United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Northeastern

Research Station

 Resource Bulletin NE-159

William H. McWilliams

Carol A. Alerich

Daniel A. Devlin

Andrew J. Lister

Tonya W. Lister

Stephen L. Sterner

James A. Westfall

Annual Inventory Report

for Pennsylvania’s Forests:

Results from the First Three Years
Published by: For additional copies:

USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service

11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution

NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road

Delaware, OH 43015-8640

January 2004 Fax: (740)368-0152

Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne

Abstract

In 2000, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis program

implemented a new system for inventory and monitoring Pennsylvania’s forests.

The most salient feature of the new inventory process will be a nearly threefold

improvement in timeliness. This report summarizes the results for the first 3 years of

annual inventory measurements. The area of forest land in Pennsylvania has

remained stable since a previous inventory in 1989. The State’s forests continue to

mature as larger trees and an increase in inventory volume were recorded. A

separate study of tree seedlings revealed a general lack of regeneration in half of

stands in which regeneration should be adequate.

The Authors

WILLIAM H. MCWILLIAMS, CAROL A. ALERICH, ANDREW J. LISTER, TONYA W.

LISTER, AND JAMES A. WESTFALL are researchers with the Northeastern

Research Station’s Forest Inventory and Analysis unit in Newtown Square,

Pennsylvania. DANIEL A. DEVLIN and STEPHEN L. STERNER are foresters with

the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation, Bureau of Forestry, Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania.

Manuscript received for publication 16 October 2003
1

Executive Summary

In 2000, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program implemented a new

system for inventorying and monitoring Pennsylvania’s forest resources. The most salient benefit of

the new system is a nearly threefold improvement in timeliness. The extension of the sample includes

a broader range of measurements that will help analysts understand the relationships between

resource change and underlying ecological variables.

This report contains results from the first 3 years of implementation. Included are findings from

three panels of FIA sample plots, as well as 2 years of data from the Pennsylvania Regeneration Study.

Two new features of the inventory process are the use of digital satellite imagery for Phase 1 estimates

and a statewide pilot study of invasive-plant sampling on all regeneration sample plots.

According to the first three panels of inventory data, Pennsylvania has 16,652,100 acres of forest land

(confidence interval of ±149,869 acres). This compares to the 1989 estimate of 16,704,400 forested

acres (±100,226 acres). Although it would appear that the area of forest land decreased slightly, the

two confidence intervals overlap, so there is no statistically significant trend.

The distribution of forest land by forest-type group has been stable over the past decade, but that is

likely given that Pennsylvania’s forests have been maturing gradually over time. The distribution of

the specific oak types also is relatively stable and has possibly increased over the past decade. One

trend that is evident is specific forest types that are dominated by red maple increased by 22 percent.

The distribution of forest land by stand-size class highlights a long-term trend that has been

developing in Pennsylvania for some time—the gradual maturing of a tremendously diverse and

valuable resource. This maturing is highlighted by a decrease in sapling-seedling stands and an

increase in sawtimber stands. The decrease in the young sapling-seedling class has become a longterm and negative trend. The situation bears close monitoring because of the impacts on young

successional forest-dependent wildlife species. The other striking trend is the continued increase in

sawtimber stands.

The total sound-wood volume of live trees on forest land increased from 27.5 to 33.7 billion cubic

feet, a 23-percent increase. Increases were noted for both softwood and hardwood inventory volumes.

Increases were significant for 9 of the 10 most abundant species (the exception was sugar maple).

The total volume of sawtimber on timberland increased from 72.8 billion board feet (International

1⁄4-inch rule) in 1989 to 86.3 billion board feet in 2002, an increase of 18 percent. Increases were

noted for both softwoods and hardwoods. Again except for sugar maple, Pennsylvania’s top 10 species

increased significantly in sawtimber volume.

The basic findings of increased area of sawtimber-size stands, numbers of larger trees, cubic-foot

volume, and sawtimber volume support the conclusion that Pennsylvania’s forests are maturing and

accumulating older, high-value trees. Within the context of Pennsylvania’s long-term history of forest

utilization, it can be concluded that Pennsylvania contains more timber today than at any time since

the late 1800’s.

Regardless of the perspective taken, it is clear that the regeneration picture in Pennsylvania is bleak

based on findings from the first 2 years of data. Despite some variation across the State, it is

appropriate to say that the regeneration problem is ubiquitous rather than specific to a particular

region, owner, or forest type. Applying a middle-ground indicator that gauges the ability to

regenerate with any high-canopy species reveals that only 50 to 65 percent of the samples satisfied

guidelines on advance tree-seedling and sapling regeneration (ATSSR) for high and moderate deerpopulation pressure, respectively. From a more conservative timber management perspective, only 36

to 52 percent satisfied ATSSR guidelines.
2

Annual Data: Continual Forest Monitoring

The USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and

Analysis (FIA) program has been conducting forest

inventories in Pennsylvania since the 1950’s. Periodic

reports on the status of and changes in forest conditions

were completed for 1955 (Ferguson 1955), 1965

(Ferguson 1968), 1978 (Considine and Powell 1980),

and 1989 (Alerich 1993). In 2000, FIA implemented a

new system for inventorying and monitoring

Pennsylvania’s forest resources. In the past, “periodic”

inventories were conducted in the State every 10 to 15

years. As the value of the Keystone State’s forested

ecosystem continued to increase and questions

concerning the condition and health of this valuable

resource mounted, it became clear that more timely data

gathering and monitoring were needed. In conjunction

with the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry (PBF), FIA has

adapted an annual inventory system under which the

length of the inventory cycle has been shortened to 5

years and measurements are collected continually across

the State. A report on the first 2 years of inventory

measurements was published in 2002 (McWilliams and

others 2002a)

This report is an update of the 2002 report that utilizes

the first 3 years of inventory data. Included are findings

from three panels of FIA sample plots, as well as 2 years

of regeneration sampling. Two new features of the

inventory process are the use of digital satellite imagery

for Phase 1 estimates and a statewide pilot study of

invasive-plant sampling on all regeneration sample plots.

Annual Inventory Design

The annual inventory system combines features of the

periodic system with a new systematic grid of sample

plots and incorporates measurements from the Forest

Health Monitoring (FHM) program. The inventory

consists of three phases.

Phase 1

Until this year, estimates of forest attributes have been

based on simple random sampling, that is, each sample

plot received equal weight (or was assigned an equal

number of acres for expansion to the population level).

This year a statistical estimation technique was used to

classify digital satellite imagery and stratify the land base

as forest or nonforest to assign more representative

number of acres to each sample plot and to reduce

variance. Source data are from recent Landsat Thematic

Mapper imagery with 30-meter resolution. An image

filtering technique was used to classify individual pixels.

The method uses a 5- by 5-pixel region surrounding

each pixel containing a sample plot. The resulting 25

classes were then collapsed for each estimation unit

(county or supercounty). By assigning each plot to one

of these collapsed strata and by calculating the area of

each collapsed stratum in each estimation unit, stratified

estimation procedures could be applied. Stratified

estimation produces more precise estimates than simple

random sampling. The stratum weights and plot

assignments were done at the inventory region level

based on an assessment of the sampling intensity for

three panels of data.

Phase 2

Field measurements are conducted at sample locations

distributed systematically about every 3 miles across the

landscape. Sample locations are situated within

individual cells of a hexagonal grid laid across the State.

Each year, 20 percent of the sample locations are

measured, that is, it takes 5 years to complete the

inventory. Each year’s sample is referred to as an

“inventory panel.” The overall design is referred to as an

“interpenetrating design” because within each inventory

panel, no cell is adjacent to another. As a result, each

panel provides an unbiased representation of conditions

across the State. Prior to the implementation of

stratification, Phase 1 procedures, each sample location

was weighted according to the area of a single hexagonal

cell, or roughly 6,000 acres of land. The new design also

incorporates a change to a four-subplot cluster.1

 At each

location, a suite of variables is measured that characterizes

the land and trees associated with the sample.

Phase 3

On a limited number of Phase 2 locations, more

extensive forest-health measurements are conducted

during a 10-week period in summer. The measurements

are grouped into four general categories of indicators:

crown condition, down woody debris, soil condition,

lichen communities, and ozone damage. The intensity of

the Phase 3 sample is one sample location per 95,000

acres of land.

To better address the issue of regeneration in the State,

the PBF is funding a study to quantify the composition,

abundance, and quality of tree seedlings and other

understory vegetation on Phase 2 sample plots. The

Pennsylvania Regeneration Study (PRS) is part of a

larger research initiative undertaken by the PBF, two

1

Northeast field guide, field manual version 1.7. On file with

the Northeastern Research Station, Forest Inventory and

Analysis, 11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200, Newtown Square, PA

19073.
3

Northeastern Research Station silvicultural research labs,

and the School of Forest Resources of The Pennsylvania

State University. The northeastern FIA samples

complement research at these cooperating institutions

aimed at developing site- and species-specific stocking

guidelines and management criteria. A 1-year pilot study

designed to evaluate techniques for measuring tree

seedlings and other understory vegetation on FIA sample

locations was completed in 2000 (McWilliams and

others 2002b). Starting in 2001, all established tree

seedlings at least 2 inches tall are being tallied by species,

seedling source, and height class on a subset of sample

locations measured during the leaf-on season (referred to

as a subpanel). Percent cover of other understory

vegetation also is being measured. Along with other

Phase 2 measurements, these samples will help scientists

evaluate the forest’s regenerative capacity and the impact

of other vegetation.

During this past field season, a new pilot study of exotic

plants inventory techniques was initiated on all forested

regeneration samples. Each 24-foot radius subplot is

being examined for the presence or absence of 30

invasive plant species. The list of species includes exotic

species from Federal and state lists of invasive species.

Findings from this year’s measurements will form the

basis for future refinements and use of these data.

Under the annual inventory system, field crews within

the State measure one panel of Phase 2 and 3 samples

each year. Once the first 5 years of data are complete, a

more comprehensive report covering forest resources will

be generated. Following that, each year’s measurements

will replace the oldest year’s data, providing the ability to

provide new estimates each year.

Limitations: Caution in Early Years

of Implementation

While the new system is being implemented, several

aspects of the inventory results will require careful

scrutiny. Because of the interpenetrating design of the

new sample grid, each year’s inventory panel provides

unbiased estimates of resource attributes. However, until

the first 5 years of measurements are complete, sampling

errors will be larger, making it more difficult to detect

changes in inventory. The issue of sampling error is

particularly acute for evaluating estimates for subregions

of the State, for example, ecoregions or counties. As a

result, a table containing sampling errors accompanies

each 2002 resource table in the Appendix. When

analyzing the statistics for a change in conditions, one

also should examine the confidence intervals of

estimates. If confidence intervals do not overlap, there is

evidence to suggest true resource change; if the intervals

overlap, evidence for resource change is less certain.

Sampling errors were computed for the 67-percent level

of confidence or two chances in three. Note that 67-

percent confidence intervals provide liberal bounds on

the estimates, making it easier to infer change but at the

expense of statistical confidence.

Analysis of certain plot-characterization variables will

require scrutiny during the early years of

implementation. An example is the analysis of changes in

the distribution of forest land by forest-type group and

stand-size class. The current algorithm for determining

these variables has changed since 1989 and during the

next several years will undergo modifications to comply

with national standards and procedures. For this report,

the 1989 sample data were recompiled with the current

algorithm used by the northeastern FIA unit. A set of the

revised 1989 tables is included in the Appendix.

Estimates of the distribution of forest land by forest-type

group are presented for only the two most recent

inventory dates due to the vagaries associated with

compilation procedures prior to 1989. For pre-1989

inventories, estimates of the distribution of forest land

by stand-size class should be comparable because these

compilation procedures are simpler than those for foresttype group. Estimates for older inventories were prorated

to provide comparable statistics for graphical analysis;

previous reports were for “timberland” and

contemporary analyses are for “forest land.” Timberland

represents that portion of forest land that is capable of

producing more than 20 cubic feet per acre per year and

that is not withdrawn from timber utilization. The more

extensive land class, forest land, includes tracts of land

that are at least 1 acre in size, at least 120 feet wide, and

not developed for a nonforest land use.

Evaluation of long-term trends in the numbers of trees is

based on trees measured on timberland because only

trees on timberland were reported in older inventories.

The distribution of live trees per acre of forest land is a

valuable indicator of broad structural changes affecting

the entire forest. However, these data are available only

for the 1989 and 2002 inventories. Trends as far back as

the 1965 inventory are available for growing-stock trees

that are larger than 5.0 inches in diameter. This furthers

limits one’s ability to examine the entire forest structure

because sapling, rough, rotten, and standing dead trees

are excluded.

The components of inventory change—growth,

removals, and mortality—are the primary indicators of

flux and sustainability of forest land. However, estimates

of these components will be of limited use during the

early years of the annual inventory process. Two factors

that affect the estimation of change components are the
4

percentage of sample locations and trees that are

remeasured. The hexagonal grid system used for the new

annual inventory replaces the grid of stratified random

locations used for the 1989 inventory. During the

installation of the hexagonal grid, each cell was examined

to determine whether it contained a previously measured

FHM or FIA sample. About 55 percent of the hexagons

contained previously measured samples. On remeasured

sample locations, the new four-subplot cluster is

centered over the 1/5th-acre sample design used in 1989.

At individual sample locations, only trees on the central

1/24th-acre center subplot that is overlaid on the old 1/

5th-acre design are being remeasured. As such, about 13

percent of the sample trees will be remeasured during the

first 5-year cycle that began in 2000 and will be

completed in 2004. This means that sampling errors will

be particularly high for estimates of components of

change. As each new measurement panel is completed

during the second 5-year cycle that will be completed in

2009, sampling errors will be reduced dramatically.

Overall “net change” in inventory is a useful surrogate

indicator of sustainability during the early years. Net

change in inventory expressed in net cubic feet2

 and

board feet3

 summarizes the effects of growth, removals,

and mortality. Net growth is equal to gross growth

minus mortality. Net change is equal to net growth

minus removals. Positive changes in inventory volume

reflect conditions such that net growth exceeds removals.

Negative changes reflect situations in which removals

exceed net growth—a key indication of unsustainable

conditions in the near term. Change in inventory

volume is a useful indicator of trends for the major

species groups within Pennsylvania. Although only the

1989 and 2002 inventories are examined, we

recommend that more than two points in time be

examined. For example, evaluating three points in time

may reveal that a positive net change followed a negative

change of similar magnitude, supporting little overall

change for the period examined.

Benefits: More Rapid and Complete

Resource Analyses

Perhaps the most salient benefit of the new inventory

system will be the nearly threefold improvement in

timeliness. A complete new inventory will be available in

3 years (the end of the first 5-year cycle) with updates on

conditions available yearly thereafter as needed. The

installation of a single remeasured sample design across

the State will greatly improve the quality of information

on change in resource extent, status, and condition. The

use of this national sample design will facilitate resource

assessments that straddle traditional regional and state

boundaries to include Pennsylvania’s results within the

Mid-Atlantic region, as well as national and

international assessments.

The extension of the sample to include a broader range

of measurements will help analysts understand the

relationships between resource change and underlying

ecological variables. In particular, the implementation of

a suite of forest health variables (Phase 3) will foster a

better understanding of conditions on Phase 2 plots. The

results of the PRS will aid in evaluating forest

composition over the longer term. The new invasiveplant survey will assist in analyzing the extent of invasive

plants.

The hiring of permanent field crews is a significant

advantage over the use of temporary crews. Under the

new design, crew members will be visiting sample

locations within their region year after year, enhancing

their ability to locate samples, obtain permission from

landowners, identify local species, evaluate tree quality,

understand forest composition and management

activities, and measure the forces affecting resource

change in their region.

All of the improvements in the inventory system have

been accompanied by technological improvements since

the 1989 inventory, for example, the ability to conduct

sophisticated geospatial analyses. Geographic

Information Systems, improved database management

systems, and satellite-based land classification systems

will provide map-based products, links to auxiliary

datasets, and improved geospatial modeling. Of

particular interest will be the ability to portray resource

statistics for geographic regions of interest, i.e.,

ecoregions, inventory regions, climate zones, watersheds,

pest outbreak zones, large disturbance areas, or

congressional districts.

2

Net cubic-foot volume of the central stem of trees at least 5.0

inches in diameter at breast height from a 1-foot stump to a 4-

inch top or a point where the stem breaks into limbs.

3

Net board-foot volume of the central stem of softwood trees at

least 9.0 inches in diameter and hardwood trees at least 11.0

inches in diameter from a 1-foot stump to a 7.0-inch top for

softwoods and a 9.0-inch top for hardwoods or to a point

above which a sawlog cannot be produced.
5

The Annual Inventory:

Results from the First Three Years

Forest Land

Pennsylvania’s landscape is characterized by a complex

mix of land uses with forest land typically the residual

land use, or the use for which there is no higher

economic demand. Use of land by humans dominates

forest character, with forests, farms, and urban and

industrial lands intermingled. This creates a diverse mix

of issues and concerns to be addressed by the forest

inventory. For example, alternate food sources for deer

populations eases the pressure on forest regeneration in

regions of the State where forests are mixed with

agricultural land. In heavily forested regions, few sources

of available food and high deer populations have

obliterated tree seedlings in the forest understory over

large areas.

The first three panels of inventory data indicate that

Pennsylvania has 16,652,100 acres of forest land

(confidence interval of ±149,869 acres). This compares

to the 1989 estimate of 16,704,400 forested acres

(±100,226 acres). Although it would seem that the area

of forest land decreased slightly, the two confidence

intervals overlap, so there is no statistically significant

trend. It is interesting to contrast the recent leveling of

the forest-land base in Pennsylvania with more

significant changes that occurred earlier in the century

(Fig. 1). The total area of forest land in the State has

been relatively stable since the mid-1960’s.

Ecoregions

A useful way to partition the State is by ecoregions

(Bailey 1995) that supplement FIA inventory regions.

Ecoregions often correspond with natural phenomena

that forge forest composition, structure, and function. It

is important to scale the analysis of forest land to an area

that will yield a statistically reliable estimate of forest

condition. Ecological Divisions, Provinces, and Sections

of interest in Pennsylvania are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1.—Area of forest land by year, Pennsylvania, 1630,

1907, 1938, 1955, 1965, 1978, 1989, and 2002 (estimates

for inventory years prior to 1955 are from Smith and others

2001).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1630 1907 1938 1955 1965 1978 1989 2002

Year

Millions of Acres
6

The northern tier of Pennsylvania contains the major

boundary between the Warm and Hot Continental

Divisions. The Laurentian Mixed Forest Province is

separated into Glaciated and Unglaciated Sections. The

Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Oceanic) Province comprises

several Sections that were combined on the map. This

Province is split in the middle by the Central Appalachian

Broadleaf Forest – Coniferous Forest – Meadow

Province (the Appalachian Mountains). A prominent

feature of the Province and Section boundaries is the line

of glaciation that weaves across the State’s northern tier.

Current estimates of forest land by ecoregion suggest

slight increases have been occurring in the Plateau

ecoregions, though confidence intervals do overlap. Also,

it would seem that the southern ecoregions may be

experiencing decreases.

Figure 2.—Ecoregions of Pennsylvania.

Inventory Regions

The implementation of Phase 1 stratification included

optimization at the inventory-region level to facilitate

trend estimates. The FIA inventory regions (Fig. 3)

subdivide the state into groups of counties with

physiographic and political similarities. The results are

similar to the ecoregion findings because they generally

suggest slight increases in northern-tier regions and

decreases in southern regions (Fig. 4). Caution should be

used in interpreting these results because although the

forest-land base is changing, the changes are small

enough to make them difficult to detect and conclusions

may be weak in some cases. For example, the results

show an increase in forest land in the North-Central

region between 1989 and 2002. This increase followed a

decrease between 1978 and 1989.

	


	




	 

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7

Allegheny Northeastern

North Central

Western

Southwestern South Central Southeastern

Pocono

Allegheny Northeastern

North Central

Western

Southwestern South Central Southeastern

Pocono

Figure 3.—Inventory regions of Pennsylvania.

Forest land area

Ecoregiona 1989b 2002b

— Thousand acres —

Warm Continental Division:

Laurentian Mixed Forest Province

Northern Glaciated Allegheny Plateau Section 2,411.6 2,450.6

Northern Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau Section 3,117.7 3,263.8

Subtotal 5,525.3 5,714.4

Hot Continental Division:

Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Oceanic) Province

Southern Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau Section 2,660.7 2,650.0

Western Glaciated Allegheny Plateau Sectionb 1,230.6 1,153.6

Other 836.5 702.3

Subtotal 4,727.8 4,505.9

Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest - Coniferous Forest -

Meadow Provincec 6,451.2 6,431.7

Total 16,704.3 16,652.1

a

 See Bailey (1995).

a

 Sampling errors range from 3.1 to 11.3 percent.

b

 Includes 151,800 and 144,400 acres of the Erie and Ontario Lake Plain Section.
8

Forest-Type Group and Stand-Size Class

The forest types and groupings used by FIA are useful

for tracking changes through time. In fact, FIA has used

the same forest-type naming and grouping system over

the years to ensure the best trend information possible.

Although the goal has been to track forest types over

decades, there are inherent difficulties. For example,

because the data are not in digital form, we cannot use

the new classification algorithms to reconfigure past

inventory data to current standards. As a result,

information on forest-type group is shown for only the

1989 and 2002 inventories (Fig. 5). It is clear that the

distribution of forest land by forest-type group has been

stable over the past decade, but this is likely because

Pennsylvania’s forests have been maturing gradually. At

this level of data use, FIA inventories generally monitor

only major disturbance events or other shifts in

composition. Thus, no sweeping changes would be

anticipated. The oak-hickory group decreased by 3

percent since 1989, but this change is relatively minor.

Also, the current acreage of oak-hickory probably is

greater than in the 1978 inventory even though a precise

estimate for that inventory is not reliable due to

computational differences. The distribution of the

specific oak types also seems relatively stable. The only

other trend that is evident from forest-type information

is that red-maple types increased by more than 20

percent. More detailed shifts in specific types cannot be

discerned with only three panels of inventory data. It

will be useful to examine the more detailed forest-type

data generated by FIA as they become available.

As with forest-type groups, the distribution of forest

land by stand-size class points out the gradual maturing

of forest land (Fig. 6). This maturing has been marked

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Western

Southwestern

Allegheny

North-central

South-central

Northeastern

Pocono

Southeastern

Thousand of Acres

1978

1989

2002 Figure 4.—Area of forest land by inventory

region, Pennsylvania, 1978, 1989, and 2002

(error bars reflect 67-percent confidence

interval; not available for 1978).

Figure 5.—Distribution of forest land by forest-type

group, Pennsylvania, 1989 and 2002 (error bars reflect

67-percent confidence interval).

0

20

40

60

80

SaplingseedlingPoletimber Sawtimber

Stand-Size Class

Percent

1955

2002

Figure 6.—Distribution of forest land by stand-size class,

Pennsylvania, 1955 and 2002 (all differences are

statistically significant).

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

White/Red Pine

Other Conifer and Oak/Pine

Mixed Oak

Elm/Ash/Red Maple

Northern Hardwoods

Aspen/Birch

Forest-Type Group

Thousands of Acres

1989

2002
9

by a decrease in sapling-seedling stands and an increase

in sawtimber stands. Stand-size classes are not strictly

defined by age but do indicate broad stages of stand

development (successional stage). Sapling-seedling stands

are young, early successional stands while sawtimber

stands are older stands that are approaching financial

maturity. The decrease in the sapling-seedling class is of

concern because this is a long-term and negative trend.

Since 1955, the area of sapling-seedling stands decreased

by well over 50 percent. The situation bears close

monitoring because of potential adverse impacts on a

variety of wildlife species that depend on young

successional stands. Less forest land is entering the

poletimber class compared to land moving into the

sawtimber class. Sawtimber stands have more than

doubled in area since 1955.

Stand Structure

The distribution of live trees by various measures is a

valuable indicator of broad structural changes that are

occurring in Pennsylvania’s forests. Data on numbers of

trees per acre should be examined without relating

specific numbers to known silvicultural standards for

various cover types because the FIA results represent

averages for the entire State. As such, they should be

reviewed for relative changes over time and within

species and size classes.

In Figure 7, the broad changes in the numbers of

growing-stock trees by diameter class (the stand table)

are depicted for all previous inventories except the 1955

inventory. The sharp rotation of the stock table between

1965 and 1975 illustrates a dramatic shift toward larger

trees. The stand table then continues to shift but at a

slower rate. The most recent changes suggest a gradual

but steady shift toward larger sawtimber-size trees,

particularly in the larger classes.

These most recent changes also are reflected in Figure 8,

which shows the distribution of all live trees down to the

2-inch diameter class. Note that the apparent increase in

the number of trees in this class is not statistically

significant. A closer examination of the results reveals

that most of the prospective increases in 2-inch trees are

heavily influenced by increases in 2-inch black birch

trees (Fig. 9). Red maple, sugar maple, and eastern

hemlock appear to be experiencing decreases in 2-inch

trees. Numbers of 2-inch oaks showed little change.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Diameter Class (inches)

Growing-Stock Trees/Acre of Timberland (no.)

1965

1978

1989

2002

Figure 7.—Distribution of growingstock trees (5.0 inches and larger) per

acre of timberland, Pennsylvania,

1965, 1978, 1989, and 2002.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22+

Diameter Class (inches)

Live Trees/Acre of Forest land (no.)

1989

2002

Figure 8.—Distribution of live trees per acre (1.0 inch

and larger) of forest land by diameter class, Pennsylvania,

1989 and 2002 (error bars reflect 67-percent confidence

interval).
10

Another way to view the structural changes is to examine

the percentage of small versus large stems. Figure 10

compares the relative percentage of trees less than 5.0

inches in diameter to trees more than 5.0 inches, i.e.,

overstory and understory trees, respectively. Species/

species groups that have higher abundance in the

understory than the overstory are black cherry, Black

birch, beech, and blackgum. Species/species groups that

exhibit higher abundance in the overstory compared to

the understory are red maple, chestnut oak, sugar maple,

eastern hemlock, northern red oak, white oak, white ash,

other oaks, hickory, and yellow-poplar.

Inventory Volume

As mentioned earlier, the depth of the analysis of change

in volume will be limited during the early years of the

annual inventory. Net change in inventory volume

expressed in cubic and board feet for the top species will

highlight the more salient trends. The sound-wood

volume of live trees includes growing-stock, rough-cull,

and rotten-cull trees. The total volume of live trees on

forest land increased from 27.5 to 33.7 billion cubic feet,

a 23-percent increase between 1989 and 2002. Inventory

volume increased for both softwoods and hardwoods.

Changes in the volume of growing-stock trees on

timberland, depicted in Figure 11, illustrate changes in

inventory since 1955 (only the inventory of growingstock trees on timberland is available for the early

inventories). Long-term historical increases continue but

at a slightly slower rate than in the past.

Examining the top 10 tree species in Pennsylvania offers

additional insight into volume trends (Fig. 12). Based on

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Red Maple

Black Birch

Black Cherry

Beech

Sugar Maple

Blackgum

White Ash

Northern Red Oak

Eastern Hemlock

Hickory

Chestnut Oak

Other Oaks

White Oak

Yellow-Poplar

Number of 2-inch trees/acre of forest land

1989

2002

Figure 9.—Number of 2-inch live trees

per acre of forest land for selected species,

Pennsylvania, 1989 and 2002.

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Red Maple

Black Cherry

Chestnut Oak

Sugar Maple

Eastern Hemlock

Black Birch

Northern Red Oak

White Oaks

White Ash

Beech

Other Oaks

Hickory

Yellow-Poplar

Blackgum

Percent

< 5 inch

>= 5 inch

Figure 10.—Percent of trees on forest

land by broad diameter class and ranked

by overstory percent, Pennsylvania, 2002.
11

the sound-wood volume of live trees on forest land, they

include red maple, black cherry, northern red oak, sugar

maple, chestnut oak, white oak, white ash, eastern

hemlock, other oaks, and yellow-poplar. Currently, red

maple makes up 20 percent of the total volume of live

trees in the State. It is interesting that the top 5 tree

species account for more than half of the inventory

volume and the top 10 account for 78 percent of the

total volume. Increases were significant for 9 of the top

10 species (the exception was sugar maple). Increases in

red maple volume continue to outpace other species/

species groups. The largest increases in inventory volume

have occurred in the northern-tier inventory regions

(Fig. 13); however, all regions had significant increases in

inventory volume. Examining several top species with

relatively low sampling errors reveals large increases in

red maple and black cherry inventory in northern-tier

regions and elsewhere (Fig. 14). Although not as large,

the volume of northern red oak increased significantly in

the Allegheny, North-Central, and Southeastern regions.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

1955 1965 1978 1989 2002

Year

Million Cubic Feet

Figure 11.—Volume of growing stock on

timberland by inventory date, Pennsylvania,

1955, 1965, 1978, 1989, and 2002 (all

differences between bars are statistically

significant at the 67-percent level).

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Red MapleBlack Cherry

N. Red Oak

Sugar Maple

Chestnut Oak

White Oak

White Ash

Eastern Hemlock

Other OaksYellow-Poplar

Million Cubic Feet

1989

2002 Figure 12.—Volume of live trees on

forest land and 10 most abundant

species, Pennsylvania, 1989 and

2002 (error bars reflect 67-percent

confidence interval).

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Western

Southwestern

Allegheny

North-central

South-central

Northeastern

Pocono

Southeastern

Million Cubic Feet

1989

2002 Figure 13.—Volume of live trees on

forest land by inventory region,

Pennsylvania, 1989 and 2002 (error

bars reflect 67-percent confidence

interval).
12 Red Maple

Black Cherry Northern Red Oak

0

500

2500200015001000

Western Southwestern Allegheny North-central South-central Northeastern PoconSooutheastern

Million Cubic Feet 1989 2002

0

500

2500200015001000

WesterSnouthwestern Allegheny North-central South-central Northeastern PoconoSoutheastern

Million Cubic Feet 1989 2002

0

500

2500200015001000

WesternSouthwestern AlleghenN yorth-central South-central Northeastern Poco

19892002

Figure 14.—Volume of live red maple, black cherry, and northern red oak trees on forest land byinventory region, Pennsylvania, 1989 and 2002 (error bars reflect 67-percent confidence interval).
13

The results for sawtimber volume also are positive. The

total volume of sawtimber on timberland increased from

72.8 billion board feet (International 1⁄4-inch rule) in

1989 to 86.3 billion board feet in 2002, an increase of

18 percent. Increases were noted for both softwoods and

hardwoods. The buildup in sawtimber volume over time

is shown in Figure 15. Increases are clearly evident, but

at a slower rate than in the two previous inventory

periods. Again, except for sugar maple, Pennsylvania’s

top 10 tree species increased in sawtimber volume (Fig.

16). Yellow-poplar had the largest increase on a

percentage basis (65 percent).

Advance Regeneration

Studies have shown that advance regeneration often is

absent in stands across Pennsylvania and that oak

regeneration is especially rare (McWilliams and others

1995a, b). With over half the State’s forest land in

sawtimber stands, regeneration is the pressing issue in

discussions about the long-term sustainability of

Pennsylvania’s forests.

Analysis of tree regeneration requires a series of

assumptions with respect to factors affecting understory

development. These include degree of seedling

establishment, species composition, competitive status, and

stocking levels. The approach we used gauges levels of

advance tree-seedling and sapling regeneration (ATSSR).

Incorporating larger trees within the existing forest canopy

affects the results but detracts from the focus on the

important components of the understory. Also, it was

found that larger trees have a minor impact on the results.

The PRS samples all “established” tree seedlings at least 2

inches tall. Degree of establishment is checked to ensure

that only second-year and older seedlings are tallied. In

addition, the root collars of large-seeded species, such as

the oaks, are classified as established (root-collar

diameter at least 0.20 inch) or “competitive” (root-collar

diameter greater than 0.75 inch). Competitive seedlings

generally are considered as future canopy dominants.

The composition of ATSSR has a direct impact on the

future composition of the forest overstory (Marquis and

others 1994). To cover the range of future forest

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1955 1965 1978 1989 2002

Year

Million Board Feet 

(International 1/4-Inch Rule)

Figure 15.—Volume of sawtimber on

timberland by inventory date, Pennsylvania,

1955, 1965, 1978, 1989, and 2002 (all

differences between bars are statistically

significant at the 67-percent level).

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Red Maple

Black Cherry

N. Red Oak

Sugar Maple

Chestnut Oak

Yellow-Poplar

White Oak

Eastern Hemlock

Other Oaks

White Ash

Million Board Feet

(International 1/4-inch Rule)

1989

2002

Figure 16.—Volume of sawtimber

on forest land, ten most abundant

species, Pennsylvania, 1989 and

2002 (error bars reflect 67-percent

confidence interval).
14

character and client needs, two composition groupings

are used. The first groups tree species by preference for

timber management. Desirable species include those

favored in silvicultural activities aimed at a marketable

species mix; Other Commercial species are associated

with custodial management; and Other Woody species

reflect overall site occupancy. The second composition

grouping represents the forest’s ability to regenerate the

existing dominant canopy. Dominant species include

those that contribute at least 2 percent of the State’s

total-tree biomass and are able to grow into the existing

canopy; Other High Canopy species includes all others

that are capable of attaining canopy dominance. This

grouping also includes Other Woody species.

The competitive status of seedlings and saplings were

evaluated using guidelines adapted from the work of

Marquis and others (1994) to fit conditions across

Pennsylvania. The guidelines weight samples according to

tree height and the number of stems sampled (McWilliams

and others 2002b). For example, a 6 inch -tall seedling is

assigned a weight of one and a 5- to 10-foot seedling is

assigned a weight of 50. Two levels of stocking were used to

reflect a range of deer impact. High-deer impact reflects

stocking requirements for high populations, or a minimum

of 100 seedlings per 6.8 foot-radius microplot; moderatedeer impact requires at least 25 seedlings per microplot.

Regeneration samples were filtered to include only those

stands in the range of overall stand stocking with sufficient

light for seedling establishment and development, or 40-

to 75-percent stocked.

The following shows the percent of forested regeneration

samples that satisfied ATSSR criteria, for composition

grouping and ecoregion, for high and moderate deer

impact (assumes stocking of 40 to 75 percent):

Species grouping Western Central Eastern

and deer impact State Broadleaf Plateau Appalachians Broadleaf

TIMBER MANAGEMENT

High deer impact:

Desirable 36.4 44.2 27.8 37.2 36.5

Other Commercial 50.1 51.3 43.5 53.8 54.5

Other Woody 56.6 61.1 47.7 59.7 63.6

Moderate deer impact:

Desirable 51.9 57.5 49.4 49.7 54.5

Other Commercial 63.6 62.8 62.4 64.7 68.2

Other Woody 70.6 72.6 67.1 71.6 72.7

CANOPY DOMINANCE

High deer impact:

Dominant 44.2 46.0 40.5 45.0 54.5

Other High Canopy 50.3 52.7 42.6 54.1 54.5

Other Woody 56.5 61.9 46.8 59.4 63.6

Moderate deer impact:

Dominant 60.2 59.3 63.3 58.1 68.2

Other High Canopy 65.3 65.0 65.0 65.6 68.2

Other Woody 71.4 73.5 68.8 71.9 72.7

Note: Standard errors are: State (1.7), Western Broadleaf (3.1), Plateau (3.2), Central Appalachians

(2.8), and Eastern Broadleaf (10.7).

The choice of regeneration indicators is complicated by

the broad spectrum of client perspectives regarding what

constitutes “acceptable” regeneration. The approach used

in this report was to develop a set of indicators that

address as wide a spectrum of needs as possible. For

example, clients with a conservative economic

perspective likely would use results based on the Timber

Management-Desirable species indicator. For this

indicator, 36 to 52 percent of the samples satisfied

ATSSR criteria for high and moderate deer impact,
15

respectively. At the opposite extreme is the view that any

tree cover is acceptable, i.e., the Canopy DominanceOther Woody indicator. Statewide, 56 to 71 percent of

the samples satisfied ATSSR criteria for this indicator. It

should be noted that forests regenerating to low canopy

would provide soil stability and habitat for some wildlife

species, but offer little of the economic, ecological, or

aesthetic appeal usually associated with forest cover.

To facilitate the comparison of results for Pennsylvania’s

ecoregions, it is useful to use an indicator that represents

the middle ground. The Canopy Dominance indicator,

which includes all species capable of achieving high

canopy, is useful for this purpose. Statewide, 50 to 65

percent of the samples satisfied the ATSSR criteria for

high and moderate deer populations for this indicator.

Although the results are not widely divergent by ecoregion,

samples in the Plateau region had the poorest satisfaction

rate (43 to 65 percent). Samples with the highest rates

were located in the Eastern Broadleaf region (54 to 68

percent). These results coincide with deer populations

and alternate food sources common in these regions.

Regardless of the perspective one takes, it is clear that the

regeneration picture in Pennsylvania is bleak on the basis

of the first 2 years of data. Despite some variation across

the State, the regeneration problem is ubiquitous rather

than specific to a particular region, owner, or forest type.

Literature Cited

Alerich, Carol A. 1993. Forest statistics for

Pennsylvania—1978 and 1989. Resour. Bull. NE126. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment

Station. 244 p.

Bailey, Robert G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions

of the United States. 2nd ed. Misc. Publ. 1391 (rev.).

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service. 108 p.

Considine, Thomas J., Jr.; Powell, Douglas S. 1980.

Forest statistics for Pennsylvania—1978. Resour.

Bull. NE-65. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest

Experiment Station. 88 p.

Ferguson, Roland H. 1955. The timber resources of

Pennsylvania. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest

Experiment Station. 46 p.

Ferguson, Roland H. 1968. The timber resources of

Pennsylvania. Resour. Bull. NE-8. Upper Darby, PA:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 145 p.

Marquis, David A. ed. 1994. Quantitative silviculture

for hardwood forests of the Alleghenies. Gen. Tech.

Rep. NE-183. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Research

Station. 143 p.

McWilliams, William H.; Alerich, Carol A.; Devlin,

Daniel A.; Lister, Tonya W.; Sterner, Stephen L.;

Westfall, James A. 2002a. Annual inventory report

for Pennsylvania’s forests: results from the first two

years. Resour. Bull. NE-156. Newtown Square, PA:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Research Station. 71 p.

McWilliams, William H.; King, Susan L.; Scott, Charles

T. 2002b. Assessing regeneration adequacy in

Pennsylvania’s forests: a pilot study. In: Reams,

Gregory A.; McRoberts, Ronald E.; Van Deusen, Paul

C., eds. Proceedings of the second annual forest

inventory and analysis symposium; 2000 October 17-

18; Salt Lake City, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-47.

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest

Service, Southern Research Station: 119-122.

McWilliams, William H.; Stout, Susan L.; Bowersox,

Todd W.; McCormick, Larry H. 1995a. Advance

tree-seedling regeneration and herbaceous cover in

Pennsylvania forests. Northern Journal of Applied

Forestry. 12(4): 187-191.

McWilliams, William H.; Bowersox, Todd W.; Gansner,

David A.; Stout, Susan L.; McCormick, Larry H.

1995b. Landscape-level regeneration adequacy for

native hardwood forests of Pennsylvania. In:

Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Fosbroke, Sandra L. C., eds.

Proceedings, central hardwood forest conference;

1995 March 5-8; Morgantown, WV. Gen. Tech. Rep.

NE-197. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest

Experiment Station: 196-203.

Smith, Brad W., Vissage, John S.; Darr, David R.;

Sheffield, Raymond M. 2001. Forest resources of

the United States, 1997. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-219.

St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, North Central Research Station. 190 p.
16

Glossary

Accretion. The estimated net growth on growing-stock

trees that were measured during the previous inventory

(divided by the number of growing seasons between

surveys to produce average annual accretion). It does not

include the growth on trees that were cut during the

period, nor those trees that died.

Board foot. A unit of lumber measurement 1 foot long,

1 foot wide, and 1 inch thick, or its equivalent.

International 1⁄4 inch rule is used as the USDA Forest

Service standard log rule in the eastern United States.

Commercial species. Tree species currently or

prospectively suitable for industrial wood products;

excludes species of typically small size, poor form, or

inferior quality, such as hawthorn and sumac.

Condition. A classification of a land area based on land

use, forest type, stand size, regeneration status, reserved

status, tree density, and owner class.

Cropland. Land that currently supports agricultural

crops including silage and feed grains, bare farm fields

resulting from cultivation or harvest, and maintained

orchards. Includes cropland used for cover crops and soil

improvement.

Cull tree. A rough tree or a rotten tree.

Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). The diameter outside

bark of a standing tree measured at 4-1/2 feet above the

ground.

Dry ton. A unit of measure of dry weight equivalent to

2,000 pounds or 907.1848 kilograms.

Dry weight. The weight of wood and bark as it would be

if it had been oven-dried; usually expressed in pounds or

tons.

Forest land. Land that is at least 10 percent stocked with

trees of any size, or that formerly had such tree cover and

is not currently developed for a nonforest use. The

minimum area for classification of forest land is one

acre. The components that make up forest land are

timberland and all noncommercial forest land (see

definitions).

Forest type. A classification of forest land based on the

species that form a plurality of live-tree stocking.

Forest-type group. A classification of forest land based

on the species forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. A

combination of forest types that share closely associated

species or site requirements are combined into the

following major forest-type groups (the descriptions

apply to forests in this state):

a. White/red pine. Forests in which eastern white pine,

red pine, or eastern hemlock, singly or in combination,

make up the plurality of the stocking; common

associates include red maple, oak, sugar maple, and

aspen.

b. Spruce/fir. Forests in which red, white, black, or

Norway spruces, balsam fir, northern white-cedar,

tamarack, or planted larch, singly or in combination,

make up a plurality of the stocking; common associates

include white pine, red maple, yellow birch, and aspens.

c. Hard pine (also called loblolly/shortleaf pine). Forests

in which eastern redcedar or pitch pine, singly or in

combination, make up a plurality of the stocking;

common associates include white pine, paper birch,

sugar maple, and basswood.

d. Oak/pine. Forests in which hardwoods (usually

hickory or upland oaks) make up a plurality of the

stocking and in which pines or eastern redcedar

contribute 25 to 50 percent of the stocking.

e. Oak/hickory (Mixed Oak). Forests in which upland

oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar, black locust, sweetgum, or

red maple (when associated with central hardwoods),

singly or in combination, make up a plurality of the

stocking and in which pines or eastern redcedar make up

less than 25 percent of the stocking; common associates

include white ash, sugar maple, and hemlock.

f. Oak/gum/cypress. Bottomland forests in which tupelo,

blackgum, sweetgum, oaks, or southern cypress, singly or

in combination, make up a plurality of the stocking and

in which pines make up less than 25 percent of the

stocking; common associates include cottonwood,

willow, ash, elm, hackberry, and maple.

g. Elm/ash/red maple (also called elm /ash /

cottonwood). Forests in which elm, willow, cottonwood,

or red maple (when growing on wet sites), singly or in

combination, make up a plurality of the stocking;

common associates include white ash, sugar maple,

aspens, and oaks.

h. Northern hardwoods (also called maple/beech/birch).

Forests in which sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, black

cherry, or red maple (when associated with northern

hardwoods), singly or in combination, make up a

plurality of the stocking; common associates include
17

white ash, eastern hemlock, basswood, aspens, and red

oak.

i. Aspen/birch. Forests in which aspen, paper birch, or

gray birch, singly or in combination, make up a plurality

of the stocking; common associates include red maple,

white pine, red oaks, and white ash.

Gross growth. The sum of accretion and ingrowth.

Growing-stock trees. Live trees of commercial species

classified as sawtimber, poletimber, saplings, or seedlings;

that is, all live trees of commercial species except rough

and rotten trees.

Growing-stock volume. Net volume, in cubic feet, of

growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger from a

1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter

outside bark of the central stem, or to the point where

the central stem breaks into limbs. Net volume equals

gross volume less deduction for cull.

Hardwoods. Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved

and deciduous.

Ingrowth. The estimated net volume of growing-stock

trees that became 5.0 inches d.b.h. or larger during the

period between inventories (divided by the number of

growing seasons between surveys to produce average

annual ingrowth). Also, the estimated net volume of

growing-stock trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger that are

growing on land that was reclassified from

noncommercial forest land or nonforest land to

timberland.

International 1/4-inch rule. A log rule or formula for

estimating the board-foot volume of logs. The

mathematical formula is:

Board-foot volume = (0.22D2 - 0.71D)(0.904762)

for 4-foot sections, where D=diameter inside bark at the

small end of the log section. This rule is used as the

USDA Forest Service standard log rule in the Eastern

United States.

Land area. (a) Bureau of Census: The area of dry land

and land temporarily or partly covered by water, such as

marshes, swamps, and river flood plains; streams,

sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than 200 feet wide; and

lakes, reservoirs, and ponds less than 4.5 acres in area.

(b) Forest Inventory and Analysis: same as (a) except that

the minimum width of streams, etc. is 120 feet, and the

minimum size of lakes, etc. is 1 acre.

Land use. A classification of land that indicates the

primary use at the time of inventory. Major categories

are forest land and nonforest land.

Live tree. Growing stock, rough, and rotten trees.

Merchantable stem. The main stem of the tree between a

1-foot stump height and a 4-inch top diameter (outside

the bark), including the wood and bark.

Mortality. The estimated net volume of growing-stock

trees at the previous inventory that died from natural

causes before the current inventory (divided by the

number of growing seasons between surveys to produce

average annual mortality) .

Net change. The difference between the current and

previous inventory estimates of growing-stock volume

(divided by the number of growing seasons between

surveys to produce average annual net change).

Components of net change are ingrowth plus accretion,

minus mortality, minus cull increment, plus cull

decrement, minus removals.

Net dry weight. The dry weight of woody material less

the weight of all unsound (rotten) material.

Net growth. The change, resulting from natural causes,

in growing-stock volume during the period between

surveys (divided by the number of growing seasons to

produce average annual net growth). Components of net

growth are ingrowth plus accretion, minus mortality,

minus cull increment, plus cull decrement.

Noncensus water. Streams/rivers between 120 feet and

200 feet in width, and bodies of water between 1 and 4.5

acres in size. The Bureau of the Census classifies such

water as land.

Noncommercial species. Tree species of typically small

size, poor form, or inferior quality that normally do not

develop into trees suitable for industrial wood products.

Nonforest land. Land that has never supported forests,

or land formerly forested but now in nonforest use such

as cropland, pasture, residential areas, marshes, swamps,

highways, industrial or commercial sites, or noncensus

water.

Nonsalvable dead tree. A dead tree with most or all of its

bark missing that is at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. and is at

least 4.5 feet tall.

Nonstocked area. A stand-size class of forest land that is

less than 10 percent stocked with live trees.
18

Pasture land. Includes any pasture land other than

cropland and woodland pasture. It can include lands

that have had lime fertilizer or seed applied, or that had

been improved by irrigation, drainage, or control of

weeds and brush.

Poletimber stand. A stand-size class of forest land that is

at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which half

or more of such stocking is in poletimber or sawtimber

trees or both, and in which the stocking of poletimber

exceeds that of sawtimber.

Poletimber tree. A live tree of commercial species

meeting regional specifications of soundness and form

and at least 5.0 inches in d.b.h., but smaller than a

sawtimber tree.

Relative stand density. A stocking classification

procedure that reflects species, stage of development, and

the characteristics of the trees present in a stand.

Removals. The net growing-stock volume harvested or

killed in logging, cultural operations (such as timber

stand improvement) or land clearing, and the net

growing-stock volume neither harvested nor killed but

growing on land that was reclassified from timberland to

noncommercial forest land or nonforest land during the

period between surveys. This volume is divided by the

number of growing seasons to produce average annual

removals.

Reserved productive forest land. Forest land sufficiently

productive to qualify as timberland but withdrawn from

timber utilization through statute or administrative

designation; land exclusively used for Christmas tree

production.

Rotten tree. A live tree of commercial species that does

not contain at least one 12-foot sawlog or two

noncontiguous sawlogs, each 8 feet or longer, now or

prospectively, and does not meet regional specifications

for freedom from defect primarily because of rot; that is,

more than 50 percent of the cull volume in the tree is

rotten.

Rough tree. (a)The same as a rotten tree except that a

rough tree does not meet regional specifications for

freedom from defect primarily because of roughness or

poor form; also (b) a live tree of noncommercial species.

Salvable dead tree. A tree at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. that

has died recently and still has intact bark; may be

standing, fallen, windthrown, knocked down, or broken

off.

Sampling error. A measure of the reliability of an

estimate, expressed as a percentage of the estimate. The

sampling errors given in this report correspond to one

standard error and are calculated as the square root of

the variance, divided by the estimate, and multiplied by

100. Indicated in statistical tables as “SE”.

Sapling. All live trees 1.0 through 4.9 inches d.b.h.

Sapling/seedling stand. A stand-size class of forest land

that is at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which

half or more of such stocking is in saplings or seedlings

or both.

Sawlog. A log meeting regional standards of diameter,

length, and freedom from defect, including a minimum

8-foot length and a minimum top diameter inside bark

of 6 inches for softwoods and 8 inches for hardwoods.

(See specifications under Tree-Grade Classification.)

Sawlog portion. That part of the bole of a sawtimber tree

between the stump and the sawlog top.

Sawlog top. The point on the bole of a sawtimber tree

above which a sawlog cannot be produced. The

minimum sawlog top is 7.0 inches diameter outside bark

(d.o.b.) for softwoods and 9.0 inches d.o.b. for

hardwoods.

Sawtimber stand. A stand-size class of forest land that is

at least 10 percent stocked with live trees of which half

or more of such stocking is in poletimber or sawtimber

trees or both, and in which the stocking of sawtimber is

at least equal to that of poletimber.

Sawtimber tree. A live tree of commercial species at least

9.0 inches d.b.h. for softwoods or 11.0 inches for

hardwoods, containing at least one 12-foot sawlog or

two noncontiguous 8-foot sawlogs, and meeting regional

specifications for freedom from defect.

Sawtimber volume. Net volume in board feet, by the

International 1/4-inch rule, of sawlogs in sawtimber

trees. Net volume equals gross volume less deductions

for rot, sweep, and other defects that affect use for

lumber.

SE. See Sampling error.

Seedling. A live tree less than 1.0 inch d.b.h. and at least

1 foot tall.

Snag. Standing dead tree with most or all of its bark

missing that is at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. and at least 4.5

feet tall (does not include salvable dead).
19

Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen and

having needles or scalelike leaves.

Sound-wood volume. Tree volume of the central stem

from a 1-foot stump to a minimum top diameter outside

bark or a point where the stem breaks into limbs. Sound

cull portions are included. Rotten cull portions are

excluded. Most often expressed in cubic feet for live

trees.

Stand. A group of forest trees growing on forest land.

Stand origin. An indication of how the measured stand

originated: 100 percent natural, 100 percent artificial, or

a combination of both.

Stand-size class. A classification of forest land based on

the size class (that is, seedlings, saplings, poletimber, or

sawtimber) of the stocking of all live trees in the area.

State lands. Lands owned by the state or leased to the

state for 50 years or more.

Stocking. The degree of occupancy of land by trees

relative to the growth potential utilized by a site. It is

expressed as a percent of the “normal” value presented in

yield tables and stocking quides. Two categories of

stocking are used in this report: all live trees and

growing-stock trees. The relationships between the

classes and the percentage of the stocking standard are:

nonstocked (0 to 9); poorly stocked (10 to 34);

moderately stocked (35 to 59); fully stocked (60 to 100);

and overstocked (greater than 100).

Stump. The main stem of a tree from ground level to 1

foot above ground level, including the wood and bark.

Timberland. Forest land producing or capable of

producing crops of industrial wood (more than 20 cubic

feet per acre per year) and not withdrawn from timber

utilization (formerly known as commercial forest land).

Timber products. Roundwood (round timber) products

and manufacturing plant by-products harvested from

growing-stock trees on timberland; from other sources,

such as cull trees, salvable dead trees, limbs, tops, and

saplings; and from trees on noncommercial forest and

nonforest lands.

Timber removals. The growing-stock or sawtimber

volume of trees removed from the inventory for

roundwood products, plus logging residues, volume

destroyed during land clearing, and volume of standing

trees on land that was reclassified from timberland to

noncommercial forest land.

Top. The wood and bark of a tree above the

merchantable height (or above the point on the stem 4.0

inches in diameter outside bark); generally includes the

uppermost stem, branches, and twigs of the tree, but not

the foliage.

Tree class. A classification of the quality or condition of

trees for sawlog production. Tree class for sawtimber

trees is based on their current condition. Tree class for

poletimber trees is a prospective determination—a

forecast of their potential quality when they reach

sawtimber size (11.0 inches d.b.h. for hardwoods, 9.0

inches d.b.h. for softwoods).

Tree grade. A classification of sawtimber quality based

on guidelines for tree grades for hardwoods, white pine,

and southern pine. (Note: Red pine was graded using the

guidelines for southern pine.)

Trees. Woody plants that have well-developed stems and

that usually are more than 12 feet tall at maturity.

Unproductive forest land. Forest land that is incapable of

producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year of industrial

wood under natural conditions, because of adverse site

conditions.

Upper-stem portion. That part of the main stem or fork

of a sawtimber tree above the sawlog top to a diameter of

4.0 inches outside bark, or to the point where the main

stem or fork breaks into limbs.

Veneer log or bolt. A roundwood product from which

veneer is sliced or sawn that usually meets certain

minimum standards of diameter, length, and defect.

Volume suitable for pulpwood. The sound volume (only

rotten cull excluded) of growing-stock and rough trees.
20

Appendix

Index to Tables

Resource Tables for 2002

Table 1.

Land area by land class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 2.

Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group, and

stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 2 (SE)

Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group, and

stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 3.

Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and

stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 3. (SE)

Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and

stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 4.

Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking

class of all live trees, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 4. (SE)

Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking

class of all live trees, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 5.

Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land

by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 5. (SE)

Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land

by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 6.

Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland

by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 6. (SE)

Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland

by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 7.

Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by

species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 7. (SE)

Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by

species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 8.

Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on

timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania,

2002.

Table 8. (SE)

Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on

timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania,

2002.

Table 9.

Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on

timberland by class of timber and species group,

Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 9. (SE)

Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on

timberland by class of timber and species group,

Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 10.

Sound volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest

land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 10. (SE)

Sound volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest

land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 11.

Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by

species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 11. (SE)

Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by

species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 12.

Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by

species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 12. (SE)

Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by

species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.
21

Table 13.

Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species

and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 13. (SE)

Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species

and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 14.

Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species

and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 14. (SE)

Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species

and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 15.

Sound biomass on forest land by species and

component, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Table 15. (SE)

Sound biomass on forest land by species and

component, Pennsylvania, 2002.

Resource Tables for 1989 (Revised)

Table 1.

Land area by land class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 2.

Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group, and

stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 3.

Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group, and

stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 4.

Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking

class of live trees, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 5.

Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land

by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 6.

Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland

by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 7.

Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by

species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 8.

Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on

timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania,

1989.

Table 9.

Net volume of live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on

timberland by class of timber and species group,

Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 10.

Sound volume of live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest

land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 11.

Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by

species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 12.

Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by

species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 13.

Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species

and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 1989.

Table 14.

Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species

and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989.
Blank
23

Table 1.--Land area by land class, Pennsylvania, 2002a,b,c

(In thousands of acres)

 Area

 Land class

 Acres Percent

 Rural timberland 16,033.6 55.9 1.0

 Urban timberlandd 134.3 0.5 23.1

 Total timberland 16,167.9 56.4 1.0

 Reserved foreste 375.3 1.3 16.0

 Unproductive forest 108.9 0.4 27.9

 Total forest land 16,652.1 58.1 .9

 Cropland 4,760.6 16.6 3.5

 Pasture 1,163.2 4.1 8.4

 Christmas tree plantationf 73.3 0.3 35.0

 Noncensus water 102.3 0.4 21.0

 Other 5,931.1 20.7 3.0

 Total nonforest land 12,030.5 41.9 1.2

 Total areag 28,682.6 100.0 .0

 SE .0 .0

 a In this and other tables, a zero indicates that the data are

 negligible or the condition was not encountered in the sample.

 b Rows and columns in all tables may not sum due to rounding.

 c All estimates are derived from 60 percent (three panels) of the plots in this cycle.

 d Urban timberland previously classified as urban forest land

 (not part of the timberland estimate).

 e Reserve lands are estimated.

 f Christmas tree plantations previously classified as forest land.

 g Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 2000.
24

Table 2.--Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group,

and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Red pine 15.2 17.4 .0 .0 32.6 43.9

 White pine 109.6 24.6 32.3 .0 166.5 20.8

 White pine/hemlock 38.3 .0 .0 2.4 40.7 46.6

 Hemlock 287.7 19.8 .0 .0 307.5 17.0

 Scotch pine 6.9 36.2 29.7 .0 72.9 30.9

 White/red pine group 457.8 98.0 62.0 2.4 620.1 11.3

 Red spruce .0 8.1 .0 .0 8.1 100.0

 White spruce 10.0 10.8 .0 .0 20.7 70.8

 Norway spruce 2.9 13.2 8.0 .0 24.1 57.3

 Tamarack 5.2 9.4 .0 .0 14.6 73.6

 Larch plantation .0 15.6 11.4 .0 26.9 58.0

 Spruce/fir group 18.1 57.0 19.4 .0 94.5 30.4

 Shortleaf pine .0 .0 10.3 .0 10.3 100.0

 Virginia pine 36.4 24.4 .0 .0 60.8 34.8

 Eastern redcedar .0 5.6 1.8 .0 7.4 79.7

 Pitch pine 33.5 .0 .0 .0 33.5 50.5

 Table mountain pine 2.2 .0 .0 .0 2.2 100.0

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 72.2 30.0 12.1 .0 114.2 25.8

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 66.4 .0 1.6 .0 68.0 34.8

 Virginia pine/oak 10.3 23.5 6.6 .0 40.3 45.8

 Other oak/pine 25.1 9.9 .0 .0 35.0 51.1

 Oak/pine group 101.7 33.4 8.2 .0 143.3 24.3

 Post, black, or bear oak 62.7 .0 29.8 .0 92.6 28.2

 Chestnut oak 533.3 435.0 37.4 .0 1,005.7 9.3

 White oak/red oak/hickory 500.9 179.6 21.7 .0 702.2 11.3

 White oak 209.4 94.5 .0 .0 303.9 17.3

 Northern red oak 394.5 39.8 4.0 .0 438.3 14.2

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 44.4 20.5 9.9 .0 74.8 35.2

 Black locust 34.1 52.8 84.9 5.9 177.7 20.2

 Sweetgum/yellow-poplar 7.3 .0 .0 .0 7.3 100.0

 Black walnut 44.3 19.8 24.9 .0 88.9 27.5

 Yellow-poplar 77.0 24.3 2.4 3.9 107.5 25.7

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 5.6 61.5 .0 67.1 32.2

 Scarlet oak 11.8 14.9 .0 .0 26.8 54.2

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 24.5 .0 .0 24.5 60.8
25

 Table 2.-continued

(In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Red maple/central hardwood 211.5 232.5 31.0 .0 475.0 13.5

 Mixed central hardwoods 2,521.8 1,338.3 179.1 2.9 4,042.1 4.2

 Oak/hickory group 4,653.0 2,482.0 486.7 12.7 7,634.3 2.5

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 90.6 47.8 43.5 20.5 202.5 19.4

 Red maple(lowland) 8.3 34.5 25.0 .0 67.8 34.9

 Red maple(upland) 203.6 125.4 62.7 .0 391.6 14.5

 River birch/sycamore 45.2 .0 4.7 10.4 60.3 37.9

 Cottonwood 16.9 .0 .0 .0 16.9 71.2

 Willow 16.9 1.8 12.4 4.7 35.8 46.0

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 40.5 .0 .0 2.4 42.9 43.4

 American elm/green ash 3.8 18.9 11.6 .0 34.4 47.1

 Elm/ash/red maple group 425.7 228.3 160.0 38.0 852.1 9.7

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 1,546.5 361.0 33.3 .0 1,940.9 6.3

 Black cherry 472.3 404.6 328.3 27.9 1,233.2 7.9

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 875.1 526.4 154.2 19.4 1,575.0 7.1

 Pin cherry/reverting field .0 73.1 169.4 .0 242.5 18.6

 Mixed northern hardwoods 965.4 643.8 234.8 .0 1,844.0 6.6

 Northern hardwoods group 3,859.3 2,009.0 920.0 47.4 6,835.6 2.7

 Aspen 25.3 116.0 149.8 7.2 298.2 16.4

 Paper birch 7.6 10.0 .0 .0 17.6 62.4

 Gray birch .0 .0 32.2 .0 32.2 49.5

 Aspen/birch group 32.9 125.9 182.0 7.2 348.0 15.1

 Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 10.0 10.0 100.0

 All forest types 9,620.8 5,063.5 1,850.3 117.5 16,652.1 .9

 SE 2.1 3.6 6.5 24.0 .9
26

Table 2. (SE).--Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group,

and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Red pine 61.1 62.6 .0 .0 43.9

 White pine 25.3 53.1 51.2 .0 20.8

 White pine/hemlock 49.1 .0 .0 100.0 46.6

 Hemlock 17.6 70.6 .0 .0 17.0

 Scotch pine 58.0 41.0 55.4 .0 30.9

 White/red pine group 13.3 27.0 37.6 100.0 11.3

 Red spruce .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 White spruce 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 70.8

 Norway spruce 100.0 83.6 97.6 .0 57.3

 Tamarack 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 73.6

 Larch plantation .0 68.7 100.0 .0 58.0

 Spruce/fir group 64.1 39.2 71.3 .0 30.4

 Shortleaf pine .0 .0 100.0 .0 100.0

 Virginia pine 45.9 53.1 .0 .0 34.8

 Eastern redcedar .0 100.0 100.0 .0 79.7

 Pitch pine 50.5 .0 .0 .0 50.5

 Table mountain pine 100.0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 33.1 47.1 86.5 .0 25.8

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 35.6 .0 100.0 .0 34.8

 Virginia pine/oak 100.0 59.3 100.0 .0 45.8

 Other oak/pine 59.4 100.0 .0 .0 51.1

 Oak/pine group 29.2 51.2 82.8 .0 24.3

 Post, black, or bear oak 34.3 .0 49.8 .0 28.2

 Chestnut oak 13.1 14.6 50.9 .0 9.3

 White oak/red oak/hickory 13.5 22.8 63.2 .0 11.3

 White oak 20.6 31.4 .0 .0 17.3

 Northern red oak 15.2 41.0 74.0 .0 14.2

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 44.4 70.8 100.0 .0 35.2

 Black locust 48.3 35.1 30.1 71.1 20.2

 Sweetgum/yellow-poplar 100.0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

 Black walnut 37.4 54.5 58.1 .0 27.5

 Yellow-poplar 31.4 54.2 100.0 100.0 25.7

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 100.0 33.9 .0 32.2

 Scarlet oak 82.1 72.2 .0 .0 54.2

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 60.8 .0 .0 60.8
27

 Table 2. (SE).-continued

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Red maple/central hardwood 20.2 19.6 54.3 .0 13.5

 Mixed central hardwoods 5.6 8.0 22.2 100.0 4.2

 Oak/hickory group 3.7 5.5 13.0 63.0 2.5

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 30.1 35.3 40.4 70.7 19.4

 Red maple(lowland) 100.0 48.9 57.9 .0 34.9

 Red maple(upland) 20.4 25.7 35.8 .0 14.5

 River birch/sycamore 43.8 .0 100.0 100.0 37.9

 Cottonwood 71.2 .0 .0 .0 71.2

 Willow 71.1 100.0 81.6 100.0 46.0

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 45.7 .0 .0 100.0 43.4

 American elm/green ash 100.0 63.5 82.2 .0 47.1

 Elm/ash/red maple group 14.1 18.2 22.1 49.0 9.7

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 7.3 15.7 50.4 .0 6.3

 Black cherry 13.6 13.6 16.0 43.0 7.9

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 9.8 13.1 23.0 45.7 7.1

 Pin cherry/reverting field .0 35.7 21.9 .0 18.6

 Mixed northern hardwoods 9.4 11.5 19.5 .0 6.6

 Northern hardwoods group 4.1 6.2 9.4 31.5 2.7

 Aspen 57.6 26.3 23.7 73.1 16.4

 Paper birch 100.0 79.1 .0 .0 62.4

 Gray birch .0 .0 49.5 .0 49.5

 Aspen/birch group 49.9 25.0 21.4 73.1 15.1

 Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 100.0 100.0

 All forest types 2.1 3.6 6.5 24.0 .9
28

Table 3.--Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group,

and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Red pine 15.2 17.4 .0 .0 32.6 43.9

 White pine 109.6 24.6 32.3 .0 166.5 20.8

 White pine/hemlock 38.3 .0 .0 2.4 40.7 46.6

 Hemlock 287.7 19.8 .0 .0 307.5 17.0

 Scotch pine 6.9 36.2 29.7 .0 72.9 30.9

 White/red pine group 457.8 98.0 62.0 2.4 620.1 11.3

 Red spruce .0 8.1 .0 .0 8.1 100.0

 White spruce .0 10.8 .0 .0 10.8 100.0

 Norway spruce 2.9 13.2 8.0 .0 24.1 57.3

 Tamarack 5.2 9.4 .0 .0 14.6 73.6

 Larch plantation .0 15.6 11.4 .0 26.9 58.0

 Spruce/fir group 8.2 57.0 19.4 .0 84.5 31.9

 Shortleaf pine .0 .0 10.3 .0 10.3 100.0

 Virginia pine 36.4 24.4 .0 .0 60.8 34.8

 Eastern redcedar .0 5.6 1.8 .0 7.4 79.7

 Pitch pine 33.5 .0 .0 .0 33.5 50.5

 Table mountain pine 2.2 .0 .0 .0 2.2 100.0

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 72.2 30.0 12.1 .0 114.2 25.8

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 66.4 .0 1.6 .0 68.0 34.8

 Virginia pine/oak 10.3 23.5 6.6 .0 40.3 45.8

 Other oak/pine 25.1 9.9 .0 .0 35.0 51.1

 Oak/pine group 101.7 33.4 8.2 .0 143.3 24.3

 Post, black, or bear oak 62.7 .0 20.2 .0 83.0 30.1

 Chestnut oak 516.0 414.8 37.4 .0 968.2 9.5

 White oak/red oak/hickory 472.3 179.6 21.7 .0 673.6 11.6

 White oak 199.4 87.3 .0 .0 286.7 17.7

 Northern red oak 365.2 39.8 4.0 .0 409.0 14.7

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 44.4 20.5 9.9 .0 74.8 35.2

 Black locust 34.1 52.8 83.3 5.9 176.1 20.4

 Black walnut 44.3 17.4 24.9 .0 86.5 28.1

 Yellow-poplar 77.0 24.3 2.4 3.9 107.5 25.7

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 5.6 46.4 .0 52.0 36.1

 Scarlet oak 11.8 14.9 .0 .0 26.8 54.2

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 24.5 .0 .0 24.5 60.8

 Red maple/central hardwood 202.0 232.5 31.0 .0 465.5 13.6
29

 Table 3.-continued

 (In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Mixed central hardwoods 2,474.5 1,318.1 168.6 2.9 3,964.1 4.2

 Oak/hickory group 4,503.7 2,432.0 450.0 12.7 7,398.3 2.6

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 90.6 33.7 43.5 20.5 188.4 20.2

 Red maple(lowland) 8.3 24.3 12.3 .0 44.9 41.7

 Red maple(upland) 192.8 125.4 62.7 .0 380.8 14.7

 River birch/sycamore 45.2 .0 4.7 .0 49.9 40.8

 Cottonwood 16.9 .0 .0 .0 16.9 71.2

 Willow 16.9 1.8 12.2 .0 30.9 51.1

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 40.5 .0 .0 2.4 42.9 43.4

 American elm/green ash 3.8 18.9 11.6 .0 34.4 47.1

 Elm/ash/red maple group 415.0 204.1 147.0 22.9 789.1 10.0

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 1,505.8 351.1 33.3 .0 1,890.3 6.4

 Black cherry 462.3 404.6 311.7 27.9 1,206.7 8.0

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 865.3 515.4 154.2 19.4 1,554.2 7.2

 Pin cherry/reverting field .0 70.5 169.4 .0 239.8 18.8

 Mixed northern hardwoods 945.2 614.0 234.8 .0 1,794.0 6.7

 Northern hardwoods group 3,778.6 1,955.7 903.4 47.4 6,685.1 2.8

 Aspen 25.3 106.2 144.9 7.2 283.5 16.7

 Paper birch 7.6 10.0 .0 .0 17.6 62.4

 Gray birch .0 .0 32.2 .0 32.2 49.5

 Aspen/birch group 32.9 116.1 177.1 7.2 333.3 15.3

 All forest types 9,370.1 4,926.2 1,779.1 92.5 16,167.9 1.0

 SE 2.1 3.7 6.6 25.8 1.0
30

Table 3 (SE).--Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group,

and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Red pine 61.1 62.6 .0 .0 43.9

 White pine 25.3 53.1 51.2 .0 20.8

 White pine/hemlock 49.1 .0 .0 100.0 46.6

 Hemlock 17.6 70.6 .0 .0 17.0

 Scotch pine 58.0 41.0 55.4 .0 30.9

 White/red pine group 13.3 27.0 37.6 100.0 11.3

 Red spruce .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 White spruce .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 Norway spruce 100.0 83.6 97.6 .0 57.3

 Tamarack 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 73.6

 Larch plantation .0 68.7 100.0 .0 58.0

 Spruce/fir group 73.4 39.2 71.3 .0 31.9

 Shortleaf pine .0 .0 100.0 .0 100.0

 Virginia pine 45.9 53.1 .0 .0 34.8

 Eastern redcedar .0 100.0 100.0 .0 79.7

 Pitch pine 50.5 .0 .0 .0 50.5

 Table mountain pine 100.0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 33.1 47.1 86.5 .0 25.8

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 35.6 .0 100.0 .0 34.8

 Virginia pine/oak 100.0 59.3 100.0 .0 45.8

 Other oak/pine 59.4 100.0 .0 .0 51.1

 Oak/pine group 29.2 51.2 82.8 .0 24.3

 Post, black, or bear oak 34.3 .0 63.4 .0 30.1

 Chestnut oak 13.3 14.9 50.9 .0 9.5

 White oak/red oak/hickory 13.9 22.8 63.2 .0 11.6

 White oak 21.1 33.0 .0 .0 17.7

 Northern red oak 15.8 41.0 74.0 .0 14.7

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 44.4 70.8 100.0 .0 35.2

 Black locust 48.3 35.1 30.6 71.1 20.4

 Black walnut 37.4 60.5 58.1 .0 28.1

 Yellow-poplar 31.4 54.2 100.0 100.0 25.7

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 100.0 38.6 .0 36.1

 Scarlet oak 82.1 72.2 .0 .0 54.2

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 60.8 .0 .0 60.8

 Red maple/central hardwood 20.7 19.6 54.3 .0 13.6
31

 Table 3 (SE).-continued

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Mixed central hardwoods 5.7 8.1 22.8 100.0 4.2

 Oak/hickory group 3.8 5.6 13.6 63.0 2.6

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 30.1 40.6 40.4 70.7 20.2

 Red maple(lowland) 100.0 55.4 81.6 .0 41.7

 Red maple(upland) 20.8 25.7 35.8 .0 14.7

 River birch/sycamore 43.8 .0 100.0 .0 40.8

 Cottonwood 71.2 .0 .0 .0 71.2

 Willow 71.1 100.0 82.9 .0 51.1

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 45.7 .0 .0 100.0 43.4

 American elm/green ash 100.0 63.5 82.2 .0 47.1

 Elm/ash/red maple group 14.2 19.2 22.9 64.2 10.0

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 7.4 15.8 50.4 .0 6.4

 Black cherry 13.7 13.6 16.4 43.0 8.0

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 9.8 13.2 23.0 45.7 7.2

 Pin cherry/reverting field .0 36.9 21.9 .0 18.8

 Mixed northern hardwoods 9.5 11.7 19.5 .0 6.7

 Northern hardwoods group 4.2 6.3 9.5 31.5 2.8

 Aspen 57.6 27.2 23.7 73.1 16.7

 Paper birch 100.0 79.1 .0 .0 62.4

 Gray birch .0 .0 49.5 .0 49.5

 Aspen/birch group 49.9 25.8 21.4 73.1 15.3

 All forest types 2.1 3.7 6.6 25.8 1.0
32

 Table 4.--Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking class of all live trees,

 Pennsylvania, 2002

 (In thousands of acres)

 Stocking class

 Forest-type All

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes SE

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

 White/red pine 2.4 63.0 163.8 296.3 94.6 620.1 11.3

 Spruce/fir .0 16.4 46.0 21.9 .2 84.5 31.9

 Loblolly/shortleaf .0 5.6 63.1 45.5 .0 114.2 25.8

 Oak/pine .0 25.3 15.6 99.9 2.6 143.3 24.3

 Oak/hickory 12.7 410.6 2,490.7 4,144.2 340.0 7,398.3 2.6

 Elm/ash/red maple 22.9 140.5 301.4 263.7 60.5 789.1 10.0

 Northern hardwoods 47.4 544.6 2,238.0 3,407.0 448.1 6,685.1 2.8

 Aspen/ birch 7.2 32.1 139.5 104.8 49.7 333.3 15.3

 Total 92.5 1,238.1 5,458.3 8,383.3 995.8 16,167.9 1.0

 SE 25.8 7.9 3.4 2.4 8.7 1.0
33

Table 4 (SE).--Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking

class of all live trees, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stocking class

 Forest-type All

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

 White/red pine 100.0 34.5 23.1 16.3 30.1 11.3

 Spruce/fir .0 72.8 43.4 63.0 100.0 31.9

 Loblolly/shortleaf .0 100.0 36.9 38.2 .0 25.8

 Oak/pine .0 59.9 71.5 29.4 100.0 24.3

 Oak/hickory 63.0 14.2 5.6 4.0 15.1 2.6

 Elm/ash/red maple 64.2 22.8 16.5 17.8 34.1 10.0

 Northern hardwoods 31.5 12.0 5.9 4.5 13.3 2.8

 Aspen/ birch 73.1 52.6 24.6 27.1 37.4 15.3

 Total 25.8 7.9 3.4 2.4 8.7 1.0
34 Table 5.--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 93,959 37,429 23,739 18,944 10,238 7,377 5,982 Virginia pine 9,839 6,035 5,155 5,400 4,452 1,561 924 Other yellow pines 17,310 7,627 7,100 4,989 3,458 3,203 869 Eastern hemlock 64,835 69,380 49,275 35,391 23,349 16,967 10,385 Other softwoods 17,427 16,002 11,127 7,505 3,784 1,558 124 Total softwoods 203,370 136,473 96,395 72,230 45,281 30,665 18,284 Red maple 799,923 364,484 223,003 145,725 93,231 57,182 32,678 Sugar maple 211,134 91,033 54,333 39,497 30,313 21,537 12,080 Yellow birch 19,289 16,112 11,001 9,948 6,178 4,466 1,676 Sweet birch 541,854 137,527 53,118 39,872 26,441 14,378 6,187 Hickory 66,665 29,718 16,820 13,101 8,984 6,680 4,338 Beech 337,618 67,829 35,941 21,029 16,922 8,543 4,800 White ash 125,308 39,123 29,403 20,955 16,124 11,871 8,766 Black walnut 11,037 8,161 3,354 3,273 2,599 1,701 596 Yellow-poplar 21,103 19,837 8,870 7,829 6,753 5,336 4,473 Blackgum 152,118 78,568 24,359 9,391 4,819 1,887 662 Aspen 47,186 17,095 8,670 6,387 5,151 2,323 1,476 Black cherry 411,589 153,386 69,209 46,030 32,507 24,505 17,703 Chestnut oak 56,680 20,740 34,887 46,780 39,555 28,571 18,028 Northern red oak 102,738 36,018 23,214 20,732 20,438 20,297 16,079 Select white oaks 29,252 20,732 22,186 23,862 21,851 14,953 10,864 Other oaks 40,298 14,431 14,492 14,180 12,395 11,103 8,446 Black locust 51,029 11,278 10,369 8,299 4,937 3,467 2,451 Basswood 9,919 4,557 3,800 4,389 4,275 3,507 3,061 Other hardwoods 218,087 64,229 26,646 21,999 16,618 10,461 5,468 Other noncomm hardwoods 924,960 209,130 73,203 25,245 11,201 4,191 2,126 Total hardwoods 4,177,787 1,403,990 746,879 528,524 381,294 256,961 161,960 All species 4,381,158 1,540,463 843,275 600,753 426,575 287,626 180,244 SE 3.3 3.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.5
35

Table 5.-continued

(In thousands of trees)

Diameter class (inches at breast height)

 Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All SE SE 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 2,494 1,939 742 1,904 356 73,716 205,104 12.2 Virginia pine 105 57 0 0 0 17,654 33,528 24.8 Other yellow pines 676 114 245 0 0 20,654 45,591 22.1 Eastern hemlock 8,329 4,280 1,471 1,886 299 151,632 285,847 8.6 Other softwoods 119 0 0 129 0 24,346 57,775 19.5 Total softwoods 11,724 6,389 2,458 3,919 656 288,002 627,845 6.4 Red maple 20,214 10,945 4,553 4,311 242 592,084 1,756,491 4.1 Sugar maple 7,361 3,713 1,795 1,727 251 172,608 474,775 6.5 Yellow birch 654 180 61 120 0 34,283 69,685 13.5 Sweet birch 3,225 1,091 917 297 0 145,526 824,907 7.6 Hickory 1,172 1,610 418 737 0 53,860 150,243 8.1 Beech 4,251 2,578 1,115 1,157 0 96,335 501,782 7.3 White ash 6,309 2,434 1,473 1,324 418 99,078 263,509 7.4 Black walnut 579 232 115 119 0 12,569 31,767 21.9 Yellow-poplar 4,479 2,894 1,266 3,059 184 45,144 86,083 12.5 Blackgum 231 184 175 174 0 41,882 272,568 10.4 Aspen 345 60 113 113 0 24,639 88,920 19.6 Black cherry 12,000 7,897 4,748 4,052 242 218,892 783,867 6.9 Chestnut oak 10,046 5,428 1,711 1,853 300 187,159 264,578 7.6 Northern red oak 11,916 9,871 5,919 5,325 825 134,616 273,373 7.0 Select white oaks 6,463 3,739 1,961 2,247 287 108,415 158,400 7.5 Other oaks 6,042 3,702 2,520 2,519 186 75,586 130,315 8.1 Black locust 1,496 969 526 230 0 32,744 95,052 18.5 Basswood 2,028 809 180 236 178 22,463 36,939 18.1 Other hardwoods 3,577 1,494 609 954 235 88,063 370,379 9.2 Other noncomm hardwoods 473 417 0 189 0 117,046 1,251,137 5.4 Total hardwoods 102,861 60,248 30,177 30,742 3,349 2,302,995 7,884,773 2.2 All species 114,585 66,637 32,635 34,662 4,005 2,590,997 8,512,618 2.1 SE 2.9 3.6 5.0 5.2 12.3 1.3 2.1
36 Table 5 (SE).--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 19.0 19.8 12.9 13.8 13.6 16.2 17.6 Virginia pine 38.7 51.3 24.1 23.5 26.6 28.8 30.1 Other yellow pines 41.0 41.4 24.0 21.8 20.0 18.0 34.8 Eastern hemlock 15.8 15.4 9.0 8.6 9.2 9.3 11.0 Other softwoods 25.7 31.6 26.2 28.0 30.0 31.1 71.0 Total softwoods 11.4 10.9 6.9 6.7 6.9 6.9 8.7 Red maple 7.0 6.3 3.3 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.9 Sugar maple 10.4 11.2 5.9 6.4 7.5 8.9 9.6 Yellow birch 30.7 23.9 11.8 13.1 12.3 14.8 21.3 Sweet birch 10.0 10.6 7.4 8.2 7.9 8.7 13.0 Hickory 12.7 16.2 9.6 10.5 10.6 12.5 13.4 Beech 8.5 13.2 7.7 8.9 8.9 10.4 13.2 White ash 11.2 14.9 8.7 8.4 8.5 9.1 10.4 Black walnut 42.6 39.4 20.3 22.6 19.6 25.4 34.3 Yellow-poplar 24.8 25.4 16.7 17.6 14.4 14.6 15.9 Blackgum 12.9 13.9 9.6 12.4 13.8 21.9 30.2 Aspen 29.2 30.4 16.2 17.1 21.0 23.6 23.5 Black cherry 10.7 11.0 7.1 6.4 6.7 7.4 8.6 Chestnut oak 24.3 23.7 9.3 8.0 7.1 6.9 8.3 Northern red oak 13.8 17.7 7.4 7.5 8.0 7.8 8.0 Select white oaks 19.3 23.9 10.3 9.1 8.4 9.0 10.4 Other oaks 19.1 24.0 10.9 10.1 9.3 9.3 9.9 Black locust 31.2 29.1 14.2 13.9 15.7 15.8 18.9 Basswood 40.0 62.1 22.8 16.9 16.5 21.6 19.7 Other hardwoods 12.5 14.1 9.0 8.4 9.1 9.9 12.1 Other noncomm hardwoods 6.4 8.4 6.4 7.8 9.4 15.0 17.7 Total hardwoods 3.5 3.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.6 All species 3.3 3.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.5
37

 Table 5 (SE).-continued

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 19.1 19.6 31.4 21.6 40.8 10.4 12.2 Virginia pine 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 .0 21.8 24.8 Other yellow pines 33.2 70.7 50.1 .0 .0 17.3 22.1 Eastern hemlock 12.3 14.9 22.1 20.0 44.6 7.3 8.6 Other softwoods 71.0 .0 .0 70.7 .0 24.9 19.5 Total softwoods 10.1 12.0 16.9 14.5 30.1 5.5 6.4 Red maple 6.7 8.6 14.0 13.1 50.0 2.7 4.1 Sugar maple 10.8 14.3 20.0 23.0 50.0 5.4 6.5 Yellow birch 30.1 57.6 100.0 70.7 .0 9.2 13.5 Sweet birch 15.0 24.8 25.7 44.6 .0 6.1 7.6 Hickory 24.1 19.5 37.8 28.8 .0 7.5 8.1 Beech 13.7 17.7 22.9 22.8 .0 6.7 7.3 White ash 12.3 18.9 22.0 23.0 37.9 5.9 7.4 Black walnut 34.3 50.0 70.7 70.7 .0 14.2 21.9 Yellow-poplar 15.3 17.3 23.7 17.2 57.9 9.8 12.5 Blackgum 49.8 57.8 57.8 57.7 .0 8.7 10.4 Aspen 47.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 14.4 19.6 Black cherry 8.7 10.7 14.4 13.7 50.0 4.6 6.9 Chestnut oak 9.5 12.2 18.7 23.6 44.7 5.6 7.6 Northern red oak 8.5 9.7 11.2 12.2 26.6 4.6 7.0 Select white oaks 11.2 15.1 17.8 18.4 44.7 6.4 7.5 Other oaks 12.1 14.0 16.9 17.3 57.8 5.9 8.1 Black locust 24.4 28.3 35.9 60.9 .0 10.9 18.5 Basswood 21.3 30.0 57.7 50.1 57.8 12.9 18.1 Other hardwoods 14.7 20.7 31.5 29.6 50.0 6.3 9.2 Other noncomm hardwoods 39.3 37.8 .0 57.9 .0 5.5 5.4 Total hardwoods 3.0 3.8 5.1 5.5 13.6 1.4 2.2 All species 2.9 3.6 5.0 5.2 12.3 1.3 2.1
38 Table 6.--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

 (In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 93,959 37,429 23,616 18,763 10,058 7,377 5,925 Virginia pine 9,839 6,035 5,155 5,341 4,452 1,561 924 Other yellow pines 17,310 7,627 7,100 4,989 3,458 3,203 869 Eastern hemlock 64,092 67,151 48,557 34,615 23,050 16,489 10,265 Other softwoods 15,921 14,507 10,825 7,144 3,482 1,438 124 Total softwoods 201,121 132,749 95,254 70,853 44,501 30,067 18,108 Red maple 796,052 363,742 218,485 141,543 91,120 56,137 31,413 Sugar maple 209,652 88,056 53,153 38,342 29,643 21,222 11,901 Yellow birch 18,584 16,112 10,649 9,596 5,947 4,169 1,555 Sweet birch 540,377 135,293 50,084 37,478 25,135 13,834 5,889 Hickory 64,340 26,745 16,089 12,497 8,500 6,387 4,086 Beech 327,922 59,584 33,804 19,724 16,261 8,138 4,569 White ash 124,525 39,123 28,908 20,773 15,808 11,619 8,462 Black walnut 10,308 8,161 3,120 3,097 2,541 1,515 596 Yellow-poplar 21,103 19,837 8,870 7,829 6,753 5,336 4,473 Blackgum 151,348 78,568 23,922 9,131 4,754 1,887 662 Aspen 47,186 17,095 8,611 6,269 5,086 2,323 1,476 Black cherry 402,848 152,677 68,745 45,346 32,035 24,158 17,174 Chestnut oak 56,680 20,740 34,460 45,819 37,811 27,730 17,785 Northern red oak 101,295 34,580 23,041 20,098 19,788 19,587 15,610 Select white oaks 29,252 20,732 21,823 23,499 21,024 14,525 10,675 Other oaks 39,514 14,431 14,433 14,058 12,079 10,979 8,322 Black locust 51,029 11,278 10,245 8,242 4,753 3,341 2,451 Basswood 9,919 4,557 3,800 4,207 4,093 3,446 3,000 Other hardwoods 211,515 60,636 25,710 21,590 16,365 10,230 5,293 Other noncomm hardwoods 897,176 208,323 71,535 24,868 11,080 4,128 2,126 Total hardwoods 4,110,624 1,380,270 729,487 514,009 370,575 250,693 157,520 All species 4,311,745 1,513,019 824,741 584,862 415,076 280,761 175,627 SE 3.4 3.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.6
39

Table 6.-continued

(In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All SE SE 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 2,435 1,939 742 1,904 356 73,114 204,503 12.2 Virginia pine 105 57 0 0 0 17,595 33,469 24.9 Other yellow pines 676 114 245 0 0 20,654 45,591 22.1 Eastern hemlock 8,269 4,219 1,471 1,886 299 149,122 280,366 8.7 Other softwoods 119 0 0 129 0 23,263 53,690 20.2 Total softwoods 11,605 6,329 2,458 3,919 656 283,749 617,619 6.5 Red maple 19,850 10,416 4,488 4,185 242 577,879 1,737,673 4.1 Sugar maple 7,179 3,528 1,795 1,727 251 168,739 466,447 6.6 Yellow birch 654 180 61 120 0 32,931 67,627 13.8 Sweet birch 3,044 1,091 857 297 0 137,709 813,380 7.7 Hickory 1,172 1,610 418 737 0 51,495 142,580 8.2 Beech 4,064 2,517 1,115 1,157 0 91,348 478,855 7.4 White ash 6,188 2,434 1,473 1,202 418 97,287 260,934 7.5 Black walnut 579 232 115 119 0 11,916 30,384 22.5 Yellow-poplar 4,479 2,894 1,266 3,002 184 45,087 86,026 12.5 Blackgum 231 184 175 117 0 41,064 270,979 10.4 Aspen 345 60 113 113 0 24,397 88,678 19.6 Black cherry 11,823 7,543 4,558 3,745 242 215,371 770,895 7.0 Chestnut oak 9,801 5,310 1,711 1,853 240 182,521 259,940 7.7 Northern red oak 11,312 9,629 5,561 5,149 768 130,544 266,419 7.2 Select white oaks 6,216 3,493 1,899 2,185 287 105,627 155,611 7.6 Other oaks 5,797 3,702 2,460 2,519 186 74,536 128,482 8.2 Black locust 1,496 969 526 230 0 32,253 94,561 18.6 Basswood 1,967 809 180 236 178 21,915 36,391 18.3 Other hardwoods 3,229 1,437 609 895 235 85,594 357,745 9.2 Other noncomm hardwoods 473 417 0 189 0 114,818 1,220,317 5.5 Total hardwoods 99,899 58,456 29,383 29,777 3,233 2,243,032 7,733,926 2.3 All species 111,503 64,785 31,841 33,696 3,888 2,526,781 8,351,545 2.1 SE 3.0 3.7 5.0 5.3 12.5 1.4 2.1
40 Table 6 (SE).--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 19.0 19.8 13.0 13.9 13.8 16.2 17.8 Virginia pine 38.7 51.3 24.1 23.8 26.6 28.8 30.1 Other yellow pines 41.0 41.4 24.0 21.8 20.0 18.0 34.8 Eastern hemlock 16.0 15.6 9.1 8.7 9.2 9.4 11.1 Other softwoods 27.3 33.3 26.8 29.3 31.8 32.6 71.0 Total softwoods 11.5 11.0 6.9 6.8 7.0 7.0 8.8 Red maple 7.0 6.4 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.6 6.0 Sugar maple 10.5 11.4 6.0 6.5 7.5 9.0 9.7 Yellow birch 31.6 23.9 12.1 13.3 12.6 15.0 22.2 Sweet birch 10.0 10.8 7.4 8.2 8.1 8.9 13.4 Hickory 12.9 17.2 9.8 10.8 10.9 12.9 13.7 Beech 8.7 13.2 7.8 8.9 9.0 10.5 13.3 White ash 11.2 14.9 8.9 8.5 8.6 9.1 10.4 Black walnut 45.0 39.4 20.5 23.2 19.9 25.8 34.3 Yellow-poplar 24.8 25.4 16.7 17.6 14.4 14.6 15.9 Blackgum 13.0 13.9 9.7 12.6 13.9 21.9 30.2 Aspen 29.2 30.4 16.3 17.3 21.2 23.6 23.5 Black cherry 10.8 11.1 7.1 6.5 6.8 7.5 8.8 Chestnut oak 24.3 23.7 9.3 8.1 7.1 7.0 8.4 Northern red oak 14.0 18.2 7.5 7.6 8.2 8.0 8.1 Select white oaks 19.3 23.9 10.4 9.2 8.4 9.1 10.5 Other oaks 19.4 24.0 11.0 10.2 9.4 9.4 9.9 Black locust 31.2 29.1 14.3 14.0 16.2 16.3 18.9 Basswood 40.0 62.1 22.8 17.4 16.9 22.0 20.0 Other hardwoods 12.6 14.1 8.9 8.4 9.2 10.0 12.3 Other noncomm hardwoods 6.5 8.4 6.5 7.9 9.4 15.2 17.7 Total hardwoods 3.5 3.4 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.7 All species 3.4 3.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.6
41

Table 6 (SE).-continued

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 19.4 19.6 31.4 21.6 40.8 10.5 12.2 Virginia pine 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 .0 21.9 24.9 Other yellow pines 33.2 70.7 50.1 .0 .0 17.3 22.1 Eastern hemlock 12.4 15.1 22.1 20.0 44.6 7.4 8.7 Other softwoods 71.0 .0 .0 70.7 .0 25.8 20.2 Total softwoods 10.1 12.1 16.9 14.5 30.1 5.5 6.5 Red maple 6.8 8.9 14.1 13.3 50.0 2.7 4.1 Sugar maple 10.9 14.8 20.0 23.0 50.0 5.4 6.6 Yellow birch 30.1 57.6 100.0 70.7 .0 9.2 13.8 Sweet birch 15.3 24.8 26.6 44.6 .0 6.1 7.7 Hickory 24.1 19.5 37.8 28.8 .0 7.7 8.2 Beech 14.2 17.9 22.9 22.8 .0 6.6 7.4 White ash 12.4 18.9 22.0 24.3 37.9 6.0 7.5 Black walnut 34.3 50.0 70.7 70.7 .0 14.5 22.5 Yellow-poplar 15.3 17.3 23.7 17.4 57.9 9.8 12.5 Blackgum 49.8 57.8 57.8 70.7 .0 8.8 10.4 Aspen 47.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 14.5 19.6 Black cherry 8.8 11.0 14.7 14.0 50.0 4.6 7.0 Chestnut oak 9.5 12.4 18.7 23.6 50.0 5.7 7.7 Northern red oak 8.7 9.8 11.5 12.4 27.7 4.6 7.2 Select white oaks 11.4 15.6 18.1 18.7 44.7 6.4 7.6 Other oaks 12.5 14.0 17.2 17.3 57.8 6.0 8.2 Black locust 24.4 28.3 35.9 60.9 .0 11.0 18.6 Basswood 21.8 30.0 57.7 50.1 57.8 13.1 18.3 Other hardwoods 14.4 21.2 31.5 30.9 50.0 6.3 9.2 Other noncomm hardwoods 39.3 37.8 .0 57.9 .0 5.6 5.5 Total hardwoods 3.1 3.9 5.2 5.6 13.9 1.4 2.3 All species 3.0 3.7 5.0 5.3 12.5 1.4 2.1
42 Table 7.--Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 2002

 (In thousands of trees)

 Tree class Species All

 All growing Rough Rotten All Salvable Nonsalvable classes SE

 Preferred Acceptable stock cull cull live dead dead

 White and red pine 734 68,805 69,539 3,274 301 73,114 1,443 7,698 82,256 10.2 Virginia pine 0 16,746 16,746 613 237 17,595 675 2,074 20,345 21.5 Other yellow pines 0 18,803 18,803 1,468 384 20,654 594 4,172 25,420 15.5 Eastern hemlock 1,574 133,682 135,256 12,590 1,277 149,122 2,163 7,271 158,557 7.4 Other softwoods 318 21,928 22,246 1,017 0 23,263 249 1,409 24,921 25.4 Total softwoods 2,626 259,963 262,589 18,961 2,198 283,749 5,125 22,625 311,499 5.5 Red maple 965 540,220 541,185 16,047 20,647 577,879 2,877 26,351 607,106 2.7 Sugar maple 357 160,491 160,848 3,182 4,709 168,739 414 15,555 184,709 5.3 Yellow birch 57 30,029 30,086 1,177 1,668 32,931 1,027 4,640 38,598 8.8 Sweet birch 60 132,155 132,215 2,448 3,046 137,709 2,282 8,585 148,577 6.0 Hickory 426 49,526 49,952 533 1,010 51,495 233 856 52,585 7.7 Beech 174 81,034 81,208 2,751 7,389 91,348 413 11,497 103,259 6.6 White ash 1,446 90,448 91,894 2,885 2,508 97,287 2,542 3,994 103,823 6.0 Black walnut 0 10,674 10,674 803 439 11,916 67 552 12,535 14.3 Yellow-poplar 3,289 40,928 44,217 368 502 45,087 481 1,535 47,104 9.8 Blackgum 113 37,989 38,102 1,431 1,531 41,064 62 492 41,618 8.8 Aspen 57 23,897 23,953 186 257 24,397 465 2,905 27,768 14.3 Black cherry 3,271 194,025 197,295 10,552 7,523 215,371 2,005 18,170 235,545 4.6 Chestnut oak 243 174,024 174,267 3,680 4,574 182,521 1,394 23,347 207,262 5.5 Northern red oak 5,442 122,607 128,049 974 1,521 130,544 1,031 15,365 146,940 4.7 Select white oaks 892 101,750 102,641 1,849 1,136 105,627 1,247 11,673 118,547 6.2 Other oaks 1,287 70,894 72,181 1,189 1,165 74,536 981 6,066 81,583 5.9 Black locust 0 24,365 24,365 1,317 6,571 32,253 667 11,911 44,831 9.7 Basswood 236 20,407 20,643 547 726 21,915 119 941 22,975 12.9 Other hardwoods 348 77,828 78,177 4,717 2,701 85,594 2,605 17,075 105,274 6.1 Other noncomm hardwoods 0 0 0 102,125 12,693 114,818 2,526 25,083 142,427 5.2 Total hardwoods 18,662 1,983,290 2,001,951 158,762 82,318 2,243,032 23,438 206,597 2,473,067 1.4 All species 21,287 2,243,253 2,264,541 177,724 84,517 2,526,781 28,563 229,221 2,784,566 1.4 SE 7.4 1.5 1.5 3.9 4.5 1.4 6.1 2.9 1.4
43

 Table 7 (SE).--Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 2002

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Tree class Species All

 All growing Rough Rotten All Salvable Nonsalvable classes

 Preferred Acceptable stock cull cull live dead dead

 White and red pine 35.7 10.8 10.8 18.8 52.1 10.5 29.0 14.2 10.2 Virginia pine .0 22.0 22.0 37.3 50.0 21.9 36.9 27.3 21.5 Other yellow pines .0 17.6 17.6 34.7 47.7 17.3 36.9 19.6 15.5 Eastern hemlock 30.0 7.7 7.7 12.1 23.7 7.4 20.5 14.6 7.4 Other softwoods 72.4 26.6 26.5 31.7 .0 25.8 81.1 42.2 25.4 Total softwoods 22.8 5.7 5.7 9.3 18.3 5.5 14.1 8.4 5.5 Red maple 29.2 2.8 2.8 7.9 6.9 2.7 15.6 7.1 2.7 Sugar maple 52.8 5.5 5.5 15.8 14.7 5.4 43.0 11.2 5.3 Yellow birch 100.0 9.4 9.4 23.4 20.8 9.2 25.5 15.6 8.8 Sweet birch 100.0 6.2 6.2 19.4 18.0 6.1 21.3 11.3 6.0 Hickory 37.8 7.8 7.7 33.3 25.4 7.7 49.9 26.7 7.7 Beech 74.0 6.7 6.7 19.0 13.3 6.6 37.7 13.6 6.6 White ash 26.4 6.2 6.2 15.5 18.4 6.0 24.1 17.1 6.0 Black walnut .0 15.1 15.1 29.7 37.8 14.5 100.0 40.2 14.3 Yellow-poplar 19.8 10.2 9.9 40.8 35.1 9.8 35.2 26.5 9.8 Blackgum 100.0 8.6 8.7 41.3 22.1 8.8 100.0 35.3 8.8 Aspen 100.0 14.8 14.7 73.1 50.1 14.5 39.2 20.8 14.3 Black cherry 18.9 4.9 4.8 10.9 12.9 4.6 19.8 9.0 4.6 Chestnut oak 50.1 5.8 5.8 15.0 18.3 5.7 23.2 8.8 5.5 Northern red oak 12.8 4.7 4.7 25.0 19.8 4.6 26.8 10.6 4.7 Select white oaks 28.9 6.5 6.4 19.5 33.0 6.4 23.7 10.2 6.2 Other oaks 25.1 6.1 6.1 23.2 27.7 6.0 27.8 13.9 5.9 Black locust .0 11.7 11.7 23.0 24.0 11.0 37.4 12.5 9.7 Basswood 61.5 13.5 13.5 46.4 35.8 13.1 70.6 30.2 12.9 Other hardwoods 40.8 6.5 6.5 14.2 18.7 6.3 18.7 11.1 6.1 Other noncomm hardwoods .0 .0 .0 5.9 10.1 5.6 19.6 7.6 5.2 Total hardwoods 7.8 1.5 1.5 4.2 4.6 1.4 6.6 3.1 1.4 All species 7.4 1.5 1.5 3.9 4.5 1.4 6.1 2.9 1.4
44 Table 8.--Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE

 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+

 White and red pine 23,189 18,291 8,975 6,891 5,316 2,295 1,820 680 1,725 356 69,539 10.8 Virginia pine 4,797 5,341 4,078 1,505 862 105 57 0 0 0 16,746 22.0 Other yellow pines 6,541 4,806 2,899 2,837 742 676 57 245 0 0 18,803 17.6 Eastern hemlock 47,293 33,926 17,909 13,870 8,571 7,083 3,621 1,159 1,586 239 135,256 7.7 Other softwoods 10,349 7,144 3,002 1,378 124 119 0 0 129 0 22,246 26.5 Total softwoods 92,169 69,508 36,864 26,481 15,615 10,278 5,554 2,084 3,440 596 262,589 5.7 Red maple 203,345 134,792 87,704 49,683 29,266 18,760 9,506 4,297 3,589 242 541,185 2.8 Sugar maple 50,330 37,239 29,004 19,651 11,039 6,822 3,289 1,678 1,545 251 160,848 5.5 Yellow birch 10,045 9,297 5,702 2,999 1,262 541 180 0 60 0 30,086 9.4 Sweet birch 48,846 36,555 24,651 12,669 5,110 2,499 972 676 237 0 132,215 6.2 Hickory 15,556 12,079 8,381 6,148 3,970 1,112 1,550 418 737 0 49,952 7.7 Beech 30,321 18,282 14,955 6,814 3,517 3,233 2,226 886 975 0 81,208 6.7 White ash 27,474 19,819 15,219 10,692 7,983 5,845 2,368 1,294 1,075 124 91,894 6.2 Black walnut 2,930 3,030 2,411 967 403 522 175 115 119 0 10,674 15.1 Yellow-poplar 8,618 7,767 6,639 5,207 4,362 4,412 2,827 1,266 3,002 117 44,217 9.9 Blackgum 22,053 8,504 4,584 1,768 602 231 127 175 57 0 38,102 8.7 Aspen 8,360 6,201 5,029 2,255 1,476 345 60 113 113 0 23,953 14.7 Black cherry 62,499 42,544 30,081 20,688 15,437 10,735 7,123 4,498 3,448 242 197,295 4.8 Chestnut oak 32,819 44,832 36,874 25,929 16,523 8,599 5,129 1,591 1,731 240 174,267 5.8 Northern red oak 22,050 19,630 19,665 19,289 15,431 11,121 9,629 5,440 5,024 768 128,049 4.7 Select white oaks 21,027 23,029 20,967 13,986 10,381 6,155 3,433 1,547 1,829 287 102,641 6.4 Other oaks 13,800 13,940 11,894 10,420 7,949 5,619 3,578 2,276 2,519 186 72,181 6.1 Black locust 8,031 6,699 3,860 1,926 1,592 1,068 664 409 116 0 24,365 11.7 Basswood 3,306 4,017 3,976 3,320 2,945 1,903 698 180 176 121 20,643 13.5 Other hardwoods 22,527 20,053 15,754 9,291 4,814 2,941 1,437 545 704 111 78,177 6.5 Total hardwoods 613,939 468,309 347,352 223,700 144,063 92,464 54,971 27,406 27,057 2,690 2,001,951 1.5 All species 706,108 537,818 384,216 250,181 159,678 102,742 60,525 29,490 30,497 3,286 2,264,541 1.5 SE 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.8 5.3 5.6 13.5 1.5
45

Table 8 (SE).--Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+

 White and red pine 13.0 14.1 14.7 17.1 19.1 20.1 20.4 33.0 22.0 40.8 10.8 Virginia pine 23.6 23.8 27.9 29.6 31.5 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 .0 22.0 Other yellow pines 25.3 22.0 21.5 17.8 33.1 33.2 100.0 50.1 .0 .0 17.6 Eastern hemlock 9.2 8.8 10.4 9.9 11.7 13.2 16.5 25.4 22.3 49.9 7.7 Other softwoods 27.1 29.3 35.9 32.7 71.0 71.0 .0 .0 70.7 .0 26.5 Total softwoods 7.0 6.9 7.8 7.4 9.4 10.7 13.0 18.6 15.4 31.6 5.7 Red maple 3.5 3.7 4.2 4.9 6.2 6.9 8.9 14.5 14.3 50.0 2.8 Sugar maple 6.0 6.5 7.6 9.2 10.0 11.3 15.1 20.8 23.5 50.0 5.5 Yellow birch 12.4 13.3 13.0 17.4 25.5 33.3 57.6 .0 100.0 .0 9.4 Sweet birch 7.5 8.3 8.1 9.1 14.3 16.5 26.5 30.0 49.9 .0 6.2 Hickory 9.7 10.9 11.1 13.2 14.0 23.6 19.9 37.8 28.8 .0 7.7 Beech 8.0 9.2 9.3 11.3 14.6 15.2 19.4 25.7 24.9 .0 6.7 White ash 9.2 8.7 8.7 9.4 10.6 13.0 19.2 23.8 25.9 71.0 6.2 Black walnut 20.9 23.4 20.6 33.4 42.7 36.4 57.7 70.7 70.7 .0 15.1 Yellow-poplar 17.0 17.7 14.5 14.8 16.1 15.5 17.5 23.7 17.4 70.7 9.9 Blackgum 9.8 12.0 14.0 21.3 31.7 49.8 70.7 57.8 100.0 .0 8.7 Aspen 16.5 17.5 21.4 24.2 23.5 47.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 14.7 Black cherry 7.5 6.7 6.9 8.0 9.3 9.4 11.5 14.8 14.5 50.0 4.8 Chestnut oak 9.6 8.2 7.1 7.2 8.7 10.3 12.6 19.4 24.3 50.0 5.8 Northern red oak 7.6 7.7 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.7 9.8 11.7 12.6 27.7 4.7 Select white oaks 10.5 9.4 8.4 9.3 10.7 11.5 15.8 20.2 19.9 44.7 6.4 Other oaks 11.3 10.3 9.5 9.6 10.2 12.7 14.3 18.0 17.3 57.8 6.1 Black locust 15.8 15.9 17.3 20.0 23.4 27.0 32.2 42.0 70.7 .0 11.7 Basswood 24.0 17.9 17.3 21.9 20.3 22.3 31.0 57.7 57.8 70.7 13.5 Other hardwoods 9.7 8.6 9.4 10.7 12.9 15.0 21.2 33.3 33.4 70.2 6.5 Total hardwoods 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.2 4.0 5.5 6.0 15.0 1.5 All species 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.8 5.3 5.6 13.5 1.5
46

Table 9.--Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by class of

timber and species group, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In millions of cubic feet)

 Species group

 Class of timber All

 Other Soft Hard species SE

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods

 Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size:

 Sawlog portion 802.5 1,096.7 7,187.0 7,419.5 16,505.7 2.2

 Upper stem 96.4 131.2 1,650.1 1,703.5 3,581.2 2.1

 Total sawtimber size 898.9 1,227.9 8,837.2 9,123.0 20,087.0 2.2

 Poletimber size 264.5 370.6 4,492.5 4,081.3 9,209.0 1.8

 Total growing-stock trees 1,163.4 1,598.5 13,329.7 13,204.3 29,295.9 1.7

 Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 42.2 190.3 355.6 221.5 809.6 6.1

 Poletimber size 3.2 3.2 238.4 136.3 381.1 5.3

 Total rough trees 45.4 193.5 594.0 357.8 1,190.7 4.6

 Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 2.1 5.5 94.9 115.1 217.6 7.5

 Poletimber size .2 .2 22.1 19.6 42.1 9.7

 Total rotten trees 2.2 5.7 117.0 134.7 259.7 6.6

 Salvable deada trees:

 Sawtimber size 4.9 10.9 21.8 32.8 70.4 17.2

 Poletimber size 5.2 4.0 36.1 25.3 70.6 9.9

 Total salvable dead trees 10.1 14.9 57.9 58.1 141.0 10.2

 All classes 1,221.1 1,812.6 14,098.6 13,755.0 30,887.2 1.7

 SE 9.3 7.6 2.5 2.3 1.7

 a Includes noncommercial species.
47

Table 9 (SE).--Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland

by class of timber and species group, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Species group

 Class of timber All

 Other Soft Hard species

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods

 Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size:

 Sawlog portion 10.7 8.7 3.4 3.0 2.2

 Upper stem 10.6 8.3 3.2 2.8 2.1

 Total sawtimber size 10.7 8.7 3.4 2.9 2.2

 Poletimber size 12.0 8.9 2.6 2.7 1.8

 Total growing-stock trees 9.5 7.9 2.6 2.4 1.7

 Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 18.3 14.6 9.6 8.8 6.1

 Poletimber size 33.8 37.1 7.5 7.0 5.3

 Total rough trees 17.4 14.4 6.9 6.2 4.6

 Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 61.2 40.2 12.3 9.8 7.5

 Poletimber size 70.4 72.9 11.9 14.6 9.7

 Total rotten trees 56.9 38.9 10.4 8.8 6.6

 Salvable deada trees:

 Sawtimber size 42.8 52.9 25.3 26.9 17.2

 Poletimber size 29.7 34.3 14.3 15.1 9.9

 Total salvable dead trees 25.7 40.0 13.8 17.0 10.2

 All classes 9.3 7.6 2.5 2.3 1.7

 a Includes noncommercial species.
48 Table 10.--Sound volume of all live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

 (In millions of cubic feet)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE

 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 67.3 117.2 110.8 128.3 144.2 84.3 84.6 41.6 138.6 59.8 976.6 11.3 Virginia pine 13.9 34.8 45.0 24.7 18.6 3.2 2.3 .0 .0 .0 142.6 24.0 Other yellow pines 15.2 29.1 29.6 45.7 16.2 22.1 2.0 11.7 .0 .0 171.6 16.1 Eastern hemlock 123.2 197.2 191.9 236.1 216.9 240.2 160.7 65.2 124.0 33.8 1,589.1 8.2 Other softwoods 26.5 44.4 34.4 26.1 3.1 4.1 .0 .0 10.5 .0 149.1 25.0 Total softwoods 246.2 422.6 411.6 460.8 398.9 354.0 249.6 118.5 273.1 93.5 3,029.0 6.1 Red maple 534.9 940.3 1,155.1 1,094.1 942.8 789.6 538.5 289.7 327.6 53.7 6,666.4 3.4 Sugar maple 155.8 286.7 421.8 450.6 358.9 298.2 185.9 115.8 153.2 48.8 2,475.6 6.6 Yellow birch 30.1 66.5 73.4 63.6 36.5 19.7 9.0 .0 3.6 .0 302.5 10.2 Sweet birch 142.6 278.5 324.0 262.1 150.6 99.4 48.4 37.4 22.3 .0 1,365.4 6.4 Hickory 38.8 84.8 124.4 142.7 137.1 47.7 89.0 28.6 65.9 .0 759.0 8.5 Beech 83.8 139.5 213.5 160.1 117.5 144.9 132.8 62.0 95.9 .0 1,149.9 7.8 White ash 80.6 139.5 209.4 239.0 269.8 261.4 142.9 99.0 126.5 29.1 1,597.1 7.3 Black walnut 7.1 18.6 27.6 20.8 11.3 19.1 8.3 8.2 8.6 .0 129.6 16.5 Yellow-poplar 24.1 56.1 93.9 123.1 156.6 215.5 177.9 108.6 362.4 27.8 1,345.8 10.0 Blackgum 46.0 46.9 45.6 32.7 16.4 8.5 5.7 10.9 10.1 .0 222.9 9.8 Aspen 25.6 45.9 66.1 46.2 45.4 13.0 2.6 7.6 10.3 .0 262.6 17.0 Black cherry 184.9 314.3 419.8 488.3 535.3 508.6 449.6 365.3 396.5 45.6 3,708.0 5.6 Chestnut oak 81.8 264.4 401.7 456.9 408.5 289.8 221.4 84.6 131.4 45.7 2,386.3 5.5 Northern red oak 59.0 133.5 242.8 381.7 445.5 449.3 496.9 366.9 495.8 146.5 3,218.2 5.2 Select white oaks 56.7 150.3 254.3 274.0 304.1 245.8 181.3 99.8 165.3 71.0 1,802.7 6.5 Other oaks 35.7 89.2 146.9 205.2 221.5 224.5 177.8 148.2 215.7 32.6 1,497.3 6.8 Black locust 20.0 39.6 42.1 31.8 38.6 36.0 26.6 20.9 8.5 .0 264.2 13.7 Basswood 9.1 32.9 63.1 84.4 103.3 93.0 42.6 13.0 11.8 15.5 468.6 14.3 Other hardwoods 65.2 134.9 199.2 188.8 146.5 134.0 76.4 33.5 68.8 20.0 1,067.3 7.4 Total hardwoods 1,681.9 3,262.5 4,524.6 4,746.1 4,446.3 3,897.9 3,013.6 1,900.1 2,680.1 536.3 30,689.5 1.7 All species 1,928.1 3,685.2 4,936.3 5,206.9 4,845.2 4,251.9 3,263.2 2,018.6 2,953.2 629.8 33,718.4 1.7 SE 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.9 5.4 5.7 13.9 1.7
49

 Table 10 (SE).--Sound volume of all live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class,

 Pennsylvania, 2002

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+

 White and red pine 15.2 16.3 15.3 18.5 19.6 20.2 20.5 32.7 22.2 42.7 11.3

 Virginia pine 25.7 25.3 28.0 29.9 31.3 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 .0 24.0 Other yellow pines 24.0 23.1 21.2 18.0 33.3 33.1 100.0 50.7 .0 .0 16.1 Eastern hemlock 9.7 9.2 11.0 10.1 11.9 13.5 16.5 25.4 22.5 50.0 8.2 Other softwoods 26.1 29.4 32.9 30.7 70.7 71.8 .0 .0 72.5 .0 25.0 Total softwoods 7.5 7.5 8.0 7.8 9.8 10.9 13.0 18.7 15.6 32.7 6.1 Red maple 3.6 3.8 4.3 5.0 6.2 7.0 8.6 14.5 14.8 54.4 3.4 Sugar maple 6.6 6.7 8.1 9.6 10.3 11.6 14.8 21.5 23.9 51.0 6.6 Yellow birch 12.4 14.0 13.0 17.7 24.3 33.6 58.1 .0 100.0 .0 10.2 Sweet birch 8.5 8.7 8.3 9.2 14.1 16.6 26.9 29.7 50.1 .0 6.4 Hickory 10.2 12.0 11.2 13.4 14.1 24.0 20.1 38.3 29.7 .0 8.5 Beech 9.9 10.3 9.5 11.6 14.5 15.0 19.6 26.5 26.3 .0 7.8 White ash 9.7 8.6 9.0 9.9 11.3 13.3 19.8 24.1 25.6 77.3 7.3 Black walnut 21.5 22.7 20.6 32.0 43.7 37.1 57.8 70.9 70.8 .0 16.5 Yellow-poplar 18.9 18.6 15.1 15.2 16.7 15.6 17.7 24.3 17.3 71.5 10.0 Blackgum 9.9 12.2 14.0 22.1 32.1 50.1 70.7 58.6 71.3 .0 9.8 Aspen 17.4 18.3 21.7 24.8 23.4 45.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 17.0 Black cherry 8.3 7.0 7.1 8.3 9.4 9.6 11.5 15.2 14.8 50.4 5.6 Chestnut oak 9.5 8.1 7.0 7.0 8.7 10.4 12.7 19.7 25.2 45.1 5.5 Northern red oak 8.1 7.9 8.2 7.9 8.3 8.8 10.1 11.4 13.0 27.3 5.2 Select white oaks 10.7 9.3 8.4 9.5 10.8 11.4 15.5 19.9 19.9 46.4 6.5 Other oaks 11.5 10.5 9.8 9.8 10.4 12.7 14.4 17.7 18.0 57.8 6.8 Black locust 16.8 16.8 17.2 20.2 24.1 27.8 33.9 45.1 71.9 .0 13.7 Basswood 24.1 17.8 17.7 21.9 20.2 22.2 32.1 57.9 59.9 74.4 14.3 Other hardwoods 11.9 9.2 10.0 11.2 13.1 15.8 21.3 33.6 34.6 70.4 7.4 Total hardwoods 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.9 3.3 4.0 5.6 6.1 15.3 1.7 All species 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.9 5.4 5.7 13.9 1.7
50 Table 11.--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In millions of cubic feet)

 Forest-type group Species Total SE

 White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch White and red pine 381.2 1.0 4.4 87.9 201.2 .0 10.2 181.6 11.0 878.6 11.6 Virginia pine .0 5.3 70.6 16.2 19.1 .0 2.1 18.7 .2 132.2 24.1 Other yellow pines 40.0 .2 24.6 23.6 41.4 .0 3.0 18.7 1.1 152.6 16.0 Eastern hemlock 536.3 .0 .0 6.5 130.0 .0 4.1 782.7 3.6 1,463.1 8.4 Other softwoods 6.3 77.6 1.8 .0 18.7 .0 .5 28.9 1.6 135.4 26.0 Total softwoods 963.8 84.1 101.4 134.2 410.5 .0 20.0 1,030.5 17.4 2,761.9 6.2 Red maple 93.5 1.5 5.1 28.1 2,254.8 .0 578.5 2,779.5 19.5 5,760.7 3.5 Sugar maple 15.4 .0 1.5 2.2 195.9 .0 17.8 1,914.0 .2 2,146.9 6.7 Yellow birch 28.3 .0 .0 .0 16.6 .0 1.6 210.9 .3 257.7 10.1 Sweet birch 32.2 .0 .0 .9 337.7 .0 9.2 803.8 4.6 1,188.5 6.4 Hickory 5.4 .0 .0 4.3 520.2 .0 10.5 116.9 3.7 661.0 8.7 Beech 19.1 .0 .0 .8 175.2 .0 1.8 769.2 1.5 967.5 7.8 White ash 19.3 1.5 3.6 8.5 346.1 .0 66.5 940.1 6.6 1,392.2 7.4 Black walnut 1.1 .0 1.4 .0 85.0 .0 8.4 12.4 .0 108.3 16.8 Yellow-poplar 33.8 .0 .0 .0 856.9 .0 15.1 313.5 3.1 1,222.4 10.0 Blackgum .8 .0 .4 .0 161.5 .0 2.4 34.7 .0 200.0 9.8 Aspen 12.9 4.3 .0 .3 22.7 .0 25.7 106.4 70.7 243.0 17.4 Black cherry 60.1 5.3 3.4 10.1 481.1 .0 74.5 2,532.8 17.1 3,184.3 5.6 Chestnut oak 10.3 .0 .0 18.5 1,915.6 .0 1.4 100.5 2.4 2,048.8 5.6 Northern red oak 25.2 .0 1.1 23.5 2,321.3 .0 10.6 355.5 4.6 2,741.7 5.3 Select white oaks 28.6 .0 .0 18.7 1,340.8 .0 8.9 126.4 1.7 1,525.2 6.4 Other oaks 5.4 .0 1.5 15.7 1,196.9 .0 5.2 74.1 7.9 1,306.7 6.9 Black locust 3.6 .0 .0 1.2 164.7 .0 16.6 44.1 2.8 233.0 13.7 Basswood 1.6 .0 .0 .0 47.0 .0 .2 359.9 4.2 412.9 14.6 Other hardwoods 14.6 1.7 1.1 7.6 331.6 .0 167.8 321.2 87.5 933.3 7.2 Total hardwoods 411.4 14.3 19.1 140.4 12,771.8 .0 1,022.8 11,915.9 238.4 26,534.0 1.8 All species 1,375.2 98.4 120.5 274.6 13,182.2 .0 1,042.8 12,946.4 255.8 29,295.9 1.7 SE 13.4 40.6 30.6 26.4 3.3 .0 14.1 3.7 21.6 1.7
51

Table 11 (SE).--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Forest-type group Species Total

 White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch White and red pine 22.2 70.9 57.4 34.1 13.9 .0 74.8 20.4 45.9 11.6 Virginia pine .0 100.0 40.2 58.7 32.0 .0 74.1 45.4 100.0 24.1 Other yellow pines 36.2 73.2 45.7 52.8 20.6 .0 80.7 32.6 72.1 16.0 Eastern hemlock 17.7 .0 .0 89.4 18.9 .0 71.0 9.8 87.9 8.4 Other softwoods 60.5 41.5 62.4 .0 44.8 .0 80.5 37.5 62.0 26.0 Total softwoods 13.9 41.2 31.9 27.6 10.0 .0 43.6 8.5 36.0 6.2 Red maple 22.5 77.0 56.2 43.3 5.5 .0 18.0 5.6 36.9 3.5 Sugar maple 50.2 .0 90.5 78.4 14.9 .0 48.0 7.4 72.8 6.7 Yellow birch 35.4 .0 .0 .0 32.7 .0 81.0 11.2 100.0 10.1 Sweet birch 37.4 .0 .0 100.0 8.9 .0 38.8 8.9 46.5 6.4 Hickory 50.5 .0 .0 57.3 10.5 .0 51.8 15.2 76.0 8.7 Beech 49.4 .0 .0 73.0 18.0 .0 48.3 9.0 100.0 7.8 White ash 55.0 100.0 80.2 54.4 12.9 .0 45.7 9.5 54.9 7.4 Black walnut 100.0 .0 100.0 .0 20.0 .0 56.3 34.5 .0 16.8 Yellow-poplar 52.0 .0 .0 .0 12.8 .0 56.6 17.8 70.7 10.0 Blackgum 100.0 .0 77.6 .0 11.0 .0 55.2 25.2 .0 9.8 Aspen 40.0 97.3 .0 100.0 52.9 .0 70.7 19.2 41.3 17.4 Black cherry 39.9 64.9 44.4 62.7 9.5 .0 29.2 6.9 42.6 5.6 Chestnut oak 45.1 .0 .0 65.2 6.0 .0 100.0 19.6 84.0 5.6 Northern red oak 40.0 .0 71.3 40.3 6.1 .0 49.4 11.6 69.3 5.3 Select white oaks 38.6 .0 .0 61.9 7.1 .0 83.8 17.3 100.0 6.4 Other oaks 90.2 .0 55.6 51.6 7.4 .0 63.7 18.2 74.8 6.9 Black locust 59.1 .0 .0 90.7 18.1 .0 48.3 21.1 55.2 13.7 Basswood 100.0 .0 .0 .0 30.1 .0 100.0 16.3 80.2 14.6 Other hardwoods 36.2 92.9 61.5 47.7 11.1 .0 23.9 11.4 25.2 7.2 Total hardwoods 17.2 70.5 34.9 27.1 3.3 .0 14.2 3.7 22.4 1.8 All species 13.4 40.6 30.6 26.4 3.3 .0 14.1 3.7 21.6 1.7
52

Table 12.--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In millions of cubic feet)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE

6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+

 White and red pine 65.0 111.4 102.2 117.4 132.4 72.9 71.9 36.6 120.6 48.3 878.6 11.6 Virginia pine 13.7 33.0 41.7 22.6 16.5 3.0 1.8 .0 .0 .0 132.2 24.1 Other yellow pines 14.3 27.1 26.6 41.4 13.9 18.7 1.6 9.0 .0 .0 152.6 16.0 Eastern hemlock 118.9 186.5 181.6 214.8 199.9 220.2 142.6 59.8 107.6 31.1 1,463.1 8.4 Other softwoods 24.4 40.7 30.7 22.5 3.0 3.9 .0 .0 10.1 .0 135.4 26.0 Total softwoods 236.4 398.7 382.7 418.7 365.7 318.8 217.9 105.4 238.3 79.4 2,761.9 6.2 Red maple 499.3 848.7 1,032.0 951.5 799.9 668.2 431.2 239.7 255.6 34.7 5,760.7 3.5 Sugar maple 146.2 260.3 376.3 395.4 312.3 248.1 149.8 96.2 125.1 37.2 2,146.9 6.7 Yellow birch 27.7 59.0 64.2 51.5 29.6 16.7 6.5 .0 2.5 .0 257.7 10.1 Sweet birch 130.2 247.7 287.9 227.7 123.4 81.1 42.4 29.1 18.9 .0 1,188.5 6.4 Hickory 35.9 77.9 110.1 122.9 115.8 42.4 77.3 24.8 53.8 .0 661.0 8.7 Beech 75.6 118.8 186.9 134.1 95.4 115.7 110.8 50.4 79.8 .0 967.5 7.8 White ash 74.9 129.8 188.3 213.8 232.3 226.4 125.4 84.8 93.3 23.1 1,392.2 7.4 Black walnut 6.0 16.5 24.0 15.2 9.4 16.3 7.3 7.0 6.6 .0 108.3 16.8 Yellow-poplar 23.7 54.6 89.8 115.0 145.0 198.0 162.9 98.4 310.9 24.2 1,222.4 10.0 Blackgum 43.6 42.7 41.2 29.7 14.7 7.6 5.3 9.6 5.5 .0 200.0 9.8 Aspen 24.7 42.8 62.0 42.3 40.8 11.8 2.6 6.8 9.1 .0 243.0 17.4 Black cherry 174.0 285.8 377.2 433.7 460.2 441.5 366.5 305.7 304.2 35.5 3,184.3 5.6 Chestnut oak 77.3 241.7 351.2 395.0 354.2 240.4 182.9 70.1 108.6 27.3 2,048.8 5.6 Northern red oak 56.8 121.1 217.5 333.0 388.8 378.9 428.6 302.4 407.1 107.5 2,741.7 5.3 Select white oaks 53.7 138.8 223.4 236.9 262.8 203.7 143.5 81.7 126.8 54.0 1,525.2 6.4 Other oaks 34.1 83.2 131.3 182.1 193.3 190.4 156.2 123.9 184.7 27.4 1,306.7 6.9 Black locust 18.9 36.7 37.5 28.5 32.7 31.7 22.9 17.3 6.8 .0 233.0 13.7 Basswood 8.9 29.2 56.0 75.8 91.9 80.8 36.9 11.5 9.3 12.7 412.9 14.6 Other hardwoods 61.1 126.2 182.5 168.0 128.2 104.4 66.6 29.7 53.7 12.8 933.3 7.2 Total hardwoods 1,572.7 2,961.7 4,039.5 4,152.1 3,830.7 3,304.0 2,525.6 1,589.1 2,162.2 396.4 26,534.0 1.8 All species 1,809.0 3,360.4 4,422.2 4,570.8 4,196.4 3,622.8 2,743.5 1,694.5 2,400.4 475.9 29,295.9 1.7 SE 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.3 4.0 5.5 5.9 14.0 1.7
53

Table 12 (SE).--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+

 White and red pine 15.6 16.8 15.7 19.1 20.3 21.0 21.0 33.4 22.6 41.5 11.6 Virginia pine 26.0 25.5 28.1 29.9 31.5 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 .0 24.1 Other yellow pines 23.6 23.0 21.3 18.3 33.9 32.9 100.0 51.2 .0 .0 16.0 Eastern hemlock 9.9 9.4 11.1 10.3 12.1 13.7 16.8 25.7 22.6 50.0 8.4 Other softwoods 26.4 30.9 34.1 32.4 70.7 72.7 .0 .0 73.4 .0 26.0 Total softwoods 7.6 7.7 8.1 8.0 10.1 11.1 13.4 19.0 15.8 31.9 6.2 Red maple 3.7 3.9 4.4 5.1 6.4 7.1 8.9 14.5 15.3 54.2 3.5 Sugar maple 6.7 6.9 8.2 9.7 10.4 11.9 15.5 21.8 23.8 50.4 6.7 Yellow birch 12.7 14.1 13.3 18.2 25.6 33.9 58.8 .0 100.0 .0 10.1 Sweet birch 8.5 8.6 8.6 9.4 14.6 17.0 27.1 31.6 50.2 .0 6.4 Hickory 10.5 12.4 11.6 13.9 14.4 24.1 20.4 38.4 30.3 .0 8.7 Beech 9.9 10.2 9.7 11.8 14.9 15.7 20.0 26.9 26.6 .0 7.8 White ash 9.7 8.7 9.1 10.0 11.4 13.6 19.7 24.2 27.9 77.8 7.4 Black walnut 21.2 23.3 20.8 33.1 44.0 37.1 58.1 71.5 70.7 .0 16.8 Yellow-poplar 19.1 18.8 15.1 15.2 16.8 15.7 17.7 24.3 17.4 71.6 10.0 Blackgum 10.0 12.1 14.2 22.5 32.3 50.2 70.8 59.3 100.0 .0 9.8 Aspen 17.5 18.8 22.3 25.8 23.5 45.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 17.4 Black cherry 8.4 7.1 7.2 8.4 9.6 9.7 11.9 15.7 15.2 50.7 5.6 Chestnut oak 9.6 8.2 7.0 7.2 8.9 10.6 12.9 19.9 25.0 51.2 5.6 Northern red oak 8.2 8.0 8.4 8.0 8.4 9.0 10.2 11.8 13.5 28.7 5.3 Select white oaks 10.9 9.4 8.4 9.7 11.0 11.6 16.2 20.4 20.4 45.6 6.4 Other oaks 11.6 10.5 9.9 10.0 10.5 13.3 14.4 18.1 18.3 57.8 6.9 Black locust 16.8 17.0 17.7 20.4 24.7 28.1 33.8 44.9 74.9 .0 13.7 Basswood 24.2 18.7 18.4 22.3 20.6 22.7 32.7 58.5 59.4 75.6 14.6 Other hardwoods 12.3 9.3 10.1 11.3 13.3 15.2 21.7 33.7 36.4 76.1 7.2 Total hardwoods 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.4 4.2 5.7 6.4 15.6 1.8 All species 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.3 4.0 5.5 5.9 14.0 1.7
54 Table 13.--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In millions of board feet)

 Forest-type group Species Total SE White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch White and red pine 1,410.0 2.0 15.5 337.2 615.9 .0 40.1 714.3 31.9 3,166.9 13.4

 Virginia pine .0 5.0 169.5 30.4 43.7 .0 3.6 49.4 .0 301.6 26.9 Other yellow pines 59.2 .0 74.6 88.0 153.0 .0 11.8 41.7 2.3 430.6 17.4 Eastern hemlock 1,790.3 .0 .0 20.3 353.8 .0 14.5 2,364.9 .0 4,543.9 9.4 Other softwoods 7.0 128.5 .0 .0 36.3 .0 .0 90.6 .0 262.3 26.9 Total softwoods 3,266.5 135.6 259.5 475.8 1,202.7 .0 70.1 3,260.9 34.2 8,705.3 7.3 Red maple 214.0 .0 .0 39.0 4,388.0 .0 1,761.1 7,827.5 13.5 14,243.0 4.9 Sugar maple 34.1 .0 .0 7.8 381.8 .0 34.1 5,222.6 .0 5,680.4 8.4 Yellow birch 48.8 .0 .0 .0 18.4 .0 5.6 338.8 .0 411.7 15.0 Sweet birch 42.4 .0 .0 .0 497.1 .0 21.0 1,575.2 2.2 2,137.8 9.2 Hickory 16.7 .0 .0 4.7 1,435.1 .0 30.6 357.2 3.6 1,847.8 10.4 Beech 55.2 .0 .0 .0 500.1 .0 .0 2,113.8 .0 2,669.1 10.5 White ash 48.0 4.3 6.0 32.5 1,085.7 .0 234.1 2,994.3 11.5 4,416.5 9.7 Black walnut .0 .0 2.7 .0 206.3 .0 26.4 12.5 .0 247.8 23.6 Yellow-poplar 159.9 .0 .0 .0 3,462.8 .0 48.2 1,347.6 9.6 5,028.1 11.1 Blackgum .0 .0 .0 .0 247.5 .0 .0 45.9 .0 293.4 21.3 Aspen 25.9 12.3 .0 .0 39.0 .0 110.0 198.6 122.9 508.7 24.0 Black cherry 177.7 5.5 .0 15.9 1,282.7 .0 319.9 8,752.6 50.8 10,605.1 7.1 Chestnut oak 22.3 .0 .0 44.9 4,981.6 .0 .0 280.7 3.6 5,333.0 6.8 Northern red oak 111.7 .0 .0 74.5 8,745.6 .0 35.0 1,376.5 13.8 10,357.0 6.0 Select white oaks 101.9 .0 .0 42.7 4,201.3 .0 28.3 444.9 2.3 4,821.4 7.7 Other oaks 23.8 .0 .0 45.5 4,210.8 .0 14.7 210.3 33.9 4,539.0 8.0 Black locust .0 .0 .0 5.2 400.9 .0 44.3 88.5 .0 539.0 18.3 Basswood 4.3 .0 .0 .0 116.6 .0 .0 1,294.7 9.9 1,425.5 15.6 Other hardwoods 49.7 3.1 .0 10.3 835.6 .0 525.4 915.9 149.5 2,489.5 9.5 Total hardwoods 1,136.3 25.2 8.7 322.8 37,036.8 .0 3,238.7 35,398.0 427.3 77,593.9 2.4 All species 4,402.8 160.7 268.2 798.7 38,239.6 .0 3,308.8 38,658.9 461.5 86,299.1 2.3 SE 14.9 42.5 32.9 27.9 4.0 .0 16.5 4.3 25.4 2.3
55

Table 13 (SE).--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Forest-type group Species Total

 White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/

 red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch

 White and red pine 25.1 100.0 71.2 36.7 17.3 .0 78.2 23.3 62.3 13.4 Virginia pine .0 100.0 42.9 73.0 44.1 .0 100.0 42.8 .0 26.9 Other yellow pines 40.8 .0 44.6 56.0 23.3 .0 82.3 35.8 100.0 17.4 Eastern hemlock 18.6 .0 .0 100.0 24.1 .0 70.7 11.0 .0 9.4 Other softwoods 66.8 42.4 .0 .0 51.4 .0 .0 45.5 .0 26.9 Total softwoods 15.7 42.3 33.4 30.1 12.1 .0 49.4 9.8 58.5 7.3 Red maple 28.2 .0 .0 50.4 8.3 .0 21.3 6.9 61.9 4.9 Sugar maple 74.2 .0 .0 100.0 20.7 .0 66.9 9.0 .0 8.4 Yellow birch 43.2 .0 .0 .0 51.6 .0 100.0 16.9 .0 15.0 Sweet birch 80.3 .0 .0 .0 13.9 .0 53.9 11.6 100.0 9.2 Hickory 60.7 .0 .0 100.0 12.6 .0 58.4 19.1 100.0 10.4 Beech 64.8 .0 .0 .0 21.3 .0 .0 12.2 .0 10.5 White ash 67.1 100.0 100.0 58.0 16.5 .0 47.2 12.6 70.9 9.7 Black walnut .0 .0 100.0 .0 26.4 .0 76.0 51.4 .0 23.6 Yellow-poplar 52.6 .0 .0 .0 14.2 .0 62.8 19.2 71.9 11.1 Blackgum .0 .0 .0 .0 24.2 .0 .0 40.0 .0 21.3 Aspen 59.8 100.0 .0 .0 61.7 .0 81.7 24.3 48.9 24.0 Black cherry 48.4 100.0 .0 100.0 12.7 .0 35.8 8.4 56.4 7.1 Chestnut oak 47.9 .0 .0 64.6 7.2 .0 .0 23.4 100.0 6.8 Northern red oak 44.1 .0 .0 45.1 6.9 .0 46.8 13.5 85.1 6.0 Select white oaks 44.0 .0 .0 83.0 8.5 .0 82.3 20.0 100.0 7.7 Other oaks 100.0 .0 .0 64.2 8.6 .0 70.7 23.4 87.1 8.0 Black locust .0 .0 .0 100.0 22.4 .0 74.2 29.6 .0 18.3 Basswood 100.0 .0 .0 .0 40.6 .0 .0 16.8 100.0 15.6 Other hardwoods 49.0 100.0 .0 100.0 14.1 .0 30.0 14.2 36.3 9.5 Total hardwoods 21.3 100.0 75.7 30.5 4.0 .0 16.7 4.4 26.4 2.4 All species 14.9 42.5 32.9 27.9 4.0 .0 16.5 4.3 25.4 2.3
56 Table 14.--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In millions of board feet)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 352.1 486.2 600.2 339.1 349.2 178.1 634.2 227.7 3,166.9 13.4 Virginia pine 134.4 83.1 63.2 11.8 9.2 .0 .0 .0 301.6 26.9 Other yellow pines 86.7 155.8 55.0 83.5 8.1 41.4 .0 .0 430.6 17.4 Eastern hemlock 539.5 770.2 788.1 918.3 589.6 263.1 522.2 153.0 4,543.9 9.4 Other softwoods 99.3 85.8 11.8 17.1 .0 .0 48.4 .0 262.3 26.9 Total softwoods 1,212.0 1,581.2 1,518.2 1,369.8 956.0 482.7 1,204.8 380.7 8,705.3 7.3 Red maple .0 3,574.0 3,304.1 2,905.8 1,910.4 1,136.2 1,182.0 230.4 14,243.0 4.9 Sugar maple .0 1,492.7 1,267.6 1,067.1 660.8 443.2 556.6 192.5 5,680.4 8.4 Yellow birch .0 193.3 119.9 65.5 22.7 .0 10.3 .0 411.7 15.0 Sweet birch .0 880.9 522.1 347.3 186.5 117.3 83.7 .0 2,137.8 9.2 Hickory .0 464.5 487.7 181.6 356.4 110.5 247.1 .0 1,847.8 10.4 Beech .0 543.5 427.6 526.1 531.3 229.9 410.7 .0 2,669.1 10.5 White ash .0 840.4 986.7 1,012.2 593.4 405.3 453.7 124.7 4,416.5 9.7 Black walnut .0 55.4 38.5 61.4 33.7 32.0 26.8 .0 247.8 23.6 Yellow-poplar .0 443.3 619.2 915.9 797.4 481.8 1,633.5 137.0 5,028.1 11.1 Blackgum .0 100.0 56.9 32.5 24.4 46.9 32.7 .0 293.4 21.3 Aspen .0 177.4 182.0 53.5 9.0 36.5 50.4 .0 508.7 24.0 Black cherry .0 1,636.7 1,908.7 1,999.7 1,740.6 1,543.9 1,579.4 196.1 10,605.1 7.1 Chestnut oak .0 1,434.4 1,329.7 946.9 740.2 283.3 477.0 121.4 5,333.0 6.8 Northern red oak .0 1,260.8 1,587.2 1,612.8 1,937.3 1,399.4 1,978.0 581.6 10,357.0 6.0 Select white oaks .0 929.8 1,112.2 900.7 640.8 370.0 564.9 303.0 4,821.4 7.7 Other oaks .0 675.6 801.2 794.3 692.7 571.1 870.5 133.6 4,539.0 8.0 Black locust .0 94.1 126.1 116.0 95.7 74.3 32.7 .0 539.0 18.3 Basswood .0 279.7 396.2 377.2 175.4 59.0 49.5 88.5 1,425.5 15.6 Other hardwoods .0 665.4 559.3 461.5 325.7 128.4 258.2 91.1 2,489.5 9.5 Total hardwoods .0 15,741.9 15,833.0 14,377.9 11,474.3 7,469.1 10,497.8 2,199.8 77,593.9 2.4 All species 1,212.0 17,323.0 17,351.2 15,747.7 12,430.3 7,951.8 11,702.6 2,580.5 86,299.1 2.3 SE 8.2 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.1 5.7 6.1 14.5 2.3
57

Table 14 (SE).--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 2002

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+

 White and red pine 16.1 20.0 20.8 21.7 21.1 34.3 23.1 41.3 13.4 Virginia pine 27.6 30.1 31.6 100.0 100.0 .0 .0 .0 26.9 Other yellow pines 21.2 18.6 35.1 33.2 100.0 51.2 .0 .0 17.4 Eastern hemlock 11.0 10.8 12.4 13.8 16.6 26.2 22.7 50.1 9.4 Other softwoods 33.5 32.1 70.8 72.9 .0 .0 74.6 .0 26.9 Total softwoods 8.2 8.5 10.6 11.3 13.3 19.5 16.0 31.8 7.3 Red maple .0 5.1 6.5 7.2 9.0 14.7 15.3 57.9 4.9 Sugar maple .0 9.8 10.5 12.3 15.4 22.5 25.4 52.2 8.4 Yellow birch .0 17.9 26.3 34.4 62.6 .0 100.0 .0 15.0 Sweet birch .0 9.5 15.1 17.7 27.4 32.2 51.5 .0 9.2 Hickory .0 13.6 14.6 24.3 20.6 38.9 30.1 .0 10.4 Beech .0 11.9 15.0 16.1 19.4 27.3 26.5 .0 10.5 White ash .0 10.1 11.8 14.0 20.6 24.8 28.3 76.5 9.7 Black walnut .0 34.6 45.3 37.7 58.8 71.5 71.1 .0 23.6 Yellow-poplar .0 15.0 16.9 15.8 17.7 24.4 17.8 70.9 11.1 Blackgum .0 22.4 32.4 50.3 70.8 60.4 100.0 .0 21.3 Aspen .0 25.5 23.6 45.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 .0 24.0 Black cherry .0 8.6 9.9 10.0 12.2 16.3 15.7 50.5 7.1 Chestnut oak .0 7.3 9.0 10.6 13.0 20.2 25.7 50.7 6.8 Northern red oak .0 8.3 8.6 9.1 10.3 11.9 13.7 29.6 6.0 Select white oaks .0 9.8 11.1 11.8 16.7 20.4 20.7 47.9 7.7 Other oaks .0 10.1 10.6 13.3 14.5 18.5 18.6 58.8 8.0 Black locust .0 21.2 24.9 27.2 32.9 44.5 80.2 .0 18.3 Basswood .0 21.9 20.3 22.8 33.0 58.9 57.9 73.2 15.6 Other hardwoods .0 11.8 13.4 15.5 22.1 33.9 35.8 72.0 9.5 Total hardwoods .0 2.5 3.1 3.5 4.3 5.9 6.5 16.2 2.4 All species 8.2 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.1 5.7 6.1 14.5 2.3
58 Table 15.--Sound biomassa of trees on forest land by species and compon, Pennsylvania, 2002

(In thousands of dry tons)

 Component Species All Main Stumps/ Growing All Salvable classes SE

 stem Branches Foliage roots stock Cull live dead Saplings

 White and red pine 14,069 2,670 1,747 4,791 23,278 1,567 24,845 141 1,915 26,902 10.0 Virginia pine 2,442 456 329 825 4,052 198 4,250 57 243 4,549 22.0 Other yellow pines 3,142 593 414 1,071 5,220 514 5,734 64 474 6,272 15.5 Eastern hemlock 25,577 4,819 3,234 8,671 42,302 6,621 48,923 443 3,150 52,516 7.4 Other softwoods 2,481 465 341 843 4,131 239 4,369 35 713 5,117 22.3 Total softwoods 47,712 9,004 6,065 16,202 78,983 9,140 88,122 740 6,495 95,357 5.3 Red maple 132,945 16,175 4,581 40,664 194,366 11,222 205,588 486 18,137 224,211 3.0 Sugar maple 63,641 7,670 2,151 19,327 92,789 4,097 96,887 66 4,543 101,496 5.9 Yellow birch 6,955 872 258 2,170 10,255 1,338 11,593 222 718 12,533 9.5 Sweet birch 34,031 4,193 1,227 10,465 49,917 3,235 53,152 373 7,534 61,059 5.5 Hickory 20,201 2,355 649 5,957 29,163 632 29,795 180 1,410 31,385 8.1 Beech 28,062 3,502 990 8,806 41,360 4,581 45,941 122 4,219 50,282 6.7 White ash 34,103 4,007 1,103 10,136 49,349 3,922 53,271 462 2,051 55,785 6.2 Black walnut 2,999 355 100 893 4,347 495 4,843 10 383 5,237 14.8 Yellow-poplar 21,081 2,300 572 5,942 29,896 502 30,397 58 893 31,349 9.7 Blackgum 6,466 811 243 2,014 9,534 543 10,077 1 3,602 13,681 8.4 Aspen 5,467 661 193 1,652 7,974 52 8,026 77 877 8,980 15.2 Black cherry 76,387 8,847 2,373 22,499 110,107 7,655 117,761 322 7,710 125,793 4.9 Chestnut oak 72,673 8,448 2,320 21,383 104,824 5,023 109,847 434 1,045 111,326 5.4 Northern red oak 101,241 11,136 2,787 28,719 143,883 1,794 145,677 183 1,757 147,617 5.1 Select white oaks 46,911 5,305 1,403 13,536 67,155 3,113 70,268 251 951 71,469 6.5 Other oaks 39,079 4,406 1,143 11,283 55,911 1,411 57,322 437 697 58,456 6.4 Black locust 6,739 874 242 2,206 10,060 2,565 12,625 97 685 13,407 11.9 Basswood 9,225 1,090 291 2,773 13,379 650 14,029 13 263 14,306 13.4 Other hardwoods 23,927 2,849 793 7,191 34,761 3,462 38,223 484 3,338 42,045 7.0 Other noncomm hardwoods 0 0 0 0 0 23,393 23,393 0 11,807 35,201 4.9 Total hardwoods 732,135 85,857 23,421 217,618 1,059,031 79,686 1,138,717 4,279 72,623 1,215,618 1.5 All species 779,846 94,861 29,486 233,820 1,138,013 88,825 1,226,839 5,019 79,118 1,310,975 1.4 SE 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.5 1.5 9.3 2.9 1.4

a Dead tree and sapling biomass is aboveground tree biomass.
59

 Table 15 (SE).--Sound biomassa of trees on forest land by species and c, Pennsylvania, 2002

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Component Species All Main Stumps/ Growing All Salvable classes stem Branches Foliage roots stock Cull live dead Saplings White and red pine 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.9 10.9 20.0 10.5 30.7 18.0 10.0 Virginia pine 23.2 23.1 22.8 23.1 23.1 40.0 22.8 45.9 52.9 22.0 Other yellow pines 16.4 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.4 35.0 16.3 44.9 39.1 15.5 Eastern hemlock 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.9 7.9 12.9 7.5 38.8 14.4 7.4 Other softwoods 25.4 25.3 25.5 25.3 25.4 30.1 24.4 75.5 28.4 22.3 Total softwoods 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.8 10.2 5.5 24.8 10.0 5.3 Red maple 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.2 7.9 3.1 21.9 5.8 3.0 Sugar maple 6.2 6.1 5.9 6.1 6.1 13.9 6.1 50.0 9.4 5.9 Yellow birch 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.7 9.8 21.3 9.8 42.3 22.0 9.5 Sweet birch 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 17.6 6.1 28.0 9.2 5.5 Hickory 8.4 8.1 7.9 8.2 8.3 33.4 8.3 67.8 13.4 8.1 Beech 7.1 7.0 6.8 7.0 7.1 15.0 7.0 59.1 10.0 6.7 White ash 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.6 19.2 6.4 27.0 13.0 6.2 Black walnut 16.2 15.7 15.2 15.9 16.0 27.0 15.1 100.0 35.9 14.8 Yellow-poplar 9.8 9.6 9.4 9.7 9.7 48.9 9.8 57.7 23.7 9.7 Blackgum 9.4 9.1 8.8 9.2 9.3 30.9 9.3 100.0 12.2 8.4 Aspen 16.5 16.1 15.8 16.2 16.4 48.3 16.3 44.0 26.6 15.2 Black cherry 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.3 12.4 5.1 31.6 9.9 4.9 Chestnut oak 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 14.3 5.4 35.4 20.7 5.4 Northern red oak 5.3 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.2 27.3 5.2 40.3 15.0 5.1 Select white oaks 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.6 25.8 6.6 41.6 20.1 6.5 Other oaks 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.6 23.8 6.5 44.5 19.9 6.4 Black locust 13.8 13.1 12.5 13.2 13.5 18.2 12.4 47.7 23.9 11.9 Basswood 13.9 13.8 13.6 13.8 13.9 39.4 13.5 82.5 44.5 13.4 Other hardwoods 7.3 7.0 6.7 7.1 7.2 32.3 7.4 26.0 11.9 7.0 Other noncomm hardwoods .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 6.2 6.2 .0 6.6 4.9 Total hardwoods 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 3.8 1.6 10.0 3.0 1.5 All species 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.5 1.5 9.3 2.9 1.4

 a Dead tree and sapling biomass is aboveground tree biomass.

61

 Table 1.--Land area by land class, Pennsylvania, 1989a,b

 (In thousands of acres)

 Area

 Land class

 Acres Percent

 Rural timberland 16,030.3 55.9 .7

 Urban timberlandc 141.2 0.5 18.5

 Total timberland 16,171.5 56.4 .7

 Reserved forestd 448.3 1.6 10.8

 Unproductive forest 83.6 0.3 25.2

 Total forest land 16,703.4 58.2 .6

 Cropland 4,923.9 17.2 2.5

 Pasture 1,362.3 4.7 5.9

 Christmas tree plantatione 67.5 0.2 28.7

 Noncensus water 81.9 0.3 25.8

 Other 5,543.7 19.3 2.4

 Total nonforest land 11,979.2 41.8 .8

 Total areaf 28,682.6 100.0 .0

 SE .0 .0

 a In this and other tables, a zero indicates that the data are

 negligible or the condition was not encountered in the sample.

 b Rows and columns in all tables may not sum due to rounding.

 c Urban timberland previously classified as urban forest land

 (not part of the timberland estimate).

 d Reserve lands are estimated.

 e Christmas tree plantations previously classified as forest land.

 f Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 2000.
62

 Table 2.--Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group,

 and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Jack pine .0 5.6 .0 .0 5.6 100.0

 Red pine 15.3 20.1 5.6 .0 41.1 34.9

 White pine 50.4 16.1 36.5 6.6 109.6 22.4

 White pine/hemlock 46.2 5.9 .0 .0 52.1 31.8

 Hemlock 249.7 16.2 .0 .0 265.9 13.8

 Scotch pine 9.9 38.4 5.5 .0 53.8 31.8

 White/red pine group 371.5 102.4 47.6 6.6 528.2 9.7

 White spruce .0 11.8 .0 .0 11.8 70.8

 Norway spruce .0 16.3 .0 .0 16.3 57.8

 Tamarack .0 .0 11.0 .0 11.0 70.7

 Spruce/fir group .0 28.2 11.0 .0 39.2 37.9

 Virginia pine 43.6 22.5 5.2 .0 71.3 26.0

 Eastern redcedar 5.9 .0 6.0 .0 11.9 70.7

 Pitch pine 10.6 11.2 .0 .0 21.8 48.8

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 60.1 33.7 11.2 .0 104.9 21.9

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 45.0 10.6 5.5 .0 61.1 29.8

 Eastern redcedar/hardwood .0 .0 17.2 .0 17.2 57.8

 Virginia pine/oak 14.7 21.2 5.2 .0 41.1 35.5

 Other oak/pine 10.4 33.9 .0 .0 44.3 35.4

 Oak/pine group 70.1 65.8 27.9 .0 163.7 18.2

 Post, black, or bear oak 65.2 .0 22.3 .0 87.5 25.1

 Chestnut oak 297.0 393.3 50.7 .0 741.0 8.2

 White oak/red oak/hickory 414.9 221.4 16.5 .0 652.7 9.0

 White oak 97.7 166.6 11.3 .0 275.7 14.0

 Northern red oak 282.2 75.9 10.1 .0 368.3 11.6

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 45.1 5.1 .0 .0 50.2 32.6

 Black locust 5.6 44.9 26.7 16.4 93.6 24.1

 Black walnut .0 22.8 .0 .0 22.8 47.1

 Yellow-poplar 27.9 10.5 11.5 .0 49.8 33.4

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 6.5 77.0 5.5 89.0 25.1

 Scarlet oak 29.0 16.7 .0 .0 45.7 35.6

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 27.8 43.3 .0 71.0 27.8

 Red maple/central hardwood 110.3 254.1 50.4 .0 414.8 11.4

 Mixed central hardwoods 2,457.9 1,819.6 593.1 .0 4,870.6 2.7
63

 Table 2.-continued

 (In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Oak/hickory group 3,832.9 3,065.3 912.8 21.9 7,832.9 1.8

 Sweetbay/swamp tupelo/red mple .0 5.5 .0 .0 5.5 100.0

 Oak/gum/cypress group .0 5.5 .0 .0 5.5 100.0

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 101.7 47.7 73.3 5.6 228.3 15.3

 Red maple(lowland) .0 15.7 17.3 .0 33.0 41.2

 Red maple(upland) 96.7 97.8 50.2 21.5 266.2 14.2

 River birch/sycamore 43.5 11.4 5.4 .0 60.3 30.2

 Cottonwood .0 11.1 .0 .0 11.1 71.0

 Willow 11.0 5.3 66.9 .0 83.3 23.7

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 17.1 .0 .0 .0 17.1 57.8

 American elm/green ash 6.1 22.0 5.6 .0 33.7 40.9

 Elm/ash/red maple group 276.1 210.9 218.8 27.1 732.9 8.4

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 1,783.7 655.0 128.5 9.9 2,577.1 3.8

 Black cherry 238.5 314.5 385.8 5.6 944.4 7.1

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 530.0 600.5 193.1 .0 1,323.6 6.0

 Pin cherry/reverting field 5.7 26.8 168.8 10.4 211.6 15.8

 Mixed northern hardwoods 763.7 689.9 433.5 5.8 1,892.9 5.1

 Northern hardwoods group 3,321.6 2,286.6 1,309.6 31.7 6,949.5 2.0

 Aspen 14.6 196.4 76.3 .0 287.3 13.7

 Paper birch .0 16.4 .0 .0 16.4 56.7

 Gray birch .0 .0 32.6 .0 32.6 40.7

 Aspen/birch group 14.6 212.8 108.8 .0 336.3 12.6

 Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 10.4 10.4 71.2

 All forest types 7,947.0 6,011.1 2,647.6 97.7 16,703.4 .6

 SE 1.8 2.4 3.9 23.6 .6
64

 Table 2 (SE).--Area of forest land by forest type, forest-type group,

 and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Jack pine .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 Red pine 54.8 50.5 100.0 .0 34.9

 White pine 33.4 57.8 38.0 100.0 22.4

 White pine/hemlock 34.3 100.0 .0 .0 31.8

 Hemlock 14.3 57.8 .0 .0 13.8

 Scotch pine 71.1 38.0 100.0 .0 31.8

 White/red pine group 11.6 23.1 33.5 100.0 9.7

 White spruce .0 70.8 .0 .0 70.8

 Norway spruce .0 57.8 .0 .0 57.8

 Tamarack .0 .0 70.7 .0 70.7

 Spruce/fir group .0 44.8 70.7 .0 37.9

 Virginia pine 33.6 50.0 100.0 .0 26.0

 Eastern redcedar 100.0 .0 100.0 .0 70.7

 Pitch pine 70.8 71.0 .0 .0 48.8

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 29.1 40.9 70.9 .0 21.9

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 34.8 70.7 100.0 .0 29.8

 Eastern redcedar/hardwood .0 .0 57.8 .0 57.8

 Virginia pine/oak 58.1 50.2 100.0 .0 35.5

 Other oak/pine 70.7 40.8 .0 .0 35.4

 Oak/pine group 27.5 28.9 44.8 .0 18.2

 Post, black, or bear oak 29.0 .0 50.0 .0 25.1

 Chestnut oak 13.3 11.7 32.4 .0 8.2

 White oak/red oak/hickory 11.2 15.7 57.9 .0 9.0

 White oak 23.3 18.1 70.7 .0 14.0

 Northern red oak 13.4 26.3 71.1 .0 11.6

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 34.5 100.0 .0 .0 32.6

 Black locust 100.0 35.4 44.8 57.7 24.1

 Black walnut .0 47.1 .0 .0 47.1

 Yellow-poplar 44.8 70.8 70.8 .0 33.4

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 100.0 26.8 100.0 25.1

 Scarlet oak 45.2 57.7 .0 .0 35.6

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 44.7 35.4 .0 27.8

 Red maple/central hardwood 22.3 14.5 33.5 .0 11.4

 Mixed central hardwoods 4.2 5.1 9.3 .0 2.7
65

 Table 2 (SE).-continued

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Oak/hickory group 3.1 3.7 7.3 49.7 1.8

 Sweetbay/swamp tupelo/red mple .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 Oak/gum/cypress group .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 22.7 33.4 27.8 100.0 15.3

 Red maple(lowland) .0 58.2 58.1 .0 41.2

 Red maple(upland) 23.2 23.6 33.4 50.0 14.2

 River birch/sycamore 35.5 70.7 100.0 .0 30.2

 Cottonwood .0 71.0 .0 .0 71.0

 Willow 70.7 100.0 25.9 .0 23.7

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 57.8 .0 .0 .0 57.8

 American elm/green ash 100.0 50.0 100.0 .0 40.9

 Elm/ash/red maple group 13.6 16.0 15.4 44.7 8.4

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 4.9 8.7 20.5 71.1 3.8

 Black cherry 14.5 12.8 11.5 100.0 7.1

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 9.7 9.2 16.2 .0 6.0

 Pin cherry/reverting field 100.0 44.8 18.0 70.7 15.8

 Mixed northern hardwoods 8.2 8.7 11.2 100.0 5.1

 Northern hardwoods group 3.4 4.4 6.0 41.0 2.0

 Aspen 59.3 16.7 26.3 .0 13.7

 Paper birch .0 56.7 .0 .0 56.7

 Gray birch .0 .0 40.7 .0 40.7

 Aspen/birch group 59.3 16.0 21.8 .0 12.6

 Nonstocked .0 .0 .0 71.2 71.2

 All forest types 1.8 2.4 3.9 23.6 .6
66

 Table 3.--Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group,

 and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Jack pine .0 5.6 .0 .0 5.6 100.0

 Red pine 15.3 20.1 5.6 .0 41.1 34.9

 White pine 50.4 16.1 32.0 .0 98.4 23.6

 White pine/hemlock 46.2 5.9 .0 .0 52.1 31.8

 Hemlock 249.7 16.2 .0 .0 265.9 13.8

 Scotch pine 9.9 38.4 5.5 .0 53.8 31.8

 White/red pine group 371.5 102.4 43.1 .0 517.0 9.8

 White spruce .0 5.6 .0 .0 5.6 100.0

 Norway spruce .0 11.3 .0 .0 11.3 70.7

 Tamarack .0 .0 11.0 .0 11.0 70.7

 Spruce/fir group .0 16.9 11.0 .0 27.9 44.7

 Virginia pine 43.6 22.5 5.2 .0 71.3 26.0

 Eastern redcedar 5.9 .0 6.0 .0 11.9 70.7

 Pitch pine 10.6 11.2 .0 .0 21.8 48.8

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 60.1 33.7 11.2 .0 104.9 21.9

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 45.0 10.6 5.5 .0 61.1 29.8

 Eastern redcedar/hardwood .0 .0 11.1 .0 11.1 70.7

 Virginia pine/oak 14.7 21.2 5.2 .0 41.1 35.5

 Other oak/pine 10.4 33.9 .0 .0 44.3 35.4

 Oak/pine group 70.1 65.8 21.8 .0 157.6 18.5

 Post, black, or bear oak 65.2 .0 22.3 .0 87.5 25.1

 Chestnut oak 280.9 370.4 45.1 .0 696.4 8.5

 White oak/red oak/hickory 386.5 216.0 11.6 .0 614.1 9.3

 White oak 97.7 166.6 5.5 .0 269.9 14.1

 Northern red oak 265.3 75.9 10.1 .0 351.3 11.9

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 45.1 5.1 .0 .0 50.2 32.6

 Black locust 5.6 44.9 26.7 16.4 93.6 24.1

 Black walnut .0 22.8 .0 .0 22.8 47.1

 Yellow-poplar 22.5 10.5 11.5 .0 44.4 35.4

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 6.5 72.4 5.5 84.5 25.9

 Scarlet oak 29.0 16.7 .0 .0 45.7 35.6

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 27.8 43.3 .0 71.0 27.8

 Red maple/central hardwood 110.3 248.7 50.4 .0 409.4 11.5

 Mixed central hardwoods 2,397.5 1,765.0 572.2 .0 4,734.7 2.8
67

 Table 3.-continued

(In thousands of acres)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes SE

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Oak/hickory group 3,705.6 2,977.0 871.1 21.9 7,575.6 1.8

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 96.6 47.7 61.4 5.6 211.2 15.9

 Red maple(lowland) .0 15.7 12.2 .0 27.8 45.1

 Red maple(upland) 96.7 97.8 50.2 15.9 260.6 14.4

 River birch/sycamore 43.5 5.6 .0 .0 49.1 33.4

 Cottonwood .0 11.1 .0 .0 11.1 71.0

 Willow 11.0 5.3 61.4 .0 77.7 24.4

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 17.1 .0 .0 .0 17.1 57.8

 American elm/green ash 6.1 22.0 5.6 .0 33.7 40.9

 Elm/ash/red maple group 271.0 205.1 190.7 21.5 688.3 8.6

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 1,739.4 616.7 128.5 9.9 2,494.5 3.9

 Black cherry 232.5 314.5 380.0 5.6 932.6 7.2

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 519.3 583.9 187.5 .0 1,290.7 6.1

 Pin cherry/reverting field 5.7 26.8 168.8 10.4 211.6 15.8

 Mixed northern hardwoods 748.4 668.0 433.5 5.8 1,855.7 5.2

 Northern hardwoods group 3,245.3 2,209.8 1,298.3 31.7 6,785.1 2.1

 Aspen 14.6 196.4 70.6 .0 281.7 13.8

 Paper birch .0 16.4 .0 .0 16.4 56.7

 Gray birch .0 .0 17.0 .0 17.0 57.8

 Aspen/birch group 14.6 212.8 87.6 .0 315.1 13.0

 All forest types 7,738.2 5,823.5 2,534.6 75.1 16,171.5 .7

 SE 1.8 2.5 4.0 26.7 .7
68

 Table 3 (SE).--Area of timberland by forest type, forest-type group,

 and stand-size class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Jack pine .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 Red pine 54.8 50.5 100.0 .0 34.9

 White pine 33.4 57.8 41.0 .0 23.6

 White pine/hemlock 34.3 100.0 .0 .0 31.8

 Hemlock 14.3 57.8 .0 .0 13.8

 Scotch pine 71.1 38.0 100.0 .0 31.8

 White/red pine group 11.6 23.1 35.4 .0 9.8

 White spruce .0 100.0 .0 .0 100.0

 Norway spruce .0 70.7 .0 .0 70.7

 Tamarack .0 .0 70.7 .0 70.7

 Spruce/fir group .0 57.7 70.7 .0 44.7

 Virginia pine 33.6 50.0 100.0 .0 26.0

 Eastern redcedar 100.0 .0 100.0 .0 70.7

 Pitch pine 70.8 71.0 .0 .0 48.8

 Loblolly/shortleaf group 29.1 40.9 70.9 .0 21.9

 Wh. pine/no.red oak/wh. ash 34.8 70.7 100.0 .0 29.8

 Eastern redcedar/hardwood .0 .0 70.7 .0 70.7

 Virginia pine/oak 58.1 50.2 100.0 .0 35.5

 Other oak/pine 70.7 40.8 .0 .0 35.4

 Oak/pine group 27.5 28.9 50.0 .0 18.5

 Post, black, or bear oak 29.0 .0 50.0 .0 25.1

 Chestnut oak 13.7 12.0 34.6 .0 8.5

 White oak/red oak/hickory 11.6 15.9 70.8 .0 9.3

 White oak 23.3 18.1 100.0 .0 14.1

 Northern red oak 13.9 26.3 71.1 .0 11.9

 Y-poplar/wh. oak/no.red oak 34.5 100.0 .0 .0 32.6

 Black locust 100.0 35.4 44.8 57.7 24.1

 Black walnut .0 47.1 .0 .0 47.1

 Yellow-poplar 50.1 70.8 70.8 .0 35.4

 Hawthorn/reverting field .0 100.0 27.8 100.0 25.9

 Scarlet oak 45.2 57.7 .0 .0 35.6

 Sassafras/persimmon .0 44.7 35.4 .0 27.8

 Red maple/central hardwood 22.3 14.7 33.5 .0 11.5

 Mixed central hardwoods 4.3 5.2 9.5 .0 2.8
69

 Table 3 (SE).-continued

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stand-size class

 Forest type All

 Saw- Pole- Sapling and Non- classes

 timber timber seedling stocked

 Oak/hickory group 3.2 3.8 7.5 49.7 1.8

 Black ash/Amer. elm/red maple 23.5 33.4 30.2 100.0 15.9

 Red maple(lowland) .0 58.2 71.0 .0 45.1

 Red maple(upland) 23.2 23.6 33.4 57.7 14.4

 River birch/sycamore 35.5 100.0 .0 .0 33.4

 Cottonwood .0 71.0 .0 .0 71.0

 Willow 70.7 100.0 26.7 .0 24.4

 Sycamore/pecan/American elm 57.8 .0 .0 .0 57.8

 American elm/green ash 100.0 50.0 100.0 .0 40.9

 Elm/ash/red maple group 13.8 16.3 16.6 50.0 8.6

 Sugar maple/beech/yellow birch 4.9 9.1 20.5 71.1 3.9

 Black cherry 14.6 12.8 11.6 100.0 7.2

 Red maple/northern hardwoods 9.8 9.4 16.4 .0 6.1

 Pin cherry/reverting field 100.0 44.8 18.0 70.7 15.8

 Mixed northern hardwoods 8.3 8.9 11.2 100.0 5.2

 Northern hardwoods group 3.4 4.5 6.0 41.0 2.1

 Aspen 59.3 16.7 27.4 .0 13.8

 Paper birch .0 56.7 .0 .0 56.7

 Gray birch .0 .0 57.8 .0 57.8

 Aspen/birch group 59.3 16.0 24.3 .0 13.0

 All forest types 1.8 2.5 4.0 26.7 .7
70

 Table 4.--Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking class of all

 live trees, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In thousands of acres)

 Stocking class

 Forest-type All

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes SE

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

 White/red pine .0 42.3 121.8 237.3 115.6 517.0 9.8

 Spruce/fir .0 5.5 11.1 11.3 .0 27.9 44.7

 Loblolly/shortleaf .0 11.1 22.0 66.7 5.2 104.9 21.9

 Oak/pine .0 11.3 46.8 94.0 5.5 157.6 18.5

 Oak/hickory 21.9 295.0 1,912.9 4,799.6 546.2 7,575.6 1.8

 Elm/ash/red maple 21.5 66.8 267.5 304.4 28.0 688.3 8.6

 Northern hardwoods 31.7 232.2 1,628.4 4,194.0 698.8 6,785.1 2.1

 Aspen/ birch .0 5.3 106.6 167.9 35.3 315.1 13.0

 Total 75.1 669.5 4,117.1 9,875.2 1,434.6 16,171.5 .7

 SE 26.7 8.8 3.2 1.6 5.8 .7
71

Table 4 (SE).--Area of timberland by forest-type group and stocking

class of all live trees, Pennsylvania, 1989

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Stocking class

 Forest-type All

 group Poorly Moderately Fully Over- classes

 Nonstocked stocked stocked stocked stocked

 White/red pine .0 35.4 21.4 14.7 20.9 9.8

 Spruce/fir .0 100.0 70.7 70.7 .0 44.7

 Loblolly/shortleaf .0 70.9 50.1 28.0 100.0 21.9

 Oak/pine .0 70.7 33.5 24.1 100.0 18.5

 Oak/hickory 49.7 13.7 5.0 2.7 9.8 1.8

 Elm/ash/red maple 50.0 29.1 14.2 13.3 44.7 8.6

 Northern hardwoods 41.0 15.1 5.4 3.0 8.5 2.1

 Aspen/ birch .0 100.0 23.0 18.0 39.1 13.0

 Total 26.7 8.8 3.2 1.6 5.8 .7
72 Table 5.--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 74,262 33,192 23,677 17,101 11,106 7,046 4,061 Virginia pine 10,271 11,098 6,749 4,689 3,355 1,624 522 Other yellow pines 2,586 8,934 9,971 7,912 4,714 2,380 1,307 Eastern hemlock 117,255 74,071 47,584 32,960 19,532 13,553 8,461 Other softwoods 26,147 18,768 9,357 4,413 1,958 706 476 Total softwoods 230,521 146,063 97,338 67,075 40,666 25,309 14,828 Red maple 856,330 406,472 215,286 131,164 78,812 45,418 26,794 Sugar maple 258,039 118,257 64,897 53,549 34,770 20,702 13,149 Yellow birch 31,711 16,506 12,515 10,674 5,741 3,266 1,769 Sweet birch 251,103 86,507 52,286 39,840 23,233 10,937 4,881 Hickory 71,862 31,768 17,595 15,344 11,672 6,728 3,845 Beech 325,882 79,847 41,233 23,437 14,034 9,399 5,945 White ash 151,515 47,330 27,745 19,043 16,013 11,161 7,086 Black walnut 5,667 5,001 4,383 3,264 1,452 1,275 902 Yellow-poplar 31,410 12,312 8,353 5,891 5,139 4,935 4,229 Blackgum 148,599 56,143 19,511 6,412 2,605 1,321 555 Aspen 39,984 18,584 13,790 9,030 4,359 1,958 484 Black cherry 434,845 120,156 62,394 43,574 30,967 22,773 14,515 Chestnut oak 47,700 45,953 51,473 51,649 40,824 24,441 13,328 Northern red oak 97,295 37,979 31,898 31,207 26,924 23,365 16,218 Select white oaks 38,165 27,817 29,947 27,544 21,970 15,000 9,179 Other oaks 44,260 26,383 16,802 15,871 15,127 11,214 8,235 Black locust 38,728 14,443 12,288 8,491 5,550 2,541 1,581 Basswood 7,491 2,912 5,981 6,299 4,762 3,501 2,442 Other hardwoods 269,688 81,313 37,453 27,203 18,239 10,795 5,390 Other noncomm hardwoods 920,526 240,911 79,072 24,192 8,441 2,930 1,233 Total hardwoods 4,070,801 1,476,595 804,901 553,679 370,637 233,661 141,761 All species 4,301,322 1,622,657 902,239 620,755 411,303 258,970 156,589 SE 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6
73

Table 5.-continued

(In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All SE

 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 2,084 1,498 1,056 1,396 156 69,183 176,637 9.4 Virginia pine 67 13 0 17 0 17,036 38,405 22.0 Other yellow pines 453 119 59 16 0 26,932 38,453 14.7 Eastern hemlock 4,496 2,584 1,301 1,755 102 132,329 323,654 6.8 Other softwoods 56 33 9 14 0 17,023 61,938 16.4 Total softwoods 7,157 4,248 2,426 3,198 258 262,503 639,087 4.9 Red maple 12,642 6,388 3,004 3,405 408 523,322 1,786,124 2.8 Sugar maple 6,593 3,377 1,653 1,939 341 200,971 577,267 4.2 Yellow birch 589 310 54 92 20 35,032 83,249 9.1 Sweet birch 1,875 765 317 243 16 134,392 472,002 5.5 Hickory 1,909 759 457 276 38 58,624 162,254 6.3 Beech 4,261 2,046 1,592 1,796 195 103,938 509,666 5.5 White ash 4,214 2,001 1,395 1,283 174 90,116 288,961 6.1 Black walnut 463 240 94 114 5 12,191 22,859 15.7 Yellow-poplar 3,211 2,171 1,436 1,339 198 36,901 80,623 12.3 Blackgum 357 165 86 110 12 31,135 235,878 8.3 Aspen 205 49 12 0 0 29,887 88,455 13.4 Black cherry 8,935 4,760 2,557 2,607 277 193,361 748,361 5.0 Chestnut oak 7,503 3,256 1,566 1,467 60 195,567 289,220 4.9 Northern red oak 11,163 7,404 4,238 5,307 770 158,493 293,768 4.5 Select white oaks 4,505 2,551 1,468 1,709 297 114,171 180,153 5.9 Other oaks 5,239 3,019 1,728 1,964 245 79,445 150,088 6.7 Black locust 847 322 203 224 5 32,053 85,224 10.4 Basswood 1,030 499 283 285 45 25,129 35,532 11.7 Other hardwoods 2,506 1,454 701 970 220 104,931 455,932 5.8 Other noncomm hardwoods 499 330 118 172 34 117,020 1,278,458 3.8 Total hardwoods 78,545 41,865 22,965 25,303 3,362 2,276,679 7,824,075 1.4 All species 85,702 46,113 25,391 28,501 3,619 2,539,182 8,463,162 1.4 SE 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 5.1 1.0 1.4
74 Table 5 (SE).--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 13.8 15.9 14.2 14.8 13.2 12.0 13.1 Virginia pine 36.1 38.2 21.7 20.0 22.0 21.7 24.6 Other yellow pines 43.7 27.6 21.4 17.7 14.9 15.9 19.0 Eastern hemlock 11.5 9.8 7.2 6.4 6.6 7.4 7.4 Other softwoods 22.8 20.7 18.4 25.9 25.5 27.4 35.3 Total softwoods 8.0 7.5 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.6 6.1 Red maple 4.3 4.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 4.1 Sugar maple 6.2 6.8 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.6 Yellow birch 15.9 17.8 11.4 10.2 10.6 11.0 14.6 Sweet birch 8.0 9.4 6.5 6.2 6.0 6.7 8.2 Hickory 9.4 12.2 9.9 9.2 8.0 7.9 9.6 Beech 6.8 8.5 7.0 6.7 7.0 7.5 7.7 White ash 8.9 10.8 7.4 7.4 7.1 6.5 7.0 Black walnut 29.6 33.3 20.3 17.4 21.8 18.5 16.9 Yellow-poplar 24.9 23.4 13.0 15.1 11.4 10.4 9.7 Blackgum 10.7 9.9 9.3 10.4 14.7 14.7 19.5 Aspen 21.9 18.8 14.4 14.0 15.5 16.3 23.3 Black cherry 7.3 7.5 6.2 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.6 Chestnut oak 14.2 11.4 7.1 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.9 Northern red oak 9.8 10.9 7.0 6.2 5.7 5.1 5.2 Select white oaks 15.3 14.0 8.7 6.7 6.4 6.0 6.2 Other oaks 15.0 14.9 9.4 7.8 7.2 6.8 7.5 Black locust 17.7 18.1 14.9 12.5 12.2 14.1 15.7 Basswood 29.0 43.2 17.7 14.0 12.4 12.7 12.6 Other hardwoods 7.8 8.5 7.9 7.0 7.0 7.6 7.8 Other noncomm hardwoods 4.4 5.8 5.4 6.7 8.6 11.6 13.2 Total hardwoods 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 All species 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6
75

Table 5 (SE).-continued

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All

 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 12.7 13.0 13.1 11.7 21.8 10.4 9.4 Virginia pine 50.7 100.0 .0 74.4 .0 18.2 22.0 Other yellow pines 22.0 37.7 54.7 72.7 .0 14.1 14.7 Eastern hemlock 8.1 10.0 11.1 10.8 23.4 5.4 6.8 Other softwoods 50.5 58.5 100.0 70.8 .0 17.7 16.4 Total softwoods 6.6 7.7 8.6 7.8 16.2 4.5 4.9 Red maple 5.0 6.3 6.9 6.6 12.9 2.3 2.8 Sugar maple 7.4 8.1 9.8 10.4 16.3 3.9 4.2 Yellow birch 17.4 22.5 57.2 31.4 79.0 8.2 9.1 Sweet birch 10.3 15.8 23.6 20.9 70.8 4.9 5.5 Hickory 10.8 14.9 17.9 25.2 41.9 6.5 6.3 Beech 9.3 10.8 10.4 10.4 20.4 5.1 5.5 White ash 7.9 9.6 11.0 10.0 19.0 4.8 6.1 Black walnut 23.1 23.2 34.0 35.3 100.0 13.9 15.7 Yellow-poplar 10.4 11.4 11.8 11.4 29.3 7.9 12.3 Blackgum 24.2 29.7 35.7 30.1 71.6 7.6 8.3 Aspen 27.9 50.7 100.0 .0 .0 11.6 13.4 Black cherry 6.0 6.8 8.1 7.8 17.8 3.8 5.0 Chestnut oak 6.5 7.9 10.2 10.0 32.3 4.1 4.9 Northern red oak 5.4 5.5 6.5 6.1 9.5 3.7 4.5 Select white oaks 7.4 8.6 9.9 9.9 16.0 4.8 5.9 Other oaks 8.1 8.5 10.3 9.4 15.7 4.9 6.7 Black locust 16.1 26.2 33.2 26.6 100.0 9.9 10.4 Basswood 14.5 19.8 20.6 18.2 36.7 9.5 11.7 Other hardwoods 10.4 11.5 14.7 15.9 21.4 5.2 5.8 Other noncomm hardwoods 24.9 21.4 35.3 29.0 82.0 4.8 3.8 Total hardwoods 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.9 5.3 1.0 1.4 All species 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 5.1 1.0 1.4
76 Table 6.--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 73,291 32,879 23,505 16,887 11,012 6,973 4,007 Virginia pine 10,271 11,098 6,749 4,689 3,355 1,624 522 Other yellow pines 2,586 8,934 9,752 7,750 4,654 2,318 1,307 Eastern hemlock 116,256 72,105 46,951 32,491 19,313 13,376 8,439 Other softwoods 21,296 16,976 7,854 3,934 1,822 683 476 Total softwoods 223,700 141,993 94,811 65,750 40,156 24,974 14,751 Red maple 830,144 390,499 209,096 127,529 76,427 44,088 26,000 Sugar maple 249,792 116,225 63,345 52,082 33,909 20,239 12,760 Yellow birch 30,708 15,157 11,816 10,055 5,329 3,126 1,574 Sweet birch 244,957 83,869 49,811 37,574 22,133 10,478 4,779 Hickory 71,179 31,768 17,023 14,985 11,321 6,350 3,625 Beech 313,691 74,559 39,514 22,367 13,472 9,184 5,730 White ash 148,535 46,679 27,367 18,760 15,450 10,887 6,799 Black walnut 5,667 5,001 4,359 3,264 1,452 1,275 866 Yellow-poplar 31,410 12,312 8,224 5,803 5,020 4,753 4,066 Blackgum 146,596 54,707 19,126 6,388 2,543 1,235 555 Aspen 39,682 18,584 13,659 8,915 4,359 1,958 467 Black cherry 432,817 118,465 62,119 42,825 30,472 22,181 14,147 Chestnut oak 46,693 42,648 50,160 49,599 38,906 23,022 12,711 Northern red oak 95,608 37,293 30,903 30,254 26,230 22,394 15,184 Select white oaks 34,724 26,143 29,729 27,013 21,516 14,812 8,996 Other oaks 44,260 26,383 16,630 15,423 14,897 10,933 8,021 Black locust 38,728 14,096 12,263 8,313 5,484 2,462 1,581 Basswood 7,491 2,912 5,709 5,995 4,477 3,385 2,317 Other hardwoods 264,955 79,713 36,981 26,549 17,689 10,331 5,154 Other noncomm hardwoods 901,644 233,156 78,147 23,661 8,263 2,882 1,215 Total hardwoods 3,979,281 1,430,169 785,981 537,356 359,349 225,978 136,548 All species 4,202,981 1,572,161 880,793 603,107 399,505 250,953 151,300 SE 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6
77

Table 6.-continued

(In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All SE

 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 2,054 1,459 1,019 1,367 143 68,425 174,595 9.5 Virginia pine 67 13 0 17 0 17,036 38,405 22.0 Other yellow pines 453 119 59 16 0 26,430 37,951 14.9 Eastern hemlock 4,496 2,533 1,290 1,740 102 130,731 319,091 6.9 Other softwoods 56 33 9 14 0 14,881 53,154 16.8 Total softwoods 7,126 4,158 2,377 3,153 244 257,504 623,196 5.0 Red maple 12,246 6,308 2,934 3,346 404 508,376 1,729,019 2.8 Sugar maple 6,482 3,291 1,618 1,906 334 195,967 561,984 4.3 Yellow birch 556 310 54 92 20 32,933 78,798 9.2 Sweet birch 1,794 749 293 243 16 127,870 456,695 5.6 Hickory 1,811 679 442 268 38 56,542 159,490 6.4 Beech 4,198 2,003 1,578 1,737 188 99,972 488,222 5.7 White ash 4,102 1,885 1,317 1,194 166 87,927 283,141 6.2 Black walnut 463 240 94 105 5 12,122 22,790 15.8 Yellow-poplar 3,008 2,082 1,330 1,253 189 35,728 79,449 12.5 Blackgum 329 141 86 99 12 30,516 231,820 8.4 Aspen 205 49 12 0 0 29,625 87,890 13.5 Black cherry 8,686 4,538 2,519 2,480 259 190,227 741,509 5.1 Chestnut oak 7,157 3,161 1,508 1,383 60 187,669 277,011 5.1 Northern red oak 10,777 7,040 4,041 5,037 734 152,596 285,497 4.6 Select white oaks 4,345 2,504 1,412 1,660 287 112,274 173,141 5.7 Other oaks 5,060 2,924 1,635 1,929 245 77,697 148,341 6.8 Black locust 819 322 192 224 5 31,665 84,489 10.4 Basswood 969 459 270 265 39 23,885 34,289 12.1 Other hardwoods 2,321 1,386 701 944 220 102,277 446,945 5.9 Other noncomm hardwoods 499 330 118 172 30 115,317 1,250,117 3.9 Total hardwoods 75,828 40,401 22,155 24,338 3,251 2,211,187 7,620,637 1.5 All species 82,954 44,559 24,533 27,491 3,495 2,468,690 8,243,833 1.4 SE 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.9 5.2 1.0 1.4
78 Table 6 (SE).--Number of live trees (1.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0-

 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 White and red pine 14.0 16.1 14.3 14.9 13.3 12.1 13.2 Virginia pine 36.1 38.2 21.7 20.0 22.0 21.7 24.6 Other yellow pines 43.7 27.6 21.9 18.0 15.1 16.3 19.0 Eastern hemlock 11.5 10.0 7.2 6.5 6.7 7.4 7.4 Other softwoods 24.0 21.1 18.8 28.0 27.0 28.2 35.3 Total softwoods 8.1 7.6 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.7 6.1 Red maple 4.4 4.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.6 4.2 Sugar maple 6.3 6.9 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.7 Yellow birch 16.3 18.1 11.8 10.5 10.9 11.3 15.4 Sweet birch 8.1 9.6 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.9 8.4 Hickory 9.5 12.2 10.1 9.4 8.2 8.1 9.9 Beech 7.0 8.8 7.2 6.8 7.1 7.6 7.8 White ash 8.9 10.9 7.5 7.4 7.3 6.6 7.1 Black walnut 29.6 33.3 20.4 17.4 21.8 18.5 17.3 Yellow-poplar 24.9 23.4 13.1 15.3 11.7 10.4 9.8 Blackgum 10.9 9.9 9.5 10.4 15.0 15.4 19.5 Aspen 22.1 18.8 14.5 14.2 15.5 16.3 23.9 Black cherry 7.4 7.6 6.3 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.7 Chestnut oak 14.5 11.6 7.3 5.6 5.1 5.1 6.0 Northern red oak 9.9 11.1 7.2 6.3 5.8 5.2 5.3 Select white oaks 14.2 14.5 8.7 6.9 6.5 6.1 6.3 Other oaks 15.0 14.9 9.5 8.0 7.3 6.9 7.6 Black locust 17.7 18.4 14.9 12.7 12.3 14.5 15.7 Basswood 29.0 43.2 18.4 14.5 12.8 13.1 13.1 Other hardwoods 7.9 8.6 7.9 7.2 7.1 7.8 7.9 Other noncomm hardwoods 4.4 5.9 5.5 6.7 8.7 11.7 13.3 Total hardwoods 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 All species 2.2 2.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6
79

Table 6 (SE).-continued

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- Total All

 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ 5.0+ classes White and red pine 12.9 13.1 13.5 11.8 22.9 10.5 9.5 Virginia pine 50.7 100.0 .0 74.4 .0 18.2 22.0 Other yellow pines 22.0 37.7 54.7 72.7 .0 14.4 14.9 Eastern hemlock 8.1 10.2 11.2 10.9 23.4 5.4 6.9 Other softwoods 50.5 58.5 100.0 70.8 .0 18.6 16.8 Total softwoods 6.6 7.8 8.7 7.9 16.6 4.5 5.0 Red maple 5.1 6.3 7.0 6.7 13.0 2.4 2.8 Sugar maple 7.5 8.3 9.9 10.6 16.5 4.0 4.3 Yellow birch 18.0 22.5 57.2 31.4 79.0 8.4 9.2 Sweet birch 10.5 16.0 25.1 20.9 70.8 5.0 5.6 Hickory 11.1 15.2 18.2 25.8 41.9 6.7 6.4 Beech 9.4 11.0 10.5 10.6 20.9 5.2 5.7 White ash 7.9 9.8 11.1 10.3 19.8 4.8 6.2 Black walnut 23.1 23.2 34.0 37.3 100.0 14.0 15.8 Yellow-poplar 10.4 11.5 11.9 11.8 30.5 8.1 12.5 Blackgum 24.9 30.3 35.7 31.6 71.6 7.8 8.4 Aspen 27.9 50.7 100.0 .0 .0 11.8 13.5 Black cherry 6.0 6.9 8.2 7.8 18.2 3.9 5.1 Chestnut oak 6.7 8.0 10.3 10.4 32.3 4.3 5.1 Northern red oak 5.5 5.7 6.7 6.3 9.7 3.8 4.6 Select white oaks 7.6 8.7 10.1 10.1 16.3 4.9 5.7 Other oaks 8.3 8.6 10.6 9.5 15.7 5.0 6.8 Black locust 16.5 26.2 34.6 26.6 100.0 10.0 10.4 Basswood 14.9 20.4 21.0 18.8 39.3 9.9 12.1 Other hardwoods 10.7 11.9 14.7 16.1 21.4 5.3 5.9 Other noncomm hardwoods 24.9 21.4 35.3 29.0 90.7 4.9 3.9 Total hardwoods 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 5.4 1.1 1.5 All species 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.9 5.2 1.0 1.4
80 Table 7.--Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In thousands of trees)

 Tree class Species All

 All growing Rough Rotten All Salvable Nonsalvable classes SE

 Preferred Acceptable stock cull cull live dead dead

 White and red pine 1,254 65,026 66,280 1,827 317 68,425 1,764 7,267 77,455 10.1 Virginia pine 0 16,511 16,511 526 0 17,036 590 1,930 19,556 17.7 Other yellow pines 66 25,483 25,549 764 117 26,430 1,244 5,895 33,570 14.0 Eastern hemlock 2,794 123,476 126,270 3,702 758 130,731 2,615 4,068 137,415 5.4 Other softwoods 255 13,869 14,123 731 28 14,881 440 258 15,579 18.7 Total softwoods 4,368 244,365 248,733 7,550 1,220 257,504 6,653 19,419 283,576 4.5 Red maple 734 486,614 487,348 12,637 8,391 508,376 6,591 21,891 536,858 2.4 Sugar maple 548 188,739 189,288 3,911 2,767 195,967 2,853 7,921 206,740 4.0 Yellow birch 5 31,385 31,390 964 579 32,933 1,197 5,246 39,376 7.9 Sweet birch 64 124,344 124,408 2,273 1,189 127,870 3,118 9,733 140,721 4.9 Hickory 261 55,246 55,507 545 491 56,542 1,801 2,159 60,502 6.5 Beech 95 94,638 94,733 1,969 3,271 99,972 1,425 5,240 106,638 5.2 White ash 1,311 82,734 84,045 2,421 1,461 87,927 3,485 2,805 94,218 4.8 Black walnut 49 11,453 11,502 384 235 12,122 316 311 12,749 13.7 Yellow-poplar 1,786 33,104 34,890 180 657 35,728 319 445 36,491 8.0 Blackgum 22 28,729 28,751 1,035 730 30,516 0 561 31,076 7.7 Aspen 0 29,156 29,156 339 130 29,625 1,576 5,121 36,322 11.1 Black cherry 1,996 177,145 179,141 8,666 2,421 190,227 3,759 14,495 208,482 3.8 Chestnut oak 177 181,875 182,051 4,041 1,577 187,669 6,483 45,611 239,763 4.0 Northern red oak 3,671 146,267 149,938 1,687 971 152,596 4,047 18,018 174,661 3.7 Select white oaks 907 109,192 110,099 1,366 809 112,274 4,586 18,932 135,793 4.7 Other oaks 1,248 74,572 75,820 869 1,008 77,697 3,613 13,362 94,672 5.0 Black locust 0 25,399 25,399 3,249 3,017 31,665 2,289 13,400 47,353 8.9 Basswood 398 22,705 23,103 487 295 23,885 582 1,369 25,836 9.7 Other hardwoods 296 97,308 97,605 3,429 1,244 102,277 4,570 15,319 122,167 5.0 Other noncomm hardwoods 0 0 0 107,543 7,774 115,317 5,523 22,572 143,412 4.5 Total hardwoods 13,568 2,000,606 2,014,174 157,994 39,018 2,211,187 58,133 224,511 2,493,831 1.0 All species 17,937 2,244,971 2,262,907 165,545 40,238 2,468,690 64,787 243,930 2,777,407 1.0 SE 5.2 1.1 1.1 3.4 5.4 1.0 3.8 2.5 1.0
81

 Table 7 (SE).--Number of trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and tree class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Tree class Species All

 All growing Rough Rotten All Salvable Nonsalvable classes Preferred Acceptable stock cull cull live dead dead White and red pine 18.4 10.9 10.7 19.3 33.6 10.5 22.6 15.4 10.1 Virginia pine .0 18.1 18.1 50.8 .0 18.2 42.7 27.5 17.7 Other yellow pines 48.6 14.6 14.5 33.2 47.0 14.4 35.5 20.6 14.0 Eastern hemlock 15.3 5.5 5.5 15.3 20.2 5.4 15.4 14.5 5.4 Other softwoods 52.6 19.0 19.1 41.0 100.0 18.6 44.5 55.0 18.7 Total softwoods 12.1 4.6 4.6 10.9 16.1 4.5 11.8 9.4 4.5 Red maple 20.0 2.4 2.4 7.5 9.1 2.4 10.8 6.8 2.4 Sugar maple 24.7 4.0 4.0 12.1 15.0 4.0 15.5 10.4 4.0 Yellow birch 100.0 8.5 8.5 20.8 25.4 8.4 21.3 11.0 7.9 Sweet birch 50.2 5.1 5.1 17.0 20.1 5.0 15.8 10.2 4.9 Hickory 35.4 6.7 6.7 34.3 29.9 6.7 18.8 13.9 6.5 Beech 53.9 5.3 5.3 15.5 12.8 5.2 23.9 12.2 5.2 White ash 14.1 4.9 4.9 16.0 20.8 4.8 17.6 15.4 4.8 Black walnut 60.3 14.3 14.3 37.0 45.3 14.0 60.3 42.8 13.7 Yellow-poplar 13.9 8.3 8.0 56.6 36.0 8.1 36.7 29.9 8.0 Blackgum 100.0 8.1 8.1 32.2 34.2 7.8 .0 41.0 7.7 Aspen .0 11.8 11.8 42.6 47.9 11.8 24.4 14.5 11.1 Black cherry 10.9 4.0 4.0 10.6 13.1 3.9 14.0 8.4 3.8 Chestnut oak 29.5 4.3 4.3 12.1 15.7 4.3 13.2 6.8 4.0 Northern red oak 10.1 3.9 3.8 17.0 20.1 3.8 12.4 8.5 3.7 Select white oaks 17.1 5.0 4.9 19.2 25.5 4.9 14.0 8.3 4.7 Other oaks 16.0 5.0 5.0 33.3 23.8 5.0 15.8 9.7 5.0 Black locust .0 10.5 10.5 26.0 16.9 10.0 18.3 11.8 8.9 Basswood 32.4 10.1 10.1 37.0 28.6 9.9 30.4 21.5 9.7 Other hardwoods 26.8 5.5 5.4 16.5 19.4 5.3 14.0 8.5 5.0 Other noncomm hardwoods .0 .0 .0 4.7 20.0 4.9 13.2 7.4 4.5 Total hardwoods 5.3 1.1 1.1 3.6 5.5 1.1 4.1 2.7 1.0 All species 5.2 1.1 1.1 3.4 5.4 1.0 3.8 2.5 1.0
82 Table 8.--Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

(In thousands of trees)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 22,807 16,685 10,325 6,807 3,957 1,961 1,348 973 1,293 123 66,280 10.7 Virginia pine 6,368 4,689 3,290 1,577 489 67 13 0 17 0 16,511 18.1 Other yellow pines 9,468 7,712 4,267 2,206 1,248 453 119 59 16 0 25,549 14.5 Eastern hemlock 45,747 31,978 17,611 12,816 8,313 4,349 2,519 1,215 1,637 84 126,270 5.5 Other softwoods 7,439 3,827 1,631 655 476 56 21 9 7 0 14,123 19.1 Total softwoods 91,830 64,891 37,124 24,062 14,484 6,886 4,021 2,257 2,970 208 248,733 4.6 Red maple 200,776 123,543 74,914 40,747 24,306 11,502 5,728 2,693 2,862 277 487,348 2.4 Sugar maple 61,017 50,985 33,040 19,547 12,092 6,170 3,103 1,472 1,640 222 189,288 4.0 Yellow birch 11,543 9,660 5,193 2,735 1,396 520 252 31 55 5 31,390 8.5 Sweet birch 48,576 37,202 21,791 9,618 4,409 1,657 668 245 225 16 124,408 5.1 Hickory 16,729 14,862 11,057 6,220 3,513 1,731 679 429 253 33 55,507 6.7 Beech 38,376 21,336 13,013 8,405 5,233 3,819 1,815 1,315 1,325 95 94,733 5.3 White ash 25,886 18,169 14,901 10,434 6,538 3,865 1,811 1,242 1,070 128 84,045 4.9 Black walnut 4,232 3,086 1,416 1,107 831 430 229 94 73 5 11,502 14.3 Yellow-poplar 7,833 5,559 4,958 4,707 4,066 2,958 2,067 1,317 1,247 177 34,890 8.0 Blackgum 18,059 6,067 2,380 1,141 534 298 101 76 90 5 28,751 8.1 Aspen 13,371 8,853 4,303 1,928 434 205 49 12 0 0 29,156 11.8 Black cherry 57,881 40,057 29,434 20,715 13,505 8,286 4,380 2,377 2,293 213 179,141 4.0 Chestnut oak 48,836 48,491 38,484 21,876 12,083 6,741 2,944 1,389 1,163 44 182,051 4.3 Northern red oak 30,107 29,709 26,138 21,858 14,990 10,623 6,920 4,019 4,877 696 149,938 3.8 Select white oaks 28,877 26,512 21,421 14,472 8,955 4,243 2,477 1,359 1,557 226 110,099 4.9 Other oaks 16,023 14,944 14,665 10,699 7,908 5,016 2,882 1,613 1,859 210 75,820 5.0 Black locust 9,941 6,807 4,550 1,817 1,180 592 241 118 151 0 25,399 10.5 Basswood 5,450 5,876 4,355 3,318 2,222 969 433 238 214 28 23,103 10.1 Other hardwoods 34,318 25,902 17,392 9,883 4,967 2,171 1,319 639 827 185 97,605 5.4 Total hardwoods 677,832 497,621 343,404 211,229 129,164 71,797 38,100 20,681 21,782 2,564 2,014,174 1.1 All species 769,662 562,512 380,528 235,291 143,648 78,683 42,121 22,938 24,752 2,772 2,262,907 1.1 SE 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0 5.7 1.1
83

 Table 8 (SE).--Number of growing-stock trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 14.6 15.1 13.9 12.4 13.3 13.4 13.1 13.6 12.1 24.2 10.7 Virginia pine 21.5 20.0 22.2 22.1 25.5 50.7 100.0 .0 74.4 .0 18.1 Other yellow pines 22.2 18.1 15.0 16.5 19.7 22.0 37.7 54.7 72.7 .0 14.5 Eastern hemlock 7.2 6.5 6.9 7.6 7.5 8.3 10.2 11.6 11.2 25.4 5.5 Other softwoods 19.2 28.7 27.2 28.5 35.3 50.5 71.9 100.0 100.0 .0 19.1 Total softwoods 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.2 6.7 7.9 8.9 8.1 17.8 4.6 Red maple 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.7 4.3 5.2 6.6 7.3 7.2 14.5 2.4 Sugar maple 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.8 7.7 8.6 10.2 11.3 18.2 4.0 Yellow birch 11.8 10.5 10.8 11.8 16.1 18.7 25.7 59.1 42.7 100.0 8.5 Sweet birch 6.7 6.4 6.2 7.1 8.7 11.0 17.2 26.8 21.8 70.8 5.1 Hickory 10.2 9.4 8.3 8.1 10.1 11.4 15.2 18.5 26.1 45.9 6.7 Beech 7.3 6.9 7.2 7.9 8.2 9.7 10.9 11.5 11.8 27.0 5.3 White ash 7.6 7.5 7.4 6.7 7.3 8.2 10.1 11.4 10.8 21.7 4.9 Black walnut 20.9 18.0 21.9 19.1 17.6 22.9 23.8 34.0 38.0 100.0 14.3 Yellow-poplar 13.3 15.7 11.8 10.4 9.8 10.4 11.6 12.0 11.9 32.2 8.0 Blackgum 9.9 10.8 15.7 16.0 19.2 26.5 35.5 38.2 29.9 100.0 8.1 Aspen 14.7 14.2 15.6 16.5 25.1 27.9 50.7 100.0 .0 .0 11.8 Black cherry 6.5 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.9 6.2 7.0 8.4 8.2 20.5 4.0 Chestnut oak 7.4 5.7 5.2 5.2 6.2 6.9 8.2 10.6 10.8 38.6 4.3 Northern red oak 7.4 6.3 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.7 6.4 9.9 3.8 Select white oaks 8.9 6.9 6.5 6.1 6.4 7.6 8.7 10.3 10.1 17.4 4.9 Other oaks 9.6 8.1 7.3 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.7 10.6 9.7 16.8 5.0 Black locust 15.6 13.3 13.2 16.9 16.4 19.7 30.3 41.6 30.8 .0 10.5 Basswood 19.1 14.7 13.0 13.1 13.2 14.9 20.8 22.5 21.0 47.0 10.1 Other hardwoods 8.3 7.3 7.2 7.8 8.1 11.2 12.1 15.2 16.0 22.5 5.4 Total hardwoods 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.6 2.9 3.1 6.0 1.1 All species 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0 5.7 1.1
84

Table 9.--Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland by class

of timber and species group, Pennsylvania, 1989

(In millions of cubic feet)

 Species group

 Class of timber All

 Other Soft Hard species SE

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods

 Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size:

 Poletimber size 276.6 334.8 4,328.7 4,623.3 9,563.4 1.2

 Total growing-stock trees 276.6 334.8 4,328.7 4,623.3 9,563.4 1.2

 Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 27.8 31.9 238.4 194.8 492.9 4.1

 Poletimber size 2.2 3.3 217.3 186.0 408.7 4.2

 Total rough trees 30.0 35.2 455.7 380.8 901.7 3.1

 Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 1.6 4.1 57.2 83.5 146.4 4.8

 Poletimber size .1 .1 10.3 9.2 19.7 6.4

 Total rotten trees 1.7 4.2 67.5 92.7 166.1 4.3

 Salvable deada trees:

 All classes 308.3 374.2 4,851.9 5,096.8 10,631.2 1.2

 SE 9.7 5.9 1.9 1.7 1.2

 a Includes noncommercial species.
85

 Table 9 (SE).--Net volume of all trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on timberland

 by class of timber and species group, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Species group

 Class of timber All

 Other Soft Hard species

 Pines softwoods hardwoods hardwoods

 Growing-stock trees:

 Sawtimber size:

 Poletimber size 10.4 6.1 2.0 1.8 1.2

 Total growing-stock trees 10.4 6.1 2.0 1.8 1.2

 Rough trees:

 Sawtimber size 20.9 15.1 6.0 5.4 4.1

 Poletimber size 26.8 22.6 6.2 5.5 4.2

 Total rough trees 19.5 14.4 4.7 4.1 3.1

 Rotten trees:

 Sawtimber size 26.8 21.0 6.8 6.6 4.8

 Poletimber size 71.8 71.8 9.0 8.5 6.4

 Total rotten trees 25.7 20.5 6.0 6.0 4.3

 Salvable deada trees:

 All classes 9.7 5.9 1.9 1.7 1.2

 a Includes noncommercial species.
86 Table 10.--Sound volume of all live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In millions of cubic feet)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 68.6 98.8 125.1 118.1 101.3 63.5 56.4 57.1 107.0 19.0 814.7 8.3 Virginia pine 15.7 28.1 33.3 23.2 9.5 2.0 .5 .0 1.0 .0 113.4 18.0 Other yellow pines 23.0 45.6 42.3 32.8 24.1 13.7 4.4 2.7 1.2 .0 189.7 11.9 Eastern hemlock 115.0 181.6 177.8 194.1 187.1 131.7 97.9 62.1 123.1 11.3 1,281.7 5.4 Other softwoods 23.9 25.0 17.6 10.7 9.6 1.6 .8 .4 .5 .0 90.3 19.2 Total softwoods 246.2 379.1 396.1 378.9 331.6 212.5 160.0 122.3 232.9 30.3 2,489.8 4.2 Red maple 514.3 830.3 916.6 809.0 696.0 424.9 280.2 166.7 228.9 50.6 4,917.5 2.5 Sugar maple 176.2 386.4 448.0 417.1 355.0 230.7 158.7 96.5 141.8 33.8 2,444.2 4.0 Yellow birch 31.8 64.7 65.0 51.2 39.7 19.0 11.3 1.7 4.5 .7 289.6 8.1 Sweet birch 138.0 257.1 267.4 179.9 115.2 60.3 31.5 14.6 18.1 1.9 1,084.0 4.6 Hickory 38.0 107.6 148.2 133.5 107.5 70.4 37.0 27.9 17.3 4.8 692.3 6.0 Beech 99.2 154.0 183.2 168.7 150.0 146.0 93.7 85.6 123.7 18.6 1,222.8 5.1 White ash 70.7 126.8 192.3 220.9 197.8 154.3 99.5 82.3 102.0 19.8 1,266.4 4.7 Black walnut 9.6 16.6 14.5 17.9 21.6 14.1 9.4 5.0 6.1 .8 115.6 11.9 Yellow-poplar 20.9 38.0 71.8 104.0 133.8 136.2 121.9 105.9 137.8 35.7 906.0 7.3 Blackgum 43.4 37.1 26.2 20.9 12.9 10.6 5.4 4.0 7.2 .5 168.1 7.1 Aspen 39.2 61.3 54.3 39.2 13.3 8.0 2.5 .7 .0 .0 218.6 11.0 Black cherry 149.5 278.6 383.2 437.8 424.2 351.9 247.1 171.2 219.9 43.1 2,706.4 3.7 Chestnut oak 118.3 271.3 390.0 355.4 274.2 204.0 115.4 69.4 72.1 5.4 1,875.5 3.8 Northern red oak 77.9 185.8 291.1 394.7 398.8 360.9 317.7 229.9 388.9 99.0 2,744.7 3.4 Select white oaks 67.2 151.0 222.9 241.8 224.8 147.7 103.8 74.1 127.3 40.7 1,401.3 4.1 Other oaks 39.2 92.3 160.4 190.1 201.4 169.5 130.5 92.1 146.3 29.4 1,251.2 4.7 Black locust 22.2 36.9 45.8 28.5 27.9 19.6 9.8 6.4 11.1 .0 208.2 10.3 Basswood 13.0 46.7 61.2 75.6 76.8 43.3 23.5 14.0 16.0 5.2 375.3 8.7 Other hardwoods 87.5 170.3 209.2 195.1 140.6 81.7 60.7 34.3 69.7 34.3 1,083.5 5.2 Total hardwoods 1,756.2 3,312.7 4,151.3 4,081.3 3,611.6 2,653.2 1,859.8 1,282.3 1,838.7 424.2 24,971.3 1.0 All species 2,002.4 3,691.8 4,547.4 4,460.2 3,943.2 2,865.7 2,019.7 1,404.7 2,071.6 454.5 27,461.1 1.0 SE 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.9 5.8 1.0
87

 Table 10 (SE).--Sound volume of all live trees (5.0+ inches d.b.h.) on forest land by species and diameter class,

 Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 14.9 15.2 14.0 12.2 13.2 13.4 12.9 13.3 11.8 23.7 8.3 Virginia pine 21.5 19.6 22.3 22.0 25.5 50.9 100.0 .0 73.1 .0 18.0 Other yellow pines 21.3 17.9 14.9 16.2 19.5 22.0 38.0 55.1 72.4 .0 11.9 Eastern hemlock 7.2 6.4 6.8 7.6 7.5 8.4 10.1 11.6 11.1 25.9 5.4 Other softwoods 18.9 28.9 25.4 28.6 35.3 50.8 74.7 100.0 100.0 .0 19.2 Total softwoods 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.3 6.8 7.8 8.9 8.0 17.8 4.2 Red maple 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.6 4.2 5.2 6.5 7.3 7.0 14.5 2.5 Sugar maple 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.7 7.6 8.4 10.0 11.1 18.5 4.0 Yellow birch 11.4 10.2 10.5 11.4 15.4 18.2 25.7 59.1 43.0 100.0 8.1 Sweet birch 6.5 6.2 5.9 6.9 8.5 10.7 16.8 26.0 22.3 70.8 4.6 Hickory 9.8 9.2 8.2 7.9 9.7 11.1 15.1 18.0 25.0 45.4 6.0 Beech 7.1 6.8 7.1 7.8 8.1 9.4 10.7 11.5 11.6 26.0 5.1 White ash 7.4 7.4 7.2 6.6 7.2 8.1 9.9 11.4 10.6 21.3 4.7 Black walnut 21.4 18.3 21.8 19.0 17.1 23.1 23.8 34.2 34.8 100.0 11.9 Yellow-poplar 12.9 15.6 11.6 10.5 9.7 10.5 11.4 11.8 11.2 32.9 7.3 Blackgum 9.4 10.7 15.1 15.6 19.2 26.0 34.5 38.1 28.2 100.0 7.1 Aspen 14.5 14.1 15.5 16.4 24.8 27.8 51.3 100.0 .0 .0 11.0 Black cherry 6.4 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.8 6.1 6.9 8.4 8.1 20.1 3.7 Chestnut oak 7.1 5.5 5.0 5.1 6.0 6.7 8.0 10.4 10.3 38.4 3.8 Northern red oak 7.0 6.2 5.7 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.6 6.2 9.7 3.4 Select white oaks 8.9 6.8 6.4 6.1 6.2 7.4 8.6 10.0 10.0 16.9 4.1 Other oaks 9.4 7.9 7.2 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.5 10.5 9.8 16.7 4.7 Black locust 15.4 13.1 13.2 17.0 16.3 19.5 30.0 39.2 30.6 .0 10.3 Basswood 17.8 14.2 12.6 12.7 12.7 14.4 20.0 21.9 20.1 42.2 8.7 Other hardwoods 8.6 7.4 7.2 7.9 8.1 10.9 11.7 15.3 16.4 23.0 5.2 Total hardwoods 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.1 6.1 1.0 All species 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.9 5.8 1.0
88 Table 11.--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 1989

(In millions of cubic feet)

 Forest-type group Species Total SE White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/

 red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch

 White and red pine 298.2 2.8 16.1 66.2 237.4 .0 2.1 163.4 15.1 801.2 8.4 Virginia pine .0 .0 66.6 17.2 21.5 .0 .8 7.4 .0 113.4 18.0 Other yellow pines 45.7 .4 28.0 32.9 61.5 .0 .5 15.8 2.3 187.2 12.1 Eastern hemlock 392.4 .0 .0 4.2 158.0 .0 7.3 699.6 6.9 1,268.4 5.4 Other softwoods 4.5 21.8 2.2 2.5 15.9 .0 1.8 26.1 7.7 82.5 20.3 Total softwoods 740.8 24.9 112.8 123.0 494.3 .0 12.5 912.3 32.1 2,452.7 4.2 Red maple 105.2 .3 8.9 24.2 1,804.4 .0 451.7 2,346.7 39.3 4,780.8 2.5 Sugar maple 9.7 .0 .1 1.6 172.2 .0 17.0 2,174.7 7.8 2,383.1 4.1 Yellow birch 21.7 .0 .0 .2 9.4 .0 1.8 236.8 1.2 271.0 8.2 Sweet birch 30.8 .0 .9 6.2 315.1 .0 4.4 671.3 7.1 1,035.8 4.8 Hickory 6.8 .0 .0 2.6 500.1 .0 16.0 135.3 1.0 661.8 6.1 Beech 30.4 .0 .0 .0 167.1 .0 15.6 970.0 2.4 1,185.5 5.2 White ash 15.5 1.5 5.4 10.8 319.6 .0 56.9 805.2 4.1 1,219.0 4.7 Black walnut 1.6 .0 1.2 .5 71.0 .0 8.9 30.7 .0 113.8 12.0 Yellow-poplar 18.2 .0 4.5 .9 579.4 .0 11.7 249.0 .0 863.7 7.4 Blackgum 1.1 1.0 .2 .6 123.5 .0 1.1 35.4 .0 162.8 7.2 Aspen 4.7 .0 .0 .8 30.9 .0 15.5 96.1 69.2 217.3 11.1 Black cherry 37.4 3.0 1.7 6.3 549.4 .0 59.4 1,960.5 18.1 2,635.8 3.7 Chestnut oak 13.3 .0 3.2 14.5 1,661.7 .0 1.1 89.4 5.0 1,788.0 3.9 Northern red oak 24.6 .0 1.8 16.2 2,133.0 .0 13.7 411.0 19.3 2,619.5 3.5 Select white oaks 30.6 .0 1.2 12.8 1,180.4 .0 20.5 120.1 4.8 1,370.4 4.2 Other oaks 7.8 .0 3.8 11.0 1,109.1 .0 14.5 71.4 .6 1,218.1 4.8 Black locust .3 .0 .0 2.2 148.6 .0 3.1 51.5 .3 205.9 10.4 Basswood 2.9 .0 .0 .4 32.8 .0 1.4 315.2 2.2 354.9 9.0 Other hardwoods 23.7 1.0 2.3 8.3 295.4 .0 180.0 396.2 141.8 1,048.6 5.3 Total hardwoods 386.2 6.7 35.2 120.1 11,203.1 .0 894.3 11,166.2 324.2 24,136.0 1.1 All species 1,127.0 31.6 148.0 243.1 11,697.4 .0 906.8 12,078.5 356.3 26,588.8 1.0 SE 10.7 54.0 24.6 21.4 2.3 .0 11.1 2.4 16.1 1.0
89

 Table 11 (SE).--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Forest-type group Species Total

 White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/

 red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch

 White and red pine 19.2 84.5 40.3 31.6 9.5 .0 63.3 12.2 39.0 8.4 Virginia pine .0 .0 28.3 39.2 18.4 .0 91.1 48.2 .0 18.0 Other yellow pines 32.9 100.0 36.1 31.9 12.8 .0 100.0 38.4 73.5 12.1 Eastern hemlock 13.4 .0 .0 57.7 11.6 .0 36.9 6.6 49.4 5.4 Other softwoods 53.1 59.8 71.0 71.4 30.7 .0 63.2 29.5 52.9 20.3 Total softwoods 11.2 55.3 24.8 22.0 6.7 .0 26.8 5.8 28.6 4.2 Red maple 16.6 78.8 53.9 31.9 4.0 .0 15.8 4.0 22.2 2.5 Sugar maple 30.8 .0 100.0 58.3 10.2 .0 38.2 4.5 36.2 4.1 Yellow birch 28.2 .0 .0 100.0 26.2 .0 58.5 9.1 63.8 8.2 Sweet birch 25.5 .0 100.0 53.4 6.8 .0 40.5 6.7 33.5 4.8 Hickory 46.6 .0 .0 51.9 7.6 .0 26.8 10.9 95.5 6.1 Beech 27.2 .0 .0 .0 12.7 .0 28.0 6.0 52.3 5.2 White ash 31.0 76.9 58.1 34.4 8.3 .0 24.8 6.3 50.1 4.7 Black walnut 57.2 .0 71.1 100.0 15.0 .0 47.1 24.9 .0 12.0 Yellow-poplar 35.3 .0 93.6 100.0 9.9 .0 44.6 12.0 .0 7.4 Blackgum 66.8 100.0 70.8 71.2 8.4 .0 59.4 16.2 .0 7.2 Aspen 49.0 .0 .0 100.0 22.5 .0 67.5 15.1 21.7 11.1 Black cherry 19.8 80.1 69.0 43.9 7.2 .0 21.1 4.8 28.3 3.7 Chestnut oak 37.7 .0 70.7 41.0 4.2 .0 76.9 12.3 63.2 3.9 Northern red oak 21.6 .0 57.9 29.6 4.3 .0 29.6 7.0 38.5 3.5 Select white oaks 25.0 .0 100.0 38.2 4.8 .0 44.5 9.7 39.0 4.2 Other oaks 36.3 .0 52.3 37.6 5.2 .0 52.2 12.9 68.8 4.8 Black locust 100.0 .0 .0 73.3 13.2 .0 54.7 17.0 100.0 10.4 Basswood 56.5 .0 .0 100.0 20.6 .0 92.1 9.9 79.6 9.0 Other hardwoods 26.3 72.2 67.7 38.2 7.8 .0 16.9 7.9 20.8 5.3 Total hardwoods 12.0 72.7 32.7 22.4 2.3 .0 11.1 2.4 16.6 1.1 All species 10.7 54.0 24.6 21.4 2.3 .0 11.1 2.4 16.1 1.0
90 Table 12.--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (In millions of cubic feet)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 68.0 97.6 124.2 116.7 100.0 62.4 54.8 55.1 104.5 18.0 801.2 8.4 Virginia pine 15.7 28.1 33.3 23.2 9.5 2.0 .5 .0 1.0 .0 113.4 18.0 Other yellow pines 22.5 44.7 41.8 32.1 24.1 13.7 4.4 2.7 1.2 .0 187.2 12.1 Eastern hemlock 113.4 178.9 175.5 191.5 186.6 131.7 96.1 61.6 121.8 11.3 1,268.4 5.4 Other softwoods 20.1 22.3 16.8 10.2 9.6 1.6 .8 .4 .5 .0 82.5 20.3 Total softwoods 239.8 371.6 391.5 373.8 329.8 211.5 156.6 119.8 229.1 29.4 2,452.7 4.2 Red maple 498.6 807.0 889.7 785.3 675.5 410.9 276.3 163.4 224.4 49.8 4,780.8 2.5 Sugar maple 171.8 376.1 436.7 407.4 344.8 226.7 154.3 94.3 138.3 32.6 2,383.1 4.1 Yellow birch 30.1 60.8 60.2 48.8 35.1 18.0 11.3 1.7 4.5 .7 271.0 8.2 Sweet birch 130.9 242.7 254.5 172.2 113.0 57.6 30.7 14.0 18.1 1.9 1,035.8 4.8 Hickory 36.9 105.2 144.2 126.1 101.1 66.6 33.0 27.0 16.9 4.8 661.8 6.1 Beech 95.2 146.5 176.2 164.9 145.6 143.7 92.3 84.7 118.9 17.5 1,185.5 5.2 White ash 69.5 125.0 185.3 214.8 189.5 150.0 93.6 77.5 95.1 18.7 1,219.0 4.7 Black walnut 9.6 16.6 14.5 17.9 20.7 14.1 9.4 5.0 5.3 .8 113.8 12.0 Yellow-poplar 20.5 37.5 70.9 100.2 128.6 127.6 116.9 98.0 129.6 34.1 863.7 7.4 Blackgum 42.5 36.9 25.6 19.9 12.9 9.6 4.4 4.0 6.5 .5 162.8 7.2 Aspen 39.1 60.7 54.3 39.2 12.8 8.0 2.5 .7 .0 .0 217.3 11.1 Black cherry 148.7 273.5 377.5 426.8 414.6 341.8 235.2 168.4 209.3 40.0 2,635.8 3.7 Chestnut oak 115.1 260.3 371.8 335.2 261.5 193.7 111.6 66.7 66.8 5.4 1,788.0 3.9 Northern red oak 75.6 179.9 283.2 377.6 372.9 347.7 301.3 219.1 367.7 94.4 2,619.5 3.5 Select white oaks 66.7 148.1 218.2 239.1 220.2 142.5 101.9 71.1 123.8 38.8 1,370.4 4.2 Other oaks 38.6 89.5 157.9 185.2 196.1 163.5 126.3 87.6 143.8 29.4 1,218.1 4.8 Black locust 22.1 36.3 45.4 28.2 27.9 19.1 9.8 6.0 11.1 .0 205.9 10.4 Basswood 12.3 44.5 57.8 73.0 72.8 40.7 22.0 13.3 14.4 4.1 354.9 9.0 Other hardwoods 86.7 166.6 203.7 187.4 134.4 75.8 57.7 34.3 67.7 34.3 1,048.6 5.3 Total hardwoods 1,710.7 3,213.7 4,027.6 3,949.3 3,480.2 2,557.4 1,790.6 1,236.7 1,762.0 407.9 24,136.0 1.1 All species 1,950.4 3,585.3 4,419.1 4,323.0 3,809.9 2,768.9 1,947.2 1,356.5 1,991.1 437.3 26,588.8 1.0 SE 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.8 3.0 6.0 1.0
91

 Table 12 (SE).--Net volume of growing-stock trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 15.0 15.4 14.1 12.3 13.4 13.5 13.1 13.7 12.0 24.4 8.4 Virginia pine 21.5 19.6 22.3 22.0 25.5 50.9 100.0 .0 73.1 .0 18.0 Other yellow pines 21.8 18.2 15.0 16.5 19.5 22.0 38.0 55.1 72.4 .0 12.1 Eastern hemlock 7.3 6.5 6.9 7.7 7.5 8.4 10.2 11.7 11.2 25.9 5.4 Other softwoods 19.5 31.3 26.5 29.7 35.3 50.8 74.7 100.0 100.0 .0 20.3 Total softwoods 6.4 6.0 6.2 5.9 6.3 6.9 7.9 9.1 8.1 18.1 4.2 Red maple 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.7 4.3 5.3 6.6 7.3 7.1 14.6 2.5 Sugar maple 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.8 7.7 8.6 10.2 11.3 18.8 4.1 Yellow birch 11.8 10.4 10.8 11.8 16.1 18.9 25.7 59.1 43.0 100.0 8.2 Sweet birch 6.7 6.4 6.2 7.1 8.7 10.9 17.0 26.8 22.3 70.8 4.8 Hickory 10.1 9.3 8.4 8.1 10.0 11.4 15.3 18.3 25.5 45.4 6.1 Beech 7.3 6.9 7.3 7.9 8.1 9.5 10.8 11.6 11.8 26.9 5.2 White ash 7.5 7.5 7.4 6.6 7.3 8.2 10.1 11.4 10.8 22.1 4.7 Black walnut 21.5 18.3 21.8 19.0 17.6 23.1 23.8 34.2 37.0 100.0 12.0 Yellow-poplar 13.1 15.7 11.8 10.5 9.8 10.4 11.6 12.0 11.6 34.3 7.4 Blackgum 9.5 10.7 15.4 16.2 19.2 26.8 35.7 38.1 29.4 100.0 7.2 Aspen 14.5 14.2 15.5 16.4 25.4 27.8 51.3 100.0 .0 .0 11.1 Black cherry 6.5 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.9 6.2 7.1 8.5 8.2 21.0 3.7 Chestnut oak 7.2 5.6 5.1 5.3 6.2 6.9 8.1 10.6 10.8 38.4 3.9 Northern red oak 7.2 6.3 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.8 6.4 10.0 3.5 Select white oaks 8.9 6.9 6.5 6.1 6.3 7.6 8.7 10.3 10.1 17.3 4.2 Other oaks 9.5 8.0 7.3 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.7 10.8 9.9 16.7 4.8 Black locust 15.4 13.2 13.3 17.1 16.3 19.8 30.0 41.4 30.6 .0 10.4 Basswood 18.7 14.7 13.0 13.0 13.1 14.8 20.8 22.5 20.9 46.5 9.0 Other hardwoods 8.6 7.5 7.4 8.1 8.2 11.2 12.1 15.3 16.7 23.0 5.3 Total hardwoods 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.2 6.2 1.1 All species 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.8 3.0 6.0 1.0
92 Table 13.--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 1989

(In millions of board feet)

 Forest-type group Species Total SE White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch White and red pine 935.7 1.3 64.1 246.9 798.7 .0 9.1 645.2 45.1 2,746.3 8.6 Virginia pine .0 .0 139.0 37.9 39.6 .0 1.5 17.3 .0 235.3 20.1 Other yellow pines 47.9 1.3 71.6 94.6 162.3 .0 2.0 42.2 4.5 426.5 13.5 Eastern hemlock 1,307.6 .0 .0 14.2 471.9 .0 18.7 2,102.1 19.3 3,933.8 6.0 Other softwoods 6.7 31.2 4.4 4.8 18.5 .0 2.0 66.9 13.7 148.1 23.2 Total softwoods 2,297.8 33.9 279.1 398.4 1,491.1 .0 33.4 2,873.7 82.6 7,489.9 4.7 Red maple 246.2 .0 12.4 26.6 3,259.8 .0 1,104.9 6,169.7 45.2 10,864.9 3.5 Sugar maple 18.5 .0 .0 4.9 354.3 .0 55.1 5,332.3 16.3 5,781.5 5.1 Yellow birch 33.4 .0 .0 .0 14.5 .0 1.8 448.0 .0 497.8 10.9 Sweet birch 61.8 .0 .0 5.9 516.7 .0 7.7 1,097.9 6.2 1,696.1 6.2 Hickory 29.3 .0 .0 9.2 1,136.0 .0 47.1 342.6 .0 1,564.1 7.1 Beech 107.2 .0 .0 .0 500.6 .0 33.5 2,759.8 4.0 3,405.1 6.3 White ash 43.8 2.5 11.6 28.0 949.5 .0 192.2 2,456.3 14.7 3,698.6 5.5 Black walnut 5.2 .0 5.2 2.0 186.2 .0 29.6 82.0 .0 310.1 13.3 Yellow-poplar 66.3 .0 13.2 4.7 2,341.9 .0 49.1 1,016.2 .0 3,491.5 7.9 Blackgum .0 3.8 .0 .0 151.1 .0 3.1 81.3 .0 239.2 10.7 Aspen 9.3 .0 .0 .0 50.7 .0 13.3 138.0 58.3 269.6 14.8 Black cherry 117.6 8.2 2.6 17.9 1,494.2 .0 211.7 6,466.1 31.7 8,349.9 4.4 Chestnut oak 35.0 .0 4.7 22.6 3,713.4 .0 2.9 263.2 10.5 4,052.3 4.6 Northern red oak 91.6 .0 2.2 41.4 7,164.4 .0 56.7 1,552.1 62.8 8,971.1 3.9 Select white oaks 94.7 .0 4.7 39.1 3,396.7 .0 71.5 444.2 16.0 4,067.1 4.6 Other oaks 24.7 .0 4.2 32.7 3,631.1 .0 54.9 243.5 .0 3,991.1 5.4 Black locust .0 .0 .0 3.6 327.4 .0 4.0 93.6 .0 428.6 13.8 Basswood 9.4 .0 .0 1.5 78.2 .0 3.0 946.5 6.5 1,045.1 9.4 Other hardwoods 46.8 2.5 6.5 16.0 705.8 .0 639.2 1,001.4 190.7 2,609.0 6.8 Total hardwoods 1,040.7 17.0 67.2 256.0 29,972.6 .0 2,581.4 30,934.7 463.0 65,332.7 1.5 All species 3,338.6 50.9 346.3 654.3 31,463.7 .0 2,614.8 33,808.4 545.6 72,822.6 1.4 SE 11.6 63.0 26.6 23.9 2.7 .0 12.4 2.7 20.3 1.4
93

Table 13 (SE).--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and forest-type group, Pennsylvania, 1989

(Standard error as percentage of total)

 Forest-type group Species Total

 White/ Spruce/ Loblolly/ Oak/ Oak/ Oak/gum/ Elm/ash/ Northern Aspen/ red pine fir shortleaf pine hickory cypress red maple hardwoods birch

 White and red pine 20.4 100.0 41.1 32.2 10.1 .0 63.9 13.1 48.7 8.6 Virginia pine .0 .0 30.9 47.0 22.7 .0 100.0 53.8 .0 20.1 Other yellow pines 58.2 100.0 34.6 35.3 14.7 .0 100.0 48.0 76.4 13.5 Eastern hemlock 13.9 .0 .0 64.8 12.6 .0 39.9 7.3 52.9 6.0 Other softwoods 72.0 64.2 70.7 100.0 46.5 .0 71.5 34.5 79.4 23.2 Total softwoods 12.2 61.6 26.1 24.4 7.6 .0 29.8 6.5 33.3 4.7 Red maple 19.1 .0 88.8 33.8 6.0 .0 19.4 4.8 29.9 3.5 Sugar maple 45.2 .0 .0 70.9 13.2 .0 42.1 5.5 58.4 5.1 Yellow birch 34.9 .0 .0 .0 39.1 .0 100.0 11.8 .0 10.9 Sweet birch 31.4 .0 .0 59.2 9.4 .0 51.4 8.5 57.7 6.2 Hickory 47.5 .0 .0 50.9 8.9 .0 30.9 13.1 .0 7.1 Beech 30.4 .0 .0 .0 14.3 .0 41.5 7.4 72.6 6.3 White ash 31.0 100.0 55.3 41.6 9.8 .0 27.6 7.2 56.4 5.5 Black walnut 70.8 .0 71.2 100.0 17.1 .0 49.9 26.3 .0 13.3 Yellow-poplar 39.0 .0 100.0 100.0 10.7 .0 49.7 12.6 .0 7.9 Blackgum .0 100.0 .0 .0 13.3 .0 70.8 19.6 .0 10.7 Aspen 63.2 .0 .0 .0 29.8 .0 84.5 19.9 36.4 14.8 Black cherry 23.5 100.0 100.0 54.1 9.2 .0 24.5 5.4 39.2 4.4 Chestnut oak 35.6 .0 100.0 36.8 5.0 .0 100.0 14.1 70.2 4.6 Northern red oak 24.3 .0 100.0 32.6 4.7 .0 30.9 7.7 43.4 3.9 Select white oaks 24.3 .0 100.0 41.2 5.4 .0 44.9 10.8 44.8 4.6 Other oaks 42.7 .0 59.9 45.6 5.8 .0 59.9 14.8 .0 5.4 Black locust .0 .0 .0 71.3 17.2 .0 58.3 20.4 .0 13.8 Basswood 59.6 .0 .0 100.0 22.9 .0 100.0 10.2 73.1 9.4 Other hardwoods 35.7 100.0 100.0 50.8 10.3 .0 19.6 9.9 27.4 6.8 Total hardwoods 13.2 86.5 40.5 26.4 2.8 .0 12.5 2.8 21.7 1.5 All species 11.6 63.0 26.6 23.9 2.7 .0 12.4 2.7 20.3 1.4
94 Table 14.--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

(In millions of board feet)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes SE 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 437.4 478.4 437.2 276.2 262.5 246.9 530.4 77.3 2,746.3 8.6 Virginia pine 101.9 82.1 36.6 8.1 2.2 .0 4.4 .0 235.3 20.1 Other yellow pines 124.9 114.4 94.4 56.5 19.5 11.2 5.5 .0 426.5 13.5 Eastern hemlock 529.0 720.7 758.7 566.8 445.8 272.4 590.0 50.4 3,933.8 6.0 Other softwoods 54.8 39.8 38.5 6.5 4.0 2.3 2.2 .0 148.1 23.2 Total softwoods 1,248.1 1,435.3 1,365.5 914.0 734.1 532.7 1,132.5 127.7 7,489.9 4.7 Red maple .0 2,898.1 2,818.7 1,864.1 1,252.7 756.0 992.0 283.3 10,864.9 3.5 Sugar maple .0 1,522.4 1,405.1 936.9 703.5 418.5 639.9 155.2 5,781.5 5.1 Yellow birch .0 196.3 147.3 71.8 49.0 8.4 21.4 3.4 497.8 10.9 Sweet birch .0 692.5 475.0 231.6 132.2 69.7 85.1 10.1 1,696.1 6.2 Hickory .0 472.4 438.0 279.4 160.4 89.6 97.9 26.5 1,564.1 7.1 Beech .0 646.8 640.2 599.7 449.8 359.4 606.5 102.7 3,405.1 6.3 White ash .0 874.3 841.2 663.3 446.8 369.8 392.0 111.2 3,698.6 5.5 Black walnut .0 67.2 87.4 60.5 41.7 23.6 25.1 4.5 310.1 13.3 Yellow-poplar .0 384.1 546.5 603.0 600.5 464.2 692.6 200.5 3,491.5 7.9 Blackgum .0 74.0 52.9 40.1 19.6 18.0 32.4 2.3 239.2 10.7 Aspen .0 160.2 58.2 35.3 12.4 3.5 .0 .0 269.6 14.8 Black cherry .0 1,628.7 1,794.0 1,589.9 1,147.9 867.8 1,101.5 220.1 8,349.9 4.4 Chestnut oak .0 1,219.1 990.8 766.9 462.3 290.1 291.2 31.9 4,052.3 4.6 Northern red oak .0 1,401.4 1,539.4 1,450.7 1,346.6 1,010.5 1,794.5 428.1 8,971.1 3.9 Select white oaks .0 904.5 933.4 621.0 451.9 332.9 596.3 227.1 4,067.1 4.6 Other oaks .0 688.6 809.6 684.9 567.9 401.2 705.8 133.2 3,991.1 5.4 Black locust .0 105.1 117.1 82.1 43.3 27.5 53.5 .0 428.6 13.8 Basswood .0 281.7 327.4 189.1 100.1 60.3 62.1 24.4 1,045.1 9.4 Other hardwoods .0 747.6 586.1 332.3 259.8 160.3 322.3 200.5 2,609.0 6.8 Total hardwoods .0 14,964.8 14,608.6 11,102.6 8,248.4 5,731.5 8,512.2 2,164.7 65,332.7 1.5 All species 1,248.1 16,400.2 15,974.0 12,016.6 8,982.5 6,264.2 9,644.7 2,292.3 72,822.6 1.4 SE 6.6 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 6.2 1.4
95

 Table 14 (SE).--Net volume of sawtimber trees on timberland by species and diameter class, Pennsylvania, 1989

 (Standard error as percentage of total)

 Diameter class (inches at breast height) Species All

 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0- classes 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 20.9 28.9 29.0+ White and red pine 14.6 12.5 13.6 13.6 13.0 13.9 12.2 24.7 8.6 Virginia pine 22.5 22.5 25.9 50.9 100.0 .0 73.0 .0 20.1 Other yellow pines 15.0 16.5 19.4 22.0 38.1 55.5 72.4 .0 13.5 Eastern hemlock 6.9 7.6 7.6 8.4 10.2 11.7 11.2 26.2 6.0 Other softwoods 26.6 31.3 36.0 50.8 76.8 100.0 100.0 .0 23.2 Total softwoods 6.6 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.9 9.2 8.2 18.2 4.7 Red maple .0 3.7 4.3 5.3 6.6 7.4 7.1 14.7 3.5 Sugar maple .0 5.5 5.9 7.8 8.6 10.2 11.4 18.9 5.1 Yellow birch .0 11.9 16.2 18.9 25.7 59.1 43.3 100.0 10.9 Sweet birch .0 7.1 8.7 10.9 17.0 26.7 22.3 70.7 6.2 Hickory .0 8.1 10.0 11.4 15.4 18.3 25.5 45.3 7.1 Beech .0 7.9 8.1 9.5 10.8 11.6 11.9 26.8 6.3 White ash .0 6.7 7.3 8.2 10.1 11.5 10.8 22.1 5.5 Black walnut .0 19.0 17.6 23.1 23.8 34.1 37.1 100.0 13.3 Yellow-poplar .0 10.5 9.9 10.5 11.6 12.0 11.5 34.7 7.9 Blackgum .0 16.2 19.2 26.9 35.7 38.1 29.3 100.0 10.7 Aspen .0 16.4 25.6 27.9 51.7 100.0 .0 .0 14.8 Black cherry .0 5.3 5.9 6.2 7.1 8.5 8.2 21.0 4.4 Chestnut oak .0 5.3 6.2 6.9 8.1 10.6 10.8 38.3 4.6 Northern red oak .0 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.8 6.4 10.0 3.9 Select white oaks .0 6.1 6.3 7.7 8.7 10.3 10.1 17.3 4.6 Other oaks .0 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.7 10.8 10.0 16.8 5.4 Black locust .0 17.2 16.3 19.9 30.1 41.4 30.6 .0 13.8 Basswood .0 12.9 13.0 14.8 20.8 22.5 20.9 46.5 9.4 Other hardwoods .0 8.2 8.3 11.2 12.2 15.3 17.1 23.0 6.8 Total hardwoods .0 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.2 6.5 1.5 All species 6.6 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.0 6.2 1.4
Printed on Recycled Paper

McWilliams, William H.; Alerich, Carol A.; Devlin, Daniel A.; Lister, Andrew J.; Lister,

Tonya W.; Sterner, Stephen L.; Westfall, James A. 2004. Annual inventory

report for Pennsylvania’s forests: results from the first three years.

Resour. Bull. NE-159. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 95 p.

In 2000, the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program

implemented a new system for inventory and monitoring Pennsylvania’s forests.

The most salient feature of the new inventory process will be a nearly threefold

improvement in timeliness. This report summarizes the results for the first 3 years of

annual inventory measurements. The area of forest land in Pennsylvania has

remained stable since a previous inventory in 1989. The State’s forests continue to

mature as larger trees and an increase in inventory volume were recorded. A

separate study of tree seedlings revealed a general lack of regeneration in half of

stands in which regeneration should be adequate.

Keywords: forest composition; forest health; sustainability; timber volume; tree

regeneration
Headquarters of the Northeastern Research Station is in Newtown Square,

Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at:

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts

Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont

Delaware, Ohio

Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire

Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University

Parsons, West Virginia

Princeton, West Virginia

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York,

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University

Warren, Pennsylvania

The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and

activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political

beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all

programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of

program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET

Center at (202)720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W,

Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call

(202)720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

“Caring for the Land and Serving People Thr ving People Through Research”