CEMP-CE

Engineer 

Pamphlet

415-1-261

Volume 3

Department of the Army

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Washington, DC 20314-1000

EP 415-1-261

Volume 2

1 August 92

Construction

ARCHECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL

FEATURES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is 

unlimited.

DEPARMENT OF THE ARMY EP 415-1-261

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

CEMP-CE Washington, D.C. 20314

Pamphlet 1 August 1992

No. 415—1—261

Construction

QUALITY ASSURANCE REPRESENTATIVES GUIDE

FOREWORD

This guide is one of four volumes reprinted with revisions

from guides first published in 1964. The reason for their

existence and continuance is to provide construction personnel,

those with either quality control or quality assurance

responsibilities, a reliable checklist type reference for each

phase of construction.

Quality Assurance (QA) Representatives will find the

information fundamental and appropriate to their role of

controlling and assuring quality in accordance with the plans and

specifications. The guide will, therefore, become a valuable

reference to supplement the project plans and specifications. The

contents will also help refresh the nemory of experience,

training, and good old common sense. The use of knowledge with

appropriate responsibility and authority will result in decisions

and decisive actions so necessary for successful quality

assurance. The objective is to produce quality products for our

customers throughout the world.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

Colonel, Corps of Engineers

Chief of Staff

This Volume 3 of EP 415-1-261 supersedes Volume 3, EP 415-1-261,

30 Dec 82
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ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

NUMBER PAGE

3A CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES 3A-l

3B PRECAST CONCRETE AND CAST-IN

 PLACE ROOF SYSTEMS 3B-1

4 MASONRY 4-1

5A STRUCTURAL STEEL 5A-1

5B WELDING 5B-1

5C STEEL ROOF DECKING 5C-1

6 CARPENTRY 6-1

7A DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING 7A-1

7B BUILDING INSULATION 7B-1

7C CONFIGURED ROOFING AND SIDING 7C-l

7D ROOFING AND INSULATION 70-1

7E FLASHING AND SHEET METAL 7E-1

7F CALMING AND SEALANTS 7F-1

8A METAL DOORS AND FRAMES 8A-1

8B WOOD DOORS 8B-1

8C METAL AND WOOD WINDOWS 8C-1

8D HARDWARE 8D-1

8E GLAZING 8E-1

9A METAL FRAMING AND FURRING, LATH AND

 PLASTER STUCCO 9A-1

9B GYPSUM WALLBOARD (GWB) 9B-1

9C TERRAZZO; CERAMIC AND QUARRY TILE 9C-1

9D ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT 90-1

9E WOOD FLOORING 9E-1
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iii

CHAPTER

NUMBER PAGE

9F RESILIENT FLOORING 9F-1

9G PAINTING 9G-1

9H WALL COVERING 9H-1

10A TOILET PARTITIONS AND ACCESSORIES 10A-1

10B RAISED FLOOR SYSTEMS 10B-1

10C WARDROBES 10C-1

12A CABINETS AND CASEWORK 12A-1

12B BLINDS, CURTAINS AND SHADES 12B-1

 Chapters numbered in the guides contain the same subject

information as the numbered divisions in the specifications for

both military and civil works construction projects. They are

identified by specific volume as follows:

 Chapter

 Number Volume 1 Subject

1 General Requirements

2 Sitework: earthwork,

underground utilities,

paving, plantings, and

railroads

Volume 2 Sitework (continued):

2 piles, levees, dams, 

relief wells, drilling, 

lock and dam gates,

penstocks, revetments,

dredging, jetty, breakwater, and groin

construction

Volume 3

3 Concrete

4 Masonry

5 Metals

6 Wood and Plastics

7 Thermal & Moisture

8 Doors & Windows

9 Finishes

10 Accessories & Raised 

Floors

12 Furnishing & Casework

Volume 4

13 Special Construction

14 Conveying systems

15 Mechanical

16 Electrical
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CHAPTER 3A

CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES

INDEX

Pars. Title Page

3A-01 GENERAL 3A-1

3A-02 RECORDS 3A-l

3A-03 MATERIALS 3A-l

a. Sources 3A-1

b. Storage and Handling 3A-2

c. Forms 3A-2

d. Miscellaneous Material 3A-3

3A-04 BATCHING AND MIXING 3A-4

a. Equipment 3A-4

b. Batching and Mixing

Operations 3A-5

3A-05 PRE—PLACEMENT INSPECTION 3A-6

a. Sample Concrete Panel 3A-6

b. Footings and Foundations 3A-6

c. Slabs on Grade 3A-6

d. Forms 3A-7

e. Joints 3A-8

f. Reinforcement 3A-9

g. Embedded Items 3A-9

h. Miscellaneous Preparations 3A—10

3A-06 CONVEYING AND PLACING 3A-10

a. Equipment 3A-10

b. Operations 3A-11

3A-07 REMOVAL OF FORMS 3A-12

a. Inspection Practice 3A-12

b. Method of Removal 3A-12

3A-08 FINISHING 3A—12

a. Formed Surfaces 3A—12

b. Unformed Surfaces 3A-13

c. Smooth Finish 3A-13

d. Rubbed Finish 3A-14

e. Monolithic Finish 3A-14

3A-09 CURING, PROTECTION AND

FINISHING OF JOINTS 3A-14

a. General 3A-14

b. Curing 3A-15

c. Finishing of Joints 3A-15

d. Protection 3A-15
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Para. Title Page

3A-10 LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETES 3A-16

a. General 3A-16

b. Lightweight Structural 3A-16

c. Lightweight Roof Fill 3A-16

d. Lightweight Including

Portland Cement 3A-17

e. Lightweight Including Asphaltic 3A-17
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3A-1

CHAPTER 3A

CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES

3A-01. GENERAL

a. This chapter covers commonly encountered concrete work

other than concrete paving, which is covered in chapter 2D.

Specialized procedures such as pumpcrete, pressure grouting,

shotcrete, pre—placed aggregate concrete, etc. are not covered.

b. QA Representatives are cautioned that contract

requirements for concrete for a given job are contained in the

drawings and specifications prepared for that job. Also, that

contract requirements may change from job to job. There are many

differences between the requirements for concrete for Civil Works

construction and concrete for military construction, and between

the requirements for concrete for large jobs and concrete for

small jobs. This guide information will assist QC/QA

representatives in preparation for the work phase and in the

inspection process together with the knowledgeable application of

the specification requirements for the individual job.

3A-02. RECORDS

a. In general, the records to be kept will be prescribed

by the District. Some modifications of the records—keeping system

may be in order because of conditions distinctive to a given

project, but no such modifications should be made without the full

knowledge and approval of your supervisor.

b. Check with your supervisor and be sure that you know

what records you will be required to keep and that you fully

understand the preparation of the various forms involved.

c. Enter the required information accurately, completely

and promptly in these records.

3A-03. MATERIALS

a. Sources

(1) At the Preparatory Phase Meeting, before starting

concrete work, check:

(a) Has contractor given advance notice of source of

materials?

(b) Have samples been furnished?

(c) Have mixes been established?

(d) Have tests been completed on air-entraining agent? On

curing compound? Concrete placement conditions may be such as to

require admixture other than air-entraining agent or calcium

chloride. Has this admixture been tested and approved? Reduction

of cement content for basic design nix is not permitted.

(e) Have shop drawings for steel reinforcement and embedded

items been approved?
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3A-2

(f) Does the aggregate meet the contract requirements?

(g) Has cement been tested? (If required)

(2) Check as work proceeds. Are test reports, mill

certificates and other certificates of compliance on hand for all

materials being used?

(3) Is cement the type specified?

b. Storage and Handling

(1) Cement

(a) Is cement transported from the mill to the mixing plant

in weathertight containers?

(b) If intermediate storage is involved, is cement

adequately protected from exposure to moisture during intermediate

storage and in loading and unloading operations?

(c) Is storage at mixing plant weathertight and properly

ventilated?

(d) Is sufficient storage capacity available?

(e) Is oldest cement used first?

(f) Has over—age cement, if any, been tested?

(g) If concrete supplier has other customers, are adequate

precautions taken to see that cement tested and approved for your

job by the Bureau of Standards or the Waterways Experiment Station

is not being used in concrete delivered to others? That untested

cement is not being used in concrete delivered to your job?

(h) Have arrangements been made to secure all cement from

one manufacturer?

(i) Is the cement being used in the same sequence as it is

being delivered?

(2) Where Pozzolan is used, be sure bin dividers are

leakproof to assure no contamination of cement, permit use of

Pozzolan of only one type and from one source with approved design

mix. Double wall dividers will provide a positive method of

avoiding contamination. Do not permit use of Pozzolan that is

contaminated or damaged.

c. Forms

(1) General

(a) Use specified wood or metal prefabricated or jobsite

fabricated units.

(b) Check fit-up and bracing to prevent deflection from

line and grade.

(c) Check if forms are readily removable, as required.

(2) For concealed surfaces the concrete forms must be tight

and sound.
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3A-3

(3) For exposed surfaces the forms will be:

(a) Made of like—new plywood or equivalent material in 4 by

5 foot sections.

(b) Same for form lining. Linings shall have solid

backing.

(c) Round column forms shall be prefabricated seamless

type.

(d) Check form panel sizes when joints must be located for

architectural alignment.

(4) Metal forms retained—in—place for slabs:

(a) Factory fabricated units are required.

(b) Check shop drawings information on deflection against

specified maximum deflection.

(c) Are forms hot—dip galvanized?

(d) Are forms ventilated type as required for lightweight

concrete?

(5) Pan-form units for slabs.

(a) Is type of material approved? Use either prefabricated

steel, hardboard or fiber-glass of specified thickness.

(b) Check for damaged units which would effect finished

appearance of exposed ceilings.

(6) Form ties

(a) Must be removable or snap-off metal tie.

(b) Check for device which will leave a conical hole 1-inch

deep at least 3/8-inch but not more than 1-inch in diameter into

the concrete from its surfaces.

(c) Snap tie break-back from concrete surface will be at

least 1-inch when surface is exposed, painted or given other

treatments.

(7) Chamfering

(a) Check for corner molding in the form at exposed

corners.

(b) A chamfer strip must be used unless another shape is

required.

d. Miscellaneous Material

(1) Have the necessary materials such as inserts, slots,

clips, anchor bolts, etc. been approved and are they on the job

site prior to starting the concrete placement?
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3A-4

(2) Has contractor received approval on materials he will

use for capillary water barrier, vapor barrier, water proofing,

reinforcing steel, expansion joint material, joint sealer,

forming, curing, etc.?

(3) Stockpiles

(a) Are aggregate stockpile areas graded, drained and

stabilized so that contamination will not occur?

(b) Are aggregate stockpiles separated so that intermixing

does not occur? Are they built up to avoid segregation and

contamination?

(c) Are aggregates conveyed from stockpiles to batching

equipment by means which will avoid segregation and intermixing?

Do not allow use of bulldozers or similar equipment.

(4) Water — Is the supply of water for mixing and curing

protected against contamination?

(5) Admixtures

(a) Is air—entraining admixture protected against freezing

during storage?

(b) Has over-age admixture, if any, been retested?

(c) Check accuracy of dispenser and correct dispersion of

admixture.

3A-04. BATCHING AND MIXING

a. Equipment

(1) Are batch truck compartment free of leaks, with

bulkheads high enough to prevent overflow?

(2) Do compartment gates and water valves close tightly?

(3) Are contractor-furnished test weights on hand?

(4) Check all scales and measuring devices.

(5) Are these checks repeated periodically, as frequently

as necessary to insure that delivery of materials from the

batching equipment is kept within the specified limits of

accuracy?

(6) Are automatic cut-off devices adjusted so that accuracy

of batching is kept within the specified limits?

(7) Check recording devices to see that the recorded

weights are the same as the scale settings. (These should be

checked at least daily--more frequent checking and adjustment may

be necessary to keep this equipment recording accurately)

(8) Check batch sizes so that mixers will not be loaded

beyond manufacturer*s rated capacity.

(9) Is plant equipped with all required interlocks, in

operating condition?
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3A-5

(10) Is dispenser for air-entraining agent arranged so

that the agent is batched with the water? (Specifications may

provide that the admixture shall be batched with the sand only in

the case where the water is batched on the trucks. When the water

is batched at a central batching plant, batch the admixture with

the water. The fact that truck mixers may be used to mix and

transport the concrete will not relieve the contractor from the

requirement for batching the admixture with the water.) If

admixture other than air—entraining agent is approved, ensure that

the admixture is introduced separately into a portion of the

mixing water.

(11) Check multiple-batch trucks used for dry batching.

Are compartments of ample size and are gates tight so that there

is no overflow or leakage between compartments? (Check when truck

body is raised to highest dumping position.)

(12) Is mixing drum watertight?

(13) Are mixing drum and discharge chute clean and free

of hardened concrete?

(14) Check mixing blade wear.

(15) Do water valves operate easily and shut of f tight?

(16) Check revolution counter provided on each truck

mixer.

(17) Ia mixer equipped with discharge lock, adjusted so

that required mixing time elapses? (Note that specified mixing

times are minimum, and that additional mixing may be required if

necessary to produce complete, uniform mixing.)

(18) Check mixer drum rotation speed as designated by the

manufacturer.

b. Batching and Mixing Operations

(1) Check mixing time.

(2) Continually check for assurance of complete control

over batching and mixing. Check volumes of material used in mix,

mixing time, and other controlling features.

(3) Check moisture content of aggregates frequently. Adjust

batch weights in accordance with variation in moisture content.

(4) Check gradations of aggregates frequently.

(5) Check visually the freshly mixed concrete (constant

observation is desirable if inspection personnel are available) to

see that uniformity is maintained.

(a) Any marked change from normal consistency or appearance

indicates something wrong with batching or the mixing, and the

concrete should not be accepted for placement.

(b) Record rejected batches carefully, with reasons for

rejection, and report promptly to your supervisor.
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3A-6

(6) Check slump and entrained air contents as often as

necessary to provide record data prescribed by District or job

policy, and oftener if necessary to confirm visual checks.

3A-05. PRE-PLACEMENT INSPECTION

Check all of the following prior to each placement——placing

should not be permitted to start until all are satisfactory.

a. Sample Concrete Panel

(1) Approved panel will be representative of quality

required, including:

(a) Formed surfaces and joints

(b) Type of form ties

(c) Patching, including color match

(d) Smooth finish or special treatment

(e) Structural joints and flashing treatment

(2) Erect with job mix design before structural formwork

begins. Designate a protected location.

(3) Reject if unaccepted/approve in writing with minor

correction noted, as applicable.

(4) Use in Preparatory and Initial Phase Meetings.

b. Footings and Foundations

(1) Have location, dimensions and grade been checked? Use

grade stakes in unformed footings. Don*t forget to pull stakes out

after screeding.

(2) Has fill and/or capillary water barrier been compacted

to specified density? Fill is prohibited to remedy

over—excavation; thicken the footing/foundation.

(3) Are foundation excavations free from frost, ice or mud;

moist as required but free from standing or running water?

(4) Has waterproof paper or polyethylene covering been

applied to dry or pervious soils?

(5) Have precautions been taken to keep soil from

contaminating concrete placed in unformed footing trenches?

(6) Is the ambient temperature in the permissible range?

c. Slabs on Grade

(1) Check for a capillary water barrier.

(2) Runs for electric conduit and piping systems must be

located below the slab.

(3) Mud slab may be required as a working surface.

(4) Is the vapor barrier membrane of specified thickness?

Is it sealed with tape at laps and penetrations?
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3A-7

(5) Are control joints layed-out am required so the maximum

area of placement is not exceeded?

(6) Are isolation joints provided at columns?

d. Forms

(1) Line and Grade

Start with the footings and check for conformance.

(2) Joints

Check the face of forms for tightness to prevent loss

of grout.

(3) Re-Used Formwork

Check for patching or plugging of all holes. Finish on

the concrete will be no better than the face of the forms against

which the concrete is placed.

(4) Materials and Procedures

Check to make sure that the form materials proposed

will produce the specified end product. Also make sure that

forming method and procedures will take place.

(5) Stud Spacing

The spacing should be uniform and such that no

discernible deflection of the sheathing will take place.

(6) Walers

(a) Is spacing of walers staggered so as not to occur all

in the same panel?

(b) Are splices in walers staggered so as not to occur all

in the same panel?

(c) Is a continuous plate provided across tops of form

panels or is there a waler located close enough to maintain good

alignment at top of form?

(7) Tie-Rods and Spaces

(a) Is spacing sufficient to support load and maintain

alignment? Are installed ties the specified type that can be

withdrawn or broken off to leave no metal closer than the

specified minimum distance from the concrete surface?

(b) Remember to remove temporary spacers from inside of

forms as concrete is placed. Tie wire retrievers may be necessary

on spacers beyond reach.

(8) Braces

(a) Has sufficient number been provided to maintain

vertical alignment?

(b) See that all braces are at an angle of 45 degrees or

less (interior) with the horizontal at the base of the brace.
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3A-8

(c) If a series of braces originate from the same anchor

point, are the braces tied together vertically half way between

anchor form?

(9) Shores

Check that they are tied off in four directions at

enough points to prevent bending or movement. After leveling the

forms, have the shore wedges been nailed in position?

(10) Nailing

Check that enough nails have been used to hold each

board or panel of the form of sheathing tight against studs or

joists.

(11) Final checks

(a) Have forms been oiled, wetted or sealed as required?

Check to see that surplus oil has been removed from forms and that

there is no oil on steel reinforcement, contruction joints or

other surfaces where bond is required. Are forms clean prior to

placing concrete?

(b) Check forms for movement which may occur during placing

operation. Have measuring devices or reference lines been set up?

(c) Are all required chamfer strips and grade strips

accurately aligned and securely fastened and protected?

(d) Have necessary clean—outs been provided for in the

bottom of the forms? Are forms clean of debris?

e. Joints

(1) Are all joints (expansion, contraction, construction)

located as shown on contract drawings or as otherwise approved?

The criteria governing the location of joints not shown on the

contract drawings are beyond the scope of this guide. The

specification limits the area for slabs on grade and the length

for walls which can be placed continuously without joints. Check

these limits against the placement plan.

(2) Have construction joints at fresh concrete been

prepared as required? Check requirements for air—water cutting,

wet sand—blasting, roughening, wetting, etc.

(3) The location of bulkheads for construction joints in

structural members, much as columns, beams or slabs, should be

checked with your supervisor.

(4) Have the insert type contraction joints bean coated

with approved materials to break bond?

(5) Has preformed filler been installed and securely

fastened in expansion joint locations?

(6) Are expansion joints free from irregularities or debris

which would interfere with free movement?

(7) Check all joints which are intended to allow for

expansion or contraction. No reinforcement or other fixed metal

will be continuous through the joint.
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3A-9

(8) Are water—stops firmly secured in Correct location,

undamaged and spliced properly?

(9) If contractor has the option of sawing contraction

joints after the concrete has set, and intends to exercise this

option, have positive arrangements been made to have the locations

of the joints laid out accurately, and to have approved sawing

equipment and qualified operating personnel available at the

proper time?

(10) Have the horizontal construction joints at fresh

concrete been cleaned and dampened just prior to next placement?

f. Reinforcement

(1) Is all reinforcement positioned in accordance with

approved shop drawings? Check bar diameters, bar lengths, lengths

of splices, bar-to-bar spacing and clearances. Face tie wire ends

away from forms.

(2) Watch for specialty items such as wall intersection

bars, and additional bars around corners and at openings.

(3) Has reinforcement been cleaned of all loose, flaky,

rust and scale, dried concrete, oil, grease or other foreign

material which would reduce or prevent bond?

(4) Is reinforcement tied and supported securely so that

displacement will not occur during concrete placement?

(5) Are reinforcement spacers, ties, plastic covered

chairs, and supports as specified or approved?

(6) Precast concrete supports with tie wires will be used

against the ground. Check for the specified clearance.

(7) Dowels will be positioned before concrete placement and

not “stuck in” or positioned after placement.

g. Embedded Items

(1) Unless otherwise provided or approved, embedded items

are to be fixed firmly in correct location before the concrete is

placed and are to be embedded by placing the concrete around them.

“Boxing out” to permit subsequent “grouting in” of embedded items

will not be permitted unless specifically called for by the

drawings, specifications or special approval.

(2) In case of a conflict in locations of embedded items

with steel reinforcement, the relocation of embedded items or

cutting, bending, addition, displacement or ommission of steel

reinforcement will only be permitted with the approval of your

supervisor.

(3) Are all embedded items in place? Check mechanical and

electrical drawings and approved shop drawings for mechanical and

electrical equipment, for requirements for anchor slots end bolts,

piping, sleeves, conduits, boxes, reglets, etc. which do not often

appear on architectural and structural drawings.

(4) Are embedded items protected against damage during or

subsequent to placement of concrete? Examples: Bolt threads and
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3A-10

machine or polished surface covered; light metal sleeves or boxes

braced internally; open pipes or conduits capped or plugged.

(5) It is often helpful to use a checklist when checking

for embedded items. A sleeve placement drawing is a good idea and

many projects require its preparation to avoid errors.

h. Miscellaneous preparations

(1) Have satisfactory arrangements been made to get

concrete into all parts of the placement without segregation, loss

of ingredients, formation of air pockets or cold joints? Check for

vertical drops in excess of permissible limit. Do not permit

running” of concrete by means of the vibrator. Check for placement

within the maximum time allowed after mixing. This time varies

with ambient temperature.

(a) Is conveying equipment (i.e. crane, buggies, truck

mixers, pumpcrete pipe, etc.) capable of reaching all parts of the

placement?

(b) Are temporary form openings, tramies, chutes, conveyors

or other special equipment provided as necessary and approved?

(c) Are “pockets” vented so that air will not be trapped?

(2) Are sufficient personnel available?

(3) Are all necessary tools on hand and in working

conditions? Check especially: vibrators, including a standby

vibrator and finishing tools.

(4) Have arrangements been made, and is all necessary

equipment on hand and in working order to provide curing and

protection including cold weather protection if needed?

(5) Are safe access and footing provided by means of

ladders, platforms, walkways and stagings conforming to Safety and

Health Requirements. EM 385-1-1?

(6) Review the testing plans to be made at the concrete

plant and placement area during placement operation.

(7) The rate of placing the concrete will be directly

dependent upon the adequacy of the preparations. If it is evident

that the preparatory work will not insure placement of each batch

of concrete within the specified time after mixing, and at such a

rate as to prevent the formation of cold joints, the placement

shall not be permitted to start.

(8) Has the contractor made arrangements to make cylinders

or beams to test the strength of the concrete at least once a day,

and have provisions been made to properly make, handle, and cure

the specimens? Is equipment and manpower available for slump tests

and air tests?

3A-06. CONVEYING AND PLACING

a. Equipment

(1) Is equipment clean and operable?

(2) Is pump and hose adequate and of required capacity and

material?
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3A-11

(3) Are there the required screeds and strike-offs and is a

10-foot straight—edge available to check finish slab tolerances?

b. Operations

(1) Check requirements pertaining to placing fresh concrete

on concrete which has set. It may be required that the old surface

be covered by a layer of fresh mortar, or that the old surface

receive a slush coat of neat cement grout followed by specified

topping.

(2) Is the time between completion of mixing and placement

in final position in the form within the time allowed by the

specifications? Is the concrete temperature at placement within

the specified limits?

(3) Check method of placement during handling of concrete

to prevent segregation. Check height concrete is allowed to drop

freely, and method used to guide concrete into place.

(4) Is concrete placed rapidly enough to avoid formation of

cold joints?

(5) Chutes, except for truck—mixer equipment, are not

permitted for use in conveying concrete.

(6) Are layers of concrete maintained approximately

horizontal and not exceeding specified thickness?

(7) Are form ties and supports checked frequently and

adjusted as necessary to prevent or correct movement of the form?

(8) Is rate of placement within safe limits, such that

forms will not be over—stressed by too-rapid rise of fluid

concrete?

(9) Is each layer of concrete vibrated until fully

consolidated?

(a) Insert vibrators vertically, through the full depth of

each layer, at uniformly spaced points so circles of visible

influence of the vibrators overlap.

(b) Do not allow vibration to be overdone to the extent of

promoting segregation, and remember that vibrators are not to be

used to transport concrete in the forms.

(10) The use of form vibrators is prohibited by some

specifications and permitted by others, subject to specific

approval. Do not allow their use except as approved.

(11) Check use of hand compaction tools insofar as practicable to assist in obtaining smooth, dense surfaces. Use hand

compaction or vibrating screeds to consolidate thin slabs. Unless

high slump concrete is specifically designed and approved, such as

for thin, reinforcement walls, all concrete must be consolidated

by hand compaction tools or vibrator.

(12) Do not allow excessive working of the concrete

surface in completing a lift. Allow only enough to completely

embed the coarse aggregate.
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3A-12

(13) When pump delivery is used, concrete six must be

designed accordingly.

3A-07. REMOVAL OF FORMS

a. Inspection Practice

(1) Is care being taken to assure that concrete is

sufficiently hard and strong before removal of forms? Check

specifications for minimum time and strength teat requirements.

(2) Check to see that forms used for curing are left in

place until expiration of required curing period. Forms shall be

maintained “snug” against concrete surfaces at all times while

using as curing means.

(3) For best patching results, forms should be removed as

soon as practical and patching should immediately be accomplished

so that patches cure with parent concrete. Specifications usually

limit the time for fin removal and patching to first 24 hours

after form removal.

(4) Check to determine that form removal operation does not

injure the concrete.

(5) Are you certain that all wood forms are being removed,

especially in hidden places?

b. Method of Removal

(1) Is spelling of concrete being avoided during the form

removal operation? Use methods which will avoid spelling, chipping

and gouging.

(2) Form removal can be extremely hazardous. See that this

operation is performed in a safe manner.

3A-08. FINISHING

a. Formed Surfaces

(1) Check the type of finish required.

(2) Has the contractor constructed and received approval of

sample panels to show the surface finishes required? Note that the

placing of concrete represented by each sample is not to proceed

until sample panel has been approved.

(3) Repairing of defective areas and removal of fins, form

marks and holes are required to be done immediately upon removal

of forms.

(4) Check the cleaning of areas to be patched. Have

honeycomb and rock pockets been cut back to solid material? Has

loose material been removed?

(5) Check the requirements for the treatment of areas

containing defective concrete.

(6) Check for complete curing of patched areas.

(7) Check surface for specified smoothness tolerances.

Require rough areas and high spots to be ground smooth.
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b. Unformed Surfaces

(1) Check the type of finish required.

(2) The working of the concrete surface should be the

minimum that is necessary to produce mortar which is just

sufficient for finishing.

(3) Insure that the screed runs are set to grade.

(4) Check to see that floating is started as soon as the

screeded surface has stiffened sufficiently to permit floating

without drawing excessive mortar to the surface. (There should be

no free water on the surface at the start of floating. Dusting

with cement or other material to dry the surface or to enrich the

mortar will not be permitted.)

(5) Troweling, if required, should be done as soon as the

floated surface has hardened sufficiently to prevent drawing more

mortar to the surface, but while the surface is still workable.

(6) Check to see that marks left on the surface by edging

tools are erased by floating, troweling or other means to produce

a finish matching that of the adjacent surface.

(7) Insure that the screed run supports are removed to

proper depth, if they are metal, and in their entirety, if wood is

used.

(8) Make sure the screed run voids are filled with good

concrete and compacted.

(9) Straight-edge the plastic concrete after filling screed

runs, just prior to initial floating.

(10) Check the surface for required smoothness tolerance.

c. Smooth Finish for Formed Surfaces

(1) Check the contract specifications for areas requiring a

smooth finish.

(2) Make certain that cement grouting operation is not

delayed, thus allowing the grout to age with the concrete.

(3) Has the contractor planned his operations whereby he

can completely finish areas to natural breaks in the finished

surface each day?

(4) Has the proper mixture of cements (regular and white)

been used in the grout mixture to blend with color of the finished

surface?

(5) Is grout being applied so as to fill all pits, voids,

and surface holes solidly?

(6) Is the excess grout being scraped off at the proper

time with a trowel and is the flush surface then cleaned to remove

any visible grout film?

(7) Is curing being planned so as not to allow grout to

become dry during the setting period?
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(8) Has any loose dry grout been left on the surface? All

surface grout must be removed with the trowel edge in the scraping

operation.

d. Rubbed Finish

(1) Check for exterior exposed-to—view areas requiring

rubbed finish. This may be specified as an architectural finish.

(2) Rubbed finish is performed after the surface has

received a smooth finish. Rubbed finish is rubbed with carborundum

stones and water.

(3) Check to see that no mortar or grout is being used

during rubbing, and that all grout which has worked loose during

rubbing is removed.

(4) Check to see that the rubbing operation removes all

form marks and similar blemishes.

e. Monolithic Finish for Unformed Surfaces

(1) The ordinary finish for floors and roof slabs is the

monolithic finish.

(2) Make sure that all coarse aggregate has been forced

away from the surface before screeding and straight—edging begins.

(3) The timeliness of the floating and of the troweling is

important. Make sure the surface is floated as soon as it will

bear the weight of a man without deep imprint, and that it is

troweled as soon as the moisture which was worked up from the

floating operation has disappeared. Do not allow the addition of

water or of dry cement.

(4) Check to see that the surface is steel—troweled to a

smooth, even impervious finish, free from trowel marks.

(5) Check the requirement for the number of steeltrowelings.

(6) The specifications may require a separate concrete

wearing course such as for industrial use, with the rough slab

terminated below finish grade. Check for the specification

requirements for the wearing course design mix, placement and

finishing.

(7) Do not permit use of trowels cleaned in form oil,

silicone, or similar bond-breaking materials unless such materials

have been removed from trowel.

(8) Trowel-in abrasive aggregate at required locations for

the non-slip finish.

3A-09. CURING. PROTECTION. AND FINISHING OF JOINTS

a. General

(1) Check the details of permissible methods and the number

of days required for curing. Curing is the treatment given the

concrete to insure that adequate moisture is available for

hydration of the cement, with consequent gain in the strength and

durability of the concrete.
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(2) Protection is the treatment given the concrete to

insure that neither its appearance nor its strength is impaired by

running water, premature or excessive loading, blows,freezing,

excessive heat, excessive temperature differentials within the

concrete, etc.

b. Curing

(1) Is the approved curing medium being properly applied

immediately after placing and/or finishing?

(2) Prevent use of membrane compound on concrete that is to

receive paint, tile, roofing, hardner, etc, unless the curing

compound is approved for this use. (See specs)

(3) Where moist curing is being used, is it continuous-not

intermittent?

(4) Are wood forms which are left in place kept wet for the

duration of the curing period?

(5) When waterproof paper or other approved covering is

used, are laps and edges sealed? Is paper in full contact with

surfaces being cured?

(6) Check when curing compound is used for adequate mixing

and uniform coverage.

(7) Is the sprayed membrane:

(a) Continuous for full coverage and without

discontinuities which will permit loss of moisture?

(b) Reapplied if subjected to heavy rainfall within 3 hours

after application, or when damaged by subsequent construction

operations at any time during the curing period?

(c) Protected, to avoid damage from pedestrian and

vehicular traffic or any other cause which would disrupt the

continuity of the membrane?

(d) Do not allow surfaces to dry. If concrete is surface

dry, require moistener with fine spray of water before spraying

with membrane.

(a) Are joints to receive sealant plugged to prevent

coating with membrane curing compound?

c. Finishing of Joints

(1) Observe joints for proper dimensions.

(2) Make sure that the joints are clean and dry prior to

sealing.

(3) Inspect the sealing of the joints. See that the joint

is completely filled with sealer to finish flush with the surface

and that all unsightly applications are corrected.

d. Protection

(1) Are precautions taken to protect surfaces from

rain,snow or flowing water until they have set sufficiently to

resist damage?
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(2) Determine requirements governing the time to remove

forms and supports, and obtain instructions from your supervisor

as to special conditions which may govern, such as strength of

control specimens, special approval for earlier removal, or

special requirements for deferring removal.

(3) Is adequate covering provided to protect concrete from

damage by other construction activities? (Special attention must

be given to corners, edges and projections which are not only

especially susceptible to damage but are also most difficult to

repair satisfactorily)

(4) Is loading controlled so that new concrete is not

stressed beyond its strength? Examples: Backfilling against new

walls; storage of materials on new floors.

(5) Check for coverings and heating equipment in cold

weather as necessary to maintain temperatures. Temporary

combustible coverings, including tarps, must be secured clear of

heating equipment. Use of low density fibre board, insulation with

combustible covers or vapor barriers must be prohibited. Heater

fuel storage and arrangements for refueling should be carefully

checked.

(6) Are min-max thermometers used to determine actual

temperatures and to assure that temperatures for concrete

protection are within required range?

(7) Check the removal of protection. Do not permit concrete

to be subjected to sudden extreme change in temperature. A 25

degree F. differential in temperature between the concrete and the

surrounding air is considered as the maximum.

3A-10. LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETES

a. General

(1) Design mix required. Check aggregate manufacturers

requirements in the approved submittal information.

(2) Check the special tests required for unit weights fresh

and dry, for density control.

(3) Check for special mixing cycle and placing

requirements.

b. Lightweight Structural

(1) Mostly the same procedures apply as for normal weight

concrete.

(2) The aggregate manufacturer*s qualified representative

may be required at the worksite to assist in adjusting procedures

to obtain the specified product.

(3) Check for the required control tests.

c. Lightweight Roof Fill

(1) This is used only over structural concrete decks. Check

Chapter 3B for lightweight cast-in-place roof deck systems.
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(2) Check for light steel trowel finish and curing as for

normal weight concrete.

d. Lightweight Insulating Portland Cement Fill

(1) Check for required thickness and density to produce

specified thermal “U” value.

(2) Is edge vented at perimeter of slabs?

(3) Are ventilating expansion joints provided at specified

intervals? At edges and junctions with vertical surfaces and

penetrations?

(4) Check required curing; membrane curing compound is

prohibited.

(5) Check air-dry density test specimens for loss of weight

sufficient to begin roofing.

e. Lightweight Insulating Asphaltic Fill

(1) Workmen and supervisor trained and experienced in this

material are required.

(2) Check the manufacturer*s written instructions and see

that all procedures are complied with.

(3) Check for primed structural concrete deck and prime

coat of asphalt at cold joints before continuing hot mix lay down.

(4) Check for “U” value density and required compaction to

maintain that density. Make required density tests.

(5) check for required vented nailers.
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i

CHAPTER 4

MASONRY

INDEX

Para. Title Page

4-01 GENERAL 4-1

4-02 SAMPLES 4-1

4-03 SAMPLE PANELS 4-1

4-04 TESTS 4-1

a. Concrete Masonry Units 4-1

b. Tests for Mortar 4-2

4-05 MATERIALS 4-2

a. General

b. Anchors, ties and

Joint Reinforcement 4-3

c. Brick 4-3

d. Portland Cement, Masonry

Cement and Lime 4-4

e. Concrete Brick, Split

Block and Concrete Masonry

Units 4-4

f. Coping Tile 4-4

g. Fireclay and Refractory Brick 4-4

h. Flue Lining 4-5

i. Insulation 4-5

j. Mortar Materials 4-5

k. Precast Concrete Trim 4-5

1. Pre-faced Concrete

Masonry Units 4-6

m. Reinforcing Bars 4-6

n. Stonework 4-6

o. Structural Clay Facing Units 4-6

4-06 ERECTION 4-7

a. Protection 4-7

b. Erection Procedures 4-7

c. Batching and Use of

Mortar 4-10

d. Brick 4-11

e. Concrete Masonry

Units 4-11

f. Structural Clay Facing Units 4-12

g. Cavity Wall Construction 4-13

h. Composite Wall Construction 4-13

i. Chimneys and Fireplaces 4-13

j. Anchors, Ties and Joint

Reinforcement 4-14

k. Cleaning of Masonry 4-14

4-07 REINFORCED MASONRY 4-15
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ii

Para. Title Page

4-08 POINTING AND CLEANING

a. Pointing 4-16

b. Cleaning 4-16
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CHAPTER 4

MASONRY

4-01. GENERAL

This chapter covers brick, concrete masonry units, splitface

block, tile, stone, and other masonry construction.

4—02. SAMPLES

Have samples of all materials and certificates of compliance

been submitted?

a. Check progress schedule for dates materials are needed.

b. Is contractor submitting samples early enough to avoid

delay in construction?

c. Are the reference specifications available to you?

4-03. SAMPLE PANELS

a. Have sample panels been erected?

b. Are they located so as to be close enough to structure to

provide ready access for comparison purposes? Do not permit

sample panels to be incorporated in the structure. Only approved

materials will be used in sample panels.

c. Have precautions been taken to prevent damage to sample

panels?

d. Masonry construction shall not begin until the sample

panel for the work has been approved. It is a good idea to record

this approval, making note of minor deficiencies and other

comments for clear understanding. All embedded items, a control

joint and other features will be included in the panel.

e. Check masonry against sample panel. The

materials,workmanship and finished appearance must be the same.

f. Each sample panel will be cleaned to demonstrate

effectiveness of the cleaning solution proposed for the work.

4-04. TESTS

The following listed tests will be required in most

contracts; other tests may be specified in some contracts. (For

all tests, the QA Rep*s responsibility is the same - to ascertain

that the tests have been performed and that results are

satisfactory before allowing the use or installation of

materials.)

a. Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)

(1) Drying — Shrinkage Test

(a) Specifications limit shrinkage of units

(b) The design of control joint reinforcing was based on

the specified limit of shrinkage.
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(c) This test determines if the shrinkage of units to he

used is within the specified limits.

(d) Test Results must he submitted for approval by

specified time.

(2) Air — Dry Condition Test

(a) CMU passing this test have a proper moisture content

and will not shrink excessively from loss of moisture to the air.

(b) The QA Rep will require that the specified number of

representative samples are delivered to the laboratory from each

lot. (One day*s delivery is considered a "lot" for average job.)

(c) Samples must be sealed in lab-furnished, air—tight

containers if testing lab is not in the immediate vicinity of—the

job site.

b. Tests for Mortar

(1) Contractor is required to have mortar proportions

established and tested by an approved laboratory for each type

mortar specified.

(2) A certified copy of the lab-established proportions and

test results must he submitted for approval before masonry can be

erected.

(3) Check for approved mix proportions and check batching

accordingly. (For additional checklist on batching of mortar, see

“Erection”.)

(4) No change in proportioning or source of materials will

be allowed without additional tests and approval.

4-05. MATERIALS

a. General

(1) Do materials on site match the approved samples for:

(a) Color or range of colors?

(b) Texture?

(c) Grade? (SN grade brick always used below grade)

(d) See that steel door and window frames are on the site

before masonry is erected, since they must be anchored in the 

masonry.

(2) Are sizes and defects within permissible tolerances?

(a) Obtain copies of referenced Federal, ASTM or other

materials specification; tolerances are spelled out.

(b) Use these tolerances as basis for accepting or

rejecting units.

(c) Typical defects to look for are: chips, cracks, checks,

crazing, crawling, pop outs, and warped or misshapen units.
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(3) Are storage facilities adequate?

(a) Are units stored off ground and completely covered?

(b) Are Coverings waterproof; such as tarps, polyethylene

sheeting or other waterproof material?

(c) Are coverings secured in place? Are coverings being

re—secured at end of each day and whenever rain or snow threatens?

b. Anchors. Ties and Joint Reinforcement

(1) Do materials on site match the approved samples?

(2) Is non-ferrous metal required or must the steel he

galvanized?

(3) On wall and partition intersection ties, check both

specifications and plans for specific details as to type, size,

shape and material.

(4) Check for omission of anchorage, especially at doors,

windows, and other wall openings.

(5) The bent ends of anchors must be set into masonry cells

filled full with mortar.

(6) Cavity-wall Ties

(a) With hollow masonry in either wythe, i.e., in either or

both the face and backup masonry, rectangular wire ties are

required. (A wythe is defined as a vertical tier or layer of

brickwork or masonry.)

(b) Is length such that end anchorage occurs in specified

face-shell-mortar beds?

(c) Are ties crimped for moisture drip at center of cavity

space (after insulation) so no moisture will pass?

(d) Is the 1/16 inch wire either zinc-coated or copperclad

steel?

(7) Joint Reinforcement

(a) Is wire zinc coated and do the different coating

weights comply with specifications?

(b) Are cross-wires spaced as specified for smooth and for

deformed longitudinal wire?

(c) Is specified gauge wire being used?

(d) Is configuration acceptable with number of longitudinal

wires, with box ties?

c. Brick

(1) Has certificate of compliance been received?

(2) Do color range and texture match approved samples?
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(3) Have broken, cracked, chipped, warped, spalled,

oversized and undersized units been rejected?

Obtain copy of ASTM C—26, C-216 or other referenced specification

and base acceptance or rejection on tolerances contained therein.

Is the efflorescence test required?

d. Portland Cement. Masonry Cement and Lime

(1) Check shipment containers to be sure materials received

are as specified and tested.

(2) If containers are broken or damaged, reject cements or

lime.

(3) Pay particular attention to sack or bag type containers

for evidence of dampening, hardening or setting up cement or lime.

Cement or lime that has become lumpy or semi hardened must he

rejected.

(4) Any other evidence that material does not meet

specifications is cause for investigation and possible rejection.

e. Concrete Brick, Split Block and Concrete Masonry Units

(CMU)

(1) Have Certification of compliance or certified

Laboratory Test Reports been received?

(2) Have units passed the required tests for drying

shrinkage and Air Dry Condition? Air—Dry Condition tests are made

on units selected from the worksite stockpile.

(3) Are all units to be used in any one structure of the

same appearance (especially texture)? Have all units been cured by

the same process?

(4) Have sizes of units been spot-checked? No overall

dimension (width, height or length) shall differ more than the

deviation allowed from the specified standard dimensions.

(Standard dimensions of units are the manufacturers* designated

dimensions.

(5) Do specifications state location where bullnose units

are required? (Present guide specifications state locations.)

f. Coping Tile

(1) Do tiles overhang parapet on both sides to provide for

drip?

(2) Are drip grooves provided?

(3) Are flashings installed, as detailed, under copings?

g. Fireclay and Refractory Brick

(1) Should be compact, of homogeneous structure free from

checks, cracks, voids or soft centers.

(2) Do the units carry the required rating or is there a

testing agency and statement of results of test required?
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(3) The sizes and allowable tolerances for firebrick for

these special brick shall be in accordance with applicable ASTM as

follows:

(a) Dimension 4 inches and over shall not vary more than +

2% from that specified.

(b) Dimensions under 4 inches shall not vary more than 3%

from that specified.

(c) The standard shown in the ASTM shall be for Low Duty

Refractory Brick.

h. Flue Linings

(1) Is size of flue lining as specified or shown?

(2) Does thimble size match size of boiler breeching or

smoke pipe?

(3) Is the hard-burned fire clay or shale free from

blisters and warping?

i. Insulation

(1) Either loose—fill or board type insulation is

specified; loose-fill in CMU cells or board inside the cavity.

(2) Loose-fill type must be treated for water repellency.

(3) Board type must be closed cell plastic treated for fire

resistance.

(4) Limit board insulation installed to allow a 1-inch air

space in cavity walls.

j. Mortar Materials

(1) Be certain that materials delivered to site are as

specified, tested and approved. Check that only one brand of one

type of cement and aggregate from only one source is used. Do not

allow careless mixing procedures including variations in mortar

proportions. Variation from above tend to produce variations in

color of mortar when dry. These variations in color are more

noticeable in glazed structural facing unit wainscots.

(2) Type N masonry will be used for all non-reinforced

masonry unless otherwise specified. Pointing mortar has smaller

size aggregate and a waterproofing additive. Check your

specifications for usage.

k. Precast Concrete Trim

(1) Has certificate of compliance been received and does

unit pass absorption test?

(2) Have sills been cast with washes and drip grooves?

(3) Are lintel units labeled to show top of each unit?

(4) Is there a joint in sill at every mullion?
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(5) Inspect for crazing; pour water over precast trim; if

present, crazing will be apparent. Evidence of excessive crazing

is cause for rejection. Dusting, spalling and/or use of surface

coatings is also cause for rejection.

(6) Have units weighing over 80 lbs. been provided with

built—in loops of galvanized wire?

l. Pre—faced Concrete Masonry Units

(Usually a contractor*s option for glazed structural clay

facing—tile—units for base.)

(1) Have certificates and all required current test results

been furnished for units?

(2) Check units for bond between facing and concrete

masonry units. Facing must turn over edges and ends for 3/8-inch

in 1/18—inch thickness.

(3) Check unit for chips, cracks, crazes, blisters,

crawling, holes and other imperfections detracting from

appearance.

(4) Check dimension, tolerances and requirements.

m. Reinforcing Bars

(1) Are shape, spacing and size of bars as detailed?

(2) Are bars free from scaly rust, oil, grease and grout

splashes?

(3) Are splices the same length as specified in “Concrete

for Building Construction?”

n. Stonework

(1) Do specifications require shop drawings for stonework?

(2) If shop drawings are not required, it is particularly

important that a sample panel be erected and approved by all

concerned before starting stonework.

(3) Reject stone with stains, cracks, chips or seams.

(4) Check all work against shop drawings and/or sample

panels.

(5) Check anchors, clamps and dowels for specified type of

materials, size, shape spacing and proper installation.

o. Structural Clay Facing Units

(1) Are the units of the proper finish, texture and color

range?

(2) Are bodies of units free from cracks or strengthimpairing defects?

(3) Are finished faces covered with ceramic glaze of

uniform quality, free from defects which would detract from

appearance WHEN VIEWED FROM A DISTANCE OF FIVE (5) FEET?
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(4) Obtain copy of ASTM C-126 or other referenced specification and base acceptance or rejection on tolerances contained

therein.

(5) Have units been checked for non-staining properties?

4—06. ERECTION

a. Protection

(1) Is ambient (surrounding) temperature at or above the

minimum temperature specified?

(a) For temperature below the minimum temperature

specified, contractor shall submit for approval a written proposal

of methods of protecting masonry against cold weather.

(b) Frozen materials shall not be installed or built upon.

(c) Work becoming frozen after installation shall be

removed and replaced.

(d) Keep in mind that mortar must be kept continuously

above freezing for at least 48 hours after units are laid, never

less than 40 hours. A copy of the IMIAWC ( International Masonry

Industry All-Weather Council) publications on Cold Weather Masonry

construction should be available.

(2) Waterproof covering are required for top of unfinished

walls, including the cavity spaces. Water entry through the top of

unfinished walls contribute to effloresence stain on the face of

finish wall surfaces.

(a) Use waterproof building paper, canvas, polyethylene

sheeting and similar materials; not loose planks.

(b) Tie or weight in place; not just draped.

(c) Are coverings provided at the end of each work day?

(d) Are coverings provided whenever inclement weather

occurs?

(e) Protect tops of complete walls from entrance of water,

frost and snow until roof is in place and tight.

(3) Backfill adjacent to masonry walls

(a) Is parging required and applied to exterior concrete

masonry walls below grade for basement spaces at least 3 days

before backfilling against it?

(b) Carry backfill up evenly in specified lift thickness on

both sides of walls.

(c) For masonry walls in basements and crawl spaces, it is

best to wait until floor slab or framing is in place before

placing exterior backfill. Temporary bracing may be required.

b. Erection Procedures

(1) Check masonry dimensions against existing foundations

and structural framing.
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4-8

(a) The two must coincide.

(b) Bring any discrepancies to the attention of your

supervisor immediately.

(c) Has tie—in to reinforced concrete structural frame been 

provided for?

(2) Check vertical coursing against dimensional wall

heights. Would a minor change in joint width eliminate a

fractional course?

(3) Check horizontal layout by either a dry—run or by tape.

(a) Is layout accurate to avoid fractional length units?

(b) Are openings located so units are of same length

against both jambs? (Occasionally, openings can be slightly

adjusted.)

(c) Check for conflicts between openings and partitions or

equipment locations.

(d) Check that minor adjustments are made in width of head

joints to keep bond plumb.

(4) Check control joints for type and location.

(a) When control joints in concrete masonry units, concrete

brick and split—block are spaced more than 30 feet apart for

exterior walls and more than 38 feet apart for interior walls,

notify your supervisor. This is the maximum permitted with joint

reinforcement in each masonry course.

(b) Control joints should be located at jambs of openings

rather than a couple of feet away from opening.

(c) With control joint at jamb, is bond barrier provided

under lintel bed joint? Is bond barrier made of 16—ounce sheet

copper?

(d) Joint reinforcement does not pass through control 

joints.

(e) A good idea for control joint alignment is to carry a

3/8-inch wood strip at that head joint during erection.

(f) Check drawings for control joints that pass through

bond beams. Usually every third control joint cuts the bond beam,

the others are dummy joints.

(5) Is contractor erecting leads at corners and jambs?

(a) Is contractor using a story-pole to establish coursing

in leads?

(b) Do not allow complete dependence on string lines between the leads. Use story pole to check coursing between the

leads.

(c) Are masons using levels to check plumbness and face

alignment?
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(6) Is cutting of CMU and tile being done by power masonry

saw? Are CMU being wet cut? If so, they must be surface dry when

used in the wall.

(7) Are all joints in similar walls being finished with

same size tools?

(8) Are masons waiting for initial set of mortar before

tooling joints? (At the end of each work day, either the mason

must stop laying masonry prior to quitting time to allow mortar to

take initial set before tooling, or a mason must be kept on

overtime to perform the tooling after the initial set has taken

place.) A good rule to follow on the job is that mortar be "thumbprint" hard when tooling is done.

(9) If units are moved after mortar takes initial set,

remove and replace them, using fresh mortar.

(10) Has excess mortar been removed from faces of units and

joints before setting up?

(11) Are flashings installed in base courses, Under sills

and copings and over lintels and bond beams? See sheet metal

chapter for guidance on flashing.

(12) Is joint reinforcing called for? Continuously around

building? Under sills? Over lintels?

(13) Are bond beams called for? At floor levels? Under sill? 

At or above lintel level? At top of wall? At intermediate

locations?

(14) Does brick pattern call for header courses? Full or

dummy?

(15) Cavity or composite construction may be laid up

together so that the inner and outer wythes level off at all bed

joints where ties or joint reinforcing occur.

(16) Are steel strap anchors installed across chase walls as

stiffeners at wall mounted fixtures, two above and two below each

fixture?

(17) Are Weep holes required wherever thru—wall flashing is

used, such as at base of cavity walls, over lintels, over bond

beams?

(18) Door and Window Frames

(a) Are the specified numbers of anchors provided for each

jamb?

(b) Have hollow door frames been filled solid with mortar?

(c) Is hollow masonry at jambs filled with mortar for embedment of anchors?

(d) Check dimensions of approved sash and sills. Will they

fit in the masonry opening?
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4-10

(19) Embedded Items

(a) Check mechanical and electrical drawings for equipment,

piping, wiring and conduit locations. Shop drawings with the

location of sleeves is very useful.

(b) Sleeves and equipment will be built in as masonry is

erected, not cut in afterwards.

(c) All cutting and fitting of masonry around equipment

pipe lines, etc. shall be done by masons.

(d) Set flush type electric boxes so that bottom of boxes

are at bed joints. This may mean a slight adjustment to given

height for some boxes.

(20) Calked or Sealed Joints

(a) Are control joints being raked out uniformly and to the

proper depth? Rake out 3/4-inch on exterior and 1/4 or 1/2-inch

(square end CMU) on interior.

(b) Check requirements for brick expansion joints.

(c) Are wash—surface joints in precast sills being raked

out?

(d) Is calking being accomplished around framed openings as

required?

(e) Usually interior CMU control joints are raked out but

not calked. Use No. 1 calking compound where required. Use No. 1

or No. 2 sealant on exterior.

(21) Toothing is allowed only with contracting officer

approval.

(22) Incomplete walls, not capable of self-support, will be

temporarily braced against wind pressure.

(23) Check masonry abutting steel and other rigid

construction. provision for expansion and contraction must be

detailed.

c. Batching and Use of Mortar

(1) Is mortar accurately proportioned?

(a) Check for use of approved laboratory established proportions. Type N mortar is usually required.

(b) Contractor must provide an accurate volume measuring

device, such as a box of one cubic foot volume.

(c) Check proportioning at least once a week and whenever

mortar tenders are changed.

(2) Mechanical mixers should be used on all but smallest

jobs.

(3) Special mix and materials are required for pointing

mortar and firebrick.

(4) Is mortar being used up within specified time limits?
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4-11

(a) Time limit is 2 1/2 hours.

(b) Stiffened mortar can be retempered within that time

limit but mortar beginning to set must be discarded.

d. Brick

(1) Has clay or shale brick been tested for rate of

absorption?

(a) Test will be performed by approved laboratory.

(b) Brick will be wetted as indicated by test results.

(c) At time of laying, brick will be damp but with no

visible water film on exterior surfaces.

(2) Is brick being shoved into place?

(a) Joints should be filled solidly when and as the brick

is laid.

(b) Either the "end buttering" or "pick and dip" method is

acceptable.

(c) Unfilled head joints is a repetitive deficiency and if

not corrected results in leaky walls. "Slushing" to fill head

joints, after brick is laid, is not acceptable.

(d) Check to assure that mortar bond is not broken between

newly laid units and their mortar joints.

(3) Is space between brick facing and backup masonry, in

solid walls, completely filled with mortar?

(4) Are structural header courses or metal ties installed

between face and backup masonry?

(a) Are side joints filled with mortar for entire length of

header brick?

(b) Are metal ties of specified material, shape, size and

at proper spacing?

(5) Are all exposed joints of uniform width? A tolerance is

given in the specifications?

e. Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)

(1) Are starting courses and other specified courses fullbedded in mortar under both face—shells and webs?

(2) Are all other courses, face—shell bedded only?

(3) Are all units laid up with a full head joint for faceshell thickness?

(4) Are units checked just prior to installation for chips,

cracks, and defective units?

(5) Are joints of uniform width and finished appearance?

(6) Are all cuts being made by wet masonry saw?
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4-12

(7) Are sizes of units such that difference between

vertical faces does not exceed 1/8 inch? (This applies to

exposed-to-view and painted masonry in habitable rooms and

spaces.)

(8) Is felt paper provided on three sides of mortar key in

control joints?

(9) Are the special control joint and metal—sash jamb CMU

available in both full and half sizes?

(10) Are bond beams constructed entirely of special "U"-

shaped bond beam block? If 10 inch concrete masonry walls are

specified, check to see if 10 inch bond beam block is available in

your area. If not, notify your supervisor.

(11) Is reinforcing continuous, including bent corner bars,

for full length of bond beam?

(12) Is vertical cell reinforcing in place and the cells

filled full with concrete?

(13) Are all lintels of depth specified and with minimum of

8-inch bearing? Bearing shall be greater for openings over 8 feet.

See your details on the drawings.

(14) Are intersecting partition anchors being installed as

exterior walls are erected?

(15) Are ties provided in masonry furring for securing

facing units?

(16) Has interior face of exterior walls been dampproofed?

Check prior to installing furring for plaster or gypsum board.

(17) Are cuts for electric boxes and panels and other builtin items being made by masonry saws and sized so plate or frame

will completely cover them?

(18) Is there a specification that electrical conduit be

concealed in 4-inch, exposed, block partitions?

(a) It is all but impossible to construct proper appearing

masonry under these conditions.

(b) Bring immediately to the attention of your supervisor.

f. Structural Clay Facing Units

(1) Facing tile shall be layed with full bed and head 

joints.

(2) Layout will be planned to avoid using pieces shorter

than 4-inches.

(3) Base units only may be 2-face; other courses two unit

construction in walls with facing unit finish both sides.

(4) Glazed Tile Wainscots — Use the number of full courses

that will come nearest to specified height. If more than 2” below

specified height, add another full course.
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4-13

(5) Joints in glazed tile shall be not less then 3/16 inch

nor more than 1/4 inch in width.

(6) Joints in showers and kitchens shall be raked back and

filled with pointing mortar.

(7) Faces of tile will be cleaned with damp rag as work

progresses.

g. Cavity Wall Construction

(1) Is cavity drainage provided by a step in the foundation

wall so that exterior wythe is below finish floor elevations, a

mortar wash fill at base of cavity with weep holes, or by means of

flashing?

(2) Or are thru—Wall flashing and weep-holes provided at

base of wall and also over lintels, bond and spandrel beams?

(a) Are Weep-holes at specified spacing?

(b) Are flashings continuous with water—tight joint?

(3) Are cavities being kept clean?

(a) Is wood strip set across ties to catch mortar

droppings?

(b) Is excess mortar, squeezed out of joints, cut off flush

on cavity faces?

(4) Are box type wire ties, minimum width 4 inches, being

used? These ties may be an integral part of joint reinforcing

wire, if required. If installed separately, do not place both in

same bed joints.

(a) Is length of box ties proper to provide anchorage in

face—shell mortar beds?

(b) Are box tie drips located within the air space of

cavity?

(c) Is spacing of ties as specified?

(d) Have additional rows of ties been installed at jambs of

openings, at either side of control joints, and at corners?

(a) Are solid masonry returns at jambs of opening detailed

rather than extra ties?

h. Composite Wall Construction

(1) The collar joint between wythes shall be completely

filled with mortar or grout.

(2) Is anchorage provided between wythes, either with ties

or continuous type joint reinforcement?

i. Chimneys and Fireplaces

(1) Is flue—lining being carried up integral with masonry?
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4-14

(2) Is space between masonry and flue lining filled solid

with mortar? If there is more than one flue in the chimney, have

masonry wythes (partitions) been installed between flues?

(3) Is thimble sized and located to meet approved smoke

pipe?

(4) Is fireplace throat and smoke chamber free of

obstructions?

(5) Are damper, lintel angle and ash cleanout installed?

(6) Are required number of metal ties installed for bonding

face and fire brick?

j. Anchors, Ties and Joint Reinforcement

(1) Anchors and ties will be installed as the work

progresses

(2) For the flexible ties between structural steel columns

and masonry walls — Is clearance space also provided between

column and masonry to allow for differential movement?

(3) Cells of CMU will be filled with mortar where anchors

and ties occur.

(4) Is joint reinforcing installed with mortar above and

below it?

(5) Are sections of joint reinforcing lapped the specified

amount? Required lap is greater for smooth wire than for deformed

wire.

(6) Check for the required use of preformed joint reinforcing around corners and at intersecting walls. The specified

ties are required in addition to joint reinforcing when masonry

bond is not provided.

k. Cleaning of Masonry

(1) A little care during the laying of masonry, including

removing mortar droppings, careful tooling of joints and daily dry

brushing, will keep the cleaning operations to a minimum.

(2) A cleaning solution is specified for brick, however,

the selection of detergent shall be verified by checking the

sample panel for discoloration or stain before proceeding.

(Remember that the sample panel was cleaned after erection.)

(3) Make cleaning operation one of last phases of job. Do

not start before mortar is thoroughly set and cured.

(4) Remove large particles of mortar with putty before

washing.

(5) Stain or discoloration remaining on brick after

cleaning shall be removed with a 6 percent solution of muriatic

acid applied with stiff fiber brushes. When acid is used goggles,

gloves and other personnel protective equipment must be provided

and used. Scaffold and boatswain*s chair ropes must be carefully

protected.
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4-15

(a) Soak area to be cleaned with plenty of water before

applying acid.

(b) The brickwork below the area being cleaned should be

kept thoroughly soaked with water.

(c) Clean only 10 to 20 square feet at a time for each man.

(d) Scrub the brick, not the mortar joints.

(e) Wash the wall thoroughly with plenty of water immediately after scrubbing with acid.

(6) Concrete Masonry Units

(a) Remove excess mortar from joints and faces of units.

(b) Brush all dust and foreign matter from faces of walls.

(c) Never use the acid wash on concrete masonry.

(d) If tooling has not produced uniform joints, it may be

necessary to rub them with carborundum stones.

(e) Re-point joints as necessary for watertightness and

appearance.

(7) Glazed Structural Tile and Prefaced Masonry

(a) Masons should remove mortar smears from face of tile

with clean damp rags, immediately after laying.

(b) Upon completion of walls, wash all surfaces of tile

with soap powder and clean water, using stiff fiber brushes.

(c) Remove hard lumps of mortar with wooden paddles.

(d) Metal cleaning tools, metal brushes and acid solution

should not be used.

(e) Re-point joints as necessary for watertightness and

appearance.

4-07. REINFORCED MASONRY

a. Reinforced masonry construction uses different terms and

methods not found in the material just presented. The QA/QO Reps

must become well informed on this material before the Preparatory

Phase Meeting.

b. Following are some of the common terms:

(1) Reinforced masonry uses embedded reinforcement, such

that the materials act together in the wall to resist lateral

forces.

(2) Reinforced composite masonry consists of solid facing

units bonded to reinforced hollow masonry backing. The collar

joint is filled with mortar or grout.
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4-16

(3) Reinforced solid unit masonry also consists of two

wythes separated by a collar joint. Both wythes are built of solid

units and the collar joint is reinforced and filled with grout.

(4) High lift grouting is the method used to fill masonry

with grout in lifts from 2 feet to 4 feet high. Masonry clean-outs

are required for this method.

(5) Low lift grouting includes lifts up to 2 feet and does

not require cleanouts.

(6) Vertical grout barriers are used to limit horizontal

flow of grout to 25 feet for each high lift grout pour. Construct

grout barriers with solid masonry units.

(7) Caging devices and centering clips are embedded in

masonry to position vertical reinforcing either in collar joints

or in the cells of hollow masonry.

(8) Grout holes are provided in overhead construction such

as slabs and spandrel beams, aligned with reinforcing in masonry

below. Grout holes must be at least 4 inch diameter or 3 by 4 inch

in horizontal dimension.

c. Check for special tests and requirements for samples,

certificates, certified test reports, shop drawings and for the

installation of the special materials in the sample panel.

d. Check for the proper grout mix depending on usage.

e. A low alkali cement is usually used in reinforced masonry

to reduce chances for efflorescense. Masonry cement usually is not

permitted.

f. Watch for additional tolerances specified for masonry

layup.

4-08. POINTING AND CLEANING

a. Pointing

Has the construction been checked for defects and have

defects been repaired? Remember the pointing of joints requires

re—tooling.

b. Cleaning

Has all masonry been carefully and thoroughly cleaned as

required? Efflorescence shall be removed following the masonry

manufacturer*s recommended methods.
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i

CHAPTER 5A

STRUCTURAL STEEL

INDEX

Para. Title Page

5A-01 GENERAL 5A-l

5A-02 PREPARATORY INSPECTION 5A-l

5A-03 SHOP DRAWINGS 5A-l

5A-04 STEEL ON THE JOB SITE 5A-2

a. Sizes and Shapes 5A-2

b. Alignment and Damage 5A-2

c. New Steel 5A-2

d. Shop Connections 5A-2

e. Shop Painting 5A-2

f. Storage and Handling 5A-3

5A-05 CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT 5A-3

5A-06 FOUNDATIONS ALIGNMENT 5A-3

5A-07 ANCHOR BOLTS 5A-3

5A-08 STEEL ERECTION 5A-4

a. Base Plates 5A-4

b. Alignment 5A-4

c. Guys and Supports 5A-4

d. Field Connections 5A-5

e. Inserts and Attachments 5A-7

f. Final Painting 5A-7

g. Open Web Steel Joists 5A-7

5A-09 STEEL TANKS 5A-8
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5A-1

CHAPTER 5A

STRUCTURAL STEEL

5A-01. GENERAL

a. This chapter covers structural steel including steel for

buildings, hangars, bridges, etc. Welding is covered only

generally, since it is more thoroughly covered in the chapter

entitled Welding. Structural steel lock and dam gate erection is

not included in this chapter, but is covered in Chapters 22K &

22L. Make sure that you have in hand the following:

(1) American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Publications: Specification for the Design, Fabrication and

Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings (Nov 1, 1978) with

Commentary. Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or

A490 Bolts (Feb 4, 1976; Errata Jul 1, 1976)

5A-02. PREPARATORY INSPECTION

a. Receive and review shop drawings

b. Coordinate with other trades

c. Check mill test reports

d. Check welder certificates for appropriateness and

expiration

e. Check to see if weld procedure is qualified or if using

AWS pre-qualified welds

f. Check for high strength bolting requirements

(1) Type

(2) Size

(3) Bolt tightening methods.

g. Check painting requirements

h. Check for erection procedure and handling requirements.

5A-03. SHOP DRAWINGS

a. All critical connections are to be shown on the contract

drawings and must be fabricated in accordance with the contract

drawings. Connections not shown on contract drawings are to be

detailed in accordance with AISC.

b. Approved shop drawings must be on hand prior to the start

of steel erection.

c. particular attention should be given to requirements and

arrangement of temporary bolting and bracing, guy lines and

fastenings.
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5A-2

5A-04. STEEL ON THE JOB SITE

Upon arrival of the structural steel and prior to erection,

the steel should be checked for the following items:

a. Sizes and Shapes

(1) Check every member against the shop drawings for

correct size, shape, and weight.

(2) Check sizes and type of bolts, rivets, washers and

welds as well as hole diameters.

(3) Watch for beams made up of welded plates being

substituted for a rolled beam.

b. Alignment and Damage

(1) Members must be free of kinks, bends or other damage.

(2) Check the specifications for allowable tolerances.

(3) No straightening of bent or misaligned members should

be allowed in the field except as approved by the Contracting

Officer.

c. New Steel

(1) Check that the steel furnished is new.

(2) Look for such tell-tale evidence as old rivet and bolt

holes which may have been filled with weld material, ground

smooth, and painted over.

(3) Check that furnished steel is domestic and not of

foreign manufacture.

d. Shop Fabrication

(1) Has the steel been inspected in the shop by a

Government inspector or other authorized inspectors acting for the

Government?

(a) If no shop inspection, then all shop connections must

be inspected in the field with the same care required for field

connections.

(b) Steel inspected in the shop should be examined upon

arrival at the job site to determine if damage has been incurred

during transportation or if errors and faulty workmanship may have

gone undetected during shop inspection.

(2) Check if column ends, scheduled to be milled, have been

milled. Check to determine whether cap and base plates on columns

have been welded as required.

(3) Shop connections, are discussed in the Field Connection

paragraph.

e. Shop Painting

(1) Inspect shop painting for holidays, abraded areas and

loose mill scale or rust, making sure that all defects are

satisfactorily corrected immediately.
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5A-3

(2) Check the specifications to determine if contact

surfaces for joints to be connected with high tensile bolts are

not to be painted. Contact surfaces for friction type

connections must be free of paint. Check the AISC for treatment

permitted.

(3) Normally paint will not be permitted on steel embedded

in concrete and steel surfaces to be field welded or on which fire

proofing is spray applied.

f. Storage and Handling

(1) Steel should be stored neatly off the traveled ways and

not scattered all over the site.

(2) Require steel members to be blocked off the ground to

avoid corrosion and to aid inspection. For prolonged storage,the

steel should be properly protected against the elements.

(3) When unloading or during erection of long flexible

steel members or trusses, require the contractor to use a double

choker or double sling so as not to overstress the member by

picking it up at only one point.

(4) Handling of steel should be such as to prevent

distortion or damage during unloading and storage.

(5) Check for adequate connections in partly fabricated

units. When not completely welded in the shop, the units should be

bolted to prevent damage in shipment and handling.

5A-05. CONTRACTOR*S EQUIPMENT

a. Check cranes to insure that they have been

inspected,tested and are of adequate capacity for the intended

loads at the most critical position and boom radius required by

the operation to be performed.

b. Check to insure that the cables are new or are in good

condition, not frayed or worn, and that necessary safety stops are

installed. The provisions for steel handling and erection as well

as equipment inspection in the Safety and Health Requirements

Manual should be carefully reviewed.

5A-06. FOUNDATIONS ALIGNMENT

a. Physical dimensions of foundations should be checked

against the contract drawings.

b. Check footings for spacing, elevations and size.

5A- 07. ANCHOR BOLTS

a. Prior to the erection of structural steel, the anchor

bolt settings should be checked for accuracy of layout.

b. Check to insure that sufficient length of bolt is

protruding above the concrete to allow full engagement by the

nut.

c. Chipping of concrete and bending of anchor bolts to fit

bearing plates is not permitted.
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5A-4

5A-08. STEEL ERECTION

a. Base-plates

(1) See that temporary connections necessary to hold all

steel in proper position are provided before permanent welds are

accurately fitted, aligned, plumbed, and leveled.

(2) Check that top of concrete is clear of dirt or foreign

material and laitance.

(3) Check that base plate is set at proper line and level

or slope, as required for alignment of frame, and firmly anchored

down over metal wedges, shims and/or setting nuts. The space

between top of concrete and bottom of base plate should be a

minimum of 1/24 base plate width.

(4) Shims should be steel plates of varying thicknesses and

not nuts or odd pieces of metal.

(5) The frame must be plumbed and properly guyed before

making final adjustments to setting. Setting shims and wedges

should he snugly fitted so they cannot be easily dislodged.

(6) Check that the dry-pack bedding mortar between top of

concrete and bottom of bearing-plate is properly rammed and

completely placed.

(7) Check that provision is made for proper curing of

exposed edge of mortar bedding.

(8) Shims and wedges should remain in place. Parts

projecting beyond edge of bearing-plates should be cut off.

(9) Separate setting plates are not permitted.

b. Alignment

(1) Check that all steel members are accurately

fitted,leveled, plumbed, and guyed and adequate temporary

connections made before permanent riveted, welded, or bolted

connections are completed.

(2) Do not permit rough handling of material, such as heavy

pounding with sledges.

(3) Driftpins may be used only to bring together the

several parts; they should not be used in such a manner as to

distort or damage the metal.

(4) Do not permit the use of a gas-cutting torch for

correcting fabrication errors on any major member in the

structural framing. Its use will be permitted on minor members

when the member is not under stress and then only with the

approval of the Resident Engineer.

c. Guys and Supports

(1) Check guys and supports for size and condition,

adequacy of anchorage and suitability of anchorage points.

(2) Guy-lines must be taut.
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5A-5

(3) Check that contact between guy—lines or braces and

erection equipment is avoided.

(4) Procedures which might cause back-guys to break during

plumbing—up or erection operations should not be permitted.

d. Field Connections

(1) Bolting, General

(a) Check type, length and size of bolt, size and type of

washers, and size of hole.

(b) Check to assure all bolt heads and nuts are resting

squarely against the metal, and that bolts have been drawn

adequately tight.

(c) Check for the requirements for upset threads or

lockwashers and for compliance with these requirements.

(d) Check for alignment of holes. Poor matching of holes

should be cause for rejection of the members. Burning to correct

misalignment should not be permitted.

(2) High-strength Bolted Connection

(a) The A325 high-strength bolt may be identified by three

radial marks on the head and three long indented marks on the nut.

The A490 bolt head is marked "A490" and the nut is marked either

"2H" or "DH”. The bolt is used with a washer on the side of the

element that is turned, except for A325 bolts when turn-of—nut

tightening method is used. The inspector should make sure that

ordinary washers and nuts are not being used and he should have

available AISC Pamphlet "Specification For Structural Joints Using

ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts". Recommendations on inspection in the

pamphlet should be followed.

(b) Some of the items to check in a high-tensile, bolted

connection are as follows:

1. Unless noted otherwise in the specifications, contact

surfaces of a high-tension - bolted connection should show only

the normal tight mill scale and should be free of dirt, oil, loose

scale, burrs, pits, and other defects that would prevent the solid

seating of the parts.

2. Paint is permitted in bearing-type connections. Check the

AISC. specification for surface treatments permitted in friction

type connections. The drawings will usually define these

connections.

3. The contractor should provide the means and should

calibrate twice a day all wrenches to be used for calibrated

wrench tightening method.

4. Check required bolt tension by use of a torque wrench

furnished by the contractor. All high-strength bolts need not be

checked. Normally 5 to 10 percent of the bolts should be checked.

Since AISC specifies bolt tightening in terms of bolt tension, it

is necessary that the torque wrench be calibrated using a device

which will indicate actual bolt tension.
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5A-6

5. An acceptable and preferred method of torquing high

strength bolt is the “turn of nut" method described in the AISC.

pamphlet "Structural Joints using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts”. Be

familiar with this method.

6. The AISC specification permits the use of direct tension

indicators (indicator washers) providing the correct indication of

tension has been achieved. In other words, the tension required

must be determined by testing with a torque wrench.

7. High strength bolts cannot be reused.

(3) Unfinished Bolted Connections

(a) Check to see if specifications require that bolts be

dipped in red lead paint before installation.

(b) Check that the same number of threads are exposed in

any one connection and that the correct length of bolt is used.

(c) Check for the contractors use of an approved welding

procedure prior to the commencement of welding.

(4) Turned Bolts

Turned or rivet bolts in reamed holes have the same value as

rivets. The same checks should be made for turned bolts as for

other bolts.

(5) Ribbed Bolts

The ribbed bolt is the equivalent of a rivet and is used without a

washer. The same checks should be made for ribbed bolts as for

other bolts.

(6) Welded Connections

Some of the items to check in a welded connection areas

follows:

(a) Check on the qualifications of the welders and for

qualified procedures in accordance with Section 5 of the

Structural Welding Code, AWS Dl.l.

(b) Check to see that all of the welds called for on the

approved shop drawings have actually been made, and that they are

accurately located and of the specified sizes. Check to see that

shop non—destructive tests (Radiographing, Magnifluxing) required

by the specifications have been performed and location for the

tests are known.

(c) Check finished welds for size, length and standards of

workmanship with respect to contour and appearance of the weld

surface, surface defects, craters, undercutting, overlapping edges

of welds, cracks, etc. Unacceptable welds should be removed,

rewelded, and re-examined promptly.

(d) Weld location is important; placing weld in the wrong

location may be just as serious as omitting the welds altogether.

(a) Over-welding either in size or length of welds is to be

discouraged since such practices may introduce distortions.
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5A-7

(f) Surfaces to be welded should be free from loose

scale,slag, rust, grease, paint, and any other foreign

material,except that mill scale which withstands rigorous wire

brushing may remain.

(g) Joint surfaces to be welded should be free from fins

and tears.

(h) Field welding requires similar checks to shop welding

and in addition, the inspector must be aware of minimum ambient

temperature in weld vicinity of zero degrees F. (-\18\C) and of

the preheat requirements.

e. Inserts and Attachments

(1) Structural steel should not be cut for passage of

conduits, pipes, etc. unless shown on the approved shop drawings.

(2) The burning of holes for attachment of supports should

not be permitted.

f. Final Painting

(1) prior to final painting, the steel should be cleaned of

all foreign matter and the prime coat touched up, including

rivets, bolts, areas welded, etc.

(2) Final coats of paint should be applied prior to

surfaces being made inaccessible by masonry, roofing, etc.

(3) Remember that steel to be encased in concrete or on

which fireproofing is spray applied is not to be painted unless

otherwise specifically required.

g. Open Web Steel Joists

(1) Check to see if holes in bearing plate at one end have

been slotted, where specified.

(2) As soon as joists are in place, all bridging should be

completely installed and the joists permanently fastened into

place before the application of any loads.

(3) Question conditions which provide excessive

concentrated loads not so indicated on structural drawings,

including loads not located at panel points. Your supervisor

should investigate.

(4) The ends of all bridging lines terminating at walls or

beams should be anchored thereto at plane of top and bottom chords

as noted on the drawings or as specified.

(5) See that the principal tension members are the full

length of joist without splicing or jointing.

(6) Check the anchorage of the joist to its supports.

(7) Do not allow the burning or enlargement of holes in the

joist.

(8) Check to see that all rust, scale, weld flux, slag and

spatter has been removed and joist is clean before it is painted.

Check specifications to determine if steel joists over crawl

spaces are to have asphalt paint.
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5A-8

5A-09. STEEL TANKS

a. Field inspection of steel tank materials will be made

upon delivery, as for structural steel.

b. Foundation pads, anchor bolts, or other supports should

be checked before erection of tank starts.

c. Surfaces to be welded should be free from loose

scale,slag, heavy rust, grease, paint and any other foreign

material excepting tightly adherent mill scale. Surfaces shall

also be smooth, uniform and free from fins, tears, and other

defects which adversely affect proper welding.

d. Damage to shop coat of paint both inside and outside of

assembled tank should be touched up with specified paint prior to

final painting.

e. Ladders and safety cages should be checked for rough or

sharp edges, loose rungs, clearances, etc.

f. Field painting should not be permitted until all

water,dirt, grease, etc., are removed and the tank surfaces are

dry.
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i

CHAPTER 5B

WELDING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

5-01 GENERAL 5B-1

5-02 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 5B-1

5-03 DETAIL REQUIREMENTS 5B-2

5-04 INSPECTION PROCEDURE 5B-2

a. General 5B-2

b. Specific 5B-2
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5B-1

CHAPTER 5B

WELDING

5B-01. GENERAL

a. This chapter covers welding and the inspectors* duties in

the inspection of welding. Data and information presented herein

apply to structural, piping and plate materials; to all types of

ferrous and non-ferrous materials; and to welding processes, gas

or electric, associated with Corps of Engineers* contracts.

b. It is recognized that welding is a specialized subject.

The checklist items that follow will assist the general inspector

in his duties; make him aware of possible poor quality

workmanship, and show the need for promptly requesting technical

assistance from a qualified welding specialist on questionable

items.

c. The general inspector should have a complete, basic

knowledge of welding methods, practices, and procedures. His

inspection of welding should assure that quality welding is being

obtained.

d. Welding and cutting is still the greatest single cause of

fire on construction projects. Large fire losses are very

common. The continuous occurrence of small fires and the

presence of charred combustible material is indisputable evidence

of improper and uncontrolled welding procedures and operations.

Prior to approval of welding operations, combustible material must

be removed or adequately protected. Combustible material such as

low density fiber board, bituminous and plastic products,

saturated products including vapor barriers, flammable liquids and

vapors including paints, varnishes, petroleum, and other materials

with high flame spread characteristics if ignited cannot be

controlled by first aid fire fighting equipment. Fire prevention

and control must be a primary consideration on all welding

operations.

e. Since there is no craft designation of “welder” in the

construction industry, all crafts perform the welding on their own

work. This condition makes it difficult to get skilled welders on

a project, and rigid qualifications are necessary.

5B-02. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Prior to welding:

a. Check whether welding procedure specifications have been

submitted and approved. You should have in hand the approved

procedure specifications, in the format required by Appendix E.,

AWS D1.1. This specification guides your checking of material,

process, position, rod specification and classification, Number of

passes, current polarity, and other information needed by you.

b. Check welder certification. It must be submitted and

approved prior to welding. The identifying mark that each welder

will be using to identify his work should be checked against his

certification. The certification must state that he is qualified 
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5B-2

to weld as the procedure dictates. His qualification test result,

represented by the certification, must be available from the

contractor.

5B-03. DETAIL REQUIREMENTS

Welding Sequence and Procedure Drawings:

a. Check for excessive distortion. Lay welds in a

prearranged pattern.

b. Check approved shop drawings against contract

drawings,noting discrepancies and advising supervisor.

c. Check weld symbols. Interpret correctly.

d. Check placement of welds in designated sequence. Do not

permit deviations.

5B-04. INSPECTION PROCEDURE

a. General

(1) Be sure that a copy of the American Welding Society

“Structural Welding Code” (AWS) D1.1 is available for your use.

you should become familiar with Section 6, Inspection, which has

been completely rewritten in the 1980 Code.

(2) Insure that the approved welding procedure is adhered

to.

b. Specific

(1) Process

(a) Identify welding process used, i.e.,gas welding or

metal arc welding.

(b) Check welding procedure specification for agreement as

to correct process to be used.

(c) Carefully inspect the welding of the metals. Watch for

burns.

(2) Base Metal

Check mill reports to see that necessary approval action has

been taken on material prior to job fabrication.

(3) Filler Metal

(a) Look at container or color coding of electrodes

(welding rods) for classification.

(b) Reject all coated electrodes that have been wet or on

which the coating has been damaged.

(c) Low hydrogen covered electrodes require special

handling, drying and storage. Read paragraph 4.5 of the AWS

Structural Welding Code.

(d) Check diameter of electrodes.
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5B-3

(4) Position — Ensure that no welder is welding in any

position other than that for which he has been qualified.

(5) Preparation of Base Metal — Observe the joint

preparation prior to welding.

(a) See that method of cutting bevel ensures parallel

surfaces.

(b) Do not allow torch cutting unless special permission

has been received.

(c) Inspect surfaces for removal of all dirt, grease,loose

scale, slag, or rust.

(d) Examine weld joint for root opening, bevel angle, root

face, and groove face.

(e) Verify alignment of material.

(f) Determine allowable tolerances.

(6) Nature of Current (Arc Welding Only)

(a) Check polarity if D.C. current is being used. Either

straight polarity or reversed polarity may be used, depending on

material welded and electrode used. Check approved welding

procedure.

1. Check positive and negative leads at welding machine.

2. Use plates 1 and 2 to identify type of polarity (pages

5B-7 and 5B-8)

(b) Check frequency shown on nameplate if alternating

current welders are used.

1. Does it agree with frequency shown on approved welding

procedure schedule?

2. Require identical frequencies.

(7) Size of Welding Tips (Gas Welding Only). Check tip

size.

(8) Nature of Flame (Gas Welding Only)

(a) Check flame adjustments.

(b) Check welder*s adjustment for application

(reducing,oxidizing or neutral).

(9) Method of Welding (Gas Welding Only) . Check method of

welding to be used (forehand or backhand)

(10) welding Technique.

Check actual technique being used.
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5B-4

(a) Examine current and voltage-dial readings at which

pointers have been set on welding machine. Require measurement by

instruments.

(b) Identify number of passes or heads placed.

(c) Determine diameter size of electrode used for each pass

of weld material placed.

(d) Ensure that all welds are quality welds, that

techniques are such that there is no excessive weld pileups or

spatter, no irregular weld contours, no undercut or no off—center

welds.

(11) Cleaning - See that all slag or flux is removed before

laying down the next successive weld bead.

(12) Defects - Check welding against method noted on welding

procedure specifications.

(a) Insure that defects are ground, chipped or chiselled

back to sound metal with no irregular edges or areas of stress

concentration.

(b) Observe that metal is not rolled over a defect.

(c) Inspect for surface cracks in critical areas by

magnetic particle tasting.

(13) Peening - Check degree of peening permitted and the

suggested or approved types of tests.

(14) Treatment of Underside of Weld Groove - Check detail

and sketches noted on welding procedure specifications.

(15) Preheating

(a) Check requirements.

(b) Check methods of control.

(16) Check to see that all weld flux, slag and spatter is

completely removed.

(17) Be sure each welder identifies his work by stamping his

mark near each weld.
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5B-5
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5B-6
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i

CHAPTER 5C

STEEL ROOF DECKING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

5C-01 GENERAL 5C-l

5C-02 SUBMITTALS 5C-l

5C-03 STORAGE 5C-l

5C-04 INSTALLATION PROCEDURES 5C-1
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5C-1

CHAPTER 5C

STEEL ROOF DECKING

5C-01. GENERAL

For permanent construction, except family housing, steel

roof decking with board-type insulation or underlayment is most

commonly used as the roof deck system. Steel roof decking is

usually formed in U, shapes with various depth and rib spacing

profiles from 22 gage (0.0295) sheets. Steel decking is

delivered either galvanized or with manufacturers standard shop

coat paint. Fire resistance ratings for steel roof decking

assemblies are discussed in Chapter 7D, ROOFING. Steel forms

remaining in place for lightweight concrete roof decks are

discussed in Chapter 3A, CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES.

5C-02. SUBMITTALS

a. Since you must use the shop drawings in your quality

assurance duties check them for completeness and accuracy and

determine that there are no conflicts with the plans and

specifications.

b. Check to see that the design computations for the

structural deck have been received and approved. The Steel Deck

Institute (SDI) certification of design may substitute for the

actual design computations.

c. The above items, any samples required and the

installation procedures will be available before the preparatory

inspection held by the QC person.

50-03. STORAGE

a. Check material for damage on delivery.

b. Check for ventilated storage and units shall be elevated

at one end. Touch up abraded surfaces.

5C-04. INSTALLATION PROCEDURES

a. You should have a copy of the SDI Design Manual for Floor

Decks and Roof Decks. This information together with that in the

contract specification should be reviewed.

b. For welded attachment check on welder qualification.

Welder should demonstrate satisfactory welds before beginning

actual installation.

c. Special tools are used with screw type fasteners. Tools

and operators shall be checked for safety compliance.

d. Screw type fasteners are not permitted in high wind

velocity areas of seismic zones or greater.

e. Spacing of fastners should be shown on shop drawings.

Check this with SDI manual spacing.
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5C-2

f. Check for damaged units or accessories. Deck units are

minimum 22 gage (0.0295 inch) thickness. Most accessories require

increased thickness. Check the specifications.

g. Burn holes from weld fastening is cause for rejection. 

On occasions, holes have even been burned into supporting bar

joists.

h. Welded areas shall be painted. Use same type as for

actual shop coat. Use high zinc dust paint for touch up on

galvanized surfaces.

i. Check holes and openings in the deck for required

reinforcing members. These details should be on the shop drawings.

j. Closure plates may be required at tops of interior walls

and partitions.
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i

CHAPTER 6A

CARPENTRY

INDEX

Para. Title Page

6A-01 GENERAL 6A-1

6A-02 SHOP DRAWINGS AND SAMPLES 6A-l

6A-03 LUMBER 6A-2

a. Species and Grade 6A-2

b. Grade Stamp 6A-2

c. Defects 6A-2

d. Moisture Content 6A-2

e. Storage 6A-3

f. Preservative Treatment 6A-3

6A-04 FRAMING 6A-4

a. General 6A-4

b. Framing Details 6A-4

c. Anchorage to Concrete and Masonry 6A-4

d. Framing Floors, Ceilings and

 Roofs 6A-4

e. Wall and Partition framing 6A-5

f. Sheathing and Planking 6A-6

g. Sub-Flooring and Underlayment 6A-7

h. Furring Strips 6A-7

6A-05 EXTERIOR FINISH 6A-7

6A-06 INTERIOR FINISH 6A-8

6A-07 MILLWORK 6A-9
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6A-1

CHAPTER 6A

CARPENTRY

6A-01.. GENERAL

This chapter provides a list of items to check during

inspection of work performed under the Carpentry section of

typical contracts. The items in this chapter can be used by the

inspector as a basis around which to build his own inspection

checklist. The list will vary with the materials specified and

with the complexity of the particular contract.

6A-02. SHOP DRAWINGS AND SAMPLES

a. Check each contract for items requiring submission and

approval of shop drawings. Items requiring shop drawings will vary

with the contract.

b. Items commonly requiring shop drawings include:

(1) Exterior doors and frames. See Chapter 8.

(2) Window frames and non-stock windows. See Chapter 8.

(3) Completely assembled windows.

(A) Interior wood finish, when so specified.

(5) Finish stair work.

(6) All cabinet work.

(7) Roof trusses.

(8) Prefabricated items.

c. Remind contractor that shop drawings must be submitted

and approved prior to fabrication or delivery of materials.

Remember that only certain shop drawings required CO approval and

the others are submitted by the contractor for information only.

The action required will be given on the submittal register. See

that the appropriate action has been taken.

(1) Check that all shop drawings have been submitted prior

to installation or use of the item.

(2) Check all work for conformance with the approved shop

drawings.

d. Remind contractor that all specified samples are required

to be submitted and approved prior to delivery of materials to the

site.

(1) All approved samples received by the inspection forces

should be tagged as to type of use and location and stored in a

readily accessible area of the field office.

(2) Check materials delivered to site against the approved

samples; they shall be identical.
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6A-2

6A-03. LUMBER

a. Species and Grade

Check the species and grade against that specified for each

use. This information should be in the “SPECIES AND GRADE TABLE”

in the specifications.

b. Grade Stamp

(1) Check both finish and structural lumber for grade

stamp.

(2) Stamp or mark shall agree with the rule or standard

under which the material is produced.

c. Defects

(1) Check defects against the appropriate grading rules

found in the appropriate inspection agency publication.

(2) Obtain copies of the grading rules and check lumber

for:

(a) Tolerance of dimensions.

(b) Imperfections in excess of those allowable, as regards:

1. Checks, splits, shake, pockets.

2. Decay.

3. Grain structure.

4. Knots.

5. Percentage of hardwood or sapwood.

6. Wane (presence of bark or lack of wood).

7. Warp, crook, bow, cup.

Full definitions of the above properties or defects and

other grading considerations are included in most of the grading

rules handbooks.

d. Moisture Content

Check the specifications for the allowable moisture content

of lumber at time of delivery and when installed.

(1) Moisture content can be readily checked in the field

with a moisture meter.

(2) Moisture content can be checked in a laboratory by the

oven drying process.

(3) Rules referred to in Pars 6A-03 c(1) . Whichever

contains the more stringent moisture content requirements shall

apply. Lumber up to 2-inch thickness, treated with a waterborne

preservative, will have a moisture content not to exceed 19

percent. Lumber over 2-inch thickness including treated lumber,
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6A-3

will have a moisture content not to exceed 25 percent. Roof

planking maximum is 15 percent.

(4) Exterior and interior finish lumber and flooring shall

have not more than 12 percent moisture at time of delivery and

when installed.

e. Storage

(1) Boards and Dimension Lumber

(a) Lumber stored off of ground in properly drained area?

(b) Covering adequate and ventilated to prevent increase in

moisture content?

(c) Lumber stacked to prevent warp?

(2) Finish Lumber, Flooring and Mill Work

(a) May be stored at the site only in weathertight sheds

and at the risk of the contractor.

(b) Should not be brought into building until plaster is

dry and windows and doors are installed or temporary enclosures

provided. If during heating season, either permanent or temporary

heating should be provided.

f. Preservative Treatment

(1) An affidavit may be required on preservative treatment

wood, stating retention, paintability, drying time, surface

deposit and moisture content. A proper grade marking

identification in accordance with AWPB standards is required for

all pressure treated lumber.

(2) Lumber with waterborne treatment will also be marked

"Dry" indicating a moisture content within the standards.

(3) When bottoms of floor framing and sub-flooring are 24”

or less from earth, they shall be pressure treated.

(4) Exterior wood steps, platforms and railings shall be

pressure treated.

(5) Wood members set in concrete shall be pressure treated.

(6) Wood shall be pressure treated when used for:

(a) Nailers at eave or rake of roof.

(b) Wood sleepers.

(c) Furring strips attached to interior face of exterior

walls. All furring used below grade.

(7) Creosote pressure treated wood is limited in use for

material in contact with soil or water.

(8) Use only waterborne pressure treated wood in contact

with built-up roofing materials.
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6A-4

(9) Check specifications for requirement of pressure

preservative treatment on exterior millwork.

(10) Check to be sure that cut surfaces are brush coated

with the same preservative treatment.

6A-04. FRAMING

a. General

(1) Check framing for accuracy of line, level, fabrication

and fitting. Exterior wall studs should be checked for plumbness

and alignment before exterior masonry work is begun.

(2) Check connection and method of rigidly securing all

members. Use NFPA*s “Manual for House Nailing” for recommended

nailing schedule.

(3) Carefully check for first class workmanship as compared

with applicable requirements of the American Institute of Timber

Constriction Publication.

(4) Do not permit the arbitrary cutting or notching of

framing members.

(5) Require the framing of all openings.

(6) Check to see that a 2 inch space is maintained between

chimney and timber and 4 inches between fireplace backwall and

timber.

(7) Check for the leveling of timber on masonry and

concrete with slate or steel shims and do not allow the use of

shims on wood or metal bearings.

b. Framing Details — Check with specifications and contract

and/or shop drawings.

c. Anchorage to Concrete and Masonry

(1) Is anchorage provided near the end of each section of

sill or nailer as well as at the specified spacing?

(2) Are ends of every fourth joist anchored as specified?

(3) Are joists which parallel masonry walls anchored every

eight feet? Are anchors extended over and fastened to three

joists?

(4) Are anchors provided for window frames and door bucks?

(5) Are anchors provided for wood sleepers?

(6) Are anchors provided for plates on concrete floors?

(7) Are anchors provided for end studs of partitions

abutting masonry?

d. Framing Floors, Ceilings and Roofs

(1) Are joists spaced as detailed or specified?
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6A-5

(2) Check that a minimum of 4-inch bearing is provided.

(3) Check “built-in” joists for fire cut.

(4) Are bridging and blocking installed where shown or

specified?

(5) Is nailing of lower ends of cross bridging left until

after sheathing or sub-flooring and partition framing is in place?

(6) Check sizes of openings through joists. Is doubling up

of headers and trimmers required?

(7) Check for joist hangers where framed into headers and

girders.

(3) Are joists lapped over bearing and spiked or bolted

together?

(9) Are 2X4*s framed between joists or sleepers for support

of cut ends of diagonal sub-flooring?

(10) Check for ventilation between sleepers by notching the

end blocking described in (9) above.

(11) Where joist bear on bottom flange of steel beams, are

metal ties carried across beam on every fourth joist?

(12) Are joists doubled up under partitions which run

parallel with the joists?

(13) Are bolt heads which are countersunk below surface of

nailers actually fastened to the top of steel beams or bar joists?

(14) Are structural members framed for the passage of pipes

or ducts?

(15) Structural members shall not be cut, notched, or bored

more than one-fourth their depth without adequate and approved

reinforcing.

(16) Check installation of roof nailers (vented and nonvented) , cants, and roof framing for fascias, eaves, cornices,

etc. Check size, shape (groove area in vented nailers, and

anchorage.

e. Wall and Partition Framing

(1) Check stud spacing. Is it as detailed or specified?

(2) Are top plates doubled up for bearing walls and bearing

partitions?

(3) Check for horizontal blocking.

(4) Check specifications. Is solid bearing specified for

all edges and ends of gypsum board, plywood, fiber board and

similar sheet materials? If so, check for continuous blocking

between studs, joists and/or furring.

(5) See that nailing of studs to plates is sufficient to

prevent twisting.
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6A-6

(6) Is diagonal wind bracing called for?

(7) Is solid blocking provided for the hanging of fixtures,

handrails, cabinets, base board or wall hung heaters and similar

items?

(8) Check doubling of studs at openings.

(9) Headers.

(a) Are headers for narrow openings composed of two studs

set on edge?

(b) Are headers for wide openings constructed as detailed

on the drawings?

(c) Check bearing of header members on studs at both ends.

(10) Soundproof partitions

(a) Are split plates called for?

(b) Are studs staggered as specified?

(c) Is insulation woven in between studs as specified?

Fastened only to every other stud?

(11) Alignment of studs

(a) Studs shall be selected to provide true plans surfaces.

(b) Alignment should not vary more than 1/8-inch from the

plane of the faces.

(c) Check after installation, for crook, bow, twist,

oversized knots and other imperfections over and above previous

inspections. Unsuitable material shall be repaired or removed and

replaced as required by the specifications.

(d) For wood, dry-wall or any sheet panel surfacing, it is

especially important to check every stud for plumbness and minimum

crook or bow.

(e) Method of repair shall be restricted to an occasional

stud and under no circumstances shall two or more adjacent studs

be kerfed and scabbed.

f. Sheathing and Planking

(1) Check sheathing or planks against specification

requirements for type of material, thickness, width, and length.

(2) Are sizes and lengths of nails or fasteners as

specified?

(3) Check whether horizontal or diagonal application is

required.

(4) Do end joints occur only over framing members, and are

boards accurately sawed? Sheathing will extend over top and bottom

plates.

(5) Is specified sheathing paper being installed as soon as

practical after sheathing installation?
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6A-7

(6) Check fastening to every bearing for specified number

of nails at specified spacing.

(7) Check plywood sheathing for type, grade, and thickness

required.

(8) Check for required space at plywood joints.

(9) Wood Sheathing

(a) Are all courses driven up tight?

(b) Are joints staggered with at least two boards between

joints?

(10) Is 1/8—inch expansion allowance made at edges and ends

of fiberboard sheathing?

(11) Joint edges of gypsum/board sheathing shall be in light

contact.

(12) Four-foot wide gypsum/board and fiberboard will be

installed vertically. Also, check for diagonal wind bracing

requirement.

g. Sub-Flooring and Underlayment

(1) Installation is similar to sheathing. Provide space for

1/4-inch clearance at walls.

(2) Be sure that underlayment joints are offset from

parallel sub-flooring joints.

(3) When combination sub-floor is used support all joints

except tongued and grooved edges.

(4) Surfaces, including joints and fastener locations,shall

be smooth for finish flooring.

h. Furring Strips

(1) Provide “a true even plane for finish material.”

(2) The true plane cannot be achieved by nailing furring 

directly to framing members and then applying finish.

(3) Check with straight edge and/or stringline.

(4) Shim between furring and framing as necessary to

produce a “true even plane.” This is necessary on walls as well as

ceilings.

(5) Furring strips are “wood nailers” and are required to

have pressure preservative treatment when fastened to the inside

face of exterior masonry or concrete and when located below grade.

6A-05. EXTERIOR FINISH

a. Determine material type, grade, and length of boards to

be used, and condition of material.
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6A-8

b. Pre-finished siding shall be sealed and finished exactly

as specified. Check the certification for exceptions.

c. Inspect for excessive bowing, warping, or damages of such

items as trim and siding.

d. Check for workmanship such as sawing, fitting, appearance

and location of splicing, coping, shouldering, mitering, excess

splices, etc.

e. Fastening of pine—finished siding shall be exactly as

directed by the siding manufacturer.

f. Are end joints of siding made at supports?

g. Check trim installation for specified nailing,

joining,fitting and calking for water-resistance.

h. Has preservative treatment been provided as specified?

i. Are exposed nails set and putty stopped?

j. Are door— and window—trim and moldings in single lengths?

k. Are joints of built—up members staggered?

1. Are joints in exterior millwork constructed so as to be

weather tight?

a. For wood shingles, check to assure that:

(1) Starter courses doubled.

(2) Weather exposure, as specified.

(3) Nailing is 1” above butt line of the next course.

(4) Joints are kept offset from the previous course.

n. Examine specifications for application of wood shingles.

OCE guide does not allow direct nailing on 5/16” plywood.

o. Check for priming of all sides and edges of exterior wood

work. This applies especially to the backside of fascia, soffits,

and trim.

6A-06. INTERIOR FINISH

a. Ensure the correct quality of each piece of material

used.

b. Are grounds provided to which to nail trim?

c. Are exposed surfaces sanded smooth?

d. Are backs of trim, to be installed against wood or

plaster, hollow?

e. Are joints tight, sawed and fitted accurately, and made

to conceal shrinkage?
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6A-9

f. Are finish nails used to secure trim set for putty

stopping?

g. Are door- and window-trim, pilasters. newels and posts of

single lengths?

h. Are bases set in place after floor is laid?

i. For wood finish flooring, is shoe mold nailed to base

only?

6A-07. MILLWORK

a. General - Check millwork upon arrival at jobsite against

specifications and details of shop drawings and/or contract

drawings. Closely check workmanship.

b. Is preservative treatment required for any components,

especially those to be in contact with concrete or masonry?

c. Check for water—repellent preservative requirements.

d. Inspect condition of materials, warps, splits, and

damages.

e. Ensure that back—priming has been accomplished where

specified.

f. Have anchors been provided as specified or detailed?

g. Are fastenings the type, size and spacing specified, or

shown?
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i

CHAPTER 7A

DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

7A-01 SUBMITTALS 7A-l

7A-02 SURFACE PREPARATIONS 7A-l

a. Cleanliness and 7A-l

Smoothness

b. Dryness 7A-l

7A-03 DAMPPROOFING 7A-l

a. Plans and Specifi- 7A-1

cations

b. Application 7A-l

7A-04 WATERPROOFING 7A-2

a. General 7A-2

b. Application —

Bituminous System 7A-2

c. Application -

Bentonite System 7A-2

d. Application -

Metal Oxide 7A-3

Waterproofing
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7A-1

CHAPTER 7A

DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING

7A-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Required certificates of compliance and material

manufacturers installation instructions must be approved before

scheduling the preparatory inspection.

b. Specifications may permit either asphalt or coal tar

pitch materials and either cold or hot application methods. The

contractor*s submittal will indicate his selection.

7A-02. SURFACE PREPARATIONS

a. Cleanliness and Smoothness

(1) Concrete and masonry surfaces shall be pointed flush.

(2) Has all excess mortar or concrete been removed from

surfaces to be dampproofed or waterproofed?

(3) Have rough or high spots been ground smooth?

(4) Is surface free from all foreign matter including sand,

soil, and dust?

b. Dryness

Check dryness of the surface to be coated. Bitumen must

fully adhere to surface. Use hot bitumen foaming and strip test to

determine dryness if in doubt.

7A-03. DAMPPROOFING

a. Plans and Specifications

Check both plans and specifications carefully for extent of

dampproofing. There is a tendency to short-change on the height of

dampproofing on exterior of walls below grade.

b. Application

(1) See that the ambient temperature is above 40 F. 0

(2) Always apply dampproofing before furring on interior of

walls.

(3) Check for application of approved prime coat for both

tar and asphalt dampproofing systems, and for asphalt

waterproofing system. Check temperatures of materials.

(4) Check coating for breaks after a surface has been

dampproofed.

(a) Check surface air voids in monolithic concrete.

(b) Reseal all voids not sealed by original application.

(c) Hot or cold system each requires two coatings.
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7A-2

7A-04. WATERPROOFING

a. General

(1) Check the requirement for primer.

(2) See that the ambient temperature is above 400.

b. Application - Bituminous System

(1) The felt or fabric plies and pitch or asphalt

waterproofing are applied in the same manner as for built-up

roofing.

(2) Hot bitumen vapors are flammable, open flame and other

sources of ignition are prohibited in enclosed areas. Adequate

ventilation must be provided. In addition vapors from tar products

are toxic and irritating. Adequate personal protective measures

must be taken. Asphalt and tar kettles are not to be permitted in

enclosed structures. Kettle temperature must be thermostatically

controlled.

(3) Carefully check the application of felt, especially at

all locations requiring the two additional fabric reinforcing

plies.

(4) Carefully check the installation of flashing and the

lapping and mopping of waterproofing into flashing and around

items passing through the waterproofing.

(5) Check the application of the waterproofing for exact

conformance with the specification regarding:

(a) Weight of moppings and final coating.

(b) Bitumen manufacturer*s recommended application

temperature.

(c) Brooming in of the membrane.

(d) Required nailers on vertical surfaces.

(e) Flashing receiver at top of wall to eliminate exposed

joint.

(f) Requirement for reinforcing at control joints.

(6) Make sure that all waterstops, flashings, etc. have

been correctly installed to provide a watertight job.

(7) See that membranes are always protected from damage.

Check the requirement for protection board to be installed where

backfill is to be placed. Check for:

(a) Type of board required.

(b) Method of bonding board to waterproofing.

c. Application - Bentonite System

(1) Submittal must have all of the information required.

Examine the printed application instructions closely.
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7A-3

(2) Manufacturers written proof of performance must also be

received.

d. Application - Metallic Oxide Waterproofing

(1) Test area

(a) Selection of test location is important for a

workmanship demonstration.

(b) Access required until all waterproofing is complete.

(2) Special surface preparation.

(a) Roughen concrete surfaces.

(b) Patching shall be as specified. Roughen patched areas.

(c) Check patching at construction joints.

(d) Check calking at penetrations.

(e) Check for required continuous grooves at intersections.

(3) Two coat application required.

(4) Check for adequate curing.

(5) Protection of waterproofing.

(a) Check grout mix formula for each coating.

(b) Finish of the top coating will be to receive specified

finish material.

(c) Seven day curing as with concrete.
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i

CHAPTER 7B

BUILDING INSULATION

INDEX

Para. Title Page

7B-01 SUBMITTALS 7B-1

7B-02 MATERIALS 7B-l

7B-03 INSTALLATION 7B-1
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7B-1

CHAPTER 7B

BUILDING INSULATION

7B-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Has the contractor received approval of the insulation

material both as to composition and thickness? Does it meet the

“U” or “R” value requirements?

b. Has the vapor barrier and method of installation been

approved?

c. Do you have the approved samples?

7B-02. MATERIALS

a. Are the materials supplied as approved?

b. Are the materials stored in a dry, protected environment?

No wet or damp insulation shall be incorporated into the work.

7B-03. INSTALLATION

a. Check vapor barrier. It must be installed on the "warm in

winter" side of the wall or ceiling.

b. Roof insulation must be protected from moisture by being

covered with roofing immediately after being placed. It must never

be left unprotected overnight. Check Chapter 70 for more about

roof insulation.

c. Building insulation should be installed only after the

building is closed in from weather, and construction has advanced

to the point where no damage will result to either the insulation

or vapor barrier. Vapor barriers are often damaged by other trades

after installation. This should be closely monitored, since other

trades are not aware of the critical nature of these damages.

(1) Secure edges of batts or blankets to supporting

members.

(2) Fill all areas at tops against frames, jambs, and

headers, etc., for a continuous seal against air infiltration.

Install insulation around cold side of electric boxes, ducts,

pipes, vents, etc.

(3) Lap and seal edges and ends of vapor barrier or use

separate sheet membrane vapor barrier.

(4) Check loose fill insulation for required thickness

after application.

(5) Information on insulation for masonry walls is in

Chapter 4.

(6) Information on perimeter insulation is in Chapter 3A.
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i

CHAPTER 7C

CONFIGURATED ROOFING AND SIDING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

7C-01 SHOP DRAWINGS AND SAMPLES 7C-1

a. Material Approval 7C-1

b. On-Site Checking of 7C-1

Materials

7C-02 STORAGE AND PROTECTION 7C-1

a. Storage 7C-1

b. Protection 7C-1

7C-03 INSTALLATION 7C-1

a. Fastening 7C-1

b. Application 7C-2

c. Asbestos - Cement Sheets 7C-2
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7C-1

CHAPTER 7C

CONFIGURATED ROOFING AND SIDING

7C-01. SHOP DRAWINGS AND SAMPLES

a. Material Approval

(1) Has the contractor received approval of layout drawings

and material certification for the galvanized or the aluminum

coated steel; the aluminum or the factory color finished metal or

the asbestos cement corrugated sheets, sealant, fasteners, special

shapes and accessories?

(2) Design calculations shall also be submitted for

approval.

(3) Check for certified test results on factory color

finish. Is a high-performance finish specified?

(4) Does sheet configuration (depth) match-up with roof

slope?

b. On-Site Checking of Materials

Approved shop drawings, samples, and installation

instructions will continually be used to check against

contractor*s operation.

7C-02. STORAGE AND PROTECTION

a. Storage

(1) Inspect bundles on arrival at the jobsite. Check

galvanized and aluminum for white rust. This condition is cause

for rejection.

(2) See that materials are properly stacked and protected

from traffic and weather.

(3) See that material is stacked in a manner that will

provide drainage and prevent abuse.

b. Protection

(1) Material will be handled in a manner that will avoid

breaks, cracks, chips or other defects.

(2) Check material while being handled at the site for any

defects and reject defective material.

7C-03. INSTALLATION

a. Fastening

(1) Check the sealant for color, type, and method of

application. Sealant is required at all joints of roof sheets and

should be specified for side laps of wall sheets in locations

where wind-driven rain is common.

(2) Check fastener for type, size and spacing.
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7C-2

(3) Use aluminum fasteners with aluminum sheets.

(4) Check for washers. There is usually a requirement for

lead, neoprene, or metal—capped neoprene washers.

(5) Fasteners must be driven normal to the surface and with

sufficient depth to seat the washer.

(6) What correction is permitted if any for misplaced drill

holes in roofing or siding sheets?

b. Application

(1) Check length of end laps. Lay side laps away from the

prevailing wind.

(2) Check for proper drilling and cutting.

(3) See that all accessories and special shapes are

provided in conformance with shop drawings as necessary to make a

complete and watertight installation.

(4) Check for molded closure strips.

(5) Expansion joints should be provided as detailed.

(6) Is specified insulation used? Blanket or board type? Is

application in accordance with manufacturer*s instruction? Will

thickness satisfy “U” value required?

(7) Is a rigid steel or plywood wall liner or wainscot

used? Check for configuration, attachment and finish. Is the

plywood treated for fire resistance?

c. Asbestos - Cement Sheets

(1) Check for latest safety and health requirement for

cutting and drilling asbestos.

(2) Is vacuum required? Is water jet required?
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i

CHAPTER 7D

ROOFING AND INSULATION

INDEX

Para. Title Page

7D-01 INSULATION FOR BUILT-UP ROOFING 7D-1

a. Preparatory Inspection 7D-1

b. Material 7D-1

c. Preparation of the Roof Deck 7D-2

d. Application of Vapor Barrier 7D-2

e. Wood Nailers and Vents 7D-3

f. Application of Insulation 7D-3

7D-02 BUILT-UP ROOFING 7D-4

a. Preparatory Inspection 7D-4

b. Material 7D-4

c. Preparation of the Roof Deck 7D-4

d. Application of Roofing 7D-5

7D-03 FLASHINGS 7D-6

a. Preparatory Inspection 7D-6

b. Material 7D-6

c. Base Flashing 7D-7

d. Strip Flashing 7D-7

7D-04 ROOF WALKWAYS AND LADDERS 7D-7

a. Wood walkways 7D-7

b. Composition Type Walkways 7D-7

c. Precast Concrete Walkways 7D-7

d. Ladders 7D-7

7D-05 SINGLE PLY ROOFING 7D-8

a. Submittals 7D-8

b. Materials 7D-8

c. Application of Roofing 7D-8

70-06 FLUID-APPLIED ROOFING 7D-9

a. Submittals 7D-9

b. Materials 7D-9

c. Application of Urethane

Insulation 7D-9

d. Application of Coatings 7D-9

7D-07 STRIP SHINGLE ROOFING 7D-10

a. Preparation for Installation 7D-10

b. Installation 7D-10
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7D-1

CHAPTER 7D

ROOFING AND INSULATION

7D-01. INSULATION FOR BUILT-UP ROOFING

a. Preparatory Inspection

(l) This inspection is held before work begins. Information

concerning the applicable materials, methods and schedule of

installation is exchanged. The roof deck is inspected for

readiness.

(2) Since roofing must be installed with the insulation,

all matters relating to the built-up roofing and flashings are

discussed.

(3) All requirements must be clearly understood before work

can begin.

b. Material

(1) See that approved materials are being used.

(a) Check for use of proper type asphalt for roof slope

involved. Label information must include the Equiviscous

Temperature (EVT).

(b) The insulation must be approved thickness, type, and

treated or faced as required. Remember that two layers of

insulation are required.

(c) Have insulation thickness computations been submitted

and approved?

(d) Check roof slope. Both insulation and vapor barrier

must be mechanically fastened when slope is more than 1⁄2-inch per

foot. Check fastened types required and approved.

(e) What type vapor barrier membrane will be used?

Contractor may select from four types.

(f) Are wood nailers treated? Use only waterborne pressure

treated wood.

(2) There are special requirements over steel decks.

(a) Check for use of urethane insulation on steel deck.

Urethane cannot be used directly on steel decks. Use composite

board with a Factory Mutual Research Corp, Class I rating.

(b) If isocyanurate is selected by the contractor, a Class

I rating is required on steel decks.

(c) Is adhesive for use on steel deck fire rated?

(d) See above paragraph (1)(d) and plan detail for

fastening nailers to steel decks.

(e) On acoustic type steel decks check for an applied vapor

barrier.
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7D-2

(f) Check insulation board for square edges.

(g) Check for tapered insulation. Fitup is extremely

important for smooth surfaces.

c. Preparation of the Roof Deck

(1) See that the entire section of roof—deck construction

is complete before vapor barrier and insulation application

begins.

(2) Inspect the roof for being dry, smooth, firm, and

dirt—free and free of projections and foreign materials. Check

metal roof decks for holes, rust, or repair of paint

coat—especially where deck has been welded.

(3) Note preparation and safety protection around roof

openings.

(4) Run dryness test on the concrete deck.

(5) Protect roof drain and vent intake during roofing

operations. Check for proper drainage at other times.

(6) Check the insulating concrete deck for dryness by

weighing the deck sample for 50 percent moisture loss. This is

necessary although base sheet is laid dry.

d. Application of Vapor Barrier

(1) Are weather conditions favorable?

(2) Has concrete deck been primed?

(3) Is bitumen kettle safely located? Fire extinguisher?

Does kettle have an operable thermometer?

(4) Kettleman must be attending the kettle at all times

when bitumen is heated.

(5) Check for asphalt temperature within 25 of EVT at 0

point of application.

(6) Are joints in precast decks covered as required?

(7) Check for solid mopping and brooming for the 2 ply, 15

pound felt over concrete.

(8) Are fasteners for base sheet type vapor barrier the

approved type for gypsum deck? For insulating concrete deck? Check

fastened materials for specified fastening.

(9) Ensure that felts are maintained at a minimum

temperature of 50 F. for not less than 24 hours prior to laying. 0

(10) Note ambient temperature prior to placing of vapor

barrier.

(11) Does vapor barrier seal edge of insulation at

openings? Do not seal with vapor barrier if edge of insulation is

vented.
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7D-3

(12) Check for felt edge envelope formed with vapor barrier

where insulation is vented. Install envelope in steep asphalt or

bituminous cement at roof edges.

(13) Inspect the vapor harrier to assure that it provides a

complete seal over the deck. See that method of brooming assures

complete adhesion to deck, assures complete adhesion between

plies, and eliminates air pockets.

e. Wood Nailers and Vents

(1) Nailers flush with the deck will he used with nailable

insulation.

(a) On slopes more than 1⁄2—inch per foot nail vapor barrier

to nailers.

(b) Nail first layer insulation.

(c) Nailers are installed as concrete is cast. Install

parallel to the slope of the roof.

(d) Check for flush nailers to fasten flashings for roofing

applied to the deck.

(2) Use surface mounted nailers at edges of insulation.

Slot nailers for venting insulation; except on steel decks.

(3) Non-nailable insulation needs surface mounted nailers,

parallel to the slope, when slope is more than 1⁄2—inch per foot.

(4) Check nailable securement requirements.

(5) Use 1-inch thick nailers on edge behind base flashings.

f. Application of Insulation

(1) On slopes up to 1⁄2—inch per foot.

(a) Check for solid moppings of hot bitumen over vapor

barrier or directly to concrete deck.

(h) Limit bitumen to 12-15 pound per square on steel deck

flutes. Use steep slope (Type III) asphalt.

(2) On slopes more than 1⁄2-inch per foot.

(a) Check for fastener requirements or,

(b) Use treated surface nailers between insulation section,

parallel to slope.

(c) Is nailer thickness same as insulation?

(3) Use only dry insulation. Have wet insulation been

removed from the work site?

(4) Plan must be to cover all insulation on same day

applied with full roofing system.

(5) Apply insulation in at least two layers.

(6) Stagger joints between layers.
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7D-4

(7) Lay top layer so that continuous insulation joint is

parallel to the roof slope. Be sure this joint is not over flute

openings of steel decks.

(8) Lay units with close joints. Be sure that no voids are

built in by damaged boards or open joints.

(9) Remember the water cut—offs to protect insulation edges

at end of work day. Remember to remove cut—offs at beginning of

next work day. Check for wet insulation.

(10) Underlayment supports roofing on steel decks not

requiring insulation. Same application as for insulation. Use

insulation manufacturer*s recommended thickness.

7D-02. BUILT-UP ROOFING

a. Preparatory Inspection

(1) The quality control inspector for the contractor is

responsible for this inspection meeting. The roofing applicator

and Government Inspection representatives must attend and

participate.

(2) Check the agenda. The insulation, roofing and sheetmetal

phases should be held together as all this work must be

coordinated.

(3) Discuss types of machines which will be used on the

roof. The deck and installed materials cannot be subject to

damage.

b. Material

(l) Use only asphalt felts with hot asphalt or coal tar

felts with hot cool tar.

(2) Check for labels on all materials. Labels must identify

specified and approved materials.

(3) Contractor must prove specified material without proper

labels. Test if necessary.

(4) Check surface treatment materials.

(5) Are the type IV glass—fibered felts specified in cold

climatic locations.

c. Preparation of the Roof Deck

(1) See paragraph 7D-01 c.

(2) Bitumen kettle is not allowed on the roof deck.

(3) Do not overload deck. Remember that all material must

be protected from weather.

(4) The system of roofing application should provide for

free drainage at all temporary terminations.

(5) Remember the dryness test for concrete decks. Remember

the air-dry density test for insulating concrete decks.
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7D-5

d. Application of Roofing

(1) Check felt temperature from storage.

(2) Check bitumen temperature control to prevent

overheating.

(3) Check hot asphalt supply system for specified EVT at

point of use. A maximum of 25 F variation from EVT is permitted. 0

No more at anytime.

(4) Are ambient weather conditions suitable? Temperature at

least 40 F? Too windy? Threat of rain? 0

(5) Note the method of laying the felt that is immediately

behind the mopping of bitumen and assure that the felt is broomedin so that the layer will be free of air pockets, wrinkles, and

buckles.

(6) Check the requirements for and the installation of base

sheet. This is the only occasion when hot coal-tar could be

applied to an asphalt base sheet.

(7) Are cant strips installed as required?

(8) Are all felts at specified lap? Four plies go down

together.

(9) Systems on wet decks use a base sheet. Then the three

plies go down together.

(10) Is roofing run to top of cant?

(11) Check for two extra plies of felt at eaves and rakes

for envelope bitumen stop. Check for application to deck or

insulation in steep slope asphalt or bituminous cement. Use only

organic or asbestos felts for these envelopes.

(12) For fiberglass felt system the edge envelopes must be

separately placed. Fiberglass felts can*t be used.

(13) Check aggregates to be used for surfacing:

(a) Has aggregate been sampled and approved for use?

(b) Is aggregate dry and free from dust, sand, loam, and

other foreign material?

(c) Is stone waterworn and free from sharp, flat and

angular pieces?

(d) Is slag crushed, blast-furnace slag? )If you cannot

tell visually, check certificate of compliance.)

(e) Is aggregate spread while bitumen is still hot? Is it

thoroughly and evenly embedded in hot bitumen? Have aggregates and

bitumen been applied at the specified weights per unit area?

(f) Check for the removal of loose aggregate. Are there

base spots?
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7D-6

(g) Check method of transporting and storing aggregate on

roof to assure that felt and flashing has not been damaged and to

prevent excessive loading of roof in localized areas.

(14) Cap sheet may be specified instead of the flood coat

and aggregate surface. Check for special requirements. Cap sheet

should be rolled into hot asphalt to prevent blistering.

(15) Use a glaze coating of hot bitumen when rain is about

to occur.

(16) Glaze coat is only an emergency treatment.

(17) Check to see that the roof drains have been set at

proper location and elevation, that they are properly flashed and

that they are clean and provided with gratings when roofing is

completed.

(18) Are roofing samples being taken? Check sample

immediately for free water, bitumen skips and weight. Record

results and replace sample unless a deficiency exists. Sample may

be replaced depending on nature of deficiency provided a firm

understanding can be reached prior to replacement.

(19) If finished or unfinished roof sections are used for

traffic, be sure that roofing is protected. Are temporary plywood

runways needed?

(20) Check for felt fastenings requirements on roof slopes

more than 1/2-inch per foot, Do not use coal—tar on these slopes.

7D-03. FLASHINGS

a. Preparatory Inspection

(1) Shop drawings for sheet metal roof flashings will be

discussed at this inspection. See Chapter 7E of this guide for

details.

(2) Flashings in this paragraph include the felt strip

flashings and plastic base flashings and their requirements will

be clearly understood.

(3) Will flashing work be coordinated with roofing?

(4) Check for same day installation to completely

waterproof the roofing area begun each day.

(5) A copy of the roofing felt manufacturer*s published

flashing recommendations is required.

(6) Check for flashings at all projections through roofing.

b. Material

(1) Check that the asbestos flashing sheet has a built-in

reinforcing fabric. This is required even though not in

manufacturer*s recommendations.

(2) Where the glass fiber system is to be installed, use

the mineral (glass fibered) cap sheet. See label for conformance

to SS-R-630, Class 3.
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7D-7

(3) Check label on bituminous cement for asphalt base Type

I, per SS-C-153.

c. Base Flashing

(1) Check for selection of 2-ply or 3-ply system.

(2) Be sure the manufacturer*s published recommendations

are available and used.

(3) Check installation for loose plies. Embed all

sheetsfully into adhesive and press into position.

(4) Are plies mechanically fastened at top of vertical leg?

(5) Check for felt strip over horizontal joint with

roofing.

d. Strip Flashing

(1) Two ply strip flashing required.

(2) Check for solid coatings of bituminous cement.

(3) Install strip flashings before surfacing treatment,

over all horizontal edges of sheetmetal such as gravel stops, roof

drain and pipe flashing flanges, metal base flashings,etc.

7D-04. ROOF WALKWAYS AND LADDERS

a. Wood Walkways

(1) Check for waterborne pressure treated wood.

(2) Are cut edges being treated?

(3) Are pads of premolded filler strips being used beneath

wood bases? Locate these before roofing surface treatment.

b. Composition Type Walkways

(1) Is material of specified thickness?

(2) Is material pressed into hot bitumen over top roofing

ply?

(3) Is space provided between sections for drainage.

c. Precast Concrete Walkways

Check the requirements for size, location and spacing. He

sure roofing surface is clean. Precast concrete units are usually

set loose over the waterproofed surface.

d. Ladders

(1) Are ladders located with walkways?

(2) If ladders are anchored into roofing, check for

relocation to sidewalls.
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7D-8

7D-05. SINGLE PLY ROOFING

Although there are over eight different generic types of

single ply roofing materials, and many more systems, only the EPDM

(Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) type is specified for CE use.

This is a synthetic rubber material. The following deals with

systems using that material.

a. Submittals

(1) Check for receipt of the certificate attesting to

material compliance. Remember the certificate must be signed by an

officer of the manufacturer*s firm.

(2) The following must be received and approved before

roofing can begin:

(a) Manufacturer*s installation instructions.

(b) Samples of the membrane, joint cement and sealant.

(c) Layout drawings and all flashing details.

b. Materials

(1) Check the EPDM material labels closely for spec and

certificate compliance.

(2) Check storage site for temperature and weather

protection. Adhesives and sealants are especially sensitive to

these conditions.

(3) Ballast for surface covering must be clean and well

graded.

(4) Check treatment for wood nailers and rants. Same as for

built-up roofing.

c. Application of Roofing

(1) A preparatory inspection must be held before roofing

begins.

(2) Roof deck must be in same condition as for builtproofing. This includes a positive air-dry density test for

insulating concrete roof deck.

(3) Check manufacturer*s instructions.

(4) Are the laps joints between sheets of EPDM at least

3—inches wide?

(5) Are laps made to shed water?

(6) Check special treatment at expansion joints for

drainage and waterproofing.

(7) Check for perimeter nailers and adequate fastening of

the membrane.

(8) Have all joints been carefully inspected before

concealing with ballast?
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7D-9

(9) Flashings must be installed same day as roofing

membrane to waterproof area covered.

(10) Remember cutoffs at end of day or when rain is

imminent.

(11) See Paragraph 7D-01 for board insulation and vapor

barrier checklists. Board insulation may be loose laid instead of

usual adhesion method for built-up roofing. Check the specs.

7D-06. FLUID APPLIED ROOFING

The system given in the specs includes spray-applied

urethane foam insulation applied to broom finish concrete roof

decks. Two coats of spray-applied silicone rubber cover the

urethane.

a. Submittals

(1) Check applicator*s experience for satisfactory

performance.

(2) Check for manufacturer*s application instructions and

material certificates of compliance.

(3) Have samples been examined?

(4) Does roofing system meet the Underwriters Laboratories

UL 790 test for fire resistance?

(5) Has insulation thickness computation been approved?

b. Materials

(1) Check labels for compliance.

(2) Is there enough coating material to cover all areas to

specified dry film thickness?

c. Application of Urethane Insulation

(1) Check the complete plan of application during the

preparatory inspection.

(2) Has equipment been calibrated? At the beginning? Daily?

More frequently as required?

(3) Is thickness as determined for “U” value?

(4) Lap-in layers.

(5) Check surface smoothness and slope for drainage.

d. Application of Coatings

(1) Protective coating must be applied same day to the

urethane foam.

(2) Check dry film thickness.

(3) Finish coating must be free of pinholes?

(4) Check for sheet elastomeric base flashings.
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7D-10

(5) Is a granule finish required? Are walkways included? It

is extremely important that walkways be provided where traffic is

expected as this system is extremely susceptible to damage.

7D-07. STRIP SHINGLE ROOFING

a. Preparation for Installation

(1) Have the required samples been submitted and approved?

Do shingles on site match the approved samples? Are they labeled

as U.L. approved? Are they wind resistant type?

(2) Is roof clean, dry, and otherwise ready for roofing?

Check to cover knot holes and splits with sheetmetal plates.

(3) Are flashings installed or on hand to be installed

concurrently with roofing?

(4) Check for proper installation of under layment and

metal edge drips. Edge drip strips are installed over the

underlayment.

(5) Check slope as double layer underlayment is required on

slopes to 4-inch per foot.

(6) Check for special requirements if in cold climate where

ice forms at building eaves. Either a sheet metal eave flashing or

layer of bituminous cement should be required.

b. Installation

(1) Check starter course of shingles, at the eaves. Is it a

double or triple layer of shingles? Does this starter course

extend 3/4 inch beyond eave line to form a drip?

(2) Check alignment of layers and rows of shingles. Start

rows at center of roof for spans over 30 feet and lay to chalk

lines or other guide for a neat job.

(3) Check exposure of shingles on hips and ridges. Are all

nails concealed?

(4) Check that each shingle tab is cemented in place with

bituminous cement with a contact area of at least 1 square inch.

Check self-sealing type shingles.

(5) Self-sealing shingles are usually required and the

manufacturer*s warranty furnished by the contractor provides

insurance against unit blow-off. The contractor shall be

responsible for replacement of blown-off or damaged shingles.
EP 415-1-261

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i

CHAPTER 7E

FLASHING AND SHEET METAL

INDEX

Para. Title Page

7E-01 PREPARATION FOR INSPECTION 7E-1

OF SHEET METAL WORK

a. Shop Drawings and Samples 7E-1

b. Stiffness 7E-1

c. Expansion Joints

d. Dissimilar Materials 7E-1

7E-02 INSTALLATION 7E-1

a. Fastening 7E-1

b. Gravel Stop - Fascia 7E-2

c. Metal Base Flashing 7E-2

d. Cap Flashings 7E-2

e. Through-wall Flashing 7E-3

f. Valley Flashing 7E-3

g. Stepped Base Flashing 7E-3

h. Edge Strip 7E-3

i. Louvers 7E-4

j. Reglets 7E-4

k. Gutters 7E-4

l. Downspouts 7E-4

m. Parapet Covers 7E-5

n. Miscellaneous 7E-5
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

7E-1

CHAPTER 7E

FLASHING AND SHEET METAL

7E-01. PREPARATION FOR INSPECTION OF SHEET METAL WORK

a. Shop Drawings and Samples

(1) Do the construction and the installation comply with

requirements in the plans and specifications for: Shape? Joining?

Fastening?

(2) Factory fabricated internal and external corners should

be shown or indicated.

(3) Do the materials match the approved samples?

(4) Compare detail information with specification tables

“Weights, Thicknesses and Gages” and “Joints.”

(5) Remember that metal base flashings must detail wood

nailers for fastening the roof flange.

b. Stiffness — Are exposed edges of all flashings folded

back a full 1⁄2 inch?

c. Expansion joints — Examine specifications for spacing of

these joints in all sheet metal work. Check plan, specifications

and shop drawing for design of the expansion joints.

(1) Note the specification table for joints and spacing of

expansion joints.

(2) Inspect the location of joints with respect to corners,

end spacing and locations such as gutters and such items as

midpoints from downspouts.

(3) Check drawings for details of expansion joints. See if

space has been allowed for expansion.

d. Dissimilar Materials

(1) Evaluate the entire job to see that all dissimilar

metal materials in contact, which may support galvanic action,

have been isolated from each other. Some typical examples to watch

for are:

(a) Copper and aluminum flashings in contact with each

other, or with ferrous material.

(b) Copper, stainless steel and aluminum flashings fastened

with ferrous material.

(c) Aluminum bases set on pressure treated wood.

(2) Determine specification requirement for method of

isolating dissimilar materials.

7E-02. INSTALLATION

a. Fastening: Check requirements for:
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7E-2

(1) Attachment by direct nailing or cleating, for spacing,

and for location. Are screw shank nails required?

(2) Soldering, welding, bolting, riveting, etc.

(3) Check detail on drawing for fastening or securing ends

or edges in concrete or masonry construction.

b. Gravel Stop — Fascia

(1) Has 6-inch wide nailer been provided for attaching

flange to roof deck?

(2) Check flange for 4-inch width applied in bituminous

cement over roofing felt.

(3) Are screw shank nails of compatible material? Are nails

driven within 1—inch of edge at 3-inches on center?

(4) Mop two plies of roofing felt, one 9 inches wide and

one 12 inches wide, over inner flange. This is a strip flashing.

(5) Check for continuous cleat anchoring lower edge of

fascia. Not required for fascia membering into gutters.

(6) Do butt joints have the 1⁄2—inch separation? Are the

joint cover plates also set in bituminous cement?

(7) Design of extruded aluminum gravel stop—fascia is

verified by approved shop drawing. Same for the manufacturer's

installation method.

c. Metal Base Flashing

(1) Is base flashing installation same day as roofing

installation?

(2) Check for flat locked and soldered or sealed joints.

(3) Check the location of lapped expansion joints.

(4) Is roof flange set in bituminous cement? Is vertical

leg long enough for at least 3-inch lap with cap flashing?

(5) See that roof flange is covered with two plies of felt

strip flashing after nailing at three inches on center.

(6) Corners, interior and exterior: Are they factory

fabricated?

d. Cap Flashings

(1) Cap flashing system will be either the separate cap in

reglet or a two-piece combination (cap in receiver) unit.

(2) Check the fabrication shown on the shop drawing for:

(a) Vertical location above finished roof surface.

(b) Shape for drainage away from anchorage point.

(c) Shape for pressure fit against base flashing.
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7E-3

(3) Is lower edge of flashing folded back 1⁄2 inch?

(4) Check for 3-inch lap joints for cap and for receiver

sections.

(5) Corners, interior and exterior: Are they factory

fabricated?

e. Through-wall Flashing

(1) Carefully check for locations requiring through-wall

flashing. All should be shown on the shop drawing.

(2) Assure that the flashing is being installed in the

middle of the mortar joint. Assure that it extends to within 1⁄2

inch of face of wall.

(3) Check the design and installation requirement for the

various locations of metal flashing, such as: above the roof line,

below the roof line in cavities more than 3/4-inch wide, at

lintels and sills.

(4) There are actually seven different flashing materials

which can be used in cavities less than 3/4-inch wide.

(5) Is each sill flashing one piece and does it extend at

least 4 inches beyond the ends of each sill?

(6) Check for the smooth copper slip joint in the bed joint

at the end of lintels adjacent to control joint.

(7) Is the metal through-wall factory deformed for bond

with mortar?

(8) Do joints between sections of lightweight flashing

consist of at least 3-inch laps with sealant?

(9) Check anchor holes such as for parapet cap anchors to

see that they are completely filled with plastic cement at the

flashing course.

f. Valley Flashing

(1) Check installation for coverage and lap beneath roof

covering.

(2) Check cleating operation for adequate anchoring.

g. Stepped Base Flashing

(1) Check for neat installation with a separate flashing

section for each shingle course.

(2) Are sections sized to lap 3 inches and run 4 inches

each way?

(3) Are cap flashings used? If not, the stepped sections

must be fitted beneath siding.

h. Edge Strip

(1) The strips are provided continuously at bottom edge of

fascia and act as a drip and continuous cleat.
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7E-4

(2) Check fastening to supporting construction and fascia.

(3) Check for the required washers, which are

electrolytically compatible, to hold the strips away from vented

gravel stops.

i. Louvers

(1) Check fabrication for first class workmanship. Check

for compatible fasteners.

(2) Check louvers after installation for water tightness

against a driving rain.

(3) Examine specifications for requirement for such items

as insect or bird screen, movable shutters, etc.

(4) Additional information is provided in Chapter 15.

j. Reglets

(1) Make sure that polyvinyl chloride reglets are used with

aluminum cap flashings.

(2) Check the setting of reglets in concrete and masonry to

assure a method of firm and secure anchorage at the required

elevations.

(3) Check the contractor*s proposed provision for anchoring

the cap in reglets. Also check the actual firmness of the flashing

as installed.

(4) Is the receiver of the two—piece combination unit used

as planned instead of the reglet? Eliminate flat spots. Be sure

receiver slopes from face of wall.

k. Gutters

(1) Recheck approved gutters, for type, shape, general

design, and layout. Make sure that the continuous cleat or bracket

supports permit freedom of movement. Make sure back of gutter is

higher than front.

(2) Check slope of gutter to provide drainage to outlets.

(3) Check brackets and spacers for size, type, location and

spacing.

(4) Check basket strainers for gutter openings into

downspouts.

(5) Do expansion joints limit runs with the specified

distances? Are these joints at highpoints? Do joint covers have

diverters?

l. Downspouts

(1) Check downspouts for being factory fabricated and

corrugated longitudinally in approximately 10, lengths.

(2) Check for the requirement for specials, such as

downspout leaders, scuppers, overflow scuppers, conductor heads,

etc. (See the Architectural Sheet Metal Manual by SMACCMA)
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7E-5

(3) Check to see that the downspouts are plumb, that they

clear the wall by at least 1 inch and that they are firmly secured

with 1-inch-wide straps; one strap anchor located at the top of

each downspout section.

(4) Downspout sections are telescoped together except that

the leader downspout joint is riveted.

(5) Check downspouts terminating in drainage line. They

should be neatly fitted and secured with a Portland cement mortar

cap.

m. Parapet Covers

(1) Does shop drawing show anchorage and joints?

(a) Both sides must be cleated at lower edge.

(b) Flat lock joints are required between all sections.

(2) Is top of cover sloped for drainage?

n. Miscellaneous

(1) Check for miscellaneous sheet metal items, especially

those shown on the plan but omitted from the specifications. (See

the Architectural Sheet Metal Manual by SMACCMA.)

(2) Check those items which have been included in the

specifications. Check items such as snow guards, splash pans,

radiator—recess linings, perimeter insulation covers, etc., for

type required, for fabrication, and for method of installation.

Shop drawings are required.
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

i

CHAPTER 7F

CALKING AND SEALANTS

INDEX

Para. Title Page

7F-01 CALKING AND SEALANTS 7F-l

a. Submittals 7F-1

b. Material 7F-l

c. Area Requiring Calking

or Sealants

d. Preparing 7F-l

e. Application 7F-1
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

7F-1

CHAPTER 7F

CALKING AND SEALANTS

7F-01. CALKING

a. Submittals

(1) Are the certified laboratory test reports acceptable?

(2) Is the descriptive data approved?

(3) Have the samples been approved? Will testing be

necessary? Are the colors as required?

b. Material

(1) Check grade, color, and the other required label

information and compare with samples and test reports.

(2) Check storage protection, exposure temperatures and

shelf life limits.

c. Area Requiring Calking or Sealants

Joint symbols and details are shown on the drawings. The

contractor will indicate in his submittals where each type and

color will be used. Joints must be constructed as detailed.

d. Preparation

(1) Check to assure that material used is from batch

tested.

(2) Have grooves of adequate depth been provided, and are

they clean? This includes removal of the temporary protective

coating.

(3) Has the required primer been coated over the surface to

receive calking? Has the test been made on sample surfaces?

(4) Has the backstop or bond-preventative material been

installed?

(5) Check for masking tape to protect adjacent surfaces.

e. Application

(1) Make certain that the workmen have the proper type of

gun.

(2) See that grooves are the indicated shape. Proper depth,

regulated by the inserted backing material, is very important to

joint performance.

(3) See that appearance is uniform and relatively smooth.

(4) Do not allow smears of calking. A coating of sealer

must be applied to the calking bead.
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7F-2

(5) Calking compound (TT-C-598) is normally not used on the

exterior.

(6) Sealant No. 3 (TT-S-1657) is not used where it would be

contacted by pedestrian traffic.
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

i

CHAPTER 8A

METAL DOORS AND FRAMES

INDEX

Para. Title Page

SUBMITTALS 8A-1

8A-01 a. Shop Drawings 8A-1

b. Certificates 8A-1

c. Manufacturer*s

Instructions 8A-1

d. Experience Statement 8A-1

8A-02 MATERIALS 8A-1

a. General 8A-1

b. Finish 8A-2

c. Glazing 8A-2

d. Weather Stripping 8A-2

e. Hardware 8A-2

f. Screens 8A-2

8A-03 STORAGE 8A-3

8A-04 INSTALLATION 8A-3

a. General 8A-3

b. Aluminum Combination

Doors 8A-3

c. Aluminum Hinged Doors 8A-3

d. Aluminum Sliding

Glass Doors 8A-4

e. Steel Hinged Doors 8A-4

f. Steel Overhead Doors 8A-4

g. Steel Rolling Doors 8A-5

h. Steel Sliding Doors 8A-5

i. Accordion Doors 8A-5

j. Fire-Rated Doors 8A-5

k. Cold Storage Doors 8A-6

l. Vault Doors 8A-6

8A-05 ELECTRIC OPERATORS 8A-6

a. General 8A-6

b. Installation 8A-7
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

8A-1

CHAPTER 8A

METAL DOORS AND FRAMES

8A-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Shop Drawings

(1) Check for complete submittal, including material type

size, finish, assembly, anchorage, connections, etc.

(2) A door schedule should be inclosed.

(3) Check for specials as fire-rating hardware

reinforcement, noncombustible insulation as required.

b. Certificates

(1) Does certificate indicate compliance with specification

requirements?

(2) You will expect a special certificate of inspection for

oversized fire-rated doors and for fire-rated doors without UL

Label.

c. Manufacturer*s Instructions

Check for submittal, approval and use at installation.

Catalogue cuts may also he required to complete the instructions.

d. Experience Statement

Specifications may require this, especially for cold storage

door manufacturer.

8A-02. MATERIALS

a. General

(1) Doors and frames usually have specific gauge or

thickness specifications.

(2) Check paragraph 8A-04, INSTALLATION, for items

pertaining to specific type door and frame.

(3) Check workmanship of joints and connections.

(4) Check for closed top, finished flush and sealed, on

exterior doors.

(5) Are pierced louvers permitted? Louvers must be nonremovable from lock side of doors.

(6) Will door frame be set before masonry begins? Toothing

masonry for later installation of metal frames is prohibited?

(7) Check for frame anchors in accordance with

requirements.
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8A-2

(8) Are guards provided at the hinge and strike areas to

prevent filling with mortar as frames are installed? Is hardware

reinforcement built-in doors and frames?

(9) Are special frames provided for the special doors?

Soundproof? Lightproof? Lead lined?

b. Finish

(1) Is aluminum finish ?as specified? Mill? Satin? Anodic?

Enameled?

(2) Shop coat required on steel? Or is it galvanized (G90)

with phosphate treatment?

(3) Abraded surfaces of protective coatings must be

recoated when found.

(4) Is factory supplied hardware finish as specified?

c. Glazing

(1) Sliding glass doors require safety glass. Check for

etched (permanent) label in lower corner of glass.

(2) Check AAMA 402.9 for required glass thickness.

(3) Both lites of double glazed sliding doors must be

safety glass.

(4) Are glazed peepholes required and provided in vestibule

doors of cold storage facilities?

(5) Are removable or snap-on glazing beads specified? Does

type and removal meet Steel Door Institute specifications?

d. Weather Stripping

(1) Exterior doors require weather stripping.

(2) Check type material. The elastomeric materials are

required for door heads and jambs and spring metal is prohibited.

Check specification for door bottom weather stripping.

(3) See “cold storage doors” paragraph for gasket seals.

a. Hardware

(1) Check for aluminum or stainless steel hardware on

sliding glass doors. This includes compatible fasteners.

(2) Accordion doors required anodized aluminum or chrome

plated brass hardware.

(3) Check Chapter 8D for other information on hardware.

f. Screens

(1) Check type screen. Is bronze, aluminum or plasticcoated fiberous glass specified?

(2) Are splines removable and reusable?
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8A-3

(3) Check frame size and stiffness for compliance.

(4) Do the door louvers require insect screening?

8A-03. STORAGE

a. Units should be checked on arrival for damage, missing

items, and comparison with samples and shop drawings.

b. Reorder to replace damaged units.

c. Use off-ground storage, protected from the weather.

d. According doors must be stored in a clean and dry space.

8A-04. INSTALLATION

a. General

(l) Set door frames before erection of surrounding masonry.

Toothing-out at missing frames is not permitted.

(2) Check frame anchorage at floor.

(3) Leave spreader in place till wall is erected and frame

anchored-in.

(4) Fill hollow metal frames with concrete, mortar or

plaster, as appropriate, for stiffening.

(5) Check for double stud at jambs in frame walls.

(6) Leave required groove for sealant bead at exterior door

frames. Other special doors require sealant.

(7) Operate units to determine fit.

(8) Are silencers installed in frames?

(9) Check fire-rated door frames immediately for required

labels.

(10) Use shop drawings and manufacturer*s instruction to

verify installation.

b. Aluminum Combination Doors

(1) Is a residential quality door being used for heavy

traffic? If so, can a change be made now?

(2) Check frame anchorage and use of compatible fasteners.

(3) Check fit and adjust as required for weatherproofness.

c. Aluminum Hinged Doors

(1) These doors are usually glazed with stile and rail

construction for entrance ways.

(2) Be sure to make a timely check on back-priming for

concealed surfaces against dissimilar materials.
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8A-4

(3) Protect finish surfaces from damage, mortar stain,

etc., with adequate protection.

(4) Check weather stripping for tight fit.

d. Aluminum Sliding Glass Doors

(1) Safety glass is required.

(2) Is aluminum finish as specified?

(3) Check for back-priming aluminum surfaces in contact

with dissimilar materials.

(4) Check for weather stripping at full perimeter and

meeting rail. Adjust fit for weatherproofness.

(5) Are fasteners aluminum or stainless steel?

(6) Make a final check with requirements in AAMA

publication 402.9. Check for AAMA quality certification label.

a. Steel Hinged Doors

(1) Do the fire-rated doors have required labels?

(2) Do all exterior doors have thresholds and weather

stripping?

(3) Check top off exterior doors for sealed and flush cap

to prevent water entry into doors.

(4) Make a final check of installation in accordance with

the following information:

“The Installation of Commercial Steel Doors and Steel

Frames, Insulated Steel Doors in Wood Frames, and Builders

Hardware” by the Door and Hardware Institute (DHI).

“Standard Steel Doors and Frames”, No. 100-078 by the SDI.

f. Steel Overhead Doors

(1) Are exterior doors insulated? Fully weather stripped?

Is insulation required to be non-combustible type? Does it meet

“U” value requirement?

(2) These doors are for commercial application and have

specific requirements for wind resistance and deflection. Do they

comply?

(3) Is guide and track adjustment correct for proper

operation.

(4) Are safety and limit switches operating properly?

(5) Is the pilot door insulated? Weather stripped? Does it

have safety stop for electric operator?
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8A-5

g. Steel Rolling Doors

(1) These doors have interlocking slats. Are end locks

provided as required? Are windlocks provided as required?

(2) Check all features of installation and operation with

shop drawings and manufacturer*s instructions.

h. Steel Sliding Doors

(1) Are face panels at least 14 gauge?

(2) Are operating cables and counter weights enclosed to 7

foot height.

(3) Is specified operating force sufficient for manual

operation.

(4) Are safety features operable for electric power driven

doors?

i. Accordion Doors

(1) Check concealed supporting construction for adequacy.

Use shop drawings, catalog cuts and manufacturer*s instructions.

(2) Track sections shall be at least 6 feet long, minimum

14 gage aluminum or 16 gage steel.

(3) Check tract alignment, especially at joints.

(4) Metal soffit is required at ceiling when track is

recessed type.

(5) Check for ball bearing carrier wheels.

(6) Check panels (door) for label indicating flame spread

rating not more than 25.

(7) Check fit at bottom seal when closed.

(8) Check speed, bottom seal retraction and safety shutoff

of electrically operated door.

j. Fire-Rated Doors

(1) Check door schedule for location of fire-rated doors.

(2) Check for appropriate label on edge of door and on door

frame. Labels shall be permanently affixed.

(3) Remember that each oversized fire-rated door will have

a certificate of inspection instead of the label. Check National

Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standards No. 80 and 8OA for

certification requirements.

(4) Labeled door frames will have non-removable anchors for

attachment to wall construction.

(5) Check f or positive closure and latching devices.

Hardware for fire-rated doors is discussed in Chapter 80.
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8A-6

k. Cold Storage Doors

(1) Doors shall arrive factory assembled with templates for

all attachment.

(2) Check door frame anchorage and wireway for the recessed

electric heater cable on freezer doors and exterior doors.

(3) Heaters shall be thermostatically controlled.

(4) Check armor plating for type material, gage and finish.

(5) Check for heavy duty hardware in specified material and

finish.

(6) Check door latch for safety release from inside box.

(7) Is a door closer or padlock required?

(8) Are gasket seals effective? Are the number of seals per

door as required.

(9) Is door construction vapor tight?

(10) Are sliding dour hangers adjustable? Check floor guides

for location and adjustment for adequate gasket seal.

(11) Hinge type door shall arrive factory-mounted in its

frame for erection in an assembled and rigidly anchored sub—frame.

(12) Vestibule doors shall have reinforcing at doors and

jambs as required, including specified wheel guards and bumpers.

(13) Check for heavy—duty steel supports for vestibule

doors. Check for full closure.

l. Vault Doors

(1) Check for the safety release device on the interior

side of the door.

(2) Arms vaults require two security doors.

(3) Check fire resistance classification for compliance.

8A-05. ELECTRIC OPERATORS

a. General

(1) Check submittal for compliance with requirements, as:

(a) Totally enclosed motor,

(b) Required operating mechanism, emergency release,

auxiliary operators etc.,

(2) Safety device at bottom edge of door.
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8A-7

b. Installation

(1) Check for conflicting items in the way of tracks,

operating devices and door extension.

(2) Check weather stripping for tight seal at operator

closure limit.

(3) Does operator perform as required?
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

i

CHAPTER 8B

WOOD DOORS AND FRAMES

INDEX

Para. Title Page

8B-01 SUBMITTALS 8B-1

a. Shop Drawings 8B-1

b. Certificates 8B-1

8B-02 MATERIALS 8B-1

a. General 8B-1

b. Exterior Doors 8B-1

c. Interior Doors 8B-1

d. Defects and Warp 8B-2

e. Storage 8B-2

88-03 INSTALLATION 8B-2

a. Rough Opening 8B-2

b. Framed Opening 8B-2

c. Fitting and Hanging 8B-2
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

8B-1

CHAPTER 8B

WOOD DOORS AND FRAMES

8B-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Shop Drawings

(1) Check for the door schedule which should include

location, dimensions, and a full description of door type with

required marked identification.

(2) All of the different type door elevations and specials,

including weather stripping and thresholds, must be a hewn.

(3) Show wood blocks as required for locks, louvers, etc.

b. Certificates

(1) Certificates of compliance are required for doors which

do not bare identifying marks.

(2) This requirement includes cold storage doors and

frames.

(3) Check for certification requirements for the wood

overhead doors.

8B-02. MATERIALS

a. General

(1) Standards of the National Woodwork Manufacturers

Association (NWMA) are used for the specific requirements of wood

door quality. You must have the applicable publications to

adequately check the doors upon arrival.

(2) Check for identifying marks required.

(3) Check condition, including factory finish or prime

coat. Are edges sealed?

(4) Is wood species and grade as required?

b. Exterior Doors (TYPE I)

(1) Check for water-repellent preservative treatment.

(2) Are flush doors solid wood block core?

(3) Is glue bond exterior type and will it withstand the

NWMA bond test?

c. Interior Doors (TYPE II)

(1) Is adhesive used with natural finish doors of the

nonstaining variety?

(2) Panel or flush type?
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8B-2

d. Defects and Warp

(1) Check quality of doors against the table of

characteristics in the NWMA standard.

)2) Reject doors of inferior quality.

(3) Warp shall not exceed 1/4-inch for standard size doors.

Check NWMA applicable standard.

e. Storage

(1) After initial check for quality and fit protect doors

from damage and extremes in temperature and humidity.

(2) Stash doors upright to avoid damaging face finish.

8B-03. INSTALLATION

a. Rough Opening

(l) Observe limits so that dimensions do not exceed those

for framed openings by more than specified amounts.

(2) Check anchorage of rough buck. Is treated wood

required? Are cut edges sealed?

b. Framed Openings

(l) Check for blocking as required.

(2) Plumb?

c. Fitting and Hanging

(1) Are required clearances provided? Usual clearances

required are:

Head 1/8-inch

Sides 1/8-inch

Bottom 1/2-inch

(1/4-inch over thresholds)

(2) Is lock edge of door beveled?

(3) Be sure that cut edges of doors are resealed.

(4) Check weather stripping on exterior doors. Surface

mounted is best type as it is adjustable but spring type may still

be required at heads and jambs.

(5) Check weather stripping for anchorage, compatible

fasteners and proper adjustment.

(6) Check hardware chapter for special type thresholds.

(7) Check butts for size and shape.
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

i

CHAPTER 8C

METAL AND WOOD WINDOWS

INDEX

Para. Title Page

8C-01 SUBMITTALS 8C-1

a. Shop Drawings 8C-1

b. Certificates/Labels 8C-1

8C-02 MATERIALS 8C-1

a. Screens 8C-1

b. Storm Windows 8C-1

c. Metal Prime Windows 8C-2

d. Hood Prime Windows 8C-2

e. Environmental Control Windows 8C-3

8C-03 INSTALLATION 8C-3
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

8C-1

CHAPTER 8C

METAL AND WOOD WINDOWS

8C-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Shop Drawings

(1) Check for specifics on each different type window, as:

(a) Thickness and dimensions

(b) Weather stripping

(c) Hardware

(d) Finish/factory priming

(e) Fasteners, anchorage and their compatibility with

adjoining materials.

(2) Check for the window schedule and compare it with the

schedule on the drawings.

(3) Calculations for anchorage of environmental control

windows.

b. Certificates/Labels

(1) Certified test reports on air and water infiltration

thermal conductivity, condensation resistance and load tests must

be provided for environmental control windows.

(2) An Architectural Aluminum Manufacturing Association

(AAMA) quality certification label on aluminum windows and storm

windows may replace the certificate.

(3) Performance certification labels on wood windows

indicate they must comply with ANSI A200.l provisions and

requirements. Do they?

8C-02. MATERIALS

a. Screens

(1) Check steel screens against Steel Window Institute

(SWI) specifications.

(2) Check aluminum screens against ANSI A134.l

requirements.

(3) Look for screens on buildings which don*t have

combination storm—screen units.

b. Storm Windows

(1) Must comply with provisions and requirements of ANSI

A134 .3.

(2) Check for vertical or horizontal sliding operation.

(3) Is factory painted finish as specified or is aluminum

mill finish?
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8C-2

(4) Check for separation or isolation between steel prime

windows and aluminum storm windows.

(5) Check for compatible fasteners. Those fasteners exposed

must be aluminum or non-magnetic stainless steel.

c. Metal Prime Windows

(1) Aluminum

(a) Must comply with ANSI A134.1.

(b) Check for certificate on minimum condensation factor

when double glazed. See AAMA 1502.6 for this requirement.

(c) Check A-A2 of A134.1 for awning windows. Awning windows

are hinged at the top.

(d) For basement windows and other fixed windows check

P-A2.

(e) Check C-A2 for casement windows.

(f) Check DH-A2 for double and single-hung type.

(g) Horizontal-sliding windows refer to HS-A2.

(h) Projected windows are similar to awning windows but

have a different specification, P-A2. All sash or projected

windows do not open as with awning type.

(i) Check TH-A2 for top-hinged windows.

(j) Vertically-pivoted windows refer to VP-A2.

(k) Check window finish for factory painted or anodized

treatment. Check anodizing for quality and color.

(1) Temporary protective coating on aluminum must nut be

used on surfaces to receive sealants.

(2) Steel

(a) Check SWI specification for all types; including

basement, casement, projected, classroom, security windows and

others.

(b) Check for protective finish; either factory prime coat

of paint on steel or over hot-galvanized steel.

d. Wood Prime Windows

(1) Check ANSI A200.1 for general and specific

requirements.

(2) Windows will usually be single or double-hung type,

although awning, casement or horizontal-sliding type may be

specified.

(3) Wood windows shall be factory primed for finish

painting.
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8C-3

(4) Check for extra hardware such as sash lifts, sash lock

or latch and sash pulls.

e. Environmental Control Windows

(1) These are special aluminum windows which have a

thermal- break in the frame and are double glazed with a slat-type

venetian blind between the glass panes.

(2) Check thermal-break for 1⁄2-inch minimum separation.

Barrier at break shall be weatherproof neoprene, rigid vinyl or

polyurethane.

(3) Unit shall arrive fully assembled and glazed.

(4) Check normal operation and key controlled operations

required.

(5) Check required finish. 8C-03 INSTALLATION

a. Anchors as specified shall be of compatible material for

metal windows.

b. Protect aluminum window surfaces in contact with

dissimilar materials as required in AAMA 302.9 provisions.

c. Check for unit alignment and plumbness.

d. Check operation and require adjustments as necessary.

e. Check for removal of temporary protective coating from

aluminum on surfaces to receive sealant.

f. Check for required performance certification labels (wood

windows) and quality certification labels (aluminum windows)

g. Window cleaning anchors may be required. Watch for:

(1) Specified anchor material.

(2) Frame reinforcement at anchors and additional window

anchorage.

(3) Check requirement in ANSI A39.1.

h. Check AAMA 1302.5 for forced—entry resistant windows.
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i

CHAPTER 8D

HARDWARE

INDEX

Para. Title Page

8D-01 MATERIAL 8D-1

a. Submittals 8D-1

b. Delivery of Material 8D-1

8D-02 APPLICATION 8D-2

a. General 8D-2

b. Installation Checks 8D-2

80-02 PRISON-LOCKING DEVICES 8D-3
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8D-1

CHAPTER 8D

HARDWARE

8D-01. MATERIAL

a. Submittals

(1) Make sure that the contractor obtains an early approval

of hardware schedule and samples. An approvals list is also

required. Hardware templates must be provided to door and frame

manufacturers.

(2) Double-check the schedule to assure that you understand

it and that no openings have been omitted.

(3) Check for required certificates and test reports as per

approval list.

(4) Be alert to hardware and keying requirements on such

items as:

(a) Roof scuttles

(b) Sliding, rolling and lift doors

(c) Refrigerator and other mechanical equipment doors

(d) Screens and doors

(5) Hardware items which need close observation because

they are often overlooked are such items as astragals, silencers,

coordinators, holders, stops, and thresholds.

(6) Hardware finishes are identified in Builders Hardware

Manufacturers Association (BHMA) Standard 1301. Check for required

finish and base metal. Watch for restrictions on use of aluminum.

b. Delivery of Material

(1) Material will be received in manufacturer*s original

packages.

(2) Packages should not be opened until time for attaching

to door.

(3) Examine items for the utilization of the correct

materials at scheduled locations.

(4) Check the keying. A keying schedule is required and

keys must be tagged or otherwise identified with the door for

which the lock is intended.

(5) Are all keys stamped as required?

(6) Check for security of master key.
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8D-2

8D-02. APPLICATION

a. General

(1) Check for quality workmanship and the proper

installation of each item of hardware.

(a) Compare installation with manufacturers instructions.

(b) Determine the proper installation height and location.

(c) Examine the method of fastening. Evaluate for

durability and rigidity.

(2) Make sure that the proper size and type of hardware is

being installed on each door. Use the hardware schedule for this

check.

b. Installation Checks

(1) Observe whether there are non-removable pins in hinges

installed on out-swinging exterior doors and on doors to secure

areas which swing into corridors.

(2) Check for non-ferrous fasteners on hardware exposed no

the weather.

(3) Check for tamper proof fasteners as required on surface

mounted hardware.

(4) Ensure the use of proper closers and brackets. Note the

installation of closer for adequate clearance. Closers on exterior

should not be mounted exposed to the weather.

(5) Look for the omission of stops and silencers. Watch for

installations which will allow hardware to swing into parts of the

structure or into other hardware. Each door requires a hardware

stop.

(6) Check for the matching of hardware finishes in each

area.

(7) See that each item of hardware functions properly after

installation.

(8) Check for installation of thresholds where scheduled.

(9) There are special requirements for mortise-type locks

and trim. Check your specifications.

(10) Locksets for lead-shielded doors shall be lead-lined

the factory. Thickness shall be not less than the door lead

thickness.

(11) Door pulls shall be thru-bolted type.

(12) Check for proper listing or label on hardware and

detection devices for labeled fire-rated doors.

(13) Is hardware on labeled doors properly installed?

(14) Check for required kick plates when push plates are

installed.
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8D-3

(15) Is the key cabinet at a suitable location?

(16) Be alert for the separate and distinctive

requirements for locksets on barracks sleeping room doors.

(17) You will need the American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) specific standard to fully check hardware items

in question.

8D-03 PRISON-LOCKING DEVICES

a. Because of specific and complex requirements it is

important that:

(1) All required shop drawings, catalog cuts, descriptive

literature and samples be available and closely examined.

(2) Use the above as guidance during inspection of the

installations.

(3) Check for submittal and approval of working model of

the gang-locking device.

b. Check for the specific number and type fasteners for

hardware. Some fasteners may require welding of the recessed

heads.

c. Do all keys control their specific function? For keyedalike locks?

d. Arrange to witness and validate required field tests.
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i

CHAPTER 8E

GLAZING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

8E-01 SUBMITTALS 8E-1

a. Descriptive Data 8E-l

b. Certificates 8E-l

c. Guarantee 8E-l

d. Control Tower Glass 8E-1

8E-02 MATERIALS 8E-1

a. General 8E-1

b. Acrylic Plastic 8E-l

c. Glass 8E-1

d. Glazing and Sealing Compound 8E-1

e. Mirrors 8E-l

8E-03 INSTALLATION 8E-2
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8E-1

CHAPTER 8E

GLAZING

8E-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Descriptive Data

(1) Manufacturers descriptive data is required.

(2) Also see that manufacturers installation instructions

are provided and used for site installed units; especially for

insulating, laminated, one-way and control tower glass.

(3) Also cleaning instructions for acrylic plastic glazing.

b. Certificates. Certificates or labels with specified

identification are required. Safety glass is required to have

etched marking of identification at a corner of each pane.

c. Guarantee. Check for 10 year guarantee on insulating

glass units.

d. Control Tower Glass. Warranty, certification and test

reports are required. Each pane of each unit must have

manufacturer*s mark permanently affixed.

8E-02. MATERIALS

a. General

(1) Check thickness. Units to be clear and smooth on both

sides.

(2) Check for manufacturers recommended backstop and

sealant.

(3) Is glazing tape proper type and size? Use gray color

tape.

c. Glass

(1) Check all types required from primary, figured,

heat—absorbing, light-reducing, wire glass, insulating, laminated,

one-way vision, tempered and heat-strengthened glass.

(2) Does wire glass in fire-rated doors comply with NFPA

No. 80 requirements?

d. Glazing and Sealing Compounds

(1) Check the Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA)

Glazing Manual for recommended types.

(2) Use aluminum color for glazing units of aluminum

(natural color) material.

(3) Use gray or neutral color otherwise and for painted

materials.
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e. Mirrors. Check items with Federal Specifications 

DD-M-000411 for size thickness and required coatings and varnish

sealer coats.

8E-03. INSTALLATION

a. Check for required sealant primed with sealant

manufacturers instructions.

b. Double prime wood and ferrous metal rabbets and beads

before glazing.

c. Double strength glass (1/8-inch thick) required in

opening up to and including 21 square feet.

d. Don*t unpack acrylic plastic until ready to glaze.

e. Check for required shims, separators, etc., in accordance

with drawing sand manufacturers instructions.

f. Are exposed fasteners for glazing corrosion—resistant

type?

g. Check for removal of acrylic plastic protective cover

immediately after installation. Manufacturer may recommend this

requirement.

h. Check mirror frame, fasteners, anchorage and location.

i. When in doubt about hazardous glaring locations check the

publication contents of the Consumer Product Safety Commission

publication 16 CFR 1201, titled, Safety Standard for Architectural

Glazing Materials.
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i

CHAPTER 9A

METAL FRAMING AND FURRING,

LATH AND PLASTER (STUCCO)

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9A-01 GENERAL 9A-1

a. References 9A-1

b. Framing and Furring 9A-1

c. Lathing 9A-1

d. Plastering 9A-1

e. Stucco 9A-1

f. Veneer Plaster 9A-1

9A-02 SUBMITTALS 9A-1

a. Samples 9A-1

b. Shop Drawings 9A-1

c. Certifications 9A-2

d. Material List 9A-2

9A-03 MATERIALS 9A-2

a. Ceiling Framing and

Furring 9A-2

b. Wall Framing and

Furring 9A-2

c. Lath 9A-2

d. Plaster 9A-3

e. Accessories 9A-3

f. Stucco 9A-3

g. Veneer Plaster 9A-3

9A-04 STORAGE 9A-3

9A-05 PREPARATION 9A-4

a. For Framing and

Furring 9A-4

b. For Lathing 9A-4

c. For Plastering and

Stucco 9A-4

d. For Openings 9A-5

e. For Testing 9A-5

9A-06 INSTALLATION AND

APPLICATION 9A-5

a. Ceiling Framing and

Furring 9A-5

b. Wall Framing and

Furring 9A-6

c. Lathing 9A-6

d. Openings 9A-7

e. Accessories 9A-7

f. Gypsum Base Coats 9A-8

g. Gypsum Finish Coat 9A-8
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ii

h. Portland Cement

Plaster 9A-9

i. Stucco 9A-9

j. Veneer Plaster 9A-9
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9A-1

CHAPTER 9A

METAL FRAMING AND FURRING,

LATH AND PLASTER (STUCCO)

9A-01. GENERAL

a. References, you should be familiar with the reference

publications for materials. Most are ASTM*s, American Society for

Testing and Materials, and their contents must be checked to

determine approval and usage of materials. Needed references for

installation include the following American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) publications:

A42.l Gypsum Plastering

A42.2 Portland Cement Plastering (Stucco)

A42.3 Lathing and Furring for Portland Cement Plaster

(Stucco)

A42.4 Interior Lathing and Furring

b. Framing and Furring. Steel framing includes formed (18

gage) and truss type studs for walls and 1-1/2 inch channels for

ceilings. Furring is 3/4 inch channels or 18 gage hat shaped

channels for walls and ceilings. Information is provided on both

the restrained and the unrestrained type ceilings.

c. Lathing. Both metal and gypsum lath are included. Metal

lath is expanded, welded or woven; gypsum lath is solidor

perforated type. Perforated gypsum lath cannot be used on

ceilings.

d. Plastering. There are many gypsum and portland cement

plaster materials included herein. The mix ingredients and

proportions, number of coats and type substrate are major factors

in plastering. Portland cement plaster is not applied to gypsum

lath.

e. Stucco. A portland cement, sand and lime mix used in

exterior work. The ANSI A42.2 and A42.3 sections on proportioning

and mixing and on application and curing must be reviewed.

f. Veneer Plaster. A hard, plaster finish provided over

gypsum wallboard (GWB). A thin layer of specially formulated

gypsum plaster is applied over GWB manufactured with an absorption

face paper for bonding. Reinforcing mesh tape is applied over the

joints in the installed GWB.

9A-02. SUBMITTALS

a. Samples. Check for samples required. They usually include

a section of each type of lath and accessory, such as casing and

corner beads. A stucco panel showing the finish texture and color

should be required.

b. Shop Drawing. Installation drawings for ceiling framing

and details of the additional supports at ceiling and wall

openings are usually required. Drawings for stucco work should

include all details and information on mix proportions and

thickness of coats.
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9A-2

c. Certification. Required for bonding compound, in the

form of a certified test report complying with provisions in MILB-19235, as modified in the MATERIALS section of the project

specification.

d. Material List. A complete list of all materials and the

intended use, specifically located, is required.

9A-03. MATERIALS

Ferrous steel items are either shop coated with protective

paint or galvanized. Stainless steel tie wire may be required in

ceiling framing. Most stucco accessories will be either zinc or

rigid vinyl. Check stucco materials under Paragraph: Stucco.

a. Ceiling Framing and Furring.

(1) Hangers use 8 gage galvanized steel wire or steel

strap.

(2) Framing is usually 1-1/2 inch steel channel.

(3) Furring is either 3/4 inch steel channel or 25 gage

hat-shaped sheet—metal channel.

(4) Tie wire is 16 gage. Stainless steel wire may be

required.

b. Wall Framing and Furring.

(1) Studs may be either 18 gage, sheet-metal type or the

truss type formed with 7 gage wire. Stud width is shown on the

drawings.

(2) Furring is usually 3/4 inch channel or 25 gage hatshaped sheet-metal channel.

(3) Furring brackets for attachment to concrete or masonry

are 20 gage with a serrated edge for anchoring tie wire used to

attach furring members.

(4) Runners are 24 gage for attaching studs and furring to

floors and ceilings.

(5) Tie wire is 18 gage and clips used instead of tie wire

must be 8 gage. Stainless steel tie wire may be required.

c. Lath.

(1) Metal lath is either expanded type, cut and expanded

from steel sheets, or made with welded or woven wire. Lath made

from wire must have an integral paper backing to help hold the

plaster until it sets.

(2) Gypsum lath is usually 16 by 48 inches and 1⁄2 inch thick

for use on framing or furring. Larger sections, available for

solid type partitions, extend from floor to ceiling height. Gypsum

lath can be supplied perforated for use only in walls.

(3) The options for type of lath and weight (for metal) or

thickness (for gypsum) depends on the spacing of the framing or

furring to which the lath is directly attached.
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d. Plaster.

(1) Gypsum - basecoats - are prepared with bagged and

labeled gypsum mixed with aggregates in the proportions given in

the specifications. Sand or a light weight aggregate, either

perlite or vermiculite, may be used. Check for required type

aggregate in fire-rated partitions and ceilings. Check for special

gypsum for plaster applied by machine method.

(2) Gypsum - finish coat - use one of the following types:

Lime putty made from special finishing hydrated lime and

gypsum gaging plaster.

Ready mix gypsum finishing plaster.

High strength gypsum special gaging plaster and lime for a

hard, high strength finish.

Keene*s cement for a hard-finish uses 1/4 part hydrated lime

to one part Keenes by weight.

(3) Portland cement plaster is proportioned as specified

using portland cement, sand and lime.

e. Accessories.

(1) The various items must be checked with the approved

sample for thickness or gage, flange width and configuration.

(2) All steel items are galvanized except that cornerite

and strip lath may be given a protective paint coating at the

factory in lieu of galvanized finish.

f. Stucco.

(1) Lath reinforcement is usually welded or woven wire

placed on wood or metal framing. Waterproof paper is required

either integral with the lath or by separate application. Separate

paper application requires separately applied wirebacking. Lath

should be spaced at least 1/4 inch out from supports for

embedment.

(2) Stucco mix includes portland cement and sand with not

more than 10 percent special finishing lime, by weight of cement,

added as the plasticizing agent.

(3) Stucco finish coat with integral color will require a

mill mix material to which only water is added at the jobsite.

(4) Accessories, except for cornerite and striplath, shall

be either zinc or rigid vinyl.

g. Veneer Plaster. A mill mixed gypsum plaster formulated

for veneer plaster use over GWB.

9A-04. STORAGE

a. Labeled materials will be checked for compliance with the

specifications upon delivery. Material not in compliance or

unidentified will be rejected.
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9A-4

b. Containers will be sealed.

c. Store materials in a dry and protected location to

prevent dampness and deterioration.

d. Shade gypsum lath and veneer plaster base from direct

sunlight. Sunlight will deteriorate the absorptive paper face.

9A-05 PREPARATION

a. For Framing and Furring.

(1) Is ceiling to be suspended from the structure or

directly attached?

(2) Is furring required for direct attachment? How will

furring be plumbed?

(3) How will suspended ceiling be leveled? By water tube?

By instrument?

(4) Is wall framing long enough or high enough to require

horizontal stiffeners?

(5) Does layout provide for extra framing and furring at

control joints?

(6) Check the framing details for openings.

b. For Lathing.

(1) Is lath material proper design and weight for the

spacing interval of framing or furring?

(2) Is metal lath application on walls set for required top

to bottom laydown?

(3) Is gypsum lath application planned for staggered joint

in alternate courses?

(4) Is stainless steel tie wire required? Is it available?

(5) Will self—furring metal lath be used over solid

substrate?

c. For Plastering and Stucco.

(1) Has lath and accessories been checked for secure

fastening?

(2) Are accessory grounds and screeds set to give required

plaster thickness?

(3) For direct application are the concrete and masonry

surfaces clean and bondable? Are control joint beads set and

secured over control joints in the concrete and masonry?

(4) Check plaster mixing equipment, batching method and

cleaning procedures.

(5) Is temperature at least 55 degrees F and will

ventilation be adequate for drying plaster?
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9A-5

(6) Are required heating devices placed to exclude direct

heat on plastered surfaces? Fans and baffles may be required.

(7) Portland cement plaster must be damp cured. Is the

planned curing method satisfactory?

(8) Are all building openings closed?

d. For Openings.

(1) Are the required extra supports and framing installed

at ceiling openings such as for recessed light fixtures and access

panels?

(2) Are the metal door frames back-plastered? In lieu of

back- plastering, column clips will be used to tie the double

studs together. See OPENINGS paragraph of the specifications.

(3) Is striplath required at corners of openings to

reinforce against plaster corner cracking?

e. For Testing.

(1) Are accurate thermometers available?

(2) Stainless steel tie wire and zinc accessories for

stucco should be non-magnetic. Is a magnet available for testing?

(3) Measure the depth of grounds and screeds from face of

lath to determine plaster thickness. Will it be the specified

thickness?

(4) Is a slump cone available to test machine applied

plaster? The slump of plaster is limited to between 2-1/2 and 3

inches when tested in a 6 inch high plaster slump cone.

9A-06. INSTALLATION AND APPLICATION

a. Ceiling Framing and Furring

(1) Check hanger wire or strap spacing. Must be 42 inches

in each direction or a combination of 48 and 36 inches, the 48

inches being along the framing (runner) channel.

(2) Hangers must be plumb. Hangers at the perimeter must be

within 6 inches of walls.

(3) Check for runner and furring channel clearance at walls

of unrestrained ceilings.

(4) Check channels for specified splice interlock and lap.

Splice location shall be staggered in adjacent members. Take two

wire loops with each splice tie.

(5) Are saddle ties correctly made?

(6) Finish each tie with three loops or three twists, as

appropriate.

(7) Check wire tieing procedure; wire ends must be

flattened so they will not protrude near or through plaster

surface.
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9A-6

b. Wall Framing and Furring

(1) Check Chapter 6A, CARPENTRY, for wood framing

checklist.

(2) Check floor and ceiling runner anchorage. Runners shall

be attached to furring members of continuous ceilings.

(3) Require specified number of fasteners at runner-stud

connections.

(4) Check for additional studs at each side of doorways and

at corners and intersecting walls.

(5) Wall stiffeners are provided with the 3/4 inch channel

or the 1-1/2 inch channel, installed horizontally within the stud

space. Check your specifications for location of these stiffeners.

(6) Check furred walls for:

direction; horizontal or vertical furring

furring bracket locations

furring brackets anchorage

fastening furring to brackets

floor and ceiling runner attachment

(7) Check the specifications for farming requirements for

solid plaster partitions.

(8) Is a separate furring or framing member installed on

each side of control joint beads?

c. Lathing.

(1) Type lath selected shall be compatible with the

interval of spacing of the framing or furring to which the lath is

directly attached.

(2) Attach lath with long edge across supports.

(3) Fasten metal lath at 6-inch intervals at supports and

9-inch intervals at laps. Fasten gypsum lath at 5-inch intervals.

(4) Lap width depends on type metal lath used. Check your

specifications for lap width.

(5) Make end laps of metal lath at supports.

(6) Lath on unrestrained ceilings shall terminate in casing

beads. Do not attach casing bead to the wall.

(7) Metal lath at restrained ceilings shall turn down at

least 6 inches on walls or cornerite shall be used.

(8) Check for cornerite on gypsum lath at the ceiling-wall

intersection of restrained ceilings.

(9) Metal lath on walls shall be applied from top of wall

so that lower course laps upper course except paper backed lath is

installed bottom to top of wall.
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9A-7

(10) Check for metal lath orientation for maximum mechanical

bond. Expanded metal lath on walls shall feel rough when wiped

from top to bottom of wall.

(11) Turn lath through corners for 6 inches or install

cornerite. Attach only to underlying lath.

(12) Check for strip-lath, oriented diagonally, at each

corner of openings. Attach only to underlying lath.

(13) Cut lath at control joints. Control joint will bridge

lath opening with each wing attached to cut end of lath.

d. Openings.

(1) Check for strip-lath at the corners of openings which

are 12 inches or greater in any dimension.

(2) Fasten strip-lath diagonally to plaster base Without

fastening to framing or furring.

(3) Openings shall be framed with finish frames and plaster

stops or with casing beads.

(4) Check for additional hanger, framing and furring

supports for ceiling openings. Check the approved shop drawing for

details.

(5) Hollow steel frames in walls require back-plastering.

Form grooves in this plaster to receive installed lath.

(6) A substitute for back-plastering is tieing each set of

double studs together with at least 4 sets of column clips. Fasten

frame securely to double stud sets.

(7) Check for the runner channel section used as a header

at the top of openings. Turn runner ends to member into jamb

studs.

(8) Don*t forget the channel stiffener embedded in the

wall, above the head of each opening.

(9) Check for a separate knee brace extending from each

jamb studs are not anchored to structural supports.

e. Accessories.

(1) Check accessories for alignment, either level or plumb.

(2) Check beads, screeds, grounds and frames for required

depth to develop the specified thickness of plaster.

(3) Fasten accessories at 12-inch intervals to the plaster

base.

(4) Corner joints to exposed items shall be mitered. Butt

joints shall be joined with splice plates.

(5) Each corner bead shall be installed as a one-piece

unit. Is the bull-nose bead required? Is a built-in corner guard

required?
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9A-8

(6) Use the casing bead to separate plaster at abutting

dissimilar materials; also at the perimeter of restrained

ceilings.

(7) Check the detail for correct application of control

joint bead. Lath is cut to enable the joint to work and prevent

nearby cracking.

f. Gypsum Base Coats.

(1) Accurate proportioning by volume is required. Check the

table in the specifications.

(2) Check water content of machine applied plaster with a

slump test.

(3) Will there be two or three separate coats (including

the finish coat)? Three coats are required on metal lath.

(4) Each base coat is approximately 1/4 inch thick. The

single coat in two-coat plaster (including the finish coat) is 1/8

inch in the same operation to increase base coat thickness to 3/8

inch.

(5) Check for bond with a solid base such as smooth finish

concrete. A bonding compound application may be required.

(6) Check the specifications for plaster application

sequence in solid partitions.

g. Gypsum Finish Coat.

(1) Finish coat mix proportions are given by weight.

(2) Check for required finish coat material given in the

finish schedule on the drawings.

(3) If regular gypsum finish is indicated either lime-putty

or prepared gypsum may be used, except that prepared gypsum finish

can not be used over lightweight (perlite or vermiculite

aggregated) base coats.

(4) Check the specifications or Keen*s—cement finish

proportions and mixing sequence.

(5) The special, high strength gypsum finish must be

checked at the mixer location. It is extremely difficult to

determine high strength finish in place.

(6) Do not apply high strength gypsum or Keen*s-cement over

lightweight aggregate base coats.

(7) Dampen the base coat surface immediately before

applying the finish coat.

(8) Normal tolerance in finish surface is 1/16 inch in ten

feet. This is reflected in adequate screed control and

workmanship in troweling the finish coat to true, smooth 

surfaces.
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9A-9

(9) Finish coat thickness is:

 MINIMUM 1/16 inch

 MAXIMUM 1/8 inch

h. Portland Cement Plaster.

(1) Do use Portland cement plaster over gypsum plaster or

over gypsum lath.

(2) Check for curing set-up before plastering begins. It is

important that all coats be moist cured to control shrinkage.

(3) Check for a requirement for groove joints on

approximately 4-foot centers through the finish coat to control

shrinkage crackling.

(4) The foregoing groove joints will be in addition to

normal control joint spacing on not mere than 12-foot centers.

i. Stucco.

(1) Stucco is Portland cement plaster mix applied to the

exterior of building walls.

(2) Check screeds, grounds and frames to produce 7/8-inch

thick stucco measured from face of lath.

(3) Check planned sequence of operation for continuous

application to natural break lines such as openings, corners and

control joints.

(4) Dampen masonry and concrete surfaces immediately before

applying stucco.

(5) Check during provisions before stucco application

begins. Continuous moist curing is most important.

(6) Finish coat must also be shaded from direct rays of the

sun while curing.

(7) Remember that stucco accessories such as casing beads,

corner beads, control joints and base screeds must be zinc or

rigid vinyl material. Where these items are specified in

galvanized steel, check with your supervisor for a change.

(8) Check finish texture and color for a match with the

approved sample panel.

j. Veneer Plaster.

(1) Plaster base is the same size and shape as gypsum

wallboard. This board has an absorption face paper for bonding the

veneer plaster coats.

(2) Check the specifications for the one or the two—coat

system.

(3) Cover all joints with mesh reinforcing tape. Do not

overlap tape at joint intersections. Fasten tape with staples; see

the system manufacturer*s instructions.
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9A-10

(4) A pretreatment at joints may be required before full

surface application of plaster. Check manufacturer*s instructions.

(5) Plastering requirements are generally the same as

regular plaster, however, temperature and ventilation requirements

must be closely monitored. Veneer plaster is more sensitive to

drafts and sudden changes in temperature.

(6) Check veneer plaster for thickness between 1/16 and

3/32 inch.
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i

CHAPTER 9B

GYPSUM WALLBOARD (GWB)

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9B-01 GENERAL

a. References 9B-1

b. Framing 9B-1

9B-02 MATERIALS

a. Adhesives 9B-1

b. Fasteners and Hangers 9B-1

c. Framing 9B-l

d. Furring 9B-2

e. Trim 9B-2

f. Storage 9B-2

98-03 INSTALLATION

a. Waterproofing 9B-2

b. Ceiling Framing and Furring 9B-3

c. Wall Framing and Furring 9B-3

d. Framed Openings 9B-4

e. Application 9B-5

f. Joint Treatment 9B-5

g. Control Joints 9B-5
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9B-1

CHAPTER 9B

GYPSUM WALLBOARD (GWB)

9B-01. GENERAL

a. References. Of all the indicated references, the

GA-216 is most important. This is the Gypsum Association*s

“Recommended Specifications for the Application and Finishing of

Gypsum Board”. Be sure to read Paragraphs 5 and 18.

b. Framing. Generally, either wood or steel members are

used. A rule of thumb f or guidance with wood is that the stud or

furring face should not vary more than 1/8 inch from the plane of

the faces of adjacent members. (Latest GA specification says 1/4

inch and that is too great a tolerance for good workmanship.)

9B-02. MATERIALS.

a. Adhesives.

(1) Check joint treatment compound. Is it quick dry (1 day)

or slow dry (3 day) for the complete, three coat system?

(2) Be sure that fastening adhesive is recommended by the

wallboard manufacturer for intended use.

(3) Don*t use fastening adhesive to attach wallboard in

fire rated construction.

b. Fasteners and Hangers.

(1) Use only the special nail with annular rings. Nail

length must be 3/4 inch longer than wallboard thickness. Too long

is as harmful as too short.

(2) Use screws at least 1-1/8 inch long in wood and 1 inch

long in steel members. The Type S screw is used with 25 gage

steel studs and Type W is used with wood. Type S screws have

drill points.

(3) Use a pan head (flat and without shoulder) screw for

attaching steel stud in steel runner.

(4) Check for 9 gage galvanized hanger wire an d16 gage

galvanized tie wire. Exception to tie wire is that 13 gage is used

to splice furring and to tie studs, used as furring, to main

channels.

c. Framing.

(1) Check Chapter 6A. CARPENTRY, for wood grade stamps,

moisture, and type preservative treatment, when required. 

Erection is also given.

(2) Studs and runner channels are 25 gage. Studs have

knockouts or holes for utility lines. Cuts made in studs for any

purpose must have adjacent area reinforced. Check drawings for

stud width required.
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9B-2

(3) Use full length studs. Do not permit splicing steel

studs.

(4) Steel members have a light weight “electro” galvanized

finish.

d. Furring.

(1) Check Chapter 6A for wood furring requirements.

(2) Hat—shaped steel furring is generally used. For long

spans (over 4 feet) the steel stud is used as furring.

(3) Main member supporting is the 1—1/2 inch steel 

channel.

e. Trim.

(1) All steel trim is galvanized; such as the corner bead,

casing bead, edge bead and control joint.

(2) Zinc metal beads may be required for special use or

location. Check your spaces.

f. Storage.

(1) Weatherproof storage is required for all materials

used.

(2) Pre-mixed adhesives also have temperature 

restrictions. Check the container label.

(3) Stack GWB flat to prevent sagging. Don*t permit use of

damaged board.

98-03. INSTALLATION

a. Waterproofing.

(1) Check for specification requirement for water

resistant type board. This specially treated board is used as a

tile base.

(2) Caulk openings for pipes, etc. flush with specified

waterproof material.

(3) Don*t use water resistant board on ceilings.

(4) Don*t use a vapor barrier behind water resistant

board.

(5) Where regular gypsum wallboard needs waterproofing,

check for the following:

(a) Waterproof coating at cut edges; at edge and for 4

inches on each surface from cut edge.

(b) Waterproof coating over fastener heads.

(c) Coating at edge of board adjacent to shower or tub

base.
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9B-3

Remember that framing spacing should be less and more

fasteners required in wallboard used for tile base. Check your

specifications.

b. Ceiling Framing and Furring.

(1) Wood

(a) Check alignment of members.

(b) Blocking is required to support ends of GWB with

fasteners. All GWB edges must be supported.

(c) Level-]up furring as required. Make joints over

framing members.

(2) Steel Framing

(a) For attached ceilings: GWB is not attached directly to

framing. See steel furring.

(b) Suspended ceilings

1. Check main runner channel spacing. Four foot is maximum

spacing with hat-shaped furring.

2. Are wire hangers plumb?

3. Space parallel runners not more than 6 inches from

walls.

4) Check for 12-inch lap at interlocking splices. Tie each

end of each splice with 16 gage wire.

(3) Steel Furring

(a) Attach hat-shaped furring to framing with saddle ties.

(b) Maximum furring spacing is 16 inches on center.

(c) Space parallel furring member not more than 2 inches

from wall.

(d) For spans greater than 4 feet, use studs as furring.

Check the specifications for stud size and spacer required to

spread stud at each tied connection to framing.

(e) Check for splice ties and staggering the lap in

adjacent members. Splice lap in 8 inches.

c. Wall Framing and Furring.

(1) Wood framing and furring or walls and partitions shall

be erected as prescribed in Chapter 6A, CARPENTRY.

(2) Check surface alignment of wood framing and require

correction when smoothness tolerance is exceeded.

(3) Check for required blocking at:

(a) End joints of GWB.

(b) At openings in GWB.
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9B-4

(c) Attached fixtures, door bumpers, chair rails, curtain

rails, etc.

(4) Steel framing

(a) Check alignment of floor and ceiling runner channels.

(b) Support or runner channel at top of wall must be

secure. Check specifications for details.

(c) Screw-attachment of studs to runners requires two

screws at each end. One on either aide of runner—stud joint before

GWB is applied.

(d) Spacing of studs is usually 16 inches on center. Where

24-inch spacing is permitted, the GWB fastener interval is reduced

and more fasteners are required.

(5) Steel furring

(a) Use saddle ties at the intersections with steel frame.

Maximum furring span is feet.

(b) Shim for plumb alignment over concrete and masonry.

Attachment is through. flanges of hat-shape furring at 24 inches

on center on alternate flanges.

d. Framed Openings

(1) At ceiling openings which cut furring — use an

additional runner to support furrings, each side of opening.

(2) Ceiling openings with cut framing - install additional

hangers and framing to support furring.

(3) Wall openings:

(a) Check specifications for double stud requirement at

unframed openings.

(b) Runner channel is used as header at top of opening.

Cut channel 24 inches longer than opening width and turn ends to

member into jamb studs.

(c) Check for required knee braces at jamb studs of

unsupported walls.

e. Application

(1) Check preparation. Building must be weathertight

before beginning GWB application.

(2) Horizontal application on walls or ceilings is when

GWB tapered edges lay across (perpendicular to) attachment

members.

(3) For vertical application, the tapered edges lay along

(parallel to) attachment members.

(4) Check for ceiling application ahead of wall

application, except that suspended ceilings are placed after wall

finish.
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9B-5

(5) At the initial inspection, problems related to

cutting, fitting, and fastener spacing and overdriving must be

corrected.

(a) Smooth, cut edges are required for nest fitting

joints.

(b) Plan application method for least length of end

joints, Stagger end joints. Stagger end joints except in vertical

application on walls.

(c) Joints on opposite sides of the same wall should not

occur on same framing member.

(d) Eliminate the practice of overdriving nails or screws.

Power screwdriver clutch may need adjustment to correct for

overdriven screws.

(6) Check GA-216 fur fastener interval and spacing

requirements.

(7) Remember that vertical application requires fastener

attachment at the ends of GWB sheets.

(8) For fire-rated construction, check the attachment

method required in the fire—rated system. See the specifics in the

description of the system in the UL Fire Resistance Directory*.

(9) Attachment fasteners shall be:

(a) Driven into ceilings beginning from the center of each

GWB sheet and progressing outward.

(b) Driven into walls beginning from the top of sheets.

(10) There are restrictions to the use of foil-backed GWB.

Check GA-216. For thermal effectiveness, leave at least a 3/4 inch

space behind foil surface.

f. Joint Treatment

(1) Minimum temperature required is 50 degrees F.

Beginning from 48 hours before treatment and until adhesive has

dried.

(2) Check type adhesive used. Is it the fast drying type?

(3) Require the person mixing adhesive powder to wear a

respirator.

(4) Check for three coats of adhesive at joints and

fastener heads. Taper as required.

(5) Don*t permit sanding the paper cover of GWB. This

raises the nap of the paper which will create “high” spots in

paint finish.

g. Control Joints

(1) Check for control joint requirement. These should be

shown on the drawings to divide large areas of GWB surface.

(2) Install a separate attachment member for each wing of

the control joint bead.
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i

CHAPTER 9C

TERRAZZO; CERAMIC AND QUARRY TILE

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9C-01 GENERAL

a. References 9C-1

b. Submittals 9C-1

9C-02 MATERIALS

a. Bonded Terrazzo 9C-1

b. Resinous Terrazzo 9C-1

c. Conductive Resinous Terrazzo 9C-2

d. Industrial Resinous Terrazzo 9C-2

e. Sparkproof Industrial Resinous 9C-2

 Terrazzo

f. Ceramic Tile 9C-2

g. Quarry Tile 9C-2

h. Mortar for Tile Setting 9C-2

i. Adhesive for Tile Setting 9C-2

j. Grout 9C-2

k. Metal Lath 9C-2

l. Reinforcing Wire Fabric 9C-2

m. Terrazzo Accessories 9C-3

(1) Aggregate

(2) Divider Strips

(3) Control and Expansion

 Joint Strips

(4) Primer, Binder, and Filler

(5) Grout

(6) Curing Materials

(7) Cleaner and Sealer

9C-03 PREPARATION

a. Storage 9C-3

b. Temperature 9C-3

c. Substrate 9C-3

d. Tests 9C-4

9C-04 INSTALLATION

a. Bonded Terrazzo 9C-4

b. Resinous Terrazzo 9C-4

c. Ceramic Tile 9C-5

d. Quarry Tile 9C-5

9C-05 ACCEPTANCE TESTING 9C-5
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9C-1

CHAPTER 9C

TERRAZZO; CERAMIC AND QUARRY TILE

9C-01 GENERAL

a. References

(1) As noted from the INDEX, there is a variety of terrazzo

materials which are described in the MATERIALS paragraph.

Likewise, the various methods and materials for setting and

grouting ceramic and quarry tiles are given.

(2) You should have the references describing tile

installation available to determine and check the required methods

for acceptable work. Most are American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) publications.

(3) The latest issue of common use references should be in

the field office library. Your request for other needed

publications should be made well in advance of the preparatory

inspection meeting.

(4) Check Chapter 9A for the lath and plaster requirements

for the wet wall base for ceramic tile.

(5) When a thin (1/8 inch) mortar bed such as dry-set or

resinous material is planned for tile, the substrate must be

within required smoothness tolerances.

(6) The National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association (NTMA)

specification is needed for terrazzo floors as there will be

direct references to this specification in the project

specifications.

b. Submittals

(1) Samples shall be received as required in the colors and

patterns given in the finish schedule on the drawings.

(2) Bonded terrazzo application requires certificates of

compliance for conductive and resinous mortars and grout.

(3) Resinous terrazzos require certified teat reports,

manufacturers descriptive and application data and maintenance

literature.

(4) Check for shop drawings which show layout of all

accessories.

(5) Check the applicator contractor*s qualifications as

required by the specifications.

9C—02. MATERIALS

a. Bonded Terrazzo. This is portland cement base material

with a total thickness of 1-3/4 inches — 1-1/4 inch underbed and a

1⁄2 inch topping.

b. Resinous Terrazzo. A thin (about 1/4 inch) resinous base

material which is applied to finished, hard rock concrete.
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9C-2

The resinous flooring system specified could be one of the

following:

Epoxy

Polyacrylate

Polyester

Synthetic Latex Mastic or Resin Emulsion

c. Conductive Resinous Terrazzo. Same as above except six

includes acetylene carbon black powder to impart conductance.

Matrix is black color. Thickness is 1/4 or 3/8 inch depending on

resin system selected. Check your specifications.

d. Industrial Resinous Terrazzo. Same as for resinous

terrazzo. The resin system specified will depend on exposure

conditions. These systems are intended for floors of biological

laboratories and similar hard wear areas.

e. Sparkproof Industrial Resinous Terrazzo. Similar to

conductive resinous terrazzo except that formulation is intended

for hard use areas in explosive or volatile flammable liquid

atmospheres.

f. Ceramic Tile. Standard grade per Tile Council of America

(TCA) standard specification. Check for required glazed or

unglazed finish surface.

g. Quarry Tile. Check grade per TCA standard specification.

Also whether smooth or abraded unglazed surface finish is

required.

h. Mortar for Tile Setting. The following may be specified:

(1) Plastic mortar bad of sand and portland cement mix. See

ANSI A108.1.

(2) Dry-set mortar of pre-mixed material, water added; for

use over cured mortar (plaster) bed or required concrete or

masonry. See ANSI A108.5

(3) Resinous; either epoxy or furan material for special

use areas. Check the finish schedule.

i. Adhesive for Tile Setting. A pre-mixed material

conforming to ANSI A108.4 and used in dry areas over gypsum

wallboard.

j. Grout

(1) Pre-mixed using white portland cement for ceramic tile.

May be job mixed with gray cement for quarry tile.

(2) Pre-mixed, either epoxy or furan resin, for special use

areas.

k. Metal Lath. Use to reinforce the setting bed for wall

tile. Expanded metal lath weighing 3.4 pounds per square yard.

l. Reinforcing Wire Fabric. Use to reinforce the concrete

fill, when required, for floor setting bed. Either 2 by 2 inch, 16

gage, or 1-1/2 inch, 16 and 13 gage wire.
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9C-3

m. Terrazo Accessories

(1) Aggregate. Check for blend of chips (1/8-1/4) in

accordance with NTMA No. 1 requirements. Marble chips usually

specified except that granite chips may be specified to increase

stain and acid resistance.

(2) Divider Strips. May be brass, white zinc alloy or

plastic. (Brass and plastic may react with resinous materials.)

Check your specifications for material and gauge thickness.

(3) Control and Expansion Joint Strips. Special "sandwich"

shapes for use at joint locations in the substrate. A neoprene

filler material, or a temporary filler removed for sealant, is

part of the preformed joint material. Check NTMA Specifications

for details.

(4) Primer, Binder and Filler. Materials required in

resinous terrazzo mix as recommended by the binder manufacturer.

(5) Grout. As required and recommended by the manufacturer

of the resin.

(6) Curing Materials. Portland cement terrazzo cured with

wet sand, waterproof sheet or liquid membrane curing compound.

(7) Cleaner and Sealer. As recommended for terrazzo by the

material manufacturer. Sealer is a penetrating type.

9C-03. PREPARATION

a. Storage Check container labels on arrival for matching

information with that submitted in manufacturer*s data. Storage

must be in a protected location to prevent freezing.

b. Temperature. Check your specifications. Minimums may be

50 degrees F or 60 degrees F, depending on system specified.

c. Substrate.

(1) Check Chapter 9A for cement plaster application for

wall tile.

(2) Plaster finish will depend on tile setting method;

rough finish for bond with plastic mortar bed and trowel finish to

required tolerances for dry-set mortar bed.

(3) Check for adequate curing of plaster.

(4) Check for use of curing compound on the concrete base.

It must be completely removed for proper bond.

(5) Correct defects in concrete. Allowable smoothness

tolerance is 1/8 inch in 10 feet to receive the dry-set and thinset systems. Has concrete aged for required period of time?

(6) Check surface finish. It may be trowel, light broom or

float finish, depending on terrazzo system to be applied.

(7) For tile, the substrate must be within 2 inches of

finish floor elevation. If not, a reinforced concrete fill is

required.
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9C-4

(8) Check the specifications for concrete fill mix

proportions and reinforcement laps.

(9) Discontinue reinforcement fabric at control and

expansion joints.

(10) Check the shop drawing for grounding grid in conductive

finish floors.

(11) Check underbed for low-slump mix for portland cement

bonded terrazzo system.

(12) Check divider strip layout for terrazzo from approved

shop drawings. (Don*t use “T* strips over joints in the

substrate.)

(13) Are you ready for installation?

d. Tests. Certified test reports with required results for

the resinous flooring system should have been received and

reviewed.

9C-04. INSTALLATION

a. Bonded Terrazzo.

(1) Check mix proportions and color. Will the topping

thickness be the required minimum? Make a final check on divider

strip depth.

(2) Nest cement paste is required directly over underbed

surfaces.

(3) Do the specifications require seeding with aggregate

chips? Rolling until excess water is removed? Trowel finish using

divider strips as screeds?

(4) Check curing requirements.

(5) Finishing process is described in the specifications

for rough grinding, grouting, curing and fine grinding.

(6) A smooth, level surface with a minimum of swirl marks

should be the result of a first class finish.

(7) Check the cleaning and sealing and protection required.

b. Resinous Terrazzo.

(1) Requirements are given in the data submitted by the

manufacturer.

(2) Are divider strips at indicated location and depth to

produce required thickness for these thin-set floor finishes?

(3) Check preparation of cast-in-place cove base, where

required.

(4) Are the control and expansion strips placed exactly at

the same joint locations in the substrate?
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9C-5

(5) Check the mixing and placing instructions of the resin

manufacturer for actual conformance with work to be performed.

(6) The sequence of grinding, grouting, curing and finish

grinding is important for quality work. See that these steps are

accomplished in turn.

c. Ceramic Tile.

(1) Install wall tile before floor tile.

(2) Check for symetrical layout such that no tile course is

less than one—half tile width.

(3) Tile wainscot height shall be to nearest full course

dimension.

(4) Check for required caps, corners and other trimmer

tile. Check for accessories.

(5) Where resinous grout is scheduled, rake joints clean

and check grout manufacturer*s instructions for neutralizing

joints and application of grout.

(6) Contractor must sequence tile setting so that mortar

bed does not set or dry before laying tile.

(7) Check for required conductive dry—set mortar. See

ANSI A118.2.

(8) Check size and height of marble thresholds. Fully

grouted head joints at ends shall be not more than 1/4 inch wide.

(9) Check for required control joints in walls and floors.

Tile control joints shall be installed exactly over these type

joints in the substrate material.

(10) Clean and protect finished work as specified.

d. Quarry Tile

(1) Check quarry tile layout for alignment and joint width.

(2) Check for abrasive surface finish. See the finish

schedule.

(3) Resinous mortar and grout shall be mixed and applied in

accordance with manufacturer*s instructions.

9C-05. ACCEPTANCE TESTING

a. Conductive tile and terrazzo will be tested in accordance

with provisions in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Standard No. 56A.

b. The resistance test determines conductivity. A qualified

technician shall perform the tests. Written test results will be

furnished.

c. Spark resistance tests and conditions are described in

the specifications. Written test results will be furnished.
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i

CHAPTER 9D

ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9D-01 GENERAL

a. References 9D-1

b. Submittals 9D-1

9D-02 MATERIALS

a. Acoustical Units 9D-1

b. Grid Systems 9D-1

c. Storage 9D-2

9D-03 PREPARATION 9D-2

9D-04 INSTRUCTION 9D-2
EP 415-1-261

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9D-1

CHAPTER 9D

ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT

9D-01. GENERAL

a. References

(1) This new chapter covers acoustical treatment in

suspended ceilings. Although these systems are relatively simple

to install, there are many details which require your attention.

(a) Check the suspension system requirements in ASTM C636.

(b) There are many submittal requirements to check at the

preparatory inspection. See Paragraph b.

(c) Temperature and humidity limits must be maintained to

avoid warping the fiberous type ceiling tiles.

(d) Check the requirements and locations for systems

required to have a sound transmission class (STO) and a fire

resistive rating.

b. Submittals

(1) Check for ceiling manufacturer*s installation

instructions. These will not conflict with information in C636.

(2) Sample tiles are required.

(3) A shop drawing with details of the suspension system

must be approved; a reflected ceiling plan, when possible.

(4) Certified test reports or approved test data will be

necessary for special systems for sound transmission and fire

resistance. Be sure ceiling openings are occupied by approved

lighting fixtures, etc.

9D-02. MATERIALS

a. Acoustical Units

(1) Has the tile proposed been approved?

(2) Should you have that responsibility, a copy of SS-S-118

will be necessary to check out the requirements and compare with

descriptive data and label information.

b. Grid Systems

(1) Approver must compare system to C635. System must

conform to those requirements.

(2) Use approved shop drawing to check system installation.

The 12 gage galvanized hanger wire is the minimum size permitted.
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9D-2

c. Storage

(1) Check labels upon arrival and special labels as

applicable.

(2) For last 24 hours the system materials must be at same

conditions as during installation. Maximum 75 percent relative

humidity and temperature between 60 and 80 degrees F.

9D-03. PREPARATION

a. Make a final check for interferences and resolve or

report them to your supervisor.

b. Temperature and humidity conditions in the installation

areas most be as given above.

c. Check hanger wire structural attachments. They cannot be

attached to steel deck.

d. Check for required access panels.

90-04. INSTRUCTION

a. Hanger wires shall be hung plumb. When an angle or splay

is necessary because of obstruction, and additional hanger will be

used to compensate.

b. Check hangers for clearance from duct and pipe

insulation.

c. Wire hangers with kinks must be replaced.

d. Supports cannot be attached to steel deck.

e. Check perimeter molding for required attachment to walls.

Springs are required between tile edge and molding except at

lay—in systems.

f. Check the special construction requirements for main

member splices, tile hold down clips, etc.

g. Are access panels properly located and identified.

h. Check the level surface of ceiling for conformance to

tolerances in C636.

i. Extra support hangers may be required, such as at heavy

light fixtures, to eliminate detection beyond tolerances

permitted.

j. Replace damaged or dirty tile as required.
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i

CHAPTER 9E

WOOD FLOORING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9E-01 GENERAL

a. References 9E-1

b. Submittals 9E-1

9E-02 MATERIALS

a. Strip Flooring 9E-1

b. Parquet Flooring 9E-1

o. Block Industrial Flooring 9E-1

d. Primer and Adhesive 9E-2

e. Filler 9E-2

f. Wood Sleepers and Nails 9E-2

g. Steel Channels and Clips 9E-2

h. Storage 9E-2

9E-03 PREPARATION 9E-2

9E-04 INSTALLATION

a. Strip Flooring 9E-3

b. Parquet Flooring 9E-3

c. Block Industrial Flooring 9E-3

d. Sanding and Sealing 9E-4
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9E-1

CHAPTER 9E

WOOD FLOORING

9E-01. GENERAL

a. References

(1) Grade markings must be checked and grading, too. You

will need the publication describing grading rules. Check the

specification for the publication title.

(2) Wood block flooring requirements are found in ASTM

D1031.

(3) Be aware of special requirements for wood flooring for

gymnasiums and hand ball courts.

b. Submittals

(1) Samples of the proposed flooring are needed for

approval.

(2) It is Important that the floor manufacturer*s

installation instructions are received, approved and used.

9E-02. MATERIALS

a. Strip Flooring

(1) Optional wood species may be listed for contractor*s

selection.

(2) Check thickness as it may be 3/4 — inch up to 33/32 -

inch.

(3) Check grade on the trademark.

b. Parquet Flooring

(1) Slat-block flooring is available in a variety of

patterns. Check the finish schedule. These pre-assembled units are

made with solid wood slats.

(2) Solid-block flooring is 9-inch squares of pre-assembled

strip flooring material.

(3) Check the trademark grade for conformance. Check the

grading rules should there be any doubt of the quality.

(4) Flooring may be pre-finished or unfinished. Check the

specifications.

c. Block Industrial Flooring

(1) Beveled corners are usually specified for our use.

Bevel extends through full thickness.

(2) Contractors may select wood specie or, or heavy use,

upland oak will be required.
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9E-2

(3) Check for required preservative treatment stamp on

bundles.

d. Primer and Adhesive

(1) Used for installation over concrete and the type

material will be as recommended by the flooring manufacturer.

(2) Check storage requirements on container labels.

e. Filler

(1) Manufacturer*s recommended filler is applied to

completed industrial block flooring.

(2) Asphaltic filler of steep-slope asphalt may be required

for gymnasium and hand ball courts.

(3) Check for a polyethylene sheet vapor seal or water

proofing membrane in lieu of the filler. Insulation board may also

be required.

f. Wood Sleepers and Nails

(1) Check for preservative treatment. Specific type

treatment and maximum moisture content must be enforced.

(2) Check specie and grade required.

g. Steel Channels and Clips

(1) Manufacturers system may use steel channels and clips

to attach flooring to sub-floor.

(2) Check system for required pads beneath the anchor

channels.

(3) Steel components must be galvanized.

(4) Insulation between channels will be either asphalt

impregnated fiberboard or closed cell polyethylene foam.

h. Storage

(1) Accept only unopened and correctly labeled packages.

(2) Check for storage in a dry ventilated location.

(3) Check for flooring moisture content between 6 and 9

percent.

9E-03. PREPARATION

a. Building must be completely enclosed.

b. Flooring installation must be phased after other

operations are completed.

c. Building temperature must be between 65 and 80 degrees F,

before, during and after floor installation. Check your

requirements as the maximum temperature for certain systems may be

72 degrees F.
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9E-3

d. Correct concrete sub-floor defects and remove residue

from curing compounds and sealers before adhesive application.

Check for concrete drying requirements before flooring

installation can begin.

e. Check joints or sleepers for level plane surfaces before

installing sub-flooring and underlayment.

f. Check Chapter 6A for sub-flooring and underlayment

installation.

g. Check for loose sub-flooring and raised nails.

h. Where boards are used for sub-flooring, check for

cupping. Replacement must be required where additional nailing

will not correct the problem. Is diagonal installation required?

i. Review specifications for waterproofing or vapor barrier

provisions.

9E-04. INSTALLATION

a. Strip Flooring

(1) Check for layout; perimeter space for expansion and for

laying strips parallel to length of room area.

(2) Check anchor channel or sleeper fastening for rigidity.

Check for spacing of cushion pads.

(3) Check for 6 — inch minimum stagger at end joints at

adjacent strips.

(4) Separate end joints in the same plane with at least two

rows of strip-flooring.

(5) Check for required size nail or clip. Does nail have a

deformed shank? Nails shall be countersunk. Check nail spacing and

use at least 2 nails per strip section.

(6) Fit-up shall be close and snug. Follow manufacturers

specific installation instructions.

(7) Check for and enforce the special color matching

requirements for installing flooring on walls of handball courts.

b. Parquet Flooring

(1) Is a checkerboard layout required? Check for perimeter

space for expansion.

(2) Prepare for and spread adhesive in accordance with the

flooring manufacturers installation instructions.

c. Block Industrial Flooring

(1) A special requirement is storage within the area of

installation for at least 7 days before application begins. Check

for specific temperatures and humidity conditions required.

(2) Manufacturer*s specific instructions for primer,

adhesive and block application must be enforced.
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9E-4

(3) Check for alignment in parallel rows or courses. Break

joints in adjacent courses as in masonry layup.

(4) Check for expansion space at perimeter and at all

obstructions such as columns.

d. Sanding and Sealing

(1) sanding passes shall be as specified and by skilled

mechanics for smooth and uniform surfaces and without sanding

marks or shiners.

(2) Check schedule of sanding such that required sealer

coat is applied within 8 hours after final sanding pass. This is

important to prevent moisture absorption which will cause the

grain of the wood to rise.

(3) Dry clean floor surfaces thoroughly, including all shoe

and boot marks, immediately before sealing.

(4) Block industrial flooring requires at least two coats

of filler applied in accordance with the flooring manufacturer*s

instructions.

(5) Check for required protection. The correction of

damaged floors is only second best. Prevent damage with adequate

protection.

(6) Check carefully on the operations of subcontractors or

the Using Service where equipment such as refrigerators, washing

machines, cooking stoves, kitchen cabinets and similar equipment

is being installed after installation of finish flooring. These

items shall be lifted into place, not dragged!
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i

CHAPTER 9F

RESILIENT FLOORING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9F-01 GENERAL

a. References 9F-1

b. Submittals 9F-1

9F-02 MATERIALS

a. Conductive Vinyl 9F-1

b. Vinyl Composition 9F-1

c. Sheet Vinyl 9F-1

d. Adhesives 9F-1

e. Wall Base 9F-1

f. Storage 9F-1

9F-03 PREPARATION 9F-1

9F-04 INSTALLATION 9F-2

9F-05 CLEANING AND PROTECTION 9F-2
EP 415-1-261

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9F-1

CHAPTER 9F

RESILIENT FLOORING

9F-01. GENERAL

a. References

(1) The flooring manufacturer*s installation instructions

must be submitted. You will need to know these instructions.

(2) A special conductivity test is required for the

conductive vinyl tile installation. The test is described in NFPA

Standard No. 56A.

b. Submittals

(1) Check for receipt of floor manufacturer*s installation

instructions. The cleaning and maintenance instructions are also

required.

(2) Are flooring samples approved? Use these to check for

approved colors of delivered flooring.

(3) Test reports or certificates of compliance, as

applicable, are required.

9F-02 . MATERIALS

a. Conductive Vinyl. Use either 12 by 12 or 36 by 36 inch

tile. Must be layed in conductive epoxy cement.

b. Vinyl Composition.

(1) Tile can be either 3/32 or 1/8 inch thick. Check your

specifications and the tile with a thickness gage.

(2) Check pattern color distribution. They must continue

through tile thickness.

(3) Same tile lot number, as stamped on containers, must be

used in same area.

c. Sheet Vinyl. Check the referenced Federal Specifications.

A 72-inch minimum width is required.

d. Adhesives. Use only the tile manufacturer*s recommended

material.

e. Wall Base. Check finish schedule for color. Check height

and thickness for conformance.

f. Storage. Require a clean and dry location with

temperature above 70 degrees F for two days before installation.

9F-03. PREPARATION

a. Is concrete floor ready for installation? Check for the

following at the preparatory inspection:

(1) Has area for flooring been above 70 degrees F for two

days prior to inspection or before application?
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9F-2

(2) Is concrete surface clean and level (except for

required slopes)?

(3) Are all defects and damage repaired?

(4) Make dryness test as described in the specification.

(5) Is all other work complete?

b. The adhesive may not bond where certain curing compounds

were used on the concrete surface.

(1) Wax base compound must be completely removed before

adhesive is applied.

(2) The CE specified curing compound, i.e. Federal

Specification TT-C-800, Type I or II, Class 1 with fugitive dye,

is acceptable over concrete for adhesive application.

c. All types of curing compound must be completely removed

before applying conductive epoxy cement for conductive vinyl tile

flooring.

d. Spills must be completely cleaned and checked for

compatability with the adhesive.

e. If lightweight concrete (less than 90 pcf density) , is a

topping required?

f. For wood substrate, check joints and fasteners for

smoothness.

9F-04. INSTALLATION

a. Check manufacturer*s instructions. Require installation

as instructed.

b. Check layout at initial inspection. Perimeter tile must

be not less than one-half full size tile.

c. Check for excessive use of adhesive. Use of too much will

squeeze up at joints.

d. Check sheet flooring for trapped air bubbles at

substrate. Roller must be used from center, outward to edges.

e. Check wall base for adhesion. preformed corners may be

required by the specifications.

9F-05. CLEANING AND PROTECTION

a. Clean as required.

(1) Dry clean vinyl and vinyl composition floors

immediately after installation.

(2) Wash clean and rinse after five days per manufacturer*s

instructions.

b. Polish as specified.

c. Protect all flooring surfaces with a covering of heavy

duty building paper until just before turnover to the Using

Service. Install ‘Boardwalks” as necessary.
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i

CHAPTER 9G

PAINTING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9G-01 GENERAL

a. References 9G-1

b. Safety 9G-1

9G-02 SUBMITTALS

a. Certificates 9G-1

b. Manufacturer*s Instructions 9G-1

c. Samples 9G-1

9G-03 MATERIALS 9G-2

a. General 9G-2

b. Cement Emulsion Filler Coat 9G-2

c. Solvent-Thinned Filler Coat 9G-2

d. Vinyl-Wash Coat 9G-2

e. Vinyl System 9G-2

f. Fungicide 9G-2

g. Mixing and Thinning 9G-3

9G-04 SURFACE PREPARATION 9G-3

a. General 9G-3

b. For Cement-Emulsion Filler 9G-3

c. For primers 9G-3

d. For Washable Paint Systems 9G-4

e. Plaster 9G-4

f. Wood 9G-4

9G-05 APPLICATION 9G-4

a. Temperature 9G-4

b. Methods 9G-5

c. Coverage and Thickness 9G-5

d. Natural Finish 9G-6
EP 415-1-261

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9G-1

CHAPTER 9G

PAINTING

9G-01. GENERAL

a. References. Should you have to examine the test

reports, the referenced publications for those type paints and

coatings must be used to:

(1) Compare and determine conformance.

(2) Decide to approve or reject the material.

(3) Request additional sampling and testing.

b. Safety

(1) Check the requirements for storage of paints, brushes,

rags; ventilation in confined spaces; and protection when spray

painting.

(2) Check working platforms, scaffolds, swing stages for

protective devices.

(3) Detail information is in the ‘Safety and Health

Requirements” Manual.

90-02. SUBMITTALS

a. Certificates. Check for the certificate attesting to not

more than 0.06 percent lead in any and all materials provided.

(Except for lead-base primers to be used in concealed locations.)

b. Manufacturers* Instructions are required for:

(1) Textured coatings.

(2) Epoxy

(3) polyurethane

(4) Liquid glaze

c. Samples

(1) Be sure material is well mixed before sample is drawn.

(2) Mark quart samples and include represented quantity and

batch number.

(3) Sample each type representing more than 25 gallons.

(4) Store samples at specified temperature range for future

testing or:

(a) Send to a laboratory for immediate testing for samples

representing 50 or more gallons.

(b) Decide to send for test where sample represents 25 to

50 gallons for use.
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9G-2

(c) Use an approved test report representing material not

sampled.

(d) Check for approved proprietary brands substituted for

specified type in quantities not exceeding 25 gallons.

(5) Are the sample panels representing each type liquid

glaze coating approved? Check for specified coating thickness.

(6) A sample finished room may be required. It will be

important to observe paint application and the finishes to

determine acceptance.

9G-03 MATERIALS

a. General

(1) Check containers for proper labeling and storage.

(2) Examine material in damaged containers for possible

rejection.

(3) The 5 gallon container is maximum size for pigmented

paints.

(4) Water-thinned paints must be kept at above freezing

temperature.

b. Cement—Emulsion Filler Coat

(1) Use either acrylic or polyvinyl acetate (PVA) exterior

emulsion; do not intermix or interchange.

(2) Check the dry ingredients, i.e., cement and sand for

specification compliance.

(3) Mixing of the five ingredients is done just prior to

application.

c. Solvent-Thinned Filler Coat. Comes pre—mixed for

immediate use. Check Federal Specification TT-F-1098.

d. Vinyl Wash Coat. Two component. Must be mixed at jobsite. Check Mil. Specification DOD-P-15328. For use as prime coat

on painted, galvanized steel or non-ferrous surfaces.

e. Vinyl System

(1) Uses Steel Structures Paint Council Specification SSPCPaint 9-64 material.

(2) Used to protect ferrous metal surfaces exposed in

severe chemical or salt atmospheres.

(3) Do not use over conventional paint, including primed

metal surfaces.

f. Fungicide

(1) Additive into paint at paint manufacturer.

(2) Check for labeling end don*t accept an “overstamp”

unless validated by manufacturer.
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9G-3

(3) For all paint coats where specified.

(4) Check for specified use over pipe insulation.

(5) Check for use over painted formboard ceilings.

g. Mixing and Thinning.

(1) Check for complete mixing by observing consistency and

color.

(2) Are base coats tinted?

(3) Job mix must be in accordance with manufacturer*s

instructions.

(4) Check pre-mix and mixing cycle for cement—emulsion fill

coats.

(5) Is vinyl wash coat used same day it is mixed?

(6) Maximum thinning is one pint per gallon of paint;

immediately before application and at application temperature.

(7) Don*t intermix different type paints or different

manufacturers paint.

90-04. SURFACE PREPARATION

a. General

(1) Check for protection of unpainted adjacent surfaces.

(2) Are ferrous metal surfaces, including fastener heads,

primed before coating with water-thinned paints?

(3) Check for oil and grease. Remove same from surface with

a low toxicity solvent.

(4) Concrete, stucco and masonry must age for 3D days

before beginning painting.

(5) Is masonry clean of mortar gobs and fins?

b. For Cement-Emulsion Filler

(1) Check for uniformly damp masonry surface immediately

before painting.

(2) No standing water permitted.

c. For Primers

(1) Check ferrous metal and remove all rust and loose mill

scale. Solvent clean before priming.

(2) Galvanized surfaces must be solvent cleaned and a vinyl

wash coat applied within 24 hours before priming.

(3) Painted non-ferrous metals receive same treatment as

galvanized metal.
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9G-4

(4) Check for immediate cleaning and priming of abraded

shop coating.

d. For Washable Paint Systems

(1) Check the specified paint system to determine

preparation.

(2) Finish coating may be enamel semi-gloss or gloss type

or the epoxy, polyurethane over masonry surfaces.

(3) Check manufacturer*s instructions for base coat

preparation for epoxy, polyurethane and liquid glaze coatings.

(4) Check for acid etch treatment to concrete for the epoxy

and polyurethane systems.

(5) Check for use of solvent-thinned filler as preparation

for enamel undercoats, epoxy or polyurethane over masonry

surfaces.

(6) Seal plaster and gypsum board with latex paint coat

before proceeding with enamel, epoxy or polyurethane washable

paint systems.

e. Plaster

(1) Must satisfy two requirements:

(a) Age for at least 30 days.

(b) Contain not more than 5 percent moisture.

(2) Use a moisture peter with plaster calibration and use

probe in low visibility locations.

f. Wood

(1) Check for treatment of knots and other breaks that

bleed pitch.

(2) Have nails and other fasteners been set in finish

surfaces in preparation for primer? Touch-up is still required

even in the wood was previously primed.

(3) Sand smooth the finish wood surfaces of millwork.

(4) Remember to seal wood adjacent to surfaces about to

receive water-thinned paints.

(5) Check moisture content of wood before painting. A

maximum of 12 percent is permitted for painting. Use a moisture

meter.

9G-05. APPLICATION

a. Temperature

(1) Check the different requirements for ambient

temperature such as:

(a) A 50 to 90 degree F range for applying water-thinned

paints.
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9G-5

(b) A 45 to 95 degree F for most other paints. Note that

liquid glaze, epoxy and polyurethane manufacturers may have other

temperature requirements.

(2) Check for minimum humidity during polyurethane

application, Usually is 3 percent minimum.

b. Methods

(1) Permit use of brush, roller or spray except:

(a) Stiff-bristle type brush application required for

cement—emulsion filler coat.

(b) Brush out solvent-thinned filler cost then squeegee off

the excess when tacky.

(c) Brush on the first coating on metal surfaces.

(d) Brush on solvent-type stains.

(e) Check for textured coating manufacturer*s special

application instructions.

(2) Check coverage for uniformity in texture and color.

Remember the base coats must be tinted.

(3) Your system for checking color, number of coats and

quality should be worked out with your supervisor in advance.

(4) Be especially alert for uniformity of coating

appearance. Touch up may be required for suction spots on porous

surfaces.

(5) Check for coverage in hard to reach locations.

(6) Check for dryness before applying additional coats or

removing required temporary heat. Different type paints have

different dryness characteristics but, generally, if a finger rub

does not mar the painted surface, the paint coat is dry.

c. Coverage and Thickness

(1) Refer to manufacturer*s instructions for epoxy,

polyurethane and liquid glaze coatings.

(2) Check coating thickness for liquid glaze. Required base

coats is 5 mile minimum and the top or glaze coat is 3 mile

minimum, Use a thickness gage suitable to the surface coated to

make these checks.

(3) Film thicknesses are specified for paint on ferrous

metal surfaces. Spot check these thicknesses for primer coat and

total system with a thickness gage.

(4) Vinyl-wash coat film thickness requirements are usually

specified.

(5) Check painting applicator for uniform coverage. The

paint being used must be mixed frequently to maintain consistency

and color.
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9G-6

d. Natural Finish

(1) Check exterior wood surfaces to be stained. Rough

surface requires about double the amount of stain.

(2) Check varnished surfaces for smoothness. Sand smooth

after each coat of varnish.

(3) Use wood filler coat for smooth surfacing open grain

wood such as oak.

(4) Check putty on wood filler color tinting to match

natural finish.
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

i

CHAPTER 9H

WALL COVERING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

9H-01 SUBMITTALS 9H-1

9H-02 MATERIALS 9H-1

9H-03 PREPARATION 9H-1

9H-04 INSTALLATION 9H-2
EP 415-1-261

1 Aug 92

9H-1

CHAPTER 9H

WALL COVERING

9H-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Check for sample color and pattern in accordance with

finish schedule requirements on the drawings.

b. Additional information required from the wall covering

manufacturer is as follows:

Installation instructions.

Descriptive data

Cleaning instructions.

Maintenance data.

9H-02. MATERIALS

a. Wall covering shall conform to Federal Standard CCC-W408, Type and protective film as specified.

b. Is wall covering weight as specified? Type indicates

weight, as Type I, 7 oz/sy; Type II, 13 oz/sy or Type III, 22

oz/sy.

c. Is a factory applied polyvinyl fluoride protective film

required? 

d. Is primer and adhesive mildew resistant? Check the

container labels.

e. Check material type and design of wainscot cap.

f. Are exterior corner guards required?

g. Store well covering flat in a dry location at

temperature of not less than 50 F.

9H-03. PREPARATION

a. Wall surfaces of GWB and plaster shall be clean and dry.

Check plaster for not more than 5 percent moisture content before

application. Check with a moisture meter.

b. Surface shall be within specified smoothness tolerance.

c. Become familiar with wall covering manufacturer*s

surface preparation requirements, which usually include the

following:

GWB joint and fastener treatment.

Sanding rough and glossy surfaces.

Coating of primer sealer.

d. Is the minimum temperature of 50 F satisfied in areas to

receive wall covering?
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9H-2

9H-04. INSTALLATION

a. Apply as directed in wall covering manufacturer*s

instructions.

b. Use material in exact order as cut from the roll. Look

for special instructions.

c. When wall cutting (double-cut) procedure is used to

match joints, do not cut substrate.

d. Do not make joints closer than 6 inches to corners.

e. Extend wall covering at least 1⁄2 inch behind base, trim,

electric plates, etc.

f. Check pattern and color for match. Should variations

occur, corrective action is required.

g. Finished surfaces shall be free of air pockets,

wrinkles, open joints, tears or other defects.
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i

CHAPTER 10A

TOILET PARTITIONS AND ACCESSORIES

INDEX

Para. Title Page

10A-01 SUBMITTALS 10A-1

a. Shop Drawings 10A-1

b. Samples 10A-1

10A-02 MATERIALS 10A-2

a. Partitions 10A-2

b. Accessories 10A-2

10A-03 INSTALLATION AND APPLICATION 10A-2
EP 415-1-261

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10A-1

CHAPTER 10A

TOILET PARTITIONS AND ACCESSORIES

10A-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Shop Drawings

(1) Toilet partition shop drawings must be approved. Check

partitions on arrival and compare features with those shown on the

shop drawings. Especially compare the following:

Gages of metal

Reinforcing for accessories

Fitting

Anchoring

Hardware Finish

(2) Style of partition shall be as specified:

Style A - floor supported

Style B - ceiling hung

Style C - overhead braced

(3) Check screens for adequate anchorage requirements.

b. Samples

(1) Accessory samples must be submitted and approved. 

Check accessories on delivery and compare to approved samples. A

listing of accessories follows:

Facial Tissue Dispenser

Grab Bar

Medicine Cabinet

Glass Mirror

Metal Mirror

Paper Towel Dispenser

Sanitary Napkin Dispenser

Shower Curtain

Shower Curtain Rod

Soap Dispenser

Soap Holder

Glass Shelf

Metal Shelf

Soap and Grab Bar Combination

Towel Bar

Towel Pin

Toilet Tissue Dispenser

Toothbrush and Tumbler Holder

Waste Receptacle

(2) Descriptive data should accompany each accessory

sample.
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10A-2

10A-02. MATERIALS

a. Partitions. For verification of type, style, quality,

size, etc., the requirements in Federal Specification RR-P-1352

must be checked. Also check for partition and screen panel

reinforcement where accessory attachment is required.

b. Accessories. Check the specification and Federal

Specification WW-P-541 for detailed description of accessories.

10A-03. INSTALLATION AND APPLICATION

a. Check for damaged units and reject those not 

repairable.

b. Metal fasteners and fittings shall be of the same or

compatible metal. Check for required stainless steel fasteners.

c. Check for rigid anchorage and plumb and level

attachment.

d. Check for required through-bolting.

e. Are exposed fasteners of tamper-proof design?

f. Check the mounting height for accessories which should

be shown on the room detail elevation on the drawings.

g. Check the partition door clearance and for adjustment to

30 degree open in the unlatched position.
EP 415-1-261

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i

CHAPTER 10B

RAISED FLOORS

INDEX

Para. Title Page

10B-01 SUBMITTALS 10B-1

a. Descriptive Data 10B-1

b. Shop Drawings 10B-1

c. Samples 10B-1

d. Design Calculations 10B-1

e. Certificate 10B-1

10B-02 MATERIALS 10B-1

a. Types 10B-1

b. Floor Panels 10B-1

c. Steps and Ramps 10B-2

d. Hand Rails 10B-2

10B-03 INSTALLATION 10B-2

a. Preparation 10B-2

b. Framing 10B-2

c. Floor Panels 10B-2

d. Finish Flooring 10B-3

e. Grounding 10B-3

10B-04 TESTING 10B-3

10B-05 PROTECTION 10B-3

10B-06 SPARE PARTS 10B-3
EP 415-1-261

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10B-1

CHAPTER 10B

RAISED FLOORS

10B-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Descriptive Data. Check for receipt of floor

manufacturers data, including installation, cleaning and

maintenance instructions.

b. Shop Drawings.

(1) Check for approved shop drawings which should include

the following:

Layout and elevations for the system

Component materials in detail

Grounding

Shop coating and finishes

(2) Installation methods may also be included on the shop

drawings.

c. Samples. A floor panel with the finish flooring and

samples of manufacturer*s standard colors of flooring are

required.

d. Design Calculations. Either calculations or certified

test reports for floor loading, air leakage, grounding and bond

strength of adhesive used for pedestals and for finish flooring

are required for approval.

e. Certificate. Check for receipt of the manufacturer*s

certificate, signed by an officer of the company, indicating

compliance with the contract requirements.

10B-02. MATERIALS

a. Types

(1) Extruded aluminum frame

(2) Zinc-coated steel frame

b. Floor Panels

(1) Die-cast aluminum

(2) Die-cast steel with baked enamel finish

(3) Combination: Wood core of particleboard encapsulated

in steel or aluminum. Flame spread rating of 25 or less is

required.

(4) Finish floor may be resilient tile of plastic

laminate. Check the requirements as conductive vinyl tile may be

required.

(5) Check for rubber or vinyl cove base specified. Molded

external and internal corners may be required.
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10B-2

c. Steps and Ramps

(1) Check the shop drawings for materials, sizes and

details.

(2) Are the non-slip traffic surfaces located as required?

d. Hand Rails

(1) Check the shop drawings for details.

(2) Rails and standards will be anodized, satin finish

aluminum tubing.

10B-03. INSTALLATION

a. Preparation

(1) Are the shop drawings and installation instructions

available?

(2) Concrete sub-floor oust be clean before beginning and

cleaned again after installation of the floor system

(3) Is sub-floor to be painted? Check for the presence of

curing compound or other bond-breaker. Be sure surface is clean

and unpainted before adhesive applications for pedestal bases.

(4) Check for required temperature and humidity conditions

for installation.

b. Framing

(1) Check pedestal alignment and elevation. Finish floor

smoothness tolerance rust be not sore than 1/16-inch in 10 feet.

(2) Is the pedestal base anchored with mechanical

fasteners? Don’t attach fasteners until base adhesive has set.

Check adhesive container label for set time.

(3) Check stringer interlock; or panel interlock at

pedestals when stringers are not required.

(4) Check for installation of required auxiliary framing

wherever panels are cut or terminated.

(5) Coating damage and abrasions must be repaired when

discovered.

c. Floor Panels

(1) Check for required interlock and fit.

(2) Check for level installation. Check for smoothness

without projecting edges and rocking panels.

(3) Wood core panels which are cut must be covered with

metal skin at the cut edges.

(4) All cutouts for electric conductors and cables must be

bushed and closed as detailed.
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10B-3

(5) Floor panels shall be removable except for perimeter

panels and cut panels which must be anchored to framing. At least

two lifting devices for removing panels shall be provided.

d. Finish Flooring

(1) Check for loose flooring material.

(2) Plug cracks and voids before application of cove base.

a. Grounding Check for continuous grounding of all metal

parts of raised floor.

10B-04 TESTING

a. You should be available to witness the electrical

resistance test.

b. Check for humidity and temperature conditions within the

ranges required for the test.

c. Obtain a copy of the National Fire Protection

Association (NFPA) Standard No. 56A and become familiar with the

test requirements and the modifications given in the raised floor

specification. Required test values are given in the

specification.

d. Require a written report of the test results.

10B-05 PROTECTION

a. Clean the finish floor in accordance with the flooring

manufacturer*s instructions.

b. Be alert for restrictions to cleaners permitted for

conductive flooring

c. All damaged materials must be replaced with new so

insist on adequate protection for the finished floor, using paper,

fiberboard and/or plywood, as necessary.

10C-06 SPARE PARTS

a. Check the specifications for the number of required

lifting devices to remove floor panels.

b. Check for required spare floor panels.

c. Check for required spare pedestal assemblies and

stringers.
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i

CHAPTER 10C

WARDROBES

INDEX

Para. Title Page

10C-01 SUBMITTALS 10C-1

a. Shop Drawings 10C-1

b. Sample 10C-1

c. Test Results 10C-1

10C-02 MATERIALS 10C-1

a. Hardware 10C-1

b. Steel Wardrobe 10C-1

c. Wood Wardrobe 10C-2

d. Delivery and Storage 10C-2

10C-03 ASSEMBLY & INSTALLATION 10C-2
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10C-1

CHAPTER 10C

WARDROBES

10C-01. SUBMITTALS

a. Shop Drawings

(1) Check the details in the shop drawings against

specification requirements and details in the contract drawings.

Be especially alert for:

Hardware type and finish

Material size and thickness

Adequate fastening and reinforcement

Finish coatings

(2) Wood wardrobes must conform to provisions in

Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI) references in the

specifications. You and the person responsible for shop drawing

approval and sample inspection should have access to these

references.

b. Sample

(1) Examination and approval of the sample wardrobe is the

most important action for this work phase. Although you may not

have approval responsibility, you should become familiar with all

features of the sample.

(2) Approval should be in writing, citing the variations

which are acceptable and those which are unacceptable, or the

request should be made for a new, revised sample.

(3) The approved sample remains the standard of workmanship

and material for all wardrobes and will be identifiable when

installed in the project.

c. Test Results. The results of static load tests described

in the specifications are requested in writing. Tests should be

made and witnessed at the site, as required for validation.

10C-02. MATERIALS

a. Hardware. Check material, function and finish. Check for

secure fastening and tamperproof hinges and latching mechanism.

b. Steel Wardrobe

(1) Check for specified metal gage. Use U.S. Standard Gage

for sheet steel.

(2) Check welds for required size, quality and interval.

Welds exposed on the exterior shall be ground smooth.

(3) Mechanical fasteners cannot be exposed on the exterior

of wardrobes. Exposed fasteners for hardware should be tamperproof

type.
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10C-2

(4) Check for double-wall type doors; for sound deadening

insulation; and for required reinforcement.

c. Wood Wardrobe

(1) Check the AWI Standards and Specifications for

material, quality of workmanship and finishing provisions.

(2) Wood strips for closures shall match wardrobe finish.

(3) At least one coating for the finish shall be shop

applied to seal surfaces and edges.

d. Delivery and Storage

(1) Check at delivery for damage.

(2) Chest units shall be prefabricated at the

manufacturer*s shop.

(3) Adequate protection and ventilation shall be provided

to prevent damage in storage.

10C-03. ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION

a. Assembly and installation shall be controlled to prevent

damage to building finishes and to wardrobes.

b. Secure wardrobes to floors, walls or adjacent units with

number and location of fasteners as specified. Use washers with

fasteners.

c. Check operation of drawers, doors and hardware. Require

adjustment as necessary.

d. Interferences with light switches, receptacles, heating

and ventilating units and grilles, etc., should have been

eliminated at rough-in phase for those items.

e. Where sliding doors are permitted and used, check for

jump-proof hardware and secure bottom retainers.
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i

CHAPTER 12A

BLINDS, CURTAINS AND SHADES

INDEX

Para. Title Page

12A-01 GENERAL 12A-1

12A-02 MATERIAL 12A-1

12A-03 INSTALLATION 12A-1
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12A-1

CHAPTER 12A

BLINDS. CURTAINS AND SHADES

12A-01. GENERAL

a. Approval action on shop drawings and manufacturer*s

descriptive data will require a check on provisions in the listed

Federal Specifications; latest issue of each should be referenced

in the project specifications.

Venetian Blinds AA-V-00200

Curtains CCC-C-525

Shades DDD-S-251

b. Proper fit is the responsibility of the contractor.

Measurements should be taken after trim work is complete.

12A-02. MATERIAL

a. Check sample for required operation, smooth traverse,

rotation and access to clean window glass.

b. There are special requirements for audiovisual and

lightproof items. Check the operation through light traps.

c. Cloth curtains will have straight, French seams. A

French seam is described as a seam stitched first on the right

side and then turned in and stitched on the wrong side so that the

raw edges are enclosed in the seam.

12A-03. INSTALLATION

a. Check approved shop drawing for installation

requirements.

b. Check for complete finishing, including all painting

before beginning installation.

c. Is the item centered and level with the covered opening?

d. Are holddown brackets required?

e. Are audiovisual and lightproof items, including the

light traps, closely fitted to prevent outside light from

infiltrating the room?
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i

CHAPTER 12B

CABINETS AND CASEWORK

INDEX

Para. Title Page

12B-01 GENERAL 12B-1

12B-02 MATERIALS 12B-1

a. Metal 12B-1

b. Wood 12B-1

c. Hardware 12B-2

d. Countertop and Backsplash 12B-2

e. Delivery and Storage 12B-2

12B-03 INSTALLATION 12B-2
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12B-1

CHAPTER 12B

CABINETS AND CASEWORK

12B-01. GENERAL

a. Shop drawings are required. Check for approval and

necessary information which should include the following:

Plan and elevation details

Lay out

Gage of metal, thickness of wood

Mounting and anchorage

Hardware type and finish

Reinforcing for hardware

b. Check American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Standard A161.1 for kitchen cabinets and A156.9 for cabinet

hardware.

c. Check Military Specification NIL-C 20709 for medical and

dental casework.

d. Check for receipt of required samples and the approval

action. This should be in writing, informing the contractor of the

action, i.e. , approval with or without comments.

e. A certificate indicating casework material compliance

with specific requirements in the specification will be required.

12B-02 MATERIALS

a. Metal.

(1) As stated, metal casework shall conform in all respects

to provisions in MIL-C-20709. Person responsible for approval

action will need to review this military specification.

(2) Casework is usually made of carbon steel with a baked

enamel finish. Check your specifications as stainless steel may be

required.

(3) Cabinets are made of carbon steel with baked enamel

finish.

(4) Check for good workmanship in fit-up and fastenings.

Exposed welds are to be ground smooth.

(5) Should a workmanship question occur, check the quality

of the approved sample.

b. Wood.

(1) Casework shall be finished with plastic laminate over

plywood or particleboard. Check for delamination at edges and

joints.

(2) Cabinets shall be natural or paint finish or hardwood

plywood.
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12B-2

jU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1992 O - 330-984

(3) Check cabinet construction, reinforcing and finish by

comparison with the approved sample cabinet.

(4) Check for drawer stops.

c. Hardware.

(1) Cabinet hardware shall be stainless steel or chromiumplated brass, as specified.

(2) Check for thru-bolted hardware attached to units with

particleboard core.

(3) Drawer guides shall be firmly and adequately fastened

to framework.

d. Countertop and Backsplash.

(1) Check items with approved sample.

(2) Laminate material shall comply with the LD3 Standard of

the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)

e. Delivery and Storage

(1) Check for damage at delivery and reject unrepairable

units or items.

(2) Store units in a protected location to prevent damage.

12B-03. INSTALLATION

a. Precautions shall be taken to prevention of damage to

room finishes during installation of casework and cabinets.

b. Check alignment for level and plumb installation.

c. Anchors and fasteners shall be at the required interval

and locations specified. Spot check fastening and anchor

effectiveness.

d. Check for door and drawer alignment and acceptable

operation.