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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
|Fact Sheet:
                  United States 
                          Environmental Protection
                          Agency
                        Office of Water
                          4305
                        EPA-823-F-98-001
                          January 1998Contaminated Sediment: EPA's Report to Congress
                    SummaryThe U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s report 
                    to Congress on contaminated sediment identifies areas in the 
                    continental United States where sediment may be contaminated 
                    at levels that may adversely affect aquatic life and human 
                    health. The report was prepared in response to The Water Resources 
                    Development Act of 1992 which directed EPA to prepare a report 
                    to Congress on the environmental health of sediments in the 
                    nations waterways. It was prepared in conjunction with the 
                    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the 
                    Army Corps of Engineers, and other federal, state, and local 
                    agencies. Data from 1980 to 1993 were used in preparing this 
                    report.The report is based on existing data. It identifies 
                      96 watersheds that contain areas 
                      of probable concern--most of which are already well-known 
                      to state and local government agencies and the general public. 
                      Areas of sediment contamination occur in coastal and inland 
                      waterways, in clusters around larger municipal and industrial 
                      centers, and in regions affected by agricultural and urban 
                      runoff. The data and the evaluation results are useful to 
                      local watershed managers to help identify local areas where 
                      additional analyses of water quality may be warranted, as 
                      well as the potential sources of contamination.EPA's Report to Congress
                    The Incidence and Severity of Sediment Contamination 
                      in Surface Waters of the United States is the first 
                      comprehensive EPA analysis of existing sediment chemistry 
                      and related biological data to assess the national incidence 
                      and severity of sediment contamination. The 3-volume report 
                      describes areas where chemical contaminants are present 
                      at potentially harmful levels in river, lake, ocean, and 
                      estuary sediments and includes an assessment of the potential 
                      for associated adverse effects on human and aquatic life:Volume 1: National Sediment Quality Survey (EPA 823-R-97-006): 
                        Assesses the probability of associated adverse human or 
                        ecological effects with contaminated sediment based on 
                        a weight-of-evidence evaluation.Volume 2: Data Summaries for Watersheds Containing 
                        Areas of Probable Concern (APCs) (EPA 823- R-97-007): 
                        Presents sampling station location maps and chemical and 
                        biological summary data for watersheds containing APC's.Volume 3: National Sediment Contaminant Point Source 
                        Inventory (EPA 823-R-97-008): A screening analysis 
                        that identifies probable point source contributors of 
                        sediment pollutants.Study Approach and Data Evaluation
                    EPA assembled the largest set of sediment chemistry and 
                      related biological data ever compiled into a national database 
                      called the National Sediment Inventory. This database includes 
                      approximately two million records for more than 21,000 monitoring 
                      stations located in nearly 1,363 of the 2,111 watersheds 
                      in the continental United States. In developing this database, 
                      EPA sought data that were available in electronic format, 
                      represented broad geographic coverage, and represented specific 
                      sampling locations that were identified by latitude and 
                      longitude coordinates. There were also minimum data quality 
                      requirements for data to be included in the database.The analysis approach called for EPA to identify watersheds 
                      where further study may be warranted. EPA used a weight-of-evidence 
                      approach recommended by national experts to review the sediment 
                      quality data at each station in the National Sediment Inventory 
                      and classified each station into one of three tiers based 
                      on the data recorded for that station:Tier 1- Adverse effects are probable;
                        Tier 2- Adverse effects are possible, but expected infrequently; 
                        or
                        Tier 3- There is no indication of associated adverse effects.EPA then classified watersheds as areas of probable concern 
                      (or APCs) if they contained 10 or more Tier 1 stations and 
                      at least 75% of all sampling stations were categorized as 
                      either Tier 1 or Tier 2.Report Findings and Considerations
                    EPA's evaluation of the data shows that sediment contamination 
                      exists in every region and state of the country and there 
                      are 96 areas (watersheds) of probable concern. More than 
                      two-thirds of these watersheds already have an active fish 
                      consumption advisory in place.Water bodies affected include streams, lakes, harbors, 
                      nearshore areas, and oceans. At the Tier 1 level, PCBs, 
                      mercury, organochlorine pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons 
                      are the most frequent chemical indicators of sediment contamination.Approximately 10% of the sediment underlying U.S. surface 
                      waters is sufficiently contaminated with toxic pollutants 
                      to pose potential risks to fish and to humans and wildlife 
                      who eat fish.Much of the contaminated sediment in the U.S. was polluted 
                      years ago by such chemicals as DDT, PCB's, and mercury which 
                      have since been banned or restricted. However, they can 
                      persist for many years in the sediment, and continue to 
                      be a source of concern for the environment. Some other chemicals 
                      released to surface waters from industrial and municipal 
                      discharges and polluted runoff from urban and agricultural 
                      areas continue to accumulate to harmful levels in sediment. 
                      Limitations of the Data
                      The evaluation is an effective screening-level assessment 
                      of sediment quality; however, the results of the study described 
                      in the report must be interpreted in the context of the 
                      data that are available. For example, some states appear 
                      to have greater incidence of sediment contamination than 
                      others, but this may only reflect the relative abundance 
                      of readily available electronic data and not necessarily 
                      the relative incidence of sediment contamination. Also, 
                      the characteristics of the data and the degree of certainty 
                      of the analysis does not allow an absolute determination 
                      of adverse effects on human health or the environment at 
                      any particular location. It is important to note, too, that 
                      further evaluation is required to confirm that sediment 
                      contamination at any given sampling station or within a 
                      particular watershed poses actual risks to aquatic life 
                      or human health. 
                      Areas of Probable Concern
                        
                        List of Watersheds
                      EPA Recommendations
                      Based on the results of this study, EPA's primary recommendation 
                      is that state government agencies, in cooperation with EPA 
                      and other federal government agencies, should proceed with 
                      further evaluations of the 96 watersheds containing APC's 
                      -- particularly those water body segments that had ten or 
                      more sampling stations classified by EPA as Tier 1 stations. 
                      These evaluations should focus on: 
                      Collecting and analyzing additional sediment chemistry 
                          and related biological dataFurther evaluating the potential for human health 
                          and ecological riskIdentifying potential sources of contaminants, and 
                          determine whether potential sources are adequately controlledOther EPA recommendations resulting from the evaluation 
                        are:Federal, state, and local government agencies should 
                          coordinate efforts to address sediment quality through 
                          watershed management programs.Future sediment monitoring programs should incorporate 
                          a weight-of-evidence approach and measures of chemical 
                          bioavailability into sediment monitoring programs.EPA should evaluate the National Sediment Inventory's 
                          coverage and capabilities and provide better access 
                          to information contained therein.EPA should develop better sediment monitoring and 
                          assessment tools.EPA's Goals for Managing Contaminated Sediment
                      EPA has established four goals to manage the problem of 
                      contaminated sediment and is finalizing a strategy in the 
                      next three months to achieve them: 
                      Prevent the volume of contaminated sediment from 
                          increasing. 
                          Ban or restrict the use of toxic substances that 
                              cause contaminationControl existing sources of contamination through 
                              strengthened water quality standards and permitsReduce the volume of existing contaminated sediment. 
                          Clean up existing contaminated sediment sites 
                              using Superfund and enforcement authoritiesEnsure that sediment dredging and dredged material 
                          disposal are managed in an environmentally sound manner.
                          Release new guidance on improved testing standards 
                              for dredging and disposal of contaminated material 
                              in state watersEstablish a national stakeholder group to review 
                              procedures for dredged material management in ocean 
                              watersDevelop scientifically sound sediment management 
                          tools for use in pollution prevention, source control, 
                          remediation, and dredged material management.
                          Improve the science to better understand the 
                              extent of sediment contamination problems and their 
                              impacts and to develop solutionsCopies of the Report
                      Copies of the 3-volume report: The Incidence and Severity 
                      of Sediment Contamination in Surface Waters of the United 
                      States are available from:
                      U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      National Center for Environmental Publications and Information
                      11029 Kenwood Rd., Bldg. 5
                      Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242 
                      They may be ordered by phone at 800-490-9198; 
                        fax at 513-489-8695;
                        or on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/orderpub.htmlYou can also download .pdf copies of the report at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/cs/congress.html.Press Release: EPA Releases National Inventory of Contaminated 
                        Sediments
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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