II 

115TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 141 

To improve understanding and forecasting of space weather events, and for 

other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

JANUARY 12, 2017 

Mr. PETERS (for himself, Mr. GARDNER, Mr. BOOKER, and Mr. WICKER) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 

A BILL 

To improve understanding and forecasting of space weather 

events, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Space Weather Re5 search and Forecasting Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. SPACE WEATHER. 

7 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle VI of title 51, United 

8 States Code, is amended by adding after chapter 605 the 

9 following: 


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1 ‘‘CHAPTER 607—SPACE WEATHER 

‘‘60701. Space weather. 

‘‘60702. Observations and forecasting. 

‘‘60703. Research and technology. 

‘‘60704. Space weather data. 

2 ‘‘§ 60701. Space weather 

3 ‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find4 ings: 

5 ‘‘(1) Space weather events pose a significant 

6 threat to humans working in the space environment 

7 and to modern technological systems. 

8 ‘‘(2) The effects of severe space weather events 

9 on the electric power grid, satellites and satellite 

10 communications and information, airline operations, 

11 astronauts living and working in space, and space12 based position, navigation, and timing systems could 

13 have significant societal, economic, national security, 

14 and health impacts. 

15 ‘‘(3) Earth and space observations provide cru16 cial data necessary to predict and warn about space 

17 weather events. 

18 ‘‘(4) Clear roles and accountability of Federal 

19 departments and agencies are critical for an efficient 

20 and effective response to threats posed by space 

21 weather. 

22 ‘‘(5) In October 2015, the National Science and 

23 Technology Council published a National Space 


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1 Weather Strategy and a National Space Weather 

2 Action Plan seeking to integrate national space 

3 weather efforts and add new capabilities to meet in4 creasing demand for space weather information. 

5 ‘‘(b) FEDERAL AGENCY ROLES.— 

6 ‘‘(1) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 

7 ‘‘(A) the National Oceanic and Atmos8 pheric Administration provides operational 

9 space weather forecasting and monitoring for 

10 civil applications, maintains ground and space11 based assets to provide observations needed for 

12 forecasting, prediction, and warnings, and de13 velops requirements for space weather fore14 casting technologies and science; 

15 ‘‘(B) the Department of Defense provides 

16 operational space weather forecasting, moni17 toring, and research for the department’s 

18 unique missions and applications; 

19 ‘‘(C) the National Aeronautics and Space 

20 Administration provides increased under21 standing of the fundamental physics of the 

22 Sun-Earth system through space-based observa23 tions and modeling, develops new space-based 

24 technologies and missions, and monitors space 

25 weather for NASA’s space missions; 


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1 ‘‘(D) the National Science Foundation pro2 vides increased understanding of the Sun-Earth 

3 system through ground-based measurements, 

4 technologies, and modeling; 

5 ‘‘(E) the Department of the Interior col6 lects, distributes, and archives operational 

7 ground-based magnetometer data in the United 

8 States and its territories, and works with the 

9 international community to improve global geo10 physical monitoring and develops crustal con11 ductivity models to assess and mitigate risk 

12 from space weather induced electric ground cur13 rents; and 

14 ‘‘(F) the Federal Aviation Administration 

15 provides operational requirements for space 

16 weather services in support of aviation and for 

17 coordination of these requirements with the 

18 International Civil Aviation Organization, inte19 grates space weather data and products into the 

20 Next Generation Air Transportation System, 

21 and conducts real-time monitoring of the 

22 charged particle radiation environment to pro23 tect the health and safety of crew and pas24 sengers during space weather events. 


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1 ‘‘(2) OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2 POLICY.—The Director of the Office of Science and 

3 Technology Policy shall— 

4 ‘‘(A) coordinate the development and im5 plementation of Federal Government activities 

6 to improve the Nation’s ability to prepare, 

7 avoid, mitigate, respond to, and recover from 

8 potentially devastating impacts of space weath9 er events; and 

10 ‘‘(B) coordinate the activities of the Na11 tional Space Weather Program members. 

12 ‘‘(c) SPACE WEATHER INTERAGENCY WORKING

13 GROUP.—In order to continue coordination of executive 

14 branch efforts to understand, prepare, coordinate, and 

15 plan for space weather, the National Science and Tech16 nology Council shall establish an interagency working 

17 group on space weather that includes representatives of 

18 the Federal agencies participating in the National Space 

19 Weather Program, and of other Federal agencies, as ap20 propriate. 

21 ‘‘(d) NATIONAL SPACE WEATHER PROGRAM.—In 

22 order to understand and respond to the adverse effects 

23 of space weather, the National Space Weather Program 

24 shall leverage capabilities across participating Federal 

25 agencies, including— 


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1 ‘‘(1) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad2 ministration; 

3 ‘‘(2) the National Aeronautics and Space Ad4 ministration; 

5 ‘‘(3) the National Science Foundation; 

6 ‘‘(4) the Department of Defense; 

7 ‘‘(5) the Department of the Interior; 

8 ‘‘(6) the Department of Homeland Security; 

9 ‘‘(7) the Department of Energy; 

10 ‘‘(8) the Department of Transportation, includ11 ing the Federal Aviation Administration; and 

12 ‘‘(9) the Department of State. 

13 ‘‘(e) INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS.— 

14 ‘‘(1) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 

15 Congress that the interagency collaboration between 

16 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

17 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis18 tration on terrestrial weather observations pro19 vides— 

20 ‘‘(A) an effective mechanism for improving 

21 weather and climate data collection while avoid22 ing unnecessary duplication of capabilities 

23 across Federal agencies; and 

24 ‘‘(B) an agency collaboration model that 

25 could benefit space weather observations. 


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1 ‘‘(2) INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS.—The Ad2 ministrator of the National Aeronautics and Space 

3 Administration and the Administrator of the Na4 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall 

5 enter into one or more interagency agreements pro6 viding for cooperation and collaboration in the devel7 opment of space weather spacecraft, instruments, 

8 and technologies in accordance with this chapter. 

9 ‘‘§ 60702. Observations and forecasting 

10 ‘‘(a) POLICY.—It is the policy of the United States 

11 to establish and sustain a baseline capability for space 

12 weather observations. 

13 ‘‘(b) INTEGRATED STRATEGY.— 

14 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Office 

15 of Science and Technology Policy, in coordination 

16 with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and 

17 Atmospheric Administration, the Administrator of 

18 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 

19 the Director of the National Science Foundation, 

20 and the Secretary of Defense, and in consultation 

21 with the academic and commercial communities, 

22 shall develop an integrated strategy for solar and 

23 solar wind observations beyond the lifetime of cur24 rent assets, that considers— 


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1 ‘‘(A) the provision of solar wind measure2 ments and other measurements essential to 

3 space weather forecasting; and 

4 ‘‘(B) the provision of solar and space 

5 weather measurements important for scientific 

6 purposes. 

7 ‘‘(2) CONSIDERATIONS.—In developing the 

8 strategy under paragraph (1), the Director of the 

9 Office of Science and Technology Policy shall con10 sider small satellite options, hosted payloads, com11 mercial options, international options, and prize au12 thority. 

13 ‘‘(c) CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS.—In order to sustain 

14 current space-based observational capabilities, the Admin15 istrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis16 tration shall— 

17 ‘‘(1) in cooperation with the European Space 

18 Agency, maintain operations of the Solar and 

19 Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle and Spec20 trometric Coronagraph (referred to in this section as 

21 ‘SOHO/LASCO’) for as long as the satellite con22 tinues to deliver quality observations; and 

23 ‘‘(2) prioritize the reception of LASCO data. 

24 ‘‘(d) ADDITIONAL CAPABILITY FOR SOLAR IMAG25 ING.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the 

2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

3 shall secure reliable secondary capability for near 

4 real-time coronal mass ejection imagery. 

5 ‘‘(2) OPTIONS.—The Administrator of the Na6 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in 

7 coordination with the Secretary of Defense and the 

8 Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 

9 Space Administration, shall develop options to build 

10 and deploy one or more instruments for near real11 time coronal mass ejection imagery. 

12 ‘‘(3) CONSIDERATIONS.—In developing options 

13 under paragraph (2), the Administrator of the Na14 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall 

15 consider commercial solutions, prize authority, aca16 demic and international partnerships, microsatellites, 

17 ground-based instruments, and opportunities to de18 ploy the instrument or instruments as a secondary 

19 payload on an upcoming planned launch. 

20 ‘‘(4) COSTS.—In implementing paragraph (1), 

21 the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At22 mospheric Administration shall prioritize a cost-ef23 fective solution. 

24 ‘‘(5) OPERATIONAL PLANNING.—The Adminis25 trator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdVerDate Sep 11 2014 23:40 Jan 25, 2017 Jkt 069200 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S141.IS S141

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1 ministration shall develop an operational contingency 

2 plan to provide continuous space weather forecasting 

3 in the event of a SOHO/LASCO failure. 

4 ‘‘(6) BRIEFING.—Not later than 120 days after 

5 the date of enactment of the Space Weather Re6 search and Forecasting Act, the Administrator of 

7 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra8 tion shall provide a briefing to the Committee on 

9 Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Sen10 ate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech11 nology of the House of Representatives on the op12 tions for building and deploying the instrument or 

13 instruments described in paragraph (2) and the 

14 operational contingency plan developed under para15 graph (5). 

16 ‘‘(e) FOLLOW-ON SPACE-BASED OBSERVATIONS.— 

17 The Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmos18 pheric Administration, in coordination with the Secretary 

19 of Defense, shall develop requirements and a plan for fol20 low-on space-based observations for operational purposes, 

21 in accordance with the integrated strategy developed 

22 under subsection (b). 

23 ‘‘(f) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the 

24 date of enactment of the Space Weather Research and 

25 Forecasting Act, the Director of the Office of Science and 


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1 Technology Policy shall submit to the Committee on Com2 merce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 

3 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the 

4 House of Representatives a report on the integrated strat5 egy under subsection (b), including the plans for follow6 on space-based observations under subsection (e). 

7 ‘‘(g) GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS.—The Na8 tional Science Foundation, the Air Force, and where prac9 ticable in support of the Air Force, the Navy shall each— 

10 ‘‘(1) maintain and improve, as necessary and 

11 advisable, ground-based observations of the Sun in 

12 order to help meet the priorities identified in section 

13 60703(a); and 

14 ‘‘(2) provide space weather data by means of its 

15 set of ground-based facilities, including radars, 

16 lidars, magnetometers, radio receivers, aurora and 

17 airglow imagers, spectrometers, interferometers, and 

18 solar observatories. 

19 ‘‘(h) GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS DATA.—The 

20 National Science Foundation shall— 

21 ‘‘(1) provide key data streams from the plat22 forms described in subsection (g) for research and to 

23 support space weather model development; 

24 ‘‘(2) develop experimental models for scientific 

25 purposes; and 


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1 ‘‘(3) support the transition of the experimental 

2 models to operations where appropriate. 

3 ‘‘§ 60703. Research and technology 

4 ‘‘(a) USER NEEDS.— 

5 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the 

6 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

7 the Secretary of the Air Force, and where prac8 ticable in support of the Air Force, the Secretary of 

9 the Navy, in conjunction with the heads of other rel10 evant Federal agencies, shall conduct a comprehen11 sive survey to identify and prioritize the needs of 

12 space weather forecast users, including space weath13 er data and space weather forecast data needed to 

14 improve services and inform research priorities and 

15 technology needs. 

16 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—In conducting the com17 prehensive survey under paragraph (1), the Adminis18 trator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad19 ministration, the Secretary of the Air Force, and 

20 where practicable in support of the Air Force, the 

21 Secretary of the Navy, at a minimum, shall— 

22 ‘‘(A) consider the goals for forecast lead 

23 time, accuracy, coverage, timeliness, data rate, 

24 and data quality for space weather observa25 tions; 


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1 ‘‘(B) identify opportunities to address the 

2 needs identified under paragraph (1) through 

3 collaborations with academia, the private sector, 

4 and the international community; 

5 ‘‘(C) identify opportunities for new tech6 nologies and instrumentation to address the 

7 needs identified under paragraph (1); and 

8 ‘‘(D) publish a report on the findings 

9 under subparagraphs (A) through (C). 

10 ‘‘(3) PUBLICATION.—Not later than 1 year 

11 after the date of enactment of the Space Weather 

12 Research and Forecasting Act, the Administrator of 

13 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra14 tion, the Secretary of the Air Force, and where prac15 ticable in support of the Air Force, the Secretary of 

16 the Navy, shall— 

17 ‘‘(A) make the results of the comprehen18 sive survey publicly available; and 

19 ‘‘(B) notify the Committee on Commerce, 

20 Science, and Transportation of the Senate and 

21 the Committee on Science, Space, and Tech22 nology of the House of Representatives of the 

23 publication under subparagraph (A). 

24 ‘‘(b) RESEARCH ACTIVITIES.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) BASIC RESEARCH.—As part of the Na2 tional Space Weather Program, the Director of the 

3 National Science Foundation, Administrator of the 

4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and 

5 Secretary of Defense shall continue to carry out 

6 basic research activities on heliophysics, geospace 

7 science, and space weather and support competitive, 

8 merit-based, peer-reviewed proposals for research, 

9 modeling, and monitoring of space weather and its 

10 impacts, including science goals outlined in Solar 

11 and Space Physics Decadal surveys conducted by the 

12 National Academy of Sciences. 

13 ‘‘(2) MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH.— 

14 ‘‘(A) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that the 

15 multidisciplinary nature of solar and space 

16 physics creates funding challenges that require 

17 coordination across scientific disciplines and 

18 Federal agencies. 

19 ‘‘(B) MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH.—As 

20 part of the National Space Weather Program, 

21 the Director of the National Science Founda22 tion, the Administrator of the National Oceanic 

23 and Atmospheric Administration, and the Ad24 ministrator of the National Aeronautics and 

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1 plinary research in subjects that further our 

2 understanding of solar physics, space physics, 

3 and space weather. 

4 ‘‘(C) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the 

5 sense of Congress that the Administrator of the 

6 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

7 and Director of the National Science Founda8 tion should support competitively awarded 

9 Heliophysics Science Centers. 

10 ‘‘(c) SCIENCE MISSIONS.—The Administrator of the 

11 National Aeronautics and Space Administration shall seek 

12 to implement missions that meet the science objectives 

13 identified in Solar and Space Physics Decadal surveys con14 ducted by the National Academy of Sciences. 

15 ‘‘(d) RESEARCH TO OPERATIONS.— 

16 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the 

17 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 

18 Director of the National Science Foundation, the 

19 Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmos20 pheric Administration, the Secretary of the Air 

21 Force, and where practicable in support of the Air 

22 Force, the Secretary of the Navy, shall— 

23 ‘‘(A) develop a formal mechanism to tran24 sition National Aeronautics and Space Adminis25 tration, National Science Foundation, Air 


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1 Force, and Navy research findings, models, and 

2 capabilities, as appropriate, to National Oceanic 

3 and Atmospheric Administration and Depart4 ment of Defense space weather operational fore5 casting centers; and 

6 ‘‘(B) enhance coordination between re7 search modeling centers and forecasting cen8 ters. 

9 ‘‘(2) OPERATIONAL NEEDS.—The Adminis10 trator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad11 ministration and the Secretary of Defense, in coordi12 nation with the Administrator of the National Aero13 nautics and Space Administration and the Director 

14 of the National Science Foundation, shall develop a 

15 formal mechanism to communicate the operational 

16 needs of space weather forecasters to the research 

17 community. 

18 ‘‘(e) TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT.— 

19 ‘‘(1) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that observa20 tions and measurements closer to the Sun and ad21 vanced instrumentation would provide for more ad22 vanced warning of space weather disturbances (as 

23 defined in section 3 of the Space Weather Research 

24 and Forecasting Act). 


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1 ‘‘(2) TECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION DE2 VELOPMENT.—The Administrator of the National 

3 Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Di4 rector of the National Science Foundation shall sup5 port the development of technologies and instrumen6 tation to improve space weather forecasting lead7 time and accuracy to meet the needs identified by 

8 the Administrator of the National Oceanic and At9 mospheric Administration. 

10 ‘‘§ 60704. Space weather data 

11 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the Na12 tional Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Di13 rector of the National Science Foundation shall— 

14 ‘‘(1) make space weather related data obtained 

15 for scientific research purposes available to space 

16 weather forecasters and operations centers; and 

17 ‘‘(2) support model development and model ap18 plications to space weather forecasting. 

19 ‘‘(b) RESEARCH.—The Administrator of the National 

20 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall make space 

21 weather related data obtained from operational forecasting 

22 available for scientific research.’’. 

23 (b) TECHNICAL AND CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.— 

24 (1) REPEAL OF SECTION 809.—Section 809 of 

25 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 


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1 Authorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 18388) and 

2 the item relating to that section in the table of con3 tents under section 1(b) of that Act (124 Stat. 

4 2806) are repealed. 

5 (2) TABLE OF CHAPTERS.—The table of chap6 ters of title 51, United States Code, is amended by 

7 adding after the item relating to chapter 605 the fol8 lowing: 

‘‘607. Space weather ................................................................................ 60701’’. 

9 SEC. 3. SPACE WEATHER METRICS. 

10 (a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

11 (1) SPACE WEATHER DISTURBANCE.—The term 

12 ‘‘space weather disturbance’’ includes geo-electric 

13 fields, ionizing radiation, ionospheric disturbances, 

14 solar radio bursts, and upper atmospheric expansion. 

15 (2) SPACE WEATHER BENCHMARK.—The term 

16 ‘‘space weather benchmark’’ means the physical 

17 characteristics and conditions describing the nature, 

18 frequency, and intensity of space weather disturb19 ances. 

20 (b) BENCHMARKS.— 

21 (1) PRELIMINARY.—Not later than 90 days 

22 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Space 

23 Weather Interagency Working Group, established 

24 under section 60701 of title 51, United States Code, 


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1 in consultation with academic and commercial ex2 perts, shall— 

3 (A) assess existing data, the historical 

4 record, models, and peer-reviewed studies on 

5 space weather; and 

6 (B) develop preliminary benchmarks, based 

7 on current scientific understanding and the his8 torical record, for measuring solar disturbances. 

9 (2) FINAL.—Not later than 18 months after 

10 the date the preliminary benchmarks are developed 

11 under paragraph (1), the Space Weather Inter12 agency Working Group shall publish final bench13 marks. 

14 (3) REVIEW.—The Administrator of the Na15 tional Aeronautics and Space Administration shall 

16 contract with the National Academy of Sciences to 

17 review the benchmarks established under paragraph 

18 (2). 

19 (4) REVISIONS.—The Space Weather Inter20 agency Working Group shall update and revise the 

21 final benchmarks under paragraph (2), as necessary, 

22 based on— 

23 (A) the results of the review under para24 graph (3); 


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1 (B) any significant new data or advances 

2 in scientific understanding that become avail3 able; or 

4 (C) the evolving needs of entities impacted 

5 by solar disturbances. 

6 SEC. 4. PROTECTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. 

7 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the Na8 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in con9 sultation with the heads of other relevant Federal agen10 cies, shall provide information about space weather haz11 ards to the Secretary of Homeland Security for purposes 

12 of this section. 

13 (b) CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.—The Secretary of 

14 Homeland Security, in consultation with sector-specific 

15 agencies, the Administrator of the National Oceanic and 

16 Atmospheric Administration, and the heads of other rel17 evant agencies, shall— 

18 (1) include, in meeting national critical infra19 structure reporting requirements, an assessment of 

20 the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to space 

21 weather events, as described by the space weather 

22 benchmarks under section 3; and 

23 (2) support critical infrastructure providers in 

24 managing the risks and impacts associated with 

25 space weather. 


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1 (c) PROHIBITION ON NEW REGULATORY AUTHOR2 ITY.—Nothing in subsection (b) may be construed to grant 

3 the Secretary of Homeland Security any authority to pro4 mulgate regulations that was not in effect on the day be5 fore the date of enactment of this Act. 

6 (d) DEFINITION OF SECTOR-SPECIFIC AGENCY.—In 

7 this section, the term ‘‘sector-specific agency’’ has the 

8 meaning given the term in Presidential Policy Directive– 

9 21 of February 12, 2013 (Critical Infrastructure Security 

10 and Resilience), or any successor. 

11 SEC. 5. PROTECTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY ASSETS. 

12 (a) IN GENERAL.—The National Security Council, in 

13 consultation with the Office of the Director of National 

14 Intelligence, the Secretary of Defense, and the heads of 

15 other relevant Federal agencies, shall— 

16 (1) assess the vulnerability of the national secu17 rity community to space weather events, as described 

18 by the space weather benchmarks under section 3; 

19 and 

20 (2) develop national security mechanisms to 

21 protection national security assets from space weath22 er threats. 

23 (b) COOPERATION.—The Secretary of Defense, in 

24 consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal 

25 agencies, shall provide information about space weather 


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1 hazards to the National Security Council, Director of Na2 tional Intelligence, and heads of Defense Agencies for pur3 poses of this section. 

4 SEC. 6. ENSURING THE SAFETY OF CIVIL AVIATION. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator of the Federal 

6 Aviation Administration, in consultation with the heads of 

7 other relevant Federal agencies, shall— 

8 (1) assess the safety implications and vulner9 ability of the national airspace system by space 

10 weather events, as described by the space weather 

11 benchmarks under section 3; 

12 (2) assess methods to mitigate the safety impli13 cations and effects of space weather on aviation 

14 communication systems, aircraft navigation systems, 

15 satellite and ground-based navigation systems, and 

16 potential health effects of radiation exposure; and 

17 (3) assess options for incorporating space 

18 weather into operational training for pilots, cabin 

19 crew, dispatchers, air traffic controllers, meteorolo20 gists, and engineers. 

21 (b) SPACE WEATHER COMMUNICATION.—The Ad22 ministrator of the Federal Aviation Administration, in 

23 consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal 

24 agencies, shall develop methods to increase the interaction 


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1 between the aviation community and the space weather re2 search and service provider community. 

Æ 


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