24

Insane.
Whites. Free colored. Slaves,
States and Territories.
Male. |Female.| Male. | Female.} Male. | Female.

Aggregate

New Hamp+hir
‘Vermont...
Massachusetts



45

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28
fort, and elegance, the statistics of the nation prove that the substratum
of pauperism, or want, is of a magnitude alarming to the English
moralist and thinker, as well as to the statesman, and of an extent and
nature harrowing to all. oo.

The expenses of the organized benevolent institutions of France
amounted, in 1847, to 52,000,000 francs. The number of distressed per-
sons relieved amounted to about 450,000 annually. We have no means °
arriving approximately at the number of paupers in France, as the insti-
tutions above referred to are confined to the cities and large towns,
while among the rural communes, which contain several millions of
landed proprietors, there are large numbers of persons in receipt of pub-
lic support. Tt appears from a report of M. Duchatel, Minister of Com~-
merce, that 695,932 persons received public alms at their own houses.

The Netherlands, in 1847, with a population of 6,167,000, contained.
11,400. charitable institutions, which contributed to the support of
1,214,055 persons—about one-fifth of the entire population.

Pauperism.
Whole No, of panpers who | Whole No. of paupers on
received support within the june 1, 1850,
Staten year ending June 1, 1850. jAnnul saee
port.
Native. |Foreign.| ‘Total. | Native. |Foreign.| Total.
Maine .... 4,553 | 950} 5,503 151, 664
New Hampshire « 2e53] 747} 3,600 ae 851
Vermont... 2,013] 1,611] 3,654 120, 462
‘Massachusetts, 6,530 | 9,947 | 15,77 302, 715
Rhode Island 1,135 | 1,445 | 2,560 45, 837
Connecticut . 1872 "465 2,337 95, 624
New York 19,275 | 40,580 | 59, 855 817, 386
New Jeraey 1,816| ‘576 | 9,392 93, 110
Pennsylvania 5,808) 5,653 | 11,551 252,138
Delaware . 398 |’ 697 17,730
1,903 | 4,494 71, 668
135] 5,118 161, 722
38| 1,931 60, 085,
329| 1,642 48, 337
581 1,036 27, 820
2 % 937
n{ 363 17,559
12] ° 260 18, 132
200| 493 30, 806
essen 7 438
8| 105 6,888
1} 1,005 30, 981
155 | 7,196 57,543
609} 2,513 95, 250
541] 1,190] "248| 1] “499!| 97’ 556
a} 31] 448] 1s7] 583] 57,560
su} 77] 279] 155] aaa! asia
1,720] 9,977] 951] 254] 505] 53243
35| 135] or] “| ag 5,358
497; 668] 72] 166] 238| aa'7ag

68,538 | 134, 972 | 36, 916 | 13, 437 | 50, 358 | 2,954, 866

peememee



46

Real and Personal Estate —The table of real and personal estate owned
by individuals is made up from official returns of: Property for taxation,
Where the assessment has been made on a sum less than the intrinsic
worth, the assistant marshals were instructed to add the necessary per
centage. For the purposes of taxation the full amount is not generally
given—in rural districts especially. Stocks or bonds owned by States,
or by the general government are not represented. The value of slaves
is included.

Valuation of real and personal estate of the inhabitants of the United
States, for the year ending June 1, 1850.

Real and personal estate.

States and Territories.

Assessed value, | True or estima-
ted value.

$96,765,808 | $122,777, 571
92, 177, 959 103, 652, 835

71, 671, 651 92, 205, 049
546, 003, 057 573, 842, 286
17, 758, 974 80, 508, 794

119, 088, 672 185, 707, 980
715, 369,028 | 1, 089, 300, 216
190, 000, 000 200, 000, 000
497, 039, 649 "722, 486, 120

16, 408, 884 21, 062, 556
208, 568, 566 219, 217, 364
381, 376, 660 430, 701, O82
212, 071, 413 226, 800, 472
283, 867, 709 298, 957, 64
335, 110, 295 335, 425, 714

22,784, 837 22, 852,270
219, 476, 150 228, 204, 932
208, 422, 167 228, 951, 130
220, 165, 172 233, 998, 764

152, 870, 399 202, 650, 264
114, 782, 645 156, 265, 006

21, 690, 642 28, 714, 638
26, 715, 525 42, 056, 595
92, 193, 173 29, 161, 872 -
14, 018, 874 14, 018, 874
otal... -eeeee cess sees cnee cece sense] 5,997, 047, 525 | 7, 124, 556,200

Minnosota Territory (not returned in full)

“Utah Territory . : 986, 083 986; 083
Oregon Territory. 2 5,063,474 | °° 8,063,474
New Mexico 5,174,471 6, 174,471

6,009,171, 653 | _ 7, 135, 780, 298

“In New Jersey, as the real estate only was returned, the above is partly estimated.
1 Only thirteen couaties in California ate retumed. pasty

Aggregate .



9°
Prussta.—For the first time the Prussian government has made pro-
vision for the publication of their statistics in an extended form. Their
census was taken at the close of the year 1849, of which a portion of the
results have been published in one large quarto volume, to be followed
by two others, under the direction of Dieterici, Director of the Statistical
Bureau. The subjects embraced and the divisions included, are public
buildings enumerated as churches and houses for prayer, school-houses,
orphan and poor asylums, buildings for the administration of public af
fairs, justice, customs, &c., buildings for ecclesiastical and communal
magistracies, military and hospital buildings, private dwelling-houses,
factories, mills, &c., stables and barns. Population: male and female,
at the ages of 5, 7, 14, 16, 19, 24, 32, 39, 45, and 60, and those
over 60. They are enumerated also according to religion, as far as
respects Evangelical Christians, Roman Catholics, Greek Christians,
Mennonites, and Jews. The deaf and dumb are returned as to age
and sex—chumerating them at the ages of 5, 15, 30, and over, respect-
ively; and the blind are returned by age and sex, ut the ages of 15, 30,
and over 80, respectively. They enumerate their horses, asses, mules,
cattle, hogs, sheep and goats, dividing the sheep into three classes. By
their census, (1849,) the population of Prussia amounts to—

- 8,162,805
8,168,382

eee eer eet rs 16,331,187

8,180,707
-. 1,945,174

Number of churches, 16,897; school-houses, 23,384; asylums for
orphans and destitute persons, 5,710; civil, ecclesiastical, military, and
hospital buildings, 35,353.

The Evangelical Christians number ~ -10,020,161

Roman Catholics. 6,076,252
Deaf and dumb. . 11,973
Blind ..... veces 9,579



39

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265

Idiotic.
Whites, Free colored. Slaves,
States and ‘Territories. Aggregate.
Male, |Fomale.| Male. |Female.} Male. | Female,
330 | 225 3 558
208 | 140 4 352
it | 109 1 281
Massachusctts 465 | 320 4 791
Rhode Island 65 39 1 107
Connecticut 1s2 | 114 38 300
New Yor! 1,032 | 689 8 1,739
New Jersey 242 168 9 426
Pennsylvania 799 587 34 1,448
Delaware 38 40 7 101
Maryland M7 121 32 393
District of Columbi 3 4 3 iL
i 560 | 385 64 56 | 125 9% 1,285
338 | 266 12 20 74 64 174
139 103 1 2 26 24 295
264 39 877
23 3 37
219 62 505
88 28 210
67 28 173
58 3 108
51 2 102
439 25 854
428 32 849
769 1,399
13 190
520 919
213 371
186 333
45 93
45 1
2 3
Minnesota Territory. 1
Oregon Territor} 4
Utah Territory. 2
New Mexico Territory. 38
Total........--| 8,276 | 5,954 | 234 | 202 | 585 | 455 115, 706



e é 4 ‘s
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Denominations, 3 & 33 38
S| Bois] Fe | ge
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8,791} 3,130,878 | 986 | $10,931 382 | $1,244
812 6, 365 845,810 | "1,041
1,674 795,177 | 475. 7, 973, 962 4,763
324 181,986 | 561 4,096,730 | 12,644
1, 422. 625,213 | 440 11, 261, 970 7,919
361 108, 605 | 300 252, 255. 698
74 282,823 | 396 1,709, 867 2,395
‘327 156,932 | 479 965, 2,953
BL 16,575 | 534 371,600 | 11,987
1,203 531,100} 441| 2,867,886 | 2) 383
110 29,900 | 272 94) 245, 856
42,467 | 4,209,333 | 337.| 44,636,671 | 1,174
331 112,185 | 338 443, 347 1,339
4,584 2,040,316 | 445 14, 369, 889 8, 136,
1,112 20,950} 558 | 8,973,838] 8,069
Swedenborginn 15 5,070 | 338 108, 100 7,206
Tunker 52 35,075 | 674 46, 025 885,
Union . 619 218,552 | 345, 690, 065. 1,114
Unitarian 243 137, 367 | 565. 3,268,122 | 18,449
Universalist 494 205,462) 415 1, 767, 015 3,576
Minor Sects 325 115, 347 | 354 741, 980 2, 283
Total. 36,011 13,849,896 | 384 86, 416, 639 2,400

* The German Reformed and Lutheran denominations use the same building in many places.



27

Education —It was intended to accompany this report with a tabular
statement, presenting the statistics of education in the United States.
We are compelled to defer such table to a future period for want of
time to complete it. It may he satisfactory to state that near 4,000,000
of our youth were receiving instruction in the various educational in-
stitutions of the country on the 1st of June, 1850, or at the rate of one

. in every five free persons. The teachers number more than 115,000,

and the colleges and schools near 100,000, I will endeavor to furnish
in a few weeks a detailed statement of the condition of the American
people as respects education, to which time it will be proper to defer
extended remarks.

Pauperism.—No State in the Union is without its legal provisions for
the protection and support of the indigent population. In many they
receive a care and attention which places hein in an enviable condi-
tion, compared with some of the laboring classes of other countries,

By the table annexed to this report, it will be perceived that the
whole number of persons who have received the benefit of the public
funds of the different States forthe benefit of indigent persons, amounts
to 184,972. Of this number there were 68,538 of foreign birth, and
66,434 Americans; while of the whole number receiving support on the
first day of June there were 36,916 natives, and 13,487 foreigners,
making’ a total of 50,358 persons. Of those termed Americans, man
are free persons of color, The entire cost of the support of these indi-
viduals during the year has amounted to $2,954,806. This aggregate
may seem startling to persons who have paid but little attention to
pauper statistics in our own and other countries, and it may be useful,
and perhaps not amiss, to compare these facts with results as they are
officially developed abroad.

In 1818, about $39,000,000, and during the years 1832, ’33, and ’34,
more than $100,000,000, was expended oe the relief and maintenance
of the poor of England and Wales, exclusive of the immense expendi-
ture of the Poor Law administration in the unions and parishes. In
1842 and °48, the amount of $50,000,000, and during each of the years
1847, ’48, and ’49, there was expended $28,500,000 in England and
Wales. ‘The entire number of paupers relieved by the public funds
in Englandand Wales for nine years, from 1840 to 1848, inclusive,
amounted to 13,193,425, equal to 1,649,178 persons per annum; in
1848, the numberrelieved was 1,876,541, by which it appears that one
person in every eight was:a pauper. The average number of those
annually relieved, who are represented to have been “adult and able-
bodied paupers,” amounted to more than 477,000; and it is on British

- authority asserted that in 1848 more than 2,000,000 in England and

Wales were kept from starvation by relief from public and private
sources. The total public expenditure for the poor in England and
Treland, in 1848, amounted to $42,750,000. ° Within the past seventeen
years, the Poor Law fund expended in England and Wales amounted
to. $426,600,000. This enormous expenditure, accompanied, as it is,
by immense private contributions, falls far short of relieving the wants
of the poor of Great Britain. While her population embraces a large
number of persons of princely estates, and other classes composed ot
individuals of every variety of income, combining with it ease, com-



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22

2,445 persons; among the free colored, one to each 870; and among
the slaves, one to each 2,645.

An analysis ‘with respect to native and foreign population, made
from the returns, by Harvey P. Peet, LL. D., presents the fact that
the blind and insane are much more numerous among our foreign pop-
ulation, which he attributes to “‘home-sickness, change of climate, and
the various hardships of an emigrant’s lot,” which have a strong influ-
ence in inducing insanity, and. perhaps blindness.

Blind.

White. Colored. Slaves.

States and Territories. Aggrogate.
Male, |Female.| Male. |Female.| Mule. | Female.

Massachusetts
Rhode Island.
Connecticut «.
New York.

Pennsylvania
Deluware .

S8oBSRTo REE!

California
‘Mirmesata Territory :
Oregon Territory.

Utah Territory 3
New Mexico Terzitory.) \ 98

Aggregate...

---.| 4,519 [8,478 | 930 | 955 [ 502) 619 9,708

ean


14

ion is composed. ‘The investigations under this head have 1@~
Salted in showing that, of the free inhabitants of the United States:
17,737,505 are natives of its soil, and that 2,210,828 were born x
foreign countries; while the nativity of 39,014 could not be (letermin es a
Tt is shown that 1,965,518 of the whole number of foreign-born inbaw -
tants were residents of the free States, and 245,310 of the slave State S
It is seen that the persons of foreign birth form 11.06 per cent. of ene
whole free population. The countries whence have been derived E x
largest portions of these additions to our population appear in the £0.
lowing statement:

Natives of Ireland in the United States in 1850. -- 961,719
Nat Germany do. do. 573,226
England do. do. 278,675

British America do. do. -- 147,700

Scotland do. do. - 70,5660

France do. do. 54,06 9

Wales do. do. 29,868

Allother countries do. do. . -. 9,022
2,210,828

The proportion in which the several countries above named hav@
contributed to the aggregate immigrant population, is shown in the suvb>—
joined statement: :

Treland. . -43.04 per cerit.
Germany. -25.09 “
England. 12.06
British America . - 668 «
Scotland “

This view of the living immigrant population is important, as: serw—
ing to correct many extravagant noiions concerning it which have
attained extensive currency.

With a view to trace the relation between the statistics of nativity
and those of immigration, I have procured a series of calculations, to
ascertain how many of the immigrants into the United States since
1790 would be living in 1850, according to the laws of survivorshiq>
given by the English life table. An inspection of the returns at the
State Department, of the custom-house of New York, and other ports
of entry, shows that comparatively few immigrants are above fortyy—
five years of age; that females under that age constitute only two-
fifths of the whole number; and that the total proportion of immigrants
“under fifteen” is 21.8 per cent.; from “fifteen to thirty,” 60.6 per
cent.; and from “thirty to forty-five,” including the small number at
older ages, 27.6 per cent. Also, adopting the statistics of immigration
contained in the former report, down to 1830, and correcting subse—
quent returns for the balance of te-emigration from Canada, accordin
to a comparison of the late Canada returns with those of the UnitecE

pe


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li

ment, the practical conclusion arises, that the values of life for different
branches of the Teutonic family of nations, in temperate climates, will

- not greatly differ; and if the ratios of annual mortality and the expecta-
tions of life in America should substantially agree with the like values
in European tables, the general correspondence would afford so many
credentials of statistical authority. ith respect to the nurthern Uni-
ted States, the returns of Massachusetts have been selected for com
parison with those of the national census of England. In applying the
same mode of verification to the middle States, the statistics of Mary-
land have been taken, the table described in last year’s report being
revised, and male and female lives distinguished. The computations
have been executed by Mr. L. W. Meech, whose familiarity with the
subject and scientific qualifications afford a sufficient guaranty. In
contrast with these results are set the expectations of file in France.
The proportion of deaths and the expectations of life, at its several pe-
riods, may thus be compared, as follows:

(L.) Annual deaths per cont., 1850. : 2
MASSACHUSETTS. MARYLAND, Naan, 1844.
Ages. 7

Males. | Females. | Males. | Females. | Males. | Females.
6.052 | 5.406 | 4.875 | 6.898 5.860
0.983 | 1.041 | 0.855 | 0.955 0.922
0.573 | 0.477 | 0.606 | 0.509 0.545
0.831, | 0.605 | 0.757 | 0.718 0, 801
1.170" | 0.896 | 0,938 | 0.949 0, 942
Tse | 0.991 | 1.146 | 1.080 1124
1325 | 1.884 | L249 | 1410 1.308
1.654 | 2433 | L712 | 2 1.938
21960 | 3.405 | 3.285 | 4.232 3.761
5.762 | 8.977 | 7.221 | 9.150 8.378
13,470 | 15.157 | 12.280 | 19.850 18. 850

35.240 | 27.540 .132 | 23.430 | 37.390 34. 570

(IL) Expectation of life.

MASSACHUSETTS. MARYLAND, ENGLAND, FRANOES
Completed age,

Males. |Females,| Males. [Pemales.| Males. |Females,| Males. {Females.

Years. | Years. | Years. | Years. | Years, | Years. | Years. Years.

38.3 40.5 41,8 44.9 40,2 42,2 33.3 40.8

48.0 47,2 47.3 49.5 47.1 47.8 A7.0 AT.4

40.1 40,2 30.7 42.1 39.9 40.8 40.0 40.1

34.0 35.4 32.9 35.7 33.1 34.3 34.0 33.4

27.9 | 2.8 25.8 29.5 26.6 e7.7 27.0 26.6

21.6 23.5 20,2 22.7 20.0 211 19.9 19.6

15.6 17,0 14.4 16,0 13.6 14.4 13.3 13.2

10.2 11,3 91 10,5 8.5 9.0 81 8.1

5.9 6.4 6.2 7.0 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.8

28 3.0 3.9 43 2.7 2.8 3.2 3.2



. 10
Population of France.
Sex.
Years. Total. Increase of | For all the | Yearly,
Men. ‘Women. population. | period.

13, 311, 889 14, 037, 114 27, 349, 003

14,312,850 | 14,704,575 | 29, 107,425 | "1,758,492 | "6.43 1.28
14,796,775 | 15,665,100 | 30, 461,875 | 1,354,450 | 4.65 0.31
15,930,095 | 16,639,128 | 32,569,223 | 2,107,348] 6.92 0.69
16, 469,701 | 17,080,209 | 33,519, 910 971,687 | 3.00 0.60
16,908,674 | 17,321,504 | 34,230,178 689,263 | 2.05, 0.4L
17, 542,083 | 17,858,403 | 35,400,486 | 1,170,308] 3.42 0.68

- wos |eceeceenee sees 35, 781, 628 381,142 | «1.06 0.8L

From the foregoing statement it will be seen that France, with a pop-
ulation of more than thirty-five millions, has increased in the number
of her people but little more than the two States of New York and
Penney! vania, with not more than one-sixth her population, in the same

riod.
ee Mortality. —In a former report, the aggregate number of deaths in
each State of the Union, during the twelve months prior to June st,
1850, was given, together with the ratio of deaths to the number living
and some considerations were adduced, showing the most feasib
mode of arriving at the law of mortality. The work of condensing
this order of statistics has been continued with such discrimination as
the nature and value of the returns deemed to require. A great diver-
sity of opinions, it is well known, exists, with respect to the salubrity
of the northern and the southern, the maritime and the inland localities
of our country, and on no point, perhaps, could reliable information be
more reasonably desired. It is not here proposed to discuss the nu-
merous inquiries which this important branch of statistics suggests—how
far it shall confirm existing opinions, or awaken an interest, and prepare
the way for more full researches. ‘The returns, being the first of their
Kind in the national Census, may seem to require some mode of veri-
fication, and. in this, view the following investigations have been pre-

ared.
P The great mass of the white population of this country is of Teutonic
origin, with a considerable admixture of Celtic. Located in temperate
latitudes, with a climate not greatly differing from that of Europe, the
presumption naturally arises that the same laws of life would prevail,
and to nearly an equal degree, on both sides of the Atlantic. In the
absence of any assignable and special source of change, the universal
law of self-preservation and protection might be assumed to produce
like results upon both continents. As has been truly observed, “a race

of men launched upon the tide of existence, have, by virtue of all the
conditions, a determined course to run, which will make its own way,
and fulfil its own destiny, in accordance with a system of laws as un-
altcrable and supreme as those which control the physical universe.”
Without enumerating the conditions and circumstances of vital develop-

}
\
:


23

Insane and IWdiotic—The number of insane persons in the United
Btates is given at 15,768 ; of whom 15,156 are whites, 321 free colored,
and 291 slaves. The number of idiots returned is 15,706, distributed
as follows: whites, 14,280; free colored, 436; slaves, 1,040; total in-
sane and idiotic, 81,474 ; total whites, 29,386; total blacks, 2,088. By
the Census of 1840 these two classes of persons were returned together—
a thing not generally understood—and presented the following numbers;
white insane and idiotic, 14,508; colored insane and idiotic, 2,926;
total, 17,434. These figures make it appear that with the white pop-
ulation in the United States there exists one insane person for each
1,290 individuals; among the free colored, one to each 1,338; and
among the slaves, one to each 11,010. With respect to. idiocy, the
white population presents one to each 1,374 persons; the free colored,
one to each 985; and among the slaves, one to each 3,080. Want of
time will not permit a sufficiently detailed examination to arrive at the
causes which présent these unfortunate beings in such greater number
than they appeared in 1840. Irom the manner of taking the Census
of 1850, they could not be rated higher than their actual numbers; and
it follows, therefore, that the returns of 1840 must have been deficient,
or that an error occurred in placing the figures in the tables. A more
particular examination of hoth sets of returns will be made previous to
the printing of the Seventh Census, in which it is hoped the discrep-
ancy will be satisfactorily explained. Throughout our country in-
ereased attention is being paid to the amelioration of the condition of
this class of our ‘population—a feeling kept in active o eration, and
made to yield continually practical fruits, mainly through the instru-
mentality and devoted zeal of one American lady, whose reputation is
not limited, and whose influence is not confined to her native country.



13

increases from two to thirty-five per cent. Wisconsin, and other north-
‘western States, being newly settled by persons chiefly in the prime of
life, in the comparative absence of older persons the per-centage of
deaths should be less, as it is indeed given by the Census. ‘This
distinction will tend, in a considerable degree, to reconcile apparent
differences in the returns.

From the yen 1840 to 1850, the population of the United States was
augmented from seventeen millions to twenty-three millions, the in-
crease being six millions in ten years. At the rate of annual mortality
above stated, the total deaths during the same period were from two
and a half to three millions, being nearly equal to half the residual in-
crease by births and immigration. Thus, and in various other ways,
which space here precludes our specifying, statistics of the persistence of
life, pointing ultimately to the removal of special causes of mortality,
are essentially related to national happiness and advancement.

With respéct to the longevity and vital characteristics of slaves and
the free colored, the following epitome of life tables is given for three
localities, selected from the northern, middle, and southern States.

The values for New England are deduced from the general Census,
embracing 23,020 colored residents; that of Maryland is founded upon
the total returns of 90,368 slaves; and that of Louisiana upon the ag-
gregate of 244,786 slaves, and 17,537 free colored, taken collectively.
The relative preponderance of female African life is remarkable, while
the prevalent opinion of the greater mortality of male slaves in Louis-
iana is statistically confirmed. The table possesses a higher interest,
not only from the definite and comprehensive information ‘contained,
but from its being the first of the kind for the colored classes in the
United States.

(ILL) Expectation of life for colored persons.

NEW ENGLAND. MARYLAND. LOUISIANA.
Completed age.

Colored, | Colored, | Slaves, } Slaves, | Colored, | Colored,
male. female. male. female. male. female.

Years. Years. Years, Years. Years. Years.

39.75 42, 20 38. 47 39.47 28, 89 34, 09

42, 92 45.75 45. 30 45.00 35. 92 A0. 69

85, 87 39, 92 89, 28 39, 62 30. 48 35. 36

29,77 34, 96 34, 41 62, 26. 87 30. 86

22, 83 28.75 27.50 29.00 28,25 25, 85.

18.27 22,11 21.16 23.17 19.13 21.07

13. 89 17. 31 14, 32 16.71 14.75 15.27

9, 42 13, 06 8.76 10,57 11, 33 10.93

6.44 7.87 5.40 6,80 5, 38 6.16

3.69 4,61 3.80 4,00 3.43 3.34

Nativity of the Population—One of the most interesting results of the
Census is the classification of inhabitants according to the countries of
their birth, presented in an authentic shape in No. 5 of the accompany-
ing tables. We are thus enabled to discover, for the first time, of what



mone

29

Crime—The statistics of crime form a subject of our investigation,
From the-returns, it appears that the whole number of persons con-
victed of crime in the United States, for the year ending the first day.
‘of June 1850, was about 27,000; of these, 18,000 were native and”
14,000 foreign born. The whole number in prison onthe first day of
June was about 6,700, of whom 4,300 were native and 2,460 foreign.
It will be borne in mind that the native prisoners include colored con-
victs, the number of whom it is impossible to state, as time has not
sufliced to admit of the more particular separation into classes other
than native and foreign. Our criminal statistics, when fully understood,
will present many subjects for reflection, and open a wide and interest-
ing field for the study of the Christian, moralist, and statesman.

Charches.—The assistant marshals were required to give an account
of churches; including halls and chapels, if statedly used as places of
public worship, belonging to all religious denominations. By the re-
turns made, it appears there are 36,011 churches in the several States,
and 210 in the District of Columbia and the Territories. ‘The churches
in California and the ‘Territories are not fully returned; but the reli-
gious denominations in those places are not supposed to have possessed.
numerous or large buildings. The halls and school houses which are
used in many of the thinly-settled portions of the country, and in cities,
by societies which are unable to build houses of worship for their own
use, are not included. By the “aggregate accommodations,” in the
table, is meant the total number of seats for individuals: Under the
“value of church property” is included the valuation of each of the
churches and property owned by the different religious denominations.

By the annexed tables it will appear that the total value of church-
property in the United States is $86,416,639, of. which one-half is
owned in New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In the table
we specify the principal, out of more than 100 denominations returned,
although between some of these there are but slight. shades of differ-
ence in sentiment or form of church ‘government... About 30 are re-
tured as “African,” 80 as “Independent,” and 20 as “Protestant,”
without distinguishing them more particularly. These, and all the
churches not properly classed under the heads given, are included in
“minor sects.” All the varieties of Baptists, Mcthodists, and Presby-
terians, are included under their generat heads, except where distinctly
specified.

Phere is one church for every 557 free inhabitants, or for every
646 of the entire population.

The average number the churches will accommodate is 384, and the
average value $2,400. . .

Churches are more numerous, in proportion to the population, in
Indiana, Florida, Delaware, and Ohio; and less numerous in California,
Louisiana, and Iowa.

Those in Massachusetts are the largest, and have the greatest av-
erage value. .

The following tables present interesting facts respecting the relative
value and size of the churches in the several States, and those of dif-



REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS.

Cxrnsus Orricr, December 1, 1852.

Sm: I have the honor to report that much the largest portion of the
topics embraced within the last Census has been prepared for publi-
cation, and that the unfinished parts of those subjects contemplated by
the act of Congress are in such a state of forwardness, that their prepa-
ration will not interfere with the printing. Had our duties been limited
to the preparation of the statistical tables, this work would, ere now,
have been completed; but, in addition to our ordinary labors, this office
has performed a large amount of work in answering calls from members
of Congress, State legislatures, various institutions throughout our coun-
ty, and the representatives of foreign governments. Many of our re-

orts, in answer to these calls, have been quite voluminous, and several

ave been printed by authority of State legislatures. The uncertainty
which seemed. to exist respecting the printing of the Census increased
the number of these demands, and ‘induced us the more readily to ac-
cede to such requests, especially as they could be complied with with-
out retarding the publication by Congress.

Tn my last annual report was presented a full statement of the pop-
ulation of the United States, together with a portion of the returns of
agriculture and manufactures. At the close of the last session of Con-
gress, a report was made respecting the condition of the finances of this
office, and its expenditures from its first organization to that date.

The classification of the returns has greatly advanced since the com-
mencement of the last session of Congress; and the condition of the
work will enable me to present a statement respecting our agricultural
resources and the relative increase of our agricultural productions, and
to exhibit some facts respecting the value of real and personal estate,
education, pauperism, crime, internal improvements, and other topics
having an important relation to the welfare and progress of our country.

Having obtained, during my visit to Europe last year, from the dif
ferent government departments, official data respecting the population
of other countries, it may be proper to make such information available,
to some extent, in this report; and I therefore append tables of the pop-
ulation of several nations, for different periods in the present century,
with other statistics of no less interest and importance.

It might seem, from an examination of that portion of our statements
relating to internal improvements alone, that the attention of our people
was directed solely to the means of intercommunication for thought
or ideas and the interchange of matter, and that the entire population
were concentrating their energies, as it were, in a spasmodic effort to
extend railways and telegraphs over the country. A more general and
particular observation, however, will prove that, while these interests

ave only advanced with the necessities of our people, the subjects of
education, morals, and religion have not only not been neglected, but
have received their due share of private attention and public consideration,



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“SdELAUON—T ONT



15

States, the formula of “life tables” gives 2,460,000 as the number of
survivors in 1850. In this calculation, which extends over the space
of sixty years, the English life table has been employed; but, owing
to peculiar causes, the mortality of immigrants is greater than the
average which prevails in the land to which they migrate, as well as
in the land of their birth; of which the migration of our own citizens
to California has afforded an example. Besides this, a large share of
the immigrants have been Irish, among whom the expectation of life is -
low in their own land, being, at the age of twenty-five, only 82 years,

by the seventeen life offices tables for Irish life; where, in the English

table, (see Mortality,) the expectation at that age is 87 years. It is

furthermore well known, that within the period of cholera visitations

the foreign population experienced the dreadful effects of its ravages to

a most frightful extent—a fact illustrating their greater susceptibility to

disease. In consideration of these and similar facts, deducting ten per

cent. from the results of calculation—which all persons of experienced

judgment will admit as an allowance favorable to the foreign popula-

tion—the remainder is 2,214,000 survivors in 1860. The number of
foreign-born residents in the United States, according to the Seventh

Census, was 2,210,000 in 1850. The near correspondence favors the

general accuracy of both branches of statistics, and affords proof, if it

were wanting, of no trifling force, of the general correctness of the

returns of foreign population in the United States.

Another interesting branch of this inquiry is that which concerns the
inter-migration of our native citizens among the States. The tables
presenting a view of this movement will be most useful and valuable
in tracing the p ‘ogress of different portions of the country. The facts
developed will show how far one section has impressed its own char-
acteristics and peculiar customs on others. It 1s found that out of
17,736,792 free inhabitants, 4,112,433 have migrated and settled be-
yond the States of their birth, Three-hundred and thirty-five thousand
natives of Virginia, equal to 26 per cent. of the whole, have found
homes outside of her own borders. South Carolina has sent forth
163,000, which is 36 per cent. of all native citizens of that State
living in the United States at the date of the Census, and the very
remarkable proportion of 59 per cent. of the number remaining in the
State of their nativity. North Carolina has lost 261,575 free inhabit-
ants, equal to 31 per cent., by emigration. Among the northern States,
Vermont and Connecticut have contributed most largely to the settle-
ment of other parts of the country. ‘Their proportion, about 25 per cent.
of their native citizens, would exceed, perhaps, that of either of the south-
ein States already mentioned, were the number of slaves in the latter
admitted as an element of the calculation. The roving tendency of
our people is incident to the peculiar condition of their country, and
each succeeding Census will prove that it is diminishing. When the
fertile plains of the West shall have been filled up, and men of scanty
means cannot by a mere change of location acquire a homestead, the
inhabitants of each State will become comparatively stationary, and
our countrymen will exhibit that attachment to the homes of their
childhood, the want of which is sometimes cited as an unfavorable trait
in our national character.


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12

The Expectation of life expresses, in years and decimal parts of a
year, the future length of life to be lived, on an average, after attaining
a given age. Thus, on arriving at the age of thirty, the average future
life-time of males, by the Massachusetts table, is 34 years, while that
of females is 35.4 years. The expectations for other ages and columns
of the table will readily be understood from mere inspection; though the
analytic process of deriving the values, requires much collateral re-
search and professional experience. As the year is a natural unit of
time, universally familiar, the expectation is, doubtless, the simplest
method. that could be devised for exhibiting, at a glance, the chan-
ging value of life. Viewed as a whole, the general correspondence both
of the ratios of mortality and the mean length of life, from indepen-
dent sources, sufficiently verifies their accuracy. .

For general estimates, adopting the current classification of the States,
the American Census exhibits the following ratios of mortality, disre-
garding the ages at death:

Annual | Ratio to the
deaths,per | number
cent. living.

New England States...
Middle States, with Ohi
Central slave States. .
Coast planting State:
Northwestern States
United States, total. .

-| ° 155 1 to 64
-| 1.39 1 to 72
-| 1.38 1 to 73
-| 1.37 1 to 73
-| 124 1 to 80
--| 1388 1to 73

It will be seen that the values for the three middle divisions strik-
ingly agree with the average for the United States, as a whole, repre-
senting 1 death to 73 living, and this is substantially the ratio stated
by Noah Webster for interior towns in 1805. “The annual deaths,” he
observes “amount only to one in seventy or seventy-five of the popu-

tion.”

‘The inquiry might arise, in examining the preceding abstract, why
the rate of deaths in the northwestern States should be so much lower
than in the middle States, and especially New England. In reply,
the mere ratios of mortality are not conclusive upon the question of rel-
ative longevity, without taking into account the proportions of youn,
and aged, and the increase of population.* Without attempting a fu
explanation, one source of the difference referred to undoubtedly lies
in the youthful character of the population of the new States, and the
comparative absence of aged persons, who remain in the older States of
the Union. ‘The influence of this immigration will be understood by table
(I,) where, from the age of five to thirty, the deaths are only from one-

to one per cent.; while above the age of fifty-five, the rate of deaths

* Corrections have been made for these circumstances in determining the Expectations of
life, tables II and HZ,



26

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32

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8

Houses —By the last Census it appears that in the United States the
number of houses occupied by free persons amounted to 8,363,427. It
would seem from the British reports that the population of that country
is supplied with houses almost in the precise Proportion as in our own
country, The proportion being so very nearly alike in the two countries,
it would be perhaps satisfactory to institute some inquiry concerning the
character of what are termed “houses” by the British census, that we
may be enabled to judge of the propriety of estimating the degree of
comfort enjoyed by the people from their house accommodations.

While our country cannot boast the princely residences of European
countries, the occupancy of which is limited to comparatively few per-
sons, we think there is a general sufficiency and comfort in the house
accommodations of the American people, and that, in the most remote
regions of our country, where their accommodations are most limited,
they exhibit a very satisfactory degree of comfort and cleanliness. The
fact is notorious, that where Fretshedness is at all general, there will
be found a population which formed habits and imbibed tastes in a
foreign land.

In comparing the population of Great Britain and Ireland with the
inhabited houses, it appears that the whole number of houses in Great
Britain amounts to 3,669,487, being nearly one house to each six persons;
and that in Ireland the numberof inhabited houses amounts to 1,047,735,
being in the proportion of 2 houses to each 18 persons. The fact is some-
what extraordinary, that almost precisely in proportion to the diminu-
tion of the Irish population since 1841, has been the reduction in the
number of houses. By this is not meant the “inhabited houses,” but
the whole number, including inhabited and uninhabited, built and build-
ing, the number of which in 1841 was 1)384,360, to 1,115,007 in 1851,
being a reduction of 269,353. The fact is unquestioned that in a very
great number of instances in Ireland, the term “house” should be un-
derstood merely as applying to something containing human beings,
and not as indicating such a structure as the term usually signifies.

Bexatom.—Population and Houses—The population of Belgium on
the 31st December, 1845, amounted,to 4,298,560; on the 16th October,
1846, to 4,387,196.

In the cities of Belgium the houses inhabited amount to 170,455, and
those uninhabited to 9,302. In the rural communes the inhabited
houses number 629,393; the uninhabited, 20,411. Total number of
inhabited houses, 799,848 ; uninhabited, 29,718. Of these houses, 78.2
per cent. had but one (basement) story; 18.32 per cent. were of two
stories, including the basement, and 8.48 per cent. were of three or
more stories, including the basement. Of the entire number of houses
160,500 were insured against fire, for the average amount of 6,811 francs.
One-fourth of the Belgian population is found enclosed in cities, and
the other three-fourths spread over the rural communes. Of the num~
ber of dwelling-houses in cities, 72,407 had but one room for a family ;
65,461 had two rooms, and 100,402 had three or morerooms, fora family.
In the rural communes 82,047 houses had but one room for a family ;
ale had two rooms, and 352,925 had three or more rooms, for a

family.

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. 21
Deaf and Dumb.

White. Free colored. Slaves,

States and Territories. Aggregate.
Male. |Femalo.| Malo. |Female.} Malo. | Female.

Maine .. 140 230
Now Hampshive 87 163
Vermont. - 7 144
Maseachusetta 204 364
Rhode Island. 34 64
Connecticut 211 339
New Yor 682 1,307
New Jersey it 205
Penneylvania - 621 1, 004
Delaware 28 58
Maryland 254
District of Columb 19

Aggregate..\...-..-. 5,027 | 4,058 78 65 276 213 9,717

Blind.—By the table annexed, it will be seen that the number of per-
sons in the United States who are destitute of sight is 9,702, of whom
7,997 are white, and 1,705 colored, of which latter 1,211 are slaves. By
the Census of 1840, the number ot white blind persons in the United States
was returned at 5,030; the colored ditto, 1,892. The same error re-
specting the colored blind existed with the Inst Census as has been shown
to exist respecting the deaf and dumb. We present a table giving the
numbers and proportions of the deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and
idiotic, among the white, free colored, and slaves, respectively. From
this table it will be seen that muteness and insanity are more prevalent
among the whites, and blindness and idiocy among the colored. Amon;
the ‘white population there appears to be one blind person for eacl



7

years, from 1801 to 1851, the actual increase was as follows, viz:
1,479,562, 2,132,896, 2,184,542, 2,260,749, 2,227,438, being at the
rate of 14, 18, 15, 14, and 12 per cent. respectively. The actual in-
etease of the population in fifty years has been 10,317,917; the rate
per cent. in fifty years 98, the annual rate per cent. being 1.96.

‘With respect to Ireland and the returns of 1821, the number of in-
habitants at that period was 6,801,827. In 1831, 7,767,401— increase,
965,574 ; rate per cent., 14.19. In 1841, 8,175,124—increase, 407,723;
rate per cent, 5.25. In 1851, 6,515,794—decrease, 1,659,330; rate
per cent., 20.

By this statement we perceive that the population of Ireland in-
creased from 1821 to 1841 at the average rate of about 1 per cent.
per annum, while a decrease of 1,659,330 from 1841 to 1851 indicates
a most appalling diminution of population, amounting to 2 per cent. per
annum, or 20 per cent. for the entire ten joer reduction amounting
to the total emigration from the whole United Kingdom from 1839 to
1850. .

The contemplation of such a state of affairs is the more melancholy
when we consider that the great diminution of population, in place of
being equalized through the period of ten years, must have occurred.
mainly within one or two years; « reduction of population sinking the
number of people to a lower point than it was in 1821, when the first
census of Ireland was taken; and it would appear in still stronger
light if we were to calculate the natural progress the population would
have made up to 1846, the year of famine, and estimate what should
be the present population if no unnatural cause had operated to re-

lace it. :

The decrease extended tono less than 31 counties and cities, and
varied from 9 to 81 per cent., while the only increase which occurred
was confined to 9 towns and cities, to which many probably fled to
find relief. The greatest decrease occurred in the county of Cork, the
population of which was reduced 222,246, viz: from 773,398 inhabit-
ants in 1841, to 651,152 in 1851—equivalent to a reduction of 28 per
cent. The decrease in the several, provinces was as ‘follows, viz: Lein-
ster, 305,960; Munster, 564,344; ter, 382,084; Connaught, 406,942.

These startling and appalling facts proclaim the reality of the suffer-
ings experienced from the famine in Ireland; yet it is some consolation
to feel that our distance did not preclude those efforts in her behalf, by
our own citizens and government, without which the desolation would
have been even more strongly marked.

During ten years the population of the entire kingdom of Great Brit-
ain and Iveland increased from 26,833,496 to 27,452,262, or at the rate
of a little more than half'a million in ten years. In the last filty years
England and Wales increased 102 per cent., (males 105, females 97.5,)
and Scotland, 78 per cent., (males 84, females 73.) The population of
the United States during the past fifty years has increased at the rate of
837 per cent., and in ten years intervening between the last two Cen-
suses, it increased from 17 and a fraction millions to over 23 millions, or
36 per cent. During the same period, (leaving Ireland out of view,)
the population of Great Britain increased at the rate of 12 per cent.
during ten years, or 1.2 per cent. per annum.



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30

ferent denominations. ‘They also show the number ot churches to the}
total population in each State:

3 on z 3
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851 685 204,477 | 358 | $1,712, 152 | $2, O12
602 628 233,892 | 389 | 1,401, 586 2, 327

164] 1,296 64,495 | 332 | ° 200,530 | 1, 223
185 | 1,188 39,930 | 216 89, 315, 483 >
1,999} 517 | 606,695 | 313 | 1,208,876 623

3,890} 609} 1,447,632 | 372 | 5,765,149 | 1, 226
362 | 1,098]. 118,802] 328) 723,200 | 1, 998
1,947 | 507| 689,330 | 354 | 1,512, 485 7771
1,167 729 479,078 | 411 | 1,476,385 | ’ 1,205 |
773| 882] 241,139] 312] 1,558,500 | 2,016 &
148 | 1,298 87,759 | 255) 177,400} 1,109 |
244) 1,250 78,455 | 922] 350,600] 1,437 |
23) 7,173 9,600] 417) 258,300 | 1, 123

36,011 | 646 | 13,849,896 | 384 | 86,416,639 | 2, 400

|
1

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6

While a net-work of internal improvements spreads over our country,
there appears to be no inhabited space without its schools and churches,
for promoting the education and morals of our people.: Institutions are
everywhere rising to protect comfortably those visited with the infirm-
ities of life, for the restoration of lost or impaired reason, and for the
instruction of those whose education was formerly held to be impossible
and hopeless; and it is gratifying to realize that the increase of wealth
and refinement has not served to blunt the moral sensibilities of our
people, and that prosperity bas not tended to obstruct, but to enlarge,
the avenues to charity and liberality.

At the commencement of the last session of Congress, I had the honor
to report the number of inhabitants of the United States according to
the Census of 1850, and to present a table showing the rate of increase
for sixty years, from which it was seen that we had multiplied at the
rate of about 3 per cent. per annum for the whole period. It may not
be out of place here to avail ourselves of one of the uses of statistics to
exhibit the comparative progress of the population of the mother coun-
try for a portion of the period, that, with a full knowledge of her con-
dition, we may study the causes of her distress, and while thankful for
our prosperity, may avoid those evils under which she has so much
suffered.

By the Census of 1851 it appears that the population of England,
Treland, Scotland, Wales, and the islands, including persons in the
army, navy, and the merchant service, amounted to 27,619,866; of
whom 13,537,052 were males, and 14,082,814 females.

‘This population is distributed as follows, viz:

Houses. Males. | Females. Total.

England and Wales. 3,280,961 | 8,762,588 | 9,160,180 | 17,922,768
$ 306,650 | 1,363,622 | 1,507,162 | 2,870,784
1, 047,735 | 3,176,727 | 3,330,067 | 6,515,794
21, 826 66, 511 76,408 142, 916

-| 167,604 167, 604
| 4,717, 172 | 18, 587, 052 | 14, 082, 814 | 27, 619, 866

Part of the army and
© thekingdom....

‘There exists no official record of the population of England previous
to the commengement of the present century. The first enumeration
of the population of Ireland was made in 1813; but so imperfectly was

" the work accomplished, that English statists place no reliance on the
correctness of the returns, and make no use of them as the basis of cal-
culation; so that the only tables upon which we can found statements
with reference to the progress of Ireland from time to time, must be
made with reference to the termination of each ten years, ending in
1831, 1841, and 1851. The first Census of Great Britain was taken in
1801, at which date the population amounted to 10,567,898. By the
census of 1841 the population of Great Britain and the Islands of Jer-
sey, Guernsey, and Man, amounted to 18,658,372. During each ten

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4

‘ 20

Deaf and Dumb—No one thing, perhaps, better proves the value of the
statistical details connected with our Census, than its efficacy in point-
ing out the number of the unfortunates who come within the above de-
signation, and who are unable to make known their own wants. Not only
does it give us the a, gate in each State, and in our whole country,
but its unpublished details so designate and particularize the deaf mutes
in the United States, that those who have been led to make their con-
dition and improvement a special study, have now, for the first time, the
means to arrive at the age, sex, color, condition, and wants of each.
It will appear, from the tabular statement annexed, that the number of
white mutes in the United States amounts to 9,091, and the colored to
682, of which 489 are slaves. The Census of 1840 returned the num-
ber of white deaf and dumb at 6,685, and the colored at 979. The
latter amount is clearly erroneous, and was calculated to’ create an
opinion that the deaf mutes were so much more numerous among the
colored population of the North than among the whites; in fact, there
were, by the Census of 1840, colored mutes returned for counties
where no colored persons existed. The proportion of deaf mutes
among the colored is less than among the white population; and among
the slaves the proportion is still smaller. Among the white population
there appears to be one deaf mute to each 2,151 persons; of the free
colored, one to each 3,005; and among the slaves, one to each 6,552.

The directors of several institutions for the deaf and dumb memori-
alized Congyess at its last session to provide for the publication of a
small volume, to be prepared by this office, in which should be given
the name, age, sex, residence, occupution, &c., of each deaf mute in
the United States. Such a work would be of great value to such in-
stitutions, but of more consequence to the unfortunate class it would be
specially designed to benefit. It would lead to the discovery of hun-
dreds whose abode is unknown, and render available to those unable to
proclaim their wants, the blessings of instruction. In addition to its
beneficent effects upon the afflicted, the information thus imparted
would furnish many interesting details useful in a practical point of
view.

The method of deaf mute instruction was introduced from Europe,
thirty-five years ago. To study into the improvements effected there
within that time, institutions in this country have sent, at different pe-
tiods, commissioners into different portions of Europe, and the result ©
of their investigations appears to have led to the conclusion “that in
the matter of intellectual instruction we have very little to learn from
European schools, while in the very important point of religious in-
struction they are painfully inferior.”