-19 -

Ïëåíàðíîå

çàñåäàíèå

Plenary

Session
-19 -

Ïëåíàðíîå

çàñåäàíèå

Plenary

Session
-20 -

Êåäðîâîå õîçÿéñòâî Ðîññèè

Âåñåëèí Á.Â.

Ðîñëåñõîç

ðóáêó, à èñòîðè÷åñêè ñëîæèâøèåñÿ â íèõ îðåõîâûé

è äðóãèå ïðîìûñëû îòõîäÿò íà âòîðîé ïëàí.

Ïîñëåäîâàâøåå â 1948-1952 ãã. ìàññîâîå çàêðåïëåíèå ëåñîñûðüåâîé áàçû ëåñîçàãîòîâèòåëüíûìè

ïðåäïðèÿòèÿìè îêàçàëîñü ðîêîâûì äëÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ  âñå íàèáîëåå âûñîêîïðîäóêòèâíûå è

äîñòóïíûå èç íèõ áûëè âîâëå÷åíû â ðóáêó.

Îðãàíèçàöèÿ îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûõ çîí, íà÷àòàÿ â

1953 ãîäó, óæå íå ìîãëà ñïàñòè îò âûðóáêè ìíîãèå

ìàññèâû ëó÷øèõ êåäðîâíèêîâ, ïîïàâøèõ â çîíó

èíòåíñèâíûõ ëåñîçàãîòîâîê, ïîñêîëüêó â ñîñòàâ

îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûõ çîí âêëþ÷àëèñü, êàê ïðàâèëî,

òðóäíîäîñòóïíûå è íèçêîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè, íå âîøåäøèå â ñûðüåâûå áàçû ëåñíîé

ïðîìûøëåííîñòè.

Çà ïåðèîä ñ 1930 ïî 1989 ãîä ðóáêîé áûëî ïðîéäåíî

áîëåå 1,5 ìëí. ãà êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé. Íàèáîëåå

ñèëüíî ïîñòðàäàëè îò ðóáêè êåäðîâíèêè Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà. Â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå, íàïðèìåð, ïëîùàäü

êåäðà ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 20%, à â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå

 âäâîå.

Âàæíûì ýòàïîì â ñîõðàíåíèè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

ñòàëî ïðèíÿòèå â 1978 ãîäó ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîãî

ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿ Îá óëó÷øåíèè êîìïëåêñíîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è îõðàíû êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ. Åãî ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïîçâîëèëà ïðèíÿòü íîâûå Ïðàâèëà ðóáîê

ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ëåñàõ Ñèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà, ïðåäóñìàòðèâàâøèå ïðîâåäåíèå â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ â îñíîâíîì âûáîðî÷íûõ è ïîñòåïåííûõ

ðóáîê, è óñòàíîâèòü äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûå ïî ãðóïïàì ëåñîâ è êàòåãîðèÿì çàùèòíîñòè âîçðàñòû ðóáêè

êåäðà, ïîâûøåííûå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðàíåå äåéñòâîâàâøèìè íà 40-60 ëåò è íàèáîëåå îòâå÷àþùèå

áèîëîãèè ýòîé äðåâåñíîé ïîðîäû.

Ïèêè èíòåðåñà ê êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìå, êàê îá ýòîì

ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò èñòîðèÿ, âñåãäà ñîâïàäàëè ñ

ãîäàìè âûñîêèõ óðîæàåâ íà îðåõ ïðè íåóðîæàå â

ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå; ïðè îòñóòñòâèè óðîæàÿ â êåäðîâíèêàõ, îíè ÷àñòî îáðåêàëèñü

íà ïîëíîå çàáâåíèå.

Ëåñîâîäû â êåäðîâîì ëåñó çàíèìàþò ïîëîæåíèå

ìåæäó ìîëîòîì è íàêîâàëüíåé. Ìîëîòîì â äàííîì

ñëó÷àå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáùåñòâåííîå ìíåíèå â çàùèòó

êåäðîâíèêîâ êàê áàçû ïèùåâîãî, ëåêàðñòâåííîãî

ñûðüÿ è îõîòïðîìûñëîâ, à íàêîâàëüíåé  ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ëåñíîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè ñ èõ íåóåìíûìè

ïðåòåíçèÿìè íà óâåëè÷åíèå îáúåìîâ çàãîòîâêè

äðåâåñèíû äëÿ íóæä íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Äëÿ

ñòîðîííèêîâ ïðèæèçíåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ êåäðîâÊåäðîâûå ëåñà ïðîèçðàñòàþò íà ïëîùàäè 39,8 ìëí.

ãåêòàðîâ. Îíè èãðàþò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíóþ âîäîîõðàííóþ è ïî÷âîçàùèòíóþ ðîëü è ïðåäñòàâëÿþò

îñîáåííûé ïðèðîäíûé êîìïëåêñ ñòðàíû ãäå ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû öåííåéøàÿ äðåâåñèíà, îðåõè, ëåêàðñòâåííî-òåõíè÷åñêîå ñûðüå, ïóøíèíà. Èõ àðåàë äîñòàòî÷íî øèðîê è çàòðàãèâàåò òåððèòîðèè 17 ñóáúåêòîâ Ôåäåðàöèè, îäíàêî ïîäàâëÿþùàÿ ÷àñòü êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ (90%) ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà íà òåððèòîðèè

Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî è Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàåâ, Ðåñïóáëèêè

Òóâà, Òþìåíñêîé, Èðêóòñêîé è Òîìñêîé îáëàñòåé.

Ïðîáëåìà êåäðà ñâîèì ïîÿâëåíèåì îáÿçàíà îáùåñòâåííîìó äâèæåíèþ â çàùèòó åãî êàê ïëîäîâîãî

äåðåâà, íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé ñâîåé æèçíè äàþùåãî

âûñîêèå óðîæàè áîãàòîãî áåëêàìè îðåõà ýòîé

òðàäèöèîííî ïîñòîÿííîé ïèùåâîé ïðèáàâêè ê ñòîëó

ìåñòíîãî ïîòðåáèòåëÿ.

Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé èñòîðèè îñâîåíèÿ ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà êåäð ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ, êàê

áàçà îðåõîâîãî è ïóøíîãî ïðîìûñëà. Ýòî ïðîäîëæàëîñü âïëîòü äî íà÷àëà 30-õ ãîäîâ êîãäà áûëî

ïðèçíàíî, ÷òî çàãîòîâêà îäíîãî ëèøü îðåõà ýêîíîìè÷åñêè ñåáÿ íå îïðàâäûâàåò â ñâÿçè ñ òðóäíîñòÿìè â îðãàíèçàöèè ïðîìûñëîâûõ ðàáîò. Èñõîäÿ

èç ýòîãî Ñîâíàðêîì ÑÑÑÐ ïîñòàíîâëåíèåì îò 14

äåêàáðÿ 1931 ãîäà Î ìåðîïðèÿòèÿõ ïî ðàçâèòèþ

êåäðîâî-îðåõîâîãî õîçÿéñòâà ïîðó÷èë çàèíòåðåñîâàííûì âåäîìñòâàì ïðîèçâîäèòü â êåäðîâíèêàõ

íå òîëüêî ñáîð îðåõîâ, íî è çàãîòîâêó äðåâåñèíû â

ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ, à òàêæå èõ

ïîäñî÷êó.

Â íà÷àëå 1932 ãîäà ñîçäàåòñÿ Âñåñîþçíûé òðåñò

êåäðîâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè Ñîþçêåäð, êîòîðîìó

ïîðó÷àåòñÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ êðóïíûõ êåäðîâî-ïðîìûøëåííûõ õîçÿéñòâ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ çàãîòîâêó

îðåõîâ, ïóøíèíû, ÿãîä, ëåêàðñòâåííî-òåõíè÷åñêîãî

ñûðüÿ è äðåâåñèíû, à òàêæå ïðîâåäåíèå íåîáõîäèìûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Áûëî ïðåäóñìîòðåíî îðãàíèçîâàòü âîñåìü ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ

õîçÿéñòâ íà êåäð, îäíàêî ðåàëüíî îðãàíèçîâàíî

áûëî òîëüêî îäíî õîçÿéñòâî (áëèç Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêà),

è òî, âçÿâ îäíîñòîðîííåå íàïðàâëåíèå íà ñåçîííûå

âèäû ïðîìûñëîâ, ïðåêðàòèëî ñâîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå

óæå â 1933 ãîäó. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïåðâàÿ ïîïûòêà

îðãàíèçîâàòü ïëàíîìåðíîå êîìïëåêñíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ, îêîí÷èëàñü íåóäà÷åé.

Â 30-ûå ãîäû â Ñèáèðè è íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

íà÷èíàåò óñèëåííî ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ëåñíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü è êåäðîâíèêè âñå ÷àùå âîâëåêàþòñÿ â
-21 -

Stone Pine Forests of Russia

B.V. Veselin

Federal Forest Service of Russia

Stone pine forests grow in an area of 39.8 million hectares. They play an important role in water and soil protection and represent a complex part of nature where

valuable timber, nuts, medicinal raw materials, and furs

are concentrated.

Their range is wide and affects the territories of 17

Federation subjects, however, most stone pine forests

(90%) are located in the territory of Krasnoyarski and

Primorski territories, Tuva republic, Tyumenskaya,

Irkutskaya, and Tomskaya regions. There is public

movement to protect stone pine as a seed bearing tree.

It produces high yields of nuts, rich in protein that serve

as a traditional food.

Throughout the entire history of Siberian and Far Eastern forest management, stone pine stands were considered a source of seed and fur bearing animals. This

view was maintained until the early 1930s when it was

recognized that seed harvesting only was not economically profitable for the trade works organization. Therefore, the USSR Council of Peoples Commissars

(Sovnarcom) by its decision On Measures Related to

Stone Pine Seed Harvesting Management dated December 14,1931, assigned the involved departments

to expand seed harvesting to include logging in

overmature stone pine stands and sap tapping.

In early 1932, an all-union trust of stone pine industry

Souyzkedr was established. It was assigned the responsibility to develop large industrial stone pine forests for harvesting seeds, furs, berries, medicinal raw

materials, and timber and to conduct necessary research work. It was envisioned that it would organize

eight stone pine specialized forests, but actually only

one forest (near Gorno-Altaisk) was established with

emphasis on seasonal types of trades, and it ceased

to exist by 1933. Thus the first attempt to develop systematic integrated stone pine forest use proved unsuccessful.

In the 1930s, the forest industry in Siberia and the Far

East began to develop. Stone pine forests were increasingly logged and seed harvesting with other trades

became secondary. Further, the practice of allocating

forest stands to logging enterprises from 1948 through

1952 turned to be fatal for stone pine forestsall most

productive and accessible forests were seriously affected by logging.

The organization of seed harvest zones, begun in 1953,

failed to save the best stone pine forests, which were

included in the zone of intensive logging. This happened because seed harvest areas were, as a rule,

difficult to access and were located in Korean pine forests of low productivity that did not constitute part of

the timber resource base for the forest industry.

In the period from 1930 to 1989, logging affected more

than 1.5 million hectares of stone pine stands. Most

stone pine forests of the Far East were destroyed by

logging. In Primorski Territory, for example, stone pine

stands decreased in area by 20% and in Khabarovski

Territoryby half.

A critical stage in stone pine forest conservation effort

was the adoption in 1978 with the government decree

called On Improvements in Integrated Use and Protection of Stone Pine Forests. Its implementation

helped to introduce new rules of timber logging in the

forests of Siberia and the Far East, providing for mainly

selective and gradual logging and establishment of

ages of stone pine cuttings differentiated according to

forest groups and protection categories. These ages

were increased by 40 to 60 years compared with earlier practices, and for the most part met the biological

requirements for this timber species.

As history testifies, peaks of interest in the stone pine

issue have always coincided with high seed yields (harvests of agricultural produce being low), while the absence of abundant seed yields often brought on the

problems complete disregard. Foresters in stone pine

forests are in the position between a hammer and anvil. The hammer in this case is the public demand for

stone pine forest protection as the basis for food, medicinal raw materials, and hunting. The anvil is forest

industry enterprises with their constant claims to increase volumes of logging for the needs of the national economy.

For the supporters of lifetime use of stone pine, the

longer a stone pine forest is kept as standing timber,

the more people over time (desirably constantly) can

gather seeds, berries, and mushrooms; and collect

medicinal and technical raw materials for storage; and

obtain furs, coniferous forest game birds, and meat of

wild animals. From the timber users viewpoint, it is

criminal to leave timber stands unharvested if they

exceed the age of technical maturity due to their subsequent deterioration from pests and diseases. The

debate is ongoing with the balance fluctuating from

one party to the other.

In the 1930s, the obvious balance was on the side of

the forest industry, and the most accessible stone pine

forests fell under the ax, leaving no descendants in

the form of cultures. The pressure of supporters for
-22 -

íèêîâ ÷åì äîëüøå îí ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ íà êîðíþ, òåì

áîëüøåå ÷èñëî ëþäåé è áîëåå äëèòåëüíûé ïðîìåæóòîê âðåìåíè (æåëàòåëüíî ïîñòîÿííî) ìîãóò

ãîòîâèòü â íåì îðåõè, ÿãîäû, ãðèáû, ñîáèðàòü è ñäàâàòü íà çàãîòîâèòåëüíûå ïóíêòû ëåêàðñòâåííîå è

òåõíè÷åñêîå ñûðüÿ, äîáûâàòü ïóøíèíó, áîðîâóþ

äè÷ü, ìÿñî äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ëåñîçàãîòîâèòåëåé ïðåñòóïíî îñòàâëÿòü íà êîðíþ äðåâîñòîè ñòàðøå âîçðàñòà òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè, èáî

îíè îáðåêàþòñÿ íà ðàçðóøåíèå â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçâèòèÿ áîëåçíåé è âðåäèòåëåé ëåñà. Áîðüáà ìíåíèé

èäåò ïîñòîÿííî, è ÷àøà âåñîâ êîëåáëåòñÿ òî â îäíó,

òî â äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó.

Â 30-å ãîäû ÿâíûé ïåðåâåñ áûë íà ñòîðîíå ëåñíîé

ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ëó÷øèå èç äîñòóïíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ óøëè ïîä òîïîð, íå îñòàâèâ ïîñëå ñåáÿ

ïîòîìñòâà â âèäå êóëüòóð. Äàâëåíèå ñòîðîííèêîâ

ïðèæèçíåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ ñòàëî

íàðàñòàòü â 50-å ãîäû è çàêîí÷èëîñü èõ ïîëíîé

ïîáåäîé â 1989 ãîäó, êîãäà áûëî ïðèíÿòî èçâåñòíîå

ïîñòàíîâëåíèå Âåðõîâíîãî Ñîâåòà Ðîññèè î çàïðåòå ðóáêè êåäðà â ïîðÿäêå ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ýòî

ðåøåíèå, îäíàêî, íåëüçÿ ñ÷èòàòü òî÷êîé â ñïîðå

êîíôëèêòóþùèõ ñòîðîí. Ýòî ñêîðåå ìíîãîòî÷èå.

Ñ ïðèíÿòèåì òàêîãî ðåøåíèÿ òðåáîâàëîñü êîðåííûì îáðàçîì ïåðåñìîòðåòü ïîäõîäû ê âåäåíèþ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå

îáîáùåíèÿ íàó÷íîãî è ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî îïûòà â ýòîé

îáëàñòè â 1990 ãîäó áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû è óòâåðæäåíû Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ

õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Ñèáèðè è

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà

â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà. Ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íîâûì â îðãàíèçàöèè

âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ ñòàëî èõ

ðàçäåëåíèå íà òèïû êîìïëåêñíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà

îñíîâàíèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé, ðåñóðñíîé è ñåëåêöèîííîé îöåíêè íàñàæäåíèé.

Âíåäðåíèå Ðóêîâîäñòâ ïî âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà â

êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ îñóùåñòâëÿëîñü ïðåæäå âñåãî

÷åðåç ëåñîóñòðîéñòâî, êîòîðûì ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè ïðîâåäåíà ñåëåêöèîííàÿ è êîìïëåêñíàÿ îöåíêà êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé â Èðêóòñêîé, ×èòèíñêîé,

Òîìñêîé, Íîâîñèáèðñêîé, Ñâåðäëîâñêîé, Êåìåðîâñêîé, Îìñêîé îáëàñòÿõ, ðåñïóáëèêàõ Ãîðíûé Àëòàé,

Áóðÿòèÿ, Êðàñíîÿðñêîì è Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàÿõ íà

ïëîùàäè áîëåå 11 ìëí. ãåêòàðîâ.

Ïðàêòèêà ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî Ðóêîâîäñòâà â öåëîì ïðàâèëüíî îðèåíòèðóþò ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî íà äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííîå è â òîæå âðåìÿ êîìïëåêñíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâîé òàéãè. Îäíàêî, óñòàíîâëåíèå òèïà êîìïëåêñíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ñèñòåìû ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî âûäåëàì, íå ïîçâîëÿåò ñôîðìèðîâàòü

êîìïëåêñû êàê öåëîñòíûå îáúåêòû, à ïðîåêòèðóåìûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî òèïàì ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â

ëåñîó÷åòíîé äîêóìåíòàöèè íå âñåãäà íàõîäÿò äîëæíîå îòðàæåíèå.

Çàïðåò ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â íàñàæäåíèÿõ

êåäðà çàòðóäíèë ðàáîòó ìíîãèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé, èñïîëüçóþùèõ êåäðîâóþ äðåâåñèíó, è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, êàðàíäàøíûõ ôàáðèê. Îðãàíàìè ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà âñå ýòè ãîäû îáåñïå÷èâàëñÿ îòâîä ëåñîñåê ïîä ðóáêè óõîäà â íàñàæäåíèÿõ êåäðà, à òàêæå

ïî ðóáêàì ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â äðóãèõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà â ñîñòàâå äî 3-õ åäèíèö,

â îáúåìå âäâîå ïðåâûøàþùåì ïîòðåáíîñòè êàðàíäàøíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà (900 òûñ. êáì). Ëåñîçàãîòîâèòåëè ýòè îáúåìû â ïåðâûå äâà ãîäà îñâàèâàëè íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíî, è òîëüêî ïîäíÿòèå

çàêóïî÷íûõ öåí íà êàðàíäàøíîå ñûðüå ïîçâîëèëî

ðåøèòü ýòó ïðîáëåìó.

Â 1989 ãîäó Ãîñêîìëåñîì ÑÑÑÐ óòâåðæäåíà ïî

ñîãëàñîâàíèþ ñ ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè îðãàíàìè

íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêàÿ ïðîãðàììà Êåäð, êîòîðîé ïðåäóñìàòðèâàëîñü îáåñïå÷èòü ïåðåõîä îò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ëåñîýêñïëóàòàöèîííîãî ïîäõîäà â èñïîëüçîâàíèè ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâîé òàéãè ê êîìïëåêñíîìó èõ èñïîëüçîâàíèþ. Â ïðîãðàììå âûäåëÿëîñü

äâà ýòàïà: äî 1995 ãîäà  òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ è ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ îòðàáîòêà äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííîé ñèñòåìû

âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâíèêàõ, âêëþ÷àþùåé â

ñåáÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëíåíèå êîìïëåêñà õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ íàðóøåííûõ ðóáêîé íàñàæäåíèé êåäðà è ïîâûøåíèþ èõ

ðåñóðñíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà, 2000 ãîä  ñîçäàíèå íàó÷-

íîé è ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé áàçû âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà

â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ íà ãåíåòèêî-ñåëåêöèîííîé îñíîâå

çà ñ÷åò ðåàëèçàöèè íàó÷íûõ è ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò

ïî êîìïëåêñíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó èõ ðåñóðñîâ.

Â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè ðåàëèçàöèÿ íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîé ïðîãðàììû îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèêàçîì ÌËÕ ÐÑÔÑÐ îò 13.09.89 ã.

1102 Î íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîé ïðîãðàììå ïî óëó÷-

øåíèþ âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ. Ýòîò

ïðèêàç îáÿçûâàë òåððèòîðèàëüíûå îðãàíû ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà óïîðÿäî÷èòü ïîëüçîâàíèå äðåâåñèíîé

êåäðà è îáåñïå÷èòü îðãàíèçàöèþ êîìïëåêñíûõ

ïðåäïðèÿòèé íà êåäð â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè (Âèññàðèîíîâ Áîð), Ãîðíîì Àëòàå (Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêèé îïûòíûé ëåñîêîìáèíàò), â Áóðÿòèè (Áè÷óðñêèé ìåõëåñõîç), â Òóâå (Êåà-Õåìñêèé, Òîäæèíñêèé è Òåñ-Õåìñêèé ëåñõîçû), â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì (Åðìàêîâñêèé ëåñõîç) è â Ïðèìîðñêîì (Àðñåíüåâñêèé ëåñõîç) êðàÿõ.

Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðèíèìàåìûå

ìåðû, ïðîèçîøåë è ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ ñïàä îáúåìîâ

ðàáîò â êåäðîâîì õîçÿéñòâå èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ëåñîêóëüòóðíîãî ôîíäà â äîñòóïíûõ äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà

ëåñîïîñàäî÷íûõ ðàáîò ìåñòàõ è èç-çà îáùåãî
-23 -

the lifetime use of stone pine forests began to grow in

the 1950s, and ended with their complete victory in

1989, when the USSR Supreme Soviet adopted a decree of prohibiting major logging of stone pine.

This decision, however, cannot be considered as an

end in the argument of conflicting parties.

After the adoption of above mentioned decree, there

was a need to radically reconsider the approaches to

the forest management in stone pine forests.

As a result of research and practical experience in this

field in 1990, regulations on forest management in

stone pine forests of Siberia, and on forest management in Korean pine-broadleaved forests of the Far

East were elaborated. Principally new in forest management of stone pine forests was their management

per types of integrated use based on environmental,

resource, and stand selection estimates.

The implementation of the forest management regulations in stone pine forests was arranged through forest inventory work already carried out as to the integrated use and selection estimates of stone pine stands

in Irkutskaya, Chitinskaya, Tomskaya, Novosibirskaya,

Sverdlovskaya, Kemerovskaya, Omskaya regions,

Gorny Altai, Buryatia republics, Krasnoyarski and

Primorski territories with an area covering more than

11 million hectares.

Practice proved that the regulations, in general, provide correct estimates on both single and integrated

use of stone pine forest resources. However, the type

of integrated use and, accordingly, the system of forestry practices on forest inventory units do not permit

formation of complexes as integral objects, and projected measures on the use types in forest inventory

documentation are not always sufficiently reflected.

The prohibition of major logging in stone pine stands

hindered the work of many enterprises that used stone

pine timber, primarily pencil manufacturing factories.

Allotment of logging areas had arranged for maintenance cutting in stone pine stands, as well as major

cutting in other stands, having 3 units of the stone pine

in the volume twice exceeding requirements for pencil

production (900 thousand cubic meters). During the

first two years, loggers failed to meet the planned volumes. However, an increase in purchase price for pencil timber helped to resolve the problem.

In 1989, the State Forestry Committee (Goscomles)

sanctioned a government, scientific-technical program

for stone pine named Kedr, which provided transition from a prevailing forest exploitation approach with

reference to stone pine to its integrated use. The program singled out two stages: prior to 1995, theoretical

elaboration and practical implementation of a single

system of forest management in stone pine forests,

which provided for practical implementation of integrated forestry measures to regenerate stone pine

stands that had been disturbed by logging and increase

their resource potential. By the year 2000, a scientific

basis would be established for the management of

stone pine forests based on scientific and practical

achievements in genetic selection on their integrated

use and reproduction.

In the Russian Federation, a scientific technical program was implemented in accordance with the decree

of the Russian Federation Ministry of Forestry dated

September 13, 1989, 1102 On Scientific-Technical

Program to Improve Forest Management in Stone Pine

Forests. This decree obliged territorial forestry units

to regulate stone pine timber use and secure the establishment of enterprises aimed at stone pine integrated use in Tomskaya region (Vissarionov Bor),

Gorny Altai (Gorno-Altaiski experimental forestry combine), Buryatiya (Bichurski mechanized forestry enterprise), Tuva (Kea-Khemski, Todginski and Tes-Khemski forestry enterprises), Krasnoyarski (Ermakovski

forestry enterprise) and Primorski (Arsenievski forestry

enterprise) territories.

In recent years, despite the measures adopted, forest

management work in stone pine stands has been suspended due to insufficiency of forest cultures for planting and because of a general decrease in forestry budgets; there has been a decrease of work in plantations; rejuvenation and sanitation thinning of coppices,

medium-age, maturing and mature stands; and increasing harvest volumes of merchantable seeds,

medicinal raw materials, berries and mushrooms. In

1986, 5.2 thousand tons of seeds, 2.7 thousand tons

of medicinal and technical raw materials, and 2.4 thousand tons of berries were harvested, as compared to

1993 when harvests were 2, 13, and 10% respectively

of what they were in 1986. In 1994, the forestry enterprises of Stone Pine Regions procured a total of 360

tons of stone pine seeds; in 1995, 297 tons were procured. There is a pronounced need for procurement

and sales of stone pine forest products that could significantly raise the efficiency of forest management

units and in the long run positively influence social and

economic situation in Siberian regions.

With the prohibition of major harvests, stone pine forests continue to age; accumulation of overmature timber leads to formation of centers for pests and diseases. During dry periods, they become sources of

increased fire hazard. The fires of 1989 in Tomskaya

region, when over 300 thousand hectares of mainly

overmature stone pine stands were destroyed, confirm that.

In 1995, the Institute Rosgiproles with the participation of the territorial Russian Federal Forest Service

offices and the Far East Forestry Research Institute
-24 -

ñîêðàùåíèÿ îáúåìîâ áþäæåòíîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ñíèçèëèñü îáúåìû ðàáîò ïî

çàêëàäêå ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð, îìîëàæèâàþùèõ è îçäîðîâèòåëüíûõ ðóáîê óõîäà â ìîëîäíÿêàõ, ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûõ, ïðèñïåâàþùèõ è ñïåëûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ,

îáúåìû çàãîòîâêè òîâàðíîãî îðåõà, ëåêàðñòâåííîãî

ñûðüÿ, ÿãîä è ãðèáîâ. Åñëè â 1986 ãîäó áûëî

çàãîòîâëåíî: îðåõà  5,2 òûñ. òîíí, ëåêòåõñûðüÿ

 2,7 òûñ. òîíí, ÿãîä  2,4 òûñ. òîíí, òî â 1993

ãîäó îáúåì èõ çàãîòîâêè ê 1986 ãîäó ñîñòàâèë ñîîòâåòñòâåííî òîëüêî 2 %, 13 % è 10%, â 1994 ãîäó

ëåñõîçàìè êåäðîâûõ ðåãèîíîâ çàãîòîâëåíî âñåãî

360 òîíí êåäðîâîãî îðåõà, â 1995 ãîäó  297 òîíí,

à âåäü èìåííî ñåãîäíÿ ñâîåâðåìåííàÿ çàãîòîâêà è

ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðîäóêöèè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ìîãëà áû

ñóùåñòâåííî ïîâûñèòü îòäà÷ó ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

ìîãëà áû, â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå, ïîëîæèòåëüíî ïîâëèÿòü íà ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå ñèáèðñêèõ ðåãèîíîâ.

Ñ çàïðåòîì íà ðóáêè ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ èäåò èõ ñòàðåíèå, ñîïðîâîæäàþùååñÿ

íàêîïëåíèåì ïåðåñòîéíîé äðåâåñèíû, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâóåò ðàçâèòèþ î÷àãîâ âðåäèòåëåé è áîëåçíåé, à

â çàñóøëèâûå ãîäû ìîæåò ñòàòü èñòî÷íèêîì

ïîâûøåííîé ïîæàðíîé îïàñíîñòè. Ïðèìåðîì òîìó

 ïîæàðû 1989 ãîäà â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè, êîãäà

îãíåì áûëî óíè÷òîæåíî áîëåå 300 òûñ. ãà, â

îñíîâíîì, ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ.

Â 1995 ãîäó èíñòèòóòîì Ðîñãèïðîëåñ ïðè ó÷àñòèè

òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ óïðàâëåíèé ëåñàìè è

ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ áûëà ðàçðàáîòàíà è îäîáðåíà

Ïðàâèòåëüñòâîì ôåäåðàëüíàÿ öåëåâàÿ ïðîãðàììà

Ëåñà Ðîññèè, â êîòîðîé, íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè

ïðîáëåìàìè ðàññìîòðåíà è ïðîáëåìà êåäðà. Çàäàíèÿ ïðîãðàììû ðàññ÷èòàíû íà ïåðèîä äî 2000 ãîäà.

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ â ðàéîíàõ èõ

îïòèìàëüíîãî ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ áóäåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ ïî ñëåäóþùèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì:

- ñîçäàíèå ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð êåäðà íà êà÷åñòâåííî

áîëåå âûñîêîì óðîâíå, ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì

äîëè ñåëåêöèîííîãî ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Íåïðåìåííîå óñëîâèå: îáåñïå÷åíèå

óõîäàìè íà âåñü ïåðèîä ñîçäàíèÿ  îò

ïîñàäêè, äî ïåðåâîäà â ñîñòàâ õîçÿéñòâåííî öåííûõ ìîëîäíÿêîâ;

- èíòåíñèôèêàöèÿ óõîäîâ çà ìîëîäíÿêàìè ñìåøàííîãî ñîñòàâà, ïðè íàëè÷èè æèçíåñïîñîáíîãî ïîäðîñòà è ìîëîäíÿêà êåäðà îò

800 è áîëåå ýêçåìïëÿðîâ íà ãåêòàðå;

- îñâîåíèå ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïðîèçâîäíûõ áåðåçîâûõ è îñèíîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà ñ

íàëè÷èåì äîñòàòî÷íîãî (îò 1 òûñ. øò./ãà è

áîëåå) êîëè÷åñòâà æèçíåñïîñîáíîãî ïîäðîñòà êåäðà, 2-ãî ÿðóñà èëè êåäðà â ñîñòàâå

äðåâîñòîÿ;

- ñîõðàíåíèå è ïîääåðæàíèå ñåìåííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ çà ñ÷åò ñèñòåìû

ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ è îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ

ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ñîçäàíèå

ïîñòîÿííîé ëåñîñåìåííîé áàçû è ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðåçåðâàòîâ;

- îðãàíèçàöèÿ ìîíèòîðèíãà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ,

ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå èõ ó÷åòà è òàêñàöèè;

ïðîâåäåíèå â áîëåå øèðîêîì ìàñøòàáå

äåòàëüíûõ êîìïëåêñíûõ îáñëåäîâàíèé.

Ôîíäîì èñêóññòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîñòóïíûå ïëîùàäè êåäðîâûõ òèïîâ íåâîçîáíîâèâøèõñÿ èëè âîçîáíîâèâøèõñÿ ëèñòâåííûì

ìîëîäíÿêîì âûðóáîê, ãàðåé, àíòðîïîãåííûõ ðåäèí

è øåëêîïðÿäíèêîâ. Ïîòåíöèàëüíûé ôîíä òàêèõ

êàòåãîðèé (ñ ó÷åòîì òðàíñïîðòíîé äîñòóïíîñòè è

íåîáõîäèìîñòè îñâîåíèÿ â áëèæàéøèå 10 ëåò)

ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 480 òûñ. ãåêòàðîâ.

Áóäóò ïðîäîëæåíû ðàáîòû ïî ôîðìèðîâàíèþ

ïîñòîÿííîé ëåñîñåìåííîé áàçû êåäðà. Íà ïåðèîä

1996-2000 ãîäû ïëàíèðóåòñÿ çàëîæèòü 480 ãà ïîñòîÿííûõ ëåñîñåìåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è 160 ãà ëåñîñåìåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé.

Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ñåðüåçíûõ òîðìîçÿùèõ ïðè÷èí

(ïîæàðû, ìàññîâûå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ âðåäèòåëÿìè è

áîëåçíÿìè è äî.) êîðåííûå êåäðîâûå ëåñà âîññòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ åñòåñòâåííûì ïóòåì â òå÷åíèè 200-

250 ëåò. Óñêîðèòü ýòîò ïðîöåññ ìîæíî ñ ïîìîùüþ

ñïåöèàëüíûõ ðóáîê, èìåþùèõ öåëüþ âûâîä êåäðà

â îñíîâíîé ïîëîã è ñîçäàþùèõ óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ïðèðîñòà.

Ïëîùàäü ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ â ðÿäå

ðåãèîíîâ ïðåâûøàåò ñîâðåìåííóþ ïëîùàäü êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ; ôîðìèðîâàíèå èç íèõ êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé ïðîãðàììîé îïðåäåëåíî êàê ïðèîðèòåòíîå

íàïðàâëåíèå èõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì ñîçäàíèå ðóáêàìè óõîäà ïðîäóêòèâíûõ îðåõîïëîäíûõ

íàñàæäåíèé êåäðà áóäåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ òîëüêî â

ðàéîíàõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî îïòèìóìà ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ

êåäðà, â òèïàõ ëåñà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ áèîëîãè-

÷åñêîé ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè êåäðà (íà îðåõ) îò 100

êã íà 1 ãà è áîëåå, ôîðìèðîâàíèå öåëåâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ íà ïîëó÷åíèå öåííîé êåäðîâîé äðåâåñèíû ñ

ïîòåíöèàëüíûì çàïàñîì íå ìåíåå 250-300 êáì/ãà

è ïîïóòíîé îðãàíèçàöèåé êîìïëåêñíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü

ïîòåíöèàëüíî êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé, ãäå àêòèâíûìè ìåðàìè ìîæíî óñêîðèòü ôîðìèðîâàíèå

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ñ íàèáîëåå öåííûìè ïîòðåáèòåëüñêèìè êà÷åñòâàìè, ðàñ÷åòíûì ïóòåì îïðåäåëåíà â 10 ìëí. ãåêòàðîâ.
-25 -

(FEFRI) developed a Federal program Forests of

Russia, approved by the government. This program

considers the issue of stone pine alongside other issues. The goals of the program are to be achieved by

the year 2000.

Regeneration of stone pine forests in the regions of

their optimal growing will be carried out along the following directions:

*Establishment of stone pine plantations at a qualitatively higher level, with an increase in the

share of genetically selected planting material. An essential prerequisite is to ensure

proper handling during the entire establishment periodfrom the planting phase to a

transfer into economically valuable coppices;

* Enhanced maintenance in mixed coppices with the

presence of viable undergrowth and stone

pine seedlings up to 800 and more units per

hectare;

* Potential stone pine stand introduction, mainly derived from birch and aspen stands of various

ages with sufficient quantity (1 thousand units

per hectare and more) of viable stone pine

undergrowth and second layer of stone pine

in a stand composition;

* Conservation and maintenance of potential stone

pine seed banks by conducting a range of silvicultural and organizational measures aimed

at creating a constant forest seed resource

and genetic reserves; and

* Monitoring stone pine forests, updating evaluation

and inventory techniques, and implementation

of a detailed integrated research.

Areas suitable for artificial stone pine regeneration are

accessible logged areas, naturally regenerated or not

regenerated with young broadleaved growth, burnt out

sites, human impacted sparse forest areas, and pine

moth affected stands. The total potential area of these

forest lands (taking into account their accessibility and

the need of conducting the effort within the next 10

years) constitutes about 480 thousand hectares.

The work to create a constant stone pine seed bank

will be continued. In the period from 1996 to 2000, it is

planned to establish 480 hectares of permanent tree

seed sites and 160 hectares of tree seed orchards. In

absence of any critical setbacks (fires, damages by

pests and diseases, etc.) native stone pine forests naturally regenerate in 200 to 250 years. It is possible to

accelerate this process with the help of special cuttings with the aim of bringing stone pine out into the

major forest canopy and creating conditions for incremental improvement.

Potential stone pine forests in several regions exceed the current area occupied by stone pine stands,

and formation of stone pine stands in these potential

areas is a priority direction for regeneration by the Program. The creation (with thinning) of productive seed

bearing stone pine stands will be implemented only in

regions of environmental optimum for stone pine growth

and in forests types corresponding to biological productivity of the stone pine (to produce seeds) from 100

kilograms per hectare and more, forming valuable

stone pine timber stands with potential stocking no less

than 250-300 cubic meters per hectare and accompanying integrated use of non-timber forest products.

The total area of potential stone pine stands where

through active measures it is feasible to accelerate the

formation of stone pine forests with the highest value

in consumptive uses is calculated to be 10 million hectares.

In improving the quality of stone pine forests, the most

important measure is tending mixed (with stone pine)

young growth composition and (taking into account peculiarities in the character of stone pine growth and

development) carrying the tendency for regeneration.

The program foresees thinning in stone pine forests

on 140 thousand hectares in the period from 1996 to

2000.

Total stone pine forest area, suitable for timber management, excluding stone pine stands in reserved forests and inaccessible sites, is currently 12.8 million

hectares with a volume of 2.47 billion cubic meters.

Combined with the potential stone pine stands, it should

be possible to harvest 22.8 million hectares with a total volume of 3.75 billion cubic meters.

In accordance with logging regulations in stone pine

forests, only thinning and sanitation cuttings are allowed. Tending will be conducted in stone pine forest

plantations of satisfactory condition; natural mixed

young growth with high quality of locality, having the

stone pine in composition from 1.5 to 2.0 thousand

units per hectare and more; stone pine stands located

in rural areas; seed sites (including genetic reserves);

all age stands; and stone pine forests that are highly

productive for seeds. The immediate objective is logging in accordance with their condition or to rejuvenate stands.

Thinning in older stone pine forests is planned to be

conducted in the area of 74.0 thousand hectares. Annually, all types of thinning in stone pine stands will

cover 48.8 thousand hectares with harvesting 1.9 million cubic meters of merchantable timber. Unfortunately

the data does not reflect the high percentage of stone

pine timber volume harvested through intermediate cutting. Under favorable economic conditions and ad-
-26 -

Â äåëå ðàñøèðåíèÿ è êà÷åñòâåííîãî óëó÷øåíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ âàæíåéøèì ìåðîïðèÿòèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ óõîä çà ñîñòàâîì ñìåøàííûõ (ñ êåäðîì)

ìîëîäíÿêîâ è, ó÷èòûâàÿ îñîáåííîñòè â õàðàêòåðå

ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ êåäðà, íåñóùèõ ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíóþ íàïðàâëåííîñòü. Ïðîãðàììîé íà ïåðèîä

1996-2000 ãîäû ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåòñÿ ïðîâåäåíèå

ðóáîê óõîäà â êåäðîâûõ ìîëîäíÿêàõ â îáúåìå 140

òûñ. ãåêòàðîâ.

Îáùèé ôîíä êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ

îðãàíèçàöèè ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äðåâåñèíîé, ïîñëå èñêëþ÷åíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ â ðåçåðâíûõ ëåñàõ è òðàíñïîðòíî íåäîñòóïíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ñîñòàâëÿåò â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ 12,8 ìëí. ãà ñ êîðíåâûì çàïàñîì 2,47

ìëðä. êáì. Âìåñòå ñ ïîòåíöèàëüíûìè êåäðîâíèêàìè

â ïåðñïåêòèâå ìîæíî îñâàèâàòü 22,8 ìëí. ãà, ñ îáùèì êîðíåâûì çàïàñîì 3,75 ìëðä. êáì.

Â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðàâèëàìè ðóáîê â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ äîïóñêàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïðîâåäåíèå ðóáîê óõîäà

çà ëåñîì è ñàíèòàðíûõ ðóáîê.

Ê ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûì îáúåêòàì óõîäà îòíåñåíû ëåñíûå êóëüòóðû êåäðà óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ, åñòåñòâåííûå âûñîêîáîíèòåòíûå ñìåøàííûå ìîëîäíÿêè ñ íàëè÷èåì êåäðà â ñîñòàâå îò 1,5 -

2,0 è áîëåå òûñ. øò./ãà, ïðèïîñåëêîâûå êåäðîâíèêè,

ñåìåííûå ó÷àñòêè (â ò.÷. ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ðåçåðâàòû),

âûñîêîïðîäóêòèâíûå (íà îðåõ) êåäðîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ âñåõ âîçðàñòîâ, òðåáóþùèå ðóáêè ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ èëè â ñâÿçè ñ íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ îìîëîæåíèÿ

äðåâîñòîÿ.

Ïðîâåäåíèå ðóáîê óõîäà â êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ

ñòàðøèõ âîçðàñòîâ ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåòñÿ íà ïëîùàäè

74,0 òûñ. ãåêòàðîâ.

Âñåìè âèäàìè ðóáîê óõîäà â êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ

è ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåòñÿ

åæåãîäíî îñâàèâàòü 48,8 òûñ. ãà ñ çàãîòîâêîé 1,9

ìëí. êóá. ì ëèêâèäíîé äðåâåñèíû.

Ýòè äàííûå, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, íå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î

âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè îñâîåíèÿ ôîíäà ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ. Ïðè áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ

ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ è ïðè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé

îðãàíèçàöèè õîçÿéñòâà ðåàëüíûé îáúåì ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äðåâåñèíîé ìîæåò áûòü óâåëè÷åí â 20-30

ðàç.

Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïðåäëàãàåìûõ ïðîãðàììîé ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïîçâîëèò íà 110 òûñÿ÷ ãà óâåëè÷èòü ïëîùàäü

êåäðîâîãî õîçÿéñòâà çà ñ÷åò ñîçäàíèÿ êóëüòóð êåäðà

íà ëåñíûõ íå ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì ïëîùàäÿõ, íà 30 òûñ.

ãà óâåëè÷èòñÿ ïîêðûòàÿ ëåñîì ïëîùàäü êåäðîâîãî

õîçÿéñòâà çà ñ÷åò ïåðåâîäà ìîëîäûõ êóëüòóð êåäðà

â õîçÿéñòâåííî-öåííûå íàñàæäåíèÿ, â ðåçóëüòàòå

ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðóáîê óõîäà â ñìåøàííûõ êåäðîâîëèñòâåííî-ïèõòîâûõ ìîëîäíÿêàõ, ðóáîê ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ, ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ è ñàíèòàðíî-âûáîðî÷-

íûõ ðóáîê â êåäðîâíèêàõ ñòàðøèõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïï,

íà ïëîùàäè 214 òûñÿ÷ ãà ïîâûñèòñÿ äîëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ

êåäðà â ñîñòàâå íàñàæäåíèé, óëó÷øàòñÿ óñëîâèÿ

äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ óðîæàÿ îðåõà, ñíèçèòñÿ îïàñíîñòü âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ î÷àãîâ

âðåäèòåëåé è áîëåçíåé êåäðà.

Ðàöèîíàëèçàöèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íåäðåâåñíûõ

ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâîé òàéãè â ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå âîçìîæíà ïîñðåäñòâîì îðãàíèçàöèè îïûòíûõ êîìïëåêñíûõ õîçÿéñòâ íà êåäð. Òàêèå õîçÿéñòâà âîçìîæíî ñîçäàòü íà áàçå 32 ëåñõîçîâ, â êîòîðûõ êåäð

çàíèìàåò íå ìåíåå 30% ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì çåìåëü è

îáðàçóåò ìàññèâû ïëîùàäüþ ïî 100 òûñ. ãà è áîëåå.

Òåððèòîðèàëüíî,  ýòî 4 ëåñõîçà â Ðåñïóáëèêå

Àëòàé, 2  â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè, 6  â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì

êðàå, 3  â Ðåñïóáëèêå Õàêàññèÿ, 7  â Èðêóòñêîé

îáëàñòè, 2  â Ðåñïóáëèêå Áóðÿòèÿ, 3  â

Ðåñïóáëèêå Òóâà è 5  â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå. Íà áàçå

êåäðîâíèêîâ äâóõ ëåñõîçîâ Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíåå îðãàíèçàöèÿ êîìïëåêñíîãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ëåñîïðîìûøëåííîãî òèïà, ñ îðèåíòàöèåé

íà ïëàíòàöèîííîå âåäåíèå õîçÿéñòâà, ôîðìèðîâàíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ îðåõîïðîìûñëîâîãî è òåõíè-

÷åñêîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ (â ò.÷. ñìîëîïðîäóêòèâíûõ).

Êåäðîâûå ëåñà Íèæíåóäèíñêîãî ëåñõîçà Èðêóòñêîé

îáëàñòè (Òàôàëàðñêîå ëåñíè÷åñòâî) è îäíîãî èç

ëåñõîçîâ Ñàÿíñêîé ãðóïïû Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ

ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü (â ðåêðåàöèîííîì

ïëàíå) ïóòåì îðãàíèçàöèè äâóõ íàöèîíàëüíûõ êåäðîâûõ ïàðêîâ Ðîññèè. Âî âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ëåñõîçàõ

îñíîâó êîìïëåêñíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ áóäóò ñîñòàâëÿòü

ïîáî÷íûå ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì îðåõîïðîìûñëà.

Ðåàëüíûé îáúåì ïîëüçîâàíèé íåäðåâåñíîé ïðîäóêöèåé êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Ðîññèè ñ ó÷åòîì ñòàíîâëåíèÿ

òàêèõ îïûòíûõ ëåñíûõ õîçÿéñòâ ê 2000 ãîäó ìîæåò

ñîñòàâèòü: ïî îðåõó  10-12 òûñ. òîíí, ïî ëåêàðñòâåííîìó è òåõíè÷åñêîìó ñûðüþ  3-4 òûñ. òîííû,

ïî ãðèáàì, ÿãîäàì è ïëîäàì  äî 10 òûñ. òîíí.

Ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî ãîòîâî è áåðåò íà ñåáÿ îáÿçàòåëüñòâà ïî îõðàíå, âîññòàíîâëåíèþ è ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ áîãàòñòâ êåäðîâîé òàéãè, íî

æåëàåìûé ðåçóëüòàò ìîæåò áûòü ïîëó÷åí òîëüêî

ïðè óñëîâèè çàèíòåðåñîâàííîãî ó÷àñòèÿ âñåõ

ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ñòðóêòóð. Êåäðîâûå ëåñà ìîãóò è

äîëæíû ñòàòü îáúåêòîì ðåàëèçàöèè õîçÿéñòâåííûõ

èíèöèàòèâ ìåñòíûõ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé, èìåííî

ýòèì ïóòåì ìîæåò áûòü ðåøåíà ïðîáëåìà çàíÿòîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ è ïîïîëíåíèÿ ñòàòåé ìåñòíûõ

áþäæåòîâ, è, â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå,  ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ è

óëó÷øåíèå ñîöèàëüíî- ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé â

ðåãèîíàõ.
-27 -

equate forest management, the actual volume of timber utilization could be increased by 20 to 30 times.

Implementation of the proposed measures will allow

for an increase in forest area by 110 thousand hectares from establishing plantations in unforested areas.

The stone pine forest areas will increase by 30 thousand hectares due to a transfer of young stone pine

plantations to economically valuable stands, thinning

of mixed stone pine/broadleaved/fir young growth, form

cuttings, restoration, sanitation, and selective cuttings

in stone pine forests in older age groups. These older

age groups occupy an area of 214 thousand hectares.

In these older age groups, the share of stone pine participation in stand composition will improve the conditions for seeds yield and decrease the hazard of pests

and disease infestations.

Utilization of stone pine forests non-timber products is

made possible by establishing stone pine experimental integrated forestry farms. It is possible to establish

such forestry farms in 32 forestry enterprises in which

the stone pine makes up no less than 30% of forested

lands with tracts of 100 thousand hectares or more.

Territorially the area is comprised of four forestry enterprises in republic of Altai, two in Tomskaya region,

six in Krasnoyarski Territory, three in republic of

Khakassiya, seven in Irkutsk region, two in republic of

Buryatiya, three in republic of Tyva and five in Primorski

Territory. In stone pine forests of two forestry enterprises in Tomskaya region, it is preferable to manage

an integrated enterprise of a forest industry type with

plantations, stone pine forests for seed production and

technical raw materials, including resin. Stone pine forests of Nizhneudinski forestry enterprise in Irkutskaya

region (Tafalarskoye forest range) and one of Sayany

group forestry enterprises in Krasnoyarski Territory are

being contemplated for recreational use, by way of establishing two national stone pine parks in Russia. In

all other forestry enterprises, the establishment of the

integrated approach will imply secondary use with seed

trade prevailing.

Non-timber product yields in stone pine standsassuming these experimental forestry enterprises are established by the year 2000could reach: 10 to 12 thousand tons of seeds, 3 to 4 thousand tons of medicinal

and technical raw materials, and up to 10 thousand

tons of mushrooms, berries, and fruits.

Forest management units are ready to meet an obligation to protect, regenerate, and sustainabló use the

stone pine forest riches, but the desirable result can

be achieved only on the condition that all regional structures (organizations) participate actively in the process.

Stone pine forests can and must become the object of

forestry initiatives by local business. Given this approach, the problems of employment and local budgets can be eventually resolved with social and economic conditions in the regions stabilized.
-28 -

Ó÷àñòèå ðîññèéñêî-àìåðèêàíñêîãî ïðîåêòà ïî ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû

ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè

(EPT/RFE Ïðîåêò) â ðåøåíèè ïðîáëåì ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â çîíå

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Äèí Ñòåïàíåê

ðóêîâîäèòåëü EPT/RFE

Ïðîåêò ïî ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèéñêîé

Ôåäåðàöèè (ñîêðàùåííîå íàçâàíèå EPT/RFE) ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå êðóïíûõ ðîññèéñêî-àìåðèêàíñêèõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî ñòðóêòóðå ðåøàåìûõ çàäà÷, à òàêæå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì êîìïëåêñó ïðîáëåì, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ðåàëèçàöèåé ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ íà ÐÄÂ.

Ðåàëèçàöèÿ EPT Ïðîåêòà íà Ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì

Âîñòîêå ñòàëà îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ ñ íà÷àëà 1995 ã. â

Õàáàðîâñêîì è Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàÿõ ïîä íàçâàíèåì

Ïðîãðàììà ïî ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû ðàöèîíàëüíîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ íà Ðîññèéñêîì

Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå.

Äàííûé Ïðîåêò ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ñîãëàñèÿ Ãîð-×åðíîìûðäèí, êîòîðîå

ïðåäïîëàãàåò ðåàëèçàöèþ ãðóïïû ïðîåêòîâ ïî òåõíè÷åñêîìó ñîäåéñòâèþ â îáëàñòè îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

Âñå ïðîåêòû, ïðîâîäèìûå â ðàìêàõ äàííîãî ñîãëàøåíèÿ, îñóùåñòâëÿþòñÿ ÷åðåç Àãåíòñòâî ÑØÀ ïî

Ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó Ðàçâèòèþ (USAID), Îòäåë îõðàíû

îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è çäîðîâüÿ. (Â ðîññèéñêîé òåðìèíîëîãèè Àãåíòñòâî ÑØÀ ïî Ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó

Ðàçâèòèþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ Ãåíåðàëüíûì Çàêàç÷èêîì ýòèõ

ðàáîò.)

Ñîãëàøåíèÿ, ïîäòâåðæäàþùèå íàìåðåíèÿ ðîññèéñêîé (Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé) è àìåðèêàíñêîé ñòîðîí

ñîòðóäíè÷àòü â ðåàëèçàöèè äàííîãî ïðîåêòà, áûëè

îôèöèàëüíî ïîäïèñàíû ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè àìåðèêàíñêîãî Àãåíòñòâà ÑØÀ ïî Ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó

Ðàçâèòèþ è Àäìèíèñòðàöèè Ïðèìîðñêîãî è

Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàåâ â èþíå (ã.Õàáàðîâñê) è â

ñåíòÿáðå (ã.Âëàäèâîñòîê) 1994 ãîäà.

Äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè è ïîñëåäóþùåé ðåàëèçàöèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ Ïðîåêòîâ, êîòîðûå ïîëó÷èëè èìÿ EPT

(ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîëèòèêà è òåõíîëîãèÿ), â áûâøåì

ÑÑÑÐ â 1993 ãîäó áûë îáúÿâëåí êîíêóðñ ñðåäè

àìåðèêàíñêèõ êîìïàíèé. Ýòîò êîíêóðñ âûèãðàëà

èçâåñòíàÿ àìåðèêàíñêàÿ êîíñàëòèíãîâàÿ ôèðìà

CH2M Hill (Ãåíåðàëüíûé ïîäðÿä÷èê), êîòîðàÿ â

ìàðòå 1994 ãîäà ïðèñòóïèëà ê ðàçðàáîòêå ãðóïïû

äèçàéí-ïðîåêòîâ, â ò.÷. è ïî äàííîìó ïðîåêòó.

Óæå íà ñòàäèè ðàçðàáîòêè äèçàéí-ïðîåêòà áûëà

îïðåäåëåíà êîíêðåòíàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ðåàëèçàöèè

ïðîåêòà (ãîðíàÿ ñèñòåìà Ñèõîòý-Àëèíü, þã Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ è Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé) è ñôåðà ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ñòåðæíåâûì îáúåêòîì

ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè. Â êà÷åñòâå òàêîâîé áûëè âûáðàíû ëåñíûå ðåñóðñû è ëåñíîé êîìïëåêñ. Âûáîð

òåððèòîðèè, â äàííîì ñëó÷àå Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ, åãî

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, êàê îñíîâíîãî

îáúåêòà ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè íà ñòàäèè äèçàéí-ïðîåêòà, îïðåäåëåí ïîíèìàíèåì ìèðîâîé çíà÷èìîñòè

ýêîñèñòåìû Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ, êàê ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñòðàòåãèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, òàê è ëåñîðåñóðñíîé.

Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî åùå â ïðîöåññå ðàçðàáîòêè äèçàéí-ïðîåêòà, ïðè ôîðìèðîâàíèè êîíêðåòíûõ çàäà÷, ðîññèéñêàÿ ñòîðîíà íà ìåñòíîì

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîì óðîâíå ïðèëîæèëà âñå óñèëèÿ,

÷òîáû âêëþ÷èòü â ñòðóêòóðó Ïðîåêòà òå çàäà÷è,

êîòîðûå íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìû äëÿ ðàöèîíàëüíîãî

ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü äëÿ ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ñîõðàíåíèÿ

áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ.

Âàæíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ Ïðîåêòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî, ÷òî â

íåì âçàìîóâÿçàííî ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ è ðåøàåòñÿ

âåñü êîìïëåêñ çàäà÷ ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ: îò ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íîðìàòèâíîé áàçû ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, äî êîíêðåòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé â îáëàñòè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Âñå ýòî ðåàëèçóåòñÿ îäíîâðåìåííî ñ ðàçðàáîòêîé ñòðàòåãèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ

áèîîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ.

Â ñåãîäíÿøíåì âèäå Ïðîåêò ïðåäñòàâëåí 25 êîíêðåòíûìè çàäà÷àìè, îáúåäèíåííûìè â òðè áëîêà

êîìïîíåíò, à èìåííî: Êîìïîíåíò 1. Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñèñòåìû óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèåì â Õàáàðîâñêîì è Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàÿõ,

â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü â ëåñíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ.

Êîìïîíåíò 2. Êîìïëåêñíîå óñòîé÷èâîå

èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ. Â

çàäà÷àõ ýòîãî êîìïîíåíòà ðàçðàáàòûâàþòñÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî îðãàíèçàöèè ôîíäà ìàëîãî ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñòâà ñ öåëüþ ðàçâèòèÿ ìåñòíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ìàëîãî áèçíåñà; ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ñòèìó-
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Russian-American Environmental Policy and Technology Project (EPT/

RFE Project) Involvement in Promoting a System of Sustainable Forest

Management in Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forest Zone in the Russian Far

East

Dean Stepanek

EPT/RFE Project Manager

The Environmental Policy and Technology Project in

the Russian Far East (EPT/RFE) proved to be one of

the largest Russian-American environmental projects

ever undertaken, both structurally and contextually. It

covers a wide range of issues addressed through natural resource management in the Korean pine-broadleaved forests of the Russian Far East.

Implementation of the EPT Project started in 1995 in

Khabarovski and Primorski territories under the name

Program to Establish a System of Sustainable Natural Resources Management in the Russian Far East.

The Project was developed within the framework of

the Gore-Chernomyrdin Agreement and implemented

by a number of technical assistance projects related

to protection of environment and sustainable natural

resources management.

All the projects implemented in the framework of the

Agreement were accomplished through the U.S.

Agency for International Development (USAID), Office

of Health and Environment. In Russian terminology,

the USAID is a prime client for the work.

Agreements that confirmed the intention of both Russian and American sides to cooperate in the Project

implementation were signed by the USAID representatives, on the one side, and Khabarovski and Primorski

territories administrations in June, 1994 (Khabarovsk)

and September, 1994 (Vladivostok), on the other.

A call for proposals was announced in the U.S. in 1993

to elaborate and execute environmental projects in the

former USSR, and a number of U.S. companies responded. A U.S. company specializing in consulting

services CH2M HILL was awarded the contract and

started in March, 1994, to develop a number of design-projects, including the above project.

At an early stage of the design, a target territory was

identified (Sikhote-Alin mountain range in the south of

Khabarovski and Primorski territories). The forest complex was viewed as a core avenue for sustainable forest management development. The choice of the territorySikhote-Alin and its Korean pine-broadleaved

forestswas determined by universal awareness of the

global significance of the Sikhote-Alin ecosystem in

terms of both biodiversity conservation and forest management strategy.

Early in the design, when specific tasks were identified, the Russian side undertook every effort to incorporate in the project tasks developed by Far East scientists that went to promoting sustainable forestry and

biodiversity conservation in Korean pine-broadleaved

forests of the Sikhote-Alin.

The Project made an attempt to deal with the entire

range of issues related to sustainable forest management in the area, starting from elaborating policy specifically in forest resource use, to actual forestry practices. This was implemented in synchrony with prioritizing biodiversity conservation strategies in SikhoteAlin.

In its final form the Project incorporated 25 specific

tasks in three components:

Component 1. Updating the natural resource management system in Khabarovski and Primorski territories,

primarily in forest covered areas of Sikhote-Alin.

Component 2. Integrated sustainable use of forest resources of Sikhote-Alin. The component comprised

activities in setting up a Small Enterprise Fund for developing small businesses, promoting investments in

forest areas of Sikhote-Alin, financing joint ventures in

the forest sector, (primarily oriented at timber and nontimber forest products processing); supporting best forestry practices in the Russian Far East; and wild fire

prevention and control. One of the key tasks in this

component was an integrated land-use planning in

model areas of Sikhote-Alin, Chuguevsky rayon in

Primorski Territory, and Khor river basin in Khabarovski

Territory.

Component 3. Support for biodiversity conservation and

protection of the environment, including strengthening

of specially protected areas (zapovedniks and

zakazniks); assistance in creating new protected territories in the most critical areas of valuable species

habitats and support for local environmental efforts.

The Project is implemented at three levels: the entire

territory (Primorski and Khabarovski territories); Sikhote

-Alin regionsouth of Khabarovski and Primorski territories, and pilot areas.

From the viewpoint of natural resources management,

including biodiversity conservation, out of all the types

of economic areas currently in the Russian Far East,

highland-taiga regions in Korean pine-broadleaved
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ëèðîâàíèþ èíâåñòèöèé â ëåñíûå ðàéîíû ÑèõîòýÀëèíÿ è ôèíàíñèðîâàíèþ ñîâìåñòíûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé

â ëåñíîì êîìïëåêñå, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îðèåíòèðîâàííûõ íà óãëóáëåííóþ ïåðåðàáîòêó äðåâåñèíû è íà ïåðåðàáîòêó íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ëåñà;

ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïîääåðæêå ëó÷øèõ ìåòîäîâ

âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

Ðîññèè; ìåðû ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ è êîíòðîëþ çà

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèåì ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ. Îäíîé èç âàæíûõ çàäà÷ äàííîãî êîìïîíåíòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïëàíèðîâàíèå êîìïëåêñíîãî çåìëåïîëüçîâàíèÿ (ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâûíèÿ) â ìîäåëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ.

Â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå  ýòî ×óãóåâñêèé ðàîí, â Õàáàðîâñêîì  áàññåéí Õîðà.Êîìïîíåíò 3. Ïîääåðæêà

áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è îõðàíà ïðèðîäû, â ò.÷. óêðåïëåíèå îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé (çàïîâåäíèêîâ è çàêàçíèêîâ) è ïîìîùü â îðãàíèçàöèè íîâûõ

îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé òàì, ãäå îòìå÷àåòñÿ êðèòè-

÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå óñëîâèé îáèòàíèÿ öåííûõ âèäîâ;

ïîääåðæêà ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà

ìåñòíîì óðîâíå.

Ïðîåêò ðåàëèçóåòñÿ íà òðåõ ìàñøòàáíûõ óðîâíÿõ:

* êðàÿ â öåëîì (Ïðèìîðñêèé, Õàáàðîâñêèé);

* Ñèõîòý-Àëèíü  ýòî þæíàÿ ÷àñòü Õàáàðîâñêîãî

êðàÿ è ïðàêòè÷åñêè âåñü Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé;

* ìîäåëüíûå ðàéîíû.

Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â ò.÷. ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, èç âñåõ òèïîâ ïðèðîäíîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðàéîíîâ, ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîì ðåãèîíå, íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ

ãîðíî-òàåæíûå ðàéîíû â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Îíè çàíèìàþò áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü

òåððèòîðèè, ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé â ïðîåêòå, ïîýòîìó

âñå ìîäåëüíûå ðàéîíû âûáðàíû èç èõ ÷èñëà.

Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ðåøåíèé Ïðîåêòà, â òîì ÷èñëå ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ, êàê ðàç è ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ íà áàçå ýòîãî

òèïà ðàéîíîâ.

Ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ, ÷òî îòðàáîòàâ ìåòîäè÷åñêè ðÿä

ðåøåíèé íà áàçå ìîäåëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ, ïî çàâåðøåíèþ Ïðîåêòà ìîæíî è íåîáõîäèìî áóäåò èõ òèðàæèðîâàòü â îñòàëüíûõ ãîðíî-òàåæíûõ ðàéîíàõ

Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ, ÷òî ïîçâîëèò ïðîäâèíóòüñÿ íà ïóòè

ðåàëèçàöèè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà.
-31 -

zone are the most significant. They cover the greater

part of the target territory, accounted for pilot areas

location. Most decisions adopted under the Project,

including methodological ones, originated in the pilot

area practices.

It is intended upon dissolution of the Project to replicate verified methodology in the rest of Sikhote-Alin

area which is considered a significant step in forest

management development in the Korean pinebroadleaved zone of the Russian Far East.
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Áèîãåîñôåðíûé ñòàòóñ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ä.Ô. Åôðåìîâ

Ñ ó÷åòîì ýòîãî ìû â ñâîåì àíàëèçå èñïîëüçîâàëè

òîëüêî ìåòîä ýêñïåðòíûõ îöåíîê è ìåòîä ðàíæèðîâàíèÿ (Øåéíòàóç À.Ñ. è äðóãèå, 1979) ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé îòíîñèòåëüíî äðóã äðóãà ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì

ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîãî è ôàóíèñòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâîâ, îñîáåííîñòåé ñòðîåíèÿ è äèíàìèêè, ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ,

ñîñòàâó è êîëè÷åñòâó ðåñóðñîâ, ñðåäîîáðàçóþùåìó

ýôôåêòó è ò.ä.

Îäíàêî, ïðåæäå ÷åì ïåðåéòè ê àíàëèçó ñîîòíîøåíèé, íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü îáùèå îñîáåííîñòè

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, êàê ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè. Óæå ñàìî íàçâàíèå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà óêàçûâàåò íà èõ

ñìåøàííûé õàðàêòåð. Ñòåðæåíü ýòèõ ëåñîâ êåäð

êîðåéñêèé (Pinus koraiensis) ïðèñóòñòâóåò â ýòèõ

ëåñàõ ëèøü êàê ïðèìåñü, ðåäêî â âèäå íåáîëüøèõ

ïî ïëîùàäè ó÷àñòêîâ, îáðàçóÿ äðåâîñòîè ñî ñâîèì

àáñîëþòíûì ïðåîáëàäàíèåì.

Êîíöåíòðàöèÿ äîëè êåäðà â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîåâ

ñèëüíî ðàçìûòà ïî òåððèòîðèè è äàæå â ïðåäåëàõ

ïëàêîðíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà ïîñòîÿííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïîä

âîçäåéñòâèåì ýêçîãåííûõ è ýíäîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ.

(Ðèñ.1.2).

Ïî ïåðèôåðèè àðåàëà êåäð âîîáùå ïðåäñòàâëåí â

âèäå åäèíè÷íûõ äåðåâüåâ ñðåäè ìàññèâîâ äðóãèõ

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé è íå îáðàçóåò äðåâîñòîåâ. Âñå

ýòî èñêëþ÷àåò âîçìîæíîñòü ôîðìàëèçàöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ôîðìàöèè êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

è åå ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòè ïî ôàêòè÷åñêîìó ïðåîáëàäàíèþ (äîìèíèðîâàíèþ) êåäðà â ñîñòàâå

äðåâîñòîåâ. Ïîýòîìó âñå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ êåäðà â

ïðåäåëàõ åãî åñòåñòâåííîãî àðåàëà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîé ôîðìàöèè è ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà: (à) ñîáñòâåííî êåäðîâíèêè, ãäå íàñàæäåíèÿ èìåþò âûðàæåííóþ äîëþ êåäðà, êàê â

ãëàâíîì ïîëîãå, òàê è â íèæíèõ ÿðóñàõ; (á) ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè, ãäå êåäð â ãëàâíîì ïîëîãå

îòñóòñòâóåò, íî ïðåäñòàâëåí â ïîäðîñòå è èìååò

âûðàæåííóþ òåíäåíöèþ ê âîññòàíîâëåíèþ.

Íåêîòîðûå èññëåäîâàòåëè âûäåëÿþò íîìèíàëüíûå

êåäðîâíèêè, î ÷åì áóäåò áîëåå ïîäðîáíî äîëîæåíî

â äîêëàäå ä-ðà ×óìèíà Â.Ò.

Âåäÿ ðå÷ü îá îñîáåííîñòÿõ ÊØË ôîðìàöèè ìû,

åñòåñòâåííî, èìåëè â âèäó ñîáñòâåííî êåäðîâíèêè,

êàê íàèáîëåå êîíöåíòðèðîâàííîå åå ÿäðî.

Â ñèñòåìå ëåñîâ ìèðà ÊØË ïî êëàññèôèêàöèè

Ñî÷àâû, 1969; Âàëüòåðà, 1968; Òàõòàäæàíà, 1974;

íàõîäÿòñÿ â çîíå ãîðíûõ õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåíÈñòîðè÷åñêè êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ â Ðîññèè, êàê

îñîáåííûé ïðèðîäíûé êîìïëåêñ, ÷òî äåêëàðèðîâàíî è, â îïðåäåëåííîé ñòåïåíè, çàêðåïëåíî â

öåëîì ðÿäå íîðìàòèâíî-çàêîíîäàòåëüíûõ îòðàñëåâûõ è îáùåãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ àêòîâ. Âàæíåéøèìè èç

êîòîðûõ, êàñàþùèìèñÿ âîîáùå ïðîáëåìû Êåäðà

â Ðîññèè, áåçóñëîâíî, ÿâëÿþòñÿ Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå

Âåðõîâíîãî Ñîâåòà ÑÑÑÐ îò 27 íîÿáðÿ 1989 ã., à

òàêæå îáùåðîññèéñêàÿ ïðîãðàììà Êåäð îò

08.07.91ã., è ðÿä Ïîñòàíîâëåíèé Êîëëåãèè Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà Ðîññèè, â òîì

÷èñëå ïîñëåäíåå îò 05.04.94 ã.

Ïîâûøåííîå âíèìàíèå ê ïðîáëåìå êåäðà ñ ýëåìåíòàìè îáùåñòâåííîé èñòåðèè è äåêëàðèðîâàíèå

ïîä åãî äàâëåíèåì îñîáîé öåííîñòè ëåñîâ ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí, ïðèâåëè ê ñèòóàöèè, êîãäà

êåäðîâíèêè Ðîññèè ñòàëè êàê áû íåïðèêàñàåìîé

÷àñòüþ ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, ÷òî ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ïîðîäèëî íåîáîñíîâàííûå îãðàíè÷åíèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííîãî

âìåøàòåëüñòâà â íèõ, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, çàêîíîìåðíûå ñîìíåíèÿ â èõ îñîáîé, èç ðÿäà âîí âûõîäÿùåé çíà÷èìîñòè.

Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì íà äàííûé ìîìåíò âîçíèêëà îñòðàÿ

íåîáõîäèìîñòü â óñòàíîâëåíèè èñòèííîé öåííîñòè

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, îïðåäåëåíèè èõ ñòàòóñà â ñîñòàâå

ëåñíîãî ôîíäà Ðîññèè, èõ ìåñòà â ñèñòåìå ëåñîâ

ìèðà, è â öåëîì ïëàíåòàðíîé èëè áèîãåîñôåðíîé

çíà÷èìîñòè.

Öåëüþ íàñòîÿùåãî äîêëàäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîïûòêà îòâåòèòü íà ýòè âîïðîñû. Â ìèðîâîé ïðàêòèêå ïîêà íå

ñóùåñòâóåò ìåòîäîâ ñðàâíèòåëüíîé îöåíêè öåííîñòè ëåñîâ íà óðîâíå ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé â ãðàíèöàõ çàäàííûõ êîíòóðîâ èëè åñòåñòâåííîãî àðåàëà

ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ èõ ðîëè, ìåñòà è ñóììàðíîãî âêëàäà

â áèîñôåðíûå ïðîöåññû ðåãèîíàëüíîé èëè ïëàíåòàðíîé ðàçìåðíîñòè. Íåò òàêæå è êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ

êðèòåðèåâ îáúåêòèâíîé îöåíêè íå òîëüêî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ýòèõ ëåñîâ, íî è ìíîãèõ

ðåñóðñíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê. Âîçíèêàþò ñîìíåíèÿ

âîîáùå â ïðàâîìåðíîñòè ñðàâíèòåëüíîé îöåíêè,

òàê êàê, àïðèîðè, ïðèçíàåòñÿ, ÷òî âñå ëåñà, êàê õîðîëîãè÷åñêèé îáúåêò â ëþáîé ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé òî÷êå,

óíèêàëüíû è îáëàäàþò ñàìîöåííîñòüþ. Â òî æå

âðåìÿ î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ëîêàëüío-ðåãèîíàëüíûé âêëàä

â áèîòó ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðìàöèé è èõ ðåñóðñíûé ïîòåíöèàë íåîäíîçíà÷åí, è ñðàâíèòåëüíûå îöåíêè ïî

êîìïëåêñó ïîêàçàòåëåé íåîáõîäèìû ïðè ïëàíèðîâàíèè õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è âûáîðå ñîöèàëüíûõ ïðèîðèòåòîâ.
-33 -

Biogeospheric Status of Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forests in the

Russian Far East

D. F. Efremov

production, composition and quantity of resources, the

environmental role, and other characteristics.

However, before proceeding to an analysis of relationships, it is necessary to note the general specific features of the Korean pine-broadleaved forests as a forest formation. The very name of Korean pine-broadleaved forests in the Far East is indicative of their mixed

nature. The core of these forests, the Korean pine

(Pinus koraiensis L.), occurs in these forests as a secondary species, occasionally observed in stands featuring its absolute prevalence.

The percentage of Korean pine in stand composition

is irregular within a given territory, being continuously

changed under the influence of exogenic and endogenic factors (Figs. 1, 2).

In the periphery of its range, Korean pine is generally

represented by single trees among the complete stands

of other forest-forming species and does not produce

stands. These facts prevent formal determination of

the delineation of Korean pine-broadleaved forests and

its representation by the actual prevalence (predominance) of Korean pine in stand composition. Thus, all

Korean-pine localities within its natural range are referred to as Korean pine-broadleaved formations and

subdivided as follows:

(a) Korean-pine forest proper, where stands feature a

substantial percentage of Korean pine in the major

canopy, as well as in the lower stories;

(b) potential Korean-pine forests, where Korean pine

is absent in the major canopy, but is observed in the

undergrowth and features a pronounced tendency to

regenerate.

Some researchers identify nominal Korean pine forests, which are discussed in more detail in the report

by Dr. Chumin V.T.

When considering the specific features of a Korean

pine-broadleaved forest (KBF), we naturally mean the

Korean pine forest proper as its most concentrated

essence.

In the global forest system, the KBFs by classification

of Sochava, 1969; Walter, 1968; and Takhtadzhan,

1974; are located in the zone of mountain coniferousbroadleaved forests that are represented as small fragments in the east of the Asian continent, and in the

west of the North American continent between 40 and

50 degrees northern longitude. Actually, these are

variations of the broadleaved-forest zone, including coHistorically, the Korean pine-broadleaved forests of the

Russian Far East are considered a unique natural complex, which is proclaimed and defined by a number of

regulations and legislative decrees at both the branch

and the central state levels. The most essential of the

legislative decrees are those concerning the general

problem of Korean pine in Russia, including the Decree of the USSR Supreme Council as of November

27, 1989, and the All-Russian Program Kedr as of

July 8, 1991, as well as a number of Decrees by the

Board of Federal Russian Forestry Office, including

the latest one of April 5, 1994.

Inflated attention to the Korean pine problem, including some public outcry, and claims of a particular value

of the Korean pine forests have led to a situation when

the Russian Korean pine forests seem an untouchable part of the State forest lands. On the one hand,

this has resulted in unjustified limitations in economic

activity in these forests; and on the other hand, skepticism has developed about the unique and unrivaled

significance of these forests.

Because of this situation, we face an obvious necessity to determine the genuine value of Korean pine

forests and to define their status in the Russian State

forest lands and their position in the global forest system, as well as their global significance.

The objective of this report is to answer these questions. Today, world practice does not provide any methods for a comparative evaluation of forests at a level

of forest formation within given boundaries or a natural area, from a point of view of their role, position, and

total contribution to global processes on a regional or

worldwide scale. Also, no quantitative criteria are available for an unprejudiced evaluation of not only the environmental role of these forests, but of many resource

characteristics as well. Some doubts arise about the

credibility of a comparative evaluation as such, because

it is believed that all forests are unique and have a

value of their own. However, it is evident that both their

local and regional contributions to the biota of various

formations and resource potentials are not singular,

and thus comparative evaluations by a number of indices are necessary when there is a need for planning

economic activity and identifying social priorities.

Considering the above, in our report we use only the

methods of expert evaluations and ranges (Sheingauz

A.S. et al., 1979) of forest formations relative to each

other, using the indices of floristic and faunistic compositions, specific features in structure and dynamics,
-34 -

íûõ ëåñîâ, êîòîðûå ïðåäñòàâëåíû â âèäå íåáîëüøèõ ôðàãìåíòîâ íà âîñòîêå àçèàòñêîãî è íà

çàïàäå ñåâåðî-àìåðèêàíñêîãî ìàòåðèêà ìåæäó 50-

è 40 øèðîòàìè. Â ñóùíîñòè ýòî âàðèàöèè çîíû

øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì êîìïîíåíòîâ õâîéíûõ èç ðîäà îðåõîïëîäíûõ ñîñåí, ïèõò, òóé,

÷òî ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåò ìîçàè÷íîñòü è êîìïëåêñíîñòü

äàííîé ôîðìàöèè, áîëüøóþ òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ

ôðàãìåíòàðíîñòü è îáèëèå ïî Á. Èâàøêåâè÷ó ëåñíûõ ñî÷åòàíèé.

Ìíîãîîáðàçèå êîíòàêòîâ íà ñåâåðå àðåàëà ñ ôîðìàöèÿìè ëèñòâåííè÷íî-åëîâûõ ëåñîâ, à â ïðåäåëàõ

âñåãî àðåàëà, â íèæíåì è ñðåäíåì ïîÿñå ãîð ñ

ôîðìàöèÿìè åëîâî-ïèõòîâûõ, äóáîâûõ, êëåíîâîèëüìîâûõ, ëèïîâûõ, êàìåííîáåðåçîâûõ, â ðàâíèííî-äîëèííûõ êîìïëåêñàõ  èëüìîâî-ÿñåíåâûõ è äóáîâûõ ëåñîâ, ôîðìèðóþò ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà èñêëþ-

÷èòåëüíî ñëîæíûå è îáèëüíûå ïî ñîñòàâàì äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä íàñàæäåíèÿ. Â îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ ó÷àñòâóþò äî 30 è áîëåå äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä.

Èìåííî ìíîãîïîðîäíîñòü, ìíîãîêîìïîíåíòíîñòü,

ôðàãìåíòàðíîñòü, ìîçàè÷íîñòü íàñàæäåíèé ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãëàâíîé îòëè÷èòåëüíîé ÷åðòîé ÊØË.

Âòîðîé îáùåé îòëè÷èòåëüíîé ÷åðòîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñîáàÿ ðîëü â ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ êåäðà, êîòîðûé,

íåñìîòðÿ äàæå íà íåáîëüøóþ äîëþ ó÷àñòèÿ, êàê

àáñîëþòíûé äîëãîæèòåëü, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòåðæíåì ýêîñèñòåì, íàõîäÿñü â îñíîâå ïèðàìèäû òðîôè÷åñêèõ

ñâÿçåé, îáëàäàÿ âûñîêîé êîíñîðòèâíîñòüþ è áèîòè÷åñêèìè ñïîñîáíîñòÿìè.

Ñóùåñòâåííûå îòëè÷èÿ îò äðóãèõ ôîðìàöèé èìååò

è ñóêöåññèîííàÿ äèíàìèêà ÊØË. Ïðåæäå âñåãî, ýòî

ñâÿçàíî ñ õàðàêòåðîì ðàññåëåíèÿ è âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ

ÿðóñà êåäðà, êîòîðûå ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ çàâèñÿò îò

äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè è àêòèâíîñòè çîîàãåíòîâ (ñ

ïîäàâëÿþùåé ðîëüþ êåäðîâêè), ñïåöèàëèçèðóþùèõñÿ íà êåäðîâîì îðåõå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàññåëåíèå êåäðà íîñèò ðàññåÿííûé õàðàêòåð, ïðÿìî íå

çàâèñèò îò ýêîòîïè÷åñêîãî è áèîòè÷åñêîãî îòáîðà,

è îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ïîâåäåíèåì è ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿìè

öåíîïîïóëÿöèé ãðûçóíîâ è êåäðîâêè. Ïîñëåäíèå

àêòèâíåå ðàññåèâàþò êåäð íà ãàðÿõ è ïîä ïîëîãîì

ïðîñòûõ ïèîíåðíûõ íàñàæäåíèé îñèíîâî-áåðåçîâûõ, æåëòîáåðåçîâûõ, ëèñòâåííè÷íûõ è ò.ä. Íå÷-

òî ïîäîáíîå ïðîèñõîäèò è â ìàòåðèíñêèõ äðåâîñòîÿõ, â ïàðöåëëÿðíîì ìàñøòàáå. Íàêîïëåíèå

êåäðà ïðîèñõîäèò ïîä ïîëîãîì ïîðîä íÿíåê, è â

öåëîì, â ìíîãîëåòíåé äèíàìèêå èìååò ìåñòî ïîñòîÿííàÿ ñìåíà ìåñò êîíöåíòðàöèè êåäðà è åãî äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ â ãëàâíîì ïîëîãå. Ýòî äàëî îñíîâàíèå

Èâàøêåâè÷ó è âñëåä çà íèì è Êîëåñíèêîâó, âûäåëèòü â íèõ îñîáûé òèï âîçðàñòíûõ ñóêöåññèé  öèêëè÷íî-ôðàãìåíòàðíîãî, ñ õàðàêòåðíûì ïåðèîäîì

äëÿ óñëîâíûõ öèêëîâ äèíàìèêè 40-80 ëåò. Ê.Ï.

Ñîëîâüåâ íå ñêëîíåí áûë ê âûäåëåíèþ öèêëîâ è

ðàññìàòðèâàë ýòó îñîáåííîñòü ÊØË, êàê ðåçóëüòàò

ïëîäîñìåíû. Ïîñëåäóþùèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, â ò.÷. è

ñîâðåìåííûå, íå âíåñëè ñóùåñòâåííî íîâîãî â ýòè

ïîçèöèè. Íåò îäíîçíà÷íûõ îáúÿñíåíèé, ïî÷åìó

êåäð íå îáðàçóåò ÷èñòûõ äðåâîñòîåâ, êàêèå ëåñîîáðàçóþùèå ôàêòîðû îïðåäåëÿþò åãî ïåðìàíåíòíîå ïðèñóòñòâèå â çîíàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ

øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Î÷åâèäíî ëèøü, ÷òî ïðèñóòñòâèå êåäðà  ýòî ðåçóëüòàò íàïðàâëåííîé çàáîòû çîîàãåíòîâ, êàê ñëåäñòâèå ñâÿçåé áèîòè÷åñêèõ

êîìïîíåíòîâ, çàâèñÿùèõ îò êîðìîâîé ïîðîäû,

ñôîðìèðîâàâøåéñÿ â ïðîöåññå ýâîëþöèè.

Â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå ýíäîãåííàÿ äèíàìèêà ÊØË, â

çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñî÷åòàíèÿ ÿðóñà êåäðà ñ êîìïîíåíòàìè äðóãèõ ôîðìàöèé, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò î÷åíü

ñëîæíîå ÿâëåíèå è íå ìîæåò áûòü îäíîçíà÷íî

ôîðìàëèçîâàíî.

Îñîáåííîñòè ãåíåçèñà è äèíàìèêè äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà â ñîñòàâå ÊØË îïðåäåëÿþò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíóþ

ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîñòü åãî ÿðóñà è ïëàâíóþ âåðòèêàëüíóþ ñòðóêòóðó. Ñòðîåíèå äðåâîñòîåâ è õîä èõ ðîñòà,

êàê ýëåìåíòà ÊØ íàñàæäåíèé, ñóùåñòâåííî íå âïèñûâàþòñÿ â êëàññè÷åñêèå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î íîðìàëüíîì ëåñå.

Ðàññìîòðèì äðóãèå îòëè÷èÿ ýòîé ôîðìàöèè îò äðóãèõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè è åå

ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ àíàëîãîâ ïî êîíêðåòíûì áëîêàì

ïîêàçàòåëåé.

1. Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå.

ÊØË â öåëîì ïî àðåàëó íàñ÷èòûâàåò áîëåå 32

âèäîâ äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä â äðåâåñíîì ÿðóñå, îêîëî

100 âèäîâ êóñòàðíèêîâ â ïîäëåñêå, 700 âèäîâ

âûñøèõ ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé â òðàâÿíî-êóñòàðíè÷êîâîì ïîêðîâå. Èç íèõ îêîëî 15% ïðåäñòàâëåíî

ýíäåìèêàìè. Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ êàðòèíà â ôàóíèñòè-

÷åñêîì ñîñòàâå, âèäû êîòîðûõ ñòàöèîíàëüíî è òðîôè÷åñêè ñâÿçàíû ñ ýêîñèñòåìàìè ÊØË.

Åñëè ñóäèòü î áèîðàçíîîáðàçèè òîëüêî ïî ôëîðèñòè÷åñêèì è ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèì ñïèñêàì è óðîâíþ

ýíäåìèçìà, òî ÊØË íå èìåþò ñåáå ðàâíûõ íå òîëüêî íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè, íî è â óìåðåííûõ øèðîòàõ

âñåé ïîëèàðêòèêè. Íå ïîäëåæèò ñîìíåíèþ, ÷òî îíè

 ñ ïîçèöèè âêëàäà â ãåíîôîíä ïëàíåòû  çàíèìàþò

îäíî èç âåäóùèõ ìåñò ñðåäè ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé Ðîññèè è ìèðà, îñîáåííî åñëè ó÷åñòü äîëþ ìèðîâûõ

ðàðèòåòîâ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðîâ, òàêèõ,

êàê òèãð, ëåîïàðä, ãèìàëàéñêèé ìåäâåäü, æåíüøåíü

è ò.ä.
-35 -

niferous components from the genus of nut-bearing

pine, fir and Thuja sp., which defines the mosaic and

complex nature of the given formation, a substantial

fragmentary character of territories, and abundance

of forest aggregations by B.Ivashkevich.

There is diversity of contacts with other forest types. In

the north part of the range, contacts are with larchspruce forests; within the whole area, in the lower and

middle mountain belts throughout the range, with formations of spruce-fir, oak, maple-elm, alder and stonebirch forests; and in the plain-valley complexes, with

formations of elm-ash and oak forests. All are subject

to inclusion of Korean pine. The results are exceptionally complex stands featuring compositions with an

abundance of woody species. In some cases, stand

composition includes up to 30 or more woody species.

It is this abundance of species, multiple components,

fragmentary and mosaic nature of the stands including Korean pine trees, which is distinctively characteristic of a KBF.

The second distinctive feature implies the role of Korean pine in these forest ecosystems. Despite a minor

share of participation in terms of numbers of trees, longlived Korean pine is the essence of ecosystems located in the foundation of the trophic relationship pyramid and characterized by a high degree of consortium

and by biotic capabilities.

The successive dynamics of a KBF are also different

from other forest types. First is the distribution and regeneration of Korean pine, which are almost completely

dependent on the number and activity of zoological

agents (predominately the crossbill) that forage on

Korean pine nuts. As a result, the distribution of the

Korean pine is irregular and features no dependence

on both the ecotypic and biotic selection, but is determined by behavior and preferences of communities of

rodents and crossbills. The latter are more active in

sowing Korean pine seeds at burnt areas and under a

canopy of simple pioneer stands of aspen-birch, yellow-birch, larch, and other trees. A similar phenomenon is observed in the mother stands, as well as in

understory patches. Accumulation of the Korean pine

takes place under a canopy of the nurse species,

and the multi-year dynamics as a whole involves a

continuous change of the Korean pine concentration

localities, and of its predominance in the main canopy.

It is on these grounds that Ivashkevich and then

Kolesnikov had singled out a particular type of age

successions, a cyclic-fragmentary one, with a characteristic period of 40 to 80 years for conventional cycles.

K.P. Solovyov was not inclined to separate cycles and

considered this specific feature of the KBF as a result

of rotation cropping. The subsequent studies, including the contemporary ones, had not introduced anything new into these doctrines. No unique explanation

is available as to why the Korean pine does not form

pure stands, or what forest-forming factors define its

permanent occurrence in zonal communities of broadleaved forests. It is only evident, that the presence of

the Korean pine is a result of continuous activity of

zoological agents, and is the result of the relationship

between the biotic components dependent on the forage species that formed in the process of evolution.

In any case, the endogenic KBF dynamics, depending

on a combination of the Korean pine story and the components of other formations, is a very complex phenomenon and cannot be defined easily.

The specific features of Korean pine stand genesis and

dynamics within a KBF define an exceptional variety

of ages in its canopy, as well as a smooth vertical structure. The structure of stands and evolution of their

growth as elements of KBF stands are substantially

beyond the classic notion of a normal forest.

We shall consider other differences between this formation and other forest formations in the territory of

Russia and of its geographic analogs, using categories of indices.

1. Biodiversity

Within the area, KBFs comprise more than 32 species

of trees in the tree canopy, about 100 shrub species in

the undergrowth, and 700 species of higher vascular

plants in the herbaceous-shrubby soil-covering. Of

these, 15 percent are endemics. A similar representation is observed in the faunistic composition of species that are spatially and trophically associated with

the KBF ecosystems.

When considering the biodiversity by taking into account the floristic and faunistic indices and the level of

endemism only, the KBFs have no analogs in the territory of Russia, as well as at middle latitudes of the

whole Poly-Arctic region. There is no doubt that, considering their contribution to the planets genetic pool,

these forests take up one of the leading positions

among both the Russian and world forest formations,

particularly so, if one takes into account a share of

such world rarities in the vegetation and animal kingdoms, such as tiger, leopard, Himalayan bear, ginseng,

etc.

2. Bioproductivity and resources

The evaluation of the KBF productivity relative to other

original or ecologically modified formations, as a representation of the bioclimatic potential of forest-growing conditions, does not demonstrate their true value,

because it can testify only to alterations (losses) in production of a forest area in case of species changes. In

particular, when the post-fire or post-logging Korean

pine forests are replaced with the aspen-birch or yel-
-36 -

2. Áèîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü è ðåñóðñû.

Îöåíêà ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ÊØË â ñðàâíåíèè ñ äðóãèìè

êîðåííûìè èëè ýêîëîãè÷åñêè ìîäèôèöèðîâàííûìè

ôîðìàöèÿìè, êàê îòðàæåíèå áèîêëèìàòè÷åñêîãî

ïîòåíöèàëà ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé, íå îòðàæàåò èõ èñòèííîé öåííîñòè, òàê êàê ìîæåò ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàòü ëèøü îá èçìåíåíèÿõ (ïîòåðÿõ) â ïðîäóöèðîâàíèè ëåñíîé ïëîùàäè ïðè ñìåíàõ ïîðîä. Â

÷àñòíîñòè, ïðè ïîñëåïîæàðíûõ èëè ïîñëåðóáî÷íûõ

ñìåíàõ êåäðîâíèêîâ íà îñèíîâî-áåðåçîâûå èëè

æåëòîáåðåçîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ, ïðîèñõîäèò ñíèæåíèå ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ïëîùàäè ïî ôèòîìàññå â 1,5

ðàçà, ïî çàïàñàì äðåâåñèíû â 2-4 ðàçà.

Àáñîëþòíûå çàïàñû äðåâåñèíû êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé äîñòèãàþò 500 è áîëåå êóá.ì.

Áîëåå âàæíûì ïîêàçàòåëåì äëÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àññîðòèìåíò ðåñóðñîâ, è ïðåæäå âñåãî íàëè÷èå

ðàðèòåòíûõ âèäîâ. Ê íèì ìîãóò áûòü îòíåñåíà äðåâåñèíà òàêèõ ïîðîä, êàê ñàì êåäð, ÿñåíü ìàíü÷æóðñêèé, îðåõ ìàíü÷æóðñêèé, áàðõàò àìóðñêèé, òèññ

ÿãîäíûé, ëèïà àìóðñêàÿ, èëüìû è ðÿä äðóãèõ; ëåêàðñòâåííî-òåõíè÷åñêîå ñûðüå òàêèõ ðàñòåíèé, êàê

æåíüøåíü, àðàëèÿ, ýëåóòåðîêîêê, ëèìîííèê, çàìàíèõà, òèññ è äð., à òàêæå ìíîãèå æèâîòíûå âèäû.

Ñðåäè ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ åñòü àáñîëþòíî óíèêàëüíûå

âèäû ðåñóðñîâ, èñòî÷íèêîì êîòîðûõ ìîãóò áûòü

òîëüêî ÊØË ÄÂ. Èñêóññòâåííûé ñèíòåç ìíîãèõ âèäîâ ïðîäóêöèè, ïîëó÷àåìîé èç ÊØË, êàê è èñêóññòâåííîå ðàçâåäåíèå íåêîòîðûõ öåííûõ âèäîâ ðàñòåíèé, ìàëîýôôåêòèâíû èëè íåâîçìîæíû âîîáùå.

Âñå ýòî âûäâèãàåò, êàê ñëåäóåò èç òàáëèöû, ÊØË

íà ïåðâîå ìåñòî ïî ðàíãó ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé

çíà÷èìîñòè è ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ îñîáåííîñòåé è

îïðåäåëÿåò öåëûé ðÿä íàöèîíàëüíûõ è ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ òðåáîâàíèé ê îõðàíå è èñïîëüçîâàíèþ

èõ ðåñóðñîâ.

1. Ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ î÷åâèäíûì, ÷òî ÊØË íóæäàþòñÿ

â îñîáîì êàòåãîðèéíîì ñòàòóñå, îïðåäåëÿþùåì

ìåðó íàöèîíàëüíîé îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà ñîõðàííîñòü ýòèõ ëåñîâ ïåðåä ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ñîîáùåñòâîì.

Èñõîäÿ èç ýòîãî, ñëåäóåò ïðèçíàòü Ïîñòàíîâëåíèå

Âåðõîâíîãî Ñîâåòà ÑÑÑÐ îò 1991 ã. Î êåäðå âïîëíå îáîñíîâàííûì. Îäíàêî, ñëåäóåò ëè âîîáùå

èñêëþ÷àòü ãëàâíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå â êåäðîâíèêàõ, êàê

ìåðó õîçÿéñòâåííîãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ? Ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ, ÷òî äàæå ñàìûé âûñîêèé óðîâåíü îõðàííîãî

ñòàòóñà è ðåãëàìåíòàöèè, êîòîðîãî çàñëóæèâàþò

ÊØË, íå äîëæåí èñêëþ÷àòü ïîëüçîâàíèå äðåâåñíûìè ðåñóðñàìè.

Àáñîëþòíûé çàïðåò íà ðóáêó êåäðà ïðèâåäåò íå

òîëüêî ê ïðÿìûì óáûòêàì çà ñ÷åò ïîòåðü äðåâåñèíû, ïîòåðü ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííîãî ðûíêà, êîòîðûå

ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ïîòåíöèàëüíîìó ðàçìåðó ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ìîãóò ñîñòàâëÿòü äåñÿòêè ìëí.àìåð.äîëë.

åæåãîäíî), íî è âûçâàòü íåãàòèâíûå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå

ïðîöåññû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ íàêîïëåíèåì ìîðòìàññû,

îñîáåííî íà ó÷àñòêàõ ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ

ê ïîòåíöèàëüíûì êåäðîâíèêàì, èëè èìåþùèõ íåáëàãîïîëó÷íîå ñàíèòàðíîå ñîñòîÿíèå.

2. Êåäð êîðåéñêèé, êàê âèä, íå ìîæåò ïðåòåíäîâàòü

íà îñîáóþ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîñòü. Ïî ñâîèì áèîýêîëîãè÷åñêèì ñâîéñòâàì è ðåñóðñíûì âîçìîæíîñòÿì,

çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì óíèêàëüíîé îðåõîïëîäíîñòè, îí íå

âûäåëÿåòñÿ èç ðÿäà ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ öåííûõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé. Åìó íå óãðîæàåò èñ÷åçíîâåíèå,

íåñìîòðÿ íà íåêîòîðóþ ýâîëþöèîííóþ äðÿõëîñòü.

Îí ìîæåò èíòåíñèâíî âîññòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ â èñêóññòâåííûõ ïëàíòàöèÿõ, ñ âûñîêèìè òåìïàìè âûðàùèâàíèÿ äðåâåñèíû, â òîì ÷èñëå çà ïðåäåëàìè

åñòåñòâåííîãî àðåàëà â äðóãèõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ðàéîíàõ. Çíà÷èòåëüíî ñëîæíåå ñ ïðèðîäíûìè ýêîñèñòåìàìè ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà â ñîñòàâå ÊØË, êîòîðûå èñêóññòâåííî â ïåðâîçäàííîì, äàííîì îò áîãà

âèäå, íå âîññîçäàþòñÿ, íî î÷åíü áûñòðî ðàçðóøàþòñÿ, äåãðàäèðóþò â áîëåå ïðîñòûå è ìåíåå

ïðîäóêòèâíûå ñîîáùåñòâà, ñ ïîòåðåé êåäðà.

Èìåííî, ýêîñèñòåìû ñ âûðàæåííîé ýäèôèêàòîðíîé

ðîëüþ êåäðà è âûñîêîé ñòåïåíüþ çàðåãóëèðîâàííîñòè (ñàìîîðãàíèçàöèè) äîëæíû áûòü îñíîâíûìè îáúåêòàìè îõðàíû è ùàäÿùåãî àäàïòèâíîãî

ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

3. Ñ ó÷åòîì ðåàêöèè ýêîñèñòåì êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íà

ýêçîãåííîå âîçäåéñòâèå è èõ âûñîêóþ áèîòîïîîõðàííóþ ðîëü, âñÿ ñèñòåìà çàùèòíî-ýêñïëóàòàöèîííîé êàòåãîðèéíîñòè è îãðàíè÷åíèé êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ äîëæíà ñî÷åòàòü â ñåáå êàê ìåðû òåððèòîðèàëüíîãî ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ïî òèïó åñòåñòâåííûõ

ðåôóãèóìîâ, òàê è ðåæèìîâ ïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

4. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ÊØË ëåñà, â ñèëó ñâîåé íåñòàíäàðòíîñòè íóæäàþòñÿ â îñîáîì êëàññå ðóáîê,

ñî÷åòàþùåì ýëåìåíòû ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî è ãëàâíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ è èìåþùåì ñâîåé öåëüþ âîññòàíîâëåíèå èëè ïîääåðæàíèå ïîçèöèè êåäðà â äðåâîñòîÿõ. Òàêèå ðóáêè äîëæíû ñòàòü îñíîâíûì èíñòðóìåíòîì è âèäîì äðåâåñíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â ñèñòåìå

ìíîãîöåëåâîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ÊØË â äðåâîñòîÿõ ñ

âûðàæåííûì ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà.

Ïîëíîå èñêëþ÷åíèå äàæå èíòåíñèâíîãî, ãëàâíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ÊØË ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ íåöåëåñîîáðàçíûì, íî îíî äîëæíî áûòü ñòðîãî îáúåêòíûì,

â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíêðåòíîãî åñòåñòâåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ó÷àñòêà ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, èëè íà îáúåêòàõ ïëàíòàöèîííîãî âûðàùèâàíèÿ êåäðà, ñ ðàñ÷åòíûì îáîðîòîì õîçÿéñòâà. Ïðè ýòîì íåîáõîäèìî ëèøü

ðàçðàáîòàòü íîðìàòèâû è êðèòåðèè îöåíêè êåäðîâíèêîâ ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ è ïîëîæåíèþ â ýêîñèñòåìå.
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low-birch stands, the area productivity relative to

phytomass is reduced by 1.5 times, timber stock being reduced by 2 to 4 times.

The absolute timber reserves in Korean pine stands

can be as high as 500 m3 and more.

The variety of resources is a more essential index for

Korean pine forests, and first of all the presence of

rare species that can include such trees as the Korean pine proper, Manchurian ash, Manchurian nut,

Amur corktree, English yew, Amur alder, elm trees,

and some other species, as well as drug and technical

plants, such as Ginseng, Aralia, Eleutherococcus,

Shizandra chinensis, zamanikha berries, yew, etc., and

numerous animal species. Among the above-mentioned, there exist some absolutely unique kinds of

resources that can originate in the Far East KBFs only.

Artificial synthesis of many kinds of products available

from the KBFs, as well as artificial breeding of some

valuable plant species are either ineffective or absolutely impossible. These facts, as can be seen from

Table, rank the KBFs high in their social and economic

importance and forestry characteristics, and define a

certain number of national and international requirements to protection and utilization of their resources.

1. It seems to be evident that the KBFs require a special category status defining a measure of national accountability for protection of these forests before the

international community.

Proceeding from the aforesaid, one should recognize

the Decree by the USSR Supreme Council of 1991

On the Korean Pine as a well-grounded one. However, should the major utilization in Korean pine forests be excluded as a measure of economic regulation? It seems that even at the highest level of protection status and regulation the KBFs should not be excluded from utilization as a commercial timber resource.

An absolute ban of Korean pine logging can cause not

only direct disadvantages of timber losses and the loss

of a specialized market (which would amount to millions of U.S. dollars annually based on potential utilization) but also produce negative ecological processes

associated with accumulation of dead wood, especially

in the areas of State forest lands comprising potential

Korean pine forests, or featuring unfavorable sanitary

conditions.

2. Korean pine, as a species, cannot be assumed to

be specifically exceptional. By its bioecological properties and resource potentials, except for a unique nutbearing capacity, it does not stand out against many

other valuable forest-forming species. It is not threatened with extinction, despite some evolutionary decline. It can be effectively restored in artificial planting

in areas with a high rate of timber growth, even beyond the boundaries of its natural area in other geographic regions. The problem is more complicated

when dealing with natural ecosystems dominated by

the Korean pine within the KBFs, which cannot be restored to their original primordial conditions, but can

be subject to quick destruction and degradation into

simpler and less productive communities, with a loss

of Korean pine.

It means that the ecosystems with a distinctive indicator role of the Korean pine and with a high degree of

regulation (self-organization) should be considered as

the major objects of protection and thrifty adaptive forest management.

3. Considering a direct response of Korean pine forest

ecosystems to external activity and their significant role

in environmental protection, the whole system of protection-and-utilization classification and limitations of

Korean pine forests should combine the procedures

of territorial planning as to the type of natural refuges

and utilization management.

4. It is evident that the KBFs, because of their nonstandard character, require a special felling classification that combines the elements of intermediary and

major utilization and is aimed at either restoration or

support of the Korean pines position in the stands.

Such felling procedures should become a major tool

and a kind of forestry management in the system of

multipurpose utilization in the KBFs with a distinctive

share of Korean pine.

A complete ban of intensive and major utilization in

the KBFs seems to be inexpedient; however, such use

should be strictly objective, and depend on specific

natural conditions of a forest fund area or proceed in

the Korean pine breeding plantations based on economic management. It is required only to develop the

norms and criteria for evaluation of Korean pine forests taking into account their condition and position in

an ecosystem.

5. The restoration strategy for Korean pine forests

should include two predominant objectives: regeneration and rehabilitation. The first one should include

mainly the procedures for natural reforestation of the

Korean pine and support for its presence in natural

ecosystems, and only partially for establishment of the

purpose-oriented Korean pine plantations. The second objective should assume mainly the reconstructive cultures in the secondary, low-value stands with

provisions for establishment of complex multicomponent ecosystems and of a network of the Korean pine

seed biogroups that would function as seeding areas

in the zones of potential Korean pine forests.
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5. Â âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ñòðàòåãèè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

äîëæíû ïðåîáëàäàòü äâà íàïðàâëåíèÿ: âîñïðîèçâîäñòâåííîå è ðåàáèëèòàöèîííîå. Ïåðâîå äîëæíî âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìåðû ñîäåéñòâèÿ åñòåñòâåííîìó âîçîáíîâëåíèþ êåäðà è ïîääåðæàíèþ åãî ïðèñóòñòâèÿ â ïðèðîäíûõ ýêîñèñòåìàõ, è ëèøü ÷àñòè÷íî ñîçäàíèå èñêóññòâåííûõ

öåëåâûõ ïëàíòàöèé êåäðà. Âòîðîå  ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûå êóëüòóðû â ïðîèçâîäíûõ

ìàëîöåííûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñ ìåðàìè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ

ñëîæíûõ ìíîãîêîìïîíåíòíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, è ñîçäàíèå ñåòè ñåìåííûõ áèîãðóïï êåäðà, âûïîëíÿþùèõ

ôóíêöèè ñåìåííûõ, â çîíàõ ïîòåíöèëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ.

6. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ïðèðîäå ÊØË è öåëÿì àäàïòèâíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ìíîãîöåëåâîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå, îñíîâàííîå íà ðàéîíèðîâàíèè ïî òèïàì

êîìïëåêñíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûõ

ïî ïðèîðèòåòíûì öåëÿì.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ îáúåêòèâíûå ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ ìåæäó âèäàìè ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, âîçíèêàåò çàäà÷à îïðåäåëåíèÿ

ïîêîìïîíåíòíûõ è èíòåãðèðîâàííûõ êâîò ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåñóðñàìè ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ðàçëè÷íûì óðîâíÿì ïðèðîäíî-òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ. Ìèíèìàëüíûì òàêñîíîì äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé â ãîðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ öåëåñîîáðàçíî ïðèíÿòü ýëåìåíòàðíûé áàññåéí, êàê ýëåìåíòàðíóþ òîïîãåîñèñòåìó, ÷òî òðåáóåò ïåðåñìîòðà íûíå ñóùåñòâóþùåé ñèñòåìû ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà.

Ñàìè ìåòîäû ðàñ÷åòà ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äîëæíû ó÷èòûâàòü íå òîëüêî è íå ñòîëüêî ñïåëîñòíóþ ñòðóêòóðó

äðåâîñòîåâ, ñêîëüêî âåñ âîçäåéñòâèÿ êàæäîãî âèäà

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà äèíàìèêó ýêîñèñòåìû â öåëîì è

òîïîëîãèþ áèîãåîïîòîêîâ â ñèñòåìå âîäîñáîðíîãî

áàññåéíà.

7. Â öåëîì íàöèîíàëüíàÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü çà ÊØË

äîëæíà çàêëþ÷àòüñÿ â ðåâèçèè è ïåðåñìîòðå êîíöåïöèè îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà è íîðìàòèâíî-ïðàâîâîãî áàçèñà è ðàçðàáîòêå íîâûõ ìåòîäîâ èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ðåñóðñîâ, ðàñ÷åòà îïòèìàëüíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, òåõíîëîãèé ãëàâíîãî è ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ, îõðàíû

îò ïîæàðîâ è äð., áîëåå àäàïòèðîâàííûõ ê ñïåöèôèêå ÊØË è ñïîñîáíûõ â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå îáåñïå-

÷èòü óñòîé÷èâîå ðàçâèòèå äàííîãî óíèêàëüíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî êîìïëåêñà.

Â ñèñòåìå ëåñîâ ìèðà, â ñâÿçè ñ âîçðàñòàþùèìè

ýêîëîãè÷åñêèìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè è çàäà÷àìè ñåðòèôèêàöèè ëåñíîé ïðîäóêöèè, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ öåëåñîîáðàçíûì ââåñòè ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ñòàòóñ îñîáî

öåííîé ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè ìèðà, êîòîðîìó ìîãóò

ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå ÊØË ôîðìàöèè äðóãèõ îñîáî öåííûõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ïëàíåòû.
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6. It is evident that the nature of KBF and the prospects of an adaptive economy should comply with

multiple use forest management based on zoning by

the types of complex utilization differentiated in accordance with the priority goals.

Considering the apparent discrepancies among utilization types, one faces a problem of defining the bycomponent and integrated quotas for utilization of resources relative to various levels of natural territorial

complexes. A minimum taxonomic unit for these purposes in mountain conditions should be an elementary basin, as an elementary topogeosystem which

would require review of the existing forest inventory

system.

The utilization estimation methods proper should take

into account not only and not so much the maturity

structure of stands, but the effect of each utilization

type on the ecosystem dynamics as a whole, and on

topology of watersheds in the water drainage system.

7. The national accountability for the KBF as a whole

should imply revisions and reviews of the forestry arrangement concept and of the standard and legislative basis, as well as elaboration of new inventory methods for registration of resources, estimation of optimum utilization, major and intermediate utilization technologies, reforestation, protection from forest-fires, etc.,

which should be more adaptive to the KBF specific

features and which would finally provide for sustainable development of this unique natural complex.

In the world forest system, due to increased ecological demands and goals of forest product certification,

it would seem consistent to introduce an international

status for especially valuable forest formations throughout the world. This would incorporate similar forest formations of other important forest species in various

areas of the planet.
-40 -

Íàèìåíîâàíèå ïîêàçàòåëåé

Åäèíèöû

èçìåðåíèÿ

Àáñîëþòíûå

Îòíîñèòåëüíî â áàëëàõ

âåëè÷èíû

äëÿ ÊØË

ÊØË Ñîñ

íîâàÿ

ÅëîâîïèõòîâàÿËèñòâåííè÷íàÿÊàìåííîáåðåçîâàÿÄóáîâàÿÌÿãêîëèñòâåí.

1. Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå

1.1. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ

äåðåâüåâ, â ò.÷.

ýíäåìèêîâ

âèäîâ

“

30

19

6

6

1

1

5

1

3

2

1

4

4

5

2

3

1.2. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ

êóñòàðíèêîâ, â ò.÷.

ýíäåìèêîâ

“

“

100

60

1.3. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ âûñøèõ

ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé

íàïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà, â

ò.÷. ýíäåìèêîâ

“

“

350

105

61 2 3 5 6 4

1.4. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ

ýíäåìèêîâ æèâîòíîãî

ìèðà:

– ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ

– ïòèö

“

“

“

8

24

6

6

2

1

4

3

3

2

1

4

5

5

2

3

1.5. Êîëè÷åñòâî ðàðèòåòîâ

ìèðîâîãî êëàññà :

- æèâîòíîãî ìèðà

- ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ìèðà

“

“

4

4

6

6

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

2. Ãàáèòóñ ãëàâíîãî

ëåñîîáðàçîâàíèÿ

2.1. Äèàìåòð â/ã

 (ìîäàëüíûé/ìàêñ.)

cì 40/105 6/5 2/2 4/4 5/6 3/3 3/3 1/1

2.2. Âûñîòà

(ìîäàëüíûé/ìàêñ.)

ì 24/45 6/6 3/4 4/5 5/5 1/3 3/3 2/2

3. Áèîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü

3.1. Çàïàñ ôèòîìàññû

(ìîäàëüíûé/ìàêñ.)

ò/ãà 800/1200 6/6 3/4 5/6 4/5 3/3 2/3 1/2

4. Ñûðüåâûå ðåñóðñû

(ìîäàëüíûé/ìàêñ.)

4.1. Êîëè÷åñòâî ðàðèòåòíûõ

âèäîâ ðåñóðñîâ

âèäîâ 16 6 4 5 4 1 3 2

4.2. Êîëè÷åñòâî óíèêàëüíûõ

âèäîâ ðåñóðñîâ “ 5 63 5 4 2 3 1

4.3. Çàïàñ äðåâåñèíû

(ìîäàëüíûélìàêñ.)

ì3/ãa 300/600 5/6 3/3 6/6 4/4 1/1 2/2 2/1

4.4. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîðîä ñ îñîáî

öåííîé äðåâåñèíîé âèäîâ 9 62 4 3 2 5 1

4.5. Êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ

ëåêàðñòâåííûõ è

òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðàñòåíèé,

èìåþùèõ ïðîìûøëåííûå

êîíöåíòðàöèè

âèäîâ 18 6 2 1 2 4 5 3

4.6. Îðåõîïëîäíîñòü

(ìîäàëüíûé/ìàêñ.)

kã/ãa 150/500 6 0 0 0 1 0 0

5. Çàïàñ óãëåðîäà ïî

ñîïîñòàâèìîìó àðåàëó ìëí.ò 195 6 3 5 4 2 2 1

Ñóììà áàëëîâ 124 45 73 68 53 67 34

Ðàíã ôîðìàöèè 16 2 3 5 4 7

Òàáëèöà 1. Ðàíæèðîâàíèå îòíîñèòåëüíîé îöåíêè ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé Ñèáèðè è Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (â

äèàïàçîíå êîðåííûõ òèïîâ ëåñà, ïðåäñòàâëåííûõ â ôîðìàöèè).
-41 -

Description of indices

Unit of Absolute

In relative points

measure values

for KBF

KBF Pine Spruce

- fir

Larch StonebirchOak Softleaved

1. Biodiversity

1.1. Number of tree species,

including endemics

Species

“

30

19

6

6

1

1

5

1

3

2

1

4

4

5

2

3

1.2. Number of bush species,

including endemics

“

“

100

60

1.3. Number of higher vascular

plant species in surface

cover, including endemics

“

“

350

105

61 2 3 5 6 4

1.4. Number of animal kingdom

endemics:

– mammals

– birds

“

“

“

8

24

6

6

2

1

4

3

3

2

1

4

5

5

2

3

1.5. Number of world-class

rarities:

- Animal kingdom

- vegetable kingdom

“

“

4

4

6

6

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

2. Habitus of major forest

formation

2.1. Diameter (modal/max)

cm 40/105 6/5 2/2 4/4 5/6 3/3 3/3 1/1

2.2. Height (mod/max) m 24/45 6/6 3/4 4/5 5/5 1/3 3/3 2/2

3. Bioproductivity

3.1. Phytomass reserve

(mod/max)

t/ha 800/1200 6/6 3/4 5/6 4/5 3/3 2/3 1/2

4. Raw-material resources

4.1. Number of rare resource

species

Species 16 6 4 5 4 1 3 2

4.2. Number of unique resource

species “ 5 6 3 5 4 2 3 1

4.3. Timber reserve

(modal/max)

m3/ha 300/600 5/6 3/3 6/6 4/4 1/1 2/2 2/1

4.4. Number of species with

especially valuable timber Species 9 6 2 4 3 2 5 1

4.5. Number of drug and

technical plant species of

commercial concentration Species 18 6 2 1 2 4 5 3

4.6. Nut-bearing capacity

(mod/max)

kg/ha 150/500 6 0 0 0 1 0 0

5. Carbon reserves as to a

comparable area mln ton 195 6 3 5 4 2 2 1

Sum of points 124 45 73 68 53 67 34

Formation rank 16 2 3 5 4 7

Table 1. Ranging of relative evaluations of forest formations in Siberia and the Far East (within the range of

original forest types represented in a formation).
-42 -

Äèíàìèêà ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

pîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà1

À.Ñ. Øåéíãàóç

Èíñòèòóò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, Õàáàðîâñê

ñòàâëåíèé î ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ è òèïàõ ëåñà. Ñ

ýòîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè

ÿâëÿþòñÿ òå ñëîæíûå õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå

ëåñà þæíîé ÷àñòè ÐÄÂ, ïðèìåðíî þæíåå ëèíèè

Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ãàâàíü-Ñîôèéñê (íà Àìóðå)-Àðõàðà, â

êîòîðûõ êåäð êîðåéñêèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ãëàâíûõ

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé è ìîæåò  õîòÿ áû â êàêîì-òî

èç ïåðèîäîâ  çàíèìàòü äîìèíèðóþùóþ ïîçèöèþ.

Ïðè òàêîì ïîíèìàíèè êåäðîâíèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîñòàâíîé ÷àñòüþ ÊØË, îäíèì èç èõ âðåìåííûõ ïðîÿâëåíèé. Ïîýòîìó â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíîãî ïàðàìåòðà

ñëåäóåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü äèíàìèêó ÊØË, à íå êåäðîâíèêîâ.

Íàëè÷èå êåäðà, êîòîðûé ïî óñëîâèÿì äàííîãî ýêîòîïà ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü ñâîèõ îïòèìàëüíûõ (ìàêñèìàëüíûõ) ïàðàìåòðîâ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ, âûäåëÿåò

ÊØË èç îñòàëüíûõ õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. È ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ äëèòåëüíîñòüþ æèçíè è êðóïíîñòüþ ðàçìåðîâ êåäðà. Òîëüêî åùå îäíà ïîðîäà

ÐÄÂ  ïèõòà öåëüíîëèñòíàÿ  èìååò àíàëîãè÷íûå

õàðàêòåðèñòèêè. Íà þãå ÐÄÂ åå ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå

ñâîéñòâà è ìîðôîìåòðèÿ òîæå î÷åíü áëèçêè ê êåäðó,

ïî÷òè âî âñåõ ëåñàõ ñâîåãî àðåàëà îíà ðàñòåò ñîâìåñòíî ñ êåäðîì. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ ìåíÿ îñòàåòñÿ äèñêóññèîííûì, ñëåäóåò ëè âûäåëÿòü îòäåëüíóþ

÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííóþ ôîðìàöèþ èëè

ñëåäóåò åå ñ÷èòàòü þæíîé ñóáôîðìàöèåé (ôàöèåé)

ÊØË. Íî ýòîò âîïðîñ âûõîäèò çà ðàìêè äîêëàäà.

Ñêàçàííîå âûøå ïîäâîäèò ê ïðèíÿòèþ â êà÷åñòâå

ðàáî÷åé ãèïîòåçû ñõåìû öèêëè÷íî-ñïèðàëüíîãî

ðàçâèòèÿ ÊØË Á.À.Èâàøêåâè÷à  Á.Ï.Êîëåñíèêîâà.

Áóäó÷è íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðîâåðåííîé, â òîì ÷èñëå íà

íåìàëîì íàòóðíîì ìàòåðèàëå, îíà ïîäâåðãëàñü

ñïðàâåäëèâîé êðèòèêå, íî òàê è íå áûëà îïðîâåðãíóòà, õîòÿ è íå áûëà íàñòîëüêî ïîäòâåðæäåíà, ÷òîáû ïðåâðàòèòüñÿ â ïðèçíàííóþ òåîðèþ. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî äëèòåëüíîñòü ñòàäèé íå ñîñòàâëÿåò îáÿçàòåëüíî 40 ëåò [Ñ.Í.Ìîèñååíêî, 1967; À.È.Êóäèíîâ, 1994], ÷òî íå âñå ñòàäèè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ñìåíÿþò îäíà äðóãóþ è íå îáÿçàòåëüíî öèêë ñîäåðæèò

ïîëíûé íàáîð ñòàäèé. Íî è àâòîðû ñõåìû óêàçûâàëè, ÷òî åå ðåàëüíûå ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ñóùåñòâåííî

çàâèñÿò îò êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèé ýäàôîòîïà è èñòîðèè íàñàæäåíèÿ. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ çàëîæåííàÿ â ñõåìó ãëàâíàÿ èäåÿ  ðàçâèòèå ÊØË èäåò

íå ïîñòóïàòåëüíî, êàê â ïðîñòûõ îäíîâîçðàñòíûõ

ëåñàõ, è íå íàõîäèòñÿ â íåêîåì óñòîé÷èâîì ðàâíîâåñèè (ãîìåîñòàçå), à çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â äèíàìè÷íîé

ñìåíå îòíîñèòåëüíî êðàòêîâðåìåííûõ ñîñòîÿíèé.

Äèíàìèêà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ (ÊØË)

èìååò ìíîæåñòâî ãðàíåé: ðàçìåðíûõ, ñòðóêòóðíûõ,

ìîðôîìåòðè÷åñêèõ è ò.ä. Â íàñòîÿùåì äîêëàäå

ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ëèøü ëåñîðåñóðñíûå ïàðàìåòðû

ýòîé äèíàìèêè.

Ñîêðàùåíèå ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ñòàëî òðèâèàëüíîé èñòèíîé. ß íå ñîáèðàþñü îñïàðèâàòü ýòó

ïîñûëêó, íî óòâåðæäàþ, ÷òî îíà íåîäíîçíà÷íà ïî

ñëåäóþùèì ïðè÷èíàì:

 1. Íå ïðîâîäèòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîå ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó

äâóìÿ ðàçíûìè ïîíÿòèÿìè. Ïåðâîå èç íèõ  êåäðîâûå ëåñà (êåäðîâíèêè), ò.å. ëåñà, â êîòîðûõ íà êåäð

ïðèõîäÿòñÿ ëèáî 26 è áîëåå ïðîöåíòîâ çàïàñà ñòâîëîâîé äðåâåñèíû, ëèáî (ïðè ìåíüøåé äîëå) àðèôìåòè÷åñêè íàèáîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü çàïàñà äðåâîñòîÿ.

Âòîðîå ïîíÿòèe  êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà,

â êîòîðûõ êåäð ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç îñíîâíûõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé, íî â êîòîðûõ åãî äîëÿ ìåíüøå, ÷åì

ñôîðìóëèðîâàííûå âûøå êâîòû. Â ðåçóëüòàòå íåò

è ÷åòêèõ ôîðìóëèðîâîê: î ñîêðàùåíèè ÷åãî, îáû÷-

íî, èäåò ðå÷ü.

2. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëåå ÷åì 80-ëåòíåå èçó÷åíèå ñòðîåíèÿ è ðîñòà ÊØË pîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

(ÐÄÂ), äî ñèõ ïîð íåò îáùåïðèçíàííîé ìîäåëè ýòîãî ÿâëåíèÿ, à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, àäåêâàòíîãî îïèñàíèÿ äèíàìèêè ÊØË, â òîì ÷èñëå åå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ

ïàðàìåòðîâ. Ýòî âî ìíîãîì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ âûñîêèì

óðîâíåì ñëîæíîñòè ñàìèõ ëåñîâ è åùå áîëåå ñëîæíûì ïðîÿâëåíèåì èõ æèçíåííîé ñóùíîñòè.

3. Äèíàìèêà ÊØË ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â öåëîì,

÷îõîì, áåç îáÿçàòåëüíîãî äëÿ íàäåæíîñòè âûâîäîâ ðàçäåëåíèÿ åå ïî ïðè÷èíàì è óñòàíîâëåíèÿ

âêëàäà êàæäîé èç ïðè÷èí.

Â òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ðåçóëüòàò âî ìíîãîì çàâèñèò îò:

(1) øèðîòû è òî÷íîñòè èñïîëüçóåìûõ èñõîäíûõ

ïîíÿòèé;

(2) ïðèíÿòîé ðàáî÷åé ãèïîòåçû ðàçâèòèÿ;

(3) ïðèìåíÿåìîé ìåòîäèêè àíàëèçà è ñèíòåçà.

Îñîáåííî ñèëüíî ñâÿçàíû äâå ïåðâûå ïîñûëêè.

Â ïîíèìàíèè ÊØË ÿ èñõîæó èç ðàçðàáîòàííûõ

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé ëåñîâîäñòâåííîé øêîëîé ïðåä1

 Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâåäåíî ïðè ïîääåðæêå Ðîññèéñêîãî

ãóìàíèòàðíîãî íàó÷íîãî ôîíäà, ïðîåêò 95-06-17165.
-43 -

Dynamics of Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forest Resources

of the Russian Far East1

A.S. Sheingauz

Institute of Economic Research FEB RAS, Khabarovsk

Arkhara in which Korean pine is one of the main forest

components or at least had the dominating position at

one period of time. With this understanding, Korean

pine stands are recognized as a component of KBF

successional stages. Hence, dynamics of KBF and not

of Korean pine stands should be regarded as a main

parameter.

Locations where Korean pine, according to the conditions of the given ecotope, can attain its optimum (maximum) parameters of growth and development marks

the KBF out of other coniferous-broadleaved forests.

Only one other species in the RFE the needle firhas

similar features. In the southern part of the RFE, its

growth characteristics and morphology are very close

to those of the Korean pine and it grows in mixture

with the latter in most stands within its range. Therefore, it remains disputable for me if it is proper to differentiate an individual black spruce-broadleaved formation, or it should be regarded as a southern subformation (facies) of KBF. However, this issue is not

within the framework of my report.

The above-mentioned suggests a scheme of cyclicspiral development of KBF suggested by B.A.

Ivashkevich-B.P. Kolesnikov as a working hypothesis.

It has been tested many times with support of extensive field data and has been justly criticized but has

been neither disproved nor supported as a recognized

theory. It has been ascertained that the stages of succession do necessarily last 40 years (S.N. Moiseenko,

1967; A.I. Kudinov, 1994), that not all the stages replace one another gradually, and a cycle does not necessarily include a complete set of stages. However,

the authors of the scheme showed that its real manifestations significantly depend on specific conditions

of soil type, and stand history. At the same time, the

main idea of the scheme is preservedKBF development does not occur progressively as in simple evenaged forests, and is not maintained in some stable balance (homeostasis) but goes through dynamic changes

of relatively short-term durations.

Here, the third of the above-mentioned factors comes

forwardthe method of analysis and synthesis. Interpretation of a simple phenomenon is always adequately

unambiguous. Interpretation of such complex phenomenon as KBF is to a great extent determined by what a

scientist is studying, and in what way he/she is accomplishing his/her research, what conclusions he/she

is able or willing to draw. Currently, plenty of works

Dynamics of Korean pine-broadleaved forests (KBF)

has many aspects: size, structure, etc. This report deals

with only the forest resource aspect.

The decrease of the Korean pine resource is common

knowledge. I am not going to dispute this premise;

however, I state that it can be looked at from different

angles for the following reasons:

1. Two different concepts can be considered. The first

notion is that Korean pine stands are forests in which

the Korean pine makes up either 26% or more of the

timber volume or (with lower share) has the highest

volume in the stand. The second notion is that Korean

pine-broadleaved forests are those in which the Korean pine is the dominant species, however, its share

is less than 26%. As a result, there is no clear way to

look at the definition.

2. Despite over 80 years of research in the Russian

Far East (RFE), a generally recognized growth model

of KBF has not been identified yet. Hence, there is no

adequate description of KBF dynamics, including its

quantitative parameters. A great deal is explained by

the high level of complexity of the forests themselves

and still more by the complex manifestation of their

vital essence.

3. If KBF dynamics ôêó regarded as a whole, differentiation between the reasons for the decline is necessary for determining the validity of the conclusions and

determination of the role of each reason.

Under the circumstances, the result depends a great

deal on:

(1) scope and accuracy of original terms used;

(2) adopted working hypothesis;

(3) methods of analysis and synthesis used.

The first two notions are closely tied together.

In my interpretation of the term KBF, I proceed from

the concepts of forest formations and forest types developed by the Far East forestry school. From this point

of view, the Korean pine-broadleaved forests are the

complex coniferous-broadleaved forests of the southern RFE, approximately south from a line connecting

Sovetskaya GavanSofiysk (on the Amur River)

1

 The study was supported by the Russian Humanitarian

Scientific Fund, Project 95-06-17165
-44 -

Çäåñü âûñòóïàåò âïåðåä òðåòüÿ èç íàçâàííûõ âûøå

ïîñûëîê  ìåòîäèêà àíàëèçà è ñèíòåçà. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ïðîñòîãî ÿâëåíèÿ âñåãäà äîñòàòî÷íî

îäíîçíà÷íà. Èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ òàêîãî ñëîæíîãî ÿâëåíèÿ, êàê ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå ÊØË, âî ìíîãîì çàâèñèò

îò òîãî, ÷òî è êàê èçó÷àåò èññëåäîâàòåëü, êàêèå

âûâîäû îí õî÷åò è ìîæåò ñäåëàòü. Íà ñåãîäíÿ èìååòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ðàáîò, ñäåëàííûõ ðàçíûìè ìåòîäàìè: ëåñîâîäñòâåííûìè (Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâ, Â.Ò.

×óìèí, Ã.Ê. Çîëîòóõèí, À.Ï. Êîâàëåâ), òàáëè÷íûõ

ïîñòðîåíèé (Ñ.Í. Ìîèñååíêî, È.È. Êîòëÿðîâ, Â.Í.

Êîðÿêèí), ìàññîâûõ ó÷åòîâ (Í.Ì. Ãëàçîâ, À.Ñ.

Øåéíãàóç), èçìåðèòåëüíûìè (À.È. Êóäèíîâ, Ä.Ñ.

Ìàëîêâàñîâ), ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèìè (Ã.Ý. Êóðåíöîâà)

è äð. Óòâåðæäàþ, ÷òî äàæå òå èç íèõ, êîòîðûå èñõîäèëè èç èíûõ ðàáî÷èõ ãèïîòåç, äîñòàòî÷íî óäà÷íî

èíòåðïðåòèðóþòñÿ ÷åðåç ñõåìó Èâàøêåâè÷à-Êîëåñíèêîâà â åå ñîâðåìåííîì ïðî÷òåíèè.

Êîñâåííûì ïîäòâåðæäåíèåì âîçìîæíîñòè îïîðû

íà ýòó ñõåìó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííîñòü åå ïðèìåíåíèÿ â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ (Í.Ã. Âàñèëüåâ,

Â.À. Ðîçåíáåðã, Â.Í. Äþêàðåâ, Å.Ï. Ñìîëîíîãîâ,

Â.Í. Ñåäûõ, Ý.Í. Ôàëàëååâ è äð.).

Èñõîäÿ èç ñêàçàííîãî, ÿ ðàññìàòðèâàþ âñå òàê

íàçûâàåìûå òâåðäîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, ÷àñòü ìÿãêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è ÷àñòü îñâîåííûõ õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ þãà ÐÄÂ, êàê ðàçíûå ñòàäèè

ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ÊØË. Ïðè ýòîì îäíîçíà÷íî óòâåðæäàþ, ÷òî ñîâðåìåííûå ìåòîäû ó÷åòà ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, ãðóïïèðóþùèå âñþ èíôîðìàöèþ ïî ïðåîáëàäàíèþ ïîðîä, ñîâåðøåííî íåïðèãîäíû äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíûõ ðåñóðñíûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé

ÊØË è ïîòîìó îíè ñåãîäíÿ äîñòîâåðíî íåèçâåñòíû

íè îäíîìó ÷åëîâåêó. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, è î äèíàìèêå

ðåñóðñîâ ÊØË ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî.

Îäíàêî, âñå æå ïîïðîáóåì ñôîðìèðîâàòü êàêîå-òî

ïðåäñòàâëåíèå õîòÿ áû î ïëîùàäè ÊØË. Äèíàìèêà

ðåñóðñîâ ÊØË îïèñûâàåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâîì ïîêàçàòåëåé. Íî äèíàìèêà ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíûì àñïåêòîì. Îñòàëüíûå ïàðàìåòðû

â òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíè, ëèáî íàïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíû ñ

íåé, ëèáî êîððåëèðóþò ñ íåé â âûñîêîé ñòåïåíè. Â

÷àñòíîñòè, ýòî êàñàåòñÿ åùå îäíîãî âàæíîãî àñïåêòà  çàïàñà äðåâåñèíû. Åñëè, êàê ñêàçàíî, äèíàìèêà

ïëîùàäè íåäîñòàòî÷íî ïîêàçàòåëüíà, òî äèíàìèêà

çàïàñîâ åùå ìåíåå ÷åòêî âûðàæåíà. Â òî æå âðåìÿ,

óñòîé÷èâîñòü ÊØË ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ïðåäåëàõ

äîñòàòî÷íî îïðåäåëåííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ çàïàñà äðåâåñèíû. Òàê, â ñîñòîÿíèè, òðàäèöèîííî îïðåäåëÿåìîì êàê ñïåëûå ëåñà, à âåðíåå, â ïñåâäîêëèìàêñå è ïðåäêëèìàêñå, â íàèáîëåå ìàññîâûõ òèïàõ ëåñà ïðåîáëàäàíèå êåäðà âîçìîæíî ëèøü ïðè

ñðåäíåì ïî âûäåëó çàïàñå äðåâåñèíû 280 ì3

/ãà è

áîëåå, à ñîõðàíåíèå õàðàêòåðà ÊØË - ïðè 200 ì3/

ãà è áîëåå [Øåéíãàóç, 1965]. Ïîýòîìó äèíàìèêà

ïëîùàäè ýòî íå ïðîñòî ïðÿìàÿ äèíàìèêà çàïàñà

äðåâåñèíû â ÊØË, íî òàêæå â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè

äèíàìèêà ñîñòîÿíèé.

Äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî äèíàìèêó ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ ìîæíî

îïðåäåëèòü íà îñíîâå ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè

ïîâûäåëüíûõ ëåñíûõ êàðò. Åñëè ïîäîáíûå êàðòû

èìåþò ãèïñîìåòðè÷åñêóþ îñíîâó, òî ìîæíî ñðàâíèòü ôàêòè÷åñêóþ ïëîùàäü ñ ïîòåíöèàëüíîé ïëîùàäüþ ÊØË. Òàêîé ìåòîäè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä áûë ðàçðàáîòàí è ðåàëèçîâàí íà Âåðõíåóññóðèéñêîì

ñòàöèîíàðå, ãäå óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî âûñîòíàÿ ãðàíèöà

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîé è ïèõòîâî-åëîâîé ôîðìàöèé ïðîõîäèò íà âûñîòå 710 ì í.ó.ì. [Øåéíãàóç,

1978]. Åñëè áû áûëè ñäåëàíû ïîäîáíûå ðàñ÷åòû

åùå äëÿ íåñêîëüêèõ êëþ÷åâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, òî ìîæíî

áû äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî âû÷èñëèòü ïëîùàäü òåððèòîðèè, íà êîòîðîé ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå óñëîâèÿ áëàãîïðèÿòíû äëÿ ÊØË.

Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïî÷òè çà 20 ëåò ïîäîáíûå ðàñ÷åòû

íå ïðîâåäåíû è òàêèõ êëþ÷åé íåò. Ïî íàøèì ãðóáûì

îöåíêàì, ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ïëîùàäè ïîòåíöèàëüíîãî ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ ÊØË ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 15 äî

18 ìëí. ãà. Áûëà ëè äåéñòâèòåëüíî òàêîé ïëîùàäü

ÊØË äî îñâîåíèÿ òåððèòîðèè ÐÄÂ? Îòâåò ñêîðåå

âñåãî äîëæåí áûòü îòðèöàòåëüíûì. Âî-ïåðâûõ,

ïîòîìó, ÷òî íåîñâîåííîñòü òåððèòîðèè óõîäèò â òàêóþ äàëü âåêîâ, êîòîðàÿ íå ïîçâîëÿåò ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàòü ëàíäøàôòû ñ äîñòàòî÷íîé óâåðåííîñòüþ.

Âî-âòîðûõ, ïîòîìó, ÷òî, êàê â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, òàê

è â äàëåêîì ïðîøëîì, ãðàíèöà ÊØË ñî ñìåæíûìè

ëåñíûìè è íåëåñíûìè óãîäüÿìè áûëà î÷åíü ïîäâèæíîé è ýêçîãåííûå ôàêòîðû, â ÷àñòíîñòè îãîíü,

ñïîñîáñòâîâàëè åå ñóùåñòâåííîé ôëóêòóàöèè.

Ïåðâûå áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îáîñíîâàííûå äàííûå î

âåëè÷èíå ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêîâ îïóáëèêîâàíû â

íà÷àëå 1930-õ ãîäîâ: 3,9 [Èâàøêåâè÷, 1933] è 5,9

[Âèðÿñîâ, 1933] ìëí ãà. Ðå÷ü èäåò çäåñü î ëåñàõ ñ

ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà, ïðè÷åì ïðåîáëàäàíèå îïðåäåëÿëîñü íå â ñîâðåìåííîì îôèöèàëüíîì è ñóãóáî

ôîðìàëüíîì ïîíèìàíèè, à â ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-òàêñàöèîííîì ñìûñëå ÷èñëåííîãî ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ ïîðîäû ïî çàïàñó äðåâåñèíû. Ðàçáåæêà äàííûõ ñîñòàâëÿëà +/-20% îò óñðåäíåííîé âåëè÷èíû (4,9 ìëí ãà).

Ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí äóìàþ, ÷òî âåëè÷èíà 3.9 ìëí ãà,

ïðèâåäåííàÿ Á.À.Èâàøêåâè÷åì, áëèæå ê èñòèíå,

õîòÿ âîçìîæíî, ÷òî îíà çàíèæåíà. Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü

ÊØË ïðè ýòîì ìîæåò áûòü ïðèíÿòà â ãðàíèöàõ

ãîñëåñôîíäà íà óðîâíå 8-9 ìëí ãà. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî ê

òîìó âðåìåíè áûëè ñâåäåíû ëåñà íà çíà÷èòåëüíîé

÷àñòè êðåñòüÿíñêèõ è êàçà÷üèõ íàäåëîâ, ïëîùàäü

ÊØË â íà÷àëå îñâîåíèÿ þãà ÐÄÂ (ñåðåäèíà XIX â.)

áûëà, âèäèìî, îêîëî 10 ìëí ãà, à ïëîùàäü ñ

ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà â òî âðåìÿ  îò 5 äî 7 ìëí

ãà.
-45 -

executed by various methods are available: silvicultural (K.P. Solovyov, V.T. Chumin, G.K. Zolotuchin, A.P.

Kovalyov), yield table compilations (S.N. Moiseenko,

I.I. Kotlyarov, V.N. Koryakin), mass calculations (N.M.

Glazov, A.S. Sheingauz), measuring (A.I. Kudinov, D.S.

Malokvasov), geobotanic (G.E. Kurentsov), and others. I declare that even those which originated from

other working hypotheses are adequately interpreted

by the scheme of Ivashkevich-Kolesnikov in its current

wording.

Indirect corroboration of the schemes validity is its

multiple use in similar forest types ( N.G. Vasilyev, B.A.

Rosenberg, V.N. Dyukarev, E.P. Smolonogov, V.N.

Sedykh, E.N. Falaleev, and others).

Hence, I regard all so-called hardwoods, part of softwood forest, and part of developed coniferousbroadleaved forests of the southern RFE as different

stages of KBF. I believe that current inventory methods of forest fund groupings where all the information

is determined by dominant species, are absolutely unfit for evaluation of the actual KBF resources; that is

why they are unknown to anyone for certain. It means,

we can speak of the dynamics of KBF resources only

in general terms.

However, we will try to formulate some notion, at least

of KBF area. KBF resource dynamics are described

by many indices. Forest area dynamics seem to be

the main aspect. The rest of the parameters are either

related to it directly or are highly correlated with

it.Specifically, the same holds true for yet another important aspecttimber resource. If the area dynamics

are not adequately described, the resource dynamics

are still less clearly expressed. At the same time, KBF

sustainability is preserved only within the limits of definite parameters of timber resource. Thus, in the class

which is traditionally described as mature forests and,

more exactly, in forests in pseudoclimax and preclimax

in more common forest types, the Korean pine domination is possible only if an average timber resource

amounts to 280 cubic meters per hectare or more in a

subcompartment, and preservation of KBF character

with 200 cubic meters per hectare or more (Sheingauz

1965). Hence, area dynamics do not represent direct

dynamics of the timber resource in KBF but, to a great

extent, reflect ongoing processes.

Area dynamics can be determined with sufficient accuracy by statistical processing of subcompartment forest maps. If such maps have an elevation basis, the

actual area can be compared to KBF potential area.

Such an approach was developed and implemented

in the Verkhneussurisky permanent study area, where

it was found that the altitude limit of Korean pinebroadleaved and fir-spruce types occurs at 710 m

above sea level (Sheingauz 1978). If similar calculations were made for a number of other key plots, it

would be possible to calculate with adequate accuracy the area conducive for growing KBF.

Unfortunately, such calculations have not been completed for almost 20 years, and the relevant information is not available. According to our rough estimates,

the maximum area of potential KBF ranges between

15 and 18 million ha. Was the area of KBF that extensive in reality before the RFE region development? The

answer would probably be negative. First of all, because the starting point of the regional development is

hidden deep in time, which makes landscape reconstruction, with any degree of certainty, practically impossible. Secondly, both currently and in the remote

past, the border of KBF with adjacent forest and nonforest tracts was highly mobile. Furthermore, exogenic

factors, in particular fire, contributed to the borders

significant fluidity.

More or less valid initial data on the scope of the Korean pine stands was published in the early 1930s:

3.8 (Ivashkevich, 1933) and 5.9 (Viryasov, 1933) million hectares. The forests with Korean pine domination are implied here, not in the current official and

strictly formal understanding, but in a silvicultural-inventory sense of species domination in timber resource. The data distinction made up +/- 20% from

the average magnitude (4.9 million hectares). For a

number of reasons, I believe that the value of 3.8 million hectares given by B.A. Ivashkevich is closer to real

numbers, although it is possibly understated. The entire area of KBF within the limits of the State forest

fund may be estimated at around 8-9 million hectares.

Taking into account that by that time the forests in a

significant portion of peasant and cossack lots were

logged, the KBF area at the beginning of the development of the southern RFE (middle of 19th century) was

apparently about 10 million hectares and the area with

predominance of the Korean pine at that time was

within a range of 5 to 7 million hectares.

Information on forest fund inventory in 1956, may be

considered as the first valid data supplied after complete forest inventory was conducted in the RFE. The

KBF data can be traced from that date (Table 1).

The decrease in the Korean pine stand area is evident. Some stability of the dynamics in the period from

1956 to 1966 is explained by the fact that, at the time,

stands with 3 units of Korean pine in their composition

were increasingly counted as Korean pine stands; previously, not all of them were regarded in this category.

In the period from 1956 to 1993, an average annual

rate of decrease in the area of Korean pine forests

amounted to 0.8%; in the period 1966-1993, the figure

was 1.1%. Thus, during the last 27 inventory years,

forest area with the Korean pine domination decreased

on the average by 36.4 thousand hectares. During the

same 27 years, forest area with broadleaved species
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Ïåðâûìè äîñòîâåðíûìè äàííûìè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü

ñâåäåíèÿ ó÷åòà ëåñíîãî ôîíäà 1956 ã., êîòîðûå

ïîëó÷åíû ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ñïëîøíîé èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñîâ þãà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Ñ ýòîé äàòû

ìîæíî ïðîñëåäèòü äèíàìèêó ÊØË (òàáë.1).

Î÷åâèäíà îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ äèíàìèêà ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêîâ. Íåêîòîðàÿ åå ñòàáèëüíîñòü â 1956-1966

ãã. îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî â ýòî âðåìÿ óñèëåííî ââîäèëèñü â ó÷åò â êà÷åñòâå êåäðîâíèêîâ íàñàæäåíèÿ

ñ äîëåé êåäðà â 3 åäèíèöû ñîñòàâà, íå âñå èç êîòîðûõ ðàíåå ÷èñëèëèñü â ýòîé êàòåãîðèè. Çà 1956-

1993 ãã. ñðåäíåãîäîâîé òåìï èçìåíåíèÿ ïëîùàäè

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿë  0,8 %, à çà 1966-1993

ãã.  1,1 %; tî åñòü, çà 27 ïîñëåäíèõ ó÷åòíûõ ëåò â

ñðåäíåì çà ãîä, ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì

êåäðà ñîêðàùàëàñü íà 36,4 òûñ.ãà. Çà ýòè æå 27 ëåò

ïëîùàäü ëåñîâ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä (â íåå âêëþ÷åíû âñå ëåñà ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì òâåðäîëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä, êðîìå êàìåííîé

áåðåçû, à òàêæå ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì ëèïû) óâåëè÷èâàëàñü â ñðåäíåì â ãîä íà 0,2 % èëè íà 6,7 òûñ. ãà.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü ÊØË ñîêðàùàëàñü

åæåãîäíî, ïðèìåðíî, íà 30 òûñ. ãà. Íàèáîëüøàÿ

ñêîðîñòü ñîêðàùåíèÿ áûëà â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå

(âêëþ÷àÿ ÅÀÎ)  2,5 % åæåãîäíî, â Ïðèìîðñêîì

ñðåäíåãîäîâîé òåìï ñîêðàùåíèÿ áûë â 6 ðàç ìåäëåííåå  0,4 %, à â Àìóðñêîé îáëàñòè ïëîùàäü

óâåëè÷èâàëàñü íà 0,6 % â ãîä.

Ïî ìåæó÷åòíûì ïåðèîäàì ñêîðîñòü ñîêðàùåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ íàðàñòàëà äî 1978 ã., à çàòåì ñòàëà

ïàäàòü. Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî ìàêñèìóì òåìïà óáûëè

â 1973-1978 ãã. ñâÿçàí ñ êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèìè ïîæàðàìè 1976 ãîäà. (Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêàÿ

ãîðèìîñòü 1954 ã. âðåìåííûì ðÿäîì, ñîäåðæàùèìñÿ â òàáë.1, íå îõâàòûâàåòñÿ). Â èçìåíåíèÿõ

øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ýòà òåíäåíöèÿ íå îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ.

Ïðèâåäåííûå äàííûå ïîêàçûâàþò óðîâåíü èçìåíåíèé, íî íåäîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íû, ò.ê. ó÷åò ëåñíîãî ôîíäà íå ïîçâîëÿåò âû÷ëåíèòü õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, â êîòîðûõ âðåìåííî ïðåîáëàäàþò

åëü, ïèõòà, áåëàÿ áåðåçà, îñèíà è ò.ï., à ñëåäîâàòåëüíî (ïîä÷åðêíó åùå ðàç), íå ïîçâîëÿåò ïîëó÷èòü

âñþ ïëîùàäü ÊØË è åå äèíàìèêó. Êðîìå òîãî, ó÷åò

ëåñíîãî ôîíäà íå óëàâëèâàåò âñþ ñëîæíîñòü

ðàçíîíàïðàâëåííîé âðåìåííîé äèíàìèêè â ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ ìíîãîïîðîäíûõ ëåñàõ. Òàêàÿ äèíàìèêà

â êàêîé-òî ìåðå äîñòîâåðíî âûÿâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî íà

îòíîñèòåëüíî ìåëêèõ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ óðîâíÿõ îò

ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà è ìåëü÷å.

Çäåñü ñïåöèàëüíî ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ ñëîâî

âðåìåííàÿ, ò.ê. ñóùåñòâóåò è èçó÷àåòñÿ òàêæå

ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ äèíàìèêà, è îïèñàíèå âðåìåííîé äèíàìèêè ÷åðåç àíàëèç ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé 

îáû÷íûé ïðèåì â åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóêàõ. Îäíàêî,

äîêàçàòåëüíîñòü äîñòîâåðíîñòè ýòîãî ïðèåìà âñåãäà ñïîðíàÿ. Ìîæíî ïðåäëîæèòü ñëåäóþùèé ðàíæèðîâàííûé ðÿä

âîçðàñòàíèÿ

ìåòîäè÷åñêîé äîñòîâåðíîñòè äèíàìèêè:

 ñðàâíåíèå ó÷åòîâ

ëåñíîãî ôîíäà îò

óðîâíÿ ÐÄÂ (äëÿ ÊØË

îí æå  Ôåäåðàöèè) äî

óðîâíÿ ëåñõîçà, ïîëó-

÷åííûõ â ðàçíûå ãîäû

(÷òî áûëî ñäåëàíî

âûøå);

 îäíîìîìåíòíûé

àíàëèç ìàòåðèàëîâ

èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ (ïðè

ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå è ò.ï.),

ò.å. ïåðåõîä îò ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé ê âðåìåííîé äèíàìèêå;

 îäíîìîìåíòíûé

àíàëèç ïðîáíûõ

ïëîùàäåé;

Ãîäû Ïëîùàäü, òûñ. ãà Ñðåäíåãîäîâîé òåìï

èçìåíåíèÿ,%

êåäðîâíèêè øèðîêîëèñòâ

åííûå

êåäðîâíèêè øèðîêîëèñò

âåííûå

1956 3929 -- -- --

1961 3931 4221 +0.01 --

1966 3903 4105 -0.1 -0.6

1973 3562 4445 -1.2 +1.2

1978 3279 4109 -1.6 -1.5

1983 3061 4339 -1.3 +1.1

1988 3026 4374 -0.2 +0.2

1993 2921 4280 -0.6 -0.4

Òàáëèöà 1. Äèíàìèêà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ÐÄÂ.
-47 -

predominance (including all the forests with hardwoods

dominating except for stone birch) increased on the

average by 0.2% or 6.7 thousand hectares annually.

Thus, the total area of KBF was reduced annually by

approximately 30 thousand hectares. The highest decrease rate was in Khabarovski Territory (including

Jewish Autonomous region)2.5% annually; in

Primorski Territory, the average annual rate of decrease was 6 times slower0.4%; and in the

Amurskaya Territory, the area increased annually by

9.6%.

In between inventory periods, the rate of decrease in

Korean pine forests area was observed until 1978,

when it slowed down. One cannot disregard the assumption that the maximum rate decrease (1973-1978)

may be justified by catastrophic fires of 1976. (A similar catastrophic fire year of 1954, is not covered by the

data in Table 1.) The same trend is not evident in the

area changes that occurred in broadleaved forests.

The data showing the magnitude of changes is not

sufficiently accurate, due to a lack of separate statistics on coniferous-broadleaved forests with temporary

predominance of spruce, fir, white birch, aspen, etc.,

and hence (I emphasize one more time), it does not

allow for an accurate evaluation of the entire KBF area

and their dynamics. In addition, the forest inventory

does not identify the total complexity of varying temporal dynamics in uneven-aged multi-species forests.

Such dynamics are, to some extent, accurately revealed only at a smaller scale of forest tracts.

The word temporal is emphasized, because there is

another term of spatial dynamics as well. Description

of temporal dynamics through the analysis of spacial

one is a traditional

technique used in

natural sciences.

However, the validity

of this method is always disputable. The

following list of conducted studies is presented in the order reflecting the increase in

dynamics methodological validity:

 Comparing forest

stock inventory data

collected in various

years in the RFE (for

KBF it is data collected

throughout the Russian Federation) down

to the level of a local

forest (leskhoz) (it was

done earlier in the report);

 single-time analysis of forest range inventory data

(during forest inventory work, etc.) i.e., transition from

spatial to temporal dynamics;

 single-time analysis of sample plots;

 comparative analysis of the forests inventory data

during forest inventory work, etc.) collected in various

temporal strata (preferably more than two), i.e., spatial indications of actual temporal changes; and

 long-term monitoring on permanent sample plots.

The enumerated techniques require specific ways of

data processing, in particular, a need for introducing

corrections, as well as evaluating acceptability of certain conclusions derived. The more valid is a technique,

the more reliable are the corrections introduced. However, the techniques are not interchangeable. It is more

correct to regard them as complementary.

The results obtained with the use of techniques more

accurate than forest inventory data are far less extensive. They can be considered piece-works.

Unique for the RFE in this respect is the work of A. I.

Kudiniv (1994), who summarized long-term observations on permanent sample plots (in individual cases,

up to 60 years). His data shows both presence of significant changes and the possibility of dynamic balance

occurring after dozens of years. On the average, during 1 year, the Korean pine share in individual stands

fluctuated from -0.06 to +0.05 units, timber resource

from -1.4 to + 2.5%, and number of stems from -1.4 to

+ 0.5%. The dynamics trend is closely related to stand

age. Time periods of relative stability in the average

Year

Area, Thousands of

Hectares

Average Annual Change

Rate in %

Korean Pine

Stands

Broadleaved

Stands

Korean Pine

Stands

Broadleaved

Stands

1956 3929 -- -- --

1961 3931 4221 +0.01 --

1966 3903 4105 -0.1 -0.6

1973 3562 4445 -1.2 +1.2

1978 3279 4109 -1.6 -1.5

1983 3061 4339 -1.3 +1.1

1988 3026 4374 -0.2 +0.2

1993 2921 4280 -0.6 -0.4

Table 1. Korean pine-broadleaved forests dynamics in the RFE
-48 -

 ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç ìàòåðèàëîâ

èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñîâ (ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå è ò.ï.),

ïîëó÷åííûõ â ðàçíûõ âðåìåííûõ ñðåçàõ

(æåëàòåëüíî áîëåå äâóõ), ò.å. ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîå

âûÿâëåíèå ðåàëüíûõ âðåìåííûõ èçìåíåíèé;

 äîëãîâðåìåííûå íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ïîñòîÿííûõ

ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ.

Âñå ïåðå÷èñëåííûå ìåòîäû òðåáóþò ñâîèõ ïðèåìîâ

îáðàáîòêè ìàòåðèàëà, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ââåäåíèÿ ïîïðàâîê, à òàêæå ïîíèìàíèÿ äîïóñòèìîñòè òåõ èëè

èíûõ âûâîäîâ. Ïîïðàâêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ òåì áîëåå íàäåæíûìè, ÷åì äîñòîâåðíåå ñàì ìåòîä. Íî íåñìîòðÿ

íà ðàíæèðîâêó ìåòîäîâ ïî äîñòîâåðíîñòè, íåëüçÿ

ñ÷èòàòü èõ âçàèìîçàìåíÿåìûìè. Ïðàâèëüíåå ðàññìàòðèâàòü èõ êàê âçàèìîäîïîëíÿåìûå.

Ðåçóëüòàòû, ïîëó÷åííûå ìåòîäàìè, áîëåå òî÷-

íûìè, ÷åì ó÷åò ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, ïî ìàññîâîñòè äàëåêî óñòóïàþò ó÷åòó. Ýòî êàê áû øòó÷íûå ðàáîòû.

Óíèêàëüíîé äëÿ ÐÄÂ â ýòîì ïëàíå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàáîòà

À.È. Êóäèíîâà [1994], êîòîðûé îáîáùèë ìíîãîëåòíèå  â îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ äî 60 ëåò  íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ïîñòîÿííûõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ. Åãî ìàòåðèàëû ïîêàçûâàþò, êàê íàëè÷èå ñóùåñòâåííûõ èçìåíåíèé, òàê è âîçìîæíîñòü äëÿùåãîñÿ íåñêîëüêî

äåñÿòèëåòèé äèíàìè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ. Â ñðåäíåì

çà ãîä â îòäåëüíûõ äðåâîñòîÿõ äîëÿ êåäðà â

ñîñòàâå êîëåáàëàñü îò - 0,06 äî +0,05 åäèíèö, çàïàñ

äðåâåñèíû îò -1,4 äî +2,5 %, ÷èñëî ñòâîëîâ  îò

1,4 äî +0,5 %. Íàïðàâëåíèå äèíàìèêè äîñòàòî÷íî

÷åòêî óâÿçàíî ñ âîçðàñòîì äðåâîñòîÿ.

Ïåðèîäû îòíîñèòåëüíîé ñòàáèëüíîñòè

ñðåäíèõ ïî äðåâîñòîþ ïîêàçàòåëåé

ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïî ñóòè âðåìåíåì

ñóùåñòâåííîé ïåðåñòðîéêè äðåâîñòîÿ

çà ñ÷åò çíà÷èòåëüíîãî îòïàäà îäíèõ è

âðàñòàíèÿ äðóãèõ äåðåâüåâ. Òî åñòü, â

öåëîì ïîäòâåðæäàÿ èäåþ öèêëè÷íîñïèðàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, ýòè íàáëþäåíèÿ

âíîñÿò â ãèïîòåçó Èâàøêåâè÷àÊîëåñíèêîâà ñåðüåçíûå êîððåêòèâû.

Ìàòåðèàëû ñðàâíèòåëüíîãî àíàëèçà

èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñîâ (ïðè

ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå è ò.ï.), ïîëó÷åííûå â

ðàçíûõ âðåìåííûõ ñðåçàõ, ðàçáèâàþòñÿ

íà äâå íåðàâíûå ïî îáúåìó ãðóïïû.

Ïåðâàÿ, íà ñåãîäíÿ óæå î÷åíü îáøèðíàÿ, íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ ïðè êàæäîì î÷åðåäíîì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå. Ýòî áîãàòûé

ìàòåðèàë, îæèäàþùèé ñâîåãî îáîáùåíèÿ, íî îí èìååò ñóùåñòâåííûé íåäîñòàòîê: âñå ñðàâíåíèÿ ñäåëàíû de

visu, ò.å., áåç ïðèâåäåíèÿ ðàçíîâðåìåííûõ äàííûõ â ìåòîäè÷åñêè åäèíîå ñîñòîÿíèå [Øåéíãàóç, 1986].

Äðóãàÿ ãðóïïà âî ìíîãîì ëèøåíà ýòîãî íåäîñòàòêà

çà ñ÷åò êðîïîòëèâîé íàó÷íîé îáðàáîòêè è ïîòîìó

äàåò áîëåå ïðàâäîïîäîáíóþ êàðòèíó, íî îíà

ñîäåðæèò ìåíåå îáøèðíûé ìàòåðèàë  íåñêîëüêî

äåñÿòêîâ îáúåêòîâ. Îäíàêî, ýòîò ìàòåðèàë

ïîçâîëÿåò ïðîâåñòè êëàññèôèêàöèþ è äàòü ïðàâäîïîäîáíóþ èíòåðïðåòàöèþ ðåçóëüòàòîâ (òàáë.2).

Áåçóñëîâíî, ïðèâåäåííûå äàííûå ðåçóëüòèðóþò

ðàçíîíàïðàâëåííîå âîçäåéñòâèå ìíîæåñòâà ôàêòîðîâ, íåðåäêî ïðîÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îäíîâðåìåííî â

ðàçíûõ ìåñòàõ ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà. Íî òèïû äèíàìèêè

ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ (ÄËÐ) âûäåëåíû ïî âåäóùåìó

ôàêòîðó è ïîýòîìó ìîæíî ïðèïèñûâàòü äàííûå

òàáë.2 ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âîçäåéñòâèþ ýòîãî ôàêòîðà. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ò.ê. íè îäèí ôàêòîð â

ïðèðîäå íå äåéñòâóåò â ÷èñòîì âèäå, òî îáû÷íî îí

ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ òèïè÷íûì ñöåíàðèåì. Èìåííî ýòîò

ñöåíàðèé è õàðàêòåðåí äëÿ êàæäîãî òèïà ÄËÐ.

Êàê ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò òàáë.2, ïîñòðîåííàÿ íà ìàòåðèàëàõ ïî÷òè ñîòíè ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ, âî âñåõ

âûäåëåííûõ ïî íàòóðíûì äàííûì òèïàõ ÄËÐ, êðîìå

ðèòìè÷íî-ñòàáèëüíîãî (ðàçâèâàþùåãîñÿ áåç ñóùåñòâåííîãî àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðåññà) è ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî (õàðàêòåðèçóþùåãîñÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííûì

âîñïðîèçâîäñòâîì), äèíàìèêà, êàê êåäðîâíèêîâ, òàê

è ÊØË, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé. Íàèáîëåå ñèëüíîå

ñîêðàùåíèå ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ ôîðìàöèé ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ ðóáêàõ è ïîæàðàõ. Ïðè-

÷åì, ñîêðàùåíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ â ýòèõ äâóõ òèïàõ

ÄËÐ èäåò ïðèìåðíî ñ îäèíàêîâîé ñêîðîñòüþ, à

Òèïû äèíàìèêè Êåäðîâíèêè ÊØË

Ðèòìè÷íîñòàáèëüíûé+1,4 0

Ïîäíåâîëüíîâûáîðî÷íûé-1,1 -0,1

Óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíîé -3,5 -1,0

Ïîæàðíûé -3,3 -4,5

Ïîñëåðóáî÷íûé -1,7 -0,6

Ïîñëåïîæàðíûé -3,6 -3,2

Ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûé +2,1 +1,0

Òàáëèöà 2. Ñðåäíåãîäîâûå òåìïû èçìåíåíèÿ ïëîùàäè ëåñîâ

ïî òèïàì äèíàìèêè ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ïðîöåíòû.
-49 -

per stand indices represent the time periods when significant restructuring occurs in the tree stand: dead

trees are replaced by new growth. In essence, these

observations confirm the idea of cyclic spiral development and introduce serious corrections in the hypothesis by Ivashkevich-Kolesnikov.

Data of comparative analysis of the forest inventory

(for forest management and other uses) received for

various time strata are divided into two uneven groups

in terms of the amount of data. The first, currently very

extensive, is accumulated with each upcoming forest

inventory activity. It is an extensive data file waiting for

summarization; it has a significant drawback, however:

All the comparisons are executed de visu; i.e., without adjustment to single-time data (Sheingauz, 1986).

The other group does not have this drawback owing,

in many respects, to tedious scientific processing; this

group, hence, provides a more reliable picture but it

includes less extensive data. However, this material

allows for a classification and valid interpretation of

the results (Table 2).

Undoubtedly, the data presents a result of an impact

of a number of factors that occur simultaneously in

various forest sites. However, types of the forest resource dynamics (FRD) are singled out based on the

major factor. Hence, the data in Table 2 may be interpreted as determined by that factor. On the other hand,

a single factor does not act in total isolation; it is usually accompanied by a typical scenario that is characteristic for each FRD type.

Table 2 comprises data collected in almost a hundred

forest tracts. The data for all identified types based on

the FRD field information (with the exception of rhythmic-stable one that developed without noticeable human impact), and forest management type (characterized by targeted regeneration effort), dynamics of

both Korean pine stands and KBF prove to be negative. The greatest decrease in the area of the discussed

communities occurs as a result of clearcutting operations and fires. Thus, Korean pine stands are reduced

in these two types of FRD at approximately the same

pace, whereas the KBF decrease in the after fire type

is four times faster than in the clearcutting type. This

indicates that fires destroy not only the Korean pine

stands but also reserves for their natural regeneration.

The data on the reduction of Korean pine stands and

KBF area in after logging and after fire FRD types attracts attention. The data indicates that a mere ban of

logging activities would not result in an expected effect. Only a general system of activities in a forest tract,

including targeted regeneration, would be able to restore the area of these forests.

To support this statistical data, it can also be mentioned that in the absence of any logging in Korean

pine stands, a lot of damage to them is still caused by

operations associated with logging of other species

(e.g., laying skidding trails along hill slopes).

All that is written above, refers to forest dynamics within

the limits of the state forest fund. However, measurements of forest dynamics occur over the entire geographic territory. Unfortunately, such evaluations are

usually conducted using techniques more

related to acquiring geobotanical data. It

would seem reasonable to obtain the required data for the territories from the land

inventory statistics. However, the idea is

disproved by a complete lack of coordination between the official land resource

and forest resource inventory data.

During an almost entire history of research in the KBF zone, only two works

on the issue were completed and incorporated within the framework of the forest resources inventory: for the Vyazemski district of Khabarovski Territory and a

portion of the Chuguevski district of

Primorski Territory. In the first case, the

forest cover dynamics were studied for

104 years and, in the second case, for

116 years. Using these two districts as

examples, it was possible to determine

that with predominating clearcut harvesting operations and also with the expansion of agricultural fields, forest cover deDynamic Types Korean Pine KBF

Rhythmical-stable +1.4 0

Selective logging -1.1 -0.1

Clearcutting -3.5 -1.0

Fire -3.3 -4.5

Afterlogging -1.7 -0.6

Afterfire -3.6 -3.2

Forestry +2.1 +1.0

Table 2. Average annual rates of change in forest area according to

forest resources dynamics (in percent).
-50 -

ñîêðàùåíèå ÊØË â ïîæàðíîì òèïå ïðîèñõîäèò â÷åòâåðî áûñòðåå, ÷åì â óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíîì; òî åñòü,

ïîæàðû âûâîäÿò èç ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà íå òîëüêî êåäðîâûå ëåñà, íî è ðåçåðâû èõ åñòåñòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ.

Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå òàêæå ïðîäîëæàþùàÿñÿ óáûëü êåäðîâíèêîâ è ÊØË â ïîñëåðóáî÷íîì è

ïîñëåïîæàðíîì òèïàõ ÄËÐ. Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î

òîì, ÷òî ïðîñòîé çàïðåò ðóáîê íå äàñò îæèäàåìîãî

ýôôåêòà. Òîëüêî îáùàÿ ñèñòåìà ìåðîïðèÿòèé â

ëåñíîì ìàññèâå, âêëþ÷àþùàÿ â ñåáÿ öåëåíàïðàâëåííîå âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî, ñïîñîáíà âûçâàòü

âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïëîùàäè ýòèõ ëåñîâ.

Â ïîäêðåïëåíèå ýòèõ ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ìîæíî

ñîñëàòüñÿ íà íàáëþäàþùóþñÿ äî ñèõ ïîð êàðòèíó,

êîãäà êåäðîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ íå âîâëåêàþòñÿ â ðóáêó

â ñèëó ââåäåííûõ çàïðåòîâ, íî ïðîâåäåíèå âîëîêîâ

ïî ïîäíîæüþ ñêëîíîâ è äðóãèå ñâÿçàííûå ñ îñâîåíèåì ëåñîâ ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, âûçûâàþò óñûõàíèå è

ãèáåëü ýòèõ êåäðîâíèêîâ.

Âñå íàïèñàííîå âûøå êàñàåòñÿ äèíàìèêè ëåñîâ â

ãðàíèöàõ ãîñëåñôîíäà. Íî ñóùåñòâóåò è äèíàìèêà

ëåñîâ íà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé òåððèòîðèè. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ,

òàêèå ðàáîòû ïðîâîäÿòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ìåòîäàìè,

â òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèì ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿì, è íå óâÿçàíû ñ ñèñòåìîé ó÷åòà ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ. Êàçàëîñü áû, ÷òî ñâåäåíèÿ äëÿ òåððèòîðèé â öåëîì ïðîùå âñåãî ïîëó-

÷èòü èç äàííûõ çåìåëüíîãî ó÷åòà, íî, êàê èçâåñòíî,

îôèöèàëüíûé çåìåëüíûé áàëàíñ âîîáùå íå ñâîäèòñÿ ñ ó÷åòîì ëåñíîãî ôîíäà.

Ïðàêòè÷åñêè çà âñþ èñòîðèþ èçó÷åíèÿ äëÿ çîíû

ÊØË ñäåëàíû òîëüêî 2 ïîäîáíûå ðàáîòû, ââåäåííûå â ëîãèêó èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ: äëÿ

Âÿçåìñêîãî ðàéîíà Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ è ÷àñòè

×óãóåâñêîãî ðàéîíà Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ. Â ïåðâîì

äèíàìèêà ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà èçó÷åíà çà 104 ãîäà, âî

âòîðîì  çà 116 ëåò. Íà ïðèìåðå ýòèõ äâóõ òåððèòîðèé óäàëîñü ïðîñëåäèòü, ÷òî ïðè ïðåîáëàäàíèè

óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ è ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê, à òàêæå ïðè

ïîñòîÿííîì ðàñøèðåíèè ïëîùàäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïîëåé ëåñíîé ïîêðîâ ñîêðàùàëñÿ ñî ñðåäíåãîäîâûì òåìïîì 0,28 ïðîöåíòíûõ ïóíêòà, à

êà÷åñòâî ëåñîâ äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî ñíèæàëîñü. Ïðè

ïðåîáëàäàíèè âûáîðî÷íûõ ðóáîê (äàæå èíòåíñèâíûõ) è ïî÷òè íåðàñøèðÿþùåìñÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîì ïîëüçîâàíèè âåëè÷èíà ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà

îêàçàëàñü ïî÷òè ñòàáèëüíîé (ëåñèñòîñòü ñîêðàùàëàñü ñ òåìïîì 0,04 ïðîöåíòíûõ ïóíêòà â ãîä, ò.å. â

7 ðàç ìåäëåííåå, ÷åì â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå), à êà÷åñòâî

ëåñîâ òîæå ïàäàëî ìåäëåííåå.

Âûâîäû äîêëàäà îïèðàþòñÿ íå òîëüêî íà ïðèâåäåííûå çäåñü äàííûå, íî è íà âñå íàêîïëåííûå íà

ñåãîäíÿ çíàíèÿ î ÊØË, â òîì ÷èñëå è ïîëó÷åííûå

äðóãèìè ìåòîäàìè. Îíè ñóòü ñëåäóþùèå:

1. Êåäðîâûå è êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â

õîäå èõ îñâîåíèÿ ñîêðàòèëèñü ïî ïëîùàäè, çàïàñó

è äîëå ó÷àñòèÿ ïîðîä, êîòîðûå ñ÷èòàþòñÿ ñåãîäíÿ

öåííûìè. Îäíàêî, ñêîðîñòü ýòîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ âî

ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íåïðîïîðöèîíàëüíî ìàëà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ îáúåìîì ðóáîê è ñòåïåíüþ îñâîåíèÿ. Ýòî

îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ äëèòåëüíûì ïðèìåíåíèåì âûáîðî÷-

íûõ ðóáîê, à òàêæå îòñóòñòâèåì íàñòîÿùèõ ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê. Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä íà ó÷àñòêàõ

ÊØË ïîñëå óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê ïðè îòñóòñòâèè

ïîâòîðíûõ àíòðîïîãåííûõ âîçäåéñòâèé, îñîáåííî

ïîæàðîâ, îòíîñèòåëüíî êîðîòêèé  10-15 ëåò.

2. ÊØË  óñòîé÷èâàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ, õîðîøî âîññòàíàâëèâàþùàÿñÿ ïîñëå îäíîêðàòíîãî àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ, â òîì ÷èñëå ïðîìûøëåííîé

ðóáêè èëè ïîæàðà. Ëåñà ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà

ïðîÿâëÿþò ìåíüøóþ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñâîèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê, ÷åì ÊØË, èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî ïðåîáëàäàíèå

êåäðà ÷àñòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèøü îòíîñèòåëüíûì. Âî âñåõ

ñëó÷àÿõ âîçîáíîâëåíèå êåäðà ïîñëå àíòðîïîãåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ õîðîøåå.

3. ×àñòûå ïîâòîðû (÷àùå îäíîãî ðàçà â 10 ëåò)

àíòðîïîãåííûõ âîçäåéñòâèé âåäóò ê áûñòðîé äåãðàäàöèè ÊØË, à òåì áîëåå êåäðîâíèêîâ.

4. Îïòèìàëüíûì òèïîì õîçÿéñòâà äëÿ ÊØË ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãîöåëåâîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå, âêëþ÷àþùåå â ñåáÿ óðåãóëèðîâàííûå (ïî Ê.Ï.Ñîëîâüåâó)

âûáîðî÷íûå ðóáêè ñëàáîé è ñðåäíåé èíòåíñèâíîñòè ñ ïîâòîðÿåìîñòüþ 30-50 ëåò. Çàïðåò ðóáîê â

êåäðîâíèêàõ, à òàêæå ðóáêè äåðåâüåâ êåäðà â äðóãèõ

ëåñàõ ïðè ñîõðàíåíèè áåñõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà âñåé îñòàëüíîé òåððèòîðèè, íå èìååò

ñìûñëà è íå âûçûâàåò íè÷åãî, êðîìå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ

ïîòåðü. Òàêîé çàïðåò ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òîëüêî

êàê âðåìåííàÿ ìåðà â òåõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâàõ, ãäå

ââîäèòñÿ îáùåå óæåñòî÷åíèå ðåæèìà ïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

5. Óâåðåííî ãîâîðèòü î òîì, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóåò àäåêâàòíàÿ êàðòèíà äèíàìèêè ÊØË, ïîêà íåëüçÿ. Ñ ýòîé

òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, ïðåêðàùåíèå â ðåãèîíå â ïîñëåäíèå

15 ëåò âñÿêèõ íàó÷íûõ ðàáîò ïî ÄËÐ íå èìååò îïðàâäàíèÿ. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûì ýòàïîì èõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ìîæåò ñòàòü îáîáùåíèå îïèñàíèé äèíàìèêè,

íàêîïëåííûõ â ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûõ ïðîåêòàõ. Îäíàêî, òàêîå îáîáùåíèå òðåáóåò ðàçðàáîòêè ñïåöèàëüíîé ìåòîäèêè, êàê èç-çà íåïîëíîé ñðàâíèìîñòè äàííûõ, òàê è èç-çà ïàäåíèÿ êà÷åñòâà èíâåíòàðèçàöèè

ëåñîâ â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû.

Áîëüøàÿ ñòåïåíü îñâîåííîñòè ÊØË íå ñíèìàåò, à

íàîáîðîò, îáîñòðÿåò ïðîáëåìó èçó÷åíèÿ èõ äèíàìèêè. Ýòî âîçìîæíî òîëüêî ïðè õîðîøåì ïîíèìàíèè

ïðèðîäû èõ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ, ó÷åòå ýòîãî ïîíèìà-
-51 -

creased at an average annual rate of 0.28% and forest quality decreased rather rapidly. With selective cuttings dominating (even intensive cutting) and almost

no expansion of agricultural area, the amount of forest

cover remained almost stable (area under forest decreased at the rate 0.04% annually; i.e., seven times

slower than in the first case) and the forest quality decreased less rapidly as well.

This reports conclusions rest not only upon the data

presented but also on all the accumulated knowledge

of KBF, including that obtained through other methods. The conclusions are as follows:

1. Korean pine and Korean pine-broadleaved

forests, in the course of their development, decreased

in area, volume, and percentage of species that are

considered valuable today. However, the rate of this

decrease in many cases is disproportionately small

compared to harvested volume, and level of resource

development. This is due to long-term use of selective

logging, and also a lack of true clearcutting. Regeneration period for KBF stands after clearcutting operations with no repeated human activity impact (specifically, fires) is relatively short10 to 15 years.

2. KBF is a stable forest community that recovers well after a single human impact event, including

commercial logging or fire. Forests with the Korean

pine domination have lower resistance to change than

KBF, because the Korean pine domination is frequently

relative. In all cases, Korean pine regeneration in the

wake of human activity impact is acceptable.

3. Frequent (more often than once in 10 years)

human impact effects lead to a rapid degradation of

KBF and even faster degradation of Korean pine

stands.

4. The optimum management type for KBF is the

multiple forest use including regulated (according to

K.P. Solovyov) selective logging of low and average

intensity repeated every 30 to 50 years. The ban on

logging in Korean pine stands, and also the ban on

harvesting individual Korean pine trees in other forests, while retaining poor management practices over

the rest of the territory, makes no sense and results in

nothing but economic losses. Such a ban should be

used only as a temporary measure in those forest

stands where general restrictions on timber use are

introduced.

5 We cannot yet state with any degree of certainty that an adequate picture of KBF dynamics exists. From this point of view, lack of any scientific research on the issue in the RFE for the last 15 years is

hardly justified. The first phase of renewed scientific

activities could be summarizing descriptions of forest

dynamics accumulated in forest inventory projects.

However, such a generalization would require elaboration of special techniques, because data comparisons are incomplete, and the quality of forest inventory work has decreased in recent years.

The high degree of human activity in KBF highlights

the issue of studying their dynamics. This is possible

only through an adequate understanding of their growth

and development, and applying this knowledge in forest management activities. Regional regulations for

major logging and thinnings display this kind of awareness. However, the recommendations on forest regeneration, specifically in forest cultures, fail to reveal this

knowledge.

Study of KBF growth and development should be continued and intensified. A model of this phenomenon

should at last be developed on the basis of all the

modern achievements of science and technology. This

is a requirement for both scientific development and

the practice of KBF management, if we are willing to

preserve these forests. Both types of KBF, those subject to human activity and primordial forests should be

studied.

After 40 years of personal study on KBF dynamics, I

believe that Ivashkevich-Kolesnikov idea of cyclic-spiral KBF development is still the most acceptable working hypothesis for the future model. Because of time

limitations, I cannot present the supporting facts; however, there are too many of them not to take them into

account. At the same time, I will emphasize the idea of

development spirality. In presentations of the authors

themselves and their followers, the pattern looks not

like a spiral but a circlemonotonous repeated cycles.

This is impossible. Over long time periods, simple linear or circular development does not exist in nature

(Prygozhin and Stengers, 1986). The KBF development spirals are absolutely not symmetrical and cannot be represented as sinusoids. They consist of various lines variously directed and having different shapes

including straightforward sections, fallings, upward

flights, etc. (Fig. 1). As a rule, they do not remain long

at the same level; more frequently, they are descending (curve A) or ascending (curve B).

Linear character of the picture is very conditional. The

pattern representing dynamics of several species will

look like a bunch of lines of various shape. The model,

therefore, in no way can be a graphic one. The complexity of dynamics requires that it should imitate reality.

Everything stated here is based on the assumption that

research in this direction will proceed sooner or later;

although, at the moment, this is not the case.

To conclude, I would like to make a comment. As early

as in the middle of 1970s, the following cliché sprang

to life: forest resources of the RFE are sufficient for
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íèÿ ïðè ïðèìåíåíèè âñåõ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé. Òàêîé ó÷åò ìû îáíàðóæèâàåì â ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèÿõ ïî ðóáêàì ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ðóáêàì óõîäà. Íî îí ðàçèòåëüíî îòñóòñòâóåò

â ðåêîìåíäàöèÿõ ïî ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèþ, îñîáåííî, ïî ëåñíûì êóëüòóðàì.

Èçó÷åíèå ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ÊØË äîëæíî áûòü ïðîäîëæåíî è èíòåíñèôèöèðîâàíî. Äîëæíà áûòü, íàêîíåö-òî, ñîçäàíà ìîäåëü ýòîãî ÿâëåíèÿ, áàçèðóþùàÿñÿ íà âñåõ ñîâðåìåííûõ äîñòèæåíèÿõ íàóêè è òåõíèêè. Ýòîãî òðåáóåò íå òîëüêî ðàçâèòèå íàóêè, íî è

ïðàêòèêà õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ â ÊØË, åñëè ìû ñîáèðàåìñÿ èõ ñîõðàíèòü. Èçó÷àòüñÿ äîëæíû êàê àíòðîïîãåíèçèðîâàííûå, òàê è åñòåñòâåííûå ÊØË.

Ïîñëå 40 ëåò ëè÷íîãî èçó÷åíèÿ äèíàìèêè ÊØË ñ÷èòàþ, ÷òî ñõåìà Èâàøêåâè÷à-Êîëåñíèêîâà öèêëè÷íîñïèðàëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ÊØË, îñòàåòñÿ íàèáîëåå

ïîäõîäÿùåé ðàáî÷åé ãèïîòåçîé áóäóùåé ìîäåëè.

Èç-çà îãðàíè÷åííîñòè âðåìåíè íå ìîãó ïðèâåñòè

çäåñü ôàêòîâ åå ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ, íî èõ ñëèøêîì

ìíîãî, ÷òîáû íå ïðèíèìàòü èõ âî âíèìàíèå. Â òî

æå âðåìÿ ïîä÷åðêíó èäåþ ñïèðàëüíîñòè ðàçâèòèÿ.

Êàê ïðàâèëî, â èçëîæåíèè ñàìèõ àâòîðîâ è èõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëåé, ñõåìà âûãëÿäèò íå ñïèðàëüþ, à êðóãîì, ìîíîòîííî ïîâòîðÿþùèìèñÿ öèêëàìè. Ýòî

íåâîçìîæíî. Ïðè äëèòåëüíûõ âðåìåííûõ ïåðèîäàõ

â ïðèðîäå ïðîñòî íå ñóùåñòâóþò íè ïðÿìîëèíåéíîå, íè êðóãîâîå ðàçâèòèå [Ïðèãîæèí, Ñòåíãåðñ,

1986]. Ñïèðàëè ðàçâèòèÿ ÊØË, áåçóñëîâíî, íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñèììåòðè÷íî èçîáðàæàþùèìèñÿ ñèíóñîèäàìè. Îíè ñîñòîÿò èç ðàçëè÷íûõ ëèíèé ðàçíîãî

íàïðàâëåíèÿ è ôîðì, â òîì ÷èñëå ïðÿìûõ îòðåçêîâ,

îáâàëîâ, âçëåòîâ, è ò.ä. (ðèñ. 1). Îíè, êàê ïðàâèëî, íå óäåðæèâàþòñÿ äîëãî íà îäíîì óðîâíå, à ÷àùå

ÿâëÿþòñÿ íèñõîäÿùèìè (êðèâàÿ À íà ðèñ.) èëè

âîñõîäÿùèìè (êðèâàÿ Á).

Ëèíåéíîñòü èçîáðàæåíèÿ î÷åíü óñëîâíà, è äàæå

ïîêàç äèíàìèêè íåñêîëüêèõ ïîðîä óæå äàñò ïó÷oê

ðàçíîðîäíûõ ëèíèé. Ïîýòîìó è ìîäåëü äîëæíà

áûòü îòíþäü íå ãðàôè÷åñêîé. ßñíî, ÷òî ïðè òàêîé

ñëîæíîñòè äèíàìèêè îíà äîëæíà áûòü îáÿçàòåëüíî

èìèòàöèîííîé.

Âñå ñêàçàííîå çäåñü èñõîäèò èç ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ,

÷òî èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè ðàíî èëè

ïîçäíî îáÿçàòåëüíî áóäóò ïðîäîëæåíû, õîòÿ â

äàííûé ìîìåíò òàêîå ïðîäîëæåíèå íå ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ.

Â çàêëþ÷åíèå, õî÷ó ñêàçàòü, ÷òî åùå â ñåðåäèíå

1970õ ãîäîâ áûëà ïðåäëîæåíà òàêàÿ ôîðìóëèðîâêà: ëåñíûå ðåñóðñû ÐÄÂ äîñòàòî÷íû äëÿ

îðãàíèçàöèè â íèõ ïîëíîöåííîãî ìíîãîöåëåâîãî

õîçÿéñòâà, íî óæå íå ïîçâîëÿþò ñîõðàíÿòü èõ áåñõîçÿéñòâåííîå èñòîùèòåëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå. Êîíå÷-

íî, íåò îñíîâàíèé ïîääåðæèâàòü ðàçëè÷íûå àëàðìèñòñêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òèïà çàíåñåíèÿ âñåãî êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó èëè çàïðåòà ðóáêè êåäðà

íà 250 (!) ëåò. Íî ñåãîäíÿ ýòó ôîðìóëó, îñîáåííî â

îòíîøåíèè ÊØË, ñëåäóåò ñêîððåêòèðîâàòü òàê: ñîñòîÿíèå ÊØË òðåáóåò íåìåäëåííîé îðãàíèçàöèè â

íèõ íåèñòîùèòåëüíîãî ìíîãîöåëåâîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ; íåèñòîùèòåëüíîñòü (êàê ïî êîëè÷åñòâó, òàê è

ïî êà÷åñòâó) äîëæíà ñòàòü ãëàâíûì êðèòåðèåì äîïóñòèìîñòè ìåðîïðèÿòèé, âêëþ÷àåìûõ â ñèñòåìó

õîçÿéñòâà â ýòèõ ëåñàõ.
-53 -

introducing full-scale multiple use management; however, they are insufficient to retain poor, unsustainable

forestry practices. There are no grounds for alarmist

measures to the effect that the Korean pine be introduced into the Red Book, or be completely banned

from logging for the next 250 years.

Today the cliché has to be slightly modified with reference to the KBF. The status of the Korean pine-broadleaved forests requires immediate measures aimed at

introducing sustainable multiple use management;

sustainability (in terms of both quantity and quality)

should become the key indicator of acceptability of forest management practices.

Âðåìÿ

Time

Äîëÿ Êåäðà

Share of Korean Pine

A B

Ðèñóíîê 1.

Figure 1.
-54 -

Ïðîáëåìû êåäðà è êåäðîâíèêîâ

íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

Â.Ò. ×óìèí

ýìáëåìîé êîòîðîé ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü êåäð êîðåéñêèé

â îðåîëå âèíîãðàäíûõ ëîç è ðåä÷àéøèõ íà ïëàíåòå

ðåëèêòîâ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðà. Êåäð 

îïîðíûé ñòåðæåíü ôîðìàöèè, åå âàæíåéøèé è

íåîòúåìëåìûé êîìïîíåíò.

Âìåñòå ñ òåì, äèëåòàíòñêèé ïîäõîä ê îöåíêå êåäðà,

èñêóññòâåííî ðàçäóâàåìûé àæèîòàæ, íè÷åãî íå

èìååò îáùåãî ñ íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííîé îðãàíèçàöèåé

êîìïëåêñíîãî è ðàöèîíàëüíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. ×àñòî

âñå ìíîãîîáðàçèå ïîëåçíîñòåé ýòîé ôîðìàöèè

ñâîäèòñÿ òîëüêî ê íàëè÷èþ â íàñàæäåíèÿõ êåäðà è

êåäðîâûõ îðåõîâ, õîòÿ îðåõîâûé ïðîìûñåë ïî

âûðàæåíèþ À.Ñòðîãîãî (1927), íåëüçÿ ñ÷èòàòü

óñòîé÷èâûì è ðåíòàáåëüíûì. Íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ êåäð

è êà÷åñòâîì äðåâåñèíû îò ñâîèõ ñïóòíèêîâ, à

íåêîòîðûì èç íèõ çíà÷èòåëüíî óñòóïàåò.

Ïðèâîäÿ íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûå îñîáåííîñòè

êåäðîâíèêîâ, ìû îòíþäü íå ñòðåìèìñÿ ïðåâðàòèòü

èõ â íåêèé ôåòèø, íåïðèêîñíîâåííûé îáúåêò

ñîçåðöàíèÿ. Íåëüçÿ òðàíñôîðìèðîâàòü îäíó èç

îñíîâíûõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé þãà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

â ñâîåîáðàçíûé çàïîâåäíèê, èñêëþ÷èâ èç àêòèâíîãî

è öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî õîçÿéñòâåííîãî îñâîåíèÿ

áîãàòåéøèå ïðèðîäíûå ðåñóðñû. Îäíàêî, íåïðåìåííûì óñëîâèåì âîâëå÷åíèÿ â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ

ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâîé òàéãè äîëæíî áûòü ñòðîãîå

ñîáëþäåíèå îáîñíîâàííîé ðåãëàìåíòàöèè

êîìïëåêñíîãî ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñ ìàêñèìàëüíûì

ïîëó÷åíèåì ñûðüåâûõ, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ñîöèàëüíûõ

ïîëåçíîñòåé ïðè ñâîåâðåìåííîì è êà÷åñòâåííîì

èõ âîñïðîèçâîäñòâå.

Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, óêàçàííûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ÷àñòî

ïðeäàþòñÿ çàáâåíèþ ñî âñåìè âûòåêàþùèìè

îòñþäà íåãàòèâíûìè ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè. Ïîêàçàòåëüíà

â ýòîì ïëàíå èñòîðèÿ ïðîìûøëåííîãî îñâîåíèÿ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ïðîäîëæàâøàÿñÿ íåìíîãèì áîëåå 100 ëåò, â êîòîðûõ ðóáêè

íîñèëè áåññèñòåìíûé õàðàêòåð è îïðåäåëÿëèñü

ïîòðåáíûì êîëè÷åñòâîì è êà÷åñòâîì çàãîòàâëèâàåìîé äðåâåñèíû. Âûðóáàëèñü òîëüêî äåëîâûå

ñòâîëû êåäðà, ðåæå  åëè, âñå îñòàëüíîå

îñòàâàëîñü â ðàññòðîåííûõ íåäîðóáàõ.

Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðóáîê íàõîäèëàñü â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

äîëè ó÷àñòèÿ ýòèõ ïîðîä â äðåâîñòîÿõ è èçìåíÿëàñü

îò ïðèèñêîâûõ äî èíòåíñèâíûõ ïîäíåâîëüíîâûáîðî÷íûõ è óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ. Äî 1964 ãîäà

ãëàâíîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå â êåäðîâíèêàõ íå èìåëî

äàæå ôîðìàëüíûõ íîðì ðåãëàìåíòàöèè ðóáîê. Íî

Äàëüíèé Âîñòîê ðàñïîëàãàåò áîãàòåéøèìè ëåñíûìè ðåñóðñàìè, ñïîñîáíûìè óäîâëåòâîðèòü

ñàìûé øèðîêèé ïîòðåáèòåëüñêèé ñïðîñ â äðåâåñèíå õâîéíûõ è òâåðäîëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä. Îñîáîå

ìåñòî â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ëåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè

ðåãèîíà çàíèìàþò êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå

ëåñà èëè êåäðîâíèêè. Èìåÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíî îãðàíè-

÷åííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå (îêîëî 2 % îáùåé

ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè), îíè, òåì íå ìåíåå, ïîñòîÿííî ïðèâëåêàëè ê ñåáå ïðèñòàëüíîå âíèìàíèå íå

òîëêî ñïåöèàëèñòîâ-ëåñîâîäîâ, íî è øèðîêóþ

îáùåñòâåííîñòü, ïðåññó. Â ñâîå âðåìÿ Á.À. Èâàøêåâè÷ (1915), à íåñêîëüêî ïîçäíåå Á.Ï. Êîëåñíèêîâ

(1956) ïî ýòîìó ïîâîäó îòìå÷àëè, ÷òî ëþáîé

âîïðîñ, ñâÿçàííûé ñ èçó÷åíèåì ëåñîâ þãà Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà, íåèçáåæíî îêàçûâàåòñÿ ñîïðÿæåííûì â

òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíè ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ñòîðîíàìè

êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìû. Çà ïîñëåäíèå 10-15 ëåò áûë

ïðèíÿò ðÿä ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ ïîñòàíîâëåíèé ïî

óïîðÿäî÷åíèþ ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâíèêàõ. È

íàêîíåö, ïðèêàçîì Ãîñëåñõîçà ÑÑÑÐ N 13 îò

19.01.90 ã. áûëî çàïðåùåíî ãëàâíîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå â íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñ äîëåé ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà 3

åäèíèöû è áîëåå.

×åì çàñëóæèëè êåäðîâíèêè âûñîêîé ÷åñòè áûòü

îñîáî âûäåëåííûìè ñðåäè äðóãèõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà? Ïî ðàçíîîáðàçèþ è îáèëèþ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ äåðåâüåâ, êóñòàðíèêîâ, ëèàí,

òðàâÿíèñòîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, ïî íàëè÷èþ ýíäåìîâ

è ðåëèêòîâ, ïî áîãàòñòâó æèâîòíîãî ìèðà îíè íå

èìåþò ñåáå ðàâíûõ íå òîëüêî â äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîì

ðåãèîíå, íî, ïîæàëóé, â ïðåäåëàõ óìåðåííûõ øèðîò

åâðàçèéñêîãî ñóïåðêîíòèíåíòà. Â íèõ ïðîèçðàñòàåò

ðÿä öåííûõ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ðàñòåíèé. Òîëüêî çäåñü

â åñòåñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ çíàìåíèòûé

êîðåíü æèçíè  æåíüøåíü è îáèòàþò àìóðñêèå òèãð

è ëåîïàðä, âíåñåííûå â Êðàñíóþ Êíèãó Ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è ïðèðîäíûõ

ðåñóðñîâ.

Öåííîñòü êåäðîâíèêîâ äàëåêî íå èñ÷åðïûâàåòñÿ

ñûðüåâûì ïîòåíöèàëîì. Çíà÷åíèå ýòîé ëåñíîé

ôîðìàöèè íåâîçìîæíî ïåðåîöåíèòü ëèøü ïî òîé

ïðè÷èíå, ÷òî îíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîãàòåéøèì è åäèíñòâåííûì õðàíèòåëåì ãåíîôîíäà ðåäêèõ è èñ÷åçàþùèõ âèäîâ ðàñòåíèé äàëåêèõ ãåîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ýïîõ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà  äðåâíåéøàÿ ëåñíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ, îáèëüíî

íàñûùåííàÿ ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè òðåòè÷íîé ôëîðû,
-55 -

Issues of Korean Pine and Korean Pine Stands

in the Far East

V. T. Chumin

sity of utilization of this formation is often reduced to

Korean pine seed harvesting. However, the latter, according to A. Strogy (1927), could hardly be considered a stable and profitable economic activity. Timber

quality of the species does not compare favorably to

that of its associates, which often surpass the Korean

pine in this respect.

Speaking of the most specific features of Korean pine

stands, we are not trying to turn them into some fetish an untouchable object of contemplation. One of

the main forest formations of the southern Far East

cannot be turned into a special reserve with its most

diverse natural resources being excluded from active

and targeted economic development. However, an inalienable condition for any commercial exploitation of

Korean pine forest resources should strictly provide

for a justified regulation of the integrated forest use, to

maximize the resources, ecological, and social uses,

with their timely and qualitative reproduction.

Unfortunately, these requirements are frequently neglected resulting in negative consequences. In this

respect, the history of Korean pine-broadleaved forests commercial development is very demonstrative.

During its over 100 years of history, logging operations were unsystematic and determined by the demand for quality and quantity of harvested timber. Only

high grade timber was harvested and occasionally

spruce, with other species remaining in disturbed undercuts. The intensity of unmanaged logging activities

depended on these species share in the stands and

varied from creaming (high-grading) to intensive selective and patch logging. Until 1964, major logging in

Korean pine stands was not formally regulated. However, adoption in 1964 of Rules on Major Logging in

Korean Pine Stands of the Far East failed to improve

the situation. At present, by way of exception, only

high grade coniferous trees are harvested, mainly the

Korean pine, flagrantly violating silvicultural requirements in the adopted Rules. With reference to this A.

Sheingauz made a comment to the effect, that the

Korean pine overharvesting twice exceeds the permitted volume (Selskaya Zhizn, 10-03-1985).

The Korean pine stands issue surfaced around 20 to

25 years ago due to extensive depletion of its resource.

Hence, the problem was initially identified as a resource

one, caused by the insufficient supply of Korean pine

timber. Korean pine stands, to be more accurate, the

Korean pine was the main target of commercial exploitation in the southern Far East, which attained its

The Far East possesses rich forest resources that meet

a diversified consumer demand for timber of coniferous and hardwood species. The Korean pine-broadleaved forests or Korean pine stands play a specific

role in forest vegetation of the region. With relatively

limited distribution (about 2% of the forest covered

area) they keep attracting great attention of not only

experts in silviculture but also of the public and mass

media. Early in this century B.A. Ivashkevich (1915)

and later B.P. Kolesnikov (1956) stated in this connection, that any issue associated with forest study in

the south of the Far East is inevitably tied, to one degree or another, with various aspects of the Korean

pine issue. During the last 10-15 years, a number of

government decrees were adopted on regulation of

forest use in Korean pine stands. Eventually, the USSR

Gosleskhoz Order N13 dated January 19, 1990,

banned the main forest use in Korean pine stands with

a composition share of more than 3 units.

Why are the kedr (Korean pine) stands considered

to be so important among other forest formations of

the Far East? In diversity and abundance of rare trees,

shrubs, lianas, herbs, in availability of endemics and

relics, and in wealth of fauna they have no equalsnot

only in the Far East but, probably, within the limits of

temperate latitudes of the Eurasian supercontinent. A

number of valuable medicinal plants could also be included. Only there one can find in natural conditions

the well-known root of life. The Amur tiger and leopard

live there, and they are in the Red Book of the International Union of nature and natural resources protection.

The Korean pine stands value is supported not only

by its resource potential. The significance of this forest formation cannot be overestimated. It is the richest

and unique depot of the gene pool of rare and endangered vegetation species of remote geological epochs.

The Far East Korean pine-broadleaved forestsÑmost

ancient forestsare very rich in representatives of tertiary flora. The Korean pine, surrounded by grape vines

and the other most rare world relics of vegetation and

wildlife, can be considered a hallmark of the formation. The Korean pine is the supporting pivot of the

formation, its most important and integral component.

At the same time, the laymans approach to the Korean pine issue evaluation and artificially inflated public agitation have nothing to do with scientifically based

integrated and sustainable management of resources

in Korean pine-broadleaved forests. Frequently, diver-
-56 -

è ñ óòâåðæäåíèåì â 1964 ãîäó Ïðàâèë ðóáîê

ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà ïîëîæåíèå ê ëó÷øåìó ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå

èçìåíèëîñü. Âñå òàê æå, íî òåïåðü óæå â ïîðÿäêå

èñêëþ÷åíèÿ, çàãîòàâëèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî äåëîâàÿ

äðåâåñèíà õâîéíûõ ïîðîä, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì,

êåäðà, ñ ãðóáåéøèìè íàðóøåíèÿìè ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ òðåáîâàíèé óêàçàííûõ Ïðàâèë. Ïî ýòîìó

ïîâîäó À. Øåéíãàóç ãîâîðèò, ÷òî ïåðåðóá ïî êåäðó

ïðåâûøàåò íîðìó â 2 ðàçà (Ñåëüñêàÿ æèçíü,

10.03.85 ã.).

Ïðîáëåìà êåäðîâíèêîâ îñòðî âñòàëà 20-25 ëåò

íàçàä â ñâÿçè ñ îñíîâàòåëüíûì èñòîùåíèåì èõ

ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, îíà

âîçíèêëà ïðåæäå âñåãî, êàê ïðîáëåìà ñûðüåâàÿ ñ

îáîñòðåíèåì äåôèöèòà êåäðîâîé äðåâåñèíû.

Êåäðîâíèêè, a òî÷íåå êåäð, ñ êîíöà ïðîøëîãî âåêà

è äî 70õ ãîäîâ òåêóùåãî ñòîëåòèÿ áûëè îñíîâíûì

îáúåêòîì ïðîìûøëåííîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè â þæíîé

÷àñòè Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, äîñòèãíóâ ìàêñèìàëüíîé

èíòåíñèôèêàöèè â êîíöå 1950-õ íà÷àëå 1960-õ

ãîäîâ. Îäíîâðåìåííî ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì îáúåìà

ëåñîçàãî-òîâîê ïðîèñõîäèëà è ýâîëþöèÿ ñïîñîáîâ

è ïðèåìîâ ðóáîê, êîòîðûå ñòàíîâÿòñÿ

îïðåäåëÿþùèì ôàê-òîðîì ñîñòîÿíèÿ

ïîñëåðóáî÷íûõ íàñàæäåíèé è äèíàìèêè èçìåíåíèÿ

ôîðìàöèè â öåëîì. Âñå øèðå âîâëåêàþòñÿ â

ýêñïëóàòàöèþ ðàíåå ïðîéäåííûå ïîäíåâîëüíîâûáîðî÷íûìè ðóáêàìè ó÷àñòêè ëåñà, ãäå åùå

âîçìîæíà çàãîòîâêà äåëîâîé õâîéíîé äðåâåñèíû.

Ðåçóëüòàò  ïðîãðåññèâíîå ñîêðàùå-íèå ïëîùàäè

êåäðîâíèêîâ, êîòîðîå, õîòü è â çàìåäëåííîì òåìïå,

ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ è äî ñèõ ïîð.

Ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ

êåäðîâíèêîâ êîíñòàòèðóþò, ÷òî äîëãîëåòèå è

âûñîêàÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü êåäðà

îáåñïå÷èâàþò åìó óñòîé÷èâóþ ïîçèöèþ â

ôîðìèðîâàíèè êîðåííûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ. Ìíåíèå î

âûìèðàíèè êåäðà íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ê.Ï.

Ñîëîâüåâ (1958) ñ÷èòàåò áåçîñíîâàòåëüíûì. Äàæå

íåðåãóëèðóåìîå óìåðåííîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî

÷åëîâåêà (ðóáêè) íå íàðóøàþò ñóùåñòâåííî

äèíàìèêó âîçðàñòíûõ ñìåí â ãåíåòè÷åñêîì ðÿäó

êîðåííûõ àññîöèàöèé êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ. Òàê, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå â ïðîøëîì

ïðèèñêîâûå ðóáêè ñ âûáîðêîé îòäåëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ

êåäðà, ñíèæàÿ íåñêîëüêî êà÷åñòâî äðåâîñòîåâ, íå

îêàçûâàëè çàìåòíîãî âëèÿíèÿ íà õàðàêòåð ðàçâèòèÿ

áèîãåîöåíîçà â öåëîì. Ïðè ýòîì êåäðîâíèêè íå

óòðà÷èâàëè ñâîåãî çíà÷åíèÿ ñòàöèè ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ âèäîâ æèâîòíûõ, â òîì ÷èñëå è ðåäêèõ. Êàê

îòìå÷àåòñÿ â Êðàñíîé Êíèãå ÑÑÑÐ, äàæå òàêîé

îñòîðîæíûé çâåðü, êàê òèãð àìóðñêèé óæèâàåòñÿ ñ

íà÷àëüíûìè ôîðìàìè îñâîåíèÿ òàéãè (âûáîðî÷íûå

ðóáêè).

Ïî äàííûì ïîñëåäíåãî ó÷åòà ëåñíîãî ôîíäà (1993)

îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü êåäðîâíèêîâ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

íå ïðåâûøàåò 3 ìëí.ãà, èç íèõ 2/3 âñå åùå

îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëåñàì 3-åé ãðóïïû è 1/3  ê ëåñàì 1-é.

Ïîñëåäíèå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

îðåõîâîïðîìûñëîâûìè (55,0%) è îõðàííîçàùèòíûìè (32,8%) íàñàæäåíèÿìè. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó

âðåìåíè ëó÷øèå èç êåäðîâíèêîâ îêàçàëèñü

âûðóáëåííûìè èëè ðàññòðîåíû áåññèñòåìíûìè

ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè.

Åùå â 1958 ãîäó Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâ ãîâîðèë, ÷òî ïðè

ñóùåñòâóþùèõ òåìïàõ âûðóáêè êåäðà ÷åðåç 30-35

ëåò âñå äîñòóïíûå äëÿ ýêñïëóàòàöèè ìàññèâû áóäóò

âûðóáëåíû. Îí óæå òîãäà ïðåäëàãàë âðåìåííî

ïðåêðàòèòú ðóáêó êåäðà â îòäåëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ,

îñòàâèâ ýòè ëåñà, êàê ðåçåðâàòû. Ïðèõîäèòñÿ ëèøü

óäèâëÿòüñÿ ïðîçîðëèâîñòè ó÷åíîãî, ñ êàêîé

òî÷íîñòüþ ïðåäñêàçàë îí ðàçâèòèå ñîáûòèé.

Ñåãîäíÿ, íåêîãäà îáøèðíûå ìàññèâû êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåáîëüøèìè, ðàçðîçíåííûìè ó÷àñòêàìè,

âñå áîëüøå òåðÿþùèìè ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ÷åðòû è

ñâîéñòâà ôîðìàöèè. Îíè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ áîëåå

óÿçâèìûìè äëÿ ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ è ìåíåå ïðèãîäíûìè, êàê ñðåäà îáèòàíèÿ äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ. Ïîýòîìó

âïîëíå ëîãè÷íî âñå ÷àùå îòìå÷àåòñÿ ïîÿâëåíèå

òèãðà âáëèçè æèëüÿ, íàïàäåíèå åãî íà äîìàøíèõ

æèâîòíûõ, à èíîãäà è íà ÷åëîâåêà. Âîò êàê êîììåíòèðóåò ýòî ÿâëåíèå áûâøèé çàìåñòèòåëü

ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàéèñïîëêîìà Þ.

Ñòðîêîíåâ: íå ñòàëî îðåõîâ  èñ÷åç êàáàí 

ðàçúÿðèëèñü òèãðû (Ñîâåòñêàÿ êóëüòóðà,

15.03.86)

Íàçâàíèå íàñòîÿùåãî ñîîáùåíèÿ çàòðàãèâàåò êàê

áû äâà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ âîïðîñà åäèíîé ïðîáëåìû  êåäðîâíèêîâ, êàê öåííåéøåé ôîðìàöèè

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ ëåñîâ è êåäðà, êàê ãëàâíîãî èõ

êîìïîíåíòà è äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ îñíîâíîãî èñòî÷-

íèêà äðåâåñèíû ïðîìûøëåííûõ ëåñîçàãîòîâîê.

Òàêîé ïîäõîä ê íàçâàíèþ òåìû âîçíèê íå ñëó÷àéíî.

Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå êåäðîâíèêè ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ, êàê

ñëîæíàÿ áèîýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà, âî-âòîðîì 

êàê îáúåêò ðàçíîñòîðîííåãî õîçÿéñòâåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ. Íåîäíîçíà÷íû è ïðè÷èíû, âûçâàâøèå

íåîáõîäèìîñòü îáñóæäåíèÿ è íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî

ðåøåíèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ âîïðîñîâ.

Ïî ìíåíèþ Á. Êîëåñíèêîâà (1956) ñàì êåäð èìååò

ðÿä ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôîðì è íå èñêëþ÷àåòñÿ íàëè÷èå

åãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ (êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ) ðàñ, ÷òî

óêàçûâàåò íà ñðàâíèòåëüíî øèðîêóþ áèîýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ ïëàñòè÷íîñòü ïîðîäû. Ñâèäåòåëüñòâîì

òîìó ìîæåò ñëóæèòü ïðèìåð óäà÷íîé èíòðîäóêöèè
-57 -

peak late in the 1950s and early 1960s. With harvesting volumes on the rise, logging techniques were modified to become a determining factor of aftercut stands

condition and dynamics of the formation evolution.

Forest tracts selectively logged earlier are increasingly

being harvested with the goal of extracting, where it is

still possible, commercial timber of coniferous species.

This led to progressive depletion of Korean pine stands,

the tendency currently still observed, though at a slower

pace.

Many researchers of the Far East Korean pine stands

noticed that the high longevity and ecologic plasticity

of the Korean pine are conducive to its stable role in

basic phytocenoses formation. K.P. Solovyov believed

that an assumption that the Korean pine species in

the Far East is being endangered, is unjustified. Even

human indiscriminate, though moderate, interference

(logging) fails to significantly disturb the dynamics of

age rotations in a genetic row of indigenous associations of Korean pine-broadleaved forests. Thus, selective logging, aimed at harvesting only high grade

timber, traditional in the past, while decreasing to a

certain extent the quality of the stands on the whole,

did not noticeably affect the nature of biogeocoenosis

development. Korean pine stands have always remained a consistent refuge for many fauna species

including rare ones. It is noted in the USSR Red Book

that even such a wary animal as the Amur tiger accommodates to initial forms of the forest development

(selective logging).

According to the latest forest inventory data (1993),

the total area of Korean pine stands in the Far East

does not exceed 3 million hectares. Two thirds of that

still belong to the forests of the third group, and onethird to the first group. The latter are represented mainly

by seed harvesting (55.5%) and protected (32.8%)

stands. Currently, the best Korean pine stands are

logged or disturbed by unsystematic commercial logging.

In 1958, K.P. Solovyov noted that with current rates of

Korean pine logging, all accessible forest stands would

be cut down within 30-35 years. He suggested to temporarily cease logging of Korean pine in some areas,

turning the forests into reserves. It is amazing with what

degree of precision the scientist predicted the events

of today. Once vast tracts of Korean pine-broadleaved

forests are currently represented by relatively small and

scattered stands, which are increasingly losing their

specific features and characteristics of the formation.

They become more sensitive to wildfires and less conducive for wild life. That is why tigers come closer to

human settlements more often, attacking domestic

animals and occasionally people. This phenomenon

is commented on by the former deputy Chairman of

Primorski Territory administration, Yu. Strokonev: Lack

of seeds caused the wild boars to disappear, and the

tigers got furious (Sovetskaya Kultura, March 15,

1986).

The title of the present report touches upon two independent aspects of the problem: (1) Korean pine stands

as the most valuable formation of the Far East forests,

and (2) the Korean pine as the main component of

these forests and a long-term major source of timber

for commercial harvesting. This approach to the

reports title is not accidental. In the first case, Korean

pine stands are regarded as a complex bioecological

system, in the secondas an object of various commercial interests. There are a number of reasons that

brought about this discussion and a need for a

scientific-practical approach to it .

B. Kolesnikov (1956) believed that Korean pine has

several ecological forms and, hence, it might possess

several geographic (climatic) races, factors indicating

to its fairly significant bioecological plasticity. The Korean pine successful introduction into areas beyond

its traditional growth range proves the fact. From a

strictly scientific point of view these stands cannot be

regarded as Korean pine stands representing complex

natural systems, uniting all components of biogeocenoses with multifunctional ties. It is not feasible to

artificially create typical Korean pine stands. Besides,

proceeding from silvicultural expediency and considering the status and trends of forest regeneration processes, there are Korean pine stands (regenerated

stands) the composition of which does not include the

Korean pine. As a rule, they are secondary stands that

at a certain point replaced Korean pine stands for one

reason or another.

It becomes obvious, that the Korean pine-as-a-species issue is a significant one. However, it seems less

dramatic from a silvicultural-ecological angle when

compared to the issue of Korean pine stands. The latter present extremely complex and very dynamic vegetative formations, spacially rather limited and situated

in the physical-geographic conditions, similar to those

of the monsoon-zone mixed forests of the Far East.

This can be viewed as one of the aspects of

silvicultural-ecological and geographical approaches

to interpret the Korean pine as an independent object

of Korean pine-broadleaved phytocenoses.

Another, no less important issue of the Korean pine

and Korean pine stands, was caused by economic considerations, specifically, by a high commercial value of

the timber and profitability of its harvesting, which has

led to continuous intensive logging in Korean pinebroadleaved forests. Long-term unregulated forest use

in conjunction with wildfires resulted in depletion of the

resource potential and contributed to the degradation

of one of the most valuable formations in the country.
-58 -

êåäðà çà ïðåäåëàìè åãî àðåàëà. Íî â ñòðîãî

íàó÷íîì ïîíèìàíèè ýòè íàñàæäåíèÿ íåëüçÿ íàçâàòü

êåäðîâíèêàìè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèìè ñîáîé ñëîæíûå

ïðèðîäíûå ñèñòåìû, îáúåäèíÿþùèå ìíîãîôóíêöèîíàëüíûìè âçàèìîñâÿçÿìè âñå êîìïîíåíòû áèîãåîöåíîçîâ. Ñîçäàòü èñêóññòâåííî òèïè÷íûå êåäðîâíèêè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåðåàëüíî. Êðîìå òîãî, èñõîäÿ

èç ëåñîâîäñòâåííîé öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòè, ñ ó÷åòîì

ñîñòîÿíèÿ è íàïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñîâîçîáíîâèòåëüíûõ

ïðîöåññîâ, âûäåëÿþòñÿ êàòåãîðèè êåäðîâíèêîâ

(âîññòàíîâëåííûõ), â ñîñòàâå íàñàæäåíèé êîòîðûõ

îòñóòñòâóåò êåäð. Ýòî, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïðîèçâîäíûå

íàñàæäåíèÿ, ñìåíèâøèå â ðàçëè÷íîå âðåìÿ êåäðîâíèêè ïî òåì èëè èíûì ïðè÷èíàì.

Èç èçëîæåííîãî ñëåäóåò, ÷òî ïðîáëåìà êåäðà, êàê

âèäà, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ âàæíîé, íî ìåíåå íàïðÿæåííîé ñ ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ â ñðàâíåíèè ñ ïðîáëåìîé êåäðîâíèêîâ, êàê

÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ñëîæíîé è âåñüìà äèíàìè÷íîé â ðàçâèòèè ðàñòèòåëüíîé ôîðìàöèè, ïðèóðî÷åííîé ê

ñðàâíèòåëüíî îãðàíè÷åííîìó ïðîñòðàíñòâó ñ îòíîñèòåëüíî ñõîæèìè ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè çîíû ìóññîííûõ ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà. Ýòî îäèí èç àñïåêòîâ ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïîðÿäêîâ, ïîñëóæèâøèõ îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ ðàññìîòðåíèÿ (íå âûäåëåíèÿ) êåäðà, êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî îáúåêòà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ.

Âòîðîé, íå ìåíåå âàæíûé, âçàèìîñâÿçàííûé âîïðîñ

êåäðà è êåäðîâíèêîâ âîçíèê íà õîçÿéñòâåííîýêîíîìè÷åñêîé îñíîâå, ïðè ýòîì, ïåðâîïðè÷èíîé â

äàííîì ñëó÷àå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

öåííîñòü äðåâåñèíû êåäðà è ðåíòàáåëüíîñòü åå

çàãîòîâêè, ÷òî èçäàâíà ïðèâëåêàëî ëåñîïîòðåáèòåëåé ê èíòåíñèâíîìó ïðîìûøëåííîìó îñâîåíèþ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Äëèòåëüíîå,

íè÷åì íå ðåãóëèðóåìîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå, ëåñíûå

ïîæàðû ïðèâåëè íå òîëüêî ê èñòîùåíèþ èõ ñûðüåâîãî ïîòåíöèàëà, íî è ïîñòàâèëè íà ãðàíü äåãðàäàöèè îäíó èç öåííåéøèõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé ñòðàíû. Òàê, â ðåçóëüòàòå áåñõîçÿéñòâåííîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðîáëåìà

êåäðà, êàê èñòî÷íèêà äðåâåñèíû, ïåðåðîñëà â ïðîáëåìó êåäðîâíèêîâ â öåëîì. Â ýòîé êðèòè÷åñêîé

ñèòóàöèè, â öåëÿõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ, ïðèíèìàåòñÿ êàðäèíàëüíîå ðåøåíèå  çàïðåòèòü â íèõ

ãëàâíîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå. Àêöèÿ âûíóæäåííàÿ, íî

íå åäèíñòâåííî âåðíàÿ. Îíà ïîä÷åðêèâàåò ëèøü

íàøå áåññèëèå è íåñïîcîáíîñòü îðãàíèçîâàòü ðàöèîíàëüíîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå. À òåíäåíöèÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêîâ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ è ïî ñåé äåíü, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðèíÿòîå ðåøåíèå.

Èíèöèàòîðû àêöèè, ñêàçàâ à, çàáûëè ñêàçàòü á,

íè÷åãî íå ïðåäëîæèâ ïî óïîðÿäî÷åíèþ îðãàíèçàöèè

õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâíèêàõ ñ öåëüþ ñòàáèëèçàöèè èõ

ñîâðåìåííîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ. Íè÷åãî íå ñêàçàíî î ñèñòåìå è ñïîñîáàõ ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ïðîèçâîäíûõ

íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñ ÿâíî âûðàæåííûìè ïðèçíàêàìè âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí. Åñëè ñðî÷íî íå áóäóò ïðèíÿòû ýôôåêòèâíûå ìåðû ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ñóùåñòâóþùèõ êåäðîâíèêîâ è âîññòàíîâëåíèþ èõ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ àíàëîãîâ è åñëè íàøè ïîòîìêè îêàæóòñÿ

òàêèìè æå èíåðòíûìè è íåðàñïîðÿäèòåëüíûìè â

ýòîì âîïðîñå, êàê èõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêè, òî âñëåä

çà Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâûì, ñ áîëüøåé äîëåé âåðîÿòíîñòè

ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî ÷åðåç 50-70 ëåò êåäðîâíèêè,

êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ, ïðåêðàòÿò ñóùåñòâîâàíèå íà íåîïðåäåëåííî äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Èõ

èñòîðèþ ïðèäåòñÿ âîññàíàâëèâàòü ïî ñëó÷àéíî ñîõðàíèâøèìñÿ ôðàãìåíòàì.

Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü àëîãè÷íîñòü âûøåóêàçàííîãî

ðåøåíèÿ è â òîì, ÷òî åãî ðåàëèçàöèÿ ÷ðåâàòà áåçâîçâðàòíûìè ïîòåðÿìè çíà÷èòåëüíîãî îáúåìà

öåííîé äðåâåñèíû â âèäå åñòåñòâåííîãî îòïàäà,

íà ÷òî â ñâîå âðåìÿ óêàçûâàë Á. Èâàøêåâè÷. Òàêàÿ,

ñ ïîçâîëåíèÿ ñêàçàòü, ïðàêòèêà õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ

óïîäîáëÿåòñÿ ïîëîæåíèþ ñîáàêè íà ñåíå.

Ñîõðàíåíèå íûíåøíåãî ïîëîæåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ

âàæíàÿ, íî íå åäèíñòâåííàÿ çàäà÷à â ðåøåíèè

êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìû. Íå ìåíåå àêòóàëüíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ è âîïðîñ èõ ðåàáèëèòàöèè, âîññòàíîâëåíèå

ñòàòóñ êâî ôîðìàöèè. Îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ çàñëóæèâàþò íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûå â ýòîì ïëàíå òàê

íàçûâàåìûå ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè, â êîòîðûõ

ïîñðåäñòâîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ âîçìîæíî ñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàòèòü

ïåðèîä âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êîðåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé,

ïðåäóïðåäèâ òåì ñàìûì âîçìîæíûé ïåðåõîä èõ â

êàòåãîðèþ óñòîé÷èâî- èëè äëèòåëüíî- ïðîèçâîäíûõ

àññîöèàöèé.

Â ïðàêòèêå äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî ëåñîâîäñòâà äî

ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè íå ðàçðàáîòàíà åäèíàÿ ñèñòåìà íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, ñòèìóëèðóþùèõ ïðîöåññû âîçðàñòíûõ è âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí. Îòñóòñòâóåò êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ïðîèçâîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé ïî õàðàêòåðó âîçìîæíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé, ñòàäèé è äèíàìèêå ðàçâèòèÿ âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ â ñâÿçè ñ íàëè÷èåì èëè

îòñóòñòâèåì èñòî÷íèêîâ ñåìÿí êåäðà èëè åãî ìîëîäîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ. Ñìåíà ïðîèçâîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé,

ïðîèçðàñòàþùèõ íà îáøèðíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ïîòåíöèàëüíî êåäðîâûõ ìåñòîïîëîæåíèé, ïî ðÿäó ïðè÷èí

ïðîèñõîäèò íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíî. Îñíîâíàÿ èç íèõ

 ëåñíûå ïîæàðû è â ìåíüøåé ìåðå  âåêîâûå

ñìåíû ôèòîöåíîçîâ îáû÷íî íà ãðàíèöàõ àðåàëà è

íà âûñîòíîì ïðåäåëå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ôîðìàöèè.

Ñ ó÷åòîì ñòàäèéíîñòè è õàðàêòåðà âîçðàñòíûõ è

âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí, ôîðìàöèîííîé ïðèíàä-
-59 -

As a result of poor forest management, the problem of

the Korean pine as a timber source grew into a problem of entire Korean pine stands. In order to preserve

Korean pine stands, a cardinal decision was adopted:

to prohibit major logging operations. That was a forced

measure, however, not the right one. It only emphasized our inability to organize sustainable forest use.

Despite the adopted decision, Korean pine stands preserve the tendency to decrease in the area occupied.

Initiators of this measure having said A forgot to say

B. They failed to come up with any measures to improve Korean pine stands management style in order

to stabilize their current status. Nothing is mentioned

about the system and methods of timber harvesting in

secondary stands demonstrating obvious signs of reproductive succession. If urgent measures are not

taken to preserve existing Korean pine stands and restore their potential analogs, and if our descendants

will prove to be as sluggish and inactive on this issue

as we are, we can state with high degree of certainty,

as it was done by K.P. Solovyov, that in 50-70 years

Korean pine stands as individual formations will cease

to exist for an indefinitely long time period. We will be

confronted with the necessity to restore their history

with the help of incidentally preserved stand fragments.

It needs to be noted that the decision on a logging ban

mentioned above can hardly be called consistent, since

its implementation may cause irretrievable losses of

high volumes of valuable timber in the form of natural

mortality, as pointed out by B. Ivashkevich. Such management practices are similar to the proverbial dog

on the hay.

Preservation of Korean pine stands in their current status is an important, but not the only goal in resolving

the Korean pine problem. Of equal significance is the

issue of these stands rehabilitation, and restoration of

status quo of the formation. Specific attention should

be paid to the larger perspective. In this relation, appropriate forest management of potential Korean pine

stands can possibly marginally reduce the period of

original stand restoration and, thereby, prevent their

transition into the category of long-term secondary

associations.

In practical silviculture of the Far East, a unified system of scientifically based measures to stimulate the

processes of age and restorative successions is yet to

be developed. Classification of secondary stands according to the nature of potential trends, stages and

dynamics of restoration processes development, influenced by availability or lack of Korean pine seed

sources and its young generation, is unavailable as

well. Replacement of secondary stands occurring on

vast tracts of potential Korean pine sites is not satisfactory for a number of reasons. The main reason is

forest fires andto a lesser extentcentury long

changes of phytocenoses usually at the range limits

and at the altitude limit of the formation distribution.

Taking into account successional stages, and restoration changes of the stands and also silvicultural methods for stabilization and rehabilitation of Korean pine

stands, we made an effort to combine all the stands

into homogeneous large-scale blocks (categories).

Consideration of secondary stand categories is executed in retrospective aspect, i.e., in a restored shape.

According to the above features, the following categories of the stands are outlined:

1. Original Korean pine stands.

2. Potential Korean pine stands.

3. Nominal Korean pine stands.

4. Quasi Korean pine stands.

1. Original Korean pine stands: with a Korean pine

share in the composition of 3 trees and more, virgin or

harvested by high-grading or selective felling of low

and moderate intensity and restored to their original

pattern. According to management goals they are differentiated into: (a) seed producing Korean pine stands

if they are of I-III site class with Korean pine share in

the composition of 5 units and more; (b) Korean pine

stands of multiple use: all other stands with the Korean pine share exceeding 2 units per composition.

This Korean pine stand category is represented by a

broad typological spectre characteristic of virgin Korean pine-broadleaved forests, though noticeably depleted in the areas of heavy commercial logging. The

latter proved especially detrimental for productive Korean pine tracts located in valleys and gentle hill slopes.

Incidentally, preserved patches of virgin stands should

play a role of a specific matrix for a detailed genetic

and typological diversity study of this extremely complex forest formation.

2. Potential Korean pine stands: Stands with clearly

expressed trends to restoration changes. In most

cases, they are disturbed by selective logging and represent stands of low value and density, as well as remains of original stands. The Korean pine is not available in the main layer or is represented by single stems.

In lower layers it is represented by small diameter trees

and undergrowth in quantities adequate for dominating the stands by the mature age. This category also

includes broadleaved stands of low value which have

under their cover a sufficient number of advanced Korean pine growth for restoration of original phytocenoses within 150-200 years.

Potential Korean pine stands are also common in the

zone of earlier conducted intensive commercial har-
-60 -

ëåæíîñòè íàñàæäåíèé, à òàêæå ñïåöèôèêè ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ïðèåìîâ ïî ñòàáèëèçàöèè è ðåàáèëèòàöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ, íàìè ïðåäïðèíÿòà ïîïûòêà îáúåäèíèòü âñå íàñàæäåíèÿ â îòíîñèòåëüíî îäíîðîäíûå êðóïíûå áëîêè (êàòåãîðèè). Ïðè ýòîì ðàññìîòðåíèå êàòåãîðèé ïðèçâîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé ïðîâîäèòñÿ â ðåòðîñïåêòèâíîì àñïåêòå, ò.å., â âîññòàíîâëåííîì âèäå.

Ïî óêàçàííûì âûøå ïðèçíàêàì âûäåëÿþòñÿ

ñëåäóþùèå êàòåãîðèè íàñàæäåíèé:

1. Êîðåííûå êåäðîâíèêè.

2. Ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè.

3. Íîìèíàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè.

4. Êâàçèêåäðîâíèêè.

1. Êîðåííûå êåäðîâíèêè  íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ äîëåé

ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîåâ 3 åäèíèöû è

áîëåå, íå çàòðîíóòûå èëè ðàíåå ïðîéäåííûå ïðèèñêîâûìè èëè âûáîðî÷íûìè ðóáêàìè ñëàáîé è óìåðåííîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè, è âîññòàíîâèâøèìè ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé îáëèê. Ïî öåëÿì âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â

íèõ âûäåëÿþòñÿ: (à) îðåõîïëîäíûå êåäðîâíèêè 

íàñàæäåíèÿ 1-3 êëàññîâ áîíèòåòà ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà

â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîåâ 5 åäèíèö è áîëåå; (á)

êåäðîâíèêè êîìïëåêñíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ  âñå

îñòàëüíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà ñâûøå 2

åäèíèö.

Ðàññìàòðèâàåìàÿ êàòåãîðèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíà øèðîêèì òèïîëîãè÷åñêèì ñïåêòðîì,

ñâîéñòâåííûì äåâñòâåííûì êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñàì, õîòÿ çàìåòíî îáåäíåííûì â

çîíå êðóïíûõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ çàãîòîâîê. Ïîñëåäíåå

îñîáåííî íåãàòèâíî îòðàçèëîñü íà áîëåå

ïðîäóêòèâíûõ êåäðîâûõ ìàññèâàõ äîëèííûõ

ìåñòîïîëîæåíèé è ïîëîãèõ ñêëîíîâ ãîð. Ñëó÷àéíî

ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ çäåñü ó÷àñòêè êîðåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé äîëæíû ïîñëóæèòü ñâîåîáðàçíîé ìàòðèöåé

äëÿ óãëóáëåííîãî èçó÷åíèÿ ãåíåçèñà è òèïîëîãè÷åñêîãî ìíîãîîáðàçèÿ ýòîé ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ñëîæíîé

ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè.

2. Ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè  íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ

ÿâíî âûðàæåííîé òåíäåíöèåé âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ

ñìåí. Áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ ýòî ðàññòðîåííûå ïîäíåâîëüíî-âûáîðî÷íûìè ðóáêàìè ìàëîöåííûå

íèçêîïîëíîòíûå îñòàòêè ìàòåðèíñêèõ íàñàæäåíèé.

Êåäð â îñíîâíîì ïîëîãå îòñóòñòâóåò, ëèáî âñòðå-

÷àåòñÿ åäèíè÷íî, â ïîä÷èíåííûõ ÿðóñàõ îí ïðåäñòàâëåí òîíêîìåðîì è ïîäðîñòîì â êîëè÷åñòâàõ,

îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ôîðìèðîâàíèå ê âîçðàñòó

ñïåëîñòè íàñàæäåíèé ñ åãî ïðåîáëàäàíèåì. Ê ýòîé

êàòåãîðèè îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêæå ìàëîöåííûå ëèñòâåííûå íàñàæäåíèÿ, ïîä ïîëîãîì êîòîðûõ èìååòñÿ

äîñòàòî÷íîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïîäðîñòà êåäðà äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êîðåííûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ â òå÷åíèå 150-

200 ëåò.

Ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû â çîíå èíòåíñèâíûõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ëåñîçàãîòîâîê â ïðîøëîì. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûì îáúåêòîì ëåñîâîäñòâåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ñ öåëüþ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ óòðà÷åííûõ êåäðîì

ïîçèöèé.

Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âîçðàñòà è âèäà ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ

îíè ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà: (à) íàñàæäåíèÿ, íå äîñòèãøèå âîçðàñòà ñïåëîñòè; (á) ñïåëûå è ïåðåñòîéíûå

íàñàæäåíèÿ. Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå îñíîâíûì ñðåäñòâîì

äîñòèæåíèÿ êîíå÷íîãî ðåçóëüòàòà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû ðóáîê óõîäà, âî âòîðîì  ñî÷åòàíèå

ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî è ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ.

3. Íîìèíàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè  ïðåäñòàâëåíû

áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ ìÿãêîëèñòâåííûìè íàñàæäåíèÿìè.

Âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ äðåâîñòîåâ çíà÷èòåëüíî îáåäíåí.

Êåäð â íåì îòñóòñòâóåò. Ìàëî÷èñëåííû èëè îòñóòñòâóþò è åãî íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûå ñïóòíèêè.

Ïîäðîñò êåäðà âûñîòîé äî 1,5 ì âñòðå÷àåòñÿ åäèíè÷íî. Ñðåäè êóñòàðíèêîâ è æèâîãî íàïî÷âåííîãî

ïîêðîâà îáû÷íû âèäû êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ. Ïîñëåäíåå ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî

ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå ñâîéñòâà èñõîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé

íå ïðåòåðïåëè êàðäèíàëüíûõ èçìåíåíèé è ñîîòâåòñòâóþò áèîýêîëîãèè îñíîâíîãî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëÿ.

Çàíèìàþò òàêèå íàñàæäåíèÿ îáøèðíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà ñïëîøíûõ âûðóáîê, ÷àñòî ïðîéäåííûõ áåãëûìè ïîæàðàìè. Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ïðîöåññû â

íàñàæäåíèÿõ ýòîé êàòåãîðèè áåç öåëåíàïðàâëåííîãî âìåøàòåëüñòâà ÷åëîâåêà ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç

ðÿä ñòàäèé äëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí è

çàíèìàþò ìíîãèå ñòîëåòèÿ.Ôîðñèðîâàòü ýòîò

ïðîöåññ ìîæíî òîëüêî ïóòåì ñîçäàíèÿ ïîäïîëîãîâûõ ïîñàäîê êåäðà ñ ïîñëåäóþùèìè ëåñîâîäñòâåííûìè ìåðàìè óõîäà. Íàñàæäåíèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé êàòåãîðèè ñîñòàâëÿþò îñíîâó ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ôîíäà.

4. Êâàçèêåäðîâíèêè  ïðîèçâîäíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ

åñòåñòâåííî-íåîáðàòèìîãî ðÿäà ðàçâèòèÿ.

Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, â òàê íàçûâàåìûõ ìàðãèíàëüíûõ ïîëîñàõ (çîíàõ) ñ áëèçêèìè

ê ýêñòðåìàëüíûì äëÿ êåäðà ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûìè

óñëîâèÿìè. Äàííàÿ êàòåãîðèÿ íàñàæäåíèé íå

òîëüêî èçìåíèëà ôèçèîíîìè÷åñêèé îáëèê, íî â

ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ óòðàòèëà ðóäèìåíòàðíûå ïðèçíàêè

êîðåííîé ôîðìàöèè. Âìåñòå ñ ýòèì ïðîèçîøëà

ïåðåðàáîòêà è óñëîâèé ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ íàñòîëüêî,

÷òî äàëåêî íå âåçäå áåç ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ôèòîìåëèîðàöèè âîçìîæíî óñïåøíîå èñêóññòâåííîå

âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî êåäðîâíèêîâ. Á.Ï. Êîëåñíèêîâ ê

ýòîé êàòåãîðèè íàñàæäåíèé îòíîñèò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ

÷àñòü äóáíÿêîâ, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèõ ïî ïåðèôåðèè

àðåàëà êåäðà.
-61 -

vesting. They form a priority object for silvicultural efforts aimed at restoration of the Korean pine former

positions.

Depending on the age and type of use, they are differentiated into: (a) stands that have not achieved maturity age; and ( b) mature and overmature stands. In

the first case, various types of tending felling are the

main way of achieving the ultimate result. In the second case, the result is achieved by a combination of

main and intermediate fellings.

3. Nominal Korean pine stands: are represented

mainly by softwood stands. The stands species composition is quite poor. The Korean pine is not available. Its most specific associates are scarce or not

available as well. The Korean pine advanced growth

reaches up to 1.5 m and is represented by isolated

stems. Bushes and forest floor humus cover are made

of the species of Korean pine-broadleaved forests. This

fact shows that forest vegetative features of original

stands did not change radically and conform with bioecology of the dominating forest species. Such stands

cover large tracts of clear cut areas often burned by

running fires.

Restoration processes in this category of stands go

through a number of long-term restoration changes

without purposeful human interference and last for

many centuries. This process can be forced only by

establishing undercover Korean pine plantations with

consequent silvicultural tending measures. Stands of

this category make up a basis for a reconstructive pool.

4. Quasi Korean pine stands: secondary stands of

natural- irreversible line of development. They are common in the so-called marginal zones with close to extreme vegetative conditions for the Korean pine. This

stand category has not only changed its appearance

but, in a number of cases, lost rudimentary features of

the original formation. In addition, growing conditions

have changed so much that in many cases successful

artificial Korean pine reproduction is not always possible without adequate phytomelioration. B.P.

Kolesnikov includes in this category great portions of

oak stands occurring on the limits of the Korean pine

range.

The researchers of Korean pine-broadleaved forests

do not have a generally shared opinion on the genetic

origin of the considered stand category. Some authors

believe they are original, others consider them secondary vegetation associations. Categorical ideas are

hardly acceptable because in given conditions, there

undoubtedly exist both.

The marginal position of Korean pine stands make

them sensitive to careless external influences that result in feasible stable Korean pine replacement and

expanding marginal zone vegetation groups. In the

south of the range, the most serious competitor, as B.

Kolesnikfv believes, is oak. In the north and upper limit,

a dark coniferous species may be considered a competitor as well.

The term quasi used in the name of this category

emphasizes some uncertainty as to its position in the

genetic line of vegetation groups, due to a lack of an

unambiguous concept about dynamics and trends of

century long restoration changes. The question needs

some very specific research. At this point large-scale

measures for reproduction of Korean pine stands on

these areas is currently unreasonable. It is necessary

to conduct a study to identify in more detail Korean

pine compatible ecotopes which will subsequently allow to regard part of the stands as a reconstructionregeneration pool.

The given above classification is not limited to evaluation of Korean pine stand current conditions and those

of the secondary stands that replaced them. It attempts

to focus on the need to identify ways of the formation

status restoration within the limits of its historical range.

A certain pattern of major trends and techniques to

correct and stimulate development of age, restoration,

and partially century long successions with the help of

differentiated use of silviculturally justified measures.

For each forest category, a long-term program is being elaborated that considers their stage of commercial development, the site class in mind, as well as

stand structure and composition, condition and trends

of forest restoration processes, and labor demands.

The programs are developed by special forest inventory organizations on the basis of specialized monitoring of stand categories described above. They should

be used for prognosticating development processes

in the original and secondary stands.

Various types of selective logging can be effective and

easy tools for implementing management processes

of stabilizing and rehabilitating Korean pine stands.

Logging should be conducted with consideration of development stages of age and restoration successions,

structure and composition of forests, status and trends

of their regeneration. Nominal Korean pine stands represent a certain exception, where logging operations

have to be supported by establishing understory Korean pine plantations.

It is hard to explain why the issues of sustainable forest management in Korean pine stands still remain unresolved. Well-known experts of Korean pine stands,

B. Ivashkevich, B. Kolesnikov, K. Solovyov had to admit that despite quite a few research studies accomplished, issues of sustainable forest management have

not been covered. It is not accidental that after the ban

on logging of Korean pine stands was adopted, mature and overmature stands stayed out of management

influence. Of special attention should be potential Ko-
-62 -

Î ãåíåòè÷åñêîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ðàññìàòðèâàåìîé

êàòåãîðèè íàñàæäåíèé ñðåäè èññëåäîâàòåëåé

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ íåò åäèíîãî

ìíåíèÿ. Îäíè àâòîðû îòíîñÿò èõ ê êîðåííûì, äðóãèå

 ê ïðîèçâîäíûì ðàñòèòåëüíûì ñîîáùåñòâàì.

Êàòåãîðè÷íîñòü ñóæäåíèé çäåñü âðÿä ëè óìåñòíà,

ïîñêîëüêó äëÿ êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèé áåññïîðíî

ñóùåñòâîâàíèå è òåõ, è äðóãèõ.

Ïîãðàíè÷íîå ïîëîæåíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ äåëàåò èõ

âåñüìà óÿçâèìûìè ê íåîñòîðîæíûì âíåøíèì âîçäåéñòâèÿì, â ðåçóëüòàòå êîòîðûõ âîçìîæíî óñòîé-

÷èâîå âûòåñíåíèå êåäðà è ðàñøèðåíèå ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ìàðãèíàëüíîé çîíû. Íà þãå àðåàëà, êàê ñ÷èòàåò Á.Êîëåñíèêîâ, íàèáîëåå ñåðüåçíûì êîíêóðåíòîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ äóá, íà ñåâåðå è âåðõíåì ïðåäåëå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ àíàëîãè÷íóþ êîíêóðåíöèþ ìîãóò ñîñòàâèòü òåìíîõâîéíûå ïîðîäû.

Ïðèìåíÿåìàÿ íàìè ïðèñòàâêà êâàçè â íàçâàíèè

äàííîé êàòåãîðèè ëåñîâ ïîä÷åðêèâàåò ëèøü íåêóþ

íåîïðåäåëåííîñòü åå ïîëîæåíèÿ â ãåíåòè÷åñêîì

ðÿäó ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê, îòñóòñòâèå äîñòàòî÷íî ÷åòêîãî ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î äèíàìèêå è íàïðàâëåíèè âåêîâûõ (âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ) ñìåí. Âîïðîñ

íóæäàåòñÿ â ãëóáîêèõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ.

Ïîýòîìó, îñóùåñòâëåíèå â íèõ êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûõ

ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ êåäðîâíèêîâ ïîêà

âðÿä ëè öåëåñîîáðàçíî. Íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåñòè äåòàëüíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ êåäðîâîïðèãîäíûõ ýêîòîïîâ, ïîñëå ÷åãî îïðåäåëåííàÿ

÷àñòü èõ ìîæåò áûòü îòíåñåíà ê ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíîëåñîêóëüòóðíîìó ôîíäó.

Ïðèâåäåííàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ íå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ

îöåíêîé ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ è

âîçíèêøèõ íà èõ ìåñòå ïðîèçâîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé.

Îíà àêöåíòðèðóåò âíèìàíèå íà íåîáõîäèìîñòè è

âîçìîæíîñòè âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ ôîðìàöèè â ïðåäåëàõ åå åñòåñòâåííîãî àðåàëà, ïðåäñòàâëÿÿ ñîáîé êàê áû íåêîòîðóþ ýñêèç-ñõåìó îñíîâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé è ïðèåìîâ êîððåêòèðîâêè è

ñòèìóëèðîâàíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ ðàçâèòèÿ âîçðàñòíûõ,

âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ è, îò÷àñòè, âåêîâûõ ñìåí ïîñðåäñòâîì äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ

ëåñîâîäñòâåííî îáîñíîâàííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Äëÿ

êàæäîé êàòåãîðèè ëåñîâ ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ äîëãîâðåìåííàÿ ïðîãðàììà èõ ïîýòàïíîãî õîçÿéñòâåííîãî îñâîåíèÿ ñ ó÷åòîì äîáðîòíîñòè (áîíèòåòà)

ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé, ñîñòàâà è ñòðóêòóðû

íàñàæäåíèé, ñîñòîÿíèÿ è íàïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñîâîçîáíîâèòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ, çàòðàòíîñòè ðàáîò.

Ïðîãðàììû ðàçðàáàòûâàþòñÿ ëåñîïðîåêòíûìè

îðãàíèçàöèÿìè íà îñíîâàíèè ñïåöèàëüíûõ

îáñëåäîâàíèé âûøåóêàçàííûõ êàòåãîðèé íàñàæäåíèé. Îíè äîëæíû ñëóæèòü îòïðàâíûì ìàòåðèàëîì ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ ðàçâèòèÿ êîðåííûõ è ïðîèçâîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé.

Ýôôåêòèâíûì è äîñòóïíûì â ïðàêòè÷åñêîì èñïîëíåíèè ñðåäñòâîì óïðàâëåíèÿ ïðîöåññàìè ñòàáèëèçàöèè è ðåàáèëèòàöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ ìîãóò ñëóæèòü ðàçëè÷íûå âàðèàíòû íåñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê ñ

ó÷åòîì ñòàäèé ðàçâèòèÿ âîçðàñòíûõ è âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí, ñòðóêòóðû è ñîñòàâà íàñàæäåíèé, ñîñòîÿíèÿ è íàïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñîâîçîáíîâëåíèÿ. Íåêîòîðîå èñêëþ÷åíèå ñîñòàâëÿþò íîìèíàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè, ãäå íàðÿäó ñ ðóáêàìè

íåîáõîäèìî äîïîëíèòåëüíî ñîçäàíèå ïîäïîëîãîâûõ ïîñàäîê êåäðà.

Íà ýòîì ôîíå âåñüìà ñòðàííî âûãëÿäÿò áåëûì

ïÿòíîì âîïðîñû îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â

êåäðîâíèêàõ. Ïî ýòîìó ïîâîäó êðóïíåéøèå çíàòîêè

êåäðîâíèêîâ  Á. Èâàøêåâè÷, Á. Êîëåñíèêîâ, Ê.

Ñîëîâüåâ  âûíóæäåíû áûëè ïðèçíàòü, ÷òî ïðè

îòíîñèòåëüíî õîðîøåé èçó÷åííîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ,

ïðîáëåìà ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â íèõ

íå íàøëà ïîëîæèòåëüíîãî ðåøåíèÿ. Íå ñëó÷àéíî ñ

ìîìåíòà çàïðåùåíèÿ ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ

â êåäðîâíèêàõ ñïåëûå è ïåðåñòîéíûå äðåâîñòîè

îêàçàëèñü âíå ñôåðû õîçÿéñòâåííîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ.

Îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ çàñëóæèâàþò ïîòåíöèàëüíûå

êåäðîâíèêè, ãäå ãëàâíîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå âåäåòñÿ

ïî ïðàâèëàì òåõ ôîðìàöèé, íàñàæäåíèÿìè êîòîðûõ

ïðåäñòàâëåí ëåñîñå÷íûé ôîíä. Ïîñëåäíåå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ïî÷òè íåèçáåæíî âåäåò ê íàðóøåíèþ

ïðîöåññà âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí è ïðåðûâàíèþ

èõ íà íåîïðåäåëåííî äëèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä.

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, çàïðåòîì ðóáîê íå ñíèìàåòñÿ âîïðîñ îðãàíèçàöèè õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâíèêàõ, à åùå

áîëåå îáîñòðÿåòñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ïîëíîñòüþ ëåñíàÿ

ôîðìàöèÿ ñ áîëüøèìè çàïàñàìè öåííîé äðåâåñèíû

(íå òîëüêî êåäðà) ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïðåâðàùåíà â ñâîåîáðàçíûé çàïîâåäíèê. Ïîýòîìó, âûõîä èç ñîçäàâøåãîñÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ ñëåäóåò èñêàòü ÷åðåç îðãàíèçàöèþ ðàöèîíàëüíîãî è êîìïëåêñíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ áîãàòñòâ êåäðîâîé òàéãè.

Äëÿ ñëîæíûõ ïî ñîñòàâó è ñòðîåíèþ ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ñ èõ

îñîáåííîñòÿìè âîçðàñòíûõ ñìåí, êîãäà ãëàâíûé

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëü ïî ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè æèçíè â

äâà è áîëåå ðàçà ïðåâûøàåò âîçðàñò åãî ïîñòîÿííûõ ñïóòíèêîâ, à âî âñåõ ÿðóñàõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ

îáû÷íî íàëè÷èå íå ïîäëåæàùèõ ðóáêå ðåëèêòîâ è

ýíäåìîâ, íå ìîæåò áûòü è ðå÷è î ïðîâåäåíèè

ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê â ëþáîì âàðèàíòå.

Ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå â êåäðîâíèêàõ äîëæíî áûòü

êîìïëåêñíûì ïî âèäàì ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, êîìáèíèîâàííûì  ïî ñïîñîáàì ðóáîê, ïåðìàíåíòíûì 

ïî ìåñòó è âðåìåíè èñïîëíåíèÿ, ìíîãîöåëåâûì 

ïî õàðàêòåðó èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ. Óêàçàííûì
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rean pine stands where major logging is still conducted

according to the rules valid for general timber stock.

This inevitably leads to disturbance of the process of

restoration successions for an indefinitely long time.

Hence, the ban on logging instead of resolving the

management problem in Korean pine stands, aggravates it even more since the entire forest formation

with high stock of valuable timber (not only the Korean

pine) is turned into a reserve. This leads to a conclusion that introducing sustainable management and integrated use in the Korean pine forests can be the

only way out of the created situation.

Clearcuttings of any type cannot be recommended for

the uneven-aged Korean pine-broadleaved forests of

complex composition and structure with their peculiarities of succession, when the predominant species in

terms of longevity exceeds two and more times its permanent associates, and all the vegetation layers contain relics and endemics, which are not allowed to be

cut.

Forest use in Korean pine stands should be (1) integrated according to type and combination of use and

(2) combined according to cutting types, (3) permanent according to place and time of executing, and (4)

multiple according to nature of resources use. These

requirements should conform to a system of adaptive

management providing for various types of selective

logging. The latter should also agree with tendencies

of their dynamics and phytocenosis structure. This system of principal and intermediate forest use should

provide for sustainable use of valuable timber resource

and establish optimal conditions for future stands shaping at a higher qualitative level with the entire accompanying multiplicity of resource and protective functions.

Stabilization of the existing situation and restoration of

the positions lost by the Korean pine is a very difficult

and complex goal. But the restoration of this unique

formationjustly called the Northern jungleto its

former splendor is worthy of solution. Implementation

of the recommendations presented in this report will

take centuries, but it is necessary to start this important and urgent work immediately.

In view of the above stated situation, Silvicultural Laboratory of the Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute

has developed Proposals on Organization and Implementation of Logging in Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forests of the Far East, which envision improvement of

the stands structure and quality, creation of optimal

conditions for establishing and growing young Korean

pine trees and co-dependent valuable species, and

shortening time period required for regeneration of the

Korean pine stands in their historical sites. This document is not aimed at a universal approach and irreproachable solution of the Korean pine problem. In

the process of practical implementation it will inevitably be improved and made more specific. The noble

mission of the restoration of the past grandeur of the

Far East Korean pine stands is entrusted to the future

generations of experts in silvicultural regeneration.

Time will prove how successful they will be.

An integral part of measures to stabilize Korean pine

stands and their reproduction is a unified system of

fire control in Korean pine stands, which is issue number one in the Korean pine problem. Without organizing adequate forest protection, all the efforts aimed

at improved management of Korean pine stands will

not bring expected results.
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âûøå òðåáîâàíèÿì äîëæíà ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü

ñèñòåìà àäàïòèâíîãî ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ïîðÿäêå

ïðèìåíåíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âàðèàíòîâ ðåãóëèðóåìûõ

íåñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòÿì äèíàìèêè ðàçâèòèÿ è ñòðóêòóðå ôèòîöåíîçîâ. Ýòà äâóåäèíàÿ ñèñòåìà ñî÷åòàíèÿ ãëàâíîãî è ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ äîëæíà

îáåñïå÷èòü ðàöèîíàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå öåííîãî

äðåâåñíîãî ñûðüÿ è ñîçäàòü îïòèìàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ

ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ áóäóùèõ íàñàæäåíèé íà áîëåå

âûñîêîì êà÷åñòâåííîì óðîâíå ñî âñåì ñîïóòñòâóþùèìèì ìíîãîîáðàçèåì ñûðüåâûõ ïîëåçíîñòåé è çàùèòíî-îõðàííûõ ôóíêöèé.

Ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ è

âîññòàíîâëåíèå óòðà÷åííûõ êåäðîâíèêàìè ïîçèöèé

 çàäà÷à ñëîæíàÿ è ìíîãîòðóäíàÿ. Íî åå ðåøåíèå

ñòîèò òîãî, ÷òîáû ñîõðàíèòü áûëîå âåëèêîëåïèå

ýòîé óíèêàëüíîé ôîðìàöèè, ñïðàâåäëèâî èìåíóåìîé èíîãäà ñåâåðíûìè äæóíãëÿìè. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ

çàòðîíóòûõ â íàñòîÿùåì ñîîáùåíèè âîïðîñîâ

çàéìåò ñòîëåòèÿ, íî íà÷èíàòü ýòó âàæíóþ è íåîòëîæíóþ ðàáîòó ñëåäóåò óæå ñåãîäíÿ.

Â ðàçâèòèå âûøåèçëîæåííîé ñèòóàöèè ëàáîðàòîðèåé ëåñîâîäñòâà ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ ðàçðàáîòàíî

Ïîëîæåíèå ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è ïðîâåäåíèþ ðóáîê â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà, êîòîðûì ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåòñÿ óëó÷øåíèå

ñîñòàâà è êà÷åñòâà íàñàæäåíèé, ñîçäàíèå

îïòèìàëüíûõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ, ðîñòà è

ðàçâèòèÿ ìîëîäíÿêà êåäðà è ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ åìó

öåííûõ ïîðîä, ñîêðàùåíèå ñðîêîâ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ â ìåñòàõ èõ ïðåæíåãî ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ.

Ïîäãîòîâêîé óêàçàííîãî äîêóìåíòà ìû, ðàçóìååòñÿ,

íå ïðåòåíäóåì íà âñåîáúåìëþùåå è áåçóïðå÷íîå

ðåøåíèå êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìû. Â ïðîöåññå

ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî îñâîåíèÿ îí íåèçáåæíî áóäåò

ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòüñÿ è óòî÷íÿòüñÿ. Áëàãîðîäíàÿ

ìèññèÿ âîçðîæäåíèÿ áûëîãî âåëè÷èÿ äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ ââåðÿåòñÿ ãðÿäóùèì

ïîêîëåíèÿì ëåñîâîäîâ-ðåñòàâðàòîðîâ. Íàñêîëüêî

óñïåøíî îíè ñïðàâÿòñÿ ñ íåé  ïîêàæåò èñòîðèÿ.

Îðãàíè÷åñêîé ÷àñòüþ îáùèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ñòàáèëèçàöèè è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó êåäðîâíèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïðîòèâîïîæàðíîãî óñòðîéñòâà

êåäðîâûõ ìàññèâîâ, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà ñîçäàâàòüñÿ

ñ îïåðåæåíèåì âñåõ äðóãèõ âîïðîñîâ êåäðîâîé

ïðîáëåìû. Áåç îðãàíèçàöèè íàäëåæàùåé

ëåñîîõðàíû âñå óñèëèÿ ïî ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèþ

õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâíèêàõ íå äàäóò äîëæíûõ

ðåçóëüòàòîâ.
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-66 -

 Ê âûñòóïëåíèþ íà íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî

 êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñàì

Â.Ô. Ïîìèíîâ

Íà÷àëüíèê Óïðàâëåíèÿ Ëåñàìè Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ

ýòî êîñíóëîñü Ìóõåíñêîãî, Ãóðñêîãî, Ñóêïàéñêîãî è

Íàíàéñêîãî ëåñõîçîâ.

Âåòðîâàë â íîÿáðå 1995 ãîäà âûâàëèë êåäðà áîëåå

÷åì íà äåñÿòè òûñÿ÷àõ ãåêòàðîâ â Êîìñîìîëüñêîì

è Àìóðñêîì ðàéîíàõ, à ïðîøåäøèå â ýòîì ãîäó

ëåñíûå ïîæàðû ïðåâðàòèëà ýòè ìàññèâû â êëàäáèùå äåðåâüåâ,

Âî ìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ ïîñëå ïîæàðîâ èäåò ñìåíà ïîðîä,

â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü âîññòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ îñèíà,

áåðåçà. Êîíå÷íî, ýòî òîæå ëåñ, êàê ãîâîðèòñÿ,

ïðîöåññ èäåò, íî âåäü äëÿ ïîëíîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðà÷åé ïîòðåáóþòñÿ ñîòíè ëåò.

Ó÷èòûâàÿ ñëîæèâøóþñÿ ñèòóàöèþ, Óïðàâëåíèåì

ëåñàìè íå ðàç ïðèíèìàëèñü ìåðû, êîòîðûå ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íàïðàâëåíû íà îõðàíó è âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ.

Äëÿ ýòîãî â êðàå îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ Ïðîãðàììà îõðàíû è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà ëåñîâ íà ïåðèîä 1996-2000

è äî 2010 ãîäà. Ýòî óæå âòîðîé ïÿòèëåòíèé ñðîê

Ïðîãðàììû, ïåðâûé ïåðèîä îõâàòûâàåò 1992-1996

ãîäû.

Â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ Ïðîãðàììîé âåäåíèå õîçÿéñòâà

â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ

íà âîññòàíîâëåíèå óòðà÷åííûõ êåäðîì ïîçèöèé,

óëó÷øåíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ íàñàæäåíèé, êîìïëåêñíîå è

íåèñòîùèòåëüíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå ëåñîì.

Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýòèõ öåëåé íàìå÷åíî ïåðåâåñòè

âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íà ñåëåêöèîííóþ

îñíîâó, äëÿ ÷åãî ïðîèçâåäåíû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ Íàíàéñêîãî, Ìóõåíñêîãî, Àâàíñêîãî è

äðóãèõ ëåñõîçîâ ïî âûÿâëåíèþ 197 ïëþñîâûõ

äåðåâüåâ, 3396 ãà ãåíåòè÷åñêè öåííûõ ðåçåðâàòîâ.

Â äàëüíåéøåì ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ïåðåéòè íà

ïîñàäêó ñàæåíöåâ ñ óëó÷øåííûìè ãåíåòè÷åñêèìè

ñâîéñòâàìè.

Äëÿ ýòîãî íàìå÷åíî çàëîæèòü 63,5 ãà ëåñîñåìåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé, 550 ãà ïîñòîÿííûõ ëåñîñåìåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, èìåòü íå ìåíåå 200 ïëþñîâûõ äåðåâüåâ.

Íî êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà  ýòî íå

òîëüêî êåäð, íî è áîëüøîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå äðóãèõ

ïîðîä  ÿñåíÿ, îðåõà ìàíü÷æóðñêîãî, áàðõàòà è

äð. Ïîýòîìó ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîâîäèòü ðàáîòû ïî

ãåíîôîíäó ýòèõ ïîðîä.

Óâàæàåìûå äàìû è ãîñïîäà!

Óâàæàåìûå êîëëåãè!

Îò èìåíè ëåñîâîäîâ Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ ïðèâåòñòâóþ âñåõ ó÷àñòíèêîâ íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè ïî ïðîáëåìàì êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ è æåëàþ

âàì ïëîäîòâîðíîé ðàáîòû.

Äëÿ íàøåãî êðàÿ ýòà ïðîáëåìà  ïðîáëåìà ñîõðàíåíèÿ è, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ  ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç íàèáîëåå

àêòóàëüíûõ.

Êåäðîâûå ëåñà êðàÿ, êàê íàèáîëåå äîñòóïíûå,

ýêîíîìè÷åñêè âûãîäíûå äëÿ ëåñîýêñïëóàòàöèè,

ïîäâåðãëèñü îñîáåííî ñèëüíîìó âîçäåéñòâèþ

ëåñîçàãîòîâîê.

Íåêîãäà ñïëîøü ïîêðûòûå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè þæíûå ðàéîíû êðàÿ (Õàáàðîâñêèé, Íàíàéñêèé, èìåíè Ëàçî, Âÿçåìñêèé, Áèêèíñêèé) ê ñåãîäíÿøíåìó äíþ íåîäíîêðàòíî

ïðîéäåíû ðóáêàìè, à ïëîùàäè ÷èñòûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ

ñîêðàòèëèñü â 2 ðàçà ñ 1.058 òûñ.ãà äî 560 òûñ.ãà,

èç íèõ çàùèòíûå ëåñà è îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûå çîíû

 162,5 òûñ.ãà,

Íåëüçÿ cêàçàòü, ÷òî ëåñîâîäû, ó÷åíûå è îáùåñòâåííîñòü êðàÿ áûëè ðàâíîäóøíû ê ñóäüáå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ. Ýòà ïðîáëåìà ïîñòîÿííî èçó÷àëàñü,

ïîäíèìàëàñü èìè íà êðàåâîì, ðåñïóáëèêàíñêîì è

ñîþçíîì óðîâíÿõ. Â ýòîì íàïðàâëåíèè áîëüøóþ

ðàáîòó ïðîâîäèëè ó÷åíûå ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕà, î ÷åì îíè

ðàññêàæóò â ñâîèõ äîêëàäàõ.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå çà ïåðèîä ñ 1952 ïî 1985 ãîäû áûëè

ïðèíÿòû ðåøåíèÿ îá îðãàíèçàöèè 17 îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûõ çîí îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 260,3 òûñ.ãà è

çàïàñîì äðåâåñèíû 52,5 ìëí êóáîìåòðîâ.

Ýòè çîíû ñòàëè ñâîåîáðàçíûì ðåçåðâàòîì äëÿ

ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, ñáîðà

ñåìÿí è êîðìîâûìè óãîäüÿìè äëÿ æèâîòíûõ.

Â 1979-1981ãîäû áûëè çàïðåùåíû ðóáêè êåäðà

ñíà÷àëà â 5 ðàéîíàõ, çàòåì è ïîâñåìåñòíî. Ýòî

ïîìîãëî ïðèîñòàíîâèòü óíè÷òîæåíèå êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ, íî ïîëíîñòüþ ïðîáëåìó ñîõðàíåíèÿ èõ íå

ðåøèëî.

Îñîáåííî ñèëüíî ëåñà ñòðàäàþò îò ïîæàðîâ,

íàïðèìåð, â 1976 ãîäó, 1983, 1988 ãã. âûãîðåëè

ìíîãèå äåñÿòêè òûñÿ÷ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, îñîáåííî,
-67 -

Problems of Forest Management in

Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forests of Khabarovski Territory

V.F. Pominov

Director, Khabarovski Krai Russian Federal Forest Service

however, the complete restoration of Korean pine

stands will take hundreds of years.

Considering the situation which has evolved, the Territorial Forest Administration is taking measures to preserve and restore Korean pine stands. With this purpose in mind, a program of forest protection and regeneration is being implemented in 5-year periods to

extend from 1996 to 2000, and further on, as far as

the year 2010. The first period covered 1992-1996,

and we are now in the second 5-year term. According

to this program, management of Korean pine-broadleaved forests is targeted at restoration of positions

lost by the Korean pine in terms of improving stand

condition, and providing for multiple and sustainable

forest use.

To achieve these goals, it was planned to provide a

genetic-selection basis for regeneration of Korean pine

forests. To begin with, Korean pine stands in Nanaiski,

Mukhenski, Avanski, and other leskhozes were surveyed to locate about 200 plus trees and 3,396 hectares of genetically-valuable reserves. In the future, we

intend to shift completely to planting seedlings with improved genetic characteristics. It is planned to establish 63.5 hectares of forest seed orchards, 550 hectares of permanent seed production areas, and to have

no less than 200 plus trees.

Korean pine-broadleaved forests consist of many more

species besides the Korean pine proper: ash, Manchurian nut tree, cork tree, and others. Hence, we also

plan to work with the gene pool of these species.

Long-term storage (5-10 years) of Korean pine seeds

is still a critical issue, and we are now resolving it by

installing large freezers that provide temperatures down

to -18o

 C. Our first experience proved promising opportunities in using this technology. We have great

hopes for using the new technology of growing plug

seedlings to allow planting on poor sites (specifically,

in burned areas). For that purpose, we are currently

constructing two greenhouse complexesone in

Khabarovski leskhoz and one in Gurski leskhoz. Each

is intended for growing 5 million plug seedlings annually. This current year, we are producing about 300

thousand such seedlings. Experts from the U.S. and

Norway assisted us in this effort.

Currently, up to 2,000 hectares of Korean pine plantations are established in the krai annually; in addition,

natural reproduction is conducted on the area of 18,000

Dear ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues.

On behalf of Khabarovski Territory foresters, let me

greet all the participants of the scientific-practical conference on the issues of Korean pine stands and wish

you fruitful work. For our territory, the problem of preservation and, most importantly, restoration of Korean

pine forests is one of the most urgent ones.

Korean pine forests of the territory, as the most accessible and economically profitable forests for exploitation, have been subject to intensive logging activities.

Khabarovski Territorys southern regions (Khabarovsk,

Nanaiski, Lazo, Vyasemski, and Bikinski) used to be

entirely covered by Korean pine-broadleaved forests.

They were repeatedly logged, and the areas covered

by pure Korean pine stands have been reduced from

1058 to 560 thousand hectares, including 162.5 thousand hectares of protective stands and seed harvesting zones.

We cannot say that silvicultural experts, scientists, and

the public of Khabarovski Territory were indifferent to

the fate of Korean pine stands. The problem has been

long studied and discussed at the territorial, republic,

and federal levels. The scientists of the Far East Forestry Research Institute have done much research, and

they will tell you about it.

As a result of the efforts undertaken within a period

from 1952 to 1985, decisions were made on establishing 17 seed harvesting zones with a total area of

260.3 thousand hectares and timber volume of 52.5

million cubic meters. These zones turned into a specific reserve for preserving Korean pine-stand gene

pool, seed harvesting, and providing feeding grounds

for wildlife.

In 1979-1981, Korean pine harvesting was prohibited

initially in five regions and, later, throughout the country. This helped to suspend the destruction of Korean

pine forests, but the problem of their preservation was

not solved completely. The forests specifically suffer

from fires; for instance, in 1976, 1983, and 1988, many

thousand hectares of Korean pine forests were

burnedmostly in Mukbenski, Gurski, Sukpaiski, and

Nanaiski leskhozes. Windthrow in November 1995 destroyed Korean pine trees in the area of over 10,000

hectares in Komsomolski and Amurski regions, and

forest fires in 1996 have turned those areas into tree

cemeteries. Species change occurs on many burned

sites, with aspen and birch being the first invaders. Of

course, this is also a forest, and the process goes on;
-68 -

Ñëîæíîé îñòàåòñÿ äëÿ íàñ ïðîáëåìà äëèòåëüíîãî

(5-10 ëåò) õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí êåäðà, íî ìû åå ñåé÷àñ

ðåøàåì ïóòåì ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ìîðîçèëüíûõ êàìåð

ñ îõëàæäåíèåû äî -18 Ñ. Ïåðâûé íàø îïûò ïîêàçàë

âîçìîæíîñòü òàêîãî õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí.

Áîëüøèå íàäåæäû ìû âîçëàãàåì íà íîâóþ

òåõíîëîãèþ âûðàùèâàíèÿ ñåÿíöåâ ñ çàêðûòîé

êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé, ÷òî ïîçâîëèò âåñòè ïîñàäêè íà

îáåäíåííûõ ïî÷âàõ, ññîáåííî íà ïîæàðèùàõ. Äëÿ

ýòîãî ìû ñîçäàåì äâà êîìïëåêñà  Õàáàðîâñêèé

è Ãóðñêèé, êàæäûé ìîùíîñòüþ ïî 5 ìëí ñåÿíöåâ ñ

çôêðûòîé êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé â ãîä.

Â òåêóùåì ãîäó ìû ïîëó÷èëè îêîëî 300 òûñÿ÷ òàêèõ

ñåÿíöåâ. Â ýòîì íàì ïîìîãàþò àìåðèêàíñêèå è

íîðâåæñêèå êîëëåãè.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â êðàå åæåãîäíî ñîçäàåòñÿ äî

2 òûñ.ãåêòàðîâ êóëüòóð êåäðà, êðîìå òîãî, ïðîâîäèòñÿ ñîäåéñòâèå åñòåñòâåííîìó âîçîáíîâëåíèþ

íà 18 òûñ.ãà; âñåãî âåäåòñÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íà ïëîùàäè 20 òûñ.ãà åæåãîäíî.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ðåàëèçàöèè Ïðîãðàììû ïëîùàäü

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ êðàÿ ê 2010 ãîäó óâåëè÷èòñÿ íà 370

òûñ.ãà, â òîì ÷èñëå 56 òûñ.ãà ñîçäàííûõ èñêóññòâåííûì ïóòåì, è ñòàíåò ðåàëüíîé çàäà÷à âîññòàíîâèòü êåäðîâíèêè íà âñåé çàíèìàåìîé èìè

ïëîùàäè. Êîíå÷íî, ìû äîëæíû èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî

çòî áóäóò ìîëîäûå ëåñà è ÷òîáû îíè äàâàëè

ïîëíóþ îòäà÷ó, íåîáõîäèìî ïðèëîæèòü ìíîãî ñèë,

óìåíèÿ è ñòàðàíèÿ.

Ïðè ýòîì íàäî ïðîðàáîòàòü öåëûé êîìïëåêñ

íàó÷íûõ ïðîáëåì, íàïðèìåð, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü,

ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ è ïåðñïåêòèâ ðàçâèòèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ, ðàçðàáîòàòü ìåòîäè÷åñêèå

ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî ó÷åòó ïëîùàäåé ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ

êåäðîâíèêîâ äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ëåñîêóëüòóðíîãî ôîíäà è ïðîèçâåñòè ó÷åò íà ìåñòíîñòè, ðàçðàáîòàòü

ìåòîäû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íà ãàðÿõ

è äðóãèõ çåìëÿõ ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, ïîäâåðãøèõñÿ

ñèëüíîìó àíòðîïîãåííîìó âîçäåéñòâèþ, è ò.ä.

Ïðè ýòîì íàäî èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî íàøè âîçìîæíîñòè â ñâÿçè ñ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèì êðèçèñîì â ñòðàíå

îãðàíè÷åíû, è ïîýòîìó ìû íå îòêàçûâàåìñÿ îò

ëþáîé èíîñòðàííîé ïîìîùè.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìû èìååì ïÿòèëåòíåå ñîãëàøåíèå ñ Ëåñíîé Ñëóæáîé ÑØÀ ðåãèîíà Àëÿñêè è

øòàòà Îðåãîí î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå â îõðàíå è âîññòàíîâëåíèè ëåñîâ, îðãàíèçàöèè ìîíèòîðèíãà è ÃÈÑ

ëåñíîãî ôîíäà.

Àêãèâíóþ ðàáîòó ïðîâîäèì ñîâìåñòíî ñ ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè Ïðîåêòà ïî Ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé Ïîëèòèêå

è Òåõíîëîãèè íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå (ÅÐÒ). Ïî ýòîìó

ïðîåêòó íàìè ïîëó÷åíà ÷àñòü ëåñîïîæàðíîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, âåäåòñÿ ñîîðóæåíèå äâóõ êîìïëåêñîâ

è îñâàèâàåòñÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòíà ñåÿíöåâ ñ

çàêðûòîé êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé äëèòåëüíîãî õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí.

Î÷åíü âàæíûì äîñòèæåíèåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáó÷åíèå

íàøèõ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â ÑØÀ è çäåñü íåïîñðåäñòâåííî íà ïèòîìíèêàõ.

Òðåòèé ãîä ñîòðóäíè÷àåì ñ Êàíàäîé â îðãàíèçàöèè

îáðàçöîâî-ïîêàçàòåëüíîãî âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà (ìîäåëüíûé ëåñ Ãàññèíñêèé), êîòîðîå ïîëíîñòüþ ðàñïîëîæåíî â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Öåííîñòü ýòîé èäåè çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â

òîì, ÷òî â óïðàâëåíèè ëåñíûìè ïðîöåññàìè ìîãóò

ó÷àñòâîâàòü âñå ðàáîòàþùèå íà òåððèòîðèè ëåñà,

à òàêæå äðóãèå çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå ëèöà è îðãàíèçàöèè.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âåäåòñÿ èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ëåñà,

ðàçðàáîòêà ïðîãðàììû ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî è ýêîíîìè-

÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ òåððèòîðèè, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñîîðóæåíèå äâóõ êîìïëåêñîâ è îñâàèâàåòñÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòíà ñåÿíöåâ ñ çàêðûòîé êîðíåâîé

ñèñòåìîé, äëèòåëüíîãî õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí.

Èññëåäîâàíèå âåäåòñÿ ïî ïðîåêòàì, â êîòîðûõ

ó÷àñòâóþò 7 íàó÷íûõ è ïðîåêòíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé è

èíñòèòóòîâ.

Ìû ðàññ÷èòûâàåì íà ñåðüåçíûå îáîáùåíèÿ è

âûâîäû, êîòîðûå ïîìîãóò íàì â äàëüíåéøåì

ðàñïðîñòðàíèòü èõ íà äðóãèå ëåñà.

Ïðîáëåìû êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ âåñüìà ìíîãîãðàííû è

î÷åíü õîðîøî, ÷òî ñåãîäíÿ çäåñü ñîáðàëîñü ñòîëü

ìíîãî çàèíòåðåñîâàííûõ ó÷åíûõ, ñïåöèàëèñòîâ ïî

îáñóæäåíèþ ýòèõ ïðîáëåì.

Åùå ðàç æåëàþ âàì ïëîäîòâîðíî ðàáîòàòü.
-69 -

hectares. Thus, a total of 20,000 hectares of Korean

pine stands are established annually. The program

implementation will result in an increased area of Korean pine stands in Khabarovski Territory by 2010 of

370 thousand hectares, including 56 thousand hectares of artificially established stands. Thus, the goal to

restore Korean pine stands to their historical sites will

become a reality. Of course, we have to remember

that these will be young forests and it will require great

skill and experience to make them fully productive.

The whole complex of scientific issues should be developed. To start with, we should conduct a silviculture-economic analysis of current conditions and development of perspectives for Korean pine stands; to

elaborate recommended methods for inventory of potential Korean pine stand areas for the purpose of establishing a forest culture base; to execute a field inventory; and to develop methods for restoration of

Korean pine stands on burns and other sites influenced

by strong anthropogenic (human) impact.

It should also be recognized that our opportunities are

limited due to the current economic crisis in the country, and we welcome assistance from abroad. Currently,

we have a 5-year agreement with USDA Forest Service (Alaska Region and Pacific Northwest Research

Station) for collaboration in forest protection and restoration, monitoring and inventory work, and developing a GIS data base.

We are working actively with representatives of the Environmental Policy and Technology Project in the Far

East (EPT). We have already received some forest fire

control equipment from this Project, and we are receiving assistance in the construction of the two greenhouse complexes and implementation of the technology for producing plug seedlings and long-term seed

storage. It is important that our experts have received

nursery training in the USA and are going through additional training locally.

For the third year, we are collaborating with Canada in

the model forest management program (the Gassinsky Model Forest), which is located completely within

the range of Korean pine-broadleaved forests. The significance of this concept lies in the opportunity for specialists working in the model forest area and also other

interested people and organizations to mutually participate in managing the forest processes. Currently, a

forest inventory is being conducted, and a program of

ecological and economic development is being developed. Investigations are being implemented on projects

in which seven scientific and management organizations and institutions are participating. We hope to

obtain summaries and conclusions that can be applied

in other forests.

The problems of Korean pine forests are complex, and

it is good that so many interested scientists and experts have got together today to discuss these issues.

Once again, I wish you fruitful work. Thank you for your

attention.
-70 -

Ïðîáëåìû êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ è ïóòè èõ ðåøåíèÿ

Â.Í. Âîðîáüåâ

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ

Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ è âåäåíèÿ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â íèõ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïî äàííûì Ôåäåðàëüíîé Cëóæáû ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà Ðîññèè (ÔÑËÕ) ñëåäóþùèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè.

Ïðåæäå âñåãî, îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå, ÷òî

êåäðîâûå ëåñà ïî÷òè âî âñåõ ðåãèîíàõ Ñèáèðè â

îñíîâíîì ñïåëûå (òàáë.1). Äîëÿ ìîëîäíÿêîâ êåäðà

êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 3 äî 22%. Èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, âîçðàñòíîé

ñîñòàâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íå îïòèìàëåí. Óïîðÿäî÷èâàíèå åãî íå òîëüêî íå ïîíèìàåòñÿ, êàê îñíîâíàÿ çàäà÷à ðåøåíèÿ êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìû, íî âñå

áîëåå óñóãóáëÿåòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå èëè îøèáî÷íûõ

ìíåíèé, èëè ïîñëåäñòâèé íåïðèìåíèìîñòè òðàäèöèîííûõ ñèñòåì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ.

Ðåøåíèå âûøåóêàçàííîé çàäà÷è äîëæíî áûòü

ñâÿçàíî íå ñ êîíüþíêòóðíîé ñìåíîé ñèñòåìû ó÷åòà

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, à ñ èíòåíñèôèêàöèåé ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â íèõ, êàê äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ, òàê è ðåñóðñíûõ öåëåé, â ÷àñòíîñòè, äëÿ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ êàðàíäàøíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â Ðîññèè. Ðåøåíèå ýòîé çàäà÷è ñ ïîìîùüþ

ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ òðàäèöèîííûìè äëÿ äðóãèõ ïîðîä è ñâÿçàííûìè ñ îïðåäåëåíèåì âîçðàñòà ðóáêè ïî òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè

äðåâåñèíû äëÿ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íåäîïóñòèìî, òàê

êàê ïðèâîäèò ê âûðóáêå óðîæàéíûõ íàñàæäåíèé.

Èìåííî ïîýòîìó òàêèå ðóáêè çàïðåùåíû è â ïðåæíåì âèäå íå äîëæíû äîïóñêàòüñÿ. Ïîëüçîâàíèå

íóæíî âîññòàíàâëèâàòü, íî íà íîâûõ ïðèíöèïàõ.

Óêàçàííîå íèæå ñíèæåíèå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ôàêòè-

÷åñêè ãîâîðèò î ïðåêðàùåíèè íîðìàëüíîãî âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ (ðèñ 1.).

Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì îêàçûâàåòñÿ íåïðèãîäíîé

ñèñòåìà âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, òðàäèöèîííî îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ íà ñîçäàíèå ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð. Ïî÷òè 40-ëåòíèå óñèëèÿ ó÷åíûõ è ïðàêòèêîâ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè ôàêòè-

÷åñêè íå ïðèâåëè ê ðåàëüíîìó ðåçóëüòàòó, çà èñêëþ-

÷åíèåì îáëåñåíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ òèïîâ âûðóáîê,

êîòîðûå è òàê áû áûëè âîññòàíîâëåíû åñòåñòâåííûì ïóòåì, ê ïðèìåðó çåëåíîìîøíèêè. Â öåëîì

ýòà ñèñòåìà íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðèðîäå êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ, êîòîðûå âîññòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ â ìøèñòûõ òèïàõ ëåñà íàïðÿìóþ, â òðàâÿíèñòûõ  ÷åðåç ñìåíó

ïîðîä â âèäå ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ; îíà íå

êîíêóðåíòíà ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê åñòåñòâåííîìó âîçîáíîâèòåëüíîìó ïîòåíöèàëó, äîëÿ ñîçäàííûõ ëåñ-íûõ

êóëüòóð â ëåñíîì ôîíäå ìèçåðíà, ñîçäàíèå èõ â

áîëüøèõ îáúåìàõ â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ íåðåÊåäðîâûå ëåñà Ðîññèè âêëþ÷àþò òðè âèäà êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí: êåäð ñèáèðñêèé (Pinus sibirica), êåäð

êîðåéñêèé (P.koraiensis) è êåäðîâûé ñòëàííèê

(P.pumila). Ëåñà èõ çàíèìàþò ïëîùàäü îêîëî 40

ìëí.ãà, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ íà äîëþ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî

ïðèõîäèòñÿ îêîëî 90%.

Êåäðîâûå ëåñà óíèêàëüíû ïî ñâîåé ïðèðîäå è

òðåáóþò èíîé ñèñòåìû âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

÷åì â äðóãèõ ëåñàõ. Îñîáåííî íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ ðîëü êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ. Îíè

èìåþò âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ âîäíûõ

ðåñóðñîâ â ãîðàõ Ñèáèðè, ðàñïîëàãàÿñü â èñòîêàõ

ðåê, ïðåïÿòñòâóþò çàáîëà÷èâàíèþ òåððèòîðèè

îáøèðíîé Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé íèçìåííîñòè. Êåäðîâûå ëåñà âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñðåäî- è

ëåñîîáðàçóþùèìè, îñîáåííî â ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ

óñëîâèÿõ ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ, ïðîíèêàþò ïîä ïîëîã äðóãèõ ïîðîä, â ò.÷., ñâåòëîõâîéíûõ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ âåäóùåé

ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèåé â òåìíîõâîéíîé ÷àñòè

áîðåàëüíîé çîíû Åâðàçèè, èãðàþò âàæíóþ áèîñôåðíóþ ðîëü, îáëàäàþò ìèðîâûìè ðåñóðñíûìè

öåííîñòÿìè: ñïåöèôè÷åñêèìè ñåìåíàìè, æèâèöåé,

äðåâåñèíîé è äðóãèìè ñîñòàâëÿþùèìè êîìïëåêñíîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè.

Èç îáùåãî çàïàñà äðåâåñèíû êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ (7

ìëðä. êóá.ì) 46% íàõîäèòñÿ â ñîñòàâå ñïåëûõ

ëåñîâ, êîòîðûå äîëæíû â áëèæàéøèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ

âûðóáàòüñÿ ñ ó÷åòîì ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ òðåáîâàíèé.

Â ÑÑÑÐ îáúåì åæåãîäíîé çàãîòîâêè êåäðîâîé äðåâåñèíû äîñòèãàë â 70-80-å ãîäû äî 7-8 ìëí. êóá.ì.

Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ÷àñòè ýòîé äðåâåñèíû â

êàðàíäàøíîì ïðîèçâîäñòâå èõ âûïóñê ñîñòàâëÿë

1,0-1,5 ìëðä. øò. â ãîä.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáúåì çàãîòîâêè êåäðîâîé

äðåâåñèíû è âûïóñê êàðàíäàøåé ñíèçèëñÿ â

íåñêîëüêî ðàç.

Íîâûé ýòàï ðàçâèòèÿ ëåñíîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è

êàðàíäàøíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà â Ðîññèè áóäåò ñâÿçàí

ñ áîëüøèìè îáúåìàìè çàãîòîâêè êåäðîâîé äðåâåñèíû è åå ñïåöèàëüíûì èñïîëüçîâàíèåì, â ïåðâóþ

î÷åðåäü äëÿ èçãîòîâëåíèÿ êàðàíäàøåé. Â ýòîì

ñëó÷àå ñ ó÷àñòèåì èíîñòðàííûõ èíâåñòîðîâ è

ïðîèçâîäèòåëåé â Ðîññèè ìîæåò áûòü ñîçäàíà

êàðàíäàøíàÿ èíäóñòðèÿ ìèðîâîãî ìàñøòàáà.

Ðåñóðñû êåäðîâîé äðåâåñèíû ïîçâîëÿþò ýòî ñäåëàòü. Íåîáõîäèìû ñîâìåñòíûå ïðîãðàììû ïî åå

ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ.
-71 -

Problems of Siberian Stone Pine Forests and Ways to Resolve Them

V. N. Vorobyov

Institute for Ecology of Natural Complexes, Tomsk

Siberian stone pine forests of Russia are composed of

three species: Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du

Tour), Korean stone pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Et

Zucc.) and Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila [Pall.]

Regel). All these forests occupy about 40 million hectares, with Siberian stone pine accounting for 90% of

the entire area.

Stone pine forests are unique and require a different

system of forest management than other forest types.

Their environmental role is especially significant. These

stands are critical for conservation of water resources

in mountains and near head waters of Siberian rivers.

They also serve to stabilize swamping processes in

the vast West Siberian Lowland. More often than not,

Siberian stone pine forests are critical for habitat and

stand formation, especially under extreme conditions;

they introduce themselves under the canopy of other

species, including light conifers, and are the leading

forest formation in the dark-coniferous forests of

Eurasia boreal zone, play an important biospheric role

and possess global scale resource values: specific

seeds, oleoresin, timber, and other components of integrated productivity.

Out of the total stock of stone pine forests standing

timber (7 billion cubic meters) 46% are incorporated in

the composition of mature forests, assigned for cutting in the following decades in keeping with environmental requirements.

In the former USSR, the annual volume of logged stone

pine timber has achieved in the 1970s and 1980s up

to 7-8 million cubic meters. With a share of that volume used for pencil production the annual output

amounted to 1.0-1.5 billion pencils.

Currently, the volume of cut timber dropped several

times and with it the pencil production output went down

as well.

A new phase of forest industry development and pencil manufacture in Russia will be associated with big

volumes of harvested stone pine timber and its special utilization for pencil production. With the involvement of foreign investors and manufacturers, a world

class pencil production industry can be started in Russia. There are sufficient resources to accomplish that

goal. However, joint programs on sustainable timber

use are required.

At present the status of Siberian stone pine forests

and their management are characterized according to

the data provided by the Russian Forest Service by

the following indices.

First of all, in almost every region of Siberia, stone pine

forests are mature (Table 1). The share of young stands

varies within the range of 3 to 22%. In other words, the

age composition of these forests is not homogeneous.

Reorganization of forest management is not viewed

as a major way of resolving the existing problem. The

problem is further exacerbated by either inadequate

management decisions or inadequacy of traditional

approaches to forest use and regeneration issues.

Intensification of the forest management, not a modification of the inventory system, is the only reasonable

solution for both achieving resource objectives, restoration, and further development of the pencil manufacture in Russia. Resorting to major cutting, traditional

for other species and associated with definition of the

technical maturity of timber, is an inadmissible type of

forest management for stone pine forests, since it leads

to extraction of productive stands. That consideration

lies behind the ban on this type of cutting. Forest use

should be renewed, however, based on different principles. As described later in the report, a decrease in

timber utilization speaks of a lack of adequate forest

management in stone pine forests (Fig.1).

In a similar way, a system of stone pine forests restoration proves inapplicable, since it is traditionally oriented at creating forest cultures. An almost 40-year

experience accumulated by scientists and practical

foresters in this direction has not brought about any

feasible result with the exception of reforestation efforts in some types of cutover areas, which in any case

would have been reforested naturally; green moss areas are a good evidence of that. In general, this system does not conform to a specific nature of stone

pine forests, which are regenerated directly in moss

type forests, through successive grassy species represented by potential stone pine stands. That system fails to compete with natural regeneration potential; the share of created forest cultures in the forest

stock is insignificant, and growth of large quantities

under current conditions is not feasible. However, silvicultural attempts should not be discarded. These attempts need to pursue the goal of a targeted culture

growth with identification of actual production volumes

and their location. They have to be provided for financially and technologically, with timely updates, specifically, develop containerized planting stock cultivation.

Recommendations have been elaborated, and the Federal Forest Service of Russia possesses a sufficient
-72 -

Òàáëèöà 1. Äèíàìèêà ïëîùàäåé êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé.

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîêðûòîé ëåñîì ïëîùàäè % îáëàñòü

Ðåñïóáëèêà, Ãîäû Ïîêðûòàÿ Ìîëîäíÿêè Ñðåäíå- Ïðèñïå- Ñïåëûå è

êðàé, ëåñîì ïðèñïåâàþùèå âàþùèå ïåðåñòîéíûå

àâòîíîìíîå ïëîùàäü

 îáðàçîâàíèå ò.ãà

Âñåãî ïî 1988 40371.0 8 23 23 46

Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè 1993 39797.8 9 46 24 21

â òîì ÷èñëå:

Ðåñïóáëèêà Àëòàé 1988 894.5 8 31 30 31

1993 908.1 10 50 32 8

Ðåñïóáëèêà Áóðÿòèÿ 1988 1803.1 14 51 18 17

1993 1858.2 13 64 11 12

Ðåñïóáëèêà Òóâà 1988 3513.7 11 26 44 19

1993 3516.9 11 79 8 2

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé

êðàé è Õàêàññèÿ 1988 9939.6 4 13 17 66

1993 9324.6 4 27 39 30

Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé 1988 2243.5 3 25 32 40

1993 2187.4 3 74 18 5

Õàáàðîâñêèé êðàé 1988 640.2 3 17 22 58

1993 559.8 3 58 24 15

Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ îáë. 1988 694.3 4 34 24 38

1993 691.9 6 36 25 33

Òþìåíñêàÿ îáë. 1988 7684.3 4 18 22 56

1993 6902.7 5 59 24 14

Òîìñêàÿ îáëàñòü 1988 3570.4 7 10 20 63

1993 3429.4 7 20 24 49

Îìñêàÿ îáëàñòü 1988 146.8 14 57 11 18

1993 142.5 12 64 10 14

Êåìåðîâñêàÿ îáë. 1988 280.9 16 38 30 16

1993 259.9 13 38 34 15

Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ 1988 42.3 18 41 22 19

îáëàñòü 1993 40.3 9 58 27 6

Èðêóòñêàÿ îáë. 1988 6884.5 17 31 24 28

1993 6914.4 18 45 18 19

×èòèíñêàÿ îáë. 1988 956.0 22 57 14 7

 1993 984.0 21 61 12 5
-73 -

Russian Federation: 1988 40371.0 8 23 23 46

1993 39797.8 9 46 24 21

Including Republics:

Altai 1988 894.5 8 31 30 31

1993 908.1 10 50 32 8

Buryatiya 1988 1803.1 14 51 18 17

1993 1858.2 13 64 11 12

Tuva 1988 3513.7 11 26 44 19

1993 3516.9 11 79 8 2

Territories:

Krasnoyarskii 1988 9939.6 4 13 17 66

Khakassiya 1993 9324.6 4 27 39 30

Primorskii 1988 2243.5 3 25 32 40

1993 2187.4 3 74 18 5

Khabarovskii 1988 640.2 3 17 22 58

1993 559.8 3 58 24 15

Sverdlovskaya 1988 694.3 4 34 24 38

1993 691.9 6 36 25 33

Tyumenskaya 1988 7684.3 4 18 22 56

1993 6902.7 5 59 24 14

Tomskaya 1988 3570.4 7 10 20 63

1993 3429.4 7 20 24 49

Omskaya 1988 146.8 14 57 11 18

1993 142.5 12 64 10 14

Kemerovskaya 1988 280.9 16 38 30 16

1993 259.9 13 38 34 15

Novosibirskaya 1988 42.3 18 41 22 19

1993 40.3 9 58 27 6

Irkutskaya 1988 6884.5 17 31 24 28

1993 6914.4 18 45 18 19

Chitinskaya 1988 956.0 22 57 14 7

1993 984.0 21 61 12 5

Forest cover,

thousand

hectares

Young

stands

Mediummature

stands

Nearly

Mature

stands

Mature and

overmature

stands

Region Year

Distribution of forest covered areas (%)

Table 1. Dynamics of stone pine forests.
-74 -

àëüíî. Ýòî íå îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ðàáîòû â îáëàñòè

ëåñîêóëüòóðíîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ñëåäóåò ïðåêðàòèòü.

Èõ íåîáõîäèìî îðèåíòèðîâàòü ïðåæäå âñåãî íà

öåëåâîå ïëàíòàöèîííîå ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèå, îïðåäåëèòü ðåàëüíûå îáúåìû è öåíòðû ïðîâåäåíèÿ

ðàáîò, îáåñïå÷èòü èõ ôèíàíñîâûìè è òåõíè÷åñêèìè

ðåñóðñàìè, âíåñòè êîððåêòèâû â òåõíîëîãèè, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ðàçâèòü âûðàùèâàíèå ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà ñ çàêðûòîé êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé. Ðåêîìåíäàöèè äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ýòèõ çàäà÷ èìåþòñÿ, ïîòåíöèàë

ïðîèçâîäñòâà ÔÑËÕ äîñòàòî÷åí (òàáë.2). Ãëàâíîå,

èçìåíèòü ëåñíóþ ïîëèòèêó â ýòîì âîïðîñå è, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, ñîñðåäîòî÷èòü óñèëèÿ íà ðóáêàõ óõîäà

â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ. Âàæíî òàêæå äèôôåðåíöèðîâàòü ñïîñîáû è îáúåìû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ïî ðåãèîíàì, íî íå îò äîñòèãíóòîãî ðàíåå, à ñ ó÷åòîì íîâûõ èäåé è ïîäõîäîâ.

Ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîçâîëèò ðåàëüíî è ïðàâèëüíî

ïîäîéòè ê îðãàíèçàöèè êîìïëåêñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

êîòîðàÿ ðàíåå ñ÷èòàëàñü ãëàâíîé çàäà÷åé, ÷òî ñîâñåì íå òàê, è êîòîðàÿ äî ñèõ ïîð íå èìååò äîñòàòî÷íîãî òåîðåòè÷åñêîãî îáîñíîâàíèÿ, à òàêæå òåõíîëîãî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé, òåì áîëåå â

ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿ. Êîìïëåêñíîå õîçÿéñòâî

ðàíåå è äî ñèõ ïîð íå ìîãëî áûòü îðãàíèçîâàíî,

ò.ê. â ïðîöåññå ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ èç

ñòðîÿ âûâîäèëàñü ñûðüåâàÿ áàçà ïðîèçâîäñòâà,

îðèåíòàöèÿ öåëåé øëà â îñíîâíîì íà çàãîòîâêó

äðåâåñèíû, à ïîáî÷íîå ïîëüçîâàíèå â ïîëíîì

ñìûñëå ýòîãî ñëîâà îñòàâàëîñü è îñòàåòñÿ

ïîáî÷íûì. Â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ íåîáõîäèìî

òàê îðãàíèçîâàòü è äèôôåðåíöèðîâàòü ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå, ÷òîáû ó÷àñòêè ëåñà, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå èíòåðåñ äëÿ äëèòåëüíîãî êîìïëåêñíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñîõðàíÿëèñü, à íèçêîïðîäóêòèâíûå â

ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ïîñòóïàëè â ðóáêó, íàçíà÷àåìóþ

íå ïî òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè äðåâåñèíû â âîçðàñòå

160 èëè 200 ëåò, à ñ ó÷åòîì êîìïëåêñíîé öåííîñòè.

Ðåêîìåíäàöèè íà ýòîò ñ÷åò èìåþòñÿ, îíè èçëîæåíû

â Ðóêîâîäñòâå ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ (êåäð ñèáèðñêèé) (Ì.,

1990).

Ïðè èçëîæåííîì ïîäõîäå ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî áóäåò

ñîõðàíåíà ñûðüåâàÿ áàçà êîìïëåêñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

çàòåì ñîçäàíû òåõíèêî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ

åãî ðàçâèòèÿ íà îñíîâå äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííîãî

ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è, íàêîíåö, ïðè ïîÿâëåíèè ðûíî÷íîãî ñïðîñà íà íåäðåâåñíóþ ïðîäóêöèþ, îðãàíèçîâàíî åå ïîëó÷åíèå.

Òåîðåòè÷åñêèå îñíîâû ñîâðåìåííîãî ïîäõîäà ê

âåäåíèþ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ (Âîðîáüåâ, 1983), ñâÿçàíû òàêèì îáðàçîì íå òîëüêî ñ

ó÷åòîì âûðàùèâàíèÿ, ïîñïåâàíèÿ è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

äðåâåñèíû, íî âñåé èõ êîìïëåêñíîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè, âêëþ÷àÿ ñåìåííóþ, ñìîëîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü,

ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ öåííîñòè. Â íîâûõ

èäåÿõ ëåæèò äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûé ïîäõîä ê

îöåíêå ñòàòèñòè÷åñêîé ñâÿçè ìåæäó ïîêàçàòåëÿìè

ðîñòà è ãåíåðàòèâíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ äåðåâüåâ è äðåâîñòîåâ, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñî÷åòàíèÿ

èõ ïîêàçàòåëåé, îðèåíòèðîâàòü ïîëüçîâàíèå íà òå

èëè èíûå ïðèçíàêè ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè áåç âçàèìíîãî

äëÿ íèõ óùåðáà. Íàïðèìåð, âûðóáàòü íàñàæäåíèÿ

ñ õîðîøèì çàïàñîì äðåâåñèíû, íî íèçêîóðîæàéíûå, ïðè÷åì âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò âîçðàñòà, íî ñ ó÷åòîì óðîæàéíîñòè, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ è äðóãèõ öåííîñòåé. Íà îñíîâå ðàçðàáîòàííîé òåîðèè ïðåäëîæåíà

ìåòîäèêà êîìïëåêñíîé îöåíêè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ,

êîòîðàÿ ðåàëèçîâàíà ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå íà ïëîùàäè îêîëî 11 ìëí.ãà. Íà ñîâðåìåííîì ýòàïå íåîáõîäèìî âîññòàíàâëèâàòü ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ ñ ó÷åòîì ýòîé îöåíêè, ïîäõîäÿ ê

îðãàíèçàöèè ðóáîê äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííî â êàæäîì

íàñàæäåíèè. Òàêàÿ ñèñòåìà ðóáîê âíåäðåíà â

Ðåñïóáëèêå Àëòàé íà ïëîùàäè áîëåå 2 òûñ.ãà.

Íåîáõîäèìî ðàçâèòèå ýòèõ ðàáîò â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ, â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, â Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî ìîíîïîëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî êàðàíäàøíîé äîùå÷êè èç êåäðîâîé äðåâåñèíû.

Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñèñòåìà âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà

â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ, êîòîðàÿ ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ è âíåäðÿåòñÿ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, Àëòàå è â Õàêàñèè,

âêëþ÷àåò ðÿä ñëåäóþùèõ îñíîâíûõ ïîëîæåíèé:

 êåäð  îðåõîïëîäíàÿ ïîðîäà è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ

åé ñèñòåìà ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ äîëæíà ó÷èòûâàòü ýòî

âåäóùåå ñâîéñòâî, íå äîïóñêàÿ âûðóáêè óðîæàéíûõ

íàñàæäåíèé,

 êåäðîâûå ëåñà èìåþò âàæíîå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå

çíà÷åíèå è ïîýòîìó äîëæíû áûòü îòíåñåíû ê 1 è 2

ãðóïïå ëåñîâ,

 êåäðîâûå ëåñà íåîáõîäèìî îöåíèâàòü ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå ïî êîìïëåêñíîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè è âåñòè

äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûé ðàñ÷åò ïîëüçîâàíèÿ,

 ðóáêè ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïî òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè äðåâåñèíû ïî-ïðåæíåìó äîëæíû áûòü çàïðåùåíû, à ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå âåñòèñü â ñîîòâåòñòâèè

ñ êîìïëåêñíîé îöåíêîé íàñàæäåíèé, ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ðàçëè÷íûõ ñïîñîáîâ ðóáîê, â ò.÷., ñïëîøíîëåñîñå÷íûõ ñ ñîáëþäåíèåì ñîâðåìåííûõ ýêîëîãè-

÷åñêèõ íîðìàòèâîâ,

 ñóòü êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìû ñâîäèòñÿ ê ðàçðàáîòêå

ñèñòåìû âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïðèðîäå åãî ëåñîâ,

 êîíå÷íàÿ öåëü åå ÷åðåç îïòèìèçàöèþ âîçðàñòíîé

ñòðóêòóðû, ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ äîëæíà ñâîäèòüñÿ ê îðãàíèçàöèè ìíîãîöåëå-
-75 -

potential to realize these tasks (Table 2). Modification

of the forest policy should be viewed as critical, specifically, it is necessary to concentrate efforts on conducting thinning, as the best type of logging in stone

pine stands. It is also important to differentiate ways

and volumes of their regeneration per regions; however, the latter should be accomplished not on the basis

of earlier achievements, but with consideration of new

ideas and approaches.

Resolution of the problem of forest management and

regeneration will allow for a feasible and correct approach to the issues of integrated forest management.

This used to be viewed as the primary task, though

never achieved, and which so far lacks a sufficient theoretical justification, as well as a required technical and

economic basis, especially under the current situation.

Integrated forest management has never had a chance

to be properly arranged, since the entire standing timber stock used to be disturbed during major cutting

operations. Predominantly, goals of timber harvesting

were pursued with the utilization of forest by-products

being of secondary significance. It is necessary to organize and differentiate forest use in a way that forest

sites of interest, in terms of long-term integrated use

were preserved, and low productive areas assigned

for logging, which is to be determined not on the basis

of the technical maturity age of 180 or 200 years, but

of their integrated value. Recommendations to the effect are elaborated in the Regulations on Organization of Forest Management in Stone Pine Forests (Korean Pine) (Moscow, 1990).

With the above approach, the forest stock for the integrated forest management will be preserved, followed

by subsequent feasibility study to be elaborated on the

basis of differentiated forest use. Ultimately, with market demand established for non-timber forest products,

their production will be started.

Theoretical basis for the current approach to the forest management issues in stone pine forests (Vorobyov, 1983) is associated not only with the growth,

maturity, and use of timber, but its integrated productivity, including seed, resin, genetic and environmental values. The new ideas provide for a differentiated

approach to appreciation of statistical ties between the

growth indices and generative development of trees

and tree stands. The latter allowsdependent on a

combination of these indicesfor identification of types

of use based on certain productivity components to

avoid mutual detrimental effect. Thus, it will be possible to cut trees with adequate timber volume, but with

low seed-bearing productivity irrespective of age. Consideration of stands productivity, environmental and

other values will be critical. On the basis of the elaborated theory, a methodology of an integrated evaluation of stone pine stands has been proposed and implemented in the territory of about 11 million hectares. At

the current stage, it is necessary to restore forest use

in stone pine stands with the consideration of above

evaluation, adopting a differentiated approach to selecting types of logging per stand. Such a system was

introduced in Altai republic in the area of over 2 thousand hectares. The same work should be implemented

in other regions as well, initially in Tomskaya Territory,

where a monopoly production of pencil board (out of

stone pine timber) is concentrated.

The current system of forest management in stone pine

forests, being elaborated and introduced in Western

Siberia, Altai and Khakasia, incorporates the following:

· Siberian stone pine is a seed-bearing tree, and an

adequate forest management system should take into

consideration this major feature, not allowing for cutting productive plantations;

· Stone pine forests play a significant environmental

role and should be referred to the 1st and 2nd forest

groups;

· Stone pine forests should be evaluated during inventory work in keeping with their integrated productivity;

the issues of use being based on a differentiated approach;

· Ban on major cutting based on technical maturity of

timber should be sustained; all forest management issues resolved according to an integrated evaluation of

stands, with the use of various logging types, including clearcutting conducted in compliance with all current environmental requirements;

· The essence of the stone pine problem is limited to

developing a forest management system corresponding to the nature of these stands;

· The ultimate goal of the system via optimization of

the age structure, forest management, and regeneration should be limited to organization of multiple use,

scattered over the territory, integrated in each site and

sustainable per individual resource;

· Regeneration in stone pine forests is conducted primarily to assist their natural reforestation using a system of logging types, to be first initiated in potential

stone pine stands;

· Artificial regeneration is mainly associated with targeted plantations growth using current technologies

with sufficient budgets.

Further development of the above positions and their

introduction in forest management practice through regional regulations should be worked out on the level

of the Russian Federation subjects. The general solution to the stone pine problem is based on the adop-
-76 -

âîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ðàññðåäîòî÷åííîãî ïî òåððèòîðèè, êîìïëåêñíîãî íà êàæäîì ó÷àñòêå ëåñà,

ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê êàæäîìó ðåñóðñó,

 âîññòàíîâëåíèå â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì çà ñ÷åò ñîäåéñòâèÿ åñòåñòâåííîìó

âîçîáíîâëåíèþ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñèñòåìû ðóáîê, â

ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ,

 èñêóññòâåííîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå ðàçâèâàåòñÿ

ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïëàíå ïëàíòàöèîííîãî öåëåâîãî ðàçâåäåíèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñîâðåìåííûõ òåõíîëîãèé, îáåñïå÷åííûõ íåîáõîäèìûì ôèíàíñèðîâàíèåì.

Äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ óêàçàííûõ ïîëîæåíèé

è èõ âíåäðåíèÿ â ïðàêòèêó ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

íåîáõîäèìà ðàçðàáîòêà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ íîðìàòèâîâ

íà óðîâíå ñóáúåêòîâ Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè.

Îáùåå ðåøåíèå êåäðîâîé ïðîáëåìû îñíîâûâàåòñÿ

íà äîñòèæåíèè êîìïðîìèññíûõ ìíåíèé è ðàñ÷åòîâ

ïî ñî÷åòàíèþ ðåñóðñíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ öåëåé.

Ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ è âíåäðÿåìàÿ ñèñòåìà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ýòîìó óñëîâèþ, òðåáóåò äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ

è øèðîêîãî âíåäðåíèÿ â ïðîèçâîäñòâî.

Íåêîòîðûå àíàëîãè íîâîé ñèñòåìû ìîãóò íàéòè

ïðèìåíåíèå â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ðîññèè è â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

Âîðîáüåâ Â.Í. Áèîëîãè÷åñêèå îñíîâû

êîìïëåêñíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ. - Íîâîñèáèðñê: Íàóêà, 1983. - 256 ñ.

Òàáëèöà 2. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé (1993 ã.), òûñ.ãà

Ðóáêè óõîäà è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ

Îðãàíû Óïðàâëåíèé Ñîçäàíèå Óõîä â Óõîä Óõîä

Ëåñàìè â ñóáúåêòàõ êóëüòóð â ìîëîäíÿêàõ â ñòàðûõ â ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ

Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè íàñàæäåíèÿõ êåäðà êåäðîâíèêàõ êåäðîâíèêàõ

êåäðà

Âñåãî ïî ÔÑ 32.20 13.2 9.90 5.2

 èç íèõ:

Ãîñêîìëåñ ðåñïóá- 3.00 1.2 0.07 1.5

ëèêà Àëòàé

ÌËÕ ðåñïóáëèêà 0.05 0.1 - 0.1

Áóðÿòèÿ

Ãîñêîìëåñ ðåñïóá- 3.20 0.3 - -

ëèêè Õàêàñèÿ

Êðàñíîÿðñêîå ÓË 5.60 1.5 - -

Ïðèìîðñêîå ÓË 7.30 2.0 7.50 0.5

ÓË Õàáàðîâñêîãî 1.60 1.6 - 0.1

êðàÿ

Ñâåðäëîâñêîå ÓË 0.27 0.5 - 0.1

Òîìñêîå ÓË 1.99 1.5 0.04 0.3

Îìñêîå ÓË 0.06 0.2 - 1.5

Êåìåðîâñêîå ÓË 4.99 2.0 2.00 1.0

Íîâîñèáèðñêîå ÓË 1.50 0.8 0.20 0.1

Èðêóòñêîå ÓË 0.76 1.3 - -

×èòèíñêîå ÓË - - 0.10 -
-77 -

Russian Federation 32.20 13.2 9.90 5.2

including

Republics:

Altai 3.00 1.2 0.07 1.5

Buryatiya 0.05 0.1  0.1

Khakassiya 3.20 0.3  

Territories:

Krasnoyarskii 5.60 1.5  

Primorskii 7.30 2.0 7.50 0.5

Khabarovskii 1.60 1.6  0.1

Sverdlovskii 0.27 0.5  0.1

Tomskaya 1.99 1.5 0.04 0.3

Omskaya 0.06 0.2  1.5

Kemerovskaya 4.99 2.0 2.00 1.0

Novosibirskaya 1.50 0.8 0.20 0.1

Irkutskaya 0.76 1.3  

Chitinskaya   0.10 

 Sanitation cutting

Silviculture

planting area

Young

tending

operation

In stone

pine mature

stands

In potential

stone pine

stands

Region

tion of compromise decisions and compatibility between resource and environmental goals.

The proposed and introduced system requires additional research and consistent introduction. Certain

aspects of the new system may be applied in stone

pine forests of the Russian Far East and in Northwest

China.

Table 2. Stone pine reestablishment and tending operation in 1993, thousand hectares

REFERENCE

[1] Vorobyov V.N. Biological Principles of Comprehensive Use in Siberian Stone Pine Forests.

Nauka. Novosibirsk. 1983.
-78 -

Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ è ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ

øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè

(Êîíñïåêò äîêëàäà)

 Â.Í. Äþêàðåâ, Â.À. Ðîçåíáåðã

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, Âëàäèâîñòîê

íîñòè. Âîçíèêëà òåíäåíöèÿ ãåíåðàëèçàöèè òèïîëîãè÷åñêîé ñõåìû, ñíà÷àëà äî ãðóïï òèïîâ ñî

ñõîäíûìè áèîýêîëîãè÷åñêèìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè, à

çàòåì ê âûäâèæåíèþ íà ïåðâûé ïëàí õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ è ôîðìèðîâàíèþ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ãðóïï òèïîâ ëåñà (ÕÃÒË).Îïûòîì ðåàëèçàöèè ýòîé òåíäåíöèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàáëèöû ÕÃÒË

â Ñïðàâî÷íèêå äëÿ òàêñàöèè ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà, ñîñòàâëåííûì Â.Í. Êîðÿêèíûì (1990).

Â ñïðàâî÷íèêå áîëåå 25 òèïîâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

îáúåäèíåíû â 5 ÕÃÒË (òðè  ãîðíûõ è äâa 

äîëèííûõ).

Âñå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ëåñîâ, â êîòîðûõ ïðåîáëàäàþùåé ïîðîäîé, îñíîâíûì ýäèôèêàòîðîì è (èëè)

ãëàâíîé ïîðîäîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ êåäð êîðåéñêèé, ìîæíî

ïðåäñòàâèòü îòíîñèòåëüíî íåñëîæíîé ñõåìîé (â

ãðàíèöàõ Ðîñcèè): Ôîðìàöèÿ. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííîêåäðîâûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè.

Ñóáôîðìàöèè

À. Êîðåííûå: êåäðîâî-åëîâûå è åëîâî-êåäðîâûå

ëåñà; êåäðîâî-÷åðíîïèõòîâûå è ÷åðíîïèõòîâîêåäðîâûå ëåñà.

Á. Âòîðè÷íûå äëèòåëüíî-óñòîé÷èâûå: êåäðîâîäóáîâûå è äóáîâî-êåäðîâûå ëåñà; ïîä âëèÿíèåì

àíòðîïîãåííîé äåãðàäàöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ àêòèâíî

ôîðìèðóþòñÿ êåäðîâî-æåëòîáåðåçîâûå ëåñà.

Êëàññû (ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèå êîìïëåêñû) òèïîâ ëåñà.

Ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ñòóïåíè êëàññèôèêàöèè ñ íåïîñòîÿííûì îáúåìîì; ëåñîóñòðîéñòâî ðàçëè÷àåò äâà

êëàññà: ãîðíûõ ñêëîíîâ è ãîðíûõ äîëèí.

Ãðóïïû òèïîâ ëåñà

Ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ñòóïåíè, îáúåì è ñîäåðæàíèå

êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ çàäà÷àìè êëàññèôèêàöèè è

ñòåïåíüþ èçó÷åííîñòè îáúåêòà. Íà ïðèíöèïàõ,

áëèçêèõ ê ïðèíÿòûì ïðè ôîðìèðîâàíèè ÕÃÒË,

êîðåííûå òèïû êåäðîâûõ, åëîâî-êåäðîâûõ è ÷åðíîïèõòîâî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ îáúåäèíåíû íàìè â

äåâÿòü ãðóïï òèïîâ ëåñà.

Òèïû ëåñà

Ñóùåñòâóåò íåñêîëüêî ëîêàëüíûõ è îáùåäàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ ñõåì òèïîâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, ñîñòàâÂ ñåðåäèíå òåêóùåãî ñòîëåòèÿ ïðîèçîøëà àêòèâèçàöèÿ èññëåäîâàíèé äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ, â ïåðâóþ

î÷åðåäü, øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ (äàëåå

 êåäðîâíèêè).

Âûäàþùèìñÿ ñîáûòèåì â äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîì ëåñîâåäåíèè áûë âûõîä â ïÿòèäåñÿòûõ ãîäàõ èçâåñòíûõ

ìîíîãðàôèé Á.Ï. Êîëåñíèêîâà è Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâà,

êîòîðûå âìåñòå ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèìè ðàáîòàìè Á.À.

Èâàøêåâè÷à çàâåðøèëè áîëüøîé è âàæíûé ïåðèîä

ðàçâèòèÿ äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî ëåñîâåäåíèÿ. Ýòî áûë

ýòàï ðàçðàáîòêè òåîðåòè÷åñêîé áàçû è ñòàíîâëåíèÿ

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-òèïîëîãè÷åñêîé

øêîëû íà ïðèìåðå êåäðîâíèêîâ  íàèáîëåå

ñëîæíîé ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè ðåãèîíà.

Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ïÿòèäåñÿòûõ ãîäîâ íà Äàëüíåì

Âîñòîêå ñëîæèëàñü ÿâíàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê èñïîëüçîâàíèþ â ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå òèïîëîãè÷åñêîé

îñíîâû. Äëÿ ýòîãî íóæíà áûëà ñõåìà òèïîâ, êîòîðàÿ

îáåñïå÷èâàëà áû åäèíîîáðàçíóþ ôèê-ñàöèþ òèïîâ

ëåñà ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå.

Ïåðâîé òàêîé ïîïûòêîé, ðåàëüíî èñïîëüçîâàííîé

â ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, áûëà ïóáëèêàöèÿ ïî-ôîðìàöèîííûõ Ñõåì òèïîâ ëåñà â èçâåñòíîì Ñïðàâî÷íèêå òàêñàòîðà Í.Â. Åôèìîâà

(1955), ãäå ïðèâîäèòñÿ ñåìü òèïîâ è ñåìü ãðóïï

òèïîâ êåäðîâûõ è êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñîâ.

Ñõåìà Í.Â. Åôèìîâà èñïîëüçîâàëàñü áåç ìàëîãî

äâà äåñÿòèëåòèÿ; ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ åå áûëà ïðîèçâåäåíà â Ñïðàâî÷íèêå ëåñîóñòðîèòåëÿ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà , èçäàííîãî ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕîì â 1973 ã.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì îêîí÷àòåëüíî çàêðåïèëîñü åäèíîîáðàçèå (íå ñ÷èòàÿ ëè÷íûõ îøèáîê èñïîëíèòåëåé)

îòðàæåíèÿ òèïîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà êåäðîâíèêîâ â

ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ.

Ãëàâíîé ïðè÷èíîé ýòîãî áûëî è,òåì áîëåå,

îñòàåòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íåâîçìîæíîñòü, à â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòè, è íåöåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü äèôôåðåíöèàöèè òåõíîëîãèè, íîðì

è ïðàâèë ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîé è ëåñîïðîìûøëåííîé

äåÿòåëüíîñòè äî óðîâíÿ òèïà ëåñà.

Åñòåñòâåííûì ðåçóëüòàòîì òàêîé ñèòóàöèè ÿâèëèñü

ïîèñêè ðåàëüíûõ âîçìîæíîñòåé ó÷åòà áèîëîãè-

÷åñêîé è õîçÿéñòâåííî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ñïåöèôèêè

ëåñîâ ïðè îðãàíèçàöèè â íèõ âñåõ ôîðì äåÿòåëü-
-79 -

In the 1950s the well-known monographs published

by B.P. Kolesnikov and K.P. Solovyov, along with previous works by Ivashkevich, completed a significant

phase in developing a theoretical foundation and in

establishing the Russian Far East typological forestry

school. It was an outstanding event in Russian Far East

forest science.

The first half of the 1950s in the Russian Far East witnessed a tendency to use a typological basis in forestry. This required introduction of a forest-types pattern to provide a uniform identification of forest types

when conducting the forest inventory. An initial attempt

to this effect included the publication of Outline of

Forest Types in the celebrated Cruisers Manual by

N. Efimov (1955), which identified seven types and

seven groups of Korean pine and Korean pine-spruce

forest types. The proposed outline had been used for

almost twenty years until it was updated in the Forest

Managers Handbook in the Russian Far East, which

was published by DalNIILH (Russian Far East Forestry

Research Institute) in 1973.

This finally solidified a uniform approach (excluding

personal blunders) that reflected the typological composition of Pinus koraiensis forests in forest inventory

materials, though failing to provide a transition to typological principles in practical forest management. This

was chiefly explained by unfavorable economic conditions. Also, frequently there was no need to differentiate the know-how, standards and rules of forestry and

forest industry to the forest-type level.

The situation naturally resulted in seeking a possibility

to consider forests biological and economic specifics

when implementing various types of forest management. The tendency arose to generalize a typological outline, first to the type groups with similar bioecological characteristics, and then to prioritizing economic

parameters and to forming economic forest type

groups (EFTG). EFTG tables were published in V.N.

Koryakins Handbook for Forest Inventory in the Russian Far East (1990). Over twenty types of Korean

pine forests were combined in five EFTGs (three alpine and two valley type groups).

The entire diversity of forests, where the predominant

species is Korean pine, may be represented by a relatively simple outline (within Russias boundaries).

Formation

Korean pine-broadleaved forests in the Russian Far

East.

Subformations

A. Virgin: Korean pine-spruce and spruce-Korean pine

forests; Korean pine-black fir and black fir-Korean pine

forests

B. Secondary long-resistant: Korean pine-oak and

oak-Korean pine forests; Korean pine yellow birch forests actively forming under the influence of human

caused Korean pine stands degradation.

Classes (geomorphological complexes) of forest types.

Intermediate classification phases with variable capacity. Forest inventory distinguishes between the two

classes: mountain slopes and mountain valleys.

Group forest types. Intermediate phases whose capacity and contents are determined by classification

tasks and the extent of the research involved. We combined virgin types of Korean pine, black fir-Korean pine

and black fir-Korean pine forests into nine groups of

forest types. The classification is based on the principles similar to those identified between EFTGs.

Forest types. Currently there exist several local and

regional (Far East) outlines of Korean pine forest types

compiled by different authors at different time and

based on various principles which makes them incomparable to one another. Their descriptions are scattered in a number of reports and publications.

This fact makes it next to impossible to implement them

in forest inventories and, consequently, in forestry practices. Hence, the above mentioned typological outlines

listed in inventory handbooks are so far the only tools

allowing for a more or less objective and uniform representation of the typological structure of regional forests.

Over the past 10-12 years, forest inventory has established about thirty types of Korean pine forests. Rules

on Organization of Forest Management in Korean Pine

Forests of the Far East (Moscow, 1990) allows for a

certain differentiation of forest management activities

based on forest types characteristics. However, this

by far has not ensured transition to forestry practices

Classification, Structural and Functional Organization of

Pinus Koraiensis Forests in the Russian Far East

V. N. Dyukarev and V. A. Rosenberg

Institute of Biology and Soil Science,

Far East Department, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Vladivostok, Russia.
-80 -

ëåííûõ ðàçíûìè àâòîðàìè, â ðàçíîå âðåìÿ íà ðàçíûõ ïðèíöèïàõ, à ïîýòîìó äàëåêî íå âñåãäà ñîïîñòàâèìûõ ìåæäó ñîáîé. Èõ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðàññåÿíû â ðàçíûõ èçäàíèÿõ è îò÷åòàõ.

Ýòî äåëàåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíûì èõ íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå

è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, â ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå.

Ïîýòîìó óïîìÿíóòûå âûøå òèïîëîãè÷åñêèå ñõåìû

ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûõ ñïðàâî÷íèêîâ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîêà

åäèíñòâåííûìè, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëÿþò îòíîñèòåëüíî

îáúåêòèâíî è åäèíîîáðàçíî îòðàçèòü â ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ òèïîëîãè÷åñêóþ ñòðóêòóðó

ëåñîâ êðóïíûõ ðåãèîíîâ.

Çà ïîñëåäíèå 10-12 ëåò ëåñîóñòðîéñòâîì ôèêñèðóåòñÿ ïîðÿäêà 30 òèïîâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ. Íåêîòîðàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, ó÷èòûâàþùèõ ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè, íàìå÷åíà â Ðóêîâîäñòâå ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è

âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (Ìîñêâà, 1990). Îäíàêî,

âñå ýòî äàëåêî íå îçíà÷àåò ïåðåõîäà ê âåäåíèþ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâíèêàõ íà òèïîëîãè÷åñêîé

îñíîâå.

Îäíîé èç ñóùåñòâåííûõ ïðè÷èí ýòîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ òî,

÷òî äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ëåñíàÿ òèïîëîãèÿ â

êà÷åñòâå ñâîåãî îñíîâíîãî îáúåêòà, ðàññìàòðèâàëà

òèï ëåñà, òî åñòü, êîíå÷íûé ðåçóëüòàò î÷åíü ñëîæíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî ÿâëåíèÿ, èìåíóåìîãî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûì ïðîöåññîì. Ýòî îïðåäåëÿåò ñòàòè÷-

íîñòü ñõåì êëàññèôèêàöèè òèïîâ ëåñîâ.

Ïîíèìàíèå òîãî, ÷òî ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå êëàññèôèêàöèîííûå ñõåìû íå ìîãóò ñëóæèòü ýêîëîãî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé îñíîâîé ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ïðèâåëî

ê ðàçðàáîòêå ãåíåòè÷åñêîé ëåñíîé òèïîëîãèè Á.Ï.

Êîëåñíèêîâà, äèíàìè÷åñêîé òèïîëîãèè ëåñîâ È.Ñ.

Ìåëåõîâà è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ ïîñòðîåíèé, â îñíîâå

êîòîðûõ ëåæàëî ïîíÿòèå î ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîì

ïðîöåññå, êàê î âçàèìîñâÿçàííûõ ýòàïàõ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ, ðàçâèòèÿ, ñòàáèëèçàöèè, ñòàðåíèÿ è

îòìèðàíèÿ åñòåñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è èõ ýëåìåíòîâ,

âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ ïîñëå óíè÷òîæåíèÿ

èëè ðàññòðîéñòâà ëåñîâ, âñåõ ýòàïîâ æèçíè

èñêóññòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Ëåñîâåäåíèåì íàêîïëåíû îãðîìíûå ìàòåðèàëû,

õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûå ïðîöåññû

â îñíîâíûõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ ðàçíûõ ðåãèîíîâ.

Äëÿ ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè ýòèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ íåîáõîäèìà

êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ.

Ýòî äàñò îñíîâàíèå äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè ñèñòåì èíòåíñèâíîãî ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ñïîñîáíîãî óïðàâëÿòü

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûìè ïðîöåññàìè íà âñåõ èõ

ñòàäèÿõ.

Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ

äîëæíà ñòàòü åñòåñòâåííîé ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ëåñíîé

òèïîëîãèè, ÷òî ïîëíîñòüþ ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ ìàòåðèàëàìè ñïåöèàëüíîãî ñîâåùàíèÿ Òåîðèÿ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà (Êðàñíîÿðñê, 1991).

Ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ ñõåìà êëàññèôèêàöèè ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ (ËÎÏ).

Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûå ïðîöåññû â åñòåñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ.

Êëàññ À. ËÎÏ íà ïåðâè÷íûõ ýêîòîïàõ. Ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ íå íàáëþäàëîñü.

Êëàññ Á. ËÎÏ íà âûðàáîòàííûõ äëèòåëüíî óñòîé-

÷èâûõ ýêîòîïàõ.

Ïîäêëàññ Á-1. ËÎÏ, íå íàðóøàåìûå ýêçîãåííûìè

ëåñîðàçðóøèòåëüíûìè âîçäåéñòâèÿìè (öèêëû

åñòåñòâåííûõ âîçðàñòíûõ ñìåí). Ãðóïïû òèïîâ. ÁI-1. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è äèíàìèêà ìîíîäîìèíàíòíûõ

ëåñîâ.

Á-I-2. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è äèíàìèêà áèäîìèíàíòíûõ

ëåñîâ.

Á-I-3. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è äèíàìèêà ïîëèäîìèíàíòíûõ

ëåñîâ.

Ïîäêëàññ Á-II. ËÎÏ ïîñëå âìåøàòåëüñòâà

ïðèðîäíûõ è àíòðîïîãåííûõ ëåñîðàçðóøèòåëüíûõ

âîçäåéñòâèé (âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíûå

ñìåíû).

Ãðóïïû òèïîâ

Á-II-1. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è äèíàìèêà ìîíîäîìèíàíòíûõ ëåñîâ.

Á-II-2. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è äèíàìèêà áèäîìèíàíòíûõ

ëåñîâ.

Á-II-3. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå è äèíàìèêà ïîëèäîìèíàíòíûõ ëåñîâ.

Â êàæäîé èç ýòèõ ãðóïï ËÎÏ ìîæåò èäòè ïóòåì

êîðîòêî- è äëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí, ÷òî

ñîîòâåòñòâóåò óðîâíþ ïîäãðóïï.

Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûå ïðîöåññû â èñêóññòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ.

Êëàññ Â. ËÎÏ â ëåñíûõ êóëüòóðàõ íà ëåñíûõ, íå

íàðóøåííûõ ýêîòîïàõ.

Ãðóïïû òèïîâ

Â-1. ËÎÏ â îòêðûòûõ ëåñíûõ êóòüòóðàõ.

Â-2. ËÎÏ â êóëüòóðàõ ïîä ïîëîãîì.

Êëàññ Ã. ËÎÏ â ëåñíûõ êóëüòóðàõ íà ëåñíûõ

àíòðîïîãåííî òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ýêîòîïàõ.
-81 -

based on typological principles. One of the reasons is

that until recently, forest typology has examined the

type of forest as its principal object, i.e., the final result

of a highly complex natural phenomenon called the

forest forming process. This fact has determined the

static nature of classification outlines of forest types.

Realization of the fact that static classification models

fail to serve as an ecological and geographical basis

for the purposes of forest management has led to

elaboration of genetic forest typology by B.P.

Kolesnikov, dynamic forest typology by I.C. Melekhov,

and some other classification ideas. The latter were

based on the concept of the forest formation process

as a sequence of interrelated phases of origin; development; stabilization; aging; and dying-off of natural

forests and their elements; and restoration processes

occurring in the wake of forest destruction or disturbance, as well as all growth phases in artificial forests.

Forest science has accumulated an abundance of research materials describing forest formation processes

in major forest formations in various parts of the region. However, classification of forest formation processes is required to systematize the research findings. Such a classification would serve as the foundation for developing a system of intensive forest management activities capable of monitoring forest forming processes at any given phase. The classification

of forest forming processes should become a natural

component of forest typology; the idea is fully supported

by the findings of a special meeting dedicated to

Theory of the Forest Forming Process (Krasnoyarsk,

1991).

The following is a tentative outline for classifying forest forming processes (FFP).

Forest-forming processes in natural forests

Class A. FFP in primary habitats. Forming of Pinus

koraiensis stands was not observed.

Class B. FFP in developed and temporally sustainable habitats.

Subclass BI. FFP undisturbed by exogenous forestdisturbance effects (cycles of natural age successions).

Type groups.

BI1. Formation of and dynamics in monodominant

forests.

BI2. Formation of and dynamics in bidominant forests.

BI3. Formation of and dynamics in polydominant

forests.

Subclass BII. FFP following natural and human

caused forest disturbance impacts (restoration-age

successions).

Type groups

B-II-1. Formation of and dynamics in monodominant

forests.

B-II-2. Formation of and dynamics in bidominant forests.

B-II-3. Formation of and dynamics in polydominant

forests.

In each of these groups, FFP may occur in short- and

long-term restoration successions, a feature that meets

the subgroup level.

Forest forming processes in artificial forests.

Class C. FFP in forest cultures in forest undisturbed

habitats.

Type groups.

C-1. FFP in open forest cultures.

C-2. FFP in cultures under canopy.

Class D. FFP in forest cultures in forest habitats transformed as a result of human activity.

Class E. FFP in forest cultures in non-forest habitats.

The present outline is proposed only for discussion

purposes. Our goal is to develop it in a greater detail

and complement it with a list of forest forming type

(FFT) processes and their description.

The complex interaction of the habitats and all components of forest vegetative communities constituting

the essence of forest forming processes determines

the biological diversity of forest ecosystems. Consequently, the type distribution and classification of forest forming processes is an essential prerequisite for

developing a reliable system of preservation and regeneration of biological diversity of forest ecosystems

at all levels.

The forest forming process may be viewed as development of the structural and functional properties of

forest ecosystems, aimed at achieving their maximum

sustainability, as well as stability of the forest formations. Management of forest forming processes requires awareness of dynamics of the structural and

functional organization of forest vegetative communities and the productive processes taking place.

Every phase of the natural forest forming process is

featured by specific structural and functional organization. In absence of any disturbance, the continuum

of the structural and functional organization is sustained
-82 -

Êëàññ Ä. ËÎÏ â ëåñíûõ êóëüòóðàõ íà íåëåñíûõ

ýêîòîïàõ.

Íàñòîÿùÿÿ ñõåìà ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî, êàê

ïðåäìåò äëÿ îáñóæäåíèÿ. Áëèæàéøåé çàäà÷åé

ÿâëÿåòñÿ åå äåòàëèçàöèÿ è íàïîëíåíèå ïåðå÷íåì

è õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè òèïîâ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ

ïðîöåññîâ.

Ñëîæíîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ýêîòîïîâ è âñåõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ, ñîñòàâëÿþùåå ñîäåðæàíèå ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ, îïðåäåëÿåò ôîðìèðîâàíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì. Ïîýòîìó òèïèçàöèÿ è

êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ

ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîé ïðåäïîñûëêîé ðàçðàáîòêè

äåéñòâåííîé ñèñòåìû ñîõðàíåíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì âñåõ óðîâíåé.

Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê ïðîöåññ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñòðóêòóðíîôóíêöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì,

íàïðàâëåííûé íà âûðàáîòêó ìàêñèìàëüíîé

óñòîé÷èâîñòè ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì è ñòàáèëüíîñòè

ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ îáðàçóåìûõ èìè ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé.

Äëÿ âûðàáîòêè ìåð ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ íåîáõîäèìî çíàíèå äèíàìèêè ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè

ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ è õîäà ïðîäóêöèîííûõ

ïðîöåññîâ â íèõ.

Êàæäîìó ýòàïó åñòåñòâåííîãî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñâîÿ ñòðóêòóðíîôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ëåñíîãî ôèòîöåíîçà.

Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè âìåøàòåëüñòâà ëåñîðàçðóøèòåëüíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ïðååìñòâåííîñòü ñòðóêòóðíîôóíêöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ â

òå÷åíèå âñåãî öèêëà âîçðàñòíûõ ñìåí.

Ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè ëåñîðàçðóøèòåëüíûõ ôàêòîðîâ

ïðååìñòâåííîñòü ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè ïðåðûâàåòñÿ. Åå âîññòàíîâëåíèå

ïðîèñõîäèò îòíîñèòåëüíî áûñòðî ïðè êîðîòêîâîññòaíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåíàõ, çàòÿãèâàåòñÿ ïðè

äëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåíàõ íà îäèí-äâà

âîçðàñòíûõ öèêëà è íå ïðîèñõîäèò ïðè óñòîé÷èâûõ

(íåîáðàòèìûõ) ñìåíàõ.
-83 -

throughout the entire cycle of age change. The continuum of the structural and functional organization is

interrupted by the impact of forest disturbance factors.

Its restoration occurs relatively quickly in short-term

restoration successions, and is delayed in long-term

restoration successions for one or two age cycles. It

does not occur in stable (irreversible) successions.
-84 -

Êåäðîâûå ëåñà Óðàëà è îñíîâû èõ

òèïîëîãè÷åñêîé êàññèôèêàöèè

Å.Ï. Ñìîëîíîãîâ

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, Ðîññèÿ.

ïîÿñíîñòü â äèôôåðåíöèàöèè ðàñòèòåëüíûõ

óñëîâèé è ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè.

Êåäðîâûå ëåñà ñ êåäðîì ñèáèðñêèì (Pinus sibirica

Du Tour) â ñîñòàâå ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû îò ïðåäëåñîòóíäðîâûõ ðåäêîëåñèé íà

ñåâåðå è ïî÷òè äî þæíîé ãðàíèöû ïîäçîíû þæíîé

òàéãè. Êàê ïîêàçàëè ïàëèíîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò [6], â ãîëîöåíå ðàññåëåíèå

êåäðà è äðóãèõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé èç ãîðíûõ

óáåæèù Þæíîãî Óðàëà ïðîõîäèëî â àòëàíòè÷åñêèé

ïåðèîä, â ïðåäåëàõ 8,0-4,5 òûñ.ëåò íàçàä. Â

ñóáàòëàíòè÷åñêèé ïåðèîä, 4,0-2,0 ëåò íàçàä, êåäð

îòìå÷àåòñÿ â ñòðóêòóðå ëåñîâ íà Ñåâåðíîì è

Ïðèïîëÿðíîì Óðàëå. Â ïîñëåäíèå 150-200 ëåò

íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïåðåìåùåíèå þæíîé ãðàíèöû åãî

àðåàëà íà 100-150 êì ê ñåâåðó, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ

àðèäèçàöèåé êëèìàòà, ÷àñòûìè ïîæàðàìè, ñ âîçäåéñòâèåì àíòðîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ [1]. Çàïàäíàÿ

ãðàíèöà àðåàëà êåäðà è ëåñîâ ñ åãî ó÷àñòèåì ïðîõîäèò â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Çàïàäíîãî ìàêðîñêëîíà (áàññåéí Âû÷åãäû). Îíà íå ñâÿçàíà ñ êëèìàòè÷åñêèì

èëè êàêèì-ëèáî äðóãèì ïðèðîäíûì ðóáåæîì.

Ñäåðæèâàþò ðàññåëåíèå êåäðà â ïðåäåëû Ðóññêîé

ðàâíèíû, âåðîÿòíî, ôèòoöåíîòè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû,

âîçäåéñòâèå ñèëüíåéøèõ ýäèôèêàòîðîâ åëè è

ïèõòû â ïðîöåññàõ ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà ëåñíûõ

ñîîáùåñòâ.

Óðàë  óíèêàëüíàÿ ïî ãåíåçèñó è ïðèðîäíûì

óñëîâèÿì ãîðíî-óâàëèñòî-ðàâíèííàÿ îáëàñòü. Åå

ïðîòÿæåííîñòü ñ ñåâåðà íà þã îêîëî 2000 êì, ñ

çàïàäà íà âîñòîê îò 100-150 êì íà ñåâåðå, äî 200-

300 êì íà þãå. Òåððèòîðèÿ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíî îäèíàêîâîé ãåîëîãè÷åñêîé èñòîðèåé è

ïðåäñòàâëåíà ñèñòåìîé õðåáòîâ, óâàëîâ, ïðåäãîðíûõ õîëìèñòî-ðàâíèííûõ ïîëîñ ïåíåïëåíà,

ñëîæåííûõ êîìïëåêñîì êðèñòàëëè÷åñêèõ è

îñàäî÷íûõ ïîðîä ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà.

Ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ êðàéíå ðàçíîîáðàçíû è çàêîíîìåðíî ìåíÿþòñÿ ñ ñåâåðà íà þã. Òàê, ñóììà

ýôôåêòèâíûõ äëÿ âåãåòàöèè òåìïåðàòóð, êîëè-

÷åñòâî ïîñòóïàþùåãî íà ïîâåðõíîñòü òåïëà íà

Ïðèïîëÿðíîì Óðàëå â 4-5 ðàç, à òåïëà èäóùåãî íà

íàãðåâàíèå ïî÷â â 30-40 ðàç ìåíüøå, ÷åì íà

êðàéíåì þãå Óðàëà. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, â ïåðâîì

ñëó÷àå ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ëåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ïðåäåëüíî ñóðîâû, à âî âòîðîì 

èçëèøíå çàñóøëèâû. Èç-çà áàðüåðíîé ðîëè

Óðàëüñêîãî õðåáòà çíà÷èòåëüíû ðàçëè÷èÿ âî

âëàæíîñòè è êîíòèíåíòàëüíîñòè êëèìàòà Ïðåäóðàëüÿ è Çàóðàëüÿ.

Äëÿ Óðàëà õàðàêòåðíû âñå ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå çîíû

è ïîäçîíû îò ëåñîòóíäðû íà ñåâåðå, äî ëåñîñòåïåé

íà þãå. Íà Ñåâåðíîì, ÷àñòè÷íî íà Ñðåäíåì è

Þæíîì Óðàëå õîðîøî ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ âûñîòíàÿ

Ðèñóíîê 1. Äèàãðàììà êëàññèôèêàöèè âçàèìîñâÿçåé.

Âûñîòíûå ÂÊËÔÖ

ïîÿñà ÂÊËÐÓ ÂÊËÁÃÖ ÂËÒÊ ÑËøÔö

ÎÊËÔÖ

Îðîãðàôè÷åñêèé ÎÊËÐÓ ÎÊËÁÃÖ ÏËÒÊ ËøÔö

ËÔÖ

Îñíîâíîé ÒËÐÓ ËÁÃÖ ÒË ÑËøÂ

ÝËÔÖ

Ýëåìåíòàðíûé ÝÊÒ ÝËÁÃÖ ÝëøÂ

Òèïû Ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå

óñëîâèÿ

Ëåñî-ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèéËåñî-áèîãåîöåíîòè-

÷åñêèé

Ëåñîòèïîëîãè-

÷åñêèé

Ëàíäøàôòíûé
-85 -

The Urals are a unique mountain-hills-plains forest

vegetation area with regard to their genesis and natural conditions. They stretch from north to south for about

2,000 km, and from east to west 100 to 150 km in the

north and 200 to 300 km in the south. The area has a

relatively similar geological history and it consists of a

system of mountain ranges and foothills (hilly belts of

peneplain) made up of a complex of crystalline sedimentary rocks of various ages.

Natural conditions are extremely diverse and consistently change from north to south. The range of temperatures is conducive for vegetation growth, and the

amount of ground surface heat in Prepolar Urals is 4-

5 times less, and the heat available for soils heating is

30-40 times less than in the extreme southern Urals.

Hence, the natural conditions for forest vegetation are

extremely severe and exceedingly dry. The barrier effect of the Ural range causes significant distinctions in

humidity and continental features of the climate on both

sides of the Ural Range.

All the forest vegetation zones and subzones are represented in the Urals from the forest tundra in the north

to forest steppes in the south. In the northern, and partially in the middle and southern Urals, altitude zones

of various growing conditions and types of vegetation

are clearly distinguished. Stone pine forests with Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) in forest composition occur from the preforest tundra sparse stands in

the north to an almost southern subzone of the southern taiga. Recent research showed that in the

Holozene, stone pine and other forest forming units

distribution from mountain refuges of the southern Urals

had occurred during the Atlantic Period within the limits of 8.0-4.5 thousand years ago. In Subatlantic Period, 4.0-2.0 thousand years ago stone pine is observed

in the forest structure of northern and Pripolar Urals.

During the most recent 150-200 years the southern

limit of its range has moved 100-150 km to the north,

which is caused by the climate aridization, frequent

fires, and human-caused factors. The western limit of

stone pine range and forests with its admixture

stretches along the foothills of the western macroslope

(Vychegda river watershed). It is not determined by a

climatic or some other natural limit. It is likely that stone

pine distribution to the Russian Plain area is restrained

by phytocenotic factors, by strong influence of such

edificators as spruce and fir in the morphogenesis of

forest communities.

According to the history of stone pine and accompanying forest forming units distribution in the Holozene,

their ecological-biological features, as well as specifics of both natural conditions and forest vegetation subzones, stone pine, and the accompanying species

make up complex polydominant forest communities

Stone Pine Forests of the Urals Area and

Their Typological Classification Basis

E.H. Smolonogov,

Institute of Forest UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Figure 1. Diagram of classification interrelations.

Altitude ACFPhC

Zone ACFVC ACFBGC AFTC LsFcA

OCFPhC

Orographic OCFVC OCFBGC OFTC LsFc

FPhC

Main FVCT FBGCA FT ELsSA

EFPhC

Elementary ECT EFBGC ELsS

Unit Ranges Forest

Vegetation

Conditions

Forest

Phytocenotic

Forest

Biogeocenotic

Forest

Typologic

Landscape
-86 -

Â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ èñòîðèåé ðàññåëåíèÿ êåäðà è

ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé â ãîëîöåíå, èõ

ýêîëîãî-áèîëîãè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè è ñïåöèôèêîé

ïðèðîäíûõ óñëîâèé è ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ ïîäçîí,

êåäð âìåñòå ñ ñîïóòñòâóþùèìè âèäàìè îáðàçóåò è

ñëîæíûå, ïîëèäîìèíàíòíûå ëåñíûå ñîîáùåñòâà,

íî íåîäèíàêîâûå ïî ñîñòàâó. Â ïðåäëåñîòóíäðîâûõ

ðåäêîëåñüÿõ  ëèñòâåííè÷íî-êåäðîâûå è ëèñòâåííè÷íî-åëîâî-êåäðîâûå â äîëèíàõ ðåê ñ ó÷àñòèåì

áåðåçû èçâèëèñòîé, à íà ðàííèõ ôàçàõ ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà â äîëèíàõ ðåê  áåðåçû ïóøèñòîé. Â

ïîäçîíå ñåâåðíîé òàéãè  åëîâî-êåäðîâûå ñ

ïðèìåñüþ ïèõòû, ñ áåðåçîé ïóøèñòîé íà ðàííèõ

ôàçàõ âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè. Â

ïîäçîíå ñðåäíåé è þæíîé òàéãè  åëîâî-ïèõòîâîêåäðîâûå ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì â ñîñòàâå íà ðàííèõ

ôàçàõ äèíàìèêè áåðåç ïóøèñòîé, ïîâèñëîé è îñèíû. Â òàåæíûõ ïîäçîíàõ øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû

òàêæå ïîñëåïîæàðíûå ñîñíîâî-êåäðîâûå ôèòîöåíîçû.

Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Óðàëà 748 òûñ.ãà,

â òîì ÷èñëå â ïðåäëåñîòóíäðîâûõ ðåäêîëåñüÿõ,

îêîëî 26,0, â ïîäçîíàõ ñåâåðíîé, ñðåäíåé è þæíîé

òàéãè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 362,0, 258,0, 100,0 òûñ.ãà.

Áîëåå 90% ïîêðûòîé ëåñîì ïëîùàäè çàíèìàþò

íàñàæäåíèÿ ñòàðøå 160 ëåò. Íà ñåâåðå Óðàëà

íåðåäêè íàñàæäåíèÿ 300-350-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà.

Î÷åíü ìàëî ìîëîäíÿêîâ äî 80-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà.

Ñðåäíÿÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü êîëåáëåòñÿ ïî ïîäçîíàì

â ïðåäåëàõ Ó-1Ó áîíèòåòîâ. Â þæíîé è ñðåäíåé

òàéãå íåðåäêè íàñàæäåíèÿ Ø, à èíîãäà è Ï áîíèòåòîâ. Êåäðîâíèêè Óðàëà ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íàñàæäåíèÿìè ïîñëåïîæàðíîãî ãåíåçèñà, èõ ñòðóêòóðà îäíîâîçðàñòíà èëè îòíîñèòåëüíî

îäíîâîçðàñòíà, îòðàæàåò òå èëè äðóãèå ïåðèîäû è

ôàçû âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè.

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå, èëè, òî÷íåå, ðàññåëåíèå êåäðà íà

ãàðÿõ, êàìåíèñòûõ ðîññûïÿõ, íà âûðóáêàõ ïîñëåäíèõ äåñÿòèëåòèé ïðîõîäèò óñïåøíî. Îñíîâíîé

àãåíò ðàçíîñà ñåìÿí êåäðîâêà (Nucifraga caryocatactes). Ïòèöà íå ïðÿ÷åò ñåìåíà ïîä ïîëîãîì

ìàòåðèíñêèõ äðåâîñòîåâ, à ðàçíîñèò è äåëàåò çàïàñû íà îáåçëåñåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, à òàêæå ïîä ïîëîãîì

áåðåçîâûõ, ñîñíîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé, â ìåñòàõ ãäå

ìåíüøå ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî

ïîäòâåðæäåíî, ÷òî ïîä ïîëîãîì êåäðîâíèêîâ âñåãäà

îùóùàåòñÿ íåäîñòàòîê ñåìÿí, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî,

ìàëî âñõîäîâ è ïîäðîñòà.

Óðîæàéíîñòü êåäðîâûõ ñåìÿí ñèëüíî âàðüèðóåò â

çàâèñèìîñòè îò ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ ïîäçîí, âûñîòíûõ ïîÿñîâ, òèïîâ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé,

ñîñòàâà äðåâîñòîåâ è ñîìêíóòîñòè êðîí. Ñðåäíÿÿ

óðîæàéíîñòü íèçêîãîðíî-ïðåäãîðíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ

âàðüèðóåò îò 100 â ñåâåðíîé òàéãå äî 140 êã/ãà  â

þæíîé. Â ãîäû âûñîêîé óðîæàéíîñòè ýòè ïîêàçàòåëè

âîçðàñòàþò â 2-3 ðàçà. Â ãîðíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ è

ïðåäëåñîòóíäðîâûõ óðîæàéíîñòü ñíèæàåòñÿ,

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, â 2-3 ðàçà.

Ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå òèïîëîãè÷åñêîé êëàññèôèêàöèè

êåäðîâíèêîâ Óðàëà çà îñíîâó ïðèíÿò ãåîãðàôîãåíåòè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä. Ñõåìàòè÷íî íåîáõîäèìîñòü

ó÷åòà äèíàìèêè âî âðåìåíè ïðè âûäåëåíèè òèïîâ

ëåñà áûëà ñôîðìóëèðîâàíà åùå â íà÷àëå ÕÕ âåêà,

ïðîñìàòðèâàåòñÿ òàêîé ïîäõîä â ïóáëèêàöèÿõ Á.À.

Èâàøêåâè÷à [2], íî íàèáîëåå ïîëíî ïðèíöèïû

ïîäõîäà ðàçðàáîòàíû íà ïðèìåðå êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Á.Ï.

Êîëåñíèêîâûì [3].

Â òèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ êëàññèôèêàöèÿõ êåäðîâûõ è

äðóãèõ ëåñîâ Ñåâåðíîãî è Cðåäíåãî Óðàëà [4,7,8]

îñíîâíûìè äèôôåðåíöèðóþùèìè êàòåãîðèÿìè

ïðèíÿòû: ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå ïîäçîíû, âûñîòíûå

ïîÿñà, îðîãðàôè÷åñêèå (ãåîìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå)

ñòðóêòóðû è èõ ýëåìåíòû, ïî÷âåííûå óñëîâèÿ,

óñëîâèÿ è ðåæèì óâëàæíåíèÿ, ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèå

ôàêòîðû è îñîáåííîñòè âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ âî âðåìåíè.

Ñïåöèôèêó êëàññèôèêàöèîííûõ ïîñòðîåíèé íà

Ñåâåðíîì è Ñðåäíåì Óðàëå îòðàæàþò ñëåäóþùèå

íàèáîëåå âàæíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ:

(1) êëàññèôèêàöèè ñîäåðæàò ÷åòûðå îðäèíàöèîííûõ, èëè êëàññèôèêàöèîííûõ, ðÿäà, îòðàæàþùèõ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ äèôôåðåíöèàöèþ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé (ËÐÓ),

ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà èëè ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ (ËÔÖ),

êàê ñèíòåç  ëåñíûõ áèîãåîöåíîçîâ (ËÁÃÖ) è òèïîâ

ëåñà (ÒË), à òàêæå àíàëîãè÷íûé ðÿä, îòðàæàþùèé

ñâÿçü ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ òàêñîíîâ ñ ëàíäøàôòíîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè (Ëø). Ñõåìà âçàèìîñâÿçåé

ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ.1;

(2) ýëåìåíòàðíàÿ åäèíèöà êëàññèôèêàöèè 

ó÷àñòîê ëåñà, èëè ïî Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâó [9]  ëåñíîé

áèîãåîöåíîç, âñå áèîëîãè÷åñêèå è íåáèîëîãè÷åñêèå

êîìïîíåíòû êîòîðîãî âçàèìîñâÿçàíû â åäèíîì

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîì ïðîöåññå (ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé âàðèàíò áèîãåîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî), êîòîðûé

ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíè â ôîðìå âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíûõ ìîðôîñòðóêòóðíûõ è ôóíêöèîíàëüíûõ èçìåíåíèé áèîãåîöåíîçîâ. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, êàæäûé ó÷àñòîê ëåñà, êàæäûé ËÁÃÖ,

âñåãäà íàõîäèòñÿ âî âðåìåíè íà òåõ èëè èíûõ

ýòàïàõ, ïåðèîäàõ è ôàçàõ ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà, à åãî

áèîêîìïîíåíòû  íà òåõ èëè äðóãèõ ñòàäèÿõ

âîçðàñòíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ èëè îíòîöåíîãåíåçà. Êàæäûé

ó÷àñòîê ëåñà, êàæäûé ËÁÃÖ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â

ëàíäøàôòíûõ êëàññèôèêàöèÿõ ýëåìåíòàðíîìó

ëàíäøàôòíîìó âûäåëó (ÝËøÂ);
-87 -

varied in composition. In sparse preforest-tundra

standslarch-stone pine and larch-spruce-stone pine

in the river valleys with the birch (Betula tortuosa) occurrence, and at the early stages of morphocenogenesis in the river valleysB. pubescence. In subzones of

the northern taiga, spruce-stone pine with admixture

of fir and B. pubescence at the early stages of reproduction-age dynamics. In the subzone of the middle

and southern taigaspruce-fir-stone pine with predominance in the composition at the early stages of dynamics of B. pubescence and B. verrucosa var. pendula

and aspen. Afterfire pine-stone pine phytocenoses are

common in taiga subzones.

The total area of the Ural forests makes up 748 thousand hectares including about 26 in sparse preforest

tundra stands; in subzones of northern, middle and

southern taiga 362, 258 and 100 thousand hectares

respectively. Over 90% of the forest covered area is

made up of stands over 160 years old. In the northern

Urals, stands of 300-350 years old are rather common. Young stands up to 80 years of age are very

rare. Average productivity fluctuates for subzones in

the range of V -IV site classes. In the south and middle

taiga, stands of III site class frequently occur and sometimes of the II site class. Stone pine forests of the Urals

are represented mainly by the stands of afterfire genesis, they are even-aged or relatively even-aged, their

structure reflects various periods and stages of reproduction-age dynamics.

Reproduction or, better to say, distribution of stone pine

on burns, rocky out-croppings, logged sites of the recent decades is proceeding successfully. The main

agent of seed distribution is Nucifraga caryocatactes.

This bird does not hide the seeds under the cover of

mother stands, but carries away and stocks them on

the deforested lands and under the cover of birch and

pine stands, in locations where rodents are not abundant. It was experimentally proved that there is always

insufficient amount of seeds and, accordingly, lack of

germinants and undergrowth beneath stone pine

stands.

Stone pine seed crops vary considerably in different

forest vegetation subzones, altitude zones and, depending on types of forest vegetation conditions, stand

composition and crowns closure. An average crop in

low mountain-premountain stone pine stands varies

from 100 in northern taiga to 140 kg/ha in the south. In

the years of abundant crops these indices increase 2-

3 times. In mountain stone pine stands and preforest

tundra, crops decrease accordingly 2-3 times.

A geographic-genetic approach was used as a basis

for developing a typological classification of the Ural

stone pine stands. The necessity to consider temporal

dynamics in forest type differentiation was tentatively

outlined as early as the beginning of the twentieth century; that approach is traced in B.A. Ivashkevichs publications. However, most completely the principles of

this type of classification were developed by B.P.

Kolesnikov for the Korean pine-broadleaved forests of

the Far East.

The typology classification of stone pine and other forests of the northern and middle Urals has the following differentiating categories: forest vegetation

subzones, altitudinal zones, orographic (geomorphological) structures and their elements, soil conditions,

moisture conditions and regime, phytocenotic factors,

and specific features of temporal reproduction-age dynamics of forest communities.

Specificity of the classification structure in the northern and middle Urals is reflected by the following most

important provisions:

(1) classification includes four ordinary or classification lines reflecting spatial-ecologic differentiation of

forest vegetation conditions (FVC), forest cover or forest phytocenosis (FPhC) as synthesis of forest

biogeocenosis (FBGC) and forest types (FT) and also

an analogous line reflecting ties of forest type taxones

with landscape-geographic ones (Ls). A diagram of interdependence is shown in fig. 1;

(2) an elementary classification unita forest lot or, according V.N. Sukachyov, forest biogeocenosis, all biologic and nonbiologic components of which are interrelated in a unified temporal forest formation process,

which manifests itself in the form of reproduction-age

morphostructural and functional changes of

biogeocenosis. Accordingly, each forest lot, each

FBGC exists always in time and at certain stage periods, and phases of morphocenogenesis, and its

biocomponents at certain stages of age development

or ontocenogenesis. Each forest lot, each FBGC corresponds in landscape classifications to an elementary landscape subcompartment (ELsS);

(3) each FBGZ and all its components can be described

and measured, its interrelations can be determined,

i.e., a description can be given to its specificity. All the

larger integral units including forest type can get only

an average modal typified characteristic;

(4) a complex of ecologic components and factors is

clearly distinguished in the structure of any FBGZ,

whose regime of influence determines specificity of site

conditions or ecotope (ECT)an elementary and original unit of the classification row of FVC. Forest

phytocenosis (FPhC)an elementary and original unit

of analogous row of forest coveris also distinguished

with its dominant-edificator grouping of high-stemmed

forest-forming units and corresponding lichen-moss,

low shrubs and grasses cover.
-88 -

(3) êàæäûé ËÁÃÖ è âñå åãî êîìïîíåíòû ìîæíî

îïèñàòü, èçìåðèòü, îïðåäåëèòü âçàèìîñâÿçè, òî

åñòü äàòü êîíêðåòíóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó åãî ñïåöèôèêå. Âñåì áîëåå êðóïíûì, èíòåãðàëüíûì åäèíèöàì, â òîì ÷èñëå è òèïó ëåñà, ìîæíî äàòü òîëüêî

óñðåäíåííóþ ìîäàëüíóþ òèïèçèðîâàííóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó;

(4) â ñòðóêòóðå ëþáîãî ËÁÃÖ âûäåëÿåòñÿ êîìïëåêñ

ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ è ôàêòîðîâ, ðåæèì

âîçäåéñòâèÿ êîòîðûõ îïðåäåëÿåò ñïåöèôèêó

óñëîâèé ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ èëè ýêîòîïà (ÝÊÒ) 

ýëåìåíòàðíîé è íà÷àëüíîé åäèíèöû êëàññèôèêàöèîííîãî ðÿäà ËÐÓ. Âûäåëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ëåñíîé

ôèòîöåíîç (ËÔÖ)  ýëåìåíòàðíàÿ è íà÷àëüíàÿ

åäèíèöà àíàëîãè÷íîãî ðÿäà ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà, ñ åãî

äîìèíàíòíî-ýäèôèêàòîðíîé ãðóïïèðîâêîé âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî

ëèøàéíèêîâî-ìîõîâîãî, êóñòàðíè÷êîâîãî è òðàâÿíîãî ïîêðîâà;

(5) îñíîâíàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèîííàÿ åäèíèöà ËÐÓ 

òèï ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé (ÒËÐÓ). Â ïðåäåëàõ

êëèìàòè÷åñêè îäíîðîäíûõ ðåãèîíîâ ÒËÐÓ

îáúåäèíÿåò ýêîòîïû, çàíèìàþùèå áëèçêèå ïî ôîðìå è ãåíåçèñó ýëåìåíòû ðåëüåôà (èëè ãåîìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð) ñî ñõîäíûìè ôèçèêî-õèìè-

÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè ïî÷âîãðóíòîâ, ñâåòîâîãî è

âîäíîãî ðåæèìà, à òàêæå âîäíî-ìèíåðàëüíîãî

ïèòàíèÿ ðàñòåíèé;

(6) òèïó ËÐÓ íà ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîì è áèîãåîöåíîòè÷åñêîì óðîâíÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ñîâîêóïíîñòè

ýòèõ êàòåãîðèé (ÑËÔÖ è ÑËÁÃÖ), îáðàçóþùèå îñíîâíóþ åäèíèöó òèïîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðÿäà  òèï ëåñà

(ÒË). Òèï ëåñà îáúåäèíÿåò ó÷àñòêè ëåñà, ÑËÔÖ è

ÑËÁÃÖ, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèå â òåõ æå ÒËÐÓ, ñõîäíûå

ïî õàðàêòåðó ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà è îáðàçóþùèå

ñðàâíèòåëüíî îäèíàêîâûå âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíûå ðÿäû ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ, îò ìîëîäíÿêîâ

äî ðàñïàäàþùèõñÿ îò ñòàðîñòè. Â òèïå ëåñà îáúåäèíÿþòñÿ è êîðåííûå è ïðîèçâîäíûå ôèòîöåíîçû,

åñëè ïîñëåäíèå â ïðîöåññå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ, ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ïîñëåäóþùèõ èçìåíåíèé ñîñòàâà

ïðåîáðàçóþòñÿ â èñõîäíûå  êîðåííûå. Òàêèå ïðîèçâîäíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ öåëåñîîáðàçíî íàçûâàòü

ïîòåíöèàëüíî-êîðåííûìè (ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè ëèñòâåííûå, ïîòåíöèàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè

òåìíîõâîéíûå, ïîòåíöèàëüíûå åëüíèêè). Â òåõ

ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà âîçìîæíîñòè ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ åñòåñòâåííûì ïóòåì èëè õîçÿéñòâåííûìè ìåðàìè

îãðàíè÷åíû (äëèòåëüíî è óñòîé÷èâî ïðîèçâîäíûå),

â òåõ æå ÒËÐÓ ôîðìèðóþòñÿ íîâûå òèïû ëåñà. Åñëè

ñïåöèôèêå ÒËÐÓ ïî ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì ñâîéñòâàì ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îäèí ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëü, òî ôîðìèðóåòñÿ

îäèí òèï ëåñà. Â ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå  íåñêîëüêî. Â

ëàíäøàôòíîì ðÿäó òèïó ëåñà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñîâîêóïíîñòü ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ëàíäøàôòíûõ âûäåëîâ

(ÑËøÂ).

(7) ïîñëåäóþùèå, áîëåå êðóïíûå è èíòåãðàëüíûå

òàêñîíû ËÐÓ  îðîãðàôè÷åñêèå, çàòåì âûñîòíûå

êîìïëåêñû (ÎÊËÐÓ è ÂÊËÐÓ). Â îñòàëüíûõ êëàññèôèêàöèîííûõ ðÿäàõ, êðîìå ëàíäøàôòíîãî, èíòåãðàëüíûå åäèíèöû àíàëîãè÷íû (ñì. ñõåìó). Â ëàíäøàôòíîì ðÿäó îðîãðàôè÷åñêèì êîìïëåêñàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ëàíäøàôòíûå ôàöèè (ËøÔö), à âûñîòíûì êîìïëåêñàì ñîâîêóïíîñòè ëàíäøàôòíûõ ôàöèé (ÑËøÔö). Â êëàññèôèêàöèîííûõ ðàçðàáîòêàõ

äëÿ Óðàëà çà âûñøèé ðàíã ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêîãî

ðÿäà ïðèíÿò âûñîòíî-ïîÿñíûé ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêèé

êîìïëåêñ (ÂËÒÊ), äëÿ ðàâíèííîé ÷àñòè  ïîäçîíàëüíûé êîìïëåêñ (ÏËÒÊ). Òèïû ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ

óñëîâèé, òèïû ëåñà è âñå äðóãèå êëàññèôèêàöèîííûå êàòåãîðèè äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíû òàêæå ïî

ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûì ïîäçîíàì è ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûì

îêðóãàì;

(8) êàæäàÿ òàêñîíîìè÷åñêàÿ åäèíèöà ËÐÓ â Óðàëüñêèõ êëàññèôèêàöèÿõ îáîçíà÷åíà öèôðîâûì èíäåêñîì. Ïîýòîìó ïðè èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñíîãî ôîíäà,

ëþáîìó ó÷àñòêó, ïîêðûòîìó ëåñîì èëè îáåçëåñåííîìó, ìîæíî äàòü òðåõçíà÷íûé öèôðîâîé èíäåêñ. Íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå ñòàâèòñÿ èíäåêñ ÂÊËÐÓ, íà

âòîðîì ÎÊËÐÓ, íà òðåòüåì èíäåêñ ÒËÐÓ. Òðåõçíà÷íûé öèôðîâîé èíäåêñ äàåò ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîýêîëîãè÷åñêîå ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå ó÷àñòêà, åãî ÒËÐÓ,

ïîçâîëÿåò áîëåå îáúåêòèâíî ñôîðìèðîâàòü íà

ÝÂÌ ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå ñîâîêóïíîñòè äëÿ ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêè òèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ àíàëîãîâ è

äàëüíåéøåãî ìíîãîãðàííîãî àíàëèçà;

9) òèïó ëåñà â êëàññèôèêàöèÿõ äàåòñÿ òðàäèöèîííîå ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîå íàçâàíèå, íî ñ äîáàâëåíèåì ïîëíîãî öèôðîâîãî èíäåêñà ÒËÐÓ. Íàçâàíèÿ âûñîòíûõ è îðîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êîìïëåêñîâ äàþòñÿ ïî âûñîòíûì ïîÿñàì è ýëåìåíòàì îðîãðàôè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð. Ïðèìåðû íàçâàíèé ïî Ñåâåðíîìó Óðàëó: Ê ëø.ê.-111  êåäðîâíèê ïîäãîëüöîâûé

(1), âîäîðàçäåëüíûé (1), ëèøàéíèêîâî-êóñòàðíè÷-

êîâûé ñ ôðàãìåíòàðíûìè ìåðçëîòíûìè ïî÷âàìè

(1); Êçì.ÿã.-222  êåäðîâíèê ñðåäíåãîðíûé (2),

ñêëîíîâûé (2), çåëåíîìîøíî-ÿãîäíèêîâûé ñ ìåëêèìè áóðûìè ãîðíî-ëåñíûìè ìåðçëîòíûìè ïî÷âàìè

(2); Ê áð.-313  êåäðîâíèê íèçêîãîðíî-ïðåäãîðíûé

(3), âûðîâíåííûõ èëè ñëàáî âûïóêëûõ âîäîðàçäåëüíûõ ïëàòî (1), áðóñíè÷íûé ñ ïîâåðõíîñòíîïîäçîëèñòûìè ìåðçëîòíûìè ïî÷âàìè (3);

10) õàðàêòåðèñòèêà òèïà ëåñà äîëæíà ñîäåðæàòü

ñâåäåíèÿ î âåðîÿòíîñòíîé äèíàìèêå âî âðåìåíè

ñîñòàâà äðåâîñòîåâ è äðóãèõ ïàðàìåòðàõ. Òàêóþ

õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü ïðè ìàòåìàòè-

÷åñêîé îáðàáîòêå íà ÝÂÌ ìàòåðèàëîâ èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, ïî óñðåäíåííûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì ó÷àñòêîâ, ñãðóïïèðîâàííûõ ïî ÒËÐÓ è

êëàññàì âîçðàñòà äðåâîñòîåâ. Òàêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñ-
-89 -

(5) the main classification unit of FVCa type of forest

vegetation condition (TFVC). In the limits of climatically homogeneous regions FVCT unites ecotopes

occupying close in shape and genesis relief elements

(or the ones of geomorphologic structure) with similar

physical-chemical soils features, light and moisture

regime, as well as water-mineral vegetation nutrients;

(6) types of FVC at phytocenotic and biogeocenotic

levels have corresponding aggregations of these categories (FPhCA and FBGCA). A forest type combines

forest lots, FPhCA and FBGCA growing in similar FVCT

with the same morphocenogenesis character and forming comparatively similar reproduction age rows of forest communities, from young stands to those that are

breaking up as a result of old age. A forest type combines original and secondary phytocenoses if the last

ones are transformed in the process of reproduction,

shaping and consequent changes of the composition

into original ones. It is advisable to name such secondary stands potentially original (potential stone pine

stands broadleaved, potential stone pine stands dark

coniferous, potential spruce stands). In cases when

opportunities of natural transformation or the ones

caused by management activities are limited (long-term

and persistently secondary) new forest types form in

the same FVCT. If one forest-forming element corresponds to FVCT specificity, determined by ecologic features, one forest type is formed; otherwise, several

types are formed. In a landscape row an aggregation

of elementary landscape subcompartments (ELsSA)

corresponds to a forest type;

7) the next are larger and integral taxones of FVC

orographic, then altitudinal complexes (OCFVC and

ACFVC). In the rest of classification rows, with the exception of a landscape one, integral units are analogous (see diagram). In a landscape row facies (LsFc)

correspond to orographic complexes and landscape

facies aggregations, (LsFcA) correspond to altitudinal

complexes. Classification compilations for the Urals

consider altitudinal-zonal forest typologic complex

(AFTC) as the highest range of a forest row, and a

subzonal complex is considered as the highest for a

plains portion. Types of forest growing conditions, forest types and all the other classification categories are

differentiated also according to forest growing subzones, and forest vegetation districts;

(8) each taxonomic unit of FVC in the Urals classification is designated by a digit index. Therefore, in inventory activities in the areas allocated for forest management, each lot forested or deforested can be assigned

a three-digit numerical index. The first will be the index of ACFVC, the nextOCFVC, and the third will be

FVCT. Three-digit numerical index provides spatialecologic location of a lot, its FVCT, and gives an opportunity of unbiased computer development of statistical aggregates for mathematical processing of

typologic analogs and further versatile analysis;

9) a forest type in classification is given a traditional

phytocenotic name with the addition of a complete numerical index of FVCT. Names of altitudinal and orographic complexes are determined by altitudinal zones

and elements of orographic structures. Some name

examples for the north of the Urals include: K Ls.k-III

stone pine stand bare submountains(I), watershed (I),

lichen-low shrubs with fragments of cryogenic grounds

(I); K gm.ber-222stone pine stands middle mountains

(2), slope (2), green mossberries with shallow brown

mountain-forest cryogenic grounds (2); K cb-313

stone pine stand of low mountains-premountains (3)

of leveled or slightly convex watershed plateau (1), cowberry with surface podzol cryogenic soils (3);

10) the forest type description should include information on probable temporal dynamics of the stand composition and other parameters. Such a characteristic

can be compiled by mathematical computer processing of the forest area inventory data using average characteristics of the lots grouped according to FVCT and

the stand age classes. The description is important

also for developing an organizational basis for stone

pine stand management.

Examination of reproduction age dynamics of stone

pine stands in mountain and plain conditions, as well

as in other regions (Smolonogov 1990), reveals some

common regularities. The process can be broken up

into time stages, periods and phases of morphogenesis. A typical diagram illustrated by means of an example of stone pine stands in the middle taiga with

moss-micrograsses, of low mountains-premountain

zone is given on fig. 2.

At the beginning, during the initial period, approximately

lasting up to 80-100 years, forest restoration on the

denuded areas is provided by seeds supplied by the

bird Nucifraga caryocatactes along with germinants of

anemochorous broadleaved species (birch, aspen) and

coniferous (spruce, fir, sometimes pine, larch).

Broadleaved species almost always dominate in the

composition of the forming young stands and develop

a closed cover. Shade-tolerant stone pine, spruce and

fir due to their slow growth, appear 20-40 years later

under the cover and form a layer of undergrowth (the

first phase). By the age of 60-80 years, spruce and fir

advance to the upper layer, broadleaved species mortality increases and, at that point, the ontocenogenesis

cycle is over (the second phase).

During the second period, lasting from 80-100 up to

150-180 years, spruce and fir dominate in the upper

layer. Broadleaved species fall out of the stand structure intensively (the third phase). By the age of 150-

180 years, rot-affected fir trees begin to fall out of the
-90 -

òèêà âàæíà òàêæå äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè îðãàíèçàöèîííûõ

îñíîâ âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâíèêàõ.

Èçó÷åíèå âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè

êåäðîâíèêîâ â ãîðíûõ è ðàâíèííûõ óñëîâèÿõ Óðàëà,

à òàêæå â äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ (Ñìîëîíîãîâ, 1990),

ïîçâîëÿåò ïîêàçàòü íåêîòîðûå îáùèå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè. Âî âðåìåíè ïðîöåññ ìîæíî ðàñ÷ëåíèòü íà

ýòàïû, ïåðèîäû, ôàçû ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà. Òèïè÷íàÿ

ñõåìà, íà ïðèìåðå êåäðîâíèêîâ ñðåäíåòàåæíûõ

ìøèñòî-ìåëêîòðàâíûõ íèçêîãîðíî-ïðèãîðíîé ïîëîñû, ïîêàçàíà íà ðèñ.2.

Â ïåðâûé  íà÷àëüíûé ïåðèîä, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ äî 80-100 ëåò, âîññòàíîâëåíèå ëåñà íà

îáåçëåñåííûõ ïëîùàäÿõ íàðÿäó ñ âñõîäàìè êåäðà

èç ñåìÿí, çàíåñåííûõ êåäðîâêîé, ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ âñõîäû àíåìîõîðíûõ âèäîâ ëèñòâåííûõ (áåðåçà, îñèíà)

è õâîéíûõ (åëü, ïèõòà, èíîãäà ñîñíà, ëèñòâåííèöà).

Â ñîñòàâå ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ ìîëîäíÿêîâ ïî÷òè

âñåãäà ïðåîáëàäàþò è îáðàçóþò âåðõíèé ñîìêíóòûé

ïîëîã ëèñòâåííûå. Òåíåâûíîñëèâûå êåäð, åëü,

ïèõòà èç-çà ìåäëåííîãî ðîñòà ê 20-40 ëåòíåìó âîçðàñòó ëèñòâåííûõ îêàçûâàþòñÿ ïîä ïîëîãîì è

ôîðìèðóþò ÿðóñ ïîäðîñòà (ïåðâàÿ ôàçà). Ê âîçðàñòó 60-80 ëåò åëü è ïèõòà âíåäðÿþòñÿ â âåðõíèé

ïîëîã, óñèëèâàåòñÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòü îòïàäà ëèñòâåííûõ, çàêàí÷èâàþùèõ ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè öèêë îíòîöåíîãåíåçà (âòîðàÿ ôàçà).

Âî âòîðîì ïåðèîäå, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ îò 80-100

äî 150-180 ëåò, äîìèíàíòàìè âåðõíåãî ïîëîãà

ñòàíîâÿòñÿ åëü è ïèõòà. Ëèñòâåííûå èíòåíñèâíî

âûïàäàþò èç äðåâîñòîÿ (òðåòüÿ ôàçà). Ê âîçðàñòó

150-160 ëåò èç ñîñòàâà âåðõíåãî ïîëîãà íà÷èíàþò

âûïàäàòü ïîâðåæäåííûå ãíèëÿìè äåðåâüÿ ïèõòû.

Êåäð çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîâûøàåò èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðîñòîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ è âíåäðÿåòñÿ â âåðõíèé ïîëîã, åãî

ó÷àñòèå â ñîñòàâå äîõîäèò äî 20-30% (÷åòâåðòàÿ

ôàçà).

Â òðåòüåì ïåðèîäå, ÷åðåç 150-160 ëåò, èíòåíñèâíî

âûïàäàåò èç ñîñòàâà âåðõíåãî ïîëîãà ïèõòà è óñèëèâàåòñÿ ðîëü êåäðà. Ê âîçðàñòó 180-200 ëåò êåäð ñòàíîâèòñÿ äîìèíàíòîì, ôîðìèðóåò õîðîøî ðàçâèòûå

êðîíû, îáèëüíî ïëîäîíîñèò è íà äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ

(200-20 ëåò) ñòàíîâèòñÿ îñíîâíûì ýäèôèêàòîðîì

è ðåãóëÿòîðîì áèîãåîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà.

Ó÷àñòèå êåäðà ê 240-ëåòíåìó âîçðàñòó äîõîäèò äî

40-60%, íåðåäêî îáðàçóþòñÿ è ÷èñòûå êåäðîâíèêè

ñ íèæíèì ÿðóñîì ìîëîäûõ ïîêîëåíèé åëè è ïèõòû,

÷àñòî ñ åäèíè÷íûì ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà.

Ðàñïàä ïåðâîãî âîçðàñòíîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà íà÷èíàåòñÿ â 350-400-ëåòíåì âîçðàñòå äðåâîñòîåâ.

Òðåòüèì ïåðèîäîì çàêàí÷èâàåòñÿ òàêæå è ïåðâûé

ýòàï ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà. Â äàëüíåéøåì, â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ èç ïîñëåäóþùèõ ìîëîäûõ ïîêîëåíèé ôîðìèðóþòñÿ åëüíèêè èëè ïèõòàðíèêè,

íà÷èíàåòñÿ íîâûé ýòàï ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà, â êîòîðîì ýäèôèêàòîðíóþ ðîëü áóäóò èãðàòü òåìíîõâîéíûå; ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ôîðìèðóåòñÿ íîâûé òèï

ëåñà. Åñëè ó÷àñòèå êåäðà â ýòîì íîâîì ïðîöåññå

áóäåò çíà÷èòåëüíûì, òî íà÷íåòñÿ âòîðîé ýòàï ìîðôîöåíîãåíåçà êåäðîâíèêîâ òîãî æå òèïà ëåñà, ñ

íîâîé ñïåöèôèêîé âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè. Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïåðâîãî ýòàïà äèíàìèêè êåäð ñîõðàíÿåò

îäíîâîçðàñòíîñòü, åëîâî-ïèõòîâàÿ ÷àñòü ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñå áîëåå ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîé. Ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå

êåäðîâíèêè íà ïîñëåäóþùèõ ýòàïàõ ôîðìèðóþòñÿ

ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ãèäðîìîðôíûõ óñëîâèÿõ èëè

â ìåæãîðíûõ äåïðåññèÿõ, òàì, ãäå ðåæå áûâàþò

ïîæàðû, à èõ èíòåíñèâíîñòü ñëàáàÿ.

Â ïðåäëåñîòóíäðîâûõ ðåäêîëåñüÿõ, â âûñîêîãîðíûõ

ïîÿñàõ Óðàëà, à òàêæå Âîñòî÷íîãî Òàíó-Îëà [5] èççà ñóðîâîñòè óñëîâèé âñå ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëè èìåþò

çàìåäëåííûé ðîñò, è êàê ñëåäñòâèå, âî âñå ïåðèîäû âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè íàñàæäåíèÿ áûâàþò îäíîÿðóñíû. Ôîðìèðóþùèåñÿ

ñîñíîâî-êåäðîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ òàêæå áûâàþò

îäíîÿðóñíû.
-91 -

upper layer composition. Stone pine increases significantly its growth and shows up in the upper layer, its

share in the composition reaching 20-30% (the fourth

phase).

During the third period, in 150-160 years, fir falls out of

the upper layer intensively and the role of stone pine

increases. By the age of 180-200, stone pine acquires

dominating role, forms well-enveloped crowns with

abundant seed crops, and becomes an edificator and

regulator of the biogeocenotic process for a long time

(200-250 years). By 240 years of age, the share of

stone pine makes up 40-60%. Frequently, pure stone

pine stands with young spruce and fir in lower layer

with individual stone pine stems are developed.

Collapse of the first generation of stone pine stands

commences at the age of 350-400 years. The third

period also closes the first stage of

morphocenogenesis. Further on, in most cases young

stands shape into spruce and fir stands, the stage of

morphocenogenesis commences, and dark conifers

will play at that stage an edification role and accordingly a new forest type will develop. If participation of

stone pine in this new process is significant, the second stage of stone pine morphocenogenesis of the

same forest type will begin with new specificity of age

dynamics. At the first dynamic stage stone pine preserves even-aged structure, spruce-fir share becomes

more uneven-aged. Uneven-aged stone pine stands

are formed at the following stages mainly in

hydromorphous conditions or in intermountain depressions where fires are not frequent and their intensity is

low.

In sparse forest tundra sparse stands of high mountain Ural zones, and also in the eastern part of Tanu

Olo area, all forest forming units grow slowly, because

of severe conditions. Consequently, the stands are

single-layered in all the periods of reproduction age

dynamics. Shaped pine-stone stands can also be

single-layered.

According to the forest forming units in the composition of the upper layer, the stands of the first dynamic

period up to 60-80 years of age are usually regarded

in inventory activities as broadleaved, of the second

up to 150-160 years of ageare attributed to dark coniferous; forestry activities and logging ages are determined, they are characteristic for the mentioned formations and, hence, the common process of reproduction-age dynamics is broken and time species

change acquires a permanent character. In reality, the

stands of the first and second periods are true young

and average-aged stone pine standsa natural reserve

for future stone pine forests formation. Therefore, in

inventory and projecting works, they should be regarded as a category of potential stone pine stands,

broadleaved and potential stone pine stands dark coniferous. However, in the reports on the area assigned

for forestry activities, they should be attributed to stone

pine forests. Otherwise, the area of stone pine forests

will inevitably decrease.
-92 -

Íà òåppèòîpèè Ðîññèè ïpîèçpàñòàþò òpè ÷ ̧òêî

ïîäpàçäåë ̧ííûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêè, ìîpôîëîãè÷åñêè è

ãåíåòè÷åñêè âèäà êåäpîâûõ îpåõîïëîäíûõ ñîñåí:

Pinus sibirica Du Tour, P. koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. è

P. pumila (Pall.) Regel. Ïîïûòêà âû÷ëåíåíèÿ Ä.È.

Ëèòâèíîâûì (1913) èç P. sibirica  P. coronans Litv

(ò.í. ãîpíîãî êåäpà), êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî âèäà, íå

áûëà ïpèçíàíà ñèñòåìàòèêàìè. Ýòîò òàêñîí

pàññìàòpèâàëñÿ ëèøü êàê ïîäâèä, pàçíîâèäíîñòü,

áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ pàñà èëè ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôîpìà

(Áåëîóñîâ, 1917; Îâñÿííèêîâ, 1921; Êpûëîâ Ï.,

1927; Êîìàpîâ, 1934; Êpûëîâ Ã., 1957; Áîápîâ,

1978). Îápàçóÿ ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå pàñòèòåëüíûå

ôîpìàöèè, êàæäûé âèä êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí â Ðîññèè

çàíèìàåò îáîñîáëåííûé àpåàë. Ïpè ýòîì ëèøü êåäpîâûé ñòëàíèê êîíòàêòèpóåò ñ àpåàëàìè êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî. Îäíàêî, â pàéîíàõ

êîíòàêòà êàæäûé âèä çàíèìàåò ñâîéñòâåííûå åìó

ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå íèøè èëè ïàpöåëëû (êàê â àññîöèàöèÿõ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è êåäpîâîãî ñòëàíèêà â

Ïpèáàéêàëüå).

Ñî âpåìåíè ïîñëåäíèõ îëåäåíåíèé äî íà÷àëà èíòåíñèâíîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ àíòpîïîãåííûõ ôàêòîpîâ

àpåàë êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí íå ïpåòåpïåâàë ñóùåñòâåííûõ èçìåíåíèé. Â òî æå âpåìÿ èìåþòñÿ ïpîòèâîpå÷èâûå ñóæäåíèÿ î ïpè÷èíàõ íåñîâïàäåíèÿ

çàïàäíîé ãpàíèöû àpåàëà êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è ïèõòû

ñèáèpñêîé (Êpûëîâ Ï., 1881; Ñîêîëîâ, 1972), î

âpåìåíè ïpîíèêíîâåíèÿ êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî â Ïpèàìópüå (Íåéøòàäò, 1952, 1955; Êîëåñíèêîâ, 1954;

Óäpà, 1975), î äèíàìèêå êåäpîâûõ è äpóãèõ ëåñíûõ

ôîpìàöèé â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèpè (Êîëåñíèêîâ, Ñìîëîíîãîâ, 1960; Ñìîëîíîãîâ, 1990; Áåõ, 1974; Áåõ,

Äàí÷åíêî, 1994; Ñåäûõ, 1979; Êpûëîâ À., 1984; è

äp.). Ïîñëåäíèé âîïpîñ çàòpàãèâàåò ïpîáëåìó ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäpîâíèêîâ è ïpîñòpàíñòâåííîé

ïóëüñàöèè êåäpîâûõ ëåñîâ â Ñèáèpè.

Ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ

êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí äî ïîñëåäíåãî âpåìåíè îñòàþòñÿ

âåñüìà ñïîpíûìè. Åäèíîäóøèå èññëåäîâàòåëåé

ïpÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèøü â ïpèçíàíèè êåäpîâîãî ñòëàíèêà

îòíîñèòåëüíî ìîëîäûì âèäîì è òåñíîé ãåíåòè-

÷åñêîé ñâÿçè ìåæäó P. sibrica è P. cembra L. (ïpè

íåîäíîçíà÷íîñòè îöåíîê òàêñîíîìè÷åñêîãî ñòàòóñà

è âîçpàñòà ïîñëåäíèõ). Îäíàêî, íåñìîòpÿ íà

pàçíûé ãåîëîãè÷åñêèé âîçpàñò, P. sibrica, P.

koraiensis è P. pumila õàpàêòåpèçóþòñÿ âûñîêèì

ïîëèìîpôèçìîì, îñîáåííî, âíóòpèïîïóëÿöèîííûì

(Ñòpîãèé, 1927; Èpîøíèêîâ, 1964, 1974; Èâàíüêèíà,

1978; Ìópàòîâà, 1978, 1980; ×óäíûé è äp., 1980;

Ãîí÷àpåíêî è äp., 1987, 1990, 1992; Êpóòîâñêèé è

äp., 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990; Äóápîâà, Õpèïóíîâ,

1990; Ïîäîãàñ è äp., 1991; Øópõàë è äp., 1991;

Ïîëèòîâ è äp., 1992; Szmidt, 1982; Shurkhal et al.,

1992; Goncharenko et al., 1993; Zin-Suh Kim et al.,

1994; Bergman, Hattemer, 1995), ÷òî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î çíà÷èòåëüíîì ýâîëþöèîííîì ïîòåíöèàëå

ýòèõ ïpåäñòàâèòåëåé õâîéíûõ. Òåì ñàìûì íå îïpàâäûâàþòñÿ èìåâøèåñÿ â ïpîøëîì äîâîëüíî ïåññèìèñòè÷åñêèå îöåíêè êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí, êàê âèäîâ,

íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà ñòàäèè âûìèpàíèÿ (Îâñÿííèêîâ,

1925, 1929).

Ðàçíàÿ ñòåïåíü ãåíåòè÷åñêîé äèâåpãåíöèè îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí ïpÿâëÿåòñÿ â ìîpôîëîãèè èõ ïûëüöû (Êóïpèÿíîâà, Ëèòâèíöåâà, 1974)

è õpîìîñîì (Ìópàòîâà, 1980; Saylor, 1983) è, îñîáåííî, â ñòåïåíè íåñîâìåñòèìîñòè ïpè ìåæâèäîâîé ãèápèäèçàöèè (Òèòîâ, 1995;Li Wen-Ying, 1964,

Holzer, 1975;Blada, 1994) è ïpîâåäåíèè

ãåòåpîïëàñòè÷íûõ ïpèâèâîê (Äîêó÷àåâà, 1967;

Èpîøíèêîâ, 1985; Dimpelmeier, 1954; Holzer, 1960,

1970, 1975; Pravdin, Iroshnikov, 1982), à òàêæå â påçóëüòàòàõ èíòpîäóêöèè çà ïpåäåëû èõ àpåàëà.

Äî ïîñëåäíåãî âpåìåíè îñòàþòñÿ íå äîêàçàííûìè

ïpåäïîëîæåíèÿ î ãèápèäíîé ïpèpîäå äpåâîâèäíîé

ôîpìû êåäpîâîãî ñòëàíèêà, ïpîèçpàñòàþùåãî â

Ïpèáàéêàëüå è Þæíîé ßêóòèè (Ñóêà÷åâ, 1928;

Ïîçäíÿêîâ, 1952, 1953; Ãàëàçèé, 1954, 1958; Ìîëîæíèêîâ, 1975; è äp.), à òàêæå âîçìîæíîñòü

ñïîíòàííîé ãèápèäèçàöèè ìåæäó êåäpîì êîpåéñêèì

è êåäpîâûì ñòëàíèêîì â Ïpèìîpüå, ÿêîáû îáúÿñíÿþùåé ñpàâíèòåëüíóþ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ áëèçîñòü

ýòèõ âèäîâ (Êpóòîâñêèé è äp.,1990). Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå íàñòîÿòåëüíûå påêîìåíäàöèè î ïpîâåäåíèè èñêóññòâåííûõ ìåæâèäîâûõ ñêpåùèâàíèé êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî ñ êåäpîâûì ñòëàíèêîì (Õàpüþçîâà,

1936; Ñîêîëîâ, 1972; Ãàëàçèé, 1958) è êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî ñ êåäpîì êîpåéñêèì (Äåìèäåíêî, Ópóñîâ,

Èëüè÷åâ, 1982; Ópóñîâ, 1988) íå ïîëó÷èëè ïîêà

ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü íàä ̧æíîãî ýêñïåpèìåíòàëüíîãî

ïîäòâåpæäåíèÿ (ßáëîêîâ, Äîêó÷àåâà, 1976; Òèòîâ,

1995). Ïîëîæèòåëüíûå påçóëüòàòû (ñ ýôôåêòîì

ãåòåpîçèñà äî 17 ëåò) ïîëó÷åíû ëèøü ïpè ñêpåùèâàíèè êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî ñ êåäpîì åâpîïåéñêèì

Ïpîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõpàíû ãåíîôîíäà êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí è èõ

ñåëåêöèè.

 À.È. Èpîøíèêîâ

Íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîé ãåíåòèêè è ñåëåêöèè, Âîpîíåæ
-93 -

In the territory of Russia, there grow three distinctly

different ecological, morphological, and genetic types

of seed-bearing stone pines, viz. Pinus sibirica Du Tour,

P. koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and P. pumila (Pall.) Regel.

D.I. Litvinov (1913) made an attempt to separate P.

coronans (the so-called mountain pine) from P.

sibirica, as an individual species, but it was not accepted by systematics experts. This taxone had been

considered only as a subspecies, a biologic race or an

ecological form (Belousov, 1917; Ovsiannikov, 1921;

Krylov P., 1927; Komarov, 1934; Krylov G., 1957;

Bobrov, 1978). Making up specific plant communities,

each of the stone pine species in Russia occupies a

distinct area, the dwarf pine being the only species

contacting with the areas of Siberian pine and Korean

pine. However, each species in the contact areas takes

up its own specific ecological niches or parcels (as in

the associations of Siberian pine and dwarf pine in the

Trans-Baikal region).

Since the last ice-periods and up to the beginning of

the intensive influence of anthropogenic factors, the

area covered by stone pine has not been changed substantially. However, contradictory opinions are available as to the reasons of noncoincidence of the western boundary of the Siberian pine and Siberian fir areas (Krylov P., 1881, Sokolov, 1972), about the time

Korean pine penetrated into Ðriamurye region

(Neistadt, 1952, 1955; Kolesnikov, 1954; Udra, 1975),

and about the dynamics of Siberian pine and other

forest formations in Western Siberia (Kolesnikov,

Smolonogov, 1960; Smolonogov, 1990; Bekh,

Danchenko, 1994; Sedykh, 1979; Krylov A., 1984, etc.).

The latter problem concerns the dilemma of the potential Siberian pine forests and spatial deviations of

Siberian pine forests in Siberia.

Today, the phylogenetic relations of separate species

of stone pines are still a subject for discussion. The

only consensus among researchers suggests acceptance of dwarf pine as a relatively young species, and

the availability of a close genetic relation between P.

sibirica and P. cembra L. (however, the evaluations of

the taxonomic status and age of the latter are rather

contradictory). Nevertheless, despite the differences

in geological ages, P. sibirica, P. koraiensis and P.

pumila are characterized by a high degree of

polymorphysm, especially by the intrapopulational one

(Strogij, 1927; Iroshnikov, 1964, 1974; Ivanikina, 1978;

Muratova, 1978, 1980; Goncharenko et al., 1987, 1990,

1992; Krutovsky et al., 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990;

Dubrova, Khripunov, 1990; Podogas et al., 1991;

Shurkhal et al., 1991; Politov et al., 1992; Szmidt, 1982;

Shurkhal et al., 1992; Goncharenko et al., 1992; ZinSuh Kim et al., 1994; Bergman, Hattemer, 1995), which

verifies a considerable evolutionary potential of these

coniferous representatives. Thus, this fact disproves

the former, rather pessimistic evaluations of stone pines

as the species on the brink of extinction (Ovsiannikov,

1925, 1929).

The differences in the genetic divergence of separate

stone pine species can be recognized in the morphology of their pollen (Kupriyanova, Litvintseva, 1974) and

chromosomes (Muratova, 1980; Saylor, 1983), and,

in particular, in the degree of their incompatibility in

case of interspecific hybridization (Titov, 1995; Li WenYing, 1964; Holzer, 1975; Blada, 1994) and heteroplastic grafting (Dokuchaeva, 167; Iroshnikov, 1985;

Dimpelmeier, 1954; Holzer, 1960, 1970, 1975; Pravdin,

Iroshnikov, 1982), as well as the introduction beyond

the limits of their range.

Up to the present time, there is no proof of the hybrid

nature of the dendritic form of dwarf pine growing in

the Trans-Baikal and southern Yakutia regions

(Sukachov, 1928; Pozdniakov, 1952, 1953; Galazij,

1954, 1958; Molozhnikov, 1975, etc.) or a possible

spontaneous hybridization between Korean pine and

dwarf pine in Primorski Territory, which would presumably explain a relative genetic similarity of these species (Krutovsky et al., 1990). The corresponding imperative recommendations for artificial interspecific

crossing of Siberian pine with dwarf pine (Kharyuzova,

1936; Sokolov, 1972; Galazij, 1958), and Siberian pine

with Korean pine (Demidenko, Urusov, Iljichev, 1982;

Urusov, 1988) have not been proved yet by any reliable experiments (Yablokov, Dokuchaeva, 1976; Titov,

1995). Some positive results (with a heterosis effect

up to 17 years) have been acquired only when crossing Siberian pine with European stone pine (Titov,

1995). Also, these species do not reveal any anatomical incompatibility when crossing European stone pine

with Siberian pine, as contrary to the case of Korean

pine and dwarf pine (as to the long-term experiments

accomplished by M.V.Tveleneva in the areas near Moscow).

The Problems of Study, Gene Pool Protection and

Selection of Korean Pine

A.I. Iroshnikov

Forest Genetics and Selection Research Institute,

Voronezh
-94 -

(Òèòîâ, 1995). Ó ýòèõ æå âèäîâ íå ïpîÿâëÿåòñÿ àíàòîìè÷åñêàÿ íåñîâìåñòèìîñòü ïpè ïpèâèâêàõ êåäpà

åâpîïåéñêîãî íà êåäp ñèáèpñêèé, â îòëè÷èå îò êåäpà

êîpåéñêîãî è êåäpîâîãî ñòëàíèêà (ïî ìíîãîëåòíèì

ýêñïåpèìåíòàì Ì.Â.Òâåëåíåâà â Ïîäìîñêîâüå).

Ñëàáàÿ ìåæïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ äèôôåpåíöèàöèÿ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí õàpàêòåpíà äëÿ ìíîãèõ

påãèîíîâ ñ äîâîëüíî îäíîpîäíûì ñïåêòpîì ôàêòîpîâ åñòåñòâåííîãî îòáîpà, è â ïpåäåëàõ êîòîpûõ

îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ øèpîêèé îáìåí ãåíàìè (èíòåíñèâíûé ïåpåíîñ ñåìÿí êåäpîâêîé è ïûëüöû  âåòpîì). Â òî æå âpåìÿ èìåþòñÿ äàííûå î ñïåöèôèêå

ãåíîòèïè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà ïîïóëÿöèé êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî â îáëàñòè îïòèìóìà âèäà è ýêñòpåìàëüíûõ

óñëîâèé åãî ïpîèçpàñòàíèÿ (Èpîøíèêîâ, 1974,

1985), à òàêæå êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî  èç ñåâåpíûõ è

þæíûõ ÷àñòåé åãî àpåàëà (Êpóòîâñêèé è äp., 1990;

Zin-Suh Kim et al., 1994). Ó êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî

ñïåöèôèêà ïpîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïpåäñòàâèòåëüñòâå

påäêèõ ôîpì è, îñîáåííî, â pàçíîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè

pîñòà ïîòîìñòâà âûñîêîãîpíûõ è ñåâåpîòà ̧æíûõ

ïîïóëÿöèé, íèçêîãîpíûõ è þæíîòà ̧æíûõ ïpè

èñïûòàíèè íà îäíîì ýêîëîãè÷åcêîì ôîíå â ãåîãpàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòópàõ.

Îïûò èíòpîäóêöèè êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí çà ïpåäåëû èõ

åñòåñòâåííîãî àpåàëà (Òópñêèé, 1891, 1900; Ãîìèëåâñêèé, 1909; Ïîëå, 1913; Ìàòpåíèíñêèé, 1928;

Ãåîpãèåâñêèé, 1932, 1946; Ýéòèíãåí, 1946; Âåõîâ,

1949, 1958; Òèìîôååâ, 1967; Õpàìîâà, 1968; Ëóêèí,

1970; Íåêpàñîâ, Òâåëåíåâ, 1970; Òâåëåíåâ, 1970,

1974; Õîõpèí, 1970, 1981; Àëèìáåêîâ, 1972, 1991;

Áîápîâ, 1972; Ãèpãèäîâ, 1972; Èãíàòåíêî, 1972,

1988; Ñìàãëþê, 1973; Ëûïà, 1977; ßíãóòîâ, 1981;

Ìåäâåäåâà, 1983; Ïîòàïîâà, 1984; Øêóòêî, 1991;

Äpîçäîâ, 1992; Êîòîâ è äp., 1994; Ùåpáà, 1994,

1995; Holzer, 1958, 1961, 1975; Lahde et al., 1984)

ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î âàæíîñòè äèôôåpåíöèpîâàííîãî ïîäõîäà ê âûáîpó âèäîâ è èõ ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ïpèìåíèòåëüíî ê pàéîíó êóëüòópû è å ̧ öåëÿì. Ýôôåêò èíòpîäóêöèè, êàê ïpàâèëî, äîñòèãàåòñÿ ïpè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ñåìÿí ìåñòíîé påïpîäóêöèè íà áàçå ìàññîâîãî è äëèòåëüíîãî èíäèâèäóàëüíîãî îòáîpà, êàê ïî ñåëåêòèpóåìûì ïpèçíàêàì, òàê è íà óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê áèîòè÷åñêèì è

àáèîòè÷åñêèì ôàêòîpàì, è ïpè âûpàùèâàíèè

ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïîòîìñòâ â îïòèìàëüíûõ ýäàôè-

÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì âûñîêîé êóëüòópû

ïpîèçâîäñòâà. Ïîñëåäíèå ôàêòîpû ÷àñòî îêàçûâàþòñÿ påøàþøèìè ïpè èíòpîäóêöèè êåäpîâûõ

ñîñåí, íå ïpîøåäøèõ ñèòî åñòåñòâåííîãî îòáîpà

íà êîíêópåíòíîñïîñîáíîñòü ñ ìåñòíûìè âèäàìèýäèôèêàòîpàìè.

Ãèáåëü pÿäà ñòàpûõ (55-75 ëåòíèõ) êóëüòóp êåäpà

ñèáèpñêîãî, ñîçäàííûõ â çîíå õâîéíî-øèpîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ åâpîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè, â

÷àñòíîñòè, â Ëèñèíñêîì ëåñõîçå Ëåíèíãpàäñêîé

îáëàñòè è Ïîäìîñêîâüå (îïûòíîé ëåñíîé äà÷è

ÒÑÕÀ) â 40-õ è 80-õ ãã. XIX ñòîëåòèÿ (Ìàòpåíèíñêèé,

1928; Òèìîôååâ, 1967) íå ïpèâëåêëà âíèìàíèÿ.

èíòpîäóêòîpîâ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí. Tåì ñàìûì îñòàëèñü íåâûÿñíåííûìè ãëàâíûå ïpè÷èíû èõ îòïàäà,

â ò.÷., pîëü ïpîèñõîæäåíèÿ ñåìÿí, ïî÷âåííî-ãèäpîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé, ãpèáíûõ çàáîëåâàíèé, êîíêópåíöèè âèäîâ ìåñòíîé äåíäpîôëîpû, àíîìàëèé ïîãîäû è äp.

Àêöåíòèpîâàíèå âíèìàíèÿ òîëüêî íà ïîëåçíûõ

êà÷åñòâàõ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí (öåííûå ïèùåâûå ñåìåíà è áàëüçàì, äåêîpàòèâíîñòü äåpåâüåâ è èõ äpåâåñèíû) áåç ñpàâíèòåëüíîé îöåíêè ñ ìåñòíûìè ëåñîîápàçîâàòåëÿìè è îáúåêòèâíîé õàpàêòåpèñòèêè èõ

àäàïòèâíîé ñïîñîáíîñòè, èíòåíñèâíîñòè pîñòà, âûõîäà äåëîâîé äpåâåñèíû, ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèàëà è âîçìîæíîñòè ñîõpàíåíèÿ ópîæàÿ ñåìÿí â

óñëîâèÿõ èíòpîäóêöèè, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íûì ïpè pàçpàáîòêå öåëåâûõ ïpîãpàìì pàñøèpåíèÿ àpåàëà ïåpñïåêòèâíûõ âèäîâ. Ïîñëåäíèì

äîëæíà ïpåäøåñòâîâàòü çàêëàäêà ñåòè ãåîãpàôè-

÷åñêèõ è èñïûòàòåëüíûõ êóëüòóp, àpõèâîâ êëîíîâ è

ìàòî÷íûõ ïëàíòàöèé ëó÷øèõ äåpåâüåâ, îòîápàííûõ â ïpèpîäíûõ è èíòpîäóöèpîâàííûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî.

Ñîçäàííûå â Ðîññèè îáúåêòû ïîñòîÿííîé ëåñîñåìåííîé áàçû êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí (òàáë. 1), èõ ãåîãpàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóp è êîëëåêöèé êëîíîâ íå ìîãóò â

äîëæíîé ìåpå îáåñïå÷èòü påøåíèå, êàê òåîpåòè-

÷åñêèõ âîïpîñîâ, òàê è ïîòpåáíîñòåé ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ïpîèçâîäñòâà â pàéîíèpîâàííîì ñåëåêöèîííîì ìàòåpèàëå (Îëèñîâà è äp., 1966; Ëàpèîíîâà, 1967, 1968, 1975; Ñåí÷óêîâà, 1967; Ëóçãàíîâ,

1971, 1981; Åìîëêèíà, 1974; Èãóìíîâà, Òâåëåíåâ,1975; Êîëåãîâà, 1977; Ñìàãëþê, 1977; Òèòîâ,

1977; Ëàpèí, 1980, 1990; Èpîøíèêîâ, 1983, 1985;

Êóçíåöîâà, 1990; Ùåpáà è äp., 1994; è äp.).

Êîìïëåêñ òpåáîâàíèé, ïpåäúÿâëÿåìûõ ê ïëþñîâûì äåpåâüÿì êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí è ïpè ̧ìàì èõ îáúåêòèâíîé îöåíêè, â äîëæíîé ìåpå åù ̧ íå îòpàæ ̧í â

èìåþùèõñÿ påêîìåíäàöèÿõ (ßáëîêîâ, 1962; Çåìëÿíîé, Íåêpàñîâà, 1980; Äåìèäåíêî, Êóëàêîâ, 1982;

Òèòîâ, 1984; Äàí÷åíêî, Àpöèìîâè÷, 1989). Ïîñëåäíèå íå âïîëíå ó÷èòûâàþò påçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ

ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí, îòäåëüíûå

ïpîãpàììû è ñïåöèôèêó èõ ñåëåêöèè (Ïpàâäèí,

1963, 1964; Èpîøíèêîâ, 1964, 1974; Ìèøóêîâ, 1973,

1976; Òèòîâ, 1975, 1982, 1989; Äåìèäåíêî è äp.,

1989; Êóëàêîâ, 1982, 1986; Âîpîáü ̧â è äp., 1989;

Ìàòâååâà, 1989, 1990, 1994; Äàí÷åíêî, Âî-pîáü ̧â,

1990; Wilckiewicz, 1968; Holzer, 1975).

Ñëîæíîñòü îòáîpà è îöåíêè ïëþñîâûõ äåpåâüåâ â

òà ̧æíûõ êåäpîâíèêàõ ïpè èõ ñåëåêöèè íà îáèëèå

ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ è êà÷åñòâî ñåìÿí, îáóñëîâëåíà
-95 -

A poor interpopulational genetic differentiation of Korean pine is characteristic for many regions with a rather

uniform range of factors relating to natural selection,

within the limits of which a comprehensive interchange

of genes is accomplished (an intensive transport of

seeds by the nutcracker bird (Nucifraga caryocatactes)

and of pollen by wind). However, some data are available on the specificity of the genotypic composition of

Siberian pine populations within the optimum species

class, and in the extreme conditions of its growth

(Iroshnikov, 1974, 1985), as well as of Korean pine

from the northern and southern parts of its area

(Krutovsky et al., 1990; Zin-Suh Kim et al., 1994). The

specificity of Siberian pine is identified by the availability of singular forms and, in particular, by the differences in growth of generations of the highland and

north-taiga populations, and of the lowland and southtaiga ones, when testing against the same ecological

background with geographical cultures.

Experience in introducing stone pines beyond the limits of their natural area (Tursky, 1891, 1900;

Gomilevsky, 1909; Pole, 1913; Matreninsky, 1928;

Georgievsky, 1932, 1946; Eitingen, 1946; Vekhov,

1949, 1958; Timofeev, 1967; Khramova, 1968; Lukin,

1970; Nekrasov, Tvelenev, 1970; Tvelenev, 1970,

1974; Khokhrin, 1970, 1981; Alimbekov, 1972, 1991;

Bobrov, 1972; Girgidov, 1972; Ignatenko, 1972, 1988;

Smaglyuk, 1973; Lypa, 1977; Yangutov, 1981;

Medvedeva, 1983; Potapova, 1984; Shkutko, 1991;

Drozdov, 1992; Kotov et al., 1994; Shcherba, 1994,

1995; Holzer, 1958, 1961, 1975; Lande et al., 1984)

proves the importance of a differentiated approach in

selecting species and their natural populations relative to the region where the culture is introduced. Introduction is usually gained by using the seeds of local

reproduction based on a comprehensive and long-term

individual selection, taking into account both the selected features and the stability against biotic and abiotic factors, and by growing the corresponding descendants in the optimum edaphic conditions with provisions for a high level of production. The latter factors

are frequently recognized as the determinants in introduction of stone pines that have not passed through

the sieve of natural selection for competitiveness together with the local species-indicators.

Mortality in some old (55-75 years) cultures of Siberian pine produced in the coniferous-broadleaved forest zone in the European part of Russia, in particular,

in Lisinski Forest of Leningrad region and in the areas

near Moscow (experimental forest site of TSKhA [note:

an agricultural academy]), in the 1840s and 1880s

(Matryoninski, 1928; Timofeev, 1967), did not attract

attention of researchers experimenting with introduction of stone pines. Thus, the reasons of their mortality

remained obscured; possible reasons include the role

of the seed origin, soil and hydrological conditions, fungus diseases, competition of the local dendro-flora species, weather anomalies, etc.

To develop practical programs for expanding the area

of prospective species, it is not sufficient to focus on

just consumer properties of stone pines (valuable nutritional seeds and balsam, decorative appearance of

trees, and their wood), without a comparative evaluation with local forest experts or provisions for studying

the objective characteristics of adaptive capacity,

growth intensity, output of commercial lumber, genetic

potential, and possibility to preserve the seed crop in

the conditions of introduction. Such programs should

follow the arrangement of a network of geographic and

test cultures, clone archives, and mother plantations

of the finest trees selected from both the natural and

introduced populations of Siberian pine and Korean

pine.

The permanent forest seed orchards for stone pines

established in Russia (Table 1), as well as their geographic cultures and clone collections cannot provide

for the proper solution of both the theoretical problems

and requirements of forest industry for the zoned selection materials (Olisova et al., 1966; Larionova, 1967,

1968, 1975; Senchukova, 1967; Luzganov, 1971, 1981;

Emolkina, 1974; Igumnova, Tvelenev, 1975; Kolegova,

1977; Smaglyuk, 1977; Titov, 1977; Larin, 1980, 1990;

Iroshnikov, 1983, 1985; Kuznetsova, 1990; Shcherba

et al., 1994; etc.).

The complex requirements of plus trees of stone pines

and techniques for their objective evaluation have not

been properly considered in the available recommendations (Yablokov, 1962; Zemlyanoj, Nekrasova, 1980;

Demidenko, Kulakov, 1982; Titov, 1984; Danchenko,

Artsimovich, 1989). They do not adequately take into

account the results of studies of natural stone pine

populations, individual programs, and the specificity

of selection (Pravdin, 1963, 1964; Iroshnikov, 1964,

1974; Mishukov, 1973, 1976; Titov, 1975, 1982, 1989;

Demidenko et al., 1989; Kulakov, 1982, 1986; Vorobiov

et al., 1989; Matveeva, 1989, 1990, 1994; Danchenko,

Vorobiov, 1990; Wilckiewicz, 1968; Holzer, 1975).

The intricacies of choosing and evaluating plus trees

from the taiga pine forests during their selection, related to high crop capacity and seed quality, are associated with a high degree of polymorphism of natural

populations relating to the types of sexualization of individual species, terms of blossoming phenophases

and cone ripening, crop structure features, specificity

of reproduction activity in ontogenesis, and effect of

lethal and semi-lethal genes on the degree of seed

sterility. The acceptance for this purpose of standard

techniques for evaluation of mother trees with test results of their seed descendants (designed exceptionally for revealing the general combinatory capacity)

seems not to be sufficiently promising (because of the
-96 -

âûñîêèì ïîëèìîpôèçìîì ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ïî

òèïó ñåêñóàëèçàöèè îòäåëüíûõ îñîáåé, ñpîêàì ïpîõîæäåíèÿ ôåíîôàç öâåòåíèÿ, à òàêæå ñîçpåâàíèÿ

øèøåê, ïpèçíàêàì ñòpóêòópû ópîæàÿ, ñïåöèôèêå

påïpîäóêòèâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â îíòîãåíåçå, ïpîÿâëåíèþ äåéñòâèÿ ëåòàëüíûõ è ïîëóëåòàëüíûõ

ãåíîâ íà ñòåïåíü ñòåpèëüíîñòè ñåìÿí. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå â ýòèõ öåëÿõ ñòàíäàpòíûõ ïpè ̧ìîâ îöåíêè

ìàòåpèíñêèõ äåpåâüåâ ïî påçóëüòàòàì èñïûòàíèÿ

èõ ñåìåííîãî ïîòîìñòâà (pàññ÷èòàííîãî èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî íà âûÿâëåíèå îáùåé êîìáèíàöèîííîé ñïîñîáíîñòè) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìàëî ïåpñïåêòèâíûì (â ñèëó

çíà÷èòåëüíîé äëèòåëüíîñòè ïpîöåññà è, îñîáåííî,

pàñùåïëåíèÿ ïpèçíàêîâ).

Ïîýòîìó, íàpÿäó ñ ïpîâåäåíèåì ñòàöèîíàpíîãî

èçó÷åíèÿ â ìíîãîëåòíåì öèêëå ïåpñïåêòèâíûõ

äåpåâüåâ â ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ïî êîìïëåêñó

ñåëåêòèpóåìûõ ïpèçíàêîâ (ãëàâíûì îápàçîì, â

ïpèïîñåëêîâûõ êåäpîâíèêàõ è ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ

påçåpâàòàõ  â ïîpÿäêå èçó÷åíèÿ èõ ãåíîôîíäà è

îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ìîíèòîpèíãà), íåîáõîäèìà ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ êîíöåíòpàöèÿ áîëüøèõ âûáîpîê èç pàçíîâîçpàñòíûõ âûñîêîïpîäóêòèâíûõ (ïëþñîâûõ) íàñàæäåíèé êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî â àpõèâàõ êëîíîâ â îïûòíûõ ñåëåêöèîííûõ

ëåñõîçàõ, ñîçäàâàåìûõ â ïpåäåëàõ àpåàëà êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí è pàéîíàõ èõ ýôôåêòèâíîé èíòpîäóêöèè.

Ýòî ïîçâîëèò óñêîpèòü ïpîöåññû èçó÷åíèÿ âíóòpèïîïóëÿöèîííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè è ñåëåêöèè êåäpîâûõ

ñîñåí, çíà÷èòåëüíî pàñøèpèòü îáú ̧ì èñõîäíîãî

ìàòåpèàëà, áîëåå øèpîêî èñïîëüçîâàòü êîíòpîëèpóåìûå ñêpåùèâàíèÿ äëÿ îáîñíîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâà

ôîpìèpóåìûõ ëåñîñåìåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé, ïîâûñèòü

óäåëüíûé âåñ âåãåòàòèâíîãî pàçìíîæåíèÿ ïpè ñîçäàíèè pàçíîãî pîäà ñïåöèàëèçèpîâàííûõ ïëàíòàöèé è öåëåâûõ êóëüòóp, à òàêæå ñîõpàíèòü öåííûé

ãåíîôîíä. Íà òàêèõ ýêñïåpèìåíòàëüíûõ îáúåêòàõ

ìîãóò pàçpàáàòûâàòüñÿ ìíîãèå òåîpåòè÷åñêèå è

ìåòîäè÷åñêèå âîïpîñû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ påïpîäóêòèâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí è èõ òîëåpàíòíîñòüþ, âçàèìîäåéñòâèåì ïpèâîÿ è ïîäâîÿ,

âåãåòàòèâíûì pàçìíîæåíèåì îòäåëüíûõ êëîíîâ,

ýôôåêòèâíîñòüþ èñêóññòâåííîãî äîîïûëåíèÿ ëåñîñåìåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé, çàùèòîé íà íèõ ópîæàÿ

øèøåê è ñåìÿí îò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ïîòpåáèòåëåé.

Ïàpàëëåëüíî âàæíî óñèëèòü èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ïpè-

 ̧ìàì ìàññîâîé êóëüòópû ìåpèñèñòåì (Lambardi et

al., 1995), ò.ê., äîñòèãíóòûé ópîâåíü óêîpåíåíèÿ

÷åpåíêîâ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí î÷åíü íèçêèé (Îëèñîâà,

1934; Ñåâåpîâà, 1951, 1958; Äîêó÷àåâà, 1967;

Ìàòâååâà, 1981, 1994).

Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî íå èìååòñÿ ïîêà äîñòàòî÷íî

óäîâëåòâîpèòåëüíîãî îáúÿñíåíèÿ ïpèpîäû óíèêàëüíûõ îñîáåé êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî ñ îäíîëåòíèì è

ñìåøàííûì (îäíî-, 1-2-õ è äâóxëåòíèì) ïåpèîäîì

ôîpìèpîâàíèÿ æåíñêèõ øèøåê, îápàçóþùèõ pàçâèòûå ñåìåíà áåç çàpîäûøà â ãîä öâåòåíèÿ, âñòpå-

÷àþùèõñÿ â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîé ãîpíîé

ñòpàíû (Èpîøíèêîâ, 1974). Åñëè ýòî ïpèçíàê

äpåâíèé (ïpèìèòèâíûé) è påöåññèâíûé, òî îí

äîëæåí ïpîÿâëÿòüñÿ (ïî çàêîíó ïàpàëëåëüíîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè) è â påëèêòîâûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî; â ñëó÷àå æå åãî ïpîãpåññèâíîñòè  îí

ìîæåò ïpîÿâèòüñÿ è ó áîëåå ìîëîäûõ, ÷åì êåäp

ñèáèpñêèé, âèäîâ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí (ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ìàòåpèàëàìè ìû íå pàñïîëàãàåì). Íå

èñêëþ÷àåòñÿ è ïpîÿâëåíèå õpîíè÷åñêèõ ìóòàöèé,

çàòpàãèâàþùèõ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ påãóëÿöèþ pîñòîâûõ

è påïpîäóêòèâíûõ ïpîöåññîâ è ïpîÿâëÿþùèõñÿ íà

ëîêàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ îò Ãîpíîãî Àëòàÿ äî ÕàìàpÄàáàíà (âåpîÿòíî ñ ïîâûøåííûì ñîäåpæàíèåì

ìóòàãåííûõ ýëåìåíòîâ â ãîpíûõ ïîpîäàõ). Õàpàêòåpíî, ÷òî â ýòèõ æå ïîïóëÿöèÿõ îòìå÷àåòñÿ ïîâûøåííàÿ ÷àñòîòà îñîáåé êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî ñî

ñòàáèëüíî âûñîêèì â ìíîãîëåòíåì öèêëå ñîäåpæàíèåì íåäîpàçâèòûõ èëè ïóñòûõ ñåìÿí (40-60 %)

ó âñåõ øèøåê.

Âîïpîñû îõpàíû êåäpîâûõ ëåñîâ îò ïîæàpîâ è íåîïpàâäàííûõ póáîê ïîäíèìàëñèü â Ðîññèè íà ïpîòÿæåíèè XIX-XX ñòîëåòèé (Äìèòpèåâ, 1818; Ìîíîãpàôèÿ ..., 1843; ßãîâ, 1868; Âàëåâñêèé, 1875;

Ïîíîìàpåâ, 1903; Áîãàòûpåâ, 1908; Ìàëüêîâ, 1914;

Ëåñîïpîìûøëåííûé âåñòíèê, 1916; Áàpûøåâöåâ,

1917; Áèëèáèí, 1929; Ïîâàpíèöûí, 1944; Êpèíèöêèé, 1961; ßáëîêîâ, 1962; Êîëåñíèêîâ, 1966;

Ìîëîæíèêîâ, 1975; Õîìåíòîâñêèé, 1996). Îäíàêî,

ìåpû ïî îõpàíå êåäpîâûõ ëåñîâ ñòàëè påàëèçîâûâàòüñÿ ñ pàçâèòèåì øèpîêîãî îáùåñòâåííîãî

äâèæåíèÿ ïî âûäåëåíèþ íà âñåé òåppèòîpèè Ðîññèè ïaìÿòíèêîâ ïpèpîäû, çàêàçíèêîâ, íàöèîíàëüíûõ ïàpêîâ, ýòàëîííûõ ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ (Áîpîäèí, 1910; Ìîpîçîâ, 1910; Ñåì ̧íîâ-Òÿíøàíñêèé,

1910, 1919; Êóçåíåâà, 1914; Ñåpåápåííèêîâ, 1914;

Ñîëîâü ̧â, 1918; è äp.).

Óæå â 1914-1917 ãã. äëÿ îõpàíû ôàóíû è ôëîpû

êåäpîâíèêîâ íà÷àëîñü ïpîåêòèpîâàíèå â íàòópå

Ñàÿíñêîãî è Áàpãóçèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêîâ â Ñèáèpè;

íà þãå Óññópèéñêîãî êpàÿ â 1916 ã. áûë âûäåëåí

çàêàçíèê Êåäpîâàÿ ïàäü. Â 1926 ã. áûë ñîñòàâëåí

ïpîåêò ñåòè çàïîâåäíèêîâ äëÿ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

(Áèëèáèí, 1929). Îäíàêî, påàëèçàöèÿ ýòîãî, êàê è

äpóãèõ ïpîåêòîâ, çíà÷èòåëüíî çàòÿãèâàëàñü, èëè â

íèõ âíîñèëèñü ñóùåñòâåííûå êîppåêòèâû, íàïpàâëåííûå íà èçúÿòèå íàèáîëåå öåííûõ êåäpîâûõ

ìàññèâîâ.

Èìåâøàÿñÿ â ñòpàíå ê íà÷àëó 1990-õ ãã. ñåòü çàïîâåäíèêîâ è çàêàçíèêîâ, êàê è âûäåëåííàÿ îpåõîïpîìûñëîâàÿ çîíà, äàëåêî íå îòpàæàþò ïpîñòpàíñòâåííî-ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ äèôôåpåíöèàöèþ ïîïóëÿöèé êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí (îñîáåííî êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî), à èìåííî, íàèáîëåå öåííóþ èõ ÷àñòü èç îá-
-97 -

length of the process and, in particular, to disjoining of

features).

In view of the above, besides the long-term stationary

studies of prospective trees in natural populations by

using a complex of selected features (mainly in the

near-village pine forests and genetic reservations with

the purpose of studying their gene pool and providing

for genetic monitoring), the maximum gathering of comprehensive samplings is needed from the varied-aged,

highly productive (plus) stands of Siberian pine and

Korean pine in the clone archives on the basis of experimental selection forestry established within the

stone pine range and regions of their effective introduction. These provisions would allow us (1) to expedite the studies of intrapopulational changes and selection of stone pines, (2) to substantially increase the

bulk of initial materials, (3) to widely apply controlled

crossings for substantiating the design of established

forest seed orchards, (4) increase the share of vegetative reproduction in various specialized plantations

and targeted cultures, and (5) preserve a valuable gene

pool. Such experimental objectives would allow consideration of many theoretical and methodological problems relating to reproduction of stone pines and their

tolerance, interaction of scions and stocks, vegetative

reproduction of individual clones, efficiency of artificial

supplementary pollination of forest-seed plantations,

and protection of cone and seed crops from many seed

eaters. In addition, it is important to enhance the study

of techniques used for comprehensive merisystem cultures (Lambardi et al., 1995), because the available

level of the stone pine cutting rootage is very low

(Olisova, 1934; Severova, 1951, 1958; Dokuchaeva,

1967; Matveeva, 1981, 1994).

It should be noted that currently there is no sufficient

explanation of the nature of unique individuals of Siberian pine with the single-year and mixed (1 year, 1-

2 years and 2 years) periods of female cone development, which produce mature seeds without an embryo

during the year of blossoming. These individuals are

found in populations of the Altai-Sayan mountain country (Iroshnikov, 1974). If one considers this feature to

be age-old (primitive) and recessive, it should be evident (according to the law of parallel variability) in the

relic populations of Korean pine as well. If, instead, it

is progressive, it would be apparent in stone pines of

a younger age than that of Siberian pine (no corresponding data is available, though). One cannot reject

a possible manifestation of chronic mutations that affect the genetic regulation of the growth and reproductive processes, and can be traced in local areas

from the Mountain Altai to Khamar-Daban (presumably, with an increased content of mutagenic elements

in rocks). A characteristic feature of these populations

is a frequent occurrence of Siberian pine individuals

with a stable amount of either undeveloped or barren

seeds (40-60%) in all cones during a long-term cycle.

The problems of protection of Siberian pine forests from

fires and unwarranted fellings have been considered

in Russia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

(Dmitriev, 1818; Monograph ..., 1843; Yagov, 1868;

Valevsky, 1875; Ponomarev, 1903; Bogatyrev, 1908;

Maljkov, 1914; Lesopromyshlenny Vestnik, 1916;

Baryshevtsev, 1917; Bilibin, 1929; Povarnitsyn, 1944;

Krinitsky, 1961; Yablokov, 1962; Kolesnikov, 1966;

Molozhnikov, 1975; Khomentovsky, 1996). However,

the measures for protection of the Siberian pine forests have been initiated as a result of a wide-spread

public movement for establishment of nature memorials, reserves, national parks, and model forest communities in the entire territory of Russia (Borodin, 1910;

Morozov, 1910; Semenov-Tianjshanjsky, 1910, 1919;

Kuzeneva, 1914; Serebrennikov, 1914; Solovyov,

1918; etc.).

As far back as in 1914, a project of the Sayan and

Barguzin protected woodlands in Siberia was initiated

for protection of fauna and flora of the Siberian pine

forests. In 1916, Kedrovaja Padj reserve was established in the south of Ussuri Territory. In 1926, a project

was developed for establishing a number of protected

woodlands in the Russian Far East (Bilibin, 1929).

Implementation of the above mentioned as well as of

other projects, however, was considerably delayed, or

modified to allow removal of the most valuable Korean

pine timber.

The complex of protected woodlands and reserves in

the country by the beginning of the 1990s, as well as

specified seed-bearing zone, is far from being adequate

for elucidating the spatial-genetic differentiation of

stone pine populations (in particular, of Siberian pine),

namely, their most valuable part from the optimum class

for each species, which has been subject to intensive

exploitation by the forest industry from the 1930s to

1980s.

Since 1982, allocation of genetic forest reserves has

been initiated in Russia. However, during the last 14

years, the State Registry has witnessed registration of

reserves from only four forest-seed areas of Siberian

pine (Table 1). The ban on clearcutting of commercial

Siberian pine forests in the country at the end of 1989

does not resolve the problems of protection of the Siberian pine and Korean pine gene pool, because numerous legal ways exist (when implementing improvement fellings, harvesting pine resin and cones, etc.)

for meddling with the genetic structure of the still preserved unique natural populations of this valuable species (not mentioning widespread forest fires) in the fundamental forest areas of the former state forest enterprises.
-98 -

ëàñòè îïòèìóìà êàæäîãî âèäà. Ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïîäâåpãëàñü íàèáîëåå èíòåíñèâíîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè ëåñíîé ïpîìûøëåííîñòüþ â 1930-1980 ãã.

Ñ 1982 ã. â Ðîññèè íà÷àòî âûäåëåíèå ëåñíûõ ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ påçåpâàòîâ. Îäíàêî, çà 14-ëåòíèé ïåpèîä

â ãîñóäàpñòâåííûé pååñòp çàíåñåíû påçåpâàòû

ëèøü ïî ÷åòûp ̧ì ëåñîñåìåííûì pàéîíàì êåäpà

ñèáèpñêîãî (òàáë.1). Çàïpåù ̧ííàÿ ñ êîíöà 1989 ã.

ñïëîøíàÿ ïpîìûøëåííàÿ póáêà êåäpîâûõ ëåñîâ â

ñòpàíå íå ñíèìàåò ïpîáëåìû îõpàíû ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî

ôîíäà êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî, ò.ê.

èìååòñÿ ìíîãî ëåãàëüíûõ ïóòåé âìåøàòåëüñòâà

(ïpè póáêàõ óõîäà, çàãîòîâêå æèâèöû è øèøåê è

ò.ï.) â ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ ñòpóêòópó ñîõpàíèâøèõñÿ åù ̧

óíèêàëüíûõ ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé ýòèõ öåííûõ

âèäîâ (íå ãîâîpÿ óæå î ìàññîâûõ ëåñíûõ ïîæàpàõ)

â ëåñîñûpüåâûõ áàçàõ áûâøèõ ëåñïpîìõîçîâ.

Ïîêàçàòåëüíî, ÷òî îõpàíå ãåíîôîíäà êåäpîâûõ

ñîñåí ïîñâÿùåíî ìàëî ïóáëèêàöèé (Ñòîéêî, 1957;

Íåïîìèëóåâà, 1971,1972; Èpîøíèêîâ, 1985;

Âîpîáü ̧âà è äp., 1992). Â òî æå âpåìÿ ïpîáëåìà

ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç àêòóàëüíûõ. Ðåøàÿ å ̧, ìîæíî

îáåñïå÷èòü èçó÷åíèå ãåíåòè÷åñêîé ñòpóêòópû ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé è å ̧ èõ äèíàìèêè ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì pàçíûõ ôàêòîpîâ, âîññòàíîâëåíèå âûñîêîïpîäóêòèâíûõ êåäpîâíèêîâ â ïpåäåëàõ èõ àpåàëà,

ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîå pàçâèòèå îáúåêòîâ ïîñòîÿííîé

ëåñîñåìåííîé áàçû, äàëüíåéøåå ñîâåpøåíñòâîâàíèå ëåñîñåìåííîãî pàéîíèpîâàíèÿ.

Îñíîâíîé ôîpìîé îõpàíû ãåíîôîíäà êåäpîâûõ

ñîñåí, êàê è äpóãèõ âèäîâ äpåâåñíûõ pàñòåíèé,

äîëæíû áûòü ëåñíûå ãåíåòè÷åñêèå påçåpâàòû,

ïpèpàâíåííûå ïî ñòàòóñó ê îñîáî îõpàíÿåìûì

ïpèpîäíûì òåppèòîpèÿì (êàê ýòî ïpåäóñìîòpåíî â

íîâîé påäàêöèè Ïîëîæåíèÿ î âûäåëåíèè è

ñîõpàíåíèè ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà äpåâåñíûõ ïîpîä

â ëåñàõ Ðîññèè). Îõpàíå ïîäëåæàò è âñå îáúåêòû

ïîñòîÿííîé ëåñîñåìåííîé áàçû, à òàêæå ñòàpûå

êóëüòópû è îòäåëüíûå äåpåâüÿ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí â

pàéîíàõ èíòpîäóêöèè. Îäíîâpåìåííî, íåîáõîäèìî

pàçpàáîòàòü ýôôåêòèâíûå òåõíîëîãèè äëèòåëüíîãî õpàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí, ïûëüöû è ìåpèñòåì â óñëîâèÿõ ïîíèæåííûõ òåìïåpàòóp äëÿ ôîpìèpîâàíèÿ

áàíêîâ ãåíîâ êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí.

Â çàêëþ÷åíèå, êpàòêî îñâåòèì påçóëüòàòû pÿäà

ýêñïåpèìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, íà÷àòûõ íàìè

â 1960-õ ãã. â Ñèáèpè (â øåñòè ïóíêòàõ Êpàñíîÿpñêîãî êpàÿ) è Ì.Â.Òâåëåí ̧âûì  â 1970-õ ãã. â

Ìîñêîâñêîé, ßpîñëàâñêîé è Ëåíèíãpàäñêîé îáëàñòÿõ (÷àñòè÷íî ïpåäñòàâëåííûõ â òàáë. 2-10).

Ìàòåpèàëû èçó÷åíèÿ 22-32 ëåòíèõ ãåîãpàôè÷åñêèõ

è èñïûòàòåëüíûõ êóëüòóp êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî, çàëîæåííûõ â äåâÿòè ïóíêòàõ, ïpåäñòàâëÿþùèõ pàçíûå

ëåñîpàñòèòåëüíûå çîíû, îäíîçíà÷íî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò îá îïpåäåë ̧ííîé åãî âíóòpèâèäîâîé äèôôåpåíöèàöèè. Âûñøèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè â áîëüøèíñòâå ïóíêòîâ èñïûòàíèÿ õàpàêòåpèçóþòñÿ ïîòîìñòâà èç îáëàñòè îïòèìóìà êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî: èç íèæíåãî è ñpåäíåãî ïîÿñîâ ïpîèçpàñòàíèÿ âèäà â ãîpàõ

Þæíîé Ñèáèpè, ïîäòà ̧æíîé è þæíîòà ̧æíûõ ïîäçîí Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèpè. Ïîòîìñòâà ïîïóëÿöèé èç ñåâåpíûõ è âûñîêîãîpíûõ pàéîíîâ èìåþò ïîêàçàòåëè

pîñòà íà 20-40 % íèæå. Ìåpèäèàíàëüíàÿ äèôôåpåíöèàöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé ñëàáî ñêàçûâàåòñÿ íà pîñòå

èõ ïîòîìñòâà (â ïpåäåëàõ îäíîèì ̧ííûõ çîíàëüíûõ

è âûñîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ êåäpîâíèêîâ). Ïîñëåäíåå

îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî äà ̧ò îïpåäåë ̧ííûå îñíîâàíèÿ äëÿ

ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî óêpóïíåíèÿ ëåñîñåìåííûõ pàéîíîâ.

Âîïpîñ æå î êóëüòópå êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî çà ïpåäåëàìè åãî àpåàëà, ãäå îí ñóùåñòâåííî óñòóïàåò â

ïpîäóêòèâíîñòè êîpåííûì ëåñîîápàçîâàòåëÿì, íà

ñîâpåìåííîì ýòàïå (äî ïîëó÷åíèÿ êîíêópåíòîñïîñîáíûõ ñîpòîâ) ìîæåò påøàòüñÿ ïpè ýôôåêòèâíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà, êàê ïëîäîâîãî

äåpåâà.

Èçó÷åíèå â äâóõ êîíòpàñòíûõ påãèîíàõ (Êpàñíîÿpñêîé ëåñîñòåïè è Êëèíñêî-Äìèòpîâñêîé ãpÿäû)

pîñòà è påïpîäóêòèâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè 13-27 ëåòíèõ

ïpèâèâîê äåpåâüåâ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî, îòîápàííûõ

â ïpèpîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì ïpîäóêòèâíîñòè è òèïó ñåêñóàëèçàöèè, ïîäòâåpäèëî, ÷òî

àpõèâû êëîíîâ äàþò âñåñòîpîííþþ èíôîpìàöèþ

î ìàòåpèíñêèõ äåpåâüÿõ, íåîáõîäèìóþ äëÿ èõ

îöåíêè (êpîìå ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé êîìáèíàöèîííîé

ñïîñîáíîñòè). Â ïpåäåëàõ êëîíà ïîâûøåííîé èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ pîñòà è påïpîäóêòèâíîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ îòëè÷àþòñÿ pàìåòû, ïîäâîÿìè êîòîpûõ

ÿâëÿëèñü áûñòpîpàñòóùèå îñîáè êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî

èëè ñîñíû îáûêíîâåííîé (â ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå

äîâîëüíî âûñîê ïpîöåíò èõ íåñîâìåñòèìîñòè).

Ðåçóëüòàòû 23-32 ëåòíåãî èñïûòàíèÿ pàçíûõ ñåëåêöèîííûõ êàòåãîpèé äåpåâüåâ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî,

îòîápàííûõ ïî ôåíîòèïó, ïîêàçàëè îòñóòñòâèå

ïpÿìîé ñâÿçè èíòåíñèâíîñòè pîñòà èõ ïîòîìñòâà ñ

ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ìàòåpèíñêèõ

äåpåâüåâ. Ïëþñîâûå, ñpåäíèå è ìèíóñîâûå ïî

ïàpàìåòpàì pîñòà äåpåâüÿ ìîãóò äàâàòü ïpè

èñïûòàíèè ïî ïîòîìñòâó íà îäíîpîäíîì ôîíå

âåñüìà áëèçêèé ñïåêòp pàñùåïëåíèÿ, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî, êàê ìîäèôèêàöèîííûìè, òàê è ãåíåòè-

÷åñêèìè ôàêòîpàìè. Ýòà pàçíîâîçpàñòíîñòü êåäpîâíèêîâ, íåîäíîpîäíîñòü ïî÷âåííîãî ïîêpîâà è

ìèêpîpåëüåôà, òèïû îíòîãåíåçà è ñåêñóàëèçàöèè

äåpåâüåâ, ñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ êîìáèíàöèîííàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü, ýôôåêòû ýïèñòàçà è äîìèíèpîâàíèÿ.

Ìíîæåñòâî ôàêòîpîâ, âëèÿþùèõ íà îáúåêòèâíîñòü

îòáîpà è îöåíêè ïëþñîâûõ äåpåâüåâ êåäpîâûõ

ñîñåí, òpåáóþò ñóùåñòâåííîé êîppåêòèpîâêè ñîîò-
-99 -

It is noteworthy that only a few publications deal with

protection of the stone pine gene pool (Stojko, 1957;

Nepomilueva, 1971, 1972; Iroshnikov, 1985; Vorobyova

et al., 1992). Nevertheless, this problem is a demanding one. When solving it, one can consider the structure of natural populations and their dynamics under

the effect of various factors, the restoration of highly

productive Siberian pine forests within their natural

ranges, the consistent development of a permanent

forest-seed basis, and the subsequent improvement

of forest-seed zoning.

The genetic forest reserves should be considered the

major factor in protection of the stone pine gene pool,

as well as other woody plants, being equal in their status to the specially protected natural territories (as envisaged in the new edition of Regulations on Allocation and Preservation of Woody Plant Gene Pool in

Russian Forests). All objects of the permanent forest-seed basis as well as old cultures and individual

stone pine trees in the regions of introduction should

be subject to protection as well. At the same time, it is

essential to develop effective technologies for a longterm storage of seeds, pollen, and formative tissues in

subzero temperatures to provide for establishment of

the stone pine gene banks.

In conclusion, I will briefly discuss the results of the

experimental studies initiated by me in the 1960s in

Siberia (at six sites in Krasnoyarski Territory) and by

M.V.Tvelenev in the 1970s in Moscow, Yaroslavsk and

Leningrad regions (represented partially in Tables 2-

10).

The data were obtained as a result of the study of 22-

32-year-old geographic and test cultures of Siberian

pine, which were planted at nine sites representing different forest-growing zones. Results testify to definite

intraspecies differentiation. The highest indices in most

test items are characteristic of the descendants from

the optimum class of Siberian pine, namely, from the

lower and middle growth belts in mountains of Southern Siberia, and from the subtaiga and south-taiga

subzones of Western Siberia. The descendants from

the northern and highland area populations feature the

growth indices up to 20-40%. The longitudinal differentiation of populations affects vaguely the growth of

their descendants (within the same zonal and highland complexes of Siberian pine forests). The latter

fact implies grounds for a corresponding enlargement

of the forest-seed regions.

The problem of Siberian pine cultures beyond the limits of its range, where it has substantially less yield in

productivity than the native forest species, can be

solved at the present time (before producing competitively productive strains) by the effective use of this

species as a seed-bearing tree.

The study in two contrasting regions (the Krasnoyarsk

forest-steppe and the Klinsk-Dmitrov Range) of the

growth and reproductive activity of the 13-37-year-old

grafts of Siberian pine trees, which were selected in

natural populations by the indices of productivity and

types of sexualization, confirmed that the clone archives would provide for comprehensive information

on the mother trees, which is required for their evaluation (beside the specific combinatory capacity). Within

a clone, the enhanced growth intensity and reproductive capacity were characteristic of the ramets, the

stocks of which were represented by the fast-growing

individuals of either Siberian pine or Pinus silvestris L.

(in the latter case, the proportion of their incompatibility is somewhat high).

The results of the 23-32-year long tests of various selective categories of Siberian pine trees chosen by the

phenotypes, have confirmed the lack of a direct relationship between the growth intensity of their descendants and the corresponding indices of the mother

trees. When tested for descendants against a uniform

background, the trees with the positive, intermediary

and negative growth parameters can feature a somewhat similar splitting spectrum, which is induced by

both modification and genetic factors. The latter include the age differences of Siberian pine forests, the

divergence of soil cover and microrelief, the types of

ontogenesis and sexualization of trees, the specific

combinatory capacity, and the effects of epistase and

dominance. Many factors affecting an unbiased approach to selection and evaluation of stone pine plus

trees require a substantial correction of the corresponding techniques implied by the traditional system of positive selection for tree species. Prior to waiting for development of complex techniques for varietal plant

breeding of stone pines, the forestry industry can use

a separate selection of the finest individuals based on

commercial features, and a group selection among the

best descendants of each separate individual for producing forest cultures.
-100 -

âåòñòâóþùèõ ïpè ̧ìîâ, ïpåäóñìîòpåííûõ òpàäèöèîííîé ñèñòåìîé ïëþñîâîé ñåëåêöèè ëåñíûõ

äpåâåñíûõ ïîpîä. Äî pàçpàáîòêè ñëîæíûõ ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèõ âîïpîñîâ ñîpòîâûâåäåíèÿ êåäpîâûõ

Òàáëèöà 1. Îáúåêòû ïîñòîÿííîé ëåñîñåìåííîé áàçû è ãåíåòè÷åñêèå påçåpâàòû êåäpîâûõ ñîñåí Ðîññèè

(íà 01.01.96 ã.) è påêîìåíäàöèè Ðîñëåñõîçà ïî èõ pàçâèòèþ íà 1996 - 2000 ãã. (â ñêîáêàõ).

Òàáëèöà 2. Ïîêàçàòåëè pîñòà 31-ëåòíåãî ïîòîìñòâà êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî pàçíîãî ïpîèñõîæäåíèÿ â ïpåäãîpüå

Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà (Åpìàêîâñêèé ëåñõîç Êpàñíîÿpñêîãî êpàÿ, ïîñàäêà â ìàå 1964 ã. 3-ëåòíèìè ñåÿíöàìè).

Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ñåìÿí Âûñîòà. Äèàìåòð,

Ðåãèîí Ëåñõîç Âûñîòà íàä

óð. ìîðÿ, ì,

çîíà

cm % îò

êîíòð.

ìì

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé Åðìàêîâñêèé 400-450 836± 2 .016 100±.3

-- 520-550 777±.22 93 88±.4

-- 700-750 783±.16 94 96±.3

-- 800-850 770±.42 92 89±.8

Óñèíñêèé 1,000-1,050 608±.54 73 66±.6

Maíñêèé 900-1,000 685±.30 82 80±.4

-- 1,100-1,300 611±.40 74 64±.6

Èðêóòñêàÿ Æèãàëîâñêèé 900-1,000 689±.60 82 92±.8

Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ Èâäåëüñêèé ñð. òàéãà 730±.65 87 82±.9

Òîìñêàÿ Ïàðàáåëüñêèé þ. òàéãà 795±.75 95 100±.9

Íîâîñèáèðñêàÿ Ïèõòîâñêèé þ. òàéãà 779±.90 93 93±.14

Ðåãèîí Ïëþñîâûå

äåðåâüÿ,

øò

Ïëþñîâûå

íàñàæäåíèÿ,

ãà

Ëåñîñåìåííûå

ïëàíòàöèè,

ãa

Àðõèâû

êëîíîâ,

 ãa

Ìàòî÷íûå

ïëàíòàöèè,

ãà

Èñïûòàòåëüíûå

êóëüòóðû,

 ãà

Ðåçåðâàòû,

ãa

Êåäð ñèáèðñêèé

Ïðåäóðàëüå 192 - 1 1 - - -

Óðàë 124(50) 62 28 - - - -

Çàï. Ñèáèðü 1,205 214 215(40) 12 25(8) 14 999

Âîñò. Ñèáèðü 771(190) 270 68(10) 1 - - 5,062

Âíå àðåàëà - - 79 - - - -

Âñåãî: 2,292(240) 546 391(50) 15 25(8) 14 6,061

Êåäð êîðåéñêèé

Ä. Âîñòîê 879 125 63(20) 1 (5) - -

ñîñåí ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîå ïpîèçâîäñòâî ìîæåò

øèpîêî èñïîëüçîâàòü èíäèâèäóàëüíûé îòáîp

ëó÷øèõ  ïî õîçÿéñòâåííûì ïpèçíàêàì  îñîáåé è

ãpóïïîâîé îòáîp ñpåäè ëó÷øåé ÷àñòè ïîòîìñòâà

êàæäîé îòäåëüíîé îñîáè äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ëåñíûõ

êóëüòóp.
-101 -

Table 1. Objects of permanent forest-seed basis and genetic reserves of stone pines in Russia (on January 1,

1996) and recommendations of Rosleskhoz for their development in 1996-2000 (in parenthesis).

Origin of seeds Height Diameter,

mm

Region Forest

Management

Unit

Altitude above

sea level, m,

zone

cm % of

control

Krasnoyarsk Ermakovsky 400-450 836± 2 .016 100±.3

-- 520-550 777±.22 93 88±.4

-- 700-750 783±.16 94 96±.3

-- 800-850 770±.42 92 89±.8

Usinsky 1,000-1,050 608±.54 73 66±.6

Mansky 900-1,000 685±.30 82 80±.4

-- 1,100-1,300 611±.40 74 64±.6

Irkutsk Zhigalovsky 900-1,000 689±.60 82 92±.8

Sverdlovsk Ivdeljsky mid.taiga 730±.65 87 82±.9

Tomsk Parabelsky southern taiga 795±.75 95 100±.9

Novosibirsk Pikhtovsky southern taiga 779±.90 93 93±.14

Table 2. Growth indices of 31-year-old descendants of Siberian pine of various origins in foothills of Western

Sayan (Ermakovsky Forestry of Krasnoyarsk Territory, planting in May, 1964, with 3-year-old seedlings)

Region Positive trees,

pc

Positive

stands,

ha

Forest-seed

plantations, ha

Clone

archives, ha

Mother

plantations,

ha

Test

cultures,

ha

Reserves,

ha

Siberian pine

Pre-Urals 192 - 1 1 - - -

Urals 124(50) 62 28 - - - -

Western Siberia 1,205 214 215(40) 12 25(8) 14 999

Eastern Siberia 771(190) 270 68(10) 1 - - 5,062

Outside of area - - 79 - - - -

Total 2,292(240) 546 391(50) 15 25(8) 14 6,061

Korean pine

Far East 879 125 63(20) 1 (5) - -
-102 -

Òàáëèöà 3. Ïîêàçàòåëè pîñòà 28-ëåòíåãî ïîòîìñòâà êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî pàçíîãî ïpîèñõîæäåíèÿ â

Êpàñíîÿpñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (Åìåëüÿíîâñêèé ëåñõîç Êpàñíîÿpñêîãî êpàÿ).

Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ñåìÿí Âûñîòà Äèàìåòð,

Ðåãèîí Ëåñõîç Âûñîòà íàä

óð.ìîðÿ, ì,

 çîíà

cì % oò

êîíòð.

ìì

Â.Êàçàõñòàí Ëåíèíîãîðñêèé 1,200-1,500 432±.44 71 54±.7

Aëòàé Ãîðíî-Àëòàéñêèé 1,200-1,500 377±.26 62 41±.5

Êåìåðîâîâñêàÿ Êóçåäååâñêèé 300-700 567±.35 93 73±.7

Ìûñêîâñêèé 1,000-1,300 500±.38 82 57±.6

Òèñóëüñêèé 700-1,000 543±.21 89 65±.4

Ìàðèèíñêèé ïîäòàéãà 583±.20 96 68±.4

Þðãèíñêèé ïîäòàéãà 602±.25 99 72±.5

Õàêàñèÿ Òàøòûïñêèé 900-1,000 586±.13 96 69±.3

Áèðèê÷óëüñêèé 1,000-1,300 532±.20 87 75±.5

Áàëûêñèíñêèé 900-1,000 564±.48 92 60±.6

Õàêàññêèé 900-1,000 605±.16 99 79±.4

Îêòÿáðüñêèé 1,100-1,300 485±.20 80 70±.6

Ñîíñêèé 1,100-1,400 561±.27 92 81±.6

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé Åðìàêîâñêèé 400-500 610±.36 100 72±.6

1,500-1,600 363±.51 60 45±.8

Èðêóòñêàÿ ×åðåìõîâñêèé 1,200-1,300 554±.22 91 69±.5

Èêåéñêèé 900-1,000 588±.34 96 82±.6

Ñëþäÿíñêèé 600-900 594±.32 97 76±.7

Îëüõîíñêèé 1,000-1,300 481±.17 79 66±.4

Áóðÿòèÿ Çàêàìåíñêèé 1,100-1,300 498±.22 82 76±.5

Äæèäèíñêèé 1,300-1,400 413±.37 68 65±.8

×èòèíñêàÿ Êð.-×èêîéñêèé 900-1,100 557±.21 91 79±.7

Õèëîêñêèé 900-1,100 542±.19 89 68±.3
-103 -

Table 3. Growth indices of 28-year-old descendants of Siberian pine of various origins in Krasnoyarsk foreststeppe (Emelyanovsky Forest of Krasnoyarskii Territory).

Origin of seeds Height Diameter,

mm

Region Forest Management

Unit

Altitude above

sea level, m, zone

cm % of

control

E. Kazakhstan Leninogorsky 1,200-1,500 432±.44 71 54±.7

Altai G.-Altajsky 1,200-1,500 377±.26 62 41±.5

Kemerovo Kuzedeevsky 300-700 567±.35 93 73±.7

Myskovsky 1,000-1,300 500±.38 82 57±.6

Tisuljsky 700-1,000 543±.21 89 65±.4

Mariinsky subtaiga 583±.20 96 68±.4

Yurginsky subtaiga 602±.25 99 72±.5

Khakasia Tashtypsky 900-1,000 586±.13 96 69±.3

Birikchuljsky 1,000-1,300 532±.20 87 75±.5

Balyksinsky 900-1,000 564±.48 92 60±.6

Khakassky 900-1,000 605±.16 99 79±.4

Oktyabrsky 1,100-1,300 485±.20 80 70±.6

Sonsky 1,100-1,400 561±.27 92 81±.6

Krasnoyarsk Ermakovsky 400-500 610±.36 100 72±.6

1,500-1,600 363±.51 60 45±.8

Irkutsk Cheremkhovsky 1,200-1,300 554±.22 91 69±.5

Ikejsky 900-1,000 588±.34 96 82±.6

Slyudyansky 600-900 594±.32 97 76±.7

Oljkhonsky 1,000-1,300 481±.17 79 66±.4

Buryatia Zakamensky 1,100-1,300 498±.22 82 76±.5

Dzhidinsky 1,300-1,400 413±.37 68 65±.8

Chita Kr.-Chikojsky 900-1,100 557±.21 91 79±.7

Khiloksky 900-1,100 542±.19 89 68±.3
-104 -

Òàáëèöà 4. Ïîêàçàòåëè pîñòà 22-ëåòíèõ ãåîãpà-ôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóp êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî è êåäpà êîpåéñêîãî â

Äìèòpîâñêîì ëåñõîçå Ìîñêîâñêîé îáëàñòè.

Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ñåìÿí Âûñîòà Äèàìåòð,

Ðåãèîí Ëåñõîç äîëãîòà / øèðîòà

°C °B

cì % îò

êîíòð.

ìì

Êåäð ñèáèðñêèé

Êîìè Òðîèöêî-Ïå÷åðñêèé 63 57 278±.10 66 59±.3

Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ Íîâî-Ëÿëèíñêèé 59 60 310±.12 74 63±.4

Íèæíå-Òàãèëüñêèé 58 60 311±.11 74 67±.3

Òîìñêàÿ Òûìñêèé 60 80 367±.14 89 82±.4

×àèíñêèé 58 83 378±.12 90 83±.3

Øåãàðñêèé 57 84 330±.14 79 88±.5

Çûðÿíñêèé 57 86 395±.11 95 105±.4

Òâåðñêàÿ Êàëèíèíñêèé 57 36 363±.11 87 80±.3

âûñîòà íàä

óðîâíåì ìîðÿ

Àëòàé Òóðî÷àêñêèé 500 ì 409±.20 98 94±.6

Êûãà 430 418±.16 100 94±.5

-- 1,250 391±.13 94 88±.4

-- 1,500 340±.10 81 72±.3

Êðàíñîÿðñêèé Øóøåíñêèé 550 413±.17 99 107±.6

-- 800 464±.11 111 128±.4

-- 1,300 297±.11 71 76±.5

Èðêóòñêàÿ Ñëþäÿíñêèé 1,000 411±.12 98 115±.4

Áóðÿòèÿ Äæèäèíñêèé 1,000 345±.14 83 76±.4

Áè÷óðñêèé 1,000 378±.10 90 109±.3

Êåäð êîðåéñêèé °C °B

Õàáàðîâñêèé Áèêèíñêèé 47 134 468±.14 112 115±.6
-105 -

Table 4. Growth indices of 22-year-old geographic cultures of Siberian pine and Korean pine in Dimitrovsky

Forest of Moscow Region.

Origin of seeds Height Diameter,

mm

Region Forest

Management Unit

Latitude / Longitude

°N °E

cm % of

control

Siberian pine

Komi Troitsko-Pechersky 63 57 278±.10 66 59±.3

Sverdlovsk Novo-Lyalinsky 59 60 310±.12 74 63±.4

N.-Tagiljsky 58 60 311±.11 74 67±.3

Tomsk Tymsky 60 80 367±.14 89 82±.4

Chainsky 58 83 378±.12 90 83±.3

Shegarsky 57 84 330±.14 79 88±.5

Zyryansky 57 86 395±.11 95 105±.4

Tver Kalininsky 57 36 363±.11 87 80±.3

Elevation above

Sea Level

Altai Turochansky 500 m 409±.20 98 94±.6

Kyga 430 418±.16 100 94±.5

-”- 1,250 391±.13 94 88±.4

-”- 1,500 340±.10 81 72±.3

Krasnoyarsk Shushensky 550 413±.17 99 107±.6

-”- 800 464±.11 111 128±.4

-”- 1,300 297±.11 71 76±.5

Irkutsk Slyudyansky 1,000 411±.12 98 115±.4

Buryatia Dzhidinsky 1,000 345±.14 83 76±.4

Bichursky 1,000 378±.10 90 109±.3

Korean pine °N °E

Khabarovsk Bikinsky 47 134 468±.14 112 115±.6
-106 -

Òàáëèöà 5. Ïîêàçàòåëè ñîõpàííîñòè è pîñòà 26-ëåòíèõ ãåîãpàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóp êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî â

Ëèñèíñêîì ëåñõîçå Ëåíèíãpàäñêîé îáëàñòè.

Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ñåìÿí Ñîõðàííîñòü Âûñîòà Äèàìåòð,

Ðåãèîí Ëåñõîç äîëãîòà /

øèðîòà

°Ñ °Â

% cì % o ò

êîíòð.

ìì

Êîìè Òðîèöêî-Ïå÷åðñêèé 63 57 73 261±.18 48 38±.3

Ñâåðëîâñê

àÿ

Ãàðèíñêèé 60 63 66 408±.26 74 58±.5

Íîâî-Ëèëÿíñêèé 59 60 62 323±.17 59 47±.3

Íèæíå-Òàãèëüñêèé 58 60 59 300±.15 54 46±.3

Òîìñêàÿ Òûìñêèé 60 80 20 250±.29 45 28±.6

×àèíñêèé 58 83 37 296±.21 54 36±.4

Øåãàðñêèé 57 84 49 291±.23 53 36±.4

Çûðÿíñêèé 57 86 72 393±.18 72 57±.3

Òâåðñêàÿ Êàëèíèíñêèé •) 57 36 54 358±.20 65 55±.4

âûñîòà íàä

óð. Ìîðÿ

Àëòàé Òóðî÷àêñêèé 500 ì 55 405±.21 74 63±.4

-- 900 63 342±.19 62 47±.4

Êûãà 434 64 333±.17 60 48±.4

-- 1,250 65 395±.19 72 59±.4

-- 1,500 61 354±.18 64 52±.4

ßéëþ 500 10 483±.30 88 58±.6

Ãîñçàïîâåäíèê,

Êëûê

42 385±.18 70 63±.4

Êðàñíîÿðñ

êèé

Øóøåíñêèé 550 72 394±.15 72 58±.3

-- 800 57 373±.24 68 54±.4

-- 1,300 52 261±.18 48 35±.4

Èðêóòñêàÿ Ñëþäÿíñêèé 800 42 359±.16 65 57±.4

-- 1,000 55 363±.17 66 57±.4

-- 1,300 49 461±.17 84 74±.4

Áóðÿòèÿ Áè÷óðñêèé 1,000 42 393±.20 72 57±.4

Êîíðîëü: Êóëüòóðû åëè ••)

Pinus silvestris L.

êóëüòóðû

100

100

548±.30

550±.26

100

100

66±.3

88±.5

Ïðèìå÷àíèå •) Êóëüòóðû èç ñåìÿí íåèçâåñòíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ

 ••) Èç ìåñòíûõ ñåìÿí
-107 -

Table 5. Indices of growth and preservation of 25-year-old geographic cultures of Siberian pine in Lisinsky

Forest of Leningrad Region.

Origin of seeds Preservation

%

Height Diameter,

mm

Region Forest

Management Unit

Latitude /

Longitude

°N °E

cm % of

control

Komi Troitsko-Pechersky 63 57 73 261±.18 48 38±.3

Sverdlovsk Garinsky 60 63 66 408±.26 74 58±.5

Novo-Lyalinsky 59 60 62 323±.17 59 47±.3

Nizhne-Tagilsky 58 60 59 300±.15 54 46±.3

Tomsk Tymsky 60 80 20 250±.29 45 28±.6

Chainsky 58 83 37 296±.21 54 36±.4

Shegarsky 57 84 49 291±.23 53 36±.4

Zyryansky 57 86 72 393±.18 72 57±.3

Tver Kalininsky •) 57 36 54 358±.20 65 55±.4

Elevation above

sea level

Altai Turochansky 500 m 55 405±.21 74 63±.4

-”- 900 63 342±.19 62 47±.4

Kyga 434 64 333±.17 60 48±.4

-”- 1,250 65 395±.19 72 59±.4

-”- 1,500 61 354±.18 64 52±.4

Yajlyu 500 10 483±.30 88 58±.6

State Reserve, Klyk 42 385±.18 70 63±.4

Krasnoyarsk Shushensky 550 72 394±.15 72 58±.3

-”- 800 57 373±.24 68 54±.4

-”- 1,300 52 261±.18 48 35±.4

Irkutsk Slyudyansky 800 42 359±.16 65 57±.4

-”- 1,000 55 363±.17 66 57±.4

-”- 1,300 49 461±.17 84 74±.4

Buryatia Bichursky 1,000 42 393±.20 72 57±.4

Control: Spruce cultures ••)

Pinus silvestris L.

cultures

100

100

548±.30

550±.26

100

100

66±.3

88±.5

NOTE: •) Cultures from seeds of unknown origin

 ••) From local seeds
-108 -

Òàáëèöà 6. Ïîêàçàòåëè pîñòà 27-ëåòíèõ ïpèâèâîê êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî pàçíîãî ïpîèñõîæäåíèÿ â

Êpàñíîÿpñêîé ëåñîñòåïè (ïîäâîè-ñîñíà îáûêíîâåííàÿ).

Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå ñåìÿí Âûñîòà,

cì •)

Äèàìåòð,

ìì

Ïðèðîñò ïðèâîÿ

Region Forestry cì % îò

êîíòð.

Êåäðîâíèêè Óðàëà è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Ñâåðäëîâñêàÿ Èâäåëüñêèé 590±.14 102±.10 18.2 83

Ñèíÿ÷èõèíñêèé 660±.54 112±.21 21.6 99

Íåéâî-Øàéòàíñêèé 690±.72 102±.20 23.2 106

Òþìåíñêàÿ Ñóðãóòñêèé 740±.42 124±.13 23.8 109

Âàãàéñêèé 900 190 30.2 138

Òîìñêàÿ Òèìèðÿçåâñêèé 700±.28 117±.11 22.2 102

Íîâîñèáèðñê. Êûøòîâñêèé 680±.54 103±.14 22.6 104

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé Áàéêèòñêèé 710±.46 116±.11 23.0 106

Åíèñåéñêèé 780±.40 146±.17 25.5 117

À÷èíñêèé 590±.58 98±.20 18.5 85

Êîçóëüñêèé 690±.38 126±.12 21.9 100

Áèðèëþññêèé 720±.69 122±.17 23.2 106

Êåäðîâíèêè ãîðíûõ ðàéîíîâ Þæíîé Ñèáèðè

Â. Êàçàõñòàí Ëåíèíîãîðñêèé 750±.33 148±.9 24.3 112

Àëòàé Âåðõíå-Êàòóíñêèé 680±.21 122±.8 21.6 99

Òóâà Øàãîíàðñêèé 500±.60 85±.18 15.4 71

Êåìåðîâñêàÿ Òàøòàãîëüñêèé 700±.12 117±.7 22.3 102

Õàêàñèÿ Áèðèê÷óëüñêèé 630±.34 1,094±.10 20.0 92

Êîïüåâñêèé 770±.79 150±.22 24.4 112

Êðàñíîÿðñêèé Øóøåíñêèé 720±.64 145±.8 22.5 103

Åðìàêîâñêèé 660±.36 130±.12 21.0 96

Áàëàõòèíñêèé 700±.92 121±.21 23.0 106

Ìàíñêèé 640±.76 106±.22 20.0 92

Èðêóòñêàÿ ×åðåìõîâñêèé 740±.58 141±.19 23.4 107

Áóðÿòèÿ Çàêàìåíñêèé 660±.24 134±.10 20.6 94

Ñåëåíãèíñêèé 690±.67 131±.19 22.1 101

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: •) Óêàçàíà ñóììàðíàÿ âûñîòà ïîäâîÿ è ïðèâîÿ
-109 -

Table 6. Growth indices of 27-year-old grafts of Siberian pine of various origins in Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

(Pinus silvestris L. used as stock).

Origin of seeds Height, cm •) Diameter

mm

Scion increment

Region Forest

Management Unit

cm % of

control

Siberian pine forests of Urals and Western Siberia

Sverdlovsk Ivdeljsky 590±.14 102±.10 18.2 83

Sinyachikhinsky 660±.54 112±.21 21.6 99

Neivo-Shaitansky 690±.72 102±.20 23.2 106

Tyumen Surgutsky 740±.42 124±.13 23.8 109

Vagajsky 900 190 30.2 138

Tomsk Timiryazevsky 700±.28 117±.11 22.2 102

Novosibirsk Kyshtovsky 680±.54 103±.14 22.6 104

Krasnoyarsk Bajkitsky 710±.46 116±.11 23.0 106

Enisejsky 780±.40 146±.17 25.5 117

Achinsky 590±.58 98±.20 18.5 85

Kozuljsky 690±.38 126±.12 21.9 100

Birilyussky 720±.69 122±.17 23.2 106

Siberian pine trees of Southern Siberia

E. Kazakhstan Leninogorsky 750±.33 148±.9 24.3 112

Altai Verkhne-Katunsky 680±.21 122±.8 21.6 99

Tyva Shagonarsky 500±.60 85±.18 15.4 71

Kemerovo Tashtagoljsky 700±.12 117±.7 22.3 102

Khakasia Birikchukjsky 630±.34 1,094±.10 20.0 92

Kopjevsky 770±.79 150±.22 24.4 112

Krasnoyarsk Shushensky 720±.64 145±.8 22.5 103

Ermakovsky 660±.36 130±.12 21.0 96

Balakhtinsky 700±.92 121±.21 23.0 106

Mansky 640±.76 106±.22 20.0 92

Irkutsk Cheremkhovsky 740±.58 141±.19 23.4 107

Buryatia Zakamensky 660±.24 134±.10 20.6 94

Selenginsky 690±.67 131±.19 22.1 101

NOTE: •) Combined height of scion and stock is given
-110 -

Òàáëèöà 7. Ïîêàçàòåëè pîñòà 19- è 27-ëåòíèõ êëîíîâ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî èç ãîpíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé Çàïàäíîãî

Ñàÿíà â Êpàñíîÿpñêîé ëåñîñòåïè.

Òàáëèöà 8. Ïîêàçàòåëè pîñòà 13-ëåòíèõ êëîíîâ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî èç ãîpíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà

â Äìèòpîâñêîì ëåñõîçå Ìîñêîâñêîé îáëàñòè.

Íîìåð

ìàòåð.

äåðåâ.

19-ëåòíèå ïðèâèâêè •) 27-ëåòíèå ïðèâèâêè ••)

Âûñîòà,

ñì

Ñð. ïðèðîñò ïðèâîÿ Âûñîòà,

ñì

Ñð. ïðèðîñò ïðèâîÿ

cì % îò

êîíòð.

cì % îò

êîíòð.

5-22 600±.18 27.4 105 570±.129 17.4 85

5-80 560±.33 24.7 95 660 20.2 98

5-81 370±.46 14.7 56 590±.32 17.8 87

5-141 760±.45 34.7 133 780±.5 25.0 122

5-192 590±.31 26.3 101 580±.45 18.0 88

5-196 570±.126 24.7 95 710±.40 23.0 112

3-145 600±.23 26.8 103 670±.49 21.8 106

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: •) Ïîäâîè: 7-ëåòíèå êóëüòóðû Pinus silvestris L.

••) Ïîäâîè: åñòåñòâåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå íà ñïëîøíîé âûðóáêå ñîñíÿêà áðóñí

Íîìåð

ìàòåð.

äåðåâ.

Âûñîòà

ïðèâèâêè,

ñì

Äèàìåòð

ïðèâèâêè, ìì

Ñð. ïðèðîñò ïðèâîÿ

cì % îò êîíòð.

5-22 462±.16 88±.5 22.8 112

5-81 394±.11 85±.5 18.1 89

5-192 434±.14 91±.7 21.2 104

5-196 355±.17 62±.6 16.5 81

810 427±.14 76±.4 21.7 107

812 423±.12 86±.5 21.7 107

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: •) Ïîäâîè: 12-ëåòíèå êóëüòóðû êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî
-111 -

Table 7. Growth indices of 19- and 27-year-old clones of Siberian pine from mountain populations of Western

Sayan in Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe.

Table 8. Growth indices of 13-year-old clones of Siberian pine from mountain populations of Western Sayan in

Dmitrovsky Forest of Moscow Region

Mother

tree

Nos.

19-year-old grafts •) 27-year-old grafts ••)

Height,

cm

Average scion increment Height, cm Average scion increment

cm % of

control

cm % of

control

5-22 600±.18 27.4 105 570±.129 17.4 85

5-80 560±.33 24.7 95 660 20.2 98

5-81 370±.46 14.7 56 590±.32 17.8 87

5-141 760±.45 34.7 133 780±.5 25.0 122

5-192 590±.31 26.3 101 580±.45 18.0 88

5-196 570±.126 24.7 95 710±.40 23.0 112

3-145 600±.23 26.8 103 670±.49 21.8 106

NOTE: •) Scions: 7-year-old cultures of Pinus silvestris L.

••) Scions: natural renewal at pine-forest clear cutting in cowberry area

Mother

tree Nos.

Graft height,

cm

Graft diameter,

mm

Average scion increment

cm % of control

5-22 462±.16 88±.5 22.8 112

5-81 394±.11 85±.5 18.1 89

5-192 434±.14 91±.7 21.2 104

5-196 355±.17 62±.6 16.5 81

810 427±.14 76±.4 21.7 107

812 423±.12 86±.5 21.7 107

NOTE: •) Stock: 12-year-old cultures of Siberian pine
-112 -

Ìàòåð. äåðåâüÿ Ïîëóñèáñîâûå ïîòîìñòâà

Íîìåð H, % ä, % Íèçêîãîðüÿ Çàï.

Ñàÿíà

Êðàñíîÿðñêàÿ

ëåñîñòåïü

Ïîäòàåæíàÿ çîíà

H-31 Ä-31 H-23 Ä-23 H-23 Ä-23

5-22 95 86 99 91 103 102 106 98

5-80 96 102 99 107 100 120 70 57

5-153 98 109 96 96 99 90 100 93

5-197 87 98 109 103 91 74 101 93

5-236 97 118 75 76 104 118 95 89

5-287 116 172 96 95

3-63 100 126 109 98 101 91

3-151 92 98 103 90 107 104 115 117

3-160 107 134 105 100 118 124

3-257 102 128 101 122 93 83

Ìàòåð. äåðåâüÿ Ïîëóñèáñîâûå ïîòîìñòâà

Íèçêîãîðüÿ Çàï. Ñàÿíà Óæóðñêàÿ ëåñîñòåïü

Íîìåð H, % Ä, % Ìîùíûå ïî÷âû Ìåëêèå

ïî÷âû

H-31 Ä-31 H-28 Ä-28 H-29 Ä-29

1-23 99 100 116 127 113 115 102 101

1-51 103 108 99 95 121 104 108 97

1-115 89 90 81 65 101 100

1-127 103 108 116 126 99 107

1-167 80 62 123 110 111 107

1-241 91 162 94 93 102 104 92 90

1-244 115 145 94 93 99 88 95 109

Òàáëèöà 9. Âûñîòà è äèàìåòp äåpåâüåâ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî èç íèçêîãîpíîé ïîïóëÿöèè Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà è

èõ 23- è 31-ëåòíåãî ïîòîìñòâà â èñïûòàòåëü-íûõ êóëüòópàõ, çàëîæåííûõ â pàçíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ

â 1964 è 1970 ãã. ( â ïpîöåíòàõ îò ñpåäíåãî ).

Òàáëèöà 10. Âûñîòà è äèàìåòp äåpåâüåâ êåäpà ñèáèpñêîãî èç ñpåäíåãîpíîé ïîïóëÿöèè Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà

è èõ 28-, 29- è 31-ëåòíåãî ïîòîìñòâà â èñïûòàòåëüíûõ êóëüòópàõ, çàëîæåííûõ â pàçíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ

óñëîâèÿõ â 1964 è 1967 ãã. (â ïpîöåíòàõ îò ñpåäíåãî).
-113 -

Table 9. Height and diameter of Siberian pine trees from lowland population of Western Sayan and of their 23-

and 31-year-old descendants in test cultures planted in different environmental conditions in 1964 and 1970

(percentage of average)

Table 10. Height and diameter of Siberian pine trees from mid-mountain population of Western Sayan and of

their 28-, 29- and 31-year-old descendants in test cultures planted in different environmental conditions in 1964

and 1967 (percentage of average).

Mother Semisib descendants

Nos. H, % D, % Western Sayan

lowlands

Krasnoyarsk foreststeppeSubtaiga zone

H-31 D-31 H-23 D-23 H-23 D-23

5-22 95 86 99 91 103 102 106 98

5-80 96 102 99 107 100 120 70 57

5-153 98 109 96 96 99 90 100 93

5-197 87 98 109 103 91 74 101 93

5-236 97 118 75 76 104 118 95 89

5-287 116 172 96 95

3-63 100 126 109 98 101 91

3-151 92 98 103 90 107 104 115 117

3-160 107 134 105 100 118 124

3-257 102 128 101 122 93 83

Mother trees Semisib descendants

Western Sayan lowlands Uzhurskaja foreststeppe

Nos. H, % D, % Thick soils Shallow soils

H-31 D-31 H-28 D-28 H-29 D-29

1-23 99 100 116 127 113 115 102 101

1-51 103 108 99 95 121 104 108 97

1-115 89 90 81 65 101 100

1-127 103 108 116 126 99 107

1-167 80 62 123 110 111 107

1-241 91 162 94 93 102 104 92 90

1-244 115 145 94 93 99 88 95 109
-114 -

Î íîðìàòèâíîé áàçå èíâåíòàðèçàöèè è âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Â .Í. Êîðÿêèí

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà (ÊØË) Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè  ñëîæíàÿ óíèêàëüíàÿ ëåñíàÿ

ôîðìàöèÿ. Ðåçóëüòàòû èçó÷åíèÿ ýòîãî ïðèðîäíîãî

ÿâëåíèÿ èçëîæåíû â äåñÿòêàõ ìîíîãðàôèé è ñîòíÿõ

íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé. Íàó÷íûå ðàáîòû âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû

ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ è íà÷àëà ýòîãî èìåëè áîëüøå

ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî îçíàêîìèòåëüíûé, îïèñàòåëüíûé

õàðàêòåð è ïî íàñûùåííîñòè èíôîðìàöèåé áûëè

íåäîñòàòî÷íû äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ëåñîó÷åòíûõ ðàáîò.

Èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé íîðìàòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû, ðàçðàáîòàííûå äëÿ ëåñîâ åâðîïåéñêîé

÷àñòè Ðîññèè, òàêæå áûëî íåêîððåêòíî, òàê êàê

çäåñü èìåëè äåëî ñ èíûì ïî êîíñòðóêöèè ìàëî èçâåñòíûì ëåñíûì îáúåêòîì. Õîçÿéñòâåííîå îñâîåíèå æå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè, êîòîðîå îñîáåííî óñèëèâàëîñü ñ çàâåðøåíèåì ñòðîèòåëüñòâà æåëåçíîäîðîæíîé ìàãèñòðàëè äî ã.Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

ñòàâèëî çàäà÷ó óñêîðåíèÿ ïðîöåññîâ ïîçíàíèÿ ëåñîâ è, îñîáåííî, ðàçðàáîòêè íîðìàòèâíîé áàçû äëÿ

èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ. Îäíàêî, â ïåðâîé ÷åòâåðòè 20-ãî ñòîëåòèÿ êàêîãî-ëèáî çàäåëà â

ýòîé îáëàñòè åùå íå áûëî, îòñóòñòâîâàëè íåîáõîäèìûå êàäðû äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ òàêîé ðàáîòû.

È õîòÿ íà ïåðâîì ñúåçäå ëåñíûõ ÷èíîâ Ïðèàìóðñêîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ èìóùåñòâ â

1908 ã. áûëà ïðèíÿòà Ïðîãðàììà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ îáøèðíûõ ëåñíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ

Ïðèàìóðñêîãî êðàÿ, ëåñîòàêñàöèîííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü î÷åíü ñëàáî, ýïèçîäè÷åñêè.

Åùå â 1925 ã. Á.À. Èâàøêåâè÷, îðãàíèçàòîð ðàáîò â

ýòîé îáëàñòè íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå, ïèñàë, ÷òî

ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî âåäåòñÿ â ïîëíîì ñìûñëå ñëîâà

âòåìíóþ, íåîáõîäèìà ðàçðàáîòêà ìåñòíûõ

íîðìàòèâíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû óñòàíàâëèâàòü íàèáîëåå öåëåñîîáðàçíûå îáîðîòû ðóáêè,

âûõîä ðàçëè÷íûõ ñîðòèìåíòîâ è ò.ä. Ñòàâèëàñü

çàäà÷à ïî óñêîðåíèþ èçó÷åíèÿ ÊØË ñ öåëüþ èõ

áûñòðåéøåãî îñâîåíèÿ. Ñåðåäèíó 1920-õ ãîäîâ

ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü íà÷àëîì èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ðàçðàáîòêå íîðìàòèâíîé áàçû è ìåòîäîâ òàêñàöèè

íàñàæäåíèé. Â 1929 ãîäó â íàó÷íîé ðàáîòå

Äåâñòâåííûé ëåñ, îñîáåííîñòè åãî ñòðîåíèÿ è

ðàçâèòèÿ Á.À.Èâàøêåâè÷ âïåðâûå íà ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ìàòåðèàëå ïîêàçûâàåò ñòðîåíèå

ÊØË. Ïîìèìî ñëîæíîãî ïîðîäíîãî ñîñòàâà äðåâîñòîåâ, áûëî îòìå÷åíî ñóùåñòâåííîå îòëè÷èå ðÿäîâ

ðåäóêöèîííûõ ÷èñåë ïî ðàíãàì ó äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä,

îñîáåííî ó êåäðà, ïî äèàìåòðó, âûñîòå, âèäîâîìó

÷èñëó è îáúåìó ñòâîëîâ îò ðåäóêöèîííûõ ÷èñåë

Øèôôåëÿ äëÿ íîðìàëüíûõ åëüíèêîâ. Â

äàëüíåéøåì ýòî ïîäòâåðäèëîñü è íà áîëåå áîãàòîì

ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì ìàòåðèàëå. Òàê, åñëè â

íîðìàëüíûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ Òþðèíà, êðàéíèìè

åñòåñòâåííûìè ñòóïåíÿìè â ðÿäàõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ

äåðåâüåâ ïî äèàìåòðó ÿâëÿþòñÿ 0,5 è 1,7, òî â

êåäðîâíèêàõ  0,2 è 2,3, à ïî âîçðàñòó 0,2 è 2,1,

ò.å., êåäðîâûì äðåâîñòîÿì ñâîéñòâåííà âûñîêàÿ

èçìåí÷èâîñòü òàêñàöèîííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé. Ýòî

çíà÷èòåëüíî óñëîæíÿëî è ìåòîäè÷åñêè, è ïî îáúåìó

íåîáõîäèìîãî ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîãî ìàòåðèàëà

ðàáîòó ïî ïîäãîòîâêå íîðìàòèâíîé áàçû äëÿ

ïðîâåäåíèÿ ëåñîó÷åòíûõ ðàáîò è âåäåíèþ

õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË. Ïîýòîìó áûëî ïðèíÿòî

íàïðàâëåíèå ðàáîò ïî ïîñòåïåííîìó èçó÷åíèþ

îáúåêòà, íà÷èíàÿ îò áîëåå ïðîñòîãî. Ïðèñòóïèëè ê

íàïîëíåíèþ äàííûõ îáìåðà îòäåëüíûõ ñòâîëîâ

äåðåâüåâ, âçÿòûõ â êà÷åñòâå àíàëèçà ñòâîëà è ìîäåëüíûõ è âñêîðå áûëè ñîñòàâëåíû, à â 1931 ã. îïóáëèêîâàíû ïåðâûå íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå òàáëèöû

ñáåãà è ìàññû (îáúåìîâ) ãëàâíåéøèõ äðåâåñíûõ

ïîðîä: êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, ïèõòû öåëüíîëèñòíîé,

ïèõòû áåëîêîðîé. Ýòî íàïðàâëåíèå ïðîäîëæàëîñü

â ïîñëåäóþùåì îêîëî 20 ëåò, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî

áûëè ñîñòàâëåíû òàáëèöû îáúåìîâ ñòâîëîâ ïî

äóáó ìîíãîëüñêîìó, ÿñåíþ ìàíü÷æóðñêîìó, áåðåçå

æåëòîé (ðåáðèñòîé), èëüìó äîëèííîìó, ëèïå àìóðñêîé è ìàíü÷æóðñêîé, êëåíó ìåëêîëèñòíîìó, îðåõó

ìàíü÷æóðñêîìó, áàðõàòó àìóðñêîìó, áåðåçå áåëîé,

îëüõå. Ê 1955 ãîäó ïî÷òè íà êàæäóþ äðåâåñíóþ ïîðîäó èìåëèñü ìåñòíûå òàáëèöû îáúåìîâ.

Ïàðàëëåëüíî ñ íèìè ñîñòàâëÿëè íîðìàòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû ïî ñîðòèìåíòàöèè îòäåëüíûõ ñòâîëîâ è

äðåâîñòîåâ. Ïåðâûìè ñðåäè íèõ áûëè òàáëèöû

öåëåâûõ ñîðòèìåíòîâ ïî êåäðó, åëè è ïèõòå (1941),

à âñêîðå (1948)  ïî äðóãèì ñîñòàâëÿþùèì ÊØË

ïîðîäàì: èëüìå, ëèïå, äóáó, áåðåçå æåëòîé, êëåíó

è íåêîòîðûì äðóãèì. Ýòè ìàòåðèàëû îáåñïå÷èâàëè

ïðîâåäåíèå âñåõ ó÷åòíûõ ðàáîò ïî ñòâîëó ëåñîñå÷íîãî ôîíäà ìåòîäàìè ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé èëè

ëåíòî÷íûõ ïåðå÷åòîâ.

Òàáëèöû ñáåãà è îáúåìîâ ñòâîëîâ, â òî âðåìÿ

ñîñòàâëåííûå íà ïðåäñòàâèòåëüíîì ìàòåðèàëå,

äîñòîâåðíû è ïî ñâîåé òî÷íîñòè îòâå÷àþò ñîâðåìåííûì òðåáîâàíèÿ. Àâòîðó íàñòîÿùåãî äîêëàäà

ïðåäñòàâèëàñü âîçìîæíîñòü ïðîâåðèòü òàáëèöû

îáúåìîâ ïî êåäðó, ñîñòàâëåííûå â 1931 ã. íà ìàòåðèàëàõ þæíîé ÷àñòè Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ, c ìàòåðèàëàìè èç ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ. Ýòî áûëî

ñïóñòÿ 40 ëåò, è â ÷èñëå îáúåêòîâ èçó÷åíèÿ

÷àñòè÷íî áûëè íàñàæäåíèÿ, ãäå ïðîâîäèëèñü

âûáîðî÷íûå ïðîìûøëåííûå ðóáêè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå

íå áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ñóùåñòâåííûõ ðàçëè÷èé â

ôîðìå è îáúåìàõ ñòâîëîâ. Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ îøèá-
-115 -

The Regulatory Basis for Inventory and Management of

Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forests

V.N. Koryakin

Korean pine-broadleaved forests (KBF) of the Russian

Far East (RFE) are a unique and complex forest formation. Studies of this natural phenomenon are reported in dozens of monographs and hundreds of scientific articles. Scientific work during the late 1800s

and the early 1900s were mostly descriptive in character and provided insufficient information for forest

inventory activities. Standards and norms developed

for the European part of Russia could not be used,

because the forest was different in structure and poorly

known. Economic development of the RFE, which increased with completion of the railroad to Vladivostok,

demanded acceleration of forest examination and, specifically, development of standards and regulations for

forest inventory. Little progress occurred during the first

quarter of the 20th century, due to a lack of expertise.

Although Program of Preliminary Examination of Vast

Forest Tracts in Primorski Territory was adopted at

the first meeting of forest high ranks of Primorski Management of State Properties in 1908, forest inventory

examinations were conducted irregularly. B.A.

Ivashkevich, the organizer of forest inventory work in

the Far East, noted in 1925 that forestry activities were

conducted literally in darkness, and it was necessary

to develop standards and regulations to determine appropriate rotation ages and determine expected product output of different types of logs. The goal was to

speed up research in these forests. The middle of the

1920s can be regarded as the starting point in development of standards, regulations and forest inventory

methods. B.A. Ivashkevich, in his scientific work Virgin Forest, Specific Features of Its Structure and Development, was the first one to report on KBF structure based on research data. In addition to the mixedspecies composition of the stands, a significant difference in reduction numbers rows was noted for tree

species ranks, specifically for the Korean pine, as well

as for diameter, height, tree form factor and stem volume from Schaffel reduction numbers for standard

spruce stands. Further, this was confirmed by more

accurate information. Thus, if in standard stands of

Turin, the extreme natural steps in distribution rows of

the trees by diameter are 0.5 and 1.7; in Korean pine

stands0.2 and 2.3, and n terms of age 0.2 and 2.1

i.e., high variability of inventory indices is typical for

Korean pine stands. This fact caused significant methodological difficulties and required a high volume of

necessary experimental material for the regulatory

basis development for inventory activities and management in KBF. Hence, it was decided to study the

forests gradually, starting from the simplest structure.

Originally, individual sample stands were analyzed and

measured; later, on the basis of the measurement data,

stem taper and volume tables for the main tree species (Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, and Abies

nephrolepis) were compiled and published in 1931 for

the first time in the Far East. This approach was used

for about another 20 years and, as a result, stem volume tables were compiled for mongolian oak, manchurian ash, yellow birch, valley elm, Amur and manchurian lindens, painted maple, Manchurian nut tree,

Amur cork tree, white birch, and alder. By 1955, local

volume tables existed almost for every tree species in

the KBF.

At the same time, a variety of forest management tables

were compiled to determine outputs for an assortment

of individual stems and entire stands. The first were

the tables of merchantable timber output by size and

quality classes for Korean pine, spruce and fir (1941),

and soon (1948) for other species found in KBF: elm,

linden, oak, yellow birch, maple, and others. These

documents allowed for the use of sample plots and

strip counts for all inventory activities.

These early taper and stem volume tables were developed on the basis of very extensive data; they are

accurate and meet current requirements. I had a

chance to compare Korean pine volume tables compiled in 1931 based on the data collected in southern

part of Primorski Territory to that collected in northern

part of the Korean pine range. Forty years have passed,

and some of the measured stands were partially logged

in commercial selective harvesting. Significant differences in stem form and volumes were not found. A

systematic error in the volume estimates makes up

2.3% for the whole stand, and 3.8% for a stand portion

starting from step 52 cm, i.e., an error or difference for

such a complex object is not higher than a zoning criterion which usually makes up 5%.

These regulatory documents were widely used at those

times and are used currently for inventory of sample

plots, strip counts for assigning logging sites; however,

they are inadequate for solving the forest management

issues, such as volume production and commercial

forest inventory work.

These goals require yield tables of the stands. However, compilation of these tables was long delayed due

to a lack of methodological techniques developed for

complex forests and unavailability of the expertise. And

only in the early 1960s S.N. Moiseenko set to collect,

analyze and systematize materials on Korean pine forests of the entire range. In 1966 S.N. Moiseenko published yield tables for standard stands of the major
-116 -

êà â èñ÷èñëåíèè çàïàñîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,3 % äëÿ âñåãî äðåâîñòîÿ è 3,8 % äëÿ ÷àñòè äðåâîñòîÿ, íà÷èíàÿ

ñî ñòóïåíè 52 ñì, ò.å., îøèáêà èëè ðàçëè÷èå äëÿ

òàêîãî ñëîæíîãî îáúåêòà, íå ïðåâûøàåò êðèòåðèÿ

ðàéîíèðîâàíèÿ, êîòîðûé îáû÷íî ïðèíèìàåòñÿ â

ðàçìåðå 5%.

Ýòè íîðìàòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû íàøëè ïðèìåíåíèå

òîãäà è èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ äëÿ

òàêñàöèè ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé, ëåíòî÷íûõ ïåðå÷åòîâ

ïðè îòâîäå ëåñîñåê è ÿâíî íåäîñòàòî÷íû äëÿ

ðåøåíèÿ âîïðîñîâ ïî îðãàíèçàöèè õîçÿéñòâà,

íàïðèìåð, äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ îáîðîòîâ õîçÿéñòâà,

ìàññîâîé òàêñàöèè ëåñîâ.

Äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé â êà÷åñòâå áàçîâûõ íåîáõîäèìû

òàáëèöû õîäà ðîñòà íàñàæäåíèé. Íî ïðèñòóïèòü ê

òàêîé ðàáîòå äîëãî íå ðåøàëèñü â ñâÿçè ñ îòñóòñòâèåì íåîáõîäèìûõ ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ ðàçðàáîòîê

ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ñëîæíûì äðåâîñòîÿì è äîñòàòî÷íîãî êàäðîâîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ. È òîëüêî â íà÷àëå

1960-õ ãîäîâ Ñ.Í. Ìîèñååíêî ïðèñòóïèë ê ñáîðó,

àíàëèçó è ñèñòåìàòèçàöèè ìàòåðèàëà, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåãî êåäðîâíèêè âñåãî àðåàëà. ×òîáû ðåøèòüñÿ

íà ýòî òðåáîâàëîñü òîãäà áîëüøîå ìóæåñòâî è íàïðÿæåíèå ñèë. Â 1966 ãîäó Ñ.Í.Ìîèñååíêî

ïóáëèêóåò òàáëèöû õîäà ðîñòà ìîäàëüíûõ íàñàæäåíèé îñíîâíûõ ãðóïï òèïîâ ëåñà äëÿ ñåâåðíîé è

þæíîé ÷àñòåé àðåàëà ÊØË. Ýòî ïåðâûå ìîäåëè

ðîñòà ÊØË. Ìîæíî ñïîðèòü ïî ïîâîäó ïðèìåíåííîé

ìåòîäèêè ïîñòðîåíèÿ òàáëèö, íî àâòîðó âñå æå

óäàëîñü ïîñòðîèòü âîçðàñòíûå ðÿäû (âñåãî 14

ðÿäîâ) äëÿ îñíîâíûõ òàêñàöèîííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé,

ñèñòåìàòèçèðîâàâ ìàòåðèàëû ïî ó÷àñòèþ êåäðà â

ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ, âûäåëèâ, ãäå ýòî íåîáõîäèìî,

âòîðîé ÿðóñ. Êðîìå êåäðà, â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ

óêàçàíà äîëÿ äðóãèõ õâîéíûõ è ëèñòâåííûõ áåç

äåëåíèÿ íà äðåâåñíûå ïîðîäû. Âîçðàñòíûå ðÿäû

íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñî 110 ëåò è çàâåðøàþòñÿ â 350 ëåò

äëÿ íàñàæäåíèé ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè è â 290 ëåò äëÿ

þæíîé. Â öåëîì, ïî êàæäîé êàòåãîðèè íàñàæäåíèé,

ïî êîòîðîé ïîñòðîåíû òàáëèöû äèíàìèêè, óêàçàí

ñðåäíèé ñîñòàâ íàñàæäåíèé ïî ïîðîäàì äëÿ

ïåðâîãî è âòîðîãî ÿðóñîâ è ñðåäíÿÿ òàêñàöèîííàÿ

ïîëíîòà.

Ýòè òàáëèöû õîäà ðîñòà  áîëüøàÿ áàçîâàÿ ðàáîòà,

íà îñíîâå êîòîðîé ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì âûïîëíèòü

ìíîãèå ðàñ÷åòû è ñîñòàâèòü ïîñëåäóþùèå

íîðìàòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ëåñîèíâåíòàðèçàöèè è îïòèìàëüíîãî âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà: ñòàíäàðòíûå òàáëèöû ñóìì ïëîùàäåé

ñå÷åíèé è çàïàñîâ äðåâîñòîåâ íà 1 ãà ïðè ïîëíîòå

0,1 ñ ó÷åòîì ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà â ñîñòàâå íàñàæäåíèÿ

(30-50, 51-70, 80-100 %), âîçðàñòû îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ

ñïåëîñòåé äëÿ äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà (êîëè÷åñòâåííîé,

åñòåñòâåííîé, òåõíè÷åñêîé), ìàêñèìóìà çàïàñà è

ñðåäíåãî ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî åãî èçìåíåíèÿ è ò.ä.

Íåñêîëüêî ïîçäíåå óñòàíîâëåíû âîçðàñòû íàñòóïëåíèÿ òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè äåðåâüåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ýòè íîðìàòèâû èñïîëüçóþò

ïðè ðåøåíèè âàæíåéøèõ âîïðîñîâ ïî îðãàíèçàöèè

õîçÿéñòâà: óñòàíîâëåíèè âîçðàñòîâ ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ïðèêàçîì Ãîñëåñõîçà ÑÑÑÐ äëÿ äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà óñòàíîâëåíû ñëåäóþùèå âîçðàñòû

ðóáîê, êîòîðûå íå â ïîëíîé ìåðå ó÷èòûâàþò îñîáåííîñòè ýòèõ ëåñîâ: ëåñà I ãðóïïû  241 ãîä, ëåñà

II ãðóïïû  201 ãîä, è ëåñà III ãðóïïû  161 ãîä.

Âîçðàñò æå òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè â äðåâîñòîÿõ

ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà íàñòóïàåò ïî êðóïíîé

äðåâåñèíå, äîëÿ êîòîðîé ñîñòàâëÿåò 85-90 % äåëîâîé â 210-230 ëåò, à ïî êðóïíîé è ñðåäíåé âìåñòå 

â 170-190 ëåò. Äàæå ñ ó÷åòîì òîãî, ÷òî â þæíûõ

êåäðîâíèêàõ ïîñïåâàíèå íàñòóïàåò ëåò íà 20

ðàíüøå, äåéñòâîâàâøèé âîçðàñò ãëàâíîé ðóáêè (161

ãîä) ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü çàíèæåííûì íà 40-50 ëåò, ÷òî

ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî íåîïðàâäàííîìó çàâûøåíèþ ýêñïëóàòàöèîííîãî ôîíäà, ðàñ÷åòíîé ëåñîñåêè è

óñêîðÿëî òåìïû èñòîùåíèÿ ÊØË.

Ïîñêîëüêó â ÊØË äðåâîñòîè êåäðà ðàçíîâîçðàñòíû,

èìåþò î÷åíü áîëüøóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü äðóãèå òàêñàöèîííûå ïîêàçàòåëè, ó íèõ ñãëàæåí ìàêñèìóì íàñòóïëåíèÿ âîçðàñòà òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè. Ïåðèîä

òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè â äðåâîñòîÿõ êåäðà, èñ÷èñëÿåìûé 10% îòêëîíåíèåì îò ìàêñèìàëüíîãî çíà-

÷åíèÿ ñðåäíåãî èçìåíåíèÿ çàïàñà êðóïíîé èëè

âìåñòå êðóïíîé è ñðåäíåé äðåâåñèíû, ðàâåí 80-

100 ëåò.

Â ÊØË, ÷òîáû ñîõðàíèòü èõ, êàê ôîðìàöèþ, äîëæíû

ïðîâîäèòüñÿ âûáîðî÷íûå ôîðìû õîçÿéñòâà.

Ïîýòîìó âàæíî áûëî çíàòü â êàêîì âîçðàñòå

íàñòóïàåò òåõíè÷åñêàÿ ñïåëîñòü íå òîëüêî â äðåâîñòîÿõ â öåëîì, íî è ó îòäåëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ.

Á.À.Èâàøêåâè÷ â ðàáîòå Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûå ëåñà è

èõ ïðîìûøëåííàÿ áóäóùíîñòü (1933) ïèñàë î

êåäðå íà þãå Ïðèìîðüÿ, ÷òî Âîçðàñò 130-160 ëåò

åñòü âîçðàñò ïðèñïåâàþùèé. Â íàñàæäåíèÿõ ýòîãî

âîçðàñòà óæå ìîæíî âåñòè ðóáêó, õîòÿ ýòî åùå íå

âûãîäíî, òàê êàê çàïàñû äåëîâîãî ëåñà íåçíà-

÷èòåëüíû. Ñïåëûì êåäð ÿâëÿåòñÿ â âîçðàñòå 160-

180 ëåò. Íàñàæäåíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ ïðåîáëàäàþò

äåðåâüÿ ýòîãî âîçðàñòà, îòëè÷àþòñÿ íàèáîëüøåé

ïîëíîòîé, õîðîøåé äîáðîòíîñòüþ è èìåþò ñðàâíèòåëüíî ñëàáî ðàçâèòûé ïîä÷èíåííûé ÿðóñ. Ïîñëå

200 ëåò ôàóòíîñòü êåäðà ðåçêî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ è

íà÷èíàåòñÿ î÷åíü áûñòðûé îòïàä êðóïíûõ ñòâîëîâ.

Ïîñëå 240 ëåò ïëîùàäü, áûâøàÿ ðàíåå ïîä êåäðîâíèêîì, îáû÷íî îêàçûâàåòñÿ çàíÿòà ëèñòâåííûìè èëè ëèñòâåííî-õâîéíûìè íàñàæäåíèÿìè ñ

ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà âñåãî 2-3 äåñÿòûõ ïî ñîñòàâó (ñòð.

135). È õîòÿ îñîáûõ ðàñ÷åòîâ ïî îáîñíîâàíèþ

âîçðàñòà ðóáêè äåðåâüåâ â òî âðåìÿ íå äàâàëîñü,

àêòóàëüíîñòü âîïðîñîâ è âûâîäû ïî îðãàíèçàöèè

õîçÿéñòâà äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íå òåðÿëè ñâîåãî
-117 -

groups of forest types for northern and southern portions of the KBF range to create the first models of

their growth. The methods used to elaborate the tables

are disputable; however, the author managed to build

up age rows (total of 14) for the main inventory indices

by systematizing materials on the Korean pine share

in stands composition, and differentiating the second

layer where necessary. Besides the Korean pine, the

share of other coniferous and broadleaved was shown

for each stand without differentiating into individual species. Age rows start from 110 years and come to an

end at 350 years for the stands of the northern part

and at 290 years for the southern one. As a whole, for

each stand category for which dynamics tables are

developed, the average share in composition is given

by species for the first and second layers, as well as

the average stocking (on a basal area basis).

These yield tables provide a strong basis for various

calculations and compilation of regulatory documents

necessary for forest inventory and effective forest management: tables of cross section sums and stand volume per 1 hectare at stocking index 1 with accounting

Korean pine share in stands composition (30-50, 51-

70, 80-100%); the key species maturity age tables for

Korean pine stands (quantity maturity, natural and technical), tables of maximum stocking and its average periodic change, etc. Later, technical maturity age of individual Korean pine trees was determined. It is known

that these standards are used for solving the most important issues of the forest managementdetermination of principal felling age. The USSR Gosleskhoz determined the following felling ages for Korean pine

stands: 1st group forests241 year, 2nd group201

year, forests of the 3rd group161 year; however, these

ages do not take completely into account specific features of these forests. Technical maturity age in the

northern portion of Korean pine range starts for big

stemstheir share making up 85-90%at 210-230

years of age; for big and average stems at 170-190

years of age. Even considering the fact that in southern Korean pine stands maturity starts about 20 years

earlier, an accepted principal felling age (161 years of

age) can be considered understated by 40-50 years,

which resulted in unjustified overstating of commercially felled forests and allowable cuts, thus enhancing depletion rates in the KBF.

Due to the fact that Korean pine stands in KBF are

uneven-aged, with other inventory indices being highly

variable, their maximum technical maturity age is somewhat smoothed out. The period of technical maturity in

Korean pine stands calculated by 10% deviation from

the maximum index of the average stock change for

the big stems, or average and big stems together,

equals 80-100 years.

To preserve KBF as a formation, only selective types

of activities can be allowed. Hence, it was important to

know the age of technical maturity arrival not only for

the stands as a whole, but also for stems individually.

B.A. Ivashkevich noted in his work Far East Forests

and Their Industrial Future (1933) about Korean pine

in southern Primorye that the age of 130-160 years is

the age of approaching maturity. Fellings can be conducted in the stands at this age, though not yet effective, since the yield of commercial timber is not high.

Korean pine is considered mature at 160-180 years of

age. The stands in which stems of this age dominate

have high stocking, high quality timber and relatively

poorly developed understory. After 200 years of age,

defectiveness of the Korean pine sharply increases and

big stems fall out rapidly. After 240 years, the area of

the formerly Korean pine stand, appears to be invaded

by broadleaved or broadleaved-coniferous stands with

the share of Korean pine making up 2/10 or 3/10 in

composition. And although specific calculations for

felling age assessment were not available at that time,

importance of the issues and recommendations for the

forest management purposes has remained relevant

for a long time. It was determined at the time, that 40

cm diameter is the lowest for selective logging, and

the highest is 52 cm. Forty cm diameter as a minimum

for logging of high grade Korean pine stems was later

included into the Rules of Principal Felling during selective logging operations, and only in the 1980s this

diameter was increased by 4 cm.

The quality examination of Korean pine stands and

individual stems, as well as dependence of the stems

diameter upon age, showed that diameter classes of

40 and 44 cm are evidently understated for assigning

these stems for major felling. In the most common forest types groups they correspond in northern Korean

pine stands to 180-200 years of age, and in southern

onesto 170-180 year old stems. Korean pine stems

of this age occurring in virgin stands do not even reach

technical maturity of the first grade large stems whose

share in the total volume of this size stems takes up

40-50%. On the whole for large stems timber maximum increment of technical assortments or commercial timber occurs much later. This fact leads us to believe that selective major felling of the allowed logging

diameter was understated by 12-16 cm, resulting in

negative consequences for reproduction of this valuable tree species. In commercial stands, only the Korean pine stems beginning from 52-56 cm dbh could

be included into major felling operations, which would

correspond to 230-280 years of age in the north, and

210-230 years of age in the south. This age corresponds to maximum seed crops of Korean pine stems.

Thus, seed base in the KBF can be preserved, as well

as their natural reproduction ability, and areas of the
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çíà÷åíèÿ. Åùå òîãäà áûëî îïðåäåëåíî, ÷òî íèçøèì

ðàçìåðîì ïðè âûáîðî÷íîé ðóáêå äîëæåí áûòü

äèàìåòð 40 ñì, à âûñøèì  52 ñì. Ñòóïåíü òîëùèíû

40 ñì â êà÷åñòâå ìèíèìàëüíîé äëÿ ðóáêè çäîðîâûõ

äåðåâüåâ êåäðà â äàëüíåéøåì áûëà çàêðåïëåíà â

Ïðàâèëàõ ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðè

ïðîâåäåíèè âûáîðî÷íûõ ðóáîê è ëèøü â 1980-õ

ãîäàõ îòïóñêíîé äèàìåòð áûë ïîâûøåí íà 4 ñì.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿìè êà÷åñòâåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ äåðåâüåâ è äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî è çàâèñèìîñòåé

äèàìåòðà ñòâîëîâ îò âîçðàñòà óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî

ñòóïåíè òîëùèíû 40 è 44 ñì  ÿâíî çàíèæåííûå

ñòóïåíè äëÿ íàçíà÷åíèÿ äåðåâüåâ ýòîãî äèàìåòðà

â ãëàâíóþ ðóáêó. Â íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûõ

ãðóïïàõ òèïîâ ëåñà îíè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ñåâåðíûõ

êåäðîâíèêàõ 180-200 ãîäàì è â þæíûõ  170-180

ãîäàì äåðåâüåâ. Â ýòîì âîçðàñòå â äåâñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ ó äåðåâüåâ êåäðà íå íàñòóïàåò åùå äàæå

òåõíè÷åñêàÿ ñïåëîñòü ïî ïåðâîìó ñîðòó êðóïíîé

äðåâåñèíû, äîëÿ êîòîðîãî â îáùåì îáúåìå ñòâîëîâ

ýòèõ ðàçìåðîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 40-50 %. À â öåëîì ïî

êðóïíîìåðíîé äðåâåñèíå ìàêñèìóì ïðèðîñòà òåõíè÷åñêèõ ñîðòèìåíòîâ èëè äåëîâîé äðåâåñèíû

ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå ïîçäíèå ñðîêè.

Ýòî äàåò îñíîâàíèå ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî ïðè âûáîðî÷íîé

ðóáêå êåäðà ñïîñîáîì ãëàâíîé ðóáêè, äîïóñêàëîñü

çàíèæåíèå îòïóñêíîãî äèàìåòðà íà 12-16 ñì ñî

âñåìè âûòåêàþùèìè îòñþäà îòðèöàòåëüíûìè

ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè äëÿ âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà ýòîé öåííîé

äðåâåñíîé ïîðîäû. Â ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûõ ëåñàõ â

ãëàâíóþ ðóáêó ñëåäîâàëî áû âêëþ÷àòü äåðåâüÿ

êåäðà, íà÷èíàÿ ñ äèàìåòðà íà âûñîòå ãðóäè 52-56

ñì, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëî áû 230-280 ãîäàì íà ñåâåðå è 210-230 íà þãå. Íà ýòîò âîçðàñò ïðèõîäèòñÿ

íàñòóïëåíèå è ìàêñèìóì ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ äåðåâüåâ

êåäðà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì áûëà áû ñîõðàíåíà ñåìåííàÿ áàçà ÊØË è åñòåñòâåííàÿ âîñïðîèçâîäèòåëüíàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü êåäðà, íå èìåëè áû òàêîé

îòðèöàòåëüíîé äèíàìèêè ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêîâ è

ïîääåðæèâàëàñü áû äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ëåñîâ.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, êîãäà ïðîìûøëåííûå ðóáêè â

êåäðîâíèêàõ çàïðåùåíû, ïîëüçîâàíèå äðåâåñèíîé

â ÊØË äîëæíî ïðèíèìàòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ íàïðàâëåííîñòü. Îíî âîçìîæíî â ïîðÿäêå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðóáîê óõîäà çà ëåñîì è ñàíèòàðíûõ ðóáîê. Îñíîâíûìè

âèäàìè ðóáîê óõîäà äîëæíû áûòü íåêëàññè÷åñêèå

ðóáêè, òàêèå êàê êîìïëåêñíûå, ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûå,

îáíîâëåíèÿ è äð. Ñõåìàòè÷íî êîìïëåêñíûå è ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûå ðóáêè îáîçíà÷åíû â Ðóêîâîäñòâå ïî

îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà (1990). Íî äîñòàòî÷íîé ïðàêòèêè ïðîâåäåíèÿ òàêèõ ðóáîê, äëÿ îáîáùåíèÿ îïûòà, íå èìååòñÿ. ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ ðàáîòàåò íàä ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèåì

ñèñòåìû ðóáîê, êîòîðàÿ îáåñïå÷èâàëà áû îïòèìàëüíîå ñî÷åòàíèå òðåáîâàíèé ïî âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó

ÊØË, è â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü, êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî è

ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ïîëüçîâàíèå äðåâåñèíîé â ýòèõ

ëåñàõ, êàê íè â êàêîé äðóãîé ôîðìàöèè, âîçìîæíî

íà ïðèíöèïàõ íåïðåðûâíîñòè è íåèñòîùèòåëüíîñòè, êàê ýòî äåêëàðèðóþò Îñíîâû ëåñíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè (1993). Ïðè

ýòîì, ñòàâêó íå îáÿçàòåëüíî äåëàòü íà êåäðîâóþ

äðåâåñèíó. Êåäðîâàÿ äðåâåñèíà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ, â âûðóáàåìîé

÷àñòè ìîæåò çàíèìàòü äî 10-20 %, íî îñíîâíàÿ äîëÿ

ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà äðóãèå äðåâåñíûå ïîðîäû, òàê êàê

èõ ó÷àñòèå â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ âåëèêî è îáîðîò

ðóáêè â ñðåäíåì âäâîå ìåíüøå, ÷åì ó êåäðà. Ïîýòîìó, äîñòèãøàÿ âîçðàñòà òåõíè÷åñêîé ñïåëîñòè

÷àñòü äðåâîñòîÿ, ñîñòîÿùàÿ èç ñïóòíèêîâ êåäðà,

äîëæíà ñâîåâðåìåííî èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ.

Â öåëîì æå çàïðåò ãëàâíûõ ðóáîê â ÊØË âûÿâèë

íåïîäãîòîâëåííîñòü ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà äëÿ ïåðåõîäà íà ëåñîâîäñòâåííûå âèäû ðóáîê. Äàæå â íàó÷-

íîé ñðåäå èìååòñÿ ðàçíîå ïîíèìàíèå è òîëêîâàíèå

âèäîâ ðóáîê, äîïóñòèìûõ èíòåíñèâíîñòåé ðàçðåæèâàíèé íàñàæäåíèé, ïîðÿäêà îòáîðà è íàçíà÷åíèÿ

äåðåâüåâ â ðóáêó è ò.ä. Ñèòóàöèÿ óñëîæíÿåòñÿ

íèçêèì âûõîäîì äåëîâîé äðåâåñèíû è íåâûñîêèì

åå êà÷åñòâîì ó áîëüøèíñòâà ñïóòíèêîâ êåäðà, äðåâåñèíà êîòîðûõ íå ïîëüçóåòñÿ ñïðîñîì íà ðûíêå.

Ïîýòîìó â ðàçâèòèè îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèè õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË â áëèæàéøåé ïåðñïåêòèâå âîçìîæíû

òðè íàïðàâëåíèÿ: (1) ñîõðàíåíèå ýêñòåíñèâíîãî

ïóòè ðàçâèòèÿ, ïðè êîòîðîì ïîä äàâëåíèåì îáùåñòâåííîñòè îñòàþòñÿ â ñèëå çàïðåòèòåëüíûå àêòû íà

ãëàâíûå ðóáêè â êåäðîâíèêàõ è íà ðóáêó êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â ëåñàõ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì äðóãèõ ïîðîä â

ìåñòàõ êîðåííûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ, íî ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî îñòàåòñÿ íà íèçêîì óðîâíå;

äèíàìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðîòåêàþò

â îñíîâíîì ïîä âëèÿíèåì åñòåñòâåííûõ ñèë ïðèðîäû, à ïëîùàäè è çàïàñû êåäðîâíèêîâ ïîñòåïåííî

óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êîðåííûõ ëåñîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ïðîéäåííûõ èíòåíñèâíûìè âûáîðî÷íûìè ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè; (2)

îòìåíà çàïðåòà íà ðóáêè ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â

êåäðîâíèêàõ è íà êåäð êîðåéñêèé â äðóãèõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ (ïîä ïðåäëîãîì íåîáõîäèìîñòè ýòîãî

äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîíîìèêè ðåãèîíà) èëè ïðîâåäåíèå

ïðîìûøëåííûõ ðóáîê ïîä âèäîì ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïðè ïîñëàáëåíèè êîíòðîëÿ çà ïðîâåäåíèåì ðàáîò; ýòî ïðèâåëî áû ê äàëüíåéøåìó

èñòîùåíèþ ÊØË è îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïîäîðâàëî áû

ðåñóðñû êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî è êåäðîâíèêîâ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà â öåëîì; (3) ïåðåõîä íà ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå

îñíîâû âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË ñ

âíåäðåíèåì ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ âèäîâ ðóáîê,

ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðèðîäå ýòèõ ëåñîâ, ñ

ïðèìåíåíèåì òåõíîëîãèé è òåõíèêè, îáåñïå-

÷èâàþùèõ ñîáëþäåíèå ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ òðåáî-
-119 -

Korean pine forests would not have a negative dynamics with high productivity of the forests preserved.

Currently, with commercial felling operations prohibited in Korean pine stands, timber use in KBF should

become more ecologically conscious. Salvage and

tending fellings make it possible. Main types of tending fellings should be nonclassic fellings, such as complex, reconstructive, renewing, and others. Complex

and reconstructive fellings are outlined in the Manual

on Forest Management Organization in the KBF of the

Far East (1990). However, there is still lack of experience in conducting this kind of fellings. The Far East

Forestry Research Institute has worked to improve felling operations that could meet the requirements for

KBF and, in particular, Korean pine reproduction and

use. Timber use in these forests, unlike any other formation, is possible on the principles of sustainability

and inexhaustibility, as it is declared in Basics of the

Forest Legislation of the Russian Federation (1993).

The Korean pine should not be the primary target.

Depending on its share in the stand composition the

Korean pine can make 10-20% of the logged timber,

with the major yield by other species, more abundant

in the stand composition, whose felling rotation is on

the average half as much as that of the Korean pine.

Therefore, the share of the stand made up of its associates reaching the technical maturity age should be

timely logged.

Hence, three trends are available in the near future for

development of the management system in the KBF:

(1) preservation of the extensive development when

under pressure of public opinion, decrees prohibiting

both final felling in Korean pine stands and former

mixed stands where currently other species dominate,

remain in force with low effectiveness of the forestry

management; succession being influenced mainly by

natural factors, areas and stock of Korean pine stands

gradually increasing, as a result of original forests restoration in the areas harvested by intensive selective

commercial felling operations; (2) withdrawal of the ban

on principal felling in Korean pine stands and its felling

in other stands encouraged by the necessity of the

regions economic development, or implementation of

commercial logging (in disguise of forest management

measures) with low control over the operations; this

would lead to further KBF depletion and eventually undermine the Korean pine stands of the Far East as a

whole; (3) transition to the ecologically conscious forest management in KBF with introduction of the types

of logging corresponding to the nature of these forests

by using technologies and equipment meeting reproduction requirements for the main forest forming unit;

regulation of species composition and age structure

disturbed by felling operations, and also providing effective timber use; this management trend cannot be

always adequately profitable, and for this reason will

not be widely popular.

Given the regions economic situation, out of the three

forest management trends the most probable in the

nearest future seem to be the first and the third. The

last may occur not only in the areas with increased

forest management intensity, and a demand for commercial timber of wide assortment and average quality.

Assessing in general the regulatory basis for the inventory and management in the KBF, it has to be noted

that virgin forests are better examined and more completely covered with regulatory documents. Inventory

of the forests disturbed by commercial fellings and management measures identification for such forests is very

complicated. This job can be implemented only by

highly qualified experts.

Great scientific experience is accumulated in artificial

forest restoration, seed base preparation and growing

Korean pine planting stock. Regulatory materials providing the description of the required technologies have

been developed and improved during the last 10 years.

Establishment of pure Korean pine cultures by reconstruction methods using large size planting stock, which

is given priority in regulatory documents, can be regarded as a specific feature of artificial reforestation

and planting stock growing. About 2-3 thousand seedlings are planted per hectare; stands with desired species composition close to natural can be consequently

formed by silvicultural treatments using other species

reproduction preserved in the process of felling operations, or originated after logging or a fire.

Regulations and technologies for growing planting

stock have been developed for bareroot and plug seedlings. It is recommended to grow large-size planting

stockboth in transplant beds and in nurserieswithout transplanting. Weed control methods for planting

stock growing operations are being successfully used.

Great experience is accumulated in organizing Korean

pine seed base. Scientists provided regional recommendations for plus tree selection, genetic forests inventory, and establishing and forming forest seed

plantations, and permanent forest seed lots.

Forest seed orchards established according to these

recommendations in the experimental forest unit

Khekhtsirski under the guidance of the Far East Forestry Research Institute in 1989 are already producing seed. The seeds of the first crop harvested in 1995

will be used for scientific experiments.

Scientific goals which are necessary to solve in scientific and practical areas are: (1) methods and technologies development for long-term (3-5 years) storage of
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âàíèé ïî âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó îñíîâíîãî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, íîðìàëèçàöèè ïîðîäíîãî ñîñòàâà è âîçðàñòíîé ñòðóêòóðû íàðóøåííûõ ðóáêàìè ëåñîâ, à

òàêæå îïòèìàëüíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå äðåâåñèíîé; âåäåíèå õîçÿéñòâà ïî ýòîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ íå âñåãäà ìîæåò áûòü ñ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêîé ïðèáûëüþ è ïî ýòîé

ïðè÷èíå íå áóäåò èìåòü øèðîêîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ.

Èç òðåõ íàïðàâëåíèé ðàçâèòèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà

â ÊØË, ó÷èòûâàÿ ñîñòîÿíèå ýêîíîìèêè ðåãèîíà,

íàèáîëåå âåðîÿòíûìè â áëèæàéøåé ïåðñïåêòèâå

áóäóò ïåðâîå è òðåòüå. Ïðè ýòîì òðåòüå íàïðàâëåíèå ìîæåò èìåòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íå òîëüêî â

ðàéîíàõ ñ ïîâûøåííûìè èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà è ñïðîñîì íà òîâàðíóþ äðåâåñèíó øèðîêîãî àññîðòèìåíòà ïîðîä è óìåðåííîãî êà÷åñòâà.

Â öåëîì æå, îöåíèâàÿ íîðìàòèâíóþ áàçó äëÿ èíâåíòàðèçàöèè äðåâîñòîåâ ÊØË è âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà,

ñëåäóåò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ëó÷øå èçó÷åíû è äîñòàòî÷íî

ïîëíî îáåñïå÷åíû íîðìàòèâíûìè ìàòåðèàëàìè

äåâñòâåííûå (íåòðîíóòûå) ëåñà. Òàêñàöèÿ ðàññòðîåííûõ ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè ëåñîâ è îïðåäåëåíèå â íèõ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò áîëüøóþ ñëîæíîñòü. Ýòó ðàáîòó êâàëèôèöèðîâàííî ìîãóò âûïîëíèòü ëèøü äîñòàòî÷íî îïûòíûå ñïåöèàëèñòû, èìåþùèå õîðîøóþ áàçîâóþ ïîäãîòîâêó.

Èìååòñÿ íåìàëûé íàó÷íûé çàäåë ïî èñêóññòâåííîìó ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèþ, îðãàíèçàöèè ñåìåííîé áàçû, âûðàùèâàíèþ ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Íîðìàòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû,

âêëþ÷àþùèå è òåõíîëîãèè ðàáîò ïî ýòèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì, ðàçðàáîòàíû èëè ñêîððåêòèðîâàíû â ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò, ò.å. îíè äîâîëüíî ñîâðåìåííû.

Ê îñîáåííîñòÿì â èñêóññòâåííîì ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèè è âûðàùèâàíèè ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà

ìîæíî îòíåñòè ïðåäóñìîòðåííûå íîðìàòèâàìè

ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê ïðèîðèòåòíûå  ñîçäàíèå ÷èñòûõ

êóëüòóð êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûìè ìåòîäàìè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì óêðóïíåííîãî ïîñàäî÷íîãî

ìàòåðèàëà. Êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñàäî÷íûõ ìåñò  2-3 òûñ.

øò. íà 1 ãà. Ëåñîâîäñòâåííûìè óõîäàìè â ïîñëåäóþùåì ìîæíî ôîðìèðîâàòü íàñàæäåíèÿ íóæíîãî

ïîðîäíîãî ñîñòàâà, áëèçêèå ê åñòåñòâåííûì, èñïîëüçóÿ âîçîáíîâëåíèå äðóãèõ ïîðîä, ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ â ïðîöåññå ðóáêè èëè ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ ïîñëå íåå

èëè ïîæàðà íà ýòîé ïëîùàäè.

Íîðìàòèâû è òåõíîëîãèè âûðàùèâàíèÿ ïîñàäî÷-

íîãî ìàòåðèàëà ðàçðàáîòàíû äëÿ îòêðûòûõ è çàêðûòûõ ãðóíòîâ. Êðóïíîìåðíûé ïîñàäî÷íûé ìàòåðèàë ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ âûðàùèâàòü, êàê â øêîëå, òàê è

â ïîñåâíûõ îòäåëåíèÿõ ïèòîìíèêîâ áåç ïåðåøêîëèâàíèÿ. Äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî îòðàáîòàíû íàóêîé è ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ íà ïðàêòèêå ñïîñîáû áîðüáû ñ

ñîðíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ ïðè âûðàùèâàíèè ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà.

Áîëüøîé çàäåë èìååòñÿ â îðãàíèçàöèè ñåìåííîé

áàçû êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Íàóêîé ïðåäëîæåíû ðåãèîíàëüíûå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îòáîðó ïëþñîâûõ äåðåâüåâ, ñåëåêöèîííîé èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ëåñîâ, çàêëàäêè è ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ëåñîñåìåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé è

ïîñòîÿííûõ ëåñîñåìåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ.

Ëåñîñåìåííûå ïëàíòàöèè, çàëîæåííûå ïî ýòèì ðåêîìåíäàöèÿì â Õåõöèðñêîì îïûòíîì ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕà â 1989 ãîäó, óæå ïëîäîíîñÿò.

Ñåìåíà ïåðâîãî ñáîðà óðîæàÿ 1995 ãîäà áóäóò èñïîëüçîâàíû â íàó÷íûõ öåëÿõ.

Â ÷èñëå íàó÷íûõ çàäà÷, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìî ðåøàòü â ýòîì ïëàíå íàóêè è ïðàêòèêè, ÿâëÿþòñÿ: (1)

ðàçðàáîòêà ìåòîäîâ è òåõíîëîãèé äëèòåëüíîãî (3-

5 ëåò) õðàíåíèÿ îðåõîâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî äëÿ

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ èõ â êà÷åñòâå ñåìåííîãî ìàòåðèàëà;

(2) îïðåäåëåíèå âëèÿíèÿ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ðóáîê íà

ñîñòîÿíèå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ êåäðîâíèêîâ; (3)

ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå òðåáîâàíèé ê äåðåâüÿì è

íàñàæäåíèÿì ïëþñîâûì è ëó÷øèì â ñåëåêöèîííîì

îòíîøåíèè.

Îñîáóþ çíà÷èìîñòü â ÊØË èìååò ïðèâèëüíûé ó÷åò

è îïòèìàëüíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå íåäðåâåñíûìè ïðîäóêòàìè ëåñà, èñïîëüçóåìûìè â ïèùó ÷åëîâåêîì,

íà êîðì æèâîòíûõ, êàê ëåêàðñòâåííîå èëè òåõíè-

÷åñêîå ñûðüå, äëÿ äðóãèõ öåëåé. Íåäðåâåñíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå â ýòèõ ëåñàõ ïî ñòîèìîñòè âàëîâîé ïðîäóêöèè ìîæåò ïðåâûøàòü ñòîèìîñòü äðåâåñèíû,

ïîëó÷àåìîé ïðè åäèíîâðåìåííîé ðóáêå. Ê íàèáîëåå âåñîìûì íåäðåâåñíûì ðåñóðñàì îòíîñÿò: îðåõè, ÿãîäû, ãðèáû, ïàïîðîòíèê, áåðåçîâûé ñîê,

ëåêàðñòâåííîå è òåõíè÷åñêîå ñûðüå, îõîòíè÷üèõ

æèâîòíûõ.

Äåòàëüíåå äðóãèõ, ïîæàëóé, èçó÷åíà îðåõîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Ðàçðàáîòàíû íîðìàòèâû, ïîçâîëÿþùèå îïðåäåëÿòü óðîæàé îðåõîâ

òåêóùåãî ãîäà íà îòäåëüíûõ äåðåâüÿõ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò áàëëà óðîæàéíîñòè è îðåõîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü íàñàæäåíèé ñ ó÷åòîì ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ â

ðåëüåôå, ïîëíîòû äðåâîñòîÿ, äîëè êåäðà â ñîñòàâå

äðåâîñòîÿ è ñðåäíåãî âîçðàñòà êëåíà. Ìîæåò áûòü

ðàññ÷èòàí è âîçìîæíûé (äîïóñòèìûé) ñáîð îðåõîâ

â êîíêðåòíîì íàñàæäåíèè ïðè îïðåäåëåííîé

ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè.

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà

â ÊØË Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (1990) ñîäåðæèò íîðìàòèâíûå äàííûå ïî îïðåäåëåíèþ ñðåäíåãî óðîæàÿ

è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ðÿäà ïèùåâûõ è ëåêàðñòâåííûõ

îêîí÷àíèå äîêëàäà íà ñòð. 121
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Korean pine seed for their use as seeding material;

(2) evaluation of the influence of commercial fellings

on the Korean pine genetic resource status; 3) improvement of requirements for plus trees and standsthe

best ones from the genetic point of view.

Of specific importance in the KBF is a proper inventory and effective use of non-timber forest products

which can be used for food, forage, medicinal and technical purposes. Their value may exceed that of timber

obtained as a result of individual felling. The most important non-timber resources are: nuts, berries, mushrooms, ferns, birch sap, medicinal and technical plants,

and hunting game.

Korean pine seed bearing capability has been studied

most accurately. Regulatory norms exist for predicting

the current year seed crop for individual stems depending on a seed yield score and the stand crop depending on the relief, location, stand density, and the share

of the Korean pine in the stand and its average age.

Allowable seed harvest can be calculated for a given

stand with an estimated productivity.

Rules on the Forest Management Organization in the

KBF of the Far East (1990) include regulatory data

for the determination of an average crop, and productivity of a number of food and medicinal plants (Manchurian aralia, Eleutherococcus, Actinidia, Schizandra

chinensis, wild rose, wild grapes, ferns), nectar bearing productivity of trees and shrubs, sap productivity

of white and yellow birch, resin productivity, biologic

mass, and essential oils of coniferous species. Standards and use regimes are determined for some resource types to maintain their permanent productivity.

These regulatory documents are successfully used for

the inventory assessment of non-timber forest products stock and to determine the allowable volumes of

use. However, these types of resources are still inadequately utilized with the exception of hunting game

and the control over their use is poor.

In general, the KBF resources are diverse, many of

them are unique and occur only in these forests, and

with the proper forest management they provide opportunities for sustainable multiple forest use.

ðàñòåíèé (àðàëèè ìàíü÷æóðñêîé, ýëåóòåðîêîêêà

êîëþ÷åãî, àêòèíèäèè êîëîìèêòà, ëèìîííèêà

êèòàéñêîãî, øèïîâíèêà äàóðñêîãî, âèíîãðàäà àìóðñêîãî, àêîíòîïàíàêñà, îðëÿêîâûõ öåíîçîâ), ïî ìåäîïðîäóêòèâíîñòè äðåâåñíûõ è êóñòàðíèêîâûõ ðàñòåíèé, âûõîäó ñîêà èç äåðåâüåâ áåðåç æåëòîé è

áåëîé, æèâèöû ïðè ïîäñî÷êå, ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè äðåâåñíîé çåëåíè è ñîäåðæàíèþ ýôèðíûõ ìàñåë ó

õâîéíûõ ïîðîä. Äëÿ íåêîòîðûõ èç ðåñóðñîâ, â öåëÿõ

ïîääåðæàíèÿ ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ, îïðåäåëåíû íîðìû è ðåæèìû ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ýòè íîðìàòèâíûå ìàòåðèàëû óñïåøíî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ

îöåíêè çàïàñîâ íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå ëåñíîãî ôîíäà ëåñõîçîâ è óñòàíîâëåíèè îáúåìîâ âîçìîæíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Îäíàêî,

õîçÿéñòâî íà ýòè âèäû ðåñóðñîâ î÷åíü ñëàáî îðãàíèçîâàíî, à ïîòîìó ïîëüçîâàíèå èìè, çà èñêëþ-

÷åíèåì îõîòíè÷üå-ïðîìûñëîâîãî õîçÿéñòâà, âåäåòñÿ ñòèõèéíî, ñëàáî èëè ñîâñåì íå êîíòðîëèðóåòñÿ.

Â öåëîì æå ðåñóðñû ÊØË äîâîëüíî ðàçíîîáðàçíû,

ìíîãèå èç íèõ ïðèñóùè òîëüêî ýòèì ëåñàì, è ïîçâîëÿþò, ïðè ïðàâèëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè, âåñòè íåïðåðûâíîå, íåèñòîùèòåëüíîå êîìïëåêñíîå õîçÿéñòâî.
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Ñòðîåíèå è äèíàìèêà äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî

È.Â. Ñåìå÷êèí

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì.Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Ðîññèÿ

Êåäð ñèáèðñêèé, êàê ïðåîáëàäàþùàÿ ïîðîäà, çàíèìàåò â Ðîññèè 37.1 ìëí.ãà ñ îáùèì çàïàñîì, âêëþ-

÷àÿ ïðèìåñè,  67.2 ìëðä.êóá.ì. Âíå Ñèáèðè

ïðîèçðàñòàåò ëèøü 4.6% ëåñîâ ýòîé ïîðîäû (Óðàë

è Åâðîïåéñêèé Ñåâåð  1.8%, Êàçàõñòàí  0.1%,

Ìîíãîëèÿ  2.7%), ïî÷åìó îíà ñïðàâåäëèâî íàçûâàåòñÿ ñîñíà êåäðîâàÿ ñèáèðñêàÿ (Rinus sibirica Du

Jour). Ïîðîäà çíà÷èìà â ýêîëîãè÷åñêîì è ðåñóðñíîì ïëàíå íå òîëüêî äëÿ Ñèáèðè  îíà ñîñòàâëÿåò

5.8% ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè è 9.2 % çàïàñà äðåâåñèíû âñåõ ëåñîâ Ðîññèè (8.7% ëåñîïîêðûòîé

ïëîùàäè è 13.3% çàïàñà äðåâåñèíû âñåõ ëåñîâ

Ñèáèðè, âêëþ÷àÿ ßêóòèþ). Â ãîðàõ þãà Ñèáèðè (áåç

Çàáàéêàëüÿ) äîëÿ êåäðà â çàïàñå ëåñîâ äîñòèãàåò

38%.

Ïî êðóïíîìåðíîñòè, êà÷åñòâó è êîíöåíòðàöèè äåëîâîé äðåâåñèíû íà åäèíèöå ïëîùàäè êåäðîâûå äðåâîñòîè â îñíîâíûõ ðàéîíàõ åãî ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ ïðåâîñõîäÿò äðåâîñòîè äðóãèõ ïîðîä èëè ðàâíÿþòñÿ

òîëüêî ñîñíÿêàì, ïî÷åìó è ïîäâåðãàëèñü â ïðîøëîì

èíòåíñèâíîé ëåñîïðîìûøëåííîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè

ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñïëîøíûìè êîíöåíòðèðîâàííûìè ðóáêàìè, áåç ýêâèâàëåíòíîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà íà âûðóáêàõ êóëüòóðàìè, ïðè ðóáêàõ

óõîäà è ïåðåâîäå ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ ñèñòåìîé ðóáîê â êåäðîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ âûñîêîé

ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè.

Çàïðåò ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâûõ

ëåñàõ ïðèîñòàíîâèë ýòîò íåãàòèâíûé ïðîöåññ,

êåäðîâûå ëåñà ñòàëè îõðàíÿòüñÿ ãîñóäàðñòâîì, íî

ïðîáëåìà èõ ðàöèîíàëüíîãî êîìïëåêñíîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ îñòàëàñü ïî-ïðåæíåìó íåðåøåííîé, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàçðàáîòàííîå è ïðèíÿòîå Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî

îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ

(êåäð ñèáèðñêèé). Áîëåå òîãî, âîçíèêëà îïàñíîñòü

ðàñïàäà êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé, äîñòèãøèõ âîçðàñòà

åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè, óâåëè÷åíèÿ â íèõ çàõëàìëåííîñòè, ðåçêîãî óõóäøåíèÿ ñàíèòàðíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ.

Ñòðîåíèå äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà ñâÿçàíî ñ îñîáåííîñòÿìè èõ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ, çàâèñÿùèìè,

â îñíîâíîì, îò ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ. Êåäð ñèëüíî ñòðàäàåò îò îãíÿ, äàæå áåãëîãî, â ñâÿçè ñ îòíîñèòåëüíîé

òîíêîêîðîñòüþ, ïîâåðõíîñòíûì çàëåãàíèåì êîðíåé, íàêîïëåíèåì ïîä êðîíàìè áîëüøîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ãîðþ÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ, ïðè ãîðåíèè êîòîðûõ ïîâðåæäàþòñÿ êîðíè, íèæíÿÿ ÷àñòü ñòâîëà, ïåðåãðåâàåòñÿ êðîíà, ÷òî âûçûâàåò ãèáåëü äåðåâüåâ

êåäðà. ×àñòîòà è ñèëà ïîæàðà çàâèñÿò îò òèïà ëåñà,

óñëîâèé ïîãîäû êîíêðåòíîãî ïîæàðîîïàñíîãî ñåçîíà, êîëè÷åñòâà ãîðþ÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðà íà ãàðÿõ ïðîèñõîäèò çà ñ÷åò ðàçíîñà

ñåìÿí êåäðîâêîé. Êåäð  òèïè÷íûé çîîõîð, à êåäðîâêà  ãëàâíûé ðàñïðîñòðàíèòåëü è ñåÿòåëü êåäðà.

Èíòåíñèâíîñòü çàíîñà ñåìÿí êåäðîâêîé è èõ ñîõðàííîñòü çàâèñÿò îò òèïà ãàðè, ñåçîíà åå îáðàçîâàíèÿ, óðîæàåâ ñåìÿí â áëèæàùèõ êåäðîâíèêàõ,

ñêîðîñòè çàðàñòàíèÿ ãàðè òðàâÿíûì ïîêðîâîì,

êóñòàðíèêàìè è äðåâåñíûìè ïîðîäàìè-ïèîíåðàìè,

÷èñëåííîñòè êåäðîâîê è ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ 

îñíîâíûõ ïîòðåáèòåëåé ñåìÿí è ïðîðîñòêîâ êåäðà.

Íà ÷åðíîé ãàðè, âîçíèêøåé ïðè ïîâòîðíîì ïîæàðå

íà ìåñòå âûâàëèâøåãîñÿ ãîðåëüíèêà, ïðè áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ âîçìîæíî îáðàçîâàíèå îäíîâîçðàñòíîãî êåäðîâíèêà, ãäå êåäð âûñòóïàåò â ïåðâûå ãîäû ïèîíåðîì, íî â äàëüíåéøåì îáãîíÿåòñÿ

â ðîñòå âîçíèêàþùèìè ëèñòâåííûìè ïîðîäàìè è

ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïîä èõ ïîëîãîì. Òèïè÷íî ïîñòåïåííîå

íàêîïëåíèå ïîäðîñòà êåäðà ïîä ïîëîãîì ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä, ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì óñëîâíî îäíîâîçðàñòíûõ êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ.

Ïðè î÷åíü ìåäëåííîì íàêîïëåíèè ïîäðîñòà ïîä

ïîëîãîì ëèñòâåííûõ è òåìíîõâîéíûõ ïîðîä îáðàçóþòñÿ óñëîâíî ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå äðåâîñòîè. Ïðè

äëèòåëüíîì îòñóòñòâèè ïîæàðîâ (â òå÷åíèå 3-5

ñòîëåòèé è áîëåå) ïðîèñõîäÿò âîçðàñòíûå ñìåíû

ïîêîëåíèé êåäðà è äðåâîñòîè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûìè, ñîñòîÿùèìè èç äâóõ-òðåõ ïîêîëåíèé

êåäðà. Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíàÿ äèíàìèêà äðåâîñòîåâ

êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî õîðîøî èçó÷åíà, îòðàæåíà â ðÿäå

ìîíîãðàôèé (Ñìîëîíîãîâ, 1990; Ñåìå÷êèí, Ïîëèêàðïîâ, Èðîøíèêîâ è äð., 1985; è äð.), à òàêæå â

òàáëèöàõ äèíàìèêè è ýñêèçàõ òàáëèö õîäà ðîñòà

(Õîä ðîñòà îñíîâíûõ ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä

Ñèáèðè, 1975; è äð). Âîçðàñòíàÿ äèíàìèêà êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ, ïîñëå íàñòóïëåíèÿ âîçðàñòà

åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè ïåðâîãî (ñòàðøåãî) ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà è äàëüøå, èçó÷åíà ïîêà åùå ñëàáî.

Î ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòè êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòíîãî ñòðîåíèÿ ìîæíî ñóäèòü ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ïî ãðóïïàì òèïîâ ëåñà

(òàáë.1). Â êàæäîì òèïå ëåñà ìîãóò âñòðå÷àòüñÿ äðåâîñòîè êåäðà âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ âàðèàíòîâ âîçðàñòíîé

ñòðóêòóðû, íî òàì ãäå ïîæàðû ñëó÷àþòñÿ ÷àùå,

ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå äðåâîñòîè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåæå, è

íàîáîðîò  â òèïàõ ëåñà, ãäå ïîæàðû î÷åíü ðåäêè,

ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå êåäðîâíèêè îáû÷íû.
-123 -

The Structure and Dynamics of Siberian Stone Pine Stands

I.V. Semechkin

V.N. Sukachyov, Forest Institute

Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences

Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Siberian stone pine, as the predominating species,

takes up an area of 37.1 mln hectares in Russia, the

total reserves being equal to 67.2 billion cubic meters,

varieties included. Outside of Siberia, only 4.6% of this

species are observed (the Urals and the north of Europe, Kazakhstan and Mongolia featuring 1.8%, 0.1%

and 2.7%, respectively), thus being reasonably called

Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). The species is important both in the environmental and resource aspects not only for Siberia, since it comprises

5.8% of the forest-covered areas and accounts for 9.2%

of all timber reserves in Russia (8.7% of the forestcovered areas and 13.3% of all timber reserves in Siberia, Yakutia included). In the southern mountain areas of Siberia (the Trans-Baikal Region excluded), the

share of Siberian stone pine equals 38%.

By their large size, quality and concentration of lumber per unit area, the Siberian stone pine stands in the

major domain, and their growth outnumbers that of

other species, being equal to pine forests only. Thus,

they have been subject to intensive commercial utilization recently by intensive felling technologies, without any provisions for the equivalent restocking of Siberian stone pine at felling sites with cultures or for

improvement felling and transformation of the potential Siberian stone pine forests into highly productive

stands by using a selective logging system.

The ban of major harvests in Siberian stone pine forests has put an end to this negative process; these

forests being protected now by the state; however, the

problem of their rational integrated use has not yet been

solved, despite the approved Regulations on Forest

Management in Siberian Stone Pine Forests. Moreover, there still exists a danger of destruction of the

Siberian stone pine stands that have reached the natural maturity age, due to excessive debris left after logging and drastic deterioration of sanitary conditions.

The structure of Siberian stone pine stands is associated with their specific origin and development, the

latter affected mainly by forest fires. Siberian stone pine

is sensitive to any fire, even ground fires, due to its

thin bark, surface occurrence of roots, and accumulation of large amounts of fuels under the crowns, the

burning of which causes damage of roots and lower

trunk parts, as well as overheating of the crown, thus

resulting in mortality of Siberian stone pine trees. The

frequency and intensity of forest fires depend on the

type of woods, weather conditions during a specific

fire hazard season, and quantity of fuels. Restoration

of Siberian stone pine in burnt areas proceeds from

scattering of seeds by the nutcracker. Siberian stone

pine is a typical zoochore, the nutcracker being the

major distributor and sower of Siberian pine. The intensity of pine seeding by the nutcracker and survival

of seeds depends on the following factors: the type of

burn; the season of its formation; abundance of seeds

in the nearby Siberian stone pine forests; the intensity

of grass cover, brush, and pioneer wood species in

the burns; and the number of nutcrackers and rodents

as major consumers of Siberian pine seeds and seedlings. In the black burns resulting from a repeated fire

in a place of the fallen burnt wood, favorable conditions would produce formation of an even-aged Siberian stone pine forest, where Siberian stone pine would

be a pioneer during the first years, overgrown at a later

stage by broadleaved species developing under their

canopy. A gradual accumulation of regrown Siberian

stone pines under the canopy of broadleaved trees is

a usual occurrence with the subsequent formation of

the conditionally even-aged Siberian stone pine stands.

In case of a very slow accumulation of regrowth under

the canopy of broadleaved and dark-coniferous species, conditionally varied-aged stands are formed. In a

long-term absence of forest fires (for 3-5 centuries and

more); age changes of the Siberian stone pine generations take place; and the stands feature varied-aged

trees comprising two or three generations of Siberian

stone pine. The regeneration dynamics of Siberian

stone pine stands have been thoroughly studied and

described in a number of monographs (Smolonogov,

1990; Semechkin, Polikarpov, Iroshnikov et al, 1985;

etc.), as well as in the dynamics and growth tables

(Growth progress of major forest-forming species in

Siberia, 1975; etc.). However, the age dynamics of Siberian stone pine stands at the natural maturity age of

the first (elder) generation of Siberian pine and later

on have not been thoroughly studied.

To study the abundance of Siberian stone pine stands

of various age structures, one may consider the distribution of Siberian stone pine woods by groups of forest types (Table 1). Each type of the forest may include Siberian stone pine stands featuring all known

versions of the age structure; however, in the areas of

more frequent forest fires, the varied-aged stands occur more frequently, and on the contrary, the variedaged Siberian stone pine forests are typical for the forests in which forest fires are very rare.


-126 -

Çåëåíîìîøíûå, ëèøàéíèêîâûå è áàäàíîâûå êåäðîâíèêè è ÷àñòü ðàçíîòðàâíûõ è ìøèñòûõ, ÷àùå

âñåãî îäíîâîçðàñòíûå èëè óñëîâíî îäíîâîçðàñòíûå, ïîñëåïîæàðíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ. Äðåâîñòîè èõ

ïåðâîãî ïîñëåïîæàðíîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ èìåþò îáû÷íîå

äëÿ ýëåìåíòîâ ëåñà ñòðîåíèå. Òàêèõ äðåâîñòîåâ

ïðèìåðíî 60-65%. Êåäðîâíèêè ñûðûõ óñëîâèé

ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ: äîëãîìîøíûå, ñôàãíîâûå,

ìîõîâî-áîëîòíûå è òðàâÿíî-áîëîòíûå, à òàêæå êåäðîâíèêè âûñîêîãîðèé (åðíèêîâûå, êàøêàðíèêîâûå

è äðóãèå), òðàâÿíûå ÷åðíåâûå êåäðîâíèêè íèçêîãîðèé ãîðÿò ðåäêî, â íèõ ïðåîáëàäàþò ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå äðåâîñòîè ñî ñëîæíûì ñòðîåíèåì. Èõ

ïðèìåðíî 20-25%. Óñëîâíî ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ äðåâîñòîåâ, èìåþùèõ îäíîâåðøèííûå, íî ðàñòÿíóòûå

ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äåðåâüåâ ïî âîçðàñòó, äèàìåòðó,

âûñîòå, ãäå-òî 10-20%. Âñòðå÷àþòñÿ îíè ÷àùå âî

âëàæíûõ òèïàõ ëåñà è â ðàçðåæåííûõ ëåñàõ ñåâåðà

è âûñîêîãîðèé.

Áîëüøèíñòâî êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ èìååò çàäåðæêó

ðîñòà â ìîëîäîñòè, òåì áîëüøóþ, ÷åì ñèëüíåå

óãíåòåíèå êåäðà áûñòðîðàñòóùèìè ëèñòâåííûìè

ïîðîäàìè, òåìíîõâîéíûìè åãî ñïóòíèêàìè (åëü,

ïèõòà), ìàòåðèíñêèì äðåâîñòîåì, è ÷åì ðàçíîâîçðàñòíåå êåäðîâûé äðåâîñòîé. Ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ

íàñòóïëåíèÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííîé, òåõíè÷åñêîé è åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé, âîçíèêøèõ

ïðè ñëàáîì è ñèëüíîì óãíåòåíèè, ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü

40-80 ëåò, ÷òî ñóùåñòâåííî â õîçÿéñòâåííîì îòíîøåíèè. Äëÿ òàêñàöèè îäíîâîçðàñòíûõ è óñëîâíî

ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ ñîñòàâëåíû

îòäåëüíûå òàáëèöû, ó÷èòûâàþùèå ðàçíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå âûñîò è äèàìåòðîâ äåðåâüåâ, ñòðóêòóðó

ðÿäîâ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äåðåâüåâ ïî òîëùèíå è ñâÿçàííóþ ñ íèì òîâàðíîñòü äðåâîñòîåâ, à òàêæå îñîáåííîñòè èõ õîäà ðîñòà íà ñòàäèÿõ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ

êåäðîâîãî äðåâîñòîÿ, âûõîäà åãî â ïåðâûé ÿðóñ,

ñïåëîñòè è ðàñïàäà. Ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå äðåâîñòîè

êåäðà ðàñ÷ëåíÿþòñÿ íà ïîêîëåíèÿ, âîçðàñòíàÿ

ñòðóêòóðà, òàêñàöèîííîå ñòðîåíèå è îñîáåííîñòè

ðîñòà êîòîðûõ îáû÷íî àíàëîãè÷íû óñëîâíî ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûì äðåâîñòîÿì êåäðà.

Çàìåäëåííûé ðîñò â ìîëîäîñòè îòëè÷àåò êåäðîâíèêè îò äðåâîñòîåâ ñîñíû è ñáëèæàåò èõ ñ äðåâîñòîÿìè ïèõòû è åëè. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðîñòà â âûñîòó

è ïî çàïàñó â 120-180-ëåòíåì âîçðàñòå îòëè÷àåò

êåäðîâûå äðåâîñòîè îò åëîâûõ, ïèõòîâûõ è ñîñíîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ. Íàèâûñøàÿ äëÿ ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè

åäèíèöà ïîëíîòû êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î áîëüøèõ ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ âîçìîæíîñòÿõ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, êàê èñòî÷íèêà äðåâåñèíû, è äåëàåò

èõ íåñîïîñòàâèìûìè ñ ñîñíîâûìè äðåâîñòîÿìè â

ðàìêàõ åäèíîé áîíèòèðîâî÷íîé øêàëû. Äëÿ äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî îáîñíîâàíà ñâîÿ áîíèòèðîâî÷íàÿ øêàëà, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà áûòü ïðèíÿòà â

êà÷åñòâå íîðìàòèâà. Êåäð, ïî âûõîäå â ïåðâûé

ÿðóñ, áûñòðî ðàñòåò, óâåëè÷èâàåò êðîíó, èíòåíñèâíî ïëîäîíîñèò è áûñòðî ïðèñïåâàåò, ñïååò,

ïîðàæàåòñÿ ãíèëÿìè è äðóãèìè áîëåçíÿìè, ôàóòèðóåòñÿ è ðàñïàäàåòñÿ. Åñòåñòâåííàÿ ñïåëîñòü

êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ íàñòóïàåò â âîçðàñòå 250-320

ëåò, â ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ ðàíüøå, à â íèçêîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûõ

(ñåâåð, âûñîêîãîðüÿ)  ïîçæå, ïîñëå ÷åãî äðåâîñòîé

êåäðà ðàñïàäàåòñÿ, ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â ïðèìåñü èëè

åäèíè÷íûå äåðåâüÿ, óñòóïàÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèå â íàñàæäåíèè áîëåå ìîëîäîìó ïîêîëåíèþ êåäðà èëè

äðåâîñòîþ îñíîâíîé ïðèìåñè.

Ïîñëå âûõîäà â ñâåò êíèãè Å.Ï.Ñìîëîíîãîâà

Ýêîëîãî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ è äèíàìèêà êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Óðàëà è Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé

ðàâíèíû (1990), à òàêæå ïîñîáèÿ äëÿ ðàáîòíèêîâ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà Ñìîëîíîãîâà Å.Ï. è Ïîçäååâà

Å.Ã. Îðãàíèçàöèîííûå îñíîâû âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà

â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Óðàëà è Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé

ðàâíèíû (1995), ãäå äàíû çàâûøåííûå, íà íàø

âçãëÿä, íîðìàòèâû âîçðàñòîâ åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ (òàáë. 2), ïðèõîäèòñÿ ñíîâà îáîÒàáëèöà 2. Âîçðàñòû åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî.

Èñòî÷íèê Çîíà, ðàéîí, è êëàññ

áîíèòåòà

Âîçðàñò åñòåñòâåííîé

ñïåëîñòè,

ãîä

Ó÷åáíèêè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà äëÿ

ÂÓÇîâ, 1974, 1983

- 250 - 300,

280 â ñðåäíåì

Ñåìå÷êèí È.Â. (1990) Ñèáèðü, II-IV êëàññû áîíèòåòà 240 - 300

Ñìîëîíîãîâ Å.Ï. (1990) Ñåâåðíàÿ òàéãà

Ñðåäíÿÿ òàéãà

Þæíàÿ òàéãà

450 - 600

450 - 500

400 - 450

Êåäð êîðåéñêèé

Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è

âåäåíèþ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (1990)

Ñåâåðíûå êåäðîâíèêè

Êåäðîâíèêè Ñèáèðè

Þæíûå êåäðîâíèêè

290 - 330

230 - 270
-127 -

The green-moss, lichen and Siberian tea stone pine

trees and partly the varied-grass and mossy ones are

mainly single-aged or conditionally single-aged, being

of post-fire origin. The stands of the first post-fire generation feature a structure which is usual for these forest elements. Such stands take up about 60-65%. In

boggy lands, the Siberian pine forests, including the

long-thick, sphagnous, moss-boggy and grass-boggy

ones, as well as the highland (dwarf Arctic birch and

and Caucasus rhododendron stands, etc.) and lowland grassy-blackwood Siberian stone pine forests, do

not catch fire frequently and feature mostly the variedaged stands of a complex structure, taking up about

20-25%. The percentage of the conditionally variedage stands characterized by the single-top but extended distributions of trees by age, diameter and

height is within the limits of 10-20%. Such stands occur more frequently in the rain-type forests, and in

thinned forests of the north and highlands.

Most Siberian stone pine stands are characterized by

a delay in growth at young age, the duration of which

is directly proportional to suppression of Siberian stone

pine by fast growing broadleaved species, by its darkconiferous companions (spruce, white fir) and mother

stands, as well as to a greater difference between the

tree ages in Siberian stone pine stands. Difference between the ages of quantitative, technical and natural

maturity of Siberian stone pine stands growing under

the conditions of weak and strong suppression can be

as great as 40-80 years, which is an important factor

from the commercial point of view. To provide for inventory of the single-aged and conditionally single-aged

Siberian stone pine stands, specific tables have been

compiled, which take into account various ratios of the

tree heights and diameters, the structure of tree distributions by thickness, and the associated merchantability of stands, as well as their specific growth pattern at the stages of Siberian pine stand formation, its

growth up to the first story, maturity, and decay. The

varied-age Siberian pine stands are subdivided into

generations, the age structures, inventory configuration and growth, features usually identical to those of

the conditionally varied-age Siberian pine stands.

The delayed growth of Siberian stone pine stands at a

young age is different from that of Scotch pine stands

but similar to that of the white fir and spruce stands.

The intensity of growth in height and reserves at the

age of 120-180 years is a specific feature which differs them from the spruce, white fur and Scotch pine

stands. The highest index of density of Siberian stone

pine stands, as characteristic of Siberian forests, testifies to great potentialities of Siberian stone pine forests as a source of lumber, and in no way can be compared to that of pine stands within the frame of the

same quality scale. A specific quality scale substantiated for Siberian stone pine stands should be accepted

as a standard. When growing up to the first story, Siberian stone pine grows quickly, broadens its crown,

produces lots of seeds, quickly reaching the pre-maturity and maturity phases, is subject to wood rot and

other diseases, deteriorates and disintegrates. The

natural maturity of Siberian stone pine stands comes

at an age of 250- 320 years, occurring earlier on productive sites and later under low productivity conditions (northern areas, highlands); subsequently, Siberian stone pine stands break down, being transformed

into secondary species or single trees, and yields its

predominance to either a younger generation of Siberian stone pine or to a major secondary species stand.

The book by E.P. Smolonogov The Environmental and

Geographical Differentiation and Dynamics of Siberian

Stone Pine Forests in the Urals and West Siberian

Plain (1990) and the reference book for forestry economics specialists Organizational Basis for Forest

Management in Siberian Stone Pine Forests of the

Urals and West Siberian Plain (1995) compiled by E.P.

Smolonogov and E.G. Pozdeev suggest, in our opinion, excessive standards for natural maturity of Siberian stone pine forests (Table 2). One has to reconTable 2. Natural maturity ages of Siberian stone pine stands.

Source Zone, Area, and Productivity

Classes

Natural Maturity Age,

Year

Textbooks on forest

management for colleges, 1974,

1983

- 250 - 300,

280 in average

Semechkin I.V. Siberia, II-IV productivity classes 240 - 300

Smolonogov E.P. (1990) Northern taiga

Middle taiga

Southern taiga

450 - 600

450 - 500

400 - 450

Korean pine

Instructions for organization and

management in stone pinebroadleaved forests of the Far

East (1990)

Northern Siberian pine forests

Southern Siberian pine forests

290 - 330

230 - 270
-128 -

ñíîâûâàòü è äîêàçûâàòü âîçðàñòû åñòåñòâåííîé

ñïåëîñòè äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî. Åñëè

ãèïåðáîëèçàöèÿ óðîæàéíîñòè ñåìÿí (îðåøêîâ)

êåäðà áûëà ñ áîëüøèì òðóäîì ïðåîäîëåíà

(Ì.Å.Òêà÷åíêî, 1939, 1952  ñðåäíèé 1000 êã/ãà;

Ã.Â.Êðûëîâ  ìàêñèìàëüíûé  äî 3000 êã/ãà)

îáñòîÿòåëüíûìè ðàáîòàìè À.È.Èðîøíèêîâà, Ò.Ï.

Íåêðàñîâîé , Â.Í. Âîðîáüåâà (ñðåäíèå  40-120 êã/

ãà), òî ãèïåðáîëèçàöèÿ äîëãîëåòèÿ êåäðà ïîêà

îñòàåòñÿ íåïðåîäîëåííîé.

Â ýòîì ïëàíå õî÷åòñÿ ñäåëàòü êîìïëèìåíò ó÷åíûì

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà: îáîñíîâàííûå èìè âîçðàñòû

åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè äðåâîñòîåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî è ïîêàçàòåëè óðîæàéíîñòè åãî ñåìÿí ðåàëüíû, ñõîäíû ñ àíàëîãè÷íûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè äëÿ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî, êîòîðûå ñ÷èòàþ îáúåêòèâíûìè.

Â èçó÷åíèè õîäà ðîñòà è äèíàìèêè êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ, êàê ïî äàííûì ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé, òàê è

ïî ìàññîâûì ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûì äàííûì, ñóùåñòâóåò îäèí îáùèé ïîðîê: â íà÷àëüíûõ âîçðàñòàõ, â

ïåðèîä ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ êåäðîâîãî äðåâîñòîÿ, â ó÷åò

ïîïàäàþò ëó÷øèå, ðàíüøå ñôîðìèðîâàâøèåñÿ êåäðîâûå äðåâîñòîè, à â ñòàðîì âîçðàñòå  òîëüêî

õîðîøî ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ, áåç ìàññîâîãî âàëåæà,

áóðåëîìà è ñóõîñòîÿ, ò.å., òîëüêî äðåâîñòîè-äîëãîæèòåëè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå êðèâàÿ ðîñòà çàïàñà äðåâîñòîÿ êåäðà âûïîëàæèâàåòñÿ, íå èìååò ÷åòêîãî ìàêñèìóìà äî ïðåäåëüíîãî èçó÷åííîãî âîçðàñòà. Íè

îäèí òàêñàòîð èëè ó÷åíûé-èññëåäîâàòåëü íå çàêëàäûâàåò ïðîáíûå ïëîùàäè â áóðåëîìíèêàõ, ñóõîñòîéíèêàõ, âûâàëåííûõ äðåâîñòîÿõ, ñ÷èòàÿ ýòè

ÿâëåíèÿ íå ñëåäñòâèåì ñòàðîñòè äåðåâüåâ è äðåâîñòîåâ, à ðåçóëüòàòîì ñèëüíîãî âåòðà, äðóãèõ ðàçðóøèòåëüíûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ôàêòîðîâ è áîëåçíåé.

Ñàìûé ñòàðûé êåäðîâûé äðåâîñòîé â ìíîãî-

÷èñëåííûõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ Å.Ï. Ñìîëîíîãîâà 

292 ãîäà. Áîëåå ñòàðûé âîçðàñò èìåþò äðåâîñòîè

ïîêîëåíèé êåäðà, óæå óñòóïèâøèõ ïðåîáëàäàíèå

áîëåå ìîëîäîìó ïîêîëåíèþ êåäðà. Ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûå äàííûå ïîäòâåðæäàþò âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíóþ äèíàìèêó ëåñîâ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî: íåçíà÷èòåëüíóþ ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòü êåäðîâûõ

íàñàæäåíèé â òàáëèöàõ êëàññîâ âîçðàñòà äî 120-

ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà, êîãäà îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ ïîä ïîëîãîì

äðóãèõ ïîðîä, ìàêñèìàëüíóþ èõ ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòü

â âîçðàñòàõ 121-240(280) ëåò, êîãäà êåäð ïðåîáëàäàåò, è ðåçêîå óìåíüøåíèå ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòè

êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé, íà÷èíàÿ ñ 281-ëåòíåãî

âîçðàñòà, êîãäà êåäð òåðÿåò ñâîå ïðåîáëàäàíèå,

âûïàäàåò. Â 321-ëåòíåì âîçðàñòå è ñòàðøå 

êåäðîâíèêîâ óæå íåò èëè èìåþòñÿ äîëè ïðîöåíòà

èõ ïëîùàäè, îíè ðàñïàëèñü, ïðåîáëàäàíèå ïåðåøëî ê ñëåäóþùåìó, áîëåå ìëàäøåìó ïîêîëåíèþ

êåäðà èëè äðåâîñòîþ îñíîâíîé ïðèìåñè.

Íàáëþäåíèÿ íà ïîñòîÿííûõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ â

êåäðîâíèêàõ Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â

âîçðàñòàõ 250-260 ëåò â êåäðîâíèêàõ Ï êëàññà

áîíèòåòà íàñòóïàåò åñòåñòâåííàÿ ñïåëîñòü,

ïîëîâèíà äåðåâüåâ ïîðàæåíà ãíèëÿìè, îòïàä

ïðåâûøàåò ïðèðîñò â 2-3 ðàçà; â ñðåäíåì çà ãîä

âûïàäàåò 2-3(4) êðóïíûõ ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûõ äåðåâà

êåäðà íà 1 ãà, êîòîðûå ïðè ïàäåíèè ðàçðóøàþò

äðåâîñòîè ìîëîäîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà è ïðèìåñåé,

ïðèâîäÿò íàñàæäåíèå ÷åðåç 5-10 ëåò â ðàññòðîåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå, çàõëàìëåííîå, ñ ìàññîâûì ðàçìíîæåíèåì óñà÷åé è êîðîåäîâ, ðåçêèì óâåëè÷åíèåì

ïîæàðíîé îïàñíîñòè.

Ñåé÷àñ äëÿ êåäðà â Ðîññèè ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ àáñóðäíàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ. Íåðåäêî ïðèñïåâàþùèìè ñ÷èòàþòñÿ,

îñîáåííî â 1 ãðóïïå ëåñîâ, óæå ðàñïàäàþùèåñÿ è

ðàñïàâøèåñÿ ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î

ñïåëûõ, à ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ (ñòàðøå 321

ãîäà)  óæå íåò è â ïîìèíå, õîòÿ ðóáêå îíè íå

ïîäâåðãàëèñü.

Êåäð  öåííàÿ äðåâåñíàÿ ïîðîäà. Åå íàäî áåðå÷ü,

ðàöèîíàëüíî èñïîëüçîâàòü, èìåòü îïòèìàëüíóþ

äîëþ ïîêðûòîé èì ïëîùàäè â êàæäîì êîíêðåòíîì

ëåñíè÷åñòâå, ëåñõîçå, îñóùåñòâëÿòü íåèñòîùèòåëüíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå, íå ãèïåðáîëèçèðóÿ åãî äîëãîëåòèå, ñâîåâðåìåííî ïðîâîäèòü ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ â åãî äðåâîñòîÿõ, ïîäîøåäøèõ ê âîçðàñòó åñòåñòâåííîé ñïåëîñòè.
-129 -

sider and substantiate the ages of natural maturity for

Siberian stone pine stands. While the overestimation

of seed crop capacity for Siberian stone pine has been

overcome with some difficulties (M.E.Tkachenko, 1939,

1952, average 1,000 kg/ha; G.V.Krylov, maximum

3,000 kg/ha) in detailed works by A.I. Iroshnikov, T.P.

Nekrasova and V.N.Vorobyov (on the average 40-120

kg/ha), the overestimation of Siberian stone pine life

span still remains in force.

In view of the above, one should give credit to the Far

East scientists as to the following: the ages of natural

maturity substantiated by them for the Korean pine

stands and the indices of its seed crop capacity are

justified, and similar to those available for Siberian

stone pine, which are considered true by the author.

There is a common discrepancy in the study of Siberian stone pine stand growth and dynamics observed

both in the data in experimental areas and in the general forest management data; viz., at a young age during the formation of Siberian stone pine stands, only

the best, previously formed Siberian stone pine stands

are inventoried, and vice versa, at an old age only wellpreserved stands, without massive fallen deadwood,

windfall, and dead-standing trees, (i.e., the long-life

stands). As a result, the curve for reserves of Siberian

stone pine stands is getting smoother, not featuring

an expressed maximum up to the ultimately studied

age. No inventory expert or researcher would arrange

experimental sites in the areas with windfall, deadstanding trees or snags, attributing these phenomena

not to an old age of trees and stands but to natural

factors and diseases. The oldest Siberian stone pine

stand available in the numerous experimental areas

managed by E.P. Smolonogov is 292 years old. An

older age is characteristic of Siberian stone pine stand

generations which have already yielded their predominance to younger stands. The forest inventory data

confirms the following regeneration age dynamics of

Siberian stone pine: insufficient representation of the

stands in the age class tables up to 120 years of age,

when they grow under the canopy of other species;

maximum representation at the age of 121-240 (280)

years, when Siberian stone pine is the predominant

species; and a drastic decrease in representation of

Siberian stone pine stands starting from the age of

281 years, when it forfeits its predominance and disintegrates. At the age of 321 years and older, there are

either no Siberian pine stands or just fractions of percent in the area are available, as they disintegrate and

yield their predominance to another, younger generation of Siberian stone pine or to a major secondary

species stand.

Observations in permanent experimental areas of Siberian stone pine forests of the Western Sayan showed

that the forests of the 2nd quality class reached natural maturity at the age of 250-260 years; half of the

trees were infected with wood-rot; the losses exceeded

the net growth by 2-3 times; on the average, 2-3 (4)

large old age Siberian stone pine trees broke down

per hectare per year, the fall of which would destroy

the young generation of Siberian stone pine and secondary species stands. This results in large amounts

of debris, featuring a widespread reproduction of longhorn beetles and bark beetles, as well as a dramatic

increase in the fire hazard.

Currently, the situation with Siberian stone pine in Russia is rather absurd. It is somewhat traditional to consider disintegrating and disintegrated generations of

Siberian stone pine, especially in the Ist forest group,

as being close to maturity, not even mentioning mature ones; there is not a trace of overmature Siberian

stone pine forests (exceeding 321 years of age), though

the latter have not been subject to felling.

Siberian stone pine is a valuable wood species. One

must take care of it, use it rationally, provide for a reasonable share of stands in each specific forest, proceed with sustainable techniques of its use, not overestimating its life span, and provide for timely logging

in the stands approaching the age of natural maturity.
-130 -
-131 -

Ïîëåâàÿ ýêñêóðñèÿ

3 îêòÿáðÿ, 1996 ã.

Field Excursion

October 3, 1996
-132 -

Ôåäåðàëüíàÿ Ñëóæáà Ëåñíîãî

Õîçÿéñòâà Ðîññèè

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà

Õåõöèðñêîå îïûòíîå ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî

ÊÅÄÐÎÂÎ-ØÈÐÎÊÎËÈÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ

ËÅÑÀ ÄÀËÜÍÅÃÎ ÂÎÑÒÎÊÀ

Ìàòåðèàëû ïîëåâîé ýêñêóðñèè 03.10.1996 ã.

Õàáàðîâñê - ïîñ. Êîðôîâñêèé

1996

Õåõöèðñêîå îïûòíîå ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî
-133 -

Federal Forest Service of Russia

Far East Forestry

Research Institute

Khekhtsir Experimental Forest

KOREAN PINE-BROADLEAVED

FORESTS OF THE FAR EAST

Information on field excursion October 3, 1996

Khabarovsk, Settlement of Korfovski

1996

Khekhtsir Experimental Forest
-134 -

Ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ îáúåêòîâ äåìîíñòðàöèè

ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÀ ÝÊÑÊÓÐÑÈÈ Â ÕÅÕÖÈÐÑÊÎÅ ÎÏÛÒÍÎÅ ËÅÑÍÎÅ

ÕÎÇßÉÑÒÂÎ

3 îêòÿáðÿ, ÷åòâåðã

08.30 Îòúåçä îò èíñòèòóòà.

09.15 Öåíòðàëüíàÿ óñàäüáà îïûòíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

09.30 Îáúåêò 1. Òåïëè÷íîå õîçÿéñòâî.

09.50 Ïåðååçä íà îáúåêò 2.

10.10 Îáúåêò 2. Ïîñòîÿííûå ïðîáíûå ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêà êîðîòêî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîãî

ðÿäà ðàçâèòèÿ.

11.30 Ïåðååçä íà îáúåêò 3.

12.10 Îáúåêò 3. Äåâñòâåííûé êåäðîâíèê.

12.40 Ïåðååçä íà îáúåêòû 4 è 5.

13.10 Îáúåêòû 4 è 5. Ó÷àñòêè êîìïëåêñíûõ ðóáîê.

13.30 Ïåðåðûâ íà îáåä.

14.30 Ïåðåeçä íà îáúåêò 6.

14.50 Îáúåêò 6. Ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûå ëåñíûå êóëüòóðû êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî.

15.10 Ïåðåeçä íà îáúåêò 7.

15.30 Îáúåêò 7. Ãåãðàôè÷åñêèå êóëüòóðû êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî è êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî.

15.50 Ïåðåeçä íà îáúåêò 8.

16.10 Îáúåêò 8. Ëåñîñåìåííàÿ ïëàíòàöèÿ.

15.30 Ïåðååçä â ï. Êîðôîâñêèé.

18.00 Óæèí.

20.30 Âîçâðàùåíèå â Õàáàðîâñê.
-135 -

Location plan of forest objects for presentation

PROGRAM OF EXCURSION TO KHEKHTSIR EXPERIMENTAL FOREST

October 3, Thursday

08:30 AM Departure from Institute

09:15 AM Central Farm of Experimental Forest

09:30 AM Object 1. Greenhouse facilities

09:50 AM Move to Object 2

10:10 AM Object 2. Permanent experimental Korean pine areas of short-term

reproduction evolution

11:30 AM Move to Object 3

12:10 AM Object 3. Pristine Korean pine forest

12:40 AM Move to Objects 4 and 5

01:10 PM Objects 4 and 5. Complex logging areas

01:30 PM Lunch break

02:30 PM Move to Object 6

02:50 PM Object 6. Productive forest cultures of Korean pine

03:10 PM Move to Object 7

03:30 PM Object 7. Geographic cultures of Korean and Siberian pines

03:50 PM Move to Object 8

04:10 PM Object 8. Forest seed plantation

04:30 PM Move to Settlement of KorfovskI

06:00 PM Dinner

08:30 PM Return to Khabarovsk
-136 -

Ôåäåðàëüíàÿ Ñëóæáà Ëåñíîãî Õîçÿéñòâà Ðîññèè

Ïîÿñíåíèÿ ïî îáúåêòàì, ëåñíîìó ôîíäó è äåÿòåëüíîñòè îïûòíîãî õîçÿéñòâà äàþò Â.Í.

Êîðÿêèí - çàì. äèðåêòîðà ïî íàóêå ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕà è Ã.Ä. Øåëîãàåâ - äèðåêòîð Õåõöèðñêîãî

îïûòíîãî ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Òåêñò ïîäãîòîâëåí Â.Í. Êîðÿêèíûì.

1. Îáùàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà õîçÿéñòâà

ýòèì îäíîé èç ãëàâíûõ çàäà÷ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà

ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîäåéñòâèå ïîñòåïåííîìó âîññòàíîâëåíèþ óòðà÷åííûõ êåäðîì êîðåéñêèì ñâîèõ ïîçèöèé.

Ñðåäíèå òàêñàöèîííûå ïîêàçàòåëè íàñàæäåíèé ñ

ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî: êëàññ áîíèòåòà

 III,8, ïîëíîòà  0,50, çàïàñ ñïåëûõ äðåâîñòîåâ 

198 êóá.ì/ãà, ôîðìóëà ñîñòàâà  3Ê2Áæ1Ëï1Åà1ß1Êì1Ï.

Â öåëÿõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî õîçÿéñòâî ïðîâîäèò ñëåäóþùèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ:

(1) âûðàùèâàåò ñåÿíöû êåäðà â òåïëèöàõ ñ âûõîäîì 300-500 òûñ. øò. åæåãîäíî;

(2) ñîçäàåò ëåñíûå êóëüòóðû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

ñïîñîáîì ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé

íà ïëîùàäè 80-100 ãà åæåãîäíî;

(3) îñóùåñòâëÿåò ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûé óõîä çà ìîëîäíÿêàìè è ëåñíûìè êóëüòóðàìè êåäðà  100-130

ãà;

(4) ïðîâîäèò ðàçíûå âèäû ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðóáîê, ñïîñîáñòâóþùèõ óâåëè÷åíèþ ïëîùàäè êåäðîâîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ðîñòó è ðàçâèòèþ äåðåâüåâ êåäðà â íàñàæäåíèè, ïîäðîñòå è âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ;

(5) ðàçâèâàåò ëåñîñåìåííîå ïëàíòàöèîííîå õîçÿéñòâî;

(6) îñóùåñòâëÿåò ñèñòåìó ïðîòèâîïîæàðíûõ ìåð.

Âñå ðàáîòû âûïîëíÿþòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ Ïðîåêòîì îðãàíèçàöèè è ðàçâèòèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

ïëàíàìè îïûòíûõ ðàáîò.

Õåõöèðñêîå îïûòíîå ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî ðàñïîëîæåíî â ïðèãîðîäå ãîðîäà Õàáàðîâñêà íà ñêëîíàõ

õðåáòîâ Áîëüøîé è Ìàëûé Õåõöèð. Â ñòðóêòóðå

ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕà ñ 1960 ãîäà.

Îáùàÿ ïëîùàäü 22.0 òûñ. ãà. Ëåñà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê 1

ãðóïïå, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòüþ çåëåíîé çîíû ã.Õàáàðîâñêà.

Ïî ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíîìó ðàéîíèðîâàíèþ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà òåððèòîðèÿ õîçÿéñòâà âõîäèò â Ïðèìîðñêî-Óññóðèéñêóþ îáëàñòü õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâîäèâøèõñÿ â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå

òåêóùåãî ñòîëåòèÿ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ðóáîê êîðåííàÿ

ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü â ðÿäå ìåñò ïðåòåðïåëà áîëüøèå

èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðîèçîøëà ñìåíà ïðåîáëàäàþùåé

äðåâåñíîé ïîðîäû. Ïî äàííûì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà

1994 ãîäà â ëåñíîì ôîíäå õîçÿéñòâà íàñàæäåíèÿ

ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ñîñòàâëÿþò

6,5%, äðóãèõ õâîéíûõ (åëü, ïèõòà, ëèñòâåííèöà,

ñîñíà)  22,9%, òâåðäîëèñòâåííûõ (äóá, ÿñåíü,

êëåí, áåðåçà ðåáðèñòàÿ)  16,1% è ìÿãêîëèñòâåííûõ (áåðåçà áåëàÿ, îñèíà. îëüõà, ëèïà, èâà) 

54,5%. Êåäð êîðåéñêèé ñîõðàíèë ñâîå ïðèñóòñòâèå â êà÷åñòâå ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ïîðîäû â äðåâîñòîå

èëè ïîäðîñòå â áîëüøèíñòâå íàñàæäåíèé ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì òâåðäîëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä. Âîçîáíîâëåíèå êåäðà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ïîä ïîëîãîì íàñàæäåíèé îñèíû, áåðåçû áåëîé, âîçíèêøèõ â ìåñòàõ

êîðåííûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ, è äàæå â êóëüòóðàõ ëèñòâåííèöû. Âñåãî êåäðîâûìè òèïàìè ëåñà çàíÿòî 5,4

òûñ.ãà (22,7%) ëåñíûõ çåìåëü. Íàñàæäåíèé ñ

ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà èìååòñÿ 1,3 òûñ.ãà. Íà îñòàëüíîé ïëîùàäè áûâøèõ êåäðîâíèêîâ (4,1 òûñ.ãà)

ïðîèçðàñòàþò íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì äðóãèõ ïîðîä (îñèíû, áåðåçû ðåáðèñòîé). Â ñâÿçè ñ
-137 -

Russian Federal Forest Service

Explanation on the objects, forest fund and functioning of the

Experimental Forest are delivered by V.N. Koryakin, Deputy Director of DALNIILKH*, and

G.D. Shelogaev, Director of Khekhtsir Experimental Forest

The text is arranged by V.N. Koryakin

1. General characteristics of the forest

The Khekhtsir Experimental Forest is located in the

suburbs of Khabarovsk, on slopes of the Bolshoi and

Malyi Khekhtsir Ranges and has been under supervision of DALNIILKH since 1960.

The total area equals 22,000 hectares. The forests

belong to the 1st Group, being a part of the Khabarovsk green zone.

According to forest zoning in the Far East, the forest

is included in the Primorye-Ussury region of coniferous-broadleaved forests.

As a result of intensive logging in the first half of the

current century, the original vegetation has drastically

changed in some areas, with the following replacement of predominant timber species. According to the

forest inventory data of 1994, the forest timber stock

comprises the following percentage of stands: with

predominance of the Korean pine6.5%, of other coniferous species (spruce, fir, larch, pine)22.9%, of

hard-leaved species (oak, ash, maple, yellow birch),

and of soft-leaved species (white birch, aspen, alder,

linden tree, willow)54.5%. The Korean pine has preserved its role as a component species in a stand or

undergrowth in most forest stand areas featuring the

prevalence of hard-leaved species. Regeneration of

the Korean pine is observed under the canopy of aspen and white birch stands growing in the original

areas of the Korean pine forests, as well as among

the larch cultures. In total, the Korean pine forests

take up 5,4000 ha (22.7%) of the reforested lands.

The stands with prevailing Korean pine cover the area

of 1,300 ha. In the remaining zone of the former Korean pine forests (4,100 ha), there grow the stands

with other prevailing species (aspen, yellow birch). In

view of the above, the major purpose of the forest is

to assist a gradual restitution of the status lost by the

the Korean pine.

The average taxation indices of the stands featuring

the predominance of the Korean pine are as follows:

quality of locality classIII.8, density0.50, reserves

of mature forest stands198 m3

/ha, composition formula3Ê2Áæ1Ëï1Åà1ß1Êì1Ï.

With the view of the Korean pine regeneration the

following measures are undertaken by the forestry:

(1) growing Korean pine nursery stock in greenhouses

with an annual capacity of 300,000350,000 seedlings;

2) annual production of forest cultures mainly by reconstruction of the low-value stands in the area of

80100 ha;

(3) tending young stock and forest cultures of the

Korean pine in the area of 100-130 ha;

(4) accomplishment of various logging techniques promoting the expansion of the Korean pine areas and

evolution of the Korean pine trees in stands, new

growth and regeneration;

(5) development of forest-seed plantations;

(6) a system of fire control activities.

All work is performed in keeping with the Project of

organization and development of forest management,

as well as with the plans of experimental works.

* "DALNIILKH" is a transliteration of the Russian acronym for the "Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute" located in

Khabarovsk, Russia.
-138 -

Ðàçìåùåíèå îáúåêòîâ ïîêàçàíî íà ñõåìå.

Îáúåêò 1. Âûðàùèâàíèå ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà

â öåëÿõ ñîçäàíèÿ êóëüòóð êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî.

Â õîçÿéñòâå îñâîåíà ðàçðàáîòàííàÿ ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕîì òåõíîëîãèÿ âûðàùèâàíèÿ ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà â çàêðûòîì ãðóíòå. Ñðîê âûðàùèâàíèÿ

ñåÿíöåâ äî ñòàíäàðòíûõ ðàçìåðîâ 2-3 ãîäà. Îðåõè çàãîòàâëèâàþò â ëåñàõ õîçÿéñòâà è íà ëåñîñåìåííîé ïëàíòàöèè. Òåïëè÷íûé êîìïëåêñ ïîëíîñòüþ îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïîòðåáíîñòè õîçÿéñòâà â

ïîñàäî÷íîì ìàòåðèàëå êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî.

Îáúåêò 2 ïðåäñòàâëåí ó÷àñòêàìè äëèòåëüíîãî

íàáëþäåíèÿ çà íàñàæäåíèÿìè êîðîòêî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîãî ðÿäà ðàçâèòèÿ.

Ïîñòîÿííàÿ ïðîáíàÿ ïëîùàäü (ÏÏÏ) 112 ðàñïîëîæåíà â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîì ëåñó, ïðîéäåííîì ïðèèñêîâîé ðóáêîé â 40-õ ãîäàõ. Òîãäà

áûëî âûðóáëåíî ñ 1 ãà 26 äåðåâüåâ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî êåäðà, à òàêæå åëè ñ îáúåìîì äðåâåñèíû 75 êóá.ì. Ïîñëå ðóáêè êåäð âðåìåííî óòðàòèë

â äðåâîñòîå ïðåîáëàäàíèå. Ñ òåõ ïîð íèêàêèõ ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé íà ó÷àñòêå íå

ïðîâîäèëîñü. Â ïîñëåäóþùåì, â òå÷åíèå 25-30

ëåò, â ðåçóëüòàòå óñêîðåííîãî ðîñòà òîíêîìåðíûõ

äåðåâüåâ è ïîäðîñòà, êåäð ÷àñòè÷íî âîññòàíîâèë

ñâîå ïîëîæåíèå è ïî çàïàñó ñòàë ïðåîáëàäàþùèì

â äðåâîñòîå. Êåäð èìååòñÿ òàêæå âî âòîðîì è

òðåòüåì ÿðóñàõ, à ïî ñîâîêóïíîñòè âñåé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè íàñàæäåíèå ïðèíèìàåò îáëèê äåâñòâåííîãî êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà.

Ïðîáíàÿ ïëîùàäü 1 1  1992 ãîä. Íàñàæäåíèå

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà 40-50 ëåò íàçàä

ïðîéäåíî âûáîðî÷íîé ðóáêîé, ïðè êîòîðîé âûðóáëåíî 75-80 êóá.ì/ãà êåäðà, åëè è ÿñåíÿ. Íà ÷àñòè

ïðîáû â 1991 ãîäó ïðîâåäåíà ñàíèòàðíàÿ ðóáêà

ñëàáîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè. Êåäð ïîñòåïåííî âîññòàíàâëèâàåò ñâîå ó÷àñòèå â äðåâîñòîå è äðóãèõ

êîìïîíåíòàõ íàñàæäåíèÿ. Íà åãî äîëþ ïðèõîäèòñÿ

1/10 ÷àñòü ñòâîëîâ â äðåâîñòîå è 1/5 ÷àñòü çàïàñà.

Ñðåäè äåðåâüåâ êåäðà èìåþòñÿ êðóïíûå ýêçåìïëÿðû, îñòàâøèåñÿ ïîñëå ïðîìûøëåííîé ðóáêè,

è òîíêîìåðíûå, ïåðñïåêòèâíûå â ðîñòå è ðàçâèòèè.

Îáúåêò 3 õàðàêòåðèçóåò ãîðíûé êåäðîâíèê, íå

èñïûòàâøèé ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî èëè èíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, à òàêæå ïîæàðîâ â ïîñëåäíèå 60-70 ëåò.

Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà îáúåêòîì (ÏÏÏ 17 è 18) âåäóòñÿ

ñ 1962 ãîäà. Èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðîèñõîäÿùèå â ñîñòàâå

äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä â äðåâîñòîå, âûçâàíû õîäîì åñòåñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, ñâîéñòâåííûõ äàííîìó

òèïó óñëîâèé ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ.

Îáúåêò 4 ó÷àñòîê íåîäíîêðàòíîãî ïðîâåäåíèÿ

ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðóáîê â ïðîèçâîëüíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì áåðåçû ðåáðèñòîé. Ïðåäñòàâëåí ðàáî÷åé (110) è êîíòðîëüíîé (111) ïîñòîÿííûìè ïðîáíûìè ïëîùàäÿìè. Íàáëþäåíèÿ

âåäóòñÿ ñ 1966 ãîäà.

Ïåðâûå ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûå ðóáêè (êîìïëåêñíûå)

ïðîâåäåíû çèìîé 1966-1967 ãã. ñ âûðóáêîé ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî áåðåçû ðåáðèñòîé è ñíèæåíèåì ïîëíîòû íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ 0,8 äî 0,5. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðóáêè

ïî çàïàñó 34%. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîé ðóáêè íàñàæäåíèå áûëî ïðåîáðàçîâàíî â åëîâî-ïèõòîâîå ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî.

Ïîñëåäóþùàÿ ðóáêà ïðîâåäåíà â 1993 ã. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðóáêè ïî ÷èñëó ñòâîëîâ  28,7%, ïî

çàïàñó  44,8%, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî êåäðó  0, åëè 

55,5, ïèõòå  31,9, ÿñåíþ  50,0, îñèíå  87,1. Â

ïðîöåññå îáåèõ ðóáîê âûðóáëåíî 206 êóá.ì çàïàñà.

Â ïîñëåðóáî÷íîì íàñàæäåíèè ó÷àñòèå êåäðà â

ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ óâåëè÷èëîñü äî 2 åäèíèö. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäðîñòà è òîíêîìåðà ïîñëå

ðóáêè 2,6 òûñ. øò/ãà, íà êåäð ïðèõîäèòñÿ 9%.

Â êîíòðîëüíîì íàñàæäåíèè íèêàêèõ õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé íå ïðîâîäèëîñü. Â ðåçóëüòàòå åñòåñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ îòìå÷àåòñÿ íåêîòîðîå ñíèæåíèå â íàñàæäåíèè äîëè áåðåçû ðåáðèñòîé è óâåëè÷åíèå òåìíîõâîéíûõ. Ó÷àñòèå êåäðà ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ áåç èçìåíåíèÿ  íà óðîâíå 0,2 åäèíèöû.

Îáúåêò 5 (ÏÏÏ 1 17  1995)  ó÷àñòîê îïûòíîïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé êîìïëåêñíîé ðóáêè â ëèñòâåííî-õâîéíîì íàñàæäåíèè ñ ó÷àñòèåì äî ðóáêè

â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ 8 äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä (3 õâîéíûå  êåäð, åëü, ïèõòà è 5 ëèñòâåííûõ  îñèíà,

áåðåçà ðåáðèñòàÿ, ÿñåíü. äóá è ëèïà). Ïðåîáëàäàþùàÿ ïîðîäà  îñèíà. Òèï ëåñà  êåäðîâíèê

êëåíîâî-ëåùèííûé ñ ëèïîé è áåðåçîé ðåáðèñòîé.

Ðàíåå, â 1930-õ ãîäàõ, êåäðîâíèê ïðîéäåí èíòåíñèâíûìè ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè, à â 60-õ ãîäàõ

 ñàíèòàðíûìè ðóáêàìè ñëàáîé èíòåíñèâíîñòè.

Çàïàñ äî ðóáêè  254 êóá.ì/ãà, ïîñëå ðóáêè  126

êóá.ì/ãà (èíòåíñèâíîñòü ðóáêè 50%), ïîëíîòà

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 0,90 è 0,56. Â ÷èñëå âûðóáëåííûõ

ïðåîáëàäàåò ïî çàïàñó îñèíà (31%).

Â ðåçóëüòàòå ðóáêè íàñàæäåíèå ïåðåâåäåíî â

êåäðîâîå õîçÿéñòâî, ïðîèçîøëî îìîëîæåíèå äðåâîñòîÿ, ïîëó÷åíà ïðèãîäíàÿ äëÿ ïåðåðàáîòêè â

öåõå òîâàðíàÿ äðåâåñèíà.

2. Êðàòêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà äåìîíñòðàöèîííûõ îáúåêòîâ
-139 -

Object 1. Growing planting material for production of

Korean pine cultures. The forest is using the technology of growing the planting material under closedroot conditions (containerized seedlings) developed

by DALNIILKH Institute. Standard size nursery stock

is grown within 2-3 years. Seeds are collected in the

forest woods and in the forest seed plantation. The

greenhouse complex facilities furnish the Forest completely with the Korean pine nursery stock.

Object 2 is represented by the areas arranged for a

long-term monitoring of the stands featuring the shortterm reproduction evolution.

The permanent experimental area No.12 is located

in a Korean pine-broadleaved forest subject to exploration felling in the 1940s. At that time, 26 Korean

pine trees per hectare had been cut down, as well as

spruce trees of a 75 cub.m timber volume. After felling, the Korean pine had lost its predominance in the

stand for the time being. Since then, no forest management activities have been undertaken in the area.

During the subsequent period of 25-30 years, as a

result of enhanced growth of thin-stemmed trees and

new growth development, Korean pine trees have

partially restored their position and become predominanant. The Korean pine is observed in the second and third stories as well, and in general, considering all vegetation, the stand is approaching the status of a virgin Korean pine-broadleaved forest.

Experimental area No. 1, 1992. The Korean pinebroadleaved forest stand was subject to selective felling some 40-50 years ago, resulting in cutting of 75-

80 cub.m/ha of Korean pine, spruce and ash. Lowintensity sanitary felling was accomplished in 1991 in

some parts of the experimental area. Korean pine

has gradually restored its influence in the stand and

among other components of the plantation, featuring

1/10 of trees in the stand and 1/5 of the reserves.

The Korean pine trees are represented by large-size

specimens left after the exploitation felling, as well

as by thin-stemmed ones with potential for growth

and development.

Object 3 is characterized by the mountain Koreanpine forest not subject to any final felling or other types

of cutting, not damaged by forest fires during the last

60-70 years. Monitoring of the Object (permanent

experimental areas No. 7 and No. 8) has been underway since 1962. The changes taking place in the

composition of timber species in the stand have been

caused by evolution of natural processes typical for

the present type of growth conditions.

Object 4 is a zone of multiple fellings in the derivative Korean pine forests with the predominant yellow

birch and represented by the work (No. 10) and pilot

(No. 11) permanent experimental areas, being monitored since 1966.

The first complex fellings were accomplished during

the winter of 1966-1967, resulting in cutting of mainly

the yellow birch and in reduction of the stand density

from 0.8 to 0.5. The felling intensity was 34% relative

to reserves. As a result, this stand had been transformed to a spruce-fir one, including the Korean pine

as well.

The subsequent felling was performed in 1993. The

felling intensity percentage equaled 28.7% and 44.8%

relative to the number of trees and to the reserves,

respectively, including 0% of Korean pine, 55.5% of

spruce, 31.9% of fir, 50.0% of ash, and 87.1% of aspen. Totally, 206 cub.m of the reserves had been cut

out during the two fellings. In the after-felling plantation, the share of Korean pine in the stand composition had increased up to 2 units. The total quantity of

new growth and thin-stemmed trees after the felling

is 2,600 pcs/ha, of which Korean pine takes up 9%.

No forest management activities have been accomplished in the pilot area. Some reduction in the share

of yellow birch and increase in that of dark-coniferous species in the stand area are attributed to the

effects of natural processes. The share of Korean pine

has remained unchanged, being at a level of 0.2 units.

Object 5 (permanent experimental area No.17, 1995)

represents a zone of experimental-commercial complex felling in the broadleaved-coniferous stand, which

prior to felling used to comprise 8 timber species (3

coniferous ones including the Korean pine, spruce

and fir, and 5 foliacious ones including aspen, ribbed

birch, ash, oak and linden-tree). Aspen exemplifies

the predominant species. The forest conforms to the

type of a maple-filbert Korean-pine forest with some

shares of linden tree and ribbed birch. As early as in

the 1930s, the Korean-pine forest stand was subject

to intensive exploitation felling and low-intensity sanitary felling in the 1960s.

The reserves' area equaled 250 cubic meters/hectare and 126 cubic meters/hectare (felling intensity

50%) prior to and after felling, respectively, the corresponding densities being 0.90 and 0.56. Aspen trees

were the major ones subject to cutting (31% in respect to the reserves).

2. Brief Description of Presentation Objects
-140 -

Îáúåêò 6 - ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûå ëåñíûå êóëüòóðû

êåäðà.

Çàëîæåíû â êîíöå 1980-õ ãîäîâ ïî ðàçíûì òåõíîëîãèÿì â ïîðÿäêå ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ

ìîëîäíÿêîâ è íà ãàðÿõ, ïðîèñøåäøèõ îò ïîæàðà â

1976 ã. Ïðåîáëàäàþùèå ñïîñîáû ïîäãîòîâêè è

îáðàáîòêè ïî÷âû: ðàñ÷èñòêà ïîëîñ áóëüäîçåðîì,

ïðîêëàäêà áîðîçä 2-õ îòâàëüíûì ïëóãîì ñ ïîñàäêîé ïî ïîëîñàì è ïëàñòàì 2-3-ëåòíèõ ñåÿíöåâ

ëåñîïîñàäî÷íîé ìàøèíîé è âðó÷íóþ. Óõîäû 

îñâîáîæäåíèå îò òðàâÿíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè â

ïåðâûå ãîäû è îñâåòëåíèå îò áûñòðîðàñòóùèõ

ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä è êóñòàðíèêîâ â ïîñëåäóþùåì.

Îáúåêò 7 ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå êóëüòóðû êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî è êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî.

Ïîñàäî÷íûé ìàòåðèàë âûðàùåí â îïûòíîì õîçÿéñòâå èç ñåìÿí, çàãîòîâëåííûõ â Îáîðñêîì, Îáëó-

÷åíñêîì, Ãóðñêîì ëåñõîçàõ Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ,

×óãóåâñêîì ëåñõîçå Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ (êåäð êîðåéñêèé) è â Áóðÿòèè, Èðêóòñêîé, ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ

è Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå (êåäð ñèáèðñêèé).Çàëîæåíû

ëåñíûå êóëüòóðû â 1977 ã. 3-ëåòíèìè ñåÿíöàìè íà

ïëîùàäè 5,6 ãà ðÿäàìè â êîëè÷åñòâå 2,0-2,2

òûñ.øò/ãà.

Óõîäû: àãðîòåõíè÷åñêèé â 1977-1978 ãã. è ëåñîâîäñòâåííûå ñ ïîâòîðíîñòüþ 4-6 ëåò.

Ïî äàííûì îñåííåãî ó÷åòà 1994 ã. êóëüòóðû êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî çíà÷èòåëüíî îïåðåæàþò â ðîñòå êóëüòóðû êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî. Òàê, ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð íà

âûñîòå ãðóäè ó äðåâüåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî 6,8 ñì, ó

êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî  4,1 ñì, ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 4,8 è 3,5 ì, ïðèðîñò ïî âûñîòå çà

ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò  1,8 è 1,3 ì, øèðèíà êðîíû  2,3

è 1,4 ì. Ñîñòîÿíèå äåðåâüåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî:

õîðîøåå  30, óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîå  67, íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîå  3%. êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî ñîîòâåòñòâåííî  0,68 è 32%.

Îáúåêò 8 ëåñîñåìåííàÿ ïëàíòàöèÿ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Ïëàíòàöèÿ âåãåòàòèâíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ

ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî çàëîæåíà â òå÷åíèå 1989 è 1990

ãã. íà ïëîùàäè 1,8 ãà, â ïîñëåäóþùåì ïëîùàäü

óâåëè÷åíà äî 6,5 ãà. Â êà÷åñòâå ïîäâîÿ èñïîëüçîâàëè îòñåëåêòèðîâàííûå 2-3-ëåòíèå ñåÿíöû

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, ñ çàêðûòîé êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé,

äîðàùèâàåìûå â òåïëèöå â òå÷åíèå 1-2 ëåò.

Ïðèâîåì ÿâëÿëèñü ÷åðåíêè ñ ëó÷øèõ íîðìàëüíûõ

äåðåâüåâ. Âåãåòàòèâíîå ïîòîìñòâî ïðåäñòàâëåíî

19 êëîíàìè Õîðñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè. Äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ

ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ñåìÿí, êëîíû ðàñïîëîæåíû ïî ïðèíöèïó ñëó÷àéíîãî ñìåøåíèÿ.

Ïëàíòàöèÿ ïëîäîíîñèò óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò. Ïåðâûå ïîñåâû íà ñîáðàííûõ íà ïëàíòàöèè ñåìÿí

ïðîèçâåäåíû â 1996 ãîäó.

Ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûå ðàáîòû (îáúåêòû 1, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8) âûïîëíåíû Õåõöèðñêèì îïûòíûì ëåñíûì õîçÿéñòâîì ïîä ìåòîäè÷åñêèì ðóêîâîäñòâîì íàó÷-

íûõ ñîòðóäíèêîâ ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕà: È.È. Ïåðåâåðòàéëî (îáúåêò 1), Ô.Ô. Ìèøêîâà, Ý.À. Ñâå÷êîâîé

(îáúåêò 4), Â.Í. Êîðÿêèíà, Â.Ñ. Ãðåê, Í.Â. Ðîìàíîâîé (îáúåêò 5). Â.È. Øòåéíèêîâîé (îáúåêò 7),

Ä.À. Òèòîðåíêî (îáúåêò 8).

Â ïîäãîòîâêå äåìîíñòðàöèîííûõ îáúåêòîâ ïðèíèìàëè ó÷àñòèå: Õåõöèðñêîå îïûòíîå ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî (Ã.Ä. Øåëîãàåâ), è íàó÷íûå ñîòðóäíèêè

ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ: Â.Í. Êîðÿêèí, Â.Ñ. Ãðåê, Í.Â. Âûâîäöåâ, Â.Ã. Ïåòðîâ, À.Ï. Ñàâ÷åíêî è äð.
-141 -

As a result of felling, the stand has been transformed

into a Korean pine plantation, the stock has been rejuvenated, thus providing for production of commercial timber.

Object 6 includes commercial forest cultures of Korean pine, which was planted at the end of the 1980s

using various technologies of regeneration of lowvalue young trees, in the burnt areas resulting from a

forest fire in 1976. The major methods of pre-planting treatment of the soil included cleaning of strips

with a bulldozer, arrangement of furrows with a doblefurrow plough, with the following planting of 2-3-yearold nursery stock along the strips and furrows, either

manually or using a tree planting machine. Tending

procedures included removal of grassy vegetation during the first years and the subsequent opening-out of

canopy of quick-growing broadleaved species and

bushes.

Object 7 represents geographic cultures of Korean

pine and Siberian pine.

The planting stock was prepared in the Forest using

seeds collected in Oborski, Obluchenski and Gurski

Forests of Khabarovski Territory, in Chuguevski Forest of Primorski Territory (Korean pine), and in the

Republic of Buryatia, Irkutski and Chita regions and

Krasnoyarski Territory (Siberian pine).

The forest cultures were planted in 1977 as 3-yearold nursery stock, in the area of 5.6 ha and in the

quantity of 2,000-2,200 pcs/ha.

Tending procedures included agrotechnical methods

in 1977-1978 and silvicultural techniques repeated

every 4-6 years.

According to records of the fall of 1994, the cultures

of Korean pine have considerably surpassed those

of the Siberian pine in growth. For instance, the corresponding parameters of Korean pine and Siberian

pine trees are as follows: average breast-height diameter 6.8 and 4.1 cm, average height 4.8 and 3.5 m,

growth increment during the last 5 years 1.8 and 1.3

m, and crown width 2.3 and 1.4 m. The general status indices are evaluated for Korean pine and Siberian pine trees as being good (30% and 0%), satisfactory (67% and 68%) and unsatisfactory (3% and 32%),

respectively.

Object 8 represents a forest seed plantation of Korean pine. A vegetation-origin plantation was initially

established in 1989 and 1990 in the area of 1.8 ha,

being afterwards enlarged up to 6.5 ha. The selected

2-3 year-old nursery containerized seedlings of Korean pine, which were grown for 1-2 years in a greenhouse, had been used as stock, the cuttings from the

best standard trees being used as scions. The vegetative descendants are represented by 19 clones of

the Khor population. The clones are arranged by the

principle of a random mixing so as to provide for genetic diversity of seeds.

The plantation has been fertile for several years. The

first plantings using the seeds collected in the plantation have been accomplished in 1996.

The forest management activities (Objects 1, 4, 5, 6,

7 and 8) have been executed in the Khekhtsirski Experimental Forest under the methodological supervision of the following DALNIILKH scientists: I.I.

Perevertailo (Object 1),F.F. Mishkova, E.A. Svechkova (Object 4), V.N. Koryakin, V.S. Grek, N.V. Romanova (Object 5), V.I. Shteinikova (Object 7), and D.A.

Titorenko (Object 8).

The presentation objects have been arranged with

an assistance of G.D. Shelogaev (Khekhtsirski Experimental Forest), and DALNIILKH scientists, including V.N. Koryakin, V.S. Grek, N.V. Vyvodtsev, V.G.

Petrov, A.P. Savchenko, etc.
- 142 -
- 143 -

Êðàòêèå äîêëàäû

Abstracts

(íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå)
- 144 -

I. Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ è

óïðàâëåíèå èì

Â.Ñ. Àðæàíîâà .................................................... 149

Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

È.À. Áåõ ............................................................... 150

Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíàÿ äèíàìèêà è ó÷åò

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

Ä.Â. Áóäçàí ......................................................... 150

Íàïðàâëåííîå ôîðìèðîâàíèå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ïîä ïîëîãîì ìàëîöåííûõ äóáíÿêîâ â Ó÷åáíî-îïûòíîì ëåñõîçå

ÏÃÑÕÀ

Ñ.Í. Âåëèñåâè÷ ................................................... 151

Èçìåíåíèå ãåíåðàòèâíîé ñòðóêòóðû êðîíû â

îíòîãåíåçå êåäðà

Ñ.Ã. Ãëóøêî ......................................................... 152

Èññëåäîâàíèå óñòîé÷èâîñòè è ñòàáèëüíîñòè â

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîì ïðîöåññå

À.Ï. Äîáðûíèí .................................................... 152

Îñîáåííîñòè ïðîöåññà åñòåñòâåííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîèçâîäíûõ äóáíÿêîâ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ

Ï.Â. Åëïàòüåâñêèé ............................................. 153

Ïàðöåëëÿðíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ áèîêðóãîâîðîòà

â þæíîïðèìîðñêèõ ëåñàõ

À.Í. Êèñåëåâ ....................................................... 154

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü êåäðà (Pinus koraiensis) â ëåñàõ þãà

ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ë.Â. Êîçèíà ......................................................... 154

Ñêîðîñòü òðàíñïîðòà ìåòàáîëèòîâ è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ïîäðîñòà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî (Pinus

koraiensis Lieb et Zucc.)

À.È. Êóäèíîâ ....................................................... 155

Î ñìåíå ïîêîëåíèé â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ

Â.Â. Êóçüìè÷åâ, Ò.Í. Ìèíäååâà, À.Â. Êà÷àåâ, À.Â.

Ïîïîâà ................................................................ 156

Ñóêöåññèîííûå ïðîöåññû â òåìíîõâîéíûõ ëåñàõ

ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî

À.Ï. Ëåáåäèíñêàÿ, À.Ï. Êîâàëåâ......................... 156

Î íàïðàâëåíèè ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ

ïðîöåññîâ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

À.À. Ëîáîâ ........................................................... 157

Ê âîïðîñó î äèíàìèêå êåäðîâíèêîâ

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ë.À. Ìàéîðîâà, Í.Ô. Ïøåíè÷íèêîâà, Á.Ô.

Ïøåíè÷íèêîâ ...................................................... 157

Îñîáåííîñòè ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí â

êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñàõ ïîñëå óñëîâíîñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê (íà ïðèìåðå ñðåäíåãî

Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ)

Þ.È. Ìàíüêî ....................................................... 158

Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ è åãî

îñîáåííîñòè â þæíîé ïîëîâèíå Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà

Ñ.À. Íèêîëàåâà ................................................... 159

Î íåêîòîðûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòÿõ âòîðè÷íûõ

ñóêöåññèé êåäðîâíèêîâ çåëåíîìîøíûõ

È.À. Ïàâëåíêî ..................................................... 159

Î âëèÿíèè èíòåíñèâíîñòè ðóáîê óõîäà íà ðîñò

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ïîñàäîê êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Ë.Ñ. Ïøåíè÷íèêîâà ............................................ 160

Íàïðàâëåííîå ôîðìèðîâàíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ â

Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå

Ë.À. Ñèáèðèíà..................................................... 161

Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ìîëîäíÿêîâ ñ

ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà

II. Òèïîëîãèÿ, êëàññèôèêàöèÿ,

áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå

Ã.À. Áåëàÿ, Â.Ë. Ìîðîçîâ .................................... 162

Ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Í.Ã. Âàñèëüåâ...................................................... 162

Êåäðîâî-÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ñ.Ê. Ãàìáàðÿí ..................................................... 163

Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ þæíîãî Ïðèìîðüÿ

Ã.Í. Ãàíèí ........................................................... 164

Ðàçíîîáðàçèå è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ïåäîáèîíòîâ

êåäðîâíèêîâ Ïðèàìóðüÿ.

Ò.À. Êîìàðîâà, Ë.ß. Àùåïêîâà ........................... 164

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èíäèêàöèîííûõ ìåòîäîâ ïðè

ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ

Ï.Â. Êðåñòîâ ...................................................... 165

Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû èíâåíòàðèçàöèè è

ñîõðàíåíèÿ ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî

ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íà ïðèìåðå øèðîêîëèñòâåííîêåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.À. Íåäîëóæêî ................................................... 165

Êåäðîâûå ñîñíû Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà
- 145 -

Â.Ä. Ïåðåâîçíèêîâà ............................................ 166

Îöåíêà óñòîé÷èâîñòè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ â Çàïàäíîé

Ñèáèðè

Á.Ñ. Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêèé....................................... 166

Êåäðîâíèêè Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ: ñîñòîÿíèå,

äèíàìèêà, ãåîãðàôèÿ, ýêîëîãèÿ, òèïû ëåñà,

ïåðñïåêòèâû èññëåäîâàíèé

Â.À. Ðîçåíáåðã ................................................... 167

Îáúåêòû ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêîé êëàññèôèêàöèè

Â.Ï. Ñåëåäåö ...................................................... 168

Ïàìÿòíèêè ïðèðîäû Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ, êàê

ìèêðîðåçåðâàòû áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ì.À. Øåìáåðã ..................................................... 168

Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå Betula davurica pallas â

ïðåäåëàõ ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè åå àðåàëà

III. Ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèå, èíòðîäóêöèÿ

Í.À. Âîðîáüåâà, Â.Í. Âîðîáüåâ

×æàî-Ãóàíèé ....................................................... 169

Èíòðîäóêöèÿ è ïëàíòàöèîííîå ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèå

êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå

Ã.Ä. Ãëàâàöêèé .................................................... 169

Êîìïëåêñ ìàøèí äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè

Ë.Ï. Ãóëü, È.È. Ïåðåâåðòàéëî ........................... 170

Âèäû ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà, èñïîëüçóåìîãî ïðè

èñêóññòâåííîì ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèè êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî

Â.Í. Êîðÿêèí, Í.Â. Ðîìàíîâà .............................. 171

Ñîñòîÿíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è

ïåðñïåêòèâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ

âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Þêèî Èñèêàâà, Ï.Â. Êðåñòîâ,

Êàíäçè Íàìèêàâà................................................ 172

Ïðîöåññ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ

ñîñòàâà â ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ íà þãå Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

À.Ê. Êðîõàëåâ, Â.È. Ñâå÷êîâ, Ò.Ã. Êà÷àíîâà ....... 172

Ðîëü ñðåäñòâ õèìèè â ïðîöåññå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ

Ã.Â. Êóçíåöîâà .................................................... 173

Êóëüòóðû Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. â

Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå

Ð.È. Ëîñêóòîâ, Ã.Ñ. Âàðàêñèí ............................ 173

Ïåðñïåêòèâíûé ñïîñîá èñêóññòâåííîãî

âûðàùèâàíèÿ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî

Ð. Ëîóðè .............................................................. 174

Îïûò ïîñàäêè êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â Õàáàðîâñêîì

êðàå

Ï. Îóñòîí, Ð. Îâåðòîí ..................................... 174

Òåïëè÷íàÿ ïðàêòèêà äëÿ ïÿòèèãîëü÷àòîé ñîñíû â

ÑØÀ è åå âîçìîæíîå ïðèìåíåíèå â âîññòàíîâëåíèè êåäðà.

È.È. Ïåðåâåðòàéëî............................................ 174

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

ëåñîêóëüòóðíûìè ìåòîäàìè

Å.Í. Ðåïèí .......................................................... 175

Ëåñíàÿ èíòðîäóêöèÿ  îäèí èç âîçìîæíûõ ïóòåé

ñîõðàíåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ

Í.Â. Ðîìàíîâà, Â.Í. Êîðÿêèí, Â.Ñ. Ãðåê, È.Â.

Êîðÿêèí, Á.Ñ. Ëîäûãèí ....................................... 176

Ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð

êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí â Õåõöèðñêîì îïûòíîì

ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå

Â.Ä. ×åðíûøåâ ................................................... 176

Íîâûé ïîäõîä ê ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ

ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ì.À. Øåøóêîâ, Ã.Ä. Øåëîãàåâ, À.Ï. Ñàâ÷åíêî ... 177

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ïóòåì ñîçäàíèÿ

ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâûõ ñåìåííûõ êóðòèí-áèîãðóïï

Ýíäðþ ßíãáëàä .................................................. 178

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ âî âíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè øòàòà Àëÿñêà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê

óïðàâëåíèþ êåäðîâûìè ëåñàìè íà ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

IV. Ýêîïåäîáèîòà êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ý.Â. Àäíàãóëîâ ................................................... 180

Î íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ âèäàõ àìôèáèé è ðåïòèëèé

þæíûõ ðàéîíîâ Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ

À.Ë. Àíòîíîâ ...................................................... 180

Håêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè êîñóëè

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà Ïðèàìóðüÿ

È.Í. Áåçêîðîâàéíàÿ............................................ 181

Áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ïîäñòèëîê ïîä

ëåñíûìè êóëüòóðàìè

Þ.Â. Áåíãóñ, À.Ò. Âîëîäàðñêàÿ,

Î.À. Îìåëüíèê .................................................... 182

Ñåëåêöèÿ êóñòàðíèêîâ Ïðèìîðüÿ â áîòàíè÷åñêîì

ñàäó ÕÃÓ íà ïðèìåðå Weigela praecox

Ý.Ô. Âåäðîâà, Ë.Â. Ñïèðèäîíîâà ....................... 182

Ñòðóêòóðà îðãàíè÷åñêîãî âåùåñòâà ëåñíûõ ïî÷â

Ë.Ñ. Øóãàëåé ...................................................... 183

Äèíàìèêà ñâîéñòâ ñåðûõ ëåñíûõ ïî÷â ëåñîñòåïè

ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè ïðè àíòðîïîãåííîì

âîçäåéñòâèè
- 146 -

Ñ.Ì. Âëàäèìèðîâ, Ë.Â. Êîçèíà ........................... 184

Íåêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè àíàòîìè÷åñêîé

ñòðóêòóðû è ïðîöåññîâ çàïàñàíèÿ âåùåñòâ ó

ïîäðîñòà êåäðà

Ñ.Ã. Ãëóøêî ......................................................... 184

Ïðîÿâëåíèå ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ

äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä, êàê èíäèêàòîð ïðèðîäíîé

ñðåäû

À.Ñ. Åðîøåíêî, È.À. Êðóãëèê .............................. 185

Ïàòîãåííûå íåìàòîäû ñîñíû êîðåéñêîé íà þãå

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè

Ï.Â. Èâàøîâ ........................................................ 186

Ôîðìû íàõîæäåíèÿ îëîâà â áóðûõ ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ

ïî÷âàõ â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Í.Ê. Èãíàòîâà .................................................... 186

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà íàñåëåíèÿ

ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ ñðåäíåãî ÑèõîòýÀëèíÿ

Ò.Ì. Èëüèíà ........................................................ 187

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîäñòèëîê â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ þæíîãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Í.Â. Êðå÷åòîâà, Â.È. Øòåéíèêîâà.................... 188

Î áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòÿõ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Â.À. Íåäîëóæêî ................................................... 188

Àðáîðèôëîðà ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ìàíü÷æóðñêîé

ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîé ïðîâèíöèè

Â.À. Ïîëåùóê ...................................................... 189

Ó÷àñòèå ìààêèè àìóðñêîé â ñîñòàâå êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

Ý.Ï. Ïîïîâà, Â.Ä. Ïåðåâîçíèêîâà ...................... 190

Îñîáåííîñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïîäñòèëîê íà

òàåæíûõ âûðóáêàõ Ñðåäíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ

Ñ.È. ×àáàíåíêî ................................................... 190

Àíàëèç ëèøàéíèêîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

Ë.Ì. Ïøåííèêîâà ............................................... 191

Îñîáåííîñòè èíäèâèäóàëüíîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè

ñèðåíè Âîëüôà

V. Ñåìåíîâåäåíèå, ñåëåêöèÿ,

ãåíîôîíä

À.À. Àëåõèí ......................................................... 192

Ñîõðàíåíèå ãåíîôîíäà îðõèäåé êåäðîâîøèðîêî-ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.Í. Âîðîáüåâ, Í.À. Âîðîáüåâà, Ä.À. Ñàâ÷óê,

Ëî-Ëè-ôåíü ........................................................ 192

Äèíàìèêà ðîñòà è ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé àêòèâíîñòè

êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå

Ä.Ë. Âðèù ........................................................... 193

Ê âîïðîñó îõðàíû ãåíîôîíäà Rhododendron

mukronulatum Turcz.

Ñ.Í. Ãîðîøêåâè÷................................................. 193

Ðåïðîäóêòèâíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé è

ïðèíöèïû îòáîðà êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí íà

ñåìåííóþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü

À.Í. Ãðèäíåâ ....................................................... 194

Ïåðñïåêòèâû ìåõàíèçàöèè çàãîòîâîê ëåñíûõ

ñåìÿí

À.È. Èðîøíèêîâ, Ì.Â. Òâåëåíåâ......................... 195

Ïåðñïåêòèâû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî

ôîíäà êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí

Å.Ê. Êîçèí ............................................................ 195

Ïåðâûå èòîãè íàáëþäåíèé çà õîäîì óñêîðåííîãî

ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïëîäîíîñÿùèõ êåäðîâíèêîâ

Â.Ë. Ìîðîçîâ, Ã.À. Áåëàÿ .................................... 196

Ðîëü êåäðîâíèêîâ â ñîõðàíåíèè ôèòîãåíî- è

öåíîôîíäà ýêîñèñòåì áîðåàëüíîé çîíû

Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè

Ñ.Â. Íåñòåðîâà .................................................. 197

Êðèîãåííûå ñâîéñòâà ñåìÿí è âîçìîæíîñòü

ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà íåêîòîðûõ äðåâåñíûõ

ðàñòåíèé

Ò.Ï. Îðåõîâà....................................................... 198

Óñëîâèÿ äëèòåëüíîãî õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî

Â.Â. Ïîòåíêî, À.Â. Âåëèêîâ ............................... 198

Àëëîçèìíàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü ñîñíû êåäðîâîé

êîðåéñêîé (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) íà

Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè.

À.À. Òàðàí ........................................................... 199

Ñîõðàíåíèå ãåíîôîíäà ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ â

Ëàçîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå

È.Í. Òðåòüÿêîâà ................................................ 199

Îñîáåííîñòè ïîëîâîé ðåïðîäóêöèè êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â Ñèáèðè. Âîçìîæíûå ïóòè ýâîëþöèè

êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí

VI. Îõðàíà è çàùèòà ëåñà, óïðàâëåíèå,

îõðàíÿåìûå òåððèòîðèè

À.Ë. Àíòîíîâ, Á.À. Âîðîíîâ ............................... 201

Ê âîïðîñó î ñîçäàíèè îõðàíÿåìîé òåððèòîðèè â

áàññåéíå ð.Àíþé
- 147 -

Ð.Ì. Áàáèíöåâà, Â.Í. Ãîðáà÷åâ .......................... 201

Âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíàÿ ðîëü êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

áàññåéíà îçåðà Áàéêàë

Í.Â. Âûâîäöåâ .................................................... 202

Îïòèìèçàöèÿ è ïðîáëåìà ñîõðàíåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

À.Ñ. Æèëüöîâ ...................................................... 203

Íàâîäíåíèÿ è êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â

Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå

À.Ñ. Æèëüöîâ, Ò.Ì. Èëüèíà,

Í.Ê. Êîæåâíèêîâà................................................ 203

Îöåíêà âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíîé ðîëè ëåñà â

áàññåéíàõ âîäîòîêîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà

À.È. Êàðïîâ, Ã.Ï. Òåëèöûí, Â.Ê. Áóëãàêîâ,

À.Ñ. Ðàä÷óê ......................................................... 204

Ñèñòåìà êîìïüþòåðíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ëåñíûõ

ïîæàðîâ äëÿ ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà Ãàññèíñêèé

Ò.Ñ. Ìàëîêâàñîâà ............................................... 205

Ìèêðîáèîìåòîä â çàùèòå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà îò

ñèáèðñêîãî øåëêîïðÿäà

Þ.À. Ìèõàëåâ, Ñ.Þ. Áàòèí................................ 205

Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâîé ñòðóêòóðû

íàñàæäåíèé ïðè ëåñîâîäñòâåííîì óõîäå çà

êóëüòóðàìè êåäðà

Â.À. Ìîðèí .......................................................... 206

Íîðìèðîâàíèå çàùèòíîé ëåñèñòîñòè â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

À.Ï. Ñàïîæíèêîâ................................................. 206

Íåêîòîðûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà â öåëÿõ ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ëåñîóïðàâëåíèÿ

Ã.Â. Ñîêîëîâà, À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ ........................... 207

Ïðÿìûå ñîëíå÷íûå ëó÷è è òåðìîöèðêóëÿöèÿ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ä.Å. ×åëûøåâ, Ë.Ï. ×åëûøåâà .......................... 208

Áîëåçíè ñåÿíöåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Ë.Ï. ×åëûøåâà, Ä.Å. ×åëûøåâ .......................... 208

Èñïûòàíèÿ ôóíãèöèäîâ äëÿ ïðåäïîñåâíîé îáðàáîòêè ñåìÿí êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â ïèòîìíèêàõ

îòêðûòîãî ãðóíòà

Ì.À. Øåøóêîâ ..................................................... 209

Ëåñíûå ïîæàðû â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ã.È. Þð÷åíêî ...................................................... 210

Íàñåêîìûå-ôèòîôàãè êåäðà â ñóêöåññèîííîì

ïðîöåññå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà

VII. Ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå, ðåñóðñû, èõ

îöåíêà, ïðèêëàäíûå âîïðîñû

Â.È. Áàðàíîâ ....................................................... 211

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûå áåðåñêëåòû êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Â.Í. Áî÷àðíèêîâ, Â.Í. Äþêàðåâ,

À.À. Ñîëîâåé ....................................................... 211

Ê îöåíêå ïîòåíöèàëà íåäðåâåñíûõ ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Í.Â. Âûâîäöåâ, Å.Þ. Ëûñóí,

Ç.À. Âûâîäöåâà ................................................... 212

Ðîëü ýòàëîííûõ äðåâîñòîåâ ïðè âîññòàíîâëåíèè

êåäðîâíèêîâ

Ì.È. Ãðèãîðîâè÷ ................................................. 213

Ñèñòåìû ïîäñî÷êè ïðè êîìïëåêñíîì õîçÿéñòâå â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Ã.Â. Ãóêîâ ............................................................ 213

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå çàïàñîâ äèêîðàñòóùåãî

æåíüøåíÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ñ.Ê. Äîåâ ............................................................. 214

Êîððåëÿöèîííûé àíàëèç òàêñàöèîííî-äåøèôðîâî÷íûõ ïðèçíàêîâ êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé

Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

È.Ò. Äóïëèùåâ, À.Í. Ãðèäíåâ ............................. 214

Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ìåäîíîñíîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ

Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ ................................................... 215

Öåíîòè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå

À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ ................................................... 215

Îðåõîïðîìûñëîâàÿ çîíà Ãàññè, êàê óñëîâèå

ñîçäàíèÿ ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà

À.Ï. Êîâàëåâ ....................................................... 216

Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ð.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà, Þ.Ã. Òàãèëüöåâ, Â.À. Öþïêî,

Â.È. Ìèõàéëîâ, Â.Å. Ìûñèí ................................ 217

Íîâûå àñïåêòû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ëèìîííèêà

êèòàéñêîãî

Ò.È. Êîëîñîâà, Ë.Ã. Êîíäðàøîâ .......................... 217

Âûâîç ïðîäóêòîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ íà ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðûíîê

Ä.Ñ. Ìàëîêâàñîâ ................................................. 218

Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ è ïóòè èõ

ðåøåíèÿ

À.À. Íå÷àåâ ......................................................... 219

Ðåñóðñû áðóñíèêè â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå
- 148 -

Á.Â. Ïîïêîâ ......................................................... 219

Ëåñîâîäñòâåííûå ñâîéñòâà è ïóòè

õîçÿéñòâåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ

ìåëêîïëîäíèêà îëüõîëèñòíîãî

Ý.À. Ñâå÷êîâà ..................................................... 220

Ðàöèîíàëüíûå òåõíîëîãèè ðóáîê óõîäà â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Ã.È. Ñóõîìèðîâ ................................................... 220

Êîìïëåêñíûå õîçÿéñòâà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Þ.Ã. Òàãèëüöåâ, Ð.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà,

Í.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà, Ä.Â. Èçîòîâ.......................... 221

Áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûå âåùåñòâà íåêîòîðûõ

ëåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé

Þ.Ã. Òàãèëüöåâ, Ð.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà,

À.À. Íå÷àåâ ......................................................... 221

Ìíîãîöåëåâîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå íåäðåâåñíûõ

ðåñóðñîâ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.È. Õàìàðèí, À.Ó. Êàðìàçèí, Ã.È. Ãîëîâèí ....... 222

Èíòåðàêòèâíîå ðàñïîçíàâàíèå êåäðîâûõ

íàñàæäåíèé ïî äàííûì àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîãî

çîíäèðîâàíèÿ

Â.Í. Öûáóêîâ ...................................................... 223

Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû îõîòíè÷üåãî ñîáàêîâîäñòâà â

çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Â.À. × ̧ëûøåâ ..................................................... 223

Ïóòè ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â

êåäðîâíèêàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà.
- 149 -

I. ËÅÑÎÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑ È ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÈÌ

Ïàëåîêëèìàòè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ è âûñîêàÿ

ñòåïåíü âàðèàáåëüíîñòè ñîâðåìåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ è

ïðîöåññîâ îáóñëîâèëè, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, îïðåäåëåííîå äèíàìè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå ïðîöåññîâ

ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ; ñ äðóãîé, çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ìîçàè÷íîñòü

ñòðóêòóðû ïî÷âåííîãî è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà,

âåðîÿòíî, íåðàâíîâåñíóþ ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ôèçèêîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè óñëîâèÿìè. Íàèáîëåå ÷åòêî ýòî

ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ñòðóêòóðå âåðõíèõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ

ïîÿñîâ è ïåðåõîäíûõ ãðàíè÷íûõ ôîðìàöèé.

Âåðîÿòíî, ïðîáëåìó ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ïî÷âåííûõ è

ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèõ àðåàëîâ ñëåäóåò ðàññìàòðèâàòü

íà óðîâíå õàðàêòåðíûõ òðåíäîâ âíóòðèñèñòåìíûõ

ïðîöåññîâ, ïîñêîëüêó èìåííî ãåîñèñòåìíûé,

ëàíäøàôòíî-ãåîõèìè÷åñêèé ïîäõîä äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ðàññìîòðåòü ðàçëè÷íûå àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ è äèíàìèêè ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé.

Ôëóêòóàöèè êëèìàòà íå ìåíÿëè ñóùåñòâåííî

ñòðóêòóðó ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ, íî ïðèâîäèëè

ê ñìåùåíèþ âåðõíåé ãðàíèöû ëåñà è, î÷åâèäíî,

ãðàíèö âûñîòíûõ ïîÿñîâ è ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ïåðåõîäíûõ ôîðìàöèé. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà âûñîòíîé

ïîÿñíîñòè Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíà îñíîâíûìè

çîíàëüíûìè òèïàìè ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, îáùåå Al-Feãóìóñîâîå íàïðàâëåíèå ïî÷âîîáðàçîâàíèÿ îáóñëîâèëî ôîðìèðîâàíèå îñíîâíûõ òèïîâ ïî÷â â ðÿäó

áóðîçåì-ïîäáóð. Äëÿ ïîÿñà íèçêîãîðíûõ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ (äî 500-600 ì) òèïè÷íû

ñëàáîêèñëûå áóðîçåìû ñ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêè íåîïîäçîëåííûì ïðîôèëåì AO-A1-Bm-BC. Ñðåäíåãîðíûé

ïîÿñ êåäðîâî-åëîâî-ïèõòîâûõ ëåñîâ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

(äî 900-1000 ì), ïî ñóòè ïåðåõîäíûé îò êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ê åëîâî-ïèõòîâûì, õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì ó÷àñòèåì ëèñòâåííûõ

ïîðîä â äðåâîñòîå è òåì, ÷òî êåäð êîðåéñêèé äàæå

íà ïðåäåëå ñâîåãî âûñîòíîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ,

ìîæåò äîñòèãàòü íàèâûñøèõ ðàçìåðîâ (äî 0,5-1 ì

â äèàìåòðå ïðè âûñîòå 30-35 ì). Íåñìîòðÿ íà

çíà÷èòåëüíîå ó÷àñòèå åëè è ïèõòû, äëÿ äàííîé

ôîðìàöèè íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíî ôîðìèðîâàíèå AlFe-ãóìóñîâûõ ïîäáóðîâ, ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêè ñëàáî

îïîäçîëåííûõ, ñ ïðîôèëåì AO-A1-A1A2-Bhfe-BC.

Â îòëè÷èå îò èëëþâèàëüíî-ãóìóñîâûõ ïîäáóðîâ

ïîÿñà åëîâî-ïèõòîâûõ ëåñîâ, äëÿ ïî÷â äàííîé

ôîðìàöèè õàðàêòåðíû: ñëàáîêèñëàÿ ðåàêöèÿ,

âûñîêàÿ ãóìóñèðîâàííîñòü îðãàíîãåííûõ ãîðèçîíòîâ (äî 25-30% ïî Ñ îðã.), ãóìàòíî-ôóëüâàòíûé

ñîñòàâ ãóìóñà âåðõíèõ ãîðèçîíòîâ (Ñãê/Ñôê â ÀÎ è

À1 ñîñòàâëÿåò 1,0-1,4), àêêóìóëÿòèâíûé òèï

ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãóìóñà è ñëàáîâûðàæåííûé ïðîöåññ

åãî èëëþâèèðîâàíèÿ (íå áîëåå 1-1,2% â Bhfe),

áèîãåííîå íàêîïëåíèå Ñà, Ê, Ð, ïðè÷åì äî 70-90%

âîäíîðàñòâîðèìûõ ñîåäèíåíèé áèîôèëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ óäåðæèâàåòñÿ â ïî÷âåííîì ïðîôèëå çà ñ÷åò

ðåàëèçàöèè âíóòðèñèñòåìíûõ ïðîöåññîâ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ïîãëîùåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ è âîçâðàòíîé èõ

òðàíñëîêàöèè. Ïî äàííûì ëèçèìåòðè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïðè âûðóáêå ëåñîâ ïðîèñõîäèò ðåçêîå

óâåëè÷åíèå êèñëîòíîñòè ïî÷â (íà 1-1,2åä.pH),

óñèëåííûé âûíîñ áèîôèëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ è äèñïåðñíîãî ïî÷âåííîãî ìàòåðèàëà (â 5-10 ðàç áîëüøå

åñòåñòâåííîãî óðîâíÿ), ðàçâèòèå ýðîçèè ïî÷â.

Âûðóáêà ëåñîâ â óñëîâèÿõ êðóòîñêëîííîãî ãîðíîãî

ðåëüåôà íàðóøàåò äèíàìè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå

âíóòðèñèñòåìíûõ ïðîöåññîâ è ñíèæàåò âîçìîæíîñòè åñòåñòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé, îñîáåííî íà

ïðåäåëå èõ âûñîòíîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ.

Íåêîòîðûå àñïåêòû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Â.Ñ. Àðæàíîâà

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.
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Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíî-âîçðàñòíàÿ äèíàìèêà

è ó÷åò êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ

È.À. Áåõ

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Íàïðàâëåííîå ôîðìèðîâàíèå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ ïîä ïîëîãîì ìàëîöåííûõ äóáíÿêîâ â

Ó÷åáíî-îïûòíîì ëåñõîçå ÏÃÑÕÀ

Ä.Â. Áóäçàí

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ðàâíèííûå êåäðîâûå ëåñà Ñèáèðè

âîññòàíàâëèâàþòñÿ ÷åðåç ñìåíó ïîðîä. Â èõ ãåíåçèñå ÷åòêî ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ òðè ýòàïà ðàçâèòèÿ:

äåìóòàöèîííûé  îò ïîñåëåíèÿ êåäðà íà âòîðè÷íî

ñâîáîäíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ èëè ïîä ïîëîãîì äðóãèõ

ïîðîä äî âûõîäà â ãîñïîäñòâóþùèé ÿðóñ è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íàñàæäåíèé ñî ñâîèì ïðåîáëàäàíèåì; ìîäàëüíûé èëè ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûé  ñìåøàííûõ

åëîâî-ïèõòîâî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ è äåãðàäèðóþùèé

 ðàñïàäà êåäðîâîãî ýëåìåíòà ëåñà.

Ïî äåéñòâóþùåé ìåòîäèêå òàêñàöèè ïðåîáëàäàíèå

êåäðà âî âñåõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïïàõ íàñàæäåíèé óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ïî ñîñòàâó ãîñïîäñòâóþùåãî ÿðóñà áåç

ó÷åòà äèíàìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, ÷òî ïðèâîäèò ê èñêàæåíèþ è ÷àñòûì èçìåíåíèÿì ó÷åòíûõ äàííûõ.

Ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ âêëþ÷àòü â êåäðîâîå õîçÿéñòâî

òåìíîõâîéíî-ëèñòâåííûå ìîëîäíÿêè ñ ó÷àñòèåì 2

è áîëåå åäèíèö êåäðà. Ïðè äîìèíèðîâàíèè â ñîñòàâå ìîëîäíÿêîâ ïèõòû ïðåîáëàäàíèå êåäðà âîçìîæíî òîëüêî ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ íàïðàâëåííûõ óõîäîâ.

Ëèñòâåííûå íàñàæäåíèÿ ñî âòîðûì ÿðóñîì è ïîäðîñòîì êåäðà ñëåäóåò îòíîñèòü ê ïîòåíöèàëüíûì

êåäðîâíèêàì è ó÷èòûâàòü èõ â ëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâîé

õîçñåêöèè.

Ïðè âûïîëíåíèè ó÷åòíûõ ðàáîò â íàñàæäåíèÿõ

ìîäàëüíîãî ýòàïà ðàçâèòèÿ ê êåäðîâíèêàì ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ îòíîñèòü äðåâîñòîè ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà 4

åäèíèöû è áîëåå. Äîïóñêàåòñÿ íàëè÷èå 3 åäèíèö

êåäðà, ïðè íàëè÷èè âîçìîæíîñòè ïðîâåäåíèÿ ðóáîê

óõîäà çà ñîñòàâîì íàñàæäåíèÿ. Â ðàçðóøàþùèõñÿ

êåäðîâíèêàõ äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïðåîáëàäàþùåé

ïîðîäû ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü åå ó÷àñòèå ïî çàïàñó è

êîëè÷åñòâó ó÷åòíûõ äåðåâüåâ, à òàêæå íàëè÷èå

ìîëîäîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà ñïîñîáíîãî â áóäóùåì

îáåñïå÷èòü óñòîé÷èâîñòü ñîñòàâà íàñàæäåíèÿ. Â

ñìåøàííûõ ñïåëûõ è ïåðåñòîéíûõ òåìíîõâîéíîêåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîÿõ, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ìîëîäîãî

ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà, ñîõðàíèòü ñóùåñòâóþùèé ñîñòàâ

íàñàæäåíèÿ íåâîçìîæíî. Ïîýòîìó, ïðè íàëè÷èè äî

4 åäèíèö êåäðà ïî çàïàñó, íî ìåíåå 1 åäèíèöû ïî

÷èñëó ó÷åòíûõ äåðåâüåâ, òàêèå íàñàæäåíèÿ ñëåäóåò

òàêñèðîâàòü ïî ïðåîáëàäàþùåé ïîðîäå.

Âûñêàçàííûå ïîëîæåíèÿ èìåþò ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà-

÷åíèå è äîëæíû íàéòè îòðàæåíèå â íîðìàòèâíûõ

äîêóìåíòàõ. Âíåäðåíèå èõ â ïðàêòèêó ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà ïîçâîëèò ðàçðàáîòàòü íàó÷íûå îñíîâû

âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ.

Ëåñà ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì äóáà ìîíãîëüñêîãî çàíèìàþò

áîëåå 20% ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì çåìåëü Ó÷åáíîîïûòíîãî ëåñõîçà. Ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü îíè ïîä

âîçäåéñòâèåì ïîæàðîâ è áåññèñòåìíûõ ðóáîê.

Ïðåîáëàäàþùàÿ ÷àñòü ýòèõ ëåñîâ óòðàòèëà

âîçìîæíîñòü âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà áåç âìåøàòåëüñòâà ëåñîâîäîâ (Êóäèíîâ, 1991). Ìíîãèå

èññëåäîâàòåëè ïðèøëè ê åäèíîìó ìíåíèþ îá

óëó÷øåíèè êà÷åñòâåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîðîñëåâûõ

äóáíÿêîâ çà ñ÷åò ââåäåíèÿ ïîä èõ ïîëîã êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî. Íà òåððèòîðèè ëåñõîçà ïîñëåäíèì

ëåñîóñòðîéñòâîì âûÿâëåíî 8498 ãà òàêèõ íàñàæäåíèé. Çà ïåðèîä ñ 1963 ã. íà ïëîùàäè îêîëî 1,5

òûñ. ãà óæå ïðîâåäåíû ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî èõ ðåêîíñòðóêöèè. Íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíàÿ ÷àñòü ýòèõ ó÷àñòêîâ áûëà îáñëåäîâàíà íàìè â 1994-1995 ãã., ïðè

ýòîì ïðîâåäåíà òàêæå ðåâèçèÿ ïîñòîÿííûõ ïðîáíûõ

ïëîùàäåé, çàëîæåííûõ À. È. Êóäèíîâûì â 1973-

1974 ãã. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî ñîñòîÿíèå îäíîãî ó÷àñòêà ñ ïîñàäêîé 3-ëåòíèõ ñåÿíöåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â

1967 ã., ãäå â 1969 ã. áûëî ïðîèçâåäåíî îñâåòëåíèå

êåäðà ñ ðàçëè÷íîé èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ (0; 15; 30; 70%).

Àíàëèç ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî èíòåíñèâíîñòü èçðåæèâàíèÿ âåðõíåãî ïîëîãà íà 15%, î÷åíü ìàëî

ïîâëèÿëà íà óâåëè÷åíèå ïðèðîñòà ïî âûñîòå è

äèàìåòðó êåäðà è äîñòîâåðíîñòü ðàçëè÷èÿ ïî

îòíîøåíèþ ê êîíòðîëþ (t) ñîñòàâèëà âñåãî 1,7.

Èçðåæèâàíèå â 30% áîëåå ñóùåñòâåííî âëèÿåò íà

óâåëè÷åíèå ïðèðîñòà êåäðà (t=2,7), ïðè

èíòåíñèâíîñòè èçðå-æèâàíèÿ 70% t=6,3. Äàííûå
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Èçìåíåíèå ãåíåðàòèâíîé ñòðóêòóðû êðîíû â îíòîãåíåçå êåäðà

Ñ.Í. Âåëèñåâè÷

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

èññëåäîâàíèé ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò òàêæå è î òîì, ÷òî

îäíîãî ïðèåìà äàæå èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ â 70%

íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåííîãî

íàñàæäåíèÿ. Òàê, íà ñåêöèè ñ íàèáîëüøåé

èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ èçðåæèâàíèÿ óæå ñ 1987 ãîäà

ïðèðîñò êåäðà ïî âûñîòå íà÷èíàåò ïàäàòü è óæå

òîãäà íåîáõîäèìî áûëî ïðîâåñòè ñëåäóþùèé ïðèåì

âî âñåõ ñåêöèÿõ, íåçàâèñèìî îò èíòåí-ñèâíîñòè

èçðåæèâàíèÿ. Ñîâåðøåííî î÷åâèäíî: ÷òîáû

âûðàñòèòü öåííîå íàñàæäåíèå, íåîáõîäèìî â

óñëîâèÿõ èññëåäóåìîãî ðàéîíà, êàê ìèíèìóì, ÷åðåç

10 ëåò ïðîâåñòè î÷åðåäíîé ïðèåì ðóáîê óõîäà è

äàæå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå âñåãäà ãàðàíòèðîâàíî

ôîðìèðîâàíèå öåííîãî íàñàæäåíèÿ. Èíîãäà íåîáõîäèì òðåòèé ïðèåì ðóáîê, êîãäà íàáëþäàåòñÿ

ñíèæåíèå ïðèðîñòà êåäðà ïî âûñîòå, ÷òî âèäíî ïðè

âèçóàëüíîì íàòóðíîì îñìîòðå. Ðàñ÷åòû ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî äëÿ íàïðàâëåííîãî ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ öåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé ñ ìèíèìàëüíûìè çàòðàòàìè â

èññëåäóåìîì îáúåêòå, èíòåíñèâíîñòü èçðåæèâàíèÿ

âåðõíåãî ïîëîãà ñ ïîëíîòîé 0,5-0,6 äîëæíà áûòü íå

ìåíåå 30%, ñ ïîëíîòîé 0,7  íå ìåíåå 40%, ñ

ïîëíîòîé 0,8 è âûøå  íå ìåíåå 50% â îäèí ïðèåì.

Êåäðîâûå ñîñíû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ãðóïïå Cembra,

õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ îáùíîñòüþ ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ è ýëåìåíòîâ æèçíåííîé ñòðàòåãèè, òàêèõ êàê çîîõîðíîñòü,

âûñîêàÿ òåíåâûíîñëèâîñòü, äëèòåëüíîå ðàçâèòèå

ïîä ïîëîãîì ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä, ïîçäíåå íà÷àëî

ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ, áîëüøàÿ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü æèçíè

è äð. Óñëîâèåì ðåàëèçàöèè ýòèõ îñîáåííîñòåé

ÿâëÿåòñÿ èçìåíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû êðîíû â îíòîãåíåçå

äåðåâà. Â íàñòîÿùåé ðàáîòå îíî ðàññìîòðåíî íà

ïðèìåðå êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî. Â çåëåíîìîøíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ ñðåäíåé òàéãè (Òîìñêàÿ îáëàñòü) èñïîëüçîâàíî 3 ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõ íà÷àëî âûõîäà êåäðà â ïåðâûé ÿðóñ è âñòóïëåíèå åãî â

ðåïðîäóêòèâíóþ ôàçó îíòîãåíåçà (150 ëåò), ïåðèîä

çðåëîñòè (250 ëåò) è ðàñïàä íàñàæäåíèÿ (350 ëåò).

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî êðîíà ìîëîäûõ äåðåâüåâ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñîâîêóïíîñòü ïåðâè÷íûõ âåòâåé,

ðàçâèâøèõñÿ èç îáû÷íûõ ïî÷åê âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ â

óñëîâèÿõ âûðàæåííîãî àïèêàëüíîãî äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ

è àêðîïåòàëüíîãî ãðàäèåíòà âåãåòàòèâíîãî ðîñòà.

Åäèíè÷íûå æåíñêèå ïîáåãè ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ ëèøü íà

ñàìûõ êðóïíûõ âåòâÿõ ïåðâîãî ïîðÿäêà â âåðõíåé

÷àñòè êðîíû è îòäåëåíû îò ìóæñêèõ øèðîêîé çîíîé

áåñïîëûõ ïîáåãîâ. Íèæíÿÿ òðåòü êðîíû ïðåäñòàâëåíà çàñûõàþùèìè ïåðâè÷íûìè ïîáåãàìè è âòîðè÷-

íûìè, âîçíèêøèìè â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîëèôåðàöèè

ëàòåíòíûõ ïî÷åê. Âòîðè÷íûå âåòâè õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ áàçèïåòàëüíûì ãðàäèåíòîì âåãåòàòèâíîãî

ðîñòà è ñïåöèôè÷åñêèì âåòâëåíèåì ïî òèïó ïó÷êà.

Íà ýòàïå çðåëîñòè ïåðâè÷íàÿ êðîíà äîñòèãàåò ìàêñèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ è ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé êàíäåëÿáðîâèäíîé ôîðìû. Ìíîãîêðàòíî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ äîëÿ

ìóæñêèõ è æåíñêèõ ïîáåãîâ. Ãåíåðàòèâíûå ÿðóñû

õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ íàèáîëüøåé ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ.

Ðàçâèòèå è ðàçðàñòàíèå ïó÷êîâ âòîðè÷íûõ âåòâåé

âäîëü ñòâîëà ïðèâîäèò ê îáðàçîâàíèþ â íèæíåé

÷àñòè óçêîöèëèíäðè÷åñêîé âòîðè÷íîé êðîíû, ïðåäñòàâëåííîé áåñïîëûìè è ìóæñêèìè ïîáåãàìè. Â

ïåðåñòîéíîì âîçðàñòå ïåðâè÷íàÿ êðîíà äåðåâüåâ

õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïðîãðåññèðóþùèì îòìèðàíèåì

âåòâåé, óòðàòîé äîìèíèðóþùåãî ïîëîæåíèÿ ãëàâíîé îñè è ðàñïàäîì íà ìíîæåñòâî îòíîñèòåëüíî

íåçàâèñèìûõ êðóïíûõ âåòâåé. Ââèäó îòñóòñòâèÿ

âûðàæåííûõ ãðàäèåíòîâ âåãåòàòèâíîãî ðîñòà ïðîèñõîäÿò íàðóøåíèÿ â ãåíåðàòèâíîé ÿðóñíîñòè

êðîíû, óòðàòà åå öåëîñòíîñòè, âçàèìîïðîíèêíîâåíèå ìóæñêîãî è æåíñêîãî ÿðóñîâ. Â óñëîâèÿõ ðàçðóøåíèÿ æåíñêîãî ÿðóñà ðåïðîäóêòèâíóþ ôóíêöèþ

âûïîëíÿþò ñàìûå êðóïíûå âòîðè÷íûå âåòâè. Âîçìîæíà èíâåðñèÿ ãåíåðàòèâíûõ ÿðóñîâ, â ðåçóëüòàòå

êîòîðîé æåíñêèé ÿðóñ îêàçûâàåòñÿ â ãëóáèíå êðîíû,

à ìóæñêîé íà ïåðèôåðèè. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå âòîðè÷íîé

êðîíû, ñïîñîáíîé ó÷àñòâîâàòü â ðåïðîäóêòèâíûõ

ïðîöåññàõ, îáåñïå÷èâàåò êåäðó áîëüøóþ ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü æèçíè, ÷åì ó äðóãèõ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä.
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Îñîáåííîñòè ïðîöåññà åñòåñòâåííîãî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ

 ïðîèçâîäíûõ äóáíÿêîâ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ

À.Ï. Äîáðûíèí

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Èññëåäîâàíèå óñòîé÷èâîñòè è ñòàáèëüíîñòè â

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîì ïðîöåññå

Ñ.Ã. Ãëóøêî

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî åëüíèêà ïðîèñõîäèò ñðàâíèòåëüíî áîëåå óñïåøíî ïîä

ïîëîãîì ëèñòâåííèöû, ÷åì ïîä ïîëîãîì îñèíû èëè

áåðåçû áåëîé. Íàëè÷èå â ñîñòàâå âîññòàíàâëèâàþùåãîñÿ ïîñëå ïîæàðà åëüíèêà ýêçåìïëÿðîâ

êåäðà òàêæå ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîâûøåíèþ óñòîé÷èâîñòè

ëåñà. Ðåçêèé ðàñïàä ïèîíåðíûõ îñèíîâî-áåëîáåðåçîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ áëàãîïðèÿòñòâóåò ôîðìèðîâàíèþ îäíîâîçðàñòíûõ ïèõòîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñîâ, ïîäâåðæåííûõ ìàññîâîìó óñûõàíèþ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà èìåþò áîëüøóþ

óñòîé÷èâîñòü ïðè ïîâûøåíèè ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîñòè,

âûðàæåííîñòè-âûðàáîòàííîñòè âñåõ ïðèñóòñòâóþùèõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé, ïðè íàëè÷èè ïîëîãîâ

ñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ðàçíûìè ïîêîëåíèÿìè ðàñòåíèé.

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå óñòîé÷èâîãî êëèìàêñíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ëåñà ïðîèñõîäèò áîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíî ïîä

ïîëîãîì ïèîíåðíîãî äðåâîñòîÿ èç æåëòîé áåðåçû,

ëèñòâåííèöû è èíûõ äëèòåëüíîæèâóùèõ ïîðîä. È

íàîáîðîò, íà ñìåíó ïèîíåðíûì îñèííèêàì è èíûì

êîðîòêîæèâóùèì íàñàæäåíèÿì ÷àñòî ïðèõîäÿò íåóñòîé÷èâûå êîðåííûå ëåñà îðèãèíàëüíîãî ñîñòàâà

è ñòðóêòóðû. Íàïðèìåð: 6Ê40ñ; âîçðàñò Ê  150, Îñ

 60 ëåò; îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ ïîëíîòà äðåâîñòîÿ  1,0.

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ ãëàâíîé ïîðîäû íå âñåãäà ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î

âîññòàíîâëåíèè êëèìàêñíîãî êîðåííîãî ëåñà. Âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ñìåíû, èäóùèå ÷åðåç êîðîòêîæèâóùèå ïîðîäû, êàê ïðàâèëî, çàòÿãèâàþò ïðîöåññ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ âñåé ëåñíîé ýêîñèñòåìû. Ñìåíû

÷åðåç äëèòåëüíîæèâóùèå ïîðîäû íàîáîðîò óñêîðÿþò ïðîöåññû ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ.

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü îáû÷íî âîñïðèíèìàåòñÿ, êàê ñïîñîáíîñòü âîññòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ â èñõîäíîå èëè áëèçêîå ê

èñõîäíîìó ñîñòîÿíèå. Ïîýòîìó äåãðàäèðîâàííûå

ñîîáùåñòâà íåëüçÿ àïðèîðíî ñ÷èòàòü óñòîé÷èâûìè,

îíè â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè óòðà÷èâàþò ñïîñîáíîñòü âåðíóòüñÿ â èñõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå.

Îïðåäåëåííóþ ñòàáèëèçàöèþ äåðèâàòîâ íà áîëåå

óïðîùåííîì óðîâíå íå ñëåäóåò ïóòàòü ñ âîññòàíîâëåíèåì óñòîé÷èâîñòè. Óñòîé÷èâî-ïðîèçâîäíûå

ñîîáùåñòâà ñëåäóåò ïîíèìàòü èìåííî êàê ïðîèçâîäíûå ñîîáùåñòâà. Êðàéíå âàæíî ïðè îðãàíèçàöèè

ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðàçëè÷àòü óñòîé÷èâûå ñîîáùåñòâà îò óñòîé÷èâî-ïðîèçâîäíûõ. Â ïðîòèâíîì

ñëó÷àå, ëåñîâåäåíèå ìîæåò òåîðåòè÷åñêè îáåñïå-

÷èòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíóþ âûðóáêó êîðåííûõ, êîðîòêîäëèòåëüíî-íåîáðàòèìî ïðîèçâîäíûõ ëåñîâ.

Â ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ

íå ìîæåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ òîëüêî â îòðèöàòåëüíîì

ñìûñëå. Ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ ïðîèçâîäíîñòè ïðåïÿòñòâóåò âîçâðàòó â èñõîäíîå ñîñòîÿíèå, è îäíîâðåìåííî

îòðàæàåò ïðåêðàùåíèå ïðîöåññîâ äàëüíåéøåé äåãðàäàöèè. Ñòàáèëèçàöèè óñòîé÷èâî-ïðîèçâîäíûõ

ëåñîâ áëàãîïðèÿòñòâóþò äëèòåëüíîæèâóùèå ïîðîäû ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëè, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ýëåìåíòàìè

ñòàáèëüíîñòè. Â êîðåííûõ ëåñàõ, è â ëåñàõ ñ íîðìàëüíûì õîäîì äåìóòàöèè, äëèòåëüíîæèâóùèå

ïîðîäû ìîæíî íàçâàòü ýëåìåíòàìè óñòîé÷èâîñòè

ñîîáùåñòâ.

Ïëîùàäü, çàíèìàåìàÿ äóáîâûìè ëåñàìè íà

Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè, ïðåâûøàåò 3 ìëí. ãà. Õîòÿ

ñóùåñòâóþò è êîðåííûå äóáîâûå ëåñà, íàèáîëüøåå

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå èìåþò âòîðè÷íûå äóáíÿêè,

îáðàçîâàííûå íà ìåñòå óíè÷òîæåííûõ ðóáêîé èëè

îãíåì êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ïðîöåññ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èñõîäíûõ ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ

äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî èçó÷åí. Âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿì

êåäðà è äóáà ïîñâÿùåí öåëûé ðÿä ñïåöèàëüíûõ

ðàáîò (Ñîëîäóõèí, 1956; Ðîçåíáåðã è äð., 1960;

Êóðåíöîâà, 1972; Êóäèíîâ, 1993). Îáîáùàÿ

ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ ðàáîò, ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ïðîöåññ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èñõîäíûõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé

ïðîòåêàåò óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíî è ìîæåò áûòü

ðàçäåëåí íà äâà ýòàïà. Ïåðâûé ýòàï  ïîÿâëåíèå

ñàìîñåâà êåäðà ïîä ïîëîãîì äóáîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ,

âòîðîé  ôîðìèðîâàíèå íàñàæäåíèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå

êîíêóðåíöèè êåäðà è äóáà.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî êîëè÷åñòâî ñàìîñåâà

êåäðà çàâèñèò îò íàëè÷èÿ èñòî÷íèêà ñåìÿí. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè òàêîâîãî ñàìîñåâ íå ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ èëè ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíè÷íûì. Åñëè æå ïîáëèçîñòè íàõîäÿòñÿ
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ïëîäîíîñÿùèå äåðåâüÿ êåäðà, ïîÿâëåíèå ñàìîñåâà

ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü îáåñïå÷åííûì, åãî êîëè÷åñòâî íà 1

ãà ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü îò 0,4 äî 6,5 òûñ.øò. Îäíàêî,

ñóùåñòâîâàíèå ýòîãî ñàìîñåâà ïîâñåìåñòíî âñåöåëî çàâèñèò îò âîçäåéñòâèÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ïîâòîðÿþùèõñÿ íèçîâûõ ïîæàðîâ. Â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ýòî

âîçäåéñòâèå ïðîèñõîäèò íå÷àñòî è ÿâëÿåòñÿ

ñëàáûì, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ïðîöåññ ïîñòåïåííîãî

ïðåâðàùåíèÿ äóáíÿêîâ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ, õîòÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ñóõèõ è ïåðèîäè÷åñêè

ñóõèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, äóá îêàçûâàåòñÿ âåñüìà êîíêóðåíòíîñïîñîáíûì. Â òåõ æå ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ëåñíûå

ïîæàðû ðåãóëÿðíî óíè÷òîæàþò ïîÿâëÿþùèéñÿ

õâîéíûé ñàìîñåâ, îáëàäàþùèé çíà÷èòåëüíîé

ïîðîñëåâîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ïîäðîñò äóáà îáåñïåÏàðöåëëÿðíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ áèîêðóãîâîðîòà â

þæíîïðèìîðñêèõ ëåñàõ

Ï.Â. Åëïàòüåâñêèé

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

÷èâàåò äëèòåëüíîå ïðåîáëàäàíèå äóáà â äðåâîñòîå. Èìåííî ýòèì îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå äëèòåëüíî ïðîèçâîäíûõ äóáíÿêîâ.

Ñâîåâðåìåííîå âìåøàòåëüñòâî ÷åëîâåêà â ïðîöåññ

ñìåíû ïðåîáëàäàþùèõ ïîðîä, êåäðà è äóáà,

ñâîäèòñÿ ê îáåñïå÷åíèþ ïîÿâëåíèÿ ìîëîäîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà ïîä ïîëîãîì äóáà, â ò.÷., è ïîñðåäñòâîì

ñîçäàíèÿ ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð, è ê åãî îõðàíå îò îãíÿ.

Òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ äóáíÿêîâ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå íàñàæäåíèÿ ïîâûøàåò íå òîëüêî ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ëåñà, íî è åãî êîììåð÷åñêîå çíà-

÷åíèå, òàê êàê óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî â ñìåøàííûõ

êåäðîâî-äóáîâûõ è äóáîâî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ è äðåâåñèíà äóáà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå êà÷åñòâåííîé.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà íà þãå ñâîåãî

àðåàëà ñìûêàþòñÿ ñ ÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè, âñëåäñòâèå ÷åãî óñëîæíÿåòñÿ ïàðöåëëÿðíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà. Èññëåäîâàíèå

íåêîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê áèîêðóãîâîðîòà è îñîáåííîñòåé ïî÷âîîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î

ñóùåñòâåííîé ïàðöåëëÿðíîé äèôôåðåíöèàöèè

ìíîãèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé. Êðîíû õâîéíûõ ïàðöåëë (Abies

holophylla+Pinus koraiensis) ïîñòîÿííî ïîäêèñëÿþò

ïðîõîäÿùèå ÷åðåç íèõ àòìîñôåðíûå îñàäêè (äî ðÍ

3,98, ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå 4,43). Â øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ïàðöåëëàõ (Fraxinus rhynchophylla +Juglans manshurica) ïðîèñõîäèò ïîäùåëà÷èâàíèå ïîäêðîíîâûõ âîä

(ñðåäíåå çíà÷åíèå ðÍ 6,38). Â ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå ïîäêðîíîâûå âîäû îáîãàùåíû ðàñòâîðåííûìè ñîåäèíåíèÿìè æåëåçà è àëþìèíèÿ (â 2-3 ðàçà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè), âî âòîðîì  êàëèåì è

ôîñôîðîì (â 2 è 12 ðàç, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî). Ðàñòâîðû,

ïîñòóïàþùèå ñ êðîí, â êàêîé-òî ñòåïåíè çàäàþò

ñâîéñòâà ïî÷âåííîãî ïðîôèëÿ è ïðîöåññû â íåì.

Ãîäîâûå ïîñòóïëåíèÿ ëèñòîâîãî îïàäà íà ïî÷âó

áëèçêè âî âñåõ ëåñíûõ ïàðöåëëàõ  îêîëî 0,5 êã/ì2

,

íî â ÿñåíåâîé ïàðöåëëå ñ íèì ñóììèðóåòñÿ òàêîå

æå êîëè÷åñòâî áèîìàññû òðàâÿíîãî ïîêðîâà. Ïîä

õâîéíûìè ïîðîäàìè îíà ñíèæàåòñÿ äî 0,06 êã/ì2,

äóáîâûå ïàðöåëëû íåðåäêî ìåðòâîïîêðîâíû. Â íèõ

íàïî÷âåííûå íàêîïëåíèÿ îðãàíè÷åñêîãî ìàòåðèàëà

ìàêñèìàëüíû ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ïàðöåëëàìè,

íî çàïàñû ãóìóñà, ôîñôîðà è äðóãèõ ýëåìåíòîâ

ìèíåðàëüíîãî ïèòàíèÿ â áóðîçåìàõ ïîä äóáíÿêàìè

óñòóïàþò àíàëîãè÷íûì ïîêàçàòåëÿì â õâîéíûõ ïàðöåëëàõ è, îñîáåííî, â øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ñ ó÷àñòèåì ëèàí. Äëÿ ïîñëåäíèõ õàðàêòåðíî: ïî÷òè ïîëíîå

ðàçðóøåíèå îïàäà ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãîäà çà âåãåòàöèîííûé ïåðèîä, íàêîïëåíèå áîëüøèõ çàïàñîâ

óñòîé÷èâîãî ãóìóñà, áîãàòîãî âàëîâûì è äîñòóïíûì

ôîñôîðîì è äðóãèìè ýëåìåíòàìè. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ìíîãîïîðîäíûå ïàðöåëëû ñ ëèàíàìè îáëàäàþò íàèáîëüøåé åìêîñòüþ áèîêðóãîâîðîòà, íàñûùåííîñòüþ åãî çîëüíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè è ñêîðîñòüþ

îáîðîòà ýëåìåíòîâ, ôîðìèðóÿ òåì ñàìûì íàèáîëåå

ïëîäîðîäíûå ðàçíîñòè áóðîçåìîâ.

Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå

Ðîññèéñêîãî Ôîíäà Ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé (ãðàíò 95-05-14052).
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Ñêîðîñòü òðàíñïîðòà ìåòàáîëèòîâ è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ïîäðîñòà

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî (Pinus koraiensis Lieb et Zucc.)

Ë.Â. Êîçèíà

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü êåäðà (Pinus koraiensis) â ëåñàõ þãà

ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

À.Í. Êèñåëåâ

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà ýìïèðè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèîííîé ìîäåëè Ëåñíàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü Ïðèìîðüÿ  óñëîâèÿ ñðåäû, âêëþ÷àþùåé ñâûøå 3000 ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèõ îïèñàíèé è

õàðàêòåðèñòèê óñëîâèé ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ. Â

êà÷åñòâå ïîñëåäíèõ ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü ðàçíîîáðàçíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåëüåôà, êàê âåäóùåãî òðàíñôîðìàòîðà ãèäðîòåðìè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà.

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü ãåî- èëè áèîñèñòåìû ñîñòîèò â åå ñïîñîáíîñòè, ïðè âîçäåéñòâèè âíåøíåãî ôàêòîðà, ïðåáûâàòü â îäíîì èç ñâîèõ ñîñòîÿíèé è âîçâðàùàòüñÿ

â íåãî çà ñ÷åò èíåðöèè è âîññòàíàâëèâàåìîñòè, à

òàêæå ïåðåõîäèòü èç îäíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ â äðóãîå çà

ñ÷åò ïëàñòè÷íîñòè, íå âûõîäÿ ïðè ýòîì çà ðàìêè

èíâàðèàíòà (Ãðîäçèíñêèé, 1987). Ñïåöèôèêà ìîäåëè (âûÿâëåíèå âåëè÷èí ñâÿçè, íàïðèìåð, ìåæäó

ïðîöåíòîì ó÷àñòèÿ âèäà â îòäåëüíîì ÿðóñå èëè

ñîîáùåñòâå è óñëîâèÿìè ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ)

ïîçâîëÿåò ïðîâîäèòü îöåíêó óñòîé÷èâîñòè íà âñþ

òåððèòîðèþ, íà êîòîðîé îñóùåñòâëåíà âûáîðêà.

×åðåç âåëè÷èíó èíôîðìàöèè î ñîñòîÿíèè òåõ èëè

èíûõ âèäîâ â êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ìîæíî ñóäèòü

îá îïòèìóìå èõ ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ, ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò

òàêèì ôîðìàì óñòîé÷èâîñòè, êàê èíåðöèÿ è âîññòàíàâëèâàåìîñòü. Êîëè÷åñòâî æå èíôîðìàöèè âûñòóïàåò ìåðîé ïëàñòè÷íîñòè, ò.å., ñïîñîáíîñòè ó÷àñòèÿ

âèäà â ñàìûõ ðàçëè÷íûõ êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ñ äðóãèìè âèäàìè (Êèñåëåâ, 1994).

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü êåäðà ðàññìàòðèâàëàñü äëÿ âåðõíåãî

è íèçëåæàùåãî äðåâåñíûõ ÿðóñîâ, à òàêæå åãî

âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ. Îòìå÷åíî, ÷òî îïòèìóì ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ âèäà è åãî ïëàñòè÷íîñòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîâïàäàþò â ðàìêàõ íàçâàííûõ ÿðóñîâ, îäíàêî, ìåæúÿðóñíàÿ êàðòèíà íåñêîëüêî ìåíÿåòñÿ. Âûñîêèå è

ìàêñèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ îïòèìóìà è ïëàñòè÷íîñòè

õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ êåäðà â âåðõíåì äðåâåñíîì ÿðóñå

äëÿ âûñîò 300-900 ì íàä óð.ì., âî âòîðîì  300-

800 ì è â âîçîáíîâëåíèè  400-1000 ì. Â âåðõíåì

ÿðóñå è â âîçîáíîâëåíèè êåäð óñòîé÷èâ íà ñêëîíàõ

15-20 ãðàäóñîâ è êðó÷å; âî âòîðîì  ðàçëè÷íîé

êðóòèçíû. Íî, åñëè äëÿ äåðåâüåâ óñòîé÷èâîñòü

õàðàêòåðíà îò ïðèäîëèííûõ ñêëîíîâ è äî èõ ñðåäíèõ ÷àñòåé, òî äëÿ âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ  âñå ÷àñòè ñêëîíîâ. Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü êåäðà â âåðõíåì

ÿðóñå îòìå÷åíà äëÿ ñêëîíîâ þãî-çàïàäíîé ýêñïîçèöèè, âî âòîðîì  çàïàäíîé, à äëÿ âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ

 ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé. Ñèíòåç äàííûõ ïî âñåì ÿðóñàì

ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ýëåêòðîííûõ êàðòàõ.

Ðåàëüíàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé

âûðàæàåòñÿ â íàêîïëåíèè îðãàíè÷åñêîãî âåùåñòâà

â âèäå ñòâîëîâîé äðåâåñèíû.

Ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ôëîýìíîãî òðàíñïîðòà, èëè êîëè-

÷åñòâî âåùåñòâ, ïåðåíîñèìûõ â åäèíèöó âðåìåíè

íà åäèíèöó ðàññòîÿíèÿ, çàâèñèò îò ñêîðîñòè ïåðåäâèæåíèÿ, êîíöåíòðàöèè äâèæóùèõñÿ âåùåñòâ,

ðàçìåðà ïðîâîäÿùèõ ñîñóäîâ (Êóðñàíîâ,1976).

Ñêîðîñòü òðàíñïîðòà ñàõàðîâ ó äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé

íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ îò íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêîâ äî

100 ñì â ÷àñ. Ñâåäåíèé î ëèíåéíîé ñêîðîñòè

òðàíñïîðòà ìåòàáîëèòîâ ó õâîéíûõ â íàó÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå íåò.

Â ðàçíûõ âàðèàíòàõ ýêñïåðèìåíòà ìå÷åíûå ïî 14Ñ

ñàõàðîçà è ãëþêîçà áûëè ââåäåíû â ðàñòåíèÿ êåäðà

íå ôîòîñèíòåòè÷åñêè, à íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ïðîâîäÿùèå òêàíè õâîè ñòâîëà. 14Ñ-ñàõàðà òðàíñïîðòèðîâàëèñü âíèç ïî ñòâîëó. Òàê, ÷åðåç òðè ÷àñà

ïîñëå ââåäåíèÿ, 14Ñ-ñàõàðîçà áûëà îòìå÷åíà íà

ðàññòîÿíèè 13-15 ñì, ÷åðåç 6 ÷àñîâ  20-22 ñì,

÷åðåç 28 ÷àñîâ  â êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìå  87-110ñì.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàçíûé âîçðàñò äåðåâüåâ (8-15 ëåò) è

èõ ðàçìåðû (75-140 ñì), ñêîðîñòü òðàíñïîðòà ýêçîãåííîé ñàõàðîçû ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ íåçíà÷èòåëüíî è ñîñòàâëÿåò â ñðåäíåì 3,8 ñì â ÷àñ, à ñêîðîñòü ïåðåäâèæåíèÿ 14Ñ-ãëþêîçû  7,7 ñì â ÷àñ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå

èññëåäîâàíèé âïåðâûå óñòàíîâëåíà âîçìîæíîñòü

òðàíñïîðòà ãåêñîç (14Ñ-ãëþêîçà), ëèáî ïðîäóêòîâ åå

ìåòàáîëè÷åñêèõ ïðåâðàùåíèé.

Âîçìîæíî, ðåàëüíàÿ ñêîðîñòü òðàíñïîðòà ñàõàðîâ

â òêàíÿõ ôëîýìû êåäðà ìîæåò áûòü âûøå, òàê êàê

÷àñòü ââåäåííûõ 14Ñ-ñàõàðîâ èñïîëüçîâàëàñü íà

îñóùåñòâëåíèå ëàòåðàëüíîãî òðàíñïîðòà. Îòâëå-

÷åíèå ñàõàðîçû íà ïóòè åå äâèæåíèÿ íà ëàòåðàëü-
- 155 -

Î ñìåíå ïîêîëåíèé â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ

À.È. Êóäèíîâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

íûé òðàíñïîðò è çàïàñàíèå ñíèæàåò èñòèííûå

çíà÷åíèÿ ëèíåéíîé ñêîðîñòè òðàíñïîðòà ñàõàðîâ.

Ïî íàøèì äàííûì, èñïîëüçîâàíèå äëèòåëüíî äåïîíèðóåìûõ çàïàñíûõ ôîíäîâ ó õâîéíûõ ìîæåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ âåãåòàöèîííûõ

ñåçîíîâ. ×åðåç ãîä è äâà ãîäà ðàäèîàêòèâíûìè

áûëè íå òîëüêî ñòðóêòóðíûå (êëåò÷àòêà) è çàïàñíûå

âåùåñòâà (êðàõìàë), íî è ýòàíîë-ðàñòâîðèìûå

(ñàõàðà, îðãàíè÷åñêèå êèñëîòû, àìèíîêèñëîòû è

äð.). Íàèáîëüøåå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ðàäèîàêòèâíîñòè

ïðîèçîøëî â êëåò÷àòêó ñòâîëà (90,7%), ÷òî õàðàêòåðèçóåò íàïðàâëåííîñòü ïðîäóêöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà,

à èìåííî íàêîïëåíèå âåãåòàòèâíîé ìàññû ñòâîëà.

Òåîðèÿ ñòàäèéíî-âîçðàñòíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, ïðåäëîæåííàÿ Á.À.

Èâàøêåâè÷åì (1929) è ðàçâèòàÿ Á.Ï. Êîëåñíèêîâûì

(1956), ðàññìàòðèâàåò åñòåñòâåííóþ äèíàìèêó ýòèõ

ëåñîâ, êàê öèêëè÷åñêóþ ñìåíó ïîêîëåíèé êåäðà

(Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) è ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ

åìó ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ õâîéíûõ è ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä.

Ïîä ïîêîëåíèåì ïîíèìàëàñü îäíîâîçðàñòíàÿ ÷àñòü

ñëîæíîãî ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîãî äðåâîñòîÿ, â êîòîðîé

äèàïàçîí âîçðàñòîâ êåäðà íå ïðåâûøàë 40 ëåò; â

äàëüíåéøåì äîïóñêàëàñü äëèòåëüíîñòü åãî äëÿ

âñåõ ïîðîä äî äâóõ êëàññîâ âîçðàñòà (Ëåñíàÿ

ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ, 1986). Îòìå÷åíà íå÷åòêîñòü ãðàíèö

ìåæäó ïîêîëåíèÿìè â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ. Ïî íàøåìó

ìíåíèþ, ê îäíîìó ïîêîëåíèþ ëåñà ñëåäóåò îòíîñèòü

ñîâîêóïíîñòü äåðåâüåâ îäíîé ïîðîäû, áëèçêèõ ïî

âîçðàñòó è îòíîñèòåëüíî ðàâíîöåííûõ, êàê â ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîì, òàê è õîçÿéñòâåííîì îòíîøåíèÿõ

(ìîëîäíÿêè, æåðäíÿêè, ñðåäíåâîçðàñòíûå, ïðèñïåâàþùèå, ñïåëûå è ïåðåñòîéíûå ÷àñòè äðåâîñòîÿ). Êîëåáàíèÿ â âîçðàñòå â ïðåäåëàõ ïîêîëåíèÿ

ìîãóò ïðåâûøàòü äâà êëàññà.

Â äåâñòâåííûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ Óññóðèéñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà íå âûÿâëåí öèêëè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð ñìåí ïîêîëåíèé ãëàâíîãî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëÿ (Êóäèíîâ, 1994).

Âîçðàñòíûå èçìåíåíèÿ, äàæå áåç âîçäåéñòâèé êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ âíåøíåé ñðåäû, ïðèâîäÿò

ê ñìåíå êåäðà íà øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ïîðîäû, ïîä

ïîëîãîì êîòîðûõ çàòåì ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ

ìîãóò ðàçâèâàòüñÿ óæå èìåþùèåñÿ èëè çàðîæäàòüñÿ

íîâûå ïîêîëåíèÿ êåäðà, è òàêèì îáðàçîì, âîçðàñòíûå ñìåíû ïåðåðàñòàþò â âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå, à

ïî çàâåðøåíèè ïîñëåäíèõ, îíè ñíîâà ïåðåõîäÿò â

âîçðàñòíûå, íåñÿ â ñåáå íîâûå ñâîéñòâà è êà÷åñòâà.

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïîä âîçðàñòíûìè ñìåíàìè ñëåäóåò

ïîíèìàòü äèíàìèêó ñîñòàâà è ñòðóêòóðû íàñàæäåíèé â ñâÿçè ñ èçìåíåíèåì âîçðàñòà ãëàâíîãî

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëÿ, ïðè óñëîâèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ èì

ãîñïîäñòâà â ôèòîöåíîçå; ïîä âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûìè

 èçìåíåíèå ñîñòàâà è ñòðóêòóðû íàñàæäåíèÿ â

ñâÿçè ñ èçìåíåíèåì âîçðàñòà ãîñïîäñòâóþùåé

ïîðîäû èëè ïîðîä â ñòîðîíó âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ ãëàâíîãî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëÿ. Ïðè

êîðîòêî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåíàõ óêàçàííûå

èçìåíåíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿþòñÿ â òå÷åíèå 120-160 ëåò,

ïðè äëèòåëüíî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ îíè ðàñòÿãèâàþòñÿ äî 240 ëåò è áîëåå è ìîãóò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ ÷åðåç ïðîìåæóòî÷íûå ñòàäèè.
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Î íàïðàâëåíèè ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

À.Ï. Ëåáåäèíñêàÿ, À.Ï. Êîâàëåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ñóêöåññèîííûå ïðîöåññû â òåìíîõâîéíûõ ëåñàõ ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî

Â.Â. Êóçüìè÷åâ, Ò.Í. Ìèíäååâà,

À.Â. Êà÷àåâ, À.Â. Ïîïîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî ìíåíèå î òîì, ÷òî ïîñëå

ëîêàëüíîãî êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêîãî ðàçðóøåíèÿ äðåâîñòîåâ (â ðåçóëüòàòå ñòèõèéíûõ èëè àíòðîïîãåííûõ

âîçäåéñòâèé), êåäð ïîñåëÿåòñÿ ïîä çàùèòîé ïîëîãà

ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä è â ðåçóëüòàòå ñâîåé äîëãîâå÷-

íîñòè è òåíåâûíîñëèâîñòè ñ òå÷åíèåì âðåìåíè

çàâîåâûâàåò ãîñïîäñòâî â ñîñòàâå, îáðàçóÿ çàòåì

ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ (Ñìîëîíîãîâ, 1960;

Êîëåñíèêîâ, 1961; Êîñòþ÷åíêî, 1977; Ïîïîâ, 1982).

Â òî æå âðåìÿ èìååòñÿ ñõåìà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è äèíàìèêè â ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïèõòîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ (Ôàëàëååâ, 1964), ñìåøàííûõ åëîâî-ïèõòîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ (Ïîëÿêîâ, 1964) è ñìåøàííîé òðåõïîðîäíîé

òåìíîõâîéíîé òàéãè (Êðûëîâ, 1984).

Ïðîâåäåíî èññëåäîâàíèå äèíàìèêè ñîñòàâà òåìíîõâîéíûõ äðåâîñòîåâ â ïðåäåëàõ ïîäçîíû þæíîé

òàéãè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè è þæíîé ÷àñòè Åíèñåéñêîãî

êðÿæà (Áîëüøåìóðòèíñêèé ëåñõîç Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî

êðàÿ). Ñôîðìèðîâàííàÿ áàçà äàííûõ ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ëåñîèíâåíòàðèçàöèè 1991 ãîäà íà îñíîâå

ïàêåòà PARADOX, áûëà ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíà ñ ïîìîùüþ ýëåêòðîííîé òàáëèöû EXEL ñî ñïëîøíûì

îõâàòîì âñåõ âûäåëîâ (ñâûøå 20 òûñ.) íà ïëîùàäè

áîëåå 400 òûñ.ãà. Âûÿâëåíî äîìèíèðîâàíèå

ñìåøàííûõ òðåõïîðîäíûõ òåìíîõâîéíûõ äðåâîñòîåâ ñ î÷åíü ìåäëåííûì èçìåíåíèåì ñîñòàâà

(55%), è ëèøü â îäíîé ãðóïïå òèïîâ ëåñà îòìå÷åíî

óâåëè÷åíèå ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà â âîçðàñòå îò 120 äî 280

ëåò ñ 20 äî 40%. Çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ïëîùàäü (30%)

çàíèìàþò òàêæå åëîâî-ïèõòîâûå äðåâîñòîè, ãäå äëÿ

êåäðà îòìå÷àåòñÿ ëèøü íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå ó÷àñòèå.

Ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå äðåâîñòîè çàíèìàþò âñåãî îò 5

äî 10% îáùåé ïëîùàäè òåìíîõâîéíûõ ëåñîâ.

Äëÿ äâóõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ

ëèøü ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòü äðåâîñòîåâ, íàõîäÿùèõñÿ

íà ðàçíûõ ýòàïàõ ñóêöåññèîííîé äèíàìèêè, íî

ïðîòåêàþùèå â íèõ ïðîöåññû èçìåíåíèÿ ñîñòàâà ñ

âîçðàñòîì äîâîëüíî áëèçêè.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

ïðàêòè÷åñêè ïîëíîñòüþ îñâîåíû è â áîëüøèíñòâå

ñâîåì ïðîéäåíû ðóáêàìè, â íåêîòîðûõ ìåñòàõ ìíîãîêðàòíî. Íà äîëþ ñïåëûõ, ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ, ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà 3 è áîëåå åäèíèö, ïðèõîäèòñÿ îêîëî 20% ïëîùàäè ôîðìàöèè, îñíîâíàÿ

÷àñòü êîòîðûõ ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûõ

çîíàõ, çàïîâåäíûõ è îñîáî çàùèòíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ

è íà êðóòîñêëîíàõ. Åñòåñòâåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå

ïîä ïîëîãîì ìàòåðèíñêèõ äðåâîñòîåâ â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ïðîòåêàåò óñïåøíî. Â ñîñòàâå ïîäðîñòà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ âñå ìíîãîîáðàçèå ïîðîäíîãî ñîñòàâà íàñàæäåíèÿ. Îêîëî 40-60% ñîñòàâëÿåò ïîäðîñò õâîéíûõ ïîðîä, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ â áîëüøèíñòâå

ñâîåì ïðåîáëàäàåò ïèõòà áåëîêîðàÿ, íà êåäðîâûé

ïîäðîñò ïðèõîäèòñÿ 20-30%.

Ïðîìûøëåííûå ðóáêè â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ âíåñëè äèñáàëàíñ â âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ïðîöåññû íà ïðîéäåííûõ ðóáêàìè ïëîùàäÿõ. Íà âûðóáêàõ ðàçíûõ ëåò óñïåøíîñòü âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä, â ò.÷. è êåäðà, âî ìíîãîì

îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñòåïåíüþ ñîõðàííîñòè ïîäðîñòà

ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé ãåíåðàöèè è íàëè÷èåì èñòî÷íèêîâ

îáñåìåíåíèÿ. Ñîõðàííîñòü ïîäðîñòà çàâèñèò îò

èíòåíñèâíîñòè ðóáêè è ñîáëþäåíèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ òðåáîâàíèé ê ïðîâåäåíèþ

ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò. Ïðè èíòåíñèâíîñòè âûáîðêè äî

40% çàïàñà è âûïîëíåíèè ïàðàìåòðîâ òåõíîëîãèè

ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò ñîõðàííîñòü ïîäðîñòà äîñòèãàåò

60-80%. Íà ëåñîñåêå ñîçäàþòñÿ íîðìàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ïîäðîñòà. Ïîä ïîëîãîì

îñòàâøåãîñÿ äðåâîñòîÿ ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ëèñòâåííîõâîéíûå ìîëîäíÿêè ñî çíà÷èòåëüíûì ó÷àñòèåì

êåäðà.

Ïðè íàðóøåíèè òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ ðóáîê

è óâåëè÷åíèè èíòåíñèâíîñòè âûðóáêè äî 80%, çà

ñ÷åò ðóáêè êåäðà, ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðîèñõîäèò

ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ëèñòâåííûìè ïîðîäàìè. Âûðóáêè

â òå÷åíèå 1-3 ëåò çàðàñòàþò ñâåòîëþáèâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ, ïðåïÿòñòâóþùåé âîçîáíîâëåíèþ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä. Õâîéíûé ïîäðîñò ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íà íèõ ÷åðåç 10-15 ëåò ïðè èçðåæèâàíèè òðàâÿíîãî ïîêðîâà

ïîä ñìûêàþùèìñÿ ïîëîãîì ìîëîäíÿêà ëèñòâåííûõ

ïîðîä, íî ó÷àñòèå êåäðà â íåì íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ
- 157 -

Ê âîïðîñó î äèíàìèêå êåäðîâíèêîâ

À.À. Ëîáîâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èñõîäíîãî äðåâîñòîÿ èëè äðåâîñòîÿ

ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà ñâûøå òðåõ åäèíèö ñîñòàâà. Çàòðóäíåíî åñòåñòâåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå êåäðà íà

ïîñëåïîæàðíûõ âûðóáêàõ. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå çäåñü

1. Àíòðîïîãåííàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà  îäèí èç

îñíîâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, îêàçûâàþùèõ ñóùåñòâåííîå

âëèÿíèå íà äèíàìèêó êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ.

2. Àíàëèç ìàòåðèàëîâ ÷åòûðåõêðàòíîãî ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà íà óðî÷èùå Âîëõà Áàíåâóðîâñêîãî ëåñíè-

÷åñòâà Ó÷åáíî-îïûòíîãî ëåñõîçà Ïðèìîðñêîé ÃÑÕÀ

çà áîëåå ÷åì ïÿòèäåñÿòèëåòíèé ïåðèîä ïîñëå 1928

ãîäà ïîçâîëèë óñòàíîâèòü, ÷òî äîëÿ ëåñîâ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà ñîêðàòèëàñü ñ 83 äî 16% ëåñîïîêðûòîé ïëîùàäè, â òî æå âðåìÿ äîëÿ ÷åðíîïèõòàðíèêîâ âîçðîñëà ñ 6 äî 22%, à ïëîùàäü íàñàæäåíèé ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä óâåëè÷èëàñü ñ 11 äî 62%. Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà èçìåíåíèé ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî â ïðîøëîì ëåñà ïîäâåðãàëèñü óñèëåííîé ýêñïëóàòàöèè ïóòåì ïðîâåäåíèÿ

óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê, êîòîðûå îðèåíòèðîâàëèñü íà äåëîâóþ êåäðîâóþ äðåâåñèíó. Óäîáñòâî

ïîëîæåíèÿ, íàëè÷èå ïóòåé òðàíñïîðòà ïðèâîäèëî

ê òîìó, ÷òî íà îòäåëüíûå ó÷àñòêè çà ïîëóâåêîâîé

ïåðèîä áûëî ïî 3-4 çàõîäà ñ ðóáêîé.

3. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò óñëîâèé ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ

ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ðóáîê íàáëþäàþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå

âàðèàíòû êîðîòêî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí êåäðà.

Íà ñûðûõ øëåéôîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è ïîéìàõ âûáîðî÷íûå ðóáêè êåäðà ïðèâîäÿò ê ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ÿñåíåâíèêîâ, íàñàæäåíèé ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì òîïîëÿ, èâ,

îëüõè, áåðåçû ìàíü÷æóðñêîé, à òàêæå ìíîãîïîðîäíûõ èëüìîâî-êëåíîâî-áåðåçîâûõ ëåñîâ. Íà

ñêëîíàõ ðàçëè÷íîé êðóòèçíû, ýêñïîçèöèè, ñòåïåíè

óâëàæíåíèÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèå ïåðåøëî ê áåðåçå

æåëòîé, ëèïå, äóáó è äð. Íà ðÿäå ó÷àñòêîâ, ãäå ðàíåå

â ñîñòàâå íàñàæäåíèé ó÷àñòâîâàëà ïèõòà öåëüíîëèñòíàÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïðè ëåñîçàãîòîâêàõ ïðàêòè÷åñêè

íå âûáèðàëàñü, ïðåîáëàäàíèå ïåðåøëî ê ïîñëåäíåé.

4. Ïðåêðàùåíèå íà òåððèòîðèè óðî÷èùà ðóáîê

ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, ïðàêòè÷åñêîå îòñóòñòâèå

ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ, íàëè÷èå ïîä ïîëîãîì ïðîèçâîäíûõ

íàñàæäåíèé õâîéíîãî ïîäðîñòà â êîëè÷åñòâå äî 0,5-

3,0 òûñ.ýêç. íà ãà ïîçâîëÿåò çàêëþ÷èòü, ÷òî â

ïðîöåññå ñàìîðàçâèòèÿ íàñàæäåíèé â ïîðÿäêå

êîðîòêî-âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ñìåíû ìîæåò áûòü

îáåñïå÷åíî âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîçèöèé êåäðà âïëîòü

äî åãî ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ â ñîñòàâå íàñàæäåíèé.

Îñîáåííîñòè ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí â

êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñàõ ïîñëå óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê

(íà ïðèìåðå ñðåäíåãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ)

Ë.À. Ìàéîðîâà, Í.Ô. Ïøåíè÷íèêîâà, Á.Ô. Ïøåíè÷íèêîâ

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâî-åëîâûå ëåñà, íàõîäÿñü â ïåðåõîäíîé çîíå,

õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ áîëüøèì ñïåêòðîì óñëîâèé ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ÷òî îáóñëàâëèâàåò íàïðàâëåííîñòü è ñêîðîñòü âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñìåí ïîñëå ðóáîê.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â âåðõîâüÿõ ð. Äîðîæíàÿ, â êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñàõ, ïðîéäåííûõ óñëîâíîñïëîøíûìè ðóáêàìè 1-, 2- è 12-ëåòíåé äàâíîñòè.

Çàëîæåíî 6 ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé íà ñêëîíàõ ðàçíîé

ýêñïîçèöèè è êðóòèçíû, ïðîâåäåíû ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèå

è ïî÷âåííûå îïèñàíèÿ. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ëåñíûõ

öåíîçîâ èäåò ðàçëè÷íûìè ïóòÿìè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

ðåëüåôà. Íà ïîëîãèõ ñêëîíàõ ñåâåðíûõ, çàïàäíûõ

è âîñòî÷íûõ ýêñïîçèöèé ïðîèñõîäèò ñìåíà âòîðè÷-

íûìè áåðåçîâûìè öåíîçàìè, ïîä ïîëîãîì êîòîðûõ

óñïåøíî ðàçâèâàåòñÿ õâîéíîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé è ïîñëåäóþùåé ãåíåðàöèè. Ðåçêî

óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ïðèðîñò âåðõóøå÷íîãî ïîáåãà, ïðè-

÷åì, êåäð ðàñòåò áûñòðåå, ÷åì åëü è ïèõòà è äîìèíèðóåò ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè. Ýòîìó áëàãîïðèÿòñòâóåò

çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ìîùíîñòü ïî÷âåííîãî ïðîôèëÿ (îò 50

äî 100 ñì) è âûñîêèå çàïàñû ãóìóñà (151 ò/ãà â 100

ñì òîëùå).

Íà ïîëîãèõ þæíûõ ñêëîíàõ âûðóáêè îòëè÷àþòñÿ

ñèëüíîé ýðîäèðîâàííîñòüþ ïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà.

Çàïàñû ãóìóñà ñíèæàþòñÿ äî 50 ò/ãà. Èññóøåíèå

ïî÷âû, áîëüøàÿ íàðóøåííîñòü âåðõíåé ÷àñòè

êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé áåç ïðîâåäåíèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé âîçìîæíî ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî

ïîêîëåíèé ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä
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Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ è åãî îñîáåííîñòè

â þæíîé ïîëîâèíå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Þ.È. Ìàíüêî

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

ïðîôèëÿ ñîçäàþò óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ýðîçèè.

Ðåçêî óõóäøàþòñÿ ïî÷âåííî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ

ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ. Ïîäðîñò ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé

ãåíåðàöèè íåìíîãî÷èñëåí è óãíåòåí, ìíîãî óñîõøèõ

ýêçåìïëÿðîâ  åëü è ïèõòà (49 è 45%), êåäð (6%).

Ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî âñõîäîâ áåðåçû

ïëîñêîëèñòíîé è äðóãèõ ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä. Â

ïîäëåñêå ïîëíîå ãîñïîäñòâî ìàëèíû ñàõàëèíñêîé,

â òðàâîñòîé âíåäðÿþòñÿ çàíîñíûå âèäû. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâíèêà ïðîéäåò ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî

ñìåí.

Íà êðóòûõ ñåâåðíûõ ñêëîíàõ ïðîöåññ çàìåùåíèÿ

êîðåííûõ âèäîâ èäåò ìåäëåííåå. Ñîõðàííîñòü

Ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûé ïðîöåññ (ËÎÏ)  âðåìåííîé

ïðîöåññ, ïðåäñòàâëåííûé ñëîæíîé ìîçàèêîé ñìåí,

êîòîðûå ïðîèñõîäÿò â ëåñíîì ïîêðîâå è îòðàæàþò

ýòàïû åãî ýâîëþöèè. Íà÷àëî åãî ñâÿçàíî ñ âîçíèêíîâåíèåì ëåñîâ, à â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ  ñ

çàëåñåíèåì ñâîáîäíûõ ñóáñòðàòîâ. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâ

ðàññìàòðèâàë ËÎÏ, êàê ÷àñòíîå ïðîÿâëåíèå áèîãåîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ïðîöåññà, ñëàãàåìîãî èç ïîñòîÿííî

âçàèìîäåéñòâóþùèõ ìåæäó ñîáîé ïðîöåññîâ

èíñïåðìàöèè, ýíäîêîàêöèè, èíïóëüâåðèçàöèè è ýêñïóëüâåðèçàöèè, ïðîÿâëåíèå êîòîðûõ çàâèñèò îò ñòàäèè ËÎÏ. ËÎÏ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòüþ,

óñòîé÷èâîñòüþ, ñêîðîñòüþ, äèíàìè÷íîñòüþ, ñòàäèéíîñòüþ è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòüþ. Íà ïðèìåðå ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè þæíîé ïîëîâèíû Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ÷åòêî

ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ çîíàëüíàÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü ËÎÏ, êîòîðàÿ ïðè àâòîãåííîì ðàçâèòèè ëåñîâ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì çîíàëüíûõ ýäèôèêàòîðîâ íà

îñíîâíûõ ñòàäèÿõ âîçðàñòíîé äèíàìèêè äðåâîñòîåâ, à ïðè ýêçîãåííûõ âîçäåéñòâèÿõ  ñïåöèôè-

÷åñêèì íàáîðîì ñóêöåññèîííûõ ðÿäîâ. Çîíàëüíûé

ËÎÏ ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ èç ÷àñòíûõ ËÎÏ, êàæäûé èç êîòîðûõ ñâîéñòâåí îïðåäåëåííîìó òèïó ëåñà ñ õàðàêòåðíûìè äëÿ íåãî ïàðàìåòðàìè ïðîäóêöèîííîãî

ïðîöåññà. Ñïåêòð ÷àñòíûõ ËÎÏ ñïåöèôè÷åí äëÿ

ðàçíûõ ôîðìàöèé, ñóáôîðìàöèé è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ

ôàöèé ëåñîâ. Óñòîé÷èâîñòü çîíàëüíûõ è ÷àñòíûõ

ËÎÏ çàâèñèò îò ïîòåíöèàëüíîé åñòåñòâåííîé âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ñïîñîáíîñòè ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì,

îöåíèâàåìîé ïî âîçìîæíîñòè áûñòðîãî âîññîçäàíèÿ ëåñíîé îáñòàíîâêè çà ñ÷åò ñîáñòâåííûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ïîñëå âîçäåéñòâèÿ ëåñîðàçðóøèòåëüíûõ

ôàêòîðîâ. ËÎÏ â õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

áîëåå óñòîé÷èâ, ÷åì â ïèõòîâî-åëîâûõ.

Ñêîðîñòü ËÎÏ îöåíèâàåòñÿ ïî âðåìåíè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî çîíàëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà, à ïðè

àâòîãåííîì ðàçâèòèè  ïî ñêîðîñòè ñìåíû ïîêîëåíèé ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä; íà ïðèìåðå òåìíîõâîéíûõ ïèõòîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñîâ ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü

âîçðàñòàåò ïðè äâèæåíèè îò ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöû àðåàëà ê þæíîé.

Äèíàìè÷íîñòü ËÎÏ çàâèñèò îò ÷àñòîòû âîçäåéñòâèÿ

ýêçîãåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ è îò óðîâíÿ äèíàìè÷íîñòè

ðåëüåôîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Îíà â öåëîì

âûñîêàÿ â çîíå ïåðåõîäà îò ñóøè ê îêåàíó, îñîáåííî

â îáëàñòÿõ ñîâðåìåííîãî âóëêàíèçìà. Íàèáîëåå

âûñîêà îíà â äîëèííûõ ýêîòîïàõ. Ñòàäèéíîñòü ËÎÏ

âûðàæàåòñÿ ÷åðåç ñòàäèè âîçðàñòíîé, äèãðåññèâíîé è âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé äèíàìèêè äðåâîñòîåâ.

ïîäðîñòà, â îñíîâíîì ïèõòîâî-åëîâîãî, õîðîøàÿ.

Êåäð âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåæå. Ìàëàÿ ìîùíîñòü ïî÷âåííîãî ïðîôèëÿ (35-40ñì) è âûñîêàÿ ñêåëåòíîñòü,

íåñìîòðÿ íà âûñîêèå çàïàñû ãóìóñà (äî 97 ò/ãà),

ïðåïÿòñòâóþò çàñåëåíèþ âûðóáîê áåðåçîé è âîññòàíîâëåíèå õâîéíîãî ëåñà èäåò áåç ñìåíû ïîðîä.

Áîëüøîé âðåä êåäðîâî-åëîâûì ëåñàì, ïðîéäåííûì

ðóáêàìè, íàíîñÿò ïîæàðû. Óíè÷òîæàåòñÿ õâîéíûé

è ëèñòâåííûé ïîäðîñò. Øèðîêî ðàçâèâàþòñÿ êèïðåéíûå è âåéíèêîâûå àññîöèàöèè ñ ïëîòíîé äåðíèíîé. Íà òàêèõ ó÷àñòêàõ åñòåñòâåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå

ëåñà ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî.
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Î íåêîòîðûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòÿõ âòîðè÷íûõ

ñóêöåññèé êåäðîâíèêîâ çåëåíîìîøíûõ

Ñ.À. Íèêîëàåâà

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ìåõàíèçèðîâàííàÿ âûðóáêà, íàðÿäó ñ ïîæàðàìè,

îêàçûâàåò ìîùíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà ëåñíóþ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü. Çíàíèå ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííîé

ñòðóêòóðû ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ (ñîñòàâà è ñî÷åòàíèé

èõ ñòðóêòóðíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ), â òîì ÷èñëå è íèæíèõ

ÿðóñîâ, ïîçâîëÿåò áîëåå ãëóáîêî ïîíÿòü ìåõàíèçìû

ñìåí ñîîáùåñòâ â õîäå ñóêöåññèè.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ñòðóêòóðå è ñîñòàâó íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ

êåäðîâíèêà êóñòàðíè÷êîâî-çåëåíîìîøíîãî â ïîäçîíå ñðåäíåé òàéãè Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî

ðàñòèòåëüíûå ñîîáùåñòâà åãî âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîâîçðàñòíîãî ðÿäà îòëè÷àþòñÿ: (1) îòíîñèòåëüíîé

íåèçìåííîñòüþ âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ,

(2) ñóùåñòâåííûìè ðàçëè÷èÿìè âî âíóòðåííåé

îðãàíèçàöèè âûäåëåííûõ ñòðóêòóðíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ

(ìèêðîãðóïïèðîâîê), â îñîáåííîñòè ïðîåêòèâíîì

ïîêðûòèè è ïîñòîÿíñòâå âèäîâ, à òàêæå ñîîòíîøåíèè çàíèìàåìûõ èìè ïëîùàäåé.

Âêëàä îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ â ñõîäñòâî íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ

ôèòîöåíîçîâ èçìåíÿåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòàäèè

ðàçâèòèÿ. Â ñîîáùåñòâàõ íà íà÷àëüíûõ ñòàäèÿõ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ëåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ñõîäñòâî

íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ ïî ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîìó ñëîæåíèþ

äîñòèãàåòñÿ â îñíîâíîì çà ñ÷åò âèäîâ òðàâÿíîêóñòàðíè÷êîâîãî ÿðóñà, â ìåíüøåé ìåðå  ìîõîâîãî.

Íà êîíå÷íûõ ñòàäèÿõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è â êîðåííûõ

ñîîáùåñòâàõ ýòî ñõîäñòâî îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ, â

îñíîâíîì, çà ñ÷åò âèäîâ ìîõîâîãî ÿðóñà.

Íàèáîëüøàÿ íåîäíîðîäíîñòü íàïî÷âåííîãî

ïîêðîâà õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ñîîáùåñòâ íà÷àëüíûõ

ýòàïîâ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, ãäå

õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñîñòàâà è ñòðóêòóðû íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ

çàâèñÿò îò ñòåïåíè íàðóøåííîñòè ïî÷âû ïîñëå

ðóáêè ëåñà, à âïîñëåäñòâèè  è îò ãóñòîòû

ôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿ ëèñòâåííîãî ïîëîãà.

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîêàçàòåëåé ñîñòàâà è ñòðóêòóðû

íàïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà äî èñõîäíûõ â äåìóòàöèîííîì ðÿäó äàííîãî òèïà ëåñà èäåò ðàçíûìè

òåìïàìè. Íàèìåíüøèå èçìåíåíèÿ è áîëåå áûñòðûå

òåìïû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ôëîðèñòè-

÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà íàïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà, íàèáîëüøèå

èçìåíåíèÿ è áîëåå ìåäëåííûå òåìïû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ  äëÿ ãîðèçîíòàëüíîé ñòðóêòóðû è ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ñëîæåíèÿ íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ.

Î âëèÿíèè èíòåíñèâíîñòè ðóáîê óõîäà íà ðîñò

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ïîñàäîê êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

È.À. Ïàâëåíêî

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäð êîðåéñêèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíîé ïîðîäîé ïðè

ëåñîêóëüòóðíîì ìåòîäå ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ

íàñàæäåíèé Ïðèìîðüÿ è þãà Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ. Çà

ïîñëåäíèå äâàäöàòü ëåò òîëüêî â ëåñõîçàõ Ïðèìîðüÿ

çàëîæåíî áîëåå ñòà òûñÿ÷ ãåêòàðîâ òàêèõ êóëüòóð. Â

íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïåðåä ïðîèçâîäñòâåííèêàìè îñòðî

ñòîèò ïðîáëåìà ðóáîê óõîäà çà êóëüòóðàìè, î íåîáõîäèìîñòè êîòîðûõ ïèñàëè ìíîãèå èññëåäîâàòåëè.

Íî ïîêà íåò äîñòàòî÷íî îáîñíîâàííûõ äàííûõ îá

èíòåíñèâíîñòè âûáîðêè äðåâîñòîÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ôàçàõ ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ïîñàäîê.

Â 1970 ãîäó íàìè áûë çàëîæåí îïûò ïî âëèÿíèþ ðóáîê

óõîäà íà ðîñò êåäðà â ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ïîñàäêàõ,

çàëîæåííûõ íà òåððèòîðèè ó÷åáíî-îïûòíîãî ëåñõîçà

Ïðèìîðñêîé ñåëüõîçàêàäåìèè â 1966 ãîäó. Íà ñåêöèè

1 1 ìàëîöåííîå íàñàæäåíèå áûëî âûðóáëåíî ïîëíîñòüþ, íà ñåêöèè 1 2  âûáîðêà ñîñòàâèëà 25-30%

îò ÷èñëà ñòâîëîâ. Ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà ìàëîöåííîãî

äðåâîñòîÿ ñîñòàâà 10Ä ðàâíÿëàñü 9,4 ì, ÷èñëî ñòâîëîâ 3100 øòóê íà 1 ãà. ×åðåç 20 ëåò íà ó÷àñòêå âçÿëè

äâà ìîäåëüíûõ äåðåâà, íà êîòîðûõ ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàëè õîä ðîñòà êåäðà â óñëîâèÿõ ðàçëè÷íîé îñâåùåííîñòè.

Â ïåðâûå ïÿòü ëåò ðîñò ñàæåíöåâ áûë ïðàêòè÷åñêè

îäèíàêîâûì: 0,2-0,25 ì ïî âûñîòå è 0,4 ñì ïî äèàìåòðó. Íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå ðóáîê óõîäà êàðòèíà ðåçêî

ìåíÿåòñÿ: ìîäåëüíîå äåðåâî ñåêöèè 1 2 íà÷èíàåò

êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêè îòñòàâàòü ïî âñåì ïàðàìåòðàì.

Ïðè÷åì, òåìïû îòñòàâàíèÿ ñ êàæäûì ãîäîì óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ. Òàê, âûñîòû 2,5 ì ïåðâàÿ ìîäåëü äîñòèãëà ê

11, à âòîðàÿ ê 17 ãîäàì; âûñîòû 3,5 ì  ê 13 è 23

ãîäàì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Àíàëîãè÷íàÿ êàðòèíà è ïî

äðóãèì òàêñàöèîííûì ïîêàçàòåëÿì.

Ïîëó÷åííûå ìàòåðèàëû óáåäèòåëüíî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò  èíòåíñèâíîñòü âûðóáêè ìàëîöåííîãî äóáíÿêà

â ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ïîñàäêàõ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â

ôàçå, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ñìûêàíèþ è ôàçå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ äðåâîñòîÿ äîëæíà áûòü êàê ìîæíî áëèæå ê

100%.
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Íàïðàâëåííîå ôîðìèðîâàíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ â Çàïàäíîì Ñàÿíå

Ë.Ñ. Ïøåíè÷íèêîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïîñëå ïîæàðîâ è ðóáîê ãîðíûõ òåìíîõâîéíûõ (êåäðîâîåëîâî-ïèõòîâûõ) ëåñîâ èõ âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðîèñõîäèò

÷åðåç ñìåíó ïîðîä. Â ïðåäåëàõ îäíîãî òèïà ëåñà ôîðìèðóþùèåñÿ ìîëîäíÿêè ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ïî ñîñòàâó,

÷èñëåííîñòè è ïîëîæåíèþ òåìíîõâîéíûõ ïîðîä â öåíîçå è õàðàêòåðó âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñóêöåññèé. Äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ öåëåé îêàçàëàñü íåîáõîäèìîé âíóòðèòèïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ìîëîäíÿêîâ íà òèïû ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èëè òèïû ìîëîäíÿêîâ, â îñíîâó êîòîðîé ïîëîæåí ñîñòàâ íàñàæäåíèé: ëèñòâåííûå ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà

è äðóãèõ òåìíîõâîéíûõ äî 30% â ñîñòàâå, ñìåøàííûå

ëèñòâåííî-òåìíîõâîéíûå ñ ïðèìåðíî îäèíàêîâûì

ó÷àñòèåì õâîéíûõ è ëèñòâåííûõ, òåìíîõâîéíûå ñ

ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà, åëè è ïèõòû. Â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ

ýòèì íîðìàòèâû ðóáîê óõîäà îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè íå òîëüêî îò òèïà ëåñà, íî è òèïà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ

ìîëîäíÿêà, ÷òî ñóùåñòâåííî ïîâûøàåò ýôôåêòèâíîñòü

ðóáîê óõîäà â âûðàùèâàíèè âûñîêîïðîäóêòèâíûõ

äðåâîñòîåâ. Òàêîé ïîäõîä âíà÷àëå áûë ðåàëèçîâàí ïðè

ðàçðàáîòêå íîðìàòèâîâ ðóáîê óõîäà çà ñîñíîé â ñìåøàííûõ ìîëîäíÿêàõ (1967), çàòåì â Íàñòàâëåíèÿõ ïî

ðóáêàì óõîäà â ëåñàõ Âîñòî÷íîé è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

(1977, 1988, 1994).

Â ïðîãðàììàõ ðóáîê óõîäà äëÿ ëèñòâåííî-òåìíîõâîéíûõ

íàñàæäåíèé íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäóñìàòðèâàòü âàðèàíòû

óñêîðåííîãî ïåðåâîäà èõ â êåäðîâíèêè: ðàçîâîå ïîëíîå

óäàëåíèå ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä, ëèáî äâóõïðèåìíîå óäàëåíèå, êîãäà ïîëíàÿ âûðóáêà ëèñòâåííûõ ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ îïàñíîé äëÿ õâîéíîé ÷àñòè.

Ïðîâåäåíèå ðóáîê óõîäà çà êåäðîì äàåò îñíîâàíèå

îòíîñèòü âñå âûñîêîáîíèòåòíûå ìîëîäûå ëèñòâåííûå

íàñàæäåíèÿ â ïðåäåëàõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî àðåàëà êåäðà,

ïðè íàëè÷èè â íèõ 800-1000 ýêç./ãà ïîäðîñòà êåäðà èëè

400-500 ýêç./ãà êåäðà â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîÿ è âòîðîì

ÿðóñå, ê ïîòåíöèàëüíûì êåäðîâíèêàì è ñîêðàòèòü íà 1-

2 êëàññà âîçðàñòà ñðîê ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ êåäðîâûõ

íàñàæäåíèé, à òàêæå ñòèìóëèðîâàòü èõ ðàííåå è áîëåå

èíòåíñèâíîå ïëîäîíîøåíèå. Íà îïûòíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ

Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà ÷åðåç 15 ëåò ïîñëå èíòåíñèâíûõ îñâåòëåíèé ñ öåëüþ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ îðåõîíîñíûõ ïëàíòàöèé

êîëè÷åñòâî ïëîäîíîñÿùèõ äåðåâüåâ óâåëè÷èëîñü

âäâîå, à óðîæàéíîñòü â÷åòâåðî; ÷åðåç 20 ëåò ýòè

ïîêàçàòåëè óäâîèëèñü.
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Ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ìîëîäíÿêîâ

ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà

Ë.À.Ñèáèðèíà

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò

 ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ó÷àñòèå êåäðà â ñîñòàâå õâîéíî-ëèñòâåííûõ ìîëîäíÿêîâ â çîíå êîíòàêòà êåäðîâíèêîâ è åëüíèêîâ îáû÷íî

íåäîñòàòî÷íî äëÿ åñòåñòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ êåäðà. Ðóáêàìè óõîäà ìîæíî îáåñïå÷èòü

âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ êåäðà è ñîêðàùåíèå äëèòåëüíîñòè âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ñóêöåññèé.

Ìîäåëü ñóêöåññèîííîãî ðÿäà ñîñòàâëåíà íà îñíîâå ìàòåðèàëîâ îïûòíûõ ðóáîê óõîäà.

Ðóáêè ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïî Ïðèìîðñêîé óçêîïàñå÷íîé

 òåõíîëîãèè â êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ è åëîâî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ.

ß

Óñèëåíèå ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ îñâîáîäèâøåãîñÿ õâîéíîãî è ëèñòâåííîãî ïîäðîñòà; ïîÿâëåíèå ïîäðîñòà

ïîñëåäóþùåé ãåíåðàöèè.

ß

Âîçðàñòàíèå ðîëè ëèñòâåííûõ, èõ ìàêñèìàëüíîå ó÷àñòèå â ñîñòàâå.

ß

Ìàêñèìàëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå ñîìêíóòîñòè íîâîãî äðåâåñíîãî ïîëîãà.

Çàìåäëåíèå ðîñòà õâîéíîãî ìîëîäíÿêà.

Äëèòåëüíîñòü âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîé ñóêöåññèè ñîêðàùàåòñÿ ðóáêàìè óõîäà ìèíèìóì íà îäèí êëàññ âîçðàñòà.

ßß

Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ äðåâîñòîÿ íà

ïîëîãè; îòïàä óãíåòåííûõ

ýêçåìïëÿðîâ.

ß

×àñòè÷íîå âðàñòàíèå õâîéíûõ

ïîðîä â âåðõíèé ïîëîã; óñèëåíèå

óãíåòåíèÿ ïîä÷èíåííîãî ïîëîãà,

îñîáåííî êåäðà è åëè.

ß

Íà÷àëî îòïàäà ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä â ãîñïîäñòâóþùåì ÿðóñå è

óâåëè÷åíèå äîëè õâîéíûõ ïîðîä

ñ íåîïðåäåëåííîé äîëåé êåäðà.

ß

Èíòåíñèâíûé îòïàä ëèñòâåííûõ

ïîðîä; çàêðåïëåíèå ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïèõòû, åëè, ðåæå êåäðà.

Ðóáêè óõîäà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî çà

êåäðîì è åëüþ, à òàêæå öåííûìè

ëèñòâåííûìè ïîðîäàìè.

ß

Óâåëè÷åíèå äîëè õâîéíûõ

ïîðîä è ñâåäåíèå äî ìèíèìóìà

äîëè ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä:

óâåëè÷åíèå ïðèðîñòà õâîéíûõ.

ß

Âòîðîé ïðèåì ðóáîê óõîäà.

ß

Çàêðåïëåíèå ïîçèöèé õâîéíûõ

ïîðîä, â îñíîâíîì êåäðà è åëè:

óâåëè÷åíèå ïðèðîñòà õâîéíîãî

ìîëîäíÿêà è ïîäðîñòà

ïîñëåäóþùåé ãåíåðàöèè.
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Ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ã.À. Áåëàÿ, Â.Ë. Ìîðîçîâ

Èíñòèòóò êîìïëåêñíîãî àíàëèçà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ

ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Áèðîáèäæàí. ÅÀÎ. Ðîññèÿ.

II. ÒÈÏÎËÎÃÈß, ÊËÀÑÑÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß, ÁÈÎÐÀÇÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÈÅ

Êåäðîâî-÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Í.Ã. Âàñèëüåâ

Ìîñêîâñêàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ àêàäåìèÿ

èì. Ê.À.Òèìèðÿçåâà. Ìîñêâà. Ðîññèÿ.

Âàæíåéøèå àñïåêòû æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ñïåöèôèêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû è ðåàêöèåé íà íåå îñíîâíûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ áèîòû. Õàðàêòåð

ýòèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé îòðàæàåòñÿ íà ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè è óñòîé÷èâîñòè

ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ. Ïîñëåäñòâèÿ îò âîçäåéñòâèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ôàêòîðîâ íà äðåâåñíûå, êóñòàðíèêîâûå è òðàâÿíèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ

îñîáåííîñòÿõ èõ àäàïòàöèè ê óñëîâèÿì ñðåäû è â

ãîìåîñòàçå ñîîáùåñòâ. Îñíîâíîå âíèìàíèå èññëåäîâàòåëåé áûëî íàïðàâëåíî íà ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ

îöåíêó ñòðóêòóðíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãîñïîäñòâóþùèõ è

ïîä÷èíåííûõ ÿðóñîâ êåäðîâíèêîâ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

ïðèðîäíûõ è èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ïðè÷èí. Ðåçóëüòàòû èçó-

÷åíèÿ æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè îñíîâíûõ ãðóïï ðàñòåíèé

è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ äðåâîñòîåâ ôðàãìåíòàðíû.

Ïðè ïîñòàíîâêå ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ

èññëåäîâàíèé â ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ ìû ñòîëêíóëèñü ñî ñëîæíîé ñèñòåìîé áèîòè÷åñêèõ è àáèîòè÷åñêèõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé è ïîïûòàëèñü äàòü êîëè÷åñòâåííîå îïèñàíèå çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ. Ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè ñêîðîñòè

îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïåðâè÷íûõ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ ïðîäóêòîâ,

ïëîòíîñòè ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ïîòîêîâ è èíòåíñèâíîñòè

ïðîöåññîâ âîäîîáìåíà ðàñòåíèé íàìè îòìå÷åíà

ïëàñòè÷íîñòü èõ ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî àïïàðàòà ïðè

ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåæèìàõ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ

ôàêòîðîâ. Çàêîíîìåðíîñòè àêêóìóëÿöèè ýíåðãèè â

îðãàíè÷åñêîé ìàññå îòðàæàþò ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå è àäàïòàöèîííûå ñâîéñòâà ðàñòåíèé è

ïîòåíöèàëüíûå âîçìîæíîñòè äðåâîñòîåâ. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿ ñïåöèàëèçàöèÿ ñòðóêòóðíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ

îñíîâíûõ ïîðîä è äîìèíàíòîâ íåîäèíàêîâà è îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èõ ãåíîòèïè÷åñêîé îðãàíèçàöèåé è ôåíîòèïè÷åñêîé ðåàêöèåé, ÷òî õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ íåîäíîðîäíûõ âûñîêîîðãàíèçîâàííûõ ýêîñèñòåì êåäðîâíèêîâ. Íàèáîëåå óäîáíûì èíäèêàòîðîì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ òðàâÿíîé

ÿðóñ. Âñå äðåâåñíûå ïîðîäû è êóñòàðíèêè îáëàäàþò

âûñîêîé ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé èíåðöèîííîñòüþ. Â ñâÿçè

ñ ýòèì ïðîÿâëåíèå âíåøíåé ðåàêöèè òðàâ íà ýêñòðåìàëüíûå ñèòóàöèè ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ è ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòè êåäðà

è äðóãèõ äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé.

Ýòà ñâîåîáðàçíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ, ïåðåõîäíàÿ îò þæíûõ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ê ÷åðíîïèõòîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñàì, ïðîèçðàñòàåò íà þãå

Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ, ãäå îáëàñòü åå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ

çàêëþ÷åíà ìåæäó ïàðàëëåëÿìè 43°30' è 42°40' ñ.ø.

(áàññåéíû ðåê çàëèâà Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî è îç. Õàíêà).

Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ è â ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ãîðíûõ ðàéîíàõ

Êèòàÿ è Ñåâåðíîé Êîðåè. Ýòî íàèáîëåå áîãàòàÿ âî

ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè è ñëîæíàÿ ïî ñòðîåíèþ

è ñîñòàâó íàñàæäåíèé ëåñíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà, ÷òî îòìå÷àåòñÿ â ðàáîòàõ Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâà,

Á.Ï. Êîëåñíèêîâà è äðóãèõ àâòîðîâ.

Â êåäðîâî-÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

âñòðå÷àåòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî âèäîâ äðåâåñíûõ,

êóñòàðíèêîâûõ è òðàâÿíèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé è ëèàí,

âêëþ÷åííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè, èëè ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ ðåäêèìè äëÿ äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî ðåãèîíà.

Ñðåäè íèõ ñëåäóåò íàçâàòü áåðåçó Øìèäòà, äóá çóá-

÷àòûé, êàëîïàíàêñ ñåìèëîïàñòíûé, òèñ îñòðîêîíå÷-

íûé, ñîñíó ãóñòîöâåòêîâóþ, ìîææåâåëüíèê âûñîêèé,

êëåí Êîìàðîâà, ðîäîäåíäðîí Øëèïïåíáàõà, àáåëèþ êîðåéñêóþ, âåéãåëó ðàííþþ, àðàëèþ êîíòèíåíòàëüíóþ, çàìàíèõó âûñîêóþ, àêòèíèäèè Äæèðàëüäè,

ïîëèãàìíóþ, îñòðóþ, àðèñòîëîõèþ ìàíü÷æóðñêóþ,

êèñëèöó îáðàòíîòðåóãîëüíóþ, ôèàëêó Ðîññà, è ðÿä

ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ñåìåéñòâà îðõèäíûõ.

Äëÿ áîëüøåé ÷àñòè íàñàæäåíèé ýòîé ôîðìàöèè

õàðàêòåðíî ïðèñóòñòâèå ãðàáà ñåðäöåëèñòíîãî,

ÿñåíÿ íîñîëèñòíîãî, ãðóøè óññóðèéñêîé, âèøíè
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Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ þæíîãî Ïðèìîðüÿ

Ñ.Ê. Ãàìáàðÿí

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

ñàõàëèíñêîé è íåêîòîðûõ þæíûõ âèäîâ êëåíà:

ìàíü÷æóðñêîãî ëîæíîçèáîëüäîâîãî è áîðîäàòîãî.

Êåäðîâî-÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà òàê

æå, êàê è þæíûå ëèàíîâûå êåäðîâíèêè ñ ïèõòîé

öåëüíîëèñòíîé, ãðàáîì ñåðäöåëèñòíûì è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè âèäàìè ðåëèêòîâûõ ðàñòåíèé, ñëåäóåò

îòíåñòè ê ðåäêèì ñîîáùåñòâàì, êîòîðûå íóæíî äåòàëüíî èçó÷èòü è âçÿòü ïîä îñîáóþ îõðàíó.

Ê óíèêàëüíûì ëåñíûì ñîîáùåñòâàì íå òîëüêî ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, íî è Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè

îòíîñÿòñÿ õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå öåíîçû ñ

ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, ïèõòû öåëüíîëèñòíîé

è åëè àÿíñêîé, âî âòîðîì è òðåòüåì ÿðóñàõ êîòîðûõ

ïðåîáëàäàåò òèñ îñòðîêîíå÷íûé (îò 3 äî 7 åäèíèö

ñîñòàâà). Ïîäîáíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ íàìè îòìå÷åíû â

çàïîâåäíèêàõ: Ëàçîâñêîì, Óññóðèéñêîì è Êåäðîâàÿ

ïàäü. Âîçðàñò òèñà íà îòäåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîæåò

äîñòèãàòü 1000 ëåò.

Áîãàòûå ïî âèäîâîìó ñîñòàâó è îáèëèþ ïå÷åíî÷-

íèêîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà (ÊØË)

Ïðèìîðüÿ çàíèìàþò öåíòðàëüíîå ïîëîæåíèå â

ëåñíîì òèïå ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè (Ñîëîâüåâ, 1935;

Êîëåñíèêîâ, 1966à,á; Êóðåíöîâà, 1968). Îäíàêî,

ýêñòåíñèâíîå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ êðàÿ

âûçûâàåò óãðîçó ïîòåðè áîëüøèõ ìàññèâîâ óíèêàëüíîé òàéãè. Èñ÷åçíîâåíèå õâîéíûõ ïîðîä ïðèâîäèò

ê îáåäíåíèþ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ áðèîôèòîâ, ÷òî

íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà îñòðîâàõ çàë. Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî è

íåêîòîðûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ìîðñêîãî ïîáåðåæüÿ ï-âà

Ìóðàâüåâà-Àìóðñêîãî (Ñîëîâüåâ, 1935; Ãàìáàðÿí,1988). Íà õâîéíûõ ïîðîäàõ, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñëóùèâàíèå èõ êîðû, îòìå÷àåòñÿ äîâîëüíî áîëüøîå

÷èñëî ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ: íà îñíîâàíèÿõ âûñòóïàþùèõ

êîðíåé ïèõòû è åëè  16 âèäîâ, êåäðà  10. Íåìàëî÷èñëåííà è ñïåöèôè÷íà ãðóïïà ýïèêñèëîâ,

ïîñåëÿþùèõñÿ íà ãíèþùåé äðåâåñèíå êåäðà è

äðóãèõ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä. Áîãàòñòâî ãåïàòèêîôëîðû

ìîæíî âèäåòü íà ïðèìåðå íåêîòîðûõ ãîðíûõ

âåðøèí Þæíîãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ (ÞÑ-À), çàïîâåäíûõ

è îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé ðåãèîíà. Òàê, íàèáîëüøèì âèäîâûì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ îòëè-

÷àþòñÿ ÊØË ãîðû ßñòðåáîâêà (47% îò âñåãî ñîñòàâà

ôëîðû ðåãèîíà), õð. Ëèâàäèéñêîãî (îêîëî 33%),

Âåðõíåóññóðèéñêîãî ñòàöèîíàðà ÁÏÈ (83%), çàïîâåäíèêîâ Óññóðèéñêîãî (80%), Ëàçîâñêîãî (50%), è

Êåäðîâàÿ Ïàäü (6%). Ãîðíûé ðåëüåô ðåãèîíà ñïîñîáñòâóåò ñîõðàíåíèþ, ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîìó ñáëèæåíèþ è ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ ðàçëè÷íûõ ðåäêèõ íåìîðàëüíûõ è ñóáòðîïè÷åñêèõ ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ (Bazzania

bidentula, Cololejeunea ornata è äð.), ïîäíèìàþùèõñÿ âìåñòå ñ áîðåàëüíûìè ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè

íà çíà÷èòåëüíûå âûñîòû ÞÑ-À.

Ðàññìàòðèâàÿ â öåëîì ãåïàòèêîôëîðó ëåñíîãî ïîÿñà þãà êðàÿ, ìîæíî îòìåòèòü åå äîìèíèðóþùèé õàðàêòåð. Îíà âêëþ÷àåò 128 âèäîâ ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ, ÷òî

ñîñòàâëÿåò 96% âñåé ôëîðû. Íàèáîëüøèì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ (îêîëî 89 âèäîâ) îòëè÷àþòñÿ ñìåøàííûå øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-õâîéíûå ëåñà

ãîðíûõ ñêëîíîâ. Â ïåðåõîäíûõ êåäðîâûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ (êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ, êåäðîâî-åëîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ, êåäðîâî-åëîâî-ïèõòîâûõ) íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ

33 âèäà. Â ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ îòìå÷åíî 66 âèäîâ, à â ïèõòîâîåëîâûõ  60. Ñòðîãîé ïðèóðî÷åííîñòè ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ

ê îïðåäåëåííûì ôîðìàöèÿì íå íàáëþäàåòñÿ.

Íàèáîëüøåå âèäîâîå ñõîäñòâî (58%) îòìå÷àåòñÿ

ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íûìè ôîðìàöèÿìè ñìåøàííûõ

øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-õâîéíûõ è øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ÷òî ïîä÷åðêèâàåò èõ òåñíóþ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ

ñâÿçü.
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Ðàçíîîáðàçèå è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ïåäîáèîíòîâ

êåäðîâíèêîâ Ïðèàìóðüÿ

Ã.Í. Ãàíèí

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå èíäèêàöèîííûõ ìåòîäîâ ïðè

ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ

Ò.À. Êîìàðîâà, Ë.ß. Àùåïêîâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò,

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Íàèáîëüøèì âèäîâûì μ-ðàçíîîáðàçèåì îòëè÷àþòñÿ â Ïðèàìóðüå êðóïíûå ïî÷âåííûå áåñïîçâîíî÷íûå êåäðîâíèêîâ (220 âèäîâ). ×èñëåííîñòü

ìåçîôàóíû áèîòîïîâ ïîäçîíû êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò 540-930 ýêç/ì2

. Ïî

êîëè÷åñòâó âèäîâ (ïåðåä ñêîáêîé) è ñðåäíåé ÷èñëåííîñòè (â ñêîáêàõ) â ãðóïïàõ ýòî âûãëÿäèò ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: ìàëîùåòèíêîâûå ÷åðâè 20 (ìåãàäðèëèäû - 49, ýíõèòðåèäû - 380), ìîëëþñêè - 17 (54),

ìíîãîíîæêè äâóïàðíîíîãèå  14 (35), ëèòîáèîìîðôíûå  8 (35), ãåîôèëîìîðôíûå  7 (46), ïàóêè

 37 (38), êîæèñòîêðûëûå  4 (5), ëè÷èíêè ìóõ  20

(42), æóæåëèöû  36 (9), ñòàôèëèíèäû  30 (23),

ïðîâîëî÷íèêè  8 (16), ñëîíèêè  9 (12), ëè÷èíêè

ïëàñòèí÷àòîóñûõ  3 (11), ëèñòîåäû  2 (3), ìÿãêîòåëêè  1 (1), ìåðòâîåäû  4 (0,3).

Â êåäðîâíèêå çà ãîä îáùàÿ óáûëü îïàäà ñîñòàâëÿåò

îêîëî

200 ã/ì2

, èëè 44% îò åãî çàïàñà: õâîÿ êåäðà  îêîëî

20 ã, ëèïà  80 ã, äóá  îêîëî 100 ã. Ïî÷òè ïîëîâèíà

ýòîé âåëè÷èíû îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ

êðóïíûõ ñàïðîôàãîâ. Ñóììàðíûé âêëàä ýòèõ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ â ÷èñòóþ ìèíåðàëèçàöèþ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ

îñòàòêîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò âåëè÷èíó ïîðÿäêà 20%.

Ïî ìåðå äåñòðóêöèè îïàäà ñîäåðæàíèå ýëåìåíòîâ

â íåì èçìåíÿåòñÿ ñòðîãî îïðåäåëåííûì îáðàçîì.

Êðóïíûå ñàïðîôàãè ñïîñîáñòâóþò âûâåäåíèþ èç

îïàäà ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñåõ ýëåìåíòîâ. Îñîáåííî àêòèâíî áåñïîçâîíî÷íûå ïðåïÿòñòâóþò íàêîïëåíèþ

â ëåñíîì îïàäå àçîòà, ôîñôîðà è êàëüöèÿ.

Ïðè âûäåëåíèè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ðÿäîâ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ â õîäå ïîñëåïîæàðíûõ ñóêöåññèé ðàíåå (Êîìàðîâà, 1989, 1992; è

äð.) íàìè èñïîëüçîâàëèñü èíäèêàöèîííûå ìåòîäû,

îñíîâàííûå íà èíòåðïðåòàöèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåæèìîâ ñðåäû, êàê ïî ïðèçíàêàì ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà

(âèäîâîé ñîñòàâ, èíäèêàòîðíûå âèäû, ÿðóñíîå è

ñèíóçèàëüíîå ñëîæåíèå, åñòåñòâåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå, âîçðàñòíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà ïîïóëÿöèé, áîíèòåò

è ñòðóêòóðà äðåâîñòîÿ), òàê è ïî ýíòîïè÷åñêèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì (ýêñïîçèöèÿ, êðóòèçíà è ïðîòÿæåííîñòü

ñêëîíîâ, ìåõàíè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ ïî÷âû, ìîùíîñòü

ãóìóñîâîãî ãîðèçîíòà, õàðàêòåð ïîäñòèëêè è äð.).

Ýòî ïîçâîëèëî âûäåëèòü 10 òèïîâ äèãðåññèâíîäåìóòàöèîííûõ ñóêöåññèîííûõ ðÿäîâ, îõâàòûâàþùèõ ðàçíûå ýòàïû ïîñëåïîæàðíîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûõ, òåìíîõâîéíî-êåäðîâûõ è êåäðîâî-òåìíîõâîéíûõ ëåñîâ

ñðåäíåãîðíîãî ïîÿñà Þæíîãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ.

Äîïîëíèòåëüíî, èñïîëüçîâàâ ìåòîä ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ

øêàë (Ðàìåíñêèé, 1928, 1938; Ðàìåíñêèé ñ ñîàâò.,

1956; è äð.), ìû ïîëó÷èëè áîëåå îáúåêòèâíóþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ îöåíêó îïèñàííûõ 150 ðàñòèòåëüíûõ

ñîîáùåñòâ, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëî áîëåå îáîñíîâàííîìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ èõ â òèïû äèãðåññèâíîäåìóòàöèîííûõ ñóêöåññèîííûõ ðÿäîâ. Ïî ðàçðàáîòàííîé íàìè ïðîãðàììå äëÿ ïåðñîíàëüíîãî êîìïüþòåðà âïåðâûå äëÿ øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-õâîéíûõ ëåñîâ

Þæíîãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ áûëè ñîñòàâëåíû ìåñòíûå

ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå òàáëèöû ïî ôàêòîðàì óâëàæíåíèÿ,

àêòèâíîìó áîãàòñòâó ïî÷â è âûñîòíîñòè äëÿ 136

âèäîâ âûñøèõ ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé. Íà îñíîâå ýòèõ

òàáëèö ïî ìîäèôèöèðîâàííîìó ìåòîäó çàñå÷åê áûëà óñòàíîâëåíà àìïëèòóäà òîëåðàíòíîñòè ôèòîöåíîçîâ êàæäîãî òèïà ñóêöåññèîííûõ ðÿäîâ ïî ãðàäèåíòàì óâëàæíåíèÿ, àêòèâíîãî áîãàòñòâà ïî÷â è âûñîòíîñòè. Ïðè ýòîì âñÿ âûáîðêà ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèõ

îïèñàíèé ñãðóïïèðîâàëàñü â 13 òèïîâ äèãðåññèâíîäåìóòàöèîííûõ ñóêöåññèîííûõ ðÿäîâ, êîòîðûå ðàñïðåäåëèëèñü ïî ãðàäèåíòàì óâëàæíåíèÿ ïî÷â ìåæäó ñòóïåíÿìè 58 è 70, ïî àêòèâíîìó áîãàòñòâó ïî÷â

 ìåæäó ñòóïåíÿìè 4 è 13 è ïî âûñîòíîñòè  ìåæäó

ñòóïåíÿìè 9 è 14.
- 165 -

Êåäðîâûå ñîñíû Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.À. Íåäîëóæêî

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû èíâåíòàðèçàöèè è ñîõðàíåíèÿ

ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íà ïðèìåðå øèðîêîëèñòâåííîêåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ï.Â. Êðåñòîâ

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ àêòèâíî ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ìåòîäîëîãèÿ íîâîãî íàó÷íîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ  áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Íàèáîëåå ôóíäàìåíòàëüíîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ

çàäà÷à ñîõðàíåíèÿ è ïîääåðæàíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà áèîñôåðû íà óðîâíÿõ èíäèâèäîâ, ïîïóëÿöèé, ñîîáùåñòâ. Ïðè ýòîì ñîîáùåñòâàì è ýêîñèñòåìàì îòâîäèòñÿ íå òîëüêî âàæíàÿ ðîëü åñòåñòâåííûõ ñàìîïîääåðæèâàþùèõñÿ ðåçåðâóàðîâ ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî

ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, íî è ðîëü óçëîâîãî ôàêòîðà ñ îäíîé

ñòîðîíû  ñòðóêòóðíîé îðãàíèçàöèè ãåíîôîíäà è ñ

äðóãîé  ïîääåðæàíèÿ ãëîáàëüíîãî ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî

áàëàíñà.

Ïðîáëåìà ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïðè

íàñòîÿùåé äåòàëüíîñòè è ñòîëü íåðàâíîìåðíîé

èçó÷åííîñòè ëåñîâ íå ìîæåò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ â

îòðûâå îò äâóõ åå àñïåêòîâ: âûÿâëåíèå ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íà âñåõ óðîâíÿõ è ñîõðàíåíèå åãî ýëåìåíòîâ.

Òàêîå ðàññìîòðåíèå îáúåêòà èññëåäîâàíèé ïîëàãàåò ðàçãðàíè÷åíèå ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïîäõîäîâ ê

ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, êàê ê ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå

(èëè ê ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèì ñèñòåìàì), òàê è ê

ñîâîêóïíîñòè äèñêðåòíûõ åäèíèö, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõñÿ ðàçíîðîäíûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì â ïðîñòðàíñòâå, êðèòåðèÿìè ðåäêîñòè è îáû÷íîñòè.

Â ðàìêàõ ïîäõîäîâ ëåíèíãðàäñêîé ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêîé

øêîëû, àäàïòèðîâàííûõ ê ñëîæíûì øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûì ëåñàì, íà îñíîâå îáøèðíûõ

îðèãèíàëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ïîñëåäíèõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè

óïîðÿäî÷åíî â 49 àññîöèàöèé, 25 ãðóïï è 5 êëàññîâ

àññîöèàöèé. Ñèñòåìà êàòåãîðèé ðåäêîñòè-îáû÷-

íîñòè ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ áûëà ðàçðàáîòàíà

íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè Ïðèìîðüÿ è Ïðèàìóðüÿ. Ïî õàðàêòåðó ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâà

ðàñïðåäåëåíû â êëàññû ðåäêèå, ðåãèîíàëüíî ðåäêèå è îáû÷íûå. Êëàññ ðåäêèõ ñîîáùåñòâ âêëþ÷àåò

5 êàòåãîðèé ðåäêîñòè, âûäåëåííûõ ïî ôëîðîöåíîãåíåòè÷åñêèì, ýêîëîãî-ñòðóêòóðíûì è àðåàëîãè÷åñêèì ïðèçíàêàì.

Ïðèìåíåíèå êðèòåðèåâ ðåäêîñòè-îáû÷íîñòè ê øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûì ëåñàì ïîçâîëèëî îòíåñòè ê

ðàçëè÷íûì êàòåãîðèÿì ðåäêîñòè 11 àññîöèàöèé, 1

ãðóïïó àññîöèàöèé è êëàññû Pineta purum è

Nemoreto-Pineta carpinosium. Íàèáîëüøàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ ðåäêèõ ñîîáùåñòâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ íà þãå Ïðèìîðüÿ, êîíöåíòðàöèÿ íåîõðàíÿåìûõ â çàïîâåäíèêàõ

îáû÷íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ  â áàññåéíå ðåêè Áîëüøàÿ

Óññóðêà.

Äëÿ òåððèòîðèè ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà â

ñâîäêå Ä.Ï. Âîðîáüåâà (1968) óêàçûâàëîñü äâå

êåäðîâûõ ñîñíû - Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. è

P. pumila (Pall.) Regel. Âñêîðå Þ.À. Ìàíüêî è Â.Ï.

Âîðîøèëîâ (1969) óñòàíîâèëè ïðîèçðàñòàíèå â

Àÿíî-Ìàéñêîì ðàéîíå Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ P. sibirica

Du Tour, à Í.Å. Êàáàíîâ (1972) óêàçàë ýòîò æå âèä

äëÿ Àìóðñêîé îáëàñòè, íå ïðèâåäÿ íè êàðòû àðåàëà,

íè õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèé. Ïîçäíåå, âèä

áûë óêàçàí À.Ï. Íå÷àåâûì (1984) äëÿ õðåáòà Ýçîï.

Òåì íå ìåíåå, È.Þ. Êîðîïà÷èíñêèé (1989) íå âêëþ-

÷èë P. sibirica âî ôëîðó ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Åãî ìîòèâàöèþ (ñêîðåå âñåãî, ñåìåíà áûëè

çàíåñåíû ÷åëîâåêîì) ìû ñ÷èòàåì íåäîñòàòî÷íîé.

Äîñòîâåðíî â Íþêæåíñêîì ðàéîíå Àìóðñêîé îáëàñòè âèä íàéäåí À.Å. Êîæåâíèêîâûì. Äëÿ ÑåâåðîÂîñòî÷íîãî Êèòàÿ ñèáèðñêèé êåäð åùå íå óêàçûâàëñÿ, íî îïèñàííóþ èç ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè

õðåáòà Áîëüøîé Õèíãàí õèíãàíñêóþ ñîñíó P.

hingganensis, êîòîðóþ àâòîð (Zhang, 1985) ñðàâíèâàë ñ P. koraiensis ñëåäóåò îòíåñòè â ñèíîíèìû ê P.

sibirica. Äðóãèå êèòàéñêèå àâòîðû (Chou et al., 1986)

ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî õèíãàíñêàÿ ñîñíà, ÿâëÿÿñü áîëüøîé

ðåäêîñòüþ, çàïîëíÿåò ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèé õèàòóñ

ìåæäó P. sibirica è P. pumila. Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ òàáëèöà

P. sibirica, P. hingganensis è P. pumila, ïðèâåäåííàÿ

â ïîñëåäíåé ðàáîòå, ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî êèòàéñêèå

áîòàíèêè ñëàáî ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñåáå ïîäëèííûå ïðåäåëû èçìåí÷èâîñòè P. sibirica.

Â.Ì. Óðóñîâ (1995) óêàçàë íà ïðîèçðàñòàíèå íà îñòðîâå Èòóðóï åùå îäíîé êåäðîâîé ñîñíû P. parviflora

Siebold et Zucc., äîñòîâåðíî èçâåñòíîé òîëüêî èç

ßïîíèè (Satake et al., 1989). Ââèäó îòñóòñòâèÿ

ãåðáàðíûõ îáðàçöîâ, ñîáðàííûõ Â.Ì. Óðóñîâûì èëè

êåì-ëèáî äðóãèì, âåëèêà âåðîÿòíîñòü, ÷òî çà P.
- 166 -

Êåäðîâíèêè Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ: ñîñòîÿíèå, äèíàìèêà, ãåîãðàôèÿ,

ýêîëîãèÿ, òèïû ëåñà, ïåðñïåêòèâû èññëåäîâàíèé

Á.Ñ. Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêèé

Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Îöåíêà óñòîé÷èâîñòè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ â Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè

Â.Ä. Ïåðåâîçíèêîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

parviflora áûëè ïðèíÿòû äåðåâîâèäíûå ýêçåìïëÿðû

Pinus pumila. Òàêèå ðàñòåíèÿ èçâåñòíû è èç äðóãèõ

ïóíêòîâ àðåàëà êåäðîâîãî ñòëàíèêà (Ïîçäíÿêîâ,

1952, 1953; Ãðèáêîâ, 1964; Íå÷àåâ, 1975).

Íà Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèíå êåäð íàõîäèòñÿ â

îïòèìàëüíûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ, ãäå ôîðìèðóåò íàñàæäåíèÿ (ïîäçîíà ñðåäíåé òàéãè) â øèðîêîì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîì äèàïàçîíå, óñòóïàÿ ìåñòî ñîñíå

ëèøü íà áåäíûõ áîðîâûõ ïåñêàõ è â ðÿäó îëèãîòðîôíîãî çàáîëà÷èâàíèÿ. Áóäó÷è ñèëüíûì ýäèôèêàòîðîì, îí óñòîé÷èâî çàíèìàåò çíà÷èòåëüíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà â áîðåàëüíîé çîíå, ïîýòîìó îáëàñòü ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî îïòèìóìà êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî äîëæíà

áûòü îáúåêòîì îñîáîãî âíèìàíèÿ ïëàíîâûõ è ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Êåòü-

×óëûìñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ, îòíîñÿùåìóñÿ ïî ïî÷âåííî-ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêîìó ðàéîíèðîâàíèþ (Ãîðîæàíêèíà, Êîíñòàíòèíîâ, 1978) ê Êåòñêîìó ñðåäíåòàåæíîìó ñîñíîâî-êåäðîâîìó ðàéîíó. Ïî ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîìó ðàéîíèðîâàíèþ (Êåäðîâûå ..., 1985) êåäðîâûå ëåñà Êåòü-×óëûìñêîãî ìåæäóðå÷üÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ

ê Çàïàäíî-Ñèáèðñêîé ðàâíèííîé ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîé îáëàñòè ê îêðóãó ðàâíèííûõ ñðåäíåòàåæíûõ

ëåñîâ. Îñíîâíîé òèïîëîãè÷åñêèé ôîí ïðåäñòàâëåí

êåäðîâíèêàìè çåëåíîìîøíûìè, çàíèìàþùèìè

äðåíèðîâàííûå âîäîðàçäåëû ñ áëàãîïðèÿòíûì

ðåæèìîì óâëàæíåíèÿ ïî÷â; äîëãîìîøíûìè (âîãíóòûå ó÷àñòêè âîäîðàçäåëüíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ); áîëîòíî-ìîõîâûìè (îáðàìëåíèå âåðõîâûõ è ïåðåõîäíûõ

áîëîò); òðàâÿíî-áîëîòíûìè (òåððàñû ðåê ñî ñëàáîïðîòî÷íûì ðåæèìîì óâëàæíåíèÿ). Ïðîèçâîäíûìè

ÿâëÿþòñÿ áåðåçíÿêè, èçðåäêà îñèííèêè, çåëåíîìîøíûå, îñîêîâî-äîëãîìîøíûå, îñîêîâî-ñôàãíîâûå è âåéíèêîâûå.

Äëÿ îöåíêè óñòîé÷èâîñòè ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà

è ñòðóêòóðû íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ â õîäå ñóêöåññèîííûõ ñìåí ñðàâíèâàëèñü

êåäðîâíèêè, ñîñíÿêè, áåðåçíÿêè è îñèííèêè, ïðèóðî-

÷åííûå ê ñõîäíûì ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûì óñëîâèÿì.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî íàèáîëåå

áëèçêè ê êåäðîâíèêàì ïî ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó

íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ ñîñíÿêè (êîýôôèöèåíò ñõîäñòâà

80%), çàòåì áåðåçíÿêè (70%) è ìåíåå âñåãî  îñèííèêè (56%). Ïðè ñðàâíèòåëüíîì àíàëèçå âèäîâîãî

ñîñòàâà ïî ãðàäèåíòó ñóêöåññèîííîãî ïðîöåññà èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ïîêàçàòåëè àëüôà- è áåòà-ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ (Óèòòåêåð, 1975), íà îñíîâàíèè êîòîðûõ

óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ìàêñèìàëüíîå âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ñâîéñòâåííî äëÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ (0,31) è

ìèíèìàëüíîå  äëÿ îñèííèêîâ (0,21).

Â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå ëåñîâ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî 2187,3 òûñ. ãà, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 63% îáùåé ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Çà

ïîñëåäíèå 30 ëåò ïëîùàäü êåäðîâûõ (êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ) ëåñîâ óìåíüøèëàñü íà 10%. Íà

çíà÷èòåëüíîé ïëîùàäè êåäðîâíèêîâ âîçíèêëè

ìàëîöåííûå ïðîèçâîäíûå ëåñà. Âñå ýòî ïðèâåëî ê

êîðåííîìó èçìåíåíèþ ñòðóêòóðû ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà,

ê óìåíüøåíèþ áèîñôåðíîé ðîëè ëåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè êðàÿ. Êåäðîâûå ëåñà  öåíòðàëüíàÿ,

ñèñòåìîîáðàçóþùàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ. Îò åå ñîñòîÿíèÿ

çàâèñèò âî ìíîãîì öåëîñòíîñòü, óñòîé÷èâîñòü,

ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ðîëü ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà Ïðèìîðüÿ. Â

ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì àêòóàëüíîñòü èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ïðîáëåìå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íå

ìåíüøàÿ, ÷åì 35 ëåò íàçàä, êîãäà àâòîð ñòàë ïðîâîäèòü èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ðàçðàáîòêå ñïîñîáîâ ïîñòåïåííûõ è âûáîðî÷íûõ ðóáîê â êåäðîâíèêàõ ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì äîêòîðà ñ.-õ. íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà Ê.Ï.Ñîëîâüåâà, âûäàþùåãîñÿ èññëåäîâàòåëÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà.

Çà ïîñëåäíèå 23 ãîäà àâòîðîì èçó÷åíû ñîñòîÿíèå,

äèíàìèêà êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ. Âûÿâëåíû àíòðîïîãåííàÿ äåãðàäàöèÿ è ñîñòîÿíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ. Óñòàíîâëåíû îñîáåííîñòè ãåîãðàôèè òèïîâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, ïîäãîòîâëåíû ê èçäàíèþ ÝÂÌ-êàðòîñõåìû

ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä è òèïîâ ëåñà, â òîì ÷èñëå

êåäðîâíèêîâ â ïðåäåëàõ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ. ÑîñòàâÒàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

äîñòîâåðíî èçâåñòíî òðè âèäà êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí.
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Îáúåêòû ëåñîòèïîëîãè÷åñêîé êëàññèôèêàöèè

Â.À. Ðîçåíáåðã

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

ëåíû ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïàñïîðòà ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ

ïîðîä è òèïîâ ëåñà, îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëåíî

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûì ëåñàì. Ñîçäàíà, ñ

ó÷àñòèåì ñîòðóäíèêîâ Èíñòèòóòà àâòîìàòèçàöèè è

ïðîöåññîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, ãåîèíôîðìàöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà (ÃÈÑ) Ëåñà Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

ñ ýëåìåíòàìè ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ. Ãîòîâèòñÿ ê èçäàíèþ

êàðòà ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ â ìàñøòàáå 1:500

000 ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà. Íà îòäåëüíûõ

âðåçêàõ êàðòû ïîêàçàíî ñîñòîÿíèå ëåñîâ è îñíîâíûå äèíàìè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû, êîòîðûå â îñíîâíîì

ñâÿçàíû ñ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè ëåñàìè.

Â àïðåëå 1996 ã. íàêàíóíå 100-ëåòíåãî þáèëåÿ ñî

äíÿ ðîæäåíèÿ Ê.Ï.Ñîëîâüåâà, çàâåðøàåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà àâòîðîì ïðîåêòà Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ â ðàìêàõ ÈÑÀÐ: Êîîðäèíàöèîííî-èíôîðìàöèîííîãî öåíòðà ïî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó â Åâðàçèè (Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîå îòäåëåíèå).

Óñèëåíèå àíòðîïîãåííîãî ïðåññà âåäåò ê óñêîðåíèþ è óâåëè÷åíèþ ãëóáèíû òðàíñôîðìàöèè ëåñíûõ

ýêîñèñòåì (ËÝ). Ëåñíîé ôèòîöåíîç (ËÔ) ÿâëÿåòñÿ

êîìïîíåíòîì ËÝ, íàèìåíåå óñòîé÷èâûì ê âîçäåéñòâèþ ýêçîãåííûõ ðàçðóøèòåëüíûõ ôàêòîðîâ;

íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâî  ìåñòîîáèòàíèå(ÌÎ), à çàòåì

 ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûå óñëîâèÿ (ËÐÓ). Õàðàêòåð ÌÎ

è ËÐÓ ó÷èòûâàåòñÿ, â òîé èëè èíîé ìåðå, â áîëüøèíñòâå êëàññèôèêàöèé òèïîâ ëåñà(ÒË), íî ñîïðÿæåííûå êëàññèôèêàöèè: òèï ÌÎ-òèï ËÐÓ-ÒË ñòàëè

ðàçðàáàòûâàòüñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî íåäàâíî.

Îñíîâíàÿ åäèíèöà êëàññèôèêàöèè ëåñîâ  ÒË ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçóëüòàòîì ñëîæíîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ýêîòîïà (ÌÎ+ËÐÓ) è ïîðîä ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé. Ýòî âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñîñòàâëÿåò ñóùåñòâî ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà(ËÎÏ), à åãî ñîäåðæàíèå ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ èç ÷åðåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ýòàïîâ âîçðàñòíîãî è âîññòàíîâèòåëüíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ËÔ,

êîòîðûå ñîñòàâëÿþò ðÿä áèîãåîöåíîçîâ (ÁÃÖ),

ðàçëè÷àþùèõñÿ ïî ñîñòàâó è òåìïàì âåùåñòâåííîýíåðãåòè÷åñêîãî îáìåíà.

Ðàçíîîáðàçèå ÒË îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðàçíîîáðàçèåì

ËÎÏ. Ïîýòîìó ñîâðåìåííûå çàäà÷è èçó÷åíèÿ, ïîääåðæàíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ(ÁÐ) ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì âñåõ óðîâíåé è èõ

êëàññèôèêàöèè íå ìîãóò áûòü ðåøåíû áåç âûÿâëåíèÿ ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è êëàññèôèêàöèè ËÎÏ.

Ðàáîòàìè îñíîâàòåëåé äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî ëåñîâåäåíèÿ åùå â 1930-50 ãã.íà ïðèìåðå êåäðîâíèêîâ

(Èâàøêåâè÷, Êîëåñíèêîâ, Ìîèñååíêî, Ñîëîâüåâ) è

÷îçåííèêîâ (Êîëåñíèêîâ) çàëîæåíû îñíîâû èçó÷åíèÿ ËÎÏ â ñëîæíûõ ëåñàõ Ïðèìîðüÿ è Ïðèàìóðüÿ.

Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè íàêîïëåíû çíà÷èòåëüíûå

ìàòåðèàëû î ËÎÏ â îñíîâíûõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè. Ýòî ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâîé

äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè êëàññèôèêàöèè ËÎÏ è âêëþ÷åíèÿ

èõ â ñèñòåìó åäèíèö ëåñíîé òèïîëîãèè è ñòðóêòóðû

áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì.

Ñîâðåìåííàÿ êëàññèôèêàöèÿ ëåñîâ, îòâå÷àþùàÿ

òåîðåòè÷åñêèì è ïðàêòè÷åñêèì çàäà÷àì ëåñîâåäåíèÿ è ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà äîëæíà áûòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî ñîïðÿæåííîé è âêëþ÷àòü òèï ÌÎ  òèï

ËÐÓ  òèï ËÎÏ  òèï ëåñà è äàëåå  îáúåäèíåíèÿ

äî çîíàëüíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé. Ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ îïûò êëàññèôèêàöèè ËÎÏ ñ âûäåëåíèåì

òðåõ êëàññîâ, ïîäêëàññîâ, ãðóïï òèïîâ è òèïîâ ËÎÏ.
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Áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå Betula davurica pallas â

ïðåäåëàõ ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè åå àðåàëà

Ì.À. Øåìáåðã

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïàìÿòíèêè ïðèðîäû Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ, êàê ìèêðîðåçåðâàòû

áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Â.Ï. Ñåëåäåö

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå âûÿâëåíî 503 ïàìÿòíèêà ïðèðîäû

(ÏÏ), èç íèõ 200 óòâåðæäåíû îôèöèàëüíî, îñòàëüíûå

íóæäàþòñÿ â áîëåå ïîäðîáíîì èçó÷åíèè è íàó÷íîì

îáîñíîâàíèè. Ìíîãèå ÏÏ ÿâëÿþòñÿ õðàíèëèùàìè ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîãî è ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ

õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ, â òîì ÷èñëå êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ (ÊØË). Òàêèå ÏÏ äîëæíû

áûòü äëÿ áîòàíèêîâ è ëåñîâåäîâ îáúåêòàìè îñîáîãî

âíèìàíèÿ è ïîñòîÿííîãî íàáëþäåíèÿ. Ñèñòåìà ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ äîëæíà îáåñïå÷èòü èõ íàäåæíóþ îõðàíó.

Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ îõðàíû áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ÊØË ìîæíî

âûäåëèòü ñåìü ãðóïï ÏÏ. Ïðèâîäèì ïðèìåðû ÏÏ äëÿ

êàæäîé ãðóïïû. 1. ÏÏ, âûäåëåííûå äëÿ îõðàíû ÊØË:

Êåäðîâûé ëåñ (21 ãà), Äàëüíåêóòñêèå êåäðîâûå ëåñà

(21 ãà), Âîñòðåöîâñêèå êåäðîâûå ëåñà(4 ãà) â Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîì ðàéîíå, Êèòîâîå ðåáðî (350 ãà) â Òåðíåéñêîì ðàéîíå, Äîëèíà êåäðîâ (1844 ãà) â Êàâàëåðîâñêîì

ðàéîíå. 2. ÏÏ ðàçëè÷íîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ, ïîëíîñòüþ èëè

÷àñòè÷íî ïîêðûòûå ÊØË: Ñîïêà Êóíãóëàçñêàÿ, Ñîïêà

Âåðõíåïåðåâàëüñêàÿ, Âàñèëüåâñêàÿ ñîïêà â Ïîæàðñêîì

ðàéîíå, Áåëüöîâñêèé óòåñ â ßêîâëåâñêîì ðàéîíå. 3. ÏÏ

ñ ðàñòèòåëüíûìè ñîîáùåñòâàìè, ïðîèçâîäíûìè îò

ÊØË (åñòåñòâåííûå è àíòðîïîãåííûå ñóêöåññèè):

Òàåæíûé â Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîì ðàéîíå, Ìàéñû-Øàíäóé

â Òåðíåéñêîì ðàéîíå, Ñêàëà Äåðñó Óçàëà â Êàâàëåðîâñêîì ðàéîíå. 4. ÏÏ, â ðàñòèòåëüíîì ïîêðîâå êîòîðûõ èìåþòñÿ âèäû ðàñòåíèé, õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ ÊØË;

Ïåðåâàë Âåíþêîâà â Êàâàëåðîâñêîì ðàéîíå, Ñîïêà

Ãëàçîâñêàÿ è Ñîïêà Áåçûìÿííàÿ â ã. Ëåñîçàâîäñêå,

Ñîïêà Ñèíåãàéñêàÿ â ×åðíèãîâñêîì ðàéîíå. 5. ÏÏ 

ëåñíûå ïîñàäêè, îáðàçöû ñàäîâî-ïàðêîâîé àðõèòåêòóðû ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ôëîðû ÊØË: Âåðõíåïåðåâàëüñêèé øêîëüíûé äåíäðàðèé â Ïîæàðñêîì ðàéîíå,

Óñòèíîâñêèé êåäðîâíèê â Êàâàëåðîâñêîì ðàéîíå, Ïàðê

óãîëüùèêîâ â ã. Ïàðòèçàíñêå. 6. ÏÏ  êîìïîíåíòû

ëàíäøàôòîâ çîíû ÊØË: Íåêê ×åðíàÿ ñêàëà è Âóëêàí

Áðèíåðà â Äàëüíåãîðñêîì ðàéîíå, Äîëèíà ðåêè

Çåðêàëüíîé â Êàâàëåðîâñêîì ðàéîíå, Ìóòíîâñêèå

ÿãîäíèêè â ×óãóåâñêîì ðàéîíå. 7. ÏÏ  ñâèäåòåëüñòâà

áûëîãî ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ ÊØË: Îçåðî Âîë÷àíåö â

Øêîòîâñêîì ðàéîíå.

Ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ïðîãðàììà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîãî è ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ÏÏ â çîíå

ÊØË.

Äàóðñêàÿ (÷åðíàÿ) áåðåçà îòíîñèòñÿ ê ÷èñëó äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä. Îíà âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ

õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, à òàêæå øèðîêî

ïðåäñòàâëåíà â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà.

Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëüøîå ïðèðîäíîå è ïðàêòè÷åñêîå

çíà÷åíèå, èçâåñòíî êðàéíå ìàëî ðàáîò, ïîñâÿùåííûõ

ýòîìó âèäó.

Îöåíêà ïðèðîäíîãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ áåðåçû äàóðñêîé

ïðîâåäåíà íà ìàòåðèàëàõ, ñîáðàííûõ â 13 ïîïóëÿöèÿõ,

ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â ðàçíûõ ýêîëîãî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ

óñëîâèÿõ â ïðåäåëàõ ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè åå àðåàëà.

Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû îñîáåííîñòè âíóòðè- è ìåæïîïóëÿöèîííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè 30 ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ïðèçíàêîâ, ìíîãèå èç êîòîðûõ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ñèñòåìàòèêå ðîäà Betula L. (ìàòåðèàëû ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé

ìàòðèöó ðàçìåðîì 390 õ 4500).

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ïðèçíàêîâ â ðàçíûõ

÷àñòÿõ àðåàëà èìåþò êëèíàëüíûé õàðàêòåð èçìåí-

÷èâîñòè. Íåçàâèñèìî îò íàïðàâëåííîñòè è ïðîòÿæåííîñòè êëèíû, â ÷èñëî ïîñòåïåííî èçìåíÿþùèõñÿ âõîäÿò

îäíè è òå æå ïðèçíàêè ãåíåðàòèâíûõ îðãàíîâ (ïàðàìåòðû

ïðèöâåòêîâûõ ÷åøóé è ñåìÿí). Îòíîñèòåëüíûå ïðèçíàêè

(íàïðèìåð, îòíîøåíèå äëèíû ëèñòà ê åãî øèðèíå è äð.)

îáðàçîâàëè ãðóïïó êîíñòàíòíûõ (ñêîððåëèðîâàííûõ

ìåæäó ñîáîé) â ïðåäåëàõ àðåàëà ïðèçíàêîâ. Íà

ïðèçíàêè, ñîñòàâëÿþùèå êëèíàëüíóþ è êîíñòàíòíóþ

ãðóïïû, ïðèõîäèòñÿ îêîëî 2/3 îò âñåõ èçó÷àâøèõñÿ. Ïî

èõ çíà÷åíèÿì ìîæíî ñóäèòü îá îñîáåííîñòÿõ ïðîöåññîâ

àëëîìåòðè÷åñêîãî ðîñòà îòäåëüíûõ ÷àñòåé îðãàíîâ è,

â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå, î âèäîñïåöèôè÷íîñòè ðàçâèòèÿ îñîáåé âèäà. Îñòàëüíûå ïðèçíàêè îáðàçîâàëè ãðóïïó ñ

äèñêðåòíûì õàðàêòåðîì èçìåí÷èâîñòè (ðàçìåðû è

ôîðìà ëèñòîâîé ïëàñòèíêè è ïëîäóùåé ñåðåæêè); èõ

ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ âíóòðèâèäîâîé

ñòðóêòóðû è ãðàíèö ïðèðîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé âèäà.

Êëàñòèðîâàíèå, ïðîâåäåííîå ïî ýòîé ãðóïïå ïðèçíàêîâ,

ïîçâîëèëî âûÿâèòü â ïðåäåëàõ ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà

äâå ãðóïïû ïîïóëÿöèé. Ïåðâóþ èç íèõ îáðàçóþò

þæíîïðèìîðñêèå ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå

ñòàòóñó ïîäâèäà, ò.å. B. davurica subsp. martimae M.

Shemberg. Âî âòîðóþ âîøëè ïîïóëÿöèè, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ

íà çíà÷èòåëüíîì óäàëåíèè îò ìîðÿ; çà íèìè îñòàâëåíî

íàçâàíèå B. davurica s. str.
- 169 -

III. ËÅÑÎÂÎÑÑÒÀÍÎÂËÅÍÈÅ, ÈÍÒÐÎÄÓÊÖÈß

Èíòðîäóêöèÿ è ïëàíòàöèîííîå ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèå êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî

â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå

Í.À. Âîðîáüåâà., Â.Í. Âîðîáüåâ., ×æàî-Ãóàíèé

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ

êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íûé ëåñíîé Óíèâåðñèòåò.

 Õàðáèí. ÊÍÐ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷-

íîì Êèòàå çàíèìàëè äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøóþ òåððèòîðèþ. Íî, êàê è íà ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå,

îíè â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ïîäâåðãëèñü âûðóáêå

è ïîæàðàì. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îñòàâøàÿñÿ èõ ÷àñòü

â îñíîâíîì ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â çàïîâåäíèêàõ Ìàëîãî

Õèíãàíà (×æàí Õóí-÷æåí, 1992 ã.).

Â ïðîãðàììå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ëåñîâ ÑåâåðîÂîñòî÷íîãî Êèòàÿ êåäðîâíèêè çàíèìàþò çíà÷èòåëüíîå ìåñòî, áëàãîäàðÿ îñîáûì ñðåäîîáðàçóþùèì

ôóíêöèÿì è õîçÿéñòâåííûì öåííîñòÿì. Ïðè ðàçðàáîòêå ïðîãðàììû èõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ÑåâåðîÂîñòî÷íûì ëåñíûì Óíèâåðñèòåòîì áûëà ïîñòàâëåíà îðèãèíàëüíàÿ çàäà÷à ïî èíòðîäóêöèè êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî â Ìàëîì Õèíãàíå. Âîçìîæíîñòü å ̧

îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ â äàííîì ðåãèîíå îñíîâûâàëàñü íà

èçó÷åíèè ðîñòà êåäðà íà ó÷àñòêàõ åñòåñòâåííîãî åãî

ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ â Ìàëîì Õèíãàíå (×æàî Ãóàí-èé,

1989).

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðîãðàììà èíòðîäóêöèè êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî ðàçðàáîòàíà è âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ñ ó÷àñòèåì

Èíñòèòóòà ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

Ïðè ýòîì, â îòëè÷èå îò áîòàíè÷åñêîé è ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîé èíòðîäóêöèè îáû÷íîãî ïëàíà, ïðîâîäèìàÿ èíòðîäóêöèÿ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â ÑåâåðîÂîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå íîñèò õàðàêòåð ïëàíòàöèîííîãî

ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèÿ íà îñíîâå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ åãî

öåííîãî ãåíîôîíäà â Ñèáèðè.

Ïðè îòáîðå ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ ôîðì èìåëîñü â âèäó,

÷òî äëÿ óñïåõà èíòðîäóêöèè íåîáõîäèìî çíàíèå

àäàïòàöèîííûõ âîçìîæíîñòåé èñõîäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé

è èõ ñïåöèôèêè ó ñåìåííîãî ïîòîìñòâà îðãàíèçìîâ

ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ñâîéñòâàìè. Ó õâîéíûõ èòîã âíóòðèè ìåæïîïóëÿöèîííîãî îòáîðà ñ ïîñëåäóþùåé

àäàïòàöèåé ñåëåêòèðîâàííûõ îðãàíèçìîâ ìîæíî

ïðîñëåäèòü ïî ðàçëè÷èþ òèïîâ îíòîãåíåçà. Ýòî

ïîçâîëÿåò èñïîëüçîâàòü ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèé òèï

äåðåâà, êàê ïðèðîäíóþ ìîäåëü äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè

èíòðîäóêöèè.

Ó÷ ̧ò çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ðàçâèòèÿ äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ îíòîãåíåçà äà ̧ò âîçìîæíîñòü

îöåíêè íàïðàâëåíèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ è åãî êîððåêòèðîâêè,

ò.å., îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ïðîãíîçà, êàê áèîëîãè÷åñêîé

îñíîâû èíòðîäóêöèè è ïëàíòàöèîííîãî ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèÿ.

Èìåííî íà ýòîé òåîðåòè÷åñêîé îñíîâå â 1991 ã.

Èíñòèòóòîì áûëè ñîáðàíû è ïåðåäàíû Óíèâåðñèòåòó ïàðòèè ñåìÿí êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî ñ îòäåëüíûõ

äåðåâüåâ è íàñàæäåíèé èç Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè è

Àëòàÿ.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïàðàëëåëüíûå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà

õîäîì ðîñòà ñåÿíöåâ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî âåäóòñÿ â

Òîìñêîé îáëàñòè è Ìàëîì Õèíãàíå. Ïîñëå çàâåðøåíèÿ ïåðâîãî öèêëà ðàáîò áóäóò íà÷àòû ýêñïåðèìåíòû ïî ñîçäàíèþ öåëåâûõ ïëàíòàöèé.

Êîìïëåêñ ìàøèí äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè

Ã.Ä. Ãëàâàöêèé

Âñåðîññèéñêèé ÍÈÈ ïîæàðíîé îõðàíû

ëåñîâ è ìåõàíèçàöèè ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Îñíîâíûìè íàïðàâëåíèÿìè âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè, ïðåäóñìîòðåííûìè Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ïðîãðàììîé ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è çîíàëüíûìè íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèìè ïðîãðàììàìè,

ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîäåéñòâèå åñòåñòâåííîìó âîçîáíîâëåíèþ è ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ñîñòàâà íàñàæäåíèé ðóáêàìè óõîäà. Íàðÿäó ñ ýòèì â 1996-2005 ãã. â ðàéîíàõ

Ñèáèðè, Óðàëà è Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñåâåðà ïëàíèðóåòñÿ

ñîçäàòü áîëåå 200 òûñ.ãà ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð êåäðà.

Äëÿ ìåõàíèçàöèè òðóäîåìêèõ ðàáîò ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ÂÍÈÈÏÎÌëåñõîçîì ðàçðàáîòàíû ìàøèíû è îðóäèÿ, êîòîðûå ïðîøëè ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå ïðèåìî÷íûå èñïûòàíèÿ è âûïóñêàþòñÿ
- 170 -

Âèäû ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà, èñïîëüçóåìîãî ïðè èñêóññòâåííîì

ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèè êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Ë.Ï. Ãóëü, È.È. Ïåðåâåðòàéëî

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ñåðèéíî ïî îòðàñëåâîìó çàêàçó èëè çàêàçàì ïðåäïðèÿòèé ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Ìàëîãàáàðèòíîå ïåðåíîñíîå îáîðóäîâàíèå äëÿ

îòðÿõèâàíèÿ è ïåðåðàáîòêè øèøåê êåäðà ïîçâîëÿåò

ïðîâîäèòü çàãîòîâêó êåäðîâîãî îðåõà äëÿ ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è ïðîìûøëåííûõ öåëåé, â òîì ÷èñëå

íà ëåñîñåìåííûõ ó÷àñòêàõ è â òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ

ìåñòàõ. Îòðÿõèâàòåëü Êåäð óäàðíîãî äåéñòâèÿ áåç

ïîâðåæäåíèé êîðû îòðÿõèâàåò øèøêè ñ äåðåâüåâ

äèàìåòðîì äî 60 ñì, à øèøêîäðîáèëêà ØÊ-1

îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïîëó÷åíèå ñåìåííîãî èëè òîâàðíîãî

îðåõà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ÃÎÑÒ 14161-86.

Äëÿ âûñåâà ñåìÿí êåäðà â ëåñíûõ ïèòîìíèêàõ

ðàçðàáîòàíà ñåÿëêà ÑËÏ-1 ñ âèáðàöèîííûì âûñåâàþùèì àïïàðàòîì, îáåñïå÷èâàþùàÿ îïòèìàëüíûå

ïàðàìåòðû ïðîöåññà. Ôîðìèðîâàíèþ ðàçâèòîé

êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìû ñåÿíöåâ ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîäðåçêà

èõ ñòåðæíåâûõ è áîêîâûõ êîðíåé êîðíåïîäðåç÷èêîì

ÊÍ-1,2.

Â òàåæíûõ óñëîâèÿõ Ñèáèðè êà÷åñòâåííîå è ýôôåêòèâíîå âûïîëíåíèå ðàáîò ïî ïîäãîòîâêå ïëîùàäåé,

ïîñàäêå ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð, ïðîâåäåíèþ óõîäîâ çà

íèìè îáåñïå÷èâàåò ðàçðàáîòàííûé èíñòèòóòîì

ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûé òðàêòîð ËÕÒ-4 ñ êîìïëåêòîì

íàâåñíûõ îðóäèé. Î÷èñòêà âûðóáîê îò ïîðóáî÷íûõ

îñòàòêîâ ñ îäíîâðåìåííîé ìèíåðàëèçàöèåé ïî÷âû

ïðîâîäèòñÿ àãðåãàòîì â ñîñòàâå ËÕÒ-4 è ïîäáîðùèêà-òðàíñïîðòèðîâùèêà ÏÒÇ-3,2, ÷òî ñïîñîáñòâóåò òàêæå ñíèæåíèþ ïîæàðíîé îïàñíîñòè ëåñîêóëüòóðíûõ ïëîùàäåé, ñîõðàíåíèþ ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð.

Ðàñ÷èñòêà ïîëîñ ïîä ïîñàäêó êóëüòóð ñ îäíîâðåìåííûì ñðåçàíèåì êóñòàðíèêà è äåðåâüåâ ìàëîöåííûõ ïîðîä äèàìåòðîì äî 16 ñì âûïîëíÿåòñÿ êëèíîì

ÊÐÏ-2,5À, óñòàíîâëåííûì íà ïåðåäíåé íàâåñêå

ËÕÒ-4. Îðóäèå ÎÐÏ-2,6, ïðèìåíÿåìîå âçàìåí

êëèíà, ïîçâîëÿåò ñîâìåùàòü ðàñ÷èñòêó ñ îäíîâðåìåííîé êîð÷åâêîé íà ïîëîñå ïíåé äèàìåòðîì äî

40 ñì.

ÊÐÏ-2,5À è ÎÐÏ-2,6 ïðè ðàñ÷èñòêå îáåñïå÷èâàþò

ìèíåðàëèçàöèþ ïî÷âû äî 95%, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò â

îïðåäåëåííûõ òèïàõ ëåñà ïðîâîäèòü ïîñàäêó ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð ñåðèéíûìè ìàøèíàìè áåç äîïîëíèòåëüíîé îáðàáîòêè ïî÷âû.

Íà ëåñîêóëüòóðíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ ñ äðåíèðîâàííûìè

ïî÷âàìè ñ êîëè÷åñòâîì ïíåé äî 300 øò./ãà è çàõëàìëåííîñòüþ äî 40 ì3

/ãà õîðîøèå ðåçóëüòàòû ïîëó-

÷åíû ïðè ñîâìåùåíèè îïåðàöèé ïî ðàñ÷èñòêå ïîëîñ

êëèíîì ÊÐÏ-2,5À èëè îðóäèåì ÎÐÏ-2,6 ñ îáðàáîòêîé ïî÷âû ìàøèíîé ÌÏÔ-1,3. Ìàøèíà îáåñïå÷èâàåò ïîñëîéíîå ôðåçåðîâàíèå íà ãëóáèíó äî 25 ñì,

ñîõðàíÿÿ ãóìóñîâûé ñëîé íà ïîëîñå áåç ñìåøèâàíèÿ ïî÷âåííûõ ãîðèçîíòîâ è óäàëåíèåì çà åå ïðåäåëû êîðíåâûõ îñòàòêîâ. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûå âî ÂÍÈÈÏÎÌëåñõîçå, ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ïîñëîéíîå

ôðåçåðîâàíèå ñïîñîáñòâóåò óâåëè÷åíèþ ïðèæèâàåìîñòè è ðîñòó êóëüòóð êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî, áëàãîäàðÿ

÷åìó ñíèæàåòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâî ïîñëåäóþùèõ óõîäîâ.

Âåäåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà òåõíîëîãèè è îáîðóäîâàíèÿ äëÿ

áåçîòâàëüíîé áîðîçäíîé ïîäãîòîâêè ïî÷âû ïîä

ëåñíûå êóëüòóðû, ïðîâåäåíèÿ õèìè÷åñêèõ óõîäîâ

çà êóëüòóðàìè êîíòàêòíûì íàíåñåíèåì ðàñòâîðîâ

ãåðáèöèäîâ íà ñîðíóþ òðàâÿíóþ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü.

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòèõ ðàçðàáîòîê â ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå

ïîçâîëèò ïîâûñèòü ýôôåêòèâíîñòü âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ.

Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò êàòåãîðèè ëåñîêóëüòóðíîãî èëè

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ôîíäà, ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé, ñïîñîáà ïîäãîòîâêè ó÷àñòêà è îáðàáîòêè ïî÷âû,

à òàêæå òåõíîëîãèè ñîçäàíèÿ êóëüòóð â çîíå

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà âîçìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ

ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Íàèáîëåå øèðîêî ïðè ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ

äâóõ-òðåõëåòíèå ñòàíäàðòíûå ñåÿíöû è ïåðåøêîëåííûå ñàæåíöû ðàçíîãî âîçðàñòà. Ñåÿíöû âûðàùèâàþòñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ îòêðûòîãî ãðóíòà è â ïëåíî÷-

íûõ òåïëèöàõ. Âîçðàñò è ðàçìåðû ñàæåíöåâ ìîãóò

áûòü ðàçíûìè. Â øêîëó âûñàæèâàþòñÿ 1-4-ëåòíèå

ñåÿíöû, ãäå îíè âûðàùèâàþòñÿ îò 1 äî 5-6 ëåò è

äîñòèãàþò âûñîòû 60-80 ñì.

Áîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûìè âèäàìè ïîñàäî÷íîãî

ìàòåðèàëà ÿâëÿþòñÿ óêðóïíåííûå ñåÿíöû, âûðàùèâàåìûå â èçðåæåííûõ ïîñåâàõ ñ ïîäðåçêîé èëè áåç

ïîäðåçêè êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìû è áðèêåòèðîâàííûå

ñåÿíöû è ñàæåíöû. Ïîñëåäíèå ÷àñòî íàçûâàþò

ïîñàäî÷íûì ìàòåðèàëîì ñ çàêðûòûìè êîðíÿìè

(ÏÌÇÊ). Âûðàùèâàþò ÏÌÇÊ â êîíòåéíåðàõ ðàçëè÷-

íîé êîíôèãóðàöèè è ðàçìåðà, çàïîëíåííûõ ïî÷âîé,

òîðôîêîìïîñòîì èëè ñïåöèàëüíî ïîäãîòîâëåííûì

ñóáñòðàòîì, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèì õîðîøèé ðîñò ðàñòåíèÿ. Â ïîäãîòîâëåííûå êîíòåéíåðû âûñåâàþòñÿ
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Ñîñòîÿíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è ïåðñïåêòèâíûå

íàïðàâëåíèÿ âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Â.Í. Êîðÿêèí, Í.Â. Ðîìàíîâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ñåìåíà êåäðà èëè âûñàæèâàþòñÿ ñåÿíöû, çàòåì îíè

äîðàùèâàþòñÿ ðàçíîå âðåìÿ. ÏÌÇÊ ìîãóò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ â íàèáîëåå æåñòêèõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ

óñëîâèÿõ, à òàêæå â ïëàíòàöèîííûõ êóëüòóðàõ. Ýòî

Ïî äàííûì ó÷åòà ëåñíîãî ôîíäà íà 1 ÿíâàðÿ 1993

ã. íàñàæäåíèé ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè áûëî 2,92 ìëí.ãà, â ò.÷.

â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå  2,18, Õàáàðîâñêîì  0,56,

Åâðåéñêîé ÀÎ  0,17 è Àìóðñêîé îáëàñòè  0,01

ìëí.ãà. Òîëüêî çà ïðîøåäøèå 32 ãîäà ïëîùàäü

êåäðîâíèêîâ ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 1/3, à çà ïðåäøåñòâóþùèå ïîñëåäíåìó ó÷åòó 5 ëåò, íåñìîòðÿ íà

çàïðåò ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ,  íà 4,3%.

Òåìïû ñîêðàùåíèÿ â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå âûøå, ÷åì

â Ïðèìîðñêîì â 2,4 ðàçà.

Îñíîâíûìè ïðè÷èíàìè, îïðåäåëèâøèìè äèíàìèêó

ïëîùàäåé è ñîñòîÿíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ

ïðîìûøëåííûå ðóáêè è ëåñíûå ïîæàðû, ñëåäîâàâøèå ïî ìåñòàì ðóáîê. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè âñå

íàèáîëåå ïðîäóêòèâíûå êåäðîâíèêè ëåñîâ II è III

ãðóïï íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðîéäåíû ðóáêàìè, áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ, ïîòåðÿâ ïðåîáëàäàíèå êåäðà, âûøëî

èç ñîñòàâà êåäðîâîé ñåêöèè. Êåäðîâíèêè ñîõðàíèëèñü â ëåñàõ I ãðóïïû, êîòîðûå ñîñòàâëÿþò 26,4%,

à òàêæå â ìåñòàõ, óäàëåííûõ îò òðàíñïîðòíûõ ïóòåé,

ìåíåå ïðîäóêòèâíûå è íèçêîòîâàðíûå, íà òðóäíîäîñòóïíûõ ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿõ èëè íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå

ãëàâíàÿ ðóáêà íå äîïóñêàëàñü äåéñòâîâàâøèìè

Ïðàâèëàìè ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Âñåãî íå

çàòðîíóòî ðóáêàìè îêîëî 30% ïëîùàäè êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ, öåëîñòíîñòü îñòàëüíûõ â òîé èëè èíîé ìåðå

íàðóøåíà. Åñëè íàðóøåííîñòü ðóáêàìè è ïîæàðàìè

áûëà ÷ðåçìåðíîé, êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå

ëåñà (ÊØË) â îäíèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óòðà÷èâàëè ïðåîáëàäàíèå êåäðà, ñîõðàíÿÿ îáëèê øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî

ëåñà è ÿâíûå ïðèçíàêè ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ê êåäðîâîìó òèïó, â äðóãèõ  ïðîèñõîäèëà ïîëíàÿ ñìåíà

ôèòîöåíîçà ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ïðîèçâîäíûõ ëåñîâ.

Ñ ó÷åòîì ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÊØË, â öåëÿõ ñîõðàíåíèÿ èõ

ïîòåíöèàëà è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî,

íåîáõîäèìà ðåàëèçàöèÿ ñèñòåìû ìåðîïðèÿòèé,

ñðåäè êîòîðûõ âàæíåéøèìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ: ïîâûøåíèå

ñòàòóñà ÊØË, êàê îñîáî öåííîé ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè;

íåäîïóùåíèå âîçâðàòà ê ïðîâåäåíèþ ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâíèêàõ è îãðàíè÷åíèå òàêèõ

ðóáîê â ðàññòðîåííûõ ëåñàõ, ãäå êåäð óòðàòèë ñâîå

ïðåîáëàäàíèå; ïîëíûé ó÷åò ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå

âñåõ ïëîùàäåé êîðåííûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ, íåçàâèñèìî

îò èõ ñîâðåìåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ è âûÿâëåíèå çåìåëü

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ôîíäà; ðàçðàáîòêà è ðåàëèçàöèÿ

íà ïðàêòèêå ðåæèìîâ íåêëàññè÷åñêèõ ðóáîê â ÊØË,

íàïðàâëåííûõ íà âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîçèöèé êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî; îáåñïå÷åíèå ýôôåêòèâíîñòè âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà êåäðà ëåñîêóëüòóðíûìè ìåòîäàìè.

íàèáîëåå äîðîãîñòîÿùèé è íàäåæíûé ïîñàäî÷íûé

ìàòåðèàë, êîòîðûé ìîæíî âûñàæèâàòü â òå÷åíèå

âñåãî âåãåòàöèîííîãî ïåðèîäà, è äàæå â çèìíèõ

ïîñàäêàõ.
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Ðîëü ñðåäñòâ õèìèè â ïðîöåññå âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ

À.Ê. Êðîõàëåâ, Â.È. Ñâå÷êîâ, Ò.Ã. Êà÷àíîâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïðîöåññ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâà â ïåðåñòîéíûõ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ íà þãå Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Þêèî Èñèêàâà, Ï.Â. Êðåñòîâ, Êàíäçè Íàìèêàâà

Êàôåäðà ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà è ëàíäøàôòíîé

àðõèòåêòóðû óíèâåðñèòåòà Ñèíñó, Áèáàé, ßïîíèÿ;

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò

 ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, Âëàäèâîñòîê, Ðîññèÿ;

Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ áèîëîãèè Õîêêàéäñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà

îáðàçîâàíèÿ, Ñàïïîðî, ßïîíèÿ

Ñòðóêòóðà ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïåðåñòîéíûõ ñìåøàííûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ áûëà

îïðåäåëåíà íà îñíîâå ðàçìåðà ïîïóëÿöèè è âîçðàñòíîé ñòðóêòóðû íà 1 ãà ïîñòîÿííîé ïðîáíîé

ïëîùàäè â Óññóðèéñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå è íà ïëîùàäè

0.6 ãà â çàïîâåäíèêàõ Ñèõîòå-Àëèíÿ íà þãå Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ, Ðîññèÿ. Õàðàêòåð ðîñòà äåðåâüåâ íà

ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ òàêæå èçó÷àëñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ

èçìåðåíèÿ ãîäîâûõ êîëåö.

Ïðåîáëàäàþùèå ïîðîäû íà äâóõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ: Pinus koraiensis, Picea ajanensis, Abies

nephrolepis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, Betula

costata. Abies holophylla òàêæå áûëà îñíîâíîé

ñîñòàâëÿþùåé ïîðîäîé íà ïðîáíîé ïëîùàäè â

Óññóðèéñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå.

Betula costata è Abies holophylla èìåëè âûñîêèå

ïðåðûâàþùèåñÿ âîçðàñòíûå ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ.

Âîçðàñòíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî òàêæå

ïîêàçàëî ýïèçîäè÷åñêîå ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèå.

Íàïðîòèâ, âîññòàíîâëåíèå îñòàâøèõñÿ ïîðîä

êàçàëîñü îòíîñèòåëüíî íåïðåðûâíûì.

×àñòîòíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå âðåìåíè âûõîäà èç

ïîäàâëåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîêàçàëî íåñêîëüêî

íåáîëüøèõ ïèêîâ, îáîçíà÷èâ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå íåçíà-

÷èòåëüíûõ íàðóøåíèé êàæäûå 50 èëè 70 ëåò íà

îáåèõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ. Â êàæäîì íàðóøåíèè

ïðîöåíò æèâûõ äåðåâüåâ, âûøåäøèõ èç ïîäàâëåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ, áûë ìåíåå 20%. Íà ñåðäöåâèíå

ñîâñåì íå íàáëþäàëîñü ñëåäîâ ïîæàðîâ (ñóõîáîêîñòè).

Ñäåëàíî çàêëþ÷åíèå, ÷òî çà ïîñëåäíèå 300 ëåò

âåòðîâûå íàðóøåíèÿ è/èëè ñòàðåíèå ãðóïïû áûëè

äîìèíèðóþùèìè ôàêòîðàìè â äèíàìèêå ýòèõ

ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Â äåëå ñîõðàíåíèÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîé

ôîðìàöèè âàæíîå ìåñòî çàíèìàþò ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ: âûðàùèâàíèå ñåÿíöåâ

è ñàæåíöåâ, âûñàäêà èõ íà ëåñîêóëüòóðíóþ ïëîùàäü, àãðîòåõíè÷åñêèé è ëåñîâîäñòâåííûé óõîä çà

ïîñàäêàìè, ðåãóëèðîâàíèå ñîñòàâà ìîëîäíÿêîâ ñ

ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà. Ýòè ðàáîòû îòëè÷àþòñÿ âûñîêîé

òðóäîåìêîñòüþ, ïîêà ñëàáî ìåõàíèçèðîâàíû è

ïîýòîìó òðåáóþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûå çàòðàòû ðó÷íîãî

òðóäà, çà÷àñòóþ èçíóðèòåëüíîãî è íåêâàëèôèöèðîâàííîãî. Îäèí èç ïóòåé èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ïðîöåññîâ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ  âíåäðåíèå ñðåäñòâ

õèìèè äëÿ ïîäàâëåíèÿ íåæåëàòåëüíîé òðàâÿíèñòîé

è äðåâåñíî-êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè.

Íà ðàçðàáîòêó òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðèåìîâ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãåðáèöèäîâ è àðáîðèöèäîâ íà ïèòîìíèêàõ,

ëåñîêóëüòóðíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ, ïðè óõîäå çà ìîëîäíÿêàìè íàïðàâëåíû ìíîãîëåòíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ

ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ. Â õîäå ýêñïåðèìåíòîâ âûÿâëåíà

ñïåöèôè÷åñêàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü êåäðà ê ïðîèçâîäíûì

ñèìì-òðèàçèíà è ñóëüôîíèëìî÷åâèíàì, ÷òî

ïîçâîëèëî ïðèíÿòü ýòè ñîåäèíåíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå

áàçîâûõ ïðè õèìè÷åñêîì óõîäå çà ïîñåâàìè è

ïîñàäêàìè êåäðà.

Îñíîâûâàÿñü íà ðåçóëüòàòàõ îïûòîâ äëÿ äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî ðåãèîíà ðåêîìåíäîâàíû ãåðáèöèäû: íà

ïàðàõ  ðàóíäàï è åãî àíàëîãè, äîçû 2-3 êã/ãà ïî ä.

â., îïðûñêèâàíèå â ïåðèîä àêòèâíîãî ðîñòà ñîðíÿêîâ; â ïîñåâíîì îòäåëåíèè  âîçìîæíû, êàê

ïîñëåïîñåâíàÿ, òàê è ïîñëåâñõîäîâàÿ îáðàáîòêè

(âòîðîé ñïîñîá ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíåå), èç òðèàçèíîâ

ïðèãîäåí çèðàçèí, 6-8 êã/ãà, à èç ñóëüôîíèëìî÷åâèí

 àíêîð è åãî àíàëîãè, ðàñõîä 100 ã/ãà, ïðè÷åì

ïîñëåäíèå ïåðñïåêòèâíåå èç-çà ðåçêîãî ñíèæåíèÿ

ïåñòèöèäíîãî ïðåññà íà îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó; â

øêîëüíîì îòäåëåíèè  çèðàçèí è àíêîð â òåõ æå

äîçàõ, â ïåðèîä àêòèâíîãî ðîñòà ñîðíÿêîâ. Ñâîåâðåìåííîå ïðèìåíåíèå ãåðáèöèäîâ ìîæåò ïðàêòè-
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Êóëüòóðû Pinus Koràiensis Siebold et Zucc. â Êðàñíîÿðñêîì êðàå

Ã.Â. Êóçíåöîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

÷åñêè íà âåñü âåãåòàöèîííûé ïåðèîä èñêëþ÷èòü

ïðîïîëêó, áèîìåòðè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïîñàäî÷íîãî

ìàòåðèàëà ïðè ýòîì íå óõóäøàþòñÿ.

Äëÿ àãðîòåõíè÷åñêîãî óõîäà çà êóëüòóðàìè êåäðà

íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå èõ ñîçäàíèÿ ïðèåìëåìû çèðàçèí (8 êã/ãà) è àíêîð (100 ã/ãà), èñïîëüçóåìûå â êîíöå

ìàÿ-íà÷àëå èþíÿ. Ïðè ëåñîâîäñòâåííîì óõîäå

ïîäàâëåíèå ïîðîñëè âîçìîæíî ñ ïîìîùüþ àíêîðà

(150-200 ã/ãà). Äëÿ óäàëåíèÿ äåðåâüåâ, çàãëóøàþùèõ ñàæåíöû èëè ïîäðîñò êåäðà ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ 50%-íûé âîäíûé ðàñòâîð ðàóíäàïà ïóòåì

èíúåêöèè. Ýòîò æå ðàñòâîð ïðèìåíèì äëÿ îáðàáîòêè òîðöîâ ïíåé ïîñëå ñïèëèâàíèÿ ëèñòâåííûõ

äåðåâüåâ ïðè óõîäå çà êåäðîì â ñìåøàííûõ

ìîëîäíÿêàõ.

Îáñëåäîâàëèñü 18-ëåòíèå êóëüòóðû Pinus

koraiensis, ñîçäàííûå â 1983 ãîäó â îïòèìóìå

ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ Pinus sibirica Du Tour â ïðåäãîðüå

Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà (Åðìàêîâñêèé ëåñõîç Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ). Pinus koraiensis ïðåäñòàâëåí êëèìàòèïàìè èç Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ (×óãóåâñêèé ëåñõîç) è

Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ (Îáëó÷åíñêèé ëåñõîç).

Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé ðîñòà è ñîõðàííîñòè

êóëüòóð êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â 1995 ãîäó ïîêàçàëè èõ

âûñîêóþ ñîõðàííîñòü (91% ó Õàáàðîâñêîãî êëèìàòèïà è 80%  ó Ïðèìîðñêîãî). Âûñîòà îáîèõ êëèìàòèïîâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ñîñòàâëÿëà â ñðåäíåì  3,3

ì (ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ âûñîòà  6 ì), ïðèðîñò òåêóùåãî

ãîäà ñîñòàâëÿë â ñðåäíåì 37 ñì (ìàêñèìàëüíûé

ïðèðîñò ó îòäåëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ äîñòèãàë 69-95 ñì).

Êóëüòóðû âñòóïèëè â ðåïðîäóêòèâíóþ ôàçó ðàçâèòèÿ. Ìèêðî- è ìàêðîñòðîáèëû îòìå÷åíû ó îáîèõ

êëèìàòèïîâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Ýòî íîðìàëüíûå

ñôîðìèðîâàâøèåñÿ ìàêðîñòðîáèëû, âåñ øèøêè îò

100 ã äî 137 ã, äëèíà  13-15 ñì. Êîëè÷åñòâî æåíñêèõ

øèøåê â ìóòîâêå 3-5 øòóê, à ó îòäåëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ

èç Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ îòìå÷åíî 7 øèøåê.

Ñåìåíà, ñîáðàííûå èç ñôîðìèðîâàâøèõñÿ øèøåê,

èññëåäîâàëèñü íà ðåíòãåíñíèìêàõ. Âûÿâëåíà íèçêàÿ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü ñåìÿí è âûñîêèé ïðîöåíò

ïóñòûõ ñåìÿí ó êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî èç Ïðèìîðñêîãî

êðàÿ (×óãóåâñêèé ëåñõîç). Ñíèæåíèå âûõîäà ïîëíîçåðíèñòûõ ñåìÿí â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñâÿçàíî ñ íåäîñòàòî÷íûì êîëè÷åñòâîì ïûëüöû, à âûñîêèé ïðîöåíò

ïóñòûõ ñåìÿí îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ ñàìîîïûëåíèåì.

Ðåãóëÿðíîå ñåìåíîøåíèå êóëüòóð Pinus koraiensis

â ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò (1990-1995 ãã.) ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò

î äîñòàòî÷íî óñïåøíîé åãî àêêëèìàòèçàöèè íà þãå

Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ, â ïðåäãîðüå Çàïàäíîãî Ñàÿíà.

Ïåðñïåêòèâíûé ñïîñîá èñêóññòâåííîãî

âûðàùèâàíèÿ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî

Ð.È. Ëîñêóòîâ, Ã.Ñ. Âàðàêñèí

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Àíàëèç èñêóññòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî â òàåæíîé çîíå Ñèáèðè ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî

ïîñàäêà ñåÿíöåâ 1-3-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà íà ëåñîêóëüòóðíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ íå ïîçâîëÿåò âûðàùèâàòü èõ

áåç àãðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ è ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ óõîäîâ. Â

íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îáåñïå÷èòü ïðîâåäåíèå òàêèõ

óõîäîâ èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ýôôåêòèâíîé ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîé òåõíèêè íåâîçìîæíî.

Ïðîâåäåííûå íàìè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî äëÿ

óñïåøíîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî íà

âûðóáêàõ èç-ïîä òåìíîõâîéíûõ ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè ïóòåì

ñîçäàíèÿ êóëüòóð, öåëåñîîáðàçíî ïðèìåíÿòü êðóïíîìåðíûé ïîñàäî÷íûé ìàòåðèàë. Îí äîëæåí âûðàùèâàòüñÿ â øêîëüíîì îòäåëåíèè ëåñíîãî ïèòîìíèêà, ãäå âîçìîæíî ïðîâåäåíèå àãðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ

óõîäîâ çà ñàæåíöàìè. Âûðàùèâàòü èõ íåîáõîäèìî

äî îïðåäåëåííûõ ðàçìåðîâ, ïðè êîòîðûõ îíè ìîãóò

óñïåøíî ïðîèçðàñòàòü â êóëüòóðàõ.

Ñàæåíöû êåäðà äîëæíû áûòü ñ õîðîøî ðàçâèòîé

íàäçåìíîé ÷àñòüþ è ìî÷êîâàòîé êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé. Âûñîòà ñòâîëèêà  íå ìåíåå 40 ñì, äèàìåòð ó

êîðíåâîé øåéêè  8-9 ìì. Â øêîëüíîå îòäåëåíèå

ñåÿíöû ïåðåñàæèâàþòñÿ â âîçðàñòå 3 ëåò. Ñõåìà

ïîñàäêè  0,4-0,5 ì ìåæäó ðàñòåíèÿìè â ðÿäó è 0,8-

1,0 ì ìåæäó ðÿäàìè. Ñðîê âûðàùèâàíèÿ â øêîëå 

îò 3 äî 7 ëåò.

Ïðè ñîçäàíèè êóëüòóð êåäðà êðóïíîìåðíûì ïîñàäî÷íûì ìàòåðèàëîì îòïàäàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü â

îáðàáîòêå ïî÷âû è ïðîâåäåíèè àãðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ
- 174 -

Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ëåñîêóëüòóðíûìè ìåòîäàìè

È.È. Ïåðåâåðòàéëî

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Òåïëè÷íàÿ ïðàêòèêà äëÿ ïÿòèèãîëü÷àòîé ñîñíû â ÑØÀ

è åå âîçìîæíîå ïðèìåíåíèå â âîññòàíîâëåíèè êåäðà

Ïåéòîí Îóñòîí, Ðîíàëüä Îâåðòîí

Ëåñíàÿ Ñëóæáà ÑØÀ

Ëåñíèêè Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ çíà÷èòåëüíî óëó÷-

øèëè ïðàêòèêó ðàçâåäåíèÿ ñîñíû â òåïëè÷íûõ

óñëîâèÿõ çà ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòèëåòèé. Ìû

áû õîòåëè îïèñàòü òåõíîëîãèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà

ñàæåíöåâ, êàê â îòêðûòîì ãðóíòå, òàê è â êîíòåéíåðàõ, êîòîðûå, êàê ìû äóìàåì, ìîãëè áû áûòü

ïðèìåíèìû ê êåäðó íà ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì

Âîñòîêå. Ïÿòèèãîëü÷àòûå ñîñíû, ñ êîòîðûìè ìû

ðàáîòàëè - Pinus lambertiana, P. monticola, P. strobus

è P. albicaulis. Âîïðîñû äëÿ îñâåùåíèÿ âêëþ÷àþò

òðàíñïîðòèðîâêó ñåìÿí è ñòðàòèôèêàöèþ, ïî÷âû

(èëè áåñïî÷âåííàÿ ñìåñü è êîíòåéíåðû) è ïèòàíèå,

ãðàôèêè ðîñòà, çàêàëèâàíèå, âûêàïûâàíèå ïîñàäî÷-

íîãî ìàòåðèàëà è õðàíåíèå, è îñíîâíûå ïîñàäî÷-

íûå ïðàêòèêè. Áóäóò ïðèâåäåíû ïðèìåðû ðåçóëüòàòîâ ïîñàäêè.

Îïûò ïîñàäêè êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå

Ðîáåðò Ëîóðè

Êîìïàíèÿ Âåéåðõàóçåð, Òàêîìà, ÑØÀ

Ñåìåíà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ( Pinus koraiensis Sieb.

and Zucc.) áûëè ïîëó÷åíû èç Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ â

1989 ãîäó è âîçâðàùåíû â Ðî÷åñòåðñêèé öåíòð

ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êîìïàíèè Âåéåðõàóçåð äëÿ

ïîëó÷åíèÿ ñåÿíöåâ. Ïåðâûé ñåìåííîé äðåâîñòîé

áûë âûðàùåí â êîíòåéíåðàõ â 1990 ãîäó è ñåÿíöû,

íàðÿäó ñ äðóãèìè ïîðîäàìè, ñíîâà áûëè îòäàíû

íàçàä â Õàáàðîâñêèé êðàé è âûñàæåíû îêîëî ñåëà

Ãàòêà â ìàå 1991 ã. íà íàó÷íî-ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîì

ó÷àñòêå, ïðîéäåííîì ñïëîøíûì ïàëîì. Âòîðàÿ

ïîñàäêà áûëà âûïîëíåíà â ñåíòÿáðå 1992 ãîäà, à

äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ  çàâåðøåíà â ìàå 1992 ãîäà.

Âûæèâàåìîñòü áûëà î÷åíü õîðîøåé è, â òî âðåìÿ

êàê ðàííåñòàäèéíûé ðîñò áûë ìåäëåííûì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îí óñêîðÿåòñÿ. Îäíàêî, òåìïû ðîñòà

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî íå áûëè ñòîëü âûñîêèìè, êàê

òåìïû ðîñòà äðóãèõ ïîðîä. Åñëè äîëãîñðî÷íàÿ

çàùèòà îò ïîæàðà ýòîãî èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî ó÷àñòêà

áóäåò óñïåøíîé, ìû ïðîäîëæèì êîíòðîëèðîâàòü

ðàçâèòèå ýòèõ ïîñàäîê è, âîçìîæíî, ïðè èçâåñòíûõ

îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ ïåðåâåäåì èõ â ïðîåêò ïî

èçó÷åíèþ ðîñòà è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè.

óõîäîâ. Ó÷èòûâàÿ âûñîêóþ ïðèæèâàåìîñòü è

ñîõðàííîñòü êðóïíîìåðíûõ ñàæåíöåâ, öåëåñîîáðàçíî ÷èñëî ïîñàäî÷íûõ ìåñò ñîêðàòèòü äî 600-

800 øòóê íà 1 ãà, ÷òîáû âûðàñòèòü ðàíî è èíòåíñèâíî ïëîäîíîñÿùèå äðåâîñòîè. Ðàçìåùåíèå

ñàæåíöåâ íà ó÷àñòêå äîëæíî áûòü ðàâíîìåðíûì.

Ïðè âåäåíèè õîçÿéñòâà äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ äðåâåñèíû

íåîáõîäèìî âûñàæèâàòü 1000-1600 øòóê íà 1 ãà. Â

äàëüíåéøåì ïî ìåðå íåîáõîäèìîñòè çà êóëüòóðàìè

ñëåäóåò ïðîâîäèòü òîëüêî ëåñîâîäñòâåííûå óõîäû.

Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå è ñòðóêòóðà êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ñëîæèëèñü, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ïîä âëèÿíèåì ïðîìûøëåííûõ ðóáîê, çàòðîíóâøèõ áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ôîðìàöèè, è ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ, ïðîøåäøèõ, êàê ïî ìåñòàì ðóáîê, òàê è ïî

íåòðî-íóòûì íàñàæäåíèÿì. Â ðÿäå êîðåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé êåäð óòðàòèë ñâîå ãëàâåíñòâóþùåå ïîëîæåíèå, ñîêðàòèâ äî ìèíèìóìà ñâîå ó÷àñòèå èëè

ïîëíîñòüþ èñ÷åçíóâ èç ñîñòàâà äðåâîñòîÿ è ïîäðîñòà.

Ïîýòîìó ëåñíîå õîçÿéñòâî â êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ

äîëæíî áûòü íàïðàâëåíî íå òîëüêî íà êîìïëåêñíîå

èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïîëåçíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, íî è íà òî,

÷òîáû ïóòåì ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ äîáèòüñÿ óëó÷-

øåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ íàñàæäåíèé, óòðà÷åííûõ êåäðîì

êîðåéñêèì ïîçèöèé.

Åñòü äâà ïóòè ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðà: ñîçäàíèå ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð íà âûðóáêàõ, ãàðÿõ

è äðóãèõ íå ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì çåìëÿõ, ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ

ìàëîöåííûõ ìîëîäíÿêîâ ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä è

íèçêîòîâàðíûõ, ðàññòðîåííûõ ðóáêàìè, ðàçíîâîç-
- 175 -

ðàñòíûõ íàñàæäåíèé. Âûðóáêè â çîíå õâîéíîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ çàíèìàþò 11,5 ìëí.ãà,

ãàðè ðàçíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ  17,4 ìëí.ãà. Â ñîñòàâå

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíîãî ôîíäà 55% ñîñòàâëÿþò ìàëîöåííûå ìîëîäíÿêè ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä. Ïðîöåññ

íàêîïëåíèÿ ïëîùàäåé ýòèõ êàòåãîðèé ôîíäà ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ óæå íåóïðàâëÿåì. Íóæíû ðàäèêàëüíûå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðåôîðìû â ëåñíîì êîìïëåêñå, ÷òîáû êàêèì-òî îáðàçîì ïðèîñòàíîâèòü ðàçðóøåíèå ëåñíîãî ôîíäà. Î÷åâèäíî, íóæåí íåìåäëåííûé ïåðåõîä íà ïðîìûøëåííûå âçàèìîóâÿçàííûå òåõíîëîãèè â ñåìåíîâîäñòâå, âûðàùèâàíèå ñåëåêöèîííîãî (óëó÷øåííîãî) ïîñàäî÷íîãî

ìàòåðèàëà, êàê òðàäèöèîííûõ, òàê è êîíòåéíåçèðîâàííûõ åãî âèäîâ. À â ëåñîêóëüòóðíîì

ïðîèçâîäñòâå äîëæíû ïðåîáëàäàòü êóëüòóðû,

ñîçäàííûå óêðóïíåííûìè ñåÿíöàìè, ñàæåíöàìè

õâîéíûõ (êåäð, åëü) è äðóãèõ öåííûõ òâåðäîëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä.

Îïðåäåëåííîå ìåñòî ïðè èñêóññòâåííîì ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèè äîëæíû çàíÿòü áåçóõîäíûå ëåñíûå

êóëüòóðû êåäðà, íî ñ áîëåå ðàííèì îñâåòëåíèåì

ñàæåíöåâ â ðÿäàõ ïîñàäîê. Áåçóõîäíûå òåõíîëîãèè

ñîçäàíèÿ êóëüòóð êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî óæå ïðîøëè

èñïûòàíèÿ â Õàáàðîâñêîì è Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàÿõ,

ïîëó÷åíû õîðîøèå ðåçóëüòàòû. Óñïåõ âî ìíîãîì

çàâèñèò îò ïðàâèëüíîé îöåíêè óñëîâèé ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ãäå áóäóò ïîñàæåíû òàêèå êóëüòóðû, è

ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé èì òåõíîëîãèè èõ ïðîèçâîäñòâà.

Ëåñíàÿ èíòðîäóêöèÿ  îäèí èç âîçìîæíûõ

ïóòåé ñîõðàíåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ

Å.Í. Ðåïèí

Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â ñâÿçè ñ áîëüøèì ðûíî÷íûì ñïðîñîì íà äðåâåñèíó

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, äîëÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ â ëåñíîì

ôîíäå Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ ãîä îò ãîäà ñîêðàùàåòñÿ.

Íå òîëüêî è íå ñòîëüêî äðåâåñèíîé öåíåí êåäð.

Áîëüøîå õîçÿéñòâåííîå çíà÷åíèå èìåþò åãî

ñåìåíà, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ îáúåêòîì ñïåöèàëüíîãî

ïðîìûñëà. Êåäðîâíèêè, îòëè÷àþùèåñÿ áîãàòñòâîì

ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåñòîì

îáèòàíèÿ ðåäêèõ è ïðîìûñëîâûõ çâåðåé è ïòèö.

Ïîýòîìó êåäð, êàê ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëü è îðåõîíîñ,

íóæäàåòñÿ â îñîáîé îõðàíå. Ïðè ýòîì, êàê èñòî÷íèê

öåííîé äðåâåñèíû, îí ìîæåò áûòü çàìåíåí äðóãîé

äðåâåñíîé ïîðîäîé, îáëàäàþùåé àíàëîãè÷íûìè

èëè ñõîäíûìè òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèìè êà÷åñòâàìè äðåâåñèíû, ýíåðãèåé ðîñòà è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè ê óñëîâèÿì ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ.

Ýêîëîãè÷åñêóþ íèøó êåäðà, êàê äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé

ñîñíû, ìîãóò çàíÿòü äðóãèå âèäû ñîñåí èç ÷èñëà

óñïåøíî ïðîøåäøèõ ýòàï ïåðâè÷íîé èíòðîäóêöèè.

Ïðèðîäíîé ëàáîðàòîðèåé ïåðâè÷íîé èíòðîäóêöèè

â þæíîì Ïðèìîðüå ÿâëÿåòñÿ äåíäðàðèé Ãîðíîòàåæíîé ñòàíöèè. Èñïîëüçóÿ îáùåïðèíÿòûå ìåòîäèêè, íàìè äàíà îöåíêà ïåðñïåêòèâíîñòè èíòðîäóêöèè äåñÿòè âèäàì ðîäà ñîñíà. Âñå îíè ïðèçíàíû

ïðèãîäíûìè äëÿ âûðàùèâàíèÿ â óñëîâèÿõ þãà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, íî ñ ó÷åòîì èõ ýêîëîãî-ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé. Íàìè âûÿâëåíû îòíîøåíèÿ èíòðîäóöåíòîâ ê ñâåòó, âëàãå è íèçêîé òåìïåðàòóðå, ÷òî î÷åíü âàæíî â ïðîöåññå âûáîðà ýêîëîãî-ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé äëÿ èõ êóëüòóðû è

ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ äðåâîñòîåâ.

Èç íåêîòîðûõ âèäîâ èíòðîäóöèðîâàííûõ ñîñåí

ìîæíî ñîçäàâàòü íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ êîðîòêèì îáîðîòîì

ðóáêè, êîòîðûå áóäóò ñëóæèòü èñòî÷íèêîì ïîëó÷åíèÿ äðåâåñèíû, àíàëîãè÷íîé êåäðîâîé. À ñîçäàâàåìûå îäíîâðåìåííî êóëüòóðû êåäðà â äàëüíåéøåì

ìîãóò ýêñïëóàòèðîâàòüñÿ, êàê îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûå è

ðåêðåàöèîííûå çîíû, îõîòíè÷üè óãîäüÿ è ò.ä. Òàêîé

ïîäõîä áóäåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü îõðàíå è ñáåðåæåíèþ

óíèêàëüíûõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî.
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Íîâûé ïîäõîä ê ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ

ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.Ä. ×åðíûøåâ

Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðîñò è ðàçâèòèå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí

â Õåõöèðñêîì îïûòíîì ëåñíîì õîçÿéñòâå

Í.Â. Ðîìàíîâà, Â.Í. Êîðÿêèí, Â.Ñ. Ãðåê,

È.Â. Êîðÿêèí, Á.Ñ. Ëîäûãèí

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â 1977 ãîäó â Õåõöèðñêîì îïûòíîì ëåñíîì

õîçÿéñòâå ïî ïðîãðàììå ñîçäàíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé

ñåòè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóð çàëîæåíû ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå êóëüòóðû êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî è êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî. Êóëüòóðû ñîçäàíû íà ó÷àñòêå ïëîùàäüþ 5,6 ãà, îäíîðîäíîì ïî ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûì

óñëîâèÿì. Ñåìåíà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî çàãîòîâëåíû â

Îáîðñêîì, Îáëó÷åíñêîì è Ãóðñêîì ëåñõîçàõ Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ è ×óãóåâñêîì ëåñõîçå Ïðèìîðñêîãî

êðàÿ, à êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî  â ëåñõîçàõ Áóðÿòèè,

Êðàñíîÿðñêîãî êðàÿ, Èðêóòñêîé è ×èòèíñêîé îáëàñòåé. Ëåñîêóëüòóðíàÿ ïëîùàäü  ñòàðàÿ âûðóáêà,

íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðîéäåííàÿ ïîæàðîì. Ïîñàäêà âûïîëíåíà 3-õ ëåòíèìè ñåÿíöàìè âåñíîé, â ïîäãîòîâëåííûå ïîëîñû øèðèíîé 5,5 ì, ñ ðàçìåùåíèåì

íà ïîëîñå 2 ðÿäà. Ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ïîëîñàìè  3

ì è ìåæäó ðÿäàìè â ïîëîñå  2,0-2,5 ì. Ðàññòîÿíèå

ìåæäó ñåÿíöàìè â ðÿäó  0,75 ì.

Çà êóëüòóðàìè â ïåðâûå äâà ãîäà ïðîâîäèëñÿ àãðîóõîä, à â ïîñëåäóþùåì  ëåñîâîäñòâåííûé ïî ìåðå

íåîáõîäèìîñòè.

Îáñëåäîâàíèå êóëüòóð, ïðîâåäåííîå îñåíüþ 1994

ãîäà, ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî äåðåâüÿ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ðàçíîãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ íå èìåþò ñóùåñòâåííûõ ðàçëè÷èé íè ïî ðîñòó, íè ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ.

Â 18-ëåòíåì âîçðàñòå (ïëþñ 3 ãîäà  âîçðàñò

ñåÿíöåâ) îíè èìåëè ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð íà âûñîòå

ãðóäè  6,8 ñì è ñðåäíþþ âûñîòó  4,8 ì. Ñðåäíÿÿ

øèðèíà êðîíû ñîñòàâëÿëà 2,3 ì, à ñðåäíèé ïðèðîñò

ïî âûñîòå çà ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò  1,8 ì èëè 36 ñì â

ãîä.

Äåðåâüÿ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî çíà÷èòåëüíî óñòóïàëè â

ðîñòå è ðàçâèòèè äåðåâüÿì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Ó íèõ

ñðåäíèé äèàìåòð ðàâåí 4,1 ñì, ñðåäíÿÿ âûñîòà 

3,5 ì, øèðèíà êðîíû 1,4 ì, à ïðèðîñò ïî âûñîòå çà

ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò  1,3 ì. Ïðåâûøåíèå ðàçìåðîâ

äåðåâüåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî íàä êåäðîì ñèáèðñêèì

ñîñòàâëÿåò 140-160%.

Ïðè îäèíàêîâûõ êðèòåðèÿõ îöåíêè ñîñòîÿíèÿ

(ðàçâèòîñòü êðîíû, ñîñòîÿíèå âåðøèí, ñòâîëà, öâåò

õâîè è ò.ä.) ïðèçíàíî äåðåâüåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â

õîðîøåì ñîñòîÿíèè  30%, óäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîì 

67% è íåóäîâëåòâîðèòåëüíîì  3%; ó êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî ýòè îöåíêè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ðàâíû  0%, 68%

è 32%.

Íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè êóëüòóðàìè áóäóò

ïðîäîëæåíû, íî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü

âûâîä î íåïåðñïåêòèâíîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ â ýòîì ðàéîíå

ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ êóëüòóð êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî.

Èíòåíñèâíûå ðóáêè, ÷àñòûå ïîæàðû è ãëîáàëüíûå

êëèìàòè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ñòîðîíó àðèäíîñòè

ñïîñîáñòâóþò ñîêðàùåíèþ ïëîùàäåé, çàíÿòûõ

ðàíåå êåäðîâî-÷åðíîïèõòîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûìè

ëåñàìè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå, âáëèçè íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòîâ

è íà äîñòàòî÷íî óäàëåííîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò íèõ,

ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü ïñåâäîêëèìàêñîâûå ôèòîöåíîçû,

óïðîùåííûå ïî âèäîâîìó ñîñòàâó. Ñðåäè íèõ 

îñèííèêè, áåðåçíÿêè è îñîáåííî äóáíÿêè, â ðàçíîé

ñòåïåíè îáîãàùåííûå äðóãèìè áèîìîðôàìè. Òàêèå

ôèòîöåíîçû, õîòÿ è âûïîëíÿþò ïî÷âîçàùèòíûå

ôóíêöèè, ïðèíÿòî ñ÷èòàòü ìàëîöåííûìè, êîòîðûå

ïîñëå êâàëèôèöèðîâàííîãî õèðóðãè÷åñêîãî

âìåøàòåëüñòâà, ïîñåâîâ è ïîñàäîê ïîäõîäÿùèõ

öåííûõ ðàñòåíèé ìîæíî ïðåîáðàçîâàòü â ïîëíîöåííûå õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, áëèçêèå

ê êîðåííûì, ôóíêöèîíèðîâàâøèì êîãäà-òî â äàííûõ

óñëîâèÿõ. Â ñóùíîñòè, ýòîò ïðèåì èçâåñòåí ïîä

íàçâàíèåì ëåñîðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ, ÷òî â ëåñîâîäñòâå

ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, êàê ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå (èñïðàâëåíèå) ìàëîöåííîãî äðåâîñòîÿ íà ïîëíîöåííûé. Â

íàøåì ïîíèìàíèè, î÷åíü âàæíà ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ

âñåãî ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà, âêëþ÷àÿ ïîñåâ è

ïîñàäêó íå òîëüêî ðàñòåíèé, îáðàçóþùèõ äðåâîñòîé, íî è öåííûõ êóñòàðíèêîâ, ëèàí, òðàâÿíèñòûõ

ìíîãîëåòíèêîâ è ò.ä.

Ðåêîíñòðóêöèîííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ è òåõíè÷åñêèå

îïåðàöèè ïëàíèðóåòñÿ âûïîëíÿòü äâóìÿ ñîïðÿ-
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Âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ïóòåì ñîçäàíèÿ

ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâûõ ñåìåííûõ êóðòèí-áèîãðóïï

Ì.À. Øåøóêîâ, Ã.Ä. Øåëîãàåâ, À.Ï. Ñàâ÷åíêî

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

æåííûìè ïóòÿìè: (1) ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ ìàëîöåííûõ

ôèòîöåíîçîâ íà îñíîâå ìåñòíûõ ðàñòåíèé, ýâîëþöèîííî àäàïòèðîâàííûõ ê êëèìàòó è ïî÷âàì Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà; (2) ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ ôèòîöåíîçîâ ñ

âíåäðåíèåì èíîçåìíûõ ðàñòåíèé, ïðîøåäøèõ âñå

ñòàäèè èíòðîäóêöèè â óñëîâèÿõ Ïðèìîðüÿ èëè þãà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Íàìè âûÿâëåíû è îáîñíîâàíû

òðè îñíîâíûõ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèõ òðåáîâàíèÿ ê èíòðîäóöåíòàì: îíè äîëæíû áûòü ìîðîçîóñòîé÷èâûìè,

òåðïèìûìè ê íåäîñòàòêó ïî÷âåííîé âëàãè è

îáëàäàòü òåíåâûíîñëèâîñòüþ â ìîëîäîì âîçðàñòå.

Ïîñëåäíåå î÷åíü âàæíî ïðè âûðàùèâàíèè èíòðîÁîëüøèå îáúåìû ïðîìûøëåííûõ çàãîòîâîê â 1950-

1980-å ãîäû íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå ïðèâåëè ê

ñèëüíîìó èñòîùåíèþ ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, îñîáåííî

óíèêàëüíûõ ïî ñâîåé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè è öåííîñòè

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ. Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì

âîññòàíîâëåíèå óòðà÷åííûõ ïîçèöèé êåäðà â

êîðåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ åãî ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ  îäíà èç

íàèáîëåå âàæíûõ è àêòóàëüíûõ çàäà÷, ñòîÿùèõ

ïåðåä ëåñíûì õîçÿéñòâîì.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòó çàäà÷ó ïûòàþòñÿ ðåøèòü â

îñíîâíîì ñîçäàíèåì ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ êóëüòóð

êåäðà ïî ìàëîöåííûì ëèñòâåííûì íàñàæäåíèÿì,

÷òî ñîïðÿæåíî ñ áîëüøèìè çàòðàòàìè ñðåäñòâ íà

ïðîêëàäêó êîðèäîðîâ, ïîäãîòîâêó ïî÷âû, ïîñàäêó,

óõîä çà ñàæåíöàìè è ò. ä. Äàííûé ìåòîä îòëè÷àåòñÿ

íå òîëüêî áîëüøîé òðóäîåìêîñòüþ, íî è ðÿäîì

íåãàòèâíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèé. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, âñëåäñòâèå

ñèëüíîãî íàðóøåíèÿ åñòåñòâåííîé ëåñíîé ñðåäû,

îñîáåííî ïðè ñîçäàíèè òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèõ êîðèäîðîâ

øèðèíîé 4-5 ì, ïðîèñõîäèò áûñòðîå èõ çàðàñòàíèå

òðàâàìè è êóñòàðíèêàìè, ÷òî ðåçêî ïîâûøàåò

ïîæàðíóþ îïàñíîñòü ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è ÷àñòî

ïðèâîäèò ê óíè÷òîæåíèþ ñîçäàâàåìûõ êóëüòóð

ïîæàðàìè.

Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû âñå ÷àùå ñòàâèòñÿ òàêæå âîïðîñ

î íåîáõîäèìîñòè âíåäðåíèÿ â ëåñîêóëüòóðíîå

ïðîèçâîäñòâî èíòåíñèâíûõ òåõíîëîãèé ñ ïåðåâîäîì

èõ íà øèðîêóþ ïðîìûøëåííóþ îñíîâó. Ñ÷èòàåòñÿ,

÷òî ñîçäàíèå ïëàíòàöèîííûõ êóëüòóð â âèäå

êðóïíûõ êîìïàêòíûõ ìàññèâîâ (ïëîùàäüþ 5-10 è

áîëåå ãà) ïîçâîëèò áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ñèñòåìó ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìàøèí è îðóäèé

è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïîâûñèòü àãðîòåõíèêó èõ

âûðàùèâàíèÿ.

Îäíàêî, ìíîãîëåòíèé îïûò îäíîçíà÷íî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò, ÷òî äëÿ óñëîâèé Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è òàêîé

ïóòü ðàçâèòèÿ ëåñîêóëüòóðíîãî äåëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå

÷àñòî íåïðèåìëåìûì, ïîñêîëüêó, âñëåäñòâèå

âûñîêîé ãîðèìîñòè ëåñîâ, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ñîçäàâàåìûõ êóëüòóð ñãîðàåò ïðè ëåñíûõ ïîæàðàõ â òå÷åíèå

ïåðâûõ äâóõ-òðåõ äåñÿòèëåòèé. Ïðè ýòîì ñëåäóåò

ó÷èòûâàòü âûñîêóþ ñåáåñòîèìîñòü ïëàíòàöèîííûõ

êóëüòóð; ïðè èõ ñîçäàíèè ñèëüíî íàðóøàåòñÿ è

åñòåñòâåííàÿ ëåñíàÿ ñðåäà.

Âïîëíå î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî îñíîâîé âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

òàåæíûõ ëåñîâ â Ñèáèðè è íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

ñëóæèëî è áóäåò ñëóæèòü â áëèæàéøåé è äàëüíåé

ïåðñïåêòèâå åñòåñòâåííîå èõ ñàìîâîññòàíîâëåíèå.

Ëåñîêóëüòóðíûå ðàáîòû çäåñü äîëæíû áûòü

íàïðàâëåíû ïðåæäå âñåãî íà àêòèâíîå ñîäåéñòâèå

ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíûì ïðîöåññàì, è â ïåðâóþ

î÷åðåäü, íà òåõ ïëîùàäÿõ, ãäå îíè ñèëüíî íàðóøåíû àíòðîïîãåííûìè è ïèðîãåííûìè âîçäåéñòâèÿìè.

Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê áèîýêîëîãè÷åñêèì åñòåñòâåííûì

ïðîöåññàì ðàçâèòèÿ äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ

íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûé ïóòü èõ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

ñîñòîèò â ñîçäàíèè êðóïíîìåðíûì ïîñàäî÷íûì

ìàòåðèàëîì (4-5-ëåòíèìè ñàæåíöàìè) ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâûõ ñåìåííûõ êóðòèí-áèîãðóïï ïîä ïîëîãîì

ðàçðåæåííûõ ïðîèçâîäíûõ ìàëîöåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé, â ðåäèíàõ, íà ãàðÿõ èëè íà ëîêàëüíûõ íå ïîêðûòûõ ëåñîì ó÷àñòêàõ. Îïòèìàëüíûé ðàçìåð ñåìåííûõ êåäðîâûõ êóðòèí-áèîãðóïï  0,02-0,04 ãà ( èëè,

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 15 õ 15 ì è 20 õ 20 ì). Â êàæäîé

áèîãðóïïå öåëåñîîáðàçíî âûñàæèâàòü 15-20

êðóïíîìåðíûõ ñàæåíöåâ êåäðà ñ çàêðûòîé êîðíåâîé ñèñòåìîé â ïëîùàäêè ðàçìåðîì 0,4 õ 0,4 ì ñ

ðàçìåùåíèåì èõ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 300-500 ì äðóã îò

äðóãà.

äóöåíòîâ â ìíîãîÿðóñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçàõ, â êîòîðûõ

ðàñòåíèÿ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêè äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíû ïî

îòíîøåíèþ ê èíòåíñèâíîñòè, ïåðèîäó è ñïåêòðàëüíîìó ñîñòàâó ñâåòà.

Ïðîöåññ ëåñîðåêîíñòðóêöèè ðàñïàäàåòñÿ íà ðÿä

ýòàïîâ: (1) îòáîð ðàñòåíèé, ïîäõîäÿùèõ ïî

ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ñâîéñòâàì ê ìåñòíûì óñëîâèÿì;

(2) îáñëåäîâàíèå êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèé ðåêîíñòðóêöèè; (3) ïîñåâ è ïîñàäêà; 4) óõîä çà ðîñòîì è

ðàçâèòèåì. Â ýêñïåðèìåíòå âàæíû, êàê ïîëîæèòåëüíûå, òàê è îòðèöàòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû.
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Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ âî âíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè øòàòà

Àëÿñêà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê óïðàâëåíèþ êåäðîâûìè ëåñàìè íà

ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

Ýíäðþ ßíãáëàä, Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå Óïðàâëåíèå Ñåëüñêîãî

Õîçÿéñòâà Ëåñíîé Ñëóæáû ÑØÀ,

Ëàáîðàòîðèÿ ëåñíîãî è ïàñòáèùíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, Ëà Ãðàíäå, Îðåãîí, ÑØÀ

Íàãîðíûå ëåñà âíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè øòàòà Àëÿñêà âêëþ÷àþò â ñåáÿ Picea glauca (áåëàÿ åëü), Picea mariana

(÷åðíàÿ åëü), Populus tremuloides (îñèíà), Populus balsamifera (òîïîëü áàëüçàìè÷åñêèé), Betula papyrifera

(áåðåçà áóìàæíàÿ). Ïî îáùåé ðàñòè-òåëüíîé

ñòðóêòóðå è ñîñòàâó, êîìïëåêñíûì ñâÿçÿì ìåæäó

ìåñòíîñòüþ, êëèìàòîì, õîëîäíûì ïî÷âàì,

êîíêóðèðóþùèì òðàâàì è êóñòàðíèêàì è ðåæèìàì

åñòåñòâåííûõ ñòèõèéíûõ äåñòðóêöèé, ýòè ëåñà

ïîõîæè íà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ìíîãîñòîðîííèõ èññëåäîâàíèé âíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè Àëÿñêè â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ 30 ëåò

ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî áåëàÿ åëü íå ìîæåò óñïåøíî

âîññòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ áåç ïîëíîãî ó÷åòà àññîöèèðîâàííûõ ñ íåþ âèäîâ òâåðäûõ ïîðîä.

Âîçðàñòíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà è øàáëîíû ðîñòà ìîëîäûõ

òâåðäîõâîéíûõ ëåñîâ íàéäåííûõ â íàãîðíîé ÷àñòè,

íà þæíûõ ñêëîíàõ, áûëè ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû, ÷òîáû

îïðåäåëèòü ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ïîñëå äåñòðóêöèé, ñîñòàâ ðàííåïîñòäåñòðóêòèâíîãî ëåñà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ñóùåñòâóþùèìè ëåñàìè è ïîòåíöèàë äëÿ íàðàñòàíèÿ

ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä. Ñìåøàííûå ëåñà èç

áåëîé åëè, áóìàæíîé áåðåçû, îñèíû è áàëüçàìè÷åñêîãî òîïîëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïÿòüþ òèïàìè

ñîîáùåñòâ ðàñòåíèé è ðàçâèâàëèñü ñîâìåñòíî â

ïðîöåññå ïîñëå ïîæàðíûõ ñìåí. Âîññòàíîâëåíèå

øàáëîíîâ ðîñòà îïðåäåëèëè äâà îò÷åòëèâûõ

øàáëîíà ðàçâèòèÿ â óñòàíîâëåíèè äåðåâà è ðîñòå.

Â ýòîé ðàáîòå âûñêàçûâàåòñÿ ìûñëü, ÷òî ñîñòàâ

ñîîáùåñòâ ðàñòåíèé, óñòàíàâëèâàåìûõ ñðàçó ïîñëå

ñòèõèéíûõ äåñòðóêöèé, âëèÿåò íà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå

ïóòè âçðîñëåíèÿ ëåñîâ. Ýòè îäíîêîãîðòíûå

øàáëîíû ðàçâèòèÿ ñìåøàííûõ âèäîâ íå ñîâìåñòèìû ñ ïîñòîÿííûì óñòàíîâëåíèåì õâîéíûõ

ïîðîä è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñêîðåå âñåãî ðåçóëüòàòîì

óíèêàëüíûõ æèçíåèñòîðè÷åñêèõ ÷åðò è ÷àñòûõ

ïèðîãåííûõ äåñòðóêöèé.

Îïûò è èññëåäîâàíèÿ âíóòðåííåé ÷àñòè ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ïîòåíöèàë óñïåøíîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

áåëîé åëè ïîñëå ñïëîøíûõ ðóáîê âûñîê, åñëè íà

ìåñòà, ðàñ÷èùåííûå ìåõàíè÷åñêè èëè öåëåâûìè

ïîæàðàìè, âûñàæèâàòü ñàæåíöû, âûðàùåííûå â

êîíòåéíåðàõ. Íåñìîòðÿ íà óñïåõ ìåòîäà ñïëîøíûõ

ðóáîê äëÿ ðåãåíåðàöèè â ïðîøëîì è ïðèìåíåíèå

åãî â íàñòîÿùåì, àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ìåòîäû ðåãåíåðàöèè, òàêèå, êàê ìåòîä ðàâíîìåðíûõ ïîñòåïåííûõ

ðóáîê, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ðàâíîöåííûìè. Íåäàâíèå ðàçðàáîòêè ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ìåòîäà

ðàâíîìåðíûõ ïîñòåïåííûõ ðóáîê, íåîáõîäèìàÿ

Êðîìå êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåííûì ìåòîäîì

öåëåñîîáðàçíî âîññòàíàâëèâàòü íà êðóïíûõ ãàðÿõ

òàêæå åëü è ëèñòâåííèöó, à íà þãå Ïðèìîðüÿ 

ïèõòó öåëüíîëèñòíóþ  óíèêàëüíóþ ïîðîäó, ïðåâîñõîäÿùóþ êåäð êîðåéñêèé ïî âûñîòå, äèàìåòðó,

ïîëíîäðåâåñíîñòè, òåìïó ðîñòà è äðóãèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì.

Â öåëÿõ ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîé àïðîáàöèè ïðåäëîæåííûõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ êåäðîâûõ öåíîçîâ â Õåõöèðñêîì îïûòíî-ìåõàíèçèðîâàííîì ëåñõîçå â ëåñîïàðêîâîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå

íà ïëîùàäè 3 òûñ.ãà â 1991 ã. áûëè ñîçäàíû

ñåìåííûå êóðòèíû-áèîãðóïïû â ïðîèçâîäíûõ

ëèñòâåííûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ (îñèíîâî-áåðåçîâûõ),

ñôîðìèðîâàâøèõñÿ íà ãàðè ïîñëå èíòåíñèâíîãî

íèçîâîãî ïîæàðà. Òàêèå æå ñåìåííûå êóðòèíûáèîãðóïïû â 1991ã. áûëè ñîçäàíû â Ìóõåíñêîì

ëåñõîçå âîêðóã Ïó÷èíñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ ìèíåðàëüíûõ âîä íà ïëîùàäè îêîëî äâóõ òûñ.ãà.

Ïðîâåäåííîå îñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàíèå ïîêàçûâàåò,

÷òî ïðèæèâàåìîñòü ñàæåíöåâ â áèîãðóïïàõ 95-97%,

îíè óñïåøíî ïðîòèâîñòîÿëè çàãëóøåíèþ òðàâÿíèñòîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ è íå òðåáîâàëè ïîñëåäóþùåãî àãðîòåõíè÷åñêîãî óõîäà. Äëÿ óñêîðåíèÿ

ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ñàæåíöåâ êåäðà íà 2-3-é ãîä â

ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå áèîãðóïïû áûëè ñîçäàíû ïîä äðåâåñíûì ïîëîãîì, ïðîâåäåíî èíòåíñèâíîå îñâåòëåíèå.

Î÷åâèäíûìè äîñòîèíñòâàìè âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ ïðåäëîæåííûì ñïîñîáîì ÿâëÿþòñÿ: (1)

ìàêñèìàëüíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå âûñîêîé ñïîñîáíîñòè

åñòåñòâåííûõ ñèë ïðèðîäû ê ñàìîâîññòàíîâëåíèþ;

(2) îáåñïå÷åíèå â êîðîòêèå ñðîêè âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ

êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ íà áîëüøèõ ïëîùàäÿõ è ïðè

ìèíèìàëüíûõ çàòðàòàõ; (3) ìèíèìàëüíîå íàðóøåíèå åñòåñòâåííîé ëåñíîé ñðåäû â îòëè÷èå îò

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ êóëüòóð; (4) áîëåå íèçêàÿ âåðîÿòíîñòü ãèáåëè êóðòèí-áèîãðóïï îò ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ

è âðåäèòåëåé ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïëàíòàöèîííûìè

êóëüòóðàìè è ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûìè.
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ðåãåíåðàöèÿ äîñòèãàåòñÿ áåç äîðîãîñòîÿùèõ

ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïîäãîòîâêå ìåñòà, ðàâíîìåðíûå

ïîñòåïåííûå ðóáêè ïîçâîëÿþò äåðåâüÿì óñêîðåíèå

ðîñòà â äèàìåòðå ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñåìåííûå äåðåâüÿ

áóäóò ñðóáëåíû, îñòàâëÿåìûå íà êîðíþ äåðåâüÿ

çàãîòàâëèâàþòñÿ çèìîé ñ íàèìåíüøèì óùåðáîì

äëÿ ñåÿíöåâ.
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Håêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè êîñóëè êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà Ïðèàìóðüÿ

À.Ë. Àíòîíîâ

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

ÄÂÎ ÐÀH. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

IV. ÝÊÎÏÅÄÎÁÈÎÒÀ ÊÅÄÐÎÂÎ-ØÈÐÎÊÎËÈÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÕ ËÅÑÎÂ

Î íåêîòîðûõ ðåäêèõ âèäàõ àìôèáèé è ðåïòèëèé

þæíûõ ðàéîíîâ Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ

Ý.Â. Àäíàãóëîâ

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

ÄÂÎ ÐÀH. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Hà òåððèòîðèè Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ äàëüíåâîñòî÷íàÿ

æåðëÿíêà Bombina orientalis (Boul., 1890) èñêëþ-

÷èòåëüíî ðåäêà (Òàãèðîâà, 1987), õîòÿ þæíåå â Ïðèìîðüå  áîëåå îáû÷íà. Â èþëå 1994 ã. íàìè îòìå÷åíû òîëüêî ó ïîäíîæüÿ õðåáòà Ñòðåëüíèêîâà (þã

Áèêèíñêîãî ðàéîíà, îêð. ñ. Ïîêðîâêà): ãîëîâàñòèêè

è âçðîñëûå îñîáè ýòîãî âèäà áûëè îáíàðóæåíû íà

ãðàíèöå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà è ïîéìåííîãî ëóãà. Hà ïðàâîáåðåæüå ð. Áèêèí (ñ. Âàñèëüåâêà) è ñåâåðíåå (Âÿçåìñêèé ðàéîí), ïî ñîîáùåíèÿì ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, ýòà àìôèáèÿ íå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, ýòî ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ

äëÿ æåðëÿíêè ñàìûì ñåâåðíûì íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå.

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íàÿ ÷åðåïàõà Trionyx sinensis (Wiegm.,

1835), ïî îïðîñíûì ñâåäåíèÿì, áûëà äîñòàòî÷íî

ìíîãî÷èñëåííà â ïðèóñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ð. Áèêèí. Hà

åå ÷èñëåííîñòü â ýòîì ðàéîíå íàèáîëüøåå âëèÿíèå

îêàçûâàþò õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÷åëîâåêà

è çíà÷èòåëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ ðåæèìà ýòîé ðåêè. Òàê,

â 1989 ã. íà ïîéìåííûõ ëóãàõ ïðèóñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ð.

Áèêèí ñåíîçàãîòîâèòåëÿìè áûëî ñêëàäèðîâàíî

îêîëî 100 ò ìèíåðàëüíûõ óäîáðåíèé, êîòîðûå áûëè

ñìûòû âî âðåìÿ àíîìàëüíî âûñîêîãî âåñåííåãî

ïàâîäêà. ×åðåç íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ ïîñëå ýòîãî îòìå-

÷àëèñü îáèëüíîå öâåòåíèå âîäû, ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü

ðûáû, ìîëëþñêîâ (Bivalvia), ÷åðåïàõ. Â èþëå 1994

ã. èç-çà âûñîêîãî óðîâíÿ âîäû â ðåêå ïðàêòè÷åñêè

âñå òèïè÷íûå äëÿ îòêëàäêè ÿèö ìåñòà áûëè çàëèòû,

è ïîòîìó ÷åðåïàõà íå áûëà âñòðå÷åíà.

Ïî îïðîñíûì äàííûì ÷åðåïàõà èíîãäà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ

íà ïåñ÷àíî-ãàëå÷íèêîâûõ ïëÿæàõ ïðàâîãî áåðåãà ð.

Áèêèí â ðàéîíå î. Çàãðåáíîãî (îêð. ã. Áèêèí). Ñòîëü

æå ðåäêà ÷åðåïàõà è âîçëå àíàëîãè÷íûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â

ïðîòîêå Ñðåäíåé (ð. Óññóðè, îêð. ñ. Ëîí÷àêîâî), â

ïðèóñòüåâîé ÷àñòè ðó÷üÿ Òîïêîãî (îêð. ñ. Âèäíîå).

Çà 1993-94 ãã. îòìå÷åíû åäèíè÷íûå âñòðå÷è, õîòÿ

îêîëî äåñÿòè ëåò íàçàä îíà áûëà â ýòèõ ìåñòàõ

äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íîé.

Îñíîâíûìè ïðè÷èíàìè ñíèæåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè

÷åðåïàõè íà ó÷àñòêå ð. Óññóðè ñ. Ïîêðîâêà-ñ.

Øåðåìåòüåâî ÿâëÿþòñÿ õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü (ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî: ìèíåðàëüíûå óäîáðåíèÿ

è ÿäîõèìèêàòû) è  ïî ñîîáùåíèÿì ìåñòíîãî

íàñåëåíèÿ  ìàññîâûé îòëîâ êèòàéñêèìè ðûáàêàìè.

Ñ 1989 ïî 1995 ãã. íà ó÷àñòêå, èçìåíåííîãî ðóáêàìè

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà (5,5 òûñ. ãà,

áàññåéí ð.Øèâêè, ïðèòîê Óññóðè) èññëåäîâàíû

ðàçìåùåíèå, èñïîëüçîâàíèå òåððèòîðèè, ïëîòíîñòü

íàñåëåíèÿ, ñòàäíîñòü, âîçðàñòíàÿ è ïîëîâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà, îñîáåííîñòè ïèòàíèÿ è êîðìîäîáûâàíèÿ

êîñóëè.

Äëÿ êîñóëè äàííîãî ðàéîíà õàðàêòåðíû ñëåäóþùèå

îñîáåííîñòè:

 â öåëîì îñåäëîñòü è íàëè÷èå ïîñòîÿííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ

îáèòàíèÿ (çèìîé äëÿ ñåìåéíîé ãðóïïû äî 120-150

ãà);

 òÿãîòåíèå â óñëîâèÿõ íîðìàëüíîé ñíåæíîñòè ê

ìàëîíàðóøåííûì ó÷àñòêàì êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî è ïèõòîâîãî ëåñà è èçáåãàíèå îòêðûòûõ

ñòàöèé. Ýòà òåíäåíöèÿ óñèëèâàåòñÿ ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì

âûñîòû ñíåæíîãî ïîêðîâà. Âûðóáêè 3-10-ëåòíåé

äàâíîñòè ïîñåùàþòñÿ, â îñíîâíîì, â ìàëîñíåæíûå

ïåðèîäû;

 â áåññíåæíûé ïåðèîä îòêðûòûå ñòàöèè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ áîëüøå;

 ñåçîííàÿ ìèãðàöèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò ëèøü ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ñèëüíûõ ñíåãîïàäîâ â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå

çèìû. Îáèëüíûå ñíåãîïàäû â êîíöå çèìû (çèìà

1993/94) óæå íå âûçûâàþò ìèãðàöèîííûõ ïåðåìåùåíèé;
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* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ïîääåðæêå ãðàíòà ÐÔÔÈ,N94-01-11971-à

Áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ïîäñòèëîê ïîä ëåñíûìè êóëüòóðàìè*

È.Í. Áåçêîðîâàéíàÿ

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà.

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

 ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ â ïåðèîä èññëåäîâàíèé áûëà îòíîñèòåëüíî ñòàáèëüíîé è êîëåáàëàñü îò 4,5

äî 8,7 îñîáåé/1000 ãà;

 ñòàäíîñòü â áåññíåæíûé ïåðèîä íèæå, ÷åì çèìîé

(1,37 è 2,07 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî) è íèæå, ÷åì â áîëåå

îòêðûòûõ ëàíäøàôòàõ Ïðèàìóðüÿ. Îíà êîððåëèðóåò ñ âûñîòîé ñíåãà ïî ãîäàì, ñâÿçè ñ ïëîòíîñòüþ íàñåëåíèÿ ïðè ñîâðåìåíîì åå óðîâíå íå

îáíàðóæåíî;

 â öåëîì, ñîîòíîøåíèå ïîëîâ ñìåùåíî â ñòîðîíó

ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ ñàìöîâ (1,54:1); ñåãîëåòêè ñîñòàâëÿþò 36,4%;

 â çèìíåì ïèòàíèè, êðîìå äðåâåñíî-âåòî÷íûõ

êîðìîâ, ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü èãðàþò ñåìåíà ÿñåíÿ,

æåëóäè, ïëîäû áàðõàòà è âèíîãðàäà. Ïèõòîâàÿ õâîÿ

ïîåäàåòñÿ â íåáîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ çèìîé ïîñòîÿííî, äàæå â óñëîâèÿõ îáèëüíîãî óðîæàÿ æåëóäåé.

Çà âåñü ïåðèîä íå áûëî îòìå÷åíî ïîåäàíèÿ êåäðîâûõ îðåõîâ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, êîñóëÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî

ëåñà èìååò ðÿä ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòåé,

õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ òèïè÷íî ëåñíîãî ýêîòèïà; îäíàêî

îòñóòñòâèå óñòîé÷èâûõ òðîôè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé ñ

êåäðîì êîðåéñêèì ïîçâîëÿåò ãîâîðèòü îá àëëîõòîííîñòè âèäà.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â êóëüòóðàõ êåäðà

(Pinus sibirica), ñîñíû (P.silvestris), åëè (Picea

obovata), ëèñòâåííèöû (Larix sibirica), îñèíû

(Populus tremula), áåðåçû (Betula fruticosa),

ñîçäàííûõ 2-3 ëåòíèìè ñàæåíöàìè â 1971-72 ãã. íà

òåìíî-ñåðîé ëåñíîé ñòàðîïàõîòíîé ïî÷âå âîñòî÷-

íîé îêðàèíû Êåì÷óãñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ëåñíûõ áèîãåîöåíîçîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî òèïà

èäåò â óñëîâèÿõ åäèíîãî ýäàôè÷åñêîãî ôîíà.

Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ, ñêëàäûâàþùèåñÿ â ðàçëè÷-

íûõ êóëüòóðàõ ïî ìåðå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ëåñíîãî

ñîîáùåñòâà, ïðèâîäÿò ê ïðåîáðàçîâàíèþ ñòðóêòóðû

ïî÷âåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. Ýòî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â óâåëè÷åíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè è ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ áèîòû ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ èñõîäíûì ñóáñòðàòîì  ïàøíåé.

Êóëüòóðû ëèñòâåííèöû, áåðåçû è îñèíû õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ìèêðîáíîãî

íàñåëåíèÿ (553256-879645 òûñ./ã) è ìåçîôàóíû

(102-196 ýêç./ì2). Ïëîòíîñòü ìèêðîôàóíû â ýòèõ

êóëüòóðàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 7820-12330 ýêç./ì2. Âûÿâëåíî

23-25 òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï ïî÷âåííûõ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ. Õâîéíûå êóëüòóðû êåäðà, ñîñíû è åëè

îòëè÷àþòñÿ áîëåå âûñîêèì óðîâíåì ïëîòíîñòè

ìåëêèõ ÷ëåíèñòîíîãèõ (11349-29120 ýêç./ì2), òîãäà

êàê ïëîòíîñòü êðóïíûõ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ â íèõ â 2-

10 ðàç ìåíüøå, ÷åì â ëèñòâåííûõ êóëüòóðàõ è ëèñòâåííèöå. Âûÿâëåíî 17-20 òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï

ïî÷âåííûõ áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ. Ïëîòíîñòü ìèêðîáíîãî

íàñåëåíèÿ â õâîéíûõ êóëüòóðàõ ñîñòàâëÿåò 355825-

537191 òûñ./ã ñóáñòðàòà. Ïàøíÿ õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ

îáåäíåííîñòüþ ïî÷âåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ: âûÿâëåíî

12 òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ, ïëîòíîñòü ìèêðîôëîðû, ìèêðîôàóíû è ìåçîôàóíû

ñîñòàâëÿåò 66374 òûñ./ã ïî÷âû, 1306 è 19 ýêç./ì2,

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Îñíîâíûìè àãåíòàìè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ áèîõèìè-

÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè ïîäñòèëîê è ïî÷âû âî âñåõ

êóëüòóðàõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïî÷âåííûå ìèêðîîðãàíèçìû è

ìèêðîàðòðîïîäû (êîððåëÿöèÿ =0,42-0,91). Ïî÷âåííàÿ ìåçîôàóíà îêàçûâàåò îïîñðåäîâàííîå âëèÿíèå

íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå áèîëîãè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè ïîäñòèëîê â èññëåäóåìûõ áèîöåíîçàõ ÷åðåç ìåõàíè-

÷åñêîå ðàçðóøåíèå ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îñòàòêîâ è

àêòèâèçàöèþ ìèêðîáèîëîãè÷åñêîé æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè. Òàê, ïîäñòèëêè ëèñòâåííûõ êóëüòóð õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ íàèáîëåå âûñîêîé ïðîòåàçíîé (76,2-92,4

æë.ë.åä./ã) è óðåàçíîé (3,4-4,0 N-NÍ4 ìã/ã) àêòèâíîñòüþ, â õâîéíûõ êóëüòóðàõ àêòèâíîñòü ýòèõ

ôåðìåíòîâ â 1,5-2,5 ðàçà íèæå. Ñóììàðíûì ïîêàçàòåëåì íàïðÿæåííîñòè áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ

â ïîäñòèëêàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðîäóöèðîâàòü

óãëåêèñëîòó. Ïî ýòîìó ïîêàçàòåëþ êóëüòóðû îáðàçóþò ñëåäóþùèé ðÿä: áåðåçà > îñèíà> ëèñòâåííèöà

> êåäð > åëü > ñîñíà.

Ïðîèçðàñòàíèå êóëüòóð ïðèâîäèò ê àêòèâèçàöèè

áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ è ñïîñîáñòâóåò âîññòàíîâëåíèþ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ïî÷âåííûõ îðãàíèçìîâ,

õàðàêòåðíîãî äëÿ ëåñíûõ áèîãåîöåíîçîâ.
- 182 -

Ñåëåêöèÿ êóñòàðíèêîâ Ïðèìîðüÿ â áîòàíè÷åñêîì ñàäó ÕÃÓ íà

ïðèìåðå Weigela praecox (lemoine) bailey

Þ.Â. Áåíãóñ, À.Ò. Âîëîäàðñêàÿ, Î.À. Îìåëüíèê

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä Õàðüêîâñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà.

 Õàðüêîâ. Óêðàèíà.

Áîãàòîå âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå êóñòàðíèêîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ ñòàëî öåííûì èñòî÷íèêîì, èç êîòîðîãî ñàäîâîäû, ñåëåêöèîíåðû è ñïåöèàëèñòû ïî

èíòðîäóêöèè ÷åðïàþò èñõîäíûé ìàòåðèàë äëÿ ñâîèõ

òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû. Øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå íà Õàðüêîâùèíå

ïîëó÷èëè ëèìîííèê êèòàéñêèé, àêòèíèäèè êîëîìèêòà

è àðãóòà, æèìîëîñòè ñúåäîáíàÿ è êàì÷àòñêàÿ. Â

ëåêàðñòâåííûõ öåëÿõ âûðàùèâàþò ýëåóòåðîêîêê è

àðàëèþ, â îçåëåíåíèè ïðèìåíÿþò äåéöèþ, ÷óáóøíèê, æèìîëîñòü Ìààêà, òèñ è ìèêðîáèîòó. Áîëåå

øèðîêîé èíòðîäóêöèè êóñòàðíèêîâ Ïðèìîðüÿ ìåøàþò èõ îòäåëüíûå íåäîñòàòêè: êîðîòêèé ïåðèîä âûñîêîé äåêîðàòèâíîñòè, êîëþ÷èå ïîáåãè, ïîâûøåííûå

òðåáîâàíèÿ ê âëàæíîñòè èëè ïëîäîðîäèþ ïî÷âû,

íèçêàÿ óðîæàéíîñòü è äð. Äëÿ èõ ïðåîäîëåíèÿ ìû

èñïîëüçîâàëè ìåòîä ìóòàãåíåçà.

Â ýêñïåðèìåíòå ïî âûðàùèâàíèþ ñåÿíöåâ èç ñåìÿí

âåéãåëû ðàííåé, îáðàáîòàííûõ õèìè÷åñêèìè

ìóòàãåíàìè, ìû ïîëó÷èëè áåñõëîðîôèëüíóþ ìóòàöèþ, êîòîðóþ óäàëîñü çàêðåïèòü â âèäå âíóòðåííåé

ñîñòàâëÿþùåé â àïåêñå ïåðèêëèíàëüíîé õèìåðû

òèïà chlorina media piñta, ïî-âèäèìîìó, îïèñàííîé

ó âåéãåëû âïåðâûå. Çà ñ÷åò ñîõðàíåíèÿ â òóíèêå

àïåêñà êëåòîê, ñïîñîáíûõ ê ñèíòåçó õëîðîôèëëà,

õèìåðà ñîõðàíèëà âûñîêóþ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü

äèêîãî ãåíîòèïà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âûñîêîé äåêîðàòèâíîñòüþ ïåñòðîëèñòíîãî ìóòàíòà. Ìóòàöèÿ ïîëó÷åíà ñ ïîìîùüþ N-íèòðîçîìåòèëìî÷åâèíû â 1990 ã.

Íîâàÿ ôîðìà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êóñòàðíèê

âûñîòîé äî 2 ìåòðîâ ñ ñóïðîòèâíûìè îáðàòíîÿéöåâèäíûìè ëèñòüÿìè äëèíîé 6-8 ñì è øèðèíîé

3-6 ñì, ñ ðåäêèì îïóøåíèåì, áîëåå âûðàæåííûì

íà íèæíåé ïîâåðõíîñòè. Öâåòû ëèëîâî-ðîçîâûå

òðóá÷àòî-êîëîêîëü÷àòûå, öâåòåíèå îáèëüíîå. Ôîðìà ëåãêî ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ çåëåíûìè ÷åðåíêàìè ñ

îäíèì èëè íåñêîëüêèìè ìåæäîóçëèÿìè. Â 3-ëåòíåì

âîçðàñòå ñàæåíöû äîñòèãàþò âûñîòû 0,5-0,7 ì, à ñ

÷åòûðåõ ëåò îáèëüíî öâåòóò. Ãëàâíîå îòëè÷èå ôîðìû  â îêðàñêå ëèñòüåâ. Â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè ëèñòà

ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ ïðîäîëãîâàòîå ñâåòëîå æåëòîçåëåíîå ïÿòíî ñ ÷åòêîé ãðàíèöåé è íåðîâíûìè

êðàÿìè øèðèíîé 2,5-4 ñì. Ïÿòíî âûãëÿäèò ÿð÷å íà

ìîëîäûõ ëèñòüÿõ. Âòîðàÿ îñîáåííîñòü ýòîé ôîðìû

 êðàñíîâàòàÿ îêðàñêà îäíîëåòíèõ ïîáåãîâ. Ïðè

ðàçìíîæåíèè ñåìåíàìè äåêîðàòèâíûå ñâîéñòâà

íîâîé ôîðìû, êàê è ó âñåõ õèìåð, íå ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ.

Íîâàÿ ôîðìà âåéãåëû ðàííåé chlorina media picta

âûãîäíî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò äèêîãî ãåíîòèïà âûñîêîé

äåêîðàòèâíîñòüþ â òå÷åíèå âñåãî âåãåòàöèîííîãî

ñåçîíà, áîëåå âûíîñëèâà, ÷åì èçâåñòíûå ôîðìû

âåéãåëû òèïà marginata, è ìîæåò øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ â îçåëåíåíèè. ×åðåíêè è ñàæåíöû íîâîé

ôîðìû ïðåäëàãàþòñÿ ê îáìåíó.

Íàø îïûò ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ïîëó÷åíèå íîâûõ ôîðì

ñ ïîìîùüþ ìóòàãåíîâ, ðàñøèðÿåò âîçìîæíîñòè

èíòðîäóêöèè êóñòàðíèêîâ Ïðèìîðüÿ.

Ñòðóêòóðà îðãàíè÷åñêîãî âåùåñòâà ëåñíûõ ïî÷â *

Ý.Ô. Âåäðîâà, Ë.Â. Ñïèðèäîíîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Îðãàíè÷åñêîå âåùåñòâî (ÎÂ) ëåñíûõ ïî÷â ìîæåò

áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíî ñèñòåìîé ñâÿçàííûõ ìåæäó

ñîáîé áëîêîâ: ìåðòâûå ðàñòèòåëüíûå îñòàòêè íà

ïîâåðõíîñòè (ëåñíàÿ ïîäñòèëêà) è â òîëùå (îòïàä

êîðíåé) ïî÷âû, áèîìàññà ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ è

áåñïîçâîíî÷íûõ æèâîòíûõ, ïðîäóêòû ìåòàáîëèçìà

è ñîáñòâåííî ãóìóñîâûå âåùåñòâà, ëåãêîãèäðîëèçóåìûå è óñòîé÷èâûå ê áèîðàçëîæåíèþ.

Çàïàñû óãëåðîäà (Ñ) â ÎÂ òåìíî-ñåðûõ ëåñíûõ ïî÷â

õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ íà ïðèìåðå îäíîâîçðàñòíûõ (25-

ëåòíèõ) êóëüòóð õâîéíûõ è ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä Ñèáèðè.

Â ãóìóñå 20-ñì ñëîÿ ïî÷âû ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî îò 64 äî

81% îáùèõ çàïàñîâ Ñ. Äîëÿ Ñ â ðàñòèòåëüíûõ

îñòàòêàõ ïîä ïîëîãîì êåäðà è ñîñíû ñîñòàâëÿåò 23-

26, ïîä ïîëîãîì ëèñòâåííèöû è åëè- 21-29, áåðåçû

è îñèíû  19-22% îáùåãî çàïàñà â ÎÂ. Ñîîòíîøåíèå çàïàñîâ Ñ â íàäçåìíîì è ïîäçåìíîì ðàñòèòåëüíîì ìàòåðèàëå èìååò ñëåäóþùèé âèä: ïîä

êåäðîì, ñîñíîé è ëèñòâåííèöåé 1:1,5 èëè 1:1, ïîä

åëüþ  1:9, ïîä îñèíîé è áåðåçîé  1:1,7 è 1:2,7

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.

Â ñîñòàâå ïîäçåìíîãî ðàñòèòåëüíîãî âåùåñòâà

ïðåîáëàäàåò (60-90%) íåîäíîðîäíàÿ äåñòðóêòó-
- 183 -

* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ïîääåðæêå ÐÔÔÈ N94-04-11971-à

Äèíàìèêà ñâîéñòâ ñåðûõ ëåñíûõ ïî÷â ëåñîñòåïè ñðåäíåé

Ñèáèðè ïðè àíòðîïîãåííîì âîçäåéñòâèè

Ë.Ñ. Øóãàëåé

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ðèðîâàííàÿ ìàññà èç ðàçëîæèâøèõñÿ êîðíåé,

êîðíåâûõ ÷åõëèêîâ, ÷åøóåê êîðû, îáúåäèíåííàÿ âî

ôðàêöèþ ìîðòìàññà. Â õâîéíûõ äðåâîñòîÿõ îíà

ïðåäñòàâëåíà, â îñíîâíîì, ãðèáíûì ìèöåëèåì, â

ëèñòâåííûõ  ìèöåëèé ãðèáîâ îòñóòñòâóåò. Ìîðòìàññà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ îòìåðøèìè êîðíÿìè õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ â 1,5-2 ðàçà áîëåå íèçêîé êîíöåíòðàöèåé

Ñ è íàèáîëåå óçêèì îòíîøåíèåì Ñ:N. Äîëÿ ìåðòâûõ

êîðíåé èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 7 (ïîä ëèñòâåííûìè ïîðîäàìè) äî 10 (ïîä ñîñíîé, ëèñòâåííèöåé è åëüþ) è

30 (ïîä êåäðîì) ïðîöåíòîâ çàïàñà Ñ â ïîäçåìíûõ

ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îñòàòêàõ. Îáùàÿ àêêóìóëÿöèÿ Ñ â

ïîäçåìíîì ðàñòèòåëüíîì âåùåñòâå (îòïàä êîðíåé+ìîðòìàññà) ïîä âñåìè äðåâîñòîÿìè çíà÷èòåëüíî ïðåâûøàåò çàïàñ Ñ â æèâûõ êîðíÿõ. Îñíîâíàÿ

ìàññà (äî 65%) ïîäçåìíûõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îñòàòêîâ

ñîñðåäîòî÷åíà â âåðõíåì 5-ñì ñëîå ïî÷âû.

Äîëÿ ìèêðîáíîé áèîìàññû (ÌÁ) â îáùåì áàíêå Ñ

íå ïðåâûøàåò 2-3%. Àáñîëþòíûå âåëè÷èíû (ÌÁ) â

àêêóìóëÿòèâíîì ãîðèçîíòå òåìíî-ñåðîé ïî÷âû ïîä

õâîéíûìè ñîïîñòàâèìû ñ çàïàñîì Ñ â ìåðòâûõ

êîðíÿõ, ïîä ëèñòâåííûìè  ïðåâûøàþò ïîñëåäíèå

â 7 ðàç.

Ñåðûå ëåñíûå ïî÷âû ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîìèíàíòàìè ïî÷-

âåííîãî ïîêðîâà ëåñîñòåïè. Â åñòåñòâåííîì

ñîñòîÿíèè îíè ñîõðàíèëèñü ïîä ñîñíÿêàìè I-II

êëàññîâ áîíèòåòà, IV-V êëàññîâ âîçðàñòà è ïîä

óñòîé÷èâûìè âòîðè÷íûìè áåðåçíÿêàìè II-III êëàññîâ

áîíèòåòà, III-IV êëàññîâ âîçðàñòà ðàçíîòðàâíîé

ãðóïïû òèïîâ ëåñà. Ñôîðìèðîâàâøèåñÿ â ïðîöåññå

äëèòåëüíîé ýâîëþöèè ëàíäøàôòîâ îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ

â êâàçèðàâíîâåñíîì ñîñòîÿíèè ñ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäîé. Ñðåäíèå çàïàñû ãóìóñà ñîñòàâëÿþò 310 ò/ãà,

àçîòà 19,5 ò/ãà. Â àêêóìóëÿòèâíîì ãîðèçîíòå

ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî 38% ãóìóñà è 31% àçîòà îò çàïàñîâ

â ïî÷âåííîé òîëùå. Ãóìóñ ñåðûõ ëåñíûõ ïî÷â õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ãóìàòíî-ôóëüâàòíûì è ôóëüâàòíûì

ñîñòàâîì (Ñãê:Ñôê=0,9-0,4), øèðîêèì (20-11)

îòíîøåíèåì Ñ:N.

Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîå îñâîåíèå ïðèâîäèò ê óíè÷-

òîæåíèþ ïîäñòèëêè è ïåðåìåøèâàíèþ ãîðèçîíòîâ

0, À0, À1, À1À2, À2Â óæå â ïåðèîä ðàñêîð÷åâêè ëåñà.

Ïîñëåäóþùåå ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïî÷â áåç äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ìåëèîðàöèé

ïðèâîäèò ïðåæäå âñåãî ê òðàíñôîðìàöèè ãóìóñíîé

ñèñòåìû. Çàïàñû ãóìóñà â îñâîåííûõ ïî÷âàõ â ñëîå

0-100 ñì óìåíüøèëèñü íà 20-40 ò/ãà, àçîòà íà 0,5-

1,0 ò/ãà. Èçìåíåíèå ãóìóñíîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðîÿâèëîñü

è íà àêòèâíîñòè áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ. Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ ÑÎ2 â öåëèííûõ ïî÷âàõ

ñîñòàâëÿåò 2-3 ìã/ã ïî÷âû çà ñóòêè, â îñâîåííûõ  â

1,3-1,5 ðàçà íèæå. Ìèíåðàëèçàöèÿ îðãàíè÷åñêèõ

àçîòñîäåðæàùèõ ñîåäèíåíèé â öåëèííûõ ïî÷âàõ

îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ äî îáðàçîâàíèÿ àììîíèÿ, â

îñâîåííûõ  ïî ïîëíîìó öèêëó, âêëþ÷àÿ àììîíè- è

íèòðèôèêàöèþ.

Îñâîåííûå ïî÷âû ñîõðàíÿþò òèïîâóþ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ïî ñëåäóþùèì ïðèçíàêàì: òåêñòóðíàÿ

äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ïðîôèëÿ ïî ýëþâèàëüíî-èëëþâèàëüíîìó òèïó, ðàñòÿíóòîñòü ãóìóñîâîãî ïðîôèëÿ,

ñëåäû ñåçîííî-ìåðçëîòíîãî îãëååíèÿ â ïðîôèëå

ïî÷âû, ãóìàòíî-ôóëüâàòíûé è ôóëüâàòíî-ãóìàòíûé

ñîñòàâ ãóìóñà, ñëàáîêèñëàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ïî÷âåííîãî

ðàñòâîðà.

Çà 10-20-ëåòíèé ïåðèîä ïîä êóëüòóðàìè ñîñíû è

ëèñòâåííèöû âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèé

îáëèê ëåñíîé ïî÷âû: ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ãîðèçîíòû 0, À0,

âîçðàñòàåò ñîäåðæàíèå ãóìóñà è àçîòà, êîòîðûå,

îäíàêî, åùå íå äîñòèãàþò óðîâíÿ öåëèííûõ ëåñíûõ

ïî÷â.
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Íåêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè àíàòîìè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðû

è ïðîöåññîâ çàïàñàíèÿ âåùåñòâ ó ïîäðîñòà êåäðà

Ñ.Ì. Âëàäèìèðîâ, Ë.Â. Êîçèíà

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü è ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü êåäðîâíèêîâ îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèì ñîñòîÿíèåì äåðåâüåâ,

â ÷àñòíîñòè, ñîîòíîøåíèåì ïðîöåññîâ ôîòîñèíòåçà, òðàíñïîðòà è çàïàñàíèÿ ìåòàáîëèòîâ.

Èçó÷àëè äíåâíóþ äèíàìèêó îáúåìà õëîðîïëàñòîâ

â çàâèñèìîñòè îò óñëîâèé ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ (ïîä ïîëîãîì ëåñà è íà îòêðûòîì ìåñòå) â òå÷åíèå ñâåòîâîãî

äíÿ. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ïîñëå äíåâíîé äåïðåññèè ôîòîñèíòåçà ïðîèñõîäèò óâåëè÷åíèå îáúåìà õëîðîïëàñòîâ çà ñ÷åò èõ çàïîëíåíèÿ ìåòàáîëèòàìè. Ïðè

ãèñòîõèìè÷åñêîì îêðàøèâàíèè òêàíè óñòàíîâëåíî,

÷òî õëîðîïëàñòû çàïîëíåíû êðàõìàëüíûìè çåðíàìè. ×àùå âñåãî íàáëþäàåòñÿ âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå

äíÿ â õâîå âòîðîãî ãîäà ïîä ïîëîãîì ëåñà, â õâîå,

áîëåå àäàïòèðîâàííîé ê óñëîâèÿì ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ,

÷åì ìîëîäàÿ õâîÿ èëè õâîÿ ñ îòêðûòîãî ìåñòà.

Õâîÿ âå÷íîçåëåíûõ õâîéíûõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî

ôîòîñèíòåçèðóþùèì, íî è çàïàñàþùèì îðãàíîì.

Òàê, â ðàííåâåñåííèé ïåðèîä ïðåèìóùåñòâî ïðîöåññîâ ôîòîñèíòåçà íàä òðàíñïîðòîì ìåòàáîëèòîâ

ïðèâîäèò ê ñîçäàíèþ â õâîå êðàòêîâðåìåííîãî

çàïàñíîãî ôîíäà, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîòîðîãî ïðîèñõîäèò ñ íàñòóïëåíèåì àêòèâíûõ ðîñòîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ.

Íàìè óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî è â îêòÿáðå êðàõìàë íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ â ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ ñêëåðåíõèìíûõ

êëåòêàõ â îñíîâàíèè õâîè.

Â òå÷åíèå âñåé âåãåòàöèè îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ñîçäàíèå

äëèòåëüíîãî çàïàñíîãî ôîíäà äåðåâà. Ïî íàøèì

äàííûì êðàõìàë ïðèñóòñòâîâàë âî âñåõ îðãàíàõ

êåäðà: â êëåòêàõ ôëîýìíîé ïàðåíõèìû ñòâîëà è

êîðíÿ, â ñåðäöåâèííûõ ëó÷àõ è êëåòêàõ îáêëàäêè

ñìîëÿíûõ õîäîâ äðåâåñèíû ñòâîëà è êîðíÿ. Êðàõìàë ñèíòåçèðóåòñÿ â õâîå óæå ïîñëå 1-ìèíóòíîãî

ôîòîñèíòåçà â àòìîñôåðå ìå÷åíîé óãëåêèñëîòû. Ñ

óâåëè÷åíèåì âðåìåíè ôîòîñèíòåçà õâîè (5 ìèí.)

ìåòêà â êðàõìàëå íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ. ×åðåç òðè ÷àñà

ïîñëå ôîòîñèíòåçà Ñ-êðàõìàë ïðèñóòñòâóåò âî âñåõ

îðãàíàõ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì êîðíÿ. ×åðåç 24 ÷àñà

ïîñëå ôîòîñèíòåçà êðàõìàë îáíàðóæåí è â êîðíÿõ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâûì áûë ïîäðîñò

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ïîä ïîëîãîì ëåñà, õâîÿ êîòîðîãî

íå îáíàðóæèëà äíåâíîé äåïðåññèè ôîòîñèíòåçà, à

óâåëè÷åíèå îáúåìà õëîðîïëàñòîâ ïðîèñõîäèò çà

ñ÷åò çàïîëíåíèÿ èõ êðàõìàëîì. Õâîÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå

òîëüêî ôîòîñèíòåçèðóþùèì, íî è çàïàñàþùèì

îðãàíîì.

Ïðîÿâëåíèå ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä,

êàê èíäèêàòîð ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû

Ñ.Ã. Ãëóøêî

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðàçíîîáðàçèå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ â

çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ áîãàòñòâîì ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä.

Ïðîÿâëåíèå ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ (ïîâåäåíèå)

âèäà â êîíêðåòíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ìåñòîïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ

ìîæåò ïîëó÷èòü êîìïëåêñíóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó.

Êîìïëåêñíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîâåäåíèÿ âèäà ÷àñòî

îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ, êàê ñòðàòåãèÿ âèäà. Ñ èçìåíåíèåì

óñëîâèé, ñòðàòåãèÿ (àäàïòèâíàÿ ðåàêöèÿ) òàêæå

èçìåíÿåòñÿ.

Ïîëíûé ñïåêòð ñòðàòåãèé (àäàïòèâíûõ ðåàêöèé)

ÿâëÿåò ñîáîé âñå âîçìîæíûå äëÿ äàííîãî âèäà

ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ. Ïðîÿâëåíèå

ñâîéñòâ ïðèñóùå âñåì ïðèðîäíûì ñèñòåìàì.

Ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ ïðîÿâëåíèé ñâîéñòâ ñòàíîâèòñÿ

âàæíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ïðåäåëàõ

òàê íàçûâàåìîé íîâîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìàòèêè.

Ïîâåäåíèå åñòü ïðîöåññ àäàïòèâíûé, ó äðåâåñíûõ

ïîðîä îí èäåò, êàê ïî ïóòè ðåàëèçàöèè ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ âèäà, òàê è ñ ýâîëþöèîííîé

âûðàáîòêîé-ïðèîáðåòåíèåì ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íîâûõ

ñâîéñòâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ñ ôîðìèðîâàíèåì ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé.

Èññëåäîâàíèå îñíîâíûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé èçìåíåíèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ âèäà, íàðÿäó ñ ìîðôîìåòðè÷åñêèì

ó÷åòîì ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé, ëåãëè â îñíîâó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ íîâîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé è êëàññè÷åñêîé

ñèñòåìàòèêè.

Èìåííî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ

êåäðà è ðÿäà äðóãèõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé ïîçâîëèëè

çàëîæèòü îñíîâû äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé ãåíåòè÷åñêîé

òèïîëîãèè ëåñà.
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Ïàòîãåííûå íåìàòîäû ñîñíû êîðåéñêîé íà þãå

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè

À.Ñ. Åðîøåíêî, È.À. Êðóãëèê

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êîìïëåêñíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîâåäåíèÿ âèäà

ìîæåò ñòàòü íàäåæíûì èíäèêàòîðîì ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé (ËÓ). Ñ èçâåñòíîé ïîïðàâêîé íà

ýâîëþöèîííûå èçìåíåíèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ ñâîéñòâ, ñòðàòåãèÿ âèäà äîñòàòî÷íî æåñòêî ïðèóðî÷åíà

ê êîíêðåòíûì óñëîâèÿì. Â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ

îñòðî âñòàåò âîïðîñ î ðàçðàáîòêå óíèâåðñàëüíîãî

èíäèêàòîðà ËÓ, ïîçâîëÿþùåãî óñòàíîâèòü ñòåïåíü

íàðóøåííîñòè è ïðåäåëû óñòîé÷èâîñòè ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì.

Óñòîé÷èâîñòü, êàê ñïîñîáíîñòü ýêîñèñòåì âîçâðàùàòüñÿ â èñõîäíîå èëè áëèçêîå ê èñõîäíîìó ñîñòîÿíèå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì îðèåíòèðîì ïðè

ðàçðàáîòêå ìåòîäîâ íåèñòîùèòåëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ïîïûòêè ðàñ÷åòà ëåñîñåê, îðèåíòèðóþùèåñÿ íà ÷àñòíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ëåñîâ, ïîêà

íå óðàâíîâåøåíû òàêîé îáîáùàþùåé õàðàêòåðèñòèêîé ñîñòîÿíèÿ ëåñîâ, êàêîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ óñòîé-

÷èâîñòü.

Äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ ñòåïåíåé íàðóøåííîñòè, ïðåäåëîâ

óñòîé÷èâîñòè è èíûõ îáîáùàþùèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé

ñîñòîÿíèÿ ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, òàêæå ìîæåò áûòü

èñïîëüçîâàíà êîìïëåêñíàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîâåäåíèÿ îñíîâíûõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé, èëè ñòðàòåãèÿ

ïîðîä.

Ðàçðàáîòêà ìåòîäîâ èíäèêàöèè ñðåäû ïî ñòðàòåãèè

îñíîâíûõ ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.

Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ïðîâåäåííûõ ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèõ

èññëåäîâàíèé íà äðåâåñíûõ è êóñòàðíèêîâûõ ðàñòåíèÿõ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, íà ïëàíòàöèÿõ è â

ïèòîìíèêàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè âûÿâëåíî 100

âèäîâ ôèòîïàðàçèòè÷åñêèõ íåìàòîä, èç êîòîðûõ 68

âèäîâ ïàðàçèòèðóþò íà õâîéíûõ è 39 íà øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîäàõ. 31 âèä ïàðàçèòèðóåò íà Pinus

koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. Äîìèíèðóþùèìè âèäàìè

íà êåäðå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñïèðàëüíûå íåìàòîäû: Helicotylenchus clarkei, Interrotylenchus arsenjevi, I.capitabus, Scutellonemoides (Rotylenchus) feroxcis è

êîëü÷àòûå  Criconemella curvata, C.varicaudata,

Ogma allantoideum è O. velutina.

Â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ ïÿòè ëåò â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå

è íà þãå Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ðàáîòû

ïî âûÿâëåíèþ ñòâîëîâûõ íåìàòîä ðîäà Bursaphelenchus. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåäåííûõ ðàáîò âî

âñåõ ïîñàäêàõ ñîñíû è êåäðà îáíàðóæåíà ñòâîëîâàÿ

íåìàòîäà Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, ñ ðàçíîé

ýêñòåíñèâíîñòüþ çàðàæåíèÿ. Â åñòåñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

ýòîò âèä íå îáíàðóæåí. Ðåçóëüòàòû ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ çàðàæåíèé ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ñèëüíî âîñïðèèì÷èâûìè ê íåìàòîäå ÿâëÿþòñÿ Pinus koraiensis è

Larix olgensis. Â ýêñïåðèìåíòå ïîãèáëè âñå äåðåâüÿ

êàæäîãî âèäà. Ó êåäðà íåìàòîäû ëîêàëèçîâàëèñü â

äðåâåñèíå, ó ëèñòâåííèöû  ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â êîðå. Áîëåå óñòîé÷èâûìè ê íåìàòîäå îêàçàëèñü ñîñíû

P. sylvestris  ïîãèáëî øåñòü äåðåâüåâ èç ïÿòíàäöàòè, è P. densiflora  ïîãèáëî ïÿòü äåðåâüåâ.

Ïèõòû è åëè îêàçàëèñü óñòîé÷èâûìè ê äàííîé

íåìàòîäå.

Ïåðåíîñ÷èêîì äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî èçîëÿòà B.mucronatus ÿâëÿåòñÿ æóê-ócà÷ Monochamus saltuarius.

Äàííûé ôàêò íå ìîæåò íå âûçûâàòü òðåâîãè, ïîñêîëüêó ýòîò æóê ìîæåò çàñåëÿòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå

âèäû õâîéíûõ è íà þãå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ÿâëÿåòñÿ

îäíèì èç ñàìûõ ìàññîâûõ âèäîâ óñà÷åé. Åñëè íàøå

ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î òîì, ÷òî B.mucronatus áûë çàíåñåí íà þã Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà îòíîñèòåëüíî íåäàâíî

ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåðíûì, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ýòîé íåìàòîäû â ïîñàäêàõ

êåäðà è â åñòåñòâåííûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ, ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè äîñòàòî÷íî áûñòðî.
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Ôîðìû íàõîæäåíèÿ îëîâà â áóðûõ ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ ïî÷âàõ â çîíå

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà*

Ï.Â. Èâàøîâ

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì.

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Ðîññèéñêîãî ôîíäà ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïî ïðîåêòó

96-05-64052.

Â ñâÿçè ñ ðàçðàáîòêîé íàó÷íûõ îñíîâ ëèòîãåîõèìè÷åñêîãî ìåòîäà ïîèñêîâ îëîâîðóäíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ïî âòîðè÷íûì àðåàëàì ðàññåÿíèÿ áûëè

èçó÷åíû ôîðìû íàõîæäåíèÿ îëîâà â áóðûõ ãîðíîëåñíûõ ïî÷âàõ, ñôîðìèðîâàííûõ íà îëîâîðóäíûõ

ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ þãà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ýòè ôîðìû îòíîñÿòñÿ ê òðåì ãðóïïàì:

(1) ìèíåðàëüíûå, ñâÿçàííûå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñ

ìèíåðàëàìè ýòîãî õèìè÷åñêîãî ýëåìåíòà, (2) áåçìèíåðàëüíûå, ò. å. íå ñâÿçàííûå ñ ìèíåðàëàìè îëîâà,

(3) ñàìîðîäíàÿ ôîðìà (ìåòàëëè÷åñêîå îëîâî).

Ê ïåðâîé ãðóïïå îòíîñÿòñÿ: (à) ïåðâè÷íûå (ãèïîãåííûå) ìèíåðàëû îëîâà  êàññèòåðèò è ñòàííèí, (á)

âòîðè÷íûå (ãèïåðãåííûå) ìèíåðàëû îëîâà  âòîðè÷-

íûé êàññèòåðèò, íàòå÷íûé êàññèòåðèò (äåðåâÿíèñòûé îëîâÿííûé êàìåíü), âàðëàìîâèò, ñóêñèò,

êåñòåðèò.

Êî âòîðîé ãðóïïå ïðèíàäëåæàò: (à) èçîìîðôíîå

îëîâî â ãèïîãåííûõ ïîðîäîîáðàçóþùèõ ìèíåðàëàõ

(ìóñêîâèò, áèîòèò, ïëàãèîêëàç è äð.) è â ãèïîãåííûõ

ðóäíûõ ìèíåðàëàõ (ìàãíåòèò, èëüìåíèò, âîëüôðàìèò è äð.); (á) ñîðáöèîííûå ôîðìû îëîâà,

ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïðîöåññàìè àáñîðáöèè (íàïðèìåð,

ãèäðîîêñèäíûé ìèíåðàë æåëåçà - ãåìàòèò) è àäñîðáöèè (íàïðèìåð, ãëèíèñòûé ìèíåðàë  ìîíòìîðèëëîíèò); (â) êîëëîèäíàÿ ôîðìà îëîâà â ñîñòàâå

îðãàíî-ìèíåðàëüíûõ êîëëîèäîâ è îëîâî-îðãàíè-

÷åñêèõ ñîåäèíåíèé; (ã) èîííàÿ ôîðìà îëîâà â âèäå

ïðîñòûõ è êîìïëåêñíûõ èîíîâ, ìèãðèðóþùèõ â

ïî÷âåííî-ãðóíòîâûõ âîäàõ; (ä) áèîãåííûå ôîðìû

îëîâà, ïîïàäàþùèå â ïî÷âû ñ ðàñòèòåëüíûì îïàäîì â ïðîöåññå áèîãåîõèìè÷åñêîãî êðóãîâîðîòà.

Ê òðåòüåé ãðóïïå îòíîñèòñÿ ñàìîðîäíîå (ìåòàëëè÷åñêîå) îëîâî, óñòàíîâëåííîå â çîíå ãèïåðãåíåçà

îëîâîðóäíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé è ïîðîä áàçàëüòîèäíîãî ðÿäà  àíäåçèòîâ è áàçàëüòîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ

ñ ìàíòèéíûì âåùåñòâîì Çåìëè.

Êàæäàÿ èç ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ôîðì âíîñèò òîò èëè

èíîé êîëè÷åñòâåííûé ïàé â îáùåå âàëîâîå ñîäåðæàíèå îëîâà â ìåëêîçåìå ïî÷â (ôðàêöèÿ ìåíüøå 1

ìì). Îäíàêî, ïðåîáëàäàþùåé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìèíåðàëüíàÿ ôîðìà, â ÷àñòíîñòè åå ðàçíîâèäíîñòü, ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ ìèêðîîáëîìêàìè ïåðâè÷íîãî êàññèòåðèòà, êàê íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâîãî ê õèìè÷åñêîé òðàíñôîðìàöèè ìèíåðàëà îëîâî â áóðûõ ãîðíî-ëåñíûõ

ïî÷âàõ.

Ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà íàñåëåíèÿ ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ ñðåäíåãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Í.Ê. Èãíàòîâà

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïîñêîëüêó îñíîâíûå ãðàäèåíòû èçìåíåíèé óñëîâèé

ñðåäû â Ñèõîòý-Àëèíå îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ âûñîòîé íàä

óðîâíåì ìîðÿ è ýêñïîçèöèåé ñêëîíîâ, îòëîâ

ãðûçóíîâ ïðîâîäèëñÿ ïî îñíîâíûì ÷åòûðåì ýêñïîçèöèÿì íà òðåõ âûñîòíûõ óðîâíÿõ ñêëîíîâ, à òàêæå

â ïîéìàõ è íà âîäîðàçäåëàõ. Òàêàÿ ñõåìà îáåñïå-

÷èâàëà ìàêñèìàëüíî ðàâíîìåðíûé îõâàò íàèáîëåå

êîíòðàñòíûõ óñëîâèé ýêîñèñòåìû. Äëÿ êàæäîãî

ó÷åòíîãî ó÷àñòêà äàâàëîñü ñòàíäàðòíîå ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêîå îïèñàíèå, ÷òî ïîçâîëèëî âïîñëåäñòâèè

àíàëèçèðîâàòü ñâÿçü ÷èñëåííîñòè êàæäîãî âèäà íå

òîëüêî ñ ýêîñèñòåìîé, íî è ñ îòäåëüíûìè åå êîìïîíåíòàìè. Òàêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ ðàáîòû ïîçâîëèëà

ïðîâåñòè àíàëèç è âûÿâëåíèå òåõ óñëîâèé ñðåäû,

êîòîðûå â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ìîãóò îïðåäåëÿòü

ïðîñòðàíñòâåííóþ ñòðóêòóðó âèäîâ ìûøåâèäíûõ.

Êðîìå òîãî, ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì âûÿâëÿòü äëÿ êàæäîãî

âèäà ãðûçóíîâ óñëîâèÿ ïðåôåðåíäóìà, àíàëîãè÷íî

òîìó, êàê ýòî ïðèíÿòî â ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé ýêîëîãèè.

Îáû÷íî, ðåøåíèå òàêèõ çàäà÷ ñòðîèòñÿ íà îñíîâå

äèñïåðñèîííîãî è êîððåëÿöèîííîãî ìåòîäîâ

àíàëèçà, îäíàêî, íàèáîëåå îáùèì è íàãëÿäíûì

ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíôîðìàöèîííî-ëîãè÷åñêèé àíàëèç (Ïóçà-

÷åíêî, Ìîøêèí, 1967). Çäåñü òàêæå óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ

ìåðà âëèÿíèÿ êàæäîãî ôàêòîðà (â íàøåì ñëó÷àåõàðàêòåðèñòèêè áèîòîïà) â îïðåäåëåíèè âàðüèðîâàíèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ÿâëåíèÿ (÷èñëåííîñòè

âèäà). Òàêæå íà îñíîâå ìåðû, àíàëîãè÷íî êðèòåðèþ

ïðàâäîïîäîáèÿ, óäàåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòü äëÿ êàæäîãî

ñîñòîÿíèÿ ôàêòîðà õàðàêòåðíûé óðîâåíü ÷èñëåí-
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Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîäñòèëîê â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ þæíîãî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Ò.Ì. Èëüèíà

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

íîñòè âèäà, à íà îñíîâå ïîðîãîâîé ëîãèêè îñóùåñòâèòü ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè â ïðîñòðàíñòâå.

Â çàêëþ÷åíèå íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â äàííîé

ðàáîòå âûäåëåí ðÿä õàðàêòåðèñòèê êîìïîíåíòîâ

ñðåäû, âëèÿþùèõ íà èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè òðåõ

ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ âèäîâ ãðûçóíîâ. Îäíàêî, äàëåêî

íå âñå ðàññìàòðèâàåìûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïðÿìî

âëèÿþò íà èçìåíåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ,

ìíîãèå ëèøü îòðàæàþò îáùèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå

óñëîâèÿ èëè èõ îòäåëüíûå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå. Â íàøèõ

èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ïðè äàííîì ìåòîäå óñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ ôàêò íàëè÷èÿ èëè îòñóòñòâèÿ ñâÿçè äàííîãî

ÿâëåíèÿ ñ äàííûì ôàêòîðîì. Äëÿ âûÿñíåíèÿ æå

ìåõàíèçìà ñâÿçåé íåîáõîäèìû äàëüíåéøèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü íà Âåðõíåóññóðèéñêîì

ñòàöèîíàðå â øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâîì ëåñó,

ðàñïîëîæåííîì â ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðóòîãî ñêëîíà

çàïàäíîé ýêñïîçèöèè, è â åëîâî-êåäðîâîì ëåñó íà

ñêëîíå âîñòî÷íîé ýêñïîçèöèè.

Ìàññà ïîñòóïàþùåãî îïàäà íà îáîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ â

ñðåäíåì ñîñòàâëÿåò 42 ö/ãà, ãäå íà õâîþ ïðèõîäèòñÿ

50%. Èç ïîñòóïàþùåãî îïàäà ôîðìèðóþòñÿ

ãðóáîãóìóñíûå ñèëüíî çàìåäëåííîãî ìàññîîáìåíà

ïîäñòèëêè, ìîùíîñòü êîòîðûõ îêîëî 6 ñì, çàïàñ 

2,04 êã/ì2

, ñêîðîñòü ðàçëîæåíèÿ çà ñåçîí  25%, ðÍ

 5.4, çàïàñ çîëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ  87 ã/ì2. Îáùèå

çàïàñû çîëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ äèíàìè÷íû, ê îñåíè îíè

âîçðàñòàþò çà ñ÷åò àëþìèíèÿ, êàëüöèÿ, ìàãíèÿ,

ñîäåðæàíèå àçîòà ñíèæàåòñÿ; íàèáîëåå àêòèâíî

âîâëåêàþòñÿ â áèîêðóãîâîðîò êàëèé, ôîñôîð,

íàòðèé.

Ïðîâîäèëèñü íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ðàçëîæåíèåì ïîäñòèëêè â åñòåñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ. Ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå

ïðèçíàêè çàìåòíî ìåíÿþòñÿ óæå ïîñëå äâóõ ëåò

îòñóòñòâèÿ äîñòóïà ñâåæåãî îïàäà. Ïîäñòèëêè

óïëîòíÿþòñÿ, èñ÷åçàåò âåðõíèé ïîäãîðèçîíò À01,

à íèæíèé  À03, ñòàíîâèòñÿ áîëåå âûðàæåííûì, â

íåì ðåçêî ñíèæàåòñÿ äîëÿ ëèñòüåâ. ×åðåç ïÿòü ëåò

ñîäåðæàíèå õâîè â îáùåé ìàññå óìåíüøèëîñü â 27

ðàç, ëèñòüÿ ðàçëîæèëèñü ïîëíîñòüþ, òðóõà ñîñòàâèëà 90,5%. Â ïðîöåññå ìèíåðàëèçàöèè çîëüíîñòü

óâåëè÷èëàñü â äâà ðàçà. Ïîäñòèëêà ïðåâðàòèëàñü

â îäíîðîäíóþ ãóìèôèöèðîâàííóþ ìàññó, â ñîñòàâå

êîòîðîé â íåáîëüøîì êîëè÷åñòâå ïðèñóòñòâóþò

âåòî÷êè è êîðà.

Çà ïÿòü ëåò ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü ïîëíîïðîôèëüíûå

ïîäñòèëêè. Íàèáîëåå èíòåíñèâíî ïðîèñõîäèëî

íàêîïëåíèå â ïåðâûå äâà ãîäà, êîãäà ìàññà èõ

óâåëè÷èëàñü â äâà ðàçà. Ôðàêöèîííûé ñîñòàâ

ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ ïîäñòèëîê íà íà÷àëüíîì ýòàïå

îòðàæàåò ñîñòàâ îïàäà. Ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ ìàññû ïîäñòèëêè íàñòóïèëà íà ÷åòâåðòûé ãîä íàáëþäåíèé,

çà ýòîò ñðîê ïîÿâèëñÿ ïåðåõîäíûé ïîäãîðèçîíò

ÀÎ2-03 òåìíûé, âûùåëî÷åííûé, íà 85% ïðåäñòàâëåí ðàçëîæèâøèìèñÿ ðàñòèòåëüíûìè îñòàòêàìè.
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Î áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòÿõ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Í.Â. Êðå÷åòîâà, Â.È. Øòåéíèêîâà

Ìàðèéñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò.

Éîøêàð-Îëà. Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïðè ðåøåíèè ïðîáëåìû âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî íåîáõîäèìî ñåðüåçíî îòíîñèòüñÿ ê åãî

áèîëîãè÷åñêèì îñîáåííîñòÿì. Êåäð êîðåéñêèé -

ïîðîäà, ÷óòêî ðåàãèðóþùàÿ íà óñëîâèÿ îêðóæàþùåé

ñðåäû. Åãî àðåàë çàíèìàåò ðàçíîêà÷åñòâåííûå

ðåãèîíû ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ, ÷òî îáóñëîâëèâàåò ðàçëè÷-

íûé õàðàêòåð áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ â õâîå,

ñåìåíàõ.

Õâîÿ â íåîäíîðîäíûõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ

è ðàíãàõ äåðåâà ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ðàçíîé äëèíû, ìàññû,

àíàòîìè÷åñêîãî ñòðîåíèÿ, ÷òî îáóñëîâëèâàåò

ñïåöèôèêó àññèìèëÿöèè óãëåâîäîâ è ôîðìèðîâàíèå ðàçíîêà÷åñòâåííûõ ñåìÿí (ïî êîëè÷åñòâó è

êà÷åñòâó ñàõàðîâ, áåëêîâ, æèðîâ, èõ æèðíîêèñëîòíîìó ñîñòàâó è ò.ä.). Ðàçìåðû õâîè, åå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ïåðåäàþòñÿ ïî íàñëåäñòâó ñåÿíöàì,÷òî

îáóñëîâëèâàåò äàëüíåéøèå îñîáåííîñòè ðîñòà, èõ

ïðèñïîñîáëåííîñòü ê êîíêðåòíûì ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì

óñëîâèÿì.

Õèìè÷åñêàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü ñåìÿí êåäðà çàâèñèò îò

âîçðàñòà ìàòåðèíñêîãî äåðåâà, ñîñòîÿíèÿ åãî êðîíû, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ è ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé

ïåðèîäà ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ñåìåíè. Ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ çàâèñèìîñòü ðàçìåðîâ ñåÿíöåâ â ïåðâûå ãîäû æèçíè îò

âåëè÷èíû ñåìÿí, èõ êà÷åñòâà, êîòîðûå ðàçëè÷íû

äàæå â ïðåäåëàõ øèøêè,÷òî îáóñëîâëèâàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü ðàçäåëåíèÿ ñåìÿí ïî ðàçìåðàì ïåðåä

ïîäãîòîâêîé ê ïðîðàñòàíèþ è ïîñåâó. Çàãîòîâêó

øèøåê íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâîäèòü ðàçäåëüíî ïî

êàòåãîðèÿì ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé, îñîáåííîñòÿì äåðåâüåâ-ñåìåííèêîâ è ñîçäàâàòü êóëüòóðû

â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ óñëîâèÿõ.

Äëÿ óñêîðåíèÿ ïðîðàñòàíèé è ïîâûøåíèÿ ãðóíòîâîé

âñõîæåñòè ñåìÿí êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ðàñòâîð ÿíòàðíîé êèñëîòû ïåðåä çàêëàäêîé

íà ñòðàòèôèêàöèþ. Âîçäåéñòâèå ðàñòâîðà êèñëîòû

39 ìã/ë (â òå÷åíèå 3-õ ñóòîê) â íà÷àëå ôåâðàëÿ è

äàëüíåéøàÿ ñòðàòèôèêàöèÿ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå 16-

18°C  ïîëòîðà ìåñÿöà, çàòåì 2 ìåñÿöà ïðè 0-3°C

ñïîñîáñòâóåò ïîâûøåíèþ ãðóíòîâîé âñõîæåñòè íà

30% è óñêîðåíèþ ïðîðàñòàíèÿ íà 7 äíåé. Ïîä

äåéñòâèåì óïîìÿíóòîé êîíöåíòðàöèè ðàñòâîðà

ÿíòàðíîé êèñëîòû â ïîäãîòàâëèâàþùèõñÿ ê ïðîðàñòàíèþ ñåìåíàõ âîçðàñòàåò àêòèâíîñòü ôåðìåíòà êàòàëàçû, èíòåíñèâíîñòü äûõàíèÿ â 1,3-1,5 ðàçà,

èäåò àêòèâíûé ðàñõîä æèðîâ è âîçðàñòàíèå êîëè-

÷åñòâà ñàõàðà, ÷òî è îáóñëîâëèâàåò ýíåðãèþ ïðîðàñòàíèÿ. Ïîâûøåíèå êîíöåíòðàöèè ðàñòâîðà

êèñëîòû äàåò ìåíåå îùóòèìûå ðåçóëüòàòû.

Àðáîðèôëîðà ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ìàíü÷æóðñêîé

ôëîðèñòè÷åñêîé ïðîâèíöèè

Â.À. Íåäîëóæêî

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ìàíü÷æóðñêóþ ôëîðèñòè÷åñêóþ ïðîâèíöèþ (ÌÔÏ)

ìîæíî íàçâàòü ïðîâèíöèåé êîðåéñêîãî êåäðà, ò.ê.

è ñîáñòâåííàÿ ìàòåðèêîâàÿ ÷àñòü àðåàëà Pinus

koraiensis Siebold et Zucc. ïîëíîñòüþ âïèñûâàåòñÿ

â ãðàíèöû íàçâàííîé ïðîâèíöèè, è áîëüøîå êîëè-

÷åñòâî äðåâåñíåþùèõ ðàñòåíèé  ýëåìåíòîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ  èìåþò àðåàëû ïî÷òè

ñîâïàäàþùèå ñ òåððèòîðèåé ïðîâèíöèè (Íåäîëóæêî, 1980, 1985; Íåäîëóæêî, Äîáðûíèí, 1994). Â

ïðåäåëàõ Ðîññèè ýòà ïðîâèíöèÿ çàíèìàåò îêîëî 300

òûñÿ÷ êì2. Íàìè âûÿâëåí ïîëíûé òàêñîíîìè÷åñêèé

ñîñòàâ àðáîðèôëîðû ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè (ÀÔ) ÌÔÏ,

âêëþ÷àþùèé 298 âèäîâ è ïîäâèäîâ èç 113 ðîäîâ,

îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê 46 ñåìåéñòâàì ïîêðûòîñåìåííûõ è

ãîëîñåìåííûõ ðàñòåíèé. Èç âñåé ÀÔ ðîññèéñêîãî

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (380 âèäîâ è ïîäâèäîâ, 138

ðîäîâ, 51 ñåìåéñòâî) ÀÔ ÌÔÏ ñîñòàâëÿåò çíà÷èòåëüíóþ ÷àñòü. Íàñûùåííîñòü ðîññèéñêîé òåððèòîðèè ÌÔÏ âèäàìè è ïîäâèäàìè ñîñòàâëÿåò 0,76 íà

1 òûñÿ÷ó êì2

; íàñûùåííîñòü ðîäîâ âèäàìè è ïîäâèäàìè  2,6.

Êðóïíåéøèìè ñåìåéñòâàìè ÀÔ ÌÔÏ ÿâëÿþòñÿ: (1)

Rosaceae  60 âèäîâ è ïîäâèäîâ (20,1% îò âñåãî

ñîñòàâà ÀÔ ÌÔÏ); (2) Salicaceae  37 (12,4%); (3)

Ericaceae  25 (8,4%) (4) Grossulariaceae  16 (5,4%);

(5) Betulaceae  15 (5,0%); (6) Caprifoliaceae  14

(4,7%); (7) Fabaceae  10 (3,4%); (8) Aceraceae  9

(3,0%); (9-11) Celastraceae, Asteraceae è Ranunculaceae  ïî 7 (ïî 2,3%). Âñåãî â 10 êðóïíåéøèõ

ñåìåéñòâàõ  200 âèäîâ è ïîäâèäîâ èëè 67,1% îò

âñåãî ñîñòàâà ÀÔ ðîññèéñêîé òåððèòîðèè ÌÔÏ.

Ê êðóïíåéøèì ðîäàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ; (1) Salix  28 âèäîâ

è ïîäâèäîâ (9,5%); (2) Ribes  15 (5,0%); (3) Lonicera
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Ó÷àñòèå ìààêèè àìóðñêîé â ñîñòàâå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

Â.À. Ïîëåùóê

Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

 10 (3,4%); (4-6) Acer, Rhododendron è Spiraea  ïî

9 (ïî 3,0%); (7) Betula  8(2,7%); (8-10) Populus, Rosa

è Rubus  ïî 7 (ïî 2,33%). Âñåãî â 10 êðóïíåéøèõ

ðîäàõ  109 âèäîâ è ïîäâèäîâ (36,5% îò âñåãî

ñîñòàâà ÀÔ ÌÔÏ).

Â ÀÔ ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà âõîäèò 30

ýíäåìîâ ÌÔÏ, îäíàêî òîëüêî 2 èç íèõ íå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ çà ïðåäåëàìè ðîññèéñêîé ÷àñòè ïðîâèíöèè.

Ïîñëåäíåå óêàçûâàåò íà âûñîêóþ îáùíîñòü ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷àñòåé ÌÔÏ.

Â ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ïðîèçðàñòàåò áîëåå 500

äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä, ìíîãèå èç êîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò

áîëüøîå õîçÿéñòâåííîå çíà÷åíèå. Ðÿä äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ âèäîâ îáëàäàåò öåííûìè ëåêàðñòâåííûìè è ëåñîâîäñòâåííûìè ñâîéñòâàìè (áûñòðîòîé

ðîñòà, âûñîêèìè ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷åñêèìè ñâîéñòâàìè äðåâåñèíû, óñòîé÷èâîñòüþ ïðîòèâ ãíèåíèÿ è

ãðèáíûõ áîëåçíåé, äåêîðàòèâíîñòüþ). Ê èõ ÷èñëó ñ

äîñòàòî÷íûì îñíîâàíèåì ìîæíî îòíåñòè ìààêèþ

àìóðñêóþ  ýíäåì þãà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, ðåëèêò

òðåòè÷íîãî ïåðèîäà è åäèíñòâåííóþ äèêîðàñòóùóþ

äðåâåñíóþ ïîðîäó Ðîññèè èç ðîäà Ìààêèÿ.

Ïî äàííûì ìíîãèõ àâòîðîâ ìààêèÿ àìóðñêàÿ äîñòèãàåò 20-25 ìåòðîâ â âûñîòó è 30-40 ñì â äèàìåòðå.

Ïðè ìàðøðóòíûõ îáñëåäîâàíèÿõ ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ íàìè áûëè îïèñàíû äåðåâüÿ ìààêèè

àìóðñêîé, äîñòèãàþùèå 16-19 ì â âûñîòó è 25 ñì

ïî äèàìåòðó. Ïî-âèäèìîìó, òàêñàöèîííûå ïîêàçàòåëè (Í  25ì è Ä  40ñì) ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìàêñèìàëüíûìè

äëÿ âèäà, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ òàêèå êðóïíûå

ýêçåìïëÿðû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ î÷åíü ðåäêî. Ïî ìàòåðèàëàì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà è íàáëþäåíèÿì àâòîðà

íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ìààêèÿ àìóðñêàÿ ðàñòåò âî âëàæíûõ

è ñûðûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ.

Äîëèííûå êóñòàðíèêîâî-ðàçíîòðàâíûå êåäðîâíèêè

ñ èëüìîì è ÿñåíåì ðàñòóò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà

íåçàëèâàåìûõ èëè ðåäêî è íà êîðîòêèé ïåðèîä

çàëèâàåìûõ ó÷àñòêàõ íàäïîéìåííûõ òåððàñ. Äðåâîñòîè ÷àùå âñåãî òðåõúÿðóñíûå, ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòüþ II êë. áîíèòåòà. Îáùàÿ ñîìêíóòîñòü 0,6-0,7.

Äîëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî îò 20 äî 70% îò îáùåãî çàïàñà. Ìààêèÿ àìóðñêàÿ ó÷àñòâóåò â ñëîæåíèè âòîðîãî ÿðóñà ïðè âûñîòå 17 è 20 ñì â äèàìåòðå, èìåÿ 10-20% îò îáùåãî çàïàñà âòîðîãî ÿðóñà.

Ñûðûå ðÿáèíîëèñòíèêîâî-àêàòíèêîâûå êåäðîâíèêè

ñ ÿñåíåì ïðîèçðàñòàþò ïî íàèáîëåå íèçêèì íàäïîéìåííûì òåððàñàì ñ áëèçêèì çàëåãàíèåì ãðóíòîâûõ

âîä. Äðåâîñòîé â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ äâóõúÿðóñíûé, ðàçâèâàþùèéñÿ ïî ëèíèè III êë. áîíèòåòà. Ïîëíîòà 0,7. Äîëÿ ó÷àñòèÿ êåäðà íå ïðåâûøàåò 50%.

Ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ âëàæíûìè äîëèííûìè êåäðîâíèêàìè â ñîñòàâå âòîðîãî ÿðóñà óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ

êîëè÷åñòâî ìààêèè àìóðñêîé, äîñòèãàþùåé çäåñü

19 ì âûñîòû è 25 ñì â äèàìåòðå, ïðè ñðåäíåì

çàïàñå 30-50 ì3/ãà. Ïî ìåðå óëó÷øåíèÿ ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà â ñòîðîíó åãî óâëàæíåíèÿ, äîëÿ

ó÷àñòèÿ ìààêèè àìóðñêîé â ñëîæåíèè öåíîçîâ

âîçðàñòàåò, óëó÷øàþòñÿ åå ëåñîâîäñòâåííî-òàêñàöèîííûå ïîêàçàòåëè. Â öåëîì, ìîæíî îòìåòèòü

óñòîé÷èâûå ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèå ïîçèöèè ìààêèè

àìóðñêîé â ñûðûõ è âëàæíûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ.
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Îñîáåííîñòè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïîäñòèëîê íà òàåæíûõ âûðóáêàõ

Ñðåäíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ *

Ý.Ï. Ïîïîâà, Â.Ä. Ïåðåâîçíèêîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ïîääåðæêå ãðàíòà ÐÔÔÈ 194-04-11971-à

Ïîñëå ðàáîòû ëåñîçàãîòîâèòåëüíîé òåõíèêè íà ñâåæèõ âûðóáêàõ ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ñâîåîáðàçíûé òåõíîãåííûé ìèêðî- è ìåçîðåëüåô, êîòîðûé ïîâûøàåò

íåîäíîðîäíîñòü ýäàôè÷åñêîãî ôîíà è ñîçäàåò

íåðàâíîöåííûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ïîñëåäóþùåãî ðàçâèòèÿ òðàâÿíèñòîé è äðåâåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè.

Ïðè ïîëíîì óäàëåíèè äðåâåñíîãî ïîëîãà òðàâÿíèñòûé ïîêðîâ íà íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ

ýäèôèêàòîðîì âíîâü ôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿ ñîîáùåñòâà, åãî îñíîâó ñîñòàâëÿþò âèäû ðàñòåíèé, ïðîèçðàñòàâøèå ðàíåå ïîä ïîëîãîì ìàòåðèíñêîãî äðåâîñòîÿ. Çàïàñû ôèòîìàññû òðàâÿíî-êóñòàðíè÷êîâîãî

ÿðóñà ïîä ïîëîãîì ñîñíÿêà áðóñíè÷íî-ðàçíîòðàâíîãî ñîñòàâëÿþò 245 êã/ãà, íà âûðóáêàõ ðàçíîé

äàâíîñòè ðóáêè (äî 3, 3-5, 6-10, áîëåå 10 ëåò) ïðåâûøàþò òàêîâûå íà 161-217%. Ìàêñèìóì çàôèêñèðîâàí íà âûðóáêàõ 3-5-ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà  1454,6

êã/ãà.

Ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ìàòåðèíñêèì äðåâîñòîåì íà âûðóáêàõ èçìåíÿþòñÿ ïðîöåññû ïîñòóïëåíèÿ è ðàçëîæåíèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî îïàäà, ïîïàäàþùåãî íà

ïîâåðõíîñòü ïî÷âû. Ýòî ïðèâîäèò ê ôîðìèðîâàíèþ

ïîäñòèëîê, êîòîðûå ïî ðÿäó ñâîéñòâ çíà÷èòåëüíî

îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ïîäñòèëîê ïîä ïîëîãîì èñõîäíîãî

íàñàæäåíèÿ. Çàïàñû ïîäñòèëêè â âîçðàñòíîì ðÿäó

âûðóáîê ñíèæàþòñÿ ñ 16,6 äî 10,3 ò/ãà. Ýòî ñâÿçàíî,

ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, ñ èçúÿòèåì èç äîõîäíûõ ñòàòåé

òàêèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ïîäñòèëêè êàê âåòâè, øèøêè,

êîðà, ñ äðóãîé  áîëåå áûñòðîé äåñòðóêöèåé ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îñòàòêîâ. Âî ôðàêöèîííîì ñîñòàâå ïîäñòèëîê äîëÿ ãðóáûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ â âîçðàñòíîì ðÿäó

ñíèæàåòñÿ ñ 29,9 äî 11,8%, à äîëÿ òðàâÿíî-ëèñòîâûõ âîçðàñòàåò ñ 9,1 äî 37,9%. Îáîãàùåíèå ïîäñòèëîê âûðóáîê îïàäîì òðàâÿíî-êóñòàðíè÷êîâîé

ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ïîëîæèòåëüíî îòðàçèëîñü íà åå

áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâàõ. Ýòî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â áîëåå

âûñîêîì óðîâíå ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ óãëåêèñëîòû è ïîâûøåíèè àêòèâíîñòè òàêèõ ôåðìåíòîâ, êàê êàòàëàçà, ïðîòåàçà, óðåàçà è èíâåðòàçà. Â òàåæíûõ ëåñàõ Ñðåäíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ äåôèöèò àçîòà â ïîäñòèëêàõ è ïî÷âàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ôàêòîðîâ, îãðàíè-

÷èâàþùèõ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü íàñàæäåíèé. Àêòèâèçàöèÿ àììîíèôèêàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà â ïîäñòèëêàõ

âûðóáîê ñïîñîáñòâóåò óëó÷øåíèþ àçîòíîãî ïèòàíèÿ

ôîðìèðóþùèõñÿ ôèòîöåíîçîâ, ïîâûøåíèþ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíîãî ýôôåêòà êîíêðåòíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé.

Àíàëèç ëèøàéíèêîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

Ñ.È. ×àáàíåíêî

Ñàõàëèíñêèé áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Þæíî-Ñàõàëèíñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â ïðåäåëàõ êðàÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà

çàíèìàþò ñðåäíèå è íèæíèå ÷àñòè ãîðíûõ ñêëîíîâ

îò íèæíåé ãðàíèöû ïèõòîâî-åëîâûõ ëåñîâ äî äðåíèðîâàííûõ ðå÷íûõ òåððàñ. Â þæíîì Ïðèìîðüå îíè

ïîäíèìàþòñÿ â ãîðû â ñðåäíåì äî 600 ì, â ñåâåðíîì

 äî 300-400 ì (Ðîçåíáåðã, Âàñèëüåâ, 1969).

Ðàçíîîáðàçèå ïî÷âåííî-êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé è

ýêîòîïîâ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ ñîçäàþò áëàãîïðèÿòíûå óñëîâèÿ äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ðàçëè÷-

íûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï ëèøàéíèêîâ.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà òåððèòîðèè Ïðèìîðñêîãî

êðàÿ âûÿâëåíî îêîëî 560 âèäîâ ëèøàéíèêîâ. Èç íèõ

294 âèäà îòìå÷åíû äëÿ ïîÿñà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ãäå îíè ïðåäñòàâëåíû 80 ðîäàìè. Áîëüøèíñòâî âèäîâ (239)  ýïèôèòû. Èç íèõ

òîëüêî 53 âèäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ âòîðè÷íûìè ýïèëèòàìè.

Ñîáñòâåííî ýïèôèòíûõ âèäîâ, ãåíåòè÷åñêè ñâÿçàííûõ ñ äðåâåñíûì ñóáñòðàòîì  186. Ýïèëèòíûõ

ëèøàéíèêîâ  14. Íàïî÷âåííûõ ëèøàéíèêîâ (ñóáýïèãåèäîâ)  39. 2 âèäà  ýïèôèòîðåëèêâèòû.

Íàèáîëüøåå ÷èñëî ëèøàéíèêîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ  143 âèäà (èëè 48,6%) 

îòíîñÿòñÿ ê íåìîðàëüíîìó ýëåìåíòó. Áîðåàëüíûõ

ëèøàéíèêîâ  80 âèäîâ (27,2%). Ìîíòàííûå âèäû

(26 èëè 8,8%) áîëåå õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ãîðíûõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ìóëüòèçîíàëüíûõ

ëèøàéíèêîâ - 35 (11,9%); ñóáòðîïè÷åñêèõ  4

(1,4%). Íåáîëüøèì ÷èñëîì âèäîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû

òàêæå ãèïîàðêòîìîíòàííûå (6) è àðêòîàëüïèéñêèå

(4) ëèøàéíèêè, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ýïèëèòàìè è

ñóáýïèãåèäàìè, ïðîèçðàñòàþò â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè

ïîÿñà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è ïðèóðî-
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÷åíû ê ñêàëüíûì îáíàæåíèÿì. Èç 143 íåìîðàëüíûõ

ëèøàéíèêîâ 48 (èëè 33,8%) èìåþò âîñòî÷íîàçèàòñêèé òèï àðåàëà. Ýòî âèäû ðîäîâ Lobaria,

Nephromopsis, Parmelina è äð., èìåþùèå òðîïè-

÷åñêèå è ñóáòðîïè÷åñêèå êîðíè è öåíòð âèäîîáðàçîâàíèÿ â âîñòî÷íîé è þãî-âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè.

Áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ ýïèôèòû. Â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ îòìå÷åíî 9 èç 10 èçâåñòíûõ äëÿ

Ïðèìîðüÿ ýíäåìè÷íûõ âèäîâ. Âñå îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê

íåìîðàëüíîìó ýëåìåíòó è â ýêîëîãè÷åñêîì îòíîøåíèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåçîôèòàìè. 5 âèäîâ  ýïèôèòû,

3  ýïèêñèëû è îäèí ýïèôèòîðåëèêâèò. Â ïîÿñå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Ïðèìîðüÿ ïðîèçðàñòàþò òàêæå 6 âèäîâ ëèøàéíèêîâ èç Êðàñíîé

êíèãè Ðîññèè (1988).

* Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ïîääåðæêå ãðàíòà ÐÔÔÈ,N94-04-11971-à

Îñîáåííîñòè èíäèâèäóàëüíîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ñèðåíè Âîëüôà

Ë.Ì. Ïøåííèêîâà

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñâä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ

Ñèðåíü Âîëüôà èìååò ðàçîðâàííûé àðåàë, î÷àãè

êîòîðîãî, â îñíîâíîì íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè,

ïðèìûêàþò ê ßïîíñêîìó ìîðþ; ïðåäïî÷èòàþò

âëàæíûå òåíèñòûå ìåñòà ñìåøàííûõ ëåñîâ ñ

îòíîñèòåëüíî ïëîäîðîäíîé ïî÷âîé. Ðàñòåò òàêæå è

ïî êàìåíèñòûì ðîññûïÿì, ãäå ïîäíèìàåòñÿ ââåðõ

äî 1000-13000 ì íàä óð. ì. Â.Ì. Ïîíîìàðåíêî (1961)

ïðåäïîëàãàåò, ÷òî äàííûé âèä îòíîñèòñÿ ê Òóðãàéñêîé ôëîðå øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Íàèáîëüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ïðèçíàêîâ ó ñèðåíè Âîëüôà íàìè îáíàðóæåíî íà

êàìåíèñòûõ îñûïÿõ: íàëè÷èå èëè îòñóòñòâèå

îïóøåíèÿ ó ÷àøå÷êè è íà íèæíåé ñòîðîíå ëèñòîâîé

ïëàñòèíêè; âàðèàáåëüíîñòü ðàçìåðîâ è ôîðì

ñîöâåòèé, öâåòêîâ è ëèñòîâûõ ïëàñòèíîê; èçìåí-

÷èâîñòü öâåòîâîé îêðàñêè âåí÷èêà (áåëàÿ, êðåìîâàÿ, ðîçîâàÿ, ñâåòëî-ñèðåíåâàÿ, ñèðåíåâàÿ,

ëèëîâàÿ è äâóõöâåòíàÿ). Â òî æå âðåìÿ, â ïðåäåëàõ

âèäà íàèáîëåå ïîñòîÿííûå ïðèçíàêè ïðèñóùè

ñåìåíàì (ðàçìåðû, îêðàñêà è ìàññà 1000 øòóê

ñåìÿí). Âûÿâëåííûå ôåíîòèïè÷åñêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ

ïîêàçûâàþò çíà÷èòåëüíûé âíóòðèïîïóëÿöèîííûé

ïîëèìîðôèçì, ïîâûøåííóþ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü

ðàñòåíèé.

Ñèðåíü Âîëüôà îòíîñÿò ê ñåêöèè âîëîñèñòûõ

ñèðåíåé, â êîòîðîé ÷èñëèòñÿ 10 âèäîâ. Èçó÷åíèå

ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ ñèðåíåé ýòîé ãðóïïû

ïî ëèòåðàòóðíûì èñòî÷íèêàì è èçìåí÷èâîñòè

ñèðåíè Âîëüôà èç îáñëåäîâàííûõ íàìè ýêîòîïîâ

ïîçâîëÿåò ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê ìíåíèþ Â.Ê. Ãîðáà

(1989) î áëèçîñòè ñèðåíåé Âîëüôà (âîëîñèñòîé,

âåíãåðñêîé è ãèìàëàéñêîé). Ó ñèðåíè Âîëüôà, ïî

íàøèì äàííûì, èìåþòñÿ òàêèå ôîðìû, êîòîðûå äî

èçâåñòíîé ñòåïåíè ñîâìåùàþò ïðèçíàêè ýòèõ âèäîâ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íàëè÷èå çíà÷èòåëüíîé èíäèâèäóàëüíîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ñèðåíè Âîëüôà ïðåäïîëàãàåò: (1) çíà÷èòåëüíûé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë

è, â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, óñïåøíóþ èíòðîäóêöèþ âèäà â

äðóãèå ðåãèîíû; (2) ñîâðåìåííûå ãîðíûå ðàéîíû

þæíîãî Ïðèìîðüÿ ìîãóò áûòü ìåñòîì âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà; (3) íàëè÷èå çíà÷èòåëüíîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ó ñèðåíè Âîëüôà ïî îêðàñêå âåí÷èêà è

ñòðîåíèþ ñîöâåòèé ïîçâîëÿåò óæå ñåé÷àñ äåëàòü

îòáîð èìåþùèõñÿ äåêîðàòèâíûõ ôîðì èç ïðèðîäíûõ ìèêðîïîïóëÿöèé è, íà èõ îñíîâå, ñîçäàíèå

íîâûõ ñîðòîâ.
- 192 -

Äèíàìèêà ðîñòà è ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé àêòèâíîñòè êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â

Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå

Â.Í. Âîðîáüåâ, Í.À. Âîðîáüåâà, Ä.À. Ñàâ÷óê, Ëî-Ëè-ôåíü

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ

 ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íûé ëåñíîé Óíèâåðñèòåò. Õàðáèí. ÊÍÐ.

V. ÑÅÌÅÍÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ, ÑÅËÅÊÖÈß, ÃÅÍÎÔÎÍÄ

Ñîõðàíåíèå ãåíîôîíäà îðõèäåé êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

À.À. Àëåõèí

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä Õàðüêîâñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà.

Õàðüêîâ. Óêðàèíà.

Îðõèäåè  îäíî èç íàèáîëåå óÿçâèìûõ çâåíüåâ â

öåíîçàõ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Â ñîõðàíåíèè ãåíîôîíäà îðõèäåé

âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå ïðèíàäëåæèò èíòðîäóêöèè è

êóëüòèâèðîâàíèþ èõ â áîòàíè÷åñêèõ ñàäàõ. Ñ 1981

ãîäà â áîòàíè÷åñêîì ñàäó Õàðüêîâñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà ïðîõîäÿò èíòðîäóêöèîííîå èñïûòàíèå

áîëåå 40 âèäîâ îðõèäåé.

Èçó÷åíèå ðèòìà ñåçîííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ 10 âèäîâ îðõèäåé êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ïîêàçàëî,

÷òî âñå èññëåäîâàííûå âèäû, êðîìå Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) Lindl., ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëåòíåçåëåíûìè. Ïî

ñêîðîñòè ðàçâèòèÿ ãîäè÷íûõ ïîáåãîâ, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè âåãåòàöèè è ñîñòîÿíèþ àññèìèëÿöèîííîãî àïïàðàòà èõ ìîæíî ðàçäåëèòü íà: ðàííåâåñåííå-ëåòíåçåëåíûå ñ ïåðèîäîì îñåííå-çèìíåãî

ïîêîÿ è ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ âåãåòàöèè 136 äíåé

(Platanthera extremiorientalis Nevski, P. freynii

Kraenzl., P. maximowicziana Schlechter); ñðåäíåâåñåííå-ïîçäíåëåòíåçåëåíûå ñ ïåðèîäîì îñåííåçèìíåãî ïîêîÿ è ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ âåãåòàöèè

168 äíåé (Cypripedium calceolus L., C. macranthon

Sw., C. ventricosum Sw.); ñðåäíåâåñåííå-ðàííåîñåííåçåëåíûå ñ ïåðèîäîì çèìíåãî ïîêîÿ è ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòüþ âåãåòàöèè 150 äíåé (Cypripedium

guttatum Sw., Epipactis papillosa Franch. et Savat,

Liparis japonica (Mig.) Maxim.). Oreorchis patens 

çèìíåçåëåíûé âèä, ðàçâèòèå ãîäè÷íûõ ïîáåãîâ

êîòîðîãî íà÷èíàåòñÿ ïîñëå öâåòåíèÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî,

âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå èþëÿ, è ïîëíîñòüþ çàâåðøàåòñÿ îñåíüþ. Öâåòåíèå íàñòóïàåò â êîíöå àïðåëÿ 

íà÷àëå ìàÿ è ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ 30 äíåé.

Àíàëèç æèçíåííûõ ôîðì ïîêàçàë, ÷òî âèäû ðîäà

Cypripedium è Epipactis papillosa  êîðîòêîêîðíåâèùíûå ãåîôèòû ñ ñèìïîäèàëüíûìè ïîäçåìíûìè êîðíåâèùàìè, âèäû ðîäà Platanthera  êîðíåêëóáíåâûå ãåîôèòû ñ åæåãîäíî îáíîâëÿþùèìèñÿ

êîðíåêëóáíÿìè, à Liparis japonica è Oreorchis patens  êëóáíåâûå ãåìèêðèïòîôèòû ñ çàïàñàþùèìè

îðãàíàìè â âèäå òóáåðèäèåâ.

Ðàçìíîæåíèå îðõèäåé ïðîâîäèëè ñåìåííûì è âåãåòàòèâíûì ñïîñîáîì. Â óñëîâèÿõ êóëüòóðû âñå

èññëåäîâàííûå âèäû îáðàçóþò ñåìåíà. Ïîëîæèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ïîëó÷åíû ïðè ïîñåâå ñåìÿí

íà êëóáíè è êîðíåâèùà ìàòåðèíñêèõ ðàñòåíèé ó âñåõ

âèäîâ, êðîìå Epipactis papillosa è Platanthera freynii.

Âåãåòàòèâíûì ñïîñîáîì áûëè ðàçìíîæåíû îðõèäåè

ðîäà Cypripedium (äåëåíèåì êîðíåâèù ñî ñïÿùèìè

ïî÷êàìè íà ìåòàìåðû äëèíîé 1,5-2 ñì), Oreorchis

patens (îòäåëåíèåì ñòàðûõ òóáåðèäèåâ ñî ñïÿùèìè

ïî÷êàìè îò ìàòåðèíñêèõ ðàñòåíèé) è ðîäà Platanthera (ðèçîðåñòèòóöèîííûì ñïîñîáîì ðàçìíîæåíèÿ

îðõèäåé, ðàçðàáîòàííûì Â.Ã. Ñîáêî).

Â èíñòèòóòå ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ

ÐÀÍ ðàçðàáîòàíû ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûå ìåòîäû ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìîðôîñòðóêòóðû ïîáåãîâ îðåõîïëîäíûõ

ñîñåí. Ñ èõ ïîìîùüþ ìîæíî âîññòàíîâèòü äèíàìèêó

ìóæñêîãî öâåòåíèÿ çà 10-15 ëåò, æåíñêîé ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé àêòèâíîñòè âåãåòàòèâíîãî ðîñòà çà 100

ëåò è áîëåå, ïî ñëåäàì îò âåãåòàòèâíûõ è ãåíåðàòèâíûõ îðãàíîâ íà êîðå è ïîïåðå÷íûõ ñïèëàõ îñíîâàíèé ìóòîâîê ïëîäîíîñÿùèõ âåòâåé. Ïðîâåäåííûå

èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîì Êèòàå (Õèíãàíå

â 1991 ã.) ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î âîçìîæíîñòè èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿ äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ äèíàìèêè ýòèõ ïðîöåññîâ â

îíòîãåíåçå êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî. Íåêîòîðûå ìåòîäè-

÷åñêèå òðóäíîñòè ñâÿçàíû ñ ìàëûìè ïðèðîñòàìè

ïîáåãîâ, à òàêæå ñ èõ âòîðè÷íûì ðîñòîì. Ñëåäû îò

ãåíåðàòèâíûõ îðãàíîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå è îò ïðåæäåâðåìåííî îïàâøèõ, õîðîøî ðàçëè÷èìû.

Îáíàðóæåí öèêëè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð ñìåíû óðîæàåâ

ó êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, ïðèìåðíî òàêîé æå, êàê è ó êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî. Ïðèñóòñòâóþò öèêëû ìàëîé, 3-ëåòíåé
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Ê âîïðîñó îõðàíû ãåíîôîíäà

Rhododendron mukronulatum Turcz.

Ä.Ë. Âðèù

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

ïðîòÿæåííîñòè, êîãäà öèêëû ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ïðèìåðíî

÷åðåç ãîä, è öèêëû áîëüøåé äëèòåëüíîñòè. Áîëåå

÷åòêî ðèòìèêà ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé àêòèâíîñòè ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â äèíàìèêå óðîæàåâ. Óðîæàéíûìè ãîäàìè

áûëè 1981, 1983, 1985, 1989 ãã. Â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû

(íàïðèìåð, 1988) óðîæàè, íåñìîòðÿ íà õîðîøóþ

çàêëàäêó, ðåçêî ïàäàþò (äî 0,3 øèøåê/ïîáåã) èç-çà

ïîòåðü â ïðîöåññå ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ñîçðåâàíèÿ

ñåìÿí. Õîä óðîæàåâ ñâÿçàí ñ öèêëè÷íîñòüþ ëèíåéíîãî ïðèðîñòà ñêåëåòíûõ âåòâåé. Áîëüøèå ãîäè÷-

íûå ïðèðîñòû óãíåòàþò çàêëàäêó ðåïðîäóêòèâíûõ

çà÷àòêîâ, ïîñëå ìàëûõ íàñòóïàþò õîðîøèå óðîæàè.

Ïðè÷èíîé ÷åòêîãî ïðîÿâëåíèÿ öèêëè÷íîñòè óðîæàåâ

è èõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ðîñòîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåçêî êîíòèíåíòàëüíûé êëèìàò Ìàëîãî Õèíãàíà. Õàðàêòåð ýòèõ

ñâÿçåé áëèçîê ê òåì, êîòîðûå íàáëþäàþòñÿ â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè ãîðíî-òàåæíûõ ëåñîâ Ñèáèðè. Îäíàêî,

åñëè çàêëàäêà ãåíåðàòèâíûõ çà÷àòêîâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî îòíîñèòåëüíî äîñòàòî÷íà è áëèçêà ê òîìó

óðîâíþ, ÷òî è ó êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â ñõîäíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, òî óðîæàè ïåðâîãî íèçêè è ðåäêè. Ýòî ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ è âåëè÷èíîé åñòåñòâåííîãî îïàäà øèøåê

(40,6%).

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èìååòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ó÷åñòü âëèÿíèå ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà ðîñò äåðåâüåâ, ïðîñëåäèòü öèêëè÷íîñòü èõ óðîæàåâ, ðàçðàáîòàòü ñïîñîáû äîëãîñðî÷íîãî ïðîãíîçà, ïîñòðîèòü

îíòîãåíåòè÷åñêóþ ìîäåëü ñâÿçè ðîñòà è ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ ïîáåãîâ. Íåîáõîäèìî èçó÷èòü ñîïðÿæåííîñòü äèíàìèêè ãåíåðàòèâíîé àêòèâíîñòè êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè, Êèòàÿ è Êîðåè.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ýòèõ ðàáîò ìîãóò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíû â

ñîçäàíèè íàó÷íûõ îñíîâ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà.

Ïî ñðîêàì öâåòåíèÿ Rhododendron mukronulatum

(ðîäîäåíäðîí îñòðîêîíå÷íûé) ÷åòêî âûäåëÿþòñÿ

äâå ôîðìû: ðàííÿÿ è ïîçäíÿÿ. Ðàçíèöà â ðàñïóñêàíèè ïåðâûõ öâåòêîâ íà êóñòàõ äâóõ ôîðì ñîñòàâëÿåò áîëåå äâóõ íåäåëü. Îòëè÷àþòñÿ ýêçåìïëÿðû, êàê ïî îêðàñêå, ðàçìåðàì è ôîðìå öâåòêîâ,

òàê è ïî èõ êîëè÷åñòâó.

Âûÿâëåíû, ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî, íåñêîëüêî ýêîëîãè-

÷åñêèõ ôîðì. Íà íàø âçãëÿä, íàèáîëåå ïðèñòàëüíîãî âíèìàíèÿ çàñëóæèâàþò ôîðìû, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèå íà îñòðîâàõ è íà ìîðñêèõ ïîáåðåæüÿõ. Âûñîòà

êóñòà ó âèäîâ ýòèõ ôîðì äîñòèãàåò åäâà ëè 25 ñì,

ïðè äîâîëüíî êðóïíûõ öâåòêàõ, îáû÷íî áîëåå ÿðêî

îêðàøåííûõ, ÷åì ó ýêçåìïëÿðîâ, ðàñòóùèõ ïîä

ïîëîãîì ëåñà. Âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî òàêàÿ êîìïàêòíàÿ

ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ôîðìà, âîçíèêøàÿ â óñëîâèÿõ ñóðîâûõ, ñ ïîñòîÿííûìè âåòðàìè ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ìîæåò

ñëóæèòü èñõîäíûì ìàòåðèàëîì äëÿ ñåëåêöèîííûõ

ðàáîò.

Ïî ïðè÷èíå ñâîåé èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîé äåêîðàòèâíîñòè

ðîäîäåíäðîí îñòðîêîíå÷íûé íåùàäíî èñòðåáëÿåòñÿ. Âòîðîé ïðè÷èíîé ðåçêîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ

÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòûå ïàëû â

ëåñàõ, ãäå âûãîðàåò ïîäñòèëêà è âìåñòå ñ íåé ãîðÿò

êóñòû ðîäîäåíäðîíà. Åñòåñòâåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå

â ëåñàõ ó Rhododendron mukronulatum  î÷åíü

ðåäêîå ÿâëåíèå. ×àùå âñåãî ñåìåííîå âîçîáíîâëåíèå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â íåòðîíóòûõ ìåñòàõ îáèòàíèÿ,

ãäå åñòü äîñòàòî÷íàÿ ãóìóñîâàÿ, íåóïëîòíåííàÿ

ïîäñòèëêà.

Ðåïðîäóêòèâíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé è ïðèíöèïû îòáîðà

êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí íà ñåìåííóþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü

Ñ.Í. Ãîðîøêåâè÷

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâûå ñîñíû çàíèìàþò îñîáîå ìåñòî ñðåäè

ðîññèéñêèõ ëåñîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä â çíà÷èòåëüíîé

ìåðå èç-çà âûñîêîé ïðèðîäíîé è õîçÿéñòâåííîé

çíà÷èìîñòè óðîæàåâ ñåìÿí. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, öåëåñîîáðàçíà èõ ñåëåêöèÿ íå òîëüêî íà ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà,

íî è íà ñåìåííóþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü. Ïîñëåäíåå áûëî

î÷åâèäíî óæå â íà÷àëå øèðîêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ðàáîò

ïî ëåñíîé ñåëåêöèè, îäíàêî, äî ñèõ ïîð íå äîñòèãíóòî ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü çíà÷èòåëüíûõ óñïåõîâ â ýòîé

îáëàñòè. Ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, îäíîé èç ãëàâíûõ

ïðè÷èí ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íî ÷åòêîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ïðèðîäå âíóòðèïîïóëÿöèîííîé èçìåí-

÷èâîñòè ðåïðîäóêòèâíûõ ïðèçíàêîâ. Â ïðèðîäíûõ

ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ïðîèñõîäèò î÷åíü æåñòêèé åñòåñòâåííûé îòáîð ïî àäàïòèâíûì ïðèçíàêàì, îïðåäåëÿþùèì óñòîé÷èâîñòü è ñðåäíåìíîãîëåòíþþ

ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà. Ïîýòîìó áîëüøèíñòâî ãåíîòèïîâ,
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Ïåðñïåêòèâû ìåõàíèçàöèè çàãîòîâîê ëåñíûõ ñåìÿí

À.Í. Ãðèäíåâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

âûäàþùèõñÿ ïî ëþáûì äðóãèì ïðèçíàêàì, ãèáíåò

íà ðàííèõ ýòàïàõ îíòîãåíåçà.

Íåìíîãî÷èñëåííûå, ñëó÷àéíî ñîõðàíèâøèåñÿ

îñîáè ñ ãåíîòèïè÷åñêîé ïðåäðàñïîëîæåííîñòüþ ê

ðàííåìó è (èëè) îáèëüíîìó ïëîäîíîøåíèþ ýëèìèíèðóþòñÿ îòáîðîì íà áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ýòàïàõ äèôôåðåíöèàöèè íàñàæäåíèÿ, ò. ê. îòñòàþò îò äðóãèõ â

ðîñòå èç-çà áîëüøèõ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ çàòðàò íà

ïîëîâóþ ðåïðîäóêöèþ. Ïîýòîìó â ïðèðîäíûõ

ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ñóùåñòâóåò î÷åíü íèçêèé óðîâåíü

ãåíîòèïè÷åñêîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè ïî ñêîðîïëîäíîñòè

è îáùåé ñåìåííîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî,

íåýôôåêòèâåí èñêóññòâåííûé îòáîð. Ïîèñê èñõîäíîãî ìàòåðèàëà äëÿ ñåëåêöèè ïî ýòèì ïðèçíàêàì

öåëåñîîáðàçåí â íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñ ñóùåñòâåííî

ïîíèæåííîé èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ ìåæ- è âíóòðèâèäîâîé

êîíêóðåíöèè.

Çàïðåùåíèå ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà äåëàåò

àêòóàëüíûì ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è ïîâûøåíèÿ äîõîäíîñòè îò ïîáî÷íîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Ýòà çàäà÷à, íàðÿäó ñ ðàçâèòèåì ëåñíîãî ñåìåíîâîäñòâà, íå ìîæåò

áûòü óñïåøíî ðåøåíà áåç ðàçðàáîòêè ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ ôîðì çàãîòîâêè êåäðîâûõ øèøåê. Çàòðàòû

íà çàãîòîâêó øèøåê ñîñòàâëÿþò îêîëî 70% îò âñåõ

òðóäîçàòðàò íà ïðîèçâîäñòâî îðåõîâ.

Çàãîòîâêà ëåñíûõ ñåìÿí â ëåñó ìîæåò îñóùåñòâëÿòüñÿ, êàê ñ ðàñòóùèõ äåðåâüåâ, òàê è ñî

ñðóáëåííûõ âî âðåìÿ ëåñîçàãîòîâîê, à òàêæå ïóòåì

ñáîðà îïàâøèõ íà çåìëþ øèøåê. Ïîñëåäíèå äâà

ïðèåìà íåñêîëüêî óòðàòèëè ñâîå çíà÷åíèå, âîïåðâûõ, ââèäó òîãî, ÷òî êåäð çàïðåùåí â ðóáêó è

âî-âòîðûõ, ïîòîìó, ÷òî ìàññîâûé ñáîð øèøåê â

ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ äîëæåí ïðîèçâîäèòüñÿ

â òå÷åíèå êîðîòêîãî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè.

Ñáîð ëåñíûõ ñåìÿí ñ ðàñòóùèõ äåðåâüåâ ïðîâîäèòñÿ òðåìÿ îñíîâíûìè ïðèåìàìè: (1) ñòðÿõèâàíèåì ñ äåðåâüåâ âèáðîñòðÿõèâàòåëÿìè íà òðàêòîðíîé îñíîâå èëè âåðòîëåòàìè, ïóòåì ñîçäàíèÿ

ðåçêîé âîçäóøíîé âîëíû; (2) ñáîð ñ âíåøíåé ñòîðîíû êðîíû äåðåâà  ïðè äîñòàâêå ñáîðùèêîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîäúåìíûõ ìàøèí (íà àâòîìîáèëüíîé èëè

òðàêòîðíîé îñíîâå), âåðòîëåòîâ, âîçäóøíûõ øàðîâ

è àýðîñòàòîâ; (3) ñáîð èçíóòðè êðîíû  ïðè ïîäúåìå

â êðîíó âäîëü ñòâîëà èëè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïî

ñòâîëó ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîäúåìíûõ ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé è

óñòðîéñòâ.

Ïîäúåì âäîëü ñòâîëà, êàê ïðàâèëî, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ

ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíûõ ëåñòíèö èëè òðîñîâûõ

ïîäúåìíèêîâ ñ áëîêàìè, çàêðåïëåííûìè â îáëàñòè

êðîíû, è ëåáåäêàìè, ðàñïîëîæåííûìè ó îñíîâàíèÿ

ñòâîëà. Ïîäúåì ïî ñòâîëó ìîæíî ïðîâîäèòü,

èñïîëüçóÿ óñòðîéñòâà: à) îáëåã÷àþùèå ïîäúåì -

êîãòè, ëàçû (À.ñ. 1 120978 ÑÑÑÐ, 1959; À.ñ. 1

261952 ÑÑÑÐ, 1970; À.ñ. 1 1336977 ÑÑÑÐ,1987 è

äð.), ïîäúåìíûå ïëàòôîðìû (Íîìåð ïàòåíòà:

4,595,079 USA,1986 è äð.); á) ìåõàíèçèðóþùèå

ïîäúåì  ïîäúåìíûå ïëàòôîðìû ñ ëåáåäêàìè

(Íîìåð ïàòåíòà: 3,520,383 USA,1970; Íîìåð

ïàòåíòà: 4,593,789 USA,1986 è äð.).

Â òàåæíûõ óñëîâèÿõ ñ ãîðíûì ðåëüåôîì îðèåíòèðîâêà íà ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà ñòðÿõèâàòåëè è ïîäúåìíûå àãðåãàòû íà àâòî-òðàêòîðíîé îñíîâå ñ ïîäõîäîì ê êàæäîìó äåðåâó â äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ ëåñàõ èç

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî íåðåàëüíà. Âîçäóøíàÿ çàãîòîâêà

øèøåê ÿâëÿåòñÿ âåñüìà äîðîãîñòîÿùèì ìåðîïðèÿòèåì, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíûì ñäåðæèâàþùèì

ôàêòîðîì äëÿ ïåðñïåêòèâ åãî äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ.

Äëÿ ñáîðà øèøåê ñ ðàñòóùèõ äåðåâüåâ â åñòåñòâåííûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ìîæíî ðåêîìåíäîâàòü ðàçðàáîòêó ïîäúåìíûõ óñòðîéñòâ ïî

ñòâîëó äåðåâà, íî áîëåå ìîáèëüíûõ (ëåãêî ïåðåíîñèìûõ èëè ïåðåâîçèìûõ) â ëåñó, è îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ

äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêóþ áåçîïàñíîñòü ëàçàíèÿ  òèïà

ñðåäñòâ ìàëîé ìåõàíèçàöèè.

Ïðèçíàêè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå êà÷åñòâî óðîæàÿ (ðàçìåð øèøåê è ñåìÿí, ïîëíîçåðíèñòîñòü, âûõîä ÿäðà

è äð.), ñëàáî ñâÿçàíû ñî ñêîðîñòüþ ðîñòà äåðåâà, è

äàæå â çðåëûõ åñòåñòâåííûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü èõ ãåíîòèïè÷åñêîé

îáóñëîâëåííîñòè. Íàèëó÷øèì îáúåêòîì äëÿ èñêóññòâåííîãî îòáîðà ïî âñåì ðåïðîäóêòèâíûì ïðèçíàêàì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñïåöèàëüíî ñîçäàííûå íàñàæäåíèÿ

ñ ðåäêèì ðàçìåùåíèåì äåðåâüåâ è áëèçêèì ê

èñõîäíîìó óðîâíåì ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ïîëèìîðôèçìà.

Ïðèâåäåííûå ðåçóëüòàòû îñíîâàíû, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, íà èññëåäîâàíèÿõ êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî. Îäíàêî,

â îáùåì âèäå îíè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò îïðåäåëåííûé

èíòåðåñ è äëÿ ñåëåêöèè êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â ñèëó

îáùíîñòè ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé áèîëîãèè è ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîãî ñòàòóñà ýòèõ äâóõ âèäîâ

êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí.
- 195 -

Ïåðñïåêòèâû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí

À.È. Èðîøíèêîâ, Ì.Â. Òâåëåíåâ

ÍÈÈ ëåñíîé ãåíåòèêè è ñåëåêöèè.

Âîðîíåæ. Ðîññèÿ.

Ìíîãîîáðàçíûå ñûðüåâûå è ñðåäîîáðàçóþùèå

ôóíêöèè êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ, îáðàçóåìûõ êåäðàìè

êîðåéñêèì è ñèáèðñêèì, çíà÷èòåëüíîå ñîêðàùåíèå

îñîáî öåííûõ ïîïóëÿöèé â ðåçóëüòàòå èíòåíñèâíîé

ëåñîýêñïëóàòàöèè è âåñüìà ïðîäîëæèòåëüíûé

ïåðèîä èõ åñòåñòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ îáóñëîâèëè ïîâûøåííîå âíèìàíèå ê âîïðîñàì ñîõðàíåíèÿ

óíèêàëüíûõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé, èçó÷åíèÿ ôèëîãåíåçà, âíóòðè- è ìåæïîïóëÿöèîííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè,

äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà

ïðè èñêóññòâåííîì âîññòàíîâëåíèè âûðóáîê è ãàðåé

êîðåííûõ è ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ïðîèçâîäíûõ íàñàæäåíèé, à òàêæå ïðè êóëüòèâèðîâàíèè çà ïðåäåëàìè

åñòåñòâåííî-èñòîðè÷åñêîãî àðåàëà âèäîâ.

Èìåþùèåñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìàòåðèàëû ïî

âíóòðèâèäîâîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè êåäðîâ êîðåéñêîãî è

ñèáèðñêîãî (ïðåæäå âñåãî ïî ïîêàçàòåëÿì àäàïòàöèè â èõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êóëüòóðàõ) ïîçâîëÿþò

âíåñòè êîððåêòèâû â ëåñîñåìåííîå ðàéîíèðîâàíèå

1982ã. è äàòü îöåíêó ýôôåêòèâíîñòè êóëüòóð â

àðåàëå âèäîâ è çà åãî ïðåäåëàìè.

Ðåçóëüòàòû 25-35-ëåòíèõ èññëåäîâàíèé èñïûòàòåëüíûõ êóëüòóð áîëüøîãî íàáîðà ïîòîìñòâ ïîïóëÿöèé è äåðåâüåâ, à òàêæå êîëëåêöèé êëîíîâ êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî è (â ìåíüøåé ìåðå) êîðåéñêîãî, ñîçäàííûõ ïàðàëëåëüíî â ðàçíûõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ çîíàõ

Ñðåäíåé Ñèáèðè è åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè (âñåãî

â 9 ïóíêòàõ) ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î:

 çíà÷èòåëüíîé âíóòðèïîïóëÿöèîííîé èçìåí÷èâîñòè

êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí, ÿâëÿþùåéñÿ îñíîâíûì èñòî÷íèêîì

äëÿ èõ ñåëåêöèè íà ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü, óñòîé÷èâîñòü

è îáèëèå óðîæàÿ ñåìÿí (â ò.÷. â öåëÿõ èíòðîäóêöèè);

 âûñîêîì óðîâíå îáìåíà ãåíàìè íà îáøèðíîé

òåððèòîðèè, îáóñëîâëèâàþùèì ñëàáóþ ìåæïîïóëÿöèîííóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü,  ïîñëåäíÿÿ ÷åòêî

ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèøü ìåæäó þæíîòàåæíûìè è íèçêîãîðíûìè íàñàæäåíèÿìè è ìàðãèíàëüíûìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà è âûñîêîãîðèé

(ïîêàçàòåëè ðîñòà èõ ïîòîìñòâà â âûñîòó ðàçëè-

÷àþòñÿ íà 20-40%);

 ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ êóëüòóð êåäðà íà

âûðóáêàõ êåäðîâíèêîâ ñ âåñüìà äëèòåëüíûìè

ïðîöåññàìè åñòåñòâåííîãî âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êîðåííûõ ëåñîâ â îáëàñòè îïòèìóìà ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ âèäà;

 ñíèæåíèè ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè êóëüòóð êåäðà (íà 0,5-

1-2 êëàññà áîíèòåòà) ïðè èõ ñîçäàíèè â çîíå

îñèíîâî-áåðåçîâî-ñîñíîâûõ ëåñîâ Þæíîé Ñèáèðè

è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ åâðîïåéñêîé

÷àñòè Ðîññèè (ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîðåííûìè âèäàìè);

â ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ êåäðîâûå ñîñíû ìîãóò ââîäèòüñÿ

(âïðåäü äî âûâåäåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñîðòîâ),

ëèøü êàê îðåõîïëîäíûå è äåêîðàòèâíûå ïîðîäû.

Ïåðâûå èòîãè íàáëþäåíèé çà õîäîì óñêîðåííîãî

ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïëîäîíîñÿùèõ êåäðîâíèêîâ

Å.Ê. Êîçèí

Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè ìîðÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â 1988-1991 ãîäàõ, åùå â ñîñòàâå ÏðèìËÎÑ

ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ, íàìè áûëè çàëîæåíû â Àðñåíüåâñêîì,

Óññóðèéñêîì, Ó÷åáíî-îïûòíîì ÏðèìÑÕÈ è Âëàäèâîñòîêñêîì (â ðàéîíå ï. Ðàçäîëüíîãî, áóõòû Ëàçóðíàÿ è íà î. Ïîïîâà) ëåñõîçàõ ñåìü ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé. Ðàáîòû ïðîâîäèëèñü â ëåñíûõ êóëüòóðàõ êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî â âîçðàñòå 10-14 ëåò ïîä ïîëîãîì

ëèñòâåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé. Ãóñòîòà ïðè ïîñàäêå

êóëüòóð áûëà 2000-2500 øò. íà 1 ãà; èñïîëüçîâàëèñü

ñåÿíöû 2-4 ëåò. Êàæäàÿ ïðîáíàÿ ïëîùàäü ñîñòîèò

èç íåñêîëüêèõ ñåêöèé ïëîùàäüþ 0,25 ãà. Íà âñåõ

ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ îäíà èç ñåêöèé îñòàâëåíà äëÿ

êîíòðîëÿ, íà äðóãîé ñåêöèè áûë âûðóáëåí âåñü

âåðõíèé ïîëîã äðåâîñòîÿ, ïîäðîñò è ïîäëåñîê,

ïðåâûøàþùèå ïî âûñîòå êóëüòóðû êåäðà. Ïðè ýòîì

áûëî ïîëó÷åíî ñâûøå 100 ì3

 äðåâåñèíû, â îñíîâíîì, äóáà è ÿñåíÿ. Íà áîëüøèíñòâå ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé èìåþòñÿ ñåêöèè, ãäå âåðõíèé ïîëîã óáðàí ÷åðåç

ðÿä êóëèñàìè, ÷òîáû îñëàáèòü ðåçêîå îñâåòëåíèå.

À íà íåêîòîðûõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ åñòü ñåêöèè, ãäå

ïðîâåäåíî ðàçðåæèâàíèå äðåâîñòîÿ ïî îáùåïðèíÿòîé ìåòîäèêå.

Ïðè âàëêå íàáëþäàëàñü íåçíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ãèáåëü è

ïîâðåæäåíèå êóëüòóð êåäðà (ïîëîìêà ñòâîëà, îáëîì

âåðøèíîê è âåòâåé, çàäèð êîðû), îäíàêî, ó æèâûõ

äåðåâüåâ ïðîèñõîäèò áûñòðîå èõ âîññòàíîâëåíèå.

Òðè ãîäà ïîñëå ðóáêè èäåò ñìåíà õâîè íà ñâåòîâóþ

è çàìåäëåíèå ïðèðîñòà. Çàòåì ïðèðîñò ðåçêî óñèëèâàåòñÿ, îñîáåííî ïî äèàìåòðó è çàïàñó. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ âòîðè÷íûé ïðèðîñò ïî âûñîòå. Ôîðìèðóåòñÿ
- 196 -

Ðîëü êåäðîâíèêîâ â ñîõðàíåíèè ôèòîãåíî- è öåíîôîíäà

ýêîñèñòåì áîðåàëüíîé çîíû Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè

Â.Ë. Ìîðîçîâ, Ã.À. Áåëàÿ

Èíñòèòóò êîìïëåêñíîãî àíàëèçà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ ïðîáëåì

 ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Áèðîáèäæàí. ÅÀÎ. Ðîññèÿ.

ìîùíàÿ êðîíà, íà÷èíàþùàÿñÿ îò îñíîâàíèÿ ñòâîëà.

Ðåçóëüòàòû èçìåðåíèé ïðèâîäÿòñÿ â äîêëàäå.

Â êóëüòóðàõ õîðîøåãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ óæå íà òðåòèé ãîä

ïîñëå ðóáêè çàêëàäûâàþòñÿ øèøêè (Àðñåíüåâñêèé

ëåñõîç). Â Ðàçäîëüíåíñêîì ëåñíè÷åñòâå Âëàäèâîñòîêñêîãî ëåñõîçà íà ñåäüìîé ãîä ïîñëå ðóáêè

íàáëþäàëîñü ïëîäîíîøåíèå íà áîëüøèíñòâå

îñâåòëåííûõ êåäðîâ, ïðèòîì ïî 4-6 øò. Íà î. Ïîïîâà

íà ÷åòâåðòûé ãîä ïîñëå ðóáêè íà íåêîòîðûõ äåðåâüÿõ áûëè çàìå÷åíû ìóæñêèå øèøå÷êè.

Ïî ðàçíîîáðàçèþ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðà

ðîññèéñêîìó Äàëüíåìó Âîñòîêó íåò ðàâíûõ â ñòðàíå. Ðåãèîí îòíîñèòñÿ ê òàåæíîé çîíå, è ëåñíûå ýêîñèñòåìû çäåñü äîìèíèðóþò. Ñðåäè ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé íàèáîëåå áîãàòà ôëîðà è ôàóíà êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ (êåäðîâíèêîâ). Íà ñåâåðíîì ïðåäåëå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

ëåñà ñ åãî ó÷àñòèåì îáåäíåíû. Ìàêñèìàëüíûì

ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ôèòîãåíî- è öåíîôîíäà õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ þæíûå êåäðîâíèêè Ïðèìîðüÿ. Èõ ôîðìèðóþò ñëîæíûå ïîëèäîìèíàíòíûå, ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûå, ìíîãîÿðóñíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ îáèëèåì äðåâåñíûõ ëèàí, ãóñòîãî ïîäëåñêà êóñòàðíèêîâ,

ïîäðîñòà è ìîùíîãî òðàâÿíîãî ïîêðîâà.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ òåîðåòèêî-ãðàôîâûõ

ìåòîäîâ äëÿ îöåíêè îïòèìàëüíûõ ðàçìåðîâ îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé, âûäåëåíèÿ ýòàëîííûõ ýêîñèñòåì è ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ ðåçåðâàòîâ ìû ïðèøëè ê

çàêëþ÷åíèþ, ÷òî êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà

âûïîëíÿþò ãëàâíóþ ðîëü â ïîääåðæàíèè áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ òåððèòîðèé è ïîýòîìó íóæäàþòñÿ â îñîáîì ñòàòóñå. Íà îñíîâå ðåçóëüòàòîâ ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèõ è ôëîðèñòè÷åñêèõ íàáëþäåíèé îïðåäåëåíû ìåðû âêëþ÷åíèÿ èëè ñõîäñòâà è ïîðîãîâûå

çíà÷åíèÿ ñâÿçåé ìåæäó ýëåìåíòàìè ýêîñèñòåì. Äëÿ

áîëüøèíñòâà îáúåêòîâ âûïîëíåí àíàëèç íåñèììåòðè÷íûõ îòíîøåíèé âêëþ÷åíèÿ-ñõîäñòâà. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ìàêñèìàëüíîå âêëþ÷åíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ

â êîðåííûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ. Â ýêîñèñòåìàõ êåäðîâíèêîâ ïîëíîñòüþ ïðåäñòàâëåíî âèäîâîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå îñíîâíûõ òèïîâ ëåñà. Ñîñòàâ íåêîòîðûõ ðåëèêòîâûõ öåíîçîâ íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ ñàìîáûòíîñòüþ è

ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ â äðóãèõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèÿõ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå òåððèòîðèè

íåîáõîäèìî ïëàíèðîâàòü íà îñíîâå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ìåòîäîâ. Äëÿ ïîëíîöåííîãî ñîõðàíåíèÿ

æèâîé ïðèðîäû íà þãå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà òðåáóåòñÿ

îõðàíà äåâñòâåííûõ ýêîñèñòåì êåäðîâíèêîâ, â

êîòîðûõ ïðè çîíèðîâàíèè îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèé

âûäåëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûå öåíòðû ðåçåðâàöèè. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðåäëàãàåìîãî ïîäõîäà ïîçâîëÿåò îïòèìèçèðîâàòü çàäà÷ó ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ðåãèîíå è ñîõðàíèòü ãåíî- è öåíîôîíä

âåäóùèõ ýêîñèñòåì.

Â çèìíèé ñåçîí 1995-1996 ãîäà ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé

ïîääåðæêå ISAR/US â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû ×òî

ïîñååøü, òî ïîæíåøü áûëî ïðîâåäåíî ïðîðåæèâàíèå êåäðîâ ñ èíòåðâàëîì â ðÿäàõ îêîëî 5 ì

(îò 3 äî 7 ì), ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ áûëà èñïîëüçîâàíà â

êà÷åñòâå íîâîãîäíèõ åëîê. Ýòî îáåñïå÷èò õîðîøèé

ïðèðîñò è îáèëüíîå ïëîäîíîøåíèå â áóäóùåì. Â

1996 ãîäó ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîèçâåñòè óáîðêó êóëèñ.
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Êðèîãåííûå ñâîéñòâà ñåìÿí è âîçìîæíîñòü ñîõðàíåíèÿ

ãåíîôîíäà íåêîòîðûõ äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé

Ñ.Â. Íåñòåðîâà

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Îäèí èç ïóòåé ðåøåíèÿ ïðîáëåìû ñîõðàíåíèÿ

áîãàòñòâà ïðèðîäíîãî ãåíîôîíäà  ýòî õðàíåíèå

îðãàíîâ ðàñòåíèé, íåñóùèõ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ èíôîðìàöèþ, â áàíêàõ. Ïåðñïåêòèâíûé ìåòîä õðàíåíèÿ

 çàìîðàæèâàíèå ñåìÿí â æèäêîì àçîòå.

Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíàÿ ðàáîòà, íà÷àòàÿ â 1991 ã.,

ïîçâîëèëà âûÿñíèòü ðåàêöèþ ñåìÿí íà çàìîðàæèâàíèå ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå -196° Ñ. Èññëåäîâàëè

ñåìåíà äâóõ âèäîâ ëèàí è ïÿòè âèäîâ êóñòàðíèêîâ,

â òîì ÷èñëå ñåìåíà ÷óáóøíèêà òîíêîëèñòíîãî,

õàðàêòåðíîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ïðèìåíÿëè äâà âàðèàíòà çàìîðàæèâàíèÿ  áûñòðîå è ìåäëåííîå. Ïîñëå ðàçìîðàæèâàíèÿ èññëåäîâàëè æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü ñåìÿí,

íàáëþäàëè çà ðîñòîì è ðàçâèòèåì ðàñòåíèé, âûðàùèâàåìûõ èç ïðîìîðîæåííûõ ñåìÿí. Ðåçóëüòàòû

ýêñïåðèìåíòà ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáëèöå, ãäå äàíû

ìèíèìàëüíûå è ìàêñèìàëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

 Èññëåäóåìûå ïàðàìåòðû Âàðèàíòû îïûòà

Êîíòðîëü ÷óáóøíèêà òîíêîëèñòíîãî

Áûñòð. Ìåäë. Áûñòð. Ìåäë. Áûñòð. Ìåäë.

çàìîðàæ çàìîðàæ çàìîðàæ

Âñõîæåñòü ñåìÿí, % 89 - 97 84 - 88 80 - 86

Âûñîòà îäíîëåòíèõ ðàñò., ñì 6 - 23 7 - 28 6 - 25

Âûñîòà äâóëåòíèõ ðàñò., ñì 15 - 46 20 - 60 15 - 55

Âûñîòà òðåõëåòíèõ ðàñò., ñì 41 - 88 45 - 87 48 - 94

Øèðèíà ëèñòà òðåõëåò. ðàñò., ñì 2,4 - 6,0 2,8 - 6,3 2,5 - 6,2

Äëèíà ëèñòà òðåõëåò. ðàñò., ñì 5,1 - 10,5 5,8 - 11,7 5,9 - 11,2

Â 1995 ã. ÷åòûðåõëåòíèå ðàñòåíèÿ ÷óáóøíèêà

òîíêîëèñòíîãî öâåëè è ïëîäîíîñèëè. Ìîðôîìåòðè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïëîäîâ è ñåìÿí íå

ïîêàçàëè äîñòîâåðíûõ ðàçëè÷èé â êîíòðîëå è ïî

âàðèàíòàì îïûòà.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çàìîðàæèâàíèå ñåìÿí ÷óáóøíèêà

â æèäêîì àçîòå íå îòðàæàåòñÿ íà èõ æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòè. Àíàëèç äàííûõ ðîñòà ðàñòåíèé íå

ïîêàçàë äîñòîâåðíûõ ðàçëè÷èé â ðàçâèòèè âåãåòàòèâíûõ è ãåíåðàòèâíûõ îðãàíîâ ïî âàðèàíòàì îïûòà

è â êîíòðîëå.
- 198 -

Àëëîçèìíàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü ñîñíû êåäðîâîé êîðåéñêîé (Pinus

êoraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè.

Â.Â. Ïîòåíêî, À.Â. Âåëèêîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà;

Ñåëåêöèîííî-ñåìåíîâîä÷åñêèé öåíòð.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Óñëîâèÿ äëèòåëüíîãî õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Ò.Ï. Îðåõîâà

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Èçó÷åíèåì äëèòåëüíîãî õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî â ðàçíûå ïåðèîäû çàíèìàëîñü áîëüøîå

êîëè÷åñòâî àâòîðîâ (Ãîðîõîâ, 1950; Êðå÷åòîâà,

Øòåéíèêîâà, 1975; Þðîâ, 1983, 1984; Âîðîáüåâ,

1987). Ðàçðàáîòàíî íåñêîëüêî ñïîñîáîâ è ìåòîäîâ

õðàíåíèÿ ñåìÿí, îäíàêî, íå âñå èç íèõ îòâå÷àþò

ñî-âðåìåííûì òðåáîâàíèÿì. Öåëü íàøåé ðàáîòû

 èçó÷èòü ôèçèîëîãî-áèîõèìè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ â

ñåìåíàõ ïðè ðàçíûõ ñïîñîáàõ è ñðîêàõ õðàíåíèÿ è

îïðåäåëèòü óñëîâèÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ èìè âûñîêîé

æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòè.

Ñåìåíà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, ïî êëàññèôèêàöèè Áîííåð (1990), îòíîñÿòñÿ ê èñòèííî îðòîäîêñàëüíîé

ãðóïïå, ïîñêîëüêó ñîäåðæàò îêîëî 80% çàïàñíûõ ëèïèäîâ íà àáñ.ñóõ. âåñ. Ñåìåíà òåðÿþò æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü çà ñ÷åò îêèñëåíèÿ ýòèõ ñîåäèíåíèé è

ðàçðóøåíèÿ çàïàñíûõ áåëêîâ. Îñíîâíûìè óñëîâèÿìè, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèìè âûñîêóþ ñîõðàííîñòü

ñåìÿí è ïåðåõîä èõ â ñîñòîÿíèå ïîêîÿ ïðè äëèòåëüíîì õðàíåíèè, ÿâëÿþòñÿ: ïîíèæåíèå òåìïåðàòóðû

õðàíåíèÿ äî ìèíóñîâûõ çíà÷åíèé, óìåíüøåíèå

âëàæíîñòè ñåìÿí äî êðèòè÷åñêîãî óðîâíÿ è

óìåíüøåíèå äîñòóïà êèñëîðîäà. Ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíî

óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî äëÿ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî êðèòè÷åñêèì

óðîâíåì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîäåðæàíèå 3,3% âîäû íà

àáñ.ñóõ. âåñ ñåìÿí, êîòîðûé ìîæåò áûòü äîñòèãíóò

ïóòåì ìåäëåííîãî îòíÿòèÿ âëàãè ñ ïîìîùüþ ñåëèêàãåëåé. Îòêðûòûé ñïîñîá õðàíåíèÿ â íåãåðìåòè-

÷åñêîé òàðå íåäîïóñòèì èç-çà âûñîêîé ãèãðîñêîïè÷íîñòè ñåìÿí. Ïðè õðàíåíèèè ñåìÿí â òå÷åíèå 5

ëåò â íåãåðìåòè÷åñêèõ ñîñóäàõ äàæå ïðè íèçêèõ

òåìïåðàòóðàõ îòìå÷åíî îêèñëåíèå çàïàñíûõ ëèïèäîâ, êîëè÷åñòâî êîòîðûõ ñîêðàòèëîñü íà 24%,

áåëêîâûõ ñîåäèíåíèé óìåíüøèëîñü íà 10,5%, ïðè

ýòîì ñåìåíà ïîòåðÿëè æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü íà 32%.

Àíàëèç ñåìÿí, õðàíèâøèõñÿ â òå÷åíèå 10 ëåò â çàïàÿííûõ ñîñóäàõ â õîëîäèëüíîé êàìåðå ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå îò 0 äî -10°Ñ, ïîêàçàë, ÷òî êîëè÷åñòâî ëèïèäîâ

â ñåìåíàõ óìåíüøèëîñü íà 10,2%, çàïàñíûõ áåëêîâ

íà 8,5%, à æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü ñîõðàíèëàñü ó 71%

ñåìÿí.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëèòåëüíîå õðàíåíèå ñåìÿí êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî â òå÷åíèå 10 ëåò âîçìîæíî â õîëîäèëüíûõ êàìåðàõ ïðè òåìïåðàòóðå äî -10°Ñ â

ãåðìåòè÷íîé òàðå ïðè èñõîäíîé âëàæíîñòè ñåìÿí

íå âûøå 5%. Äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ öåííîãî ñåëåêöèîííîãî ìàòåðèàëà, êàê áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî íàìè

(Îðåõîâà, 1994), âîçìîæíî è êðèîõðàíåíèå ñåìÿí

êåäðà ïðè ñîáëþäåíèè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ðåæèìà

ìåäëåííîãî çàìîðàæèâàíèÿ è îòîãðåâà ñåìÿí.

Ñòðàòåãèè ñîõðàíåíèÿ è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âèäîâ,

âîâëåêàåìûõ â õîçÿéñòâåííóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü,

äîëæíû îñíîâûâàòüñÿ íà äàííûõ î ãåíåòè÷åñêîé

èçìåí÷èâîñòè. Îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå òî÷íûõ ìåòîäîâ,

ïîçâîëÿþùèõ îïèñàòü èçìåí÷èâîñòü, ÿâëÿåòñÿ

ýëåêòðîôîðåç ôåðìåíòîâ.

Ìåòîäîì êðàõìàëüíîãî ãåëü-ýëåêòðîôîðåçà íàìè

áûëî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî 297 îñîáåé ñîñíû êåäðîâîé êîðåéñêîé ïî 25 ëîêóñàì, êîíòðîëèðóþùèì 14

ôåðìåíòîâ. Ñáîð ìàòåðèàëà ïðîèçâîäèëñÿ â ñåìè

ïóíêòàõ àðåàëà: Îáëó÷åíñêèé (Åâðåéñêàÿ ÀÎ),

Ìåäâåæèé, Áîéöîâñêèé, Ïîêðîâñêèé (Õàáàðîâñêèé

êðàé), Ìàëèíîâñêèé, Àðõèïîâñêèé, Óñòèíîâñêèé

(Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé) îò 44° äî 49° ñ.ø.

Íàèáîëåå ãåòåðîçèãîòíûìè ÿâëÿëèñü ëîêóñû Lap1, Lap-2, Adh-1, Adh-2, Aat-3, Dia-1, Skdh-1 è Mdh-2,

à ëîêóñû Aat-1, Aat-2, Idh, Gpi-2, Pgm-2, 6-Pgd-2, Sdh

è Skdh-2 îêàçàëèñü ìîíîìîðôíûìè. Íàèáîëüøèì

àëëåëüíûì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì îòëè÷àëèñü ëîêóñû:

Lap-2 (7 àëëåëåé), Lap-1, Adh-1, Gdh, Skdh-1 è FlEst (ïî 4 àëëåëüíûõ âàðèàíòà).

Â õîäå àíàëèçà àëëåëüíûõ ÷àñòîò áûëè îïðåäåëåíû îñíîâíûå ïîêàçàòåëè âíóòðèïîïóëÿöèîííîé

èçìåí÷èâîñòè. Ïîëèìîðôíîñòü êîëåáàëàñü îò 52%

äî 64%, ñðåäíåå ÷èñëî àëëåëåé íà ëîêóñ  îò 1,64

äî 2,20, îæèäàåìàÿ ãåòåðîçèãîòíîñòü  îò 0,155 äî

0,201, íàáëþäàåìàÿ ãåòåðîçèãîòíîñòü  îò 0,150 äî

0,203, ýôôåêòèâíîå ÷èñëî àëëåëåé  îò 1,27 äî

1,39. Ïîëó÷åííûå çíà÷åíèÿ ãåíåòè÷åñêîé èçìåí-

÷èâîñòè áëèçêè ê ïðèâåäåííûì Hamrick ñ ñîàâò.

(1992) äëÿ âèäîâ, èìåþùèõ ðåãèîíàëüíîå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå.

Àíàëèç êîýôôèöèåíòîâ äèñòàíöèè ïî Nei (1972)

ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ïîïóëÿöèè õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ íèçêîé
- 199 -

Ñîõðàíåíèå ãåíîôîíäà ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ â Ëàçîâñêîì çàïîâåäíèêå

À.À. Òàðàí

Ñàõàëèíñêèé áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Þæíî-Ñàõàëèíñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ñòåïåíüþ ðàçëè÷èé â àëëåëüíûõ ÷àñòîòàõ (DN â

ñðåäíåì ðàâåí 0,005). Êëàñòåðèçàöèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé,

â öåëîì, ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëà äåéñòâóþùåìó ñ 1982

Îñîáåííîñòè ïîëîâîé ðåïðîäóêöèè êåäðà ñèáèðñêîãî â Ñèáèðè.

Âîçìîæíûå ïóòè ýâîëþöèè êåäðîâûõ ñîñåí

È.Í. Òðåòüÿêîâà

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíîé è ÿðêîé ÷åðòîé ðàñòèòåëüíîãî

ìèðà þãà ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (ÐÄÂ). Èõ

îòëè÷èòåëüíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷ðåçâû-

÷àéíàÿ ñëîæíîñòü è íåîäíîðîäíîñòü ñòðîåíèÿ, à

òàêæå âûñîêàÿ âèäîâàÿ íàñûùåííîñòü âñåõ ÿðóñîâ.

Â ëåñàõ, ãäå îñíîâíûì ýäèôèêàòîðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ êåäð

êîðåéñêèé (Pinus koraiensis), ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî íåñêîëüêî ñîò âèäîâ ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé, çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü êîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò áîëüøóþ

õîçÿéñòâåííóþ öåííîñòü.

Îáùåïðèçíàííî, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíîé ôîðìîé ñîõðàíåíèÿ ãåíîôîíäà ïðèðîäíîé ôëîðû

ÿâëÿþòñÿ îõðàíÿåìûå òåððèòîðèè è, ïðåæäå âñåãî,

çàïîâåäíèêè. Èç 6 çàïîâåäíèêîâ ÐÄÂ, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â çîíå õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ,

Ëàçîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê èì.

Ë.Ã.Êàïëàíîâà âûäåëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëüøèì ôëîðèñòè-

÷åñêèì áîãàòñòâîì, ÷òî îáóñëîâëåíî åãî ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèì ïîëîæåíèåì, ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ýêîëîãè-

÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé è ñîõðàííîñòüþ ýêîñèñòåì. Èç 1222

âèäîâ ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé, îòìå÷åííûõ â çàïîâåäíèêå (Òàðàí, 1990), 549 (45%) ïðîèçðàñòàåò â

õîðîøî âûðàæåííîì ïîÿñå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ íà âûñîòå îò 150 äî 700 ì íàä

óð.ì. Â êåäðîâíèêàõ çàïîâåäíèêà, êîòîðûå â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îñîáåííîñòåé ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ìîæíî

ðàçäåëèòü íà ñóõèå, ñâåæèå è âëàæíûå, âñòðå÷àåòñÿ

45 âèäîâ äåðåâüåâ, 58 âèäîâ êóñòàðíèêîâ; äåðåâÿíèñòûå ëèàíû ïðåäñòàâëåíû 5 âèäàìè.

Â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Ëàçîâñêîãî

çàïîâåäíèêà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî 420 âèäîâ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê äèêèì ñîðîäè÷àì êóëüòóðíûõ ðàñòåíèé.

Ñðåäè íèõ íàèáîëüøèé èíòåðåñ äëÿ èíòðîäóêöèè è

ñåëåêöèè ïðåäñòàâëÿþò Vitis amurensis, Pyrus

ussuriensis, Prinsepia sinensis, Cerasus sachalinensis,

C. glandulosa, Actinidia arguta, A. kolomikta.

Çíà÷èòåëüíà ðîëü çàïîâåäíèêà â ñîõðàíåíèè

ðåäêèõ ðàñòåíèé. Â åãî êåäðîâíèêàõ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ 45

âèäîâ ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé, ðåêîìåíäîâàííûõ Ñ.Ñ.

Õàðêåâè÷åì è Í.Í. Êà÷óðîé (1981) äëÿ îõðàíû íà

ÐÄÂ, 27 âèäîâ âêëþ÷åíû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè

(1988), â òîì ÷èñëå òàêèå ðåäêèå, êàê Panax ginseng,

Gastrodia elata, Cephalanthera longibracteata, Cypripedium calceolus.

Çà ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ïðîèçîøëî ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå

ðåïðîäóêòèâíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà ó ìíîãèõ õâîéíûõ, â

òîì ÷èñëå ñîñíû êåäðîâîé ñèáèðñêîé (Pinus sibirica

Du Tour)  âèäà, øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîãî â

Ñèáèðè. Ïîâûøåíèå ðåïðîäóêöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ

ìîæåò áûòü äîñòèãíóòî ïóòåì ïðîâåäåíèÿ ãåíåòèêîñåëåêöèîííûõ ðàáîò, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà èçó÷åíèå

çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ñåìåííîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, îòáîð

ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ è ïëîäîâèòûõ ãåíîòèïîâ äåðåâüåâ,

ñîõðàíåíèå è óëó÷øåíèå èìåþùåãîñÿ ãåíîôîíäà.

Ïîëîâàÿ ðåïðîäóêöèÿ P. sibirica èìååò ðÿä îñîáåííîñòåé, îòëè÷àþùèõ åãî îò äðóãèõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé

ðîäà Pinus. Ðåïðîäóêòèâíàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ìàêðîñòðîáèëîâ ó äàííîãî âèäà âûñîêàÿ  áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü

ñåìåííûõ ÷åøóé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôåðòèëüíîé è ïðîäóöèðóåò ðàçâèòûå ñåìåíà (44-68%). Ñðåäè ñåìÿí

øèðîêî ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïîëèýìáðèîíèÿ, áåççàðîäûøåâîñòü è ïóñòîñåìÿííîñòü, îñîáåííî óñèëèâàþùèåñÿ ó îòäåëüíûõ ãåíîòèïîâ äåðåâüåâ. Ñïîñîáíîñòü ìàêðîñòðîáèëîâ ïðîäóöèðîâàòü ñåìåíà îòðàæàåò ýìáðèîëîãî-ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû, ïðîòåêàþùèå â íèõ. Ðàçâèòèå ýìáðèîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ñòðóêòóð ó P. sibirica ïðîèñõîäèò ïî äâóõëåòíåìó

ãåíåðàòèâíîìó öèêëó, òàê æå, êàê ó äðóãèõ âèäîâ

Pinus. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü îò îïûëåíèÿ äî îïëîäîòâîðåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò 1 ãîä. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ñåìÿïî÷êè

P. sibirica îáëàäàþò ðÿäîì ñâîéñòâ, õàðàêòåðíûõ

äëÿ âèäîâ ñ îäíîëåòíèì ãåíåðàòèâíûì öèêëîì

(Abies, Larix, Picea). Îäíèì èç òàêèõ ñâîéñòâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ àâòîíîìíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ æåíñêîãî ãàìåòîôèòà.

ãîäà ëåñîñåìåííîìó ðàéîíèðîâàíèþ ñîñíû êåäðîâîé êîðåéñêîé.
- 200 -

Ìàêðîñïîðîãåíåç è ãàìåòîãåíåç ó P. sibirica èäóò

íåçàâèñèìî îò îïûëåíèÿ ñåìÿïî÷åê. Íåîïûëåííûå

ñåìÿïî÷êè ôîðìèðóþò ìåëêèå ñåìåíà. Äðóãèì

ñâîéñòâîì ñåìÿïî÷åê ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî âèäà

ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü èõ ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ïî îäíîëåòíåìó ãåíåðàòèâíîìó öèêëó. Ó îòäåëüíûõ ãåíîòèïîâ

äåðåâüåâ ÷åðåç 40 äíåé ïîñëå îïûëåíèÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ àêòèâàöèÿ ðîñòà æåíñêîé øèøêè, â ñåìÿïî÷êàõ

èäåò ãàìåòîãåíåç, îáðàçóþòñÿ àðõåãîíèè, ïðîèñõîäèò ãàïëîèäíîå äåëåíèå íåîïëîäîòâîðåííîé ÿéöåêëåòêè, è óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ñîäåðæàíèå ôèòîãîðìîíîâ, ñâîáîäíûõ àìèíîêèñëîò è óãëåâîäîâ.

Ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî àâòîíîìíîñòü è àêñåëåðàöèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ æåíñêîãî ãàìåòîôèòà, ãàïëîèäíîå

äåëåíèå ÿéöåêëåòêè è âûñîêàÿ ôèçèîëîãî-áèîõèìè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ñåìÿïî÷åê, ÿâÿòñÿ îäíèì èç

âîçìîæíûõ ïóòåé ýâîëþöèè ïîëîâîé ðåïðîäóêöèè

P. sibirica. Íå èñêëþ÷åíî, ÷òî ïî òàêîìó æå ïóòè

ðàçâèòèÿ ìîãóò èäòè ñåìÿïî÷êè äðóãèõ êåäðîâûõ

ñîñåí, áèîëîãèÿ ñåìåíîøåíèÿ êîòîðûõ îñòàåòñÿ

íåèçó÷åííîé.
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VI. ÎÕÐÀÍÀ È ÇÀÙÈÒÀ ËÅÑÀ, ÓÏÐÀÂËÅÍÈÅ,

ÎÕÐÀÍßÅÌÛÅ ÒÅÐÐÈÒÎÐÈÈ

Ê âîïðîñó î ñîçäàíèè îõðàíÿåìîé òåððèòîðèè â áàññåéíå ð. Àíþé

À.Ë. Àíòîíîâ, Á.À. Âîðîíîâ

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

ÄÂÎ ÐÀH. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíàÿ ðîëü êåäðîâûõ

ëåñîâ áàññåéíà îçåðà Áàéêàë

Ð.Ì. Áàáèíöåâà, Â.Í. Ãîðáà÷åâ

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.Í. Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Âîïðîñ î ñîçäàíèè çàïîâåäíèêà â áàññåéíå ð. Àíþé

ïîäíèìàëñÿ íåîäíîêðàòíî, åùå ñî âðåìåí Â.Ê.

Àðñåíüåâà, êîòîðûé, îáñëåäîâàâ ýòè ìåñòà â 1926

ã., îòìåòèë óíèêàëüíîñòü è áîãàòñòâî ìåñòíîé

ôëîðû è ôàóíû (Àðñåíüåâ, 1949). Â ïîñëåäíåå

âðåìÿ ñíîâà ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ñîçäàòü çäåñü îõðàíÿåìóþ òåððèòîðèþ (Âîðîíîâ, 1994).

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà àíòðîïîãåííûå

ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ (ëåñîðàçðàáîòêè, ïîæàðû, îõîòà,

ðûáîëîâñòâî, ñòðîèòåëüñòâî àâòîäîðîã è ò.ï.),

ðàéîí ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç ýòàëîííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ

ñåâåðíîãî âàðèàíòà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ è èìååò âûñîêèé óðîâåíü áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî

ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Çäåñü ïðåäñòàâëåíû ïî÷òè âñå ýëåìåíòû ôëîðû è ôàóíû ýòîãî ñàìîáûòíîãî ïðèðîäíîãî êîìïëåêñà. Êàê è âî âðåìåíà Â.Ê. Àðñåíüåâà,

îáû÷åí òèãð, âûñîêè ïëîòíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ êîïûòíûõ, ìåäâåäåé, âûäðû, ñîáîëÿ. Èç âèäîâ, çàíåñåííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó ÐÑÔÑÐ, â áàññåéíå Àíþÿ

âñòðå÷àþòñÿ òðè âèäà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è áîëåå 10

âèäîâ ïòèö.

Ñâîåîáðàçíûì ýêîëîãè÷åñêèì ñòåðæíåì òåððèòîðèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ð. Àíþé; âñå åùå ìíîãî÷èñëåííîå

àíþéñêîå ñòàäî îñåííåé êåòû åæåãîäíî îáåñïå-

÷èâàåò âûñîêóþ áèîöåíîòè÷åñêóþ çíà÷èìîñòü ýòîãî

âîäîòîêà, êàê äëÿ âîäíûõ, òàê è äëÿ íàçåìíûõ

áèîöåíîçîâ. Ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ð. Àíþé

ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîñëåäíåé íåðåñòîâîé ëîñîñåâîé ðåêîé

â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ çàïàäíîãî

ìàêðîñêëîíà Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ. Äðóãèå ðåêè ýòîãî

ðåãèîíà (Õîð, Áèêèí) óòðàòèëè ñâîå çíà÷åíèå, à ð.

Ãóð õîòü è ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíåéøåé íåðåñòîâîé,

ïðîòåêàåò ïî áîëåå îñâîåííîé ìåñòíîñòè è áèîöåíîçû åå áàññåéíà îáåäíåíû, òàê êàê ñóùåñòâóþò â

áîëåå ñóðîâûõ êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñî÷åòàíèå êðóïíîé ëîñîñåâîé ðåêè

è êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ (çäåñü èìååòñÿ

åùå ðÿä ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ôîðìàöèé) îáóñëàâëèâàåò

âûñîêèé óðîâåíü áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è óíèêàëüíîñòü

ýòîé òåððèòîðèè, âîïðîñ îõðàíû êîòîðîé îñîáåííî

àêòóàëåí ñåé÷àñ, â ñâÿçè ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì àíòðîïîãåííûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé.

Âìåñòå ñ òåì, æèâîòíûé ìèð áàññåéíà ð. Àíþé

ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èññëåäîâàí, ïîýòîìó, ïðåæäå ÷åì

ñîçäàòü çäåñü îõðàíÿåìóþ òåððèòîðèþ, íåîáõîäèìî ïðîâåäåíèå ýêîëîãî-ôàóíèñòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé.

Ìíîãîöåëåâîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëåñîâ áàññåéíà,

âêëþ÷àÿ èõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè, äîëæíî áûòü

îðãàíèçîâàíî íà îñíîâå âûñîòíûõ ïîÿñîâ èëè

âûñîòíî-ïîÿñíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ òèïîâ ëåñà (ÂÏÊ). Â

áàññåéíå îç. Áàéêàë âûäåëåíî 5 ëåñíûõ ÂÏÊ, êîòîðûå îòëè÷àþòñÿ ïî òåïëî- è âëàãîîáåñïå÷åííîñòè,

îñíîâíûì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, à,

ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïî âîäîïðîäóêòèâíîé ðîëè â îáùåì

áàëàíñå îçåðà (Ïîëèêàðïîâ, Áàáèíöåâà, ×åðåäíèêîâà, Óñêîâà, 1978).

Êåäð ñèáèðñêèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñî-äîìèíàíòîì â êåäðîâîïèõòîâîì ÂÏÊ (àáñ. âûñîòû 500-1500 ì), ôîðìèðóåò

êåäðîâûé òàåæíûé ÂÏÊ (1000-1800 ì) è âñòðå÷àåòñÿ

â ñóáàëüïèéñêî-ïîäãîëüöîâîì (1200-2100 ì), ãäå

îáðàçóåò ðàçðåæåííûå íèçêîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûå

äðåâîñòîè.

Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíûõ

ñâîéñòâ ðàçëè÷íûõ ëåñíûõ ÂÏÊ ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî

íàñàæäåíèÿ êåäðîâîãî òàåæíîãî è êåäðîâîïèõòîâîãî ÂÏÊ â ðÿäó ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé, îáëàäàþò

íàèáîëåå âûñîêèìè ïî÷âîçàùèòíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè.

Â ýòèõ ÂÏÊ ïðîòèâîýððîçèîííàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü ïî÷â

â ïðåäåëàõ íàñàæäåíèé îäíîé ïîðîäû òåñíî

ñâÿçàíà ñ òàêñàöèîííûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè äðåâîñòîåâ: âîçðàñòîì, áîíèòåòîì, çàïàñîì, ÷èñëîì

ñòâîëîâ è äð. Êîýôôèöèåíòû ìíîæåñòâåííîé
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Îïòèìèçàöèÿ è ïðîáëåìà ñîõðàíåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå

Í.Â. Âûâîäöåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

êîððåëÿöèè äëÿ êåäðîâî-ïèõòîâîãî ÂÏÊ ëåæàò â

ïðåäåëàõ 0,90-0,95, äëÿ êåäðîâîãî òàåæíîãî  0,73-

0,80. Ïðè ýòîì íå âûÿâëåíî ÷åòêîé çàâèñèìîñòè

ïðîòèâîýððîçèîííûõ ñâîéñòâ òåìíîõâîéíûõ ëåñîâ

îò ýêñïîçèöèè ñêëîíîâ, ÷òî, ïî-âèäèìîìó, îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ èõ âûñîêèì óâëàæíåíèåì. Ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì

êðóòèçíû ñêëîíîâ ýêñïîçèöèîííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ âîçðàñòàþò íåçíà÷èòåëüíî.

Â îáúåìå îáùåãî ñòîêà, ôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿ â áàññåéíå Áàéêàëà, 33,6% âîä ïîñòàâëÿþò êåäðîâûé

òàåæíûé, êåäðîâî-ïèõòîâûé è ñóáàëüïèéñêî-ïîäãîëüöîâûé ÂÏÊ, ïëîùàäü êîòîðûõ â ñóììå ñîñòàâëÿåò 15,6% ëåñíîé òåððèòîðèè áàññåéíà. Óäåëüíàÿ

âîäîïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ðàçëè÷íûõ ëåñíûõ ïîÿñîâ

êîëåáëåòñÿ â çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïðåäåëàõ: êåäðîâîïèõòîâûé ÂÏÊ äàåò 2,7% îáùåãî ñòîêà ñ åäèíèöû

ïëîùàäè, êåäðîâûé òàåæíûé  2,1%, ñóáàëüïèéñêîïîäãîëüöîâûé  2,9% (ñâåòëîõâîéíûé òàåæíûé 

0,8%, à ïîäòàåæíî-ëåñîñòåïíîé  0,3%).

Àíàëèç ìàññîâûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ïîçâîëÿåò ñäåëàòü

âûâîä, ÷òî âûñîêèå âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíûå ñâîéñòâà êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ìîæíî ïîääåðæèâàòü õîçÿéñòâåííûìè ïðèåìàìè, ðåãóëèðóÿ ñîñòàâ è ñòðóêòóðó

äðåâîñòîåâ.

Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèÿ  ýòî êîíöåïöèÿ

óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñíûìè ýêîñèñòåìàìè äëÿ ëó÷øåãî

ïðîÿâëåíèÿ èõ öåëåâîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ, à îïòèìàëüíûå íàñàæäåíèÿ  ôóíêöèè íàïðàâëåííîé

õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà. Â ëåñíîì

õîçÿéñòâå íàèáîëüøåå ïðèçíàíèå ïîëó÷èëè

êîíöåïöèè õîçÿéñòâåííî-öåëåñîîáðàçíûõ ëåñîâ

(Ëîñèöêèé,×óåíêîâ, 1973), íåïðåðûâíî ïðîäóöèðóþùåãî ëåñà (Ìîèñååâ,1974), öåëåâîãî ëåñà

(Àíòàíàéòèñ,1977), ïðîãðàììíîãî ëåñà (Áîðîäèí,1983).

Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê êåäðîâûì ëåñàì âîïðîñ îïòèìèçàöèè íå ïîäíèìàëñÿ ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì. Âîïåðâûõ, äëÿ ýòîé ôîðìàöèè íå ðàçðàáîòàíà ÷åòêàÿ

ïðîãðàììà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà

ñûðüåâûõ ðåñóðñîâ. Âî-âòîðûõ, ÷òî ïðèíèìàòü â

êåäðîâíèêàõ â êà÷åñòâå îïòèìóìà: ìàêñèìóì

òîâàðíîé ïðîäóêöèè èç äðåâåñèíû èëè ìàêñèìàëüíóþ óðîæàéíîñòü êåäðîâûõ îðåõîâ? Â-òðåòüèõ,

îïòèìèçàöèÿ, êàê ìåõàíèçì óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñíûì

õîçÿéñòâîì, ìîæåò äàòü ýôôåêò òîëüêî ïðè îïðåäåëåííûõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ â ñòðàíå: íàëè÷èå

÷àñòíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè è ðûíî÷íûõ îòíîøåíèé. Â

äðóãîì ñëó÷àå îíà íåñåò äåêëàðàòèâíûé õàðàêòåð

è íàõîäèò ïðèìåíåíèå ëèøü â èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ

öåëÿõ. Â ìèðîâîé ïðàêòèêå èçâåñòíî ìíîãî ïðèìåðîâ, ãäå ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ÷åì âûøå öåíà íà ðåñóðñû,

íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â ÷àñòíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè, òåì ìåíüøå

óãðîçà èõ èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó, ÷åì áîëåå

äîðîãîñòîÿùèé ïðîäóêò óíè÷òîæàåòñÿ, òåì áîëüøå

èìïóëüñîâ ê åãî ñîõðàíåíèþ (ïðè óñëîâèè ôèíàíñîâîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ). Â èòîãå ñîçäàþòñÿ íîâûå

òåõíîëîãèè ïî îõðàíå, èñïîëüçîâàíèþ è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó öåííîãî ðåñóðñà. Êàê ïðàâèëî, êîíêðåòíûé âëàäåëåö ðåñóðñà áîëüøå çàèíòåðåñîâàí â åãî

ñîõðàíåíèè, ÷åì ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà.

Ñîñòîÿíèå êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå ñåãîäíÿ îáùåèçâåñòíî, ïîýòîìó åñòü îñíîâàíèå ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî èñêëþ÷åíèå èç ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ òîëüêî â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå 802 òûñ.ãà

êåäðîâíèêîâ íå ðåøàåò, à ëèøü îòäàëÿåò ïðîáëåìó

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ èõ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè. Âîïðîñ, âèäèìî, íóæíî ðåøàòü íå çàïðåòíûìè ìåðàìè (åñòåñòâåííàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà

ïðè îòñóòñòâèè àëüòåðíàòèâû), à õîòÿ áû ÷àñòè÷íûì

ðàçãîñóäàðñòâëåíèåì îñîáî öåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ýòî

ñîçäàåò èìïóëüñ äëÿ âêëþ÷åíèÿ èõ â ðûíî÷íûå

îòíîøåíèÿ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ïîñòðîåíèÿ ìîäåëåé

îïòèìèçàöèè íà êîíå÷íûé ïðîäóêò.
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Íàâîäíåíèÿ è êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå

À.Ñ. Æèëüöîâ

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Îöåíêà âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíîé ðîëè ëåñà â

áàññåéíàõ âîäîòîêîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà

À.Ñ. Æèëüöîâ, Ò.Ì. Èëüèíà, Í.Ê. Êîæåâíèêîâà

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, ðàíåå çàíèìàâøèå îáøèðíóþ òåððèòîðèþ â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå,

ñèëüíî ïîñòðàäàëè îò ïðîìûøëåííûõ ðóáîê. Â

íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â áàññåéíàõ îñíîâíûõ ðåê êðàÿ

ýòè ëåñà ïðîéäåíû ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè, â

áîëüøèíñòâå ñâîåì íåîäíîêðàòíî. Ìåíåå ÷åì çà

40 ëåò èõ ïëîùàäü ñîêðàòèëàñü ïî÷òè â 2 ðàçà, à ñ

ó÷åòîì äàííûõ 1920-30-õ ãîäîâ òåêóùåãî ñòîëåòèÿ

 ïî÷òè íà äâå òðåòè (Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïðîãðàììà,

1993). Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðèìåíåíèÿ óñëîâíî-ñïëîøíûõ

ðóáîê öåííûå âûñîêîïðîèçâîäèòåëüíûå äðåâîñòîè

ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì õâîéíûõ ïîðîä, çíà÷èòåëüíî

âëèÿþùèå íà ïðîöåññû ñêëîíîâîãî ñòîêîîáðàçîâàíèÿ, çàìåùåíû ìàëîöåííûìè ëèñòâåííûìè.

Åñëè è ïðåæäå ýòè ëåñà â óñëîâèÿõ ÄÂ íå ìîãëè

ïîëíîñòüþ ïðåäîòâðàòèòü íàâîäíåíèÿ, à òîëüêî

çíà÷èòåëüíî óìåíüøàëè èõ (Ñîëîâüåâ, 1934), òî

âîäîðåãóëèðóþùàÿ ðîëü ïðîèçâîäíûõ ëåñîâ ñèëüíî

ñíèçèëàñü.

Äîïîëíèòåëüíî ê íåãàòèâíûì èçìåíåíèÿì ñòðóêòóðû ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ, ñíèæàþùèõ èõ àêêóìóëèðóþùóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü, ïðîèçîøëè ñåðüåçíûå è

äëèòåëüíûå íåãàòèâíûå èçìåíåíèÿ ëåñíûõ ïî÷â,

îïðåäåëÿåìûå òåõíîëîãèåé ëåñîçàãîòîâîê è

èñïîëüçóåìîé òåõíèêîé. Ìèíåðàëèçàöèÿ è óïëîòíåíèå ïî÷âû, êàê ïðè óïîðÿäî÷åííîé, à òåì áîëåå

ïðè áåññèñòåìíîé òðàêòîðíîé òðåëåâêå, ïðèâåëè ê

ôîðìèðîâàíèþ íîâîé ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè,

ñïîñîáñòâóþùåé êîíöåíòðàöèè è áûñòðîìó ñáðîñó

âîäû ñî ñêëîíîâ. Èñòîùåíèå ýôôåêòèâíûõ áàññåéíîâûõ çàïàñîâ âëàãè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèñõîäèò

ïîâåðõíîñòíûì ñòîêîì, âûçûâàÿ ñîêðàùåíèå êîëè-

÷åñòâà âëàãè, ïîñòóïàþùåé íà ïèòàíèå òðåùèííûõ

ïîäçåìíûõ âîä, êîòîðûå îïðåäåëÿþò âîäíîñòü ðåê

â ïðåäãîðüÿõ è íà ðàâíèíàõ â ìåæåíü. Ðåçóëüòàòîì

ýòîãî ñòàëî óâåëè÷åíèå ïàâîäî÷íûõ ðàñõîäîâ è

ñîêðàùåíèå ìåæåííûõ. Ýòî ïîäòâåðæäåíî, êàê

ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûìè ðàáîòàìè â ýëåìåíòàðíîì

áàññåéíå (Æèëüöîâ, 1982, 1989), òàê è àíàëèçîì

âçàèìîñâÿçè âîçðàñòíîé ñòðóêòóðû ðàñòèòåëüíîãî

ïîêðîâà è ïîêàçàòåëåé ñòîêà äëÿ áàññåéíîâ êðóïíûõ

ðåê (Îïðèòîâà, 1978, 1988, 1991).

Ïåðâîî÷åðåäíûìè çàäà÷àìè äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ

ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà ðåê ÿâëÿþòñÿ: (1) ïðèâåäåíèå â èçâåñòíîñòü âîäîðåãóëèðóþùåé ñïîñîáíîñòè ëåñîâ äëÿ êàæäîãî êîíêðåòíîãî áàññåéíà ïî

ñóùåñòâóþùèì ðåêîìåíäàöèÿì (Æèëüöîâ, 1989);

(2) ñòðîãèé êîíòðîëü çà ðàçìåðàìè ðóáîê è òåõíîëîãèåé èõ ïðîâåäåíèÿ äëÿ áàññåéíîâ âîäîòîêîâ

ðàçëè÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà, îñîáåííî òàì, ãäå âîäîðåãóëèðóþùàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü ëåñîâ óæå ñîñòàâëÿåò

ïîëîâèíó èçíà÷àëüíîé.

Ëåñíûå áèîãåîöåíîçû ÿâëÿþòñÿ îäíèì èç âàæíåéøèõ çâåíüåâ âëàãîîáîðîòà íà âîäîñáîðàõ è

ôàêòîðîì åãî ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ. Ïðàâèëüíîå öåëåíàïðàâëåííîå âîçäåéñòâèå íà ýòî çâåíî ïîçâîëÿåò

ðåøàòü âàæíûå âîäîõîçÿéñòâåííûå çàäà÷è è

èçáåæàòü îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ÿâëåíèé â äîëèíàõ

êðóïíûõ ðåê. Äëÿ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ çíà÷èìîñòü

ëåñíûõ áèîãåîöåíîçîâ äëÿ ñòàáèëèçàöèè âîäíîãî

ðåæèìà òåððèòîðèè î÷åíü âûñîêà èç-çà ñâîåîáðàçíîãî ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ, ãîðíîãî ðåëüåôà è ñïåöèôèêè

ãèäðîêëèìàòè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé.

Äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ðàöèîíàëüíîìó

ïîëüçîâàíèþ ëåñàìè ñ ó÷åòîì èõ âîäîîõðàííîçàùèòíîãî ïîòåíöèàëà áûëà ñäåëàíà ïåðâàÿ ïîïûòêà êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêè íåêîòîðûõ åãî ïîêàçàòåëåé äëÿ áàññåéíîâ ðàçëè÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà. Ðàáîòà

âûïîëíÿëàñü ïî ìåòîäè÷åñêèì ðåêîìåíäàöèÿì À.Ñ.

Æèëüöîâà (1989). Èññëåäîâàëîñü ñîñòîÿíèå âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíîé ðîëè ëåñîâ íà îñíîâå ìàòåðèàëîâ ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà 1986 ãîäà è òîïîãðàôè÷åñêèõ êàðò ìàñøòàáà 1:25000 äëÿ áàññåéíà ðåêè

Èçâèëèíêà îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 120955 ãà.

Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî, ïî ïîñëåäíèì ìàòåðèàëàì ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà áûëî îïðåäåëåíî íàëè÷èå çàùèòíûõ

ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ñóùåñòâóþùèìè

íîðìàòèâíûìè àêòàìè. Îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ïðè ëåñîóñòðîéñòâå çàíèæåíà øèðèíà ëåñíîé ïîëîñû âäîëü

ð. Èçâèëèíêà. Ïî ðåêàì Èçþáðèíàÿ è Ïðàâàÿ

Èçâèëèíêà äîëæíû áûòü âûäåëåíû çàïðåòíûå, à ïî

7 ðåêàì  áåðåãîçàùèòíûå ëåñíûå ïîëîñû. Èñõîäÿ
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Ñèñòåìà êîìïüþòåðíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ

äëÿ ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà Ãàññèíñêèé

À.È. Êàðïîâ, Ã.Ï. Òåëèöûí, Â.Ê. Áóëãàêîâ, À.Ñ. Ðàä÷óê

ÍÈÈ êîìïüþòåðíûõ òåõíîëîãèé,

Õàáàðîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé

óíèâåðñèòåò. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

èç íàøèõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé è â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ óòâåðæäåííîé íîâîé ðåäàêöèåé Ïðàâèë ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, 1993,

äîïîëíèòåëüíî íåîáõîäèìî âûäåëÿòü áåðåãîçàùèòíûå ó÷àñòêè ëåñà âäîëü âîäîòîêîâ 1-5 ïîðÿäêà (ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ ìåíåå 10 êì). Ïî íàøåìó

ìíåíèþ, øèðèíà ëåñíîé ïîëîñû, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

ïîðÿäêà âîäîòîêà, äîëæíà áûòü ðàçëè÷íîé; ëåñà íå

ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ ðóáêàì ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â

ïðåäåëàõ äîëèí âîäîòîêîâ. Â òàêîì ñëó÷àå øèðèíà

ëåñíîé ïîëîñû, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîðÿäêà âîäîòîêà,

ñîñòàâëÿåò 25-100 ì. Ýòî íåñêîëüêî âûøå óñòàíîâëåííîé â Ïðàâèëàõ ðóáîê ..., 1993  25 ìåòðîâ äëÿ

âñåõ ðåê ïðîòÿæåííîñòüþ ìåíåå 10 êì.

Äîïîëíèòåëüíî, ê çàùèòíûì ïîëîñàì øèðèíîé 100-

200 ì âäîëü ãðåáíåé è ëèíèé âîäîðàçäåëîâ ïî

ãðàíèöàì âîäîñáîðîâ ïëîùàäüþ 2,5 òûñ. ãà (ïî

ïîñëåäíåé ðåäàêöèè Ïðàâèë ðóáîê ..., 1993  1,5

òûñ. ãà), íåîáõîäèìî îñòàâëÿòü òàêèå æå ïîëîñû

ïî âîäîðàçäåëàì âîäîòîêîâ 2-3 ïîðÿäêà âíå çàâèñèìîñòè îò ìåñòíûõ óñëîâèé.

Âñå ó÷àñòêè ñ îãðàíè÷åííûì ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèåì

äîëæíû áûòü çàôèêñèðîâàíû íà êàðòîãðàôè÷åñêîì

è îïèñàòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëàõ ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà, ÷òî

ñóùåñòâåííî îáëåã÷èò îïåðàòèâíóþ ðàáîòó ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ è êîíòðîëèðóþùèõ îðãàíîâ.

Êîëè÷åñòâåííàÿ îöåíêà âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíûõ

ñâîéñòâ ëåñîâ â áàññåéíå ð. Èçâèëèíêà ïîêàçàëà,

÷òî íà ìîìåíò ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà îíè îñòàâàëèñü

äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêèìè (Ê1  75%, Ê2  79% îò

çíà÷åíèé ýòèõ ïîêàçàòåëåé ïðè ïðîèçðàñòàíèè íà

èññëåäóåìîé ïëîùàäè êîðåííûõ ëåñîâ). Çà òåêóùèé

ðåâèçèîííûé ïåðèîä â ðåçóëüòàòå ïðîâåäåíèÿ

ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðîèçîøëî íåçíà÷èòåëüíîå ñíèæåíèå èññëåäóåìûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé äëÿ

âñåãî áàññåéíà ð. Èçâèëèíêà. Äëÿ îòäåëüíûõ íèçêîïîðÿäêîâûõ âîäîòîêîâ ýòîé ðå÷íîé ñèñòåìû ñíèæåíèå âîäîîõðàííî-çàùèòíûõ ñâîéñòâ ëåñîâ, âûçâàííîå ðóáêàìè ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, áûëî çíà÷èòåëüíûì, à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ äàæå ïðåâûñèëî

äîïóñòèìóþ êðèòè÷åñêóþ íîðìó. Ïîýòîìó íåîáõîäèìî, â äàëüíåéøåì, ïðîâîäèòü ñòðîãî îáîñíîâàííîå ðàçìåùåíèå ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà

äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.

Ëåñíîé ôîíä ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà Ãàññèíñêèé çàíèìàåò ñåâåðíóþ ÷àñòü àðåàëà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ñòàòóñ ýòîãî ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà

òðåáóåò îðãàíèçàöèè âåäåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà íà

óðîâíå ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ ñòàíäàðòîâ, â ò.÷., ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñèñòåìû êîìïüþòåðíîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà

ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ. Òàêàÿ ñèñòåìà ðàçðàáîòàíà â

ÍÈÈÊÒ è ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ýëåìåíòîâ: (1) êîìïüþòåðèçîâàííàÿ êàðòà ñêîðîñòåé ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ

ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ ïî ó÷àñòêàì ëåñíîãî ôîíäà; è (2)

êîìïüþòåðíàÿ ìîäåëü ïðîöåññà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ

ëåñíîãî ïîæàðà, ïðîãíîçèðóþùàÿ åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå è îñíîâàííàÿ íà ñîçäàííîì ñïåöèàëüíî

äëÿ ýòîé öåëè ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîì àïïàðàòå (Karpov,

Telitsyn, Bulgakov, 1995).

Öâåòà ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ íà êîìïüþòåðèçîâàííîé

ëåñîïîæàðíîé êàðòå îòîáðàæàþò èõ ðàçëè÷èÿ â

ñêîðîñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ëåñíîãî ïîæàðà ïðè

îäèíàêîâûõ óñëîâèÿõ ãîðåíèÿ. Ïîä öâåòîì êàæäîãî

ó÷àñòêà çàøèôðîâàíî ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîå óðàâíåíèå,

ïî êîòîðîìó êîìïüþòåð ðàññ÷èòûâàåò ñêîðîñòü

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êðîìêè ïîæàðà íà ýòîì ó÷àñòêå è

ïðîéäåííûé êðîìêîé ïóòü çà äàííûé øàã âðåìåíè.

Ïðîòèâîïîæàðíûå áàðüåðû (íåãîðèìûå ó÷àñòêè,

äîðîãè, ðåêè, ìèíåðàëèçîâàííûå ïîëîñû è ò. ï.)

ïîäðàçäåëÿþòñÿ íà ïðåîäîëèìûå è íåïðåîäîëèìûå. Ïðåîäîëèìûì ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïðîòèâîïîæàðíûé

áàðüåð, øèðèíà êîòîðîãî ìåíüøå ðàññòîÿíèÿ,

ïðîõîäèìîãî êðîìêîé ïîæàðà çà îäíó ìèíóòó. Ïàðàìåòðû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû (êëàññ ïîæàðíîé îïàñíîñòè ïîãîäû, ñêîðîñòü è íàïðàâëåíèå âåòðà)

ââîäÿòñÿ â êîìïüþòåð îòäåëüíî ïðè êàæäîì ñåàíñå

ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ïîæàðà. Ïðåäóñìîòðåíà âîçìîæíîñòü èìèòàöèè íà ýêðàíå êîìïüþòåðà ðàçíûõ ìåòîäîâ òóøåíèÿ (ìèíåðàëèçîâàííûå ïîëîñû, âñòðå÷-

íûé îòæèã, íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå òóøåíèå êðîìêè

ïîæàðà), à òàêæå îäíîâðåìåííîå äåéñòâèå íåñêîëüêèõ ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ.

Ñèñòåìà ðàçðàáîòàíà â îáîëî÷êå Windows äëÿ

êîìïüþòåðîâ IBM PC AT 386 è áîëåå ïîçäíèõ ñ

îïåðàòèâíîé ïàìÿòüþ íå ìåíåå 8 ìåãàáàéò.
- 205 -

Ìèêðîáèîìåòîä â çàùèòå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà îò ñèáèðñêîãî øåëêîïðÿäà

Ò.Ñ. Ìàëîêâàñîâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâîé ñòðóêòóðû íàñàæäåíèé

ïðè ëåñîâîäñòâåííîì óõîäå çà êóëüòóðàìè êåäðà

Þ.À. Ìèõàëåâ, Ñ.Þ. Áàòèí

Âñåðîññèéñêèé ÍÈÈ ïîæàðíîé îõðàíû ëåñîâ è

ìåõàíèçàöèè ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Êðàñíîÿðñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ñåðüåçíûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé óùåðá

êåäðîâûì ëåñàì Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ïåðèîäè÷åñêè

íàíîñèò ñèáèðñêèé øåëêîïðÿä. Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñëîæíåéøèé

òèï áèîãåîöåíîçîâ. Ïîýòîìó èç ìåòîäîâ çàùèòû

ëåñà çäåñü ïðèåìëåì ìèêðîáèîìåòîä, áîëåå âñåãî

îòâå÷àþùèé öåëÿì îõðàíû ïðèðîäû.

Â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì, ìèêðîáèîìåòîä, â ÷àñòíîñòè áàêòåðèàëüíûé, ðàçâèâàëñÿ â ðåãèîíå ïîñëåäíèå 25 ëåò

íà áàçå ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ. Åãî îðãàíèçàöèÿ ïðåäóñìàòðèâàëà: óãëóáëåíèå çíàíèé â îáëàñòè áèîëîãèè,

ýêîëîãèè, äèíàìèêè ïîïóëÿöèé ñèáèðñêîãî øåëêîïðÿäà; ðàçðàáîòêó ñðåäñòâ ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè âðåäèòåëåé ïóòåì èñïûòàíèÿ íîâåéøèõ

òîâàðíûõ ôîðì îòå÷åñòâåííûõ áàêïðåïàðàòîâ íà

îñíîâå êðèñòàëëîîáðàçóþùèõ áàöèëë; îöåíêó áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðåïàðàòîâ äëÿ ýëåìåíòîâ áèîöåíîçà;

èçó÷åíèå ñîõðàííîñòè ïðîäóöåíòîâ ïðåïàðàòîâ â

íàñàæäåíèÿõ ïîñëå îáðàáîòêè; ðàçðàáîòêó ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðåïàðàòîâ;

èçó÷åíèå åñòåñòâåííûõ ïàòîãåíîâ, ðåãóëèðóþùèõ

÷èñëåííîñòü âðåäèòåëÿ; ñîçäàíèå ìóçåÿ àáîðèãåííûõ øòàììîâ êðèñòàëëîîáðàçóþùèõ áàöèëë, êàê

îñíîâû äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè íîâûõ, àäàïòèðîâàííûõ ê

óñëîâèÿì ðåãèîíà, ïðåïàðàòîâ.

Çà èñòåêøèé ïåðèîä, ïðè ïîñòîÿííîì êîíòðîëå çà

ñîñòîÿíèåì ïîïóëÿöèé ñèáèðñêîãî øåëêîïðÿäà,

èçó÷åíà âîñïðèèì÷èâîñòü ãóñåíèö âðåäèòåëÿ ê

áàêïðåïàðàòàì â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòàäèè âîçðàñòíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ è

èíôåêöèîííûõ íàãðóçîê; äàí ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç áèîëîãè÷åñêîé àêòèâíîñòè ðàçëè÷íûõ òîâàðíûõ

ôîðì ïðåïàðàòîâ; ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ðàçðàáàòûâàëèñü

íîðìàòèâíî-òåõíè÷åñêèå äîêóìåíòû äëÿ ïðàêòè-

÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìèêðîáíûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ.

Êðîìå ýòîãî, âûäåëåí è èçó÷åí ðÿä åñòåñòâåííûõ

âîçáóäèòåëåé áàêòåðèîçîâ ñèáèðñêîãî øåëêîïðÿäà.

Ñðåäè ïðîáëåì, ñäåðæèâàþùèõ ðàçâèòèå è ïðàêòè÷åñêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìèêðîáèîìåòîäà, ñëåäóåò

îòìåòèòü íèçêèé ìàòåðèàëüíî-òåõíè÷åñêèé óðîâåíü

îáåñïå÷åíèÿ äàííîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ è ñëàáóþ

îðãàíèçàöèþ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Ïîâûøåíèå ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâîñòè ëåñíûõ êóëüòóð 

îäíà èç àêòóàëüíûõ ïðîáëåì ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Îñîáåííî àêòóàëüíà îíà â ëåñàõ Âîñòî÷íîé Ñèáèðè,

ãäå îò ïîæàðîâ ãèáíåò 30-60% èñêóññòâåííûõ

íàñàæäåíèé.

ÂÍÈÈÏÎÌëåñõîçîì ðàçðàáîòàíà è âíåäðåíà â

Ìèíèíñêîì îïûòíîì ìåõëåñõîçå ñèñòåìà ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííàÿ íà ïîâûøåíèå ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâîñòè èñêóññòâåííûõ íàñàæäåíèé êåäðà

ñèáèðñêîãî. Âàæíûì çâåíîì äàííîé ñèñòåìû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïîæàðîóñòîé÷èâîé ñòðóêòóðû

íàñàæäåíèé ñ ó÷åòîì ðàçëè÷èÿ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ

õàðàêòåðèñòèê è ëåñîïèðîëîãè÷åñêîé îáñòàíîâêè

âíóòðè ëåñîêóëüòóðíûõ ìàññèâîâ è â ïðèìûêàþùèõ

ê íèì âûäåëàõ. Äëÿ ýòîãî, ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ óõîäîâ çà êåäðîì, â ïðåäåëàõ ëåñîêóëüòóðíîãî ìàññèâà âûäåëÿþò áëîêè ñ ðàçëè÷íîé

èíòåíñèâíîñòüþ âûðóáêè ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä. Ïî

ãðàíèöàì ýòèõ áëîêîâ ôîðìèðóþò ïðîòèâîïîæàðíûå

áàðüåðû èç ëèñòâåííûõ ïîðîä øèðèíîé 30 ìåòðîâ.

Â áëîêàõ, ê êîòîðûì ïðèìûêàþò áîëåå ïîæàðîîïàñíûå âûäåëà, èíòåíñèâíîñòü âûðóáêè ëèñòâåííûõ

ïîðîä íèæå, ÷åì â áëîêàõ, ãðàíè÷àùèõ ñ ìåíåå

ïîæàðîîïàñíûìè âûäåëàìè.

Ïî ãðàíèöàì áëîêîâ ïðîêëàäûâàþò è ïîäíîâëÿþò

ìèíåðàëèçîâàííûå ïîëîñû. Äëÿ ýòîãî ïðèìåíÿþò

ðàçðàáîòàííûé ÂÍÈÈÏÎÌëåñõîçîì ïëóã ëåñîïîæàðíûé êîìáèíèðîâàííûé, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé âîçìîæíîñòü ìíîãîêðàòíîãî óõîäà çà ìèíåðàëèçîâàííûìè ïîëîñàìè. Ïîäíîâëåíèå ïîëîñ ïðîâîäÿò

îñåíüþ ïîñëå ïîëíîãî îïàäåíèÿ ëèñòüåâ.

Ïðåäëîæåííûé êîìïëåêñ ïðîòèâîïîæàðíûõ ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé îáåñïå÷èâàåò îãðàíè÷åíèå

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîæàðîâ âíóòðè ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñíûõ

êóëüòóð è çà ïðåäåëû ýòèõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ïîæàðà èç ïðèìûêàþùèõ âûäåëîâ,

ñîäåéñòâèå ïðîöåññó ëîêàëèçàöèè ïîæàðà.
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Íåêîòîðûå ïðîáëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà â öåëÿõ

ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ëåñîóïðàâëåíèÿ

À.Ï. Ñàïîæíèêîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Íîðìèðîâàíèå çàùèòíîé ëåñèñòîñòè â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.À. Ìîðèí

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Îäíèì èç àñïåêòîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ðàöèîíàëüíûì

ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèåì, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà

ïðèíöèïîâ è ìåòîäîâ âûäåëåíèÿ çàùèòíî-âîäîîõðàííûõ ëåñîâ è èõ îïòèìàëüíîå ðàçìåùåíèå â

ðå÷íîì âîäîñáîðå.

Àêòóàëüíîñòü ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ çàùèòíî-âîäî-îõðàííûõ ëåñîâ îáóñëîâëåíà îáîñòðåíèåì ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé

îáñòàíîâêè, ñâÿçàííîé ñ óìåíüøåíèåì ëåñîïîêðûòûõ ïëîùàäåé, èçìåíåíèåì ñòðóêòóðû ëåñíûõ

ôèòîöåíîçîâ è îñëàáëåíèåì ñðåäîçàùèòíûõ è

ñðåäîîáðàçóþùèõ ôóíêöèé ëåñà.

Ñòàáèëèçàöèÿ è óñèëåíèå ôóíêöèé ëåñà äîëæíû

áàçèðîâàòüñÿ íà ïðèíöèïàõ ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî

ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ â ðå÷íîì

âîäîñáîðå, îáåñïå÷èâàþùåãî îïòèìàëüíîå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå åãî, êàê ñàìîðåãóëèðóþùåéñÿ ïðèðîäíîé ñèñòåìû. Â îñíîâå ýòèõ ïðèíöèïîâ  èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñâîéñòâ ãåîìîðôîëîãè÷åñêîãî êàðêàñà

âîäîñáîðà, à òàêæå ñðåäîîáðàçóþùèõ è ñðåäîçàùèòíûõ ôóíêöèé ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èõ ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ.

Áîëüøîå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, ìàêñèìàëüíîå íàñûùåíèå òåððèòîðèè áèîìàññîé ïîçâîëÿåò åñëè íå ïðåäîòâðàòèòü, òî ðåçêî óìåíüøèòü íàâîäíåíèÿ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, óùåðá îò íèõ, î ÷åì ãîâîðèë åùå â 1932 ã.

Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâ.

Äëÿ îïåðèðîâàíèÿ ëåñèñòîñòüþ íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü

äîïóñòèìûå ïðåäåëû åå èçìåíåíèÿ è äåñòðóêòèâíûå ïðîöåññû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ íèìè. Ïðåäëîæåíà

ìåòîäèêà (Åôðåìîâ, Ìîðèí, 1992) îïðåäåëåíèÿ

êðèòè÷åñêîé (è íà åå áàçå  îïòèìàëüíîé) ëåñèñòîñòè  ïðåäåëà óìåíüøåíèÿ ëåñèñòîñòè, ïîñëå

êîòîðîãî ëåñ ïåðåñòàåò âûïîëíÿòü ñâîè ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ôóíêöèè è âîçìîæíà åãî äåãðàäàöèÿ.

Ñîãëàñíî ýòîé ìåòîäèêå, çàêëþ÷àþùåéñÿ â áàëëüíîé îöåíêå òèïîâ ëåñà è òèïîâ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, áûëè

îïðåäåëåíû íèæíèé è âåðõíèé óðîâíè êðèòè÷åñêîé

ëåñèñòîñòè ðàçíîïîðÿäêîâûõ ãîðíûõ âîäîñáîðîâ 

îò ýëåìåíòàðíîãî ïðèòîêà äî âîäîñáîðà VI ïîðÿäêà

â áàññåéíå ð. Óññóðè â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Ñ ó÷åòîì äîïóñòèìûõ ïðåäåëîâ êðèòè÷åñêîé

ëåñèñòîñòè íåîáõîäèìî î÷åíü âçâåøåííî ïîäõîäèòü ê âîïðîñàì ïåðåäà÷è ëåñîâ â àðåíäó èëè èíóþ

ôîðìó ñîáñòâåííîñòè è ïðåäóñìàòðèâàòü ïîñëåäóþùèé êîíòðîëü çà ýêñïëóàòàöèåé ýòèõ ëåñîâ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà, êàê íèêàêàÿ

äðóãàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ íà ðîññèéñêîì Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå,

óæå ìíîãèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ èñïûòûâàþò ìîùíûé

àíòðîïîãåííûé ïðåññ. Ïðè÷åì. íå òîëüêî â âèäå

ñûðüåâîé èõ ýêñïëóàòàöèè, íî è íåíîðìèðîâàííûì

(íåðåãëàìåíòèðîâàííûì) èçúÿòèåì ëåêàðñòâåííûõ,

òåõíè÷åñêèõ ïðîäóêòîâ, óíè÷òîæåíèåì ðåäêèõ è

ïðîìûñëîâûõ æèâîòíûõ, õîòÿ âïîëíå äîñòàòî÷íî

òîëüêî íåêîìïåíñèðîâàííîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñûðüåâûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ÷òîáû ïîäîðâàòü âñå òðîôè÷åñêèå

öåïè â ëåñíîì áèîãåîöåíîçå è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî,

íàðóøèòü åãî åñòåñòâåííóþ óñòîé÷èâîñòü.

Ïîìèìî àíòðîïîãåííûõ, ñóùåñòâåííóþ ðîëü, ïðàâäà ìåíüøóþ, ÷åì â äðóãèõ ôîðìàöèÿõ, çäåñü èãðàþò

ëåñíûå ïîæàðû, õîòÿ ïîñëåäíèå ÷àùå âñåãî ñâÿçàíû ñ àíòðîïîãåíåçîì.

Â ñòðóêòóðå ëåñíîãî ïîêðîâà Ðîññèè ÏðèìîðñêîÏðèàìóðñêèå, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî Ñèõîòý-Àëèíüñêèå,

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà (êåäðîâíèêè)

îòëè÷àþòñÿ îñîáûì ñâîåîáðàçèåì, ïî ìíîãèì ïðèçíàêàì ñ ÷åðòàìè ñóáòðîïè÷íîñòè. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó

èõ ÷àñòî íàçûâàþò óíèêàëüíûìè. Ìîæíî ïîëàãàòü,

÷òî èõ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèå (â ñîâðåìåííîì ïîíèìàíèè) åùå ïî-íàñòîÿùåìó íå èçó÷åíî.

Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñåãîäíÿ âîçíèêàåò íåñêîëüêî

àñïåêòîâ â èçó÷åíèè êåäðîâíèêîâ è óïðàâëåíèè èìè.

1. Íåîáõîäèìî âêëþ÷åíèå âñåõ ñîõðàíèâøèõñÿ

ó÷àñòêîâ äåâñòâåííûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ â êàòåãîðèþ
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îñîáî öåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ýòî ïîñëóæèò ðàçâèòèþ

ìîíèòîðèíãîâîé ñèñòåìû è áóäåò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü

ñîõðàíåíèþ ýòàëîíîâ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ è åãî

åñòåñòâåííîé äèíàìèêè â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ.

2. Íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâûì (êîíñåðâàòèâíûì) êîìïîíåíòîì ëåñíûõ áèîãåîöåíîçîâ, îñîáåííî â êåäðîâíèêàõ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïî÷âà, åñëè îíà íå ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ

ïðÿìîìó ðàçðóøåíèþ, ÷òî âïîëíå âåðîÿòíî ïðè ãîðíûõ ðàçðàáîòêàõ è â ðåçóëüòàòå ïîæàðîâ íà ãîðíûõ

ñêëîíàõ. Èìåííî êîíñåðâàòèçì ïî÷â äåëàåò ïîñëåäíþþ âàæíûì êîìïîíåíòîì ìîíèòîðèíãà äëÿ ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ èçìåíåíèé áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Â òî æå

âðåìÿ, ëåñíàÿ ïîäñòèëêà, êàê îäèí èç êîìïîíåíòîâ

Ïðÿìûå ñîëíå÷íûå ëó÷è è òåðìîöèðêóëÿöèÿ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ã.Â. Ñîêîëîâà, À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

 ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà, áëàãîäàðÿ ñâîåìó ãåíåçèñó,

îòðàæàåò äèíàìèêó ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêîå è ïî÷âåííîå ôàóíèñòè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå.

3. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñîïðÿæåííîå èçó÷åíèå ïî÷â è

äèíàìèêè (âîçðàñòíîé è ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé) ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ âåñüìà ïåðñïåêòèâíûì

äëÿ ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ìíîãîöåëåâîãî (ëåñîðåñóðñíîãî) çåìëåïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ. Íî â îñíîâå ìåòîäîëîãèè

äîëæíà áûòü îöåíêà ñòðóêòóðû áèîãåîöåíîòè-

÷åñêîãî ïîêðîâà, áàçèðóþùàÿñÿ íà ðàíåå ðàçðàáîòàííûõ ìåòîäàõ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñòðóêòóðû ïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü â 15 òî÷êàõ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ íà ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ øèðîòàõ 48,5-49,5° ñ.ø., ãäå ñâåòîâîé äåíü ìàêñèìàëüíî

(èþíü, èþëü) ñîñòàâëÿåò 16 ÷àñîâ, à ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü îñâåùåíèÿ ïîä ïîëîãîì ëåñà ïðÿìûìè

ñîëíå÷íûìè ëó÷àìè ïðè ÿñíîì íåáå, çà ñ÷åò

òåíåâîãî ýôôåêòà äåðåâüåâ è ãîðíîãî ðåëüåôà, íå

ïðåâûøàåò 10-12 ÷àñîâ.

ßãîäíàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ðàñòåíèé çàâèñèò îò

ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè îñâåùåíèÿ ïðÿìûìè ñîëíå÷-

íûìè ëó÷àìè è íîñèò äîâîëüíî îïðåäåëåííûé

õàðàêòåð, âûÿâëåííûé â 1960-õ ãîäàõ (À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ, 1970). Òîãäà æå ñîñòàâëåíà êëàññèôèêàöèÿ

ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ëèìîííèêà êèòàéñêîãî, âèíîãðàäà

àìóðñêîãî, àêòèíèäèè êîëîìèêòà â ñâÿçè ñ ýòîãî

ðîäà îñâåùåííîñòüþ, îïðåäåëåíû îïòèìàëüíûå

ïîêàçàòåëè.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ 1990-õ ãîäîâ äèíàìèêè îñâåùåííîñòè è ïðîãðåâàåìîñòè ïîëîãà êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ïîäòâåðäèëè ðàíåå ïîëó-

÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû. Àíàëèçîì èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûõ

íàáëþäåíèé âûÿâëåíà îñîáåííîñòü òåðìè÷åñêîãî

ðåæèìà ëåñà ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì ïðÿìûõ ñîëíå÷íûõ

ëó÷åé â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñåêòîðà äóãè ñîëíöà.

Âûâåäåí êîýôôèöèåíò îñëàáëÿþùåãî âëèÿíèÿ

ïðÿìûõ ñîëíå÷íûõ ëó÷åé íà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü, ñ

ó÷åòîì äâóõ âèäîâ îáëà÷íîñòè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùåé

îáùèé çàòåíÿþùèé ýôôåêò (íèæíåé è îáùåé îò 1

äî 10 áàëëîâ). Ðàçðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ìåòîäèêà ðàñ÷åòà

êîýôôèöèåíòà ïàðíèêîâîãî ýôôåêòà êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ìíîãèõ

ôàêòîðîâ: òåìïåðà-òóðû è âëàæíîñòè âîçäóõà,

ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè îñâåùåííîñòè ïðÿìûìè

ñîëíå÷íûìè ëó÷àìè ñ ïîïðàâêîé íà îáëà÷íîñòü,

àëüáåäî çåëåíîé ëèñòâû â ñóõóþ ïîãîäó è ïîñëå

äîæäÿ, ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòè ïîòîêà ñóììàðíîé

ñîëíå÷íîé ðàäèàöèè, ïàäàþùåé íà ãîðèçîíòàëüíóþ

ïîâåðõíîñòü â äíåâíîå êàëåíäàðíîå âðåìÿ íà

äàííîé ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé øèðîòå. Ïî íàòóðíûì

äàííûì âûâîäèòñÿ êîýôôèöèåíò òåïëîîòäà÷è

ìåæäó ãîðèçîíòàëüíûìè ñëîÿìè êîðíåâîé è

íàçåìíîé ÷àñòåé òðàâÿíèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé.

Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîäîëæàþòñÿ äëÿ öåëåé âûÿâëåíèÿ

ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé îñâåùåííîñòè è ïðîãðåâàåìîñòè êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ñîçäàþùèõ îïòèìàëüíûå óñëîâèÿ

ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ ðàñòåíèé.
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Èñïûòàíèÿ ôóíãèöèäîâ äëÿ ïðåäïîñåâíîé îáðàáîòêè

ñåìÿí êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî â ïèòîìíèêàõ îòêðûòîãî ãðóíòà

Ë.Ï.×åëûøåâà, Ä.Å.×åëûøåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Áîëåçíè ñåÿíöåâ êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

Ä.Å. ×åëûøåâ, Ë.Ï. ×åëûøåâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäð êîðåéñêèé  îñíîâíàÿ õâîéíàÿ ïîðîäà, âûðàùèâàåìàÿ â ïèòîìíèêàõ îòêðûòîãî ãðóíòà: ïîñåâíàÿ

ïëîùàäü ïîä îäíîëåòêàìè õâîéíûõ â Ïðèìîðñêîì

óïðàâëåíèè ëåñàìè â 1991-1994 ãã. áûëà 23,9 ãà, èç

íèõ ïîä êåäðîì  23,6 ãà (99%), â Õàáàðîâñêîì  â

1991-1995 ãã., ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 86,4 ãà è 39 ãà (44%).

Ñåÿíöû êåäðà ñèëüíî ïîðàæàëèñü áîëåçíÿìè. Â

ïèòîìíèêàõ Õàáàðîâñêîãî óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñàìè â

1986-1995 ãã. â ïî÷âå èç-çà ïðî÷íîé êîðêè èç ãëèíû,

îáðàçóþùåéñÿ íà ïîâåðõíîñòè ãðÿä, îò âûïðåâàíèÿ

è íåêðîçà êîðåøêîâ ãèáëî îò 10 äî 90%, èíîãäà

100% ïðîðîñòêîâ. Ïî÷òè åæåãîäíî îò îæîãà âûñîêèìè òåìïåðàòóðàìè ïî÷âû è âîçäóõà ãèáëî îò 5 äî

45% âñõîäîâ. Ãèáåëü ïðîðîñòêîâ è âñõîäîâ êåäðà

ïðîèñõîäèëà ñ ó÷àñòèåì ïàòîãåííûõ âèäîâ ãðèáîâ.

Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü (îò 2 äî 50%, èíîãäà 100%)

ïîñåâîâ ãèáëà îò èíôåêöèîííîãî ïîëåãàíèÿ, îñíîâíûìè âîçáóäèòåëÿìè êîòîðîãî ïîâñåìåñòíî ÿâëÿëèñü Fusarium solani (Marth.) Sacc., F. oxysporum

Schlecht., F. oxysporum var. orthoceras (App. rt Wr.)

Bilai, Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Sholt.,

Rhizostonia solani Kuhn, Alternaria alternata (Fr.)

Keissl. è äðóãèå.

Áîëåçíè ñåðàÿ ïëåñåíü (âîçáóäèòåëü Botrytis cinerea

Pers.) è ôîìîç (âîçáóäèòåëè Phoma herbarum

Westend, Ph. pomorum Thum.) áûëè ìåíåå âðåäîíîñíû. Åæåãîäíî õâîÿ ñåÿíöåâ êåäðà ïîðàæàëàñü

áîëåçíüþ øþòòå îáûêíîâåííîå, âîçáóäèòåëÿìè

êîòîðîé â áîëüøèíñòâå ïèòîìíèêîâ ðåãèîíà áûë

âûñîêîïàòîãåííûé âèä Lophodermium seditiosum

Mint., Stal., Mill., ðåæå, ñëàáîïàòîãåííûé L. pinastrv

Chev..

Ñåÿíöû êåäðà ïîðàæàëèñü íåïàðàçèòàðíîé áîëåçíüþ ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîå èññóøåíèå, êîòîðîé â 1987

è 1988 ãã. ïîâñåìåñòíî áûëî ïîðàæåíî îò 15 äî 50%,

à âî ìíîãèõ ïèòîìíèêàõ è 100% ñåÿíöåâ êåäðà.

Ñåÿíöû êåäðà, ïîðàæåííûå áîëåçíÿìè øþòòå

îáûêíîâåííîå è ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêîå èññóøåíèå,

îáû÷íî âûæèâàëè, íî âûñîêàÿ ïîòåðÿ õâîè ñêàçûâàëàñü, áåçóñëîâíî, íà èõ ðàçâèòèè.

Ïîñåâû êåäðà ïî÷òè åæåãîäíî ïîâðåæäàëèñü âûæèìàíèåì, îò êîòîðîãî ãèáëî 5-10% ñåÿíöåâ, â îòäåëüíûå ãîäû 40-50%, èíîãäà  80%.

Îñíîâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ èíôåêöèîííûõ

è íåïàðàçèòàðíûõ áîëåçíåé  íàðóøåíèå òåõíîëîãèè âûðàùèâàíèÿ ïîñàäî÷íîãî ìàòåðèàëà êåäðà

êîðåéñêîãî â ïèòîìíèêàõ îòêðûòîãî ãðóíòà.

Â êà÷åñòâå ïðîòðàâèòåëåé ñåìÿí êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

â 1987-1995 ãã. îïðîáîâàíû ñëåäóþùèå ôóíãèöèäû:

êîíòàêòíûå: ÒÌÒÄ  80%; áåðåò  20%; äàêîíèë 

75%; ñèñòåìíûå: âèòàâàêñ  75%; ôåíîêñ  70%;

äåðîçàë  50%; áåíëàò  50%; àçîöåí  15%;

ôóíäàçîë  50%; áàéòàí  15%; ,áàéëåòîí  25%;

ñïîðòàê  45%; ñóìè  2%; ðàêñèë  2%; òîïñèí 

70%; êîìáèíèðîâàííûå (ñèñòåìíî-êîíòàêòíûå):

ôåíîðàì  70%; èëüãàì  65%; ôåððàêñ  44%;

ôåíòèóðàì  40%.

Ñåìåíà êåäðà ãîòîâèëè ê ïîñåâó ìåòîäàìè óñêîðåííîé, ðåæå, òðàíøåéíîé ñòðàòèôèêàöèè. Ïîäãîòîâêà ïî÷âû è ñåâ â ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ îïûòàõ ìåõàíèçèðîâàíû, â ìåëêîäåëÿíî÷íûõ ïîñåâàõ  âðó÷-

íóþ. Ïî÷âû â ïèòîìíèêàõ  òÿæåëûå ñóãëèíêè, â

ìåëêî-äåëÿíî÷íûõ  íà ãðÿäû èç ñóãëèíêà íàíîñèëè

òîðô, òîðôîêîìïîñò, ñâåæóþ ëåñíóþ ïî÷âó ñëîåì

6-10 ñì. Íîðìà âûñåâà ñåìÿí 600 ã íà 1 ì2

 ïî÷âû.

Â ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ â ïèòîìíèêå Õàáàðîâñêîãî ñåëåêöèîííî-ñåìåíîâîä÷åñêîãî öåíòðà

èñïûòàíî 10 ïðåïàðàòîâ (ÒÌÒÄ, âèòàâàêñ, ôóíäàçîë, òîïñèí, ôåíîêñ, áàéëåòîí, ôåíîðàì, ôåíòèóðàì, áåíëàò, äàêîíèë), â Èâàíîâñêîì  ïåðâûå

÷åòûðå èç íèõ, â Áèðîáèäæàíñêîì  âîñåìü. Âñå

ôóíãèöèäû äàëè óâåëè÷åíèå ãðóíòîâîé âñõîæåñòè:

â Èâàíîâñêîì íà 28-37%, Áèðîáèäæàíñêîì  íà 15-

42%, â Õàáàðîâñêîì â 1991-1992 ãã. íà 4-12%, â 1993

ã. íà 17-42%, â 1995 ã. íà 9-27%.

Â ìåëêîäåëÿíî÷íûõ îïûòàõ â Õåõöèðñêîì îïûòíîì

õîçÿéñòâå ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ àïðîáèðîâàíû âñå 19 íàçâàííûõ

âûøå ïðåïàðàòîâ. Ïðîòðàâëèâàíèå ôóíãèöèäàìè ñåìÿí

êåäðà óâåëè÷èëî ãðóíòîâóþ âñõîæåñòü îòíîñèòåëüíî

ÒÌÒÄ â îïûòàõ 1991 ã. íà 15-52%, â 1993 ã.  íà 4-32%,

â 1995 ã.  íà 2-46%.

Ãðóíòîâàÿ âñõîæåñòü â îïûòàõ ñ ÒÌÒÄ â ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ áîëåå 25 øò. ñåÿíöåâ íà 1 ì
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Ëåñíûå ïîæàðû â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ì.À. Øåøóêîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ïîñåâíîé ñòðî÷êè, â 1993 ã. íà ñâåæåé ïî÷âå  34 øò.; â

ìåëêîäåëÿíî÷íûõ ïîñåâàõ - ìíîãî âûøå: 40 øò. â 1991

ã., 63 øò. â 1993 ã., â 1995 ã. ïðè óìåíüøåííîé íîðìå

âûñåâà ñåìÿí (400 ã íà 1 ì2 ïî÷âû)  46 øò.

Ïðåäïîñåâíàÿ îáðàáîòêà ñåìÿí êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî

ôóíãèöèäàìè çàùèùàëà ïðîðîñòêè îò äîâñõîäîâîé

ãèáåëè, óâåëè÷èâàëà ãðóíòîâóþ âñõîæåñòü è ñîõðàííîñòü ñåÿíöåâ. Âñå èïûòàííûå ôóíãèöèäû ýôôåêòèâíåå ýòàëîííîãî ïðåïàðàòà ÒÌÒÄ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà (ÊØË), îòëè÷àÿñü

ìíîãîïîðîäíîñòüþ (ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì ëèñòâåííûõ

ïîðîä), ñëîæíûì ñòðîåíèåì è õîðîøî ðàçâèòûì

ÿðóñîì ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ êóñòàðíèêîâ, ôîðìèðóþò

ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé ëèñòîïàäíûé òèï ëåñíûõ ãîðþ÷èõ

ìàòåðèàëîâ, ÷òî è ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåò ñâîåîáðàçíóþ

ïðèðîäó ïîæàðîâ â ýòèõ ëåñàõ. Îñîáåííîñòè ëåñíîé

ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ êëèìàòè÷åñêèì ðåæèìîì, îáóñëàâëèâàþò òàêæå ñâîéñòâåííóþ èì äèíàìèêó ãîðèìîñòè ëåñîâ, òåñíî ñîïðÿæåííóþ ñ îòäåëüíûìè ïåðèîäàìè ïîæàðîîïàñíîãî ñåçîíà. Â âåñåííèé

è îñåííèé ïåðèîäû óñëîâèÿ äëÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ è

ðàçâèòèÿ ïîæàðîâ â ýòîé ôîðìàöèè íàèáîëåå

áëàãîïðèÿòíû, ÷òî è îáåñïå÷èâàåò ìàññîâóþ èõ

âñïûøêó. Âåñíà è îñåíü â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ

êåäðîâíèêîâ îáû÷íî çàñóøëèâûå, â ýòî âðåìÿ ïîä

ïîëîã íàñàæäåíèé ëåã÷å ïðîíèêàåò âåòåð è áîëüøå

ïîñòóïàåò ñîëíå÷íîé ðàäèàöèè, îäíîâðåìåííî ñ ýòèì

íà ïîâåðõíîñòè çåìëè èìååòñÿ â íàëè÷èè ìíîãî (3-5

ò/ãà) ñóõîãî è ðûõëîãî íåðàçëîæèâøåãîñÿ îïàäà

ëèñòâû ñ äåðåâüåâ è êóñòàðíèêîâ, ÿâëÿþùåãîñÿ,

íàðÿäó ñ ïîäñòèëêîé, îñíîâíûì âèäîì ãîðþ÷åãî

ìàòåðèàëà â ýòîé ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè. Ïîýòîìó äëÿ

íåå õàðàêòåðíû äâà ÷åòêî âûðàæåííûõ ïîæàðîîïàñíûõ ìàêñèìóìà: âåñåííèé (áîëåå íàïðÿæåííûé)

è îñåííèé (ñëàáåå âûðàæåííûé). Äëÿ ýòèõ ïåðèîäîâ

ñâîéñòâåííû áåãëûå íèçîâûå ïîæàðû ñ íåçíà-

÷èòåëüíîé ãëóáèíîé ïðîãîðàíèÿ ïîäñòèëêè (3-5 ñì).

Ñêîðîñòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êðîìêè îãíÿ  0,5-3 ì/ìèí.,

ïðè äâèæåíèè îãíÿ ââåðõ ïî ñêëîíó îíà ìîæåò

âîçðàñòàòü äî 5 ì/ìèí. Âûñîòà ïëàìåíè â çàâèñèìîñòè îò çàïàñà îïàäà ëèñòâû è åãî âëàãîñîäåðæàíèÿ ìîæåò âàðüèðîâàòü îò 20 ñì äî 1 ì, à

ãëóáèíà êðîìêè îãíÿ îò 15 äî 30 ñì.

Â ëåòíèé ïåðèîä óñëîâèÿ äëÿ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ è

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ â êåäðîâíèêàõ

ìåíåå áëàãîïðèÿòíû, ÷åì âåñíîé è îñåíüþ, ÷òî

îáóñëîâëåíî ðÿäîì ôàêòîðîâ: äåðåâüÿ è êóñòàðíèêè,

íàõîäÿñü â îáëèñòâåííîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ìåíüøå

ïðîïóñêàþò ñîëíå÷íîãî ñâåòà ïîä ïîëîã, ê ýòîìó

âðåìåíè îïàä ëèñòâû (ïðîøëîãî ãîäà) çíà÷èòåëüíî

óïëîòíÿåòñÿ è ðàçëàãàåòñÿ, âåãåòèðóþùàÿ òðàâÿíàÿ

è êóñòàðíèêîâàÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòü è ïðèõîäÿùèéñÿ

ìàêñèìóì âûïàäàþùèõ îñàäêîâ íà ýòîò ïåðèîä òàêæå

ñïîñîáñòâóþò ñíèæåíèþ ïîæàðíîé îïàñíîñòè íàñàæäåíèé. Ïîýòîìó ïîæàðû â ÊØË ëåòîì âîçíèêàþò

òîëüêî â çàñóøëèâûå ñåçîíû è èìåþò óñòîé÷èâûé

õàðàêòåð. Ïîäñòèëêà â ýòîò ïåðèîä ïðîãîðàåò, êàê

ïðàâèëî, äî ìèíåðàëüíîé ïî÷âû, îñîáåííî âîçëå

âàëåæà è êîìëåâîé ÷àñòè ñòâîëîâ, ÷òî âåäåò ê

îìåðòâëåíèþ êàìáèÿ â çîíå êîðíåâîé øåéêè è ê

ñèëüíîìó ïîâðåæäåíèþ êîðíåâûõ ëàï è ïîâåðõíîñòíûõ êîðíåé. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èíòåíñèâíîñòè

íèçîâîãî óñòîé÷èâîãî ïîæàðà, îòïàä äåðåâüåâ ìîæåò

ñîñòàâëÿòü 15-44%, à ïîòåðè äðåâåñèíû îò îáùåãî

çàïàñà íàñàæäåíèé  10-25%. Ïîäàâëÿþùåå ÷èñëî

óñîõøèõ äåðåâüåâ ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà õâîéíûå ïîðîäû è

íèçøèå ñòóïåíè òîëùèíû (8-16 ñì).

Ïî ìíîãîëåòíèì ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèì äàííûì À.Ì. Ñòàðîäóìîâà íà áåãëûå íèçîâûå ïîæàðû ïðèõîäèòñÿ

ïðèìåðíî 62,7% îáùåãî ÷èñëà èõ ñëó÷àåâ. Ïðè ýòîì,

âåñíîé âîçíèêàåò îêîëî 49,2% âñåõ ñëó÷àåâ, à îñåíüþ

 13,5%. Äîëÿ óñòîé÷èâûõ íèçîâûõ ïîæàðîâ,

âîçíèêàþùèõ ëåòîì, ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðèìåðíî 36,9%.

Âåðõîâûå ïîæàðû â ÊØË âîçíèêàþò êðàéíå ðåäêî è

òîëüêî â çàñóøëèâûå ïåðèîäû è íà ëîêàëüíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå â ñîñòàâå íàñàæäåíèé âî âòîðîì ÿðóñå

çíà÷èòåëüíîå ó÷àñòèå ïðèíèìàþò åëü è ïèõòà.

Â öåëîì æå ÊØË ÿâëÿþòñÿ äîâîëüíî óñòîé÷èâîé ê

ëåñíûì ïîæàðàì ôîðìàöèåé, è áîëüøèíñòâî åå

òèïîâ ëåñà õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ñðåäíåé ïðèðîäíîé

ïîæàðíîé îïàñíîñòüþ.

Ðàçíûå òèïû êåäðîâíèêîâ, èìåÿ íåîäèíàêîâîå ñòðîåíèå è çàíèìàÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ýëåìåíòû ðåëüåôà è

ýêîòîïû ðàçíîé ñòåïåíè óâëàæíåíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûìè ðàçëè÷èÿìè â ïðèðîäå

ïîæàðîâ. Ïî ñòåïåíè ñíèæåíèÿ ïðèðîäíîé ïîæàðíîé

îïàñíîñòè è ãîðèìîñòè, ãðóïïû è òèïû ëåñà êåäðîâíèêîâ ðàñïðåäåëÿþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì ïîðÿäêå: ñóõèå

êåäðîâíèêè (ðîäîäåíäðîâûé ñ ëåñïåäåöîé); ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñóõèå êåäðîâíèêè (ëåùèííî-ëåñïåäåöåâûé

ñ äóáîì); ñâåæèå êåäðîâíèêè (ëåùèííûå ñ ëèïîé è

äóáîì, ðàçíîêóñòàðíèêîâûå ñ æåëòîé áåðåçîé);

âëàæíûå êåäðîâíèêè (êëåíîâî-ëåùèííûå ñ ëèïîé è

äóáîì, äîëèííûå êóñòàðíèêîâî-ðàçíîòðàâíûå ñ

èëüìîì è ÿñåíåì, ëåùèííûå ñ åëüþ, ìøèñòîðàçíîêóñòàðíèêîâûå ñ åëüþ è æåëòîé áåðåçîé,

ìøèñòî-ïàïîðîòíèêîâûå ñ åëüþ è áåðåçîé æåëòîé);

ñûðûå êåäðîâíèêè (ðÿáèíîëèñòíèêîâî-àêàòíèêîâûå
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ñ ÿñåíåì è îëüõîé, ðÿáèíîëèñòíèêîâî-îëüõîâûå ñ

ÿñåíåì).

Ïðè÷èíû ëåñíûõ ïîæàðîâ â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ñàìûå ðàçëè÷íûå,

íî îñíîâíûì èñòî÷íèêîì (âèíîâíèêîì) èõ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷åëîâåê. Çàãîðàíèÿ îò ìîëíèé

êðàéíå ðåäêè è íà îáùóþ ãîðèìîñòü ëåñîâ íå

îêàçûâàþò ïî÷òè âëèÿíèÿ. Ýòî îäíîçíà÷íî ïîäòâåðæäàåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî â âûõîäíûå è ïðàçäíè÷íûå äíè

êîëè÷åñòâî çàãîðàíèé â ëåñó ðåçêî âîçðàñòàåò è

äîõîäèò äî 40-50% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà çàãîðàíèé çà

íåäåëþ; ïðè ýòîì, â 10-êèëîìåòðîâîé çîíå âîêðóã

íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòîâ è â 3-êèëîìåòðîâîé ïîëîñå

øîññåéíûõ è æåëåçíûõ äîðîã, íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî

ïîñåùàåìûõ íàñåëåíèåì, ÷èñëî âîçíèêàþùèõ

ïîæàðîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò äî 90-95% îò îáùåãî èõ ÷èñëà.

Óáåäèòåëüíûì àðãóìåíòîì, ïîäòâåðæäàþùèì, ÷òî

ïîäàâëÿþùåå ÷èñëî ïîæàðîâ è ïðîéäåííûõ îãíåì

ïëîùàäåé ïðîèñõîäèò ïî âèíå ÷åëîâåêà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ

òàêæå âûøåïðèâåäåííàÿ âðåìåííàÿ çàêîíîìåðíîñòü

èõ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ â ýòîé çîíå. Òàê, íà þãå Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà ìàññîâàÿ âñïûøêà ïîæàðîâ åæåãîäíî

íàáëþäàåòñÿ âåñíîé è îñåíüþ (62,7% ÷èñëà èõ

ñëó÷àåâ), ò.å., â ïåðèîä îòñóòñòâèÿ ãðîçîâûõ

ðàçðÿäîâ. Â ëåòíèé æå ïåðèîä, êîãäà íàáëþäàåòñÿ

àêòèâíàÿ ãðîçîâàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü, ÷èñëî âîçíèêàþùèõ

ïîæàðîâ ðåçêî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ. Áîëåå òîãî, âûïàäàþùèå ïðè ýòîì îñàäêè àêòèâíî ïîäàâëÿþò (ëèêâèäèðóþò) ðàíåå âîçíèêøèå ïî âèíå ÷åëîâåêà è

ðàñïðîñòðàíèâøèåñÿ íà çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ

ïîæàðû. Ëåòîì èõ ìàññîâîå âîçíèêíîâåíèå ïðîèñõîäèò â ïåðèîä äëèòåëüíûõ çàñóõ, ò.å. ïðè ÿñíîé

óñòîé÷èâîé ïîãîäå. Ïðè ýòîì, íåîáõîäèìî òàêæå

ó÷èòûâàòü, ÷òî ìåòîäû âûÿâëåíèÿ ÷èñëà âîçíèêàþùèõ ïîæàðîâ îò ñóõèõ ãðîç, âåñüìà äàëåêè îò

ñîâåðøåíñòâà è íå îáåñïå÷èâàþò íàäåæ- íóþ

äîñòîâåðíîñòü ïîëó÷àåìûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ.

Íàñåêîìûå-ôèòîôàãè êåäðà â ñóêöåññèîííîì ïðîöåññå

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà

Ã.È. Þð÷åíêî

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ýíòîìîôàóíà êåäðà ñðàâíèòåëüíî ìíîãî÷èñëåííà,

â åå ñîñòàâå âèäû åâðîàçèàòñêèå áîðåàëüíûå è þãîâîñòî÷íîãî àçèàòñêîãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ïðèíàäëåæàùèå ê äðåâíåìó çâåíó àáîðèãåííîé ôàóíû.

Ìóññîííûé êëèìàò, ñìåøàííûé ñîñòàâ è ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîñòü íàñàæäåíèé ïîëîæèòåëüíî îòðàæàþòñÿ

âî âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿõ òèïàäåðåâî-íàñåêîìûå,

îáåñïå÷èâàÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòü êåäðà, êàê âèäà è äîìèíèðóþùåé ïîðîäû â íàñàæäåíèÿõ.

Ïðè ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ïðàêòèêå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ è âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ êåäðîâíèêîâ íàèáîëåå óÿçâèìîå ïîëîæåíèå êåäðà ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ äëÿ ìîëîäûõ ðàñòåíèé è â

êëèìàêñíîì ïåðèîäå äðåâîñòîåâ.

Â ëåñíûõ ïèòîìíèêàõ êåäð ÷àñòî çàðàæàåòñÿ

õåðìåñîì Pineus cembrae Chol., ìàññîâîå ðàçìíîæåíèå êîòîðîãî ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ â ïîñàäêàõ íà

ïðîòÿæåíèè 10 ëåò è äîëüøå, è ïðèâîäèò ê îñëàáëåíèþ, ïîðàæåíèþ ãðèáàìè è çíà÷èòåëüíîìó îòïàäó.

Ãèáåëü ðàñòåíèé íàèáîëåå îáû÷íà ïðè îòñóòñòâèè

ïðèòåíåíèÿ è íåñîîòâåòñòâèè ïî÷â. Â åñòåñòâåííûõ

óñëîâèÿõ ñèëüíîå çàðàæåíèå õåðìåñîì íàáëþäàëîñü

íà âûðóáêàõ, òàì æå, íî â ìåíüøåé ìåðå âðåäèò òëÿ

Lachnus pinea Mordv.

Äëÿ ñåìåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé êåäðà ïðåäñòàâëÿþò îïàñíîñòü ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå ê ðàçâèòèþ â ïîáåãàõ è

øèøêàõ ëèñòîâåðòêè è îãíåâêè, â ìåíüøåé ìåðå

îáúåäàþùèå ëóá íà ìîëîäûõ ïîáåãàõ â âåðõíåé

÷àñòè êðîí äîëãîíîñèêè ðîäîâ Hylobius, Pissodes è

óñà÷è ðîäà Monochamus. Èç ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ

âðåäèòåëåé íàèáîëåå îïàñíû øèøêîâûé áóðèëüùèê

Gravitarmata margarotana Hein., îãíåâêè Dioryctria

abietella Schif.,D.splendidella H.-S. Ñïîñîáíûå

ðàçâèâàòüñÿ íà âñåõ õâîéíûõ ïîðîäàõ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî ëåñà, îíè ïîääåðæèâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü áåç áîëüøèõ êîëåáàíèé ïî ãîäàì; â èòîãå, â

ñïåëûõ äðåâîñòîÿõ ïîòåðè ñðåäíèõ óðîæàåâ êåäðà

äîñòèãàþò 5-15%, à ñëàáûõ  50% è áîëåå.

Ñèáèðñêèé øåëêîïðÿä Dendrolimus superans Butl.

ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíûì â ÷èñëå ôèëëîôàãîâ êåäðà.

Ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå ïîäúåìû ÷èñëåííîñòè åãî ïîïóëÿöèé

â ñâåæèõ è ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñóõèõ êåäðîâíèêàõ êëèìàêñîâîé ñòàäèè ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ â äðóãèå òèïû ëåñà,

ìîëîäíÿêè íà âûðóáêàõ è êóëüòóðû, ïðèâîäÿò ê

óñûõàíèþ õâîéíûõ ïîðîä íà äåñÿòêàõ òûñÿ÷ ãåêòàðîâ.

Â ãðóïïå êñèëîôàãîâ êåäðà íåò âèäîâ ñî ñòàòóñîì

ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèé âðåäèòåëü, íî îòíîñèòåëüíî

àãðåññèâíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ Ips sexdentatus Boern. Åãî

àòàêàì ïîäâåðãàþòñÿ íå òîëüêî ÿâíî îñëàáëåííûå

äåôîëèàöèåé, ïîæàðîì è ñòàðûå êåäðû, íî è ðåçêî

îñâåòëåííûå èëè îêàçàâøèåñÿ â ìåñòàõ ñ íàðóøåííûì ïî÷âåííûì óâëàæíåíèåì.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èçìåíåíèÿ âèäîâîãî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî

ïðåôåðåíäóìà â õîäå ôëóêòóàöèé ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèðîäíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, îñîáåííî óñèëåííûå àíòðîïîãåííûì

âîçäåéñòâèåì, ïðèâîäÿò íåðåäêî ê óòðàòå êåäðîì

äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîåâ íà çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ, ê ïîòåðÿì óðîæàåâ ñåìÿí è äðåâåñèíû, ê íèçêîé ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ëåñîâîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ

ìåðîïðèÿòèé.
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VII. ËÅÑÎÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ, ÐÅÑÓÐÑÛ, ÈÕ ÎÖÅÍÊÀ,

ÏÐÈÊËÀÄÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûå áåðåñêëåòû êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Â.È. Áàðàíîâ

Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Âëàäèâîñòîê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ê îöåíêå ïîòåíöèàëà íåäðåâåñíûõ ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ

Â.Í. Áî÷àðíèêîâ, Â.Í. Äþêàðåâ, À.À. Ñîëîâåé

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè,

Áèîëîãî-ïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò

 ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Âëàäèâîñòîê.

 Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ îõîòíè÷üåãî õîçÿéñòâà è çâåðîâîäñòâà.

 Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðîä Áåðåñêëåò (Euonymus L.) ðàñïðîñòðàíåí ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ëåñíûõ îáëàñòÿõ óìåðåííîé è

ñóáòðîïè÷åñêîé çîí Ñòàðîãî è Íîâîãî Ñâåòà.

Áåðåñêëåòû ðîññèéñêîãî Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà ïðåäñòàâëåíû äåñÿòüþ ëèñòîïàäíûìè âèäàìè. Ïÿòü

âèäîâ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê ÷åòûðåì ñåêöèÿì è äâóì

ïîäðîäàì, â êîíòèíåíòàëüíîé ÷àñòè ñâîèõ àðåàëîâ

íåðåäêî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â çîíå õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ.

Áåðåñêëåò Ìààêà (E. maackii Rupr.) èç ñåêöèè Euonymus ðÿäà Maackianae Leonova ðàñïðîñòðàíåí â

Ïðèìîðüå è Ïðèàìóðüå, ãäå îí îáðàçóåò çàðîñëè,

ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, íà íåáîëüøèõ âîçâûøåííîñòÿõ.

Ïðîèçðàñòàåò ñðåäè êóñòàðíèêîâ ïîä ïîëîãîì

õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííîãî (Pinus koraiensis Siebold

et Zucc.) ëåñà ïî áåðåãàì ðåê è îçåð íà ëåãêèõ

ïåñ÷àííûõ è ñóãëèíèñòûõ ïî÷âàõ. Ýòà ñâåòîëþáèâàÿ ïîðîäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ àññåêòàòîðîì ïîäëåñêà.

Ê ïðåäñòàâèòåëþ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ è

øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûõ ãîðíûõ ëåñîâ îòíîñèòñÿ á. ìàëîöâåòêîâûé (E. pauciflora Maxim.) èç

ñåêöèè Pseudovyenomus Nakai. Ýòîò òåíåâûíîñëèâûé âèä õàðàêòåðåí äëÿ Ïðèìîðüÿ è Ïðèàìóðüÿ, ãäå ïðîèçðàñòàåò âî âëàæíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ, ïîäíèìàÿñü äî 1000 ì íàä óð.ìîðÿ. Á.

ñâÿùåííûé (E. sacrosancta Koidz.) èç ñåêöèè

Melanocarya (Turcz.) Nakai â ìàòåðèêîâîé ÷àñòè

àðåàëà íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå, ÿâëÿÿñü òåíåâûíîñëèâîé ïîðîäîé, ïðîèçðàñòàåò ñðåäè êóñòàðíèêîâ, â ïîäëåñêå, íà îïóøêàõ è âûðóáêàõ õâîéíûõ,

êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ è øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Ïðèàìóðüÿ è Þãà Ïðèìîðüÿ, ãäå íåðåäêî âñòðå-

÷àåòñÿ âìåñòå ñ Pinus koraiensis, èíîãäà ñ á.

ìàëîöâåòêîâûì. Äâà ñëåäóþùèõ âèäà áåðåñêëåòà

èç ïîäðîäà Kalonymus Prokh. ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñâåòîëþáèâûìè, âûíîñÿùèìè íåáîëüøîå çàòåíåíèå

ïîðîäàìè è àññåêòàòîðàìè ïîäðîñòà. Á. Ìàêñèìîâè÷à (ðàíåå ïëîñêî÷åðåøêîâûé)  ýíäåìè÷íûé

âèä, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèé íà þãå Ïðèìîðüÿ. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü åãî àðåàëà ñîâïàäàåò ñ çîíîé êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Íåðåäêî âñòðå-

÷àåòñÿ íà êàìåíèñòûõ è ñêàëèñòûõ ñêëîíàõ ñîïîê

íà âûñîòàõ 600 ì íàä óð.ì. è áîëåå. Á. áîëüøåêðûëûé â ìàòåðèêîâîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà ðàñòåò â

òåíèñòûõ è âëàæíûõ êåäðîâî-åëîâûõ è õâîéíîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ íà âûñîòàõ äî 1000 ì íàä

óð. ìîðÿ.

Íà òåððèòîðèè ãîðíîé ñòðàíû Ñèõîòý-Àëèíü

âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íàèáîëåå áîãàòûé â Ðîññèè íàáîð

íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ëåñà, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñ èñêëþ-

÷èòåëüíûì ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ è

øèðîêèì ñïåêòðîì èõ ñóêöåññèîííûõ ñîñòîÿíèé. Ïî

íàáîðó íåäðåâåñíûõ ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, èõ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè, óðîâíþ çíà÷èìîñòè ïðîèçâåäåíî ðàíæèðîâàíèå è âûäåëåí ðÿä ëàíäøàôòíûõ êàòåãîðèé 

îò âûñîêîãîðíî-òóíäðîâûõ ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ

ñ ìèíèìàëüíîé ðåñóðñíîé åìêîñòüþ äî øèðîêîëèñòâåííî-êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ ñðåäíåãî è íèæíåãî

ïîÿñà ãîð  íàèáîëåå ðåñóðñîåìêèõ ýêîñèñòåì.

Ñïèñîê îáúåêòîâ äëÿ íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáøèðíûì, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, îãðîìíûé îáúåì

çàíèìàåò èíôîðìàöèÿ, íåîáõîäèìàÿ äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ êà÷åñòâåííîé èíâåíòàðèçàöèè. Ýòî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî òðåáóåò îðãàíèçàöèè èíôîðìàöèîííûõ

ìàññèâîâ â áàçû äàííûõ (ÁÄ) è ñïðàâî÷íîïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèõ ñèñòåì (ÑÏÑ) ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî

óðîâíÿ äåòàëüíîñòè, ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ íà ñòàíäàðòíûõ ïðîãðàììíûõ ñðåäñòâàõ. Ïðèìåíèòåëüíî

ê òåððèòîðèè Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ ðàçëè-

÷àòü ðåãèîíàëüíûé, ñóáðåãèîíàëüíûé, áàññåéíîâûé

è ëîêàëüíûé èíôîðìàöèîííûå óðîâíè.
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Ðîëü ýòàëîííûõ äðåâîñòîåâ ïðè âîññòàíîâëåíèè êåäðîâíèêîâ

Í.Â. Âûâîäöåâ, Å.Þ. Ëûñóí, Ç.À. Âûâîäöåâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Íà ðåãèîíàëüíîì óðîâíå öåëåñîîáðàçíî îñóùåñòâèòü âûáîð òåððèòîðèé äëÿ áèîëîãî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî çîíèðîâàíèÿ è ðàéîíû êîíöåíòðàöèé

ãðóïï ðåñóðñîâ. Ñóùåñòâóþùàÿ èíôîðìàöèîííàÿ

êàðòîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ íàñûùåííîñòü äàííîãî óðîâíÿ,

äîïîëíÿåòñÿ íàëè÷èåì ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ

çà äîñòàòî÷íî äëèòåëüíûé ïåðèîä.

Ñóáðåãèîíàëüíûé óðîâåíü ïîçâîëÿåò îñóùåñòâèòü

äåòàëüíîå îáîñíîâàíèå äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè ñïåöèàëüíûõ çîí, ãäå îïòèìàëüíî ñî÷åòàþòñÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå èíòåðåñû. Âíåøíèé ïîòîê

áóäåò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñîáîé ôèíàíñîâûå èíâåñòèöèè,

íåîáõîäèìûå òåõíîëîãèè è ýëåìåíòû èíôðàñòðóêòóðû; íà âûõîä áóäóò íàïðàâëåíû ïðîäóêöèÿ

çàãîòîâîê è ïåðåðàáîòêè; îïûò è çíàíèÿ ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåñóðñàìè (òðàäèöèîííûå âèäû äåÿòåëüíîñòè êîðåííûõ íàðîäîâ).

Áàññåéíîâûé ïîäõîä â ïëàíèðîâàíèè è óïðàâëåíèè

ïðèðîäíûìè ðåñóðñàìè äîëæåí çàìåíèòü øèðîêî

ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå ïëàíèðîâàíèå ïî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûì ðàéîíàì è âåäîìñòâàì. Äàííûé óðîâåíü

ïîçâîëÿåò ðàññ÷èòàòü áèîëîãè÷åñêóþ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ïî îñíîâíûì òèïàì ëåñà. Ïåðâè÷íîé

îñíîâîé ñëóæèò êàðòà ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, ðÿä äðóãèõ

ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèõ è ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ.

Çàâåðøàþùèì, äîñòàòî÷íî óçêî íàïðàâëåííûì, íî

íåîáõîäèìûì ýòàïîì äîëæíà áûòü ïîäãîòîâêà

áèçíåñ-ïëàíîâ. Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïîñòàâëåííûõ

çàäà÷ ìîæíî ïîäãîòîâèòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè ëþáîé íàáîð

ñõåì, èìåþùèõ ðàçëè÷íóþ ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ

íàãðóçêó (ýêñïëóàòàöèîííûå, îõðàíÿåìûå, êîìáèíèðîâàííûå è ò.ä.). Ñòàíäàðòíûå ïðîöåäóðû ïðîãðàììíîãî ïðîäóêòà ARC/INFO ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðèåìëåìûì

èíñòðóìåíòàðèåì äëÿ âñåõ ýòàïîâ èíâåíòàðèçàöèîííîé ðàáîòû.

Ïî äàííûì òàáëèö êëàññîâ âîçðàñòà ïëîùàäü êåäðîâíèêîâ â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå ñîñòàâëÿåò 802

òûñ.ãà, çàïàñ  173,6 ìëí. ì3, íà 1 ãà  216 ì3.

Ñóììàðíàÿ âåëè÷èíà ñðåäíåãî èçìåíåíèÿ çàïàñà

884 òûñ. ì3 â ãîä (1,1 ì3/ãà â ãîä). Îòðèöàòåëüíîå

òåêóùåå èçìåíåíèå çàïàñà íàñòóïàåò â Vll êëàññå

âîçðàñòà.

Ñôîðìèðîâàâøàÿñÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå äëèòåëüíîé ýâîëþöèè, êåäðîâàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ íå áûëà çàïðîãðàììèðîâàíà ïðèðîäîé íà æåñòêèé àíòðîïîãåííûé

ïðåññ, íåãàòèâíûå ðåçóëüòàòû êîòîðîãî îòðàæåíû

â äèíàìèêå ëåñíîãî ôîíäà. Â ýòîé ñâÿçè âñòàåò

âîïðîñ, íàñêîëüêî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ôàêòè÷åñêàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü êåäðîâíèêîâ èõ ïîòåíöèàëüíûì âîçìîæíîñòÿì. Îòâåòèòü íà ýòîò âîïðîñ ìîæíî òîëüêî

ïðè ñðàâíåíèè ñ ýòàëîííûìè äðåâîñòîÿìè, ïîíèìàÿ

ïîä ýòèì íàèáîëåå ïðîäóêòèâíûå ó÷àñòêè ëåñà,

ñôîðìèðîâàâøèåñÿ åñòåñòâåííûì ïóòåì.

Â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå ïî èíèöèàòèâå ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ

íà÷àòà ðàáîòà ïî ñîçäàíèþ áàíêà äàííûõ ýòàëîííûõ äðåâîñòîåâ. Ðàçðàáîòàíà ïðîãðàììà êîìïüþòåðèçàöèè èñõîäíîé èíôîðìàöèè. Ïî êàæäîìó ýòàëîííîìó ó÷àñòêó ñîñòàâëÿåòñÿ ðåòðîñïåêòèâíûé

ðÿä äèíàìèêè òàêñàöèîííûõ ïîêàçàòåëåé. Áàçîé

äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà èíäåêñíûõ çíà÷åíèé âûñîòû, äèàìåòðà, âèäîâîãî ÷èñëà ÿâëÿëèñü äàííûå àíàëèçîâ

ñòâîëà íà õîä ðîñòà (87 øòóê), ÷èñëà ñòâîëîâ 

òàáëèöû Ñ.Í.Ìîèñååíêî (1966). Âñå ïàðàìåòðû

îïèñàíû àíàëèòè÷åñêè ñ ïîìîùüþ ïàðàáîë 3-5

ïîðÿäêà è óðàâíåíèÿ Ìèò÷åðëèõà. Ïî îäíîìó èç

òàêèõ ýòàëîíîâ äàíà ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ îöåíêà

ïîòåíöèàëüíîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ, ïðîèçðàñòàþùèõ íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîé ãðàíèöå àðåàëà.

Ðàñ÷åòû ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî çà 290 ëåò îáùàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ÷èñòûõ (8 åäèíèö) êëåíîâî-ëåùèííûõ

êåäðîâíèêîâ lll êëàññà áîíèòåòà, ñîñòàâèëà 628 ì3

/

ãà, èç íèõ 147 ì3/ãà óøëî â îòïàä. Ïîëó÷åííûå

äàííûå çíà÷èòåëüíî (20-60%) âûøå ôàêòè÷åñêîé

ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè êåäðîâûõ äðåâîñòîåâ. Â äàííîì

ñëó÷àå íå ó÷òåí çàïàñ ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ ïîðîä (20%).

Òàêàÿ âûñîêàÿ ïðîèçâîäèòåëüíîñòü äîñòèãíóòà 137

äåðåâüÿìè êåäðà èëè 10% îò èõ ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî

÷èñëà.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äëÿ ïîâûøåíèÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè

êåäðîâíèêîâ â êðàå åñòü ñóùåñòâåííûé ïîòåíöèàë,

ðåàëèçîâàòü êîòîðûé ìîæíî ñ ïîìîùüþ ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Äëÿ ïîïîëíåíèÿ áàíêà

äàííûõ è ðàçðàáîòêè äîñòîâåðíûõ íîðìàòèâîâ

ðàáîòó ñëåäóåò âûïîëíÿòü ïî óòâåðæäåííîé ïðîãðàììå è ïîä êîíòðîëåì Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû.
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Âîññòàíîâëåíèå çàïàñîâ äèêîðàñòóùåãî æåíüøåíÿ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ã.Â. Ãóêîâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ñèñòåìû ïîäñî÷êè ïðè êîìïëåêñíîì õîçÿéñòâå

â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Ì.È. Ãðèãîðîâè÷

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïîäñî÷êà  îäèí èç îñíîâíûõ ñïîñîáîâ ïðèæèçíåííîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ äåðåâüåâ. Â ìíîãîïîðîäíûõ

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ (ÊØË) âîçìîæíà

ïîäñî÷êà, êàê ëèñòâåííûõ (áåðåçà, êëåí), òàê è

õâîéíûõ (åëü, ïèõòà, êåäð). Ïîäñî÷êå ïîäëåæàò äðåâîñòîè, íàçíà÷åííûå â ðóáêó. Çàïðåò ðóáêè êåäðà â

ïîðÿäêå ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ îãðàíè÷èâàåò åãî

ïîäñî÷êó. Âíåäðåíèå â ïðàêòèêó êîìïëåêñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË ðåêîìåíäóåìûõ íåêîòîðûìè

àâòîðàìè ñïîñîáîâ ðóáîê â êåäðîâíèêàõ  óçêîïîëîñíûõ ñïëîøíûõ (Âåñåëèí, 1994), êîìïëåêñíûõ è

ðåêîíñòðóêòèâíûõ (Êîðÿêèí, 1995), ïîçâîëèò âîçîáíîâèòü äîáû÷ó êåäðîâîé æèâèöû.

Íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ â Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàå ïî ðàçðàáîòêå òåõíîëîãèé èíòåíñèâíîé êðàòêîñðî÷íîé è äëèòåëüíîé ïîäñî÷êè êåäðà äàëè ñëåäóþùèå ðåçóëüòàòû. Ïðè ïîäñî÷êå äâóõúÿðóñíîé êàððîé ñ íàãðóçêîé

84% è ïàóçîé äëÿ äåðåâà 3,5 äíÿ, âûõîä æèâèöû ñ

äåðåâà  îò 1,6 äî 2,8 êã çà ñåçîí. Îïûò ïî äëèòåëüíîé

ïîäñî÷êå êåäðà, çàëîæåííûé â 1977 ã. ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì

âîñõîäÿùåé áåçæåëîáêîâîé êàððû ñ øàãîì 6 ñì è

íàãðóçêîé 33%, äàë âûõîä â 0,5-0,6 êã ñ äåðåâà ïðè

õîðîøåì çàðàñòàíèè ïîäíîâîê ñ ñîõðàíåíèåì ôîðìû

ñòâîëà è ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ êåäðà.

Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñïîñîáà ðóáîê â ÊØË ìîæåò áûòü

ðåêîìåíäîâàíî äâå ñèñòåìû ïîäñî÷êè: êðàòêîñðî÷íàÿ  çà 3 ãîäà äî ñïëîøíîé ðóáêè, ïðè ýòîì

ïîäñà÷èâàþò âñå ïîðîäû, ýêñïëóàòàöèÿ êîòîðûõ

ýêîíîìè÷åñêè öåëåñîîáðàçíà; äëèòåëüíàÿ  ïîäñî÷êà

êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî çà 25-30 ëåò äî âûáîðî÷íîé ðóáêè.

Âîçìîæíî ñîçäàíèå ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ õîçÿéñòâ

ïî äëèòåëüíîé ïîäñî÷êå íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ áîëüøîé äîëåé

êåäðà â ñîñòàâå. Âûñîêàÿ îòäà÷à ïðè íåáîëüøèõ

íàãðóçêàõ, õîðîøåå çàðàñòàíèå ïîäíîâîê, ñîõðàíåíèå æèçíåñòîéêîñòè è ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ êåäðà 

îñíîâà îðãàíèçàöèè ïîäîáíûõ õîçÿéñòâ.

Ñîêðàùåíèå ðàçìåðîâ ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äðåâåñèíîé â

ÊØË, íàëè÷èå òðàíñïîðòíîé ñåòè è ðàáî÷èõ, íå

çàíÿòûõ íà ëåñîçàãîòîâêàõ, äàþò ðåàëüíóþ âîçìîæíîñòü ïîäñî÷êè â ÊØË ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì îïðåäåëåííîé

ñèñòåìû â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé

ðàéîíà, ñîñòàâà è ñîñòîÿíèÿ äðåâîñòîåâ.

 Æåíüøåíü ÿâëÿåòñÿ öåííûì òðàâÿíèñòûì ëåêàðñòâåííûì ðàñòåíèåì, öåëåáíûå ñâîéñòâà êîòîðîãî

èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â íàðîäíîé ìåäèöèíå óæå áîëåå òðåõ

òûñÿ÷ ëåò. Ñîâðåìåííûå ìåäèöèíñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ

íå òîëüêî ïîäòâåðæäàþò áëàãîïðèÿòíîå âîçäåéñòâèå

íà ÷åëîâåêà ïðåïàðàòîâ æåíüøåíÿ, íî è îòêðûâàþò

íîâûå ñâîéñòâà ýòîãî ðàñòåíèÿ, ñïîñîáíîãî ëå÷èòü

ëþäåé îò õèìè÷åñêîãî îòðàâëåíèÿ, ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî

çàðàæåíèÿ è ò.ä.

Æåíüøåíü íàñòîÿùèé â äèêîì âèäå ðàñòåò â íàøåé

ñòðàíå òîëüêî íà þãå Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, â ïðåäåëàõ

àðåàëà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Èíòåíñèâíûå ðóáêè êåäðà è ìíîãîëåòíèé ñáîð êîðíåé

æåíüøåíÿ ñîâåðøåííî ïîäîðâàëè åñòåñòâåííûå

ðåñóðñû öåëåáíîãî ðàñòåíèÿ, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ

íàõîäêè ýòîãî ìíîãîëåòíèêà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî

ðåäêèì ÿâëåíèåì. Â òî æå âðåìÿ ñïðîñ íà êîðíè

äèêîðàñòóùåãî æåíüøåíèÿ ïîñòîÿííî ðàñòåò, åãî

âàëþòíàÿ öåíà â äåñÿòêè è äàæå â ñîòíè ðàç ïðåâîñõîäèò ñòîèìîñòü ïëàíòàöèîííîãî æåíüøåíÿ.

Ñîêðàùåíèå åñòåñòâåííûõ çàïàñîâ ïðè îäíîâðåìåííî ðåçêî âîçðîñøåì ñïðîñå íà äèêîðàñòóùèé

æåíüøåíü ïîñòàâèëî íà ïîâåñòêó äíÿ ïðîáëåìó

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ çàïàñîâ öåííîãî ëåêàðñòâåííîãî

ðàñòåíèÿ. Ñîòðóäíèêàìè êàôåäðû ëåñîâîäñòâà

ÏÃÑÕÀ ðàçðàáîòàíû ìíîãèå òåîðåòè÷åñêèå è

ïðàêòè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû áèîëîãèèè æåíüøåíÿ, àãðîòåõíèêè åãî âîçäåëûâàíèÿ ïîä ïîëîãîì ëåñà, ìåõàíèçàöèè âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûõ ðàáîò. Ñ ïîìîùüþ äåíåæíûõ ñðåäñòâ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ôîíäà Óññóðèéñêîãî

ðàéîíà Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ ïðîâåäåíû ïåðâûå ïðîìûøëåííûå ïîñåâû ñåìÿí æåíüøåíÿ ïîä ïîëîãîì

ëåñà, âûñåÿíû ïåðâûå êèëîãðàììû ñåìÿí. Ïðè

ïîääåðæêå ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ îðãàíèçàöèé

Ïðèìîðñêîãî è Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàåâ âîññòàíîâèòåëüíûå ðàáîòû ïî ïîñåâó ñåìÿí æåíüøåíÿ ïîä

ïîëîãîì ëåñà ìîæíî ïðîâåñòè íà ñîòíÿõ è òûñÿ÷àõ

ãåêòàðîâ êàê õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ, òàê è áåëîáåðåçîâûõ è äóáîâûõ ëåñîâ, â ïðåäåëàõ åñòåñòâåííîãî àðåàëà æåíüøåíÿ.
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Êîððåëÿöèîííûé àíàëèç òàêñàöèîííî-äåøèôðîâî÷íûõ

ïðèçíàêîâ êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

Ñ.Ê. Äîåâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïðè äèñòàíöèîííîì ìåòîäå èçó÷åíèÿ ëåñîâ îñîáóþ

çíà÷èìîñòü ïðèîáðåòàþò âîïðîñû ñòðîåíèÿ ïîëîãà

íàñàæäåíèé, áåç êîòîðûõ òðàäèöèîííîå ëåñîòàêñàöèîííîå äåøèôðèðîâàíèå àýðîñíèìêîâ íå ìîæåò

îáåñïå÷èòü íåîáõîäèìóþ òî÷íîñòü, îñîáåííî â

òàêîé ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè, êàêîâîé ÿâëÿþòñÿ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà. Ðàçëè÷íîå ñî÷åòàíèå

êëèìàòè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê è ïî÷âåííûõ óñëîâèé

â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå îïðåäåëÿåò õàðàêòåð ðîñòà è

ðàçâèòèÿ íàñàæäåíèé â ðàññìàòðèâàåìîì ðåãèîíå.

Ìàòåðèàëîì äëÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîñëóæèëè ñïåëûå

êåäðîâûå íàñàæäåíèÿ ñåâåðíîãî Ïðèìîðüÿ, öåííûå

ïî ñâîåìó õîçÿéñòâåííîìó çíà÷åíèþ è íàèáîëåå

ïîäâåðæåííûå àíòðîïîãåííûì âîçäåéñòâèÿì.

Çàëîæåíû ïÿòü ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé, íà êîòîðûõ

ïðîâåäåí ñïëîøíîé ïåðå÷åò äåðåâüåâ ñ êàðòèðîâàíèåì è çàðèñîâêîé ãîðèçîíòàëüíûõ ïðîåêöèé

êðîí, çàìåðÿëèñü òàêñàöèîííûå äèàìåòðû (Ä),

âûñîòû (Í), äèàìåòðû (Äê) è ïðîòÿæåííîñòè êðîí

(Ëê). Ìàòåðèàë îáðàáîòàí ìåòîäàìè ìàòåìàòè-

÷åñêîé ñòàòèñòèêè.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå âûÿâëåí õàðàêòåð è òåñíîòà ñâÿçè

ìåæäó Í è Ä, Ä è Äê, Í è Äê. Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî

çàâèñèìîñòü ñðåäíèõ Í îò Ä õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ êîððåëÿöèîííûì îòíîøåíèåì, ðàâíûì 0,82, à ñâÿçü

ìåæäó Ä è Äê ïàðíûì êîýôôèöèåíòîì êîððåëÿöèè

 îêîëî 0,59. Ñâÿçè, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, âûðàçèëèñü

óðàâíåíèÿìè ðåãðåññèè ïàðàáîëû âòîðîãî è

ïåðâîãî ïîðÿäêîâ. Äîâîëüíî òåñíàÿ ñâÿçü îáíàðóæèëàñü ìåæäó Í è Äê (êîððåëÿöèîííîå îòíîøåíèå

0,89), à óðàâíåíèå ðåãðåññèè îïèñûâàåòñÿ ïàðàáîëîé âòîðîãî ïîðÿäêà.

Ïîëó÷åííûå êîððåëÿöèîííûå óðàâíåíèÿ ñâÿçè

ìîãóò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíû ïðè ó÷åòå ëåñíîãî ôîíäà

íà îñíîâå âûáîðî÷íîé êðóïíîìàñøòàáíîé àýðîôîòîñúåìêè.

Îïòèìèçàöèÿ ìåäîíîñíîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ Ïðèìîðñêîãî êðàÿ

È.Ò. Äóïëèùåâ, À.Í. Ãðèäíåâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â ñâîåì êëàññè÷åñêîì òðóäå Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è õîçÿéñòâî â íèõ

Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâ (1958) îòìå÷àë, ÷òî ïî ñáîðó ìåäà íà

ï÷åëîñåìüþ, äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûå ïàñå÷íèêè â èíûå

ãîäû äîñòèãàþò ìèðîâûõ ðåêîðäîâ.

Èçäàâíà â ïðàêòèêå ïðèìîðñêîãî ï÷åëîâîäñòâà

íàèáîëåå ìåäîíîñíûìè ñ÷èòàþòñÿ íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ

ïðèìåñüþ ëèïû. Ïî äàííûì ó÷åòà èõ â êðàå 395

òûñ.ãà, ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 3,7% îò îáùåé ïëîùàäè

ïîêðûòîé ëåñîì (Áðóõîâåöêèé, Äóïëèùåâ, 1984). Ê

ýòîé âåëè÷èíå ñëåäóåò äîáàâèòü ó÷àñòêè, ãäå ëèïà

ïðîèçðàñòàåò êàê ñîïóòñòâóþùàÿ ïîðîäà (42 äåðåâà

íà 1 ãà), ÷òî ñîñòàâëÿåò 3465 òûñ.ãà. Äðåâîñòîè, â

êîòîðûõ ëèïà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ åäèíè÷íî (9äåðåâüåâ íà

1 ãà), ñ÷èòàþòñÿ íåïåðñïåêòèâíûìè.

Çàêîíîìåðíî, ÷òî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü èçó÷åíèåì

ìåäîíîñíîñòè áûëè çàòðîíóòû îòíîñèòåëüíî ÷èñòûå

ëèïíÿêè ñ ïðèìåñüþ äðóãèõ ïîðîä, íå ïðåâûøàþùåé

40% îò îáùåãî çàïàñà äðåâîñòîåâ. Îíè â Ïðèìîðüå

ïðåäñòàâëåíû, â îñíîâíîì, ïðîèçâîäíûì òèïîì ëåñà

 ëèïíÿêîì ñ äóáîì è êëåíîì (ËïÄÊë), èìåþùèì

ñðåäíèé ñîñòàâ 6Ëï2Ä1Êë1Èë åä.Áð (Áðóõîâåöêèé,

Äóïëèùåâ 1988 è äð.). Ìåæäó òåì, íàñàæäåíèÿ ñ

ïðåîáëàäàíèåì êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ñ öåëüþ èññëåäîâàíèÿ èõ íà ïîòåíöèàëüíóþ ìåäîíîñíîñòü äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè îñòàâàëèñü íåçàòðîíóòûìè.

Ðåçóëüòàòû íàøèõ çàêîí÷åííûõ õîçäîãîâîðíûõ ðàçðàáîòîê äàþò îñíîâàíèå çàÿâèòü, ÷òî â ýòèõ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ îáúåêòàõ çàêëþ÷åíû çíà÷èòåëüíûå ðåçåðâû

öåííåéøåãî ïðîäóêòà ï÷åëîâîäñòâà. Òàê, â ãðóïïå

òèïîâ ëåñà Ê-Ó1 (ïî Êîëåñíèêîâó, Ñîëîâüåâó, 1955;

Ìîèñååíêî, 1966) è ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà äî 50% ïî

çàïàñó (1 êàòåãîðèÿ), îïòèìàëüíûé çàïàñ ëèïîâîãî

ìåäà íà 1 ãà ñîñòàâëÿåò 2,2 ö, ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà îò 51

äî 75% (II êàòåãîðèÿ)  2,0 ö, ñ ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà îò

76% è âûøå (III êàòåãîðèÿ)  1,7 ö; â ãðóïïå òèïîâ ÊÅÓ1 (I êàòåãîðèÿ)  1,5 ö, â ýòîé æå ãðóïïå òèïîâ ëåñà

(II êàòåãîðèÿ)  1,2 ö; â ãðóïïå òèïîâ ëåñà Ê-1Ó (I

êàòåãîðèÿ)  2,0 ö è â ýòîé æå ãðóïïå òèïîâ ëåñà (II

êàòåãîðèÿ)  1,3 ö.

Âû÷èñëåííûå äèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûå ïðèäåðæêè

ïåðå÷èñëåíû ïðèìåíèòåëüíî ê ñïåëûì ìîäàëüíûì

êåäðîâíèêàì. Îíè áóäóò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ïðîèçâîäñòâà ìåäà â þæíîé ÷àñòè ÀìóðîÓññóðèéñêîé ïîäîáëàñòè (ïî Èâàøêåâè÷ó, 1933).


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Öåíîòè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå

À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ïîìíèòå ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå: åñëè ðóáêè áóäóò íåðåãóëèðóåìûå, òî óíèêàëüíûå êåäðîâíèêè Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà èñ÷åçíóò çà 30 ëåò. Íóæíû áûëè íåäþæèííûå ïîçíàíèÿ, ÷òîáû íàïèñàòü òàêîå â 1956 ãîäó.

Ïðåäâèäåíèå ñðàçó çàçâó÷àëî ïðèçûâîì  ñäåëàé

ðóáêè ðåãóëèðóåìûìè. Ïðîñòàÿ ìûñëü âñåãäà òðóäíà, à òàêàÿ è òîãäà  òåì áîëåå. Íà òå âðåìåíà ýòî

áûëî íåîáû÷íîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ëåñíîé ïðîáëåìû.

È ñìåëîå. Ñìåëîå? Ó ìÿãêîãî èíòåëëèãåíòà? Ìÿãêîãî-òî ìÿãêîãî, íî åùå è íàñòîé÷èâîãî. Äà, â îáùåíèè îí ïîêëàäèñòûé, íà äåëå æå äåëàåò ñâîå ó÷åíîå

äåëî òâåðäî. Íàïèñàë è íà÷àë äåéñòâîâàòü ÷åðåç

ñâîèõ ïîñëåäîâàòåëåé  óïðåæäàòü îïàñíîñòü. Ïîâåë èõ ïî òåì ñàìûì 30 ãîäàì  èçó÷àòü ëåñà è

âíåäðÿòü îáîñíîâàííûå òåõíîëîãèè ðóáêè. Ïîñëåäîâàòåëè ìåæäó ñîáîé óâàæèòåëüíî çîâóò åãî Ê. Ï.,

÷òî îçíà÷àåò Êîíñòàíòèí Ïåòðîâè÷ Ñîëîâüåâ.

Ïðîøëî 40 ëåò. Ó÷åíûì óäàëîñü ñìÿã÷èòü îïàñíîñòü. Íî ïðîãíîç, âñå-òàêè, ñðàáîòàë. Êåäðîâíèêè

óæå íå òå. Òàêñàöèîííîå è ëåñîâîäñòâåííîå ñðàâíåíèÿ èõ åùå ïðåäñòîèò ñäåëàòü. Ïî îòäåëüíûì æå

âèäàì ïðîäóêöèîííîå ñðàâíåíèå óæå îñóùåñòâëåíî. Öåíîòè÷åñêîå ðàâíîâåñèå ïðåäïîëàãàåò

ïîëå âàðüèðîâàíèÿ âàðèàíò 17,66,17 (1:4:1). Ïåðâàÿ

öèôðà 17% ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî òàêîâà äîëÿ âûñîêîïðîäóêòèâíûõ ðàñòåíèé îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà, 66% 

ñðåäíåïðîäóêòèâíûå îñîáè, òðåòüÿ öèôðà  17% 

ãîâîðèò î äîëå íèçêîïðîäóêòèâíûõ îñîáåé. Íåðåãóëèðóåìûå ñáîðû ÷åðåìøè ïðèâåëè ê òîìó, ÷òî

ðàñòåíèå èçìåëü÷àëî. Çàêîí öåíîòè÷åñêîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ íàðóøåí äî ñîîòíîøåíèÿ 2,56,42. Ìíîãèå èç

òàêèõ óãîäèé íå âûäåðæàëè ïîñëåäóþùèõ èíòåíñèâíûõ ñáîðîâ è ïîãèáëè. Â òåõ óãîäüÿõ, ãäå ñáîðû

áûëè âðåìåííî ïðåêðàùåíû, ïðîèçîøëà ïåðåãðóïïèðîâêà âàðèàíò è óãîäüå ïåðåøëî â óñòîé-

÷èâîå ñîîòíîøåíèå 17,66,17, íî íà óðîâíå èçìåëü-

÷àâøèõ ðàñòåíèé. Â öåëîì âñÿ ñèñòåìà ñìåñòèëàñü

â ñòîðîíó íèçêîïðîäóêòèâíûõ îñîáåé íà 60-70% ïî

çàïàñó ïðîäóêòà. Åùå õóäøåå ïîëó÷èëîñü ñ ýëåóòåðîêîêêîì. Êîðíåâàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ñíèçèëàñü íà

80%. Èíòåðåñíàÿ äèíàìèêà íàáëþäàëàñü ó ëèìîííèêà. Ïîñëå ìàññîâûõ ñáîðîâ â 1962-1976 ãîäàõ

ÿãîäíàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ïðèáëèçèëàñü ê íóëþ, âî

âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûå çàãîòîâêè ïðåêðàòèëèñü èç-çà íåóðîæàåâ. Áûë äàí ïðîãíîç íà

âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ÷åðåç 20 ëåò, ò.å.,

ê 1982-90 ãîäàì. Åñëè æå ãóáèòåëüíàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ

ñáîðà ïîâòîðèòñÿ, òî áîëüøèíñòâî óãîäèé ëèìîííèêà ïåðåñòàíåò ïëîäîíîñèòü åùå íà 20 ëåò, à

ìíîãèå ïîãèáíóò. Ïîëîâèíà ïðîãíîçà îïðàâäàëàñü

(íà ïåðâûå 20 ëåò). Âòîðàÿ ïîëîâèíà òîæå íà÷èíàåò

îïðàâäûâàòüñÿ. Íåîáõîäèìû ìåðû, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèå íåèñòîùèòåëüíîå ïîëüçîâàíèå, ïðåæäå âñåãî, ðàçðàáîòêà ïðîäóêöèîííûõ (ñûðüåâûõ) íîðìàòèâîâ. Ñòîëü æå íåîáõîäèìî ñîçäàíèå îõðàíÿåìûõ

åñòåñòâåííûõ ïëàíòàöèé, ïåðåíîñ â êóëüòóðû è

ñåëåêöèîíèðîâàíèå âûñîêîïðîäóêòèâíûõ ôîðì.

Îðåõîïðîìûñëîâàÿ çîíà Ãàññè,

êàê óñëîâèå ñîçäàíèÿ ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà

À.Ã. Èçìîäåíîâ

Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Íà ìíîãîñòîðîííåå çíà÷åíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ óêàçûâàëîñü íåîäíîêðàòíî, îäíàêî, äåòàëüíîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðåñóðñîâ, ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ èõ ìåæäó ñîáîé

íå áûëî. Íå ðàçðàáîòàíû è ïóòè êîìïëåêñíîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ áîãàòñòâ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ. Ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ ðàáîòà âîñïîëíÿåò óêàçàííûé ïðîáåë,  òàê

îöåíèë êåäðîâûé ïàòðèàðõ Ê.Ï. Ñîëîâüåâ (1967) òå

èññëåäîâàíèÿ â áàññåéíå îçåðà Ãàññè Íàíàéñêîãî

ðàéîíà, êîòîðûå âïåðâûå áûëè ïðîâåäåíû ïî êîìïëåêñó ëåñíûõ ïðîäóêòîâ è êîòîðûìè îáîñíîâàíà

öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòü ñîçäàíèÿ ëåñîïðîäóêöèîííûõ

ïðåäïðèÿòèé.

Ïåðâûå îïûòû èçó÷åíèÿ ñûðüåâîé áàçû ïîä èäåþ

êîìïëåêñíîãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ çàëîæåíû âî âðåìÿ

ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà åùå â 1954-1956 ãã. Ðåçóëüòàòû

îïûòîâ ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà÷àëüíèêó Õàáàðîâñêîãî

óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà Ã.Ô. Ñòàðèêîâó â

âèäå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðîå îí ïîäêëþ÷èë ê

ïîäãîòîâêå ïîñòàíîâëåíèÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà îá

îáðàçîâàíèè îðåõîïðîìûñëîâûõ çîí. Âî âðåìÿ

ëåñîóñòðîéñòâà Ãàññèíñêîãî ëåñíè÷åñòâà â 1958-

1960 ãã. îáðàçîâàíà îðåõîïðîìûñëîâàÿ çîíà, íà

êîòîðîé è áûëè âûÿâëåíû çàêîíîìåðíîñòè êîìïëåêñíîãî ïðîäóöèðîâàíèÿ îðåõîâ, ÿãîä, ýëåóòåðîêîêêà, ìåäà, äðåâåñèíû, îõîòíè÷üåé ïðîäóêöèè.

Îïðåäåëåíû ïðèíöèïû ïðîèçâîäñòâà: êîìïëåêñíîñòü, êîíâåéåðíîñòü, íåèñòîùèòåëüíîñòü, óñòîé-

÷èâîñòü, ïîñòîÿíñòâî.
- 216 -

Ãàññèíñêàÿ îðåõîïðîìûñëîâàÿ çîíà áûëà âûäåëåíà â òî âðåìÿ, êîãäà ïîäîáíûå êåäðà÷è ïðîèçðàñòàëè è â ñîñåäíèõ áàññåéíàõ. Ñåé÷àñ ýòî åäèíñòâåííûé êðóïíûé ìàññèâ êåäðîâíèêà, ñîõðàíèâøèéñÿ â ýòèõ ìåñòàõ. Íà êàðòå ëåñîâ Õàáàðîâñêîãî

êðàÿ îí ñìîòðèòñÿ îäèíîêî, â âèäå äâóõ êåäðîâûõ

ïÿòåí, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ ðÿäîì. Ýòîò ìàññèâ âïðàâå

ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê ðóêîòâîðíîå óáåæèùå ðåëèêòîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, êàê ïàìÿòíîå äîñòèæåíèå

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà òåõ ëåò, êàê ãåíîôîíä ðàñòåíèåâîäñòâà ñ øèðîêèì íàáîðîì áèîìîðô.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ãàññè ñîâìåñòíî ñ êàíàäöàìè

ñîçäàåòñÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèå ìîäåëüíîãî ëåñà â ñîñòàâå

ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ñåòè ëåñîâ îáðàçöîâîãî âåäåíèÿ

õîçÿéñòâà. Çàèìñòâîâàíû ïðèíöèïû, ÷òî áûëè

âûðàáîòàíû 40 ëåò íàçàä, íî óæå íà óðîâíå

íûíåøíèõ ñîöèàëüíûõ çàïðîñîâ. Ïðîèçâîäñòâî

äîëæíî ðåãóëèðîâàòüñÿ íîðìàòèâàìè ðåæèìíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïî âñåì âèäàì ëåñíûõ ïðîäóêòîâ.

Îðåõîïðîìûñëîâàÿ çîíà ïîäëåæèò ñîõðàíåíèþ â

èñõîäíîì âèäå ñ òåì, ÷òîáû â ñîñòàâå ìîäåëüíîãî

ëåñà ïîäíÿòü åå ñòàòóñ, è â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ

ñîçäàòü íà áàçå çàïîâåäíèê ñ âêëþ÷åíèåì â íåãî

îçåðà Ãàññè è îáðàçîâàíèåì òåððèòîðèè ãåíåòè-

÷åñêîãî ôîíäà.

Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â

êåäðîâûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

À.Ï. Êîâàëåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Çàïðåùåíèå ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ (ÊØË) Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

ïðèâåëî ê íåîáõîäèìîñòè ðåøåíèÿ âîïðîñîâ

îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â íèõ ñ ïîçèöèé

ðóáîê óõîäà çà ëåñîì è ñàíèòàðíûõ ðóáîê. Îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ýòèõ ðóáîê íàøëè îòðàæåíèå â

Ðóêîâîäñòâå ïî îðãàíèçàöèè è âåäåíèþ ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (1990) è â Íàñòàâëåíèè ïî

ðóáêàì óõîäà â ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà (1993). Â

òî æå âðåìÿ â íàçâàííûõ äîêóìåíòàõ íå îòðàæåíû

îñíîâû êëàññèôèêàöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ, îòñóòñòâóþò

÷åòêèå ïðèäåðæêè è íîðìàòèâû ïî ïðîâåäåíèþ

ðóáîê â ñïåëûõ è ïåðåñòîéíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ è â

êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì ñïåëûõ

äåðåâüåâ âòîðîñòåïåííûõ ïîðîä, à òàêæå ðåêîìåíäàöèè ïî îðãàíèçàöèè ðóáîê â ïðîèçâîäíûõ

äðåâîñòîÿõ, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ íà ìåñòå êîðåííûõ

ÊØË â ðåçóëüòàòå íåðåãóëèðîâàííûõ ðóáîê è

ïîæàðîâ.

Ðåøåíèþ ýòîé ïðîáëåìû â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå

ìîãóò ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü ðóáêè îáíîâëåíèÿ, ïåðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ, ðåêîíñòðóêöèè, ïðîñòîðà è êîìïëåêñíûå

ðóáêè, çàíèìàþùèå ïðîìåæóòî÷íîå ïîëîæåíèå

ìåæäó ðóáêàìè ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ðóáêàìè

óõîäà çà ëåñîì. Òàêèå ðóáêè íàïðàâëåíû íà ñâîåâðåìåííóþ âûðóáêó ôàóòíîé, ñïåëîé è ïåðåñòîéíîé äðåâåñèíû è îáåñïå÷åíèå ëåñîâîäñòâåííîãî óõîäà çà ìîëîäûìè ïîêîëåíèÿìè äðåâîñòîåâ. Íåîáõîäèìî ÷åòêî îïðåäåëèòü õàðàêòåðíûå óñëîâèÿ è îñîáåííîñòè íàñàæäåíèé äëÿ

íàçíà÷åíèÿ êàæäîãî èç ñïîñîáîâ ðóáîê. Äëÿ ýòîé

öåëè âñå ìíîãîîáðàçèå êåäðîâíèêîâ è èõ ïðîèçâîäíûõ äðåâîñòîåâ, ñ ó÷åòîì àðåàëà ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ è

ó÷àñòèÿ äåðåâüåâ êåäðà â ôîðìèðîâàíèè îñíîâíîãî

ïîëîãà íàñàæäåíèé, ìîæíî ïîäðàçäåëèòü íà ÷åòûðå

ãðóïïû, îïðåäåëÿþùèå îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ

õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â íèõ: êîðåííûå (ìîäàëüíûå), ïðîèçâîäíûå (ïîòåíöèàëüíûå), ìàëîöåííûå (íîìèíàëüíûå) è èñêóññòâåííûå êåäðîâíèêè. Âûøåíàçâàííûå ñïîñîáû ðóáîê âïîëíå âïèñûâàþòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåííîå äåëåíèå ÊØË íà ãðóïïû

è ïðè øèðîêîì âíåäðåíèè èõ â ïðîèçâîäñòâî ñìîãóò

îáåñïå÷èòü ïîâûøåíèå êîìïëåêñíîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè íàñàæäåíèé è âîññòàíîâëåíèå êåäðîâîé ôîðìàöèè â öåëîì.
- 217 -

Íîâûå àñïåêòû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ëèìîííèêà êèòàéñêîãî

Ð.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà, Þ.Ã. Òàãèëüöåâ, Â.À. Öþïêî,

Â.È.Ìèõàéëîâ, Â.Å.Ìûñèí

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà;

âîåííî-ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ñëóæáà ÔÑÁ ïî Õàáàðîâñêîìó êðàþ; Êðàåâîé öåíòð ïñèõè÷åñêîãî

çäîðîâüÿ; ÀÎ Ïðîìîõîòà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ëèìîííèê êèòàéñêèé ÿâëÿåòñÿ öåííûì ðàñòåíèåì

äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ öåëîãî ðÿäà áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ

âåùåñòâ, îáëàäàþùèõ õîðîøèì òåðàïåâòè÷åñêèì

ýôôåêòîì, ñòèìóëèðóþùèì è òîíèçèðóþùèì

äåéñòâèåì. Ýòîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ ïîñâÿùåíû

ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïóáëèêàöèè. Â ÿãîäàõ ëèìîííèêà

ñîäåðæàòñÿ ñàõàðèñòûå âåùåñòâà, ëèìîííàÿ,

àñêîðáèíîâàÿ è âèííàÿ êèñëîòû, ïåêòèíû, ñõèçàíäðèí, óãëåâîäû, ãëèêîçèäû, àëêàëîèäû è äð. ×òî

êàñàåòñÿ ýôèðíûõ ìàñåë, òî îíè èçó÷åíû ÿâíî

íåäîñòàòî÷íî, à ïî âîäîìàñëÿíûì ïðîäóêòàì (ôëîðåíòèííûì âîäàì) äàííûå â ëèòåðàòóðå îòñóòñòâóþò.

Ñ 1991 ã. íàìè âåäóòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ýôèðíûì

ìàñëàì è ôëîðåíòèííîé âîäå èç ëèàí, ñåìÿí,

ïîáî÷íûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ñîêà ëèìîííèêà.

Ðàçðàáîòàíà òåõíîëîãèÿ èçâëå÷åíèÿ óêàçàííûõ

ïðîäóêòîâ, èçó÷åíû âûõîä, ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå

õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, õðîìàòîãðàôè÷åñêèì ìåòîäîì â ìàñëå ýôèðíîì ëèìîííèêîâîì îáíàðóæåíî 130 êîìïîíåíòîâ.

Íà ýòî ìàñëî ðàçðàáîòàíû òåõíè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ, â

êîòîðûå âîøëè ñëåäóþùèå íîðìèðóåìûå ôèçèêîõèìè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè: ïëîòíîñòü, êèñëîòíîå

÷èñëî, ýôèðû, ïîêàçàòåëü ïðåëîìëåíèÿ, ïåóöåäàíèí, ñïèðòû.

Âïåðâûå èññëåäîâàíà ëèìîííèêîâàÿ ôëîðåíòèííàÿ âîäà. Íà ýòîò ïðîäóêò òàêæå ðàçðàáîòàíû

òåõíè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ, âêëþ÷àþùèå ñëåäóþùèå

ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè: ïëîòíîñòü,

êèñëîòíîå ÷èñëî, âîäîðîäíûé ïîêàçàòåëü, êèñëîòà

àñêîðáèíîâàÿ, êàðîòèíîèäû, êóìàðèíû.

Òåõíè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ íà ëèìîííèêîâûå ïðîäóêòû

çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â îðãàíàõ ñòàíäàðòèçàöèè, ÷òî

äàåò îñíîâàíèå íà îðãàíèçàöèþ ïðîìûøëåííîãî

ïðîèçâîäñòâà è âíåäðåíèÿ â íàðîäíîå õîçÿéñòâî

ýòèõ ïðîäóêòîâ.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ìåäèöèíñêèìè ó÷ðåæäåíèÿìè

âåäóòñÿ êëèíè÷åñêèå èñïûòàíèÿ ìàñëà ýôèðíîãî

ëèìîííèêîâîãî è âîäû ôëîðåíòèííîé ëèìîííèêîâîé, â êà÷åñòâå ñòèìóëèðóþùèõ è òîíèçèðóþùèõ ñðåäñòâ. Âîçìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå íîâûõ

áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ âåùåñòâ â ñòîìàòîëîãè-

÷åñêîé ïðàêòèêå è ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè.

Âûâîç ïðîäóêòîâ êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâíà ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðûíîê

Ò.È. Êîëîñîâà, Ë.Ã. Êîíäðàøîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà èìåþò ïðèíöèïèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëÿÿ ñîáîé ìîùíåéøèé ïðèðîäíîêëèìàòè÷åñêèé ïîòåíöèàë ñ îãðîìíûì íàðîäíîõîçÿéñòâåííûì çíà÷åíèåì.

Îáùåïðèçíàííàÿ öåííîñòü êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ïðèâåëà

ê èíòåíñèâíîìó åãî âîâëå÷åíèþ â íàðîäíîõîçÿéñòâåííûé îáîðîò. Ïðè ñóùåñòâîâàâøåì è

ñóùåñòâóþùåì î÷àãîâîì èçúÿòèè íàèáîëåå öåííûõ

ðåñóðñîâ, øèðîêîìàñøòàáíàÿ âûðóáêà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî ïîâëåêëà çà ñîáîé ïîäðûâ åãî çàïàñîâ

ïðàêòè÷åñêè âî âñåõ ìåñòàõ ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ íà

Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå. Â ðåçóëüòàòå áûëî ïðèíÿòî

ðåøåíèå î ïîëíîì çàïðåòå ðóáîê ýòîé ïîðîäû, ÷òî

ñåðüåçíî èçìåíèëî êàðòèíó ýêñïëóàòàöèè êåäðîâíèêîâ. Ê íåãàòèâíûì ìîìåíòàì ìîæíî îòíåñòè

áûñòðîå íàêîïëåíèå ïåðåñòîéíûõ è ôàóòíûõ

íàñàæäåíèé, íàðóøåíèå ðàöèîíàëüíîñòè è îïòèìàëüíîñòè â èñïîëüçîâàíèè äðåâîñòîåâ.

Ïðè ðåòðîñïåêòèâíîì àíàëèçå âûÿâëÿåòñÿ òåñíàÿ

êîððåëÿöèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ðåñóðñîâ êåäðà ñ

ýêîíîìè÷åñêèì îñâîåíèåì è ðàçâèòèåì Äàëüíåãî

Âîñòîêà, âêëþ÷àÿ íà÷àëüíûé, òåíåâîé ïåðèîä

íåêîíòðîëèðóåìîãî èçúÿòèÿ è ìîùíûé ñêà÷îê ïðè

íàðàùèâàíèè æåëåçíîäîðîæíîãî è ïðîìûøëåííîãî

ñòðîèòåëüñòâà, à òàêæå ïîìåùåíèÿ â ýêñïîðòíûå

ïëàíû. Èç-çà ñèãíàëîâ î ïåðåðóáå ðàñ÷åòíîé

ëåñîñåêè êåäðà óæå â 1948 ãîäó ïîÿâèëèñü ïóáëèêàöèè, ïðèçûâàâøèå ê ñîõðàíåíèþ è áåðåæíîìó

îòíîøåíèþ ê êåäðîâûì ëåñàì.

Êàê èçâåñòíî, ïðîìûøëåííîå îñâîåíèå ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà â 1930-å ãîäû íà÷àëîñü èìåííî ñ

êåäðîâ-íèêîâ (äî 1930-õ ãîäîâ çàãîòîâêà êåäðîâîé

äðåâåñèíû áûëà íåçíà÷èòåëüíîé, áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå
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è çíà÷åíèå ïðèäàâàëîñü ïðîìûñëàì: ñáîðó îðåõîâ è

ëåêàðñòâåííîãî ñûðüÿ, çàãîòîâêå ïóøíèíû) è

ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ ïîñëåäíèå ÿâëÿëèñü

îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ëåñîçàãîòîâîê, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî

êîìïëåêñíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ðåñóðñîâ ñìåíèëîñü

èñòîùèòåëüíûì ëåñîýêñïëóàòàöèîííûì. Â ðåçóëüòàòå, ââåäåíèå áîëåå æåñòêèõ ïðàâèë ðóáîê â ëåñàõ

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è äàæå ïîëíîãî çàïðåòà ðóáêè

êåäðà ïðèâåëî ê ðàäèêàëüíîìó ñîêðàùåíèþ îáúåìîâ

çàãîòîâêè äðåâåñèíû ýòîé öåííåéøåé ïîðîäû.

Ãîäàìè ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ýêñïîðòà êåäðà îêàçàëèñü

1973 è 1977, êîãäà áûëî ýêñïîðòèðîâàíî áîëåå 1

ìëí.êóáîìåòðîâ â êàæäîì èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïåðèîäîâ,

â òîì ÷èñëå. ïèëîâî÷íèêà, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 866 è 860

òûñ.êóáîìåòðîâ. Ñ 1978 ã. äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàëàñü óñòîé÷èâàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ ýêñïîðòíûõ ïîñòàâîê ïðè åæåãîäíîì óìåíüøåíèè íà 100-200

òûñ.êóáîìåòðîâ. Çà ïîñëåäíèå äâà äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ðîëü

êåäðà â âûâîçå çà ïðåäåëû ñòðàíû ñòàëà ïàäàòü

çíà÷èòåëüíî. Åñëè â ñåìèäåñÿòûå ãîäû íà äîëþ

êåäðà ïðèõîäèëîñü 15-17% â ïîñòàâêàõ ïèëîâî÷íèêà,

òî â âîñüìèäåñÿòûå ãîäû ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü ñîñòàâëÿë

óæå 9%, à â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âñåãî ëèøü  3,5%.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå îãðàíè÷åíèé ïî âûðóáêå êåäðà ñ 1985

ã. ïîñòàâêè íà ýêñïîðò â îñíîâíîì îñóùåñòâëÿåò

Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé, â òî âðåìÿ êàê Õàáàðîâñêèé êðàé

ïðåêðàòèë âûâîç äðåâåñèíû êåäðà çà ðóáåæ ñ êîíöà

1980-õ ãîäîâ.

Â òî æå âðåìÿ íà âíåøíåì ðûíêå ñïðîñ íà ýòîò

ñîðòèìåíò ïðîäîëæàåò îñòàâàòüñÿ î÷åíü àêòèâíûì

ïðè çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëåå âûñîêèõ öåíàõ, îòðàæàþùèõ

ïîòðåáèòåëüñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ýòîãî òîâàðà.

Îñíîâíûì ïîòðåáèòåëåì îñòàåòñÿ ßïîíèÿ ïðè ðîñòå

ïîòåíöèàëà òàêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, êàê Ðåñïóáëèêà Êîðåÿ

è Êèòàé.

Ñåãîäíÿ îáúåì ýêñïîðòà êåäðà ñîñòàâëÿåò íè÷òîæíî

ìàëóþ äîëþ îò ïîòåíöèàëüíûõ âîçìîæíîñòåé

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, ÷òî áëàãîïðèÿòñòâóåò âûòåñíåíèþ

Ðîññèè ñ âíåøíåãî ðûíêà ýòîãî òîâàðà. Â òî æå âðåìÿ,

åñëè èñõîäèòü èç çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòè ðåãèîíà è

èìïîðòåðîâ â ðàçâèòèè óñòîé÷èâûõ ñâÿçåé, îáúåì

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîãî âûâîçà äîëæåí áûòü ïåðåñìîòðåí

â ñòîðîíó óâåëè÷åíèÿ.

Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðîáëåìû âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ è ïóòè èõ ðåøåíèÿ

Ä.Ñ. Ìàëîêâàñîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà (ÊØË)  ýêîíîìè÷åñêè íàèáîëåå äîñòóïíàÿ ëåñíàÿ ôîðìàöèÿ â

ðåãèîíå. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýòè ëåñà ñèëüíî íàðóøåíû è èçìåíåíû ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè è

ïîæàðàìè. Îäíàêî, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü íîâîå

óñèëåíèå ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ çäåñü â áëèæàéøåé

ïåðñïåêòèâå. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå â

àðåàëå ÊØË íóæäàåòñÿ â ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè è ñóùåñòâåííîé êîððåêòèðîâêå. Äëÿ ýòîãî òðåáóåòñÿ ðåøåíèå

ðÿäà íàó÷íûõ è íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì. Ñðåäè

íèõ: (1) äàëüíåéøåå ðàçâèòèå òåîðèè ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî ïðîöåññà; ýêîëîãèçàöèÿ ëåñîâîäñòâà

è ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíîå

ïðîåêòèðîâàíèå; ñîõðàíåíèå ýêîñèñòåìíîé óñòîé-

÷èâîñòè ÊØË; (2) ñîçäàíèå âûñîêîýôôåêòèâíîé

ñèñòåìû îõðàíû ëåñîâ îò ïîæàðîâ; âîññòàíîâëåíèå

êîðåííûõ ëåñîâ; èíòåíñèôèêàöèÿ ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèÿ;

ïîâûøåíèå ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè ëåñíûõ ïëîùàäåé; è ò.ä.

Íàèáîëåå áûñòðîå è êîíñòðóêòèâíîå ðåøåíèå ïåðå-

÷èñëåííûõ ïðîáëåì äîñòèãàåòñÿ, íà íàø âçãëÿä,

ïóòåì ðåàëèçàöèè íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî ïðîåêòà (ÍÈÏà), â îñíîâå êîòîðîãî ëåæèò öåëîñòíàÿ, ýêîëîãè÷åñêè îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ ìåòîäîëîãèÿ îáúåêòà è

ïðåäìåòà ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Â äîêëàäå èçëàãàåòñÿ ñóòü òàêîãî ÍÈÏà, åãî ñîäåðæàíèå:

 òåîðåòè÷åñêèé ýñêèç ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëüíîãî

ïðîöåññà (ðåàëèçîâàíû ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå ïðèíöèïû

ñèñòåìíîãî ïîäõîäà ê îñíîâíûì óðîâíÿì îðãàíèçàöèè ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè: îñîáü, ïîïóëÿöèÿ, ñîîáùåñòâî);

 ïðèíöèïû ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî ðàéîíèðîâàíèÿ è

ñèñòåìà óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñíûì õîçÿéñòâîì;

 ïðèíöèïèàëüíàÿ ñõåìà äèôôåðåíöèàöèè ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ñèñòåì;

 öåëåâûå ñèñòåìû ëåñîâîäñòâà, âêëþ÷àþùèå

ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèå, ëåñîâûðàùèâàíèå, ëåñîâîññòàíîâëåíèå è îõðàíó ëåñîâ îò ïîæàðîâ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèÿ ëåñîâ;

 êîíöåïöèÿ è ìåõàíèçì ìîíèòîðèíãà ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî

ñîñòîÿíèÿ ÊØË.

Äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ÍÈÏà ðàçðàáîòàíî áîëåå 10

ìåòîäèê, â òîì ÷èñëå, ìåòîäèêà ëåñîóñòðîèòåëüíîãî

ïðîåêòèðîâàíèÿ, ìåòîäèêà âûñîêîòî÷íîãî äîëãîñðî÷íîãî ìåòåîïðîãíîçèðîâàíèÿ äëÿ öåëåé ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà è äð.
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Ëåñîâîäñòâåííûå ñâîéñòâà è ïóòè õîçÿéñòâåííîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìåëêîïëîäíèêà îëüõîëèñòíîãî

Á.Â. Ïîïêîâ

Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðåñóðñû áðóñíèêè â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå

À.À. Íå÷àåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Áðóñíèêà  öåííîå ïèùåâîå è ëåêàðñòâåííîå ðàñòåíèå. Â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå ñîñðåäîòî÷åíî ñâûøå

ïîëîâèíû âñåõ åå çàïàñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà. Â

îáúåìå ÿãîäíûõ çàãîòîâîê êðàÿ îíà ñîñòàâëÿåò 80-

90%.

Â óñëîâèÿõ êðàÿ áðóñíèêà öâåòåò ñ íà÷àëà è äî

êîíöà èþíÿ. Ïëîäû íà÷èíàþò ñîçðåâàòü â êîíöå

àâãóñòà. Ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü ïåðèîäà îò íà÷àëà

ìàññîâîãî çàöâåòàíèÿ äî íà÷àëà ìàññîâîãî ñîçðåâàíèÿ ÿãîä êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 70 äî 80 äíåé. Ñðåäíåìíîãîëåòíÿÿ äàòà íàñòóïëåíèÿ íà÷àëà ìàññîâîãî

ñîçðåâàíèÿ ÿãîä ïðèõîäèòñÿ íà íà÷àëî ñåíòÿáðÿ.

Áðóñíè÷íèêè Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãðóïïå

ÿãîäíèêîâ ñ óñòîé÷èâûì ïëîäîíîøåíèåì è îòíîñèòåëüíî ÷àñòûìè õîðîøèìè è îáèëüíûìè óðîæàÿìè.

Îáû÷íî, ãîäû ìàêñèìàëüíîãî (îáèëüíîãî) ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ ÷åðåäóþòñÿ ñ ãîäàìè ñðåäíåãî èëè ìèíèìàëüíîãî (ñëàáîãî) ïëîäîíîøåíèÿ. Íåóðîæàéíûõ

ëåò ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå áûâàåò. Â òå÷åíèå 10 ëåò îòìå-

÷àþòñÿ 7-8 ëåò ñ ïðîìûñëîâûìè óðîæàÿìè ÿãîä.

Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ óðîæàéíîñòü ÿãîä â ïðîäóêòèâíûõ

áðóñíè÷íèêàõ â ñðåäíåì ñîñòàâëÿåò 1000-2000 êã/

ãà, à â îòäåëüíûõ ïÿòíàõ  3000-8000 êã/ãà. Ñðåäíÿÿ

è ìèíèìàëüíàÿ óðîæàéíîñòü ìåíüøå ìàêñèìàëüíîé

ñîîòâåòñòâåííî â 2-3 è 5-10 ðàç. Áèîëîãè÷åñêèé çàïàñ ÿãîä áðóñíèêè â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå íà ÿãîäîíîñíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ îðèåíòèðîâî÷íî îöåíèâàåòñÿ â

300 òûñ.ò, ñðåäíåãîäîâîé ôàêòè÷åñêèé ñáîð åå

ñîñòàâëÿåò 4 òûñ.ò; ñòåïåíü îñâîåíèÿ îò âîçìîæíîãî

çàïàñà íà îòíîñèòåëüíî äîñòóïíîé äëÿ îñâîåíèÿ

÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 11%. Îñíîâíûå ðàéîíû Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ, äîñòóïíûå äëÿ ïðîìûøëåííûõ çàãîòîâîê ÿãîä áðóñíèêè  Âåðõíåáóðåèíñêèé, Âàíèíñêèé, Ñîâåòñêî-Ãàâàíñêèé, Íèêîëàåâñêèé, Óëü÷ñêèé, Êîìñîìîëüñêèé.

Óðîæàéíîñòü íàäçåìíîé ôèòîìàññû ãóñòûõ çàðîñëåé áðóñíèêè â ïðîäóêòèâíûõ áðóñíè÷íèêàõ äîñòèãàåò 1500-4000 êã/ãà (àáñîëþòíî ñóõîé ìàññû), ïðè

äîëå ëèñòüåâ 60-70% è ïðîåêòèâíîì ïîêðûòèè 40-

80%. Ãóñòîòà çàðîñëåé îò 500 äî 1000 (1500) øò./

ì2. Âûõîä âîçäóøíî-ñóõîé ìàññû ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 55

äî 68% â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ãðóïï è òèïîâ áðóñíè÷-

íèêîâ, ôåíîôàçû ðàçâèòèÿ, ñåçîíà âåãåòàöèè. Áèîëîãè÷åñêèé çàïàñ íàäçåìíîé ôèòîìàññû áðóñíèêè

â Õàáàðîâñêîì êðàå íà ÿãîäîíîñíûõ ïëîùàäÿõ îðèåíòèðîâî÷íî îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 500-600 òûñ.ò (ñûðîé

ìàññû), ñðåäíåãîäîâîé ôàêòè÷åñêèé ñáîð ñûðüÿ

ñîñòàâëÿåò 2 ò (âîçäóøíî-ñóõîé ìàññû), ñòåïåíü

îñâîåíèÿ îò âîçìîæíîãî çàïàñà íà îòíîñèòåëüíî

äîñòóïíîé äëÿ îñâîåíèÿ ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèè ñîñòàâëÿåò âñåãî ëèøü 0,03%.

Ìåëêîïëîäíèê îëüõîëèñòíûé  îäèí èç òèïè÷íûõ

ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé òóðãàéñêèõ ãðàáèííèêîâ  â ñèëó

ñâîåé òåðìîôèëüíîñòè íå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñåâåðíåå

45° ñ.ø. Îí âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ ñìåøàííûõ õâîéíîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ, ïîäíèìàÿñü â ãîðû äî

800 ì íàä óð.ì. Â çîíå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ìåëêîïëîäíèê ïðîèçðàñòàåò â ñóõèõ, ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñóõèõ, ñâåæèõ è âëàæíûõ òèïàõ ëåñà, à òàêæå â ïðîèçâîäíûõ îò íèõ äóáîâûõ, êëåíîâûõ è ëèïîâûõ ôèòîöåíîçàõ, ïðèñóòñòâóÿ

âî âòîðîì è òðåòüåì ÿðóñàõ äðåâîñòîåâ. Íà ñåâåðå

àðåàëà íåðåäêî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ïåðåõîäíûõ åëîâîêåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, çàíèìàþùèõ

ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïîêàòûå ñêëîíû ñåâåðíûõ ýêñïîçèöèé íà âûñîòå 200-500 ì íàä óð.ì.

ßâëÿÿñü ïëîäîâûì ðàñòåíèåì, îáëàäàþùèì çíà÷èòåëüíîé ìîðîçîóñòîé÷èâîñòüþ, ìåëêîïëîäíèê çàñëóæèâàåò âíèìàíèÿ ñî ñòîðîíû ñåëåêöèîíåðîâ, êàê

ïîäâîé äëÿ ñåìå÷êîâûõ ïîðîä. Ìåëêîïëîäíèê 

õîðîøèé ìåäîíîñ, îáëàäàåò âåëèêîëåïíîé äðåâåñèíîé, ïðèãîäíîé äëÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà êàíöåëÿðñêèõ

ïðèíàäëåæíîñòåé, ñòîëÿðíî-òîêàðíûõ èçäåëèé.

Ðàñòåíèå âåñüìà äåêîðàòèâíî, òåðïèìî ê çàãðÿçíåíèþ ïî÷âû è àòìîñôåðû, ÷òî äåëàåò åãî ïåðñïåêòèâíûì äëÿ çåëåíîãî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà. Êàê

ðåäêèé âèä, ñ óçêèì àðåàëîì è åäèíè÷íûì ó÷àñòèåì

â ñîñòàâå äðåâîñòîåâ, ìåëêîïëîäíèê îëüõîëèñòíûé

íóæäàåòñÿ â îõðàíå, ïåðñïåêòèâåí äëÿ øèðîêîãî

èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êóëüòóðå è ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ìàëîöåííûõ ìîëîäíÿêîâ.
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Êîìïëåêñíûå õîçÿéñòâà êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ

ëåñîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Ã.È. Ñóõîìèðîâ

Èíñòèòóò ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé

ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðàöèîíàëüíûå òåõíîëîãèè ðóáîê óõîäà â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Ý.À. Ñâå÷êîâà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Ðàöèîíàëüíàÿ òåõíîëîãèÿ ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò 

âàæíåéøèé ýëåìåíò, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèé âûïîëíåíèå

ñïîñîáà ðóáîê â öåëîì. Óïîðÿäî÷åííîå ïåðåäâèæåíèå òåõíèêè â ëåñó îïðåäåëÿåò ñòåïåíü

ñîõðàíåíèÿ äåðåâüåâ è ïîäðîñòà íà ëåñîñåêå, âåëè-

÷èíó ïîâðåæäåíèé ïî÷âåííîãî ïîêðîâà, íàðóøåíèå

ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà òåððèòîðèè è äðóãèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ëåñíîé ñðåäû, êîìïåíñèðîâàòü êîòîðûå

â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ íåâîçìîæíî.

Ìíîãîëåòíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà, íàïðàâëåííûå

íà ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå òåõíîëîãèé ðóáîê óõîäà ñ

èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ñîâðåìåííûõ ëåñîñå÷íûõ ìàøèí

è ìåõàíèçìîâ, ïîçâîëèëè ðàçðàáîòàòü âûñîêîýôôåêòèâíûå òåõíîëîãèè ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò äëÿ

ðàçëè÷íûõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé è ñïîñîáîâ

ðóáîê.

Ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ðóáîê îáíîâëåíèÿ, ïåðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è êîìïëåêñíûõ ðåêîìåíäîâàíû òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå ñõåìû ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò íà áàçå

êîëåñíûõ ìíîãîîïåðàöèîííûõ ìàøèí Õàðâåñòåð

è Ôîðâàðäåð, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ âûñîêóþ ñîõðàííîñòü ïîäðîñòà  76-85%; ìèíèìàëüíûå ïîâðåæäåíèÿ îñòàâëÿåìûõ íà êîðíþ äåðåâüåâ  4-6%;

íåçíà÷èòåëüíóþ ìèíåðàëèçàöèþ ïî÷âû  2-9% è â

öåëîì ñîõðàíåíèå ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé.

Òåõíîëîãèÿ ðóáîê óõîäà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì øâåäñêîãî ïðîöåññîðà ÍÈÀÁ öåëåñîîáðàçíà íà

ïðîõîäíûõ ðóáêàõ â ïðèñïåâàþùèõ äðåâîñòîÿõ è â

ïðîèçâîäíûõ êåäðîâíèêàõ, â íàñàæäåíèÿõ ñî

ñðåäíèì äèàìåòðîì âûðóáàåìûõ äåðåâüåâ äî 25

ñì. Êâàëèôèöèðîâàííîå ïðèìåíåíèå ýòîé òåõíîëîãèè èñêëþ÷àåò îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ ðóáêè

ëåñà, îáåñïå÷èâàåò âûïîëíåíèå âñåõ ëåñîâîäñòâåííûõ òðåáîâàíèé ê òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèì ïðîöåññàì

ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò.

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìèíè-òðàêòîðîâ íà ðóáêàõ óõîäà

ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ ïðè ïðîðåæèâàíèÿõ è êîìïëåêñíûõ

ðóáêàõ â ëåñàõ ðàçëè÷íûõ çàùèòíûõ êàòåãîðèé ñ

ïîâûøåííûìè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèìè òðåáîâàíèÿìè ê

ñîõðàíåíèþ ëåñíîé ñðåäû. Äëÿ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ìèíèòðåëåâî÷íèêîâ íå òðåáóåòñÿ ïðîêëàäêà ïàñå÷íûõ

âîëîêîâ, òðåëåâêà ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ èçâèëèñòûìè

õîäàìè ìåæäó äåðåâüÿìè â ìåñòàõ ñâîáîäíûõ îò

ïîäðîñòà. Ïîâðåæäåíèÿ äðåâîñòîÿ, ïîäðîñòà,

ïîâåðõíîñòè ïî÷âû ïðè ðàáîòå ìèíè-òðàêòîðà

ìèíèìàëüíû.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà çíàìåíèòû áîëüøîé êîíöåíòðàöèåé ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ

ðåñóðñîâ  îðåõîâ, ÿãîä, ãðèáîâ, îâîùíûõ, ëåêàðñòâåííûõ, ìåäîíîñíûõ è òåõíè÷åñêèõ ðàñòåíèé,

ïóøíûõ è êîïûòíûõ çâåðåé, à òàêæå ðûáû (â ðåêàõ).

Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, çà ïîñëåäíèå 30-40 ëåò ýòè ðåñóðñû

èç-çà íåðàöèîíàëüíîãî, ïîðîé õèùíè÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ñîêðàòèëèñü. Ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ

ïðåæäå âñåãî ê êà÷åñòâó äðåâîñòîÿ, óðîæàþ îðåõîâ,

÷èñëåííîñòè ñîáîëÿ, áåëêè, ãèìàëàéñêîãî ìåäâåäÿ,

êàáàíà, èçþáðà, òèãðà, ðåñóðñàì ëèìîííèêà, âèíîãðàäà, æåíüøåíÿ, ýëåóòåðîêîêêà, ïàïîðîòíèêà

îðëÿêà è ðÿäó äðóãèõ ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ. Ýòî

ñòàëî âîçìîæíûì â óñëîâèÿõ îáùåíàðîäíîé,

ïðàêòè÷åñêè íè÷åéíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè íà ïðèðîäíûå

ðåñóðñû, ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ óçêîâåäîìñòâåííîãî

ïîäõîäà è îáåçëè÷åííîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ èìè.

Áûëî ïðåäïðèíÿòî íåñêîëüêî ïîïûòîê óïîðÿäî÷åíèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýòèõ ðåñóðñîâ (ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå Ïðàâèë ðóáîê â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, âûäåëåíèå îðåõî-ïðîìûñëîâûõ

çîí, îðãàíèçàöèÿ êîîïåðàòèâíûõ, çàòåì ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ïðîìõîçîâ, çàãîòîâêà íåêîòîðûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ëåñõîçàìè è äð.), îäíàêî îùóòèìûõ ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè íå

ïîëó÷åíî.

Â 1990-å ãîäû, ñ ïðîâåäåíèåì ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ðåôîðìû, êîëè÷åñòâî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàòåëåé â äåñÿòêè, à â îòäåëüíûõ ìåñòàõ, äàæå â

ñîòíè ðàç óâåëè÷èëîñü, íî èõ êâàëèôèêàöèÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèçèëàñü. Â ñðåäó ïîëüçîâàòåëåé áèîëîãè-

÷åñêèìè ðåñóðñàìè ïðîíèêëè êðèìèíàëüíûå

ýëåìåíòû. Â óñëîâèÿõ íåñîâåðøåííîé ïðàâî-âîé

áàçû, ñëàáîé ñëóæáû îõðàíû ëåñîâ è îõîòíè÷üèõ
- 221 -

Áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûå âåùåñòâà

íåêîòîðûõ ëåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé

Þ.Ã. Òàãèëüöåâ, Ð.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà,

Í.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà, Ä.Â. Èçîòîâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Âîðîíåæñêèé ãîñóíèâåðñèòåò.

Âîðîíåæ. Ðîññèÿ.

æèâîòíûõ, èõ íåäîñòàòî÷íîãî ôèíàíñèðîâàíèÿ ýòî

ïðèâåëî ê ðåçêîìó óõóäøåíèþ îõðàíû è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, èõ ñîêðàùåíèþ.

Èñõîäÿ èç îïûòà è àíàëèçà îáñòàíîâêè ñ÷èòàþ, ÷òî

â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ íåîáõîäèìà îðãàíèçàöèÿ ñåòè ïðåäïðèÿòèé ïî êîìïëåêñíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ âñåõ èëè áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ

áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è ðàçâèòèþ â

íèõ ëåñíîãî è îõîòíè÷üåãî õîçÿéñòâà, âî ìíîãèõ

ñëó÷àÿõ, ï÷åëîâîäñòâà, ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî, îõîòíè-

÷üåãî è ðûáîëîâíîãî òóðèçìà. Ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ ìîãóò

áûòü ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðì ñîáñòâåííîñòè, íî äëÿ íèõ

êðàéíå âàæíî ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå îòíîøåíèé ñîáñòâåííîñòè íà ïðèðîäíûå ðåñóðñû è ïðèðîäíîãî

çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà.

Â äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîì ðåãèîíå ïðîèçðàñòàþò ñîòíè

ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ðàñòåíèé. Ìíîãèå èç íèõ ÿâëÿþòñÿ

óíèêàëüíûìè è íåçàìåíèìûìè èñòî÷íèêàìè ïîëó-

÷åíèÿ ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ ðàçëè÷íîé íàïðàâëåííîñòè äåéñòâèÿ: ñåðäå÷íî-ñîñóäèñòûõ,

ïðîòèâîâèðóñíûõ, ïðîòèâîîïóõîëåâûõ, ïðîòèâîëó÷åâûõ è äð. Îñîáî àêòóàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå ïðèîáðåòàþò èçó÷åíèå è èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýôèðíûõ ìàñåë è

ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ èì ïðîäóêòîâ. Ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ

ýôèðíûõ ìàñåë ìíîãèå äèêîðàñòóùèå äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûå ðàñòåíèÿ ïðåâîñõîäÿò èçâåñòíûå

ýôèðîíîñû.

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûì ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ïðîâîäÿòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî ðàçðàáîòêå òåõíîëîãèè

ïîëó÷åíèÿ è èçó÷åíèþ ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê è õèìè÷åñêîìó ñîñòàâó, ñôåðàì èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ âåùåñòâ (ýôèðíûõ

ìàñåë, âîäîìàñëÿíûõ ïðîäóêòîâ) èç ïèõòû áåëîêîðîé, åëè àÿíñêîé, îëüõè ñåðîé, ëèñòâåííèöû

äàóðñêîé, ðÿáèíû ñèáèðñêîé, áåðåçû ïëîñêîëèñòíîé, êàëèíû Ñàðæåíòà, áàãóëüíèêîâ áîëîòíîãî

è ïîäáåëà, ìîææåâåëüíèêà ñèáèðñêîãî è äð.

Êðîìå ýòîãî, íàìè èçó÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ãðóïïû

áèîëîãè÷åñêè àêòèâíûõ âåùåñòâ: êóìàðèíû, ôëàâîíîèäû, îáëàäàþùèå øèðîêèì ñïåêòðîì ôàðìàêîëîãè÷åñêîãî äåéñòâèÿ.

Ðàçðàáîòàíà íîðìàòèâíî-òåõíè÷åñêàÿ äîêóìåíòàöèÿ (òåõíè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ) íà ìàñëî ïèõòîâîå

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîå, ìàñëî ýôèðíîå íàòóðàëüíîå

åëîâî-ïèõòîâîå, ìàñëî ýôèðíîå íàòóðàëüíîå

áàãóëüíèêîâîå, ìàñëî ýôèðíîå íàòóðàëüíîå

ëèñòâåííè÷íîå, ìàñëî ýôèðíîå íàòóðàëüíîå

ìîææåâåëüíèêîâîå, âîäó ôëîðåíòèííóþ ìîææåâåëüíèêîâóþ è äð. Ñïîñîá ïîëó÷åíèÿ õâîéíûõ

ýôèðíûõ ìàñåë çàïàòåíòîâàí â 1992 ã. Âîäà

ôëîðåíòèííàÿ ïèõòîâàÿ çàïàòåíòîâàíà, êàê âåùåñòâî, îáëàäàþùåå ïðîòèâîâîñïàëèòåëüíûì, áèîñòèìóëèðóþùèì è îáùåóêðåïëÿþùèì äåéñòâèåì,

â 1993 ã. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ âåäåòñÿ ïîèñê ôëàâîíîèäîâ â îáåçìàñëÿíîé äðåâåñíîé çåëåíè ñ öåëüþ

áîëåå ãëóáîêîé ïåðåðàáîòêè ñûðüÿ.

Èññëåäóþòñÿ òàêæå ýêñòðàêòû ïî÷åê áåðåçû, ÷àãè,

ïëîäîâ ðÿáèíû, öâåòêîâ ïèæìû, ñîïëîäèé îëüõè,

ñîêîâ áåðåçû è äðóãèõ, â êîòîðûõ îáíàðóæåíû

êóìàðèíû.

Ìíîãîöåëåâîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ â

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Þ.Ã. Òàãèëüöåâ, Ð.Ä. Êîëåñíèêîâà, À.À. Íå÷àåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

çàíèìàþò ïëîùàäü îêîëî 3 ìëí.ãà. Áîãàòîå âèäîâîå

ðàçíîîáðàçèå ëåñîâ îòêðûâàåò øèðîêóþ ïåðñïåêòèâó ìíîãîöåëåâîãî ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â ò.÷. è

ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ.

Âàæíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ

ïîäñî÷êà êåäðà êîðåéñêîãî, ãðàíèöà çîíû îáÿçàòåëüíîé ïîäñî÷êè è òåõíîëîãèÿ çàãîòîâêè æèâèöû

êîòîðîãî ðàçðàáîòàíû â ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕ. Êåäð êîðåé--

ñêèé îáëàäàåò âûñîêîé ðåãåíåðàòèâíîé ñïîñîáíîñòüþ, ïîäòâåðæäåííîé èññëåäîâàíèÿìè, ÷òî

ïîçâîëÿåò ïðîâîäèòü ïðîìûøëåííóþ ïîäñî÷êó åãî

äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ öåííûõ íåçàìåíèìûõ ëåñîõèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîäóêòîâ. Ïåðñïåêòèâíîå ñûðüå äëÿ

ôàðìàöåâòè÷åñêîé, ïàðôþìåðíî-êîñìåòè÷åñêîé è

îïòè÷åñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòåé  ïèõòîâàÿ æèâèöà,

ðåàëüíàÿ âîçìîæíîñòü ñáîðà êîòîðîé â êåäðîâíèêàõ äîêàçàíà â Õàáàðîâñêîì è Ïðèìîðñêîì êðàÿõ.

Öåííûìè ïðîäóêòàìè ïîäñî÷íîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà
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Èíòåðàêòèâíîå ðàñïîçíàâàíèå êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé

ïî äàííûì àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîãî çîíäèðîâàíèÿ

Â.È. Õàìàðèí, À.Ó. Êàðìàçèí, Ã.È. Ãîëîâèí

Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ

ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. Òîìñê. Ðîññèÿ.

ÿâëÿþòñÿ æèâèöû ëèñòâåííèöû è åëè, à òàêæå ñîêè

èç áåðåç è êëåíîâ.

Ñóùåñòâåííûì ðåçåðâîì ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïåðåðàáîòêà äðåâåñíîé çåëåíè ïèõòû, åëè,

ëèñòâåííèöû, êåäðîâîãî ñòëàíèêà íà áèîëîãè÷åñêè

àêòèâíûå âåùåñòâà. Ðàçðàáîòàíû è çàïàòåíòîâàíû

òåõíîëîãèÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ, òåõíè÷åñêèå óñëîâèÿ íà

ýôèðíûå ìàñëà è ôëîðåíòèííóþ âîäó è îðãàíèçîâàíî èõ ïðîìûøëåííîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî.

Âàæíûì àñïåêòîì â ìíîãîöåëåâîì ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèè êåäðîâíèêîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå ïîëíîå âîâëå-

÷åíèå â õîçÿéñòâåííûé îáîðîò ïèùåâûõ, ëåêàðñòâåííûõ è òåõíè÷åñêèõ âèäîâ ðàñòåíèé. Ñðåäè íèõ

íàèáîëåå èçâåñòíû îðåõîïëîäíûå, ÿãîäíûå,

îâîùíûå, ëåêàðñòâåííûå, ìåäîíîñíûå, òåõíè-

÷åñêèå, ñúåäîáíûå ãðèáû. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ

çàãîòîâêè ìíîãèõ âèäîâ ÿãîäíûõ è ëåêàðñòâåííûõ

ðàñòåíèé ñîñòàâëÿþò íå áîëåå 1-3% îò èõ áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî óðîæàÿ.

Â ÄàëüÍÈÈËÕå ïðîâîäÿòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî

îñâîåíèþ íåäðåâåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ â êåäðîâíèêàõ è

ðàçðàáîòêå íîðìàòèâíî-òåõíè÷åñêîé äîêóìåíòàöèè

è ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî èõ íåèñòîùèòåëüíîìó è ðàöèîíàëüíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â êåäðîâíèêàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà,

äàæå ïðè çàïðåòå ðóáîê ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ,

âîçìîæíà îðãàíèçàöèÿ è ïðîâåäåíèå êîìïëåêñíîãî

íåèñòîùèòåëüíîãî ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ ñ öåëüþ óäîâëåòâîðåíèÿ ïîòðåáíîñòåé íàñåëåíèÿ â öåííûõ è

íåîáõîäèìûõ ïðîäóêòàõ ëåñà.

Â Èíñòèòóòå ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ

ÐÀÍ ñîçäàåòñÿ ãåîèíôîðìàöèîííàÿ ñèñòåìà äëÿ

îáðàáîòêè äàííûõ àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîãî çîíäèðîâàíèÿ

ïîäñòèëàþùåé ïîâåðõíîñòè ñ öåëüþ êàðòîãðàôèðîâàíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ Çàïàäíîé

Ñèáèðè è îöåíêè èõ ñîñòîÿíèÿ, â òîì ÷èñëå

êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé.

Â êà÷åñòâå èñõîäíîé èíôîðìàöèè â îñíîâíîì

èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äàííûå îïåðàòèâíîé ñïóòíèêîâîé

ñèñòåìû ÐÅÑÓÐÑ-01(03), àýðîñíèìêè è êîñìîñíèìêè äðóãèõ ñèñòåì íàáëþäåíèé, à òàêæå ìíîãîëåòíèå äàííûå íàçåìíûõ ýêñïåäèöèé.

Îáðàáîòêà àýðîêîñìè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèè îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ ïàêåòîâ

ïðîãðàìì ERDAS, Paintbrush è ñîáñòâåííûõ ðàçðàáîòîê, âêëþ÷àþùèõ ðåøåíèå ñëåäóþùèõ çàäà÷:

 ââîä äàííûõ ïîñðåäñòâîì äèãèòàéçåðà, ñêàíåðà,

ñòðèììåðà;

 ÷òåíèå è ñèíòåçèðîâàíèå ìíîãîêàíàëüíûõ

èçìåðåíèé;

 ïðèâÿçêó ñíèìêà ê êàðòå;

 ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå èç ðàñòðîâîé â âåêòîðíóþ ôîðìó

è îáðàòíî;

 ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå âåêòîðíûõ êàðò;

 ôèëüòðàöèþ è ïðåïàðàöèþ èçîáðàæåíèé;

 êëàññèôèêàöèþ è êëàñòåðèçàöèþ èçîáðàæåíèé;

 âû÷èñëåíèå èíäåêñîâ è äðóãèå àëãåáðàè÷åñêèå

îïåðàöèè;

 îðãàíèçàöèþ ðàñòðîâîé áàçû èçîáðàæåíèé è

ðàáîòû ñ íåé.

Ýòè ïðîãðàììû áûëè èñïîëüçîâàíû äëÿ îáðàáîòêè

êîñìè÷åñêîé èíôîðìàöèè àïïàðàòóðû ÌÑÓ-Ý

ñèñòåìû ÐÅÑÓÐÑ-01(03) ñ öåëüþ ðàñïîçíàâàíèÿ

ëåñîòàêñàöèîííûõ âûäåëîâ.

Âèçóàëüíûé àíàëèç ÷åðíî-áåëûõ ñíèìêîâ àïïàðàòóðû ÌÑÓ-Ý ïîêàçàë, ÷òî êåäðîâûå âûäåëû èìåþò

ñðàâíèòåëüíî ðîâíûé òåìíûé ôîí ñ ðåçêèìè ãðàíèöàìè. Îäíàêî, óñïåøíîñòü èäåíòèôèêàöèè òèïà ïîðîä, â òîì ÷èñëå è êåäðîâûõ, âî ìíîãîì çàâèñèò îò

àïðèîðíûõ äàííûõ, â êà÷åñòâå êîòîðûõ, êàê ïðàâèëî, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äàííûå ïðåäûäóùåé íàçåìíîé

òàêñàöèè.

Â íàñòîÿùåì äîêëàäå ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìíîãîñïåêòðàëüíûõ èçìåðåíèé àïïàðàòóðû ÌÑÓ-Ý äëÿ èäåíòèôèêàöèè êåäðîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé íà ÏÝÂÌ, ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì

ìåòîäîâ êëàñòåðíîãî àíàëèçà è êëàññèôèêàöèè ñ

ó÷èòåëåì. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò íàø îïûò, öèôðîâûå

èçìåðåíèÿ àïïàðàòóðû ÌÑÓ-Ý äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî

îòðàæàþò êåäðîâûå âûäåëû è ìîãóò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíû äëÿ èõ êàðòîãðàôèðîâàíèÿ â Ì 1:50000.
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Íåêîòîðûå âîïðîñû îõîòíè÷üåãî ñîáàêîâîäñòâà

â çîíå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ

Â.Í. Öûáóêîâ

Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ

àêàäåìèÿ. Óññóðèéñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Êîìïëåêñíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ òðóäíî ïðåäñòàâèòü áåç îõîòû.

Åå ïðîäóêöèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâîé ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ

ðÿäà êîðåííûõ íàðîäíîñòåé Ïðèìîðüÿ è Ïðèàìóðüÿ

è çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòè ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ. Äîáû÷à

äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, òàêèõ âàæíûõ âèäîâ,

êàê êàáàí, ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ, êàê ïðàâèëî, ñ ïîìîùüþ

ñîáàê. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîñòîÿíèå

îõîòíè÷üåãî ñîáàêîâîäñòâà â ðåãèîíå îñòàâëÿåò

æåëàòü ëó÷øåãî.

Ïðåæäå âñåãî ýòî ñâÿçàíî ñ óõóäøåíèåì æèçíè

áîëüøèíñòâà âëàäåëüöåâ îõîòíè÷üèõ ñîáàê, ôèíàíñîâûìè çàòðóäíåíèÿìè îáùåñòâ îõîòíèêîâ è

ðûáîëîâîâ, ðàçâàëîì ñèñòåìû ãîñïðîìõîçîâ è

êîîïçâåðîïðîìõîçîâ, çàêðûòèåì ïèòîìíèêîâ, çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ïëåìåííîé ðàáîòîé.

Â ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè âìåñòî ïîðîäèñòûõ ñîáàê âñå

áîëåå øèðîêîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîëó÷àþò ïîëüçîâàòåëüíûå ïîìåñè, à â ãîðîäàõ çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ äîëÿ

îõîòíè÷üèõ ñîáàê èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ïðàêòèêè (âñëåäñòâèå ìíîãîêðàòíîãî óäîðîæàíèÿ ïðîöåññà îõîòû)

ïðåâðàòèëàñü â ðàçðÿä äèâàííûõ. Çíà÷èòåëüíî

ñîêðàòèëîñü ïîãîëîâüå ïîðîä, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ

äëÿ ñïîðòèâíîé îõîòû (ëåãàâûå, ñïàíèåëè). Ìíîãî

ïîðîäèñòûõ ñîáàê ãèáíåò îò èíôåêöèîííûõ áîëåçíåé, â ÷àñòíîñòè, èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ äîðîãîñòîÿùèõ

ïðîôèëàêòè÷åñêèõ ïðèâèâîê. Ïðè ïðîäîëæåíèè

òàêîé òåíäåíöèè îõîòíè÷üåìó ñîáàêîâîäñòâó ðåãèîíà áóäåò íàíåñåí òðóäíîâîñïîëíèìûé óùåðá.

Â ñâÿçè ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì íà ëåñîõîçÿéñòâåííîì ôàêóëüòåòå ÏÃÑÕÀ ñïåöèàëèçàöèè Ëåñîâîä-îõîòîâåä ñ 1995 ã. çäåñü ÷èòàåòñÿ äèñöèïëèíà Îõîòíè÷üÿ êèíîëîãèÿ. Ëåñîâîäû-îõîòîâåäû, êîòîðûå

áóäóò æèòü è ðàáîòàòü â ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè, ñìîãóò

äàâàòü êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûå ñîâåòû ïî âûáîðó

îõîòíè÷üèõ ñîáàê, èõ îòáîðó äëÿ ïëåìåííîãî ðàçâåäåíèÿ, ïîäáîðó ïàð äëÿ âÿçêè, ñîäåðæàíèþ,

äðåññèðîâêå, ïîäãîòîâêå ê îõîòå. Â íåîáõîäèìûõ

ñëó÷àÿõ îíè ñìîãóò îêàçàòü ïîìîùü ïðè îöåíêå

ñîáàê íà èñïûòàíèÿõ, âûñòàâêàõ è âûâîäêàõ.

Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå ñëåäóåò îáðàùàòü íà óíèâåðñàëüíûõ ëàåê, à èç ñðàâíèòåëüíî íîâûõ ïîðîä  íà

ÿãäòåðüåðîâ  íàèáîëåå ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ äëÿ çîíû

êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ,

ìíîãî ýòèõ ñìåëûõ, èíèöèàòèâíûõ ïîìîùíèêîâ

îõîòíèêîâ ãèáíåò îò ðàçìíîæèâøèõñÿ òèãðîâ.

Ïóòè ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ

â êåäðîâíèêàõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

Â.À. × ̧ëûøåâ

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ÍÈÈ ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

Õàáàðîâñê. Ðîññèÿ.

Â äèíàìèêå êåäðîâíèêîâ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà äåñÿòèëåòèÿìè ïðåîáëàäàþò íåãàòèâíûå òåíäåíöèè:

óáûâàåò ëåñîïîêðûòàÿ ïëîùàäü, óõóäøàåòñÿ êà÷åñòâåííàÿ ñòðóêòóðà äðåâîñòîåâ, ñîêðàùàåòñÿ

ïëîùàäü âûñîêîâîçðàñòíûõ ëåñîâ, êåäð äåãðàäèðóåò, êàê áèîëîãè÷åñêèé âèä è ïð. Çà 37 ëåò (ñ

1956 ïî 1993 ãã.) ïîêðûòàÿ ëåñîì ïëîùàäü êåäðîâíèêîâ ñîêðàòèëàñü íà 1 ìëí.ãà èëè â 1,3 ðàçà, à äîëÿ

äðåâîñòîåâ ýêñïëóàòàöèîííîãî âîçðàñòà  ñ 90 äî

6%. Ñ ïîçèöèé òåîðèè íîðìàëüíîãî ëåñà îñòàâøàÿñÿ äîëÿ ñïåëûõ è ïåðåñòîéíûõ äðåâîñòîåâ

ìåíüøå íîðìàòèâíîé; â 1983 è â 1988 ãã. îíà áûëà

åùå èçáûòî÷íîé (ñîîòâåòñòâåííî 36 è 35%). Ðåçêîå

ñíèæåíèå äîëè ñïåëûõ êåäðîâíèêîâ ìåæäó ó÷åòàìè

ëåñíîãî ôîíäà 1988 è 1993 ãã. îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî

èçìåíåíèåì ìåòîäèêè ó÷åòà, ò.ê. â ýòîò ïåðèîä (ñ

1991 ã.) ëåñîïðîìûøëåííîå äàâëåíèå íà êåäðîâíèêè áûëî ñâåäåíî ê íóëþ.

Ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ïî îõðàíå, èñïîëüçîâàíèþ è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâó êåäðîâíèêîâ ïðèíöèïèàëüíî íå ìåíÿåòñÿ â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ äåñÿòèëåòèé, õîòÿ ñåé÷àñ â íèõ çàïðåùåíû ðóáêè. Äî ñèõ

ïîð õîçÿéñòâî â êåäðîâíèêàõ âåäåòñÿ ïî ìîäåëè

íîðìàëüíîãî ëåñà: îíè ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ ïî ãðóïïàì

âîçðàñòà, êàê îäíîâîçðàñòíûå äðåâîñòîè ñî âñåìè

âûòåêàþùèìè èç ýòîãî ëåñîïîëèòè÷åñêèìè ðåøåíèÿìè.

Õîçÿéñòâåííîå çíà÷åíèå êåäðîâíèêîâ îïðåäåëåíî

ñóùåñòâóþùèì äåëåíèåì ëåñîâ íà ãðóïïû è

êàòåãîðèè çàùèòíîñòè. Ñîãëàñíî ýòîìó äåëåíèþ,

ïðåîáëàäàþùàÿ ÷àñòü êåäðîâíèêîâ îòíåñåíà ê

ëåñàì III ãðóïïû èëè ê ëåñàì ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî

äðåâåñíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Òàê êàê ðóáêà êåäðîâíèêîâ

çàïðåùåíà, òî èñïîëüçîâàíèå èõ äðåâåñèíû çàêîíñåðâèðîâàíî. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïðî÷åãî ëåñíîãî

ñûðüÿ â êåäðîâíèêàõ áåç èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ äðåâåñèíû
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íèêîãäà íå áûëî ýêîíîìè÷åñêè ýôôåêòèâíûì ñ

ïîçèöèé êîìïëåêñíîñòè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèÿ; òàêîå

èñïîëüçîâàíèå ëåñîâ íåëüçÿ íàçâàòü ìíîãîöåëåâûì. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ñëîæèâøååñÿ õîçÿéñòâî â

êåäðîâíèêàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåðàöèîíàëüíûì.

Êåäðîâíèêè, íàõîäÿñü â íåðàçðûâíîì òåððèòîðèàëüíîì åäèíñòâå ñ äðóãèìè ëåñíûìè ôîðìàöèÿìè, âûïîëíÿþò âåñü íàáîð ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ,

ñîöèàëüíûõ è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ôóíêöèé. Ïîýòîìó

íåöåëåñîîáðàçíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êåäðîâíèêè èçîëèðîâàííî îò äðóãèõ ëåñîâ è èñêàòü ïóòè óëó÷øåíèÿ

õîçÿéñòâà òîëüêî â êåäðîâíèêàõ. Òàê, âîïðîñû

ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííîé ñòðóêòóðû ëåñîâ òðåáóþò ðåøåíèÿ â ãðàíèöàõ îïðåäåëåííûõ

òåððèòîðèé (êðàé, îáëàñòü è ïð.). Êåäðîâíèêè

ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷àñòüþ òàêîé òåððèòîðèàëüíîé èíôðàñòðóêòóðû è äîëæíû îðãàíè÷íî âïëåòàòüñÿ â å ̧

êîíñòðóêöèþ. Â ýòîé ñâÿçè êåäðîâíèêè ìîãóò áûòü

êàê ýêîëîãè÷åñêèìè, òàê è ñîöèàëüíûìè, èëè ÷èñòî

ñûðüåâûìè (ýêîíîìè÷åñêèìè) õîçÿéñòâåííûìè

îáúåêòàìè.

Îäíàêî, ôîðìàöèîííûå îñîáåííîñòè êåäðîâíèêîâ

äîëæíû ïîëíîñòüþ ó÷èòûâàòüñÿ ïðè ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèè. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, èõ ðàçíîâîçðàñòíîñòü

òðåáóåò ñïåöèàëüíûõ ôîðì ó÷åòà ëåñîâ, à òàêæå

ïåðåâîäà ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà íà ïðèíöèïû âûáîðî÷íîé ñèñòåìû.
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Êðàòêèå äîêëàäû

Abstracts

(English Language)
- 296 -

1-4 îêòÿáðÿ 1996 ã. â ã.Õàáàðîâñêå ñîñòîÿëàñü

Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ Êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà,

ïîñâÿùåííàÿ ïàìÿòè âûäàþùåãîñÿ ðîññèéñêîãî

ó÷åíîãî, îäíîãî èç îñíîâîïîëîæíèêîâ

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íîé ëåñîâîäñòâåííîé øêîëû, ïðîô.

Ê.Ï.Ñîëîâüåâà. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ áûëà îðãàíèçîâàíà

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûì íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì

èíñòèòóòîì ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ïðè ïîääåðæêå

ðîññèéñêî-àìåðèêàíñêîãî ïðîåêòà ïî ñîçäàíèþ

ñèñòåìû ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà

Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè (USAID EPT/REE) è

óïðàâëåíèÿ ëåñàìè Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ. Â ðàáîòå

êîíôåðåíöèè ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå ñâûøå 100 ó÷åíûõ,

ñïåöèàëèñòîâ è ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé èç ïÿòè ñòðàí

(ÑØÀ, Êàíàäû, ßïîíèè, Êèòàÿ), â òîì ÷èñëå èç

ãîðîäîâ Ðîññèè ( Âîðîíåæà, Ìîñêâû, Òîìñêà,

Åêàòåðèíáóðãà, Êðàñíîÿðñêà, Õàáàðîâñêà,

Âëàäèâîñòîêà, Þæíî-Ñàõàëèíñêà è äð),

ïðåäñòàâèòåëè Ôåäåðàëüíîé ñëóæáû ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà Ðîññèè, àäìèíèñòðàöèè Õàáàðîâñêîãî

êðàÿ, Ìåæðåãèîíàëüíîé àññîöèàöèè

ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ è ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà è Çàáàéêàëüÿ, ìåñòíûõ

êîìèòåòîâ Ìèíïðèðîäû ÐÔ è äð.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà (ÊØË) Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

ïî ñâîåìó áèîðàçíîîáðàçèþ, ýíäåìè÷íîñòè,

íàëè÷èþ ðàðèòåòîâ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî

ìèðà, ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè è ñîäåðæàíèþ öåííåéøèõ

ðåñóðñîâ, îñîáåííîñòÿì ñòðîåíèÿ è äèíàìèêè

ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì çàíèìàþò îñîáîå ìåñòî íå

òîëüêî ñðåäè ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé Ðîññèè, íî è â

ñèñòåìå ëåñîâ ïëàíåòû.

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå, îõðàíà è âîñïðîèçâîäñòâî ÊØË

îñòàåòñÿ îñòðîé ïðîáëåìîé ðîññèéñêîãî

ëåñîâîäñòâà. Ìíîãèå ãîäû êåäð êîðåéñêèé, áóäó÷è

ãëàâíûì ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåì ñëîæíûõ

ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ è ìíîãîïîðîäíûõ ëåñîâ,

ïîäâåðãàëñÿ ïðîìûøëåííûì ðóáêàì ñ

ïðèìåíåíèåì áåñõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ñïîñîáîâ è

íåýêîëîãè÷íûõ òåõíîëîãèé ëåñîñå÷íûõ ðàáîò.

Íà ñåãîäíÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ÊØË, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì

îòäåëüíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ ïðîéäåíû

ïðîìûøëåííûìè ðóáêàìè, íåðåäêî

íåîäíîêðàòíûìè,êîòîðûå ÷àñòî ñîïðîâîæäàëèñü

ëåñíûìè ïîæàðàìè. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ïî÷òè âñå ÊØË

ñåãîäíÿ òðàíñôîðìèðîâàíû, â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ÷àñòè

àðåàëà êåäð ïîòåðÿë ñâîå ïðåîáëàäàíèå. Òàêèå

ïðîèçâîäíûå ëåñà íå ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ êàê ÊØË è

õîçÿéñòâî â íèõ âåäåò ê îêîí÷àòåëüíîé ïîòåðå

âîçìîæíîñòåé èõ åñòåñòâåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ ïî òèïó

êåäðîâíèêîâ.

Íåîäíîêðàòíî ïðèíèìàâøèåñÿ äèðåêòèâû ïî

óæåñòî÷åíèþ ðåæèìà ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ÊØË

îêàçàëèñü íåäîñòàòî÷íûìè äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ èõ

íåãàòèâíîé äèíàìèêè. Íåäîñòàòî÷íî

ýôôåêòèâíûìè îêàçàëèñü è ðàáîòû ïî

èñêóññòâåííîìó âîññòàíîâëåíèþ êåäðîâûõ ëåñîâ.

Äî ñèõ ïîð íå ñóùåñòâóåò äîñòàòî÷íî îáîñíîâàííîé

ìîäåëè ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ÊØË. Ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, íåò

è ìåòîäîâ èíâåíòàðèçàöèè, àäåêâàòíûõ èõ ïðèðîäå.

Òàêñàöèÿ ÊØË âòèñêèâàåòñÿ â øàáëîíû ìåòîäà

êëàññîâ âîçðàñòà, îïèñàíèå ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûõ

äðåâîñòîåâ ïîäãîíÿåòñÿ ïîä ïðèìèòèâíóþ ñõåìó

îäíîâîçðàñòíûõ.

Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ñóùåñòâåííî ñâåðíóòû ðàáîòû

ïî íàòóðíîé èíâåíòàðèçàöèè ÊØË. Ðåçêî

ñîêðàòèëèñü íàó÷íûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ïîýòîìó, â

íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íåò ðåàëüíîé èíôîðìàöèè î

ñîñòîÿíèè, äèíàìèêå è áàçå âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà ÊØË.

Îïðåäåëåíèå ñïåëîñòè, ðàçìåðà ïîëüçîâàíèÿ,

îáîðîòà õîçÿéñòâà âåäåòñÿ áåç ó÷åòà ñïåöèôèêè

ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ ÊØË è ðåàëüíîé ïðàêòèêè

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýòèìè ëåñàìè.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ñ÷èòàåò:

1. Ñîñòîÿíèå ÊØË òðåáóåò íåìåäëåííîãî ïðèíÿòèÿ

ìåð ïî âîññòàíîâëåíèþ ïîçèöèé êåäðà â ñîñòàâå

ëåñíûõ íàñàæäåíèé íà ïëîùàäÿõ åãî êîðåííûõ

ýêîòîïîâ è îðãàíèçàöèè íåèñòîùèòåëüíîãî

ïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïî âñåìó êîìïëåêñó ëåñíûõ ðåñóðñîâ.

Íåèñòîùèòåëüíîñòü ïîëüçîâàíèÿ äîëæíà ñòàòü

ãëàâíûì êðèòåðèåì äîïóñòèìîñòè ìåðîïðèÿòèé,

âêëþ÷àåìûõ â ñèñòåìó õîçÿéñòâà â ýòèõ ëåñàõ.

2. Îïòèìàëüíîé äëÿ ÊØË ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìíîãîöåëåâàÿ

ñèñòåìà õîçÿéñòâåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé,

îðèåíòèðîâàííàÿ íà ñîõðàíåíèå âèäîâîãî

ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíîãî è æèâîòíîãî ìèðà è

óñòîé÷èâîå ðàçâèòèå ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, êàê

öåëîñòíûõ îáúåêòîâ õîçÿéñòâîâàíèÿ.

3. Íåîáõîäèìî ñïåöèàëüíîå îáñëåäîâàíèå è

êëàññèôèêàöèÿ âñåõ ëåñíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â çîíå

ÌÅÌÎÐÀÍÄÓÌ

Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà
- 297 -

The International Scientific Conference Korean PineBroadleaved Forests of Far East, dedicated to the

memory of Professor K.P. Solovyov, a prominent Russian scientist, one of the founders of the Far East silviculture school, was held in Khabarovsk on October 1-

4, 1996. The Conference was organized by the Far

East Forestry Research Institute, with the support of

the Russian-American Project on establishing a sustainable natural resource management system in the

Russian Far East (USAID EPT/RFE) and the Forest

Administration of Khabarovski Territory. The conference participants numbered over 100 scientists, specialists and businessmen from other countries (USA,

Canada, Japan, China), and also cities in Russia:

Voronezh, Moscow, Tomsk, Ekaterinburg,

Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, YuzhnoSakalinsk, etc. Representatives of Federal Forestry

Service of Russia, Khabarovski Territory Administration, Intraregional Association of economic interaction

and cooperation of the Far East and Zabaikalie, local

committees of Russian Ministry of Nature and other

organizations participated in the work of the Conference.

The Conference has admitted that Korean pinebroadleaved forests (KBF) due to their biodiversity,

number of endemics, rare species of plant and wildlife, productivity, and valuable resources, specific composition and dynamics of forest ecosystems, rank high

not only among forest formations of Russia, but worldwide.

Utilization, protection and regeneration of KBF has

remained a priority issue for Russian forestry. For many

years Korean pine, as a predominating species of complex various-age mixed forests, has been subject to

commercial cuttings with the use of unsustainable technologies.

Almost all KBF, with the exception of few forest stands,

have been subject to repeated commercial cuttings,

followed by forest fires. As a result, nearly all KBF have

been transformed; in most of them the Korean pine

has lost its former predominance. These secondary

forests are not considered Korean pine-broadleaved

forests any longer. Any further economic activity in them

will lead to the ultimate loss of their potential regeneration capability as Korean pine stands.

Numerous government directives to introduce strict

management style in these forests have failed to prevent their negative dynamics. Attempts at artificial restoration of Korean pine stands have also proved to be

ineffective.

So far, there does not exist a sufficiently substantiated

model of their growth and development. Consequently,

no inventory techniques consistent with their nature

are available; inventory efforts are still being squeezed

into a routine model of age class method. Description

of theses forests is interpreted through a primitive pattern of single-age stands.

Recently, physical on-site inventory work in Korean

pine-broadleaved forests has been drastically reduced;

research programs have been also cut. Due to this, no

reliable data are available on the condition, dynamics

and reproduction basis of these forests. Determination of maturity, allowable cuts and rotation volumes,

are conducted without taking into account specific features of their growth and development, as well as actual management practices.

The Conference has come to the

following conclusions:

1. The status of Korean pine-broadleaved forests requires immediate measures to be adopted in order to

restore the Korean pine in their stands in the areas of

original ecotopes and introduction of sustainable forest resource use; the latter use should become the

major criterion of all forest management activities.

2. A comprehensive multiple use management system aimed at conservation of species diversity of plant

and animal life, and sustainable development of forest

ecosystems should be adopted as the most optimal

management style for these forests.

3. A special survey and classification of coniferousbroadleaved forests in the Russian Far East (RFE) is

required, in order to identify potentially available sites

for regeneration purposes. Targeted management

practices should be adopted to preserve and restore

Korean pine stands.

4. Economic management in these forests should provide for activities consistent with their nature. Specificity of these forests should be reflected in the federal

and local legislation and other regulatory documents.

5. Korean pine-broadleaved forests, due to their unique

character, require a special type of logging, combinMEMORANDUM

of the International Scientific Conference

Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forests of the Far East
- 298 -

õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ðîññèéñêîãî

Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ

ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûõ ïëîùàäåé äëÿ

âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ÊØË. Â ýòèõ àðåàëàõ äîëæíî áûòü

îðãàíèçîâàíî öåëåâîå õîçÿéñòâî, íàïðàâëåííîå íà

íåóêëîííîå ñîõðàíåíèå è âîññòàíîâëåíèå

êåäðîâíèêîâ.

4. Ïî âñåì àñïåêòàì âåäåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË

äîëæíû ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ òîëüêî òå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ,

êîòîðûå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðèðîäå ýòèõ ëåñîâ,

ñïåöèôèêà êîòîðûõ äîëæíà áûòü îòðàæåíà â

ôåäåðàëüíûõ è ìåñòíûõ çàêîíàõ, äðóãèõ

íîðìàòèâíûõ àêòàõ.

5. ÊØË, â ñèëó ñâîåé ñïåöèôèêè íóæäàþòñÿ â

îñîáîì êëàññå ðóáîê, ñî÷åòàþùåì ýëåìåíòû

ïðîìåæóòî÷íîãî è ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ è

èìåþùåì ñâîåé öåëüþ âîññòàíîâëåíèå èëè

ïîääåðæàíèå ïîçèöèè êåäðà â äðåâîñòîÿõ. Òàêèå

ðóáêè äîëæíû ñòàòü îñíîâíûì èíñòðóìåíòîì è

âèäîì äðåâåñíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ, â ñèñòåìå

ìíîãîöåëåâîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ÊØË, â äðåâîñòîÿõ

ñ âûðàæåííûì ó÷àñòèåì êåäðà.

Ïîëíîå èñêëþ÷åíèå ãëàâíîãî ïîëüçîâàíèÿ â ÊØË

ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ íåöåëåñîîáðàçíûì, íî îíî äîëæíî

áûòü ñòðîãî îáúåêòíûì, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò

êîíêðåòíîãî åñòåñòâåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ó÷àñòêà

ëåñíîãî ôîíäà, èëè íà îáúåêòàõ ïëàíòàöèîííîãî

âûðàùèâàíèÿ êåäðà, ñ ðàñ÷åòíûì îáîðîòîì

õîçÿéñòâà.

6. Íåîáõîäèìî ñóùåñòâåííî óâåëè÷èòü

àññèãíîâàíèÿ íà âåäåíèå õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË è èõ

èíâåíòàðèçàöèþ. Îíè äîëæíû âûäåëÿòüñÿ

öåëåâûì íàçíà÷åíèåì ïî ïîâûøåííûì

íîðìàòèâàì. Ïîñëåäíèå äîëæíû ïîëó÷èòü íàó÷íîå

îáîñíîâàíèå.

7. Äîëæåí áûòü ðåçêî ðàñøèðåí îáúåì è ïîäíÿò

óðîâåíü íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ÊØË. Íåîáõîäèìî

ðàçðàáîòàòü öåëåâóþ ïðîãðàììó ïî ðåàáèëèòàöèè

ÊØË ÐÄÂ.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðèçíàåò öåëåñîîáðàçíûì, ñ ó÷åòîì

âîçðàñòàþùèõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ òðåáîâàíèé è çàäà÷

ñåðòèôèêàöèè ëåñíîé ïðîäóêöèè, â öåëÿõ

îïðåäåëåíèÿ íåîáõîäèìîé ñòåïåíè íàöèîíàëüíîé

îòâåòñòâåííîñòè çà ñîõðàíåíèå è ðàöèîíàëüíîå

èñïîëüçîâàíèå òàêèõ óíèêàëüíûõ ëåñíûõ

ôîðìàöèé, êàê ÊØË; ââåñòè íà óðîâíå

ìåæãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñîãëàøåíèé ìåæäóíàðîäíûé

ñòàòóñ îñîáî öåííîé ëåñíîé ôîðìàöèè ìèðà,

êîòîðîìó ìîãóò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü àíàëîãè÷íûå ÊØË

ôîðìàöèè öåííûõ ëåñîîáðàçîâàòåëåé â ðàçíûõ

ðàéîíàõ ïëàíåòû è êîòîðûå äîëæíû ñòàòü îáúåêòîì

îñîáîé çàáîòû ìèðîâîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ñïåöèàëèñòû,

ðàáîòàþùèå âî âñåõ íàó÷íûõ è ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ

îðãàíèçàöèÿõ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà äîëæíû àêòèâíî

âêëþ÷èòüñÿ â äàëüíåéøóþ ðàçðàáîòêó.

ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå è ðåàëèçàöèþ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî

ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè õîçÿéñòâà â ÊØË ÐÄÂ.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ îòìå÷àåò âûñîêèé óðîâåíü íàó÷íûõ

äîêëàäîâ è äèñêóññèè, à òàêæå ÷åòêóþ îðãàíèçàöèþ

åå ðàáîòû. Ïîäîáíûå êîíôåðåíöèè ïîçâîëÿþò

êîîðäèíèðîâàòü èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ïðîâîäèìûå íà

äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, è íàïðàâëÿòü èõ íà

âûðàáîòêó êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ïî

ïðåîäîëåíèþ ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ñèòóàöèè.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ïðîñèò Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà ââåñòè â ïðàêòèêó ñîçûâ

ïîäîáíûõ íàó÷íûõ ôîðóìîâ.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ îòìå÷àåò êîíñòðóêòèâíóþ

îðãàíèçàöèîííóþ è íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ

äåÿòåëüíîñòü ðîññèéñêî-àìåðèêàíñêîãî ïðîåêòà ïî

ñîçäàíèþ ñèñòåìû ðàöèîíàëüíîãî

ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè

(USAID EPT/RFE) íàïðàâëåííóþ íà ïîääåðæêó

ðàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâîøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ è

ñîõðàíåíèå áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ â äàííîì ðåãèîíå.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ñîçäàííûé EPT/RFE

ïîòåíöèàë ÿâëÿåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûì âêëàäîì â äåëî

ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷ ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ â êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ

Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ, è â ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì ïðîñèò USAID

ïðîäëèòü äàííûé ïðîåêò.

Â öåëÿõ ñîçäàíèÿ ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîîðäèíèðóþùåé

èíñòàíöèè êîíôåðåíöèÿ ñ÷èòàåò öåëåñîîáðàçíûì

îðãàíèçîâàòü ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ àññîöèàöèþ

èññëåäîâàòåëåé ëåñîâ îðåõîïëîäíûõ ñîñåí è

äðóãèõ öåííûõ ëåñíûõ ôîðìàöèé ìèðà è

ïîääåðæèâàåò ïðåäëîæåíèå Èíñòèòóòà ýêîëîãèè

ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ ñîçâàòü

ñëåäóþùóþ ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ êîíôåðåíöèþ ïî

äàííîé ïðîáëåìå â 1997ã. â ã.Òîìñêå (Ðîññèÿ).

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ áëàãîäàðèò îðãêîìèòåò è òåõíè÷åñêèé

ïåðñîíàë çà õîðîøóþ îðãàíèçàöèþ ðàáîòû.
- 299 -

ing the elements of intermediate and main cutting,

aimed at restoring and supporting the position of Korean pine in the stands. These cuttings should become

the main tool and type of timber utilization in a system

of multiple use in the stands with Korean pine as a

predominant species.

A complete ban on main logging in these forests is not

justified; it should be strictly regulated based on specific condition of an individual natural forest or plantation site, and determined by economic rotation data.

6. It is necessary to considerably increase investments

in forest management of these forests, and their inventory work. The funds should be targeted and allocated based on actual requirements.

7. The volume and level of research in Korean pinebroadleaved forests should be enhanced. A targeted

program of their rehabilitation in the RFE should be

worked out.

The Conference has found it necessary (considering

current environmental demands and forest production

certification tasks), in order to determine a required

level of national responsibility for conservation and

sustainable use of these unique forest formations, to

introduce on the level of intergovernmental agreements

an international status of especially valuable forest

formation of the world. Forest formations in other parts

of the world, similar to KBF, may correspond to this

status and become an object of special concern of the

world public.

The Conference has voiced an opinion that experts

from all scientific and production associations in the

Far East should be actively involved in the subsequent

development, improvement and realization of activities for optimization of forest management in these

forests of the RFE.

The Conference has noted a high level of presented

scientific papers and discussions, as well as a good

organization of the work at the Conference; it contributed to coordination of the research carried out in the

Far East, to formulate constructive proposals as to how

best deal with the current situation. The Conference

has requested the Far East Forestry Research Institute to convene scientific forums on a regular basis.

The Conference has paid tribute to constructive organizational and scientific-practical activity of the EPT/

RFE Project aimed at creating a system of sustainable forest management in Korean pine-broadleaved

forests of Sikhote Alin and biodiversity conservation in

this region.

The Conference has concluded that the potential created by the EPT/RFE Project forms a significant contribution into resolving the tasks of forest management

rationalization in Sikhote Alin, and has requested the

USAID to extend the life of the Project.

In order to create an international coordinating center

the Conference has made a decision to set up an international association of researchers of nut-bearing

pines and other valuable world forest formations and

has come out in support of the proposal by Institute of

Nature Complexes Ecology of Siberian Branch of the

Russian Academy of Sciences to convene another international conference on this issue in 1997 in Tomsk

(Russia).

The Conference has expressed acknowledgment to

the Organizing Committee and technical assistants for

a proper organization of the work.
- 300 -

1.(1) ÀÄÍÀÃÓËÎÂ, Ý.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ

ÐÀÍ. 680063, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Êèì-Þ-×åíà,

65. Òåë.(4212) 33-39-48, 33-57-55, ôàêñ.

(4212) 33-65-62, E-mail:

dmitry@ivep.khabarovsk.su

2. (2) ÀËÅÕÈÍ, À.À. Óêðàèíà, Õàðüêîâñêèé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò. 310077,

Õàðüêîâ, ïë.Ñâîáîäû, 4. Òåë. 45-73-18.

3. (3) ÀÍÒÎÍÎÂ, À.Ë. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ

è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

680063, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Êèì-Þ-×åíà, 65.

Òåë.(4212) 33-39-48, 33-57-55, Fax (4212)

33-65-62, E-mail:

dmitry@ivep.khabarovsk.su

4. (4) ÀÐÆÀÍÎÂÀ, Â.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé

èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690041,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7. Òåë.(4212) 31-

28-33, Fax (4212) 31-21-59, E-mail:

tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

5. (5) ÀÙÅÏÊÎÂÀ, Ë.ß. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

690022, Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ

Âëàäèâîñòîêà, 159. Òåë. 31-04-77.

6. (6) ÁÀÁÈÍÖÅÂÀ, Ð.Ì. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê, à/ÿ 8750.

Òåë.(3912) 49-44-53, ôàêñ. (3912) 27-15-

78.

7. (7) ÁÀÐÀÍÎÂ, Â.È. Ðîññèÿ, Áîòàíè÷åñêèé

ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690024,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ìàêîâñêîãî, 142.

Òåë.(4232) 21-54-57.

8. (8) ÁÀÒÈÍ, Ñ.Þ. Ðîññèÿ, Âñåðîññèéñêèé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ïðîòèâîïîæàðíîé îõðàíû ëåñîâ è

ìåõàíèçàöèè ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

660036, Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê.

Òåë.(3912) 49-40-70.

9. (12) ÁÅÇÊÎÐÎÂÀÉÍÀß, È.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ëåñà èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë.(7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

10.(10) ÁÅËÀß, Ã.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

êîìïëåêñíîãî àíàëèçà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ

ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 682200, Áèðîáèäæàí,

óë.Øîëîì-Àëåéõåìà, 4. Òåë.(42622) 6-00-

97, ôàêñ. (42622) 6-59-47

11.(11) ÁÅÍÃÓÑ, Þ.Â. Óêðàèíà, Õàðüêîâñêèé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò. 310077,

Õàðüêîâ, ïë.Ñâîáîäû,4. Òåë. 45-73-18.

12. (9) ÁÅÕ, È.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè è

ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 634055,

Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2. Òåë.(3822)

25-96-65, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-55

13.(13) ÁÎ×ÀÐÍÈÊÎÂ, Â.Í. Ðîññèÿ,

Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ

ÐÀÍ. 690032, Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7.

Òåë.(4212) 31-28-33, ôàêñ. (4212) 31-21-

59, E-mail: tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

14.(14) ÁÓÄÇÀÍ, Ä.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692500,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë. 2-10-51.

15.(15) ÁÓËÃÀÊÎÂ, Â.Ê. Ðîññèÿ, Õàáàðîâñêèé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé

óíèâåðñèòåò, 680035, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ, 136. Òåë.(4212) 72-06-

71, ôàêñ. (4212) 72-06-71, E-mail:

karpov@niikt.khabarovsk.su.

16. (144) ÂÀÐÀÊÑÈÍ, Ã.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë.(7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

17. (145) ÂÀÑÈËÜÅÂ, Í.Ã. Ðîññèÿ, Ìîñêîâñêàÿ

ñåëüõîçÿéñòâåííàÿ àêàäåìèÿ èì.

Ê.À.Òèìèðÿçåâà. 121170, Ìîñêâà, ï/î 170,

à/ÿ 2. Òåë.(095) 976-14-78

18. (146) ÂÅÄÐÎÂÀ, Ý.Ô. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë.(7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

19. (147) ÂÅËÈÊÎÂ, A.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Ñåëåêöèîííîñåìåíîâîä÷åñêèé öåíòð. 682305,

Õàáàðîâñêèé êðàé, Õàáàðîâñêèé ðàéîí,

ñ.Ñîñíîâêà, ïåð.Øîññåéíûé, 1à.

Òåë.(4212) 92-24-13

Ñïèñîê ó÷àñòíèêîâ ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè

Êåäðîâî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà

×èñëî â ñêîáêàõ ( ) îáîçíà÷àåò ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð ôàìèëèè ó÷àñòíèêà â ñïèñêå íà ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. Ôàìèëèè ÷ëåíîâ

êîîðäèíàöèîííîãî êîìèòåòà êîíôåðåíöèè âûäåëåíû æèðíûì øðèôòîì.
- 301 -

1.(1) Adnagulov, E.V. Institute of Water

and Ecological Problems. Russia. 680063,

Khabarovsk, Kim Yu Chena str., 65.

Tel. (4212) 33-39-48, (4212)-33-57-55 fax

(4212)-33-65-62; E-mail:

dmitry@iver.khabarovsk.su

2.(2) Alyokhin, A.A. Kharkov State University.

Ukraine, 310077, Kharkov, Svoboda str.,4.

Tel. 45-73-18

3.(3) Antonov, A.L. Institute of Water

and Ecological Problems. Russia. 680063,

Khabarovsk, Kim Yu Chena str.,65.

Tel.(4212)-33-39-48 fax (4212)-33-65-62; Email: dmitry@iver.khabarovsk.su

4.(4) Arzhanova, V.S. Pacific Institute

of Geography, Far East, Branch RAS.

Russia, 690041,Vladivostok, Radio str.,7.

Tel. (4232)-312833, fax (4232)-312-159; Email:tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

5.(5) Aschepkova, L.Ya. Institute of Biology and

Soil Sciences FEB RAS. Russia, 690022,

Vladivostok, pr. of 100-letiya, 159. Tel.

(4232) 31-04-77

6.(6) Babintseva, R.M. Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch RAS. Russia, 660036,

Krasnoyarsk, Pb 8750 Academgorodok, 36.

Tel. (3912) 49-44-53 fax (3912) 27-15-78

7.(7) Baranov, V.I. Botanical Garden-Institute.

Russia, 690024, Vladivostok, Makovsky str.,

142, Tel. (4232) 215-457

8.(8) Batin, S.Yu. Russian Forest Fire

Control and Forestry Mechanization Institute. Russia, 660036, Krasnoyarsk. Tel.

(3912) 49-40-70

9.(12) Bekh, I.A. Nature Complexes and Ecology

Institute SB RAS. Russia, 634055, Tomsk,

pr. Akademicheski, 2. Tel. (3822) 25-96-65.

Fax (3822) 25-88-55

10.(10) Belaya, G.A. Institute of Regional Problems

Complex Analysis. Russia, JAR,

Birobidzhan, 4 Sholom-Aleihem str. Tel.

(42622) 600-97

fax (42622) 659-47

11.(11) Bengus, Yu.V. Kharkov State University.

Ukraine, 310077, Kharkov, 4 Svoboda. Tel.

45-73-18.

12. (9) Bezkorovainaya, I.N. V.N. Sukachyov,

Institute of Forest SB RAS. Russia, 660036,

Krasnoyarsk, Academgorodok. Tel.(3912)-

43-36-86, fax (3912) 43-36-86. E-mail:

dr@ifor.rrasnoyarsk.su

13.(13) Bocharnikov, V.N. Pacific Institute of

Geography FEB RAS. Russia, 690032,

Vladivostok, Radio str., 7, tel. (4232) 31-28-

33, fax (4232)-31-21-59, E-mail:

tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

14.(14) Budzan, D.V. Primorski State Agriculture

Academy. Russia, 692500, Ussuriisk,

Blyukhera, 44

15.(15) Bulgakov, V.K. University of Technology.

Russia, 680035, Khabarovsk, Tikhookeanskaya str., 136. Tel.(4212) 72-06-71,

fax (4212) 72-06-71, E-mail:

karpov@niikt.khabarovsk.su

16. (147) Chabanenko, S.I. Sakhalin Botanical

Garden, Russia, 693000, YuzhnoSakhalinsk, Gorky str.25. Tel. 50621, Email: root@garden.sakhalin.su

17. (149) Chelyshev, D.E. Far East Forestry

Research Institute. Russia, 680020,

Khabarovsk,Volochaevskaya str., 71,

Tel. (4212) 21-67-98, fax (4212) 21-67-

98.E-mail: sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

18. (148) Chelyshev, V.A. Far East Forestry

Research Institute. Russia,680020,

Khabarovsk, Volochaevskaya str., 71,

Tel.(4212) 21-67-98, fax (4212)-21-67-98.

E-mail: sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

19. (150) Chelysheva, L.P. Far East Forestry Research Institute. Russia, 680020,Khabarovsk, Volochaevskaya str., 71, Tel.

(4212) 21-67-98, fax (4212) 21-67-98. Email: sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

20. (153) Chumin, V.T. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020,Khabarovsk,

Volochaevskaya str., 71, Tel. (4212) 21-

67-98, fax (4212) - 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

21. (151) Chernyshov, V.D. Gornotayozhnaya station

of the FED RAS. Russia, 692533, Ussury

district, Primorski Territory Tel. (8241) 911-

19

List of Participants of the International Conference

 Korean Pine-Broadleaved Forests of the Far East 

Numbers in parenthesis ( ) represent the same participants name in the Russian list. Names in bold represent members of

the coordinating committee of the conference.
- 302 -

20. (148) ÂÅËÈÑÅÂÈ×, Ñ.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

634Î55, Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2. Òåë.

(3822) 25-86-80,E-mail:

root@ecology.tms.su

21. (149) ÂÅÑÅËÈÍ, Á.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Ôåäåðàëüíàÿ

ñëóæáà ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà,

Óïðàâëåíèå îñîáî îõðàíÿåìûõ

ëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé. 113184, Ìîñêâà,

Ïÿòíèöêàÿ óë., 59/19. Òåë. 237-67-38,

230-85-17.

22. (151) ÂËÀÄÈÌÈÐÎÂ, Ñ.Ì. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë.(4232) 31-21-21

23. (150) ÂÎËÎÄÀÐÑÊÀß, À.Ò. Óêðàèíà,

Õàðüêîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé

óíèâåðñèòåò. 310077, Õàðüêîâ, ïë.

Ñâîáîäû, 4. Òåë. 45-73-18.

24. (152) ÂÎÐÎÁÜÅÂ, Â.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

634Î55, îìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2.

Òåë.(3822) 25-88-55, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-

55, E-mail: root@iens.tomsk.su

25. (153) ÂÎÐÎÁÜÅÂÀ, Í.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

634Î55, Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2. Òåë.

(3822) 25-88-55, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-55, Email: root@iens.tomsk.su.

26. (154) ÂÎÐÎÍÎÂ, Á.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ

è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

680063, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Êèì-Þ-×åíà, 65.

Òåë. (4212) 33-39-48, ôàêñ. (4212) 33-65-

62, E-mail: dmitri@ivep.êhabarovsk.su

27. (155) ÂÐÈÙ, Ä.Ë. Ðîññèÿ, Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàäèíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690024, Âëàäèâîñòîê,

óë.Ìàêîâñêîãî, 142. Òåë.(4232) 21-54-57

28. (156) ÂÛÂÎÄÖÅÂ, Í.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë.

(4212) 21-67-98, ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, Email: sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

29. (157) ÂÛÂÎÄÖÅÂÀ, Ç.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

30. (29) ÃÀÌÁÀÐßÍ, Ñ.Ê. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë.(4232) 31-04-77, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-

01-93, E-mail: zhuravle@ibss.marine.su

31. (30) ÃÀÍÈÍ, Ã.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ è

ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

680063, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Êèì-Þ-×åíà, 65.

Òåë.(4212) 33-39-48, ôàêñ. (4212) 33-65-

62, E-mail: dmitri@ivep.êhabarovsk.su

32. (31) ÃËÀÂÀÖÊÈÉ, Ã.Ä. Ðîññèÿ, Âñåðîññèéñêèé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ïðîòèâîïîæàðíîé îõðàíû ëåñîâ è

ìåõàíèçàöèè ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë.(3912)

49-40-94, ôàêñ. (3912) 43-18-31

33. (32) ÃËÓØÊÎ, Ñ.Ã. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Èíñòèòóò

ìåíåäæìåíòà è áèçíåñà. 690600,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë. Ñóõàíîâà, 8

34. (33) ÃÎËÎÂÈÍ, Ã.È. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè

ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 634Î55,

Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2. Òåë. (3822)

25-88-55, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-55, E-mail:

root@iens.òomsk.su

35. (34) ÃÎÐÁÀ×ÅÂ, Â.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Êðàñíîÿðñêèé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé àãðàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò.

660036, Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê.

Òåë. (3912) 27-36-09, ôàêñ. (3912) 27-03-

86.

36. (35) ÃÎÐÎØÊÅÂÈ×, Ñ.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

634Î55, Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2. Òåë.

(3822) 25-86-80, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-55, Email: root@eñîlogy.òomsk.su

37. (36) ÃÐÅÊ, Â.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë. (4212) 21-67-

98, ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

38.(38) ÃÐÈÃÎÐÎÂÈ×, Ì.È. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë. (8241) 2-

10-51

39. (37) ÃÐÈÄÍÅÂ, À.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44.

Òåë. (8241) 2-10-51

40. (39) ÃÓÊÎÂ, Ã.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë. (8241) 2-

10-51

41. (40) ÃÓËÜ, Ë.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë. (4212) 21-63-38
- 303 -

22. (42) Dobrynin, A.P. Botanical Garden, Russia,

690024, Vladivostok, Makovsky str., 142.

Tel. (4232) 215-457

23. (43) Doyev, S.K. Primorski State Agriculture

Academy, Russia, 692510, Ussuriisk, 44,

Blyukhera str. Tel. (8241) 2-10-61

24. (44) Duplischev, I.T. Primorsky State Agriculture

Academy. Russia, 692510, Ussuriysk,

Blyukhera str., 44. Tel. (8241) 210-51

25. (45) Dyukarev, V. N. Institute of Biology and Soil

Sciences of FEB RAS. Russia, 690022,

Vladivostok, 159 prospekt 100-letiya.

Tel. (4232) 31-21-21

26. (48) Efremov, D.F. Far East Forestry Research Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71, Volochaevskaya str. Tel.

(4212) 21-85-48. Fax: (4212) 21-67-98. Email: leokon@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

27. (47) Eroshenko, A. S. Institute of Biology and

Soil Sciences of FEB RAS. Russia, 690022,

Vladivostok, 159 prosp.100-letiya. Tel.

(4232) 310-477, fax (4232) 310193. E-mail:

zoology@ibss.marine.su

28. (144) Foellmi, Hilmar. Harvard Institute, USA. Tel

7-4212-222-319 ,E-mail:

foellmi@pop.redcom.ru

29. (30) Gambaryan, S.K. Institute of Biology & Soil

Science of FEB RAS. Russia, 690022,

Vladivostok, 159, prosp.100-letiya. Tel.

(4232) 310-477, fax (4232)-310-193. E-mail:

zhuravle@ibss.marine.su

30. (31) Ganin, G.N. Institute of Water & Ecological

Problems. Russia, 680063, 65, Kim Yu

Chena str., Khabarovsk. Tel. (4212) 33-39-

48. Fax. (4212) 33-65-62 E-mail:

dmitry@iver.khab.su

31. (32) Glavatski, G.D. VNIIPOMleskhoz. Russia,

660036, Krasnoyarsk, Academgorodok. Tel.

(3912) 494-094, fax (3912) 43-18-31

32. (33) Glushko, S.G. Far East State University.

Russia, 690000, 8, Suchanova str.,

Vladivostok

33. (34) Golovin, G. I. Nature Complexes and Ecology Institute SB RAS. Russia,634055,

Tomsk, 2, Academicheski prosp. Tel. (3822)

25-88-55. E-mail: root@iens.tomsk.su

34. (35) Gorbachyov, V. N. Krasnoyarsk State

Agriculture University, Russia, 660036,

Academgorodok, p/b 8750, Krasnoyarsk.

Tel. (3912) 273-609, fax: (3912) 270-386

35. (36) Goroshkevich, S.N. Institute for Ecology of

Natural Complexes SB RAS. Russia,

634055, 2, Academichesky pr., Tomsk. Tel.

(3822) 258-680, fax: (3822) 258-855. Email: root@ecology.tms.su

36. (37) Grek, V. S.Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71,

Volochaevskaya str. Tel. (4212) 21-67-98,

fax: (4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

Sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

37. (39) Gridnev, A. N. Primorsky State Agriculture

Academy. Russia, 692510, 44 Blyukhera

str.,Ussuriysk. Tel. (8241) 210-51

38.(38) Grigorovich, M. I. Primorsky State Agriculture Academy. Russia, 692510, 44

Blyukhera str., Ussuriisk. Tel. (8241) 210-51

39.(40) Gukov, G.V. Primorsky State Agriculture

Academy. Russia, 692510, 44 Blyukhera

str., Ussuriisk. Tel. (8241) 2-10-51

40.(41) Gul, L.P. Far East Forestry Research Institute. Russia,680020, 71, Volochaevskaya

str., Khabarovsk. Tel. (4212) 21-63-38, fax:

(4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

41. (51) Ignatova, N.K. Pacific Institute of Geography

FEB RAS. Russia, 690041, 7 Radio str.,

Vladivostok. Tel. (4232) 320-648

42. (54) Ilyina, T.M. Institute of Biology & Soil Sciences. Russia, 690022, Vladivostok. Tel.

(4232) 310448, fax (4232) 310-193,

E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

43. (55) Iroshnikov, A. I. Forest Genetics & Selection

Research Institute. Russia, 394043,

Voronezh. Fax (0732) 52-83-03

44. (56) Ishikawa, Y.S. University, Hokkaido College.

Koshunai-cho, Bibai, 079-01, Hokkaido.

Japan. Tel. 81-01266-3-0312 or 81-01266-

3-4321, fax 81-01266-3-4071. E-mail:

102607@sinet.ad.jp

45. (50) Ivashov, P. V. Institute of Water & Ecological

Problems FEB RAS. Russia, 680063. 65

Kim Yu Chena str. Khabarovsk. Tel. (4212)

33-39-48, fax (4212) 33-65-62. E-mail:

dmitry@iver.khabarovsk.su

46. (52) Izmodenov, A.G. Institute of Water &

Ecological Problems FEB RAS. Russia,

680063. 65 Kim Yu Chena str. Khabarovsk.

Tel. (4212) 33-39-48, fax (4212) 33-65-62.

E-mail: dmitry@iver.khabarovsk.su

47. (53) Izotov, D.V. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71,

Volochaevskaya str. Tel. (4212) 21-67-98,

fax (4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su
- 304 -

42. (22) ÄÎÁÐÛÍÈÍ, À.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Áîòàíè÷åñêèé

ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690024,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë. Ìàêîâñêîãî, 142. Òåë.

(4232) 21-54-57

43. (23) ÄÎÅÂ, Ñ.Ê. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë. (8241) 2-

10-51

44. (24) ÄÓÏËÈÙÅÂ, È.Ò. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë. (8241) 2-

10-51

45. (25) ÄÞÊÀÐÅÂ, Â.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 680022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-21-21, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: zhuravle@ibss.marine.su

46. (159)ÅËÏÀÒÜÅÂÑÊÈÉ, Ï.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

690041, Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7. Òåë.

(4232) 31-28-33, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-21-59, Email: tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

47. (27) ÅÐÎØÅÍÊÎ, À.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãî-ïî÷-

âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-04-77, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: zoology@ibss.marine.su

48. (26) ÅÔÐÅÌÎÂ, Ä.Ô. Ðîññèÿ,

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà.

680000, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ,

71. Òåë. (4212) 21-67-21, 21-85-48, ôàêñ.

(4212) 21-67-98, E-mail:

efremov@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

49. (162)ÆÈËÜÖÎÂ, À.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãî-ïî÷-

âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë.(4232) 31-04-77, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-

01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

50. (45) ÈÂÀØÎÂ, Ï.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò âîäíûõ

è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

 680063, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Êèì-Þ-×åíà, 65.

Òåë. (4212) 33-39-48, ôàêñ. (4212) 33-65-

62, E-mail: dmitri@ivep.êhabarovsk.su

51. (41) ÈÃÍÀÒÎÂÀ, Í.Ê. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé

èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690032,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7. Òåë. 32-06-48.

52. (46) ÈÇÌÎÄÅÍÎÂ, À.Ã. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

âîäíûõ è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ

ÐÀÍ.680063, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Êèì-Þ-×åíà,

65. Òåë. (4212) 33-39-48, ôàêñ. (4212) 33-

65-62, E-mail: dmitri@ivep.êhabarovsk.su

53. (47) ÈÇÎÒÎÂ, Ä.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

54. (42) ÈËÜÈÍÀ, Ò.Ì. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-04-77, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

55. (43) ÈÐÎØÍÈÊÎÂ, À.È. Ðîññèÿ, Öåíòðàëüíûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîé ãåíåòèêè è ñåëåêöèè. 394043,

Âîðîíåæ, óë. Ëîìîíîñîâà, 105. ôàêñ.

(80732) 52-83-03

56. (44)ÈÑÈÊÀÂÀ, Þ.Ñ. ßïîíèÿ, Õîêêàéäñêèé

êîëëåäæ. Óíèâåðñèòåò, Êàôåäðà ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà è àðõèòåêòóû ëàíäøàôòà.

Êîíñóíàé÷î, Áèáàé, 079-01, Õîêêàéäî.

Òåë. 81-01266-3-0312, 81-01266-3-4321,

ôàêñ. 81-01266-3-4071, E-mail:

102607@sinet.ad.jp

57. (48) ÊÀÐÀÊÈÍ, Â.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé

èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690041,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7. Òåë. (4232)

31-28-33, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-21-59, E-mail:

tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

58. (49) ÊÀÐÌÀÇÈÍ, À.Ó. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè è ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ

ÐÀÍ. 634055, Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé,

2. Òåë. (3822) 25-88-55

59. (50) ÊÀÐÏÎÂ, À.È. Ðîññèÿ, Íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò êîìïüþòåðíûõ

òåõíîëîãèé. 680035, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.

Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ, 136. Òåë. (4212) 72-06-71,

ôàêñ. (4212) 72-06-71, E-mail:

karpov@niikt.êhabarovsk.su

60. (51) ÊÀ×ÀÅÂ, À.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (3912)

49-46-67, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86, Email: AK95@intra.êrasnoyarsk.su

61. (52) ÊÀ×ÀÍÎÂÀ, Ò.Ã. Ðîññèÿ,

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà

680020, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

62. (54) ÊÈÑÅËÅÂ, À.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé

èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690032,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7. Òåë. (4232) 32-

06-48, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-21-59, E-mail:

tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

63.(63) ÊÎÂÀËÅÂ, À.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71
- 305 -

48. (57) Karakin, V.P. Pacific Institute of Geography FEB RAS. 7, Radio str., Vladivostok,

690041, Russia. Tel. (4232)310-407, fax

(4232)312-159. E-mail:tigdvo@iasnet.ru

49. (58) Karmazin, A. U. Institute of Ecology Nature

Complexes SB RAS. Russia, 634055. 2,

Academicheski pr., Tomsk. Tel (3822) 25-

88-55

50. (59) Karpov, A.I. Research Institute of Computer

Sciences. Russia, 680035. 136

Tikhookeanskaya str. Khabarovsk. Tel.

(4212) 72-06-71. E-mail:

karpov@niikt.khabarovsk.su

51. (60) Katchayev, A. V. V.N.Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Russia, 660036,

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk. Tel.(3912)

49-46-67, fax (3912)43-36-86, E-mail:

AK95@intra.krasnoyarsk.su

52. (61) Katchanova, T.G. Far East Forestry Research Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71, Volochaevskaya str. Tel (4212)

21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

53. (145) Khamarin, V.I. Institute of Ecology Nature

Complexes SB RAS. Russia, 634055. 2,

Academicheski pr. Tomsk. Tel (3822) 25-

88-55

54. (62) Kiselyov, A.N. Pacific Institute of Geography.

Russia, 690032, 7 Radio str., Vladivostok.

Tel. (4232) 32-06-78, fax (4232) 31-21-59,

E-mail: tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

55. (64) Kozhevnikova, N.K. Institute of Biology & Soil

Sciences. Russia, 690022. Vladivostok.

Tel.(4232) 31-04-48, fax (4232) 31-01-93,

E-mail: forest@ibiss.marine.su

56. (67) Kolesnikova, N.D. Voronezh State University.

Russia, 394045. 21 Revolyutsii pr.,

Voronegh

57. (68) Kolesnikova, R.D. Far East Forestry Research Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71, Volochaevskaya. Tel. (4212)

21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

58. (69) Kolosova, T.I. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71,

Volochaevskaya. Tel. (4212) 21-67-98,

E-mail: sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

59. (70) Komarova, T.A. Institute of Biology & Soil

Sciences. Russia, 690022. Vladivostok. Tel.

(4232) 31-01-85, fax (4232) 310-193, Email: forest&ibp.marine.su

60. (71) Kondrashov, L.G. Far East Forestry

Research Institute. Russia, 680020,

Khabarovsk, 71, Volochaevskaya. Tel.

(4212) 21-79-52, fax (4212) 21-67-98. Email: leokon@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

61. (73) Koryakin, I. V. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk,71,

Volochaevskaya. Tel.(4212) 21-67-98,fax

(4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

62. (72) Koryakin, V.N. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk,71,

Volochaevskaya. Tel.(4212) 21-67-98, fax

(4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

63.(63) Kovalyov, A.P. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk,71,

Volochaevskaya. Tel.(4212) 21-67-98, fax

(4212)21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk. su

64. (65) Kozin, E.K. Institute of Biology & Soil Science FEB RAS. Russia, 690022,

Vladivostok. Tel. (4232) 31-21-21

65. (66) Kozina, L. V. Institute of Biology & Soil

Science FEB RAS. Russia,690022,

Vladivostok. Tel. (4232) 31-01-85, fax

(4232) 310193, E-mail: forest@ibss.

marine.su

66. (75) Krechetova, N. V. Mari State Technical

University. Russia, 424000, Ioshkar-Ola

67. (74) Krestov, P.V. Institute of Biology & Pedology. Russia, 690022, Vladivostok P.O. Box

2250. Fax (4232) 310193. E-mail:

krestov@goobot.marine.su

68. (76) Krokhalev, A.K. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71,

Volochaevskaya str. Tel. (4212) 21-67-98,

fax (4212) 21-67-98

69. (77) Kruglik, I. A. Institute of Biology & Pedology

FEB RAS. Russia, 690022. Vladivostok.

Tel. (4232) 310-476. E-mail:

zoolog@ibss.marine.su

70. (78) Kudinov, A. I. Primorski State Agriculture

Academy. Russia, 692510, Ussuriisk. 44,

Blyukher prosp.

71. (80) Kuzmitshev, V.V. V.N.Sukachyov Institute

of Forest SB RAS. Russia, 660036,

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk. Fax (3912)

433-686

72. (79) Kuznetsova, G. V. V.N.Sukachyov Institute

of Forest SB RAS. Russia, 660036,

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk. Tel. (3912)

494-625. Fax (3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dndr@ifor.krasnoyarsk. su
- 306 -

64. (55) ÊÎÆÅÂÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Í.Ê. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-04-48, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

65. (64) ÊÎÇÈÍ, Å.Ê. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ìîðñêîé çàïîâåäíèê

Èíñòèòóòà áèîëîãèè ìîðÿ ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

690022, Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ

Âëàäèâîñòîêà, 159. Òåë.(4232) 31-21-21

66. (65) ÊÎÇÈÍÀ, Ë.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-01-85, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

67. (56) ÊÎËÅÑÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Í.Ä. Ðîññèÿ,

Âîðîíåæñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé

óíèâåðñèòåò. 394045, Âîðîíåæ, ïð.

Ðåâîëþöèè, 21

68. (57) ÊÎËÅÑÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Ð.Ä. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

69. (58) ÊÎËÎÑÎÂÀ, Ò.È. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë. 21-

67-21, ôàêñ. 21-67-98, E-mail:

leokon@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

70. (59) ÊÎÌÀÐÎÂÀ, Ò.À. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë.(4232) 31-01-85, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-

01-85, E-mail: forest@imp.marine.su

71. (60) ÊÎÍÄÐÀØÎÂ, Ë.Ã. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë. 21-

79-52. ôàêñ. 21-67-98, E-mail:

leokon@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

72. (62) ÊÎÐßÊÈÍ, ÂÍ, Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë. 21-67-34, ôàêñ.

21-67-98, E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

73. (61) ÊÎÐßÊÈÍ, È.Â. Ðîññèÿ,

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àâñêàÿ, 71

74. (67) ÊÐÅÑÒÎÂ, Ï.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Fax (4232) 31-01-93, E-mail:

êrestov@geobot.marine.su

75. (66) ÊÐÅ×ÅÒÎÂÀ, Í.Â. Ìàðè Ýë, Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò.

424000, Éîøêàð-Îëà

76. (68) ÊÐÎÕÀËÅÂ, À.Ê. Ðîññèÿ,

Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî

õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.

Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

77. (69) ÊÐÓÃËÈÊ, È.À. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-04-76, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: zoology@ibss.marine.su

78. (70) ÊÓÄÈÍÎÂ, À.È. Ðîññèÿ, Ó÷åáíî-îïûòíûé

ëåñõîç Ïðèìîðñêîé ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé

ñåëüõîçàêàäåìèè. 692510, Óññóðèéñê,

ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44

79. (72) ÊÓÇÍÅÖÎÂÀ, Ã.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 49-46-25, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

80. (71) ÊÓÇÜÌÈ×ÅÂ, Â.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 49-46-25, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

81. (73) ËÅÁÅÄÈÍÑÊÀß, À.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

82. (75) ËÎÁÎÂ, À.À. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44.

Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷ Òåë. (8241) 6-03-13

83. (78) ËÎÓÐÈ, Ð. ÑØÀ, Âåéåðõàóçåð. Òàêîìà,

Âàøèíãòîí 98477 ÑØÀ. Òåë. 253-924-

5195, ôàêñ. 253-924-3453, E-mail:

loweryr@wdni.com

84. (76) ËÎÄÛÃÈÍ, Á.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Õåõöèðñêèé

îïûòíî-ìåõàíèçèðîâàííûé ëåñõîç.

680020, Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71.

Òåë. 93-22-57

85. (74) ËÎ ËÈ-ÔÅÍÜ ÊÍÐ, Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé

ëåñíîé óíèâåðñèòåò. 150040, ÊÍÐ,

Õàðáèí. Òåë. (451) 21134432614, ôàêñ.

(451) 2112258, E-mail:

zuyg@bepc2.ihep.ac.cn
- 307 -

73. (81) Lebedinskaya, A.P. Far East Forestry

Research Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk,71, Volochaevskaya str. Tel. (4212)

21-67-98, fax (4212) 21-67-98

74. (85) Lo, Li-fen North-Eastern Forest University.

China, 150040. 26 Hesin, Kharbin.

Tel. (451) 2113443261, fax (451) 211-2258,

E-mail: zuyg@bepc2. ihep.ac.cn

75. (82) Lobov, A.A. Primorski State Agriculture

Academy. Russia, 692510, Blyukher str.44,

Ussuriisk. Tel. (8241) 603-13

76. (84) Lodyghin, B.S. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71,

Volochaevskaya str. Tel. (4212) 21-67-98

77. (86) Loskutov, R.I. V.N.Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Russia, 660036.

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk. Tel. (3912)

433-686

78. (83) Lowery, R. Weyerhaeuser Company.

Tacoma, WA 98477 USA. Tel. 253-924-

5195, fax 253-924-5219. E-mail:

lowery@wdni.com

79. (87) Lysun, E.Yu. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71,

Volochaevskaya str. Tel.(4212) 21-67-98,

fax (4212) 21-67-98

80. (90) Malokvasova, T.S. Far East Forestry

Research Institute. Russia, 680020, Khabarovsk, 71, Volochaevskaya str. Tel.(4212)

21-67-98. Fax (4212) 21-67-98

81. (89) Mayorova, L.V. Pacific Institute of Geography. Russia, 690041. 7, Radio str.,

Vladivostok.Tel.(4232) 32-06-72, fax (4232)

31-21-59, E-mail: tigdvo@stv.iasnet.ru

82. (91) Manko, Yu.I. Institute of Biology & Pedology.

Russia, 690022, Vladivostok. Tel. (4232)

31-04-48, fax (4232) 31-01-93, E-mail:

forest@ibss.marine.su

83. (93) Mikhalyov, Yu. A. Russian Forest Fire

Control & Forestry Mechanization Institute.

Russia, 660036, Krasnoyarsk. Tel. (3912)

49-40-70

84. (94) Mikhailov, V. I. Khabarovsk Territorial Center

of Mental Health. Russia, 680038. 33,

Seryshev str., Khabarovsk. Tel. (4212) 34-

89-99

85. (92) Mindeeva, T. N. V.N.Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Russia, 660036,

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk. Tel.(3912)

494-667, fax (3912) 433-686. E-Mail:

dndr@ibor.krasnoyarsk.su

86. (88) Miner, C. USDA Forest Service. P.O. Box

3890, Portland, Oregon, 97208, USA.

Tel.503-808-2135, fax 503-808-2130.

87. (95) Morin, V.A. Far East Forestry Research

Institute. Russia, 680020. 71,

Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk. Tel.

(4212) 21-67-98, fax (4212) 21-67-98

88. (96) Morozov, V.L. Complex Analysis of Regional

Problems Institute. 4, Sholom-Alejkhem str.,

Birobidzhan, JAP, Russia. Tel. (42622)685-

84, fax (42622) 659-47

89. (97) Mysin, V.Ye. Joint Stock Company

Promokhota. Russia, 680031. 176,

Muravyov-Amurski str., Khabarovsk. Tel.

(4212) 37-61-850

90. (100) Nechayev, A. A. Far East Forestry Research Institute. 71, Volochaevskaya str.

Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia. Tel. (4212)

21-67-98

91. (98) Nedoluzhko, V.A. Botanical Garden-Institute

FEB RAS. 144, Makovsky str., Vladivostok,

690024, Russia. Tel. (4232) 215-457

92. (99) Nesterova, S.V. Botanical Garden-Institute

FEB RAS. 144, Makovsky str., Vladivostok,

690024, Russia. Tel. (4232) 215-457

93. (101) Nikolayeva, S.A. Institute of Ecology of

Natural Complexes. 2, Academichesky pr.,

Tomsk, 634055.Russia. Tel. & fax (3822)

258-855,

 E-mail: root@ienc. tomsk. su

94. (102) Omelnik, O.A. Botanical Garden of Kharkov

State University. 52, Klochkovskaya str.

Kharkov, 310077, Ukraine. Tel. 43-61-96

95. (103) Orekhova, T.P. Institute of Biology &

Pedology FEB RAS. Vladivostok, 690022,

Russia. Tel. (4232) 310-185, fax (4232)

310-193. E-mail: forest@ibp.marine.su

96. (104) Ostroshenko, V.V. Chumican Leshoz.

Chumican, Khabarovski Territory, 682460.

Russia. Tel. 91-3-31

97. (105) Owston, Peyton. Sustainable Ecosystems

Institute, 0605 SW Taylors Ferry Road,

Portland, OR 97219, e-mail:

powston@wcn.net

98. (106) Pavlenko, I. A. Primorski Agriculture Academy. 44, Blyukhera str. Ussuriisk, 692510,

Russia. Tel. (8241) 6-03-13

99. (107) Perevertailo, I. V. Far East Forestry Research Institute. 71, Volochaevskaya str.,

Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia. Tel. &

fax (4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk. su
- 308 -

86. (77) ËÎÑÊÓÒÎÂ, Ð.È. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

87. (79) ËÛÑÓÍ, Å.Þ. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

88. (86) ÌÀÉÍÅÐ, Ñ. ÑØÀ, Ëåñíàÿ ñëóæáà

Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà ÑØÀ.

Ïî÷òîâûé ÿùèê 3890, Ïîðòëåíä, Îðåãîí,

97208, ÑØÀ. Òåë: 503-808-2135, ôàêñ:

503-8082130

89. (81) ÌÀÉÎÐÎÂÀ, Ë.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé

èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.690041,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ðàäèî, 7. Òåë. (4232) 32-

06-72

90. (80) ÌÀËÎÊÂÀÑÎÂÀ, Ò.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71.

91. (82) ÌÀÍÜÊÎ, Þ.È. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-04-48, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

92. (85) ÌÈÍÄÅÅÂÀ, Ò.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 49-46-67, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

93. (83) ÌÈÕÀËÅÂ, Þ.À. Ðîññèÿ, Âñåðîññèéñêèé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñî-ïðîòèâîïîæàðíîé îõðàíû è

ìåõàíèçàöèè ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 49-40-70

94. (84) ÌÈÕÀÉËÎÂ, Â.È. Ðîññèÿ, Õàáàðîâñêèé

êðàåâîé öåíòð ïñèõè÷åñêîãî çäîðîâüÿ.

680038, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Ñåðûøåâà, 33.

Òåë. 34-89-99, 34-04-41, ôàêñ. 34-89-99

95. (87) ÌÎÐÈÍ, Â.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

96. (88) ÌÎÐÎÇÎÂ, Â.Ë. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

êîìïëåêñíîãî àíàëèçà ðåãèîíàëüíûõ

ïðîáëåì ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 682200, Áèðîáèäæàí,

óë.Øîëîì-Àëåéõåìà,4. Òåë. (42622) 6-85-

84, ôàêñ. (42622) 6-59-47

97. (89) ÌÛÑÈÍ, Â.Å. Ðîññèÿ, Àêöèîíåðíîå

îáùåñòâî Ïðîìîõîòà. 680031,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Ìóðàâüåâà Àìóðñêîãî,

176. Òåë. 37-61-85

98. (91) ÍÅÄÎËÓÆÊÎ, Â.À. Ðîññèÿ, Áîòàíè÷åñêèé

ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690024,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ìàêîâñêîãî, 142, Òåë.

(4232) 21-52-15, 21-54-57

99. (92) ÍÅÑÒÅÐÎÂÀ, Ñ.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Áîòàíè÷åñêèé

ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690024,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ìàêîâñêîãî, 142. Òåë.

(4232) 21-54-57

100.(90) ÍÅ×ÀÅÂ, À.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

101.(93) ÍÈÊÎËÀÅÂÀ, Ñ.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

634Î55, Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2.

Òåë. (3822) 25-88-55, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-

55, E-mail: root@ienc.tomsk.su

102.(94) ÎÌÅËÜÍÈÊ, Î.À. Óêðàèíà, Áîòàíè÷åñêèé

ñàä Õàðüêîâñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî

óíèâåðñèòåòà. 310077, Óêðàèíà, Õàðüêîâ,

Êëî÷êîâñêàÿ óë. 52. Òåë. 43-61-96

103.(95) ÎÐÅÕÎÂÀ, Ò.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-01-85, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibp.marine.su

104.(96) ÎÑÒÐÎØÅÍÊÎ, Â.Â. Ðîññèÿ,

×óìèêàíñêèé ëåñõîç. 682460,

Õàáàðîâñêèé êðàé, Òóãóðî-×óìèêàíñêèé

ðàéîí, ñ.×óìèêàí. Òåë. 91-3-31

105.(97) ÎÓÑÒÎÍ, Ï. Èíñòèòóò Óñòîé÷èâûõ

Ýêîñèñòåì 0605 Þãî-Çàïàä Tåëîðç Ôåððè

Ðîóä, Ïîðòëåíä, øò. Îðåãîí 97219 E-mail:

powston@wcn.net

106.(98) ÏÀÂËÅÍÊÎ, È.À. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð.Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë. (8241) 6-

03-13.

107.(99) ÏÅÐÅÂÅÐÒÀÉËÎ, È.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

108.(100) ÏÅÐÅÂÎÇÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Â.Ä. Ðîññèÿ,

Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

660036, Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë.

(7) (3912) 49-46-67, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-

36-86, E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su
- 309 -

100. (108) Perevoznikova, V. D. V.N.Sukachyov

Institute of Forest SB RAS.

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036,

Russia. Tel. & fax (3912) 433-686. E-mail:

Alex@gis.ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

101. (109) Petropavlovski, B.S. Mountain Taiga

Station.Primorski Territory, Ussuri district.

692533, Russia

102. (110) Poleschuk, V.A. Mountain Taiga Station.

Gornotaezhnoe, Primorski Territory, Ussuri

district. 692533, Russia. Tel. (8241) 911-19

103(111)Pominov, V.F. Forest Service of

Khabarovski Territory. 71, Frunze str.,

Khabarovsk, 680000, Russia. Tel. (4212)

33-50-23, fax (4212) 22-57-79

104(112)Popkov, B.V. Mountain Taiga Station.

Gornotayozhnoye, Primorski Territory,

Ussuri district. 692533, Russia, tel. (8241)

911-19

105(113)Popova, A.V. Institute of Forest SB RAS.

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036,

Russia. Tel.& fax (3912) 433-686

106(114)Popova, E.P. Institute of Forest SB RAS.

Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036,

Russia. Tel.& fax (3912) 433-686

107(115)Potenko, V.V. Breeding & Seed Growing

Center. "A Shosseyni str., Sosnovka,

Khabarovski Territory, 682305, Russia. Tel.

(4212) 922-453. E-mail:

potenko&niilkh.khabarovsk.su

108(116)Pshenichnikov, B.F. Far East University.

27, Oktyabrya str., Vladivostok, 690000.

Russia. Tel.(4232) 257-770, fax (4232)

257-200

109(117)Pshenichnikova, L.S. Institute of Forest SB

RAS. Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk,

660036, Russia. Tel. & fax (3912) 433-686

110(118)Pshenichnikova, N.F. Pacific Institute of

Geography, 7, Radio str., Vladivostok,

690041, Russia. Tel. (4232) 320672, fax

(4232) 312-159. E-mail:

tigdvo&stv.iasnet.ru

111(119)Pshennikova, L.M. BGI FED RAS, 142,

Makovsky str., Vladivostok, 690024, Russia.

Tel. (4232) 215-215

112(120)Radchuk, A.S. Khabarovsk, Technological

University. 136, Tikhookeanskaya str.

Khabarovsk, 680035. Russia. Tel.& fax

(4212) 720-671. E-mail:

karpov@niikt.khabarovsk.su

113(121)Repin, E. N. Mountain Taiga Station FEB

RASGornotayozhnoye, Ussuri region,

692533, Russia. Tel. (8241) 911-19

114(124)Romanova, N.V. Far East Forestry Research Institute. 71, Volochaevskaya str.

Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia. Tel. & fax

(4212) 21-67-98

115(122)Rozenberg, V.A. Institute of Biology &

Pedology. Vladivostok, 22, 690022. Russia.

Tel. (4212) 31-21-21, fax (4212) 310-193.

E-mail: forest@ibss. marine. su

116(123)Rozov, O.L. PU Kiya-Les. 29, Ussuriyski

bul. Khabarovsk, 680000, Russia. Tel.

(4212) 33-53-10, fax (4212) 33-75-53

117(127)Sapozhnikov, A.P. Far East Forestry

Research Institute. 71, Volochaevskaya

str., Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia. Tel. &

fax (4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

118(125)Savchenko, A.P. Far East Forestry Research Institute. 71, Volochaevskaya str.

Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia. Tel. & fax

(4212) 21-67-98. E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.khabarovsk.su

119(126)Savchuk, D.A. Institute of Ecology &

Natural Complexes. 2, Academicheski pr.

Tomsk, 634055, Russia. Tel. & fax

(3822)258-855. E-mail: root@ienc.tomsk.su

120(158)Schlosser, W.E. USA, Pacific Rim Taiga,

Inc., REP Project - USAID, P.O. Box 187,

Pullman WA 99163, Tel 509-334-1799,

Fax 509-334-1899, E-mail:

schlosser@turbonet.com

121(130)Seledets, V.P. Pacific Institute of Geography 7, Radio str. Vladivostok, 690041,

Russia. Tel. (4232) 310-407, fax (4232)

312-159, E-mail: tigdvo@iasnet.ru

122 (131)Semechkin, I.V. V.N.Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Academgorodok,

Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia. Tel. & fax

(3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dndr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

123 (154)Sheingauz, A.S. Economic Research

Institute.153, Tikhookeanskaya, Khabarovsk,680035. Russia. Tel. (4212) 358-

422, fax (4212) 358-110, E-mail:

alexsh@ecrin.khabarovsk.su

124(155) Shelogayev, G.D. FEFRI. 71,

Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020,

Russia. Tel. (4212) 932-257
- 310 -

109.(101) ÏÅÒÐÎÏÀÂËÎÂÑÊÈÉ, Á.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ,

Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ èì.Â.Ë.Êîìàðîâà

 ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 692533, Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé,

Óññóðèéñêèé ðàéîí, ñ.Ãîðíîòàåæíîå.

Òåë.(8241) 91-1-19

110.(102) ÏÎËÅÙÓÊ, Â.À. Ðîññèÿ, Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ

ñòàíöèÿ èì.Â.Ë. Êîìàðîâà ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

692533, Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé, Óññóðèéñêèé

ðàéîí, ñ. Ãîðíîòàåæíîå. Òåë. (8241) 91-1-

19

111. (103) ÏÎÌÈÍÎÂ, Â.Ô. Ðîññèÿ, Óïðàâëåíèå

ëåñàìè Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ. 680000,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Ôðóíçå, 71. Òåë. 33-50-23,

ôàêñ. 22-57-79

112. (104) ÏÎÏÊÎÂ, Á.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ

ñòàíöèÿ èì.Â.Ë. Êîìàðîâà ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

692533, Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé, Óññóðèéñêèé

ðàéîí, ñ. Ãîðíîòàåæíîå. Òåë. (8241) 91-1-

19

113. (105) ÏÎÏÎÂÀ, À.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. 43-36-

86.

114. (106) ÏÎÏÎÂÀ, Ý.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

115.(107) ÏÎÒÅÍÊÎ, Â.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Ñåëåêöèîííîñåìåíîâîä÷åñêèé öåíòð. 682305,

Õàáàðîâñêèé êðàé, Õàáàðîâñêèé ðàéîí, ñ.

Ñîñíîâêà, ïåð. Øîññåéíûé, 1à. Òåë.

(4212) 92-24-53. E-mail:

potenko@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

116.(108) ÏØÅÍÈ×ÍÈÊÎÂ, Á.Ô. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò.

690600, Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ñóõàíîâà, 8.

Òåë. (4232) 25-77-70, ôàêñ. (4232) 25-72-

00.

117.(109) ÏØÅÍÈ×ÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Ë.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ëåñà èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

118.(110) ÏØÅÍÈ×ÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Í.Ô. Ðîññèÿ, Òèõîîêåàíñêèé èíñòèòóò ãåîãðàôèè ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

690032, Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë. Ðàäèî, 7.

Òåë. (4232) 32-06-72, ôàêñ. (4232) 31-21-

59

119.(111) ÏØÅÍÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Ë.Ì. Ðîññèÿ, Áîòàíè-

÷åñêèé ñàä-èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690024,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, óë.Ìàêîâñêîãî, 142. Òåë.

(4232) 21-52-15

120.(112) ÐÀÄ×ÓÊ, À.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Õàáàðîâñêèé

ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé

óíèâåðñèòåò. 680035, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.

Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ, 136. Òåë.(4212) 72-06-71,

ôàêñ. (4212) 72-06-71, E-mail:

karpov@niikt.êhabarovsk.su

121.(113) ÐÅÏÈÍ, Å.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ

ñòàíöèÿ èì.Â.Ë.Êîìàðîâà ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

692533, Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé, Óññóðèéñêèé

ðàéîí, ñ. Ãîðíîòàåæíîå. Òåë. (8241) 91-1-

19

122.(115) ÐÎÇÅÍÁÅÐÃ, Â.À. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-21-21, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

123.(116) ÐÎÇÎÂ, Î.Ë. Ðîññèÿ, ÎÎÎ Êèÿ-Ëåñ

680000, Õàáàðîâñê, Óññóðèéñêèé áóëüâàð,

29, îô.5. Òåë. 33-53-10, ôàêñ. 33-75-53

124.(114) ÐÎÌÀÍÎÂÀ, Í.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

125.(118)ÑÀÂ×ÅÍÊÎ, À.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

126.(119) ÑÀÂ×ÓÊ, Ä.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè

ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 634Î55,

Òîìñê, ïð.Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2. Òåë. 25-88-

55, ôàêñ. (3822) 25-88-55, E-mail:

root@ienc.tomsk.su

127.(117) ÑÀÏÎÆÍÈÊÎÂ, À.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë.

(4212) 21-67-98, ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, Email: sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

128.(136)ÑÂÅ×ÊÎÂ, Â.È. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

129.(137)CÂÅ×ÊÎÂÀ, Ý.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

130.(121)ÑÅËÅÄÅÖ, Â.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãîïî÷âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-28-33, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-21-59, E-mail: tigdvo@stv.iasnet.ru
- 311 -

125 (156)Shemberg, M.A. V.N.Sukachyov Insttitute

of Forest SB RAS. Academgorodok,

Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia. Tel. & fax

(3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dndr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

126(157) Sheshukov, M.A. FEFRI. 71, Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia.

Tel.& fax (4212) 21-67-98

127(159) Shteinikova, V. I. FEFRI. 71,

Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020,

Russia. Tel.& fax (4212) 21-67-98

128(160) Shugalei, L.S. V.N.Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Academgorodok,

Krasnoyarsk, 660036,Russia. Tel. & fax

(3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dndr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

129.(132) Sibirina, L. A. Institute of Biology & Pedology FEB RAS. Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.

Tel. (4232) 312-121, fax (4232) 310-193. Email: forest@ibss.marine.su

130.(133) Smolonogov, E.P. Ural Forest Institute UB

RAS.32a, Bilimbaevskaya, Ekaterinburg,

620134, Russia

131.(134) Sokolova, G. V. FEFRI. 71, Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia.

Tel.& fax (4212) 21-67-98

132.(135) Solovei, A.A. Far East Research Institute

of Hunting. 15a, Lev Tolstoy str. Khabarovsk, 680063, Russia

133.(136) Spiridonova, L.V. V.N.Sukachyov Institute

of Forest SB RAS. Academgorodok,

Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia. Tel. &

fax (3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

134.(137) Stepanek, D. EPT Project, B.S. Forestry.

Business-Center, EPT-office, 3, Krygina,

Vladivostok, 690003, Russia. Tel. & fax

(4232) 28-39-80

135.(138) Sukhomirov, G.Yu. Economic Research

Institute.153, Tikhookeanskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680035, Russia. Tel./Fax. (4212)

358-137

136.(128) Svechkov, V. I. FEFRI. 71, Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia.

Tel. & fax (4212) 21-67-98

137.(129)Svechkova, E.A. FEFRI. 71, Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia.

Tel.& fax (4212) 21-67-98

138.(139)Tagiltsev, Yu.G. FEFRI. 71, Volochaevskaya str., Khabarovsk, 680020, Russia.

Tel.& fax (4212) 21-67-98

139.(140) Taran, A.A. Sakhalin Botanical Garden.

25, Gorky str., Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693013,

Russia. Tel. 50-621. E-mail:

root@garden.sakhalin.su

140.(142) Telitsyn, G.P. Research Institute of Computer Technologies 136, Tikhookeanskaya

str. Khabarovsk, 680035, Russia. Tel.& fax

(4212) 720-671. E-mail:

karpov@niikt.khabarovsk.su

141.(143) Tretyakova, I. N. Institute of Forest SB

RAS. Academgorodok, Krasnoyarsk,

660036. Russia. Tel. & fax (3912) 433-686.

E-mail: dndr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

142.(146) Tsybukov, V.N. Primorski Agricultural

Academy.44, Blyukhera pr., Ussuriysk,

692510, Russia.Tel. (8241) 603-13

143.(141) Tvelenyov, M.V. Forest Genetics & Selection Research Institute. Voronezh, 394043,

Russia. Fax (0732) 52-83-03

144.(16) Varaksin, G.,S. V.N.Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Academgorodok,

Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia. Tel.& fax

(3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dndr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

145.(17) Vasilyev, N.G. Moscov Agriculture Academy

named after K.A.Timiryazev. Moscov, Box 2,

121170, Russia. Tel. (095) 976-14-78

146. (18) Vedrova, E.F. V.N. Sukachyov Institute of

Forest SB RAS. Academgorodok,

Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia Tel. & fax

(3912) 433-686. E-mail:

dr@ifor.krasnoyarsk.su

147.(19) Velikov, A.V. Breeding & Seed-Growing

Center. 1a, Shosseyny str.,Sosnovka,

Khabarovsk region, 682305,Russia.

Tel.(4212) 922-413

148.(20) Velisevich, S.N. Institute of Ecology of

Natural Complexes SB RAS. 2,

Academicheski pr., Tomsk, 634055, Russia.

Tel. (3822) 258-680, fax (3822) 258-855. Email: root@ecology.tms.su

149.(21) Veselin, B.V. Federal Forest Service,

Department of Protected Territories,

113184, Moscow, 59/19Pyatnitskaya str.

Tel. 237-6738, 230-8517

150.(23) Volodarskaya, A.T. Ukraine, Kharkov State

University. 310077, Kharkov, 4 Svobody sq.

Tel. 45-73-18

151.(22) Vladimirov, S.M. Russia, Institute of Biology

& Soils Sciences FEB RAS. 690022,

Vladivostok, ïð.100-letiya, 159. Òel.(4232)

31-21-21

List completed on page 313
- 312 -

131.(122) ÑÅÌÅ×ÊÈÍ, È.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê, Òåë. (3912)

49-46-35, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86, Email: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

132.(129) ÑÈÁÈÐÈÍÀ, Ë.À. Ðîññèÿ, Áèîëîãî-ïî÷-

âåííûé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 690022,

Âëàäèâîñòîê, ïð.100-ëåòèÿ Âëàäèâîñòîêà,

159. Òåë. (4232) 31-21-21, ôàêñ. (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: tigdvo@stv.iasnet.ru

133.(130) ÑÌÎËÎÍÎÃÎÂ, Å.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Óðàëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñà Óðàëüñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ

ÐÀÍ. 620134, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, óë.

Áèëèìáàåâñêàÿ, 32à

134.(131)ÑÎÊÎËÎÂÀ, Ã.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íîèññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë.

(4212) 21-67-98, ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, Email: sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

135.(132)ÑÎËÎÂÅÉ, À.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò îõîòû è çâåðîâîäñòâà. 680063,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Ëüâà Òîëñòîãî, 15à

136.(133) ÑÏÈÐÈÄÎÍÎÂÀ, Ë.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ëåñà èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

137.(134) ÑÒÅÏÀÍÅÊ, Ä. ÑØÀ, Ïðîåêò ÅÐÒ.

Áèçíåñ-Öåíòð, ÅÐÒ îôèñ, óë. Êðûãèíà,

3, Âëàäèâîñòîê. 690003, Ðîññèÿ. Òåë/

ôàêñ (4232) 28-39-80.

138.(135) CÓÕÎÌÈÐÎÂ Ã.Þ. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

680035, Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ,

153. Òåë. 35-81-37, ôàêñ. 35-81-37

139.(138) ÒÀÃÈËÜÖÅÂ, Þ.Ã. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

140.(139) ÒÀÐÀÍ, À.À. Ðîññèÿ, Ñàõàëèíñêèé

áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 693013,

Þæíî-Ñàõàëèíñê, óë. Ãîðüêîãî, 25. Òåë.

50-621, E-mail: root@garden.sakhalin.su

141.(143) ÒÂÅËÅÍÅÂ, Ì.Â. Ðîññèÿ, Öåíòðàëüíûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîé ãåíåòèêè è ñåëåêöèè. 394043,

Âîðîíåæ, óë.Ëîìîíîñîâà, 105. ôàêñ. (8-

073-2) 52-83-03

142.(140) ÒÅËÈÖÛÍ, Ã.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Íàó÷íîèññëåäî-âàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

êîìïüþòåðíûõ òåõíîëîãèé. 680035,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ, 136. Òåë.

72-06-71, 33-86-56, ôàêñ. (4212) 72-06-71,

E-mail: karpov@niikt.êhabarovsk.su

143.(141) ÒÐÅÒÜßÊÎÂÀ, È.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ëåñà èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86, ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86,

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

144.(28) ÔÎÅËËÌÈ, Õ. ÑØÀ, Ãàðâàðäñêèé

èíñòèòóò ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ. 1

Ýëëèîò Ñòðèò, Êýìáðèäæ, Ìàññà÷óñåòñ,

02138, ÑØÀ

145.(53) ÕÀÌÀÐÈÍ, Â.È. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîëîãèè ïðèðîäíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ ÑÎ ÐÀÍ.

634Î55, Òîìñê, ïð. Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé, 2.

Òåë. (3822) 25-88-55, 25-96-65, ôàêñ.

(3822) 25-88-55

146.(142) ÖÛÁÓÊÎÂ, Â.Í. Ðîññèÿ, Ïðèìîðñêàÿ

ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ñ/õîç.àêàäåìèÿ. 692510,

Óññóðèéñê, ïð. Áëþõåðà, 44. Òåë.(8241)

603-13

147.(16) ×ÀÁÀÍÅÍÊÎ, Ñ.È. Ðîññèÿ, Ñàõàëèíñêèé

áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ. 693013,

Þæíî-Ñàõàëèíñê, óë.Ãîðüêîãî, 25. Òåë.

50-621. E-mail: root@garden.sakhalin.su

148.(18) ×ÅËÛØÅÂ, Â.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

149.(17) ×ÅËÛØÅÂ, Ä.Å. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

150.(19) ×ÅËÛØÅÂÀ, Ë.Ï. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

151.(21) ×ÅÐÍÛØÅÂ, Â.Ä. Ðîññèÿ, Ãîðíîòàåæíàÿ

ñòàíöèÿ èì. Â.Ë. Êîìàðîâà ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ.

692533, Ïðèìîðñêèé êðàé, Óññóðèéñêèé

ðàéîí, ñ. Ãîðíîòàåæíîå. Òåë. (8241)91119

152.(161) ×ÆÀÎ ÃÓÀÍ-ÈÉ ÊÍÐ, Ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûé

ëåñíîé óíèâåðñèòåò. 150040, ÊÍÐ,

Õàðáèí, óë. Õàñèíü, 26. ôàêñ. (451)

2112258, E-mail: zuyg@epo2.ihep.ac.cn

Ñïèñîê çàâåðøåí íà ñòð. 313
- 313 -

152.(24) Vorobyov, V.N.Russia, Institute of Nature

Complexes Ecology SB RAS. 634Î55,

Tomsk, 2, Academichesky pr. Òel.(3822)

25-88-55, Fax (3822) 25-88-55, E-mail:

root@iens.tomsk.su

153.(25) Vorobyova, N.A. Russia, Institute of Nature

Complexes Ecology SB RAS. 634Î55,

Òîmsk, 2, Academichesky pr. Òel.(3822)

25-88-55, Fax (3822) 25-88-55, E-mail:

root@iens.tomsk.su.

154.(26) Voronov, B.A. Russia, Institute of Water

and Ecological Problems FEB RAS. 680063,

Khabarovsk 65, Kim-Yu Chena str.

Òel.(4212) 33-39-48, Fax (4212) 33-65-62,

E-mail: dmitri@ivep.êhabarovsk.su

155.(27) Vrisch, D.L. Russia, Botanical GardenInstitute FEB RAS. 690024, Vladivostok,

142, Makovskogo str. Òel. (4232) 21-54-57

156.(28) Vyvodtsev, N.V. Russia, Far East Forestry

Research Institute. 680020, Khabarovsk,

71, Volochaevskaya str. Òel. (4212) 21-67-

98, Fax (4212) 21-67-98, E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

157.(29) Vyvodtseva, Z.A. Russia Far East Forestry

Research Institute. 680020, Khabarovsk,

71, Volochaevskaya str.

158.(161) Yurchenko G.I. Russia, Far East Forestry

Research Institute. 680020, Khabarovsk,

71, Volochaevskaya str.. Òel. (4212) 21-67-

98, Fax (4212) 21-67-98, E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

159.(46) Yelpatyevski, P.V. Russia, Pacific Institute

of Geography FEB RAS. 690041,

Vladivostok, 7, Radio str. Òel. (4232) 31-28-

33, Fax (4232) 31-21-59, E-mail:

tigdvo@stv.iasnet.com

160.(162) Youngblood A. USA, USDA Forest Service.

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 1401

Gekeler Lane, LaGrande Îregon. Tel: 541-

962-6530, Fax: 541-962-6504

161.(152) Zhao, Guang-yi, North Eastern Forest

University. China, 150040, 26 Hesin,

Harbin. Tel. (451) 211-344-326-23; fax

(451) 2112258. E-mail:

zuyg@bepo2.ihep.ac.cn

162.(49) Zhiltsov, À.S. Russia, Institute of Biology &

Soils FEB RAS. 690022, Vladivostok, 159

100-letiya. Òel.(4232) 31-04-77, Fax (4232)

31-01-93, E-mail: forest@ibss.marine.su

153.(20) ×ÓÌÈÍ, Â.Ò. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé

íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò

ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020, Õàáàðîâñê,

óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë. (4212) 21-67-

98, ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, E-mail:

sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

154.(123) ØÅÉÍÃÀÓÇ, À.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò

ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ÄÂÎ

ÐÀÍ. 680000, Õàáàðîâñê, óë.

Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ, 153. Òåë. 35-81-37,

ôàêñ. 35-81-37

155.(124) ØÅËÎÃÀÅÂ, Ã.Ä. Ðîññèÿ, Õåõöèðñêèé

îïûòíî-ìåõàíèçèðîâàííûé ëåñõîç.

680020, Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ,

Äìèòðèåâè÷ 71. Òåë. 93-22-57

156.(125) ØÅÌÁÅÐÃ, Ì.À. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86

157.(126)ØÅØÓÊÎÂ, Ì.À. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë.

(4212) 21-67-98, Ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, Email: sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

158.(120) ØËÎÑÑÅÐ, Ó.Ý. Ïàñèôèê Ðèì Òàéãà,

Èíê. Ïðîåêò ÐÝÐ/ÀÌÐ ÑØÀ. Ïî÷òîâûé

ÿùèê 187, Ïóëëìàí, øò. Âàøèíãòîí Òåë.

509-334-1799, Ôàêñ: 509-334-1899. E-mail:

schlosser@turbonet.com

159.(127) ØÒÅÉÍÈÊÎÂÀ, Â.È. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë. Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71

160.(128) ØÓÃÀËÅÉ, Ë.Ñ. Ðîññèÿ, Èíñòèòóò ëåñà

èì.Â.Í.Ñóêà÷åâà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ. 660036,

Êðàñíîÿðñê, Àêàäåìãîðîäîê. Òåë. (7)

(3912) 43-36-86, Ôàêñ. (7) (3912) 43-36-86.

E-mail: dndr@ifor.êrasnoyarsk.su

161.(158)ÞÐ×ÅÍÊÎ Ã.È. Ðîññèÿ, Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêè é

èíñòèòóò ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà. 680020,

Õàáàðîâñê, óë.Âîëî÷àåâñêàÿ, 71. Òåë.

(4212) 21-67-98, ôàêñ. (4212) 21-67-98, Email: sergey@niilkh.êhabarovsk.su

162. (160) ßÍÃÁËÀÄ Ý. ÑØÀ, Ëåñíàÿ ñëóæáà

ÑØÀ. Òèõîîêåàíñêàÿ ñåâåðî-çàïàäíàÿ

èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ñòàíöèÿ. 1401

Ãåêåëåð Ëýéí Ëàãðàíäå Îðåãîí. Òåë: 541-

962-6530, Ôàêñ. 541-962-6504
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Ëåñíàÿ Ñëóæáà Äåïàðòàìåíòà Ñåëüñêîãî Õîçÿéñòâà ÑØÀ ðóêîâîäñòâóåòñÿ â ñâîåé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ïðèíöèïàìè

ìíîãîöåëåâîãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ âñåõ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ ñòðàíû ñ öåëüþ ðàöèîíàëèçàöèè óïðàâëåíèÿ äðåâåñíûìè,

âîäíûìè, êîðìîâûìè ðåñóðñàìè, çàïàñàìè äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ è ðåêðåàöèîííûìè âîçìîæíîñòÿìè ëåñîâ. Ëåñíàÿ Ñëóæáà

ÑØÀ ñòðåìèòñÿ - â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìè Êîíãðåññà - îáåñïå÷èòü ïî âîçìîæíîñòè áîëåå ýôôåêòèâíóþ

äåÿòåëüíîñòü â èíòåðåñàõ ðàñòóùåé íàöèè ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ñ

ðóêîâîäÿùèìè îðãàíàìè øòàòîâ è ÷àñòíûìè âëàäåëüöàìè ëåñîâ, à òàêæå ñ ðóêîâîäñòâîì Íàöèîíàëüíûõ Ëåñîâ è

Ïàñòáèùíûõ Óãîäèé.

Ëåñíàÿ Ñëóæáà Äåïàðòàìåíòà Ñåëüñêîãî Õîçÿéñòâà ÑØÀ (ÄÑÕ ÑØÀ) çàïðåùàåò â ñâîåé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ëþáóþ

äèñêðèìèíàöèþ íà îñíîâàíèè ðàñîâîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, öâåòà êîæè, íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ, âîçðàñòà,

ðåëèãèîçíîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, ïîëà, ôèçè÷åñêèõ óâå÷èé, ñåìåéíîãî ïîëîæåíèÿ èëè ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ óáåæäåíèé. (Â

íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ äîïóñêàþòñÿ èñêëþ÷åíèÿ). Ëèöàì ñ ôèçè÷åñêèìè íåäîñòàòêàìè, êîòîðûì íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäîñòàâèòü

àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ñðåäñòâà êîììóíèêàöèè (àçáóêà Áðåéëÿ, êðóïíûé øðèôò òåêñòà, âèäåîçàïèñü ìàòåðèàëîâ, è ò.ä.),

ñëåäóåò ñâÿçàòüñÿ ñ Äåïàðòàìåíòîì Ñåëüñêîãî Õîçÿéñòâà ÑØÀ, Öåíòð ÒÀÐÃÅÒ ïî òåë. (202) 720-2600 (ãîëîñ èëèTDD).

Äëÿ ïîäà÷è æàëîáû î äèñêðèìèíàöèè, íàïðàâëÿéòå åå ïî àäðåñó: Äèðåêòîðó Äåïàðòàìåíòà Ñåëüñêîãî Õîçÿéñòâà

ÑØÀ, Îòäåë Ãðàæäàíêñêèõ Ïðàâ, îôèñ 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410 èëè ïîçâîíèòå ïî òåëåôîíó (202) 720-5964 (ãîëîñ èëè TDD). Äåïàðòàìåíò Ñåëüñêîãî Õîçÿéñòâà ÑØÀ

ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò ðàâíûå ïðàâà ïðè íàéìå ðà ðàáîòó è ãàðàíòèðóåò ðàâíûå ïðàâà âñå ðàáîòàþùèì â ñâîåì âåäîìñòâå.

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