FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 50

Financial Statements

of the United States Government

for the Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 

2023, and 2022

The consolidated financial statements of the U.S. government were prepared using GAAP. These statements include the 

accrual-based financial statements and the sustainability financial statements, which are discussed in more detail below, and 

the related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Collectively, the accrual-based financial statements, the 

sustainability financial statements, and the notes represent basic information that is deemed essential for the consolidated 

financial statements to be presented in conformity with GAAP. 

ACCRUAL-BASED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The accrual-based financial statements present historical information on what the federal government owns (assets) and 

owes (liabilities) at the end of the year, what came in (revenues) and what went out (net costs) during the year, and how 

accrual-based net operating costs of the federal government reconcile to the budget deficit and changes in its cash balance 

during the year. The following sections discuss each of the accrual-based financial statements.

Statements of Net Cost 

These statements present the net cost of the government operations for FYs 2023 and 2022. Costs and earned revenues 

are categorized on the Statement of Net Cost by significant entity, providing greater accountability by showing the 

relationship of the entities’ net cost to the government-wide net cost. Costs and earned revenues are presented in this 

Financial Report on an accrual basis, while the Budget presents outlays and receipts, generally on a cash basis. The focus of 

the Budget is by entity.

The Statements of Net Cost contain the following four components:

• Gross cost—is the total cost of providing federal goods and services, excluding (gain)/loss from changes in 

assumptions and before considering related exchange revenue. The gross costs are the amounts reported by each 

entity, adjusted to reflect certain cost assignments made on a cause-and-effect or other reasonable basis (see 

discussion below).

• Earned revenue—is exchange revenue resulting from the government providing goods and services to the public at a 

price.

• (Gain)/loss from changes in assumptions—is the gain or loss from changes in long-term assumptions used to 

measure the liabilities reported for federal civilian and military employee pensions, OPEB, and ORB, including 

veterans’ compensation.

• Net cost—is computed by subtracting earned revenue from gross cost, adjusted by the (gain)/loss from changes in 

assumptions.

Individual entity net cost amounts will differ from the entity’s financial statements primarily because of the elimination 

of intra-governmental activity and the subsequent reallocation of certain costs to individual entities at the government-wide 

level. While intra-governmental costs are eliminated from the face of the financial statements, the consolidated Statements of 

Net Cost is intended to show the total cost for each entity, therefore, reallocations are completed at the government-wide 

level to show costs more accurately at the entity level for employee benefit costs, intra-governmental buy/sell costs and 

related revenues, custodial collections, and imputed costs. These reallocated costs have a net effect of zero on the Statements 

of Net Cost in the Financial Report. 

Because of its specific function, most of the employee benefit costs originally associated with the OPM have been 

reallocated to the user entities for government-wide reporting purposes. With regard to intra-governmental buy/sell 
51 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

transactions the selling entities’ costs are reallocated to the buying entities in order to allocate the costs to the entities that 

benefit from such costs.

In addition, the intra-governmental imputed costs recognized for the receipt of goods and services, financed in whole or 

part by the providing entities, have been reallocated to the net cost amounts of the individual entities receiving the benefit and 

subtracted from the applicable administering entities’ net cost amounts. The most significant types of imputed costs that are 

recorded relate to post-retirement and health benefits, FECA, and Treasury’s Judgment Fund. 

The interest on securities issued by Treasury and held by the public is reported on Treasury’s financial statements, but 

because of its importance and the dollar amounts involved, it is reported separately in these statements. 

Statements of Operations and Changes in Net Position

These statements report the results of government operations (net operating costs). They include non-exchange 

revenues, which are generated from transactions that do not require a government entity to give value directly in exchange for 

the inflow of resources. The government does not “earn” the non-exchange revenue. These are generated principally by the 

government’s sovereign power to tax, levy duties, and assess fines and penalties. These statements also include the net cost 

reported in the Statements of Net Cost. They further include certain adjustments and unmatched transactions and balances 

that affect the net position. These statements present information for funds from dedicated collections and funds other than 

those from dedicated collections. Each of these types are presented on a consolidated basis whereby transactions within each 

fund type are eliminated. In order to present the activity on a government-wide basis, transactions between funds from 

dedicated collections and funds other than those from dedicated collections are eliminated. 

Revenue

Inflows of resources to the government that the government demands or that it receives by donations are identified as 

non-exchange revenue. The inflows that it demands include individual income tax and tax withholdings, corporate income 

taxes, excise taxes, unemployment taxes, custom duties, and estate and gift taxes. The non-exchange revenue is recognized 

when collected and adjusted for the change in amounts receivable.

Individual income tax and tax withholdings include FICA/SECA taxes and other taxes. Excise taxes consist of taxes 

collected for various items, such as airline tickets, gasoline products, distilled spirits and imported liquor, tobacco, firearms, 

and other items. 

Other taxes and receipts include FRBs earnings, tax related fines, penalties and interest, and railroad retirement taxes.

Miscellaneous earned revenues consist of earned revenues received from the public with virtually no associated cost. 

These revenues include rents and royalties on the Outer Continental Shelf Lands resulting from the leasing and development 

of mineral resources on public lands.

Intra-governmental revenue represents interest earned from the investment of surplus dedicated collections, which 

finance the deficit spending of all other fund’s non-dedicated operations. These investments are recorded as intragovernmental debt holdings and are included in Note 12—Federal Debt and Interest Payable, in the table titled Intragovernmental Debt Holdings: Federal Debt Securities Held as Investments by Government Accounts. These interest earnings 

and the associated investments are eliminated in the consolidation process.

Net Cost of Government Operations

The net cost of government operations—gross cost (including gains/losses from changes in assumptions) less earned 

revenue—flows through from the Statements of Net Cost.

Intra-governmental cost represents interest expense from the investment of surplus dedicated collections, which finance 

the deficit spending of all other fund’s non-dedicated operations. These investments are recorded as intra-governmental debt 

holdings. The interest cost and the associated investments are eliminated in the consolidation process.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 52

Intra-governmental Transfers

Intra-governmental transfers are transfers between funds other than those from dedicated collections and funds from 

dedicated collections, such as intra-governmental interest and amounts required by statute to be transferred from the General 

Fund to funds from dedicated collections. These intra-governmental transfers include appropriations, transfers, and other 

financing sources. These amounts are labeled as “other changes in fund balance” in Note 22—Funds from Dedicated 

Collections. 

Net Operating Cost 

The net operating cost equals revenue less net cost of government operations (that flows from the Statement of Net 

Cost).

Net Position, Beginning of Period

The net position, beginning of period, reflects the amount reported on the prior year’s Balance Sheet as of the end of 

that fiscal year. 

Adjustments to beginning net position may include corrections of material errors or changes in accounting principles. 

See Note 1.U—Changes in Accounting Principles and Note 1.V—Corrections of Errors for additional information.

Unmatched transactions and balances are adjustments needed to bring the change in net position into balance due 

primarily to unresolved intra-governmental differences. See Note 1.T—Unmatched Transactions and Balances for additional 

information.

The unmatched transactions are to make the sum of net operating costs and adjustments to beginning net position for the 

year equal to the change in net position balance. The unmatched balances are included in the net position, funds other than 

those from dedicated collections on the Balance Sheet.

Net Position, End of Period

The net position, end of period, reflects the amount as of the end of the fiscal year. The net position for funds from 

dedicated collections is separately shown.

Reconciliations of Net Operating Cost and Budget Deficit

These statements reconcile the results of operations (net operating cost) on the Statements of Operations and Changes in 

Net Position to the budget deficit (result of outlays exceeding receipts during a particular fiscal year). The premise of the

reconciliation is that accrual accounting and budgetary accounting often share much of the same transactional data. However, 

some transactions differ between the two bases of accounting and are presented as reconciling items from the net operating 

cost to the budget deficit. 

Receipts and outlays in the Budget are measured primarily on a cash basis and differ from the accrual basis of 

accounting used in the Financial Report. Refer to Note 1.B—Basis of Accounting and Revenue Recognition for additional 

information on the accrual basis of accounting. These statements begin with the net results of operations (net operating cost) 

and report activities where the basis of accounting for the components of net operating cost and the budget deficit differ.

Some presentations of the budget deficit make the distinction between on-budget and off-budget totals. On-budget totals 

reflect the transactions of all government entities, except those excluded from the Budget by law. Off-budget totals reflect the 

transactions of government entities that are excluded from the on-budget totals by law. Under current law, the off-budget 

totals include the Social Security Trust Funds and USPS. The budget deficit, as presented in the Financial Report, combines 

the on-budget and off-budget totals to derive consolidated totals for federal activity. 
53 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Components of Net Operating Cost Not Part of the Budget Deficit

This information includes the operating components, such as the changes in benefits payable for veterans, military and 

civilian employees, environmental and disposal liabilities, and depreciation expense, not included in the budget results.

Components of the Budget Deficit Not Part of Net Operating Cost

This information includes the budget components, such as the acquisition of capital assets (that are recorded as outlays 

in the budget when cash is disbursed and reflected in net operating cost through depreciation expense over the useful life of

the asset) and increases in other assets that are not included in the operating results. 

Statements of Changes in Cash Balance from Budget and Other 

Activities

The primary purpose of these financial statements is to report how the annual budget deficit relates to the change in the 

government’s cash and other monetary assets, as well as federal debt. It explains why the budget deficit normally would not 

result in an equivalent change in the government’s cash and other monetary assets.

These statements reconcile the budget deficit to the change in cash and other monetary assets during the fiscal year. 

They also serve to explain how the budget deficits were financed. These statements show the adjustments for non-cash 

outlays included in the Budget, and items affecting the cash balance not included in the Budget, to explain the change in cash 

and other monetary assets. 

The budget deficit is primarily financed through borrowings from the public. When receipts exceed outlays, the 

difference is a surplus. The Budget treats borrowing and debt repayment as a means of financing, not as receipts and 

outlays. The Budget records outlays for the interest on the public issues of Treasury debt securities as the interest accrues, 

not when the cash is paid.

Non-cash flow amounts in the Budget related to loan financing account activity also reflect intra-governmental 

transactions such as interest expense paid or interest revenue received from Treasury, entity year-end credit reform 

subsidy reestimates, and the receipt of subsidy expense from program accounts. Cash flow from non-budget activities 

related to loan financing account activity includes all cash flows to and from the public, including direct loan 

disbursements/default payments to lenders, fees collected, principal and interest repayments, collections on defaulted 

guarantee loans, and sale proceeds of foreclosed property. The Budget totals exclude the transactions of the financing 

accounts because they are not a cost to the government. However, since loan financing accounts record all credit cash 

flows to and from the public, they affect the means of financing a budget deficit.

Balance Sheets

The Balance Sheets show the government’s assets, liabilities, and net position. When combined with stewardship 

information, this information presents a more comprehensive understanding of the government’s financial position. The net 

position for funds from dedicated collections is shown separately.

Assets

Assets included on the Balance Sheets are resources of the government that remain available to meet future needs. The 

most significant assets that are reported on the Balance Sheets are loans receivable, net, general PP&E, net; accounts 

receivable, net; and cash and other monetary assets. There are, however, other significant resources available to the 

government that extend beyond the assets presented in these Balance Sheets. Those resources include stewardship PP&E in 

addition to the government’s sovereign powers to tax and set monetary policy.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 54

Liabilities and Net Position

Liabilities are obligations of the government resulting from prior actions that will require financial resources. The most 

significant liabilities reported on the Balance Sheets are federal debt and interest payable and federal employee and veteran 

benefits payable. Liabilities also include environmental and disposal liabilities, benefits due and payable, loan guarantee 

liabilities, as well as insurance and guarantee program liabilities.

As with reported assets, the government’s responsibilities, policy commitments, and contingencies are much broader 

than these reported Balance Sheet liabilities. They include the social insurance programs reported in the SOSI and disclosed 

in the unaudited RSI—Social Insurance section, fiscal long-term projections of non-interest spending reported in the SLTFP, 

and a wide range of other programs under which the government provides benefits and services to the people of this nation, 

as well as certain future loss contingencies.

The government has entered into contractual commitments requiring the future use of financial resources and has 

unresolved contingencies where existing conditions, situations, or circumstances create uncertainty about future losses. 

Commitments and contingencies that do not meet the criteria for recognition as liabilities on the Balance Sheets, but for 

which there is at least a reasonable possibility that losses have been incurred, are disclosed in Note 20—Commitments and 

Note 21—Contingencies. 

Unmatched transactions and balances are adjustments needed to reconcile differences between assets and liabilities, that 

are primarily due to unresolved intra-governmental differences. See Note 1.T—Unmatched Transactions and Balances for 

additional information. 

The collection of certain taxes and other revenue is credited to the corresponding funds from dedicated collections that 

will use these funds to meet a particular government purpose. If the collections from taxes and other sources exceed the 

payments to the beneficiaries, the excess revenue is invested in Treasury securities or deposited in the General Fund; 

therefore, the trust fund balances do not represent cash. An explanation of the trust funds for social insurance is included in 

Note 22—Funds from Dedicated Collections. That note also contains information about trust fund receipts, disbursements, 

and assets.

Due to its sovereign power to tax and borrow, and the country’s wide economic base, the government has unique access 

to financial resources through generating tax revenues and issuing federal debt securities. This provides the government with

the ability to meet present obligations and those that are anticipated from future operations and are not reflected in net 

position.

The net position is the residual difference between assets and liabilities, adjusted for unmatched transactions and 

balances reported in the Balance Sheet, and is the cumulative results of operations since inception. For detailed components 

that comprise the net position, refer to the section “Statement of Operations and Changes in Net Position.” 

SUSTAINABILITY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The sustainability financial statements are comprised of the SLTFP, covering all federal government programs, and the 

SOSI and the SCSIA, covering social insurance programs (Social Security, Medicare, Railroad Retirement, and Black Lung 

programs). The sustainability financial statements are designed to illustrate the relationship between projected receipts and 

expenditures if current policy is continued over a 75-year time horizon.1 In preparing the sustainability financial statements, 

management selects assumptions and data that it believes provide a reasonable basis to illustrate whether current policy is 

sustainable. Current policy is based on current law but includes several adjustments. In the SLTFP, notable adjustments to 

current law are: 1) projected spending, receipts, and borrowing levels assume raising or suspending the current statutory limit 

on federal debt; 2) continued discretionary appropriations are assumed throughout the projections period; 3) scheduled Social

Security and Medicare Part A benefit payments are assumed to occur beyond the projected point of trust fund depletion; and 

4) many mandatory programs with expiration dates prior to the end of the 75-year projection period are assumed to be 

reauthorized. In the SOSI, the one adjustment to current law is that scheduled Social Security and Medicare Part A benefit 

payments are assumed to occur beyond the projected point of trust fund depletions. Assumptions underlying such 

sustainability information do not consider changes in policy or all potential future events that could affect future income, 

future expenditures, and, hence, sustainability. The projections do not reflect any adverse economic consequences resulting 

from continuously rising debt levels. A large number of factors affect the sustainability financial statements and future events 

and circumstances cannot be estimated with certainty. Therefore, even if current policy is continued, there will be differences 

1 With the exception of the Black Lung program, which has a rolling 25-year projection period that begins on the September 30 valuation date each year.
55 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

between the estimates in the sustainability financial statements and actual results, and those differences may be material. The 

unaudited RSI section of this Financial Report includes PV projections using different assumptions to illustrate the 

sensitivity of the sustainability financial statements to changes in certain assumptions. The sustainability financial statements 

are intended to help the readers understand current policy and the importance and magnitude of policy reforms necessary to 

make it sustainable. 

By accounting convention, General Fund transfers to Medicare Parts B and D reported in the SOSI are eliminated when 

preparing the government-wide consolidated financial statements. The SOSI shows the projected General Fund transfers as 

eliminations that, under current law, would be used to finance the remainder of the expenditures in excess of revenues for 

Medicare Parts B and D reported in the SOSI. The SLTFP include all revenues (including general revenues) of the federal 

government.

Statements of Long-Term Fiscal Projections

The SLTFP, including the corresponding Note and RSI, are intended to help readers of the government’s financial 

statements assess the federal government’s financial condition and how it has changed during the year and may change in the 

future. The statements and corresponding analysis are specifically designed to help readers assess whether future budgetary 

resources will be sufficient to sustain public services and to meet obligations as they come due, assuming that current policy 

for federal government services and taxation continues without change.

The SLTFP display the PV of 75-year projections by major category of receipts and non-interest spending. The 

projections show the extent to which future receipts of the government exceed or fall short of the government’s non-interest 

spending and are presented both in terms of PV dollars and in terms of PV dollars as a percent of PV GDP. The projections 

reflect policies currently in place and are neither forecasts nor predictions. The projections are consistent with the projections 

for Social Security and Medicare presented in the SOSI and are based on the same economic and demographic assumptions 

that underlie the SOSI. The SLTFP display the fiscal gap, which is a summary measure of the change in receipts or noninterest spending that is necessary to reach a target ratio of debt held by the public to GDP at the end of the projection period. 

Note 24—Long-Term Fiscal Projections, explains the methods used to prepare the projections. Unaudited RSI further 

assesses the sustainability of current fiscal policy and provides results that are based on alternative assumptions to those used 

in the SLTFP.

As discussed further in Note 24, a sustainable policy is one where the debt-to-GDP ratio is stable or declining over the 

long term. Because GDP measures the size of the nation’s economy in terms of the total value of all final goods and services 

that are produced in a year, the debt-to-GDP ratio is a useful indicator of the economy’s capacity to support federal

government’s services.

Statements of Social Insurance and Changes in Social Insurance 

Amounts

SOSI provides estimates of the status of the most significant social insurance programs: Social Security, Medicare, 

Railroad Retirement, and Black Lung.2 They are administered by SSA, HHS, RRB, and DOL, respectively. The SSA and 

HHS projections are based on the intermediate economic and demographic assumptions representing the Trustees’ reasonable 

estimates of likely future economic and demographic conditions, as set forth in the applicable Social Security and Medicare 

Trustees Reports as well as in the financial statements of HHS and SSA. RRB’s projections are based on assumptions from 

the 28th Actuarial Valuation of the Assets and Liabilities Under the Railroad Retirement Acts as of December 31, 2019, the

2023 Annual Report of the Railroad Retirement System required by Section 502 of the Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 

1983 (P.L. 98-76), as well as in RRB’s financial statements and DOL’s projections are based on assumptions disclosed in its 

financial statements. 

The SCSIA show two reconciliations: 1) change from the period beginning on January 1, 2022 to the period beginning 

on January 1, 2023; and 2) change from the period beginning on January 1, 2021 to the period beginning on January 1, 2022. 

It reconciles the changes (between the current valuation and the prior valuation) in the PV of estimated future revenue less 

estimated future expenditures for current and future participants (the open group measure) over the next 75 years (except 

2 In relation to the amounts presented in the SOSI and SCSIA, because the combined Railroad Retirement and Black Lung programs account for less than 

one-quarter of 1.0 percent of the statement totals, they are not material from the government-wide perspective.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 56

Black Lung which has a rolling 25-year projection period through September 30, 2048). The reconciliation identifies several 

components of the changes that are significant and provides reasons for the changes in Note 25—Social Insurance. 
57 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Statement of Net Cost

for the Year Ended September 30, 2023 (Gain)/Loss

from

Gross Earned Changes in Net

(In billions of dollars) Cost Revenue Subtotal Assumptions Cost

Department of Health and Human Services 1,875.6 161.2 1,714.4 (0.3) 1,714.1

Department of Veterans Affairs 902.0 5.5 896.5 558.8 1,455.3

Social Security Administration 1,433.1 0.3 1,432.8 - 1,432.8

Department of Defense 969.0 55.0 914.0 89.3 1,003.3

Interest on Treasury Securities held by the public 678.0 - 678.0 - 678.0

Department of the Treasury 357.4 53.7 303.7 - 303.7

Department of Agriculture 238.1 11.8 226.3 - 226.3

Office of Personnel Management 124.0 29.4 94.6 111.9 206.5

Department of Transportation 108.2 1.5 106.7 - 106.7

Security Assistance Accounts 109.3 6.1 103.2 - 103.2

Department of Homeland Security 111.2 15.6 95.6 1.0 96.6

Department of Energy 86.2 11.3 74.9 - 74.9

Department of Housing and Urban Development 71.4 4.1 67.3 - 67.3

Department of Justice 51.6 3.7 47.9 - 47.9

Department of Labor 45.3 - 45.3 - 45.3

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 55.0 17.0 38.0 - 38.0

Agency for International Development 36.8 - 36.8 - 36.8

Department of State 41.6 6.0 35.6 (0.2) 35.4

Small Business Administration 35.5 5.2 30.3 - 30.3

Department of the Interior 29.5 3.0 26.5 - 26.5

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 24.8 0.4 24.4 - 24.4

Department of Education 50.9 32.4 18.5 - 18.5

Federal Communications Commission 18.6 0.4 18.2 - 18.2

Railroad Retirement Board 15.6 - 15.6 - 15.6

Department of Commerce 17.3 4.3 13.0 - 13.0

Environmental Protection Agency 12.3 0.4 11.9 - 11.9

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 21.8 11.9 9.9 - 9.9

National Science Foundation 9.0 - 9.0 - 9.0

United States Postal Service 83.8 77.0 6.8 - 6.8

Smithsonian Institution 2.0 0.5 1.5 - 1.5

Millennium Challenge Corporation 0.7 - 0.7 - 0.7

National Credit Union Administration 0.4 0.1 0.3 - 0.3

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 0.8 0.7 0.1 - 0.1

General Services Administration 0.9 1.1 (0.2) - (0.2)

Securities and Exchange Commission 2.4 2.6 (0.2) - (0.2)

United States International Development Finance 

Corporation - 0.3 (0.3) - (0.3)

Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation - 0.6 (0.6) - (0.6)

Tennessee Valley Authority 11.4 12.0 (0.6) - (0.6)

Export-Import Bank of the United States (0.9) (0.2) (0.7) - (0.7)

National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust 0.1 2.8 (2.7) - (2.7)

All other entities 31.0 1.8 29.2 0.1 29.3

Total 7,661.7 539.5 7,122.2 760.6 7,882.8

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 58

United States Government

Statement of Net Cost

for the Year Ended September 30, 2022* (Gain)/Loss

from

Gross Earned Changes in Net

(In billions of dollars) Cost Revenue Subtotal Assumptions Cost

Department of Health and Human Services 1,812.7 154.1 1,658.6 1.4 1,660.0

Department of Veterans Affairs 413.8 5.4 408.4 1,526.5 1,934.9

Social Security Administration 1,294.3 0.3 1,294.0 - 1,294.0

Department of Defense 979.7 47.8 931.9 527.0 1,458.9

Interest on Treasury Securities held by the public 496.5 - 496.5 - 496.5

Department of the Treasury 557.7 31.3 526.4 - 526.4

Department of Agriculture 250.4 9.7 240.7 - 240.7

Office of Personnel Management 174.1 27.3 146.8 148.2 295.0

Department of Transportation 116.3 1.0 115.3 - 115.3

Security Assistance Accounts 102.1 19.3 82.8 - 82.8

Department of Homeland Security 102.3 14.7 87.6 1.2 88.8

Department of Energy 50.3 22.1 28.2 - 28.2

Department of Housing and Urban Development 28.2 1.9 26.3 - 26.3

Department of Justice 42.4 1.2 41.2 - 41.2

Department of Labor 42.3 - 42.3 - 42.3

Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 9.9 16.9 (7.0) - (7.0)

Agency for International Development 29.5 0.1 29.4 - 29.4

Department of State 40.0 4.8 35.2 3.4 38.6

Small Business Administration 47.8 4.3 43.5 - 43.5

Department of the Interior 28.2 2.7 25.5 - 25.5

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 22.3 0.3 22.0 - 22.0

Department of Education 595.1 55.6 539.5 - 539.5

Federal Communications Commission 16.0 0.4 15.6 - 15.6

Railroad Retirement Board 8.2 - 8.2 - 8.2

Department of Commerce 15.8 4.2 11.6 0.1 11.7

Environmental Protection Agency 9.9 0.3 9.6 - 9.6

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1.9 8.2 (6.3) - (6.3)

National Science Foundation 8.2 - 8.2 - 8.2

United States Postal Service 78.7 76.2 2.5 - 2.5

Smithsonian Institution 1.7 0.1 1.6 - 1.6

Millennium Challenge Corporation 0.7 - 0.7 - 0.7

National Credit Union Administration 0.3 0.1 0.2 - 0.2

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 0.8 0.7 0.1 - 0.1

General Services Administration 0.3 0.9 (0.6) - (0.6)

Securities and Exchange Commission 2.6 2.4 0.2 - 0.2

United States International Development Finance 

Corporation 0.3 0.2 0.1 - 0.1

Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation - 0.6 (0.6) - (0.6)

Tennessee Valley Authority 11.3 12.4 (1.1) - (1.1)

Export-Import Bank of the United States - 0.5 (0.5) - (0.5)

National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust 4.7 1.1 3.6 - 3.6

All other entities 23.4 2.0 21.4 0.1 21.5

Subtotal 7,420.7 531.1 6,889.6 2,207.9 9,097.5

Unmatched transactions and balances (Note 1.T) (0.6) - (0.6) - (0.6)

Total 7,420.1 531.1 6,889.0 2,207.9 9,096.9

* Certain amounts differ from prior year reported amounts due to a change in presentation (see Financial Statement Note 1.W).

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
59 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Statement of Operations and Changes in Net Position

for the Year Ended September 30, 2023 (Consolidated)

Funds other than Funds from

those from Dedicated

Dedicated Collections

Collections (Note 22) Eliminations Total

(In billions of dollars) 2023

Revenue (Note 19):

Individual income tax and tax withholdings 2,122.4 1,590.7 - 3,713.1

Corporate income taxes 368.2 - - 368.2

Excise taxes 27.4 66.3 - 93.7

Unemployment taxes 7.8 39.3 - 47.1

Customs duties 78.1 0.1 - 78.2

Estate and gift taxes 33.7 - - 33.7

Other taxes and receipts 86.6 28.7 - 115.3

Miscellaneous earned revenues 16.3 - - 16.3

Intra-governmental revenue - 106.0 (106.0) -

Total revenue 2,740.5 1,831.1 (106.0) 4,465.6

Net Cost of Government Operations:

Net cost 5,504.6 2,378.2 - 7,882.8

Intra-governmental cost 106.0 - (106.0) -

Total net cost 5,610.6 2,378.2 (106.0) 7,882.8

Intra-governmental transfers (611.0) 611.0 - -

Net operating (cost)/revenue (3,481.1) 63.9 - (3,417.2)

Net position, beginning of period (37,757.6) 3,696.4 - (34,061.2)

Adjustments to beginning net position

Changes in accounting principles (Note 1.U) (1.0) 0.2 - (0.8)

Net operating (cost)/revenue (3,481.1) 63.9 - (3,417.2)

Net position, end of period (41,239.7) 3,760.5 - (37,479.2)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 60

United States Government

Statement of Operations and Changes in Net Position

for the Year Ended September 30, 2022 (Consolidated)*

Funds other than Funds from

those from Dedicated

Dedicated Collections

Collections (Note 22) Eliminations Total

(In billions of dollars) 2022

Revenue (Note 19):

Individual income tax and tax withholdings 2,571.1 1,441.5 - 4,012.6

Corporate income taxes 383.2 - - 383.2

Excise taxes 34.4 58.4 - 92.8

Unemployment taxes 6.9 56.7 - 63.6

Customs duties 98.6 0.1 - 98.7

Estate and gift taxes 32.6 - - 32.6

Other taxes and receipts 182.3 16.2 - 198.5

Miscellaneous earned revenues 43.9 - - 43.9

Intra-governmental revenue - 99.8 (99.8) -

Total revenue 3,353.0 1,672.7 (99.8) 4,925.9

Net Cost of Government Operations:

Net cost 6,970.2 2,126.7 - 9,096.9

Intra-governmental cost 99.8 - (99.8) -

Total net cost 7,070.0 2,126.7 (99.8) 9,096.9

Intra-governmental transfers (667.4) 667.4 - -

Net operating (cost)/revenue (4,384.4) 213.4 - (4,171.0)

Net position, beginning of period (33,368.8) 3,483.0 - (29,885.8)

Adjustments to beginning net position

Changes in accounting principles (Note 1.U) (4.3) - - (4.3)

Net operating (cost)/revenue (4,384.4) 213.4 - (4,171.0)

Unmatched transactions and balances

(Note 1.T) (0.1) - - (0.1)

Net position, end of period (37,757.6) 3,696.4 - (34,061.2)

* Certain amounts differ from prior year reported amounts due to a change in presentation (see Financial Statement Note 1.W).

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
61 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Reconciliations of Net Operating Cost and Budget Deficit

for the Years Ended September 30, 2023, and 2022

(In billions of dollars) 2023 2022*

Net operating cost (3,417.2) (4,171.0)

Components of net operating cost not part of the budget deficit:

Excess of accrual-basis expenses over budget outlays:

** Federal employee and veteran benefits payable:

Pension and accrued benefits 303.7 774.1

Veterans compensation and burial benefits 1,130.7 1,662.8

Post-retirement health and accrued benefits 49.5 176.3

Other benefits 31.6 15.8

Subtotal - federal employee and veteran benefits payable 1,515.5 2,629.0

**Insurance and guarantee program liabilities (5.2) (25.3)

** Environmental and disposal liabilities 19.0 13.0

** Accounts payable 9.6 (8.5)

** Benefits due and payable 37.6 14.4

** Advances from others and deferred revenue 108.1 45.2

** Other liabilities 178.1 (182.0)

Subtotal - excess of accrual-basis expenses over budget outlays 1,862.7 2,485.8

Amortized expenses not included in budget outlays:

Property, plant, and equipment depreciation expense 77.9 78.3

Other expenses that are not reported as budget outlays:

Property, plant, and equipment disposals and revaluations 9.1 15.5

Excess of accrual-basis revenue over budget receipts:

Accounts receivable, net (18.6) (20.8)

Taxes receivable, net 55.0 65.5

Other losses/(gains) and cost/(revenue) that are not budget receipts:

**Investments in government-sponsored enterprises (16.7) (2.8)

Subtotal - components of net operating cost not part of budget deficit 1,969.4 2,621.5

Components of the budget deficit that are not part of net operating cost:

Budget receipts not included in net operating cost:

Credit reform and other loan activities 24.5 (58.5)

Budget outlays not included in net operating cost:

Acquisition of capital assets (124.5) (114.4)

**Investments (0.5) 31.3

**Inventory and related property, net (16.1) (7.7)

** Advances and prepayments 45.4 71.3

** Other assets (157.7) 1.0

Subtotal - components of the budget deficit that are not part of net operating cost (228.9) (77.0)

Adjustments to beginning net position (0.8) (4.3)

Other:

Allocations of special drawing rights (4.0) 14.8

Effect of uninvested principal from the TSP's G Fund - 156.7

All other reconciling items (13.7) 83.8

Total other (17.7) 255.3

Budget deficit (1,695.2) (1,375.5)

* Certain amounts differ from prior year reported amounts due to a change in presentation (see Financial Statement Note 1.W).

** The amounts represent the year over year net change in the Balance Sheet line items. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 62

United States Government

Statements of Changes in Cash Balance from Budget and Other Activities

for the Years Ended September 30, 2023, and 2022

(In billions of dollars) 2023 2022

Cash flow from budget activities:

Total budget receipts 4,439.3 4,896.1

Total budget outlays (6,134.5) (6,271.6)

Budget deficit (1,695.2) (1,375.5)

Adjustments for non-cash outlays included in the budget:

Non-cash flow amounts in the budget related to federal debt:

Accrued interest 407.2 311.3

Net amortization 197.4 31.9

Other 47.7 260.0

Subtotal - adjustments for non-cash flow amounts in the budget related to federal debt 652.3 603.2

Non-cash flow amounts in the budget related to loan financing account activity:

Interest revenue on uninvested funds 11.9 12.7

Interest expense on entity borrowings (45.4) (45.5)

Downward reestimates/negative subsidy payments (357.4) (55.9)

Subsidy expense/upward reestimates 191.4 542.6

Subtotal - adjustments for non-cash flow amounts in the budget related to loan

financing account activity (199.5) 453.9

Total of adjustments for non-cash outlays included in the budget 452.8 1,057.1

Cash flow from activities not included in the budget:

Cash flow from non-budget activities related to federal debt:

Interest paid (371.8) (299.2)

Subtotal - cash flow from non-budget activities related to federal debt (371.8) (299.2)

Cash flow from non-budget activities related to loan financing account activity:

Loan disbursements/default payments (219.5) (522.6)

Fees 22.1 25.4

Principal and interest repayments 91.3 87.5

Other collections on defaulted loans receivable and sale of foreclosed property 4.6 2.2

Special purpose vehicle disbursements (0.2) (4.5)

Repayments of special purpose vehicle investments 4.7 9.1

Subtotal - cash flow from non-budget activities related to loan financing account activity (97.0) (402.9)

Cash flow from financing federal debt:

Borrowings 20,196.0 17,457.5

Repayments (18,212.8) (15,701.2)

Discount/premium (285.5) (78.7)

Effect of uninvested principal from the TSP's G Fund - (156.7)

Subtotal - cash flow from financing federal debt 1,697.7 1,520.9

Total cash flow from activities not included in the budget 1,228.9 818.8

Other:

Allocations of special drawing rights 4.0 (14.8)

All other reconciling items 53.9 (82.8)

Total other 57.9 (97.6)

Change in cash and other monetary assets balance 44.4 402.8

Beginning cash and other monetary assets balance 877.8 475.0

Ending cash and other monetary assets balance 922.2 877.8

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
63 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Balance Sheets

as of September 30, 2023, and 2022

(In billions of dollars) 2023 2022

Assets:

Cash and other monetary assets (Note 2) 922.2 877.8

Accounts receivable, net (Note 3) 319.9 356.3

Loans receivable, net (Note 4) 1,695.1 1,434.1

Negative loan guarantee liabilities (Note 4) 4.6 -

Inventory and related property, net (Note 5) 423.0 406.9

General property, plant and equipment, net (Note 6) 1,235.0 1,197.5

Investments (Note 7) 130.8 130.3

Investments in government-sponsored enterprises (Note 8) 240.4 223.7

Advances and prepayments (Note 9) 252.7 298.1

Other assets (Note 10) 195.4 37.7

Total assets 5,419.1 4,962.4

Stewardship property, plant, and equipment (Note 26)

Liabilities:

Accounts payable (Note 11) 124.2 114.6

Federal debt and interest payable (Note 12) 26,347.7 24,328.0

Federal employee and veteran benefits payable (Note 13) 14,327.4 12,811.9

Environmental and disposal liabilities (Note 14) 645.3 626.3

Benefits due and payable (Note 15) 325.9 288.3

Loan guarantee liabilities (Note 4) - 6.4

Insurance and guarantee program liabilities (Note 16) 99.3 104.5

Advances from others and deferred revenues (Note 17) 355.3 247.2

Other liabilities (Note 18) 673.2 495.1

Total liabilities 42,898.3 39,022.3

Commitments (Note 20) and Contingencies (Note 21) 

Unmatched transactions and balances (Note 1.T) - 1.3

Net Position:

Funds from Dedicated Collections (Note 22) 3,760.5 3,696.4

Funds other than those from Dedicated Collections (41,239.7) (37,757.6)

Total net position (37,479.2) (34,061.2)

Total liabilities and net position* 5,419.1 4,962.4

* Total liabilities and net position equals Total liabilities, Total net position and Unmatched transactions and balances.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 64

United States Government

Statements of Long-Term Fiscal Projections (Note 24)

Present Value of 75-Year Projections as of September 30, 2023, and 20221

In trillions of dollars Percent of GDP2

2023 2022 Change 2023 2022 Change

Receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes 80.8 77.8 2.9 4.2 4.2 0.1

Medicare payroll taxes 27.4 26.4 1.0 1.4 1.4 -

Individual income taxes 204.4 201.1 3.3 10.7 10.7 (0.1)

Corporation income taxes 24.3 25.0 (0.7) 1.3 1.3 (0.1)

Other receipts 23.0 20.2 2.9 1.2 1.1 0.1

Total receipts 360.0 350.6 9.3 18.8 18.7 -

Non-interest spending:

Social Security 114.2 109.0 5.3 6.0 5.8 0.1

Medicare Part A3 37.9 37.1 0.8 2.0 2.0 -

Medicare Parts B & D4 52.2 51.1 1.1 2.7 2.7 -

Medicaid 47.3 56.5 (9.2) 2.5 3.0 (0.6)

Other mandatory 62.8 53.4 9.4 3.3 2.8 0.4

Defense discretionary 59.8 56.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 0.1

Non-defense discretionary 58.9 66.2 (7.3) 3.1 3.5 (0.5)

Total non-interest spending 433.1 430.2 3.0 22.6 23.0 (0.4)

Receipts less non-interest spending (73.2) (79.5) 6.4 (3.8) (4.2) 0.4

Fiscal gap5 (4.5) (4.9) 0.4

1

 75-year present value projections for 2023 are as of 9/30/2023 for FYs 2024-2098; projections for 2022 are as of 9/30/2022 for FYs 

 2023-2097. 2

 The 75-year present value of nominal GDP, which drives the calculations above is $1,919.1 trillion starting in FY 2024, and was 

 $1,872.9 trillion starting in FY 2023. 3

 Represents portions of Medicare supported by payroll taxes. 4 Represents portions of Medicare supported by general revenues. Consistent with the President's Budget, outlays for Parts B & D are 

 presented net of premiums. 5

 To prevent the debt-to-GDP ratio from rising over the next 75 years, a combination of non-interest spending reductions and receipt 

 increases that amounts to 4.5 percent of GDP on average is needed (4.9 percent of GDP on average in 2022). See Note 24— 

 Long-Term Fiscal Projections.

Totals may not equal the sum of components due to rounding. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
65 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Statements of Social Insurance (Note 25)

Present Value of Long-Range (75 Years, except Black Lung) Actuarial Projections

(In trillions of dollars) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019

Federal Old-Age, Survivors and Disability Insurance (Social 

Security):11

Revenue (Contributions and Dedicated Taxes) from:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 62 and over) 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.5

Participants who have not attained eligibility age 42.2 40.4 37.5 35.2 33.6

Future participants 43.0 41.8 39.3 37.0 35.3

All current and future participants 87.4 84.2 78.6 73.9 70.4

Expenditures for Scheduled Future Benefits for:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 62 and over) (23.5) (21.6) (19.8) (18.3) (16.9)

Participants who have not attained eligibility age (71.2) (68.5) (64.9) (59.8) (55.8)

Future participants (17.9) (17.4) (16.6) (15.5) (14.5)

All current and future participants (112.6) (107.5) (101.3) (93.6) (87.2)

Present value of future expenditures in excess of future

revenue (25.2)1 (23.3)2 (22.7)3 (19.7)4 (16.8)5

Federal Hospital Insurance (Medicare Part A):11

Revenue (Contributions and Dedicated Taxes) from:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 65 and over) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6

Participants who have not attained eligibility age 15.4 14.8 13.0 12.5 12.0

Future participants 15.0 14.6 13.0 12.5 11.8

All current and future participants 31.3 30.2 26.7 25.6 24.4

Expenditures for Scheduled Future Benefits for:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 65 and over) (7.2) (7.0) (6.2) (6.1) (5.3)

Participants who have not attained eligibility age (23.6) (23.2) (20.9) (20.1) (20.0)

Future participants (5.1) (5.0) (4.6) (4.2) (4.5)

All current and future participants (35.9) (35.2) (31.7) (30.4) (29.8)

Present value of future expenditures in excess of future 

revenue (4.6)1 (5.0)2 (5.0)3 (4.8)4 (5.4)5

Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance (Medicare Part B):11

Revenue (Premiums) from:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 65 and over) 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.5

Participants who have not attained eligibility age 10.9 11.8 10.0 9.3 7.5

Future participants 2.7 3.1 2.6 2.5 1.9

General Fund transfers 40.9 39.5 35.5 33.1 28.8

All current and future participants 56.6 56.6 50.0 46.6 39.7

Expenditures for Scheduled Future Benefits for:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 65 and over) (8.0) (7.8) (6.9) (6.2) (5.8)

Participants who have not attained eligibility age (38.5) (38.6) (34.1) (31.8) (27.3)

Future participants (10.1) (10.2) (9.0) (8.6) (6.6)

All current and future participants (56.6) (56.6) (50.0) (46.6) (39.7)

Eliminations (40.9) (39.5) (35.5) (33.1) (28.8)

Present value of future expenditures in excess of future 

revenue (after eliminations)6 (40.9)1 (39.5)2 (35.5)3 (33.1)4 (28.8)5

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 66

United States Government

Statements of Social Insurance (Note 25), continued

Present Value of Long-Range (75 Years, except Black Lung) Actuarial Projections

(In trillions of dollars) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019

Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance (Medicare Part D):11

Revenue (Premiums and State Transfers) from:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 65 and over) 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2

Participants who have not attained eligibility age 1.9 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.1

Future participants 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

General Fund transfers 7.6 8.0 7.7 7.8 8.0

All current and future participants 10.6 11.7 10.9 11.0 11.2

Expenditures for Scheduled Future Benefits for:

Participants who have attained eligibility age (age 65 and over) (1.3) (1.2) (1.1) (1.0) (1.0)

Participants who have not attained eligibility age (6.9) (7.4) (6.9) (7.0) (7.2)

Future participants (2.4) (3.1) (2.9) (3.0) (3.0)

All current and future participants (10.6) (11.7) (10.9) (11.0) (11.2)

Eliminations (7.6) (8.0) (7.7) (7.8) (8.0)

Present value of future expenditures in excess of future 

revenue (after eliminations)6 (7.6)1 (8.0)2 (7.7)3 (7.8)4 (8.0)5

Other:

Present value of future expenditures in excess of future 

revenue7 (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1)

Total present value of future expenditures in excess of future 

revenue8, 9, 10 (78.4) (75.9) (71.0) (65.5) (59.1)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
67 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Statements of Social Insurance (Note 25), continued

Present Value of Long-Range (75 Years, except Black Lung) Actuarial Projections

(In trillions of dollars) 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019

Social Insurance Summary:

11

Participants who have attained eligibility age:

Revenue (e.g., contributions and dedicated taxes) 5.6 5.4 4.7 4.3 3.8

Expenditures for scheduled future benefits (40.0) (37.6) (34.0) (31.6) (29.1)

Present value of future expenditures in excess of 

future revenue (34.4) (32.2) (29.3) (27.3) (25.3)

Participants who have not attained eligibility age:

Revenue (e.g., contributions and dedicated taxes) 70.4 69.3 62.5 59.0 55.2

Expenditures for scheduled future benefits (140.2) (137.7) (126.8) (118.7) (110.3)

Present value of future expenditures in excess of 

future revenue (69.8) (68.4) (64.3) (59.7) (55.1)

Closed group - Total present value of future expenditures

in excess of future revenue (104.2) (100.6) (93.6) (87.0) (80.4)

Future participants:

Revenue (e.g., contributions and dedicated taxes) 61.4 60.5 55.8 52.9 49.9

Expenditures for scheduled future benefits (35.6) (35.8) (33.2) (31.4) (28.6)

Present value of future revenue in excess of future 

expenditure 25.8 24.7 22.6 21.5 21.3

Open group - Total present value of future expenditures in

excess of future revenue (78.4) (75.9) (71.0) (65.5) (59.1)

1 The projection period for Social Security and Medicare is 1/1/2023 - 12/31/2097 and the valuation date is 1/1/2023. 2 The projection period for Social Security and Medicare is 1/1/2022 - 12/31/2096 and the valuation date is 1/1/2022. 3 The projection period for Social Security and Medicare is 1/1/2021 - 12/31/2095 and the valuation date is 1/1/2021. 4 The projection period for Social Security and Medicare is 1/1/2020 - 12/31/2094 and the valuation date is 1/1/2020. 5 The projection period for Social Security and Medicare is 1/1/2019 - 12/31/2093 and the valuation date is 1/1/2019. 6 These amounts represent the PV of the future transfers from the General Fund to the SMI Trust Funds. These future intra-governmental 

are included as income in both HHS’s and the CMS’s financial statements but, by accounting convention, are not income from the

government-wide perspective of this report. 7 Includes Railroad Retirement and Black Lung. 8 These amounts do not include the PV of the financial interchange between the railroad retirement and social security systems,

which is included as income in the Railroad Retirement Financial Report, but is not included from the government-wide perspective of this 

report (See discussion of RRB in the unaudited RSI section of this report). 9 Does not include interest expense accruing on the outstanding debt of the BLDTF. 10 For information on the projection periods and valuation dates for the Railroad Retirement and Black Lung programs, refer to the financial

statements of RRB and DOL, respectively. 11 Current participants for the Social Security and Medicare programs are assumed to be the closed group of individuals who are at least

15 years of age at the start of the projection period, and are participating as either taxpayers, beneficiaries, or both. Amounts shown exclude 

General Fund transfers reported by CMS for Medicare's Parts B and D.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 68

United States Government

Statement of Changes in Social Insurance Amounts

for the Year Ended September 30, 2023 (Note 25)

Social Medicare Medicare

(In trillions of dollars) Security1 HI1 SMI1, 3 Other2 Total

NPV of future revenue less future expenditures

for current and future participants (open group)

over the next 75 years, beginning of the year (23.3) (5.0) (47.5) (0.1) (75.9)

Reasons for changes in the NPV during the year:

Changes in valuation period (0.7) (0.2) (1.1) - (2.0)

Changes in demographic data, assumptions, and 

methods (0.1) (0.3) 0.2 - (0.2)

Changes in economic data, assumptions, and 

methods (0.8) - - - (0.8)

Changes in law or policy - - 1.1 - 1.1

Changes in methodology and programmatic data (0.3) - - - (0.3)

Changes in economic and health care 

assumptions - (0.3) (2.3) - (2.6)

Change in projection base - 1.2 1.1 - 2.3

Net change in open group measure (1.9) 0.4 (1.0) - (2.5)

Open group measure, end of year (25.2) (4.6) (48.5) (0.1) (78.4)

1 Amounts represent changes between valuation dates 1/1/2022 and 1/1/2023. 2 Includes Railroad Retirement changes between valuation dates 10/1/2021 and 10/1/2022 and Black Lung changes between 9/30/2022 and 

9/30/2023. 3 Amounts shown exclude General Fund transfers reported by CMS for Medicare's Parts B and D. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements. 
69 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

United States Government

Statement of Changes in Social Insurance Amounts

for the Year Ended September 30, 2022 (Note 25)

Social Medicare Medicare

(In trillions of dollars) Security1 HI1 SMI1, 3 Other2 Total

NPV of future revenue less future expenditures

for current and future participants (open group)

over the next 75 years, beginning of the year (22.7) (5.0) (43.2) (0.1) (71.0)

Reasons for changes in the NPV during the year:

Changes in valuation period (0.7) (0.1) (0.9) - (1.7)

Changes in demographic data, assumptions, and

methods (0.3) - (0.5) - (0.8)

Changes in economic data, assumptions, and

methods (0.2) - - - (0.2)

Changes in law or policy - - - - -

Changes in methodology and programmatic data 0.6 - - - 0.6

Changes in economic and health care 

assumptions - (1.9) (3.4) - (5.3)

Change in projection base - 2.0 0.5 - 2.5

Net change in open group measure (0.6) - (4.3) - (4.9)

Open group measure, end of year (23.3) (5.0) (47.5) (0.1) (75.9)

1 Amounts represent changes between valuation dates 1/1/2021 and 1/1/2022. 2 Includes Railroad Retirement changes between valuation dates 10/1/2020 and 10/1/2021 and Black Lung changes between 9/30/2021 and 

9/30/2022. 3 Amounts shown exclude General Fund transfers reported by CMS for Medicare's Parts B and D. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.