 134, 167, 168, 174, 177, 

 211, 226, 233, 240, 252, 277, 284, 286–288, 290, 301, 

 305, 306, 322, 325, 1A, 5A, 9A, 13A

Poison Creek Formation 12A

Pole Creek Top 14

Poverty Hills 64

Priest Rapids Member 38

Prisoners Rock 178

Provo Formation 32A

Quaternary 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 44, 85, 91, 122, 138, 140, 

 173, 239–241, 255, 267, 289, 291, 293, 4A, 8A, 11A, 

 16A, 32A

Quaternary geology 31, 35, 36, 38, 41, 239, 255, 267, 293, 

 328, 332, 4A, 8A, 11A, 32A

Quiburis Formation 174, 277

Railroad Valley 144

Ramsey County, N.D. 267

Red Lake deposit 282

Reno, Nev. 171, 9A

Ricardo Group 17A

Ringold Formation 286, 13A

Rocky Mountains 316

Rodent Hill 211

Roosevelt County, N.Mex. 293

Saint Maries River Valley 18A

San Pedro River 277

San Pedro Valley 174, 277

Santa Ana River 4A

Santa Cruz County, Ariz. 205

Scaponia Member 199

Searles Lake 35

sedimentary petrology 67, 132, 169, 174, 199, 241, 252, 286, 

 8A

Sequoiadendron 10

Shasta County, Calif. 91, 193, 285

Sheepshead Mountains Wilderness Study Area 280

Shoofly Creek 134

Sierra Nevada 135, 272, 311, 5A, 9A, 10A, 31A, 33A, 36A

silicon 2, 5, 159, 4A

Silver City Quadrangle 259

Silver Lake 35

Silver Peak Range 87

Simtustus Formation 286

Siskiyou County, Calif. 178

Sisquoc Formation 302

Sleeping Giant Wilderness Study Area 316

Snake Range 274, 15A

Snake River 287
19

Snake River Basin 37, 38, 323, 12A, 35A

Snake River Plain 168, 245, 288, 289, 301, 304, 27A

Soda Lake 35

South Dakota 256

Spokane County, Wash. 190, 234, 262

Spokane Formation 316

Squaw Creek Member 2A

Stanislaus County, Calif. 10A

Stewart Valley 271, 20A–27A, 30A, 36A

Stewart Valley Group 17A

Storey County, Nev. 30

stratigraphy 10, 14, 17, 31, 37, 38, 68, 85, 102, 107, 109, 117, 

 134, 137, 153, 167, 168, 173, 174, 190, 211, 234, 235, 

 241, 245, 248, 252, 254–258, 262, 284, 288–290, 293, 

 293, 296–298, 301, 305, 306, 323, 338, 1A, 2A, 6A, 

 12A, 13A, 17A, 18A, 20A, 25A, 27A, 28A, 32A, 33A, 

 35A, 36A

structural geology 8, 87, 135, 168, 255, 274, 290, 5A, 9A, 

 16A, 30A

Sucker Creek flora 7A

Sucker Creek Formation 5, 14, 6A, 7A, 12A, 17A

Sunrise Pass Basin 16A

Surprise Resource Area 218

Table Mesa Basin 240

Table Mountain Wilderness Study Area 280

taxonomy 16, 39, 7A, 19A

Teewinot Formation 17A

Teller County, Colo. 127

Terrebonne, Oreg. 93, 226

Tertiary 1, 5, 8–10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20, 25, 31, 37–39, 44, 53, 

 55, 68, 91, 102, 107–109, 117, 122, 127, 134, 135, 

 137, 142, 144, 153, 157, 160, 167, 168, 172–174, 188, 

 190–192, 199, 207, 211, 217, 225–227, 233, 234, 240, 

 241, 244, 245, 248, 252, 255–258, 262, 269, 273, 

 277–279, 283, 284, 286–291, 293, 296–298, 301, 

 302, 304–306, 311, 320–323, 338, 1A, 2A, 5A–7A, 

 9A, 12A–14A, 16A, 17A, 19A, 20A, 25A, 27A, 28A, 

 30A, 31A, 33A, 35A, 36A

Teton County, Wyo. 8A

Texas 3A

thallophytes 1, 8, 16, 26, 39, 64, 95, 96, 121, 122, 140, 160, 

 187–189, 190–192, 225–229, 291, 302, 304, 320–322, 

 1A, 4A, 14A, 25A

Trapper Creek Tuff 245

Trinity Pass 217

Trinity Range 296

Trout Creek-Blue Mountains, Oreg. 103

Trout Creek Formation 17

Trout Creek Mountains 17

Truckee Formation 20, 107, 108, 296, 31A

Tule Lake 33, 178

Tule Valley 32A

Twin Falls County, Idaho 301

Union County, Oreg. 325

Unity, Oreg. 19A

Upper Deep Creek Wilderness Area 207

Utah 56, 72, 85, 137, 204, 245, 244, 258, 274, 306, 312, 313, 

 15A, 32A

Vancouver Slab 248

Verdi Basin 9, 311, 5A, 33A

Verdi Range 9A

Verdi-Boca Basin 135, 9A

Virgin River Valley 338

Virginia City area 270

volcanic ash 2, 5, 25, 90, 167, 168, 301, 28A

volcanic rocks 53, 60–62, 135, 153, 178, 199, 204–209, 220, 

 222, 224, 244, 245, 255, 266, 269, 278–280, 286, 301, 

 311, 313, 319, 334, 338, 5A, 17A, 27A

volcanism 15, 17, 87, 244, 245, 265, 266, 286, 337

Wadsworth Quadrangle 263

Wagon Bed Formation 192

Walker Lake 33, 5A, 9A, 31A

Warm Spring Valley 31A

Washington 47, 86, 116, 118, 158, 159, 185, 190, 195, 214, 

 234, 252, 262, 284, 286, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 326, 

 1A, 2A, 13A, 14A

Washington County, Utah 258

Washoe County, Nev. 13, 29, 135, 9A

Wassuk Group 117, 17A

Webber Lake 36A

Wells Peak 213

Weston County, Wyo. 129

White Cliffs deposit 275, 277

White Hills 45

White Narrows Formation 258

White Pine County, Nev. 144, 274, 15A

Wildcat Canyon Wilderness Study Area 280

Windermere Hills 213

Winnemucca District 218

Wisconsin 146, 331

Wisconsinan 37

Woahink Lake 328

Wyoming 129–131, 192, 8A, 17A

Yakima Basalt 320, 324, 1A

Yakima Canyon 2A

Yakima County, Wash. 2A

Yakima region 321

Yavapai County, Ariz. 205

Yellowstone Lake 8A

Yellowstone National Park 131, 8A

Yellowstone hotspot 244, 248

Yoho National Park 138

Yuma County, Ariz. 205

 Index