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 ($%	)$&+"%$"(%'!%'' A%"%$"#	&; %)" $' ,*'"#""#&%'" %)")* " &6;&$;%$,#%'')$&!"%$"&%'!%'' >%"%$"#	&; %)"  $ 6 * ;  ---  $' %&  !"%$ &=* $!$""#" %&"#!"%$?', $"&$&
-%DVLFDOO\ &DUQHV FRXOG H[SHFW JRYHUQPHQW LQWUXVLRQ LQWR KLV OLIH WRWKH H[WHQW WKH VSHFLDO QHHGV H[FHSWLRQ ZRXOG DOORZ LW'%,$%%)$"%$" *'%$%$"#%'%*"'%&"# )$"@"Michigan Administrative Code § R 791.7735 only speaks towarrantless searches for evidence of a parole violation, or offacially incriminating evidence in plain view. Carnes couldnot reasonably expect significant governmental intrusion intohis life outside of the parole context from a regulationpertaining solely to investigations of parole violations.#  ?)$)*&"#""#,> $!$",$"' F*% &? $"$& 66)*'"6"#'%K$&%'"$""#"'*$&". !$
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those inKnights, it is clear that Carnes did not bargain awaythe scope of rights that Knights did.$!"#  6"%$ ' )# )$&%"%$ '""&"#"9$%,#"'?*&IL'M*6!%"#%' '$  ";)'%&$)>#%) '$)"'   
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$'%&"# ) & ?'$&&%"%$"BI"#'>$"#"JC#'%@"''%K&$3$* ;5--.? % '"%'"$&" "#  !$"#' "  "  "# # %$, )$) $%$, "#'*')"&   >%"%$'  #; )$"%$& #$)$> '"%$' "&  ! 9*!E' #!  	!  "#)$> '"%$' ?  "# "$%$, #$ )'  !  $'"# '?  &%$ ;#$)'"9*! ! "%>'
. %>);I''''%$,$"#$#$&"#&, "?#%)#L' )#M %$" *&' *$ $ %$&%>%&*E'  %>); $& $ "#"# "#&, "?#%)#%"%'$&& "# !"%$,%"%!",> $!$"%$" '"'J!	""0-BF*"%$,/
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	-B--GCCCarnes’s status as a parolee informs both sides of thebalance. Parolees do not enjoy the full panoply of rightsafforded the average citizen.See Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 494.They have previously been found guilty of a crime, whichallows the state to impose "extensive restrictions" on theirliberty.Id.at 483. Similarly, they know that at any time,they may be sent back to jail for conduct that would beperfectly lawful for the average citizen.In assessing the governmental interests side, many of theconcerns articulated inKnightswith regard to probationersare applicable. However, a brief account of statistics specificto parolees is warranted. Parolees, like probationers, are farmore likely than the average citizen to commit a crime. In1998, of 6,134,200 total persons under communitysupervision, jail, or prison, 696,385 were on parole. U.S.Department of Justice, Bureau of Statistics,Probation andParole in the United States,2001NCJ 188208 (WashingtonD.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2001), p. 3. In 1998, 42%of parolees were returned to jail or prison and 9% absconded.U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Statistics,Probationand Parole in the United States,1998NCJ 178234(Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1999), p. 7.In 1999, 14.4% of all Federal Parolees had their paroleterminated because of a new crime, 13.0% because of druguse, and 4.3% because of their fugitive status. U.S.Department of Justice, Bureau of Statistics,Compendium ofFederal Justice Statistics,1999 NCJ 186179 (Washington,D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2001), p. 97.Assessing Carnes’s privacy interests, we look to Carnes’sexpectations when negotiating his parole agreement,including Michigan Regulations applicable to him once heaccepted the terms of his parole.Comparing these facts withG
government citesUnited States v. Knights,112 S. Ct. 587,593 (2001).$!"#	* !* "'""&"#""#%$"#% )*%"*'& I&*6%*' ,%)J ?#$ %" % !& "# '* ''%$ >%&$) '%K& "  6"%$  9$%,#"'E'  "!$" 6'&';$"#')%$&'$;'%' !&%"0--  #!* " #%,#%,#"&&0  @ '''""!$""#"%"'')%$&'#&%$,!&%"*$$)'' ;" &" !%$ ?#"#  ? $"'' ' )#'   6"%$ '? "# ?%' '$6?%"#%$"#!$%$,"#* "#!$&!$"  %  @" "# 	* ! * " >%&"& "#? $"'' ' )# " %''* *$&  "# I,$  * "#!$&!$"  )#  O@!%$%$, "# ""%";  "#)% )*!'"$)'E J % " 0- B%$" $ )%""%$' !%""&C%,#%$, "# ""%";  "# )% )*!'"$)' "# 	* !* " *$& "#" &$&$" 9$%,#"' #&  &%!%$%'#&@)""%$ %>);#* "?'')%;%$*$)&6;"?)"'4BC"#"9$%,#"'?' 6"%$ $&BC"#" !'  9$%,#"'E'  6"%$ , !$" %$)*&%$, I 6"%$' )#)$&%"%$J"0-0-Paying particular attention to the facts of Knights’s case,the Court rejected the proposition that the government cansearch all probationers and parolees without a warrant andprobable cause. Rather, the Court described Knights’s ownprobation search condition as a "salient circumstance"affecting the "6$)  L"#M )$'%& "%$' L?#%)#MF*% L&M$! "#$ '$6 '*'%)%$")$&*)"' )# 6"%$ E'#*'J%"0--B!#'%'&&&C8    
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$& %$&' $'%&!"%$"'* ''"#'"' ,*%$,"#""#;? '%K&$&%'"$&"%$>%"%$#%'* "#!$&!$" %,#"'#&%'" %)")* "&$%&"#!"%$%$&%$,"#""#')%$&'"#+%)#%,$ ';'"!=*'"%%&"#? $"'''%K* $&*'"#"'7$ $' ,*'"#""#*"# %"%'#&$%"#"# %,#" " '%K "# "' $  "# %,#" " %'"$ " "#!6)*'"#;&%&$" )%;%$&%)"$; "%$'#%" >%"%$ ) %!%$)"#,> $!$")$)&'"#""#;&%&$"''''' )#? $""'%K"#"'"%'"$""#!#,> $!$" ,*'"#""#% )"%$'?  $> "#'' ?*   "#  '$'  % '" "#,> $!$")%!'"#" $')D&'"$&%$,6)*'##&$ '$6@)""%$ %>);'" ) &%$,')$> '"%$' 6"%$& %,; 	)$& "# ,> $!$" ,*'"#"6)*' $'?' "#')%$&'?$ )!$"?&"#,> $!$""'%K$&*'"#"' ?%"#*"  ? $"    66 )*'  #% & "#,> $!$" )$"$&' "#" *$&  "# ""%";  "#)% )*!'"$)'  $' #&  &%!%$%'#& @)""%$  %>);'*)#"#""#*'** "#!$&!$" F*% !$"'? $"%)6% '" "# ,> $!$"E'  ,*!$" "#"  $' )D& $@)""%$ %>);'""#"'6)*'"#% )$"$"?' %,; 6"%$& %' $" )$>%$)%$,  # $,;6"?$) "#%E' %,#"" %>);%$'"$>#%)$& $'E' %,#"?%"# ')"""#"'"%''*%''" %$&#"'"#!'>'? $"'"$$ ?'"#6 %)'%$ ?#%)# "#; ?  *$&  + >  %,; 6"%$&6=)"''*)#')$" 6$& "$'* ''&
,263 F.3d 571 (6th Cir. 2001).Thelegality of a person’s possession cannot be the lynchpin oftheir Fourth Amendment standing. Carnes thus had someexpectation of privacy in the six tapes seized at 1731 Harmon.5
$GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH JUDQW RI SDUROH LV XVXDOO\ QRW WKH UHVXOW RI D MXGLFLDOILQGLQJ EXW RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RU OHJLVODWLYH SURFHVV6HH 0RUULVVH\ 86 DW  SDUROH 3LV QRWGLUHFWHG E\ WKHFRXUW EXW E\ DQDGPLQLVWUDWLYH DJHQF\ ́ %/$&.6 /$: ',&7,21$5<  WK HG 37KH JUDQWLQJ GHQ\LQJ UHYRFDWLRQ DQG VXSHUYLVLRQ RI SDUROH IRUIHGHUDO SULVRQHUV UHVWV LQ WKH 863DUROH&RPPLVVLRQ ́ DQG 3μSDUROH¶UHODWHV WR H[HFXWLYH DFWLRQ ́ FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG 7KHUHIRUH ZKHQHowever, with respect to the seventh tape, the one foundunder Kellum’s home, Carnes had no expectation of privacy.Since the decision inKatz v. United States,389 U.S. 347(1967), it has been the law that "capacity to claim theprotection of the Fourth Amendment depends . . . uponwhether the person who claims the protection of theAmendment has a legitimate expectation of privacy inthe invaded place."Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143(1978). A subjective expectation of privacy is legitimateif it is "‘one that society is prepared to recognize as"reasonable,"’"id.,at 143-144, n.12, quotingKatz,supra, at 361 (Harlan, J., concurring).Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 95 (1990). Carnes neverlived at this house and certainly was not present in it or inpossession of the recorder or the tape when Kellum turnedthem over to the police. It would be unreasonable for him toclaim an expectation of privacy with respect to something thathe had no control or dominion over. Therefore, we hold thatthe district court properly admitted the seventh tape intoevidence.D.The government’s argument, relied upon by the districtcourt, that the special needs of law enforcement allowed thegovernment to seize and listen to the six tapes seized at 1731Harmon, is unavailing.$&
$483 U.S. 868(1987), the Supreme Court *$& "#" "# *$%F*)% )*!'"$)' 6"%$) "&I')%$&'6;$&"#$ !$& ?$ )!$"J%"/.#  
0LQYHVWLJDWLQJ SDUROH YLRODWLRQV MXGLFLDO LQWHUIHUHQFH LV OHVV ZDUUDQWHG* '*$"" '$6 ,*" ; &!%$%'" "%>')#!*"# %K%$, '*)# )"%$ "# %) )*& ' )#  6"%$ E' '%&$) ?%"#*"  ? $" % "#; #&'$6 )*'"6%>"#" >%"%$  6"%$)$&%"%$?'"D%$,)At the suppression hearing, the government argued that thetapes were seized to help establish a violation of the residencyrequirement of Carnes’s parole agreement.SeeUnited Statesv. Carnes, 51 F.Supp.2d 829 (E.D. Mich. 1999). The fact thatthe tapes were not listened to until well after the parolehearing shows that they were not originally seized, norsubsequently listened to, pursuant to the special authoritygranted the government for supervising parolees. Through allstages of this case, the government has never offered a reasonwhy it did not listen to the tapes immediately after, or evenshortly after, they were seized. To the extent the governmentnow offers reasons why the tapes were originally seized, wecannot entertain them. Where the government claims that"special needs" of law enforcement justify an otherwiseillegal search and seizure, a court must look to the "actualmotivations of individual officers".See United States v.Knights, 112 S. Ct. 587, 593 (2001);see also Griffin, 483U.S. at 875 (suggesting that special needs searches must beconfined in scope).Here, there is no evidence that theofficers who seized the six tapes on January 14, 1997, weremotivated by a desire to establish a violation of the residencyrequirement of Carnes’s parole agreement. Rather, thegovernment’s failure to listen to the tapes until well after theparole hearing suggests some other motivation.E.Finally, the government argues that under the totality of thecircumstances, Carnes had a diminished expectation ofprivacy such that the usual Fourth Amendment protectionswere not applicable to him. For this proposition, the