COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Clements, Haley and Senior Judge Bumgardner 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

RONALD D. WOLFE 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1273-07-4 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS 

 MARCH 18, 2008 

STEPHANIE A. ARTHUR 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Stanley P. Klein, Judge 

 David M. Zangrilli, Jr. (J. Patrick McConnell; Odin, Feldman & 

Pittleman, P.C., on brief), for appellant. 

 David D. Masterman (Masterman & Graham, P.C., on brief), for 

appellee. 

 Ronald D. Wolfe (husband) appeals from an order of the Circuit Court of Fairfax County 

(trial court) requiring him to pay Stephanie A. Arthur (wife) $34,621.17 in child support 

arrearages, $5,944.57 in interest on those arrearages, and $3,000 in attorney’s fees. On appeal, 

husband contends the trial court erred in (1) miscalculating the amount of the child support 

arrearage he owed, (2) applying the wrong judgment rate of interest to the part of the arrearage 

that accrued before July 1, 2004, and (3) awarding wife attorney’s fees. Both parties request an 

award of attorney’s fees and costs in connection with this appeal. For the reasons that follow, we 

affirm the trial court’s judgment in part, reverse the court’s judgment in part, and remand for 

further proceedings. 

 As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this 

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of 

this appeal. 

I. BACKGROUND 

The parties were married in 1988. One child was born of the marriage on August 27, 

1988. After separating in 1993, the parties entered into a marital settlement agreement (MSA) 

on June 17, 1994. The MSA provided that child support would be paid as follows: 

The Husband promises to pay to the Wife, for the support 

and maintenance of the minor child, a monthly sum of money 

equal to his U.S. Army Basic Allowance for Quarters, at the “with 

dependent” rate (i.e., BAQ), regardless of whether he is paid BAQ 

by the Army. (BAQ is a monthly allowance normally paid to 

soldiers in an amount according to their rank, and is adjusted 

upward annually.) At the present time, the Husband’s rank 

authorizes monthly BAQ in the amount of $415.50. The monthly 

child support specified herein has been paid by the Husband to the 

Wife since December 1993, and shall continue to be paid (by the 5th 

day of the month) until the minor child shall attain the age of 18 

years or shall become emancipated, whichever shall occur soonest. 

. . . Should the Husband depart active duty in the U.S. 

Army prior to termination of his child support obligation, he 

promises to continue making child support payments in an amount 

equal to the support guidelines utilized in the state the parties shall 

have obtained their divorce. 

Husband left the military in September 1994 and began paying wife $300 per month in child 

support in October 1994. The parties were divorced by final divorce decree entered by the trial 

court on August 15, 1995. 

The MSA was affirmed, ratified, and incorporated by reference into the divorce decree. 

The decree did not specify a monthly amount of support, but instead reiterated the terms of the 

MSA, specifically stating that, “[s]hould the Husband depart active duty in the U.S. Army prior to 

termination of his child support obligation, he promises to continue making child support payments 

in an amount equal to the support guidelines utilized in the state the parties shall have obtained their 

divorce.” The decree further stated that no arrearage existed and that child support was to continue 
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until the minor child “reache[d] the age of nineteen or graduate[d] from high school, whichever first 

occur[red],” provided the child was “(i) a full-time high school student, (ii) not self-supporting and 

(iii) living in the home of the Wife.” 

Following entry of the divorce decree, husband continued to pay wife $300 per month in 

child support until January 2003, at which time he unilaterally started paying $350 per month. In 

January 2004, he unilaterally increased his support payments to $500 per month. In July 2004, he 

ceased paying child support altogether. At no point did either party petition the court for 

modification of husband’s court-ordered support obligation. 

In February 2005, wife petitioned the trial court for a rule to show cause, alleging husband 

had not complied with the child support provisions of the MSA. After issuing a rule to show cause 

and hearing evidence and argument on the rule, the court entered an order on May 6, 2005, 

declining to find husband in contempt of court. Nevertheless, the court concluded that husband had 

failed to pay child support consistent with the Virginia child support guidelines following his 

departure from the military in 1994, as required by the MSA. The court further concluded that, 

given the divorce decree’s recitation that there was no child support arrearage, any arrearage owed 

by husband necessarily commenced after the decree was entered. Directing counsel to calculate 

husband’s arrearage on their own, if possible, the court instructed counsel to exchange the parties’ 

income documentation and compute the amount of post-decree child support husband should have 

paid under the guidelines “based upon the respective incomes of the parties at the relevant periods 

of time.” 

Unable to agree on how husband’s arrearage should be calculated, counsel again appeared 

before the trial court on January 12, 2006. After hearing argument by counsel, the court adopted 

wife’s view that, because there had been a change in the parties’ incomes every year from 1995 to 

2005, husband’s post-decree child support obligation should be recomputed anew each year under 
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the guidelines in effect at the time. Thus, the court ruled that the amount of child support owed by 

husband was to be recalculated annually by applying the guidelines as of the first day of each year 

to the parties’ respective incomes from their tax returns for the previous year. Applying that 

method, the court found that, for the period September 1, 1995, to January 12, 2006, husband had an 

arrearage of $34,621.17. 

The trial court further agreed with wife that interest on the unpaid balance of the arrearage 

accrued at the judgment rate “from the date each payment of support was due until paid in full” and 

that the applicable judgment rate was 9% through June 30, 2004, and 6% thereafter. Accordingly, 

the court found that husband owed $5,944.57 in interest. The court further awarded wife $3,000 

in attorney’s fees and increased husband’s child support obligation to $701 per month effective 

February 1, 2006. 

The trial court entered an order memorializing its rulings on January 30, 2006. The court 

subsequently denied husband’s motion to reconsider, and this appeal followed. 

II. CHILD SUPPORT ARREARAGE 

On appeal, husband challenges the trial court’s calculation of the arrearage. He first 

contends that, in deciding husband’s past due child support obligation was to be recalculated 

under the guidelines annually, the court misconstrued the terms of the MSA and retroactively 

modified husband’s child support obligation. We agree. 

[I]f all the evidence which is necessary to construe a contract 

was presented to the trial court and is before the reviewing court [on 

appeal], the meaning and effect of the contract is a question of law 

which can readily be ascertained by this court. Property settlement 

and support agreements are subject to the same rules of construction 

and interpretation applicable to contracts generally. 

Fry v. Schwarting, 4 Va. App. 173, 180, 355 S.E.2d 342, 346 (1987) (citation omitted). Thus, a 

court may “not insert by construction, for the benefit of a party, an exception or condition which 

the parties omitted from their contract by design or neglect. Moreover, a court must construe the 
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words as written and not make a new contract for the parties.” Bridgestone/Firestone v. Prince 

William Square Assocs., 250 Va. 402, 407, 463 S.E.2d 661, 664 (1995). Accordingly, “[w]here the 

agreement is plain and unambiguous in its terms, the rights of the parties are to be determined 

from the terms of the agreement and the court may not impose an obligation not found in the 

agreement itself.” Jones v. Jones, 19 Va. App. 265, 268-69, 450 S.E.2d 762, 764 (1994). In 

other words, courts may “not rewrite contracts to insert provisions that have been omitted by the 

parties.” Jones v. Harrison, 250 Va. 64, 68, 458 S.E.2d 766, 769 (1995). “The guiding light . . . is 

the intention of the parties as expressed by them in the words they have used, and courts are bound 

to say that the parties intended what the written instrument plainly declares.” W. F. Magann Corp. 

v. Virginia-Carolina Electrical Works, 203 Va. 259, 264, 123 S.E.2d 377, 381 (1962). 

 Moreover, it is well established that “a court may modify only future support payments.” 

Riggins v. O’Brien, 263 Va. 444, 447, 559 S.E.2d 673, 675 (2002). Hence, court-ordered child 

support may not be modified retroactively. Id. (citing Code § 20-108); Shoup v. Shoup, 37 

Va. App. 240, 249, 556 S.E.2d 783, 788 (2001) (citing Code § 20-108); see also Commonwealth v. 

Skeens, 18 Va. App. 154, 158, 442 S.E.2d 432, 434-35 (1994) (“Child support payments required 

under a valid court order become vested as they accrue, and the court is without authority to make 

any change as to past due installments.”). 

Because no support arrearage existed when the divorce decree was entered and because 

husband had already left the military when the MSA was incorporated into the decree, our initial 

focus is on the provision in the MSA stating that, “[s]hould . . . [h]usband depart active duty in 

the U.S. Army prior to termination of his child support obligation, he promises to continue 

making child support payments in an amount equal to the support guidelines utilized in the state 

the parties shall have obtained their divorce.” As relevant to the issue before us, this provision is 

plain and unambiguous, and clearly manifests the parties’ intention that, upon husband’s 
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departure from the military, his child support obligation was to continue and was to be based on 

the Virginia statutory child support guidelines, rather than on his former BAQ. 

Accordingly, we agree with the trial court that, following his departure from the military in 

1994, husband was required to pay child support consistent with the Virginia child support 

guidelines. Consequently, upon leaving the military, husband was obligated, under the terms of the 

MSA, to start paying child support in an amount computed in accordance with the guidelines in 

effect at the time. That support amount then became an order of the court when the MSA was 

incorporated into the divorce decree. See Shoup, 37 Va. App. at 250, 556 S.E.2d at 788 (“Where 

the court adopts the parties’ agreement by incorporating it into its decree, it is enforceable, to the 

word, as any other term of the decree.”); Code § 20-109.1. 

Against this backdrop, we turn to the trial court’s decision that husband’s post-decree child 

support obligation was to be recalculated annually under the guidelines. Upon our de novo review 

of the MSA, we conclude that the court’s decision is in derogation of the terms of the parties’ 

agreement and thus contrary to the established law prohibiting the retroactive modification of 

support. 

As previously mentioned, the MSA expressly provides that husband’s child support 

obligation was to be automatically modified when he left the military: rather than paying an amount 

equal to his BAQ, he was to start paying an amount calculated under the statutory guidelines. The 

MSA, however, makes no other provision, either expressly or implicitly, for modification of support 

under the guidelines. The agreement neither mentions the guidelines again nor references any 

periodic modification of support. Likewise, it does not require the parties to exchange income 

information or otherwise contain any mechanism for the periodic review of the parties’ incomes. In 

short, after providing for the initial adjustment of child support under the guidelines upon husband’s 
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departure from the military, the MSA is silent as to any further income-based adjustments to child 

support. 

Had the parties intended to provide for the automatic annual modification of husband’s child 

support obligation, they could have included a provision to that effect in the MSA. See Shoup, 37 

Va. App. at 250, 556 S.E.2d at 788 (finding valid and enforceable the language in an incorporated 

agreement requiring the parties, upon the occurrence of any of several enumerated changes in 

circumstances, to “follow the child support guidelines . . . for determination of child support”); 

Code § 20-109.1 (“Provisions in [incorporated] agreements for the modification of child support 

shall be valid and enforceable. Unless otherwise provided for in such agreement or decree 

incorporating such agreement, such future modifications shall not require a subsequent court 

decree.”). However, they did not do so. Indeed, other than the adjustment upon husband’s exit 

from the military, the only modification to child support the MSA provides for is the termination of 

child support upon certain conditions. 

It is clear, therefore, that, while the MSA reflects the parties’ intention that husband’s child 

support obligation was to be recalculated upon his leaving the military, the MSA contains nothing to 

suggest the parties intended that husband’s obligation was ever to be automatically modified again 

under the guidelines, much less on an annual basis. Accordingly, the imposition of such a 

requirement constitutes a rewriting of the parties’ agreement to include a provision that the parties 

themselves did not include in the agreement. Indeed, to find such a provision in the agreement, 

we “would have to insert words into the writing contrary to the elementary rule that the function 

of the court is to construe the contract made by the parties, not to make a contract for them.” 

Cave Hill Corporation v. Hiers, 264 Va. 640, 646, 570 S.E.2d 790, 793 (2002). 

 In the absence of such a provision in the MSA for automatic modification, wife’s remedy 

was to file a motion to modify support based upon a material change of circumstance. See 
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generally Goodpasture v. Goodpasture, 7 Va. App. 55, 58, 371 S.E.2d 845, 847 (1988) (“Should 

circumstances change requiring alteration in the amount of [court-ordered] support, a party’s 

remedy is to apply to the court for relief.”). Because neither party petitioned the court for 

modification of husband’s court-ordered support obligation, the support amount that was to be 

computed under the guidelines when husband left the military remained unchanged until the trial 

court increased husband’s child support obligation effective February 1, 2006. Thus, the court ’s 

award of arrearages to wife, which was based on annual modifications of husband’s post-decree 

child support obligation, constitutes an impermissible retroactive modification of a support order. 

We hold, therefore, that the trial court erred in awarding wife $34,621.17 in arrearages. 

Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s decision and remand for recalculation of the appropriate 

child support arrearage, if any. 

Husband also challenges the trial court’s award of arrearages on the ground that, pursuant 

to the express terms of the divorce decree requiring child support only as long as the parties’ 

minor child was “living in the home of the Wife,” he owed no child support after June 2004 

because the minor child was no longer living in wife’s home. Specifically, he contends the trial 

court erred “by failing to rule that [husband] did not have a child support obligation to [wife] 

during times when the child was not living in [wife’s] home, and by failing to allow [husband] an 

evidentiary hearing on this issue.” We find no merit in these contentions. 

 “[D]ecisions concerning . . . child support rest within the sound discretion of the trial 

court and will not be reversed on appeal unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.” 

Floyd v. Floyd, 17 Va. App. 222, 224, 436 S.E.2d 457, 458 (1993). We view the evidence in the 

light most favorable to wife, who prevailed below. Anderson v. Anderson, 29 Va. App. 673, 678, 

514 S.E.2d 369, 372 (1999). Moreover, “[a]bsent clear evidence to the contrary in the record, the 

judgment of a trial court comes to us on appeal with a presumption that the law was correctly 
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applied to the facts.” Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291 

(1977); see also Johnson v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 391, 396, 404 S.E.2d 384, 387 (1991) 

(“On appeal, the judgment of the trial court is presumed correct.”). The party alleging reversible 

error has the burden “to show by the record” that the alleged error occurred. Johnson, 12 Va. App. 

at 396, 404 S.E.2d at 387. Indeed, our review of an appeal is restricted to the record. Turner v. 

Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 96, 99, 342 S.E.2d 400, 401 (1986). “An appellate court must dispose 

of the case upon the record and cannot base its decision upon appellant’s petition or brief, or 

statements of counsel in open court. We may act only upon facts contained in the record.” Smith v. 

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 630, 635, 432 S.E.2d 2, 6 (1993). 

 Here, the record establishes that wife retained “primary physical custody” of the parties’ 

minor child during the relevant period. While husband’s counsel asserted in the trial court that the 

child did not live in wife’s home after June 2004, no evidence was presented to support that 

assertion. Wife’s counsel represented to the trial court that wife “was living both in Florida and 

Virginia at times” and that the child “stay[ed] predominantly with the stepfather at the time,” but did 

not stipulate or otherwise concede that the child did not live in wife’s home after June 2004. 

Husband put on no evidence showing that the child’s stay with the stepfather was not in wife’s 

home. Indeed, husband neither presented nor proffered any evidence about where or with whom the 

child was living. Nor did husband ever manifestly seek to present or proffer any such evidence. 

 Because the record fails to support a finding that the child was ever not living in wife’s 

home, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in “failing to rule that [husband] did not 

have a child support obligation to [wife] during times when the child was not living in [wife’s] 

home.” Likewise, because the record fails to show that husband ever even attempted to present 

or proffer evidence regarding the child’s residence, we cannot say the trial court abused its 

discretion in “failing to allow [husband] an evidentiary hearing on this issue.” Thus, even if we 
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assume, without deciding, that, as husband asserts, the language in the divorce decree upon which 

husband relies may be read literally despite its apparent ambiguity,1 we conclude the record fails to 

support husband’s claims of error. 

III. JUDGMENT INTEREST 

 Husband contends the trial court erred in awarding wife $5,944.57 in interest on his past 

due child support obligation. Specifically, he argues the court improperly applied the judgment 

rate of interest “from the date each payment of support was due until paid in full” and incorrectly 

determined the applicable judgment rate was 9% through June 30, 2004, and 6% thereafter. 

 Because the amount of interest owed by husband is dependent on the ultimate determination 

of husband’s child support arrearage, if any, and because we remand this case to the trial court for 

the recalculation of husband’s child support arrearage, we reverse the court’s interest award and 

remand for reconsideration. 

 We note, however, that Code § 20-78.2 provides that “[t]he entry of an order or decree of 

support for a spouse or for support and maintenance of a child under the provisions of this chapter 

. . . shall constitute a final judgment for any sum or sums in arrears.” Code § 20-78.2 further 

provides, as pertinent here, that an order of support arrearage “shall also include an amount for 

interest on the arrearage at the judgment interest rate as established by [Code] § 6.1-330.54.” See 

also Code § 8.01-382 (“If a judgment or decree be rendered which does not provide for interest, the 

judgment or decree . . . shall bear interest at the judgment rate of interest as provided for in [Code] 

§ 6.1-330.54 from its date of entry . . . .”). Code § 6.1-330.54 provides that “[t]he rate of interest for 

a judgment shall be the judgment rate of interest in effect at the time of entry of the judgment and 

shall not be affected by any subsequent changes to the rate of interest stated in this section.” 

 1

 The trial court found the language was inherently ambiguous. Given our resolution of 

the matter, we need not address that specific issue. 
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Effective July 1, 2004, the judgment rate of interest was lowered from 9% to 6%. Code 

§ 20-60.3(12) provides that “the support obligation as it becomes due and unpaid creates a judgment 

by operation of law.” Thus, “interest should be assessed on unpaid installments of [support] from 

the date they mature or become due until the date they are paid.” Alig v. Alig, 220 Va. 80, 85, 255 

S.E.2d 494, 498 (1979). 

 Accordingly, insofar as husband’s underlying argument remains pertinent on remand, we 

conclude the trial court did not err in applying the judgment rate of interest “from the date each 

payment of support was due until paid in full” or in determining the applicable judgment rate was 

9% through June 30, 2004, and 6% thereafter. 

IV. ATTORNEY’S FEES 

 Husband contends the trial court abused its discretion in awarding wife $3,000 in attorney’s 

fees. 

 Whether to award attorney’s fees “‘is a matter submitted to the sound discretion of the trial 

court and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.’” Northcutt v. Northcutt, 39 

Va. App. 192, 199-200, 571 S.E.2d 912, 916 (2002) (quoting Graves v. Graves, 4 Va. App. 326, 

333, 357 S.E.2d 554, 558 (1987)). “The key to a proper award of counsel fees is reasonableness 

under all the circumstances.” Joynes v. Payne, 36 Va. App. 401, 429, 551 S.E.2d 10, 24 (2001). 

 Here, the MSA provides that, “[i]f it becomes necessary to enforce the provisions of this . . . 

Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to reimbursement by the other of his or her 

enforcement costs, to include attorney fees.” Because the question whether to award attorney’s fees 

is dependent on the ultimate determination of husband’s child support arrearage, if any, and because 

we remand this case to the trial court for the recalculation of husband’s child support arrearage, we 

reverse the court’s award of attorney’s fees and remand for reconsideration. “We also remand for 
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consideration of an award of court costs and attorney’s fees on appeal, consistent with its decision 

and the terms of the agreement.” Shoup, 37 Va. App. at 255, 556 S.E.2d at 790. 

V. CONCLUSION 

 For these reasons we affirm the trial court’s judgment in part, reverse the court’s judgment 

in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

Affirmed in part,

 reversed in part,

 and remanded.