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NO. CAAP-18-0000508

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS

OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

LEDCOR – U.S. PACIFIC CONSTRUCTION LLC, now known as

LEDCOR CONSTRUCTION HAWAII, LLC,

a Delaware limited liability company, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.

LISA RENE JOSLIN; Defendant–Appellant,

COMPLETE MECHANICAL INC, a Hawai#i Corporation,

Defendant–Appellee,

JOHN AND JANE DOE CORPORATIONS 1-50;

DOE PARTNERSHIPS 1-50; DOE GOVERNMENTAL UNITS 1-50;

and DOE ENTITIES 1-50; Defendants.

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE SECOND CIRCUIT

(CIVIL NO. 10-1-0341(1))

SUMMARY DISPOSITION ORDER

(By: Ginoza, Chief Judge, Leonard and McCullen, JJ.)

Defendant-Appellant Lisa Rene Joslin (Joslin) appeals

from the Second Amended Judgment entered on May 23, 2018 (Second

Amended Judgment), by the Circuit Court of the Second Circuit

(Circuit Court).

1 Joslin also challenges various orders entered

by the Circuit Court on remand from this court's Memorandum

1 The Honorable Rhonda I.L. Loo presided.

Electronically Filed

Intermediate Court of Appeals

CAAP-18-0000508

29-SEP-2022

07:49 AM

Dkt. 96 SO
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Opinion entered on November 13, 2014, in CAAP-12-0000041, upon a

prior appeal by Joslin (Ledcor I).2

On May 26, 2010, Ledcor filed a five-count complaint

(the Complaint) against Joslin and Defendant-Appellee Complete

Mechanical Inc. (CMI).3 Ledcor alleged non-disclosure of

material facts and fraudulent inducement, intentional and

negligent misrepresentation, and constructive fraud against

Joslin and breach of contract claims against CMI. Neither Joslin

nor CMI filed an answer or otherwise defended against the

Complaint. On July 25, 2011, the Clerk of the Circuit Court

entered a default judgment, which entered judgment in favor of

Ledcor in the total amount of $218,699.26, and against Joslin and

CMI, jointly and severally (Default Judgment).4

Joslin appealed, raising multiple points of error. In

Ledcor I, this court affirmed in part and vacated in part the

Circuit Court's January 4, 2012 order denying Joslin's motion to

set aside the default judgment entered against her (Order Denying

Set Aside). This court held that: (1) the Circuit Court did not

err in its finding and conclusion that Joslin was properly

2 A second prior appeal from an Amended Judgment entered on remand

on March 29, 2016, was dismissed for lack of appellate jurisdiction due to

deficiencies in the form of the judgment. 

3 As noted in Ledcor I, it appears that CMI may be insolvent as it

no longer holds a contractor's license. Ledcor I, No. CAAP-12-0000041, 2014

WL 5905077 at *1 n.3 (App. Nov. 13, 2014). CMI did not seek relief from the

default judgment either in Ledcor I or during the subsequent litigation

leading to this appeal or on appeal. 

4 The $218,699.26 in the July 25, 2011 Default Judgment consisted of

the following: $157,437.05 (principal amount for payments made to

subcontractors), $45,377.64 (prejudgment interest), $559.97 (court costs), and

$15,324.60 (attorneys' fees). Ledcor I, No. CAAP-12-0000041, 2014 WL 5905077

at *2 (App. Nov. 13, 2014).

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served; (2) the Circuit Court's Default Judgment properly

adjudicated the parties' rights based upon Ledcor's prayer for

relief, which arose from the facts stated in the Complaint;

(3) the Circuit Court did not err in rejecting Joslin's argument

that the Default Judgment against her was void because the

Circuit Court Clerk lacked authority to enter the principal

amount of the damages; (4) the Circuit Court Clerk lacked the

authority to award pre-judgment interest and to determine that

Joslin and CMI can and/or should be held jointly and severally

liable in light of the mixed prayer for relief (seeking tort

damages against Joslin and contract damages against CMI); and

(5) the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion in entering

the Order Denying Set Aside, with respect to the principal amount

of the damages awarded to Ledcor.

On remand from Ledcor I, the Circuit Court ultimately

entered, inter alia, the Second Amended Judgment, which: 

(1) again entered judgment in favor of Ledcor and against Joslin

in the principal amount of $157,437.05 for damages arising out of

Ledcor's tort claims, plus awarded Ledcor pre-judgment interest;

and (2) entered judgment in favor of Ledcor and against CMI in

the principal amount of $157,437.05 for damages arising out of

Ledcor's tort claims, plus pre-judgment interest. Ledcor did not

renew its request for attorneys' fees. The Second Amended

Judgment is silent on the issue of joint and several liability.

Joslin raises two points of error on appeal, contending

that: (1) the Circuit Court's denial of an evidentiary hearing

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on the proper apportionment of damages violated Joslin's due

process rights; and (2) the Circuit Court's awards of prejudgment interest against her were based on procedural error and

were an abuse of discretion.

Upon careful review of the record and the briefs

submitted by the parties, and having given due consideration to

the arguments advanced and the issues raised, as well as the

relevant statutory and case law, we resolve Joslin's contentions

as follows:

(1) To the extent that Joslin seeks to challenge the

principal amount of the judgment entered against her, $157,437.05

for damages arising out of Ledcor's tort claims against her, her

arguments are without merit. In Ledcor I, this court affirmed

the principal tort damages award against Joslin, notwithstanding

her various arguments, including that the Default Judgment was

entirely void. Indeed, in Ledcor I, this court did not disturb

the damages award against CMI, which arose out of Ledcor's breach

of contract claims against CMI, as CMI did not at any time

challenge the entry of judgment against it on Ledcor's breach of

contract claims.5

In Ledcor I, however, this court vacated the Default

Judgment to the extent that it jointly and severally assessed the

tort damages against Joslin and the breach of contract damages

againt CMI, stating:

5 This observation should not be construed as an opinion as to the

merits of any such challenge.

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[W]ith respect to the issue of joint and several

liability, the complaint herein prayed for damages against

Joslin personally for misrepresentations made to Ledcor and

damages against CMI resulting from CMI's alleged breaches of

contract. Neither the record on appeal nor Ledcor's brief

to this court present any legal authority regarding the

determination of whether or not, under Hawai#i law, Joslin

and CMI can and/or should be held jointly and severally

liable in light of the mixed prayer for relief in this case. 

Such a determination must be made by judicial decree, rather

than a ministerial act. On this record, we conclude that

the Default Judgment is void to the extent that it assesses

joint and several liability.

In addition to re-entering the tort judgment against

Joslin, the Second Amended Judgment enters judgment in favor of

Ledcor and against CMI for tort claims, rather than breach of

contract claims. Joslin submits that the Circuit Court erred in

this regard. Although Joslin is not the judgment debtor with

respect to the tort judgment against CMI, if both Joslin and CMI

were both liable for damages based on the same tort claims,

arguably, as Joslin contends, she might be entitled to

apportionment of the award damages. However, upon review of the

record of proceedings on remand, we cannot find any discernible

support, explanation, or factual or legal basis for the Circuit

Court's entry of a judgment against CMI sounding in tort, rather

than in contract, as would be consistent with the claims set

forth in the Complaint and the undisturbed parts of the Default

Judgment. The Circuit Court thusly sidestepped the issue of

whether Joslin and CMI could be held jointly and severally liable

in light of the mixed prayer for relief in this case, and erred

in doing so.

Joslin argues in her opening brief that "joint and

several liability is exclusively a tort concept that has no

application to a breach of contract claim." However, Joslin

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cites no authority for the proposition that the tort judgment

against her, as previously affirmed by this court, is subject to

"apportionment" against a judgment for breach of contract damages

entered against CMI, as was previously entered against CMI. It

appears that Joslin seeks to require Ledcor to prove at an

evidentiary hearing the principal amount of its tort damages

against her, although such damages were properly entered against

her, and affirmed in Ledcor I. Joslin's arguments to this effect

are without merit, and the Circuit Court did not violate Joslin's

due process rights by declining to allow her to re-litigate the

principal amount of the tort judgment previously entered against

her and affirmed.

Joslin argues that by entering a tort judgment against

both her and CMI, the Circuit Court in effect entered judgment

against them jointly and severally. However, as the Circuit

Court erroneously characterized the judgment against CMI as

sounding in tort, under the circumstances of this case, we

conclude that the proper remedy is to vacate the Second Amended

Judgment to the extent it awarded tort damages against CMI, and

remand this case to the Circuit Court to correct that error in

the entry of the Second Amended Judgment.

(2) In the Second Amended Judgment, the Circuit Court

awarded pre-judgment interest for three separate periods in this

case: (1) $45,377.64 for interest up to July 11, 2011 (the date

of the Default Judgment); (2) $56,944.40 from July 11, 2011,

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through March 11, 2015; and (3) $12,942.00 from March 11, 2015,

through January 11, 2016. 

Joslin first contends that the imposition of prejudgment interest before a proper apportionment of damages

violated her right to due process. As we have concluded that

Joslin's arguments regarding apportionment are without merit, we

also conclude that this basis for setting aside the award of prejudgment interest is without merit.

Joslin further argues that the request for $56,944.40

in additional pre-judgment interest was first made in a reply

memorandum, thereby violating the Rules of the Circuit Courts of

the State of Hawai#i (RCCH) Rule 7(b) and depriving her of an

opportunity to respond to the request for an additional award

against her. This argument has merit. A non-moving party should

be given the opportunity to respond to arguments for additional

relief that are made in a reply memorandum, as additional

evidence and arguments in a reply memorandum, inter alia, violate

the RCCH. See, e.g., Hiwalani P S Holdings, LLC v. Wells Fargo

Bank, N.A., as Tr. for Option One Mortg. Loan Tr., No. CAAP-13-

0001760, 2017 WL 750582, at *5 (App. Feb. 27, 2017); see also

Assoc. Fin. Servs. Co. of Haw., Inc. v. Richardson, 99 Hawai#i

446, 458, 56 P.3d 748, 760 (App. 2002).

Joslin similarly argues that the request for the

additional amount of $12,942.00 was made in a declaration,

followed by an explanatory letter to the Circuit Court, and was

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not properly before the court on a motion for relief. We

conclude that this argument has merit, as well.

Finally, Joslin argues that the Circuit Court abused

its discretion in awarding pre-judgment interest in this case. 

The award of pre-judgment interest is governed by Hawaii Revised

Statutes (HRS) § 636-16 (2016),6 which vests a court, in civil

cases, with discretion to award pre-judgment interest. Cnty. of

Haw. v. C & J Coupe Fam. Ltd. P'ship, 124 Hawai#i 281, 311-12,

242 P.3d 1136, 1166-67 (2010). "[T]he purpose of prejudgment

interest, in the context of HRS § 636-16, is to correct injustice

when a judgment is delayed for a long period of time for any

reason, including litigation delays." Id. at 312, 242 P.3d at

1167 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). In Tri-S

Corp. v. W. World Ins. Co., 110 Hawai#i 473, 498, 135 P.3d 82,

107 (2006), the supreme court stated that a finding of fault is

not necessary, and a review of an award of pre-judgment interest

should consider the following factors:

(1) if fault is found on the part of the party seeking

interest, denial of interest will not be considered an abuse

of discretion; (2) if fault is found on the part of the

party opposing interest, an award of interest will not be

considered an abuse of discretion; and (3) where no fault is

found on either side, the trial court may still award or

deny prejudgment interest in its discretion, depending on

the circumstances of the case. 

6 HRS § 636-16 states: 

§ 636-16 Awarding Interest. In awarding interest in

civil cases, the judge is authorized to designate the

commencement date to conform with the circumstances of each

case, provided that the earliest commencement date in cases

arising in tort, may be the date when the injury first

occurred and in cases arising by breach of contract, it may

be the date when the breach first occurred. 

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Ledcor argued that pre-judgment interest starting from

the date the Default Judgment was entered in 2011 was necessary

due to the amount of time that had elapsed since the

misrepresentations. At an April 21, 2015 hearing, counsel for

Ledcor additionally stated:

MR. LEONG: . . . We'll leave it at that. That's been

thoroughly briefed by both sides, and we'll leave it to the

Court's discretion as far as how much prejudgment interest

to award, if any. I think the case law is clear that the

Court has discretion to award it. You know, regardless of

whether or not any delay was caused by Defendant Joslin or

not, the court cases say that the Court has discretion to

award prejudgment interest as long as there has been some

delay.

And the bottom line, your Honor, is it's been seven

years. Ledcor paid out these amounts a long time ago. 

We've gone through the appeal. We're back here, and again,

we'll leave it to the Court's discretion, but we do believe

that an award of prejudgment interest, which the appellate

courts say is an element of the damages, should be awarded.

In light of the circumstances of this case, although

the Circuit Court did not ascribe fault to any party, it

nevertheless had the discretion to award prejudgment interest. 

See HRS § 636-16; C & J Coupe, 124 Hawai#i at 311-12, 242 P.3d at

1166-67. Ledcor articulated that the delay prejudiced it because

it had long ago paid moneys out as a result of Joslin's

misrepresentations. We cannot conclude that the Circuit Court

clearly exceeded the bounds of reason or disregarded the rules or

principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of

Joslin, and thus, the Circuit Court did not abuse its discretion

to the extent it awarded pre-judgment interest totaling

$45,377.64. However, for the reasons set forth above, the

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additional awards of pre-judgment interest, in the amounts of

$56,944.40 and $12,942.00, are vacated.

For these reasons, the Second Amended Judgment is

affirmed in part and vacated in part, as set forth above. This

case is remanded to the Circuit Court for the entry of a further

amended judgment consistent with this Summary Disposition Order.

DATED: Honolulu, Hawai#i, September 29, 2022.

On the briefs:

Peter N. Martin,

for Defendant-Appellant.

Roy T. Ogawa and

Kurt K. Leong

(Ogawa, Lau, Nakamura & Jew),

for Plaintiff-Appellee.

/s/ Lisa M. Ginoza

Chief Judge

/s/ Katherine G. Leonard

Associate Judge

/s/ Sonja M.P. McCullen

Associate Judge

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