[Cite as In re K.S., 2022-Ohio-2827.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

FAYETTE COUNTY

IN RE:

 K.S., et al.

:

:

:

:

:

:

CASE NO. CA2021-09-020

O P I N I O N

8/15/2022

APPEAL FROM FAYETTE COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS

JUVENILE DIVISION

Case Nos. AND20190581 thru AND20190585

Jess C. Weade, Fayette County Prosecuting Attorney, and Rachel S. Martin, Assistant 

Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

Kathryn Hapner, for appellant.

BYRNE, J.

{¶ 1} Father, the biological father of Amber, Alicia, and Kory ("the children")1, 

appeals from the decision of the Fayette County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, 

which granted legal custody of the children to a family member. For the reasons described 

below, we reverse the juvenile court's decision.

1. For privacy and readability, we refer to the children using fictitious names.
Fayette CA2021-09-020

- 2 -

I. Facts and Procedural Background

{¶ 2} In October 2019, Fayette County Children Services ("FCCS" or "the agency") 

filed complaints alleging that Amber (approximately four and one-half years old) and Alicia 

(five and one-half years old) were dependent and neglected children. The agency alleged 

that Kory (nearly seven years old), was an abused, dependent, and neglected child. FCCS 

alleged that an older, maternal half-sibling had accused Father of rape. The complaints

further alleged that the siblings accused Father of physically abusing Kory. 

{¶ 3} The complaints also alleged the children's biological Mother had moved in 

with her family members, "Aunt" and "Uncle." However, Mother had then left the children 

with Aunt and Uncle and checked herself into a psychiatric hospital.

{¶ 4} FCCS requested an order for temporary custody of the children. The juvenile 

court granted temporary custody. The agency placed the children with Aunt and Uncle, 

where they remained for the rest of the case.

{¶ 5} Two months later, in December 2019, Mother and Father stipulated that the 

children were dependent pursuant to R.C. 2151.04(A). The parties further stipulated that 

the children should remain in the agency's temporary custody. The court adjudicated the 

children dependent and continued temporary custody with FCCS. 

{¶ 6} Both Mother and Father entered case plans for reunifying with the children. 

The court denied Father visitation with the children while law enforcement investigated the 

rape allegation. Ultimately, law enforcement charged Father with the rape of the older 

daughter.

{¶ 7} However, in April 2021 – 18 months after the filing of the complaints – Father 

moved for visitation. In this motion, Father noted that a jury had acquitted him of all charges

against him. The agency did not object and the court granted visitation.

{¶ 8} In June 2021, Aunt moved for legal custody of the children. Later that month, 
Fayette CA2021-09-020

- 3 -

Father moved for legal custody of the children.

{¶ 9} The juvenile court conducted the hearing on legal custody the following 

month. Mother, Father, Aunt, and an FCCS investigator testified.2 In August 2021, the 

court issued its decision on legal custody. 

{¶ 10} Reviewing the relevant facts of the case, the court found that it was in the 

children's best interest to place them in Aunt's legal custody. The court ordered that Mother 

and Father would continue to enjoy visitation time with the children as directed by the court.

{¶ 11} Father appealed, raising three assignments of error.

II. Law and Analysis

{¶ 12} Assignment of Error No. 1:

{¶ 13} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO APPOINT 

A GUARDIAN AD LITEM TO REPRESENT THE CHILDREN'S INTERESTS AS 

REQUIRED BY ORC 2151.281 AND JUVENILE RULE 4.

{¶ 14} Father contends that the juvenile court erred by failing to appoint the children

a guardian ad litem ("GAL") to protect their best interests. Father argues that the Revised 

Code and the Rules of Juvenile Procedure mandate the appointment of a GAL in every 

case where the complaining party alleges abuse or neglect. The state concedes error and 

suggests that we reverse and remand to appoint a GAL.

{¶ 15} R.C. 2151.281(B)(1) provides in relevant part that, "the court shall appoint a 

guardian ad litem, subject to rules adopted by the supreme court, to protect the interest of 

a child in any proceeding concerning an alleged abused or neglected child * * *." Similarly, 

the version of Juv.R. 4(B) in effect at the time of the children's removal provided,

Guardian ad Litem; When Appointed. The court shall appoint 

2. Mother did not move for custody. She testified at the hearing that she was still working on her case plan 

for reunification and asked the court to give her more time to work on the plan. Mother did not participate in 

this appeal.
Fayette CA2021-09-020

- 4 -

a guardian ad litem to protect the interests of a child or 

incompetent adult in a juvenile court proceeding when:

* * *

(5) Any proceeding involves allegations of abuse or neglect, 

voluntary surrender of permanent custody, or termination of 

parental rights as soon as possible after the commencement of 

such proceeding.3

{¶ 16} The plain language R.C. 2151.281(B)(1) and Juv.R. 4(B) require a court to 

appoint a GAL for the benefit of a child in any proceeding involving or concerning allegations 

of abuse or neglect. In this case, the complaints filed alleged that all three children were 

neglected. The complaint concerning Kory alleged that he was an abused child. Based on 

the allegations presented and the plain language of the statute and rule described above, 

the court was required to appoint the children a GAL.

{¶ 17} It is undisputed that the juvenile court in this case did not appoint a GAL. It is 

also undisputed that no party specifically requested that the court appoint the children a 

GAL and no party objected to the procedures at the trial court level. Nonetheless, other 

courts that have encountered this circumstance have found reversible error.

{¶ 18} In In re A.G.B., 4th Dist. Scioto No. 06CA3084, 2007-Ohio-4753, a legal 

custody case, the court of appeals held that the court's duty to appoint a GAL was 

mandatory and was not waived because of a mother's failure to request a GAL. In that 

case, the father filed a complaint alleging that the parties' daughter was abused, neglected, 

and dependent and sought an order granting him legal custody. Id. at ¶ 3. The juvenile 

court subsequently adjudicated the daughter neglected and dependent. Id. at ¶ 5-6. Later, 

a magistrate issued a decision granting the father's request for custody and further granting 

the mother visitation. Id. at ¶ 7. The mother objected to the magistrate's decision, arguing 

3. The current version of Juv.R. 4(B), effective July 1, 2020, adds dependency as a ground mandating the 

appointment of a GAL. This version was not in effect at the time of the children's removal.
Fayette CA2021-09-020

- 5 -

that the custody decision was not in the daughter's best interest. Id. at ¶ 8. The juvenile 

court overruled the mother's objections. Id. at ¶ 9.

{¶ 19} On appeal to the Fourth District, the mother argued for the first time that the 

juvenile court erred by failing to appoint the children a GAL. Id. The father argued that the 

mother failed to request the appointment of a GAL and thus had waived the right to assign 

error in this regard. Id. at ¶ 14. The appellate court noted that it had previously found that 

R.C. 2151.281(B)(1) and Juv.R. 4(B) conferred a child with a mandatory right to the 

appointment of a GAL in permanent custody proceedings and that the court had previously 

sua sponte raised the issue of failing to appoint a GAL in another permanent custody case. 

Id. at ¶ 13-14. The court observed that because parents have a fundamental liberty interest 

in the care, custody, and management of their child, the same reasoning applicable in 

permanent custody proceedings should apply in legal custody proceedings. Id. at ¶ 15, 

citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388 (1982). 

{¶ 20} Moreover, the Fourth District noted that the right to the appointment of GAL 

belongs to the child. Id. When considering that other parties in a custody proceeding might 

have a conflicting interest with the child's best interest, the failure of a party to object or 

request a GAL could not constitute a waiver of the court's duty to appoint a GAL. Id. Other 

courts have held similarly. In re P.H., 5th Dist. Perry Nos. 18-CA-00008 and 18-CA-00010, 

2019-Ohio-137, ¶ 50; In re Myer, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 80-CA-10, 1981 Ohio App. LEXIS 

4942, *10-11 (June 16, 1981).

{¶ 21} We agree with this reasoning. Because this was a "proceeding concerning * 

* * alleged abused or neglected" children, the juvenile court was required to appoint the 
Fayette CA2021-09-020

- 6 -

children a GAL. R.C. 2151.281(B)(1); Juv.R. 4(B).4 That the parties failed to request the 

appointment of a GAL or object to the juvenile court's procedures did not waive the court's 

mandatory duty to appoint a GAL. In re A.G.B. at ¶ 15; In re P.H. at ¶ 50; In re Myer at *10-

11. Based on the foregoing analysis, we sustain Father's first assignment of error, reverse 

the legal custody decision, and remand for appointment of a GAL and for further 

proceedings.

{¶ 22} Assignment of Error No. 2:

{¶ 23} THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR BY NOT 

APPLYING THE CORRECT LEGAL STANDARD IN MAKING ITS AWARD OF LEGAL 

CUSTODY.

{¶ 24} Assignment of Error No. 3:

{¶ 25} THE TRIAL COURT'S AWARD OF LEGAL CUSTODY TO A NON-PARENT 

RELATIVE WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND THUS 

CONSTITUTES REVERSIBLE ERROR.

{¶ 26} In his second assignment of error, Father argues that the court erred by not 

making a parental unsuitability finding. In his third assignment of error, Father challenges 

the weight of the evidence supporting the legal custody decision. Our ruling on the first 

assignment of error renders these assignments of error moot and they need not be 

considered. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c). 

III. Conclusion

{¶ 27} The juvenile court erred by not appointing the children a GAL to represent 

4. We also note that pursuant to R.C. 2151.281(B)(2)(b), the court "shall" appoint a GAL for an alleged 

dependent child if "[t]here is a conflict of interest between the child and the child's parents * * *." (Emphasis 

added.) It would seem to us that when the state alleges that a child is dependent due to the actions or 

inactions of a parent, a conflict of interest would presumably exist between the child and parent and thus 

mandate the appointment of a GAL under R.C. 2151.281(B)(2)(b). However, Father did not raise an argument 

under R.C. 2151.281(B)(2)(b) so we need not decide this issue.
Fayette CA2021-09-020

- 7 -

their interests in the legal custody proceedings. We reverse the legal custody decision, 

remand for the appointment of a GAL and for any necessary proceedings afterwards.

{¶ 28} Judgment reversed and remanded.

S. POWELL, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.