IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

OGDEN FIRE COMPANY NO. 1 and : CIVIL ACTION

SPRINT SPECTRUM, L.P. :

:

v. :

:

UPPER CHICHESTER TOWNSHIP and :

ZONING HEARING BOARD OF UPPER :

CHICHESTER TOWNSHIP : NO. 05-1031

MEMORANDUM

Padova, J. March 30, 2006

Plaintiffs, Ogden Fire Company No. 1 (“Ogden”) and Sprint Spectrum L.P. (“Sprint”), have

brought this action pursuant to the Telecommunications Act challenging Defendants’ denial of their

application to build a radio tower and related equipment behind Ogden’s firehouse. Before the Court

are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. A Hearing was held on the Motions on

February 16, 2006. For the reasons which follow, both Motions are granted in part and denied in

part.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Ogden’s firehouse is located at 4300 Naamans Creek Road, Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, in

Upper Chichester Township (the “Township”). (Joint Stipulation of Facts, “Stip.” ¶¶ 1, 5.) This site

is located in an R-2 Medium Density Residential Zoning District. (Stip. ¶ 5.) The Township Zoning

Hearing Board (the “Zoning Board”) granted a special exception to Ogden for a “public use” of its

property on June 19, 1969 under § 303.1 of the Township’s zoning ordinance (the “Zoning

Ordinance”). (Stip. ¶ 6.) Ogden is a volunteer fire company that provides fire, ambulance, and

rescue services to the residents of Upper Chichester Township and surrounding areas. (Notes of

Testimony from the Zoning Board’s hearing regarding this matter, “N.T.,” Vol. 1 at 14-15.) Ogden

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responds to approximately 550 requests for assistance per year. (Id. at 15.) 

Ogden uses the Delaware County Emergency Radio Center radio service which is a 500 mhz.

system with three repeaters throughout Delaware County, this system is associated with the 911

system. (Id. at 16-17.) Even with the repeaters, Ogden experiences coverage problems in certain

sections of the Township. (Id.) In addition to the 500 mhz. system, Ogden shares a 150 mhz. radio

system (the “Local System”) within the Township with other fire companies, local police, school

crossing guards and street maintenance crews. (Id. at 18-19.) The Local System does not have

repeaters and cannot reach all areas within the Township. (Id. at 18-19.) Ogden has experienced

problems on the Local System with calls that haven’t been heard and fire police who have been on

location but haven’t been able to communicate with the police. (Id. at 60.) These problems have

been building for the last ten years and occur on an almost daily basis. (Id. at 71-72.) Ogden wants

to construct a radio operations center within its firehouse and a 130 foot radio tower in its rear yard

at 4300 Namaans Creek Road in order to correct those deficiencies. (App. at 4-5.)

Sprint provides personal communications services (“PCS”) over a network of wireless

telecommunications facilities (“WCF”) pursuant to a license from the FCC. (N.T. Vol. 2 at 147.)

Sprint’s wireless telecommunications services are provided through a series of base stations that

transmit and receive over assigned bandwidth in particular areas. (Id. at 148.) These base stations

have to be within a mile or two mile radius of its customers’ mobile phones. (Id. at 148-49.) Sprint

uses a series of these base stations that work together to cover an entire area. (Id. at 149.) In order

to make or receive a phone call, a customer has to be close enough to the nearest base station. (Id.

at 149.) Poor call quality, inability to make or receive calls, and call drops are generally caused by

lack of the ability of the phone and the closest base station to communicate with each other. (Id. at

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149-50.) Sprint’s service is weak in the area of the Ogden Fire Station on Naamans Creek Road.

(N.T. Vol. 2 at 150.) Sprint wishes to establish a telecommunications facility in the yard behind

Ogden’s firehouse to fix the deficiency in its PCS coverage in that area. (App. at 4.)

In order to fix the deficiencies in Ogden’s radio services and Sprint’s PCS coverage, Sprint

and Ogden jointly filed an application with the Township and the Zoning Board (the “Application”)

on August 31, 2004 to erect a “[s]teel monopole 130 feet in height for mounting emergency service

(fire company) and wireless [t]elecommunications (PCS) antennas, [r]adio equipment on ground in

fenced area at base of tower.” (Application, “App.,” at 3.) Sprint would install the tower on the

Ogden firehouse property to meet the needs of both Ogden and Sprint. (Id. at 4.) In addition, Sprint

would pay monthly rent to Ogden. (Id.) The Application asked the Zoning Board to: (1) find that

the proposed monopole and related radio equipment are permitted as an accessory use to the

permitted fire company use on the subject property pursuant to § 303.1 or § 304 of the Zoning

Ordinance; (2) grant a variance from the height limitation of § 305.8 of the Zoning Ordinance; (3)

approve a special exception for Sprint’s proposed wireless communications facility pursuant to §§

303.7, 1814 and 2106(2) of the Zoning Ordinance; or, in the alternative, (4) grant a variance from

the use provisions of § 302 of the Zoning Ordinance to allow the proposed monopole, equipment and

use. (Id. at 5.)

The Zoning Board held hearings to consider the Application on October 11, 2004, November

3, 2004, December 1, 2004, and January 5, 2005. (Stip. ¶ 8.) Plaintiffs submitted evidence to the

Zoning Board and presented seven witnesses, including two experts, who testified in support of the

Application with respect to the following issues:

1. Whether Ogden needs the tower and related radio equipment to correct its radio

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1The Zoning Ordinance defines accessory uses as: “off-street parking or private garage,”

“signs,” “utility or tool shed,” “private swimming pool,” “minor home occupation,” “satellite

antenna,” “home based day care center,” “small collection for recycling (on public land),” “sale of

agricultural products,” and “any accessory use on the same lot with and customarily incidental to any

of the uses permitted above and not detrimental to the neighborhood.” Zoning Ordinance §§ 204,

304.

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communications deficiencies. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 20-23, 35-42.)

2. Whether Sprint needs to place a WCF antenna on the tower to provide PCS coverage in

the portion of the Township around Ogden’s firehouse. (N.T. Vol. 2 at 154-55, 176-77, 190-91,

204.)

3. Whether Ogden’s use of the tower would be an accessory use to Ogden’s current use of

the property because communications are necessary to Ogden’s operations.1 (N.T. Vol. 1 at 23-24.)

4. Whether Ogden’s use of the tower would be a “municipal or public use” because radio

communications are necessary and essential to the emergency services provided by Ogden to the

community. (Id. at 16, 23-24.)

5. Whether the tower would satisfy the special exception criteria regarding the height of the

monopole as an “accessory structure” as well as the variance criteria regarding the use and height

of the monopole. (Id. at 81-117, Vol. 2 at 126-44.) 

6. Whether Sprint’s attachment of a WCF antenna to the tower would satisfy the special

exception criteria for allowance of that use. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 93-94, 97-100, 103-07; Vol 2 at(127-30,

150-65, 176; App.)

7. Whether other carriers providing functionally equivalent services have been granted

greater relief than that requested by Ogden and Sprint. (Joint Appendix, “J.A.” Exs. 13, 16.)

8. Whether the tower is the least intrusive means of filling Sprint’s gap in coverage in the

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Township. (N.T. Vol. 2 at 161-168, 177, 182-83198; Vol 3 at 267-69, 272-74.)

The Zoning Board denied the Application in a written opinion dated February 10, 2005 (the

“Decision”). (Stip. ¶ 9.) Although Ogden and Sprint jointly applied to build the tower for Ogden,

with Sprint attaching an antenna to the tower once it is built, the Zoning Board specifically addressed

the Application as an application by Sprint to build a WCF tower for Sprint to which Ogden would

attach a radio antenna for its own use. (Decision at 21.) The Zoning Board found that Ogden and

Sprint propose to erect a 133 foot stand-alone WCF tower for the transmission/reception of wireless

communications services which will also accommodate the needs of Ogden by enhancing its radio

signal, that Ogden is located in a R-2 Residential District, and that Sprint did not submit the requisite

evidence to support an application to erect a stand-alone WCF tower in an R-2 Residential District.

(Id. at 20.) The Zoning Board also found that the WCF would not be an accessory structure to the

firehouse because it is not a use “customarily incidental and subordinate to the principal use of the

land or building and located on the same lot with such principal use.” (Id. at 21-22, citation

omitted.) The Zoning Board rejected the special exception for a tower over 15 feet in height because

the WCF is not an accessory use or structure to the firehouse. (Id. at 22.) The Zoning Board rejected

the special exception to build the WCF because stand-alone WCF towers are not permitted in R-2

residential districts. (Id.) The Zoning Board also rejected the alternate request for a variance

because a 133 foot stand-alone WCF tower is not a structure permitted in an R-2 residential district

and because Sprint had not satisfied the requirements for a variance under the Pennsylvania

Municipal Planning Code. (Id. at 23-25.)

The Complaint asserts three claims against Defendants. In Count I of the Complaint,

Plaintiffs maintain that Defendants violated 47 U.S.C. § 322(c)(7)(B)(i)(I) by unreasonably

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discriminating among providers of functionally equivalent services when it denied their joint

application having previously approved an application to builda telecommunications tower in an R-2

residential district filed jointly by Reliance Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 and Metro Phone and

having previously approved an application to build a telecommunications tower in an R-1 residential

district filed by AT&T Wireless. In Count II of the Complaint, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants

violated 47 U.S.C. § 322(c)(7)(B)(iii) by denying the Application even though the written record

does not contain substantial evidence supporting that decision. In Count III of the Complaint,

Plaintiffs appeal the Zoning Board’s denial of the Application pursuant to state law.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,

and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(c). The moving party “bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis

for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] . . . which it believes demonstrate an

absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

Once the moving party has met its burden, the non-moving party must go beyond the pleadings and

set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). “The

mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise

properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue

of material fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248. An issue is “material” if it

may affect the outcome of the matter pursuant to the underlying law. Id. An issue is “genuine” if

“the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id.

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“Where, as here, cross-motions for summary judgment have been presented, we must consider each

party’s motion individually. Each side bears the burden of establishing a lack of genuine issues of

material fact.” Reinert v. Giorgio Foods, Inc., 15 F. Supp. 2d 589, 593-94 (E.D. Pa. 1998). 

III. DISCUSSION

A. The Telecommunications Act of 1996

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (the “TCA”), was enacted by Congress to “provide ‘a

pro-competitive, de-regulatory national policy framework designed to rapidly accelerate private

sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to

all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition.’” APT Pittsburgh Ltd.

P’ship v. Penn Twp., 196 F.3d 469, 473 (3d Cir. 1999) (quoting H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 104-458

(1996), reprinted in 1996 U.S.C.C.A.N. 10, 1124)). In order to facilitate this goal while allowing

local control of the siting of telecommunications towers, “Section 332(c)(7) of the TCA expressly

preserves the traditional authority enjoyed by state and local government to regulate land use and

zoning, but places several substantive and procedural limits upon that authority when it is exercised

in relation to personal wireless service facilities.” Id.; see also Schiazza v. Zoning Hearing Board

of Fairview Twp., 168 F. Supp. 361, 366 (M.D. Pa. 2001) (citing Town of Amherst v. Omnipoint

Commc’ns Enters., Inc., 173 F.3d 9, 13 (1st Cir.1999)). The cellular siting subsection of the TCA

provides as follows:

(7) Preservation of local zoning authority.

 (A) General authority. Except as provided in this paragraph, nothing

in this Act shall limit or affect the authority of a State or local

government or instrumentality thereof over decisions regarding the

placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless

service facilities.

 (B) Limitations.

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 (i) The regulation of the placement, construction, and modification

of personal wireless service facilities by any State or local

government or instrumentality thereof--

 (I) shall not unreasonably discriminate among providers of

functionally equivalent services; and

 (II) shall not prohibit or have the effect of prohibiting the

provision of personal wireless services.

 (ii) A State or local government or instrumentality thereof shall act

on any request for authorization to place, construct, or modify

personal wireless service facilities within a reasonable period of time

after the request is duly filed with such government or

instrumentality, taking into account the nature and scope of such

request.

 (iii) Any decision by a State or local government or instrumentality

thereof to deny a request to place, construct, or modify personal

wireless service facilities shall be in writing and supported by

substantial evidence contained in a written record.

 (iv) No State or local government or instrumentality thereof may

regulate the placement, construction, and modification of personal

wireless service facilities on the basis of the environmental effects of

radio frequency emissions to the extent that such facilities comply

with the Commission's regulations concerning such emissions.

 (v) Any person adversely affected by any final action or failure to

act by a State or local government or any instrumentality thereof that

is inconsistent with this subparagraph may, within 30 days after such

action or failure to act, commence an action in any court of competent

jurisdiction. The court shall hear and decide such action on an

expedited basis. Any person adversely affected by an act or failure to

act by a State or local government or any instrumentality thereof that

is inconsistent with clause (iv) may petition the Commission for

relief.

47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7). 

On November 17, 1997, the Township adopted Ordinance No. 579, which amended the

Township Code to provide for the use, construction and siting of WCFs. (J.A. Ex. 11.) Ordinance

No. 579 amended § 303 of the Zoning Ordinance to permit “WCF with Antenna attached to a

nonresidential building or structure of a permitted church, educational, public, municipal or

governmental building or facility” as a special exception in R-2 Residential Districts. Zoning

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Ordinance § 303.7. Zoning Ordinance §1814 was added to provide conditions and standards for

special exceptions for WCF. Pursuant to § 1814, a WCF with Antenna that is attached to an existing

tall structure shall not exceed the height of the existing structure by more than 15 feet. Zoning

Ordinance § 1814(4)(A). A WCF with Antenna that is not mounted on an existing structure shall

not have a tower or antenna height of more than 180 feet. Zoning Ordinance § 1814(4)(B).

Plaintiffs argue that the denial of their Application had the effect of unreasonably

discriminating among providers of functionally equivalent services in violation of 47 U.S.C. §

332(c)(7)(B)(i)(I) because the Zoning Board approved applications to build larger WCF towers

submitted by other, similarly situated, providers of wireless telecommunications services. Plaintiffs

also argue that the denial of their Application violated 47 U.S.C. 332(c)(7)(B)(iii) because the

Zoning Board’s Decision is not supported by substantial evidence in the written record.

B. Unreasonable Discrimination Among Providers

“The TCA does not prohibit all discrimination against providers, only unreasonable

discrimination.” Omnipoint Commc’ns Enters., L.P. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Easttown Twp., 331

F.3d 386, 395 (3d Cir. 2003) (citing AT&T Wireless PCS v. Virginia Beach, 155 F.3d 423, 427 (4th

Cir. 1998)). The unreasonable discrimination test consists of two prongs; in order “to satisfy the first

prong of the unreasonable discrimination test, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that other providers of

functionally equivalent services were treated differently than it was.” Schiazza v. Zoning Hearing

Bd., 168 F. Supp. 2d 361, 370 (W.D. Pa. 2001) (citation omitted). In determining functional

equivalence, the Court looks “to the telecommunications services the entity provides, not to the

technical particularities (design, technology, or frequency) of its operations.” Nextel West Corp. v.

Unity Twp., 282 F.3d 257, 267 (3d Cir. 2002). In order to satisfy the second prong, Plaintiffs must

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show that “the discrimination was unreasonable by demonstrating that the structure, placement or

cumulative impact of the existing facilities make them more intrusive than the proposed facility.”

Schiazza, 168 F. Supp. 2d at 370 (citing APT Pittsburgh, 196 F.3d at 480 n. 8); see alsoNextel West,

282 F.3d at 267.

Plaintiffs argue that they have been unreasonably discriminated against by the Zoning Board

because other providers of functionally equivalent wireless telecommunications services, namely

Metro Phone and AT&T, were permitted to erect larger towers in similarly zoned residential districts

within the Township. 

1. The Reliance/Metro Phone application

On April 1, 1992, the Zoning Board approved the application of Reliance Hook and Ladder

Company No. 1 (Reliance) and AWACS, Inc. d/b/a Metro Phone Company, for a special exception

to permit Metro Phone to install and operate radio communications equipment in the basement of

Reliance’s firehouse and to construct and operate a 180 foot high radio communications tower with

antennas to the rear of the firehouse. (J.A. Ex. 13 at 1.) This application was approved prior to the

Township’s adoption of Ordinance No. 579. (J.A. Ex. 11.) Like Ogden, Reliance was located in an

R-2 medium density residential district. (J.A. Ex. 13 at 1.) The Zoning Board found the following

facts in connection with the Reliance/Metro Phone application: this use is an accessory use to the

fire company use and the tower is an accessory structure to the firehouse building, requiring the

applicants to obtain use and height special exceptions (Id. at 5); the tower and radio communications

equipment will facilitate Metro Phone’s cellular communications system which had a dead spot in

the area of the tower (Id.); a tower with a minimum height of 180 feet was required in order to

provide proper coverage to the service area (Id.); the base of the 180 foot tower will be 20 feet in

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diameter, tapering to 48 inches at the top (Id.); the proposed tower will provide Reliance with a backup communications system and, therefore, benefit Reliance’s volunteer fire fighting activities and

provide 911 service for Metro Phone’s subscribers. (Id. at 7.) The Zoning Board also found that

cellular phone communication service is an accessory use to the volunteer fire company and that the

tower is an accessory use to the firehouse because: 

[i]n its operation, the volunteer fire company is dependent upon radio

communications in order to respond to fire alarms. The proposed

cellular phone communication service provides a back-up

communication system for Reliance, provides a 911 service for

subscribers to such service and allows Delaware County to place its

emergency service equipment upon the proposed tower which shall

be detached from the fire house building.

(Id. at 9.) The Zoning Ordinance provides that accessory structures shall not be more than fifteen

feet in height, “except where a greater height is permitted by special exception in the case of an

accessory to a nonresidential use.” Zoning Ordinance § 1706.2. Since the Zoning Board found that

the cellular phone communication service was an accessory use to the fire company’s use of its

property for a firehouse, Reliance needed a special exception to construct a tower in excess of 15

feet. (J.A. Ex. 13 at 9.) The Zoning Board noted that “[a] use permitted by special exception is a

permitted use unless, under the circumstances, such use would adversely affect the public health,

welfare and safety of the surrounding area.” (Id. at 10.) The burden is on the objectors to establish,

by a preponderance of the evidence, that the proposed use would be contrary to the public health,

safety and welfare. (Id.) The Zoning Board found that the objectors did not meet their burden and

that it had “no alternative but to grant the requested special exception(s) . . . .” (Id.) 

Plaintiffs contend that Reliance and Metro Phone sought the same type of relief requested

by Ogden and Sprint under identical zoning provisions in that they applied for special exceptions for

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the same type of tower in an R-2 Residential District. Plaintiffs claim that the case for their tower

is more compelling than the case for the tower on the Reliance property because the Ogden tower

will be used for Ogden’s own public safety radio system as well as for Sprint’s wireless

communications. Plaintiffs further argue that the discrimination between the Reliance/Metro Phone

application and their own was unreasonable because the tower they propose to build is significantly

smaller and, therefore, less intrusive, than the tower approved for Reliance and Metro Phone.

Plaintiffs maintain that there is no legitimate basis on the record for treating the Ogden/Sprint

Application differently than the Reliance/Metro Phone application. 

Defendants maintain that the Zoning Board did not discriminate against Ogden and Sprint

by treating their application differently than the 1992 Reliance/Metro Phone application because,

since that decision, the law has changed regarding when a provider of wireless communications

services may erect a WCF as an accessory use. Defendants rely on AWACS, Inc. v. Zoning Hearing

Board of Newtown Township, 602 A.2d 604 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1997). The AWACS court explained

that an accessory use is “a use subordinate to and customarily incidental to the principal use. Once

something is defined as an accessory use, it is allowed by right.” Id. at 607 (citing Sateach v. Beaver

Meadows Zoning Hearing Bd., 676 A.2d 747 (Pa. Cmmw. Ct. 1996). The AWACS court found that

mobile phone antennae were not an accessory use for a residential apartment building because those

antennae would not necessarily benefit building residents:

the principal use of the apartment building on which the antennae

were to be erected is, of course, residential. The use to which

Comcast would put these antennae is a business use. The antennae

would serve Comcast's customers in the area, regardless of where

they live, not Newtown Towers residents alone. In fact, the antennae

would not necessarily serve any residents of the building, unless they

chose to become Comcast subscribers. In this sense, the antennae are

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unlike, for example, a television antenna on top of an apartment

building that serves the tenants of that building as an incident to their

residential use. The antennae may be a necessary part of Comcast's

business use, but they are in no manner incident, subordinate or

secondary to Newtown Towers’ use, and may even lack a connection

at all, if no Comcast subscribers reside there.

Id. Defendants argue that the AWACS decision is controlling in this case because the proposed

tower constitutes a commercial use by Sprint which is not customarily incidental to Ogden’s use of

its property as a firehouse and because the proposed tower would not serve Ogden’s members unless

they are Sprint PCS subscribers. 

In the instant case, however, the tower would be used by Ogden in the performance of its

functions as an emergency responder. Ogden already operates a radio communications system as

part of its primary mission. That system has gaps in service which it seeks to cure via the proposed

tower. The Zoning Board even found, as a matter of fact, that “the tower will accommodate the

needs of the Ogden Fire Company with respect to enhancing the Fire Company’s radio signal.”

(Decision at 19.) The Court finds, therefore, that the use by Ogden of a radio tower to enhance its

existing radio communications system would be an accessory use as defined in Zoning Ordinance

§§ 202 and 304 and as that term is defined in AWACS. See AWACS, 602 A.2d at 607.

Defendants also argue that the discrimination among the providers in this case was not

unreasonable because the Reliance/Metro Phone tower was approved before the Township adopted

Zoning Ordinance 579. However, Zoning Ordinance 579 regulates the use, construction and siting

of WCF, it does not bear upon the question of whether a radio tower can be as an accessory use to

a firehouse. Consequently, the intervening adoption of Zoning Ordinance 579 does not justify the

discrimination between the Reliance/Metro Phone and Ogden/Sprint applications. 

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Defendants also argue that the Zoning Board appropriately distinguished between the

Ogden/Sprint application and the Reliance/Metro Phone application because the proposed

Ogden/Sprint tower would have a greater impact on the surrounding community. Defendants

maintain that the area around the Reliance firehouse at the time the Reliance/Metro Phone

application was approved was quite rural while the area around Ogden’s property is heavily

residential. (Ans. of Defs. ¶84.) However, the aerial photographs submitted by the parties do not

support Defendants’ contention that the area around the Reliance firehouse was quite rural in 1990.

(J.A. Ex. 12.) To the contrary, those photographs show that the area around the Reliance firehouse

contained a school and a sizeable residential community in 1990. (Id.) 

The Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied the first prong of the unreasonable

discrimination test by establishing that Metro Phone, which, like Sprint, is a provider of wireless

telecommunications services, was treated differently than Sprint. See Schiazza, 168 F. Supp. 2d at

370. Plaintiffs have also demonstrated that the use by Ogden of a radio tower to enhance its existing

radio communications system would be an accessory use to its use of its firehouse. Plaintiffs have

further established that the Reliance/Metro Phone tower is both larger in diameter and significantly

taller than the proposed Ogden/Sprint tower and that the neighborhoods surrounding both the towers

are residential neighborhoods with identical zoning. Consequently, the Court finds that Plaintiffs

have satisfied the second prong of the unreasonable discrimination test by demonstrating that the

structure, placement or cumulative impact of the existing Reliance/Metro Phone facility makes it

more intrusive than the proposed Ogden/Sprint tower. See id. at 370 (citing APT Pittsburgh, 196

F.3d at 480 n. 8); see also Nextel West, 282 F.3d at 267.

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2. AT&T Wireless application

On November 1, 2000, after adopting Zoning Ordinance 579, the Zoning Board approved the

application of AT&T Wireless, which, like Sprint is a provider of wireless telecommunications

services, to build a 180 foot monopole structure to be operated as a PCS cell tower antenna on land

owned by the Township in an R-1 Low Density Residential District. (Stip ¶ 22, J.A. Ex. 16 at 1.)

However, under Zoning Ordinance 579, stand-alone WCF towers are not permitted in either R-1 or

R-2 Residential Districts. In R-1 Residential Districts, as in R-2 Residential Districts, WCF

antennas are uses permitted by special exception only if they are attached to nonresidential buildings

and they cannot exceed the height of the existing building by more than 15 feet. Zoning Ordinance

§§ 203.9(9), 1814(4)(A). Despite the restrictions of Zoning Ordinance 579, the Zoning Board found

that the proposed use of the property for a stand-alone WCF tower “is appropriate for the site, . . .

compatible with the character of the surrounding neighborhood, . . . and will serve the best interest

of the Township, convenience of the community and the public health, safety and welfare.” (J.A.

Ex. 16 at 11.) The Zoning Board also found that the allowance of a special exception “will not

adversely affect the public health, safety and welfare . . .,” and “[w]ill be in accordance with the

Upper Chichester Comprehensive Plan . . . .” (Id. at 12.)

Plaintiffs contend that there is no legitimate basis for treating the Ogden/Sprint Application

differently from the AT&T application. Like Ogden and Sprint, AT&T applied for a special

exception after the Township passed the Zoning Ordinance restricting the placement of WCF standalone towers. Although AT&T sought to erect a stand-alone WCF tower in an R-1 residential

district rather than an R-2 residential district, the Zoning Ordinance bars stand-alone WCF towers

in both R-1 and R-2 residential districts. The Zoning Board did not explain why AT&T was

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permitted to build a WCF tower despite the prohibition on such towers in R-1 residential districts.

Defendants have submitted no evidence to the Court which would support the difference in treatment

between the Ogden/Sprint Application and the AT&T application. The Court finds, therefore, that

Plaintiffs have met the first prong of the unreasonable discrimination test by establishing that AT&T,

a provider of functionally equivalent telecommunications services, was treated differently than

Sprint. See Schiazza, 168 F. Supp. 2d at 370. The Court further finds that Plaintiffs have met the

second prong of the unreasonable discrimination test with respect to the AT&T application by

demonstrating that the AT&T tower is more intrusive than the proposed Ogden/Sprint tower

because the AT&T tower is 47 feet higher than the proposed Ogden/Sprint tower. 

The Court further finds, as a matter of law, that the Zoning Board unreasonably discriminated

between the Sprint/Ogden Application and the applicationsfiled bytwo otherfunctionally equivalent

providers, the Reliance/Metro Phone application and the AT&T application, in violation of 47

U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(i)(I). Plaintiffs are, therefore, entitled to the entry of summary judgment in

their favor on Count I of the Complaint.

C. Substantial Evidence in the Written Record

As noted above, the TCA requires that a decision “to deny a request to place, construct, or

modify personal wireless service facilities shall be in writing and supported by substantial evidence

contained in a written record.” 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(iii). The term “substantial evidence” as

used in this statute “is a legal term of art. It ‘does not mean a large or considerable amount of

evidence, but rather such evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion.’” Omnipoint Commc’ns Enters., L.P. v. Zoning Bd. of Easttown Twp., 248 F.3d 101,

106 (3d Cir. 2001) (quoting Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988) (internal quotations

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 16 of 37
17

omitted)). “In determining whether the evidence before [the zoning board] was substantial, a court

views the record in its entirety and takes account of evidence unfavorable to the [board’s] decision.”

 Omnipoint Corp. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. of Pine Grove Twp., 181 F.3d 403, 408 (3d Cir. 1999)

(“Pine Grove II”) (citing American Textile Mfr. Inst., Inc. v. Donovan, 452 U.S. 490, 523 (1981)).

 The substantial evidence test applies to findings made by a zoning hearing board under the locality’s

own zoning requirements. Id. Plaintiffs contend that Defendants purposefully misconstrued their

Application in order to deny it; ignored evidence in the record supporting the Application; and

credited evidence regarding neighborhood aesthetics submitted by objectors in denying the

Application, even though the TCA prohibits reliance on such evidence. 

1. The Application

The Application was submitted to the Zoning Board as a joint application to build a radio

tower for Ogden as an accessory use to Ogden’s use of the property as a firehouse and for Sprint to

attach a WCF antenna to that tower. Defendants have, however, taken the position that, no matter

how cleverly it was worded, the Application is an application for Sprint to build a WCF as a standalone tower on Ogden’s property, a use which is not permitted in an R-2 Residential District under

the Zoning Ordinance. The Zoning Board explained its characterization of the Application as

follows:

This appeal by Sprint is and can only be a request for approval of a

Wireless Communication Facility, and not solely as a tower to

improve the radio signal of the fire company. There is no doubt that

the appeal is for a permit to erect a WCF tower and to operate a WCF

by a FCC licensed provider of Cellular telephone service. The board

cannot ignore that the appeal is by Sprint Spectrum LP, and that the

testimony offered by Sprint on the record relates to cellular telephone

service. Although there was testimony that the fire company would

be permitted to place its radio transmission equipment on the WCF,

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 17 of 37
18

that does not convert this application into anything other than a

Wireless Communication Facility for the transmission of cellular

telephone service. In fact, section 1814 5.E of the ordinance requires

that local police, fire, and ambulance companies be specifically

offered co-location on a WCF tower.

(Decision at 21.) Having taken this position, the Zoning Board did not consider Ogden’s entitlement

to build the proposed radio tower as an accessory use to the firehouse: “[t]he board specifically does

not render any opinion as to whether or not an antenna or tower for the transmission of radio signals

to be used by the fire company alone, is an accessory use or constitutes [an] accessory structure.”

(Id. at 22.) Defendants have pointed the Court to no legal authority supporting their decision to

construe the Application in this manner. However, they have informed the Court that “the very first

time we heard that it was Ogden’s application, with Sprint to co-locate,” was when Plaintiffs filed

their motion for summary judgment. (2/16/06 Tr. at 24.) 

Defendants’ position is belied by the Application, which states plainly that it is an application

filed by Sprint and Ogden for a “[s]teel monopole 130 feet in height for mounting emergency service

(fire company) and wireless [t]elecommunications (PCS) antennas.” (App. at 1.) Indeed, the

background section of the Application states that:

Ogden currently operates a radio system from its property, but

that radio system lacks adequate coverage in parts of its service area.

Installation of a repeater radio on a tower of substantially greater

height will substantially improve its radio communications and thus

the safety and efficiency of this [sic] volunteers. Ogden desires to

make this improvement. The proposed monopole will meet this need.

The installation of a tower on the Ogden property will meet

the radio needs of both the Fire Co. and Sprint PCS (discussed below)

and will provide an added benefit to Ogden in the form of the cost of

construction of the monopole and the payment of monthly rent by

Sprint PCS.

(Id. at 4.) Defendants’ position also ignores substantial evidence presented during the public

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 18 of 37
19

hearings on the Application. The first witness to testify was William T. Robinson, Vice President

and Safety Officer of Ogden, who testified at length about Ogden’s need for a radio tower to improve

its radio communications. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 11-80.) Mr. Robinson testified about the radio service that

Ogden currently uses, deficiencies in that service, and Ogden’s longstanding interest in improving

that service. (Id. at 16-20.) Mr. Robinson also testified that the proposed tower would solve

Ogden’s radio communications problems. (Id. at 21-24.) Bill Turner, a member of the Ogden Fire

Company and Captain of the Fire Police also testified regarding Ogden’s 150 mhz radio system,

problems with that system, and Ogden’s need to improve the system. (N.T. Vol. 2 at 209-215.)

Thomas Robinson, a member of the Ogden Fire Company and a member of the Fire Police also

testified regarding problems with Ogden’s radio communications system. (N.T. Vol. 4 at 414-15.)

Having ignored the evidence in the record before it that the Application was a joint

application filed by both Ogden and Sprint to erect a tower for Ogden’s radio communications on

which Sprint would place a WCF antenna, the Zoning Board construed the Application in a manner

which set it up for failure. Once the Zoning Board decided that the Application was an application

filed by Sprint alone to erect a stand-alone WCF tower on Ogden’s property, the Application could

not have been approved. The Zoning Ordinance clearly prohibits the siting of a stand-alone WCF

tower in an R-2 Residential District. See Zoning Ordinance §§ 203, 303.7, 803, 903, 1003, 1103.

The Zoning Board relied on these sections of the Zoning Ordinance to find that Sprint was not

entitled to a special exception to erect the proposed tower on Ogden’s property:

A Wireless Communication Facility is permitted by Special

Exception in an R-2 Residential District, however, the ordinance does

not permit a 133 foot stand alone tower to accommodate the antenna

but allows by special exception a “WCF with Antenna attached to a

nonresidential building or a structure of a permitted church,

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 19 of 37
2As noted in Section III.B.1., above, the Zoning Ordinance provides that “[n]o accessory

structure shall be more than one (1) story or fifteen (15) feet in height, except when a greater height

is permitted by special exception in the case of an accessory to a nonresidential use.” Zoning

Ordinance § 1706(2). Although the Application only requests a variance from the height limitation

of 35 feet contained in Zoning Ordinance § 305.8, the Zoning Board acknowledged, in the Decision,

that Plaintiffs also sought, in the alternative, a special exception from the 15 foot height limit for

accessory uses pursuant to Zoning Ordinance § 1706.2. (Decision at 2.)

20

educational, public, municipal or governmental building or facility,

and a building or structure owned by a public utility regulated by the

Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission.” The proposed 133 foot

stand alone tower servicing a WCF or not [sic] is not a use permitted

by special exception in the R-2 Residential District.

(Decision at 22-23.) The Zoning Board consequently considered the Application “as a request for

a variance to permit a stand alone tower where the ordinance permits only that an antenna be placed

on an existing structure” and, as discussed below, found that Sprint was not entitled to that variance.

(Id.)

The Court finds that the Zoning Board’s decision to treat the Application as an application

brought solely by Sprint for the siting of a stand-alone WCF tower in an R-2 Residential District,

rather than as a joint application to erect a radio tower to benefit Ogden, on which Sprint could attach

an antenna by special exception, is not supported by substantial evidence in the written record. The

Court further finds that the Zoning Board’s decision to ignore Ogden’s request to build the tower on

its property as an accessory use to the firehouse is not supported by substantial evidence in the

written record.

2. Entitlement to a special exception

Plaintiffs applied for two special exceptions for the siting and construction of the proposed

tower. Plaintiffs sought a special exception pursuant to Zoning Ordinance § 1706 to build a tower

exceeding the height limitation for accessory structures.2 Plaintiffs also seek a special exception,

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 20 of 37
3Zoning Ordinance § 303 allows a WCF “with Antenna attached to a nonresidential building

or structure of a permitted church, educational, public, municipal or governmental building or

facility, and a building or structure owned by a public utility . . .” in an R-2 Residential District as

a Use Permitted by Special Exception. Zoning Ordinance § 303.7. 

21

pursuant to Zoning Ordinance § 303.7, to attach a WCF antenna to that tower.3 “A special

exception is a conditionally permitted use, allowed by the legislature if specifically listed standards

are met.” In re Brickstone Realty Corp., 789 A.2d 333, 340 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2001) (citing Bray

v. Zoning Board of Adjustment, 410 A.2d 909 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1980)). “Where a particular use

is permitted in a zone by special exception, it is presumed that the local legislature has already

considered that such use satisfies local concerns for the general health, safety, and welfare and that

such use comports with the intent of the zoning ordinance.” Id. The Pennsylvania Commonwealth

Court has explained the burdens of proof with respect to an application for, and objections to, special

exceptions as follows:

In outline form, the rules concerning initial evidence presentation

duty (duty) and persuasion burden (burden) in special exception cases

may be restated as follows:

Specific requirements, e. g., categorical definition of the special

exception as a use type or other matter, and objective standards

governing such matter as a special exception and generally:

The applicant has both the duty and the burden.

General detrimental effect, e.g., to the health, safety and welfare of

the neighborhood:

Objectors have both the duty and the burden; the ordinance terms can

place the burden on the applicant but cannot shift the duty.

General policy concern, e. g., as to harmony with the spirit, intent or

purpose of the ordinance:

Objectors have both the duty and the burden; the ordinance terms

cannot place the burden on the applicant or shift the duty to the

applicant. 

Bray, 410 A.2d at 912-13 (citations omitted). Where, as here, the zoning ordinance places the burden

on the applicant “to show that the proposed project is not a detriment to the health, safety and general

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 21 of 37
4The statement of community objectives provided in Section 103 state that this “Zoning

Ordinance is intended to implement the principles, policies and objectives of the Comprehensive

Plan and to guide and regulate the orderly growth and development of Upper Chichester Township.”

Zoning Ordinance § 103. The statement of purpose of R-2 Residential Districts provides that such

districts “are to provide for continued medium density suburban type, single-family residential

development; to preserve existing medium density development and open space; and to provide for

and regulate certain uses permitted [by] special exception.” Zoning Ordinance § 301.

22

welfare of the neighborhood,” the objector retains the burden of presentation with respect to those

factors. Omnipoint Corp. v. Zoning Hearing Bd. Of Pine Grove, 20 F. Supp. 2d 875, 879 (E.D. Pa.

1998) (“Pine Grove I”) (citing Bray 410 A.2d at 912), aff’d 181 F.3d 403 (3d Cir. 1999).

Consequently, the objectors, not the applicants, “retain the initial presentation burden with respect

to the detrimental effect of the [tower] on the character, property values, health and safety of the

neighborhood and its residents.” Id. (emphasis in original).

In order to obtain a special exception from the height requirement of Zoning Ordinance §

1706, Plaintiffs have to satisfy the relevant conditions for special exception listed in Section 1802

of the Zoning Ordinance. Section 1802 provides that the Zoning Board shall consider the following

factors, where appropriate, when considering a request for a special exception:

a. That the proposed use is consistent with the statement of

community objectives per Section § [sic] 103 and the statement of

purpose for the district in which the use is proposed.4

b. That the proposed use is appropriate for the site in question in

terms of size, topography, natural features, drainage, sewage and solid

waste disposal, water supply, stormwater management, accessibility

and availability of public services, and that adequate provisions will

be made to protect sensitive environmental features such as streams,

lakes, wetlands, slopes and mature trees.

c. That the proposed use is compatible with the character of the

surrounding neighborhood, will not interfere with or detract from

legitimate uses and adjacent properties, and that adequate measures

will be provided through building design, site layout, landscaping,

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 22 of 37
23

planting and operational controls to minimize any adverse impacts

caused by noise, lights, glare, odors, smoke, fumes, traffic, parking,

loading and signage.

d. That the proposed use will serve the best interest of the Township,

convenience of the community and the public health, safety and

welfare.

e. That the proposed use is consistent with the Township

Comprehensive Plan.

f. That the proposed use promotes orderly development, proper

population density and the provision of adequate community facilities

and services, including police and fire protection.

g. That the proposed use is suitable in terms of its effect on highway

safety and traffic circulation, and that access, on-site circulation and

parking are adequate in view of anticipated traffic.

h. That the proposed use will provide for adequate off-street parking,

as required in Part 15.

i. That the proposed use will reflect effective site planning and

design in terms of energy efficiency, environmental protection and

aesthetic composition.

Zoning Ordinance § 1802.1. In order to obtain a special exception pursuant to Zoning Ordinance

§ 303.7 to attach Sprint’s WCF antenna to the tower, Plaintiffs also have to satisfy the relevant

conditions for special exception listed in Section 1814 of the Zoning Ordinance. Section 1814

provides that the following standards apply to WCF:

A. The applicant shall demonstrate, using accepted technological

evidence, that the Antenna and Antenna Support Structure must be

located where proposed in order to satisfy its function in the

applicant’s grid system.

B. If the applicant proposes to build a Tower (as opposed to

mounting the Antenna on an existing tall structure), it is required to

demonstrate that it contacted the owners of tall structures within a

one-mile radius of the site proposed, requested permission to install

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 23 of 37
24

the Antenna on those tall structures and was denied permission for

reasons other than economic reasons . . . . If the Antenna can be

physically and legally accommodated on an existing tall structure, the

Township may deny the application to construct a new Tower.

C. The applicant shall demonstrate that the Antenna Height is the

minimum required to function satisfactorily . . . .

D. The applicant shall demonstrate that the proposed Antenna and

Antenna Support Structure are safe and the surrounding properties

will not be negatively affected by Antenna Support Structure failure,

falling ice or other debris . . . .

E. [T]he proposed Antenna Support Structure shall be required to

accommodate, where possible, other users including . . . local police,

fire and ambulance companies . . . .

F. The applicant must demonstrate that it is licensed by the Federal

Communications Commission (FCC) to provide wireless

communications . . . .

G. As the wireless communications facility is fully automated,

adequate parking shall be required for maintenance workers.

H. Antenna Support Structures shall, to the extent possible, be

finished so as to reduce the visual impact . . . .

I. A full site plan shall be required for all Landsites . . . .

J. A plan shall be required for all WCF . . . to illustrate the

relationship between the proposed facility and the adjacent structures

and property lines.

K. Towers shall be designed and constructed to all applicable

standards of the American National Standards Institute . . . .

L. A soil report . . . shall be submitted to the Township . . . .

M. Towers and Antennae shall be designed to withstand wind gusts

of at least 100 miles per hour.

N. An Antenna may not be located on a building or structure that is

listed on the Township’s Historic Resources Map.

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 24 of 37
25

O. No Antenna or its support structure may be artificially lighted

except when required by the Federal Aviation Agency.

P. Applicant shall maintain with the Township the current name,

address and emergency telephone number of the owner or operator .

. . .

Zoning Ordinance § 1814.5. Plaintiffs presented the following evidence with respect to these

conditions for special exceptions. James Rudolph, a civil engineering expert, submitted a plan

showing the relationship between the proposed tower and the adjacent structures and property lines;

the plan also shows the vegetation on the Ogden property, including existing stands of mature trees,

which would act as buffers. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 85-87.) Rudolph testified that the tower and antenna

would be designed and constructed in accordance with all applicable codes and that the tower would

be designed by a licensed professional engineer, would withstand wind gusts of up to 100 miles per

hour, would not pose any safety concerns, would provide for adequate storm water management,

comply with landscaping requirements, that a soil report would be prepared and submitted to the

Township, and that the tower would not affect the use of adjacent properties. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 81-117,

Vol. 2 at 126-44.) He also testified that the tower and necessary communications equipment would

not affect traffic conditions or generate noise and would be unlighted except for a work light that

could be turned on when needed, and that there was already adequate parking at the site for

maintenance personnel. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 94, 100-01.) Rudolph also testified that the distance from

the radio tower to each of the neighboring properties would be greater than the Tower’s height,

preventing damage to neighboring properties caused by the Tower’s falling or dropping ice and that

there would be a multi-agency 911 cabinet for Upper Chichester. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 81-118, Vol. 2 at

125-142.) He further testified that the Applicants would install additional trees to add to the existing

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 25 of 37
26

buffer along Ogden’s property lines and that the proposed tower would not alter the essential

character or essence of the surrounding neighborhood. (N.T. Vol. 1 at 96-99, Vol. 2 at 131-136.)

The record also contains the report of Dr. Ken Foster, an expert in the health affects of radio

frequency and the testimony of Clement Poole, a radio frequency engineer, who testified that the

Facility will comply with all applicable FCC standards regarding electromagnetic radiation. (N.T.

Vol. 2 at 170-176, J.A. Ex. 7 at A-44.) Clement Poole also testified that Sprint holds a license from

the FCC. (N.T. Vol. 2 at 147.) He further testified regarding studies which he performed regarding

Sprint’s weak wireless telecommunications service in the area of Naamans Creek Road where the

Ogden firehouse is located. These studies included testing PCS coverage at nearby tall towers to see

if Sprint could solve its service problems by attaching an antenna to an existing tower. (Id. at 150-

68.) He determined that the Ogden location was the best location. (Id. at 168.) Poole also

concluded that if Sprint were not permitted to attach an antenna to the proposed tower, Sprint would

have poor to no service in that area. (Id. at 176.) He further testified that the proposed height of

Sprint’s antenna on the proposed tower is the minimum height necessary to alleviate Sprint’s

coverage problems. (Id. at 177.) In addition, William T. Robinson, Vice President of Ogden,

testified that the Facility will benefit the public health, safety and welfare by enhancing

communications between the fire company, the Township, School District and community. (N.T.

Vol. 1 at 28.)

Despite the evidence presented by Plaintiffs in support of their Application, which satisfies

the relevant requirements of §§ 1802 and 1814 of the Zoning Ordinance, the Zoning Board found

that the proposed tower did not satisfy these factors. The Zoning Board reached the following

conclusions:

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 26 of 37
27

(1) That the proposed use is not consistent with the statement of

community objectives per Section 103 and the statement of purpose

for the district in which the use is proposed. 

(2) That the proposed use is not appropriate for the site in question in

terms of size, topography, natural features, and that adequate

provisions were not provided to protect sensitive environmental

features.

(3) That the proposed use is not compatible with the character of the

surrounding neighborhood, will interfere with or detract from

legitimate uses and adjacent properties.

(4) That the proposed use will not serve not [sic] the best interest of

the Township, convenience of the community and the public health,

safety and welfare.

(5) That the proposed use is not consistent with the Township

Comprehensive Plan.

(6) That the proposed use will not reflect effective site planning and

design in terms of energy efficiency, environmental protection and

aesthetic composition.

(Decision at 25-26.) The Zoning Board based its conclusions on the following findings of fact:

1. That Appellant proposes to erect a 133 foot stand alone WCF

tower for the transmission and/or reception of Wireless

Communication Services as defined in the Ordinance and that the

tower will accommodate the needs of the Ogden Fire Company with

respect to enhancing the Fire Company’s radio signal.

2. That the principal use of the proposed tower is to operate as a

WCF Antenna.

3. That Appellant is located in an R-2, Medium Density Residential

District.

4. That the Appellant, the Ogden Fire Company is an existing nonconforming use pursuant to the ordinance.

5. That a single 133 foot tower is not the only means by which

Appellant could ameliorate or correct its alleged lack of adequate

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 27 of 37
28

service in the area around the Ogden Fire Company.

6. That there exist other solutions to help ameliorate the alleged lack

of service other than to erect a single 133 foot stand alone WCF

tower at the Appellant’s location.

7. That there is adequate wireless communication service in the area

around the Ogden Fire Company provided by other providers of

Wireless Communication Services.

8. That Appellant did not propose a WCF antenna to be “attached to

a nonresidential building or a structure of a permitted church,

educational, public, municipal or governmental building or facility,

and a building or structure owned by a public utility regulated by the

Pennsylvania Utility Commission” which is permitted as a Special

Exception in an R-2 Residential District.

9. That Appellant did not produce evidence from the owners of other

structures and tall structures in the area around the Ogden Fire

Company refusing to allow Appellant to attach an antenna to their

existing structures and tall structures.

10. That a 133 foot stand alone tower will adversely affect the

property values of the immediately adjacent residential properties.

(Decision at 19-20.) Findings of fact 1, 2 and 8 derive directly from the Board’s mischaracterization

of the Application as an application by Sprint to build a stand-alone WCF tower. Consequently,

those findings of fact are irrelevant to the issue of whether the Application satisfied the requirements

for special exceptions contained in Zoning Ordinance §§ 1802 and 1814. Finding of fact 3 is correct.

Finding of fact 7, that there is adequate wireless communications service in the area of Ogden’s

property provided by other wireless providers, is not responsive to any of the conditions for special

exceptions listed in Zoning Ordinance §§ 1802 or 1814. Finding of fact 7 is, therefore, irrelevant

to the issue of whether the Application satisfied the requirements for the requested special

exceptions. Finding of fact 9 relates to a condition which must be met only if the applicant seeks

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 28 of 37
29

to build a stand-alone WCF tower. Consequently, this finding of fact is also irrelevant to the issue

of whether the Application satisfied the requirements for the requested special exceptions. Finding

of fact 4 is incorrect. The parties have stipulated that the “Zoning Board granted a special exception

to Ogden for a ‘public use’ of its property on June 19, 1969 under § 303.1 of the Township’s zoning

ordinance.” (Stip. ¶ 6.) 

The only evidence on the written record which supports findings of fact 5 and 6, that a single

133 foot tower is not the only means by which Sprint could correct its service problems and that

there are other solutions for those service problems, consists of the testimony and evidence submitted

by Karen Beck, an objector to the Application. Ms Beck, who is, admittedly, not an expert in

telecommunications, testified that Sprint could solve its service problems by attaching an antenna

to another tall structure in the area or by placing a tower somewhere else. She told the Zoning Board

that there is a tower in neighboring Bethel Township which is located at an elevation 420 feet above

sea level, which is 90 feet higher than the proposed Sprint tower. (N.T. Vol. 4 at 367.) She also

informed the Zoning Board that, while driving around the Township, she noticed areas in Sprint’s

dead zone which are less residential in which a tower could be put and tall structures on which Sprint

could attach an antenna, such as electrical towers located in Delaware. (Id. at 367-68, 416-17.) She

submitted pictures of some of these structures to the Zoning Board. . (J.A. Ex. 8 at P-17, P-20, and

P21.) However, there is no evidence that any of the areas or tall structures identified by Ms. Beck

is located within one mile of the Ogden firehouse, the location where Sprint claims it needs to put

a WCF antenna in order to close its gaps in service, or that any of the tall structures are sufficiently

tall that attaching an antenna to one of them would solve Sprint’s coverage problems. The Court

finds that findings of fact 5 and 6 are, therefore, not supported by substantial evidence. 

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30

The only evidence in the record which supports finding of fact 10 is testimony by objectors

to the Application who reside near Ogden’s property that the proposed tower would affect their

property values. Arthur Sokolove, who acted as a spokesman for other individuals living near the

Ogden property, testified about neighbors’ concerns that they will be unable to sell their homes if

the tower were built: “ I am under oath and I am testifying. I would not have bought my house with

that tower there. I wouldn’t have bought the house under any circumstances with that tower there.

I’m sure I’m not the only one that feels that way.” (N.T. Vol. 3 at 299.) Linda McDonald, another

neighbor, testified that she did research on the internet and learned that houses in New York with

towers sold for ten to twenty-five percent less than houses without towers. (Id. at 302-303.) She

also spoke with real estate agents and learned that houses with towers will eventually sell, but it will

take longer to sell them and they will sell for less money. (Id. at 303-304.) Ms. McDonald did not

identify the source of her internet research of the identities of the real estate agents with whom she

spoke. (Id. at 302-04.) Regina Hartney, who does not live adjacent to the Ogden property, but who

once worked as a realtor, testified that: “if you took a poll I can guarantee you that the vast majority

of people would not choose to buy a home with a 100 foot tower in their backyard if they have a

choice not to.” (Id. at 318.) She had not, however, taken such a poll or studied the impact of a radio

tower on the price of nearby homes. (Id. at 318-320.) 

Generalized concerns about aesthetics and property values are not sufficient to satisfy the

objectors’ duty of presentation. The duty of presentation “requires [objectors] to establish their

objection with a ‘high degree of probability,’ and raise ‘specific issues’ concerning the proposal's

general detrimental effect on the community.” Pine Grove I, 20 F. Supp. at 879 (quoting Manor

Healthcare Corp. v. Lower Moreland Twp. Zoning Hearing Bd., 590 A.2d 65, 71 (Pa. Commw. Ct.

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 30 of 37
31

1991)). Indeed, “the evidence of objectors must show a high probability of an adverse impact that

will pose a substantial threat to the health and safety of the community. Mere speculation as to

possible harm is insufficient.” Broussard, 831 A.2d at 772 (citations omitted). The United States

Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has recognized that “‘[a] few generalized concerns about a

potential decrease in property values, especially in light of [the plaintiff]'s contradictory expert

testimony,’” does not constitute substantial evidence for the purposes of § 332(c)(7)(B)(iii) of the

TCA. Pine Grove II, 181 F.3d at 409 (quoting Cellular Telephone Co. v. Town of Oyster Bay, 166

F.3d 490, 496 (2d Cir.1999)). The Court finds, accordingly, that finding of fact 10 is not supported

by substantial evidence on the written record. 

The Zoning Board’s conclusion that the Application did not satisfy the conditions for special

exceptions contained in Zoning Ordinance §§ 1802 and 1814 relies on findings of fact 1, 2, 4, 5, 6,

7, 8, 9, and 10, which are irrelevant or not supported by substantial evidence in the written record.

The Zoning Board’s conclusion is not, therefore, supported by substantial evidence on the written

record. Accordingly, the Court finds, as a matter of law, that the Zoning Board’s conclusion that the

Application did not satisfy the conditions for the requested special exceptions violated 47 U.S.C. §

332(c)(7)(B)(iii). The Court concludes, therefore, that Plaintiffs are entitled to the entry of summary

judgment in their favor on their claim, in Count II of the Complaint, that the Zoning Board’s denial

of their application for special exceptions was not supported by substantial evidence in the written

record.

3. Entitlement to a variance

Sprint applied, in the alternative, for a variance from the provisions of Zoning Ordinance §

302 to allow the proposed monopole, equipment and use. Ogden applied for a variance for the

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 31 of 37
32

height of the proposed tower pursuant to Zoning Ordinance § 305.8. In order to obtain a variance

under the Zoning Ordinance the applicant must establish “a. That a literal enforcement of the

provisions of [the] Ordinance will result in unnecessary hardship . . .; and b. That the allowance of

the variance will not be contrary to the public interest.” Zoning Ordinance § 2107.1. The

Pennsylvania Municipal Planning Code states that a zoning board may grant a variance where it finds

all of the following relevant factors: 

(1) That there are unique physical circumstances or conditions . . .

peculiar to the particular property and that the unnecessary hardship

is due to such conditions and not the circumstances or conditions

generally created by the provisions of the zoning ordinance in the

neighborhood or district in which the property is located. 

(2) That because of such physical circumstances or conditions, there

is no possibility that the property can be developed in strict

conformity with the provisions of the zoning ordinance and that the

authorization of a variance is therefore necessary to enable the

reasonable use of the property.

(3) That such unnecessaryhardshiphas not be created by the applicant.

(4) That the variance, if authorized, will not alter the essential

character of the neighborhood or district in which the property is

located, nor substantially or permanently impair the appropriate use

or development of adjacent property, nor be detrimental to the public

welfare.

(5) That the variance, if authorized, will represent the minimum

variance that will afford relief and will represent the least

modification possible of the regulation in issue.

53 Pa. Stat. § 10910.2.

Plaintiffs contend that the Zoning Board’s findings supporting the denial of the variance were

not based on substantial evidence. The Zoning Board denied the variances on the grounds that there

are no unique physical circumstances or conditions of the property that would create an unnecessary

hardship; that the property can, and has, been developed in conformity with the provisions of the

Zoning Ordinance; that there is no evidence of any unnecessary hardship that was not created by the

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33

Plaintiffs; that the variance would alter the essential character of the neighborhood; that the variance

is not the minimum variance necessary to afford relief; that the variance would adversely affect the

public health, safety and welfare; and that the variance would conflict with the Township’s

Comprehensive Plan. (Decision at 24-25.) 

Defendants argue that the Zoning Board’s denial of the requested variances is supported by

substantial evidence in the written record because Plaintiffs did not show that they would suffer from

an unnecessary hardship if the variances were denied. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held

that an applicant claiming unnecessary hardship must show that: “(1) the physical features of the

property are such that it cannot be used for a permitted purpose; or (2) that the property can be

conformed for a permitted use only at a prohibitive expense; or (3) that the property has no value for

any purpose permitted by the zoning ordinance. Hertzburg v. Zoning Bd. Of Adjustment of the City

of Pittsburgh, 721 A.2d 43, 47 (Pa. 1998) (citing Allegheny West Civic Council, Inc. v. Zoning Bd.

of Adjustment of the City of Pittsburgh, 689 A.2d 225, 227 (1997)). Defendants maintain that the

Plaintiffs have not satisfied these requirements. There is no evidence on the written record which

would support the proposition that the physical features of Ogden’s property are such that it cannot

be used for a permitted purpose. Indeed, the property is used for a firehouse and banquet hall.

(Decision at 24.) The Court finds that Plaintiffs did not satisfy the requirement that they establish

that literal enforcement of the Zoning Ordinance would result in unnecessary hardship as required

by Pennsylvania law. See Hertzburg,721 A.2d at 47. Consequently, the Court further finds, as a

matter of law, that Defendants’ decision to deny the requested variance is supported by substantial

evidence in the written record. The Court concludes, accordingly, that Defendants are entitled to the

entry of summary judgment in their favor on Plaintiffs’ claim, in Count II of the Complaint, that the

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 33 of 37
5The legal standard with respect to Plaintiff’s appeal of the Decision of the Zoning Board is

the same as the legal standard with respect to Plaintiff’s challenge to the Decision pursuant to 47

U.S.C. § 322(c)(7)(B)(iii). See Herzberg, 721 A.2d at 46 (noting that the applicable standard of

appellate review is “whether the board committed an abuse of discretion or an error of law in

granting the variance” and that “an abuse of discretion will be found only where the zoning board’s

findings are not supported by substantial evidence”) (citing Larsen v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of

the City of Pittsburgh, 672 A.2d 286, 288-89 (Pa. 1996)). Moreover, as discussed below, Plaintiffs

may obtain an order requiring the Zoning Board to issue the requested permits pursuant to 47 U.S.C.

§ 332(c)(7)(B)(v). Consequently, the Court need not address Plaintiffs’ zoning board appeal which

is raised in Count III of the Complaint.

34

Zoning Board’s denial of their application for variances was not supported by substantial evidence

in the written record.5

IV. CONCLUSION

The Court has found that the Zoning Board violated the cellular siting subsection of the TCA

by unreasonably discriminating between similarly situated providers and by denying the

Ogden/Sprint Application to erect a radio tower as an accessory use to the firehouse and for special

exceptions in the absence of substantial evidence in the written record supporting that decision.

“The TCA does not specify a remedy for violations of the cellular siting subsection.” Cellular

Telephone Company v. The Town of Oyster Bay, 166 F.3d 490, 497 (2d Cir. 1999). Plaintiffs have

asked this Court to order Defendants to issue a building permit to allow Ogden to build its radio

tower and to allow Sprint to attach its antenna to that tower. (2/16/06 Tr. at 67.) Defendants have

suggested that the Court remand this matter to the Zoning Board to hold an additional hearing with

respect to Ogden’s entitlement to a special exception for the height of the radio tower. (Id. at 64.)

However, Plaintiffs have already presented substantial evidence to the Zoning Board in support of

their application for the requisite special exceptions for the height of the radio tower and to attach

Sprint’s WCF antenna to that tower. (See N.T. Vol. 1 at 11-117, Vol. 2 at 126-177, 209-215, Vol.

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35

4 at 414-15, J.A. Ex. 7 at A-44.) 

“The majority of the . . . courts which have heard these cases have held that the appropriate

remedy is injunctive relief in the form of an order to issue the relevant permits.” Oyster Bay, 166

F.3d at 497 (listing cases). The Third Circuit has recognized that injunctive relief requiring the

zoning board to issue the special exception and all requisite zoning and building permits is

appropriate relief for violation of the cellular siting subsection of the TCA. See Pine Grove II, 181

F.3d at 410 (affirming order of the district court which required the zoning officer of Pine Grove to

issue the requested special exception and all necessary zoning and building permits after the district

court found that the zoning board’s decision denying the special exception was not supported by

substantial evidence). Moreover, remand to the Zoning Board would frustrate the TCA’s goal of

providing relief in an expedited fashion. See 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B)(v) (stating that the courts

shall hear and decide actions brought under the cellular subsection of the TCA “on an expedited

basis”);see alsoPine Grove I, 20 F. Supp. 2d at 881 (determining that remanding to the zoning board

which denied an application for a special exception in violation of the cellular siting subsection of

the TCA “would frustrate the TCA’s intent to provide aggrieved parties full relief on an expedited

basis”) (citation omitted). 

The Court concludes, accordingly, that Plaintiffs are entitled to the issuance of an order

requiring the Zoning Board to (1) grant the Application to build the proposed radio tower as an

accessory use to Ogden’s use of the property as a firehouse and to install related radio equipment;

(2) to issue the requested special exceptions; and (3) to issue all necessary zoning permits. An

appropriate order follows.

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 35 of 37
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

OGDEN FIRE COMPANY NO. 1 and : CIVIL ACTION

SPRINT SPECTRUM, L.P. :

:

v. :

:

UPPER CHICHESTER TOWNSHIP and :

ZONING HEARING BOARD OF UPPER :

CHICHESTER TOWNSHIP : NO. 05-1031

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 30th day of March 2006, upon consideration of Defendants’ Motion for

Summary Judgment (Docket No. 19), Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docket No. 20),

the papers filed in connection therewith, and the Hearing held on February 16, 2006, IT IS

HEREBY ORDERED as follows:

1. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED with respect to Count I and

with respect to their claim, in Count II, that the Zoning Hearing Board of Upper

Chichester Township’s denial of their requests for special exceptions violates 47

U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B). Said Motion is DENIED in all other respects.

2. Defendants’Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED with respect toPlaintiff’s

claim, in Count II, that the Zoning Hearing Board of Upper Chichester Township’s

denial of their requests for variances violates 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(B). Said Motion

is DENIED in all other respects.

3. Upper Chichester Township and the Zoning Hearing Board of Upper Chichester

Township’s are herebyORDERED to grant the application of Ogden Fire Company

No. 1 and Sprint Spectrum, L.P. to build a 130 foot monopole radio tower and related

radio equipment as an accessory use to Ogden’s use of its property as a firehouse and

Case 2:05-cv-01031-JP Document 37 Filed 03/31/06 Page 36 of 37
2

to issue to Plaintiffs the requested special exceptions in accordance with Zoning

Ordinance §§ 1706 and 303.7. Upper Chichester Township shall issue any and all

zoning permits for the proposed tower and supporting structures within 30 days of

the date of this Order.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ John R. Padova

______________________

John R. Padova, J.

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