# Patent

## Title
Exhaust-gas turbocharger having a turbine housing with an integrated wastegate actuator

## Abstract

An exhaust-gas turbocharger includes a turbine housing and a wastegate which is disposed in the turbine housing and has a wastegate flap. The wastegate flap can be adjusted by an output shaft of a wastegate actuator. The output shaft has a central axis. The wastegate actuator is an integral constituent part of the turbine housing. During an adjustment of the wastegate flap, the output shaft of the wastegate actuator interacts with a wastegate spindle which has a central axis. The output shaft of the wastegate actuator is thermally decoupled from the wastegate spindle.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an exhaust-gas turbocharger which is equipped with a so-called wastegate.
Exhaust-gas turbochargers serve for improving the efficiency of an internal combustion engine and thus increasing the power thereof. For this purpose, the exhaust-gas turbocharger has a turbine with a turbine wheel and a compressor with a compressor wheel, wherein the two rotor wheels are arranged on a common shaft. Here, the turbine wheel is driven by means of an exhaust-gas mass flow from a connected internal combustion engine, and in turn, drives the compressor wheel. The compressor compresses inducted fresh air and conducts said fresh air to the internal combustion engine. The common shaft is mounted in a bearing housing of the turbocharger. Furthermore, the turbine wheel of the turbine is arranged in a turbine housing, and the compressor wheel of the compressor is arranged in a compressor housing.
An exhaust-gas turbocharger of said type has to meet a wide variety of demands during operation on the internal combustion engine or on an engine connected thereto. One of said demands consists in absorbing the high temperatures that can arise for example owing to the hot exhaust-gas mass flow in the turbocharger housing.
Here, the conventional design of an exhaust-gas turbocharger provides individual housings which are composed in each case of a material adapted to the temperature prevailing therein. Here, the compressor housing is normally composed of aluminum, whereas the bearing housing is composed of cast iron, wherein the bearing housing may additionally be designed to be water-cooled. The turbine housing is generally composed, owing to the high temperatures that prevail in said region, of materials with a high nickel content. Owing to the adapted, different materials for the individual housings, said housings are formed as separate parts which are connected to one another, and which in the process must also be sealed off with respect one another.
The further the engine rotational speed increases, the faster is the rotation of the turbine wheel of the turbine, and with the latter the shaft of the exhaust-gas turbocharger on which the compressor wheel of the compressor is also situated, owing to the driving exhaust-gas flow. As a result of the faster rotation of the shaft and thus also of the compressor wheel, the air delivery rate of the compressor increases. This leads to an increasing exhaust-gas flow from the engine, which in turn leads to the turbine wheel being driven faster. So as not to exceed the respectively defined mechanical and thermal limits of the engine, regulation of the exhaust-gas turbocharger is necessary.
Such regulation of an exhaust-gas turbocharger may be realized using a wastegate, also referred to as a bypass valve. Such a wastegate has a flap which is connected to the turbine housing of the exhaust-gas turbocharger and which can be opened as required in order, as a function of the open position of a flap, to conduct a greater or lesser part of the hot exhaust gas past the turbine directly into the exhaust system of the vehicle. A further increase of the turbine rotational speed is thereby prevented.
Such a wastegate is subject to high thermal and mechanical loading owing to its position in the hot exhaust-gas flow.
It is already known for wastegate flaps to be adjusted using a pneumatic actuator. Such pneumatic actuators are often also referred to as pressure capsules.
In more recent applications, increasing efforts are now being made to replace the stated pneumatic actuators with electric actuators. Such an electric wastegate actuator offers advantages in relation to a pneumatic wastegate actuator. These advantages include a high actuation speed, good actuation accuracy and high actuation forces. Owing to said high actuation forces, fast closing of the wastegate flap in the associated flap seat is ensured. An electric wastegate actuator however also has disadvantages. These include an increased weight, an increased installation space requirement and self-heating. In particular, the thermal configuration of an electric wastegate actuator poses problems in practice. Temperatures of up to 140° C. prevail in the engine bay of a motor vehicle. Temperatures far higher than this may prevail in the direct vicinity of an exhaust-gas turbocharger. An electric wastegate actuator is additionally heated during the operation thereof by the current flowing through. A further problem that arises in practice is the positioning of the respective wastegate actuator.
In general, the wastegate forms a part of the turbine housing. The wastegate actuator or actuator is, by contrast, generally fastened to the compressor housing or to a bracket on the compressor housing. The bearing housing is arranged between the turbine housing and the compressor housing. Consequently, in the case of known exhaust-gas turbochargers, the wastegate actuator and the wastegate itself are connected to one another by a relatively long tolerance chain.
An electric wastegate actuator must be of correspondingly strong configuration such that it can impart the required actuation forces even when it itself is very hot, and such that it can withstand the occurring load cycles without overheating. Furthermore, during assembly, in a final assembly step, the summed tolerances must be compensated by means of a suitable compensation device in the coupling element or by means of a suitable assembly process of the coupling element. This is associated with considerable outlay and thus also with considerable costs.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of the invention to specify an exhaust-gas turbocharger in which said long tolerance chain is eliminated.
Said object is achieved by an exhaust-gas turbocharger including a turbine housing and a wastegate disposed in the turbine housing and having a wastegate flap. The wastegate flap can be adjusted by a wastegate actuator drive output shaft having a central axis. The dependent claims specify advantageous embodiments and refinements of the invention.
The advantages of the invention consist in particular in that, as a result of the integration of an electric wastegate actuator into the turbine housing of an exhaust-gas turbocharger, the above-mentioned long tolerance chain is eliminated. In the case of known exhaust-gas turbochargers, owing to the high temperatures prevailing therein, an integration of any actuator into a turbine housing was inconceivable. As a result of the thermal decoupling of the wastegate spindle from the drive output shaft of the wastegate actuator, the wastegate actuator, which preferably has an electric motor, is protected against overheating. Owing to the above-described measures, it is possible to arrange an electric wastegate actuator in the turbine housing without overheating of the wastegate actuator occurring. In addition to said thermal decoupling, the wastegate spindle is advantageously provided with cooling fins. Furthermore, the wastegate actuator is advantageously thermally coupled to one or more cooling channels of the turbine housing, such that the cooling effect for the wastegate actuator and for the wastegate itself is further increased.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
Further advantageous characteristics of the invention will emerge from the following exemplary explanation on the basis of the figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective sketch of an exhaust-gas turbocharger with a water-cooled turbine housing and an integrated wastegate actuator,
FIG. 2 is a sketch of the turbine housing as an assembly of the exhaust-gas turbocharger shown in FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a sketch of the turbine housing as an assembly of the exhaust-gas turbocharger shown in FIG. 1, without a cover,
FIG. 4 is a sketch of a machined finished part of the turbine housing with a receptacle for an electric wastegate actuator, and
FIG. 5 is a sectional illustration showing the mounting of a wastegate spindle in a wastegate bushing.



DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A description will be given below of an exhaust-gas turbocharger which has a turbine housing and which is equipped with a wastegate which is arranged in the turbine housing and which has a wastegate flap, wherein the wastegate flap can be adjusted by means of a drive output shaft, which has a central axis, of a wastegate actuator, the wastegate actuator is an integral constituent part of the turbine housing, the drive output shaft of the wastegate actuator interacts, during the adjustment of the wastegate flap, with a wastegate spindle which has a central axis, and the drive output shaft of the wastegate actuator is thermally decoupled from the wastegate spindle.
FIG. 1 is a perspective sketch illustrating an exhaust-gas turbocharger which has a water-cooled turbine housing in which an electric wastegate actuator is integrated. The illustration shows the major components and connectors of the exhaust-gas turbocharger.
The illustrated exhaust-gas turbocharger has a compressor housing 6, a bearing housing 7 and a water-cooled turbine housing 8.
In the compressor housing 6, in the conventional manner, a compressor wheel is arranged on a common shaft. In the turbine housing 8, in a conventional manner, a turbine wheel is arranged on the common shaft. The common shaft is mounted in the bearing housing 7, which is positioned between the compressor housing 6 and the turbine housing 8. During the operation of the exhaust-gas turbocharger, the turbine wheel is driven by an exhaust-gas mass flow from a connected internal combustion engine, and in turn drives the compressor wheel via the common shaft. The compressor compresses inducted fresh air and conducts said fresh air to the internal combustion engine.
The compressor housing 6 has a fresh-air inlet 1, through which fresh air from the environment is inducted into the exhaust-gas turbocharger, and a fresh air outlet 2, through which compressed fresh air is discharged in order to be conducted to the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, the compressor housing 6 is provided with an overrun air recirculation valve 5. Said overrun air recirculation valve has the task, during operation of the exhaust-gas turbocharger, of opening a bypass past the compressor in the event of a negative load step, such that excess charge pressure can be blown off.
The bearing housing 7 has an oil inlet 18 and an oil outlet (not illustrated in the figure). Oil which is used for the lubrication of the common shaft enters through the oil inlet 18 during the operation of the exhaust-gas turbocharger.
The turbine housing 8 is provided with a water inlet 9 and a water outlet 10. During the operation of the exhaust-gas turbocharger, cooling water enters through the water inlet 9, which cooling water is conducted through cooling water ducts running in the interior of the turbine housing 8 and exits the turbine housing again through the water outlet 10. Said cooling water cools the turbine housing 8 which, owing to its positioning in the hot exhaust-gas flow, is subject to high temperatures during the operation of the exhaust-gas turbocharger.
Furthermore, the turbine housing 8 is provided with an exhaust-gas inlet 3 and an exhaust-gas outlet 4. The exhaust-gas inlet 3 is connected to an exhaust-gas exit of the internal combustion engine, such that the hot exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine passes through the exhaust-gas inlet 3 into the interior region of the turbine housing 8. There, the hot exhaust gas drives the turbine wheel arranged in the turbine housing, which turbine wheel in turn, via the common shaft, drives the compressor wheel arranged in the compressor housing. The exhaust gas exits the turbine housing 8 again through the exhaust-gas outlet 4, which is connected to the catalytic converter of the motor vehicle.
To regulate the power of the turbine wheel, a wastegate 11 is integrated into the turbine housing 4. Said wastegate 11 has a wastegate flap 36 which, by means of an electric wastegate actuator 12 integrated into the turbine housing, can be opened to a greater or lesser extent in accordance with the present demand in order to conduct a desired proportion of the hot exhaust gas past the turbine wheel and directly to the exhaust-gas outlet 4.
Both the stated electric wastegate actuator 12 and also the coupling element coupling the same to the flap 36 of the wastegate 11 are thermally coupled to the cooling water ducts of the turbine housing, such that said components are also cooled by the cooling water.
As a result of the integration of the electric wastegate actuator 12 into the turbine housing 8, the long tolerance chain present in known exhaust-gas turbochargers is shortened considerably. In this way, the need for providing suitable compensating devices in the coupling element, or for performing a suitable assembly process for the coupling element for the purpose of compensating summed tolerances, is eliminated. This reduces the outlay required for the assembly of the exhaust-gas turbocharger, and thus also the costs thereof.
FIG. 2 shows a sketch of the turbine housing 8 as an assembly of the exhaust-gas turbocharger shown in FIG. 1. From said FIG. 2, it can be seen in particular that the wastegate 11 has a wastegate spindle 13 to which the wastegate flap 36 is fastened. Said wastegate spindle 13 is rotatably mounted in a wastegate bushing 14. The electric wastegate actuator 12 is integrated into the water-cooled turbine housing 8 and has a cover 15 in which a plug 16 is integrally formed. The cover 15 is fastened to a receptacle for the gear stages and/or a motor slot 17, wherein the motor slot is provided for accommodating an electric motor.
Furthermore, the water inlet 9, the water outlet 10, the exhaust-gas inlet 3 an exhaust-gas outlet 4 are illustrated in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3 shows a sketch of the turbine housing 8 as an assembly of the exhaust-gas turbocharger shown in FIG. 1, wherein by contrast to FIG. 2, however, the cover 15 has been removed.
It can be seen from FIG. 3 that the electric wastegate actuator 12 has an electric motor 19 which comprises a drive output shaft 39 provided with a drive output gearwheel 20, the latter being attached to a drive output shaft 39 of the electric motor 19. Said electric motor 19 is inserted into the motor slot 17 which forms, for said electric motor, a receptacle provided in the water-cooled turbine housing. The torque provided by the drive output gearwheel 20 is transmitted to an intermediate gearwheel 21. The latter in turn transmits the rotational movement to a drive output gearwheel 22 which is arranged on the drive output shaft 34 (see FIG. 5) of the electric wastegate actuator 12. To said drive output gearwheel 22 there is fastened a magnet 23 by means of which a sensor 35 can determine the angular position of the drive output shaft 34.
In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3 there is illustrated a gearing having two gear stages. In further exemplary embodiments which are not illustrated in the figures, an electric wastegate actuator integrated into a water-cooled turbine housing may also have some other number of gear stages, for example one gear stage, three gear stages, four gear stages or even more gear stages.
FIG. 4 shows a sketch of a machined finished part of the turbine housing 8 with a receptacle for an integrated electric wastegate actuator. Said illustration shows the wastegate duct 24 through which the hot exhaust gases of the internal combustion engine are conducted past the turbine wheel. Furthermore, FIG. 4 illustrates the motor slot 17 which is provided for accommodating the electric motor of the electric wastegate actuator. Also shown in FIG. 4 is a slot or duct 25 which is provided for accommodating the drive output shaft 34 of the electric wastegate actuator 12. Also shown in FIG. 4 are the end stops 26 which serve for limiting the angle of rotation of the drive output gearwheel 22 of the wastegate actuator.
FIG. 5 is a sectional illustration showing, in more detail, the mounting of the wastegate spindle 13 shown in FIG. 3 in the wastegate bushing 14. To attain expedient packaging and low system complexity and to permit desired cooling effects, the drive output shaft 34 of the electric wastegate actuator 12 and the shaft of the wastegate spindle 13 lie on a common axis, that is to say their central lines 37 and 38 run in alignment. In the case of such an arrangement of the electric wastegate actuator, the lower end region of the wastegate spindle 13 in FIG. 5 is situated, during operation, in the very hot exhaust-gas flow of the motor vehicle. Situated in the upper end region of the arrangement shown in FIG. 5 is the magnet 23 which, together with the sensor 35 shown in FIG. 3, serves for detecting the angular position of the drive output shaft 34 of the electric wastegate actuator 12. Also shown in FIG. 5 are the intermediate gearwheel 21 and the gearwheel 22 which is connected to the drive output shaft 34.
To ensure that, during operation, neither the magnet 23 nor the sensor 35 nor the electric motor 19 of the electric wastegate actuator 12 are subject to high temperatures, the wastegate spindle 13 has cooling fins 33. Furthermore, the drive output shaft 34 of the electric wastegate actuator 12 is thermally decoupled from the wastegate spindle 13. In this way, the heat flow from the wastegate spindle 13 to the electric wastegate actuator 12 is advantageously kept low. Said thermal decoupling is realized in the exemplary embodiment shown in that the wastegate spindle 13 and the drive output shaft 34 of the electric wastegate actuator 12 are two different components which are coupled to one another merely by means of a positively locking connection 32. The drive output shaft 34 is rotatably mounted by means of a bearing arrangement 29. Said bearing arrangement is a ball bearing, a needle-roller bearing, a roller bearing, etc. The stated cooling effect is furthermore contributed to by the thermal coupling, already mentioned above, of the wastegate and of one or more components of the wastegate actuator to one or more cooling ducts of the turbine housing.
To prevent exhaust gases from being able to ingress in an undesired manner into the interior of the electric wastegate actuator, a seal 30 is provided.
Furthermore, the device shown in FIG. 5 has a vent 31. This has the advantage that any small amount of exhaust gas that may be encountered can escape to the outside and cannot be forced past the seal 30 into the interior of the electric wastegate actuator. Around the drive output shaft 34 there is provided a rotary spring 28, such that a preferential direction of movement is assisted.

## Claims

1. An exhaust-gas turbocharger, comprising:
a turbine housing;
a wastegate disposed in said turbine housing and having a wastegate flap;
a wastegate spindle having a central axis; and
a wastegate actuator being an integral constituent part of said turbine housing, said wastegate actuator having a drive output shaft with a central axis;
said drive output shaft configured to adjust said wastegate flap, said drive output shaft interacting with said wastegate spindle during an adjustment of said wastegate flap, and said drive output shaft being thermally decoupled from said wastegate spindle;
said central axis of said drive output shaft of said wastegate actuator and said central axis of said wastegate spindle being aligned on a common axis;
said drive output shaft of said wastegate actuator having a drive output gearwheel;
said electric motor having a drive output shaft with a drive output gearwheel; and
said wastegate actuator including an drive output gearwheel of said drive output shaft of said electric motor interacting with said drive output gearwheel of said drive output shaft of said wastegate actuator.

2. The exhaust-gas turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein said drive output shaft of said wastegate actuator and said wastegate spindle are coupled to one another by a form-locking connection.

3. The exhaust-gas turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein said wastegate spindle has cooling fins.

4. The exhaust-gas turbocharger according to claim 1, which further comprises an intermediate gearwheel through which said drive output gearwheel of said drive output shaft of said electric motor interacts with said drive output gearwheel of said drive output shaft of said wastegate actuator.

5. The exhaust-gas turbocharger according to claim 1, wherein said turbine housing has cooling ducts, and said wastegate actuator has one or more constituent parts thermally coupled to one or more of said cooling ducts.