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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO ex rel.

3 STATE ENGINEER, 

4 Plaintiff-Appellee,

5 v. NO. A-1-CA-33437

6 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

7 Defendant-Appellee,

8 v.

9 NAVAJO NATION,

10 Defendant-Intervenor-Appellee,

11 v. 

12 GARY HORNER,

13 Defendant-Appellant.

14 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY

15 James J. Wechsler, District Judge

16 Arianne Singer, Special Assistant Attorney General

17 Santa Fe, NM

18 Utton & Kery, P.A.

19 John W. Utton, Special Assistant Attorney General
2

1 Santa Fe, NM

2 for Appellee State of New Mexico, New Mexico Office of the State Engineer

3 Navajo Nation Department of Justice

4 Stanley M. Pollack

5 M. Kathryn Hoover

6 Window Rock, AZ

7 for Appellee Navajo Nation

8 United States Department of Justice Appellate Section

9 Environment & Natural Resources Division

10 John C. Cruden, Assistant Attorney General

11 Andrew J. Guarino

12 Mark R. Haag

13 Washington, D.C.

14 for Appellee United States of America 

15 Gary L. Horner

16 Farmington, NM

17 Pro Se Appellant 

18 Tully Law Firm, P.A.

19 Richard T. C. Tully

20 Farmington, NM

21 for B Square Ranch; Bolack Minerals Company, a/k/a Bolack Minerals Company

22 Limited Partnership; Estate of Tom Bolack; a/k/a Thomas Felix Bolack, Deceased;

23 Bolack Minerals Foundation; Tommy Bolack Revocable Trust; Estate of Juanita

24 Velasquez, Deceased; David A. Pierce; Maxine M. Pierce; David M. Drake; and

25 Shawna Drake

26 Victor R. Marshall & Associates, P.C.

27 Victor R. Marshall
3

1 Albuquerque, NM 

2 for San Juan Agricultural Water Users, Hammond Conservancy District, Bloomfield

3 Irrigation District, Various Ditches and Various Members Thereof

4 Law Office of Priscilla A. Shannon

5 Priscilla A. Shannon

6 Farmington, NM

7 for McCarty Trust et al., Stephen Albert McCarty, Trustee; and Estate of Mary

8 McCarty, a/k/a Mary Louise McCarty, Deceased

9 Public Service Company of New Mexico

10 Mikal M. Altomare

11 Albuquerque, NM

12 for and Tucson Electric Power Company

13 Ute Mountain Ute Tribe

14 Office of General Counsel

15 Leland Begay, Associate General Counsel

16 Peter Ortego

17 Lee Bergen

18 Towaoc, CO

19 Samuel L. Winder 

20 Albuquerque, NM 

21 for Ute Mountain Ute Tribe

22 Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.

23 Maria O’Brien

24 Christina C. Sheehan

25 Zoë E. Lees

26 Albuquerque, NM

27 for BHP Billiton New Mexico Coal Inc. and Enterprise Field Services, LLC
4

1 Stein & Brockmann, P.A.

2 Jay F. Stein

3 James C. Brockmann

4 Santa Fe, NM

5 for Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority, City of Española, and

6 City of Gallup

7 Keleher & McLeod, P.A.

8 Cassandra R. Malone

9 Richard B. Cole

10 Albuquerque, NM

11 for Cities of Aztec and Bloomfield

12 Taylor & McCaleb, P.A.

13 Elizabeth Newlin Taylor

14 Jolene L. McCaleb

15 Corrales, NM

16 for Appellee San Juan Water Commission

17 Dumas Law Office, LLC

18 Jenny J. Dumas

19 Albuquerque, NM

20 for Appellee Jicarilla Apache Nation

21 C. Brad Lane Cates

22 Fairacres, NM

23 for Amici Paul Bandy, Steve Neville, and Carl Trujillo
5

1 MEMORANDUM OPINION

2 BLACK, Judge.

3 Factual and Procedural Background

4 {1} In light of the Navajo Nation’s potential claim for the majority of water in the

5 San Juan River Basin, the State of New Mexico initiated a general stream adjudication

6 to determine the water rights of the major claimants to water from that surface water

7 system in 1975. The United States asserted claims as trustee for the Navajo Nation and

8 the Navajo Nation intervened on its own behalf. Following years of litigation, the

9 State entered into settlement negotiations with the Navajo Nation and the United

10 States during the 1990s. The State proposed a blueprint for a settlement and held

11 public meetings in Farmington and Bloomfield seeking input from the non-Indian

12 water users. In response to substantial public input, the State revised its settlement

13 proposals. 

14 {2} In 2005, following more than a decade of negotiation, the Navajo Nation, the

15 United States of America, and the State of New Mexico reached an agreement settling

16 the Navajo Nation’s claims to water in the San Juan River Basin (the Settlement).

17 Federal legislation to approve and implement the Settlement agreement was enacted
6

1 by Congress in 2009 under the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, Pub.

2 L. No. 111-11, § 10301, 123 Stat. 991 (2009) (Northwestern New Mexico Rural

3 Water Projects Act), and signed by the President. The New Mexico Legislature then

4 appropriated $50 million to pay New Mexico’s cost of the Settlement and authorized

5 the New Mexico State Engineer to bring a suit seeking judicial approval on the State’s

6 share of the water. See NMSA 1978, § 72-1-12 (2005); State of New Mexico, Office

7 of the State Engineer, 2017 Indian Water Rights Settlement Fund Report, 3-4 (2017),

8 https://www.nmlegis.gov/handouts/IAC%20112717%20Item%206%20Office

9 %20of%20the%20State%20Engineer%202017%20Indian%20Water%20Rights%2

10 0Settlement%20Fund%20Report.pdf; see also United States Department of the

11 Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project: Cost Share

12 Agreement Between the United States and the State of New Mexico, 11 (2011),

13 http://www.ose.state.nm.us/Legal/settlements/ NNWRS/NavajoSettlement/NGWSP

14 -OriginalCostShareAgreement.pdf. 

15 {3} In the subsequent suit, the settling parties asked the San Juan County District

16 Court to approve the water rights previously allocated in congressional legislation for

17 the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project (NIIP), Fruitland-Cambridge Irrigation Project,

18 Hogback-Cudei Irrigation Project, Navajo Gallup Water Supply Project (NGWSP),

19 Animas-La Plata Project (ALP), San Juan River municipal and industrial uses,
1 16 Normally in an inter se proceeding, the parties objecting to settlement have the

17 burden to prove the settlement is not fair, adequate, or reasonable. See State ex rel.

18 State Eng’r v. Aamodt, 582 F. Supp. 2d 1313, 1317 (D.N.M. 2007); In re Crow Water

19 Compact, 2015 MT 217, ¶ 28, 382 Mont. 46, 354 P.3d 1217. In the present case the

20 district court shifted this burden to proponents of the Settlement. Moreover, the

21 district court did not require those challenging the Settlement to make a showing that

22 it would affect their rights, as is usually required. See State ex rel. Office of State

23 Eng’r v. Lewis, 2007-NMCA-008, ¶ 16, 141 N.M. 1, 150 P.3d 375.

7

1 reserved groundwater, and rights based on stock, irrigation, and recreational uses as

2 of January 1, 2011. Others with an interest in the Settlement were invited into this

3 inter se proceeding through widely distributed radio announcements, newspaper

4 notices, and over 19,000 first class letters to those water rights holders who had title

5 of record. 

6 {4} At the initiation of the proceedings, the district court imposed an unusually

7 stringent evidentiary burden on the settling parties to prove the Settlement was fair,

adequate, and reasonable as well as in the public interest.1 8 After giving all other water

9 rights claimants in the Basin notice and an opportunity to conduct discovery as well

10 as to file dispositive motions in accordance with Rule 1-071.2 NMRA, the district

11 court entered its order granting the settlement motion for entry of partial final decrees

12 describing the water rights of the Navajo Nation. The Court then entered the partial

13 final judgment and decree of the water rights of the Navajo Nation, and the

14 supplemental partial final judgment and decree of the water rights of the Navajo

15 Nation. The non-settling parties objected to several terms of the Settlement Agreement
8

1 and to the inter se procedures adopted by the district court. After full briefing and

2 argument the district court rejected the objections and issued its order approving the

3 settlement agreement and proposed decrees (the Settlement). The district court

4 concluded that the Settlement was fair, adequate, reasonable, and consistent with the

5 public interest as well as all applicable laws.

6 {5} Although they have several issues in common, the non-settling parties have

7 consistently refused to consolidate their appeals, so it will be necessary to address

8 their claims in three separate opinions. To the extent Defendant herein, Gary Horner,

9 advances arguments virtually identical to those advanced by the other defendants, this

10 Court will dispose of those issues by reference to its previously filed opinions in the

11 related San Juan adjudications.

12 I. Indian Tribes Are Not Required to Prove Immediate Beneficial Use to

13 Quantify and Preserve Their Water Rights

14 {6} Defendant Horner initially argues that “[s]tate law limits water rights to existing

15 beneficial uses.” Treaty rights of Indians are “not a grant of rights to the Indians, but

16 a grant of right from them,—a reservation of those not granted.” United States v.

17 Winans, 198 U.S. 371, 381 (1905). “Trust obligations to Native Americans were

18 enshrined in reserved water rights that exist without exercise and may be asserted as

19 prior and more senior to allocated state water rights.” Sally Fairfax, Helen Ingram, &

20 Leigh Raymond, Historical Evolution & Future of Natural Resources Law & Policy,
2 16 This argument also ignores the fact that New Mexico has recognized and

17 participated in several tribal water settlements. See Jicarilla Apache Tribe Water

18 Rights Settlement Act, Pub. L. No. 102-441, § 2, 106 Stat. 2237 (1992); The Claims

19 Resolution Act of 2010, Pub. L. 111-291, §§ 501, 601, 124 Stat. 3064 (Taos Pueblo

20 Indian Water Rights Settlement Act and Aamodt Litigation Settlement Act). More

21 specifically, the Legislature set aside funds for this and other settlements. Section 72-

22 1-12.

3 23 Both the State and the district court relied on the hydrographic survey

24 conducted by the United States. This is standard and acceptable practice in New

25 Mexico water law, and Defendant offers no admissible evidence to rebut this survey.

9

1 The Evolution of Natural Resources Law & Policy 19 (Lawrence MacDonnell &

2 Sarah F. Bates eds., 2010). As we explained in Navajo Nation v. San Juan

3 Agricultural Water Users Ass’n, ___-NMCA-___, ¶ 16, ___ P.3d ___ (No. A-1-CA4 33535), an Indian tribe’s federal reserved water rights cannot be lost under state

5 theories of failure to perfect by beneficial use. See Arizona v. San Carlos Apache

6 Tribe of Ariz., 463 U.S. 545, 574 (1983) (“[F]ederal law issues . . . should be

7 performed by federal rather than state courts whenever possible.”). New Mexico state

8 law does not control water allocated to the Navajo Nation by the United States.

9 {7} This disposes of several points of Defendant’s appeal, to-wit:

10 [(1) s]tate law limits water rights to existing beneficial uses; [(2) t]he

11 New Mexico Court of Appeals has established that the federal reserved

12 rights doctrine must be construed narrowly; [(3) t]he State of New

13 Mexico has acknowledged that Indian tribes are not entitled to water

14 rights for future uses; [(4) g]enerally, negotiated water rights settlements

are inappropriate and violate the Constitution and laws of New Mexico2 15 ;

16 [(5)] New Mexico law requires that water rights be determined

by hydrographic surveys3 17 ; [(6) t]he Navajo [Nation] Settlement . . .
23 NMSA 1978, § 72-4-16 (1919).

4 20 This argument was thoroughly discussed in San Juan Agricultural Water Users

21 Ass’n, ___-NMCA-___, ¶¶ 9-13. 

10

1 violates the [New Mexico Constitution] doctrine of separation of

powers.4 2

3 {8} This Court agrees with Defendant that whatever its viability generally, the State

4 pueblo water rights doctrine is totally inapplicable to this case. We do not agree,

5 however, that the New Mexico Supreme Court abolished federally reserved water

6 rights in State ex rel. Martinez v. City of Las Vegas, 2004-NMSC-009, ¶ 1, 135 N.M.

7 375, 89 P.3d 47. See U.S. Const. art. VI (federal law supremacy clause). Indeed,

8 Defendant admits, “since such rights are federal reserved rights they are not subject

9 to state law.” Moreover, as discussed in the San Juan Agricultural Water Users Ass’n

10 case, even if it could be presumed that State law had some applicability herein, it

11 would be preempted by federal law. See ___- NMCA-___, ¶ 14.

12 {9} More fundamentally, Defendant’s statement that “there really exists no federal

13 reserved right for Indian tribes for future uses” is clearly in error. In United States v.

14 Ahtanum Irrigation District, 236 F.2d 321, 327 (9th Cir. 1956), the Ninth Circuit went

15 back to its 1908 precedent, Conrad Inv. Co. v. United States, 161 F. 829 (9th Cir.

16 1908), to again flatly reject the concept that Indian water allocations are frozen in

17 time:
11

1 It is plain from our decision in the Conrad Inv. Co. case, that the

2 paramount right of the Indians to the waters of Ahtanum Creek was not

3 limited to the use of the Indians at any given date but this right extended

4 to the ultimate needs of the Indians as those needs and requirements

5 should grow to keep pace with the development of Indian agriculture

6 upon the reservation. Some effort is made here to assert that the

7 reservation of waters for the benefit of the Indians must be limited to the

8 amount or quantity actually used beneficially by the Indians within some

9 period of time or within what the court might find to be a reasonable

10 time. . . . Nothing in the Winters[ v. United States, 207 U.S. 564 (1908)]

11 case or in any other decided case lends any support to such an argument.

12 As indicated, exactly the contrary was held in the Conrad Inv. Co. case[.]

13 Ahtanum Irrigation Dist., 236 F.2d at 327 (citations omitted).

14 {10} Nor does logic support Defendant’s time-limited rights theory. From the earliest

15 reservations, the courts recognized that even if the United States Government could

16 persuade tribes to adopt irrigated farming, they would clearly have to learn to apply

17 this more agrarian lifestyle to often barren desert. Inherent in the learning curve would

18 be trying various forms of irrigation such that tribal water allocations clearly could not

19 be fixed at the time a reservation was created. See United States v. Walker River

20 Irrigation Dist., 104 F.2d 334, 339 (9th Cir. 1939). 

21 II. A Viable Reservation Homeland Has Long Been a Recognized Criterion

22 in Indian Water Law Cases

23 {11} Defendant argues, as did the defendants in the San Juan Agricultural Water

24 Users Ass’n case, that the district court impermissibly allocated water to the Navajo

25 Nation based on the need to make their homeland viable now and in the future.
12

1 Defendant maintains, “[f]ederal reserved rights are limited to the minimal needs of a

2 tribe, and do not include water rights for future uses.” While it is true many of the

3 early cases focused on the amount of water to provide a tribe an agricultural existence,

4 recent judicial trends appear to recognize reservation allocations should not be limited

5 to only an amount of water sufficient to support the pastoral life contemplated in the

6 nineteenth century, but rather, calculated to provide the tribes sufficient water to allow

7 them a moderate living in the twentieth century and thereafter. Indeed, several

8 opinions specifically refer to the reservation goal of providing sufficient water to

9 sustain a “permanent home.” See, e.g., Winters, 207 U.S. at 565; Agua Caliente Band

10 of Cahuilla Indians v. Coachella Valley Water Dist., 849 F.3d 1262, 1270 (9th Cir.

11 2017). The Navajo Nation Treaty of 1868 returned them to a portion of their ancestral

12 territory as their “permanent home,” the very language at issue in the Winters case.

13 Treaty with the Navajo, art. 13, June 1, 1868, 15 Stat. 667.

14 {12} Nor is Defendant’s argument advanced by his analysis of the Winters doctrine.

15 This Court can agree with Defendant that the rigid and hard to apply “practicably

16 irrigable acreage” (PIA) standard is no longer the only appropriate measure of Native

17 aboriginal or reservation-based water rights. The Court also agrees with Defendant

18 that Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Ass’n,

19 443 U.S. 658, 686 (1979), requires an allocation of natural resources sufficient “to
13

1 provide the Indians with a livelihood—that is to say, a moderate living.” Again this

2 focuses on adapting the reservations to changing conditions. Barbara A. Cosens, The

3 Measure of Indian Water Rights: The Arizona Homeland Standard, Gila River

4 Adjudication, 42 Nat. Resources J. 835, 853 (2002).

5 {13} As this Court explained in San Juan Agricultural Water Users Ass’n, the district

6 court employed appropriately these more modern and flexible guidelines, rather than

7 a strict PIA standard, in reaching its decision herein. See ___-NMCA-___, ¶¶ 24-27.

8 The district court’s decision therefore is not an abuse of discretion.

9 III. Defendant Fails to Cite Evidence That the Settlement Is Not Fair,

10 Adequate, Reasonable, and Consistent With the Public Interest

11 {14} Given Defendant’s failure to comprehend the federal law that governs the

12 Indian water rights involved, this Court could simply ignore his grumbling about how

13 the non-Indians have senior appropriation rights and “the [Office of the State

14 Engineer] agreed to bundling up all of the undeveloped and unused water supply to

15 give to the Navajos.” However, these arguments are not only based on erroneous legal

16 principles but on a misinterpretation or misrepresentation of the facts in this case so

17 must be addressed.

18 {15} Defendant admits “in the case of the Navajo Nation, such upper limit, based on

19 the PIA standard, would be well in excess of all of the water available, due to the

20 enormous size of the Navajo [Nation] Reservation.” Since the Navajo Nation might
14

1 well be entitled to all the water in the San Juan Basin if the trial had proceeded,

2 eliminating this risk was prudent advocacy for the State and benefits all users in the

3 Basin. See Reid Peyton Chambers & John E. Echohawk, Implementing the Winters

4 Doctrine of Indian Reserved Water Rights: Producing Indian Water & Economic

5 Development Without Injuring Non-Indian Water Users, 27 Gonz. L. Rev. 447 (1991-

6 92). The Settlement substantially limits the Navajo Nation’s potentially disruptive

7 claims to water rights in the San Juan Basin by adjudicating the Navajo Nation’s water

8 rights in a reduced amount to be exercised almost entirely under a junior priority date

9 and with shortage sharing and other conditions to protect other water rights in the

10 stream system.

11 {16} The district court explicitly contrasted the amount of water the potential trial

12 evidence would allow the Navajo Nation with the amount contained in the Settlement

13 saying the former

14 establishes a reasonable basis for a potential claim for a total diversion

15 of 920,745 afy and a total corresponding depletion of 591,401 afy. The

16 Proposed Decrees, in contrast, limit total diversions to 635,729 afy, and

17 total depletions to 334,542 afy. These limitations result in less diversion

18 and consumptive use of water by the Navajo Nation in the Basin and

19 ultimately reduce impacts on junior water users. 

20 (Footnote omitted.)

21 {17} Indeed, as the district court found, “the total amount of water in the Settlement

22 Agreement is less than the Navajo Nation’s current[] federally authorized rights to
15

1 water pursuant to the 1962 NIIP Act and the long-established Hogback-Cudei and

2 Fruitland-Cambridge irrigation projects.” As important as the Navajo Nation’s

3 agreement to take a substantially reduced amount of total water is their agreement to

4 have the majority of their water, almost 90 percent, allocated on a priority date of

5 1955 or later. This is more than a century later than its Reservation treaty.

6 {18} The Settlement also includes numerous other specific mitigating provisions as

7 well. For example, when the direct flow of the San Juan River is insufficient to supply

8 direct-flow diverters in New Mexico, the Navajo Nation is required to make up to

9 12,000 afy of water available to service its reserved rights for Shiprock municipal uses

10 and the Hogback-Cudei and Fruitland-Cambridge irrigation projects prior to making

11 a call for priority administration of the river system. This reduces the risk of shortage

12 to direct-flow users. 

13 CONCLUSION 

14 {19} For the reasons stated, the district court’s decision is affirmed.

15 {20} IT IS SO ORDERED.

16 ________________________________

17 BRUCE D. BLACK, Judge Pro Tem
16

1 WE CONCUR:

2 _______________________________

3 LINDA M. VANZI, Chief Judge

4 _______________________________

5 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge