143

resent statistical history, and that for the first time, of a country ém-
Pracing more than a million square miles of territory, the future destiny
of which is inseparably connected with that of the original thirteen
States. Not only, however, in connexion with these statistical investi-

ations did it seem desirable to avail ourselves of any improvements
introduced into the last Censuses of Europe, to enable us to: prepare our
own great national work on the best system, but for many of the prac-
tical purposes to which statistics are applied and deemed valuable, it
seemed desirable to effect some arrangement by which the publication
of the results of the great elementary facts. among nations should be
made as nearly simultaneous as possible, and classified on the same
general principles, as far as the facts taken would justify, in order that,
while we use every exertion 1o analyze society at home, we may, from
their statistics, enjoy the advantage of being able to arrive at a similar
analysis with respect to other nations, and that, while contemplating
our own progress from time to time, we may be able to institute com-
parisons with the advancement of other people. Heretofore, at almost
every step of investigation, the statist wishing to prosecute inquiries
respecting different nations, touching the great elements of society, has
met with the insurmountable difficulty arising from the different ele-
ments elucidated, and the diverse methods of combination adopted,
which lessen the value of their labors, reciprocally, and, in the absence
of more reliable data, lead to the frequent use of one set of elements
to ascertain the condition of some different set, producing results equall:
unsatisfactory to the man of science, as they are often dangerous, if
made the basis of the political economy and legislation of a govern-
ment.

In addition to the effort to effect a general sympathy or concert of
action among nations, with reference to their periodical statistics, it has
been my aim, in which I have succeeded, often in the absence of pub-
lished records, to procure a knowledge of the exact condition of the
people of all classes in each country visited, and learn their true state,
with reference to numbers, and the products of their agriculture and
manufactures, their social and moral condition, the state of education,
the price of labor, and the practical management of the farming in-
terests; in no case, however, relying upon, information not either ob-
tained from personal observation or derived officially, and in a manner
which can leave no doubt of its correctness. My opportunities abroad
will not only enable me to effect valuable improvements in compiling
our Census, but it will be my aim to make the statistical facts-useful to
the country, by forming them into a report to be supplemental hereto,
the completion of which has been retarded by my other official duties.

Another object had in view was the procuring. information with
reference to the manner in which the various offices in Europe, especially
those connected with agriculture and statistics, are organized, and the
manner in which the information obtained is made available to the
government and people. To the attainment of these purposes, the few
weeks to which my time limited me, and the diversity of languages
among those with whom my investigations were pursued, interposed
difficulties only surmounted by a zealous determination to effect the

= duty undertaken—one in which failure must have ensued, were it not



Population of the United States, and representation in Thirty-third Congress.

‘soa
smuppsoxdas jo
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Revgargay

160

Qranadwnskandnaensinnnict

ssoaniunrosor
-dat 30 soquin

‘epalation.

‘Total population.| Representative

saves.

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“Apprentices” by te ‘act to abolish slavery,”

* Have the addition of a member dn account of the fractions.



——————— Ee

“y

137

calculations respecting the increase of the free colored population, we
have considered that class of persons independent of these two causes,
which respectively swell and diminish their number.

MORTALITY.

The statistics of mortality for the Census year represent the number
of deaths occurring within the year as 320,433, the ratio being as one
to 72.6 of the living population, or as ten to each 726 of the population.
The rate of mortality in this statement, taken as a whole, seems so
much less than that of any portion of Europe, that it must, at present,
be received with some degree of allowance.

Should a more critical examination, which time will enable us to
exercise, prove the returns of the number of deaths too small, such a
result will not affect their value, for the purposes of comparison of one
portion of the country with another, or cause with effect. “The table will
‘possess an interest second to none other in the work, and the many
valuable truths which they will suggest will be found of great practical
advantage. Medical men will accord to the Census Board no small
meed of credit for the wisdom manifested in an arrangement which
will throw more light on the history of disease in the United States,
and present in connexion more interesting facts connected therewith,
than the united efforts of all scientific men have heretofore accomplished.

‘The registration of the annual deaths, as well as of the living, marks
an epoch in the history of “life contingencies” in the United States.
To trace the effect of the wide range. of physical features and natural
productions upon the human constitution and faculties, presents to
every reflecting mind an interesting field of research. Likewise, to
investigate the influence of mental occupations and industrial pursuits,

_ and of the wide diversity of climate—from the highlands of Maine to

the everglades of Florida—upon the persistence and duration of life, is
an object of permanent importance, not only in a scientific, but in a
commercial and national point of view. For all such inquiries, the re~
turns of 1850 furnish facilities, less satisfactory indeed than would have
been given by a permanent system of registration, but far superior to
those hitherto available.

Among the more immediate advantages to be derived from data of
this kind, through the medium of life tables, they would form a basis
for the equitable distribution of life-interests in estates, pensions, and
legacies; they would assign the true valuation of life annuities, assu-
rances, and reversions of heritable property, and tend to protect the
public from many ill-adjusted financial schemes founded in ignorance
of the true probabilities of life. They would correct a multitude of
prsiudices and misconceptions respecting the healthiness of the different
localities, and, besides this, form a common standard of reference in all
those moral, sanitary, and mercantile statistics, which have brought to
light most valuable truths and generalizations, and which give promise
of still greater benefits in the advancement of civilization.

Without intending to discuss several attempts heretofore made for
the construction of life tables in, this country, let it be observed, as is
universally admitted, that the ratio of the annual deaths to the contem-



seg om

sven

a ne |

147

beginnings, as we survey a river to its source to acquire a knowledge
of its geography or of the permanent character of its supplies. .

‘The term “Census” applies more particularly to wealth and posses=
sions than to numbers. It was so understood by the Romans, who
first used the term. Livy, in his first book of the History of Rome,
chap. 42, speaking of Servius Tullius, says:

“He then entered on the improvement of the civil polity of the ut-
most importance, for he instituted the Census—an ordinance of the most
salutary consequence in our empire, that was to rise to such a pitch of
greatness, and according to which the several contributions in peace
and war were to be discharged, not by every person indiscriminately,
as formerly, but according to the proportion of their several properties.” :

And after describing the contributions required in proportion to the
wealth of individuals, who appeared on a certain day every year, each
in his own century, ahd gave in the amount of his property, he con-
tinues: “In all these instances, the ‘burden’was taken from off the poor,
and laid on the rich.”

The Census was completed with great ceremonies and offering of
sacrifices, termed closing the lustrum. In his fourth book, he speaks
of a “survey”? under the Census, and a description of all the lands and.
houses, and the entire revenue of the Roman people. (B.C, 440.)
In the twelfth book, it is stated that “the senate then received the sur-
vey of twelve colonies, presented by the censors of those colonies.”
Tacitus mentions that Augustus wrote with his own hand an exact ac-
count of his dominions, which is termed a “Census.” Although the
term “Census” in our constitution is limited to, and contemplates a bare
“enumeration” of inhabitants, such construction does not apply to the
act of Congress, under which this office is organized, “An act for tak-
ing the Seventh and subsequent Censuses,” &c., the body of the act
referring to the collection of statistics. But it is, perhaps, unnecessary
to go back to antiquity for the meaning of the term Census, or that of
statistics, when we have such good modern authority not only as to the
meaning of the terms, but the practical carrying into effect what the
most distinguished statists understand to be comprised within their
meaning. The term “statistics” originated in England, with Sir
John Sinclair, with respect to which, in the twentieth volume of his
Statistical Account of Scotland, he remarks: ‘Many people were at
first surprised at my using the new words, statistics and. statistical.
The idea I annex to the term is an inquiry into the state of a country
for the purpose of ascertaining the quantum of happiness enjoyed by
its inhabitants, and the means of its tuture improvement.” With such
an understanding of the term, he applied the title “Statistical Account”
to a work, perhaps, of the greatest magnitude, importance, and public
utility ever attempted by one individual, devoted to a perfect history
of Scotland. Among almost numberless other features, the Statistical «
Account of Scotland contains the ancient and modern names of each
parish, its history, extent, the nature of the soil and surfuce, extent and
description of seacoast, lakes, rivers, islands, hills, rocks, caves, and
woods, the climate, diseases, longevity, state of the church, manse, and
glebe, the minerals, mineral springs, eminent men, antiquities, parochial



128

reference to the schedule upon which it may be found. This would
furnish facilities of search hereafter, and save unnecessary handling of
the papers. The advantages of such’a plan would be somewhat anal-
ogous to that in practical operation in England with respect to the
registration of their deaths, births, and marriages. Names to.the num-
ber of 14,000,000 have there been registered during the past twelve
years, in the ordinary course of events, in one office alone. The re-
turns are rendered the more valuable for fature reference by the inces-
sant vigilance exercised to the detection of errors.

‘The utmost care has been exercised to insure correct returns, and the
manner of taking our Census has been calculated to effect such a result.
th connexion with every variety of statistics given, the name of each
person to whom every entry on the tables applies has been furnished.
In all cases where error or inconsistency could be detected, real or
imaginary, the individual has been written to in order that the discrep-
ancy might be corrected. The replies have been, for the most part,
prompt and satisfactory. It has been necessary, in only three cases,
to call the attention of a United States district attorney to require en-
forcement of the act of Congress for refusal to reply to the interrogations
of the assistants. In all but one of these cases return has been eventu-
ally made without the necessity of making costs to the parties—in that
excepted, the individual paid costs before appearance, and made satis-
factory return to the office. These facts speak loudly in favor of the
general intelligence of our people, and their deference to the laws, and
prove that as liberty and intelligence are diffused, these investigations,
made for the benefit of the people, cease to be deemed inquisitorial.
Here, no fears of an excise duty or tax deter individuals from contrib-
uting to a stock of knowledge, the dissemination of which must lead to
the benefit of all.

The seventh enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States ex-
hibits results which every citizen of the country may contemplate with ,
gratification and pride. Since the Census of 1840, there have been
added to the territory of the republic, by annexation, conquest, and
purchase, 833,970 square miles; and our title to a region covering
341,463 square miles, which before properly belonged to us, but was
claimed and partially occupied by a foreign power, has been established
by negotiation, and it has been brou; sht within our acknowledged.
boundaries. By such means the area of the United States has been
extended, during the past ten years, from 2,055,163 to 3,230,572 square
miles, without including the ‘great lakes which lie upon our northern
border, or the bays which indent our Atlantic and Pacific shores; all
which has come within the scope of the Seventh Census.

In the endeavor to ascertain the progress of our population since
1840, it will be Proper to deduct from the aggregate number of inhabit-
ants shown by the present Census, the population of Texas in 1840,
and the number embraced within the limits of California and the new
Territories at the time of their acquisition. Fyrom the best information
which has come to hand, it is believed that Texas contained, in 1840,
75,000 inhabitants; and that when California, New Mexico, and Ore-
gon came into our possession, in 1846, they had a population of 97,000,



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144

for the official character sustained in connexion with the office here,
and that with which the department honored me, as its representative
abroad—the one enabling me to impart as much valuable information
to others as was solicited in return; the other giving facilities of inter
course, and a claim to consideration, which ‘was never slighted by any
officer of a foreign government.

In England, in addition to the free intercourse enjoyed with the
officers of government connected with statistical matters, several oppor-
tunities were offered for bringing the object of my mission before public
audiences; and invitations were tendered me to address the members of
the London Statistical Society at its annual meeting in that city, the
Society of Actuaries at Richmond, and the British Association at
Ipswich, during its annual meeting, which was attended by Prince
Albert, one of its members, and many of the most distinguished literary
arid scientific gentlemen of Great Britain and the Continent. The Sta-
tistical Council of Belgium, M. Quetelet, president, gave me a place in
their board at one of its regular meetings. On each opportunity it gave
me pleasure to present a full account of the character and extent of our
investigations under the act of Congress for taking the Seventh Census,
to make a fair and impartial exhibit of our progress in wealth and num-
bers during the past ten years, and at the same time urge the propriety
of mutual effort towards the attainment of more uniform and useful
statistical publications by different governments. The propriety of this
measure was felt by individuals who had made statistics a study, and
the necessity for some action was universally conceded; and it affords
me infinite gratification to state that an arrangement has been made for
a general Statistical Congress, to be held at Brussels, (Belgium,) during
the ensuing fall—a measure which has received the approbation of
several of the most distinguished statists of Europe, and from which
the most beneficial results are anticipated. :

Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, has been appointed a delegate
to this Statistical Congress from England. He is a gentleman distin-
guished no less by his laborious researches and valuable contributions
to the science of political economy and statistical knowledge of the
British empire, than for the elevated position he holds as a public
officer and man of letters. .

PLAN OF UNITED STATES CENSUS.

In order that Congress may judge of the propriety of the plan in
contemplation for preparing the tables of the population and other sta-
tistics, and be fully a vised of. any new features introduced into other

ortions of the worl, it has been deemed. proper to prepare, in printed

form, the statistics of one State, of which copies will be laid before the
members of both houses for their inspection, For this purpose the
State of Maryland has been selected, as best adapted, from its central
position and ‘combination of more of the various elements which enter
into.our interests than any other State of its limited extent.

Ic has been my endeavor, according to the act, to arrange the facts
“in the best and most convenient manner for use.” To judge of the
character of a statistical work in manuscript would require the long,

ne



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146

have been invariably favorable. Some.such have found their way into.
the public documents, In the thirty-second annual report of the New
York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, made to the Legislature of
that State, the following language occurs, with respect to our designed
classification, of such portions of the work as interested particularly
the directors of that institution: “Such a list will farnish valuable ma-
terials, never possessed to any extent before, for solvihg many highly
interesting statistical questions; and its publication is looked for with
much interest. We shall endeavor, in our next annual report, to set
forth the results of a careful analysis of the Census returns, respecting
the deaf and dumb.” ; ; . :

So far as the judgment of the public press is concerned, its expression
has been much more favorable than could be wished, with its imperfect
knowledge of the plan, as expectations may thereby be raised which
the results will not justify. None of the information, as innparted in
the volume of statistics, has been promulgated, it being considered in-
delicate to make known to the world information due first to the head
of the department, and through him to Congress; and it would not be
decorous to forestall the dispassionate judgment of either.

It has seemed to me that a work, the expense of which is shared by
the whole community, should be arranged, as far as possible, for gen-
eral utility, and not a compilation of mere columns of figures, interest-
ing only to the man of science, for legislative purposes or for reference,
but should be so adapted that while it will furnish practical information
to the statesman and philosopher, and useful daia to the legislator, it
‘will contain, also, matters interesting to every portion of the community,
furnished somewhat in advance of those deductions from analytical in-
vestigations made years after its publication, _To this end, if support-
ed by the favorable opinion of Congress, it will be made to evolve all
of instruction which zealous efforts, though limited ability, are capable
of eliciting from the facts within such period of time, as it must be ac-
complished without retarding its publication. *

It may be contended by some that the Gazetteers furnish most of
the information we include. To such it may be replied, that whilst
these publications possess great value, and are all replete with instruc-
tion, many present but a reprint of former editions, with the title page
changed to suit the date, and a few unimportant alterations in other
respects, Others may contend that the plan presented takes within its
scope subjects not legitimately embraced within that of statistics. Such
an opinion might be maintained by forming conclusions from our pre-
vious publications; but they are, however, at varianee with the best
authority on this subject. The definition of “statistics,” as given by
one author, consists in “such a description of a country, or any part,
as gives the present or actual state thereof” But as it is only by a
thorough knowledge of the present state of the country and its inhabit-
ants, with their customs, habits, morals, health, and “manners of life,
that we can form an accurate estimate of the condition of the people,
80 to enjoy the knowledge necessary for the amelioration of their cir-
cumstances, or improve their condition, it is necessary to take a retro-
spective glance, and study their past history, and trace it to its first .


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141

AGRICULTURE.

The great amount of labor requisite to the extraction of the returns
of agriculture will admit, at this time, of Presenting but limited ac-
counts, though, perhaps to some extent, of the most important separate
interests. : .

The returns of the wheat crop, for many of the western States, will
not at all indicate the average crop of those States. This is especially
the case with Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from which, especially the
former, the assistant marshals return a ‘short crop,” to the extent of
fifty per cent. throughout the whole State. The shortness of the wheat
crop in Ohio, in 1849, is verified by returns made during the subse-
quent season, by authority of the Legislature. The causes which
affected the wheat crop in those States were not without their influence
in reducing that of western Virginia and western Pennsylvania to some
considerable extent. :

MANUFACTURES.

The period which has elapsed since the receipt of the returns has
been so short as to enable the office to make but a general report of the
facts relating to a few of the most important manutactures. If, in some
instances, the amount of “capital invested” in any branch of manu-
facture should seem too small, it must be borne in mind that, where the
product is of several kinds, the capital invested, not being divisible, is
connected with the product of greatest consequence. ‘This, to some
extent, reduces the capital invested in the manufacture of bar iron in
such establishments where some other article of wrought iron predomi-
nates—sheet iron, for example. The aggregate, however, of the capital,
invested in the various branches of wrought iron will, it is confidently
believed, be found correct.

The entire capital invested in the various manufactures in the United
States, on the Ist of June, 1850—not to include any establishments
producing less than the annual value of $500—amounted, in round

numbers, to - $530,000,000
Value of raw material. 650,000,000
Amount paid for labor. 240,000,000
Value of manufactured articles .--1,020,800,000
Number of persons employed... ... weeee eee 1,050,000

More minute particulars respecting these separate interests will be
found incorporated in tables A, B, C, D, E, F.

THE PRESS.

The statistics of the newspaper press form’ an interesting feature in
the returns of the Seventh Census. oo,

It appears that the whole number of newspapers and periodicals in
the United States, on the first day of June, 1850, amounted to 2,800.
OF these 2,494 were fully returned, 284 had all the facts excepting cir-
culation given, and 72 are estimated for California, the Territories, and
for those that may have been omitted by the.assistant marshals.



133

Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants

in 1820... 20. e eee eee cee eee eee 359,010
Number of immigrants arriving from 1820 to 18380 203,979
Increase of the above. . 35,728
Increase from 1820 to 18:

of immigrants in the country in 1820. 184,130
Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants

in the United States in 1830 "782,847
Number of immigrants arriving from 1830 to 1840 762,369
Increase of the above... 129,602
Increase from 1830 to 1 ig

of immigrants in the United States.in 1880 254,445
Total number of immigrants and descendants of immigrants

in the United States in 1840 - 1,879,263
Number of immigrants arriving from 1840 to 1850 1,521,850
Tucrease of the above at twelve per cent.. 183,942
Increase from 1840 to 1850 of immigrant:

of immigrants in the United States in 1840 719,861

Total number of immigrants into the United States since
1790, living in 1850, together with descendants of immi-
QONES een neen eee eccc ences eceeeeeeeecnecereerer 4)804,416


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130

and from: the census of 1850, 1 per cent, for that of Texas, California,
&c., the result is in favor of the last ten years by about one-fourteenth
of one per cent.; the gain from 1800 to 1810 being 35 per cent.;
and from 1840 to 1850, 35.28 per cent. But, without going behind the
sum of the returns, it appears that the increase from the Second to the
Third Census was thirty-two hundredths of one per cent. greater than
the increase from the Sixth to the Seventh.

._ The decennial increase of the most favored portions of Europe is

- less than 13 per cent. per annum, while with the United States it is at
the rate of 84 per cent. According to our past progress, viewed in
connexion with that of European nations, the population of the United
States in forty years will exceed that of England, France, Spain, Portu-
gal, Sweden, and Switzerland combined. ‘The relative progress of the
several races and classes of the population is shown in the following
tabular statement :

Tnerease per cent. of each class of inhabitants in the United States for siaty
Yours.

370 | 3800 | 1810 | 1820 | 1830 | 1040
to to

Classes, to to to
1800. | 1810, | 1820. | 1830. | 1840. } 1850.

34 39 | 33.95 | 34.7 38,28
25.25 | 36.85 | 20.9 10.96
29.10 | 30.61 | 23.8 | 28,81
28,58 | 31.44 | 23.4 26.41
Total population. 38.12 | 33.48 | 32.67 | 36.28

‘The Census had been taken previously to 1880 on the 1st of August;
the enumeration began that year on the 1st of June, two months ear-
lier, so that the interval between the Fourth and Fifth Censuses was two
months less than ten years, which time allowed for would bring the
total increase up to the rate of 84.36 per cent.

The table given below shows the increase from 1790 to 1850, with-
out reference to intervening periods :

Number of— Tn 1790, Tn 1850, Absolute in- |Incr’se per
crease in sixty| ct. in sixty
years. yeara.
19,630,738 16, 458, 274 518.73
428, 661 369, 195 620. 85
8,204, 089 2, 506, 192 359.20
8, 682, 3 2,875, 387 379,65.

19,333,661 | 491.97



7

129

It thus appears that we have received, by accessions of territory, since
1840, an accession of 172,000 to the number of our people.

The increase which has taken place in those extended regions, since
they came under the authority of our government, should obviously be
reckoned as a part of the development and progress of our population ;
nor is it necessary to complicate the comparison by taking into account
the probable natural increase of ‘this acquired population, because we
have not the means of determining the rate of its advancement, nor
the law which governed its progress, while yet beyond the influence of
our political system. The year 1840, rather than the date of the annex-
ation of Texas, has been taken for estimating her population, in connex-
ion with that of the Union, because it may safely be assumed, that
whatever the increase during the five intervening years may have been,
it was mainly, if not altogether, derived from the United States.

Owing to delays and difficulties mentioned in completing the work,
i which no action on the part of this office could obviate, some of the
| .returns from California have not yet been received. Assuming the

population of California to be 165,000, (which we do partly by esti-
mate,) the total number of inhabitants in the United States was, on the
1st of June, 1850, 23,263,488. The absolute increase from the 1st of
June, 1840, has been 6,194,085, and the actual increase per cent, is
36.28. But it has been shown that the probable amount of population
acquired by additions of territory should be deducted in making a
comparison between the results of the present and the last Census.
These reductions diminish the total population of the country, asa basis
{ of comparison, to 23,091,488, and the increase to 6,022,035. The
I relative increase, after this allowance, is found to be 35.27 per cent.
‘The aggregate number of whites,in 1850, was 19,680,738, exhibiting a
gain upon the number of the same class, in 1840, of 5,484,933, ani
relative increase of 38.28 per cent. But excluding the 153,000 free
population supposed to have been acquired by the addition of territory
since 1840, the gain is 6,281,933, and the increase per cent. is 87.2.

The number of slaves, by the present Census, is 3,204,089, which
shows an increase of 716,733, equal to 28.81 per cent. If we deduct
19,000 for the probable slave population of T'exas in 1840, the result
of the comparison will be slightly different. The absolute increase
will be 697,733, and the rate per cent. 28.05.

The number of free colored in 1850 was 428,661; in 1840, 386,292.
The increase of this class has been 42,369, or 10.96 per cent.

From 1830 to 1840, the increase of the whole population was at the
rate of 82.67 per cent. At the same rate of advancement, the absolute

ain for the ten years last past would have been 5,576,590, or 445,445
fess than it has been, without including the increase consequent upon
additions of territory. .

The aggregate increase of population, from all sources, shows a
relative advance greater than that of any other decennial term, except
that from the Second to the Third Census, during which time the country
received an accession of inhabitants, by the purchase of Louisiana,
considerably greater than 1 per cent, of the whole number. Rejecting
from the Census of 1810, 1.45 per cent,, for the population of Louisiana,

9

ad


142

From calculations made on the statistics returned, and estimated
circulations, where they have been omitted, it appears that the aggregate
circulation of these 2,800 papers and periodicals is about 5,000,000,
and that the entire number of copies printed annually in the United
States amounts to 422,600,000, .

The following table will show the number of daily, weekly, monthly,
and other’ issues, with the aggregate circulation of each class:

Number, | Circulation, | No. of copies
printed annually.

350 750,000 | -235,000,000
Tri-weeklies 150 75,000 11,700,000
Semi-weeklies 125 80,000 8,820,000
Weeklies... . 2,000 2,875,000 | 149,500,000
Semi-monthlies . 50 800,000 "7,200,000
Monthlies. . . 100 900,000 10,800,000
Quarterlies . 25 29,000 80,000

2,800 5,000,000 | 422,600,000

Four hundred and twenty-four papers are issued in the New Eng-
land States, 876 in the middle States, 716 in the southern States, and
784 in the western States.

The average circulation of papers in the United States is 1,785.
There is one publication for every 7,161 free inhabitants in the United
States and Territories.

In accordance with the views expressed in the commission with
whieh the department honored. me in May last, I visited, during the
three summer months, the capitals of many of the important govern-
ments of Europe, for the purpose of examining into the methods
adopted for the procuring and classification of such facts as are enu-
merated by those governments in their statistical investigations, in
order that our own Census might, when published, prove of the greatest
value to ourselves, and not seem inferior to those of countries which
have the credit of having paid. more attention to statistical science, al-
though they may not have made greater advances in what we esteem
rational forms of government.

It seems more desirable to possess every ray of light on this subject,
when considering that the present Census is one of unexampled import-
ance to ourselves and our posterity, as exhibiting our condition to the
middle of a century, and illustrative of the progress of a people, flour-
ishing beyond all ‘precedent, under a new form of government—one
whose history and example must, as it, becomes known, exert an im-
portant influence throughout the civilized world. This Census, while it
exhibits our progress for sixty years, with a precision and certainty
which no other country has been able to enjoy, and giving a reality to
the past unattainable with respect to any other people, discloses the

ay eee

dinates


182

From 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of
the United States have been as follows:

184041 83,504
101,107
15,169
74,607
102,415
202,187
284,756
226,524

- 296,610
178,011

Within the last ten years there has probably been comparatively

little immigration of foreigners into the United States over the Canada
frontier; the disposition to take the route by Quebec having yielded to
the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities
of the Union; what there has been, may, perhay s, be considered as
equalled by the number of foreigners passing into Canada, after landing
at New York, many having been drawn thither by the opportunities of
employment aflorded by the public works of the province. As the
heaviest portion of this great influx of immigration took place in the
latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to estimate the natural
increase during the term at twelve per cent., being about one-third of
that of the white population of the country at its commencement,
. Investigations instituted since the date of this report lead to the
conclusion that the immigration through Canada virtually ceased
with the ten years ending in 1840, and that during the decennial term
from 1840 to 1850, at least 48,000 foreign immigrants passed from the
United States into Canada in excess of the number which passed from
that province into the States of the Union. This. correction does not
materially alter the table of immigration up to 1840, but slightly reduces
the aggregate for the sixty years. See note on immigration at the end
of the report for 1852.

Taking for granted the substantial correctness of the above estimates,
and the accuracy of the returns during the last ten years, the following
statement will show the accessions to our population from immigration
from 1790 to 1850:

Number of foreigners arriving from 1'790 to 1810......... 120,000
Natural increase, reckoned in periods of ten years 47,560
Number of foreigners arriving from 1810 to 1820. 114,000
Increase of the above to 1820..... -- 19,000
Increase from 1810 to 1820 of those arriving previous to 1810. 68,450

* This return includes fifteen months, from July 1, 1845, to 30th September, 1846,

+The report from the State Department for this year gives 315,333 as tho total number of
passengers arriving in the United States; but of these, 30,023 were citizens of the Atlantic
‘Bintes*proceeding to California by sea, and 5,320 natives of the country retuming from visits
abroad. A deduction of 106,870 is made from the balanoc for that portion of the year from
Tune 1 to September 30,



records, with an account of the manners, habits, and customs of the
people. .

The collection of the materials occupied seven years and seven
months, and their compilation engaged the attention of nine hundred
Jearned men, and fill twenty volumes. Its publication led to a Parlia-
mentary survey of England and Wales on somewhat similar principles.
“Tf similar surveys,” remarked the founder of British statistics, were
instituted in the other kingdoms of Europe, it might be the means of
establishing on sure foundations the principles of that most important
of all sciences, viz: political or statistical philosophy—the science
which, in preference to any other, ought to be held in reverence. ‘No
science,” he continues, “can furnish to any mind capable of receiviy;
‘useful information, so much real entertainment; none can yield such
important hints for the improvement of agriculture, for the extension of
our comr ~vcial industry, for regulating the conduct of individuals, or
for exten. ig the prosperity of the State; none can tend so much to
promote the general happiness of the species.”

The example of all enlightened Europe sustains the views of Sinclair,
although falling far, very far, behind him in the extent embraced within
their periodical statistics.

McCulloch, in the introductory chapter to the last edition of “Smith’s
Wealth of Nations,” uses the following language: “To arrive at a true
knowledge of the laws which regulate the production, distribution, and
consumption of national wealth, we must draw our materials from a
very wide surface, study man in every different situation, resort to the
history of society, arts, commerce, and government—to the works of

hilosophers and travellers—to everything, in short, fitted to throw
ight on the progress of opulence and civilization. We should mark
the successive changes which have taken place in the fortunes and con-
dition of the different ranks and orders of men in our own country and
in others; should trace the rise, progress, and decline of population
and industry; and, above all, should analyze and compare the influence
of different institutions and regulations, and carefully discriminate the
various circumstances wherein advancing and declining societies differ
from each other. These investigations are so very complex and difficult,
that it is not possible, perhaps, always to arrive at a right conclusion.
But, though they may not be quite tree from error, they are sufficient,
when made with the requisite care and attention, to unfold the princi-
pal sources of national opulence and refinement, and of poverty and
degradation ; and however defective, they furnish the only available
means for satisfactorily solving the various problems in the science of
wealth, and for devising a scheme of public administration, fitted to
insure the advancement of nations in the career of improvement.”

The commissioners for the Census of Ireland, in 1841, in the intro-
duction to the Census of that country, which comprises a folio of nearly
1,000 pages, and was published in 1843, use the following very appro-
priate language: “ We feel, in fact, that a Census ought to be a social
Survey, not a bare enum@ration.” .

In connexion with the population of England, they have published
many large folio volumes, containing maps of all the ‘counties and

[ suenerernent eneeetecag tt EERE LN ALA

orceeene ing



REPORT

or

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS,

DECEMBER 1, 18651.



ra
f

135

From the location, climate, productions, and the habits and pur-
suits of their inhabitants, the States of the Union may be properly
arranged into the following groups:

Areain | Population. |No. of iaha-

square miles, Ditants to
aq. mile.
‘Now Mngland States, (6).....-----+-----+ e0e---2- 63, 272 2, 728, 106 43.11
Middle States, including Maryland, Delaware, and
Ohio, (6)... seetene 151,760 | 8,563,713 56. 36
Coast planting States, incl

ing

“Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louis

ans, (6). tuecerences 286,077 | 3,557,872 12. 43
Coutrat slave States, Virginia,

‘nessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, (8).
Northwestern States, Indiana, Mlinois, Mi

“Wiseonsin, and Towa, (5). 250,295 |) 2,734, 945, 10.92

287, 321 212, 592 0.89

California. 388, 982 165, 000 0.87

309,210 5, 167, 276 16.71

There are points of agreement in the general characteristics of the
States combined in the foregoing groups, which warrant the mode of
arrangement adopted. Maryland is classed, as heretofore, with the
middle States, because its leading interests appear to connect, it rather
with the commercial and manufacturing section to which it is here
assigned, than with the purely agricultural States. Ohio is placed in
the same connexion for nearly similar reasons.

‘There seems to be a marked propriety for setting off the new agri-
cultural States of the Northwest ty themselves, as a preliminary to the
comparison of their progress with other portions of the Union, The
occupations which give employment to the people of the central range
of States south of the line of the Potomac distinguish them to some ex-
tent from that division to which we have given the appellation of the
coast planting States, In the latter, cotton, sugar, and rice are the great
staples, the cultivation of which is so absorbing as to stamp its impress
‘on the character of the people. The industry of the central States is
more diversified, the surface of the country is more broken, the modes
of cultivation are different, and the minuter divisions of labor create
tore numerous and less accordant interests. So far as Texas is set-
fled, its population closely assimilates with that of the other coast plant-
ing States; but it would obviously convey no well-founded idea of the
density of population in that section to distribute their people over the
vast uninhabited region of Texas. For the same reason, and the addi-
tional one of the isolation of her position, California is considered dis-
tinct from other States.

- Taking the thirty-one States together, their area is 1,486,917 square
miles, and the average number of their inhabitants is 15.54 to the
square mile. The total area ot the United States is 8,230,572 square
miles, and the average density of population is 7.2 to the square mile.

‘The areas assigned to those States and Territories in which public
lands are situated are doubtless correct, being takew from the records of



¥34

‘The density of population is a branch of the subject which naturally
attracts the attention of the inquirer.. The: following table ‘has been
prepared from the most authentic data accessible to this office:

Table of the area and the number of inhabitants to the square: mile in each:

State and- Territory in the Unions

District of Columbia,

Aros in | Population No. of inha:
State. squaremiles.| in 1850. | bitants tor
sq. rafle,
30,000 | 583,188 19,44
9,280 | 817,964 34.26
9,056 | 314,120 34, 68
7,800 | 994,490 | 97.49"
1,306 | 147,544 | 112.97
4, 674 370,791 79, 33:
46,000 | 3,097, 67.33
8, 320 489, 555: 58. 84
48,000 | 2, 311, 786



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gtation to the

381

Sixty years since, the proportion between the whites and blacks,
bond and free, was 4.18 to 1. In 1860, it-was 6.4 to 1, and the ratio
in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as
fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number, on the first
June, would havé “beeri 4,686,410; ‘so that, in comparison’ with the
whites, they have’ lost, in this period, 1,053,660.

This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emi-

2 United States. Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon emi-
gration, published at Boston in 1848—distinguished for great elaborate-
ness of research—estimates the gain of the white population, from this
source, at 3,922,152. No’ reliable record was kept of the number of
immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March,
1819, the collectors were required'to make quarterly returns of foreign
passengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the re-
turns under the’law afford materials for only an approximation to a true
state of the facts involved in this inquiry.

Dr. Chickering assumes, as a. result of his investigations, that of the
6,431,088 inhabitants of the United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were for-
eigners, arriving subsequent to 1790, or-the descendants of such. Ac-
cording to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of
foreign passengers, from 1790 to 1810, was, as nearly as could be as-
certained, 120,000; and.from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other
evidence, Hon. George Tucker, author of a valuable work on the Cen-
sus of 1840, supposes the number, from 1810 to 1820, to have been
114,000. These estimates make, for the thirty years preceding 1820,
234,000, .

If we reckon the increase of these emigrants at the average rate of
the whole body of white population during these three decades, they
and their descendants, in 1820, would amount to about 360,000. From
1820 to 1880, there arrived, according to the returns of the Custom-
houses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370,
making for the 20 years 715,356. During this period, a large number
of emigrants ftom England, Scotland, and Ireland came into the United
States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such
from 1820 to 1830, at 67,993 ;_ and from 1880 to 1840, at 199,130—for
the twenty years together, 267,123. During the same time, a consid-
erable number are supposed to have landed at New York with the pur-
pose of pursuing their route to Canada; but it is probable that the
number of these-was balanced by the omissions in the official returns.


as

145

laborious, and, perhaps, whsatisfactory investigation of a Congressional
conimittee, arid Congress would be possessed of no means of formitis

an independent opinion of the matter. It has been deemed the more

Proper to lay before Congress a printed copy, inasmuch as tHe expense

of the entire work may readily be known, and sonie standard of excel- |
lericé in execution clearly and intelligibly understood.

The variations from the plans heretofore adopted in the coriipilation,
of the decennial Census, with every portion of which the facilities of
comparison are Maintained, consist:

1. In the form—that adopted being in conforinity with the size and
appearance of the “American Archives.”

2, In accompanying the statistics of each State with a condensed
account of the most important events connected with its history from its
first settlement, exhibiting the progress of our whole social system, to
the yeat 1850, also, in presenting as short accounts of each separate
county, from the date of its settlement, with the date of its organization ;
an account of its physical featiires, its rocks, minerals, streams, timber,
water, and adaptation, naturally and artificially, to the purposes of
agriculture, manufactures, and commerce.

8. In the general geological account of the State.

4, In the account of ifs progress in population, from the first to the
Seventh Census, inclusive, with tables of population, to make which
correctly it has been necessary to refer to the original returns of the
Census twenty and thirty years back, a reliance could not be placed
on the figures officially given in the printed work.

5. In the review of its character for the health and longevity of its
inhabitants, on account of the prevailing diseases and rates of mor-
tality, with full tables, presenting a perfect history of the statistics of
disease and mortality, and calculations of the value of life among the
sevéial classes.

6. In the number of new subjects embraced in the statistical details
and in the manner of classification, so as to admit of extracting ail the
essential facts respecting the raw materials of each variety of manu-
factures, together with other features in which the statist will perceive
variations from any previous Census.

Allusion is not made to these things with a view to represent their
advantages, or as predicating any argument for their adoption. The

lan, with all the disadvantages which must result from the sudden
formation of a department for its execution, is the result of much stud:
and reflection, ani, itis thought, will prove useful. Should the wor'
be found to possess real value, the result must be attributed mainly to
the abundant materials collected, and the zeal and intelligence of the
persons employed thereon; some of whom are men whose ability
should secure a better remuneration, which, it is hoped, Congress will
e be willing to accord. If, however, the general plan shall be considered
faulty, or by its imperfect execution be deemed unworthy of adoption
it will have been well thus to bring it to the test, that it may be cor.
: demned. :
The work, of course, has not been submitted to the public for its
judgment; but where opinions have been at all expressed by those
| deemed good authority, on the propriety of our classifications, they
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127

county, (excepting those accidentally destroyed in California,) within
ashorter time than they were received after the commencement of the
Sixth Census, for the taking of which the law was enacted fifteen months
previous, which gave ample time for executing the preparatory meas-
ures,

In the performance of the present work, there have been engaged 45
marshals, and 3,281 assistants, to each of whom, in addition to. the
schedules, were sent pamphlets of printed instructions, together with
“form” schedules ready filled up for their guidance.

Payment has been made to these officers intwo portions—the first on
the receipt of the marshal’s certificate that the assistant had made proper
returns to his office; and the second, after an examination of every item
of the work in detail by this office, and adding to or abating the amount
certified to be his due, as the result justified. ‘The entire number of pay~
ments made to marshals and assistants has been 5,959. In some cases
the assistant has preferred to receive payment at one time, after the final
examination of his returns.

Inthe compilation of the Seventh Census, it has not been deemed
necessary to divide the population (as has been done heretofore) into
divisions other than by counties, cities, wards, or boroughs. Each
county in the United States possesses a copy of its own returns, and fox
its own purposes it enjoys facilities of arriving at the interests of the
separate towns or townships—divisions uninteresting to the community
at large. Each separate State possesses also a copy of the complete
returns of the whole State, and from these may be able easily to subdi-
vide, for State purposes, as minutely as desirable. To include all the
subdivisions of each State would:make the work, if’ not now, very soon,
entirely too unwieldy. The subdivisions are, however, laid down in
the original returns, and, if it should be deemed desirable, may easily
be designated in the general work.

The original returns should be carefully preserved, and should, as
heretofore, be bound for their better presérvation. It seemed to me
doubtful whether the office possessed the authority to expend more in
the preservation of these valuable records than would secure them from
injury while in actual use for preparin the Census. The only expense
incurred for this purpose has been for book boards, which can be used
for binding them.

Duty to coming generations requires that documents contaixing so
many proofs relating to the history of the present should be carefully

arded from injury or harm. While they contain the last record of the
dead for one year, they comprise no insignificant portion of the history of
every man, woman, and child living; and long after all those whose
names they contain will have passed fom earth, will they be appealed to
in proof of our once having lived, for our place of residence, our child-
ren, and our property. Those now living use them to learn whether
friends or relatives long unheard of may not be found, and the search
is not always made in vain; they have led to the discovery of lost re-
lations, and their developments have brought happiness to many families.

Tt would be well. worth the expense to have recorded in volumes,
alphabetically arranged, the name of every adult citizen, or head of a
family, as it appears in the return, with his occupation, and with a



porary number living at each age constitutes the implicit element of
computation. . . .
An enumeration of the Hving, or of the deaths only, is insufficient for
al

the purpose, unless the population is stationary, or due allowance is
made for the changes inwrought by births and migration during the
whole century previous. .

The assumption of a stationary population, however, can scarcely
be entertained of even the oldest settled parts of the Union. The value
and prospects of life, and the influence of climate on longevity, are lost
or cheered, both by recent and remote changes. It is within the
memory of persons now living, when most of our large cities were in
their infancy; when forests were standing on grounds since occupied by
the busiest marts of trade, and the corn was waving in the wind where
now are the most populous streets.

Periods of unusual emigration have been followed by a tempo-
rary decrease, only to recommence with augmented numbers. Bat
the chief inequality with reference to the present inquiry arises from
the fact, that the great mass of emigrants are almost exclusively
in the prime of life. Traced upon the texture of society, as these
changes must be in relative excesses and deficiencies at the several ages,
the joint statistics of the living and of the annual deaths afford the only
feasible mode of arriving at the law of mortality, independent of’ those
former changes.

A life table for the State of Maryland has been prepared from a joint
comparison of the abstracts of the returns of 1850. It comprises a
very full interpretation of the laws of vitality indicated by the data for
the year of enumeration, which may be regarded as one of averaga
mortality, In the present case the investigation relates exclusively to
the white population of Maryland, irrespective of city or country resi-
dents, or of the sexes, or of foreign or indigenous extraction.

‘The results and derived tables are specified at length in the Report
on Maryland. From the preliminary table of population there given,
it would appear that the line of equal division of the living falls upon
the age of twenty; one-half of the white population being under, and
the other half above, twenty years of age; or, distributing with refer-
ence to three equal parts, one-third of the population are under thirteen
and a half years of age; one-third are included between this and the
age of twenty-nine, and the other remaining third are above twenty-
nine years of age. With respect to the deaths, the points of equal
division fall upon ages several yeats younger than in the corresponding
distributions of the ving

For exhibiting the law of mortality for individual lives, the data of
the Census were equated, and reduced to the simple case of 10,268
infants born on the same day, and commencing life simultaneously.

Assuming that like circumstances will continue to prevail during the
years to come in this State, which may be regarded as certain, the
population will continually be affected by the same rate of mortality,
And hence we may safely estimate and predict, that, of the specified
number of infants at the outset of life, 1,248 will perish prematurely in

he first year of existence, and 9,026, or numbers in that proportion,
twillsurvive to enter upon their second year. A very considerable but

a


Table of deaths during the year ending June 1, 1850.

number living,

7,545 | 1 to 77.29

74.49
100.29
51.23
65.83
64.13
69.85
75.70
81.63
V5
60.27
74.61
85.12
83.59
91.38
84.94
69.63
42.85
69.79
93 67
64,60
85.26
55.85
70.18
68.41
77.65
73.28
87.97
94.03
105.82

No. of deaths, | Ratio to the
New Hampshire - 4,268
Vermont... .. 3,182
Massachusetts 19,414
Rhode Island. 2,241
Connecticut 5,781
New York . 44,339
New Jersey. 6,467
Pennsylvania. 28,318
Delaware . 1,209
Maryland. 9,594
Virginia . 19,053
North Carolina 10,207
South Carolina . 7,997
Georgia . - 9,920
Alabama . 9,084
Mississippi. 8,711
Louisiana. 11,948
Texas. . 8,046
Florida. 938
Kentucky. 15,206
‘Tennessee 11,759
Missouri 12,211
Arkansas . 2,987
Ohio... 28,949
Indiana. 12,728
Illinois . 11,619
Michigan . 4,620
Towa... 2,044.
Wisconsin 2,884
California... 2.2.0.0 2.22 e cece eee eee feces eee ee efeee
Minnesota. 30
Oregon ... 47
New Mexico . 1,157
Utah. ...-.... 239
District of Columbia 846



126

To pay our contingent: expenses, including clerk hire, office
rent, fuel, stationery, &c., to the 30th day of June, 1853,
there will be required an appropriation of ........ as--- $150,000

The cost of printing the compilation of the Seventh Census forms no
portion of this estimate, That must be determined by the plan adopted by
Congress for the execution of the work.

In the few cases where payment has not been made to marshals and
their assistants in full, their accounts have been delayed, either on account
of negligence in making a proper or timely return of their work, or to
admit of some further consideration, in cases where the question of
amount is, under the act of Congress, to be fixed by the Secretary of the
Interior, and the data still too imperfect to enable him to decide the matter,
without, perhaps, doing injustice to the parties themselves or the govern-
ment.

To such marshals as the act of Congress authorizes the payment of
“a reasonable amount for clerk hire, provided the charges under the act
for taking the census do not reach $500,” the principle has been adopted,
to pay im no case a larger amount than that which, added to the other
charges of the marshal, will make his gross receipt equal to that sum.,
This construction of the act of Congress is believed to be in accordance
with its intention. .

The compensation of some of the assistant marshals, particularly in
remote regions of the United. States and Territories, which are not in«
cluded within the provisions of the supplementary act of August 30,
1850, is entirely inadequate to the amount of. duty performed. It ismy
opinion that additional compensation is equally due to some of the mar
shals,

To the marshals and assistants, with but a few exceptions, too much
credit cannot be accorded for the prompt and efficient manner in
which they have discharged the duties prescribed by the law, and for
the readiness with which-they have responded to calls for information
on a variety of subjects, some of which were not embraced in the sched-
ules. To them is due the credit of returns being made and rendered
from this widely-cxtended country in time to admit of placing the ag-
gregate enumeration of population before the Congress succeeding that
which enacted the law, and on the first day ofits session. ‘The zeal and
industry of many of these officers have contributed to furnish mate-
rials, rich and various, illustrative of the history, geography, and geolo-
ay of the country, and it would be gratifying ‘to the Superintendent of
the Census to be permitted to send to each marshal and assistant, who
has thus respected the calls upon his time and labor, a copy of that Cen-
sus, which their united exertions have contributed to enhance in value.

* Good results would, doubtless, be experienced in future years from lib-
erality thus dispensed.

When itis remembered that, previous to the date of its commencement,
eight days only elapsed after the passage of the act to take the Seventh
Census, and, considering the large increase of population, and the im-
mense extent ofnew territory comprised within its scope, it is not to be
supposed. that this office can be charged with delinquency; in view of

he fact that we have received all the returns from every portion of the

sauce


149,

boroughs in the kingdom. In other portions. of Europe, the same ex-
anded view is taken of what should constitute a statistical work.

‘The European statistical publications, in point of execution, far ex-
ceed our own, which have Revetofore been most inconvenient and un-
wieldy volumes. ‘The only volumes in its possession, which the shelves
of the royal library of Belgium are not adapted to hold, are those of our
last Census, which have occupied a place on the floor beneath the
shelves for several years. ‘The inconvenient shape of these volumes
has led to their destruction, and almost entire extermination. Their
extreme rarity, at this time, leads me to believe that they have, in
many instances, unfortunately, been used as so much waste paper, not
esteemed worth the room they occupied.

‘These explanations are deemed necessary only for information re-
lating to the views of contemporaneous nations, and not as ay apology
for what is deemed correct and proper in the preparation’ our own
Census.

Our materials are more varied and of better character than any na-
tion has ever possessed; and shall it be said that, insensible of their
value, we have not known how to render them useful?

Respectfully submitted.
J. C. G. KENNEDY.

Hon. Atmxanvzr H. H. Srvarr,
Secretary of the Department of the Interior.



125

REPORT.

Cunsus Orricr,
Washington December 1,.1861.
| Sir: Thave the honor to report that fulland complete returns of the
r Seventh Census have been received from all the States of the Union on
this side of the Rocky mountains, and from the Territories of New Mexi-
coand Oregon. A portion of the California returns was destroyed by
the conflagration at San Francisco—an accident which rendered it ne-
cessary for the Census agent to prepare new copies from the originals,
which are expected here daily. The other returns have been received.
. _ Onthe 80th September, there were employed in this office ninety-one
clerks, two messengers, two watchmen, and two laborers. In the month
of November, it was found necessary, in order to prepare certain informa-
i tion in time for the meeting of Congress, to make a large temporary
i addition to the clerical force of the office, and the number was increased.
to one hundred and forty-eight, who have performed extra duty,

The frequent demands made by State officers and private individuals

* for statistical information have much incrcased our labors. All such
calls have been promptly responded to, when compliance therewith
would not interfere too much with the progress of business.

The schedules used in taking the Seventh Census of the United States
were arranged ¢n principles different from any heretofore used for that
purpose. ‘The Pin adopted for their construction, while adding im-
mensely to the labor of the office, presents on the face of the schedule
much more information in the same space, and a better combination
of facts relating to persons and things, than has heretofore been attained,
while it is pertectly simple, without complication, but little Hable to
etror, furnishing easy means of detecting and correcting most of the
errors which occur. These blanks were prepared under the direction of
the Census Board, and were furnished in timely season. They proved
to be well adapted to the purpose for which they were designed.
Among the great number transmitted through the mails, from every
portion of our territory, not one schedule was received at the office in
a mutilated condition, nor in any way injured.

The expenses of the Census Office have been as follows, viz:

For printing and stationery, including the amount report-
ed at the first and second sessions of the last Congress,

and by the Census Board ...-..----+ - $33,153 71
For amount paid United States marshals 84,001 25
For amount paid to assistant marshals. . . 891,245 18

- For amount paid for clerk hire and contingent expenses

of the office... 2.2 2-22 eee eee eee eee eee eee 105,929 66
The aggregate amount appropriated for taking the Sev-

enth Census Was. .-... 2. eee eee nee eee eee 1,267,500 00
‘The balance on han rst day of December, 1851... 208,170 00

The balance due to marshals and assistant marshals of
the United States .......00ee005 ane enceennene 180,201, 00



‘aan
pox osu Jo anya,

sion
pod roigo Jo ono,

1,54, at | 25,108,155

-opour sftqnsvo suo,

32, 745

Average-wages per
month

SSHEBELS BRRSLAG
QRaSRanaagasasa

BEESSIRSS
ARRARLA RAE |

48 |...

Males. |Females.| Males. | Females.|

Number of bands
employed.

23,541

org “ony “oH
-oywur aes yo onyOA

D—Castings.

qwoommpo
paw oyoa Jo siaijsng

‘ooo jesoutyta Jo suo,

190,891 | 2,413,750 | 10,346,355

‘aga Jo suo,

9,850

“yoyour pro Jo suo,

stioxy 24d Jo 80,

‘45,559 | 11,416

spoysoauy jdong

suopesada uy sitar
isyeqmasa Jo soquuny,

| 1,992 | 17,416,961

STATES.

Total...



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the Land Office; but, as to those attributed to the older States, the same
means of verifying their accuracy, or the want of it, do not exist. But
care has been taken to consult the best local authorities for ascertaining
the extent of surface in those States; and as the figures adopted are
found to agree with, or differ but slightly from, those assumed to be
correct at the General Land Office, it is probable they do not vary
essentially from the exact truth.

The area of some of the States, as Maryland and Virginia, are stated
considerably below the commonly assumed extent of their territory,
which may be accounted for from the supposition that the portions of
the surface within their exterior limits covered by large bodies of water
have been subtracted from the aggregate amount. This is known to
be the case in regard to Maryland, the superficial extent of which,
within the outlines of its boundaries, is 18,959 square miles; and is
deemed probable with reference to Virginia, from the fact that many
geographers have given its total area as high as 66,000 square miles.

It appears from the returns that during the year ending on the first
of June, 1850, there escaped fiom their owners 1,011 slaves, and. that
during the same period 1,467 were manumitted, The number of both
classes will appear in the following table:

Manumitted and Fugitive Slaves—1850.

States. [Manumitted.| Fugitives.’

Delaware. . 277 26
Maryland. 493 279
Virginia. 218 83
Kentucky. 152 96
Tennessee 45 70
North Carolin: 2 64
South Carolina 2 16
Georgia. 19 89
Florida 22 18
Alabama . 16 29
Mississippi 6 4
Louisiana. . 159 90
5 29

1 21

50 60

1,467 1,011

Tn connexion with this statement, and as affecting the natural in-
crease of the free colored population of the United States, it may be
proper to remark that, during the year to which the Census applies, the
Colonization Society sent 662 colored emigrants to Liberia. In our



enna

<p

139

decreasing mortality likewise prevails in the second and third years,
leaving only 8,183, or about four-fifths of the original number, to com-
mence upon their fourth year. But after this age, the juvenile system
acquires more firmness, and a greater degree of the vigor and expe-
rience to guard against disease. At the age of twenty-one, 7,134 sur-
vive to enter upon a more. active and responsible career of life; of.
whom 6,302 attain to thirty-five—the meridian of manhood. Pro-
ceeding onward for twenty years, to the age of “fifty-five,” only 4,727,
or less than one-half the original number, then survive. From this age
the numbers are decimated: more frequently, and the vacated places of
the fallen are occupied by advancing generations; till, having passed’
the mental and physical changes in the round: and- mystery of life, so
graphically portrayed in: the Seven Ages” of the dramatist, a few

ecome centenarians, and linger on the verge of life, till virtually, at
the age of one hundred and six years, all have closed their earthly ex~
istence.

‘The table for Maryland also comprises: the “Expectations of life,”
or the average number of years which the great mass of the white pop-
ulation live after a given present age. This arrangement of the data
is justly described as that which is of the most interest to society; for
it points out the average number of years in which one member of the
community with another participates in the pleasures and cares of life.

An individual, for instance; ou attaining his thirtieth birthday, has
an expectancy of nearly thirty-five years. At fifty years: of age the
lease of time’s estate (s0 to express the idea) is limited to a little more
than nineteen years longer. The maximum expectation (52.86 years)
is at the age of four in this table; in: the well-known-Carlisle table, it
is represented to occur at the age of five; and at six in the Swedish
table. The joint expectation for two lives, as in the marriage relation,
or the average period during which both shall be living, may now be
determined in like manner, and also for three or more: lives of given

eS.

It has been remarked that tables, properly constructed from suffi-
cient data, never differ widely from each other. For this reason, and
on account of their high value, insertion is likewise given in that report
to three standard European tables; from no one of which does the
Maryland table differ in the comparison so much as they differ among
themselves. :

Indeed, the duration of life by the Maryland table is found to be
almost an exact medium between the British Female Annuitant’s and
the Carlisle values; which affords strong proof of aceuracy. From
these tabular forms for Maryland, the probabilities: of life can readily
be ascertained in a given case, with the value of annuities, assurances,
and other reversions dependent upon lives; and, when extended to
other localities, the results will eventually promote a most important
national purpose, one which has long been desired—that of attaming a
correct estimate of the standard of human life among different classes
of population in this country.