Filed 12/23/13 In re Athena Q. CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or 

ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for 

purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re ATHENA Q., a Person Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND 

HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

VIRGINIA P.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D064265

 (Super. Ct. No. J513950C)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Michael J. 

Martindill, Referee. Affirmed.

Daniel G. Rooney, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County Counsel, 

Patrice Plattner-Grainger and Lisa Maldonado, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.

This appeal challenges the adequacy of notice provided under the Indian Child Welfare 

Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1921 et seq.) in a juvenile dependency proceeding in which the mother, 
2

Virginia P., asserts that her infant daughter, Athena Q., may have Indian heritage. Virginia 

claimed to have Cherokee heritage, and specified that "[Muscogee] is the name of the tribe."1 

The San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency (Agency) served ICWA notices on 

all federally recognized Cherokee tribes and also on the only federally recognized tribe with 

Muscogee in its name. When none of those tribes claimed Athena as a member, the trial court 

made a finding that the ICWA did not apply. Virginia asserts for the first time on appeal that the 

trial court's finding is erroneous because the Agency "failed to notice all the Muscogee Indian 

Tribes." Virginia identifies four additional federally recognized tribes that she contends are 

affiliated with the Muscogee Tribe. We affirm.

I

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

On January 24, 2013, the Agency filed a petition under Welfare and Institutions Code 

section 300, subdivision (b),3 on behalf of newborn Athena. The petition alleged that when 

Athena was born, she tested positive for amphetamines and opiates, and subsequently suffered 

from withdrawal symptoms. The petition further alleged that Athena's mother, Virginia, tested 

positive for amphetamine at the time of Athena's birth and admitted to having used drugs and 

 

1 For purposes of accuracy and consistency, we have changed references in the record from 

"Muskogee" to "Muscogee" because that is how the name of the tribe appears on the tribe's 

letterhead (in record) and in the United States Department of the Interior's (Department of 

Interior) list of federally recognized Indian tribes. (77 Fed.Reg. 47871 (Aug. 10, 2012).)

2 Because this appeal relates only to compliance with the ICWA notice provisions, we limit 

the summary of facts to those that are relevant to this issue. (E.g., In re A.G. (2012) 204 

Cal.App.4th 1390, 1394).

3 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise 

noted.
3

receiving no prenatal care during the pregnancy. The petition concluded there was a substantial 

risk that Athena would suffer serious physical harm or illness absent judicial intervention. 

The court held a detention hearing on January 28, 2013. Both Virginia and Christian F., 

Athena's presumed father, were present. At the hearing, Virginia's counsel stated that Virginia 

"indicates she may have Native American heritage" and "has a relative who is a registered 

member of the [Muscogee] Tribe out of Oklahoma." The court ordered Virginia to fill out the

Judicial Council form titled "Notice of Child Custody Proceeding for Indian Child" (form ICWA030), which the court characterized as "[indicating] who the relatives are who might have Native 

American heritage so we can make sure and notice the [Muscogee] Tribe." Christian also 

indicated that he might have Native American heritage. The court ordered the Agency to notice 

the Muscogee tribes and the Bureau of Indian Affairs with any information provided by Virginia 

and Christian. The court ordered Athena detained and set a jurisdictional hearing. 

As of the February 20, 2013 jurisdictional hearing, Virginia had not provided a completed 

form ICWA-030 to the Agency's social worker. The court continued the jurisdictional hearing to 

March 5, 2013. 

Virginia still had not completed the form ICWA-030 by the March 5 hearing. She 

estimated that she needed another week "to investigate her ancestry to be able to fully provide all 

of the information needed . . . ." The court directed Virginia to complete the form before the next 

hearing. 

At the next hearing, an April 4 settlement conference, Virginia advised the court that she 

"was not able to get [the form ICWA-030] in yet." The court responded that it was "absolutely 

urgent" that Virginia complete the form, and ordered that she do so by April 10. The court set a 

contested adjudication and disposition hearing for April 15. 
4

Virginia did not provide the Agency with a completed form ICWA-030 until the day of the 

April 15 hearing.4 Consequently, the Agency asked the court to make a true finding on the 

petition, but to continue disposition three to four weeks so that the Agency could comply with the 

ICWA noticing requirements in the meantime. The court agreed with the Agency's request and 

proceeded to make a true finding on the petition and order Athena detained at a foster home. The 

court set a disposition hearing for May 7, 2013. 

The Agency submitted an addendum report in connection with the May 7 disposition 

hearing. Attached to this report were copies of certified mailings that the Agency had sent to 

three Cherokee tribes: (1) the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, (2) the Eastern Band of Cherokee 

Indians, and (3) the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee. The report also included a response 

from the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians indicating that Athena is not a descendant 

of any enrolled member of that tribe. 

At the outset of the May 7 hearing, the court asked the Agency why it had sent notices to 

the Cherokee tribes when Virginia had stated at an earlier hearing that she believed she had 

Muscogee heritage. Virginia clarified that "[Muscogee] is the name of the tribe, then they are 

Cherokee Indians." Her counsel pointed out that the form ICWA-030 that the Agency sent stated 

that the tribal membership of Virginia's great-aunt and great-uncle were "unknown" when, in fact, 

Virginia believed that they were both registered members of "the [Muscogee] Tribe." The court 

ordered the Agency to send follow-up letters to the Cherokee tribes with the updated information 

regarding Virginia's relatives, and set a follow-up hearing on the ICWA issue for June 20. The 

 

4 We deny the Agency's untimely, opposed motion to augment the record with additional 

evidence, i.e., an addendum report to which the form ICWA-030 filled out by Virginia is 

attached. The additional evidence is not necessary to our decision.
5

court proceeded to declare Athena a dependent, placed her in licensed foster home care, denied 

reunification services, and scheduled a hearing under section 366.26 to select and implement a 

permanent plan. 

The Agency submitted another addendum report in connection with the June 20 hearing. 

That report showed that the Agency had sent the updated information not only to the three 

Cherokee tribes, but also to the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. The report included a response from 

the Muscogee (Creek) Nation indicating that the tribe did not consider Athena to be an Indian 

child. Accordingly, the Agency asked the court to find that the ICWA did not apply. 

At the June 20 hearing, the court received the addendum report in evidence. Virginia was 

not present, but was represented by counsel who stated, "[o]n behalf of mother, I believe she does 

maintain that she still has Indian ancestry; however, she did provide all information that she had 

to the agency in the [form ICWA-030] and she did . . . review and confirm the correct 

information." The court found that it did not have reason to know that Athena is an Indian child 

and, therefore, found that the ICWA did not apply. The court added that its finding was without 

prejudice "should additional information become available . . . ."

Virginia timely appealed.

II

DISCUSSION

Virginia contends that the trial court's finding that the ICWA does not apply is erroneous 

because the Agency notified one, but not all, of the Muscogee Indian Tribes. She contends that 

this error was prejudicial because it deprived those tribes that did not receive notice of the 

opportunity to search their tribal registries and, if appropriate, to intervene. We disagree.
6

A. Summary of Applicable Legal Principles

Congress enacted the ICWA to cure "abusive child welfare practices that resulted in the 

separation of large numbers of Indian children from their families and tribes through adoption or 

foster care placement, usually in non-Indian homes." (Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. 

Holyfield (1989) 490 U.S. 30, 32.) The ICWA provides that, "[i]n any involuntary proceeding in 

a State court, where the court knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the 

party seeking the foster care placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child 

shall notify the parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child's tribe, by registered mail with 

return receipt requested, of the pending proceedings and of their right of intervention." (25 

U.S.C. § 1912, italics added.)

The ICWA defines an Indian child as "any unmarried person who is under age [18] and is 

either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is 

the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe." (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); see also Welf. & Inst. 

Code, § 224.1, subds. (a) & (b).) An " 'Indian tribe' " is defined as "any Indian tribe, band, nation, 

or other organized group or community of Indians recognized as eligible for the services provided 

to Indians by the Secretary [of the Interior] because of their status as Indians. . . ." (25 U.S.C. 

§ 1903(8); Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.1, subd. (a).) The Department of the Interior publishes in 

the Federal Register a list of "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From 

the Bureau of Indian Affairs." (77 Fed.Reg. 47868 (Aug. 10, 2012).) 

"California law implements the ICWA by requiring that notice be sent to the minor's 

parents and the minor's tribe whenever 'it is known or there is reason to know that an Indian child 

is involved . . . .' " (In re C.B. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 102, 140, quoting § 224.2, subd. (a).) 

Notice must be given to "all tribes of which the child may be a member or eligible for 
7

membership . . . ." (§ 224.2, subd. (a)(3).) The notice must be sent "to the tribal chairperson, 

unless the tribe has designated another agent for service." (§ 224.2, subd. (a)(2).) The 

Department of the Interior publishes in the Federal Register a list of "Designated Tribal Agents 

for Service of Notice," together with their addresses. (77 Fed.Reg. 45816 (Aug. 1, 2012).)

"The trial court's finding that ICWA notice was adequate is reviewed for substantial 

evidence." (In re J.T. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 986, 991.)

B. Analysis

Virginia claims to have Native American heritage through the Muscogee Tribe, which she 

states are Cherokee Indians. The Department of the Interior's list of federally recognized Indian 

tribes identifies three Cherokee tribes5 and one tribe with Muscogee in its name.6 The Agency 

sent ICWA notices to each of these four tribes. Thus, preliminarily, it appears that the Agency 

satisfied its ICWA notice obligations.

Virginia claims for the first time on appeal that if the Agency had done "a simple Google 

search," it would have learned (1) that the Muscogee and Cherokee tribes are different entities,7

 

5 The three federally recognized Cherokee tribes are the Cherokee Nation, the Eastern Band 

of Cherokee Indians, and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma. (77 

Fed.Reg. 47869, 47872 (Aug. 10, 2012).)

6 The only federally recognized Indian tribe with Muscogee in its name is the Muscogee 

(Creek) Nation. (77 Fed.Reg. 47871 (Aug. 10, 2012).)

7 Although it was Virginia who first stated that the Muscogee and Cherokee tribes are 

affiliated, we decline the Agency's invitation to invoke the discretionary doctrines of waiver and 

invited error. The ICWA " ' "notice requirements serve the interests of the Indian tribes 

'irrespective of the positions of the parents' and cannot be waived by the parent." ' " (In re Alice 

M. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1189, 1195 (Alice M.), quoting In re Justin S. (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 

1426, 1435.)
8

and (2) that there are four additional Muscogee tribes that the Agency did not notify.8 We reject 

this claim, for several reasons.

First, although the four additional tribes that Virginia references are federally recognized, 

the only evidence that she offers in support of her claim that they are affiliated with Muscogee 

Indians is a citation to the Wikipedia Web site. Many courts have questioned the reliability of 

Wikipedia entries. (See Crispin v. Christian Audigier, Inc. (C.D.Cal. 2010) 717 F.Supp.2d 965, 

977, fn. 19 [collecting cases].) In any event, we need not reach that evidentiary issue because 

Virginia has "cited no authority for the proposition that evidence based on Internet site 

information may be considered for the first time on appeal. For example, [she has] not requested 

that we take judicial notice of this evidence, nor do we see how judicial notice would be proper." 

(In re K.P. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1, 5 [declining to consider Internet information regarding 

tribal affiliations].) Accordingly, in this appeal, we do not consider the substantive content of the 

Wikipedia entries that Virginia cites.

Second, Wikipedia aside, Virginia could have crafted a similar argument with citations to 

admissible references. The Department of the Interior's list of Designated Tribal Agents for 

Service of Notice groups tribes by region and by tribal affiliation. (77 Fed.Reg. 45816 (Aug. 1, 

2012).) The entries listed under the Cherokee tribal affiliation include only the three Cherokee 

tribes that the Agency notified. (Id. at p. 45838.) The list does not have a tribal affiliation 

grouping for Muscogee Indians, (id. at p. 45846), but does have one for Creek Indians, and that

entry lists the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and the four additional tribes that Virginia now contends 

the Agency should also have notified. (Id. at p. 45840.) In light of this, a charitable interpretation 

 

8 The four additional tribes are (1) the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, (2) the Kialegee 

Tribal Town, (3) the Poarch Band of Creeks, and (4) the Thlopthlocco Tribal Town. 
9

of Virginia's statement of her possible heritage would be that "[Muscogee] is the name of the 

tribe, then they are [Creek] Indians." But even if we were to interpret Virginia's contention 

concerning her possible tribal heritage in this manner, we would not conclude that the Agency 

was required to notify the four additional tribes. While Virginia may have been mistaken about 

the overarching tribal affiliation, i.e., stating that the affiliation was Cherokee rather than Creek, 

the record does not indicate that she ever wavered in her assertion of the name of the constituent 

tribe—Muscogee.

Based on this record, we are unmoved by Virginia's characterization of the Agency's 

position as being that "unless a parent identifies a specific Indian tribe or tribal affiliation, an 

agency is not obligated to communicate with all the constituent tribes—any branch will suffice." 

Although a similar argument carried the day in Alice M., it is inapplicable here. In Alice M., the 

mother identified her daughter's possible heritage as "Apache and/or Navajo." (Alice M., supra, 

161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1198.) The agency failed to adequately notify three specific Apache tribes. 

(Id. at p. 1201.) That failure led the court to conclude that "[i]n a case such as this, the language 

of subdivision (a)(3)" of section 224.2—requiring that notice " 'be sent to all tribes of which the 

child may be a member' "—"must be construed as requiring notice to all federally recognized 

tribes within the general umbrella identified by the child's parents or relatives." (Alice M., at 

p. 1202; see also In re J.T., supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at pp. 989, 993- 994 [where mother stated she 

had "Sioux and Cherokee Indian ancestry," agency was required to notify "all federally 

recognized Sioux and Cherokee tribes"].) The court reasoned that the mother's "omission of more 

detailed information, such as specific tribal affiliation or tribal roll number, [did] not negate [her] 

stated belief that Alice may be a member of a tribe or eligible for membership." (Alice M., at 

p. 1198.)
10

Our case presents the inverse of Alice M.: Virginia knew the "specific tribal affiliation"—

Muscogee—but not the name of "the general umbrella"—Cherokee (or Creek, as the case may 

be). (Alice M., supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1198, 1202.) We therefore conclude that Alice M.

is distinguishable.

Virginia also contends that "there is no requirement that a tribal name explicitly contain a 

reference to the claimed Native American ancestry of its members."9 We find this argument 

inapplicable because Virginia specifically identified Muscogee as "the name of the tribe," and 

there is one federally recognized Indian tribe with Muscogee in its name—the Muscogee (Creek) 

Nation. (77 Fed.Reg. 47871 (Aug. 10, 2012).)

III

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

MCDONALD, Acting P. J.

IRION, J.

 

9 Virginia identifies as examples tribes with names such as "Arctic Village" and "Beaver 

Village." (See 77 Fed.Reg. 47872 (Aug. 10, 2012).)