# Patent

## Title
Photochromic phase change ink compositions

## Abstract

A phase change ink composition comprising an amorphous component, a crystalline material, a photochromic material and optionally, a colorant, which are suitable for ink jet printing, including printing on coated paper substrates. The novel phase change ink formulation allows the ink to change color when exposed to UV light, reversibly and multiple times, providing an ink suitable for use in security applications.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Reference is made to commonly owned and co-pending, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/743,215 entitled “Fluorescent Phase Change Ink Compositions” to Gabriel Iftime et al., electronically filed on the same day herewith, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
The present embodiments relate to phase change ink compositions characterized by being solid at room temperature and molten at an elevated temperature at which the molten ink is applied to a substrate. These phase change ink compositions can be used for ink jet printing, and provide robust image quality on various substrates, including coated substrates, which are generally difficult to print on. The present embodiments provide the phase change ink composition with photochromic additives which provide a robust ink for use in security applications. The present phase change inks comprise an amorphous component, a crystalline material, one or more photochromic additives, and optionally a colorant, and methods of making the same.
Ink jet printing processes may employ inks that are solid at room temperature and liquid at elevated temperatures. Such inks may be referred to as phase change inks, hot melt inks, phase change inks and the like. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,731, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses an apparatus for dispensing phase change ink for printing on a recording medium such as paper. In thermal ink jet printing processes employing hot melt inks, the phase change ink is melted by the heater in the printing apparatus and utilized (jetted) as a liquid in a manner similar to that of conventional thermal ink jet printing. Upon contact with the printing recording medium, the molten ink solidifies rapidly, enabling the colorant to substantially remain on the surface of the recording medium instead of being carried into the recording medium (for example, paper) by capillary action, thereby enabling higher print density than is generally obtained with liquid inks. Advantages of a phase change ink in ink jet printing are thus elimination of potential spillage of the ink during handling, a wide range of print density and quality, minimal paper cockle or distortion, and enablement of indefinite periods of nonprinting without the danger of nozzle clogging, even without capping the nozzles.
In general, phase change inks (sometimes referred to as “solid inks” or “hot melt inks”) are in the solid phase at ambient temperature, but exist in the liquid phase at the elevated operating temperature of an ink jet printing device. At the jetting temperature, droplets of liquid ink are ejected from the printing device and, when the ink droplets contact the surface of the recording medium, either directly or via an intermediate heated transfer belt or drum, they quickly solidify to form a predetermined pattern of solidified ink drops.
Phase change inks for color printing typically comprise a phase change ink carrier composition which is combined with a phase change ink compatible colorant. In a specific embodiment, a series of colored phase change inks can be formed by combining ink carrier compositions with compatible subtractive primary colorants. The subtractive primary colored phase change inks can comprise four component dyes or pigments, namely, cyan, magenta, yellow and black, although the inks are not limited to these four colors. These subtractive primary colored inks can be formed by using a single dye or pigment or a mixture of dyes or pigments. For example, magenta can be obtained by using a mixture of Solvent Red Dyes or a composite black can be obtained by mixing several dyes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,560, 4,889,761, and 5,372,852, the disclosures of each of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, teach that the subtractive primary colorants employed can comprise dyes from the classes of Color Index (C.I.) Solvent Dyes, Disperse Dyes, modified Acid and Direct Dyes, and Basic Dyes. The colorants can also include pigments, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,335, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,022, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, discloses the use of a specific class of polymeric dyes in phase change ink compositions.
Phase change inks are desirable for ink jet printers because they remain in a solid phase at room temperature during shipping, long term storage, and the like. In addition, the problems associated with nozzle clogging as a result of ink evaporation with liquid ink jet inks are largely eliminated, thereby improving the reliability of the ink jet printing. Further, in phase change ink jet printers wherein the ink droplets are applied directly onto the final recording medium (for example, paper, transparency material, and the like), the droplets solidify immediately upon contact with the recording medium, so that migration of ink along the printing medium is prevented and dot quality is improved.
While the above conventional phase change ink technology is successful in producing vivid images and providing economy of jet use and substrate latitude on porous papers, a need remains for additional means for robust printing for security applications on various substrates, including coated paper substrates. As such, there is a need to provide novel compositions for phase change ink compositions and security printing technologies to provide customers with excellent image quality on all substrates.
Each of the foregoing U.S. patents and Patent Publications are incorporated by reference herein. Further, the appropriate components and process aspects of the each of the foregoing U.S. patents and Patent Publications may be selected for the present disclosure in embodiments thereof.
SUMMARY
According to embodiments illustrated herein, there is provided a phase change ink comprising: a crystalline component having a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature; an amorphous component having a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature; a photochromic material; and an optional colorant.
In particular, the present embodiments provide a phase change ink comprising: a crystalline component having a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature; an amorphous component having a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature; a photochromic material; and a colorant selected from the group consisting of a pigment, dye or mixtures thereof.
In further embodiments, there is provided a method for confirming authenticity of an item, comprising: providing a phase change ink for use in an inkjet printing apparatus, comprising: a crystalline component having a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature, an amorphous component having a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature, a photochromic material, and an optional colorant; using the phase change ink in an inkjet printing apparatus to form text or image on an item; exposing the formed text or image on the item to ultraviolet light; and confirming a color change to the formed text or image upon exposure to the ultraviolet light, wherein the color change confirms authenticity of the item.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding, reference may be made to the accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating viscosity versus frequency of the ink of Example 1;
FIG. 2. Is a graph illustrating the viscosity versus temperature of the ink of Example 1; and
FIG. 3 illustrates a clear-write-erase cycle performed with the inks of the present embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, it is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and operational changes may be made without departure from the scope of the present embodiments disclosed herein.
Phase change ink technology broadens printing capability and customer base across many markets, and the diversity of printing applications will be facilitated by effective integration of printhead technology, print process and ink materials. The phase change ink compositions are characterized by being solid at room temperature (e.g., 20-27° C.) and molten at an elevated temperature at which the molten ink is applied to a substrate. As discussed above, while current ink options are successful for porous paper substrates, these options are not always satisfactory for coated paper substrates. Thus, the present embodiments provide a phase change ink that can produce robust image quality on coated and uncoated substrates.
It has been discovered that using a mixture of crystalline and amorphous components in phase change ink formulations provides robust inks, and in particular, phase change inks which demonstrate robust images on uncoated and coated paper. Using this approach is surprising, however, due to the known properties of crystalline or amorphous materials. For crystalline materials, small molecules generally tend to crystallize when solidifying and low molecular weight organic solids are generally crystals. While crystalline materials are generally harder and more resistant, such materials are also much more brittle, so that printed matter made using a mainly crystalline ink composition is fairly sensitive to damage. For amorphous materials, high molecular weight amorphous materials, such as polymers, become viscous and sticky liquids at high temperature, but do not show sufficiently low viscosity at high temperatures. As a result, the polymers cannot be jetted from print head nozzles at desirable jetting temperature (≦140° C.). In the present embodiments, however, it is discovered that a robust phase change ink can be obtained through a blend of crystalline and amorphous components.
The present embodiments provide a new type of ink jet phase change ink composition which comprises a blend of (1) crystalline and (2) amorphous components, generally in a weight ratio of from about 60:40 to about 95:5, respectively. In more specific embodiments, the weight ratio of the crystalline to amorphous component is from about 65:35 to about 95:5, or is from about 70:30 to about 90:10. In one embodiment, the weight ratio is 70:30 for the crystalline and amorphous components, respectively. In another embodiment, the weight ratio is 80:20 for the crystalline and amorphous components, respectively.
The present embodiments further provide a phase change ink formulation that can be used for security applications. Because the inks of the present embodiments provide excellent robustness, these inks provide an ideal option for packaging applications. In the packaging industry, there is a growing need for security, which the present inks address. The present inks comprise crystalline-amorphous components with photochromic additives. The resulting ink can be colorless under normal ambient light but becomes colored when viewed with ultraviolet (UV) light. Normal ambient light refers to light usually suitable for reading printed materials such as indoor light. More specifically, in this embodiment, the ink is clear and colorless under normal reading light which provides an ink and prints which appear essentially colorless in normal reading light but become colored when exposed to UV light. The newly created colored state is generally visible for a defined period of time after removal of the exciting UV light. In an alternative embodiment, the ink is colored under normal light but changes to another color when activated with UV light. More specifically, in this embodiment, the ink is colored with a colored pigment and therefore appears colored at the color of the colored pigment in normal light but after excitation with UV light it shows a color which is a combination between the permanent color of the colored pigment and the newly formed color of the photochromic material. The new color may be the same or different from permanent color of the pigment. By suitably changing the photochrome, the new color can be stable for a defined period of time, for example, seconds to minutes to hours. The initial state (colorless or original color) can be recovered by exposure to a strong visible light or by heating, depending on the type of photochromic material used.
As such, the present embodiments may be used in security applications to print pictures, text or codes for encrypted documents in connection with detecting counterfeiting. For example, the ink of the present embodiments may be used on a package or label on a product. The ability of the ink to change to a colored state from a colorless state or from one colored state to another colored state when seen under UV light can prove authenticity. A counterfeit would not exhibit a color change under UV light.
While photochromic additives are known in the art, these additives have never been successfully integrated into a robust ink for printing on coated substrates. The present embodiments provide a novel ink composition comprising the photochromic additives along with specific crystalline and amorphous components which results in a phase change ink with improved robustness and fast crystallization rate that can be used for various security applications. Moreover, successful integration of the photochromic additives into the present ink compositions required much research and testing to achieve the proper ink components and ratios for compatibility, miscibility and/or degradability under operational use conditions.
Each component imparts specific properties to the phase change inks, and the blend of the components provide inks that exhibit excellent robustness on uncoated and coated substrates.
Crystalline Component
The crystalline component in the ink formulation drives the phase change through rapid crystallization on cooling. The crystalline component also sets up the structure of the final ink film and creates a hard ink by reducing the tackiness of the amorphous component. The crystalline components exhibit crystallization, relatively low viscosity (≦101 centipoise (cps), or from about 0.5 to about 10 cps, or from about 1 to about 10 cps) at about 140° C. and high viscosity (>106 cps) at room temperature. Because the crystalline components dictate the phase change of the ink, rapid crystallization is required to allow further immediate print processing if required (i.e., spreading, duplex printing, etc.) and to prevent excessive showthrough on uncoated substrates. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (10° C./min from −50 to 200 to −50° C.), desirable crystalline components show sharp crystallization and melting peaks, and the ΔT between them is less than 55° C. The melting point must be below 150° C., which is the upper limit of the jetting temperature, or preferably below from about 145 to about 140° C. The melting point is preferably above 65° C. to prevent blocking and print transfer upon standing at temperatures up to 65° C., or more preferably above about 66° C. or above about 67° C. Crystalline-amorphous compositions include a mixture of a suitable crystalline component and an amorphous component.
The crystalline component may include amides, aromatic esters, ester of an aliphatic linear diacid, urethanes, sulfones, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable crystalline materials are illustrated in Table 1.













TABLE 1










η @



Com-

Tmelt
Tcrys
ΔT
140° C.
η @ RT


pound
Structure
(° C.)*
(° C.)*
(° C.)
(cps)**
(cps)**







1




110
83
27
4.7
>106


 


2




 98
71
27
2.9
>106


 


3




119
80
39
3.3
>106


 


4




125
75
50
3.0
>106


 


Target

<140° C.
>65° C.
≦50° C.
<10 cps
>106 cps





*The samples were measured on a Q1000 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TA Instruments) at a rate of 10° C./min from −50° C. to 200° C. to −50° C.; midpoint values are quoted.


**The samples were measured on a RFS3 controlled strain Rheometer (TA instruments) equipped with a Peltier heating plate and using a 25 mm parallel plate. The method used was a temperature sweep from high to low temperatures, in temperature decrements of 5 ° C., a soak (equilibration) time of 120 seconds between each temperature and at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.






Amorphous Component
The amorphous components provide tackiness and impart robustness to the printed ink. In the present embodiments, desirable amorphous materials have relatively low viscosity (<102 cps, or from about 1 to about 100 cps, or from about 5 to about 95 cps) at about 140° C., but very high viscosity (>106 cps) at room temperature. The low viscosity at 140° C. provides wide formulation latitude while the high viscosity at room temperature imparts robustness. The amorphous materials have Tgs (glass transition temperatures) but do not exhibit crystallization and melting peaks by DSC (10° C./min from −50 to 200 to −50° C.). The Tg values are typically from about 10 to about 50° C., or from about 10 to about 40° C., or from about 10 to about 35° C., to impart the desired toughness and flexibility to the inks. The selected amorphous materials have low molecular weights, such as less than 1000 g/mol, or from about 100 to about 1000 g/mol, or from about 200 to about 1000 g/mol, or from about 300 to about 1000 g/mol. Higher molecular weight amorphous materials such as polymers become viscous and sticky liquids at high temperatures, but have viscosities that are too high to be jettable with piezoelectric printheads at desirable temperatures.
The amorphous compound includes esters of tartaric acid and citric acid, amorphous urethanes and amorphous amides, or mixtures thereof. Specific examples of suitable amorphous materials are illustrated in Table 2.











TABLE 2







Tg
η @ 140° C.
MW


Compound
Structure
(° C.)*
(cps)**
(g/mol)







5




19
10
426.59


 


6




18
10
426.59


 


7




13
10
426.59


 


8




11
27
606.87


 


Target

10-50° C.
<100 cps
<1000 g/mol





*The samples were measured on a Q1000 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TA Instruments) at a rate of 10° C./min from −50° C. to 200° C. to −50° C.; midpoint values are quoted.


**The samples were measured on a RFS3 controlled strain Rheometer (TA instruments) equipped with a Peltier heating plate and using a 25 mm parallel plate. The method used was a temperature sweep from high to low temperatures, in temperature decrements of 5 ° C., a soak (equilibration) time of 120 seconds between each temperature and at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.






Photochromic Material
Suitable photochromic materials include materials that can reversibly change color under exposure to UV light. The initial state can be regenerated either by exposure to strong visible light or by heating (depending on the selected photochromic material). There is a wide range of photochromic materials which can faciliate fine tuning of the ink and printed matter properties: various colors, various color lifetimes and various modes of original image regeneration, for example, heat of a temperature of from about 40° C. to about 120° C., or from about 40° C. to about 100° C., or from about 50° C. to about 100° C., or visible light of wavelength 400 nm to about 800 nm. Custom photochromic switchable color can be created by mixing of various photochromic components. This feature makes a printed label or package even harder to duplicate since exact color needs to be matched by the counterfeiter.
Specific examples of suitable photochromic materials include the following:










The photochromic materials are present in the phase change ink in an amount of from about 1 to about 200 percent by weight, or from about 1 to about 15 percent by weight, or from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the total weight of the phase change ink. The presence of the photochromic material generally does not affect jetting properties, particularly the viscosity of the ink at the jetting temperature. The photochromic material is selected such as to have high absorbance of the exciting UV light used for authentication. Typically the wavelength used for photochromic color change activation is in the range of about 250 nm to about 400 nm. An example of a suitable activation wavelength is 365 nm, widely available for example with devices used for checking the authenticity of bills. An important requirement relative to the fluorescent and ink materials is that at the activation wavelength the ink materials must have low absorption while the photochromic materials must have high absorbance. If both the photochromic materials and the ink materials have high absorbance at activation wavelength then much of the incident UV light is absorbed by the ink materials instead of the photochromic materials. Therefore this would result in lowering or even cancelling the UV induced color change response of the ink. As an illustrative example, if the activation wavelength is 365 nm, the photochromic materials should have high absorbance at this wavelength and the ink materials (including permanently colored dyes or pigments should have a lower absorbance at the same wavelength when compared with the photochromic materials. This is required in order to maximize detection response when activated with UV light. It is preferred that at the activation wavelength, the ratio between the absorbance of the photochromic compound and the remaining components of the ink be higher than 1.00 times.
The photochromic ink of the present embodiments are suitable for high speed printing, typically 200 ppm or higher. The ink must solidify completely before next paper is placed on top of it, at the print speed in order to avoid sticking of successive prints on top of each other. A key requirement for the selection of the photochromic dyes is that their addition should not slow down the crystallization rate of the ink significantly. Desirable are photochromic dyes which result in photochromic inks with a crystallization rate of no more than 1.5 times slower (or 2/3) of the ink without the photochromic additive. The concern is that prior literature showed that generally, the addition of an organic material additive, particularly organic dyes to crystalline-amorphous inks slows down the crystallization rate of the ink. Therefore selection of photochromic dyes which have minimal impact onto the rate of crystallization of the ink is of major importance.
In embodiments, the photochromic material remains in the changed state after exposure to UV light for a period of time of from about 1 second to about 1 week, or of from about 1 sec to about 1 day, or of from about 1 second to about 1 hour.
Ink Carrier
In embodiments, the ink carriers for the phase change inks may have melting points of from about 65° C. to about 150° C., for example from about 70° C. to about 140° C., from about 75° C. to about 135° C., from about 80° C. to about 130° C., or from about 85° C. to about 125° C. as determined by, for example, by differential scanning calorimetry at a rate of 10° C./min. In embodiments, the resulting ink has a melting point of from about 65 to about 140° C., or from about 65 to about 135° C., or from about 70 to about 130° C. In embodiments, the resulting ink has a crystallization point of from about 65 to about 130° C., or from about 66 to about 125° C., or from about 66 to about 120° C. In further embodiments, the resulting ink has a viscosity of from about 1 to about 15 cps, or from about 2 to about 14 cps, or from about 3 to about 13 cps at about 140° C. At room temperature, the resulting ink has a viscosity of about 106 cps.
Additives
The ink of embodiments may further include conventional additives to take advantage of the known functionality associated with such conventional additives. Such additives may include, for example, at least one antioxidant, defoamer, slip and leveling agents, clarifier, viscosity modifier, adhesive, plasticizer and the like.
The ink may optionally contain antioxidants to protect the images from oxidation and also may protect the ink components from oxidation while existing as a heated melt in the ink reservoir. Examples of suitable antioxidants include N,N′-hexamethylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy hydrocinnamamide) (IRGANOX 1098, available from BASF); 2,2-bis(4-(2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyloxy))ethoxyphenyl)propane (TOPANOL-205, available from Vertellus); tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl benzyl)isocyanurate (Aldrich); 2,2′-ethylidene bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)fluoro phosphonite (ETHANOX-398, available from Albermarle Corporation); tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)-4,4′-biphenyl diphosphonite (Aldrich); pentaerythritol tetrastearate (TCI America); tributylammonium hypophosphite (Aldrich); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (Aldrich); 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(4-methoxybenzyl)phenol (Aldrich); 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (Aldrich); 4-bromo-3,5-didimethylphenol (Aldrich); 4-bromo-2-nitrophenol (Aldrich); 4-(diethyl aminomethyl)-2,5-dimethylphenol (Aldrich); 3-dimethylaminophenol (Aldrich); 2-amino-4-tert-amylphenol (Aldrich); 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-p-cresol (Aldrich); 2,2′-methylenediphenol (Aldrich); 5-(diethylamino)-2-nitrosophenol (Aldrich); 2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenol (Aldrich); 2,6-dibromo fluoro phenol (Aldrich); α-trifluoro-o-cresol (Aldrich); 2-bromo-4-fluorophenol (Aldrich); 4-fluorophenol (Aldrich); 4-chlorophenyl-2-chloro-1,1,2-tri-fluoroethyl sulfone (Aldrich); 3,4-difluoro phenylacetic acid (Adrich); 3-fluorophenylacetic acid (Aldrich); 3,5-difluoro phenylacetic acid (Aldrich); 2-fluorophenylacetic acid (Aldrich); 2,5-bis (trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (Aldrich); ethyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)phenoxy)propionate (Aldrich); tetrakis (2,4-di-tert-butyl phenyl)-4,4′-biphenyl diphosphonite (Aldrich); 4-tert-amyl phenol (Aldrich); 3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxy phenethylalcohol (Aldrich); NAUGARD 76, NAUGARD 445, NAUGARD 512, and NAUGARD 524 (manufactured by Chemtura Corporation); and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. The antioxidant, when present, may be present in the ink in any desired or effective amount, such as from about 0.25 percent to about 10 percent by weight of the ink or from about 1 percent to about 5 percent by weight of the ink.
Colorant
In embodiments, the phase change ink compositions described herein also include a colorant. The ink of the present embodiments can thus be one with or without colorants. The phase change ink may optionally contain colorants such as dyes or pigments. The colorants can be either from the cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK) set or from spot colors obtained from custom color dyes or pigments or mixtures of pigments. Dye-based colorants are miscible with the ink base composition, which comprises the crystalline and amorphous components and any other additives.
In embodiments, the phase change ink compositions described herein also include a colorant. Any desired or effective colorant can be employed in the phase change ink compositions, including dyes, pigments, mixtures thereof, and the like, provided that the colorant can be dissolved or dispersed in the ink carrier. Any dye or pigment may be chosen, provided that it is capable of being dispersed or dissolved in the ink carrier and is compatible with the other ink components. The phase change carrier compositions can be used in combination with conventional phase change ink colorant materials, such as Color Index (C.I.) Solvent Dyes, Disperse Dyes, modified Acid and Direct Dyes, Basic Dyes, Sulphur Dyes, Vat Dyes, and the like. Examples of suitable dyes include Neozapon Red 492 (BASF); Orasol Red G (Pylam Products); Direct Brilliant Pink B (Oriental Giant Dyes); Direct Red 3BL (Classic Dyestuffs); Supranol Brilliant Red 3BW (Bayer AG); Lemon Yellow 6G (United Chemie); Light Fast Yellow 3G (Shaanxi); Aizen Spilon Yellow C-GNH (Hodogaya Chemical); Bemachrome Yellow GD Sub (Classic Dyestuffs); Cartasol Brilliant Yellow 4GF (Clariant); Cibanone Yellow 2G (Classic Dyestuffs); Orasol Black RLI (BASF); Orasol Black CN (Pylam Products); Savinyl Black RLSN (Clariant); Pyrazol Black BG (Clariant); Morfast Black 101 (Rohm & Haas); Diaazol Black RN (ICI); Thermoplast Blue 670 (BASF); Orasol Blue GN (Pylam Products); Savinyl Blue GLS (Clariant); Luxol Fast Blue MBSN (Pylam Products); Sevron Blue 5GMF (Classic Dyestuffs); Basacid Blue 750 (BASF); Keyplast Blue (Keystone Aniline Corporation); Neozapon Black X51 (BASF); Classic Solvent Black 7 (Classic Dyestuffs); Sudan Blue 670 (C.I. 61554) (BASF); Sudan Yellow 146 (C.I. 12700) (BASF); Sudan Red 462 (C.I. 26050) (BASF); C.I. Disperse Yellow 238; Neptune Red Base NB543 (BASF, C.I. Solvent Red 49); Neopen Blue FF-4012 (BASF); Fatsol Black BR (C.I. Solvent Black 35) (Chemische Fabriek Triade BV); Morton Morplas Magenta 36 (C.I. Solvent Red 172); metal phthalocyanine colorants such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,137, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, and the like. Polymeric dyes can also be used, such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,621,022 and 5,231,135, the disclosures of each of which are herein entirely incorporated herein by reference, and commercially available from, for example, Milliken & Company as Milliken Ink Yellow 869, Milliken Ink Blue 92, Milliken Ink Red 357, Milliken Ink Yellow 1800, Milliken Ink Black 8915-67, uncut Reactint Orange X-38, uncut Reactint Blue X-17, Solvent Yellow 162, Acid Red 52, Solvent Blue 44, and uncut Reactint Violet X-80.
Pigments are also suitable colorants for the phase change inks. Examples of suitable pigments include PALIOGEN Violet 5100 (BASF); PALIOGEN Violet 5890 (BASF); HELIOGEN Green L8730 (BASF); LITHOL Scarlet D3700 (BASE); SUNFAST Blue 15:4 (Sun Chemical); Hostaperm Blue B2G-D (Clariant); Hostaperm Blue B4G (Clariant); Permanent Red P-F7RK; Hostaperm Violet BL (Clariant); LITHOL Scarlet 4440 (BASF); Bon Red C (Dominion Color Company); ORACET Pink RF (BASF); PALIOGEN Red 3871 K (BASF); SUNFAST Blue 15:3 (Sun Chemical); PALIOGEN Red 3340 (BASF); SUNFAST Carbazole Violet 23 (Sun Chemical); LITHOL Fast Scarlet L4300 (BASF); SUNBRITE Yellow 17 (Sun Chemical); HELIOGEN Blue L6900, L7020 (BASF); SUNBRITE Yellow 74 (Sun Chemical); SPECTRA PAC C Orange 16 (Sun Chemical); HELIOGEN Blue K6902, K6910 (BASF); SUNFAST Magenta 122 (Sun Chemical); HELIOGEN Blue D6840, D7080 (BASF); Sudan Blue OS (BASF); NEOPEN Blue FF4012 (BASF); PV Fast Blue B2GO1 (Clariant); IRGALITE Blue GLO (BASF); PALIOGEN Blue 6470 (BASF); Sudan Orange G (Aldrich); Sudan Orange 220 (BASF); PALIOGEN Orange 3040 (BASF); PALIOGEN Yellow 152, 1560 (BASF); LITHOL Fast Yellow 0991 K (BASF); PALIOTOL Yellow 1840 (BASF); NOVOPERM Yellow FGL (Clariant); Ink Jet Yellow 4G VP2532 (Clariant); Toner Yellow HG (Clariant); Lumogen Yellow D0790 (BASF); Suco-Yellow L1250 (BASF); Suco-Yellow D1355 (BASF); Suco Fast Yellow D1355, D1351 (BASF); HOSTAPERM Pink E 02 (Clariant); Hansa Brilliant Yellow 5GX03 (Clariant); Permanent Yellow GRL 02 (Clariant); Permanent Rubine L6B 05 (Clariant); FANAL Pink D4830 (BASF); CINQUASIA Magenta (DU PONT); PALIOGEN Black L0084 (BASF); Pigment Black K801 (BASF); and carbon blacks such as REGAL 330TM (Cabot), Nipex 150 (Evonik) Carbon Black 5250 and Carbon Black 5750 (Columbia Chemical), and the like, as well as mixtures thereof.
Pigment dispersions in the ink base may be stabilized by synergists and dispersants. Generally, suitable pigments may be organic materials or inorganic.
Magnetic material-based pigments are also suitable, for example, for the fabrication of robust Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) inks. Magnetic pigments include magnetic nanoparticles, such as for example, ferromagnetic nanoparticles.
Also suitable are the colorants disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,472,523, 6,726,755, 6,476,219, 6,576,747, 6,713,614, 6,663,703, 6,755,902, 6,590,082, 6,696,552, 6,576,748, 6,646,111, 6,673,139, 6,958,406, 6,821,327, 7,053,227, 7,381,831 and 7,427,323, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The colorant may be present in the phase change ink in any desired or effective amount to obtain the desired color or hue such as, for example, at least from about 0.1 percent by weight of the ink to about 50 percent by weight of the ink, at least from about 0.2 percent by weight of the ink to about 20 percent by weight of the ink, and at least from about 0.5 percent by weight of the ink to about 10 percent by weight of the ink.
The ink compositions can be prepared by any desired or suitable method. For example, each of the components of the ink carrier can be mixed together, followed by heating, the mixture to at least its melting point, for example from about 60° C. to about 150° C., 80° C. to about 145° C. and 85° C. to about 140° C. The colorant may be added before the ink ingredients have been heated or after the ink ingredients have been heated. When pigments are the selected colorants, the molten mixture may be subjected to grinding in an attritor or media mill apparatus to effect dispersion of the pigment in the ink carrier. The heated mixture is then stirred for about 5 seconds to about 30 minutes or more, to obtain a substantially homogeneous, uniform melt, followed by cooling the ink to ambient temperature (typically from about 20° C. to about 25° C.). The inks are solid at ambient temperature. The inks can be employed in apparatus for direct printing ink jet processes and in indirect (offset) printing ink jet applications. Another embodiment disclosed herein is directed to a process which comprises incorporating an ink as disclosed herein into an ink jet printing apparatus, melting the ink, and causing droplets of the melted ink to be ejected in an imagewise pattern onto a recording substrate. A direct printing process is also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,430, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Yet another embodiment disclosed herein is directed to a process which comprises incorporating an ink as disclosed herein into an ink jet printing apparatus, melting the ink, causing droplets of the melted ink to be ejected in an imagewise pattern onto an intermediate transfer member, and transferring the ink in the imagewise pattern from the intermediate transfer member to a final recording substrate. In a specific embodiment, the intermediate transfer member is heated to a temperature above that of the final recording sheet and below that of the melted ink in the printing apparatus. In another specific embodiment, both the intermediate transfer member and the final recording sheet are heated; in this embodiment, both the intermediate transfer member and the final recording sheet are heated to a temperature below that of the melted ink in the printing apparatus; in this embodiment, the relative temperatures of the intermediate transfer member and the final recording sheet can be (1) the intermediate transfer member is heated to a temperature above that of the final recording substrate and below that of the melted ink in the printing apparatus; (2) the final recording substrate is heated to a temperature above that of the intermediate transfer member and below that of the melted ink in the printing apparatus; or (3) the intermediate transfer member and the final recording sheet are heated to approximately the same temperature. An offset or indirect printing process is also disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,958, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. In one specific embodiment, the printing apparatus employs a piezoelectric printing process wherein droplets of the ink are caused to be ejected in imagewise pattern by oscillations of piezoelectric vibrating elements. Inks as disclosed herein can also be employed in other hot melt printing processes, such as hot melt acoustic ink jet printing, hot melt thermal ink jet printing, hot melt continuous stream or deflection ink jet printing, and the like. Phase change inks as disclosed herein can also be used in printing processes other than hot melt ink jet printing processes.
Any suitable substrate or recording sheet can be employed, including plain papers such as XEROX 4200 papers, XEROX Image Series papers, Courtland 4024 DP paper, ruled notebook paper, bond paper, silica coated papers such as Sharp Company silica coated paper, JuJo paper, HAMMERMILL LASERPRINT paper, and the like, glossy coated papers such as XEROX Digital Color Elite Gloss, Sappi Warren Papers LUSTROGLOSS, specialty papers such as Xerox DURAPAPER, and the like, transparency materials, fabrics, textile products, plastics, polymeric films, inorganic recording mediums such as metals and wood, and the like, transparency materials, fabrics, textile products, plastics, polymeric films, inorganic substrates such as metals and wood, and the like.
The inks described herein are further illustrated in the following examples. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also, various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, and are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
While the description above refers to particular embodiments, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of embodiments herein.
The presently disclosed embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of embodiments being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning of and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
EXAMPLES 
The examples set forth herein below and are illustrative of different compositions and conditions that can be used in practicing the present embodiments. All proportions are by weight unless otherwise indicated. It will be apparent, however, that the present embodiments can be practiced with many types of compositions and can have many different uses in accordance with the disclosure above and as pointed out hereinafter.
Example 1
Preparation of the Ink Base
The ink base comprises a crystalline component at 80% by weight (8.0 g) and amorphous component at 20% by weight (2.0 g) (see Table 3). This composition is stirred at 130° C. for 30 minutes.








TABLE 3





Crystalline Component
Amorphous Component
























Preparation of the Ink
An ink containing 2 weight percent of a photochromic material was prepared by adding the components together in a beaker and heating to 130° C. while stirring, and maintaining heat for two hour. K-proofs of the inks were prepared on coated Xerox® paper (DCEG). The photochromic material used in this ink is a Diarylethene of the chemical structure shown below which changes to a blue color upon activation with UV light.




Ink Testing
The following aspects were investigated: (i) viscosity at jetting temperature; (ii) rate of crystallization of the inks; and (iii) fluorescence emission capability demonstration in a range suitable for colored UV inks.
Rheology of Ink from Example 1
Rheology was measured for the photochromic ink from Example 1. Viscosity versus frequency in FIG. 1 shows that the ink is Newtonian, meaning the viscosity does not change with varying frequencies, which is the desired state. Viscosity versus temperature in FIG. 2 shows that the ink is below 10 cps (jettable) at temperatures of 120° C. or higher which falls within the desired viscosity range of about 10-12 cps (which exhibits good jettability).
Rate of Crystallization
The rate of crystallization was measured by the standardized Time Resolved Optical Microscopy (TROM) procedure, which provides comparison between various test samples and, as a result, is a useful tool for monitoring the progress made with respect to the design of fast crystallizing inks. TROM is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/456,847 to Gabriel Iftime et al., electronically filed on Apr. 26, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The sample was quenched from the melting temperature to 40° C. and the crystallization process was followed by Polarized Optical Microscopy. The results show:
The addition of the photochromic material did not change the rate of crystallization of the ink: Ttotal is 3 seconds for both ink base and ink with the photochromic material, as shown in Table 4. The total time of crystallization is 3 seconds. Correlation studies between TROM numbers and printing speed of the print test fixture showed that inks with a total time of crystallization of 3 seconds by TROM are fast enough to print at high speed on the print test fixture without blocking. In embodiments, the ink is capable of being printed at speeds of 200 pages per minute or higher with a direct to paper sheet fed or continuous print device without successive papers sticking and requiring no delay prior to cutting and/or stacking the sheets. Therefore, the photochromic ink of the present embodiments is demonstrated to be suitable for fast printing on a high speed print test fixture. Prior literature has shown that typically the addition of a dye to a crystalline-amorphous ink generally slows down the crystallization process. These results illustrate the need for experimentation and careful selection of the fluorescent dye additives such as to not increase significantly the rate of crystallization of the fluorescent ink.












TABLE 4









time crys
time



Formulation
Ttest
time crys
elapsed
crys


Sample
Details
(deg C.)
onset (s)
(s)
total (s)







Ink Base
Ink base
140
2
1
3


(Example 1)
Ink base w/
140
2
1
3



photochromic



additive









Photochromic Behavior
Test samples were prepared by K-proofing the photochromic ink from Example 1. K-proofing process comprises placing a thin layer of tested ink onto paper substrate from a plate which is heated such as to melt the ink. The benefit of the K-proofing is that it provides an area of ink onto the paper which has a thickness of several microns, i.e. similar to the thickness of images of printed inks. K-proofs were prepared on DCEG paper at 140° C. using a K Printing Proofer commercially available from R K Print-Coat Instruments Ltd. (Royston, UK). Evaluation of the photochromic behavior is captured in FIG. 3.
As shown, the initial state is clear (i.e. colorless on white paper) (a). In the second step (b), the right side of the sample is written (or colored) by exposure to UV light (365 nm 6 W lamp for 10 seconds). The colored and colorless states are both stable under normal viewing conditions. Finally, the center of the written (colored) side is erased by illumination with strong visible light, to get back to the colorless or clear state (c). This process demonstrates a write/erase cycle which can be repeated many times.
The photochromic image can stay as long as needed once the writing (detecting) device is removed (i.e. UV light source). This is contrasted with fluorescent images where the color disappears instantly once the activating light is removed. In addition, the photochromic system is ideally suited for bright substrates like white paper, where as the fluorescent system is ideally suited for darker (less bright substrates).
SUMMARY
In summary, a novel phase change ink composition is provided which comprises a crystalline-amorphous composition containing a photochromic material and an optional colorant. The ink changes color when exposed to UV light, reversibly and multiple times. The colored state is stable for some time after removal of the UV light.
The ink can be used as a security photochromic robust ink to provide security to documents and to packages and labels. The ink is ideally suited for bright substrates and further for situations where the security feature needs to be invisible under normal ambient light. This ink provides a phase change ink for security applications where prior phase change inks were not suitable.
The claims, as originally presented and as they may be amended, encompass variations, alternatives, modifications, improvements, equivalents, and substantial equivalents of the embodiments and teachings disclosed herein, including those that are presently unforeseen or unappreciated, and that, for example, may arise from applicants/patentees and others. Unless specifically recited in a claim, steps or components of claims should not be implied or imported from the specification or any other claims as to any particular order, number, position, size, shape, angle, color, or material.
All the patents and applications referred to herein are hereby specifically, and totally incorporated herein by reference in their entirety in the instant specification.

## Claims

1. A phase change ink comprising:
a crystalline component having a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature;
an amorphous component having a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature;
a photochromic material; and
a colorant.

2. The phase change ink of claim 1 being capable of being printed at speeds of 200 pages per minute or higher with a direct to paper sheet fed or continuous print device without successive papers sticking and requiring no delay prior to cutting and/or stacking the sheets.

3. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein a ratio between the absorbance of the photochromic compound and the remaining components of the ink at an activation wavelength is higher than 1.

4. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the crystalline and amorphous components are blended in a weight ratio of from about 65:35 to about 95:5, respectively.

5. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the crystalline component is selected from the group consisting of




stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof.

6. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the amorphous component is selected from the group consisting of




stereoisomers thereof and mixtures thereof.

7. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the photochromic material is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 15 percent by weight of the total weight of the phase change ink.

8. The phase change ink of claim 7, wherein the photochromic material is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight of the total weight of the phase change ink.

9. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the photochromic material is selected from the group consisting of diarylethenes, spiropyrans and spiroxazines, fulgides and fulgimides, stilbenes, aromatic azo compounds, quinones, permidinespirocyclohexadienones, viologens, triarylmethanes, anils, and mixtures thereof.

10. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the photochromic material remains in a changed state after exposure to UV light for a period of time of from about 1 second to about 1 month.

11. The phase change ink of claim 10, wherein the photochromic material remains in the changed state after exposure to UV light for a period of time of from about 1 second to about 1 day.

12. The phase change ink of claim 1, wherein the photochromic material returns to an initial state after exposure to visible light or heat.

13. A phase change ink comprising:
a crystalline component having a viscosity of less than 12 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature;
an amorphous component having a viscosity of less than 100 cps at a temperature of about 140° C. and a viscosity of greater than 1×106 cps at room temperature;
a photochromic material; and
a colorant selected from the group consisting of a pigment, dye or mixtures thereof.