989

INDEX

A

Academic programs, 10, 14

Accelerometer, 959

"Access to Space" study, 22, 80, 172

ACE-Able Engineering, Inc, 857

Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor 

(ACRIM), 421, 480

Acuña, Mario H., 940, 945, 953, 956

Adamson, James C.

STS-28, 360, 380

STS-43, 363, 409

Adrastea, 711

Advanced Carrier Customer Equipment Support 

System, 223

Advanced Charged Couple Imaging Spectrometer 

(ACIS), 656, 657, 839, 840

Advanced Communications Technology Satellite 

(ACTS), 161, 252, 254, 366, 454

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 140, 

579, 604–5, 606, 607, 772, 781, 806–9

Advanced Concepts and Technology, Office of 

(Code C)

budgets and funding for, 13, 33, 35, 89, 91, 94, 

100

organization of, 27–28, 29

responsibilities of, 13

Robot Operated Materials Processing Systems 

(ROMPS), 472

Advanced Concepts division (Office of Space 

Access and Technology), 29

Advanced Launch System (ALS), 77–78, 101

Advanced Launch Technology, 27, 94

Advanced Materials Center for the Commercial 

Development of Space, 389

Advanced Photovoltaic and Electronic Experiments (APEX), 146

Advanced Programs and Projects, 27, 74–79, 91, 

98

Advanced Projects Office (Office of Space Flight), 

31, 32, 193

Advanced Protein Crystal Growth (APCG), 465

Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA), 579, 664–66, 769, 849–53

Advanced solid rocket motor, 34, 89, 93, 109

Advanced Space Technology, 789

Advanced Space Transportation, 89, 91, 100

Advanced Space Transportation office (Office of 

Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology), 32

Advanced Space Transportation Technology, 90, 

91, 94

Advanced Technology and Mission Studies 

(Office of Space Science), 585

Advanced Transportation Technology, 101

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility (A

approval of, 576

AXAF-I, 653

AXAF-S, 653

budgets and funding for, 653–54, 779

Chandra (AXAF), 576, 579, 652, 655–

838–41

characteristics, instruments, and experi

654–57, 838–41; Advanced Charged 

Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS), 656, 6

839, 840; High Energy Transmission 

(HETG) spectrometer, 657, 839–40, 

High Resolution Camera (HRC), 656

839, 840; High Resolution Mirror As

654, 656–57; Low Energy Transmiss

Grating (LETG) spectrometer, 657, 8

Science Instrument Module (SIM), 6

deployment of, 579

development of, 652, 653

objective of, 589, 652–53

Advisory Committee on the Future of the U

Space Program, 204–5, 287, 564

Aero Corporation, 894, 897

AeroAstro, L.L.C., 860

Aerobraking, 697, 727–28, 738, 956, 959

Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Pa

(ACIP), 381, 397, 405

Aerojet, 142, 143, 144, 158, 180

Aeronautical Research and Technology, O

14

Aeronautics, Exploration, and Technology

of, 24, 26, 288

Aeronautics, Office of, 14

Aeronautics and Space Report of the Presi

Aeronautics and Space Reports of the Pres

xxi

Aeronautics and Space Technology, Office 

(Code R)

appropriations and functional areas, 10

management of, 27

Shuttle payloads: OAST flyer, 163, 266

498; OAST-2 experiments, 162, 256, 

465; SHARE, 377

Aeronautics and Space Transportation Tec

ogy, Office of (Code R), 13, 14, 32, 181, 

Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP), 97

Aerospace Corporation

Comprehensive Energetic Particle Pitch 

Distribution/Source-loss Cone Energ

ticle Spectrometer (CEPPAD/SEPS), 

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric 
Explorer (SAMPEX), 598

sounding rocket program, 889, 900

Space Sciences Department, 873

Aerospace Medicine Division, 212

Aero-Space Technology, Office of, 182

Aerospatiale, 743

Aerospike engines, 83, 86, 176, 177, 179, 182, 

183, 184, 185

Aerothermal Instrumentation Package (AIP), 398, 

405

Africa, 471, 688

Agencia Espacial Brasileira (AEB). See Brazil and 

Brazilian Space Agency (AEB)

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI). See Italy and Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana 

[ASI])

Ahvaz, Iran, 716

Air Force Maui Optical System (AMOS) calibration test, 239, 377, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386, 389, 

391, 397, 399, 410, 412, 414, 423, 428, 432, 440, 

450, 454, 466, 470, 472, 483

Air Force, U.S.

Air Force Program-675 instruments, 402

Atlas rockets as ICBMs, 42

Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), 44, 72, 122, 579, 593, 615, 

618–20, 767, 819–22

Defense Satellite Communication Systems 

(DSCS) III satellites, 45, 122, 123, 124

Delta ELVs, 50

ELV launch services, 38

GAS experiments, 499, 503

Geophysics Laboratory, 418, 890

GPS satellites, 50, 51, 136–40

Haystack Radar, 439

Launch Vehicles Office and, 27

Medium Launch Vehicle II program, 45

Miniature Sensor Technology Integration 

(MSTI), 147, 152

Pegasus ELVs, 152

Phillips Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, 

80, 175, 859

RLV Technology program, 80

satellites, 44, 152

Small Launch Vehicle program, 55

Space and Missile Systems Center, 499

Space Radiation program, 619

Space Shuttle experiments, 243, 483

Space Systems Division, 421

Space Test Program, 503

Titan ELVs, 61, 62

Airborne Electrical Support Equipment, 242

Akebono satellites, 821

Akers, Thomas D.

STS-41, 361, 390

STS-49, 356, 364, 422, 424

STS-61, 357, 367, 458, 459, 628

STS-79, 371, 512

Alabama Space & Rocket Center, 406

Alaska, 603

Albion Jr. High, Strongsville, Ohio, 515

Alcantara, Brazil, 895–97

Aldrich, Arnold D., 24, 26, 205

Alena Spazio, 854

Alenia Aerospazio, 228, 310

Alice Springs, Australia, 906, 912, 913, 91

All Sky Monitor (ASM), 600, 602, 801, 80

Allen, Andrew M.

administrative positions, 30, 209

STS-46, 364, 427

STS-62, 367, 464

STS-75, 370, 500

Allen, Lew, 622–23

Alliant Techsystems

Delta ELVs, 51, 144

Pegasus ELVs, 51, 150

Taurus ELVs, 153

X-33, 177, 184

Allied Signal, 171, 180

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 276

Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS), 945

Alpha-particle, Proton and X-ray Spectrom

966

Altitude Sensor Package (ASP), 436

Altman, Scott D., 374, 538

Amalthea, 711

Amazon Rainforest, 388

American Association for Promotion of Sp

China, 419

American Flight Echocardiograph (AFE), 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast

tics (AIAA), xxii, 451, 452, 547

American Loop Heat Pipe with Ammonia 

(ALPHA), 527

Ames Research Center

Autonomous Operations System, 857

Center of Excellence designation, 11

Galileo, 701, 932, 933, 936

Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS), 945

GAS experiments, 540

Lunar Prospector, 944

mission area, 11

Nephelometer (NEP), 709, 933

OEX program, 405

sounding rocket program, 905

X-34, 82

Anderson, John, 936

Anderson, Michael P., 373, 536

Andes Mountains, 388, 428

Andoya, Norway, 882, 886, 893, 897, 904

Androgynous Peripheral Docking Assemb

299, 300, 301, 568

Andromeda galaxy, 639

Animals in space

ethical care and use of, 232, 412

payload accommodations, 230–32

STS-40, 244, 404

STS-48, 412

STS-58, 255, 456

Antarctica, 906, 909, 911, 914, 916, 918, 9

922, 925

Antenna, 638, 641

Antimatter, 276, 541, 650

Apollo program

Apollo 11, 260, 470, 477

Apollo 13, 240
Apollo Moon landers, 741

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 264

end of, 190

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 604, 

605, 806

balloon flights, 916, 920

Energetic Particle and Ion Composition (EPIC) 

Investigation, 863

Energetic Particles Detector (EPD), 935

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR), 

715, 717, 939–40

NEAR Mission Operations System Ground 

Segment, 715

Science Data Center, 715

Applied Research Corporation, 826

Apt, Jay, 242, 356, 362, 399, 400

Apt, Jerome

STS-47, 365, 429

STS-59, 367, 467

STS-79, 371, 512

Aquatic Research Facility (ARF), 506

Arcilesi, Charles J., 30

Arecibo Observatory, 722

Argentina and Argentinean National Commission 

of Space Activities

Hard X-ray Spectrometer (HXRS), 860

High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE), 

147, 148, 576, 771

Salyut space station, 299

Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-A (SACA), 164, 549

Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-B (SACB), 147, 148, 576, 671, 672, 771, 860–61

Ariane rocket, 38, 39, 279, 310

Arizona State University, 952, 955

Armstrong, Spence M., 181, 182

Army, Department of the, 902, 903

Army, U. S., 58, 321, 421

Arnold Air Force Base, 174

Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors 

(ALEXIS), 146

Art Program, NASA, 477

Ascent Particle Monitor (APM), 389, 411

Asphalt Evaluation Experiment (AEE), 534

Assembly of Station by EVA Method (ASEM), 

356, 424

"Assignment—The Stars" (Space Classroom Program), 397

Assisted Crew Return Vehicle, 290. See also Crew 

return vehicle

Association of Universities for Research in 

Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), 626

Assured Crew Return Vehicle, 101, 314, 320, 329, 

341, 564

Asteroids

asteroid 1992 KD, 668

Eros, 715–16, 943

Galileo and, 701, 705, 930, 937

Gaspra, 705, 930, 937

Geographos, 721, 722–23, 948, 951

Ida, 705, 707, 930, 937

Astro-1

characteristics, instruments, and experi

354, 395–96; Broad Band X-ray Tele

(BBXRT), 395, 396, 751, 753, 756, 84

Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT

750–51, 752, 981; Ultraviolet Imagin

scope (UIT), 396, 750–51, 752, 982; 

field cameras (WFCs), 396, 750–51; 

consin Ultraviolet Photo-Polarimeter 

ment (WUPPE), 750–51, 753, 982

deployment of, 159, 242, 362, 750–51, 

981; delay of, 575

development of, 750–51

Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer (DXS), 75

discoveries and scientific contributions 

751–53, 984, 986

objective of, 774

Astro-2

Broad Band X-ray Telescope (BBXRT

characteristics, instruments, and experi

262–63, 264, 354, 485; Hopkins Ultr

Telescope (HUT), 485, 754–55, 981, 

86; Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (U

485, 486, 754, 982; Wisconsin Ultrav

Photo-Polarimeter Experiment (WUP

485, 754, 982, 986

deployment of, 369, 775, 981

discoveries and scientific contributions 

984–86

guest investigators, 754

objective of, 775

sounding rocket program and, 691

ASTROCULTURE, 425, 450, 461, 495, 5

Astro-D, 664, 769. See also Advanced Sate

Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA)

Astronaut Candidate Program, 232, 234

Astronaut Office, 233

Astronaut Science Advisor (ASA), 456

"Astronomical Advantages of and Extra-te

Observatory" (Spitzer), 620

Astronomical Institute, 763

Astronomical Research for Origins and Pla

Systems Division (Office of Space Scien

584, 585

Astronomical x-ray sources, 575

Astronomy and Aerophysics Survey Comm

(AASC), 658–59

Astronomy exploration, 577, 578, 584

Astronomy Survey Committee, National A

of Sciences, 613

Astrophysics Division (Office of Space Sc

582, 583, 584, 589

Astrophysics Division (Office of Space Sc

and Applications), 581, 582

Astrophysics missions, 242, 578, 589, 767

769, 770, 771, 773

ASTRO-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ASTRO-S

253, 269, 762–63. See also Cryogenic In

Spectometers and Telescopes for the Atm

sphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (CRISTA-

Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extrem

violet Spectograph-Shuttle Pallet Satellit

(ORFEUS-SPAS)
Student Experiment on ASTRO-SPAS 

(SEAS), 766

Astro-Space Division, General Electric Company

Mars Observer, 952

Space Station development, 200, 281, 288, 

552, 564

Asuka, 769. See also Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA)

Athena ELVs

Athena I, 41, 42, 120

Athena II, 20, 41, 42, 121, 718

characteristics of, 41, 42, 120–21

launches with, 21, 38, 40, 41–42, 118, 119, 

718, 944

success rate for launches, 38, 118

ATK Thiokol Propulsion Company, 51

Atlantic Canada Thin Organic Semiconductors 

(ACTORS), 507, 543

Atlantis (OV-104)

characteristics of, 217–18, 350

hail damage, 392

hydrogen fuel leak, 392, 420

Kennedy Space Center landing, first, 392

launch vehicle function of, 20

Mir support missions and, 220–21

missions flown with, 159–60, 162–64

Orbiter Docking System, 220

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP), 

220–21, 479

oxygen leak, 420

STS-30, 159, 239, 379; IUS launch, 72, 75; 

Magellan deployment, 72, 75, 159, 239, 360, 

379, 693–94, 767, 927

STS-34, 159, 168, 239, 382–83; Galileo 

deployment, 159, 239, 360, 382, 383, 703, 

767, 930, 932

STS-36, 159, 240, 387, 395

STS-37, 159, 242, 356, 399–400, 645, 833

STS-38, 159, 242, 392–93

STS-43, 160, 168, 244, 409–10

STS-44, 160, 168, 244, 413–14, 522

STS-45, 160, 246, 420–21

STS-46, 160, 247–48, 427–28; EURECA, 247, 

252, 253, 427, 428; TSS deployment, 74, 

427, 428

STS-66, 162, 260–61, 479–81

STS-71, 162, 263–64, 487–88, 491; ShuttleMir program, 300, 301, 302, 555

STS-74, 266, 496–97; Shuttle-Mir program, 

300–301, 496, 497, 555

STS-76, 163, 266–67, 355, 358, 502–4; Shuttle-Mir program, 502, 504, 555

STS-79, 163, 268, 355, 512–13, 514, 555

STS-81, 163, 269, 355, 517–18, 555

STS-84, 164, 270, 355, 523–24, 555

STS-86, 164, 272, 273, 355, 531–32, 555

Atlas ELVs

acquisition of, 37

Atlas E: characteristics of, 127; development 

of, 43; launches with, 43, 44, 118, 122, 123, 

124; management of, 29

Atlas G Centaur: characteristics of, 128; development of, 43, 70, 72; launches with, 43, 44, 

118, 122, 619, 666, 854

Atlas I, 29, 43, 44–45, 118, 122–25, 12

Atlas II, 20, 43, 45–47, 122–26, 131

Atlas IIA, 43, 45, 46, 118, 123–26, 132

Atlas IIAS: characteristics of, 47, 133–

launches with, 43, 45, 46–47, 118, 12

681; management of, 29

Atlas IIIA, 20

characteristics of, 43–47

development of, 42–43

ICBM use of, 42

launches with, 19, 21, 38–40, 118, 122

767; event sequence for geosynchron

mission, 44, 130; Shuttle launch and, 

514

management of, 29

naming conventions, 43

payloads launched from, 122–26

success rate for launches, 38, 46, 118

Atmosphere Structure Instrument (ASI), 7

933

Atmospheric & Environmental Research, I

Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications 

ence (ATLAS)

ATLAS-1, 160, 246, 354, 364, 420–21

ATLAS-2, 161, 250, 365, 441

ATLAS-3, 162, 260–61, 368, 479, 480

Atmospheric Reentry Demonstration, 310

Attached pressurized module, ESA, 284, 2

Augustine, Norman R., 25, 78, 204–5, 287

Auroral Photography Experiment (APE), 3

409, 454, 466

Auroral Photometer (AP), 810

Auspace, Ltd., 419, 486

Austin, Gene, 178, 183

Australia

Australian Space Office, 419, 486

Deep Space Network (DSN) station, 66

686, 701

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics 

program, 672

IUE observers, 688

Austria, 672

Authorization and appropriation bills

Discovery Program, 714

human spaceflight, funding for, 212

influence of on direction of NASA, 3

launch systems, funding for, 33–34, 36

89–90

NASA, funding for, 7

space science missions, 587, 587n38, 5

Ulysses, 660

Automated Transfer Vehicle, 279, 309–10

Autonomous Operations System, 857

Autonomous Optical Navigation, 857

B

Bagenal, Frances, 936

Bagian, James P.

STS-29, 360, 376

STS-40, 362, 403

Bahcall, John, 658
Bahcall Committee, 658–59

Bahcall Report, 658–59

Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, 315, 735

Baker, Ellen S.

STS-34, 360, 382

STS-50, 364, 425

STS-71, 369, 487

Baker, Michael A.

STS-43, 363, 409

STS-52, 365, 435

STS-68, 368, 476

STS-81, 371, 517

Baking Bread in Space, 434

Ball Aerospace & Technologies, 659

Ball Aerospace Systems Goup, 819, 824, 829, 831

Ball Electro-Optics & Cryogenics Division, 627, 

829

Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO)

Clementine, 720, 724

DC-X program, 80, 172

Miniature Sensor Technology Integration 

(MSTI), 152, 668

Pegasus ELVs, 55

Single Stage Rocket Technology program, 80

Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, 720

Balloon flights, 693, 694, 906–25

Balmino, Georges, 927

Balogh, Andrew, 844

Banjul, The Gambia, 237

Baroreflex (BA), 446–48

Barry, Daniel T., 358, 370, 498, 499

Barth, Charles, 810

Batelle, 389

Battlefield Laser Acquisition Sensor Test 

(BLAST), 439

Beacon Monitor Operations, 857

Beijing Institute of Environmental Engineering, 

473

Bekey, Ivan, 29

Belen Jesuit Preparatory School, Miami, Florida, 

543

Belgium

ATLAS-1 instruments, 246

ESA membership, 279

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

SOLCON, 480

Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, 846, 933, 

934

Bellarmine College, Louisville, Kentucky, 529, 

547

Belton, Michael J., 934

Ben Guerir, Morocco, 237

BeppoSAX satellite, 125, 578, 643, 650, 666, 771, 

854–55

BeppoSAX Science Data Center, 666

Bernhardt, Paul, 820

Bertaux, Jean Loup, 876

Bertotti, Bruno, 848

B.F. Goodrich, 181, 182, 183

Big Bang

age of universe, 641

COBE and, 593, 791, 792

FUSE mission and, 613, 614

HUT and, 755

theory of, 593, 595, 791–92

Binder, Alan, 945

Binns, Walter, 806

Biological Research in Canister (BRIC), 47

483, 490, 492, 506, 511, 515, 529, 547

Biomedical experiments, 243–44, 331

Bioprocessing Modules (PBM), 442

Biorack, 258, 259, 267, 524

Bioreactor Demonstration Systems (BDS)

490, 529, 540

Bioreactor Flow and Particle Trajectory (B

414

Bioserve/Instrumentation Technology Ass

Materials Dispersion Apparatus (BIMDA

410

Bird, Michael K., 847, 978

Bistatis Radar Experiment, 950

Black Brant sounding rocket, 692

Black holes

Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and 

physics (ASCA), 852

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility 

(AXAF), 652–53

Hubble Space Telescope data, 637, 640

RXTE and, 599, 803

Blaha, John E.

aboard Mir, 268, 269, 512, 517, 555

STS-29, 360, 376

STS-33, 360, 384

STS-43, 363, 409

STS-58, 366, 455

STS-79, 371, 512

STS-81, 269, 371, 517

Blake, J. Bernard, 873

Blamont, Jacques E., 958

Bless, Robert C., 828

Bloomfield, Michael J., 373, 531

Blue Mountain High School, Floyd, Virgin

Bluford, Guion S., Jr.

STS-39, 362, 401

STS-53, 365, 438

Bochsler, Peter, 806

Boeing Company/Boeing Aerospace/Boein

Defense and Space Group

Advanced Launch System (ALS), 78

aerospike engines, 185

Boeing North America, 65n69

inertial upper stage (IUS), 167

Power Activation and Switching Modu

Space Shuttle modifications and upgra

Space Station: assembly schedule, 306

construction of components, 308–9, 5

contract for, 296, 304, 307, 567, 568; 

Control Task Force, 214, 314, 569, 5

costs and overruns, 214, 313; develop

of, 191, 199, 208, 281, 552, 564, 566

nation of Freedom, 304

VentureStar, 182

Bolden, Charles F., Jr.

STS-31, 361, 388

STS-45, 364, 420
STS-60, 367, 460

Bondar, Roberta L., 245, 363, 415

Bonn University, 933

Booker T. Washington Senior High School, Houston, Texas, 418

Boost Guidance System, S-19, 692

Boston University

balloon flights, 906, 911

Center for Space Physics, 873

Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Composition Experiment (CAMMICE), 873

sounding rocket program, 882, 886, 888, 889, 

902, 904, 905

Tomographic Experiment using Radiative 

Recombinative Ionospheric EUV and Radio 

Sources (TERRIERS), 592, 593

Botswana, 388

Bougeret, J. L., 867

Bowersox, Kenneth D.

STS-50, 364, 425

STS-61, 367, 458, 459

STS-73, 369, 494

STS-82, 372, 519

Bowyer, Stuart, 793

Box Elder High School, Brigham City, Utah, 543

Boy Scout Troop 177, Gambrills, Maryland, 544

Boynton, William V., 953, 970

Brady, Charles E., Jr., 371, 508

Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS), 684, 755, 880

Brand, Vance D., 362, 394

Brandenstein, Daniel C.

STS-32, 361, 385

STS-49, 364, 422, 424

Brandt, John C., Jr., 827

Branscome, Darrel, 32

Brazil and Brazilian Space Agency (AEB)

balloon flights, 921, 922

ICBC during STS-46, 428

imaging of during STS-59, 256

International Space Station (ISS): contributions to, 280, 311, 569; development of, 191, 

277

BREMEN Satellite (BREMSAT), 463

Brevard Community College, Cocoa, Florida, 543

Brice, Neil, 820

Briggs, Geoffrey, 581

Brilliant Eye Ten-Kelvin Sorption Cryocooler 

Experiment (BETSCE), 506

Brinkley, Randy, 209, 210

Brinkman, S. C., 840

Brinton, Henry, 584

British Science and Engineering Research Council 

(Particle Physics and Astronomy Research 

Council), 687

British Sugar PLC, 507

Broad Band X-ray Telescope (BBXRT)

Astro-1, 395, 396, 751, 753, 756, 849, 983

Astro-2, 754

Broward Community College, Davie, Florida, 543

Brown, Curtis L., Jr.

STS-47, 365, 429

STS-66, 368, 479

STS-77, 370, 505

STS-85, 373, 528

STS-95, 374, 545

Brown, Mark N.

STS-28, 360, 380

STS-48, 363, 411

Brown, Robert H., 977

Brown University, 924

Brueckner, Guenter, 876

Bruno B. Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, 59

also Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXT

Bubble Data Recorder (BDR), 684, 685

Buchli, James F.

STS-29, 360, 376

STS-48, 363, 411

Buckey, Jay C., 374, 538

Budarin, Nikolai, 487

Budgets and funding

annual budget estimates, xxi, 37, 96–1

appropriations categories, 6, 12–15

authorization and appropriation bills: D

ery Program, 714; human spaceflight

ing for, 212; influence of on direction 

NASA, 3; launch systems, funding fo

34, 36, 37, 77, 89–90; NASA, fundin

space science missions, 587, 587n38, 

Ulysses, 660

for Centers, 6

for crew return vehicle, 320

for Discovery Program, 587, 714, 788

full-cost accounting, xxi, 7–8, 214–15, 

for GAS program, 212

for Hitchhiker program, 212

for human spaceflight programs, 189–9

15, 324–48

for launch systems, 33–37, 89–117

for NASA, 5–8, 33–34, 212

programmed budget, 36, 91–95

for programs and projects, 5

for space science missions, 585–88, 77

for Space Shuttle program, 30, 33–36

for Space Station program: Alpha, 191

296; Freedom, 191, 208, 281–84, 287

290, 293–96, 552, 565, 566; funding 

333–43; Human Space Flight (HSF) 

priations, 35, 213–15, 324–26; ISS, 3

313–14, 568, 570; Programmed Budg

327–30; Science, Aeronautics, and T

ogy (SAT) appropriations, 213–15; S

Transportation Capability Developm

appropriations, 34; Spaceflight, Cont

Data Communications (SFC&DC) ap

ations, 6, 15

Bundesministeriium für Forschung und Te

gie (BMFT [Federal Ministry for Resear

Technology]), 615

Bunner, Alan, 584

Burlaga, Leonard, 806

Bursch, Daniel W.

STS-51, 366, 453

STS-68, 368, 476

STS-77, 370, 505

Burst and Transient Source Experiment (B

645, 646, 647–48, 649–50, 834, 837
Bush, George H. W.

Endeavour, naming of, 218

NASA organization, 24

Space Exploration Initiative, 576–77

space policy of, 3, 21–22

Space Station Freedom, 290, 565

U.S.-Russian Cooperative Program, 291, 292, 

565

Business Management office (Office of Space 

Flight), 31, 32, 193

C

Cabana, Robert D.

Shuttle Training Aircraft, 487

STS-41, 361, 390

STS-53, 365, 438

STS-65, 367, 469

STS-71, 487

STS-88, 317, 374, 549

California Deep Space Network (DSN) station, 

701

California Institute of Technology

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 605, 

806, 807

balloon flights, 906, 916, 919, 922, 925

Galileo, 936

GAS experiments, 506

Heavy Ion Counter (HIC), 935

Jet Propulsion Laboratory staffing, 4

SIRTF Science Center, 660

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 598, 797, 798

sounding rocket program, 901, 903, 905

Space Radiation Laboratory, 806

Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC), 

824; WFPC2, 829

California State University, Northridge (CSUN), 

406, 462

Calle, Chris, 477

Calle, Paul, 477

Callisto, 710, 711, 712, 931

Cameron, Kenneth D.

STS-37, 362, 399

STS-56, 365, 441

STS-74, 370, 496

Camp Tortuguero, Puerto Rico, 890, 904–5

Canada and Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

astronauts on STS-74, 266

Canadian Astronomical Data Centre, 687

CANEX-2, 436

Commercial Float Zone Facility, 267

Configurable Hardware for Multidisciplinary 

Projects in Space (CHAMPS), 452

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 

613, 615

GAS experiments, 434, 475, 507, 543

International Microgravity Laboratory (IML2), 470

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

International Space Station (ISS): agreements 

governing, 314–15, 569; contributions to, 

279, 305, 306, 316, 319, 556; develop

of, 191, 277

Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS)

509–11

Microgravity Sciences Program, 543

Mobile Servicing Systems training, 200

Neurolab mission, 274

payloads launched for, 21

remote sensing satellite, 40, 139

Space Station Alpha, 297

Space Station Freedom: components fo

contributions to, 284–85, 289; develo

of, 190, 280

Canadian Protein Crystallization Experime

(CAPE), 531

Canary Islands, Spain, 55

Canberra, Australia, 666, 682, 686

CAN-DO (Charleston County School Dist

Charleston, South Carolina), 451, 515, 5

Canizares, Claude R., 841

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida

launches

ACE, 806

Athena ELVs, 42

BeppoSAX, 578, 666, 854

Cassini-Huygens, 971

CRRES, 819

Deep Space 1/SEDSAT, 856

EUVE, 596, 793

Geotail satellite, 862

Mars Climate Orbiter, 738, 967

Mars Observer, 952

Mars Polar Lander, 969

NEAR, 939

payload characteristics for ELVs, 41

Pegasus ELVs, 55

ROSAT, 816

RXTE, 801

SOHO, 875

Titan ELVs, 61

Wind, 866

Cape Canaveral, Florida, 21. See also Ken

Space Center

Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL), 462, 492, 5

Carl Sagan Memorial Station, 731

Carl Zeiss Company, 615

Carlson, Charles W., 804–5

Carlson, RObert, 934

Carnegie Mellon University, 857

Carpenter, Joyce, 209

Carter, Manley L., Jr., 360, 384

Casper, John H.

STS-36, 361, 387

STS-54, 365, 440

STS-62, 367, 464

STS-77, 370, 505

Cassini, Jean-Dominique, 740

Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS), 973

Cassini-Huygens

approval of, 576

budgets and funding for, 740, 741, 787

characteristics, instruments, and experi

741–44, 745, 971–79; Cassini Plasma 
trometer (CAPS), 973; Composite Infrared 

Spectrometer (CIRS), 973–74; Cosmic Dust 

Analyzer (CDA), 973; Duel Technique 

MAG, 975; Imaging Science Subsystem 

(ISS), 974; Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS), 974; Magnetospheric Imaging 

(MIMI) Mass Spectrometer, 975; Radio and 

Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument, 

976; Radio Detection and Ranging (RADR) 

instrument, 975; Radio Science Subsystem 

(RSS), 976; Radioisotope Thermoelectric 

Generators (RTGs), 741–42; Ultraviolet 

Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS), 977; Visual 

and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS), 

977

deployment of, 61, 63, 156, 742, 772

development of, 739, 740–41, 742

discoveries and scientific contributions from, 

974, 976

Huygens science probe, 739, 741, 743; Aerosol 

Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP), 979; Descent 

Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR), 978; 

Descent Module, 743; Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE), 978; Entry Assembly, 743; 

Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer 

(GCMS), 979; Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument, 978; Permittivity and Electromagnetic Wave Analyzer, 978; probe 

support equipment, 743; Surface-science 

Package (SSP), 979

naming of, 740

objectives of, 772, 971–72

trajectory and orbits of, 742, 743

CCM-A, 515, 532

Celestial Mechanics, Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

(JPL), 936

Cement Mixing Experiment (CME), 534

Centaur upper stage, 70, 71, 72, 73, 167

Center for Commercial Development of Space 

(CCDS), NASA

Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiments, 

378

Protein Crystallization Facility (PCF), 423

Robot Operated Materials Processing Systems 

(ROMPS), 472

SPACEHAB experiments, 252, 460

Center for Macromolecular Crystallography 

(CMC), 378, 423

Center for Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins 

University, 613

Center for Space Physics, Boston University, 873

Center for Space Transportation and Applied 

Research (CSTAR), 48–49

Centers of Excellence, 4, 11, 583–84. See also

specific centers

Centre de Recherches en Physique de l'Environment, 936

Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements 

(CESR), 861

Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES). See

France and French Space Agency (Centre 

National d'Etudes Spatiales [CNES])

CFI, 178

Chabrow, Jay, 214, 314, 570

Challenger

accident, 20, 190

changes following accident, 64, 616

delays following accident, 575, 577, 62

693, 702, 750–51, 756

ELV use following, 21, 49, 61, 72, 594

619

HiRAP, 397

launch vehicle function of, 20

replacement for, 217

return to flight following accident, 190

safety emphasis following accident, 70

Chandra (AXAF), 576, 579, 652, 655–57, 

Chandra Operations Control Center, 657

Chandra X-ray Center (CXC), 657

Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 654–55

Chang-Diaz, Franklin R.

STS-34, 360, 382

STS-46, 364, 427

STS-60, 367, 460

STS-75, 370, 500

STS-91, 374, 541

Characterization of Neurospora Circadian 

Rhythms (CNCR), 385

Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis Sy

(CELIAS), 877

Charge and Mass Magnetospheric Ion Com

tion Experiment (CAMMICE), 873

Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera sy

851

Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detectors, 

664, 665, 849

Charged Particle Measurements Experime

Charged Particle Telescope (CPT), 948

Charleston County School District, Charle

South Carolina (CAN-DO), 451, 515, 53

Chawla, Kalpana, 373, 533

Cheli, Maurizio, 370, 500

Chemical Gardens Experiment, 434

Chemical Precipitate Formation, 407

Chemical Release Module (CREM), 619

Chemical Release Observation (CRO), 402

Chemical Unit Process (CUP), 543

Chenette, David L., 874

Cheng, Andrew F., 936

Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 297, 298, 566, 567

Chesapeake Bay Girl Scout Council, Salis

Maryland, 544

Chiao, Leroy

STS-65, 367, 469

STS-72, 358, 370, 498, 499

Chief Financial Office, Office of, 190, 574

Chile, 622

Chilton, Kevin P.

administrative positions, 210

STS-49, 364, 422

STS-59, 367, 467

STS-76, 370, 502

China, 688

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 53

Chinese Society of Astronautics, 419

Chretien, Jean-Loup J.M., 373, 531
Christensen, Philip R., 952, 955

Christian, Carol, 793

Chromosome and Plant Cell Division in Space 

Experiment (CHROMEX), 377, 390, 440, 454, 

477, 483

Clarkson University Potsdam, New York, 472

Cleave, Mary L., 360, 379

Clementine, 156, 720–24, 769, 948–51

Clemson University, 889, 890, 894, 896, 898, 900, 

904

Clervoy, Jean-Francois

STS-66, 368, 479

STS-84, 372, 523

Clifford, Michael R.

STS-53, 365, 438

STS-59, 367, 467

STS-76, 358, 370, 502, 504

Cline, T, L,, 869

Clinton, William J.

communication with Shuttles, 252, 488

funding for NASA programs, 36, 191, 208

Living With a Star initiative, 580

missile technology to India, 297

National Space Transportation Policy, 172

Shuttle launch attendance, 548

space policy of, 3, 22–23, 80

Space Station program, 191, 208, 213, 293–97, 

565–66

United States-Russian Commission, 297

Closed Equilibrium Biological Aquatic System 

(CEBAS), 536

Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense System 

(CLOUDS), 380, 384, 402, 421, 439

Cluster spacecraft, 579, 672, 676

Coats, Michael L.

STS-29, 360, 376

STS-39, 362, 401

Cockrell, Kenneth D.

dogtag, 265

STS-56, 365, 441

STS-69, 265, 369, 491

STS-80, 371, 514

Code, Arthur D., 982

Code of Federal Regulations, 222–23

Colegio Santa Hilda, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 

548

Coleman, Catherine G., 369, 494

Collaborative Solar-Terrestrial Research 

(COSTR) program, 672, 673

Collaborative Ukrainian Experiment (CUE), 534

Collier, James, 211

Collins, Eileen M.

STS-63, 261, 368, 482

STS-84, 372, 523

Collisions into Dust Experiment (COLLIDE), 540

Colorado Space Grant Consortium, 440, 895

Columbia (OV-102)

AIP, 398

characteristics of, 217–18, 350

days in space for orbiter, 251

extended duration orbiter, 470, 495, 511, 522, 

527, 540

fuel cell, concern about, 521, 522

hinges from, 401

HiRAP, 397

hydrogen fuel leak, 392, 394, 395, 403

494

launch vehicle function of, 20

Mir support missions and, 220

missions flown with, 159–64

modifications and upgrades to, 219–20

425

network signal processors, 538

Orbital Flight Test missions (STS-1 thr

STS-5), 398

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OM

220, 494

oxygen leak, 444

oxygen transducer replacement, 403

SILTS, 386, 397, 405

STS-1, 398

STS-2, 398

STS-3, 398

STS-4, 219, 222, 398

STS-5, 219, 398

STS-9, 191, 219

STS-28, 159, 239, 380–81

STS-32, 159, 240, 385–86, 397, 405

STS-35, 159, 242, 392, 394–98, 405, 75

981

STS-40, 160, 219, 243–44, 397, 403–8

STS-50, 160, 247, 425–26

STS-52, 161, 249, 435–37

STS-55, 161, 238, 250–51, 444–48

STS-58, 161, 255, 455–57

STS-62, 162, 256, 464–66

STS-65, 162, 258–59, 469–70

STS-73, 163, 265, 494–95

STS-75, 75, 163, 266, 500–501

STS-78, 163, 268, 508–11

STS-80, 163, 269, 514–16

STS-83, 163, 270, 521–22, 525

STS-87, 164, 272, 274, 276, 359, 533–

759–60, 775

STS-90, 164, 227, 274–75, 538–40

STS-94, 164, 270, 522, 525–27

Columbia University

balloon flights, 921, 922

sounding rocket program, 885, 901

Columbus Orbital Facility, 279, 280, 305, 

310, 313, 556, 558, 568

Combined Release and Radiation Effects S

(CRRES), 44, 72, 122, 579, 593, 615, 61

767, 819–22

Combustion Module (CM), 521, 526

Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR), 715, 9

Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF

739–40, 741, 787

Comets

Giacobini-Zinner comet, 575, 591

Hale-Bopp comet, 529, 662, 680

Halley's Comet, 750, 751, 824

Kopff comet, 739

missions to explore, 575

Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, 634, 635, 70

717, 930, 937
Commercial Development division (Office of 

Space Access and Technology), 29

Commercial Float Zone Facility, 267

Commercial General Bioprocessing Apparatus 

(CGBA), 268, 440, 465, 483, 492

Commercial launch license, 48

Commercial Materials Dispersion Apparatus 

Instrument Technology Associates Experiments 

(CMIX), 436, 442, 486, 492, 515

Commercial Middeck Augmentation Module 

(CMAM) contract, 227, 460

Commercial Processing experiments, 406

Commercial Programs, Office of (Code C), 9, 27, 

227, 378

Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG) 

experiments, 423, 437, 454, 465, 470, 477, 490, 

498, 501, 532, 542

CPCG-VDA (Vapor Diffusion Apparatus), 

483

Commercial Refrigerator Incubator Module 

(CRIM), 423

Communication Division (Office of Space Flight), 

32

Communications and Information Sciences Division (Office of Space Science and Applications), 

581

Communications Research Centre of Canada, 900

Components, systems, and modules, 280, 569

Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), 973–74

Comprehensive Energetic Particle Pitch Angle 

Distribution/Source-loss Cone Energetic Particle 

Spectrometer (CEPPAD/SEPS), 679, 680, 873

Comprehensive Plasma Investigation (CPI), 862

Comprehensive Suprathermal and Energetic Particle Analyzer (COSTEP), 877

Compton, Arthur Holly, 645

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)

boosts to higher orbits, 651

characteristics, instruments, and experiments, 

243, 644, 645, 646, 647, 833–37; Burst and 

Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), 645, 

646, 647–48, 649–50, 834, 837; Compton 

Telescope (COMPTEL), 645, 646, 648, 835, 

836; Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment 

Telescope (EGRET), 645, 646, 648, 834, 

835, 836; high-gain antenna, 242, 400, 647; 

Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), 645, 646, 650, 834, 836

deployment of, 159, 242, 356, 362, 399, 578, 

645, 768, 833

development of, 645, 646

discoveries and scientific contributions from, 

647–50, 836–37

funding for, 778

naming of, 645

objectives of, 578, 589, 644, 646–47, 768, 833

orbit of, 651

reentry, controlled, 651

sounding rocket program and, 691

Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), 645, 646, 648, 

835, 836

Computer (Compact) Disc Evaluation Experiment 

(CDEE), 534

Conestoga ELVs

characteristics of, 20, 135

development of, 47–48

launches with, 21, 38, 40, 47–49, 118

success rate for launches, 38, 118

Configurable Hardware for Multidisciplina

ects in Space (CHAMPS), 452

Configuration Budget Review Team, 283, 

Configuration Stability of Fluid Experimen

(CSFE), 534

Congress, United States

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility 

(AXAF), funding for, 653, 654

authorization and appropriation bills: D

ery Program, 714; human spaceflight

ing for, 212; influence of on direction 

NASA, 3; launch systems, funding fo

34, 36, 37, 77, 89–90; NASA, fundin

space science missions, 587, 587n38, 

Ulysses, 660

Cassini funding, 741

commercial and private sector develop

launch systems, 21–22

crew return vehicle, funding for, 320

Endeavour, authorization to construct, 

funding for NASA's activities, 5, 6–7, 2

House and Senate science committees, 

influence of on direction of NASA, 3, 4

space science missions, funding for, 58

Space Station program: cancellation att

296, 305, 306, 567, 568; funding for, 

214, 281–84, 287–88, 290, 296, 305, 

312, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568

Congressional Research Service, 190, 574

Consortium for Commercial Crystal Grow

Clarkson University, 472

Consortium for Materials Development in 

Complex Autonomous Payload (CONCA

CONCAP II, 428

CONCAP III, 428

CONCAP IV, 257, 450, 468, 492

Construction of Facilities (C of F) appropr

6, 214, 215

Construction of Facilities funding history, 

Cooke, Douglas, 210

Cooperative Astrophysics and Technology 

lite (CATSAT), 592, 593

Cooperative Solar Array (CSA), 497

Cornell University

Galileo, 936

Multispectral Imager (MSI), 939–40

Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIS), 940

sounding rocket program, 882, 885, 88

892, 897, 899, 904, 905

Spitzer Space Telescope (Space Infrare

scope Facility [SIRFT]), 659

Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS), 8

Coronal-Sounding Experiment (SCE), 847

Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial R

ment (COSTAR) system, 357, 459, 627–

Cosmic and Solar Gamma-burst Spectrom

966

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 59
596, 691, 767, 790, 791–92

Cosmic collision, 634, 635

Cosmic Composition Explorer, 604–5. See also

Advanced Compostion Explorer (ACE)

Cosmic Dust Aggregation (CODAG), 547

Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA), 973

Cosmic explosions, 643

Cosmic Radiation Experiments, 448

Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Investigation 

(COSPIN), 846

Cosmic Ray Effects and Activation Monitor 

(CREAM), 411, 414, 439, 440, 477, 517, 524, 

532

Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS), 607, 

807

Cosmic Ray Upset Experiment (CRUX), 380, 384

Cosmic Unresolved X-ray Background Instrument 

Using CCDs (CUBIC), 861

Cost Control Task Force, 214, 314, 569, 570

Covey, Richard O.

STS-38, 361, 392

STS-61, 367, 458

Creighton, John O.

STS-36, 240, 361, 387

STS-48, 363, 411

Crew and Equipment Translation Aids (CETA), 

242, 356, 400

Crew return vehicle. See also Assured Crew 

Return Vehicle; Soyuz vehicle

Assisted Crew Return Vehicle, 290

budgets and funding for, 320

European Crew Transport Vehicle, 310, 568

requirement for in Space Station redesign, 294

X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, 279, 310, 320–23, 

568, 570

Crew Telesupport Experiment (CTE), 448

Crippen, Robert L., 24, 25, 26

Crisp, David, 970

Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV), 402

Crouch, Roger K.

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372, 525

Cryo Systems Experiment (CSE), 483

Cryogenic Flexible Diode Experiment 

(CRYOFD), 527

Cryogenic Heat Pipe Experiment (CRYOHP), 439

Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation or 

Shuttle (CIRRIS), 402

Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes 

for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite 

(CRISTA-SPAS), 162, 164, 261, 270–71, 368, 

373, 479, 481, 528, 762

Cryogenic Thermal Storage Unit Flight Experiment (CRYOTSU), 547

Cryogenic Two Phase (CRYOTP), 465

Crystal Growth, experiment in, 406, 408, 421, 

433, 434, 451–52, 531, 543, 544. See also Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiments

Crystal Vapor Transport Experiment (CVTE), 437

CSUN Aerospace Group, 406

Culbertson, Frank L., Jr

STS-38, 361, 392

STS-51, 366, 453

Cummings, Alan, 806

Curbeam, Robert L., Jr., 373, 528

Currie, Nancy J. Sherlock

STS-57, 366, 449

STS-70, 369, 489

STS-88, 277, 317, 374, 549

Customer and Flight Integration office, Joh

Space Center, 194

D

Dactyl, 705, 707, 937

Daggett, California, 910, 911, 912, 914

Daimler Benz Aerospace, 310, 558

DARA. See Germany and German Space A

(DARA)

Dartmouth College, 897

Data Interface Unit, 520

Davidsen, Arthur F., 981

Davis, N. Jan

STS-47, 365, 429

STS-60, 367, 460

STS-85, 373, 528

Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and As

ics (AASC), 658–59

Deep Space 1, 141, 667, 668–69, 670, 773

59

Deep Space 2, 739, 970

Deep space missions, 589

Deep Space Network (DSN)

Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and 

physics (ASCA), 666

antennae upgrade, 980

Clementine, 723–24, 950

Coronal-Sounding Experiment (SCE) a

Galileo, 701, 704

location of stations, 666, 701

Magellan, 697

Mars Global Surveyor, 726

Mars Pathfinder, 734

Pioneer missions and, 746

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (S

682

Wind, 677

Deep Space Probe Science Experiment (D

720–21. See also Clementine

Deep Space Station, Weilheim, Germany, 

Defense, Department of (DOD)

Advanced Launch System (ALS), 77–7

Clementine, 156, 721, 722, 769

DC-XA, 81

ELVs and: acquisition through, 37; pay

launched for, 38–40, 46, 122, 146–47

Pegasus ELVs, 152; responsibility to 

improve, 22, 80; Scout ELVs, 59; Ta

ELVs, 154; Titan ELVs, 61, 155–57

Far Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph 

(FUVIS), 761

National Launch System, 78

national space policy and, 22, 80

payloads deployed for, 21, 61, 72, 159, 

239, 240, 242, 244, 360, 361, 365, 38

401–2
space science missions, 574

Space Shuttle: experiments, 483; payload 

accommodations, 221; removal of DOD payloads, 61, 249, 439

Space Test Program, 381, 761

Space Transportation division, interface with, 

29

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 

(DARPA), 55, 59, 80

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program 

(DMSP), 122, 123, 124

Defense Satellite Communication Systems 

(DSCS) III satellites, 45, 122, 123, 124, 168

Defense Support Program (DSP), 156, 168, 244, 

363, 413

Delaboudinière, Jean Pierre, 877

Delta Clipper-Experimental Advanced (DC-XA), 

76, 81, 170, 172, 173, 174

Delta Clipper-Experimental (DC-X), 80–81, 169, 

170, 172, 173

Delta ELVs

Delta 2000 series, 49

Delta 3000 series, 49, 50, 54, 142

Delta 4925, 50, 136

Delta 5000 series, 50, 136

Delta II, 20; acquisition of, 37; characteristics 

of, 52–53; Delta 6925, 50, 54, 143; Delta 

7000 series, 51, 53, 54, 144, 668, 669; event 

sequence for geosynchronous mission, 51, 

54, 145; launches with, 50–51, 136–41, 592, 

605, 616, 673, 675, 737, 939, 960, 967, 969; 

management of, 29

Delta III, 51, 141

development of, 49–51

launches with, 19, 21, 38–40, 49–51, 118, 

136–41, 592, 594, 596, 657, 658, 767

management of, 29

success rate for launches, 38, 49, 118

TSS experiments, 76–77, 138

DeLucas, Lawrence J., 364, 425

Denmark, 279

Dennis, Brian, 861

Descent Camera, 966

Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR), 978

Descent Phase Instrument System, 966

Despun Platform Mechanism (DPM), 679

Destiny in Space, 255

Dexterous End Effector (DEF), 465

Dezhurov, Vladimir, 487

Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR), 593, 

595, 791, 792

Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment 

(DIRBE), 593–94, 595, 792

Diffuse Ultraviolet Experiment (DUVE), 137

Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer (DXS), 249, 440, 

755–56, 774

Diffusion Coefficient Measurement Facility 

(DCMF), 506

Directional Discontinuities, 848

Discovery (OV-103)

characteristics of, 217–18, 350

flicker woodpecker damage, 489

hinges, repair of, 401

ionization glow documentation, 544

launch vehicle function of, 20

Mir support missions and, 220

missions flown with, 159–64, 482

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OM

220, 249, 519

Reaction Control System, 472

STS-29, 159, 168, 238, 376–78

STS-31, 159, 241, 388–89

STS-33, 159, 168, 239, 384

STS-39, 160, 243, 401–2, 762

STS-41, 159, 168, 241–42, 390–91, 84

STS-42, 160, 220, 244–46, 415–19

STS-48, 160, 244, 411–12

STS-51, 161, 252–54, 357, 449, 453–5

774, 775

STS-53, 161, 249, 438–40

STS-56, 161, 250, 441–43, 758, 774

STS-60, 162, 255–56, 355, 460–63

STS-63, 162, 261–62, 355, 357, 482–8

Shuttle-Mir program, 300, 304, 555, 

SPARTAN 204 mission, 761

STS-64, 162, 260, 357, 471–75, 758, 7

STS-70, 162, 168, 264, 489–90, 491

STS-82, 163, 269, 358, 519–20, 630–3

STS-85, 164, 270–71, 528–30

STS-91, 164, 275–76, 355, 541–44, 55

STS-95, 164, 276, 355, 545–48, 633, 7

775

Discovery Program

budgets and funding for, 587, 714, 788

Deep Space 2, 970

development of, 577, 713–14

ELVs for, 714

missions: Comet Nucleus Tour (CONT

715, 938; Genesis, 715, 938; Lunar P

tor, 42, 119, 577, 715, 718–20, 772, 7

938, 944–47; Mars Pathfinder, 139, 5

724, 731–35, 772, 788, 938, 960–63; 

Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR), 

577, 578, 679, 715–18, 770, 788, 938

43; Stardust, 715, 938

objectives of, 577, 713–15

PI-led missions, 590, 714–15

Docking Compartment, 280

Docking Module, 266, 496, 497, 504

Doi, Takao, 359, 373, 533, 535

Doke, Tadayoshi, 864

Donnatello, 310

Doppler Gravity Experiment (DGE), 946, 

Doppler Wind Experiment, 709, 934

Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE), 978

Dornier Systems, 660, 816, 825, 844

Doschek, George A., 880

Dowell Elementary School, Marietta, Geo

548

Dr. Ronald S. Nelson, Inc., 451

Droplet Combustion Apparatus, 526

Dryden Flight Research Center

Aerospike engine, 176, 177

Center of Excellence designation, 11

F-15B Aerodynamic Flight Facility, 86

LASRE, 177, 178
mission area, 11

Pegasus ELV launches, 55

X-33, 86, 179

X-34, 82, 84

X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, 321–23

Duel Technique MAG, 975

Duffy, Brian

STS-45, 364, 420

STS-57, 366, 449

STS-72, 370, 498

Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 86

Duke University, 407

Dunbar, Bonnie J.

STS-32, 361, 385

STS-50, 364, 425

STS-71, 369, 487

STS-89, 373

Duque, Pedro, 276, 374, 545

Durrance, Samuel T.

STS-35, 242, 362, 394

STS-67, 369, 485

Dust Detector Subsystem (DDS), 935

Dust Experiment (DUST), 847

DuVal High School, Lanham, Maryland, 547

Dynamic Explorer 1, 821

E

Earth

Cassini-Huygens and, 742

Center of Excellence for research, 584

images of taken from Shuttle, 243, 383

low-Earth orbit, 41

magnetic field, 749

measurement of distance between Shuttle and, 

498

middle atmosphere, 260–61, 271, 480

Mission to Planet Earth program (Code Y), 

214, 250, 260, 582

observation of, 278, 300, 305

ozone measurements, 246, 382, 473, 480, 534, 

540

photographs of, 451

polar platform, 283

solar wind and, 265, 276

Spacelab mission research, 227

Terra Scout, 413

Earth Sciences and Applications Division (Office 

of Space Science and Applications), 581

Earth Sciences program, 214. See also Mission to 

Planet Earth program (Code Y)

EarthKAM, 537

Eastman-Kodak, 654

Economou, Thanasis, 962

Edith Brown Elementary School, 473

EDSYN, Inc, 408

Edwards, Joe Frank, Jr., 373, 536

Edwards Air Force Base

Haystack Butte (X-33 launch facility), 86, 175, 

178, 180, 184, 185

launches from, 55

Space Shuttle launch and landing operations, 

69, 217, 237, 502. See also individual Space 

Shuttle missions; 

X-33 launch facility, 175, 177, 178, 18

185

EER Systems, 48, 49, 135

Effect of Cosmic Radiation on Floppy Dis

Plant Seeds Exposure to Microgravity, 4

Einstein, Albert, 652, 803, 848, 851

Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2), 652

El Paso (Texas) Community College, 534

Elachi, Charles, 975

Electric Fields and Ion Transport experime

Electric Fields Detector (EFD), 864

Electric Fields Instrument (EFI), 680, 872

Electrolysis Performance Improvement Co

Study (EPICS), 492

Electromagnetic Containerless Processing 

ity (TEMPUS), 258, 259, 521, 526

Electron Analyzer and Magnetometer, 965

Electron Reflectometer (ER), 945–46, 947

Electronic Still Camera (ESC), 275, 517, 5

Element Integration Office, Marshall Spac

Center, 204

Elrick Primary School, Aberdeen, Scotland

Elsbernd, Robert L., 32

Emulsion Chamber Technology (ECT), 46

Endeavour (OV-105)

authorization to construct, 218

characteristics of, 217–19, 350

characteristics of and upgrades to, 219

construction milestones, 218, 350

extended duration orbiter, 219, 486

ISS assembly mission, 317, 318

missions flown with, 160–64; first, 64, 

naming of, 218

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OM

219, 221, 536

STS-47, 161, 248, 429–34

STS-49, 64, 160, 218, 246–47, 356, 42

STS-54, 161, 168, 249, 356, 440, 755, 

774

STS-57, 161, 228, 252, 253, 355, 356, 4

474

STS-59, 162, 256–57, 260

STS-61, 161, 236, 255, 357, 458–59, 6

628–30, 630, 774

STS-67, 162, 262–63, 485–86, 754, 77

STS-68, 162, 260, 476–78

STS-69, 163, 265, 357, 491–93, 759, 7

STS-72, 163, 266, 358, 498–99

STS-77, 163, 267, 355, 505–7

STS-88, 64, 164, 277, 316–17, 319, 35

51; ISS assembly mission, 277, 313, 3

318, 319, 359, 374, 562–63

STS-89, 164, 274, 355, 536–37, 555

umbilical assembly from, 394

Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Elec

(ERNE) experiment, 877

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telesc

(EGRET), 645, 646, 648, 834, 835, 836

Energetic Particle Acceleration, Composit

Transport (EPACT), 867, 868

Energetic Particle and Ion Composition (E

Investigation, 863
Energetic Particle Composition and Neutral Gas 

Experiment (EPAC), 845

Energetic Particle Experiment, 686

Energetic Particle Instrument (EPI), 708, 933, 934

Energetic Particles Detector (EPD), 935

Energy, Department of, 146, 660, 741–42

Energy-mass Ion Spectrograph and Neutral-particle Imager, 965

Engineering and Science Tape Recorder, 520, 632

Engineering and Technical Base funding, 97

E-Nose, 547

Entech, 857

Enterprise, 20

Enterprise Development office (Office of Space 

Flight), 31, 32, 193

Eros, 715–16, 943

Esposito, Larry L., 977

Eta Carinea, 634, 637

Europa, 706, 710, 711, 712–13, 930, 931, 936

Europe

Central Europe, imaging of, 256

communication satellite, 46, 122, 125, 141

IUE observers, 688

LIDAR LITE experiment, 471

European Science Foundation, Space Science 

Committee, 740

European Space Agency (ESA). See also Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)

Altitude Sensor Package (ASP), 436

APCF, 258

astronauts on STS-74, 266

BeppoSAX, 666, 855

Biorack, 258, 259, 267

Cassini-Huygens, 740–41, 743, 772

Cluster spacecraft, 579, 672, 676

Columbus Orbital Facility, 309

Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), 646

Crew Transport Vehicle, 310, 568

ESA Council, 309, 568

European Laser Docking System, 532

European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA), 

160, 161, 247–48, 252, 253, 356, 364, 366, 

427, 428, 449

Faint Object Camera (FOC), 621–22, 825

GAS experiments, 462, 474, 493, 547

Hermes spaceplane, 305

Hubble Space Telescope, 626

Hubble Space Telescope solar arrays, 624, 

627, 628, 631

Huygens science probe, 739, 743

International Microgravity Laboratory (IML2), 470

International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM), 660

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

International Space Station (ISS): agreements 

governing, 314–15, 569; contributions to, 

279, 280, 305, 306, 313, 556, 568, 569; 

development of, 191, 277

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 687–

90

IUE Newly Extracted Spectra (INES), 687

Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS), 268, 

509–11

Liquid Gauging Technology Experime

membership of, 279

Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL

270

Neurolab mission, 274

Out of Ecliptic, 660

printed and online information from, 1

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 615

Science Program Committee, 740

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (S

46–47, 125, 579, 609, 672, 675, 676, 6

691, 770, 875–78

Solid State Microaccelerometer Experi

406

Space Science Department, 666

Space Station Freedom: components, s

for, 285, 286; components for, 281, 2

development of, 190, 207, 280

SPACEHAB payloads, 252

Spacelab D-2, 445

Spacelab design and development, 224

Ulysses, 70, 71, 159, 241–42, 361, 660

European Space Research and Technology 

Noordwijk, Netherlands, 451

EVA Maneuvering Unit Television (EMU

765

Evaluation of Oxygen Integration with Ma

Thermal Management Processes (EOIM

TEMP 2A-3), 427

Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle prog

Excel Interactive Science Museum, Salisbu

Maryland, 544

Expedite the Processing of Experiments to 

Space Station Rack (EXPRESS), 526

Expendable launch vehicles (ELVs). See a

cific ELVs

acquisition of, 20, 37–38

budgets and funding for, 33, 34, 35, 36

93–94, 95, 115–17

Centaur upper stage, 72

Challenger explosion and, 21, 72

characteristics of, 40–41

commercial and private sector develop

and building of, 21–22, 23

for Discovery Program, 714

DOD's responsibility to improve, 22, 8

failures and partial failures, 38, 39–40, 

families of, 19

intermediate class, 94, 116

international cooperative ELV mission 

requirements, 29, 97

large class, 94, 117

launches with, 19, 21, 38–40, 118, 575

management of program for, 23, 26, 27

32, 582

medium class, 93, 116, 675

payloads launched from, 38–41

replacement of by Space Shuttle, 21

small class, 55, 93, 115

space science missions launched by, 57

success rate for launches, 20, 21, 38–40

ultralite ELV launch services, 37, 592–
Expendable Launch Vehicles Office, 30

Experiment Data System (EDS), 600, 802

Experiment Logistic Module, 279

Experiment of the Sun Complementing the 

ATLAS Payload and Education-II (ESCAPE-II), 

480

Experimental Investigation of Spacecraft Glow 

(EISG), 465

Experimental vehicle procurement, 90

Explorer Concept Study Program, 605

Explorer Scouts, 433

Explorer spacecraft, 589

Explorers Program, 591–93

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 

X, 613–15, 781

funding for, 781

Medium-class Explorer missions (MIDEX), 

592; IMAGE, 592, 809; MAP, 592

missions, 790; ACE, 140, 579, 604–5, 606, 

607, 772, 781, 806–9; COBE, 593–95, 596, 

691, 767, 790, 791–92; EUVE, 137, 579, 

691, 768, 790; RXTE, 139, 579, 599–600, 

602, 650, 770, 781, 790, 801–3

as model for Discovery Program, 714

objectives of, 591

Principal Investigator (PI)-led missions, 579, 

590

restructuring of program, 577, 579

Small Explorer missions (SMEX), 591–92; 

budgets and funding for, 587; FAST, 147, 

579, 591, 601–3, 691, 771, 790, 804–5; management of, 55, 152, 592; objectives of, 577; 

Pegasus for deployments, 55; SAMPEX, 

152, 591, 598–99, 769, 790, 796–800, 809; 

success of, 577; SWAS, 148, 591, 610–12, 

773, 790, 814–15; TRACE, 147, 579, 591, 

608–10, 611, 691, 772, 790, 812–13; WIRE, 

591–92

Student Explorer Demonstration Initiative 

(STEDI) program, 592–93, 772; SNOE, 147, 

592, 593, 605–6, 609, 772, 790, 810–11

Explorers Program Office, 605

Exploring the Unknown, Selected Documents in 

the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, 

Volume V, xxii

Exposed Facility, 279, 284, 289, 556

Extended Duration Orbiter Medical Project, 414, 

425

External Maintenance Solutions Team, 286, 564

External Maintenance Task Team (EMTT), 286, 

564

External tank

budgets and funding for, 92, 93, 108, 113

characteristics of, 65–66, 165, 215, 216

super lightweight external tank (SLWT), 276

Extravehicular activity (EVA)

aboard Mir, 234, 302, 303

categories of, 234

EVA Development Flight Test (EDFT), 357–

58, 498

longest, 424

Shuttle missions, 356–59; STS-37, 242, 356, 

400; STS-49, 247, 356, 424; STS-51, 253, 

357; STS-54, 249, 356; STS-57, 252, 

STS-61, 236, 255, 357, 459, 628–29, 

774; STS-63, 261, 357, 484; STS-64, 

475; STS-69, 265, 357; STS-72, 358, 

STS-76, 358, 504; STS-82, 358, 519–

630, 632, 775; STS-86, 272; STS-87, 

535; STS-88, 277, 316–17, 319, 359

Spacelab tunnel adapter, 226

spacesuit (extravehicular mobility unit 

[EMU]), 234, 235, 265, 499

training for, 308

Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Spectrograph, 

269, 366, 763–64, 765, 988

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 137

595–97, 691, 768, 790, 793–95

Extreme Ultraviolet Imagine Telescope (E

Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUVS)

935

F

Faint Object Camera (FOC), 621–22, 625, 

829

Faint Object Spectrometer (FOS), 358, 519

630, 632, 826, 827

Fairbanks, Alaska, 915, 921, 924

Fairchild Space, 793

Fairchild-Weston, 552

Fanale, Fraser P., 936

Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer 

(FIRAS), 593–94, 595, 791–92

Far Ultraviolet (FUV) Spectrograph, 161, 

366, 763–64, 765, 766, 988

Far Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (FU

482, 761

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FU

592, 613–15, 781

Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST)

deployment of, 147, 579, 591, 601–3, 7

790, 804–5

ISTP program, 601

objective of, 591, 771

sounding rocket program and, 691

Fast Omnidirectional Non-scanning Energ

Analyzer, 965

"Faster, better, cheaper" concept, 577, 582

88, 714, 718, 737, 772

Faster, Cheaper, Better (McCurdy), xxii

Fastrac engine, 176

Favier, Jean-Jacques, 371, 508

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 2

Federal Communications Commission (FC

Feldman, William, 806, 944

Ferguson, Earl, 211

Fettman, Martin J., 366, 455

Fichtel, Carle E., 835

Finland, 672

Finnish Meteorological Institute, 970

Fishman, Gerald J., 834

Fisk, Lennard A., 581, 582, 622

Fletcher, James, 282, 564

Flexible Beam Experiment (FLEXBEAM)

Flight Crew Operations Directorate, 233
Flight Demonstration Program (Office of Space 

Systems Development), 76

Flight Integration division (Office of Space 

Access and Technology), 29

Flight operations upgrades, 92, 106

Flight Systems (Office of Space Flight division), 

24–25, 26, 193

Flight Systems Office (Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications), 211, 212

Flight telerobotic servicer (FTS), 285, 288

Floppy disks, 408

Flower and Vegetable Seeds Exposure to Space, 

407

Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment 

(FARE), 439, 450

Fluids Experiment Apparatus (FEA), 239, 379, 

385

Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM), 844

Foale, C. Michael

aboard Mir, 270, 272, 303, 523, 531, 555

STS-45, 364, 420

STS-56, 365, 441

STS-63, 261, 357, 368, 482, 484

STS-84, 270, 372, 523

STS-86, 272, 373, 531

Foamed Ultralight Metals, 407

Ford Aerospace, 552

Fort Churchill, Canada, 882–83

Fort Couch Middle School, Upper Saint Clair, 

Pennsylvania, 548

Fort Sumner, New Mexico, 693, 906–25

Four Rivers District, Boy Scouts, Gambrills, 

Maryland, 544

Fran, Hurricane, 512, 514

France and French Space Agency (Centre National 

d'Etudes Spatiales [CNES])

ATLAS-1 instruments, 246

balloon flights, 920

ESA membership, 279

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 

613, 615

International Microgravity Laboratory (IML2), 470

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS), 268, 

509–11

Mars Relay Radio System, 958

Neurolab mission, 274

Piroda module, 300

Solar Spectrum (SOLSPEC), 480

Spacelab D-2, 445

Frank, Louis A., 863, 874, 935

Franscati, Italy, 861

Freeman, Del, 180

French Gamma Telescope (FREGATE), 861

Frimout, Dirk D., 364, 420

Fritz, Theodore A., 873

Fröhlich, Claus, 878

Frontiers of Science Foundation, 407

Fujitsu Ltd., 408

Fulchignoni, Marcello, 978

Functional cargo block (FGB), 305, 306, 308, 

311–12, 313, 314, 315, 556, 557, 567, 56

G

G1 globular cluster, 635, 639

Gabriel, Alan, 877

Gabris, Edward, 29, 212

Gaffney, F. Drew, 362, 403

Galaxies

ASCA discoveries, 852

Astro-1, 752–53

Astro-2, 754–55, 984–86

collision of, 638, 641

distances to, 641, 642

galactic gases, x-ray radiation from, 24

M100 Spiral Galaxy, 623, 624

Milky Way, 613–14, 648, 650, 752, 75

836

NGC 4151, 984

NGC 4603 spiral galaxy, 641, 642

PKS2155-304, 765

quasars and, 640, 648, 836

Galaxy and the Universe theme, 583

Galilei, Galileo, 700–701

Galileo

characteristics, instruments, and experi

700–702, 706, 932–37, 973; Atmosph

Structure Instrument (ASI), 708–9, 9

Doppler Wind Experiment, 709, 934

Detector Subsystem (DDS), 935; Ene

Particle Instrument (EPI), 708, 933, 9

Energetic Particles Detector (EPD), 9

Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (E

934, 935; Heavy Ion Counter (HIC), 

Helium Abundance Detector (HD), 70

933; Lightning and Radio Emission D

(LRD), 709, 933; Magnetometer (MA

935; Near-infrared Mapping Spectrom

(NIMS), 934; Nephelometer (NEP), 7

933; Net Flux Radiometer (NFR), 70

Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS), 7

933; Photopolarimeter Radiometer (P

934; Plasma Investigation Subsystem 

935; Plasma Wave Subsystem (PWS

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Genera

(RTGs), 741; Solid-state Imaging (SS

era, 934; Ultraviolet Spectrometer (U

934

deployment of, 159, 239, 360, 382, 383

3, 767, 930, 932; delay of, 575, 577, 

discoveries and scientific contributions 

708–13, 936–37

firsts accomplished during mission of, 

funding for, 785

IUS launch, 168

mission events, 702–8, 710–11, 712–1

31

objective of, 578, 767, 932

trajectory and orbits of, 703–4, 706, 71

Galley Iodine Removal Assembly (GIRA)

Gambia, 237

Gamma Ray Burst Spectrometer (GRaBS)

Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO). See Com
Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)

Gamma Ray Spectrometer (KONUS), 677, 869

Gamma-ray Astrophysics Mission (GAMCIT), 

506

Gamma-ray bursts, 643, 646, 647–50, 662, 671–

72, 837, 847

Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS), 941, 945, 946, 

953, 965

Ganymede, 710, 711, 712, 930, 931

Gardner, Guy S., 362, 394

Garmire, Gordon, 839, 861

Garneau, Marc, 370, 505

Garrett AiResearch, 552

Gas Imaging Spectrometers (GISs), 665, 849, 850

Gaspra, 705, 930, 937

Geiss, Johannes, 806, 845

Gelation of SOLS Applied Microgravity Research 

(GOSAMR), 417

Gemar, Charles D.

STS-38, 361, 392

STS-48, 363, 411

STS-62, 367, 464

General Accounting Office (GAO), 7, 190, 307, 

313, 574

General Dynamics

Advanced Launch System (ALS), 78

animal enclosure modules, 231

Atlas ELVs, 43, 45, 72, 127, 128, 129, 131

Centaur upper stage, 70

Convair Division, 43

ELV launch services, 37

Space Station contract, 552

General Electric Company

Astro-Space Division: Mars Observer, 952; 

Space Station development, 200, 281, 288, 

552, 564

RCA, 552

General Machine Building, Soviet Union, 291, 

565

Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (GBA), 440, 

473

Genesis, 715, 938

Geographos, 721, 722–23, 948, 951

Geological Survey, U.S., 857

Geospace Corporation, 890

Geosynchronous orbit

Atlas ELVs, 44, 130

definition, 69

Delta ELVs, 51, 54, 145

Shuttle-IUS, 74

Titan IV-IUS, 72

Geotail satellite, 50, 137, 579, 672, 673, 674–76, 

769, 809, 862–65

German Aerospace Center, 537

German Aerospace Research Establishment 

(DLR), 445

Germany and German Space Agency (DARA). 

See also Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 

(CGRO); Orbiting and Retrievable Far and 

Extreme Ultraviolet Spectograph-Shuttle Pallet 

Satellite (ORFEUS-SPAS)

ASTRO-SPAS, 253, 269, 762–63

ATLAS-1 instruments, 246

BREMEN Satellite (BREMSAT), 463

Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CR

739

Commercial Float Zone Facility, 267

communication satellite, 124, 138

Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), 646

CRISTA-SPAS, 162, 164, 261, 270–71

373, 479, 481, 528, 762

Deep Space Station, Weilheim, 617

Electromagnetic Containerless Process

Facility (TEMPUS), 258, 259

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Tel

(EGRET), 646

ESA membership, 279

Galileo, 701

GAS experiments, 418, 506

German Space Operations Center, Obe

faffenhofen, 617

International Microgravity Laboratory 

2), 470

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics 

program, 672

Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL

270

Neurolab mission, 274

Piroda module, 300

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 136, 579

615–18, 767, 816–18

Slow Rotating Centrifuge Microscope 

(NIZEMI), 258

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 152, 579, 598–

790, 796–800, 809

space science satellite, 39

Spacelab D-1, 445, 448

Spacelab D-2, 161, 251, 354, 366, 445–

Spacelab funding, 212

Student Experiment on ASTRO-SPAS 

(SEAS), 766

X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-S

256, 257, 477

Gernhardt, Michael L.

dogtag, 265

STS-69, 265, 357, 369, 491

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372, 525

Gerrard, Thomas, 806

Get Away Special (GAS) program

accommodations for on Shuttle, 222–2

budgets and funding for, 212

containers for, 222

management of, 194, 222

number of payloads flown, 222

rules for participating in, 222–23

Shuttle missions: 100th payload, 255; S

222; STS-28, 381; STS-33, 384; STS

406–8; STS-42, 418–19; STS-45, 42

47, 433–34; STS-53, 249; STS-57, 45

474; STS-59, 257, 468; STS-60, 255, 

63; STS-64, 473–75; STS-67, 486; S

260, 477–78; STS-69, 493; STS-72, 4

STS-76, 503; STS-77, 506–7; STS-8

STS-87, 534; STS-88, 551; STS-89, 
STS-90, 540; STS-91, 543; STS-95, 547

Giacconi, Richardo, 652

Giacobini-Zinner comet, 575, 591

Gibson, Robert L.

STS-47, 365, 429

STS-71, 369, 487

Gierasch, Peter, 936

Girl Scouts, 544

Glass Fining, 537

Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz, 856

Glenbrook North High School, Northbrook, Illinois, 515, 548

Glenn, John H., Jr, 164, 276, 374, 545, 633

Global Geospace Science (GGS) initiative, 139, 

579, 673–74, 675, 676, 679, 769, 770, 779

Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies (GOLF), 

877

Global Positioning System (GPS)

navigation with, 219, 322

satellites for, launch of, 50, 51, 136–40

Single String Global Positioning System, 550

Space Integrated Global Positioning System,/

Inertial Navigation System (SIGI), 551

Gloeckler, George, 806, 868

Glow Experiment (GLO), 439, 483, 492, 496

Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS), 

358, 459, 519, 625, 629, 630, 632, 826, 827

Goddard Space Flight Center

balloon flights, 906, 907, 908, 912, 913, 914, 

915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 921, 922, 924

Center of Excellence designation, 11, 584

Communication and Data Support, 196

experiments sponsored by: BBXRT, 753, 983; 

CIRS, 973; CRRES, 820; DXS, 440, 756; 

EPACT, 867; GAS experiments, 408, 462, 

475, 534; GCMS, 979; GRaBS, 861; HXRS, 

671, 861; KONUS, 869; MAG, 940, 945–46; 

MAG/ER, 953, 956; MFI, 868; MOLA, 952, 

955; NLR, 942; NMS, 709–10, 933; OEX 

program, 405; PSI, 873; ROMPS, 472; 

sounding rocket program, 882, 883, 884, 

885, 886, 887, 888, 890, 893, 895, 896, 897, 

898, 901, 902, 904, 905; SOXS, 861; SWE, 

867; TGRS, 869; TIDE/PSI, 873; UIT, 752, 

982; URAP, 845; XGRS, 940, 941

GAS ballast payload, 452

Hitchhiker Control Center, 223

Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, 753

management of, 32, 580

mission area, 11

programs developed or managed by: ACE, 

605, 806; ASCA, 849; CGRO, 646, 833; Clementine, 948; COBE, 593, 791–92; EGRET, 

646, 835; EUVE, 596, 793; Explorers Program, 616; FAST, 601, 602, 804; GAS program, 194, 222; Geotail satellite, 862; HETE/

SAC-B, 671, 860; Hitchhiker program, 223; 

Hubble Space Telescope, 621, 626, 629, 631, 

823, 829–30; ISTP, 672; IUE, 688; launch 

systems, 29; NEAR, 939; Polar, 871; 

ROSAT, 816; RXTE, 599–600, 801, 802; 

SAMPEX, 598, 796, 797, 798; Scout ELVs, 

59; Small Explorer Data System, 598; Small 

Explorer program, 55, 152, 592; sma

load carrier systems, 194; SNOE, 810

SOHO, 875; space science missions, 

Spacelab, 196; SPARTAN 201-01, 7

STIS, 829–30; SWAS, 814; TDRS sy

194; TRACE, 812; Wind, 866

Space Station Work Package 3, 198, 20

281, 288, 552

Space Telescope Operations Control C

459, 631

STS-35, success of, 398

Godwin, Linda M.

STS-37, 362, 399

STS-59, 367, 467

STS-76, 358, 370, 502, 504

Gold, Robert, 806

Goldin, Daniel S.

"Access to Space" study, 80

"faster, better, cheaper" concept, 577, 5

587–88, 714, 772

Living With a Star initiative, 580

METEOR project, 48–49

as NASA administrator, 27, 28, 80, 18

210, 211, 291, 565, 577, 582, 584

Program Committment Agreement, 674

RLV program, 182

safety of Mir, 304, 531

SIRTF program, 659

Space Station program, 208, 293, 296, 

298, 311, 314, 315, 566, 568, 569

Goldstone, California, 666

Golubkina crater, 699, 701

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 291, 565

Gordon, Tropical Storm, 260, 479

Gore, Albert A.

Space Station program, 297, 298, 565, 

567

X-33, 85–86, 173

Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission, 298, 56

Goree, Jesse F., Jr., 204

Grabe, Ronald J.

STS-30, 360, 379

STS-42, 363, 415

STS-57, 366, 449

Grand Coulee, Washington, Elementary Sc

544

Graphic Retrieval and Information Display 

(GRID) computer, 386

Gravitational Wave Experiment (GWE), 8

Gravity Probe-B, 784

GRB 970228 gamma-ray burst, 643

GRB 971214 gamma-ray burst, 650

Great Britain. See United Kingdom/Great 

Great Observatories, 652. See also Advanc

ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF); Com

Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO); Hub

Space Telescope

deployment of, 3, 159, 241, 242, 578, 6

objectives of, 589, 620

SIRTF, 658

Greece, 672

Gregory, Frederick D.

STS-33, 360, 384
STS-44, 363, 413

Gregory, William G., 369, 485

GRO J1655-40 (X-ray Nova Scorpii), 649

Growth and Morphology, Boiling and Critical 

Fluctuations in Phase Separating Supercritical 

Fluids (GMSF), 542

Growth Hormone Concentration and Distribution 

(GHCD) in Plants, 383

Grumman Aerospace, 646

Grumman Space and Electronics Group, 208, 296, 

552

Grün, Eberhard, 847, 935, 973

Grunsfeld, John M.

STS-67, 369, 485

STS-81, 371, 517

GTE Laboratories, Inc., 406, 421

Guided Precision Delivery System, U.S. Army, 

321

Guidoni, Umberto, 370, 500

Gunn, Charles R., 24, 25, 27, 29, 30

Gurnett, Donald A., 872, 935, 976

Gutierrez, Sidney M.

STS-40, 362, 403

STS-59, 367, 467

H

Habitation module, U.S., 284, 285, 286, 288, 309, 

556, 557

Hadfield, Chris A., 370, 496

Haerendal, Gerhard, 820, 821

Hale-Bopp comet, 529, 662, 680

Halley's Comet, 750, 751, 824

Halsell, James D., Jr.

STS-65, 367, 469

STS-74, 370, 496

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372, 525

Hamilton, D., 797

Hamilton Standard, 552

Hammond, L. Blaine, Jr.

STS-39, 362, 401

STS-64, 368, 471

Hampton Elementary School, Lutherville, Maryland, 515

Handheld, Earth-oriented, Real-time, Cooperative, 

User-friendly, Location-targeting and Environmental System (HERCULES), 439, 490

Hansen, Lauri, 210

Harbaugh, Gregory J.

STS-39, 362, 401

STS-54, 249, 356, 365, 440

STS-71, 369, 487

STS-82, 358, 372, 519, 520, 632

Hard X-ray Spectrometer (HXRS), 671, 860, 861

Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT), 683–84, 880

Harms, R. F., 826

Harri, Ari-Matti, 970

Harris, 552

Harris, Bernard A., Jr.

STS-55, 366, 444

STS-63, 261, 357, 368, 482, 484

Harris, David W., 32

Harrison, Richard, 875

Hartsfield, Henry, 203

Harvard University

balloon flights, 906, 910, 911, 912, 915

Galileo, 936

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophy

814, 839

Hasselblad camera, 470

Hauser, Michael, 792

Hawaii, 651, 716

Hawley, Steven A.

STS-31, 361, 388

STS-82, 372, 519, 632

Hawthorne, Krauss, and Associates, LLC, 

Hawthorne Report, 183

Haystack Butte, Edwards Air Force Base (

launch facility), 86, 175, 178, 180, 184, 

Haystack Radar, Tyngsboro, Massachusett

Hearts in Space, 529

Heat Pipe Performance Experiment (HPP)

480

Heavy Ion Counter (HIC), 935

Heavy Ion Large Area Proportional Count

scope (HILT), 599, 797

Heliosphere Instrument for Spectra, Comp

and Anisotropy at Low Energies (HI-SC

846

Helms, Susan J.

STS-54, 365, 440

STS-64, 368, 471

STS-78, 371, 508

Hennen, Thomas J., 363, 413

Henricks, Terence T.

STS-44, 363, 413

STS-55, 366, 444

STS-70, 369, 489

STS-78, 371, 508

Herbig Haro 30, 634

Hercules Aerospace Company, 51, 61, 149

Hermes spaceplane, 305

Hernandez, Ana Maria, 860

Hieb, Richard J.

STS-39, 362, 401

STS-49, 356, 364, 422, 424

STS-65, 367, 469

High Energy Accelerator Research Organi

(KEK), 922

High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HE

575

HEAO-1, 652

HEAO-2 (Einstein Observatory), 652

High Energy Astrophysics Branch, 584

High Energy Astrophysics Science Archiv

Research Center, NASA, 666

High Energy Timing Experiment (HEXTE

602, 801, 802

High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE

148, 576, 671–72, 771, 860–61

High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG

trometer, 657, 839–40, 841

High Mass Resolution Spectrometer (MAS

High Pressure Gas Scintillator Proportiona

ter, 855
High Resolution Accelerometer Package 

(HiRAP), 397, 405

High Resolution Camera (HRC), 656, 657, 839, 

840

High Resolution Mapping Spectrophotometer, 964

High Resolution Mirror Assembly, 654, 656–57

High Resolution SHuttle Glow Spectroscopy 

(HRSGS), 454

High Speed Photometer (HSP), 459, 625, 627–28, 

828, 829

High-energy Particles (HEP) Investigation, 864

High-resolution Camera, 950

High-resolution imagers (HRIs), 615, 616, 617, 

817

Hilmers, David C.

STS-36, 361, 387

STS-42, 363, 415

Hirayama, Tadashi, 880

Hire, Kathryn P., 374, 538, 540

Historical Reference Collection, xxi

Hitchhiker Ejection System, 550

Hitchhiker program

accommodations for on Shuttle, 223, 351

Advanced Carrier Customer Equipment Support System, 223

budgets and funding for, 212

Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer (DXS), 249, 756

HH-Jr., 223, 351

management of, 223

purpose of, 223

HL-20 crew return vehicle, 320

Hoffman, Jeffrey A.

STS-35, 242, 362, 394

STS-46, 364, 427

STS-61, 357, 367, 458, 459, 628, 629

STS-75, 370, 500

Hoffman, Robert, 820

Hofstadter, R., 835

Hollomon Air Force Base, 82

Holloway, Harry, 211

Holographic Optics Laboratory (HOLOP), 446

Honeywell Corporation, 62, 552, 679

Hood, Lon, 945

Hook, W. Ray, 283, 564

Hopkins, Joseph P., Jr., xxii

Hopkins, Joshua B., xxii

Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT)

Astro-1, 396, 750–51, 752, 981

Astro-2, 485, 754–55, 981, 984–86

Hord, Charles, 934, 935

Horizon 2000 space science program, 741

Horowitz, Scott J.

STS-75, 370, 500

STS-82, 372, 519, 632

Hot Plasma Analyzer (HYDRA), 680, 872

Housing and Urban Development, Department of, 

37

Houston, Texas, 296, 313. See also Johnson Space 

Center

Hovestadt, Dieter, 797, 806, 877

Howard, H. Taylor, 936

Hubbard, G. Scott, 945

Hubble, Edwin, 621, 641

Hubble Orbiting Systems Test (HOST) pla

164, 276, 374, 546, 633, 775

Hubble Space Telescope

characteristics, instruments, and experi

623–26, 627, 633, 823–32; Corrective 

Space Telescope Axial Replacement 

(COSTAR) system, 357, 459, 627–28

Data Interface Unit, 520; Engineering 

Science Tape Recorder, 520, 631, 63

Object Camera (FOC), 621–22, 825, 

Faint Object Spectrometer (FOS), 35

630, 632, 826, 827; fine guidance sen

358, 520, 624–25, 630, 631, 632, 828

Goddard High Resolution Spectrogra

(GHRS), 358, 459, 519, 629, 630, 63

827; High Speed Photometer (HSP), 

627–28, 828, 829; Near Infrared Cam

Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMO

519, 630, 632, 831–32; Optical Contr

tronics Enhancement Kit, 520; solar a

459, 520, 623, 624, 627, 628, 629, 63

solid-state recorder, 520, 631, 632; S

Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (ST

358, 519, 630, 632, 829–30; Wide Fi

Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), 459, 6

829; Wide Field and Planetary Came

(WFPC), 357, 459, 621, 623, 628, 82

communication to ground through TDR

defects of, 578, 621–23

deployment of, 159, 241, 361, 388, 578

621, 767, 823; delay of, 575

development and management of, 620–

626, 629, 823

discoveries and scientific contributions 

634–44, 650, 709, 832

funding for, 778

HOST mission, 164, 276, 374, 546, 63

images taken by, 621–22, 624

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE

pared to, 689

Jupiter, 755, 986

naming of, 621

objective of, 589, 620, 633–34, 767, 82

Optical Telescope Assembly, investiga

622–23

orbit of, 624, 632, 823, 841

servicing missions: SM1 (STS-61), 16

236, 255, 357, 367, 458–59, 578, 623

30, 774, 823, 829; SM1, preparation f

357; SM2 (STS-82), 163, 269, 358, 3

519–20, 630–33, 775, 823, 829–32

as Shuttle payload, 221

Web site for, xxiii, 634

Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems 

of Investigation, 622–23

Hughes Aircraft Company, 701, 927, 932

Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, 654

Hughes Electron Dynamics Division, Spec

Astro, Inc., 856

Hughes-Fulford, Millie, 362, 403

Human Exploration and Development of S

(HEDS) Enterprise, 30, 210

Human Factors Configuration, 550
Human immune function, 550

Human Space Flight (HSF) appropriations

launch systems, 33–34, 35, 36

Programmed Budget, 92–95

programs funded with, 6, 12, 13, 89, 90

Space Station program, 213, 215, 324–26

Spacelab, 212

Human spaceflight programs. See also specific 

programs

availability of information about, 189–90

budgets and funding for, 189–90, 212–15, 

324–48

last decade review, 190

management of, 192–212

overview of, 190–92

Human Spaceflight Web page, xxiii

Hunten, Donald M., 936

Huntress, Wesley, 581, 582, 584, 585, 714

Huntsville, Alabama, 228, 258, 270

Hurley, Kevin, 847

Huygens, Christiaan, 740

Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument, 978

Huygens science probe, 739, 741, 743. See also

Cassini-Huygens

Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP), 979

Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR), 

978

Descent Module, 743

Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE), 978

Entry Assembly, 743

Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer 

(GCMS), 979

Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument, 

978

Permittivity and Electromagnetic Wave Analyzer, 978

probe support equipment, 743

Surface-science Package (SSP), 979

I

IBM, 552

Ida, 705, 707, 930, 937

Idaho Falls, Idaho, 174

IKI, 970

ILC, 552

Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global 

Exploration (IMAGE), 592, 809

Imaging Particle Spectrometer for Energetic Neutral Atoms (ISENA), 861

Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), 974

IMAX Corporation Camera experiments

IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC), 253, 255, 

388, 428, 496, 551

IMAX Handheld Camera, 253, 255, 388, 454, 

483

Mir images, 513

Remote IMAX Camera System (RICS), 454, 

764–65

Shuttle missions: STS-29, 378; STS-31, 388; 

STS-32, 386; STS-34, 383; STS-46, 428; 

STS-51, 253, 454, 764–65; STS-61, 255; 

STS-63, 483; STS-71, 488; STS-74, 496; 

STS-79, 513; STS-88, 551

Imperial College of Science & Technology

975

Independent Agencies appropriations bills

Independent Television News of England, 

India

IUE observers, 688

missile technology to, 297, 566

payloads launched for, 21

satellites, 136

Indonesia, 125, 136, 137, 471

Inertial upper stage (IUS)

characteristics, 72, 167

deployments with, 69, 74, 168

TDRS deployment, 168, 238

Ulysses deployment, 71, 168, 241, 390

In-flight maintenance, 236

Information Systems, 784

Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), 658

Infrared Background Signature Survey exp

ment, 160

Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS

Ingersoll, Andrew P., 936

In-Space Commercial Processing experime

406

Inspector General, Office of, 6, 87, 185, 30

Institut d'Aeronomie Spatiate de Belgique, 

gium, 848

Institute for Interplanetary Space Physics (

tuto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario

Institute of Chemistry and Physics (RIKEN

Institute of Physical Sciences and Technol

868

Institute of Space and Astronautical Scienc

Japan (ISAS), 137, 664, 665–66, 675, 68

864, 881

Institutions (Office of Space Flight divisio

25, 193

Instituto de Astronomia, Italy, 848

Instituto de Tecnologie e Studio Delle Rad

Extrterrestri (TESRE), 919

Instituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplaneta

(Institute for Interplanetary Space Physic

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (

280

INTELSAT Solar Array Coupon, 242, 390

INTELSAT VI satellite, 246–47, 356, 364

424

Interim Control Module, 312, 568

Interim Operational Contaimination Monit

(IOCM), 380, 385, 413

International Cometary Explorer (ICE), 57

International Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhik

(IEH), 271, 276, 492, 529, 547

International Maritime Satellite Organizati

International Microgravity Laboratory (IM

IML-1, 160, 244–45, 354, 363, 415–17

IML-2, 162, 254, 258–59, 354, 367, 47

International Reference Guide to Space La

Systems (Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopki

International Solar Polar Mission (ISPM), 

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (IST

gram
characteristics of program, 672

Collaborative Solar-Terrestrial Research 

(COSTR) program, 672, 673

Global Geospace Science (GGS) initiative, 

139, 579, 673–74, 675, 676, 679, 769, 770, 

779

management of, 672

objectives of, 672–73

participants in, 672

programs included in, 139, 579, 601, 608, 672, 

675, 676, 680, 769, 770, 771

International Space Station (ISS)

agreements governing, 297–98, 314–15, 316, 

566, 567, 569

assembly of: completed assembly, 321, 322; 

contract for, 307; on-orbit assembly, 315–17; 

orbital events summary, 317, 562–63; phases 

of, 192; preparations for, 274, 359, 499, 535; 

schedule for, 304, 305–7, 312–13, 557, 559, 

560, 567, 569; Shuttle missions for, 277, 

313, 315–17, 318, 319, 359, 374, 549, 562–

63

assembly techniques, practice of, 266, 484

budgets and funding for, 191, 213, 305, 306, 

307, 312, 313–14, 568, 570

cancellation attempts by Congress, 306, 567, 

568

chronology of, 567–70

commemorative plaque, 315, 316

components, systems, and modules, 307, 321, 

322; air purification system, 309; air purification system testing, 568; Androgynous 

Peripheral Attach System, 315; attached 

pressurized module, 557; Automated Transfer Vehicle, 279, 309–10, 568; Columbus 

Orbital Facility, 279, 280, 305, 310, 313, 

556, 558, 568, 569; communication and 

tracking systems, 309; contributions by partners, 322; Docking Compartment, 280; docking modules, 556; Experiment Logistic 

Module, 279; Exposed Facility, 279, 556; 

functional cargo block (FGB), 305, 306, 308, 

311–12, 313, 314, 315, 556, 557, 567, 568, 

569; Interim Control Module, 312, 568; Japanese Experiment Module, 279, 306, 556, 

557; laboratory accommodations, 317, 563; 

Mobile Servicing Systems, 279, 556; MultiPurpose Logistic Modules, 280, 310; Orbiter 

Space Vision System (OSVS), 271; Passive 

Common Berthing Mechanism, 315; power 

platform, 306, 307, 556, 557; pressurized 

mating adapters, 315; Science Power Platform, 280; service module, 280, 305, 306, 

313, 556, 568; solar array, 306, 307; Space 

Station Remote Manipulator System 

(SSRMS), 279; Space Vision System, 279; 

Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator 

(SPDM), 279, 306, 316, 319; Technology 

Experiments Facility, 280; Unity module, 

192, 277, 278, 315–17, 318–20, 374, 549, 

561, 562–63, 570; Universal Docking Module, 280; U.S. habitation module, 309, 556, 

557; U.S. laboratory module, 306, 308, 556, 

557; Water Recovery System, 308, 5

Zarya module, 192, 277, 278, 280, 31

17, 319–20, 549, 561, 562–63, 570

construction of components, 308–9, 56

contracts for activities related to, 64, 30

567, 568

Cost Control Task Force, 214, 314, 569

crew, number aboard, 305

development of, 191, 196, 277–78, 304

tle-Mir program as support for, 64, 1

278

EVA Development Flight Test (EDFT)

58

experiments conducted on, 268, 278

lift capability, 307

management of program for, 197, 208–

277–78

orbit of, 278, 305

orbiters capable of missions to, 220, 22

partners and contributors to, 191, 192, 2

297–98, 304, 309–12, 322, 556, 566–

569

payload capacity for, 276

preparations for, 64, 356

problems and delays with, 192

Risk Mitigation Experiments, 272, 497

Russia as partner, 297–98, 306, 566–67

cal and financial problems, 213, 305, 

12, 314, 568

size of, 278

System Design Review, 305–6, 567

International Sun Earth Explorer (ISEE), 8

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 6

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP)

87

Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Sp

graph (IMAPS), 269, 764, 765, 766, 988

Interstellar Probe mission, 746

Intravehicular activity (IVA), 235

INVAP S. W., 860

Investigations into Polymer Membrane Pro

(IPMP), 389, 390, 410, 412, 417, 421, 42

Investigator Working Group, 234

Io, 706, 711–12, 713, 752, 755, 930, 931

Iodine and water system, 550

IOFFE Physical Technical Institute, 869

Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS

Ion propulsion engine, 669, 670, 856

Ionospheric Irregularity Simulator experim

620

Ionospheric Modification experiments, 619

Ionospheric Plasma Spectrometers, 965

Ip, Wing-Huen, 936

Ireland, 672

Isakowitz, Steven J., xxii

Israel, Guy M., 979

Israeli Space Agency Investigation About 

(ISAIAH), 432

Istituto Technico Commerciale Riccatl, Tr

Italy, 548

ITA, Inc., 442

Italian Research Interim Stage (IRIS), 249

435
Italy and Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale 

Italiana [ASI])

BeppoSAX, 125, 578, 666, 771

Cassini, 739

Cassini-Huygens, 772

ESA membership, 279

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

International Space Station (ISS), 191, 280, 

310, 556

Italian-Dutch telescope, 40, 125

Laser Geodynamic Satellite II, 161, 249

Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS), 268, 

509–11

Tethered Satellite System (TSS), 74, 160, 247, 

248, 364, 370, 427, 428, 500, 501

X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), 

256, 257, 477

Itek Corporation, 652

IUE Newly Extracted Spectra (INES), 687

Ivins, Marsha S.

STS-32, 361, 385

STS-46, 364, 427

STS-62, 367, 464

STS-81, 371, 517

J

Jacobson, Ralph, 304

James Canadian Research Council, 882

Janis, Typhoon, 428

Japan

Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA), 579, 664–66, 769, 849–53

Akebono satellites, 821

ATLAS-1 instruments, 246

communication satellite, 124, 125, 155

female astronauts, 258

Flower and Vegetable Seeds Exposure to 

Space, 407

Geotail satellite, 50, 137, 579, 672, 673, 674–

76, 769, 809

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 922

IMAX filming of, 388

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science 

(ISAS), 137, 664, 665–66, 675, 684, 862, 

864, 881

International Microgravity Laboratory (IML2), 470

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

International Space Station (ISS): agreements 

governing, 298, 314–15, 569; contributions 

to, 306, 556; development of, 191, 277

Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD), 

271, 529

Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL-1), 

270

National Astronomical Observatory, 684, 880

National Space Development Agency 

(NASDA), 270, 279, 280, 429–32, 470

Neurolab mission, 274

payloads launched for, 21

SIR-C/X-SAR imaging, 477

Space Flyer Unit, 266

space flyer unit, 370

Space Station Freedom: components fo

284, 285, 287, 289; development of, 

207, 280

Spacelab D-2, 445

Spacelab funding, 212

Spacelab-J, 161, 248, 354, 364, 429–32

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 683–85, 768, 879–81

Japanese Experiment Module

Freedom, 284, 285, 287

ISS, 279, 306, 556, 557

Japanese Space Flyer Unit, 498

Java, 428

Jefferys, William H., 828

Jemison, Mae C., 365, 429

Jernigan, Tamara E.

STS-40, 362, 403

STS-52, 365, 435

STS-67, 369, 485

STS-80, 371, 514, 516

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE

807

Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Met

ogy Package (ASI/MET), 961

Autonomous Operations System, 857

Autonomous Optical Navigation, 857

balloon flights, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910

913, 914, 916, 917, 920, 921, 922, 92

Beacon Monitor Operations, 857

Cassini-Huygens, 971

Celestial Mechanics, 936

Center of Excellence designation, 11, 5

Chandra (AXAF), 657

Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CR

739

Deep Space 1, 668, 856

Doppler Gravity Experiment (DGE), 9

Galileo, 701, 704, 932, 936

GAS experiments, 478

Heavy Ion Counter (HIC), 935

Magellan, 697, 927

management of, 580

Mars Climate Orbiter, 967

Mars Global Surveyor, 954

Mars Observer, 952

Mars Pathfinder, 960

Mars Polar Lander, 969

Mars Surveyor Project '98 Office, 735

Meteorology instruments, 970

mission area, 11

Near-infrared Mapping Spectrometer (

934

overview of, 4

Power Activation and Switching Modu

Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiomet

(PMIRR), 953, 968

Radio Detection and Ranging (RADR) 

ment, 975

Radio Science Experiment, 942
Radio Science Subsystem (RSS), 976

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 798

Solar Concentrator Arrays with Refractive 

Linear Element Technology (SCARLET II), 

857

space science missions, management of, 584

Spitzer Space Telescope (Space Infrared Telescope Facility [SIRFT]), 659

Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE), 606

Ulysses, 843

Ulysses Comet Watch group, 662

Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC), 

824; WFPC2, 628, 829

X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), 

256

Jett, Brent W., Jr.

STS-72, 370, 498

STS-81, 371, 517

Johns Hopkins University

Applied Physics Laboratory: Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 604, 605, 806; balloon flights, 916, 920; Energetic Particle and 

Ion Composition (EPIC) Investigation, 863; 

Energetic Particles Detector (EPD), 935; 

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR), 

715, 717, 939–40; NEAR Mission Operations System Ground Segment, 715; Science 

Data Center, 715

Center for Physics and Astronomy, 613

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 

613, 615

Galileo, 936

Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT), 752, 

981

Magnetospheric Imaging (MIMI) Mass Spectrometer, 975

sounding rocket program, 882, 885, 886, 891, 

894, 899, 901, 902

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), 

xxiii, 621, 626

Johnson Space Center

astronaut training and selection, 232

budgets and funding, 34

Center of Excellence designation, 11

CMAM procurement, 227

crew return vehicles, 321

Customer and Flight Integration office, 194

Engineering director, 27

GAS experiments, 506

Hubble Space Telescope, 626, 629, 823

International Space Station (ISS), 191

L3 project camera, 386

management of, 28, 31

mission area, 11

Mission Control Center, 267, 490

OEX program, 405

Space and Life Sciences Directorate, 483

Space Shuttle program: management of, 193–

94, 195, 490; orbiters, 65, 193–94; processing work, 64, 65, 193–94

Space Shuttle Program Office, 196

Space Station management, 197, 204, 296, 

566; contractor-led joint vehicle integ

team, 206, 208; crew and ground con

training, 206; host Center for Space S

Alpha, 208; Work Package, 198, 199

206, 207, 281, 552

SPACEHAB experiments, 450, 460

Spacelab management, 196

X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, 321, 568

Jones, Thomas D.

STS-59, 367, 467

STS-68, 368, 476

STS-80, 371, 514, 516

Jupiter

Astro-1, 752, 986

Astro-2, 755, 986

Cassini-Huygens and, 742

Galileo, 700–713, 930, 931, 936–37

Hubble Space Telescope, 755, 986

missions to explore, 575

Pioneer 10, 745

Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet and, 634, 63

707, 717

Ulysses, 661, 662, 663, 842

Voyager missions, 748, 980

K

Ka-Band Solid-State Power Amplifier, 668

858

Kadenyuk, Leonid K., 272, 373, 533, 534

Kagoshima Space Center, Japan, 685, 849

Kavandi, Janet Lynn, 374, 541

Keating, Gerald M., 959

Keller, H. Uwe, 969

Kennedy Space Center

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility 

(AXAF), 655, 838

budgets and funding, 34

Center of Excellence designation, 11

Certification of Flight Readiness, 194

Chandra (AXAF), 838

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (C

645, 833

employee as astronaut candidate, 540

Flight Readiness Review, 194, 388

Hubble Space Telescope, 621, 626, 630

Human Spaceflight Web page, xxiii

International Space Station (ISS), 309, 3

313

Launch Site Support Management, 196

Lunar Prospector, 718, 944

management of, 26, 28, 31

Mars Global Surveyor, 954

mission area, 11

Mission Management Team, 194

Olympic Torch Relay, 508

Payload Operations Control Center, 25

responsibilities of, 29, 194

Space Shuttle launch and landing opera

69, 194, 217; abort modes and, 237; f

landing for Atlantis, 392; first schedu

landing, 244; Fran, Hurricane, 512, 5

Gordon, Tropical Storm, 260, 479; M
Launch Platform, 385; night landing, 454; 

Pad 39-A modifications, 250–51, 385. See 

also individual Space Shuttle missions; 

Space Shuttle program: management of, 194, 

195; processing work, 64, 65

Space Station management, 202

Space Station Processing Facility, 202, 206

Spacelab management, 196

SPARTAN satellites, 758, 759

Ulysses, 843

Voyager missions, 980

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 685

Keppler, Erhardt, 845

Key Largo, Florida, 532

Khrunichev, 305, 306, 308, 311–12, 313, 568

Kidsat, 503, 517, 532

Kinkaid School, 473

Kirtland Air Force Base, Phillips Laboratory, 80, 

175, 859

Kiruna, Sweden, 882, 888

Kivelson, Margaret G., 935

Klaus, Tropical Storm, 395

Klecker, Berndt, 797, 806

Kliore, Arvydas, 976

Kodiak Launch Complex, Alaska, 41

Kohl, John, 876

Kohrs, Richard H., 25, 26, 28, 203, 204, 205, 206, 

208

Kondakova, Elena V., 372, 523

Konopliv, Alex, 947

KONUS (Russian Gamma Ray Spectrometer), 

677, 869

Kopff comet, 739

Koptev, Yuri, 292, 297, 298, 565, 566

Korea, 21, 139

Kourou, French Guiana, 39

Kregel, Kevin R.

STS-70, 369, 489

STS-78, 371, 508

STS-87, 373, 533

Krikalev, Sergei K.

STS-60, 255, 367, 460

STS-63, 300, 567

STS-88, 277, 317, 374, 549

Krimigis, Stamatios, 806, 975

Kristall module, 266, 299–300, 497, 568

Kross, Deny, 210

Kunde, Virgil G., 973

Kunow, Horst, 877

Kurfess, James, 834

Kvant-1 module, 299–300, 303

Kvant-2 module, 299–300

Kwajalein, Marshall Islands, 885–86

Kyoto University, 863

L

Laboratoire de Recherche Spatiale, 867

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 

(LASP), 605, 810

Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, Goddard Space Flight Center, 753

Laboratory for Space Astrophysics and Theoretical Physics, 687

Laboratory for Stellar and Planetary Physi

Laboratory module, U.S., 284, 285, 288, 30

556, 557

Lacefield, Cleon, 183

Landessternwarte Heidelberg Research Gr

763

Langley Research Center

Accelerometer, 959

balloon flights, 909, 912, 915, 917

Center of Excellence designation, 11

crew return vehicle HL-20, 320

GAS experiments, 493

mission area, 11

OEX program, 405

RLV design and testing, 173, 174

Scout ELVs, 58, 59

sounding rocket program, 903

Space Station Configuration Budget Re

Team, 283

SPACEHAB experiments, 252

X-33 testing, 174, 175, 176

X-34, 82

Lanzerotti, Louis J., 846, 933, 934

Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronogra

(LASCO), 876

Large Isothermal Furnace (LIF), 470, 525

Large Orbiting Telescope, 621. See also H

Space Telescope

Large Space Telescope, 576

Las Campas Observatory, Chile, 622

Laser Geodynamic Satellite II (LAGEOS)

249, 365, 435

Laser Image Detection and Ranging (LIDA

System, 949, 970

Latitude/Longitude Locator (L3), 386

Launch and landing operations. See Space 

launch and landing operations

Launch and Mission Support, 92, 106–7

Launch Entry Suit/Advanced Crew Escape 

(LES/ACES), 550

Launch Services, 13, 15, 35, 89, 90

Launch Services Purchase Act (LSPA), 37

Launch Site Equipment, 106

Launch systems

budgets and funding for, 33–37, 89–11

commercial and private sector develop

and building of, 21–22, 23

development of, 19

foreign, 23

management of, 23–32

national space policy and, 21–23, 80, 1

types of, 19

Launch Vehicles division (Office of Space 

and Technology), 29

Launch Vehicles Office, 27, 29, 30, 97

Lawrence, Wendy B.

STS-67, 369, 485

STS-86, 373, 531

STS-91, 374, 541

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 

919, 948

LDB Subsystems, 907, 909, 911, 913, 917
Ledbetter, Kenneth, 585

Lee, Mark C.

STS-30, 360, 379

STS-47, 365, 429

STS-64, 357, 368, 471, 475

STS-82, 358, 372, 519, 520, 632

Leestma, David C.

STS-28, 360, 380

STS-45, 364, 420

Lemaire, Joseph, 848

Lenoir, William B., 24, 26, 203, 206, 282

Leonardo, 310–11

Lepping, R., 868

Leslie, Fred W., 369, 494

Levine, Alan, 802

Levine, Jack, 29

Lewis Research Center

Centaur upper stage development, 70

Center of Excellence designation, 11

Cooperative Solar Array (CSA), 497

GAS experiments, 493, 499, 507

mission area, 11

responsibilities of, 29

Solar Concentrator Arrays with Refractive 

Linear Element Technology (SCARLET II), 

857

sounding rocket program, 897, 899, 900, 901, 

902, 903, 905

Space Station Work Package, 198, 201, 206, 

207, 281, 552

SPACEHAB experiments, 460

Lichtenberg, Byron K., 364, 420

Liesegang Rings Experiment, 434

Life and Biomedical Sciences and Applications 

Division (Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications), 211

Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, 

Office of (Code U)

appropriations and functional areas, 12

code letter designations, 193

organization of, 211, 582, 586

responsibilities of, 211, 582

Space Shuttle/Spacelab Mission Management 

and Integration program, 196

Space Station and Mir activities, funding for, 

214

Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS), 163, 268, 

354, 371, 509–11

Life Sciences Division (Office of Space Science 

and Applications), 210–11, 385, 575, 581

Life Sciences Flight program, 196

Life sciences missions. See also Spacelab

budgets and funding for, 212, 330–31, 344–47

management of, 210–12

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) In-Space 

Technology (LITE), 162, 260, 368, 471

Limb Ozone Retrieval Experiment (SOLSE/

LORE), 534

Limited Duration Space Environment Candidate 

Materials Exposure (LDCE), 428, 465

Lin, Robert, 868, 945

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology, 439, 858

Lindberg, Bob, 179

Lindsey, Steven W.

STS-87, 373, 533

STS-95, 374, 545

Linear Aerospike SR-71 Experiment (LAS

177, 178, 184

Linenger, Jerry M.

aboard Mir, 234, 269, 270, 302, 517, 52

555

STS-64, 368, 471

STS-81, 269, 371, 517

STS-84, 270, 372, 523, 524

Linhof camera, 470

Linkin, V. S., 970

Linnehan, Richard M.

STS-78, 371, 508

STS-90, 374, 538

Linteris, Gregory T.

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372, 525

Liquid Droplet Rotating-Collector Experim

434

Liquid Motion Experiment (LME), 524

Liquid Phase Electro-Epitaxy (LPEE), 452

Littles, Wayne, 30

Living With a Star initiative, 580

Lockheed Advanced Development Compa

173

Lockheed Launch Vehicle (LLV), 41

Lockheed Martin Advances Technology C

Space Physics Laboratory, 873, 874

Lockheed Martin Astronautics, 540

Lockheed Martin Corporation

aerospike engines, 185

Alpha Particle Spectrometer (APS), 94

Athena ELVs, 41, 120, 121

Atlas ELVs, 43, 131, 132, 134

Cassini-Huygens, 973

Centaur upper stage engine, 167

ELV launch services, 38

external tank, 165

Hubble Space Telescope, 621, 824

Ka-Band Solid-State Power Amplifier, 

Lunar Prospector, 944

Mars Climate Orbiter, 968

Mars Global Surveyor, 955

Mars Polar Lander, 969

merger with Martin Marietta, 41

Multifunctional Spacecraft Structure, 8

Polar, 871

Power Activation and Switching Modu

Shuttle processing work, contract for, 6

Skunk Works, 85, 173, 176, 177, 178, 

181, 183, 184

Space Station development, 294, 552

Titan ELVs, 62, 158

Transition Region and Coronal Explore

(TRACE), 812

United Space Alliance (USA), 64

X-33, 85–86, 87, 88, 171, 173, 176, 17

179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185

X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, 320

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 879
Lockheed Martin Launch Vehicle (LMLV), 41

Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space

sounding rocket program, 894

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRFT), 

659

Spitzer Space Telescope (Space Infrared Telescope Facility [SIRFT]), 659

Lockheed Martin Space Corporation, 888, 890, 

893

Lockheed Missiles & Space Company

functional cargo block (FGB), 308, 568

Interim Control Module, 312, 568

National Launch System, 79

Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory

Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), 820, 821

Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), 684

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer 

(TRACE), 812

Logsdon, John, xxii

Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), 159, 

240, 241, 361, 385

Long-wave Radar, 964

Long-wavelength Infrared (LWIR) Camera, 949

Loop Heat Pipe/Sodium Sulfur Battery Experiment (LHP/NaSBA), 534

Lopez-Alegria, Michael E., 369, 494

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 806

Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), 821, 822

High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE), 

671

Neutron Spectrometer (NS), 944

Ulysses, 844

Wide-field X-ray Monitor (WXM), 861

Lounge, John M., 362, 394

Low, G. David

STS-32, 361, 385

STS-43, 363, 409

STS-57, 252, 356, 366, 449

Low Energy Concentrator Spectrometer (LECS), 

854

Low Energy Ion Composition Analyzer (LEICA), 

599, 797

Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) spectrometer, 657, 839–40

Low-energy Charges Particle Spectrometer, 965

Low-energy Particles (LEP) Experiment, 864–65

Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) device, 

414

Low-Power Electronics, 858

LTV Corporation, 59, 151

Lu, Edward Tsang, 372, 523

Lucent Technologies, 846

Lucid, Shannon W.

aboard Mir, 267, 268, 272, 502, 512, 524, 555

STS-34, 360, 382

STS-43, 363, 409

STS-58, 255, 366, 455

STS-76, 267, 370, 502

STS-79, 268, 371, 512

Lunar Prospector, 42, 119, 577, 715, 718–20, 772, 

788, 938, 944–47

Lynn Lake, Canada, 908, 911, 913, 915, 9

918, 919, 920, 922, 924

Lyons, Michael T., 24, 26

M

M100 Spiral Galaxy, 623, 624

Macchetto, F. Duccio, 825

MacDowall, R. J., 845

MacLean, Steven G., 365, 435

Madagascar, 428

Madrid, Spain, 666

Magellan

aerobraking, 697, 727

characteristics, instruments, and experi

697–98, 699, 927–29; synthetic apert

radar (SAR), 694–95, 697, 928; wind

experiment, 697

deployment of, 72, 75, 159, 239, 360, 3

693–94, 767, 927; delay of, 577

discoveries and scientific contributions 

694–97, 698–99, 700, 701, 928–29

funding for, 785

IUS booster, 72, 75

mission events, 926

objective of, 577, 694, 767, 927

orbit of, 694, 695–97

Magellanic clouds, 486, 614, 635, 636, 985

Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI), 868

Magnetic fields experiments

Polar's Magnetic Fields Experiments (M

680, 871

Ulysses' Magnetic Fields Experiments 

FGM), 844; Fluxgate Magnetometer 

844; Vector Helium Magnetometer (V

844

Magnetic Fields Measurement (MGF), 865

Magnetic star SGR1900+14, 662

Magnetometer (MAG)

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE

808

Galileo, 935

Lunar Prospector, 945–46, 947

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEA

Magnetometer/Electron Reflectometer (M

ER), 726, 953, 956

Magnetospheric Imaging (MIMI) Mass Sp

eter, 975

Magnetospheric Ion Cloud Injection exper

619

Mahon, Joseph B., 24, 25

Main engines (SSME)

Block I, 67, 264, 267

Block II, 545

Block IIA, 67

budgets and funding for, 93, 106–7, 11

characteristics of, 66–67, 69, 166, 215, 

350

scrub or abort modes, 237, 238

Major League Baseball World Series game

Majsuoka, Masuaru, 861

Makishima, Kazuo, 850, 880
Malerba, Franco, 247, 364, 427

Malin, Michael C., 952, 957, 968, 970

Malin Space Science Systems, Inc.

Mars Color Imager (MARCI), 968

Mars Descent Imager, 970

Mars Observer Camera (MOC), 952, 957

Malina, Roger, 793

Malindi, Kenya, 855

Malmstrom Air Force Base, 86

Management and Budget, Office of, 6, 7, 586

Management Operations division (Office of Space 

Access and Technology), 29

Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD), 271, 

529

Mansfield, John E,, 29

Mapping Radiometer, 964

Marangoni convection, 537

Marconi Space Systems, 741

Mariner 4 mission, 724

Mariner Mark II spacecraft, 739, 740, 741

Mars

Astro-2, 755, 986

Elysium Basin, 730

"Face on Mars" image, 728, 729

missions to, 575, 724–25, 735–36

missions to, failure of, 576, 725, 953

National Launch System and, 79

Space Exploration Initiative, 576–77

Valles Marineris, 730

Viking Mars Lander missions, 397, 576, 724, 

728, 966

Mars '94, 958

Mars '96 (Mars 8), 735, 771, 788, 958, 964–66

Mars Balloon Relay experiment, 725, 787

Mars Climate Orbiter, 141, 578, 725, 735, 736, 

737–38, 773, 967–68

Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Failure Mishap 

Investigation Board, 738

Mars Color Imager (MARCI), 968

Mars Descent Imager, 970

Mars Global Surveyor, 139, 578, 724, 726–30, 

771, 945, 954–59

Mars Observer, 155, 578, 714, 724, 725, 737, 769, 

771, 785, 952–53

Mars Observer Camera (MOC), 726, 952, 957, 

958

Mars Observer Laser Altimeter (MOLA), 726, 

952, 955

Mars Oxidant Experiment, 735, 966

Mars Pathfinder

budgets and funding for, 788

Carl Sagan Memorial Station, 731

characteristics, instruments, and experiments, 

577, 578, 959, 960–63; Alpha Proton X-ray 

Spectrometer (APXS), 962; Atmospheric 

Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package 

(ASI/MET), 734, 961–62; Imager for Mars 

Pathfinder, 734, 961; wind socks, 962

deployment of, 139, 772, 938, 960

development of, 715

discoveries and scientific contributions from, 

731, 734–35, 963

interest in, 578, 724

lander, 734

landing and landing site, 728, 731–32

objective of, 772, 938

Sojourner microrover, 578, 724, 731, 7

962

Mars Polar Lander, 578, 725, 735, 736, 73

967, 969–70

Mars Relay Radio System, 726, 958

Mars Surveyor Operations Project, 735

Mars Surveyor Program, 587, 724, 726, 73

789

Mars Surveyor Project '98 Office, 735

Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor instr

suite, 969–70

Marshall Space Flight Center

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility 

(AXAF), 652, 838

Astro-1, 751, 981

Astro-2 home page, 263

balloon flights, 909, 919, 921

budgets and funding, 34

Burst and Transient Source Experimen

(BATSE), 646, 834

Center of Excellence designation, 11

Chandra (AXAF), 838

CRESS management, 819

Fastrac engine, 82, 83–84, 171, 176

High Resolution Mirror Assembly, 654

Hubble Space Telescope, 626, 823

IML-1, 244

management of, 28, 30, 31

mission area, 11

Payload Operations Control Center, 19

responsibilities of, 29

solid rocket booster, 65

sounding rocket program, 892, 901

Space Shuttle Projects Office, 194, 195

Space Station: air purification system t

309; management of, 204; Work Pack

198, 199, 206, 207, 281, 552

Spacelab Center, 196

Spacelab Management Office, 196

Spacelab Mission Operations Control C

258, 270

STS-35, success of, 398

ultraviolet telescopes, aiming of, 396

X-33, 175, 176, 178, 182, 185

X-34, 82

X-ray Calibration Facility, 654, 657

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 879

Martin Marietta Corporation

Advanced Launch System (ALS), 78

Astronautics Group, 927

Atlas ELVs, 43

ELV launch services, 37, 38

external tank, 65, 165

merger with Lockheed Martin, 41

Polar satellite, 674

Titan ELVs, 61, 62, 72

Wind, 674, 866

Mason, Glenn, 598, 797, 806

Mass Loss and Ion Composition, 848

Mass Spectrometer Telescope (MAST), 59
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA), 579, 851

balloon flights, 907, 908

Center for Space Research, 841

High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE), 

672, 860

Lincoln Laboratory, 439, 858

Low-Power Electronics, 858

Magellan, 927

NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR), 942

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 802

Solid-state Imaging Spectrometers (SISs), 851

Ultraviolet CCD cameras, 861

Material in Devices as Superconductors (MIDAS), 

268

Material Science Experiment Double Rack for 

Experimental Modules and Apparatus 

(MEDEA), 445

Materials Processing in Space budget category, 

211

Mather, John, 791

Matra Marconi Space, 433, 875

Matra-Espace Corporation, 825

Matre/Laboratoire de Genie Electrique de Paris 

(L.G.E.P.), 468

Matsumoto, Hiroshi, 863

Mattingly, T. K., 174, 176

Maui, Hawaii, 377. See also Air Force Maui Optical System (AMOS) calibration test

Max Planck Institut für Aeronomie, 845, 969

Max Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 806

BeppoSAX, 666

Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), 835

EGRET, 835

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 615, 817

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 598

Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik

Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA), 873

Dust Detector Subsystem (DDS), 935

Dust Experiment (DUST), 847

Max Planck Institute

Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System 

(CELIAS), 877

Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), 820, 821

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 797

Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted 

Radiation (SUMER), 876

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 962

May, Randy, 970

Mayo High School, Rochester, Minnesota, 529

Mazets, E., 869

McArthur, William S., Jr.

STS-58, 366, 455

STS-74, 370, 496

McCandless, Bruce, II, 361, 388

McClain, Gretchen, 30, 32, 209

McCleese, Daniel J., 953, 968

McComas, David, 806, 844

McCormick, Beth, 211

McCulley, Michael J., 360, 382

McCurdy, Howard, xxii

McDonnell Douglas Corporation

Advanced Launch System (ALS), 78

DC-X, 81, 169, 172

DC-XA, 81, 173

Delta ELVs, 49, 50, 51, 142, 143, 144

ELV launch services, 37

Geotail satellite, 675

National Launch System, 79

satellite launches: communication satel

Germany, 138; communication satell

138; military communication satellite

Space Division, Huntsville, Alabama, 2

Space Station: construction of compon

308; development of, 200, 208, 281, 

304, 552, 564; Freedom, termination 

X-33, 85, 173

McElroy, Michael, 936

McEntire, Richard, 863

McInerney, Pamela, 209

McKibben, R. B., 846

McMonagle, Donald R.

STS-39, 362, 401

STS-54, 365, 440

STS-66, 368, 479

McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 907, 909, 91

916, 918, 919, 920, 922, 925

Meade, Carl J.

STS-38, 361, 392

STS-50, 364, 425

STS-64, 357, 368, 471, 475

Measurement of Air Pollution from Satelli

(MAPS), 256

Media and press kits, xxi, 238

Medium Energy Concentrator Spectromete

(MECS), 854

Medium-class Explorer missions (MIDEX

Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora G

Exploration (IMAGE), 592, 809

Microwave Anisotrophy Probe (MAP)

Med-Lite launch vehicle, 592

Melnick, Bruce E.

STS-41, 361, 390

STS-49, 364, 422

Melnick, Gary J., 814

Mende, Steven, 820

Mendez, Mariano, 840

Merbold, Ulf D., 363, 415

Merit Badge Madness, 544

Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE), 

379, 383, 386

Metals, Foamed Ultralight, 407

Meteorology Instrument System, 966

Meteorology instruments, 970

Metis, 711

Mewaldt, Richard, 798, 807

Meyers, Dale, 282

Michael Army Air Field, Dugway Proving 

Ground, Utah, 86

Michelson Doppler Imager/Solar Oscillatio

Investigation (MDI/SOI), 878
Michigan, 256

Microcapsules in Space (MIS), 439, 490

Microgravity Disturbance Experiment, 385

Microgravity Industry Related Research for Oil 

Recovery (MIRROR), 543

Microgravity Plant Nutrient Experiment (MPNE), 

537

Microgravity Research program, 210

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

(Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and 

Applications), 211

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

(Office of Space Science and Applications), 210, 

211, 581

Microgravity Science Laboratory (MSL), 163, 

164, 270, 354–55, 372

MSL-1, 521, 522, 525–26, 527

Microgravity sciences

budgets and funding for, 212, 331, 346

GAS experiments, 407, 506

LMS experiments, 510–11

management of, 210–12

SEM experiments, 548

Microgravity Sciences and Application Division, 

210

Microgravity Sciences Division, 462

Microgravity Smoldering Combustion (MSC), 

493, 507

MicroLab 1, 146

Microrover Flight Experiment, 732. See also

Sojourner microrover

Microwave Anisotrophy Probe (MAP), 592

Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), 513, 518, 

519, 524, 527, 529

Middeck Active Control Experiments (MACE), 

486

Middeck Glovebox Facility (MGBX), 501, 526, 

533

Middeck Zero-Gravity Dynamics Experiment 

(MODE), 405, 411, 465

Middle Atmosphere High Resolution Spectrograph Investigation (MAHRSI) instrument, 271, 

479

MightySat 1, 550

Military Application of Ship Tracks (MAST), 470, 

472, 477, 490

Military Man in Space, 414

Milky Way galaxy, 613–14, 648, 650, 752, 754, 

817, 836

Millcreek Township School District, 493

Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS), 

420, 441, 480

Millitech Corporation, 815

Miniature Camera and Imaging Spectrometer, 857

Miniature Sensor Technology Integration (MSTI), 

147, 152, 668

MINISAT 01, 55, 147

Mir Environmental Effects Payload (MEEP), 272, 

503, 504, 531

Mir Space Station

accidents and system failures, 302–4, 531, 569

astronaut training for, 232

components, systems, and modules, 299–300; 

Androgynous Peripheral Docking As

bly, 293, 299, 300, 301, 568; Cooper

Solar Array (CSA), 497; Docking Mo

266, 496, 497, 504; European Space 

(ESA), 532; Kristall, 266, 299–300, 4

568; Kvant-1, 299–300, 303; Kvant-2

300; Optical Properties Monitor, 274

Piroda, 300; Reusable Solar Array (R

497; Spektr, 272, 300, 303, 487, 489, 

568

deployment of, 564

Discovery STS-63, congratulations to f

Mir, 482

EVA, 234, 358, 504

funding for flight activities, 35, 213–14

334–35

International Space Station (ISS): devel

of, support for, 64, 191–92, 278; size 

pared to, 278

return to Earth, 275n90

safety concerns about, 304, 531

Shuttle-Mir program, 301; agreements 

ing, 291–93, 297, 298, 565, 567; com

cation between Mir and STS-56, 250

compensation for cooperative progra

298, 566, 567; knowledge and experi

gained through, 278, 300; list of fligh

mission, goals, and objectives, 300; O

Docking System, 220; orbiters capab

missions, 220, 221; rendezvous opera

practice for, 261, 262, 300, 481, 482, 

return to Earth of Mir crew, 263–64, 

269, 270, 272, 274, 275, 293; STS-63

555, 567; STS-71, 162, 263–64, 300, 

302, 369, 487–88, 555; STS-74, 163, 

300–301, 370, 496, 497, 555; STS-76

266–67, 370, 502, 504, 555; STS-79, 

268, 371, 555; STS-81, 163, 269, 371

STS-84, 164, 270, 372, 555; STS-86, 

273, 304, 373, 531–32, 555; STS-89, 

274, 373, 536–37, 555; STS-91, 164, 

374, 541–44, 555

solar array, 308

Solar Array Cap, 272

Space Station program and, 291–93, 29

SPACEHAB as support for, 228, 267, 

272, 273, 274, 275, 503, 513, 517, 52

531, 536, 541

Spacelab research and payloads, 191, 1

354, 488

U.S. astronauts aboard, 64, 191, 234, 2

267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 274, 275, 27

293, 300, 303, 304, 502, 512, 517, 52

536, 555; EVA, 234, 302, 303; time s

aboard Mir, 64, 268, 269, 270, 272, 27

278, 293, 300, 488, 524, 555

Mission and Payload Development Divisio

(Office of Space Science), 585

Mission and Science Operations Center, Be

California, 602

Mission Communication Services, 14

Mission Management Office, 196

Mission Operation Reports, xxi
Mission Peculiar Equipment Support Structure 

(MPESS), 351

Mission Research Corporation, 904

Mission Science Office, 196

Mission Support (MS) appropriations, 6, 14

Mission to Planet Earth, Office of, 13

Mission to Planet Earth program (Code Y), 214, 

250, 260, 582

Mitre Corporation, 407

Mixed fleet strategy, 21, 575

Mobile Servicing Systems, 279, 556

Möbius, Eberhard, 807

Mohri, Mamoru, 365, 429

Monrovia Elementary School, Madison, Alabama, 

548

Montello High School, Montello, Wisconsin, 548

Moog, Inc., 856

Moon

Clementine, 156, 720–24, 769, 948–51

images of, 485

Lunar Prospector, 42, 119, 577, 715, 718–20, 

772, 788, 938, 944–47

National Launch System and, 79

Space Exploration Initiative, 576–77

Moore, Thomas E., 873

Moorehead, Robert W., 203

Moos, H. Warren, 615

Morgan State University, 475

Morocco, 237

Moron, Spain, 237

Moroz, Vassili, 968

Morrison, David, 936

Moscow, Russia, 298

Moscow High School, Idaho, 543

Moscow University, Idaho, 543

Moser, Thomas L., 203

Motorola Government Space System, 858

Mozer, Forrest S., 872

Mukai, Chiaki, 374, 545

Mukai, Toshifumi, 864–65

Mullane, Richard M., 361, 387

Multichannel Optical Spectrometer, 964

Multifunctional Spacecraft Structure, 859

Multimission Archive, Space Telescope Science 

Institute (STScI), 687, 689

Multiple Experiment Transporter to Earth Orbit 

and Return (METEOR), 47–49

Multi-Purpose Experiment Canister (MPEC), 380, 

402

Multi-Purpose Logistic Modules, 280, 310

Multispectral Imager (MSI), 939–40

Murray, Stephen, 839

Musgrave, F. Story

STS-33, 360, 384

STS-44, 363, 413

STS-61, 236, 357, 367, 458, 459, 628, 629

STS-80, 371, 514, 516

N

Nagai, Tsugunobu, 865

Nagel, Steven R.

STS-37, 362, 399

STS-55, 366, 444

Naito-Mukai, Chiaki, 258, 367, 469

Nanocrystal Get Away Special (NANO-G

507

Narrow Angle Camera (NAC), 974

Narrow Field Instruments, 854–55

NASA Historical Data Book, 1979-1988, V

V, 215

NASA Historical Data Book, 1989-1998, V

VIII, 5, 238, 574

National Academy of Sciences

Astronomy Survey Committee, 613

Board on Physics and Astronomy, 659

National Research Council, 658

Space Science Board, 740

National Advisory Committee for Aeronau

(NACA), 3

National Aeronautics and Space Act, 3, 57

National Aeronautics and Space Administr

(NASA)

achievements of, 3

administrators of, 24, 27, 80, 206, 211, 

291, 565, 576, 577, 582, 584

Advisory Council, 314, 570

budgets and funding process, 5–8, 33–3

215n42

Centers of Excellence, 4, 11, 583–84

code letter designations for organizatio

93

creation of, 3

direction of, groups that influence, 3–4

"faster, better, cheaper" concept, 577, 5

587–88, 714, 718, 737, 772

Gray Beards panel, 180

management and organization of, 23–3

93

mission, goals, and objectives, 573, 57

mission of, 3

mixed fleet strategy, 21, 575

Monographs in Aerospace History No. 

national space policy and, 22–23, 80

overview of, 4

Program Committment Agreement, 674

Program Management Council, 674

reorganization of, 582

RLV Technology program, 80, 172

Space Launch Initiative, 84, 88

Strategic Enterprises, 30

Strategic Plan, 583

Ultralight launcher, 55

Web sites for programs and projects, x

574

National Aeronautics and Space Administr

(NASA) Centers. See also specific cente

budgets and funding, 6

Center of Excellence designations, 4, 1

mission and focus of, 4, 11

overview of, 4

National Aeronautics and Space Administr

(NASA) Headquarters

downsizing and restructuring of, 32

GAS experiments, 434

overview of, 4
Pool Boiling Experiment, 452, 462

sounding rocket program, 898

Space Station, Office of (Code S), 197, 198, 

203, 206

Space Systems Development, Office of (Code 

D), 206

Spacelab management, 196

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

(NASA) History Division, xxii

National Aerospace Plane (X-30), 79–80

National Astronomical Observatory, Japan, 684, 

880

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 757, 

897, 902

National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), 

876

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

(NIST), 540, 684

National Institutes of Health

Neurolab mission, 274

NIH-C, 468, 483, 490, 515

NIH-R, 480, 490, 498, 515

National Launch System, 26, 77, 78–79

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Launch Vehicles Office and, 29, 97

ozone measurements, 246, 382, 480

Real Time Solar Wind (RTSW) Data Experiment, 808

reports from, 190, 574

satellites, 122, 123, 124, 125

Space Environment Center, 808

National Optical Astronomy Observatories, 934

National Research Council

Astronomy and Aerophysics Survey Committee (AASC), 658

Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics, 

659

Space Studies Board, 288, 659

"Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s," 658

National Research Laboratory. See Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

National Science and Technology Council, 3

National Science Foundation, 274, 888

National Scientific Balloon Facility, 908, 909, 

910, 911, 913, 918, 920, 921, 923, 924

National Scientific Balloon Facility, Texas, 693, 

694, 906, 907

National Space Council, 3, 78, 290, 565

National Space Development Agency of Japan 

(NASDA), 270, 279, 280, 429–32, 470

National space policy

development of, 3

launch systems and, 21–23, 80, 172

Space Exploration Initiative, 576–77

National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), 

xxiii, 238

National Space Transportation Policy, 22–23, 80, 

172

National Space Transportation System (Office of 

Space Flight division), 24–25, 193

Naval Postgraduate School, 381, 418

Naval Research Center, 893

Naval Research Laboratory, U.S.

balloon flights, 920

Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS), 68

Clementine, 724

Combined Release and Radiation Effec

ellite (CRRES), 820

Far Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph 

(FUVIS), 761, 774

GAS experiments, 503

Large Angle and Spectrometric Corono

(LASCO), 876

Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Ex

ment (OSSE), 646, 834

sounding rocket program, 883, 884, 88

890, 891, 894, 898, 903, 904

tracking station, Pomonkey, Maryland, 

Naval Research, Office of, 274

NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (G

ellites, 50, 51, 136–40

Navy, U. S.

Naval Postgraduate School, 381, 418

Polaris missiles, 58

Project Pilot, 51

satellites, 123, 124, 146

Vanguard missiles, 58

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR), 

577, 578, 679, 715–18, 770, 788, 938, 93

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) 

maker, 717

Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Sp

eter (NICMOS), 358, 519, 630, 632, 831

Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIS), 940

NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR), 942

Near-infrared (NIR) CCD Camera, 949

Near-infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIM

NEC, 849

Nephelometer (NEP), 709, 933

Neptune, 746, 748–49, 980

Ness, Norman, 807

Net Flux Radiometer (NFR), 709, 933

Netherlands. See also Compton Gamma R

Observatory (CGRO)

ATLAS-1 instruments, 246

BeppoSAX, 125, 578, 666, 771

Capillary Pumped Loop (CAPL), 462

Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), 646

ESA membership, 279

European Space Research and Technol

Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 451

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics 

program, 672

Italian-Dutch telescope, 40, 125

TRACE, 608, 812

Netherlands Institute for Space Research, 

Neurolab mission, 164, 274–75, 355, 374, 

Neutron Spectrometer (NS), 944, 965

New Jersey Institute of Technology, 924

New Launch System, 78–79, 101

New Mexico State University, 468, 906, 9

917, 921, 923, 924

New Millennium Program

budgets and funding for, 587
Deep Space 1, 141, 667, 668–69, 670, 773, 

856–59

Deep Space 2, 739

funding for, 789

launch of, 141

management of, 667

objectives of, 667

Students for the Exploration and Development 

of Space (SEDSAT), 141, 667, 669–71, 773, 

859

New South Wales, Australia, 716

New Zealand, 910, 914

Newman, James H.

dogtag, 265

STS-51, 253, 357, 366, 453

STS-69, 265, 369, 491

STS-88, 277, 316–17, 319, 359, 374, 549

NGC 4151, 984

NGC 4603 spiral galaxy, 641, 642

Nicholson, Leonard S., 26, 27

Nicogossian, Arnauld, 211

Nicollier, Claude

STS-46, 364, 427

STS-61, 367, 458, 459

STS-75, 370, 500

Niemann, Hasso B., 933, 979

Nishimura, Jun, 881

Nissho Iwai American Corp., 407, 408

Noci, Giancarlo, 848

Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools (NORSTAR), 

473, 515, 544

Noriega, Carlos I., 372, 523

NORSTAR (Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools), 

473, 515, 544

North Carolina, 256

North Carolina A&T State University, 477

Northrop Grumman, 838

Norway, 140, 279, 672

Norwood, Robert, 29

NPO-Energia, 292–93, 312, 565, 569

NSPO/RDD, 936

NSSDC (National Space Science Data Center), 

xxiii

NSTS Shuttle Reference Manual, 215

Nucleic Boiling, 543

O

Occhialini, Giuseppe, 666

Occupational Health and Aerospace Medicine 

Division (Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications), 211–12

Occupational Health Office, 211

Ochoa, Ellen

STS-56, 365, 441

STS-66, 368, 479

O'Connor, Bryan D.

administrative positions, 27, 28, 30, 208, 294

STS-40, 362, 403

Odom, James B., 203, 282

Ogilvie, K., 867

Olin-Sang-Ruby Union Institute, 544

Olympic Torch Relay, 508

OMNI International, Ltd., 407

Omnidirectional Ionospheric Energy-mass 

trometer, 965

Opal, Hurricane, 494

Open data policy, 608

Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc., 654

Optical Communications Through Window

(OCTW), 409

Optical Control Electronics Enhancement 

Optical Properties Monitor, 274, 302

ORBCOMM communication satellites, 55

147, 148, 154

Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment 

(OARE), 405, 457, 470, 495, 500

Orbital Ball Bearing Experiment (OBBEX

462

Orbital Debris Radar Calibration System (

ACS), 439, 462, 483

Orbital maneuvering vehicle, 89, 91, 99

Orbital Sciences Corporation

ELV launch services, 37

Pegasus ELVs, 51, 55, 146, 149, 150, 5

Taurus ELVs, 59, 153

X-34, 82, 83, 84, 171, 172, 173, 177, 1

Orbiter

budgets and funding for, 92, 104–5, 11

characteristics of, 215, 216, 217–19, 34

extended duration orbiter, 92, 105, 219

255, 354–55, 414, 470, 486, 495, 511

527, 540

glass cockpit, 221

management of, 65

modifications and upgrades to, 219–21

425

Orbiter Docking System, 220, 229–30

Orbiter Experiments Autonomous Support

Instrumentation System (OASIS-I), 376

Orbiter Experiments Program (OEX), 219

405

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OMDP

220–21, 249, 519, 536

Orbiter Space Vision System (OSVS), 271

Orbiter Stability Experiment, 408, 462, 47

Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme 

olet Spectrograph-Shuttle Pallet Satellite 

(ORFEUS-SPAS)

characteristics, instruments, and experi

762, 763–66, 988; Extreme Ultraviol

(EUV) Spectrograph, 763–64, 765, 9

Ultraviolet (FUV) Spectrograph, 763

765, 766, 988; Interstellar Medium A

tion Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS), 2

764, 765, 766, 988; Remote IMAX C

System (RICS), 764–65; Surface Effe

Sample Monitor (SESAM), 269, 271

765, 988

discoveries and scientific contributions 

765–66

ORFEUS-SPAS I, 161, 253–54, 366, 4

763–66, 774

ORFEUS-SPAS II, 163, 269, 371, 515

775

Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, 621
Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment 

(OSSE), 645, 646, 650, 834, 836

Origin and Distribution of Life in the Universe 

theme, 583

Orsini, Stefano, 861

Orton, Glenn S., 936

Oswald, Stephen S.

STS-42, 363, 415

STS-56, 365, 441

STS-67, 369, 485

Ottobrunn high school, Germany, 766

Out of Ecliptic, 660

Outreach office (Office of Space Flight), 32

Owen, Tobias, 936

P

Pacific Ocean, 471, 606, 651, 735

Palestine, Texas, 693, 694, 906, 908–13, 915, 

917–24

Panoramic Camera, 966

Parazynski, Scott E.

STS-66, 368, 479

STS-86, 272, 373, 531

STS-95, 374, 545

Paris, France, 297, 566

Paris Observatory, 978

Parise, Ronald A.

STS-35, 242, 362, 394

STS-67, 369, 485

Parker, Robert A. R.

Space Flight/Space Station Integration Office, 

203

STS-35, 242, 362, 394

Parks, George K., 873

Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council 

(British Science and Engineering Research 

Council), 687

Passive Aerodynamically Stabilized Magnetically 

Damped Satellite (PAMS), 267

Passive Common Berthing Mechanism, 315

Pawelczyk, James A., 374, 538

Payload and Instrument Development, 780

Payload and Utilization Operations appropriations, 

15, 33, 35, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96

Payload assist module (PAM), 69, 70, 71, 219, 

241, 390, 505

Payload operations and support equipment funding, 98

Payload Operations Control Center, Marshall 

Space Flight Center, 196

Payton, Gary, 29, 32, 174, 178, 181, 182, 183

Pearson, Jeremiah W., III, 27, 30, 206, 208

Pegasus ELVs

acquisition of, 37

characteristics of, 20, 56–57, 149–50

development of, 51, 55

launch sequence, 57–58

launches with, 21, 38–40, 55–57, 118, 146–48, 

592–93, 671

management of, 29

payloads, 57, 146–48

as Scout replacement, 59

success rate for launches, 38, 118

Pellerin, Charles J., 581, 582

Pennsylvania State University

Advanced Charged Couple Imaging Sp

eter (ACIS), 839

balloon flights, 920, 921, 922, 923

Cosmic Unresolved X-ray Background 

ment Using CCDs (CUBIC), 861

GAS experiments, 506

sounding rocket program, 884, 885, 88

899, 902, 904, 905

Perkin-Elmer Corporation, 623, 652, 828

Permittivity and Electromagnetic Wave An

978

Perry, Thomas, 581

Peru, 606

Peterson, William K., 821, 873

Pettengill, Gordon, 927

Philippines, 21

Phillips Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Ba

175, 859

Phobos, 730

Phoswich Detection System (PDS), 855

Photogrammetric Appendage Structural Dy

Experiment (PASDE), 496

Photopolarimeter Radiometer (PPR), 934

Physical Sciences, Inc., 856

Physical-Meteorological Observatory, 878

Physics and astronomy budget category, 58

776, 777, 778–84

Physics missions, 577, 584. See also Astro

missions; Solar physics missions; Space 

missions

Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Exp

(PARE), 412, 440, 443, 480, 490, 498

Pilcher, Carl, 585

Pillan Patera, 713

Pilot Inflight Landing Operations Trainer 

(PILOT), 457

Pinkau, K., 835

Pioneer missions

areas explored by, 661, 740

discoveries and scientific contributions 

575, 739, 745–48

Pioneer 6, 744

Pioneer 10, 744–46, 750, 980

Pioneer 11, 744, 745, 746

Pioneer Venus (Pioneer 12), 747–48

plaque for communication with intellig

cies, 746–47

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generato

(RTGs), 741

Piotrowski, William L., 582, 584

Piroda module, 300

Pituitary Growth Hormone Cell Function (

428

PKS2155-304, 765

Planetary exploration budget category, 577

584, 586, 767, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 77

784–89

Planetary Fournier Spectrometer, 964

Planetary Observer program, 714

Planetary Science and Astrophysics, Offic
(Code S), 582

Planetary System Origin and Evolution theme, 

583

Planets, year of the, 575

Plants and seeds exposure to space, 258, 383, 407, 

408, 430, 433, 473, 475, 507, 530, 532, 534, 537, 

548. See also ASTROCULTURE; Chromosome 

and Plant Cell Division in Space Experiment 

(CHROMEX)

Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration 

(PEPE), 858

Plasma Investigation Subsystem (PLS), 935

Plasma Motor Generator, 76–77, 138

Plasma Source Instrument (PSI), 680, 873

Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI), 680, 863, 872

Plasma Wave Subsystem (PWS), 935

Pluto, 746

Poker Flat Research Range, 882, 884–87, 889–95, 

897–900, 902

Polar, 50, 139, 579, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 770, 

809

Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imaging Experiment 

(PIXIE), 679, 680, 874

Polar Lander. See Mars Polar Lander

Polar satellite, 679–80

Polaris missiles, 58

Polymer Morphology (PM), 383

Pomonkey, Maryland, 950

Pongratz, Morris, 821

Poniatowski, Karen, 30, 32

Pool Boiling Experiment, 434, 452, 462, 499, 507

Popcorn experiments, 473, 507, 515, 543

Poquoson Middle School, Poquoson, Virginia, 

515

Porco, Carolyn C., 974

Postal Service, U.S., 260, 477

POSTAR, 433

Post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance, 550

Pounds, Kenneth, 817

Power Activation and Switching Module, 859

Prairie View A & M University, 924

Pratt & Whitney

Athena ELVs, 41, 120, 121

Atlas ELVs, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134

Centaur upper stage engine, 70, 71, 167

Precision Gamma Spectrometer, 966

Precourt, Charles J.

STS-55, 366, 444

STS-71, 369, 487

STS-84, 372, 523

STS-91, 374, 541

President of the United States. See also Bush, 

George H. W.; Clinton, William J.; Reagan, 

Ronald

Advisory Committee on the Future of the U.S. 

Space Program, 287, 564

Aeronautics and Space Reports of, xxi

budgets and funding process, 7

policy development by, 3

space science missions, funding for, 586

Space Station, funding for, 213, 286–87

United States Presidential Award for Design 

Excellence, 689

Press and media kits, xxi, 238

Press releases, xxi–xxii

Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer 

(PMIRR), 953, 968

Primex Technologies, 41, 120, 121

Prince Albert, Canada, 906

Princeton University, 920, 921

Principal Investigator (PI), 579, 580, 590, 

Program Committment Agreement, 674

Program Integration Division (Office of Sp

Communication), 32

Program Management Council, 674

Program Operating Plan, 6

Programs and projects, NASA

definition, 5

formulation, 5

functional areas, 4, 9–10

funding for, 5

implementation, 5

life cycle phases, 5

office designations, 4, 9–10

Web sites for, xxii, xxiii

Progress resupply vehicle, 280, 299, 303

Project Pilot, 51

Proportional Counter Array (PCA), 600, 60

802, 803

Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment

385, 430

Advanced PCG (APCG), 465

Commercial PCG (CPCG), 423, 437, 45

470, 477, 483, 490, 498, 501, 532

GAS experiments, 499

PCG III, 389, 410

PCG-II-2, 412

PCG-STES (Single Locker Thermal En

sure System), 480, 483, 486, 498, 524

547

PCG-TES (Thermal Enclosure SYstem

486

Protein Crystallization Apparatus, 526

Protein Crystallization Facility (PCF), 399

Protein studies (PSE), 391, 437, 465

Proton/Electron Telescope (PET), 599, 798

Pudwill-Gorie, Dominic L., 374, 541

Puppis A, 985

Purdue University, 515, 544

Q

Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer, 965

Quasars, 640, 648, 836

Quayle, Daniel, 21, 78, 290, 291, 565

QUESTS, 434

R

Radiation Monitoring Equipment (RME), 

384, 387, 389, 391, 399, 402, 414, 417, 42

440, 454, 472, 490, 503, 524

Radiation/Dosimetry Control Complex, 96

Radio and Plasma Wave Experiment (WA

867, 869

Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) 
ment, 976

Radio Atmospheric Science Center, Kyoto University, 863

Radio Detection and Ranging (RADR) instrument, 

975

Radio Science

Celestial Mechanics, 936

Propagation, 936

Radio Science Experiments, 942, 953, 956

Radio Science Subsystem (RSS), 976

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), 

383, 660, 664, 741–42

Radish experiments, 473, 543

Rafaello, 310

Ragent, Boris, 933

Rahe, Jurgen, 584, 585

RCA, 552

R-Cubed Composites, 61

Readdy, William F.

administrative position, 32

STS-42, 363, 415

STS-51, 366, 453

STS-79, 371, 512

Reagan, Ronald

Challenger accident investigation, 190

space policy of, 3, 22

Space Shuttle payloads, 49

Space Station Freedom, 191, 213, 277, 280, 

282, 564

Real aperture radar, 695

Real Time Solar Wind (RTSW) Data Experiment, 

808

Reck, Gregory, 27

Redlands, California, Unified School District, 408

Reeves, Edmond, 211

Reightler, Kenneth S., Jr.

STS-48, 363, 411

STS-60, 367, 460

Reilly, James F., 373, 536

Reilly, Michael, 32

Research and Development (R&D) appropriations

launch systems, 33, 34, 35

programmed budget, 91–92, 94, 327–31

programs funded with, 6, 9–10, 12–14, 89, 90

Space Station program, 213, 215, 324–26

Spacelab, 212

Research and Program Management (R&PM) 

appropriations, 6

Research Animal Holding Facility (RAHF), 231–

32

Research Program Management (Office of Space 

Science), 584, 585

Reston, Virginia, 197, 198, 203, 206, 208, 296

Reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). See also specific programs

budgets and funding for, 36, 91, 102

chronology, 172–86

commercial and private sector development 

and building of, 23

development of, 21, 22, 29, 79–80

responsibility to develop, 22, 32, 80

RLV Technology program, 80, 172

Space Shuttle as, 20

study to support use of, 183

Reusable Solar Array (RSA), 497

Rhome, Robert, 211

Rice University, 916, 918, 919

Richards, Richard N.

STS-28, 360, 380

STS-41, 361, 390

STS-50, 364, 425

STS-64, 368, 471

Ricker, George, 851, 861

Rieder, Rudolph, 962

RIKEN, 861

Rising, Jerry, 176, 179, 183

Roach experiment, 547

Robbins, C. Howard, Jr., 26, 205

Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Sco

School of Electronics and Electrical Eng

ing, 507

Robinson, Stephen K.

STS-85, 373, 528

STS-95, 374, 545

Robot Operated Materials Processing Syst

(ROMPS), 472

Rocketdyne

aerospike engines, 184, 185

Atlas ELVs, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 1

Delta ELVs, 142, 143, 144

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OM

479

purchase of, 65n69

Space Shuttle, 65, 166, 219

Space Station: construction of compon

308, 309; development of, 208, 281, 

304, 552, 564; Freedom, termination 

X-33, 171, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183

Rockwell International Corporation. See a

Rocketdyne

Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Objec

trometer (NICMOS), 831

purchase of, 65n69

Space Shuttle modifications and upgra

Space Shuttle orbiters, 65

Space Shuttle processing work, contrac

64–65

United Space Alliance (USA), 64–65

X-33, 85, 173

X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, 320

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 136, 579, 59

18, 767, 816–18

Rogers Commission, 190

Rohr, 171, 177

Rohrabacher, Dana, 181

Rominger, Kent V.

STS-73, 369, 494

STS-80, 371, 514

STS-85, 373, 528

Room Temperature Vulcanizing, 491

Ross, Jerry L.

STS-37, 242, 356, 362, 399, 400

STS-55, 366, 444

STS-74, 370, 496

STS-88, 277, 316–17, 319, 359, 374, 5

Rossi, Bruno, 599
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 139, 579, 

599–600, 602, 650, 770, 781, 790, 801–3

Rotating Dome Experiment, 456

Rothenberg, Joseph H., 32, 210

Rothschild, Richard, 802

Roux, Alain, 936

Runco, Mario, Jr.

STS-44, 363, 413

STS-54, 249, 356, 365, 440

STS-77, 370, 505

Russell, Christopher T., 871, 936

Russia and Russian Space Agency. See also Mir

Space Station; Soyuz vehicle; United StatesRussian Cooperative Program

Androgynous Peripheral Docking Assembly, 

293

astronauts on STS-74, 266

creation of Russian Space Agency, 291–92, 

565

International Space Station (ISS): agreements 

governing, 314–15, 569; compensation for 

cooperative program, 297, 298, 566, 567; 

contributions to, 280, 305, 306, 307, 308, 

313, 556, 567, 568; development of, 191, 

192, 197, 277, 278; funding for, 213, 314; 

management of activities, 209, 210; Mir missions in support of, 191–92; partner status of, 

297–98, 306, 312, 566–67; political and 

financial problems, 213, 305, 311–12, 314, 

568; Zarya module, 192, 277, 278, 280, 315, 

316–17, 319–20, 561, 562–63, 570

IUE observers, 688

KONUS (Russian Gamma Ray Spectrometer), 

677, 869

Laser Image Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) 

System, 970

LIDAR LITE experiment, 471

Mars '94, 958

Mars '96 (Mars 8), 735, 771, 958, 964–66

missile technology to India, 297, 566

Progress resupply vehicle, 280, 299, 303

Salyut space stations, 298–99

satellites, 141

SIR-C/X-SAR imaging, 477

Space Station Alpha, 297

Zarya module, 549

Russian Cooperation and Program Assurance 

account, 214

Russian Program Assurance budget category, 312

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 875

Ryumin, Valery Victorovitch, 374, 541

S

S-19 Boost Guidance System, 692

Sacco, Albert, Jr., 369, 494

Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance, Office 

of, 14

Safety, Reliability, Maintainability, and Quality 

Assurance, Office of, 10

Safety enhancements, 89

Sagan, Carl, 936

Sahara desert, 428

Sakana Seeds Corp., 407

Salyut space stations, 298–99

Sample Return Experiments, 452, 460, 46

478, 492, 493

San Francisco Bay Area, California, 388

San Jose State University, 961

Sanders, 184, 185

Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-A (SAC

164, 549

Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientifico-B (SAC

147, 148, 576, 671, 672, 771, 860–61

Satellite Test Unit (STU), 505

Saturn

Cassini-Huygens, 61, 63, 156, 576, 740

772, 971–79

missions to explore, 575, 740

objectives of Cassini-Huygens, 971–72

Pioneer missions, 746

Voyager missions, 748, 980

S-band Transponder Doppler Gravity Expe

950

Scaled Composites, 321

Scherrer, Philip, 878

Schlegel, Hans W., 366, 444

Schmitz, Robert, 211

Schofield, John T. "Tim," 961

Scholer, M., 797

Schönfelder, Volker, 835

Schubert, Gerald, 936

Science, Aeronautics, and Technology (SA

appropriations

launch systems, 33–34, 35, 36

programmed budget, 91–92, 94, 95

programs funded with, 6, 12–14, 89, 90

Space Station program, 213–14, 215

Science, Applications, and Technology ap

tions, 35

Science and Engineering Research Counci

Britain, 616, 684

Science and Technology Policy, U.S. Offic

294

Science Applications International Corpor

(SAIC), 890

Science Data Center, 715

Science Instrument Module (SIM), 657

Science Operations Center, 600

Science Power Platform, 280

Science Program Committee, European Sp

Agency (ESA), 740

Science Working Group, 714

Scientific Applications Satellites. See Sate

Aplicaciones Cientifico-A (SAC-A); Sat

Aplicaciones Cientifico-B (SAC-B)

Scientific Balloon Flight Facility, New Me

693

Scorpius, 649

Scott, Winston E.

STS-72, 358, 370, 498, 499

STS-87, 359, 373, 533, 535

Scout ELVs

characteristics of, 20, 58, 151

launches with, 19, 21, 38–39, 58–59, 1

success rate for launches, 38, 118
Scudder, Jack, 872

Searfoss, Richard A.

STS-58, 366, 455

STS-76, 370, 502

STS-90, 374, 538

Seddon, Margaret Rhea

STS-40, 362, 403

STS-58, 366, 455

Seeds exposure to space, 407, 408, 433, 473, 475, 

507, 532, 548

Sega, Ronald M.

STS-60, 367, 460

STS-76, 370, 502

Seiff, Alvin, 933, 961

Seismometer, Magnetometer, and Inclinometer, 

966

Semiconductor experiments, 408, 451, 472, 507, 

543

Sensor Technology Experiment (STEX), 154, 383

Sergeant surface-to-surface missiles, 58

Serlemitsos, Peter J., 849, 983

Service d'Aeronomie du Centre National de la 

Recherche Scientifique, 979

SGR1900+14 magnetic star, 662

Sharipov, Salizhan Shakirovich, 373, 536

Shaw, Brewster H., Jr

administrative position, 27

STS-28, 360, 380

Shawhan, Stanley, 581

Shea, Joseph, 294, 565

Shepherd, William M.

administrative positions, 208, 209

STS-41, 361, 390

STS-52, 365, 435

Sherlock, Nancy J. (Currie)

STS-57, 366, 449

STS-70, 369, 489

STS-88, 277, 317, 374, 549

Shishkin, Oleg, 291, 565

Shoemaker, Eugene M., 717, 948

Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, 634, 635, 706, 707, 

717, 930, 937

Shoreham Wading River High School, New York, 

544

Shoshone-Ba Junior/Senior High School, Fort 

Hall Reservation, Idaho, 543

Shriver, Loren J.

STS-31, 361, 388

STS-46, 364, 427

Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM), 381, 411, 414

Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX), 

250, 397, 399, 421, 426, 432, 441, 448, 450, 457, 

468, 470, 472, 486, 488, 490, 496, 503, 511, 513

Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 474, 267

Shuttle Crew Operations Manual, 215

Shuttle Entry Data System (SEADS), 381, 386, 

396, 405

Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing 

(SILTS), 386, 397, 398, 405

Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed 

Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX), 524, 529, 532, 542

Shuttle Laser Altimeter, 498

Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), 160, 161, 163, 

243, 362, 366, 401. See also ASTRO-Sh

Pallet Satellite (ASTRO-SPAS)

Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) Payload Op

Control Center, 253

Shuttle Plume Impingement Experiment (S

437

Shuttle Plume Impingement Flight Experim

(SPIFEX), 472

Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Too

Astronomy (SPARTAN)

201 mission instruments and experime

Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer, 75

759, 760, 987; Video Guidance Senso

61; White Light Coronograph, 757–5

201 satellites, 757–61, 987; 201-01 (So

Physics), 161, 250, 365, 441, 758, 77

201-02 (Coordinated Observations-U

162, 260, 368, 471, 758, 774, 987; 20

(Coordinated Observations-Ulysses), 

265, 491, 759, 775, 987; 201-04 (Cal

Flight-SOHO), 164, 272, 274, 373, 5

759–60, 775, 987; 201-05 (Calibratio

Flight-SOHO), 164, 374, 545, 760–6

987

204 (UV Astronomy-Stellar), 162, 261

368, 482, 484, 757, 761, 774

207 (Inflatable Antenna Experiment), 1

267, 370, 505

accommodations for on Shuttle, 352

attitude control system, 535, 757

deployment of satellites, 757

development of program, 756–57

EVA to rescue, 359, 535

Far Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph 

(FUVIS), 761

free-flyer payload, 276

OAST flyer, 163, 266, 370, 498

objectives of, 757

retrieval of, 757

Shuttle Small Payloads Project (SSPP), 22

Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSB

instrument, 239, 246, 382, 390, 409, 421

480, 498

Shuttle Student Involvement Project (SSIP

STS-29, 378

STS-31, 389

STS-41, 391

STS-42, 417

Shuttle Training Aircraft, 487

Shuttle Upper Atmosphere Mass Spectrom

(SUMS), 397, 405

Shuttle Vibration Forces (SVF), 540

Shuttle-C, 77, 78, 79, 89, 101, 283

Shuttle/Spacelab Payload Mission Manage

and Integration budget category, 212, 32

Sierra College, Rocklin, California, 473, 5

Simons, David, 822

Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER)

277, 357, 475, 504

USA SAFER, 551

Simpson, John, 807

Single Stage Rocket Technology program 

(BMDO), 80
Single String Global Positioning System, 550

Single-element telescope, 949

Sisson, James, 203, 204

Sjogren, William, 927

Skylab, 247, 451

Slayton, Donald "Deke," 47–48

Sloeckler, George, 845

Slow Rotating Centrifuge Microscope (NIZEMI), 

258

Slow-Turning Lateral Vessel (STLV) bioreactor, 

414

Small Deep-Space Transponder, 858

Small Expendable Deployer System

SEDS-1, 76, 77, 138

SEDS-2, 77, 138

Small Explorer Data System, 598

Small Explorer missions (SMEX)

budgets and funding for, 587

management of, 55, 152, 592

missions: FAST, 147, 579, 591, 601–3, 691, 

771, 804–5; SAMPEX, 152, 579, 591, 598–

99, 769, 790, 796–800, 809; SWAS, 148, 

591, 610–12, 773, 790, 814–15; TRACE, 

147, 579, 591, 608–10, 611, 691, 772, 790, 

812–13; WIRE, 591–92

objectives of, 577

Pegasus for deployments, 55

success of, 577

Small Mission Program Group, 713

Small Satellite Technology Initiative, 587

Small Self-Contained Payload (SSCP) program, 

222–23. See also Get Away Special (GAS) program

Smith, David E., 952, 955

Smith, Peter, 961, 969

Smith, Steven L.

STS-68, 368, 476

STS-82, 358, 372, 519, 520, 632

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO)

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility 

(AXAF), 652, 653

balloon flights, 906, 907, 908, 912, 914, 917

high-resolution imagers (HRIs), 616, 617, 817

sounding rocket program, 883, 887, 888, 892

Spitzer Space Telescope (Space Infrared Telescope Facility [SIRFT]), 659

Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer, 757, 758

Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer 

(UVCS), 876

Smoot, George, 791

Smyth, William H., 936

Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Inc., 

418, 451–52, 468, 474, 499

Soderblom, Lawrence A., 857

Sodium Sulfur Battery Experiment (LHP/

NaSBA), 534

Soft Gamma Repeater (SGR), 650

Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SOXS), 861

Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), 683–84, 879, 880

Sojourner microrover, 578, 724, 731, 732–33, 962

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 579, 591, 598–99, 769, 

790, 796–800, 809

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOH

characteristics, instruments, and experi

681, 875–78

coordination of TRACE with, 609

data and images from, 675, 681, 682

deployment of, 46–47, 125, 681, 770, 8

development and management of, 680–

discoveries and scientific contributions 

681–82, 878

ISTP program, 672, 676, 680

objective of, 579, 681, 770, 875

problems experienced with, 682–83

sounding rocket program and, 691

SPARTAN satellites and, 759–60

Solar Array Module Plasma Interaction Ex

ment (SAMPIE), 465

Solar Concentrator Arrays with Refractive 

Element Technology (SCARLET II), 669

Solar Constant (SOLCON), 421, 441, 480, 

547

Solar Electric Ion Propulsion System, 856

Solar Energetic Particle Ionic Charge Anal

(SEPICA), 607, 807, 808

Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Hitchhiker (SEH

Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS), 607, 807

Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), 575, 608

Solar physics missions, 578, 579, 768, 772

Solar Spectrum (SOLSPEC), 421, 441, 48

Solar system exploration, 577, 589

Solar System Exploration Committee, 739

Solar System Exploration Division (Office 

Space Science), 583, 584, 585, 589, 713, 

Solar System Exploration Division (Office 

Space Science and Applications), 581, 5

Solar Ultraviolet Experiment (SUVE), 440

Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted 

tion (SUMER), 876

Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Moni

(SUSIM), 421, 441, 480

Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Compos

Experiment (SMS), 868

Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN), 876

Solar Wind Experiment (SWE), 867

Solar Wind Ion Mass Spectrometer (SWIM

607, 807

Solar Wind Ionic Composition Spectromet

(SWICS), 607, 662, 807, 845, 868

Solar Wind Plasma (SWOOPS) Experimen

Solar X-ray Photometer (SXP), 810

Solar X-rays and Cosmic Gamma Ray Bur

Solar-A/Yohkoh, 683–85, 768, 879–81

Solid Propulsion Integrity Program (SPIP)

Solid rocket boosters

budgets and funding for, 92, 93, 108, 1

characteristics of, 66, 68, 166, 215, 216

management of, 65

Solid rocket motor, 34, 89, 93, 109, 113, 4

Solid State Microaccelerometer Experimen

Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SS

390, 410, 432, 440, 472, 483, 529, 542

Solid-state Imaging Spectrometers (SISs), 

849, 850, 851

Solid-state Imaging (SSI) camera, 934
Solid-state recorder, 632

Solovyev, Anatoly, 303, 487

Sondre Stronfjord, Greenland, 911, 912

Sounding rocket program, 690–92, 756, 882–905

South America, 388, 688

Southwest Research Institute

Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS), 973

Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS), 

974

Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration 

(PEPE), 858

sounding rocket program, 895, 898, 901, 902, 

905

Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System (SWUIS), 

529

Southwood, David J., 975

Soviet Union, 291, 298–99, 300, 672, 677

Soyuz vehicle

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, 264

crew transfer to Mir, 262, 300, 303, 555

crew transfer to Salyut space stations, 298–99

crew transfer vehicle for Space Station, 280, 

293, 294, 296, 305, 557

Space Acceleration Measurement System 

(SAMS), 245, 410, 417, 430, 436, 440, 481, 483, 

500, 518

Space Access and Technology, Office of (Code X)

budgets and funding for, 13, 33, 35, 89, 97, 

100

disbanding of, 32

New Millennium Program, 667

organization of, 29

responsibilities of, 13, 30

Space Station funding, 214

Space Access and Technology program, 172, 214

Space Aerospace, Ltd. Canada, 434

Space Astronomy and Astrophysics joint working 

group, 677

Space Astrophysics Group, University of California, Berkeley, 764

Space Automation and Robotics Center, Ann 

Arbor, Michigan, 472

Space Classroom Program, "Assignment—The 

Stars," 397

Space Communications, Office of, 14, 32, 193

Space Development and Commercial Research 

Division, 212

Space Development office (Office of Space 

Flight), 31, 32, 193

Space Experiment Module (SEM) Carrier System, 

223

Space Experiment Module (SEM) program, 223, 

352, 515, 544, 548, 551

Space Exploration, Office of, 10

Space Flight, Office of (Code M)

appropriations and functional areas, 9, 12, 15

code letter designations, 192

organization and management of, 24–32, 193, 

203–4, 206, 209–10, 282

responsibilities of, 23, 26, 30, 193, 205, 208, 

210, 282

Space Flight/Space Station Integration Office, 203

Space Flyer Unit, 266

Space Industries, Inc., 423

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRFT)

657–60, 782

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRFT) 

ence Working Group, 659

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRFT) 

Group, 659

Space Integrated Global Positioning Syste

tial Navigation System (SIGI), 551

Space Launch Initiative, 84, 88

Space Life Sciences Strategic Plan (1992), 

Space Operations office (Office of Space F

31, 32, 193

Space Operations Utilization office (Office 

Space Flight), 32

Space Physics Division (Office of Space S

583, 584, 588

Space Physics Division (Office of Space S

and Applications), 581

Space Physics Laboratory, Lockheed Mart

Advances Technology Center, 873, 874

Space physics missions, 578, 579–80, 588

767, 769, 770, 771, 772

Space Processing division (Office of Space 

and Technology), 29

Space Program, Advisory Committee on th

Future of the U.S., 204–5, 287

Space Radar Laboratory (SRL)

SRL-1, 256, 257, 260, 367, 468

SRL-2, 162, 260, 368, 477

Space Radiation Laboratory, California Ins

Technology, 806

Space Radiation program, 619

Space Research Institute, 968

Space Science and Applications, Office of 

E/Code S)

budgets and funding for, 9, 35, 90, 95

"faster, better, cheaper" concept, 577

Hubble Space Telescope investigation, 

Launch Vehicle Office, 27

Life Sciences Division, 210–11, 385

Microgravity Science and Applications 

sion, 210, 211

organization and management of, 580–

PCG, 378

Pool Boiling Experiment, 452, 462

responsibilities of, 9, 27, 29, 283, 580–

SHARE, 377

space science missions sponsored by, 5

STL experiment, 421

Space Science Board, National Academy o

ences, 740

Space Science Committee, European Scien

Foundation, 740

Space Science Development, Office of, 12

Space Science Enterprise, 583

Space science missions

budgets and funding for, 585–88, 776–

authorized budget, 587, 776; program

budget, 587, 777

Centers of Excellence, 584

discipline areas, 574, 575, 577–80, 588

"faster, better, cheaper" concept, 577, 5
587–88, 772

international scope of, 574

knowledge gained through, 574

last decade review, 575

list of, 767–73

management of, 574, 580–85

method of deployment, 573–74

number launched, 573, 576

overview of, 576–80

PI-led missions, 579, 580, 590

size of missions, 576–77

Space Shuttle missions, 774–75

themes of, 583, 584

Web sites for, 574

Space Science, Office of (OSS)

CGRO reentry, 651

Deep Space 1, 668

Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Failure Mishap 

Investigation Board, 738

missions sponsored by, 575

New Millennium Program, 667

organization and management of, 582, 583–85, 

586

responsibilities of, 582

Strategic Plan, 583, 584

Space Science Project Web sites, xxiii

Space Sciences Department, Aerospace Corporation, 873

Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 793, 868, 872

Space Shuttle

abort modes, 236–38

activities and events of typical mission, 217

beginning of program, 190

budgets and funding for, 30, 33–36, 89, 92–94; 

assured shuttle availability, 93, 109; flight 

hardware, 111; flight operations, 110–11; 

flight operations upgrades, 92, 106; launch 

and landing operations, 93, 113–14; launch 

and mission support, 92, 106–7, 110; launch 

services mission support, 94, 117; main 

engine, 93, 106–7, 112; Orbiter Operational 

Capability, 104–5; Production and Operational Capability, 15, 33, 34, 35–36, 89, 90, 

103, 110; propulsion systems, 92–93, 108, 

109, 112–13; Safety and Performance 

Upgrades, 33, 35, 89, 92, 94, 96, 103, 109; 

Space Transportation Operations, 110

Certification of Flight Readiness, 194

characteristics of, 65–69

components of, 215–16

crew: age of, 516; assignments and duties, 

233–34; number of, 217; selection of, 232, 

540; services provided by, 234–36

external tank, 215, 216; budgets and funding 

for, 92, 93, 108, 113; characteristics of, 65–

66, 165; super lightweight external tank 

(SLWT), 276

fleet of, 20

Flight Readiness Review, 194

functions and missions of, 19, 190–91, 216–17

launch and landing operations, 69, 217; budgets and funding for, 93, 113–14; contingency landing sites, 217; Edwards Ai

Base, 69, 217, 237, 502; Kennedy Sp

Center, 69, 194, 217, 237, 244, 250–5

385, 392, 454, 512, 514; night landin

502

launch vehicle function of, 19, 20–21, 

49, 64, 190

low-Earth orbit of, 41

main engines (SSME), 215, 216; Block 

264, 267; Block II, 545; Block IIA, 6

gets and funding for, 93, 106–7, 112; 

teristics of, 66–67, 69, 166, 350; scru

abort modes, 237, 238

management of program for, 23–32, 19

95, 205, 582

Mission Management Team, 194

NASA's responsibility to upgrade, 22

orbiter, 215, 216; budgets and funding 

104–5, 111; characteristics of, 217–1

50; extended duration orbiter, 92, 105

247, 255, 354–55, 414, 470, 486, 495

522, 527, 540; glass cockpit, 221; ma

ment of, 65; modifications and upgra

219–21, 258, 425; Orbiter Docking S

220, 229–30

Orbiter Maintenance Down Period (OM

219, 220–21, 249, 519, 536

private sector operation and manageme

23

processing work, contract for, 64

Reaction Control System, 472

reliance on, end to, 78, 183

solid rocket boosters, 215, 216; budget

funding for, 92, 93, 108, 112; charact

of, 66, 68, 166; management of, 65

solid rocket motor, 34, 89, 93, 109, 113

Space Shuttle missions. See also STS entri

African-American crew: first to walk in 

261; first woman, 248

altitude numbers in mission description

Challenger explosion and, 20

chronologies, xxiii, 238

"dog crew," 265

female astronauts, 248, 255, 258

female Shuttle pilot, 261

funding for, 6, 15

Japanese citizen to walk in space, 499

Kennedy Space Center employee as as

candidate, 540

length of, 247, 255, 258, 262, 265, 268

469

length of time in space for astronauts, 2

list of, 159–64, 360–75

married couple as crew, 248

number of flights, 21, 64, 190, 238, 26

oldest human to fly in space, 516

orbiter-to-orbiter crew conversation, 44

payload mission management and integ

780

payloads: accommodations for, 221–32

52; attached space science missions, 7

also specific missions; commercial, 4

ria for, 22, 64; examples of, 64; NAV
GPS satellites, 50; removal of DOD payloads, 61, 249, 439; satellites, 69, 750. See 

also specific satellites; small payloads, 221, 

222–23; types of, 221–22

President at launch, 548

press and media kits, xxi, 238

reflight of mission, 164, 270, 355, 372, 525, 

527

safety emphasis following Challenger, 70, 190

space science missions and experiments, 573, 

575, 774–75

success rate for launches, 21, 190

successful missions, 190, 238

Space Shuttle Operations funding, 33

Space Shuttle Program Director (Office of Space 

Flight), 193

Space Shuttle Program Office, 196

Space Shuttle Projects Office, Marshall Space 

Flight Center, 194, 195

Space Shuttle/Spacelab Mission Management and 

Integration program, Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, 196

Space Station, 566. See also International Space 

Station (ISS); Mir Space Station; Space Station 

Freedom; United States-Russian Cooperative 

Program

assembly of, 3, 234

assembly techniques, practice of, 247, 356, 

424, 484

budgets and funding for: Alpha, 191, 208, 296; 

Freedom, 191, 208, 281–84, 287–88, 290, 

293–96, 552, 565, 566; funding history, 333–

43; Human Space Flight (HSF) appropriations, 35, 213–15, 324–26; ISS, 305, 312, 

313–14, 568, 570; Programmed Budget, 

327–30; Science, Aeronautics, and Technology (SAT) appropriations, 213–15; Space 

Transportation Capability Development 

appropriations, 34; Spaceflight, Control, and 

Data Communications (SFC&DC) appropriations, 6, 15

chronology of, 564–70

development of, 190, 199, 277–78

management of, 192, 197–210

resupply missions to, 85

Space Shuttle missions to, 164

Space Station Alpha, 191, 208, 277, 296, 566

Space Station Control Board, 306, 569

Space Station Freedom

assembly of, 284, 290, 291, 292

assembly techniques, practice of, 247, 356, 

424

Assisted Crew Return Vehicle, 290

budgets and funding for, 191, 208, 213, 281–

84, 287–88, 290, 293–96, 552, 565, 566

characteristics of, 553–54

chronology of, 564–67

components, systems, and modules, 281, 282–

91; Crew and Equipment Translation Aids 

(CETA), 242, 356, 400; ESA attached pressurized module, 284, 285, 286; Exposed 

Facility, 284, 289; Japanese Experiment 

Module, 284, 285, 287; Space Station 

Remote Manipulator System (SSRM

289; Special Purpose Dexterous Man

tor (SPDM), 284–85, 289; U.S. habit

module, 284, 285, 286, 288; U.S. lab

module, 284, 285, 288

Configuration Budget Review Team, 2

contractor-led joint vehicle integration 

206, 208

contractors for, 281, 552, 564, 566

crew, number of, 288, 554

development of, 190, 191, 280–81

External Maintenance Solutions Team, 

564

External Maintenance Task Team (EM

286, 564

flight telerobotic servicer (FTS), 285, 2

Health Maintenance Facility, 430

heat transport systems, 377

life sciences experiments, 210, 293

management of program for, 25, 26, 28

193, 197–208, 582

man-tended capability, 290, 292

metal experiments to support, 407

Mir program and, 291–93, 294

mission, goals, and objectives, 290

naming of, 191, 280

National Launch System and, 79

orbit of, 291

permanently manned capability, 290, 2

redesign of, 191, 208, 213, 283–84, 28

293–97, 565–66

STLV bioreactor, 414

termination of, 304, 567

U.S.-Russian Cooperative Program and

567

water electrolysis, 492

Space Station Freedom Program Office, 20

206, 207, 252, 290

Space Station Freedom Strategic Plan, 206

Space Station Freedom Systems Integratio

Office, Johnson Space Center, 204

Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiato

ment (SHARE), 377, 409

Space Station, Office of (Code S)

administrators of, 203

appropriations and functional areas, 9

code letter designations, 192

consolidation of, 24–25, 203, 282

organization of, 197, 198

Space Station Program Office (Office of S

Flight), 193, 198, 208

Space Station Remote Manipulator System 

(SSRMS), 279, 285, 289

Space Station Transition Team, 296

Space Stations Project Offices, 198

Space Systems Development, Office of (C

"Access to Space" study, 22, 80, 172

code letter designations, 193

Flight Demonstration Program, 76

management of, 26

National Launch System management 

organization of, 25–26, 29, 205

responsibilities of, 26, 28, 193, 205, 20
210

Space Systems division (Office of Space Access 

and Technology), 29

Space Systems Inc. (SSI), 47–48

Space Technology program, 27

Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), 

358, 519, 630, 632, 829–30

Space Telescope Operations Control Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, 459, 631

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), 621, 

626

Faint Object Camera (FOC), 825

Multimission Archive, 687, 689

Web site for, xxiii

Space Test Payload-1 (STP-1), 402

Space Test Program

Army, 421

DOD, 381, 761

Space Tissue Loss (STL), 421, 439, 443, 468, 481, 

490, 515

Space Tracking and Data Systems, Office of, 10, 

15

Space Transportation Architecture Study, 183

Space Transportation Capability Development 

appropriations, 9, 12, 33, 34, 89, 90, 96, 212

Space Transportation division (Office of Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology), 32

Space Transportation division (Office of Space 

Access and Technology), 29

Space Transportation Main Engine (STME), 78, 

79

Space Transportation Operations budgets and 

funding, 15, 34, 36, 93, 110

Space Transportation System, 20, 34

Space Transportation Technology division (Office 

of Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology), 32

Space Vision System, 279

Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C), 256, 257, 

477

Spacecraft Bubble Data Recorder (BDR), 684, 685

Spacecraft Kinetic Infrared Test (SKIRT), 465

Spaceflight, Control, and Data Communications 

(SFC&DC) appropriations, 6, 33, 34–36, 89, 90, 

92–94

SPACEHAB

access to, 252

characteristics of, 252

configuration of modules, 228–30, 231

development of program, 227–28

Shuttle missions, 355; STS-57, 161, 252, 355, 

366, 450; STS-60, 255, 355, 367, 460–61; 

STS-63, 162, 261, 355, 368, 482–83; STS76, 355, 370, 503; STS-77, 164, 267, 355, 

505; STS-79, 268, 355, 371, 513; STS-81, 

269, 355, 371, 517; STS-84, 355, 372, 523–

24; STS-86, 272, 273, 355, 373, 531, 536; 

STS-89, 274, 355; STS-91, 355, 374, 541; 

STS-95, 164, 276, 355, 374, 546

as Shuttle payload, 352

Space Research Laboratory, 227–30, 252

space science missions, 750

support for Shuttle-Mir activities, 228, 267, 

268, 272, 273, 274, 275, 531, 536, 54

workspace provided by, 227–28, 231, 3

SPACEHAB, Inc., 227–28

Spacelab. See also Astro-1; Astro-2

animal enclosure modules, 231–32

budgets and funding for, 34, 35, 212, 3

characteristics of, 353

command and data management system 

(CDMS), 227

components of, 224–26

data processing assembly (DPS), 227

design and development of, 224

experiments on, control of, 225

igloo, 226, 242, 262, 354, 362, 365, 42

instrument pointing system, 227

international cooperative focus of, 575

investigations carried by, 224, 227

last decade review, 190

Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS)

268, 354, 371, 509–11

life sciences missions, 161, 354, 575; S

243–44, 354, 362, 404; SLS-2, 255, 3

366, 455–57

management of, 26, 193, 196, 205, 582

microgravity research, 495

Mir research and payloads, 191, 196, 22

488

Mission Operations Control, Huntsville

bama, 258, 270

missions flown with, 227, 354–55

Neurolab mission, 164, 274–75, 355, 3

538–39

number of missions, 191

orbiter modifications to accommodate, 

pallets, 226, 242, 262, 264, 351, 354, 36

420, 441

payload mission management and integ

780

Payload Operations Control Center, 19

research missions and payloads, 191

as Shuttle payload, 221, 224–27, 351, 3

space science missions, 575, 750

Spacelab D-1, 445, 448

Spacelab D-2, 161, 251, 354, 366, 445–

Spacelab-J, 161, 248, 354, 364, 429–32

ultraviolet telescopes mounted on, 396

workspace provided by, 225, 352

Spain

abort landing facility, 237

Deep Space Network (DSN) station, 66

ESA membership, 279

Laboratory for Space Astrophysics and 

retical Physics, 687

Minisat 01, 55

payloads launched for, 21

Pegasus ELVs, 55

Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station, 

689

Spar Astro, 552

Spearing, Robert, 32

Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (S

Freedom, 284–85, 289

ISS, 279, 306, 316, 319
Spectrometer Measurement of the Upper Atmosphere in the UV Range, 473

Spectrum Astro, Inc., 668, 856

Spektr module, 272, 300, 303, 487, 489, 544, 568

Spiral galaxy M100, 623, 624

Spiral galaxy NGC 4603, 641, 642

Spitzer, Lyman, 620

Spitzer Space Telescope (Space Infrared Telescope Facility [SIRFT]), 589, 657–60, 782

Springer, Robert C.

STS-29, 360, 376

STS-38, 361, 392

Sromovsky, Larry, 933

St. Vincent Elementary School Salt Lake City, 

Utah, 543

Stanford, I. Duke, 24

Stanford University

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope 

(EGRET), 646, 835

Michelson Doppler Imager/Solar Oscillations 

Investigation (MDI/SOI), 878

Radio Science Experiments, 953, 956

Radio Science: Propagation, 936

sounding rocket program, 887, 897

Star Tracker Cameras, 950

Stardust, 715, 938

Stars

ASCA discoveries, 852

Astro-2, 984–86

dense stellar environments, 635–36, 639

galaxy collisions and, 638, 641

life cycle of, 634

magnetic star SGR1900+14, 662

Supernova 1006, 852, 985

Supernova 1987A, 634, 636, 638, 836, 980

Type Ia supernovae, 643–44

U Geminorum, 985

x-ray radiation from, 249

State University of New York, 936

State University of New York at Stony Brook, 377

Station Redesign Team, 294, 565

Stecher, Theodore P., 982

Stein, Martin, 29

Stellar Oscillation Photometer, 966

Stennis Space Center

aerospike engines, 184

budgets and funding, 34

Center of Excellence designation, 11

engine oxidizer duct testing, 494

management of, 28, 31

mission area, 11

responsibilities of, 194

X-33 testing, 182

Stephenson, Arthur G., 738

Stereo-spectral Imaging System, 964

Still, Susan L.

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372, 525

Stone, Edward, 797, 798, 806, 935

Strategic Defense Initiative Organization 

(SDIAO), 720. See also Ballistic Missile 

Defense Organization (BMDO)

Infrared Background Signature Survey experiment, 160

Space Shuttle experiments, 243

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 77–78

Strategic Enterprises, 30

Strategic Planning office (Office of Space 

32

"Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrop

for the 1980s" (National Research Counc

Stratospheric Observation for Infrared Astr

783

Strekalov, Gennadiy, 487

Structural Dynamics Model Validation, 55

Structure and Evolution of the Universe D

(Office of Space Science), 584, 585

STS-1, 398

STS-2, 398

STS-3, 398

STS-4, 219, 222, 398

STS-5, 219, 398

STS-9, 191, 219

STS-28, 159, 239, 380–81

STS-29, 159, 168, 238, 376–78

STS-30, 159, 239, 379

IUS launch, 72, 75

Magellan deployment, 72, 75, 159, 239

379, 693–94, 767, 927

STS-31, 159, 241, 388–89

STS-32, 159, 240, 385–86, 397, 405

STS-33, 159, 168, 239, 384

STS-34, 159, 168, 239, 382–83

Galileo deployment, 159, 239, 360, 382

703, 767, 930, 932

STS-35, 159, 242, 392, 394–98, 405, 756, 

981

STS-36, 159, 240, 387, 395

STS-37, 159, 242, 356, 399–400, 645, 833

STS-38, 159, 242, 392–93

STS-39, 160, 243, 401–2, 762

STS-40, 160, 219, 243–44, 397, 403–8

STS-41, 159, 168, 241–42, 390–91, 843

STS-41-C, 240, 361

STS-41-D, 237, 238

STS-42, 160, 220, 244–46, 415–19

STS-43, 160, 168, 244, 409–10

STS-44, 160, 168, 244, 413–14, 522

STS-45, 160, 246, 420–21

STS-46, 160, 247–48, 427–28

EURECA, 247, 252, 253, 427, 428

TSS deployment, 74, 427, 428

STS-47, 161, 248, 429–34

STS-48, 160, 244, 411–12

STS-49, 64, 160, 218, 246–47, 356, 422–2

STS-50, 160, 247, 425–26

STS-51, 161, 252–54, 357, 449, 453–55, 76

775

STS-51-B, 449

STS-51-D, 449

STS-51-F, 238

STS-51-L, 190. See also Challenger

STS-51-L Data and Design Analysis Task 

190

STS-52, 161, 249, 435–37

STS-53, 161, 249, 438–40
STS-54, 161, 168, 249, 356, 440, 755, 756, 774

STS-55, 161, 238, 250–51, 444–48

STS-56, 161, 250, 441–43, 758, 774

STS-57, 161, 228, 252, 253, 355, 356, 449–52, 

474

STS-58, 161, 255, 455–57

STS-59, 162, 256–57, 260

STS-60, 162, 255–56, 355, 460–63

STS-61, 161, 236, 255, 357, 458–59, 623, 628–30, 

630, 774

STS-61-B, 248

STS-61-C, 223, 494

STS-62, 162, 256, 464–66

STS-63, 162, 261–62, 355, 357, 482–84, 774

Shuttle-Mir program, 300, 304, 555, 567

SPARTAN 204 mission, 761

STS-64, 162, 260, 357, 471–75, 758, 774

STS-65, 162, 258–59, 469–70

STS-66, 162, 260–61, 479–81

STS-67, 162, 262–63, 485–86, 754, 775, 981

STS-68, 162, 260, 476–78

STS-69, 163, 265, 357, 491–93, 759, 775

STS-70, 162, 168, 264, 489–90, 491

STS-71, 162, 263–64, 487–88, 491

Shuttle-Mir program, 300, 301, 302, 555

STS-72, 163, 266, 358, 498–99

STS-73, 163, 265, 494–95

STS-74, 266, 496–97

Shuttle-Mir program, 300–301, 496, 497, 555

STS-75, 75, 163, 266, 500–501

STS-76, 163, 266–67, 355, 358, 502–4

Shuttle-Mir program, 502, 504, 555

STS-77, 163, 267, 355, 505–7

STS-78, 163, 268, 508–11

STS-79, 163, 268, 355, 512–13, 514, 555

STS-80, 163, 269, 514–16

STS-81, 163, 269, 355, 517–18, 555

STS-82, 163, 269, 358, 519–20, 630–33, 775

STS-83, 163, 270, 521–22, 525

STS-84, 164, 270, 355, 523–24, 555

STS-85, 164, 270–71, 528–30

STS-86, 164, 272, 273, 355, 531–32, 555

STS-87, 164, 272, 274, 276, 359, 533–35, 759–60, 

775

STS-88, 64, 164, 277, 316–17, 319, 359, 549–51

ISS assembly mission, 277, 313, 315–17, 318, 

319, 359, 374, 562–63

STS-89, 164, 274, 355, 536–37, 555

STS-90, 164, 227, 274–75, 538–40

STS-91, 164, 275–76, 355, 541–44, 555

STS-94, 164, 270, 522, 525–27

STS-95, 164, 276, 355, 545–48, 633, 760–61, 775

Student Experiment on ASTRO-SPAS (SEAS), 

766

Student Explorer Demonstration Initiative 

(STEDI) program, 592–93

budgets and funding for, 592

CATSAT, 592, 593

SNOE, 147, 592, 593, 605–6, 609, 772, 790, 

810–11

TERRIERS, 592, 593

ultralite ELV launch services, 592–93

Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE)

deployment of, 147, 593, 605–6, 609, 7

790, 810–11

funding for, 592

objective of, 772

Student Shuttle Flight Program, 231

Student Undergraduate Research Fellowsh

ellite, 139

Students for the Exploration and Developm

Space (SEDSAT), 141, 667, 669–71, 773

Sturckow, Frederick R., 317, 374, 549

Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite 

(SWAS), 148, 591, 610–12, 773, 790, 81

Suborbital program

balloon flights, 693, 694, 906–25

objectives of, 690

sounding rocket program, 690–92, 882

Ultra-long Duration Balloon (ULDB) p

693

Suborbital Research program, 588, 783

Sullivan, Kathryn D.

STS-31, 361, 388

STS-45, 364, 420

Summa Technology, 84

Sun

ATLAS-3, 260–61, 480

atmosphere of, study of, 265, 276

energy output: data collection on, 260–6

investigations of, 575

Galileo, 704

high-frequency solar output, 452

SOHO, 46–47, 125, 579, 609, 680–83, 

770

Spacelab mission research, 227

TRACE, 147, 579, 591, 608–10, 611, 7

790, 812–13

Ulysses and, 241, 265, 661–62, 663, 76

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 683–85, 768, 879–81

Sun-Earth Connection Division (Office of 

Science), 584, 585

Sun-Earth-Heliosphere Connection theme, 

608, 679

Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SH

450

Supernova 1006, 852, 985

Supernova 1987A, 634, 636, 638, 836, 980

Supernovae Type Ia, 643–44

Suprathermal Ion Composition Spectrome

(STICS), 863, 868

Surface Effects Sample Monitor (SESAM)

271, 764, 765, 988

Surface-science Package (SSP), 979

Svalbard, Norway, 904

Sverdrup Corporation, 171, 175, 178

Swank, Jean, 802

Sweden

ESA membership, 279

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics 

program, 672

Swedish Space Corporation, 418, 433, 

TRACE, 608, 812

Switzerland, 246, 279, 672

SYNCOM satellite, 159, 240, 361, 385

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 694–95, 6
Systems Integration Office, Johnson Space Center, 

204

T

Tam, Dan, 210

Tananbaum, Harvey, 652

Tank Pressure Control Equipment (TPCE), 409

TPCE/RFL, 506

TPCE/TP (Thermal Phenomena), 437

Tanner, E. Ray, 203

Tanner, Joseph R.

STS-66, 368, 479

STS-82, 358, 372, 519, 520, 632

Task Force Red Team, 304

Tateyama, N., 474

Taurus ELVs

characteristics of, 20, 59, 60, 153

development of, 59

launches with, 21, 38, 39, 40, 59, 61, 118, 154

payloads, 61

success rate for launches, 38, 118

Teachers and Students Investigating Plants in 

Space (TSIPS), 534

Technical University of Clausthal, Germany, 537

Technology Applications and Science (TAS) 

experiments, 271, 528

Technology demonstrator missions, 769, 773

Technology Experiments Facility, 280

Technology Experiments for Advancing Missions 

in Space (TEAMS), 267, 506

Teegarden, B. J., 869

Teledyne Brown, 552

Telespazio, 854

TENMA, 850

Terra Scout, 413

Test Director, NASA, 237

Tethered Satellite System (TSS)

deployment of, 247, 248, 427, 428

experiments with, 74–77

funding for, 34, 91, 99

purpose of, 74

Space Shuttle missions, 163, 266, 364, 370, 

500, 501

Thagard, Norman E.

aboard Mir, 264, 267, 300, 488, 555

IML-1, 245

STS-30, 360, 379

STS-42, 245, 363, 415

STS-71, 264, 487

Thebe, 711

Theory of Relativity, 803, 848, 851

Thermal and evolved gas analyzer, 970

Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), 726, 952, 

955

Thermal Energy Management Processes (TEMP), 

377, 427

Thermal Energy Storage (TES), 465, 492

Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE)/

Plasma Source Instrument (PSI), 680, 873

Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED), 783

Thiokol Corporation

Athena ELVs, 41, 120, 121

Atlas ELVs, 127, 134

Conestoga ELVs, 48, 135

Delta ELVs, 50, 51, 142, 143, 144

Space Shuttle engines, 65

Taurus ELVs, 153

Thirsk, Robert Brent, 371, 508

Thomas, Andrew S.W.

aboard Mir, 274, 275, 536, 555

STS-77, 370, 505

STS-89, 274, 373, 536

STS-91, 275, 374

Thomas, Donald A.

STS-65, 367, 469

STS-70, 369, 489

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372, 525

Thomas Hancock, 408

Thompson, Rodger I., 831

Thornton, Kathryn C.

STS-33, 360, 384

STS-49, 356, 364, 422, 424

STS-61, 357, 367, 458, 459, 628

STS-73, 369, 494

Thorson, Richard A., 204

3D PLASMA, 867, 868–69

Thuot, Pierre J.

STS-36, 361, 387

STS-49, 356, 364, 422

STS-62, 367, 464

Time-of-Flight Energy Angle Mass Spectr

(TEAMS), 805

Titan. See also Huygens science probe

discovery of, 740

Huygens science probe, 743

missions to explore, 575, 740

objectives of Cassini-Huygens, 971

Titan ELVs

characteristics of, 62, 158

development of, 61–62

inertial upper stage (IUS), 72, 168

launches with, 21, 38–40, 61, 62–63, 1

155–57, 424

management of, 29

success rate for launches, 38, 118

Titan II, 20, 29, 62, 155–57, 158

Titan IIG, 721, 948

Titan III, 61, 62, 70, 155, 952

Titan IV, 20, 61, 62

Titan IVA, 61, 155–57

Titan IVB, 62, 156, 157, 971

Titan IV/Centaur, 29, 38, 72, 167

Titan IV-IUS, 72, 168

Title, Alan, 812

Titov, Vladimir G.

STS-63, 261, 368, 482

STS-86, 272, 373, 531

Tokyo, Japan, 312, 569

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth and P

tary Sciences, 865

Tomasita Young Astronauts Club, Albuqu

New Mexico, 544

Tomasko, Martin G., 978
Tomographic Experiment using Radiative Recombinative Ionospheric EUV and Radio Sources 

(TERRIERS), 592, 593

Toroidal Imaging Mass Angle Spectrograph 

(TIMAS), 873

Torsti, Jarmo, 877

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Earth Probe 

(TOMS-EP), 147

Toughened Uni-Piece Fibrous Insulation (TUFI), 

257

Toulouse, France, 309, 568

Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS)

communication access to, 272

communication through TDRS: for Compton 

Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 647; for 

Hubble Space Telescope, 631; for ISS and 

Shuttle, 309

configuration of, 250

deployment of: TDRS-4, 159, 238, 360, 376; 

TDRS-5, 160, 244, 363, 409; TDRS-6, 161, 

249, 365, 440; TDRS-7, 162, 264, 369, 490

development of, 238

IUS launch, 168, 244

management of, 194

RWTE data, 600

testing of, 621

Trafton, Wilbur C., 28, 30, 32, 208, 209, 210

Transient Gamma Ray Spectrometer (TGRS), 869

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer 

(TRACE), 147, 579, 591, 608–10, 611, 691, 772, 

790, 812–13

Transportable orbital tracking station (TOTS), 

Alaska, 603

Transportation, Department of, 48

Transportation Division (Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology), 27–28

Transportation Technology Support, 103

Trapped Ions in Space (TRIS) experiment, 503

Trauger, John T., 829

Trinh, Eugene H., 364, 425

Triton, 748, 749

Trombka, Jacob I., 941

Truly, Richard, 24, 25, 27, 203, 205, 282, 291, 

565, 576, 577

Trümper, Joachim, 817

Truth, Sojourner, 731

TRW, Inc.

Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility 

(AXAF), 653, 654–55, 838

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 

645, 833

High Energy Astronomy Observatory 

(HEAO), 653

National Launch System, 79

sounding rocket program, 884

Space & Electronics Group, 833

Space Station contract, 552

TRW Defense and Space Systems Group, 433

Tryggvason, Bjarni V., 373, 528

Tsibliev, Vasily, 303

Tsou, Peter, 478

Tsuruda, Koichiro, 864

Tuamoto Archipelago, 428

Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion Flames (TGD

Turin, Italy, 310–11

Tyler, G. Leonard, 953, 956

Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, 439

Type Ia supernovae, 643–44

U

U Geminorum, 985

Uhran, Mark, 212

Ukraine, 272, 533, 534

Ulrich, Peter, 585

Ultra Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer (U

607, 807

Ultralite ELV launch services, 37, 592

Ultra-long Duration Balloon (ULDB), 693

Ultraviolet and Visible Astrophysics Branc

Ultraviolet CCD cameras, 861

Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer, 757–58

760, 987

Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer (UV

876

Ultraviolet Imager (UVI), 679, 680, 873

Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS), 

Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT)

Astro-1, 396, 750–51, 752, 982

Astro-2, 485, 486, 754, 982

Ultraviolet Plume Imager (UVPI), 410, 41

426, 428, 432

Ultraviolet Spectrograph Telescope for As

ical Research (UVSTAR), 492

Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS), 810, 934

Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer, 964

Ultraviolet/Visible CCD Camera (UV/Vis)

Ulysses

budgets and funding for, 660

characteristics, instruments, and experi

660, 663–64, 843–48, 973; Coronal-S

ing Experiment (SCE), 847; Cosmic R

Solar Particle Investigation (COSPIN

Directional Discontinuities, 848; Dus

iment (DUST), 847; Energetic Partic

position and Neutral Gas Experiment 

(EPAC), 845; Fluxgate Magnetomete

(FGM), 844; Gravitational Wave Exp

(GWE), 848; Heliosphere Instrument 

Spectra, Composition and Anisotropy 

Energies (HI-SCALE), 846; Magneti

Experiments (VHM/FGM), 844; Mas

and Ion Composition, 848; Radioisot

Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs), 6

664, 741; Solar Wind Ionic Composi

Spectrometer (SWICS), 662, 845; So

Wind Plasma (SWOOPS) Experimen

Solar X-rays and Cosmic Gamma Ra

Bursts, 847; Unified Radio and Plasm

(URAP), 845; Vector Helium Magne

(VHM), 844

deployment of, 159, 241, 361, 390, 579

768; delay of, 575, 661

development of, 660

discoveries and scientific contributions 

661, 662
funding for, 785

IMP-8 and, 686–87

IUS launch, 71, 168, 241, 390

Jupiter, study of by, 661, 662, 663, 842

mission milestones, 661–63, 842

objectives of, 579, 660, 768, 843–44

PAM-S launch, 70, 71, 241, 390

power for, 242, 660, 664

solar wind study and, 265

SPARTAN satellites and, 758–59

Sun, study of by, 241, 265, 661–62, 663, 768, 

842

Ulysses Comet Watch group, 662

Unified Radio and Plasma Wave (URAP), 845

Unified School District, Redlands, California, 408

United Kingdom/Great Britain. See also Compton 

Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)

ATLAS-1 instruments, 246

ESA membership, 279

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) 

program, 672

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 687–

90

payloads launched for, 21

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 136, 579, 593, 

615–18, 767, 816–18

satellites deployed for, 136, 140, 141

Science and Engineering Research Council, 

616, 684

TRACE, 608, 812

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 683–85, 768, 879–81

United Space Alliance (USA), 64–65

United States Human Spaceflight (NASA Monographs in Aerospace History No. 9), 238

United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML)

USML-1, 160, 247, 265, 354, 364, 425

USML-2, 163, 265, 354, 369, 494

United States Microgravity Payload (USMP)

USMP-1, 161, 249, 365, 436

USMP-2, 162, 256, 367, 464

USMP-3, 163, 266, 370, 500

USMP-4, 164, 272, 373, 533

United States Presidential Award for Design 

Excellence, 689

United States Space and Rocket Center, 406

United States-French ELV launch, 38, 39

United States-Italy Space Shuttle mission, 161

United States-Russian Commission, 297, 566

United States-Russian Cooperative Program, 255

agreements governing, 291–93, 565

astronaut training for, 232

budgets and funding for, 15, 35, 213–14, 325–

26, 327, 334–35

STS-60, 255

Unity module, 192, 277, 278, 315–17, 318–20, 

374, 549, 561, 562–63, 570

Universal Docking Module, 280

Universe

age of, 641

black holes, 599, 637, 640, 652–53, 803

cosmic collision, 634, 635

cosmic expansion, 643–44

cosmic explosions, 643

creation of, 593, 595

expansion of, 593

Universita di Pavia, Italy, 848

Universities Space Research Association (U

605

Universitt, Switzerland, 845

University Explorer mission of opportunity

University of Alabama, 477, 916

University of Alabama, Birmingham, Cent

Commercial Development of Space (CC

378, 423, 460

University of Alabama, Huntsville, 442, 66

883

University of Alaska, 821, 822, 898

University of Arizona

animal use and care committee, 412

balloon flights, 910, 912

Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (D

978

Galileo, 936

Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS), 953

Imager for Mars Pathfinder, 961

Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), 974

Magnetometer (MAG), 945–46

NICMOS, 831

Spitzer Space Telescope (Space Infrare

scope Facility [SIRFT]), 659

Surface Stereo Imager, 969

Thermal and evolved gas analyzer, 970

Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrom

(VIMS), 977

University of Bern, 806

University of Bonn, 847, 978

University of Bremen, 547

University of California, Berkeley

balloon flights, 907, 909, 911, 914, 918

922, 924

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

Electric Fields Instrument (EFI), 872

Electron Reflectometer (ER), 945–46

Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Spectrogra

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 

596, 793

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (

613, 615

Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST

804–5

Solar X-rays and Cosmic Gamma Ray 

847

sounding rocket program, 884, 885, 89

Space Astrophysics Group, 764

Space Sciences Laboratory, 793, 868, 8

University of California, Los Angeles, 871

936

University of California, Riverside, 907

University of California, San Diego, 802, 8

906, 913, 922, 923

University of California, Santa Barbara, 90

909, 910, 915, 917, 918, 920

University of Chicago

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE

Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APX

962
balloon flights, 911, 913, 917, 918, 919, 920, 

922

Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Investigation 

(COSPIN), 846

University of Cincinnati, 905

University of Cologne, 814, 815

University of Colorado, Boulder

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 934, 

935

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 

613, 615

Galileo, 936

GAS experiments, 540

Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph 

(GHRS), 827

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 

(LASP), 605, 810

sounding rocket program, 882, 883, 885, 887, 

889, 891, 892, 893, 895, 897, 899, 900, 901, 

902, 905

Space Technology Research Building, 605

Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE), 592, 

605, 810

Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS), 977

Ulysses Comet Watch group, 662

University of Delaware

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 807

balloon flights, 908, 913, 918, 922, 923, 924

University of Denver, 906, 908, 910, 913, 914, 

915, 917, 918, 919

University of Giessen, 537

University of Hawaii, 936

University of Houston, 884, 891, 894

University of Iowa

Comprehensive Plasma Investigation (CPI), 

863

Galileo, 936

Hot Plasma Analyzer (HYDRA), 872

Plasma Investigation Subsystem (PLS), 935

Plasma Wave Subsystem (PWS), 935

Plasma Waves Investigation (PWI), 872

Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) 

instrument, 976

Visible Imaging System (VIS), 874

University of Kansas, 433

University of Kent, 979

University of Kiel, 877

University of Leicester, 615, 817

University of Liege, 906, 909, 912, 915

University of Maryland

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), 604, 

806

Institute of Physical Sciences and Technology, 

868

Solar, Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle 

Explorer (SAMPEX), 598, 797

Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition 

Experiment (SMS), 868

Space Experiment Module (SEM) program, 

548

Ulysses, 845

University of Michigan

balloon flights, 911

GAS experiments, 537, 551

sounding rocket program, 883, 887, 88

892, 893, 898, 901

University of Minnesota

balloon flights, 906, 907, 911

sounding rocket program, 884

University of Moncton, 543

University of New Hampshire

Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE

Cooperative Astrophysics and Technol

Satellite (CATSAT), 592

sounding rocket program, 884, 892, 89

902

University of New South Wales, 919

University of Pittsburgh

balloon flights, 918

sounding rocket program, 882, 884, 88

890, 891, 892, 893, 896, 898, 900

University of Southern California, 883, 88

901, 903

University of Tennessee, Center for Space 

portation and Applied Research (CSTAR

49

University of Texas, Austin, 828

University of Texas, Dallas, 904

University of Tokyo, 850, 880

University of Turku, 877

University of Utah, 529, 911

University of Utrecht, 840

University of Washington

balloon flights, 909, 910, 911, 913, 914

916, 917, 918

GAS experiments, 434

sounding rocket program, 892, 902

Ultraviolet Imager (UVI), 873

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer (DXS), 75

High Speed Photometer (HSP), 828

Net Flux Radiometer (NFR), 709, 933

sounding rocket program, 897, 900, 90

Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo-Polarimet

Experiment (WUPPE), 753, 982

Unmanned Launch Vehicles and Upper St

office (Office of Space Flight), 24–25

Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UA

244, 363, 411, 691

Upper stages

budgets and funding for, 34, 35, 89, 90

purpose of, 70

responsibility for, 26, 27, 29, 582

types of: Centaur upper stage, 70, 71, 7

167; inertial upper stage (IUS), 69, 7

74, 167–68; payload assist module (P

69, 70, 71

Uranus, 748, 749, 980

USA SAFER, 551

User Support Structure Payloads, 448

Usuda Deep Space Center, 675

Utah State University

GAS experiments, 222, 473, 507, 529, 

sounding rocket program, 888, 890, 89

904

Utsman, Thomas, 27, 28
V

Van Allen belts, 579, 708, 723, 820

Van Allen, James, 936

Vandenberg Air Force Base

GAS experiments, 451

launches from, 21; Athena ELVs, 41; Atlas 

ELVs, 44; Clementine, 721, 948; COBE, 

791; FAST, 804; payload characteristics for 

ELVs, 41; Pegasus ELVs, 55; Polar, 871; 

SAMPEX, 796; Scout ELVs, 58–59; SNOE, 

810; SWAS, 814; Taurus ELVs, 61; Titan 

ELVs, 62; TRACE, 812

Vanguard missiles, 58

VanLandingham, Earl, 27

Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations (VIRGO), 878

Veach, Charles Lacy

STS-39, 362, 401

STS-52, 365, 435

Vector Helium Magnetometer (VHM), 844

Vedrenne, Gilbert, 861

Venneri, Samuel, 29

VentureStar, 85, 86, 87, 88, 173, 182, 320

Venus

Astro-2, 755, 986

Cassini-Huygens and, 742

exploration of, 575

Magellan, 694–700, 701, 928–29

Pioneer Venus (Pioneer 12), 747–48

Venus Earth-Earth Gravity Assist (VEEGA), 703, 

932

Vermont Composites, 61

Vernikos, Joan, 211

Vest, Charles, 294, 565

Vest Panel, 294n129, 565

Veterans Affairs, Department of, 37

Veverka, Joseph, 939–40

Video Guidance Sensor, 760–61

Viking Mars Lander missions, 397, 576, 724, 728, 

741, 966

Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station, Spain, 688, 

689

Viral infections, 550

Virginia Parent Teachers and Students Association, Accomac, Virginia, 544

Virginia Space Grant Consortium, 918, 924

Virtual Environment Generator (VEG), 275

Visible Imaging System (VIS), 679, 680, 874

Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer 

(VIMS), 977

Visual Function Tester (VFT), 381, 384, 387, 414, 

421, 439, 468, 490

Visualization in an Experimental Water Capillary 

Pumped Loop (VIEW-CPL), 515

Voice Command System (VCS), 390

von Rosenvinge, Tycho, 797, 798, 806, 867

von Zahn, Ulf, 933

Vortex Ring Transit Experiment (VORTEX), 537

Voss, James S.

dogtag, 265

STS-44, 363, 413

STS-53, 365, 438

STS-57, 449

STS-69, 265, 357, 369, 491

Voss, Janice E.

STS-57, 366

STS-63, 368, 482

STS-83, 372, 521

STS-94, 372

Vought Corporation (LTV Corporation), 1

Voyager missions

areas explored by, 575, 661, 710, 740

discoveries and scientific contributions 

739, 748–49, 934

events, 980

IMP-8 and, 686–87

Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (I

974

Magellan and, 697

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generato

(RTGs), 741

Voyager 1, 748, 750, 980

Voyager 2, 748–49, 750, 980

Voyager Interstellar Mission, 749, 980

W

Waite, J. Hunter, 973–74

Wakata, Koichi, 370, 498

Wake Shield Facility (WSF)

WSF-1, 162, 255–56, 367, 460, 463

WSF-2, 163, 265, 369, 491

WSF-3, 269, 371, 515

Walker, David M.

dogtag, 265

STS-30, 360, 379

STS-53, 365, 438

STS-69, 265, 369, 491

Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia

balloon flights, 693, 907, 908, 909, 910

912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 92

925

COBE, 595

launches from, 21; commercial launche

Conestoga ELVs, 49; HETE/SAC-B, 

860; Pegasus ELVs, 55; Scout ELVs

sounding rocket program, 692, 883, 88

888–89, 891, 892, 894–95, 898, 899, 

902–3, 905

Walter, Ulrich, 366, 444

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 4

Walz, Carl E.

STS-51, 253, 357, 366, 453

STS-65, 367, 469

STS-79, 371, 512

Wanke, Henry, 962

Waseda University, 864

Washington University, St. Louis, 806, 91

922

Water Recovery System, 308, 568

Wave Complex, 965

Weber, Mary Ellen, 369, 489

Weedman, Daniel, 582, 584

Weiler, Edward J., 584, 651, 738

Weilheim, Germany, 617
Weldmac, 178

Werkstofflabor (WL) Material Sciences Laboratory, 445–46

Wescott, Gene, 821, 822

West Richland Elementary School, Nobel, Illinois, 

548

WESTAR (Woodmore Elementary School, Mitchellville, Maryland), 544, 548

Westphal, James A., 824

Wetherbee, James D.

STS-32, 361, 385

STS-52, 365, 435

STS-63, 368, 482

STS-86, 373, 531

White House. See President of the United States

White Light Coronograph, 757–58, 987

White Sands Missile Range

DC-XA, 81, 173

sounding rocket program, 882–905

TDRS data, 600

X-34, 82, 84

White Sands Space Harbor (Northrup Strip), 237

White Sands Test Facility, 82

Whitten, Raymond, 212

Wicomico High School, Salisbury, Maryland, 544

Wide Angle Camera (WAC), 974

Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS), 684, 881

Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC), 357, 

459, 621, 623, 628, 824

WFPC2, 459, 627–28, 829

Wide field cameras (WFCs)

Astro-1, 396, 750–51

BeppoSAX, 855

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 615, 616, 617, 

817

Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE), 591–92

Wide-field X-ray Monitor (WXM), 861

Wiedenbeck, Mark, 807

Wilcutt, Terrence W.

STS-68, 368, 476

STS-79, 371, 512

STS-89, 373, 536

Wilhelm, Klaus, 876

Williams, D. J., 935

Williams, Dafydd (David) Rhys, 275, 374, 538

Williams, Donald E., 360, 382

Williams, Richard, 212

Wind, 50, 139, 579, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676–78, 

769, 866–70

Windmill experiment, 697

Window Experiment (WINDEX), 483, 490

Windward Islands, 428

Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo-Polarimeter Experiment (WUPPE), 396, 485, 750–51, 753, 754, 

982, 986

Wisniewski, Richard J., 24, 25, 28

Wisoff, Peter J.K.

STS-57, 252, 356, 366, 449

STS-68, 368, 476

STS-81, 371, 517

Withbroe, George, 580, 581, 584

Wolf, David A.

aboard Mir, 272, 274, 304, 531, 536, 555

STS-58, 366, 455

STS-86, 272, 373, 531

STS-89, 274, 373, 536

Woodgate, Bruce E., 829

Woodmore Elementary School, Mitchellvi

Maryland (WESTAR), 544, 548

Woomera, Australia, 899–900, 903

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 407

X

X-24 wingless lifting body, 321

X-30 program, 79–80

X-33

budgets and funding for, 90, 92, 102

cancellation of, 88, 186

characteristics of, 87, 171

construction area damage, 177

development and construction of, 80, 8

172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 18

investigations of, 87–88, 185

launch facility, 86, 175, 177, 178, 179, 

184, 185

management of, 32, 178, 181, 182

reviews of, 180

technology development, 81

testing of, 86, 174, 175, 176–77, 179, 1

183

VentureStar compared to, 87

X-34

budgets and funding for, 92, 103

cancellation of, 186

characteristics of, 82–83, 171

development of, 80, 82, 172, 173, 177, 

management of, 32, 181

technology development, 81

testing of, 83–84, 176

X-38 Crew Return Vehicle, 279, 310, 320–

568, 570

X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR

257, 477

X-ray Nova Scorpii (GRO J1655-40), 649

X-ray sources, 575

X-ray Spectrometer (XRS), 941

X-ray telescope (XRT)

Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and 

physics (ASCA), 665, 849–50

Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), 615, 617

X-ray Timing Explorer, 599. See also Ross

Timing Explorer (RXTE)

X-ray/Gamma-ray Spectrometer (XGRS), 

941

Y

Yale University, 906, 907, 909, 914, 918, 9

Year of the planets, 575

Yelstin, Boris, 291, 292, 297, 565

Yeomans, Donald K., 942

Yohkoh/Solar-A, 683–85, 768, 879–81

Young, A. Thomas, 304

Young, David T., 858, 973

Young, John, 516
Yuma Proving Grounds, 321

Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, 232

Z

Zarnecki, John C., 979

Zarya module, 192, 277, 278, 280, 315, 316–17, 

319–20, 549, 561, 562–63, 570

Zentrum fur Angewandte Raumfahrttechnologie 

und Mikrogravitation (ZARM), 547

Zero Gravity Growth of Ice Crystals, 383

Zombeck, Martin, 817

Zuber, Maria T., 942
1041

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4407,1998.

Logsdon, John M., ed., with Ray A. Williamson, Roger D. La

Russell J. Acker, Stephen J. Garber, and Jonathan L. Friedman. Explori

Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil 

Program, Volume IV, Accessing Space. NASA SP-4407, 1999.
Logsdon, John M., ed., with Amy Paige Snyder, Roger D. La

Stephen J. Garber, and Regan Anne Newport. Exploring the Unkn

Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, V

V, Exploring the Cosmos. NASA SP-4407, 2001.

Logsdon, John M., ed., with Stephen J. Garber, Roger D. Launiu

Ray A. Williamson. Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents 

History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Volume VI: Space and 

Science. NASA SP-2004-4407, 2004.

Logsdon, John M., ed., with Roger D. Launius. Exploring the Unk

Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, V

VII: Human Spaceflight: Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. NASA 

2008-4407, 2008.

Siddiqi, Asif A., Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the 

Race, 1945–1974. NASA SP-2000-4408, 2000.

Hansen, James R., ed. The Wind and Beyond: Journey into the Hist

Aerodynamics in America, Volume 1, The Ascent of the Airplane. NAS

2003-4409, 2003.

Hansen, James R., ed. The Wind and Beyond: Journey into the Hist

Aerodynamics in America, Volume 2, Reinventing the Airplane. NASA 

2007-4409, 2007.

Hogan, Thor. Mars Wars: The Rise and Fall of the Space Explo

Initiative. NASA SP-2007-4410, 2007.

Monographs in Aerospace History (SP-4500 Series):

Launius, Roger D., and Aaron K. Gillette, comps. Toward a History 

Space Shuttle: An Annotated Bibliography. Monograph in Aerospace Hi

No. 1, 1992.

Launius, Roger D., and J. D. Hunley, comps. An Annotated Bibliog

of the Apollo Program. Monograph in Aerospace History No. 2, 1994.

Launius, Roger D. Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis. Monogra

Aerospace History, No. 3, 1994.

Hansen, James R. Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt an

Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept. Monograph in Aero

History, No. 4, 1995.

Gorn, Michael H. Hugh L. Dryden’s Career in Aviation and S

Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 5, 1996.

Powers, Sheryll Goecke. Women in Flight Research at NASA D

Flight Research Center from 1946 to 1995. Monograph in Aerospace Hi

No. 6, 1997.

Portree, David S. F., and Robert C. Trevino. Walking to Olympu

EVA Chronology. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 7, 1997.
Logsdon, John M., moderator. Legislative Origins of the Na

Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958: Proceedings of an Oral H

Workshop. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 8, 1998. 

Rumerman, Judy A., comp. U.S. Human Spaceflight, A Reco

Achievement 1961–1998. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 9, 1998

Portree, David S. F. NASA’s Origins and the Dawn of the Space 

Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 10, 1998.

Logsdon, John M. Together in Orbit: The Origins of Interna

Cooperation in the Space Station. Monograph in Aerospace History, N

1998.

Phillips, W. Hewitt. Journey in Aeronautical Research: A Care

NASA Langley Research Center. Monograph in Aerospace History, N

1998.

Braslow, Albert L. A History of Suction-Type Laminar-Flow Contro

Emphasis on Flight Research. Monograph in Aerospace History, N

1999.

Logsdon, John M., moderator. Managing the Moon Program: Le

Learned From Apollo. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 14, 1999.

Perminov, V. G. The Difficult Road to Mars: A Brief History of 

Exploration in the Soviet Union. Monograph in Aerospace History, N

1999. 

Tucker, Tom. Touchdown: The Development of Propulsion Cont

Aircraft at NASA Dryden. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 16, 19

Maisel, Martin, Demo J.Giulanetti, and Daniel C. Dugan. The Hist

the XV-15 Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft: From Concept to Flight. Mono

in Aerospace History, No. 17, 2000. NASA SP-2000-4517.

Jenkins, Dennis R. Hypersonics Before the Shuttle: A Concise Hist

the X-15 Research Airplane. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 18, 

NASA SP-2000-4518.

Chambers, Joseph R. Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the La

Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990s. Monogra

Aerospace History, No. 19, 2000. NASA SP-2000-4519.

Waltman, Gene L. Black Magic and Gremlins: Analog Flight Simul

at NASA’s Flight Research Center. Monograph in Aerospace History, N

2000. NASA SP-2000-4520.

Portree, David S. F. Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Plan

1950–2000. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 21, 2001. NASA 

2001-4521.

Thompson, Milton O., with J. D. Hunley. Flight Research: Pro

Encountered and What they Should Teach Us. Monograph in Aero

History, No. 22, 2001. NASA SP-2001-4522.

Tucker, Tom. The Eclipse Project. Monograph in Aerospace History

23, 2001. NASA SP-2001-4523.

Siddiqi, Asif A. Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Spac
Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monograph in Aerospace History, No

2002. NASA SP-2002-4524.

Merlin, Peter W. Mach 3+: NASA/USAF YF-12 Flight Research, 

1979. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 25, 2001. NASA SP-2001-

Anderson, Seth B. Memoirs of an Aeronautical Engineer: Flight Te

Ames Research Center: 1940–1970. Monograph in Aerospace History

26, 2002. NASA SP-2002-4526.

Renstrom, Arthur G. Wilbur and Orville Wright: A Bibliog

Commemorating the One-Hundredth Anniversary of the First Powered 

on December 17, 1903. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 27, 

NASA SP-2002-4527.

No monograph 28.

Chambers, Joseph R. Concept to Reality: Contributions of the 

Langley Research Center to U.S. Civil Aircraft of the 1990s. Monogra

Aerospace History, No. 29, 2003. SP-2003-4529.

Peebles, Curtis, editor. The Spoken Word: Recollections of D

History, The Early Years. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 30, 

SP-2003-4530.

Jenkins, Dennis R., Tony Landis, and Jay Miller. American X-Veh

An Inventory- X-1 to X-50. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 31, 

SP-2003-4531.

Renstrom, Arthur G. Wilbur and Orville Wright: A Chron

Commemorating the One-Hundredth Anniversary of the First Powered 

on December 17, 1903. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 32, 

NASA SP-2003-4532.

Bowles, Mark D., and Robert S. Arrighi. NASA’s Nuclear Frontier

Plum Brook Research Reactor. Monograph in Aerospace History, N

2004. (SP-2004-4533).

Matranga, Gene J., C. Wayne Ottinger, Calvin R. Jarvis, and D. Chr

Gelzer. Unconventional, Contrary, and Ugly: The Lunar Landing Res

Vehicle. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 35, 2006. NASA SP-

4535.

McCurdy, Howard E. Low Cost Innovation in Spaceflight: The Hist

the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Mission. Monograp

Aerospace History, No. 36, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4536.

Seamans, Robert C., Jr. Project Apollo: The Tough Deci

Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 37, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4537.

Lambright, W. Henry. NASA and the Environment: The Case of O

Depletion. Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 38, 2005. NASA SP-

4538.

Chambers, Joseph R. Innovation in Flight: Research of the NASA La

Research Center on Revolutionary Advanced Concepts for Aerona

Monograph in Aerospace History, No. 39, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4539.
Phillips, W. Hewitt. Journey Into Space Research: Continuation 

Career at NASA Langley Research Center. Monograph in Aerospace Hi

No. 40, 2005. NASA SP-2005-4540.

Rumerman, Judy A., Chris Gamble, and Gabriel Okolski, compilers

Human Spaceflight: A Record of Achievement, 1961–2006. Monogra

Aerospace History No. 41, 2007. NASA SP-2007-4541.

Dick, Steven J., Stephen J. Garber, and Jane H. Odom. Research in 

History. Monograph in Aerospace History No. 43, 2009. NASA SP-2009-

Electronic Media (SP-4600 Series)

Remembering Apollo 11: The 30th Anniversary Data Archive CD-

NASA SP-4601, 1999.

Remembering Apollo 11: The 35th Anniversary Data Archive CD-

NASA SP-2004-4601, 2004. This is an update of the 1999 edition.

The Mission Transcript Collection: U.S. Human Spaceflight Mi

from Mercury Redstone 3 to Apollo 17. SP-2000-4602, 2001. Now ava

commercially from CG Publishing.

Shuttle-Mir: the United States and Russia Share History’s Highest 

NASA SP-2001-4603, 2002. This CD-ROM is available from NASA CO

U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission presents Born of Drea

Inspired by Freedom. NASA SP-2004-4604, 2004.

Of Ashes and Atoms: A Documentary on the NASA Plum Brook Re

Facility. NASA SP-2005-4605.

Taming Liquid Hydrogen: The Centaur Upper Stage Rocket Inter

CD-ROM. NASA SP-2004-4606, 2004.

Fueling Space Exploration: The History of NASA’s Rocket Engin

Facility DVD. NASA SP-2005-4607.

Altitude Wind Tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center: An Inter

History CD-ROM. NASA SP-2008-4608.

Conference Proceedings (SP-4700 Series)

Dick, Steven J., and Keith Cowing, ed. Risk and Exploration: Earth

and the Stars. NASA SP-2005-4701.

Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius. Critical Issues in the Hist

Spaceflight. NASA SP-2006-4702.

Dick, Steven J., ed. Remembering the Space Age: Proceedings of th

Anniversary Conference. NASA SP-2008-4703.

Societal Impact (SP-4800 Series)

Dick, Steven J., and Roger D. Launius. Societal Impact of Spacef

NASA SP-2007-4801.

I SBN 978-0-16-080501-1

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