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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

__________________________________

)

COMCAST CABLE )

COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 15-cv-1724 (RMC)

)

ISSAM SALAH HOURANI, )

)

Defendant. )

_________________________________ )

OPINION

Plaintiff Comcast Cable Communications, LLC, brought this suit seeking a 

declaratory judgment to determine its obligation to comply with a foreign discovery order. 

Comcast was served by Defendant Issam Hourani, who is a citizen of the United Kingdom and a

claimant in a U.K. defamation suit, with an order from a U.K. court requiring disclosure of the 

name and address of the Comcast customer who used a particular Internet Protocol (IP) address 

on specific dates in 2015 or later. Mr. Hourani believes that the subscriber used the IP address to 

defame him through internet postings. Under the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 551(c), 

Comcast may only disclose the information sought if so ordered by a U.S. court through the 

procedure provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1782. Thus, Comcast filed this suit seeking a judgment 

declaring whether the U.K. discovery order is enforceable against Comcast. The subscriber, 

proceeding as John Doe, objected to enforcement of the U.K. discovery order. As explained 

below, the Court will enter a declaratory judgment finding that Comcast need not comply with 

the U.K. order without a § 1782 order and that a § 1782 order will not be issued.
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I. FACTS

Issam Hourani filed suit in London against PsyberSolutions LLC, its Chief 

Executive Officer Allison Blair, Alistair Thomson, and Bryan McCarthy alleging that they 

operated a “Campaign” to assassinate his character, portraying Mr. Hourani as a criminal 

involved in the abduction, false imprisonment, torture, drugging, rape, and murder of Anastasya 

Novikova, in Beirut, Lebanon in 2004. Hourani v. Thomson, Claim No. H14 D 05164, U.K. 

Compl., dated Dec 10, 2014 [Dkt. 3]. In the U.K. Complaint, Mr. Hourani alleges that (1) the 

defendants established websites, Facebook pages, Twitter accounts, and a YouTube channel on 

which they published words and images defaming Mr. Hourani by falsely connecting him to Ms. 

Novikova’s murder; (2) the defendants organized a vigil outside Issam Hourani’s London home 

on June 19, 2014, and a demonstration in Hyde Park and outside the Lebanese Embassy in 

London on November 16, 2014 (collectively, the Demonstrations) to commemorate the tenth 

anniversary of Ms. Novikova’s death; and (3) the defendants videotaped the Demonstrations and 

posted the videos on the Internet. U.K. Compl. at 2-19. The last of the alleged defamatory 

statements was posted online on December 12, 2104. Id. at 8. Mr. Hourani contends that this 

course of conduct, including the publication of defamatory statements, constituted defamation 

and harassment in violation of a British statute, “section 1(1) of the Protection from Harassment 

Act of 1997.” Id. at 2, 26.

The U.K. Complaint is substantially similar to the complaint filed here by Issam 

Hourani’s brother, Devincci Hourani. See Hourani v. PsyberSolutions, 15-cv-933 (RMC) 

(Compl. filed June 15, 2015). This Court recently dismissed Devincci Hourani’s case because, 
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among other things, he failed to allege malice as required in a defamation case where a limitedpurpose public figure is a plaintiff. See id., Op. (Feb. 18, 2016); Order (Feb. 18, 2016).

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On August 19, 2015, the U.K. court ordered Comcast to disclose to Issam 

Hourani:

(a) the name and address of the user(s) of IP address 98.204.52.170 

between 23 May 2015 and 23 July 2015 or the earliest possible time 

after these dates; and 

(b) any other recorded information, including billing information, 

that may assist in determining the IP address user, to the extent such 

information is available.

U.K. Order [Dkt. 3] at 1-2 (emphasis added). The U.K. Order further provided that Mr. Hourani 

may use the information produced “for the purpose of bringing proceedings for defamation 

and/or harassment and/or other civil proceedings against any individual or other entity thereby 

identified and/or assisting the Claimant to establish the extent of the involvement of those 

identified in the matters complained of in the present action.” Id. at 2. Mr. Hourani believes that 

the subscriber who used the identified IP address is a person who was “hired to stage fake 

performances to defame and cause harm to defendant and [to] film the performances to be 

uploaded onto websites and social media sites for dissemination on the internet.” Def. Mem. 

[Dkt. 17-5] at 2.2

 1 As noted in the Court’s Opinion in Hourani v. PsyberSolutions, 15-cv-933 (RMC), Ms.

Novikova died when she fell, jumped, or was thrown out of a window at an upper-floor Beirut 

apartment owned by Issam Hourani and his brother, Devincci Hourani. Ms. Novikova was the 

reputed mistress of a former high-level Kazakh official, Rakhat Aliyev, who was the son-in-law 

of the President of Kazakhstan from 1983 to 2007. Issam Hourani was married to Mr. Aliyev’s 

sister.

2 In Hourani v. PsyberSolutions, Devincci Hourani alleged that this same IP address, 

98.204.52.170, “belongs to Blair and PsyberSolutions.” Hourani v. PsyberSolutions, 15-cv-933 

(RMC), Compl. ¶ 34.
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Mr. Hourani served Comcast with the U.K. Order. Comcast did not comply and 

counsel for Mr. Hourani threatened to pursue legal remedies against Comcast. Compl. [Dkt. 1]

¶ 2. Comcast notified the subscriber shown by Comcast’s records to be the user of the IP address 

at the relevant times, and the subscriber indicated that it did not consent to disclosure of any of 

its identifying information. Id. ¶ 3. The subscriber threatened to file suit against Comcast under 

the cable privacy provision of the Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. §551(f), if Comcast disclosed 

the subscriber’s identity. Id. As a result, Comcast filed this declaratory judgment action to 

determine its obligation under the U.K. Order. Comcast seeks a declaratory judgment indicating 

whether or not the U.K. Order is enforceable against it under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 and 47 U.S.C. 

§ 551(c).

Comcast and Mr. Hourani filed cross motions for judgment on the pleadings. See

Def. Mot. [Dkt. 17]; Pl. Opp’n [Dkt. 18]; Pl. Cross Mot. [Dkt. 19]; Def. Opp’n [Dkt. 20]; Pl. 

Reply [Dkt. 21].

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 The parties agreed that the Court should enter judgment on the pleadings, but 

they disagreed regarding whether the subscriber should receive pre-disclosure notice and an 

opportunity to be heard. Def. Opp’n at 2; Pl. Reply at 1. On February 23, 2016, the Court 

entered judgment in favor of Comcast and granted the petition for an order under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1782––on the condition that Comcast would serve the subscriber and providing that the 

subscriber had 21 days to object anonymously to the release of its identifying information. See

Op. [Dkt. 23]; Order [Dkt. 24]. The subscriber, proceeding anonymously through counsel as 

“John Doe,” timely filed an objection seeking to vacate the Opinion and Order. See Obj. [Dkt. 

 3 Mr. Hourani styled his motion at Docket 17 as a “motion to dismiss,” despite the fact that he 

already had filed an Answer [Dkt. 8]. Realizing his error, Mr. Hourani then asked that the Court 

treat his motion as one for judgment on the pleadings. Def. Opp’n at 2.
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27]. Mr. Hourani opposed. See Opp’n to Doe Obj. [Dkt. 28]. As explained below, with the 

benefit of these recent filings, the Court resolves this case anew.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) permits a party to file a motion for 

judgment on the pleadings after the pleadings are closed but early enough not to delay trial. Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 12(c). The standard of review on a motion for judgment on the pleadings is virtually 

identical to the standard for a motion under Rule 12(b)(6). United Parcel Service, Inc. v. Int’l 

Bhd. of Teamsters, AFL-CIO, 859 F. Supp. 590, 592, n.1 (D.D.C. 1994). A complaint must be 

sufficient “to give a defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it 

rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citations omitted). To 

survive a motion to dismiss or a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a complaint must contain 

sufficient factual matter to state a claim for relief that is “plausible on its face.” See Twombly, 

550 U.S. at 570.

A court must treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true, “even if doubtful in 

fact.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. A court need not accept as true legal conclusions set forth in a 

complaint. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). In deciding a motion under Rule 

12(b)(6), a court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the 

complaint as exhibits or incorporated by reference, and matters about which the court may take 

judicial notice. Abhe & Svoboda, Inc. v. Chao, 508 F.3d 1052, 1059 (D.C. Cir. 2007). “Because 

a Rule 12(c) motion would summarily extinguish litigation at the threshold and foreclose the 

opportunity for discovery and factual presentation, the Court must treat [such a] motion with the 

greatest of care and deny it if there are allegations in the complaint which, if proved, would 
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provide a basis for recovery.” Baumann v. District of Columbia, 744 F. Supp. 2d 216, 221 

(D.D.C. 2010).

III. ANALYSIS

For this Court to declare that the U.K. Order is enforceable against Comcast, an 

order must be issued pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1782. Section 1782 provides:

The district court of the district in which a person resides or is found 

may order him to give his testimony or statement or to produce a 

document or other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or 

international tribunal, including criminal investigations conducted 

before formal accusation.

28 U.S.C. § 1782. However, “[a] person may not be compelled to give his testimony or 

statement or to produce a document or other thing in violation of any legally applicable 

privilege.”4

 An application for a discovery order under § 1782 may be made by a foreign 

tribunal or by “any interested person.” In re Gianasso, No. C 12-80029 Misc. SI, 2012 WL 

651647, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2012). An “interested person” includes “a party to the foreign 

litigation whether directly or indirectly involved.” In re Merck, 197 F.R.D. 267, 270 (M.D.N.C. 

2000); see also Lazaridis v. Int’l Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, Inc., 760 F. Supp. 2d 

109, 113 (D.D.C. 2011) (“interested person” includes complainant who prompts a foreign 

investigation and who “possesses a reasonable interest in obtaining [judicial] assistance”).

 Even when the § 1782 threshold requirements are met, a district court is not 

required to grant a § 1782 application simply because it has authority to do so. Intel Corp. v. 

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., 542 U.S. 241, 264 (2004). Such a decision is within the district 

 4 Of course, a person can voluntarily provide testimony or produce a document. See 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1782 (b) (“This chapter does not preclude a person within the United States from voluntarily 

giving his testimony or statement, or producing a document or other thing, for use in a 

proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal before any person and in any manner acceptable 

to him.”).
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court’s discretion. Id. at 260. The Supreme Court identified the following factors for 

consideration in exercising such discretion: (1) whether the person from whom discovery is 

sought is a participant in the foreign proceeding (if he is, the need for a § 1782 order is not 

readily apparent); (2) the nature of the foreign tribunal and its proceedings and its receptivity to 

U.S. federal-court assistance; (3) whether the request for assistance under § 1782 conceals an 

attempt to circumvent foreign discovery restrictions; and (4) whether the request is unduly 

intrusive or burdensome. Id. at 264-65. 

Section 1782 is also limited by the cable privacy provision of the 

Communications Act, 47 U.S.C. § 551(c). Section 551(c) provides, in relevant part, that a cable 

operator cannot disclose personal identifying information regarding a subscriber unless the 

subscriber consents or the cable operator acts pursuant to a court order with notice to the 

subscriber. See 47 U.S.C. § 551(c)(1) & (2)(B).5

 5 Title 47, § 551(c) provides in full:

(c) Disclosure of personally identifiable information

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a cable operator shall not 

disclose personally identifiable information concerning any 

subscriber without the prior written or electronic consent of the 

subscriber concerned and shall take such actions as are necessary to 

prevent unauthorized access to such information by a person other 

than the subscriber or cable operator.

(2) A cable operator may disclose such information if the disclosure 

is—

(A) necessary to render, or conduct a legitimate business activity 

related to, a cable service or other service provided by the cable 

operator to the subscriber;

(B) subject to subsection (h) of this section, made pursuant to a court 

order authorizing such disclosure, if the subscriber is notified of 

such order by the person to whom the order is directed;
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In re Gianasso, 2012 WL 651647, exemplifies the analysis required when the 

cable privacy statute is implicated. Mr. Gianasso was a Swiss citizen who sought discovery in 

aid of an ongoing criminal investigation and a planned-for civil suit in Switzerland regarding 

defamatory statements posted on a website called Glassdoor.com. 2012 WL 651647, at *1. Mr. 

Gianasso subpoenaed Glassdoor for the identity of the user who posted the comments. The 

district court found that: Glassdoor was located within the district; Mr. Gianasso was an 

interested party in the Swiss proceedings; the discovery was relevant and necessary for those 

proceedings; Glassdoor was not a party to the Swiss case; and the evidence was not obtainable in 

Switzerland without the aid of a U.S. court. Id. at *2. There was no evidence that a Swiss court 

would be unresponsive to U.S. assistance or that Mr. Gianasso was attempting to evade

restrictions on discovery imposed by Swiss law. Finally, the discovery was not unduly 

burdensome or intrusive, as it only sought the name and address of the user who posted the 

 

(C) a disclosure of the names and addresses of subscribers to any 

cable service or other service, if—

(i) the cable operator has provided the subscriber the 

opportunity to prohibit or limit such disclosure, and

(ii) the disclosure does not reveal, directly or indirectly, 

the—

(I) extent of any viewing or other use by the subscriber of a 

cable service or other service provided by the cable operator, 

or

(II) the nature of any transaction made by the subscriber over 

the cable system of the cable operator; or

(D) to a government entity as authorized under chapters 119, 121, 

or 206 of Title 18, except that such disclosure shall not include 

records revealing cable subscriber selection of video programming 

from a cable operator.
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comments, not the content of any communication. Id. The court further found that Glassdoor 

was subject to the privacy provisions of the Communications Act. Accordingly, it ordered 

Glassdoor to provide formal notice of the subpoena within 7 days to the user whose identity was 

sought and the court gave the user 21 days after receiving notice to file any objection to the 

subpoena. Id. at *3.6

In contrast, where a party to an international arbitration petitioned for a § 1782 

order to enforce third party subpoenas, the threshold requirements were met but the court denied 

the petition because the petitioner was acting to circumvent of the arbitration rules to which it 

had agreed. In re Caratube Int’l Oil Co., LLP, 730 F. Supp. 2d 101, 106-07 (D.D.C. 2010). 

“[T]he evidence suggests that Caratube is using section 1782 in an attempt to circumvent the 

Tribunal’s control over the arbitration procedures, and this factor thus weighs against granting 

the petition.” Id. at 107.7

Comcast seeks a declaratory judgment that Mr. Hourani can only enforce the U.K. 

Order under § 1782 and in compliance with § 551(c) of the Communications Act. The U.K. 

Order at issue here is directed to Comcast, and it clearly demands the disclosure of information 

that is covered by the cable privacy provision of the Communication Act. The threshold 

requirements of § 1782 are met. Comcast is found in this district. While it is not a party to the 

 6 This 7-day/21-day procedure has been used in similar cases. See In re Action and Protection 

Found., No. C 14-80076 Misc. EMC (LB), 2014 WL 2795832, *7 (N.D. Cal. June 19, 2014) 

(subpoena on website operator for identity of user who allegedly posted hate speech for use in 

civil and criminal litigation in Hungary); In re Jommi, No. C 13-80212 CRB (EDL), 2013 WL 

6058201 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2013) (subpoena on website hosts for information identifying blog 

author for use in criminal defamation suit in Switzerland).

7 Caratube is owned in large part by the Hourani family. See Hourani v. PsyberSolutions, 15-cv933 (RMC), Op. filed 2/18/2016 (noting that Devincci Hourani is the 92% owner of Caratube 

International Oil Company); Opp’n to Doe Obj. [Dkt. 28] at 2-3 (referring to Caratube as a 

“Hourani entity”).
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U.K. proceeding, it is the direct target of the U.K. Order and therefore is an “interested person.”

Even if Comcast were not an “interested person” under § 1782, Mr. Hourani is a party to the 

underlying U.K. case and he also seeks a § 1782 order. See Def. Opp’n [Dkt. 20] at 2-4 (arguing 

that the Court should enter judgment on the pleadings and should order Comcast to comply with 

the U.K. Order without notice to the subscriber).

However, the Court will exercise its discretion to deny the request for a § 1782 

enforcement order. The subscriber, John Doe, objects to the release of his identifying 

information. Most importantly, the U.K. Order to Comcast seeks information regarding the 

identity of a Comcast subscriber who used IP address 98.204.52.170 “between 23 May 2015 and 

23 July 2015 or the earliest possible time after these dates.” U.K. Order. Mr. Hourani’s U.K. 

suit alleges that last incident of defamation and harassment occurred in December 2014. Thus, 

the U.K. Order seeks information that is not relevant to the allegations of the U.K. complaint.8 

Under these circumstances, the request for an order under § 1782 will be denied.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court’s prior Opinion [Dkt. 23] and Order [Dkt. 

24] will be vacated and replaced with this Opinion and the Order accompanying it. Defendant’s

motion for judgment on the pleadings [Dkt. 17] will be denied, and Comcast’s cross motion for 

judgment on the pleadings [Dkt. 19] will be granted. A declaratory judgment will be entered

providing that Comcast shall not comply with the August 19, 2015 U.K. Order without an order 

of enforcement under 28 U.S.C. § 1782 and denying the request for a § 1782 enforcement order.

 8 Mr. Hourani contends that the U.K. Order should have stated between 23 May 2015 and 23 

July 2014, not 2015, as evidenced by the solicitor’s statement filed in the U.K. court. See Opp’n 

to Doe Obj. at 4-5. This Court cannot guess at what the U.K. court intended and it cannot 

rewrite the U.K. Order. The plain language of the U.K. Order must be applied as written.
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A memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.

Date: May 23, 2016 /s/ 

ROSEMARY M. COLLYER

United States District Judge