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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. No. A-1-CA-35983

5 SHAWN PARIS,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY

8 Lyndy D. Bennett, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Robert E. Tangora

13 Santa Fe, NM 

14 for Appellant

15 MEMORANDUM OPINION

16 HANISEE, Judge.

17 {1} Defendant appeals his convictions for criminal sexual penetration in the first

18 degree (Child under 13), and two counts of criminal sexual contact in the third degree
2

1 (Child under 13). We issued a calendar notice proposing to affirm. Defendant has filed

2 a memorandum in opposition. We affirm.

3 {2} Issue 1: Defendant continues to challenge the denial of his motion to suppress.

4 [MIO 4] “In reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we observe

5 the distinction between factual determinations[,] which are subject to a substantial

6 evidence standard of review[,] and application of law to the facts, which is subject to

7 de novo review.” State v. Bravo, 2006-NMCA-019, ¶ 5, 139 N.M. 93, 128 P.3d 1070

8 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). “Determining whether or

9 not a police interview constitutes a custodial interrogation requires the application of

10 law to the facts.” State v. Nieto, 2000-NMSC-031, ¶ 19, 129 N.M. 688, 12 P.3d 442.

11 {3} Here, Defendant was contacted by a detective and asked if he would come to

12 the police station to discuss a report that his ten-year-old stepdaughter had been

13 sexually abused. [MIO 1; DS 1] Defendant appeared with his attorney, and the

14 detectives advised them that this was a voluntary meeting and Defendant was free to

15 leave. [MIO 1; DS 1] Defendant’s counsel then reiterated to Defendant that this was

16 a voluntary visit and he was free to leave. [DS 1] Defendant’s attorney told Detectives

17 that he had informed Defendant of his rights, including the right to remain silent. [RP

18 212] Detectives asked Defendant if he would take a polygraph test and he agreed.

19 [MIO 1; DS 2] At this point Defendant’s attorney left. [MIO 1; DS 2] In the
3

1 examination room, Defendant was advised of his Miranda rights and he signed a

2 written waiver. [MIO 1-2; DS 2] After the examination Defendant was told that he

3 failed, and was taken to another room where he was questioned for over a two-hour

4 period, during which time he made inculpatory statements that were the subject of the

5 motion to suppress. [MIO 2; DS 2] The district court ruled that Defendant did not

6 need to be Mirandized because there was no custodial interrogation; the court did not

7 address whether Defendant had in fact been sufficiently Mirandized. [RP 213] 

8 {4} The district court’s ruling is supported by Bravo, 2006-NMCA-019. In Bravo,

9 the defendant was questioned at a police station after officers asked her if she would

10 be willing to give a second statement following the death of her son. Id. ¶¶ 1, 12. She

11 voluntarily drove to the police station and was interrogated for approximately two

12 hours. Id. ¶¶ 12-13. During the course of the interview, she was not placed in

13 handcuffs. Id. ¶ 13. Despite essentially confessing to the crime of child abuse resulting

14 in death, she was free to leave the station at the conclusion of the interview. Id. This

15 Court found that, given these facts, substantial evidence supported the district court’s

16 finding that the defendant was not in custody and therefore was not entitled to

17 Miranda warnings. Id.

18 {5} Similarly here, Defendant had voluntarily come to the police station, and had

19 been told that he was free to go. Cf. State v. Olivas, 2011-NMCA-030, ¶¶ 11-12, 15,
4

1 149 N.M. 498, 252 P.3d 722 (finding custodial interrogation where the defendant had

2 agreed to meet with officers, was handcuffed while being transported in a police

3 vehicle—although interrogated without handcuffs—and had never been told that he

4 was free to go). Defendant’s subjective belief that he was not free to go is irrelevant

5 to the objective test that governs the custodial interrogation issue. See State v. Munoz,

6 1998-NMSC-048, ¶ 40, 126 N.M. 535, 972 P.2d 847. 

7 {6} Even assuming, arguendo, that Defendant had been subject to custodial

8 interrogation after the polygraph test, he had been Mirandized prior to taking the test,

9 and signed a waiver to that effect. [MIO 1-2; DS 2] To the extent Defendant is arguing

10 that he had to be Mirandized a second time after he failed the polygraph test, repeated

11 Miranda warnings are not necessary where a defendant has been made aware of his

12 rights. See State v. Gilbert, 1982-NMSC-095, ¶ 12, 98 N.M. 530, 650 P.2d 814

13 (holding that Miranda warnings did not have to be given again where a second

14 interview of the defendant had taken place hours after he was Mirandized). 

15 {7} Issue 2: Defendant continues to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to

16 support his convictions. [MIO 5] A sufficiency of the evidence review involves a

17 two-step process. Initially, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the

18 verdict. Then the appellate court must make a legal determination of “whether the

19 evidence viewed in this manner could justify a finding by any rational trier of fact that
5

1 each element of the crime charged has been established beyond a reasonable doubt.”

2 State v. Apodaca, 1994-NMSC-121, ¶ 6, 118 N.M. 762, 887 P.2d 756 (internal

3 quotation marks and citations omitted).

4 {8} Defendant’s argument is that the State could not rely on his confession because

5 its trustworthiness was not established under the corpus delicti rule. [MIO 5] See State

6 v. Weisser, 2007-NMCA-015, ¶ 10, 141 N.M. 93, 150 P.3d 1043 (stating that the

7 corpus delicti rule provides that “unless the corpus delicti of the offense charged has

8 been otherwise established, a conviction cannot be sustained solely on the

9 extrajudicial confessions or admissions of the accused” (alteration, internal quotation

10 marks, and citation omitted)), abrogated on other grounds as recognized by State v.

11 Bregar, 2017-NMCA-028, ¶ 49, 390 P.3d 212. However, in this case the convictions

12 were not based solely on Defendant’s confession. The victim’s statements, through

13 her trial testimony and Child Haven interview, provided independent evidence of the

14 crimes. [RP 122-26] To the extent that Defendant is challenging inconsistencies in the

15 trial testimony and the interview, it was the role of the jury to resolve these conflicts.

16 See State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. 

17 {9} For the reasons set forth above, we affirm. 
6

1 {10} IT IS SO ORDERED.

2 

3 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge

4 WE CONCUR:

5 

6 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge 

7 

8 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge