Pursuant to the court’s order entering the parties’ stipulation on confidentiality, 1

the parties are required to move to file under seal any filings making reference to

documents designated by either party to be “confidential.” Accordingly, plaintiff moved

to file the exhibits to its in limine motion under seal, and this court granted that motion. 

See Docket Nos. 231, 232. 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

 CONSULNET COMPUTING, INC., d/b/a

SUCCESS WEBSITE,

Plaintiff

v.

MEGEL DAVID MOORE, et al., 

Defendants

CIVIL ACTION

No. 04-3485

MEMORANDUM

The liability issues in this case were resolved by a jury trial that took place during

April, 2008 and May, 2008. This court bifurcated the damages phase of the case, and

those issues will be decided following a bench trial. Before the court are the parties’

cross-motions in limine to exclude testimony at that bench trial. On October 15, 2008,

plaintiff filed its Omnibus Motion in Limine, and defendants filed three separate motions

in limine. See Docket Nos. 227, 228-230. Both parties have filed responses. See Docket 1

Nos. 233, 234. 

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 1 of 26
2 The jury found that Moore, but not DIG, infringed the copyright for the webpage

“Don’t Pay Another Cent in Rent to Your Landlord,” copyright registration number 5-

-2-

I. Background

 The case-in-chief concerns two companies in the business of creating websites for

real estate agents. In brief, plaintiff ConsulNet Computing, Inc., d/b/a Success Website

(“ConsulNet”), alleged that defendant Megel David Moore posed as a real estate agent

and signed a contract for a ConsulNet website; that Moore and his company, defendant

Dynamic Investment Group, Inc., d/b/a Web Agent Solutions (“DIG”), started their

business by copying plaintiff’s websites; and that defendants successfully marketed their

websites to plaintiff’s clients (and others) as cheaper versions of plaintiff’s websites. 

These actions, plaintiff claimed, amounted to (1) breach of Moore’s contract with

ConsulNet, under Pennsylvania law; (2) intentional breach of contract and the duty of

good faith, under Canadian law; (3) violations of U.S. and Canadian copyright law; and

(4) intentional interference with ConsulNet’s contractual relationships with its clients,

under Pennsylvania law.

 After hearing two weeks of evidence, a jury returned special interrogatories and

verdict findings that Moore was liable for breach of contract; that both defendants were

liable for intentional interference with contractual relations; that defendants’ conduct with

respect to the intentional interference tort was “outrageous”; that both defendants were

liable for some, but not all, of the alleged instances of copyright infringement; and that 2

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 2 of 26
875-725; that both defendants infringed the copyright for the webpages “Marketing Your

Home For All Its Worth,” copyright number 5-875-728, and the ConsulNet Success

Website, copyright number 5-875-729; and that both defendants infringed one or more

Canadian copyrights for the ConsulNet website. 

As established at trial, Craig Proctor runs seminar workshops from which 3

ConsulNet culls clients.

Although ConsulNet’s motion often speaks to limiting the scope of 4

evidence presented by defendants at the coming damages trial, its proposed order only

explicitly seeks to limit – with the one notable exception of foreclosing all of defendants’

challenges to ConsulNet’s disgorgement calculations – Gering’s expert testimony.

-3-

defendant infringed on one or more Canadian copyrights of the ConsulNet website. See

Jury Verdict Form, Docket No. 189 (filed May 12, 2008). On July 30, 2008, this court

denied defendants’ Rule 59 motions. See Docket No. 217.

Following trial, this court granted ConsulNet’s motion for a preliminary injunction

on June 6, 2008. See Order, Docket No. 206. The preliminary injunction forbid

defendants “from direct and personalized solicitation, or acceptance, of any further clients

for the provision of any real estate website or related product or service if such clients

purchased goods or services from either Craig Proctor Productions, Inc., or ConsulNet

Computing, Inc., or attended a Craig Proctor Seminar, since 6/1/03.” Id.3

ConsulNet has moved to 1) exclude certain testimony by defendants’ damages

expert, Richard Gering, and 2) preclude defendants from trying certain issues that,

according to ConsulNet, were already resolved by the trial on liability. Defendants have 4

moved to 1) exclude the report of ConsulNet’s expert witness Raymond F. Dovell; 2)

exclude certain portions of the errata sheets submitted by ConsulNet in the wake of

ConsulNet expert Wayne D. Hoeberlein’s deposition on August 11, 2008; and 3) preclude

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 3 of 26
As noted in note 4, supra, ConsulNet’s proposed order actually seeks to bar 5

defendants entirely from deducting or offsetting ConsulNet’s disgorgement calculations. 

In effect, however, ConsulNet’s request is aimed at Gering’s report.

-4-

ConsulNet’s experts from providing any expert testimony regarding damages alleged by

ConsulNet in connection with ConsulNet’s providing free websites to its Platinum level

clients. For the reasons that follow, the court will grant plaintiff’s motion in part and

deny all three of defendants’ motions.

II. ConsulNet’s Motion

ConsulNet seeks to exclude those portions of Gering’s testimony a) identifying

over one million dollars in “business expenses” that Gering says should be deducted from

ConsulNet’s disgorgement recovery; b) stating that there should be certain deductions or 5

exclusions for damages that ConsulNet’s expert does not support with adequate causation

evidence; c) contending that damages should be apportioned between the “front end” and

“back end” of defendants’ websites and individual webpages; and d) based on hearsay

evidence, exclusively on conversations with David Moore, or on deposition testimony

and/or other non-record evidence. ConsulNet asks this court to enter its proposed order,

which ConsulNet contends would properly confine the scope of trial to issues of damages

and injunctive relief. 

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 4 of 26
-5-

A. Business Expense Deductions

ConsulNet contends that Gering relies upon insufficiently specific evidence of

defendants’ business expenses. ConsulNet further contends that defendants’ claimed

business expense deductions should be limited because defendants’ copyright

infringement was “willful.”

Defendants have the burden of proving any legitimate business expenses, and they

must meet that burden by a showing of “‘some specificity.’” See Allen-Myland v. IBM

Corp., 770 F. Supp. 1014, 1024 (E.D. Pa. 1991) (citations omitted). However, the Third

Circuit has expressed a strong preference for the admissibility of expert testimony under

Federal Rule of Evidence 702. See Kannankeril v. Terminix Intern., Inc., 128 F.3d 802,

806 (3d Cir. 1997) (citations omitted). “As long as an expert’s scientific testimony rests

upon good grounds, based on what is known, it should be tested by the adversary process

— competing expert testimony and active cross-examination — rather than excluded

from jurors’ scrutiny for fear that they will not grasp its complexities or satisfactorily

weigh its inadequacies.” United States v. Mitchell, 365 F.3d 215, 244 (3d Cir. 2004)

(quoting Ruiz-Troche v. Pepsi Cola Bottling Co., 161 F.3d 77, 85 (1st Cir. 1998)). 

No Third Circuit case mandates that, in order to be admissible, allegations of

business expense deductions must include any specific documents. In one Second Circuit

case relied on by ConsulNet, despite the fact that defendant’s “evidence of its costs was

sorely lacking in documentation,” the court actually affirmed a deduction. See Gaste v.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 5 of 26
The Copyright Act does not define “willful.” One court has held that in 6

order to be willful, defendants must have had “actual knowledge or reckless disregard for

whether its conduct infringed upon the plaintiff's copyrights.” Original Appalachian

Artworks, Inc. v. J.F. Reichert, Inc., 658 F. Supp. 458, 464 (E.D. Pa. 1987). In the instant

matter, the jury did find that defendants’ intentional interference with contractual

relations was “outrageous,” but it made no similar finding as to defendants’ copyright

infringement.

-6-

Kaiserman, 863 F.2d 1061, 1070-71 (2d Cir. 1988) (declining to overturn a jury verdict

that granted a lower reduction in costs than defendants had requested). One court has

held explicitly that the burden of proving legitimate business expenses is a matter to be

determined by a factfinder, not through a motion in limine. See Malletier v. Dooney &

Bourke, Inc., 525 F. Supp.2d 558, 657 (S.D.N.Y. 2007). 

In the instant matter, defendants’ requested business expense deductions are

supported by their production of a summary expense report, cancelled checks, and credit

card statements, and defendants represent that these statements will be further supported

by testimony at trial. And while a court’s finding that a defendant’s conduct was

“willful” can affect statutory damages under the Copyright Act, 18 U.S.C. § 504, the jury 

made no finding at the liability stage that defendants’ copyright infringement was

“willful” or otherwise knowing, reckless, or deliberate. See Jury Verdict Form, Docket 6

No. 189. Thus, Gering’s testimony on business expenses will not be excluded, and any

deficiency in corroboration will go to the weight of the evidence at trial.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 6 of 26
Although ConsulNet does not request these exclusions in its proposed 7

order, it makes requests to this effect in the text of its motion in limine.

-7-

2. Causation/Relitigation:

The crux of ConsulNet’s argument about “relitigation” is that because each of

ConsulNet’s successful claims at trial necessarily incorporated causation, the issue of

causation should not be raised at the trial about damages. ConsulNet identifies, and

objects to, numerous instances where Gering’s expert report alleges that ConsulNet’s

evidence does not sufficiently show a causal link between defendants’ malfeasance and

ConsulNet’s damages. Besides the Gering report’s allegations of insufficient causation,

ConsulNet also objects to defendants’ plans to offer other testimony at trial that

ConsulNet believes attempts to retry the issue of liability.7

Each of ConsulNet’s successful breach of contract and tortious interference claims

included, as an essential element, a finding that damage was caused to ConsulNet. These

successful claims did not, however, resolve the extent of those damages. 

The copyright claims in this case require findings on damages that consider the

issue of attribution. A copyright owner is only permitted to recover “profits of the

infringer that are attributable to the infringement.” 17 U.S.C. § 504(b) (the “Copyright

Act”). Even in a bifurcated case where, as here, liability for infringement has been

proven, courts should consider the extent of the infringer’s profits. See, e.g., Bouchat v.

Baltimore Ravens Football Club, Inc., 346 F.3d 514 (4th Cir. 2003) (considering the

extent to which an infringer’s profits were actually attributable to the infringement). 

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 7 of 26
 ConsulNet’s proposed order reads, in pertinent part: 8

2. Defendants’ expert witness Richard Gering may not offer the

following opinions or calculations at trial concerning causation/liability:

(a) “It is my opinion that the Hoeberlein Final Report . . . ignores

causation and other reasons why customers switched [website providers.]”

(b) “The Hoeberlein Final Report provides no basis or analysis that

shows a causal link that would explain how ConsulNet could have ‘lost’

revenues because clients chose also to become a client [sic] of DIG.”

(c) “The Hoeberlein Final Report provides no causal link between

ConsulNet’s decision to offer free hosting to Platinum clients and any actions

of DIG. Testimony in this matter indicates that ConsulNet’s lack of customer

service and technical problems created dissatisfaction with Platinum clients.

As such, ConsulNet was obligated to offer free hosting to Platinum clients.

Assuming that the testimony regarding poor customer service and other

technical problems are correct, there can be no lost profits damages in Exhibit

F.”

(d) “The damages methodology in Exhibit F ignores causation and is

inconsistent with other testimony that indicates other causal links, is

speculative, and contains numerous unsupported assumptions. As such, there

can be no damages for this category.”

(e) “The Hoeberlein Final Report ignores competition in the

marketplace. Implicit in the damages calculation is that no change in pricing

or competition will occur for 5.8 years. We searched Google for real estate

web hosts, real estate web content, and real estate coaches and found several

providers. Further, the Hoeberlein Final Report fails to address the impact of

the underlying housing market on present and future damages.”

-8-

This court will, therefore, permit evidence of causation that goes to the issue of the

extent of damages attributable to defendants. The issue for this court to resolve is

whether any of the proposed evidence or testimony challenged by ConsulNet directly

contradicts the jury verdict regarding liability. None of it does.

In ¶2 of its proposed order, ConsulNet challenges five specific statements in the

Gering Report. None of these five statements alleges a general lack of liability on the 8

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 8 of 26
-9-

part of defendants. Three of the statements identified by ConsulNet attack only the

methodology of ConsulNet’s expert; they do not state that ConsulNet cannot obtain

damages. These three statements – labeled “a,” “b,” and “e” in ConsulNet’s proposed

order – plainly do not contradict the jury’s verdict.

The remaining two statements identified by ConsulNet do conclude that there can

be “no damages” for a certain category of harm, but they do so without challenging any

conclusion reached by the jury. These two statements – labeled “c” and “d” in

ConsulNet’s proposed order – challenge the propriety of awarding ConsulNet damages on

the basis of Exhibit F to the Hoeberlein report. Exhibit F details Hoeberlein’s calculation

of damages in connection with ConsulNet’s alleged need to provide free websites to its

Platinum clients due to defendants’ unlawful actions. Whether the provision of free

websites is attributable to defendants is an entirely distinct question from whether

defendants are liable at all in the causes of action already determined. Assessing damages

in connection with the free websites requires determining whether defendants’ wrongful

acts – the unlawfulness of which cannot be challenged – were in fact the cause of

ConsulNet’s decision to provide free websites. This remains an open question.

The balance of the expert testimony and other evidence that ConsulNet objects to

is permissible to the extent that it is admitted for the limited purpose of determining the

extent of damages, as opposed to the existence of damages. Particularly in view of the

fact that ConsulNet’s proposed order does not specify exactly what testimony it wishes to

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 9 of 26
-10-

bar at trial, a limiting instruction by this court – which will be reiterated to the parties at

trial – is sufficient.

3. Apportionment of Front End and Back End

For damages purposes, the Gering report apportions defendants’ website into a

“front end” and “back end.” First, Gering contends that back end profits are not at issue

in this dispute, and therefore he deducts 67% from DIG’s profits off the top. See Pl. Mot.

Limine Exh. 2 at 13 (Gering Report), Docket No. 227 (filed Oct. 15, 2008). Second,

Gering asserts that, of the front end profits that remain, DIG’s profits should be reduced

by an additional 50% because the jury expressly found that defendants did not infringe on

ConsulNet’s homepage. Id. at 13-14. 

Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702, “[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in

issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or

education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony

is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable

principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods

reliably to the facts of the case.” The enumerated requirements are often described in

shorthand as “qualification, reliability, and fit.” See, e.g., In re Unisys Sav. Plan Litig.,

173 F.3d 145, 156 (3d Cir. 1999). Under the rule announced in Daubert v. Merrill-Dow

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 10 of 26
 That footnote reads: 9

67 percent = $100/$150. The profits attributable to the “back end” of the

technology for a customer purchasing one site would be 91 percent

($100/$110). “The pricing of the sites are $100 for the back end. We always

run a deal where it’s $110 for the back end and one front end. And then for an

additional $40, it’s $150 for two sites” (Jury Trial Transcript dated April 30,

2008, p. 82).

-11-

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), and expanded in Kumho Tire Co. v.

Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999), district courts must ensure that experts – scientific and

otherwise – will offer testimony that is methodologically sound and relevant to the facts

of the case before admitting their testimony. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590–91; Kumho,

526 U.S. at 149. 

Gering summarizes, in a footnote, his methodology regarding the 67% deduction

for all back end profits. See Gering Report at 13 n.25. Gering’s 67% reduction for back 9

end profits appears to be based on testimony at trial that a purchase of DIG back end

services costs $100, while the front end services cost only $10. Id. (citing April 30, 2008

Jury Trial Transcript). However, as Gering notes, by this calculation the back end

actually accounts for 91% of profits for a customer purchasing one website. See id. But

Gering also notes that the price of two websites is $150. Id. He settles on the calculation

that the back end accounts for 2/3 (i.e. $100/$150) of profits. Id. 

Gering’s methodology regarding the 50% deduction of the remaining front end

profits is based on the trial testimony of ConsulNet's liability expert Hokkanen. Id. at 13-

14. Hokkanen testified that DIG's front end is made up of two pages; that the jury found

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 11 of 26
-12-

that DIG did not infringe on ConsulNet’s front homepage; and that the homepage is

typically thought of as the most important web page of a website. Id. Gering, therefore,

concludes that a 50% deduction of DIG's front end revenues is appropriate. Id.

The methodology of Gering’s calculations regarding apportionment is not

adequately reliable. The 67% calculation is lacking because a) it assumes that the $40

extra for the second website (which represents the difference between the $110 price of

one back end and front end and the $150 price for two sites) is entirely used to pay for

front end services, even though (according to Gering himself) a single front end only

costs $10, and b) it assumes that all customers are purchasing two websites. The 50%

calculation is unreliable because it is corroborated by little more than speculation that the

non-infringing website was equally or more important than any other page. Gering, in his

deposition, stated that he did not do “any . . . analyses” to arrive at his 50% calculation

other than to look at Hokkanen's testimony, which Gering represented as stating “that the

front page is more important and his analysis basically talks about a front page and a

second page.” Pl. Mot. Limine Exh. 5 at 15 (Gering Deposition). Neither of Gering’s

calculations regarding apportionment is methodologically precise enough to satisfy Rule

702. 

Additionally, Gering's initial assumption that the back end of the technology can

be completely deducted from DIG's revenue is not adequately qualified. Gering states

that the back end “is not at issue in this matter and was not addressed by ConsulNet's

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 12 of 26
-13-

liability experts” Gering Report at 13. But Gering bases this view on one offhand

statement made by ConsulNet's counsel at trial. In doing so, Gering neglects to

acknowledge that this court, on the record, rejected defendants' request to separate the

front end from the back end of the websites when it presented to the jury the question of

liability for breach of contract. See Trial Transcript at 119-121. There is no further

indication that the front end and back end of the websites are entirely distinct from each

other for damages purposes.

It is relevant to damages that defendants did not infringe on all of ConsulNet's

webpages. Thus, defendants should be permitted, through testimony at the damages trial,

to offer evidence of their non-infringing web products. However, Gering's analysis of

this issue should not be admitted as expert testimony.

4. Expert Testimony Based on Gering’s Conversations with Moore, Affidavits,

Depositions, and Other Non-Record Testimony

ConsulNet seeks to exclude any of Gering’s analysis that is based on conversations

that took place between Gering and defendant Moore subsequent to this Court’s May 1,

2008 Order. That Order, which the parties stipulated to, allowed for “limited discovery”

about DIG’s expense report prior to the trial on damages. See Docket No. 185. 

According to ConsulNet, telephone conversations between Gering and Moore

constitute discovery that was not permissible under the May 1, 2008 Order. Because

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 13 of 26
-14-

ConsulNet was not able to depose Moore about these conversations, ConsulNet alleges

that it has been put in an unfair position because it will be forced to question Moore about

DIG’s expenses for the first time during cross-examination. Furthermore, ConsulNet

contends, Gering’s report is unreliable under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509

U.S. 579 (1993), because it represents little more than a recital of Moore’s point of view

regarding which business expenses were legitimate and which ought to be characterized

as either fixed or variable.

An expert may base her opinion on any facts or data “perceived by or made known

to the expert at or before the hearing” regardless of whether the facts or data themselves

are admissible. F.R.E. 703. Therefore, while an additional deposition of Moore might

hypothetically have contravened this court’s scheduling order, there was nothing barring

Gering from basing his opinion on conversations with Moore. 

Nevertheless, a trial court has, since Daubert, a general “gatekeeping role with

regard to experts” that requires it to review whether an expert has “good grounds on

which to find the data reliable.” In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litigation, 35 F.3d 717, 748

(3d Cir. 1994). Had Gering based his opinions solely on Moore’s unsubstantiated

viewpoints in the phone conversations, this court’s gatekeeping function might have

required the exclusion of Gering’s testimony. However, Gering has adequately stated

other grounds for his opinions besides his conversations with Moore. 

With respect to business deductions, Gering has stated that he had “gone through”

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 14 of 26
-15-

the financial data and “formed preliminary thoughts and opinions on it” before speaking

with Mr. Moore. See Def. Resp. to Pl. Mot. Limine Exh. A at 12 (Excerpts of Gering

Deposition), Docket No. 234 (filed Oct. 30, 2008). Because Gering has apparently

substantiated his opinion using the various receipts and financial evidence produced by

defendants, this court is not in a position, prior to trial, to find that Gering did not have

good grounds for his report regarding business expenses. ConsulNet may undertake to

demonstrate the weakness of Gering’s views during cross-examination. See Daubert, 509

U.S. at 596 (“Vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful

instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking

shaky but admissible evidence.”)

So too with Gering's analysis of fixed versus variable costs. Contrary to

ConsulNet's contention, Gering's deposition reveals that, in addition to speaking with

David Moore, Gering had numerous reasons for characterizing certain expenses as either

fixed or variable (e.g. the amount of the expense, whether or not an expense was

increasing over time, the nature of DIG's business, etc.). See Pl. Mot. Limine Exh. 5 at 19

(Gering Deposition). 

Nor should this court exclude parts of the Gering report that cite to deposition

testimony or affidavits, even where such testimony was excluded from the trial on

liability. Again, Rule 703 expressly permits experts to rely on inadmissible evidence. 

The main concern of Rule 703 regarding placing limits on experts' use of inadmissible

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 15 of 26
-16-

evidence deals with determining what evidence should or should not reach a jury. This

damages trial is a bench trial. Accordingly, there is no need to limit Gering's testimony

because it is based on inadmissible evidence, depositions, or affidavits. ConsulNet

provides this court with no legal authority to suggest otherwise.

However, this court will grant ConsulNet's request to exclude the portion of

Gering's report that refers to a statement by ConsulNet's counsel. That statement is not

evidence in the case and is of no assistance to the trier of fact.

III. Defendants’ Motions

Defendants have filed three separate motions in limine. The first (Docket No. 228)

seeks to exclude the report of ConsulNet’s expert witness Raymond F. Dovell, on the

grounds that the report was submitted late. The second (Docket No. 229) seeks to

exclude certain portions of the errata sheets submitted by ConsulNet in the wake of

ConsulNet expert Wayne D. Hoeberlein’s deposition on August 11, 2008, on the grounds

that those errata unacceptably alter Hoeberlein’s testimony. The third (Docket No. 230)

seeks to preclude ConsulNet’s experts from providing any expert testimony regarding

damages alleged by ConsulNet in connection with ConsulNet’s providing free websites to

its Platinum level clients, on the grounds that there is inadequate evidence to support

ConsulNet’s position on this issue.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 16 of 26
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1. The Dovell Report

Defendants argue that Dovell’s expert report was submitted later than was

permissible under this court’s May 1, 2008 order. That order did indeed state that

ConsulNet was to submit any expert reports by June 30, 2008. See Order ¶5(c), Docket

No. 185. More specifically, this court’s order stated, in pertinent part:

5. The parties shall engage in a limited period of discovery relating

solely to defendants’ document bates labeled DIG 0032628 (the “DIG Expense

Sheet”). This discovery period shall be as follows . . . 

. . . (c) plaintiff shall submit any additional damages expert report on or

before June 30, 2008;

(d) defendants shall submit any additional or supplemental/rebuttal

damages expert report on or before July 30, 2008; and

(e) any expert depositions shall be completed on or before August 15,

2008.

Plaintiff ConsulNet submitted a damages report by its expert Wayne Hoeberlein on

June 30, 2008. Defendants submitted the Gering Report on July 30, 2008. Then, on

August 11, 2008, plaintiff submitted the Dovell report. As a purely formal matter, the

Dovell report was indeed submitted later than the deadline that this court decreed for

plaintiff’s expert reports.

In the Third Circuit, certain “basic considerations” underlie a court’s decision

whether or not to allow a party to call a witness:

(1) the prejudice or surprise in fact of the party against whom the excluded

witnesses would have testified, (2) the ability of that party to cure the

prejudice, (3) the extent to which waiver of the rule against calling unlisted

witnesses would disrupt the orderly and efficient trial of the case or of other

cases in the court, and (4) bad faith or willfulness in failing to comply with the

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 17 of 26
ConsulNet provided defendants notice on July 16, 2008, before the deadline 10

for defendants' expert reports, that a rebuttal report by Dovell might be forthcoming. 

Defendants subsequently requested information about Dovell on July 22, 2008, and later

deposed Dovell. See Pl. Repl. Def. Mot. Limine Exhs. A-E (correspondence between the

parties).

-18-

court's order.

Meyers v. Pennypack Woods Home Ownership Assn., 559 F.2d 894, 904-5 (3d Cir. 1977)

(reversing a district court’s decision to exclude testimony by a witness not named in

appellant’s pretrial memorandum). Other important factors in this determination include

the ability to have discovered the witness earlier, the validity of the excuse, and any intent

to mislead. Id. at 904. 

In the instant matter, almost all of these factors weigh in favor of admissibility. 

First, defendants will hardly be prejudiced by Dovell’s testimony. Defendants received

the Dovell report and subsequently deposed Dovell more than three months prior to trial. 

Second, plaintiff took steps to cure any prejudice by providing defendants ample notice of

the Dovell report. Importantly, Gering stated during his deposition that he had reviewed 10

the Dovell report and did not plan to make any revisions of his own expert report. See Pl.

Repl. Def. Mot. Limine Exh. F (Excerpts of Gering Deposition) at 16. Third, plaintiff

listed Dovell as a witness in its pretrial memorandum, making this case considerably less

problematic than Meyers. Fourth, although defendants contend that ConsulNet willfully

ignored the court’s order, there is no affirmative evidence of any bad faith on plaintiff’s

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 18 of 26
-19-

part; to the contrary, ConsulNet contacted defendants to make them aware of Dovell prior

to the deadline for defendants' expert reports. See note 8, supra. The only factor in favor

of exclusion is that, in light of the burden-shifting structure in copyright law, defendants

probably should have foreseen that they would need a rebuttal expert. 

Exclusion of evidence is an extreme sanction. Defendants, however, argue that

this case is no more extreme than Moore v. Vangelo, 2005 WL 2178885, at *8 (E.D. Pa.

Sept. 6, 2005) (Pratter, J.), in which the court, granting summary judgment, explains in a

footnote that it excluded an expert report provided two months after the court’s

scheduling order called for the production of any expert reports. The Dovell report was

submitted six weeks after the deadline for plaintiff’s expert reports. 

The Dovell report was, however, provided before the close of expert discovery on

August 15, 2008. More importantly, this court is considering a motion in limine. Unlike

Moore, where Judge Pratter was deciding a motion for summary judgment, any potential

prejudice can be – and indeed has been – substantially cured by defendants’ opportunity

to depose the witness prior to trial. The instant matter is therefore more akin to Soufflas

v. Zimmer, 474 F. Supp. 2d 737, 745 (Robreno, J.), in which the court admitted an expert

report submitted late because it was “in the nature of a rebuttal report” and because the

case had “not yet been listed for trial[,]” which allowed the defendant “ample time to

procure an expert in rebuttal or to have its experts supplement their reports.” Judge

Robreno observed in Soufflas that “exclusion is disfavored unless the opposing party has

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 19 of 26
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shown that there is no reasonable explanation for delay, or its legal position is irreparably

prejudiced, or the administration of justice will be greatly burdened.” Id. at 745 n. 4. 

This court will therefore admit Dovell’s report.

2. Errata

ConsulNet expert Wayne D. Hoeberlein was deposed on August 11, 2008. 

Subsequently, ConsulNet submitted errata sheets for that deposition. Defendants

challenge one of ConsulNet’s proposed errata on the grounds that it contradicts and

attempts to rewrite Hoeberlein’s actual deposition testimony. The relevant portion of the

original deposition reads:

Q. Did you look at any documents from ConsulNet to confirm or verify

or look at whatever kind of recurring or incremental costs were recurring for

ConsulNet?

A. No.

Def. Mot. Limine Exh. A (Excerpt of Hoeberlein Deposition) at 40, lines 19-24, Docket

No. 229-2 (filed October 15, 2008). ConsulNet submitted the following errata as an

addition at page 40, line 24:

NOT SPECIFICALLY RECORDS RELATING TO INCREMENTAL

COSTS. I DID, HOWEVER, REVIEW THE CONSULNET CLIENT

DATABASE WHICH REFLECTS THE NUMBER OF CONSULNET

CLIENTS FROM TIME TO TIME DURING THE DAMAGES PERIOD IN

THIS CASE. MY RECOLLECTION IS THAT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF

CLIENTS REMAINED FAIRLY STEADY DURING THE PERIOD,

WHICH SUPPORTS MR. RAITT’S DISCUSSION WITH ME THAT

EXPENSE LEVELS HAVE NOT MATERIALLY CHANGED DURING

THE DAMAGES PERIOD.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 20 of 26
 F.R.C.P. Rule 30(e) reads: 11

(e) Review by the Witness; Changes.

(1) Review; Statement of Changes. On request by the deponent or a

party before the deposition is completed, the deponent must be allowed

30 days after being notified by the officer that the transcript or

recording is available in which:

(A) to review the transcript or recording; and

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Def. Mot. Limine Exh. B at 1, Docket No. 229-2 (filed October 15, 2008). 

Defendants rely on Tenth Circuit precedent for their contention that errata may not

materially alter deposition testimony. In Burns v. Board of County Comm’rs Jackson

County, 330 F.3d 1275 (10th Cir. 2003), the Tenth Circuit held that F.R.C.P. 30(e), which

provides procedures for making changes to a deposition transcript,

cannot be interpreted to allow one to alter what was said under oath. If that

were the case, one could merely answer the questions with no thought at all

then return home and plan artful responses. Depositions differ from

interrogatories in that regard. A deposition is not a take home examination. 

330 F.3d at 1282 (citations omitted). 

Burns represents a strict approach to Rule 30(e) that has been adopted by a

minority of courts. In contrast, the majority rule is that a deponent may “make changes

that contradict the original answers given, even if those changes are not supported by

convincing explanations, as long as the deponent complies with the instructions provided

within the rule itself for making such changes.” Reilly v. TXU Corp., 230 F.R.D. 486,

491 (N.D. Tex. 2005) (citing 8A Wright & Miller Federal Prac. and Proc. § 2118).11

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 21 of 26
(B) if there are changes in form or substance, to sign a statement

listing the changes and the reasons for making them.

(2) Changes Indicated in the Officer's Certificate. The officer must note

in the certificate prescribed by Rule 30(f)(1) whether a review was

requested and, if so, must attach any changes the deponent makes

during the 30-day period.

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Under this broad view, both the new answers and original answers remain part of the

evidentiary record properly considered by a district court. See, e.g., Podell v. Citicorp

Diners Club, Inc., 112 F.3d 98, 101 (2d Cir. 1997). 

In any event, Burns, as well as the other cases cited by defendants, dealt with a

district judge’s decision not to consider errata when deciding a motion for summary

judgment. Here, in contrast, ConsulNet’s errata were submitted prior to trial. One court

has noted this distinction and suggested that “‘Rule 30(e) challenges only face a

heightened standard of review if they have the potential to affect summary judgment’”

and not when the deponent will be available to testify at trial. Reilly, 230 F.R.D. at

491(quoting Summerhouse v. HCA Health Services of Kansas, 216 F.R.D. 502, 508 (D.

Kan. 2003)). Reilly observed that applying the broad view of Rule 30(e) in the context of

a pre-trial motion “furthers the purpose of the discovery process – to allow the parties to

elicit the true facts of a case before trial . . . while implementing adequate safeguards to

prevent abuse, including maintaining a record of the changes.” Id. at 490. Because

Hoeberlein will be available to testify at trial regarding ConsulNet’s proposed errata, the

reasoning of Burns is inapposite, and this court will not bar the errata.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 22 of 26
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3. The Free Websites

Sometime after DIG began its infringement of ConsulNet’s website, ConsulNet

decided to provide free websites to some of its high-level customers, called “Platinum”

clients. At trial, ConsulNet president Steve Raitt testified that he made the decision to

provide the free websites based on a conversation he had with Craig Proctor. In that

conversation, Proctor suggested that ConsulNet should offer the free websites in order to

prevent Platinum clients from canceling their services with ConsulNet and switching to

DIG. ConsulNet expert Hoeberlein claims damages of $460,881 stemming from

ConsulNet’s decision to provide these free websites. Defendants seek to preclude this

testimony, as well as potential testimony by either Proctor or Raitt, under Federal Rules of

Evidence 402 and 403.

Defendants allege that the only basis for this damages claim is the speculation of

Craig Proctor that was conveyed to Steve Raitt. Defendants claim that ConsulNet has

presented no further evidence drawing any causal link between DIG’s infringement and

the provision of the free websites. More generally, defendants argue that all the evidence

of record (including ConsulNet’s steady number of clients and retention rate) suggests

that DIG’s provision of similar services had no impact on ConsulNet’s business. 

Therefore, defendants argue, the Hoeberlein report has no meaningful evidence to support

the claim that DIG’s infringing activities were the cause of ConsulNet’s providing free

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 23 of 26
Defendants have not challenged this evidence on Rule 702, Rule 703 or 12

Daubert grounds. 

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websites to its clients. Accordingly, defendants urge this court to preclude all evidence

related to the free websites – whether Hoeberlein’s report or in-court testimony by Raitt

or Proctor – on the grounds that such evidence is irrelevant and more prejudicial than

probative. 

The trial testimony of Proctor and Raitt is already on the record and was

considered by the jury in reaching its liability verdict. See Trial Transcript of April 16,

2008 at 113-15 (Proctor’s testimony); Trial Transcript of April 18, 2008 at 164-167

(Raitt’s testimony). Therefore, this court is already entitled to consider Proctor’s and

Raitt’s testimony. Thus the only issue this court is called on to address is whether that

evidence, as presented by expert witness Hoeberlein, is either irrelevant or unduly

prejudicial. First, the evidence is plainly relevant to the issue of damages suffered by 12

ConsulNet. Second, because this is a bench trial, and because this issue was already

addressed on the record at the liability stage, the danger of unfair prejudice is minimal. 

The Hoeberlein report is admissible.

Conclusion 

For the reasons stated above, the court will grant ConsulNet’s motion in part and

deny defendants’ motions in limine. An appropriate order follows. 

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 24 of 26
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

 CONSULNET COMPUTING, INC., d/b/a

SUCCESS WEBSITE,

Plaintiff

v.

MEGEL DAVID MOORE, et al., 

Defendants

CIVIL ACTION

No. 04-3485

Order

AND NOW, this 4th day of December, 2008, upon consideration of the motions in

limine filed by defendants Dynamic Investment Group and Moore (Docket Nos. 228-230)

and plaintiff ConsulNet Computing (Docket No. 227) and the responses in opposition

(Docket Nos. 233, 234), and for the reasons stated in the accompanying memorandum, IT

IS ORDERED:

1. Plaintiff’s motion in limine (Docket No. 227) is GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part:

a. Richard Gering will not be permitted to offer an opinion based on his

analysis apportioning damages into those stemming from the front

end and back end of defendants’ websites. Defendants may,

however, present testimonial evidence of profits stemming from their

non-infringing web-products. 

b. Richard Gering may not offer the following testimony at trial:

“Opposing counsel states ‘the AgentPanelGold code which the back

end of which is really not at issue.’”

2. Defendants’ three motions in limine (Docket Nos. 228, 229, 230) are

DENIED.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 25 of 26
3. The parties shall carefully instruct their own experts regarding the court’s

ruling in this order.

/s/ Louis H. Pollak

Pollak, J.

Case 2:04-cv-03485-CDJ Document 239 Filed 12/05/08 Page 26 of 26