NBS MONOGRAPH 69

Shielding Against Gamma Rays, Neutrons,

And Electrons From Nuclear Weapons

A Review and Bibliography

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Shielding Against Gamma Rays,

Neutrons, and Electrons From Nuclear Weapons

A Review and Bibliography

J. H. Hubbell and L. V. Spencer

National Bureau of Standards Monograph 69

Issued February 24, 1964

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 30 cents
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-60082
Contents

Page

I. Preliminary statement 1 II. Comparison of different approaches. 1 III. Types of information 2

IV. Basic spectral components 2 A. Initial radiations 2 B. Delayed radiations 3

C. Effects which modify initial and delayed intensities and

spectra 5 V. Radiation penetration in the absence of boundaries 6

VI. Elementary configurations with boundaries 6

VII. Experiments and calculation for structures 8

VIII. Final comments 8

Tables

1. Gamma-ray penetration theory (GT) 8

2 Gamma-ray penetration experiments (GE) 10

3. Neutron penetration theory (NT) 12

4. Neutron penetration experiments (NE) 13

5. Electron penetration theory (ET) 14

6. Electron penetration experiments (EE) 15

7. Elementary geometries, theory (EGT) 15

8. Elementary geometries, experiments (EGE) 17

9. Ducting (D) 18

10. Realistic structures (RS) 19

Glossary to tables 20

Bibliography

G General references 22

SD Spectral data 23

GT Gamma-ray penetration theory (table 1) 24

GE Gamma-ray penetration experiments (table 2) 25

NT Neutron penetration theory (table 3) 27

NE Neutron penetration experiments (table 4) 28

ET Electron penetration theory (table 5) 29

EE Electron penetration experiments (table 6) 29

EGT Elementary geometries, theory (table 7) 30

EGE Elementary geometries, experiments (table 8) 31

D Ducting (table 9) 31

RS Realistic structures (table 10) 32

Author index 33

in

Shielding Against Gamma Rays, Neutrons, and Electrons From

Nuclear Weapons. A Review and Bibliography

J. H. Hubbell and L. V. Spencer

The problem of predicting dose rates and of estimating the effectiveness of shielding

from radiations resulting from nuclear explosions is discussed. A number of existing calculations and supporting experiments regarding the penetration and diffusion of gamma rays, neutrons, and electrons through air and bulk materials are summarized. Indications are given of gaps in such input information. A selection of 485 references from the unclassified

literature is presented, of which 388 are cataloged as to source geometry and energy, absorber

material and configuration, type of data presented, and method of calculation or experimental technique. These cataloged references include radiation field studies ranging from

the point-source infinite-medium situation up through such complicated geometries as foxholes, shelters, and conventional structures. The other references are of a general or review nature or contain input spectral data.

I. Preliminary Statement

The problem of shielding against radiation due

to nuclear weapons involves estimation of the

radiation dose in an arbitrary configuration of

radiation sources and shielding materials. In making such estimates, data for simple structure

types have been very useful. This is because a

complicated structure can often be schematized

as a combination of simple structures. From our

point of view, the infinite, homogeneous medium,

i.e., the total lack of structure, may be considered

the simplest case, as well as the most useful. In NBS Monograph 42 [Gl],* gamma-ray data

generated for infinite, homogeneous media are pre- sented in engineering-type graphs; and the use of

these data in analyzing many elementary structure types is discussed. A more complete engineering

methodology, for analyzing complicated as well

as simple structures, is given in a parallel series

of OCD reports [G46, G47].

This Monograph is primarily a catalog and

bibliography of experiments and calculations

References on pages 22-33.

relating to simple configurations, including the

infinite, homogeneous medium. It extends the

documentation of [Gl] and indicates the availability of data, calculations, and corroborative

experiments for neutrons as well as gamma rays. The next few sections of this introduction are designed to introduce the configurations considered "elementary," the types of data which

have been the object of research efforts, and some

types of data which have been omitted or only

partially included here. The gamma-ray re- ports constitute the largest single group listed,

with neutron reports second. For completeness, reports on electron penetration have also been included.

We have tried to include all unclassified re- ports and publications which have seemed di- rectly pertinent to the basic problems of weapons

shielding, and which involve elementary configurations. At the same time, we are quite

certain that we have missed reports, some very

important; and we would greatly appreciate

having our attention called to such oversights.

II. Comparison of Different Approaches

The use of data for elementary configurations

is only one approach to the study of radiation

shielding problems. A second approach utilizes mockups of interesting configurations in the

vicinity of test explosions. This "field test" type of experiment provides a direct answer to

a specific shielding question even in very complicated cases. By performing a large variety of

field test experiments it is possible to arrive at a

"feeling" for the propagation of radiation from

nuclear devices. But the number of variables even in relatively simple cases is very large;

and the approach is therefore not naturally extensible to new situations.

A complementary procedure is that of attempting to study small-scale mockups exposed to radiation resembling that from weapons. Experiments of this type may be performed in a laboratory relatively cheaply and easily. Beyond

1
these advantages, such model studies can give

information on effects due to changes in a structure or radiation source. With models, it is much

more nearly possible to arrive at an understanding

of radiation effects through a single type of

experimentation. It is unfortunate that the

model approach has seemed to be unsuited to the

study of shielding against neutrons.

All of these methods reinforce and complement

one another in different ways, since each is appropriate to specific types of shielding questions.

But, it has been advantageous to turn even field tests and model studies to the investigation of

particularly important examples of elementary

configurations; and a number of research papers

describing such work are given.

III. Types of Information

Figure 1 gives a block diagram of the types of

information required for the interpretation of

radiation effects from nuclear weapons. In brief,

the top row of blocks identifies the radiations

generated in the elementary nuclear reactions.

In the second row of blocks, these different types

of radiation are divided into two groups, initial and delayed radiations. It should be noted at

this point that the spectra which correspond to the elementary reactions (top row) will be modified

by weapon design and its location at detonation.

Thus, the spectra of "initial" and "delayed"

radiations will not be a simple superposition of

spectra for the elementary reactions.

3

PROMPT PROMPT y INITIAL DELAYED DELAYED DELAYED NEUTRON FISSION (n,r) FISSION FISSION SPECTRA SPECTRUM SPECTRA SPECTRUM SPECTRA /8-RAYS

INITIAL RADIATION OELAYED (FALLOUT) RADIATION

PENETRATION IN AIR, CONCRETE, ETC.

GEOMETRIC

SIMPLE OR EFFECTS' COMPLEX

DETECTOR RESPONSE Figure 1. Types of information required for the analysis

of local radiation intensities resulting from nuclear weapons.

Both initial and delayed radiations penetrate

air, earth, and other materials. This penetration

is affected by the geometry of the source and by

the configuration of the absorbers. The third

and fourth rows on the diagram of figure 1 stand

for information of this type.

Lastly, the detector determines the radiation!

characteristics which are measured. The detector

response can be viewed as a parameter charac-i; terizing the spectrum. It is usually convenient

to agree on standard types of detector response'

and in this way subordinate the discussion of the

radiation spectrum to other features of the

problem.

Source spectra, penetration, and geometry

information are all necessary for a reasonably

complete understanding of radiation effects and

an ability to make predictions for new configurations. Much spectral information, particularly

that indicated by the second row in the diagram,

is classified because one can deduce from it certain

things about the design of a weapon. This doesJ

not decrease its basic importance in shielding

problems, and one way or another it must be

taken into account. Here we omit all such information. The gaps which result have the nature

of missing multiplicative constants and do not

necessarily result in a misleading picture of the cur- rent status. Further, it is possible to perform

calculations or experiments for individual components which may appear in the spectra, and to make a superposition at a later time when data on

source strengths are available.

IV. Basic Spectral Components

While we do not attempt to catalog the large

body of reports dealing with the spectra of specific source components, a few comments about the

state of information on the main components

follow.

A. Initial Radiations

Proceeding from left to right along the top row of figure 1, we consider first the initial radiations. Neutrons are produced in great abundance,

two or more from a fissioning nucleus. Neutrons

also result from fusion reactions. The spec- trum from fast neutron fission has been determined, and is given by the solid curve in figure

2 [SD22]. The spectrum from individual fusion

reactions is known although one does not know

relative strengths. The dashed lines in figure 2

represent several fusion neutron spectral energies

[G20]. In general, fusion neutrons are higher in energy and correspondingly tend to be more penetrating than fission neutrons. The prompt fission gamma spectrum is reason- ably well known. The curve in figure 3 is from

an experiment by Francis and Gamble [SDlO] in which gamma photons were detected in coin-j

cidence with fission fragments in a fission chamber.

The penetration of initial gamma rays is likely to be influenced by neutron capture in nitrogen

of the air, since this reaction produces very high

energy gamma rays [SD12], as indicated by the

'SD

2
dashed lines in figure 3. These capture gamma

rays are not only more penetrating than the

fission gamma rays, but they also start from

locations determined by the penetration of neutrons. Thus, they "ride piggy-back on the neutrons" for part of their way. Other (n, y)

reactions must contribute to the initial radiation,

but those of figure 3 may well be the most important because of their penetrability and also because of a substantial cross section for the

capture process.

1

B. Delayed Radiations

Next we turn to the delayed radiations. The

fallout spectrum is produced by superposition of

spectra from reactions having many differing halflives. Correspondingly, the spectrum may change

drastically as a function of time after the detonation, and it is necessary to determine spectra either

for time intervals or for particular times of interest.

Since the spectrum from a pile corresponds to a very long time interval, whereas the times and

time intervals for shielding against fallout radiation are relatively short, pile research makes only

a limited contribution to our information about

this component.

There has been an increasing body of data on

delayed gamma rays from fission. Most of this information comes from calculations of the yield

of different nuclear species as a function time after

> fission. In figure 4, spectra obtained by Bjornerstedt [SD2] in this way is given. Experimental

information is available on spectra corresponding

both to short and long times after fission, and an

example of this type of data is given in figure 5 [SD25].

i F. Ajzenberg and T. Lauritsen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 27, 77 (1955).

NEUTRON ENERGY, Mev

. Figure 2. Watt fission neutron spectrum SD 22 {curve)

"' and principal fusion neutron energies G 20 (dashed lines)

k Mev, 11-fc Mev dashed lines represent the neutron pair from the fusion

•, reaction: HH-H3=He4 +2n+ll Mev, in reality a continuum with a maxi- mum energy of 11 Mev. The other dashed lines represent maximum neutron energies from the reactions H2+H»=HS+7i+3.2 Mev and H3+HJ =

e

4+n+17.6 Mev.

Figure 3. Fission prompt gamma spectrum SD 10 {curve)

and nitrogen neutron-capture gamma-ray energies SD 12

(dashed lines). The ordinates relate the gamma photon counts to the fission fragment counts

gating the photon detector. The dashed nitrogen lines have been drawn

at arbitrary heights roughly indicating relative intensities.

i i i 1 [ mJU

i-nnf.

1 HOUR

10 DAYS

1 PHOTON ENERGY, Me Figure 4. Calculated gamma-ray spectra of fission products

at various times following fission resulting from U—2S5

slow-neutron capture, based on data in reference [SD 2].

3
5x10

UNCLASSIFIED 2-01-058-0-410

Figure 6.

Figure 5. Fission-product gamma-ray spectra measured at short times after U—235 sample irradiation, using Compton and pair spectrometers [SD 25]. It should be remembered that spectra from two

different fissioning atoms will differ from one

another, and also that spectra from slow-neutron

fission will differ from spectra corresponding to fast-neutron fission. But to date, the evidence

suggests that penetration differences which result

from differing spectra are minor [Gl].

Several types of (n, y) reactions have importance

for delayed (fallout) spectra. Figure 6 gives some

of the gamma-ray energies which result from

neutron capture in uranium or neptunium. Note

that they are mostly rather low in energy. Mather

[SD15] has published sample pulse-height distri- butions for fallout which clearly show the 2.8 Mev component of Na24 produced by neutron

capture in the ground, the 1.6 Mev gamma rays

from La140

, and the longer-lived 0.75 Mev activities of the Zr95-Nb95 decay chain. The possibility of introducing other contaminant materials

into the detonation has been given some publicity.

0.8 1.2 PHOTON ENERGY, Mev

Gamma-ray energies from neutron capture in U-287, Np-2S9 and Np-240.
t

N BETA-SPECTRUM OF RADIOACTIVE ASH MARCH 19 - 20, 1954

.' »' \

4 +

' 20 3.0 4.0->j-( arnp) 5.0

°-' 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 l.0->Mev Figure 7. Fission-product beta-spectrum (about 20 days following the detonation)

The skewered-dot curve, N, is the number spectrum, or beta particles per unit energy Interval. The

dashed-connected curve, N/J, has been divided by momentum for Fermi-plot analysis.

but there is very little unclassified information

available on the subject.

Next, we consider the delayed beta rays from

fission. While these particles are not very penetrating (see fig. 9), they have produced serious

burns in the case of the Marshallese Islanders ; and

they represent a hazard also through ingestion

into the body with food, water, or air. Figure 7 gives some of the (rare) data on the gross fission beta spectrum. It was measured by the Japanese

several weeks after contamination of the Lucky

Dragon.2

C. Effects Which Modify Initial and Delayed

Intensities and Spectra

It is possible to describe qualitatively some of

the spectral characteristics which are determined

by the detonation geometry; but quantitative

information is, of course, classified. For example, a bomb cannot fly apart with

anything like the speed of light because of equipartition of energy and the considerable atomic mass of the constituent elements.3 But the prompt

gammas and high energy prompt neutrons travel

essentially with the speed of light. They must

therefore penetrate the outer layer of bomb material and subsequently the air prior to other dis- turbances. The intensity of the prompt radiation

emerging into the air will therefore be lowered

and the spectrum of both gammas and neutrons

will be altered. Fortunately, however, neutron

1 Y. Nishiwaki, T. Azuma, et al., Research in the effects and influence

of the nuclear bomb test explosions, Vol. 1, p. 464; Publ. by Jap. Soc. for Promotion of Sci., Ueno, Tokyo (1956).

8 For an unclassified description of the kinetics of an atomic explosion,

see ref. [G20].

and gamma-ray spectra are often rather insensitive to penetration. Because of this, the continuous nature of the spectra, and the greater

penetrability of high energy components, such

spectral modifications are not likely to dominate

the penetration through air and shield. The main

effect of the weapon geometry is thus the introduction of unknown multiplicative constants. Subsequent phenomena include the removal of

the air from an enormous volume about the initial detonation, with corresponding high compression

of the air at the air-vacuum interface. This modification of absorber geometry does not change

spectra or angular distributions very much; but

it may affect the air attenuation considerably

while this "shell" configuration persists. Note

that prior to the passage of the compression wave

the number of mean free paths of air protecting a detector location decreases due to concentration

in the shell, while after passage of the compression wave there may be a decrease due to removal

of air to positions beyond the detector.

The fallout spectra produced by fission products

should be similar to the theoretical gamma-ray

and beta-ray spectra from fission. But one hardly

expects to see contributions from volatile materials, such as the rare gases, which may occur among the fission products. These materials

should remain in the atmosphere. Other modifications may result from differences with time in

the chemical and physical behavior of fission product elements; and the magnitude and nature

of these modifications are extraordinarily difficult to estimate. The generic term "fractionation" is used for these effects. Finally, we might simply note that the source

strengths of both prompt and delayed (n, y) radiations from air, earth, or bomb constituent

materials are a function of the type of detonation

and its location.

697-763—64 2 5
V. Radiation Penetration in the Absence of Boundaries

Particular interest attaches to the study of

penetration in the absence of boundaries, as already mentioned, this being the case most

amenable to detailed theoretical study. For a given source strength S(r,E) of gamma rays, neutrons, or beta rays, emitting energy E at location r, in a medium without boundaries, a variety

of data types can be determined, some of which

are indicated in figure 8. Proceeding from left to

right, we may wish to know simply an integral

which can be generically termed the "dose." We

may wish to know how different spectral components contribute to the "dose." Or, we may

wish to know from which directions the "dose"

is delivered. (Directional information may be

put in integral form, and may be referred to as "geometry factor" data. Similarly, "barrier

factor" data refer to "dose.")

The last item in figure 8 refers to the amount

and kind of radiation reflected from a surface, and

this implies a boundary.

Extensive investigations of these quantities

have been made. Tables 1 to 4 outline much of

the available literature for gamma rays and neutrons. Note that although our comments pertain

mostly to point isotropic (PTI) sources, other

source configurations are also important. For

example, data on plane isotropic (PLI), plane

slant (PLS), and other source geometries have

proved useful and have been determined experimentally or theoretically.

In general, the study of neutron penetration is more difficult than the study of gamma-ray penetration because the cross sections are less well

known and more irregular, and because detection

Figure 8.

SOURCES

PROMPT' NEUTRONS, y - RAYS AND /9-RAYS DELAYED' 7 -RAYS AND /9-RAYS

Types of information describing the radiation

field.

presents more of a problem. The number of ele- ments whose cross sections are known completely

enough to permit a fairly reliable theoretical

analysis is still small. Further, measurement of

neutron intensities is far easier than measurement

of spectra or directional distributions. These

things contribute to the generally less satisfactory status of neutron penetration data.

The study of beta-ray penetration from fission products is still in its infancy, partly because the

shielding problem appears to be easily soluble. Nevertheless, information of this type has its applications. Figure 9 gives results from the one

theoretical fallout beta study available at the

moment [ET5]. Tables 5 and 6 summarize the

literature.

PENETRATION

10 FEET OF AIR 20

PENETRATION, g/cm f (or z) Figure 9. Energy dissipation in a differential slab at distance z from a point beta-ray source {curves 1 and 2) and in a differential spherical shell at radius p from the source {curves S and 4)- These curves, based on beta spectra 1.12 hr and 23.8 hr after U-235 slow neutron fission, are from reference [ET 5].

VI. Elementary Configurations With Boundaries

Most of the studies in tables 1 to 4 are either

theoretical analyses or descriptions of laboratory

experiments, but the field tests have made contributions also. In figure 1 1 are data on the penetration of fallout gamma rays into concrete, as determined by measurements on one of the test shots

in Nevada [GE54]. The experiment is diagramed

in figure 10. Unfortunately, lack of unclassified

information about the device limits our possibility

of analyzing this data theoretically.
FALLOUT

7/

«/////^V////, EARTH

CONCRETE

SLABS, EACH ~ 3-1/4 in. THICK

o — DETECTORS Figure 10. Schema of the layout used for measuring penetration and time-decay of actual test-shot fallout material

(see fig. 11). The lead shield prevents fallout material from settling directly on detector "A," while at the same time shielding against the intercepted material

(ref. [GE 54]).

12 13

Figure 11. Dose rates from test-shot "Shasta" as a function

of time, measured by detectors located as indicated in figure 10.

Intensities at T <1 hr exceeded the ranges of the detectors, and should be

disregarded (ref. [GE 54]). The best summary of field test penetration data

is still contained in the Effects of Nuclear Weapons

[G20]. This summary, unfortunately, is not documented with references to specific sources of data,

but references to several other summaries are in- cluded in the 1962 revision, as well as lists of

publications by the OCDM and by the USAEC,

Civil Effects Test Operations.

In figure 12 a number of elementary absorber

configurations are sketched. Note that more

complicated structures contain different combinations of those pictured. For example, an underground shelter can be considered as a combination

of shielded foxhole with a maze entrance and possibly a maze ventilation system. Correspondingly, an above-ground shelter might be a blockhouse.*

This combines a vertical v;all, possibly vents in the

walls, and an overhead slab which shields in the same manner as in the case of the shielded base- ment or foxhole. The foxhole (unshielded) is self- explanatory. Most frame houses are simple light

superstructures. A large apartment building would

perhaps combine a blockhouse, with vertical walls,

compartmentation, vents, and in-and-down configurations. To complete our fist in figure 12,

we might note that the air-ground density inter- face plays an important role in structure shielding.

Tables 7 to 9 give studies of these elementary

geometries. The special topic of mazes, or ducts,

has been treated separately because of the attention which it has received.

Note that neutron penetration data for ele- mentary configurations are still scarce, that many

of the papers on these topics are recent, and

that some configurations have as yet received little attention. These configurations may not be as

well chosen for neutrons as for gamma rays.

* The term "blockhouse" is used generically, as are all these designations. We do not imply a limitation to a particular shape.

7

DETECTOR

DENSITY INTERFACE

/777/

SHIELDED BASEMENT

MAZE

FOXHOLE mm, V. Y7777777777777

COMPARTMENTATION

/777~/////

LIGHT SUPERSTRUCTURE

'///////,

BLOCKHOUSE

V7777777777777

VERTICAL WALL

>4

0

VENT

IN AND DOWN

Figure 12. Simple geometries.
VII. Experiments and Calculations for Structures

A table of experiments and calculations for existing buildings and other structures has been

included (table 10). Here the elementary configuration data are applied and tested. There exist

measurements and calculations for light structures,

below-ground shelters, and large, fairly regular

structures. It should be noted that the analysis

of the experimental data on mazes is most extensive.

Another reservoir of structure data is the Federal

Shelter Survey [G47]. Presumably, analyses of

these data will be made in the future. Results

of the Survey calculations can be obtained; but

these calculations were not very sophisticated.

VIII. Final Comments

1 . -J

We might note that more than one source configuration of potential importance had been very

little explored. For example, only a few papers

exist which deal with the enveloping cloud of

fallout; and hardly any work has been done for a uniform distribution of fallout over all exposed

surfaces. Both cases, and others which might be

relevant at different times in different weather

conditions, are illustrated in the sketches of figure 13. The most concentrated effort of the near future

is likely to be in the area of neutron penetration.

Both calculations and experiments for a number of

elementary configurations are in progress. There is apt to be more on electron penetration

in the future, not because of shielding against

nuclear explosions, but because of space vehicle

shielding problems which have recently come to attention.

Figure 13. Fallout source types.

a Uniform surface distribution on exposed horizontal projections,

b' Volume source, describing a descending cloud of radioactive particles c All surfaces uniformly contaminated, d Fallout material entering structures.

e Accumulation of fallout material in particular areas as a result of rain runoff, drifting, etc. Table 1.

The authors thank C. S. Cook, H. J. Tiller, and

D. K. Trubey for reviews and comments on the

manuscript, and M. J. Berger for a number of

suggestions as to organization and presentation

of the cataloged reference material.

Gamma-ray penetration theory {GT)*

Eef. Author Yr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source type Medium Absorber

configuration Type of information Method

GT1

GT2

GT3

OT4

GT5

GT6

GT7

GT8

GT9

GT10

GT11 GT12

GT13

GT14

GT15

GT16

GT17

Akkerman,

Kaipov

Auslender

Berger

Berger

Berger

Berger

Berger, Doggett

Berger, Easo

Berger, Spencer

Berger, Spencer

Bruce, Johns

Burrell, Cribbs Capo

Chilton, Holoviak, Donovan

Chilton, Huddleston Dawson et al. Donovan, Chilton

[USSR]

ORNL

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS; TOI NBS

NBS

[Toronto] [Lockheed] APEX

NCEL

NCEL

WADC

NCEL

0. 66

1,3,6

1.0 0.66

0.66

1.28

0.66, 1.0, 4, 10

0.02-2.0

1 28

o!o341-10.22

0.05,0.1,0.2, 0.5, 1.25

0.5, 1, 2, 5, 9

0.4-9.5

0.5-10

0.2-10

1.17, 1.33 Fallout spectrum GT18 Faust, Anderson 62 NRL

GT19 Gates, Eisenhauer !

Goldstein,

• For key to notation, see glossary at end of tables, p. 20.

Unspecif. monoenergetic

0.25, 1, 2, 4, 6

0.255-10

PLN

PLN, PLS

(60rf) PLI PLN, PLS

PLS

PTI PLN

PLS, PLI

PTI, PMD

PTI, PLI PLN

PLS

PTI

PTI

PLS

PTI

PLI PMD

PTI, PLI UVD,

PTI, PLN

Al

Pb, H2 0

H20

H2O

H2O

H2O, Air H2 0, Fe, Sn, Pb

HLH20, Concrete,

Fe, Sn, Pb

H2O

Al, Concrete Compt. Scatterer, H2O, Al FeH2 0, Al, Fe, Sn, Pb, W, U

Al

Concrete

Air Concrete

Unspecif. Air H2O, Al, Fe, Sn, W, Pb, U

FS

FS, Lay

IM

IM, SIM, FS IM

2 media with

interface IM, SIM

SIM

SIM, Sph IM

SIM

FSIM

IM

SIM

IM

FSIM

IMIM

T, R, BF

Kr),BF

7(E, r, 0) T, R

ICr)

I{r, h) T,R

R{E, 6) mI(r), BF

HE, r)

I{E, r, 0) BF as cubic polynomial

2-parameter BF

2-parameter R

I(E, r, 0) I(t) vs time

after fission

I(r, e, <?) HE, r) I(j),KE,r)

MC.

MC.

MM.

MC: CD, AA. MM.

MC: CD, AA. MC: AA, analyt.

calc. of dis- placements. MC.

MC: CD, AA. MM.

MC.

MC—extensive

tabulation. Least-squares fit to NYO-3075

data (GT 20). Least-squares fit to NYO-3075

data (GT20).

Semi-empirical

fit to GT29. MC.

Useof SD18 spectral

data, GT10 BF.

Sph. harmon. MM.

MM—extensive

tabulation.
Table 1. Gamma-ray penetration theory (GT)—Continued

Author Yr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source type Medium Absorber

configuration Type of information Method

Hayward,

Hubbell

Kalos

Leshchinskii

Lynch et al. O'Reilly

Peebles Perkins Pullman

Easo

Easo

Serduke, Scofield, Kreger. Shure

Spencer

Spencer, Fano

Spencer, Jenkins

Spencer, Lamkin

Spencer, Lamkin

Spencer, Lamkin

Spencer, Stinson

Spencer, Wolfi

Steinberg, Aronson. Taylor Theus, Beach Theus et al. Trubey

Wells Wilson

Zerby Anderson

Anderson

Bowman, Trubey

Coppinger

Ermakov,

Zolotukhin, Kom'shin

Flew, James

Leimdorfer

Leimdbrfer

Marcum

Oberhofer, Springer

O'Brien, Lowder,

Solon Penny

Plesch

Strobel Trubey, Penny, Emmett.

Vernon Baumgardt, Trampus, MacDonald

61

62

62

55

58

61

NBS

NDA

[USSR]

ORNL

WAPD

RAND

NARF

NDA

TOI

TOI NRDL

WAPD

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

TRG

WAPD

NRL

NRL

ORNL

NARF

[Cornell]

ORNL

WAPD

WAPD

ORNL HW

[USSR]

AERE

AE

AE

RAND

[Munich,

Ger.] NYO-HS

ORNL

[Karlsruhe,

Ger.] WAPD

ORNL

NAA

APEX

1.0

1-6

Co«», Cs'"

0. 6-12

1, 3, 6

0.511-10.22

0.66-6.0 Au'»', Csi", Co«°, Na*«.

0.35,0.66, 1.25; 1.12- & 23.8-hr

fission products.

0.02-10

0.66

1.28

5.11, 10.22

1.0-10.2

5.1 0.034-10.22

0.66, 1.17, 1.33; fallout spectra; Nra-capture 7's. 0.043-10.22

1.33

1.0-10.22

Bremss., Emox=8,

10. 0.5-10

6.13

0.66-6.0

0. 6-12

20-500

1.3

6.0

1.28, 5.11

1, 3, 6, 10

0. 5-3. 0

0.5, 1.25, 7.0

Fission products:

1, 16, 63 days.

1. 0-10.

0

1.0

0.66, 1.28

0. 2-5.

0

0. 28-10.

0

TJnspecif. monoenergetlc

0. 5-4.

0

0. 5-10.

0

Unspecif. monoenergetic

1.0-10.0

12.0

PLN

PTI, line

PMD

PLN

PLN, PTI PLN, PLS PLS

PLS

PLS PLN

PMD

PLI, PLS

PLI, PLS,

PTI, PMD.

PTI PLS PLS

PLS

PLS, PTI, PMD.

PTI

PTI. PLN,

PLS. PTI

PLN, PLS

PLN, PLS PMD

PTI PLN

PLN

PLS

PLI; Line

source. PLS, PLI

PLS, PLN

PTI

PLS PLN

PLN

PTI

PTI PMD

PTI, UVD

PTI, PMD

PTI

PTI

PLI, PLS, PLC

PTI PMD

H2O, Al, Cu, Sn, Pb

Pb-H20

Air, H2 0, Al, Fe, Co

Air H2O, Fe, Pb

Compt. scattercr, Fe, Pb.

Al, Concrete

Al, Fe, Pb,concr.,

rubber, lucite, paraffin, polyethylene.

Concrete, Fe

Concrete AlH2 0

Pb, Fe Pb

Pb, Al H2O H2 0

Concrete H2O H20

Al, Fe, Pb

Pb, H2O, Fe

FeH2 0, Pb

Air

Air, Concrete Pb

Pb,

Polyethylene H2O, Fe, Pb

Fe, Pb

Pb, H2 0

Concr., ordinary and magnetite; Pb, Fe, H2 0,

Pb-glass Polyethylene

TJ, Pb, Fe, Al

Concrete

Concrete

Air, ground

C, Fe, Zr, W, Pb,

TJ, H2O, baryte

concr. H2O, Fe, Pb

Unspecif.

Fe, Pb

Al, Sn, Pb, U

Input data tapes

for 32 elements from H to U.

Magnetite

concrete Air

SIM

Lay

IM

IM

FS

FSSIM

FS, Lay

FS

SIM, FS

FSFS

IM

IM

IM

IM

IM

IM

IM

IM

FSIM

SIM

FS, SIM IM

SIM IM

Lay

IM

IM, FS

Lay; FS FS

FS

IM

FS

Sph. wall

2 media with

interface FS

IM; Sph

IM

FSIM

Lay

LM

LM

R

T

7(r), BF

HE, r. 6)

R

T

T; D(t, e) Ht, E);

l(r,0). T.R

I(E, r, 0)

I(r,p): radial spread. HE, r) HE, r)

UE, 0) 1(f) Hx) HD

HE, r) RE, t 6). I(E, r) , incl. polarization. HE, T)

3-parameter BF. R

T, R

Hr.B) HE,0)

Ht)

T

BF

BF; I(t)

BF; HE,r,( T

HE, r, B) m

R(E, r) R(E) vs

radius of curvature. Ht, h)

Yi- and Movalue layers. BF

m

Hr) BF

m

Ht), BF

Hr, p)

MC: AA. MC: IS. BF fitted as N

e+'^atf'

!=0 MC.

MM.

Integral recursion. MC: AA, CD.

Extensive collec- tion of calc. and

experimental

data; graphical comparisons. MC.

MC.

MC.

MC.

Fourier transform. MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MM.

MC.

2-exponential fit to GT20. MC: AA, annihil.

rad. incl. MC: AA, IS. Single scatt. approx. MC.

MC: electrons and

positrons fol- lowed as well as photons. MC.

Use ofGT42

data. Peeble's "ordersof-scattering" approach. MC

Approx. formulas; graphs; BF incl.

MC.

Use of G17 data. MC.

MC

MC; comp. with NDL exp. data. Approx. formulas.

Appl. to UVD

distrib.; BFrep.

as (l+aOf. MC.

Approx. formulas

2-exponential fit to GT20. MC.

Quadratic BFrep.

MC.
Table 2. Gamma-ray penetration experiments (GE)

Ref. Author Yr Lab. or Source energy, Source type Medium Absorber Type of Method

[place] Mev configuration information

GE1 Beach et al. 53 NRL Cs'3' (0.66) PLN, PTI H2 0 IM ICE, r) Nal GE2 Beach, Faust 55 NRL Na" (2.76) PTI H2 0, Hg IM •f(r) Anthr. GE3 Broder, Kayurin, 62 [USSR] Co«° (1.17, 1.33) PTI Al, Fe, Pb, Poly- Lay Plastic scint. Kutuzov. ethylene. GE4 Bulatov 69 [USSR] Co8», Cs'37

, Cr" PTI C, Al, Fe, Pb SIM R(fi) Ion.

(0.32) GE5 Bulatov, Garusov 58 [USSR] Co»°, Au"8 (0.41) PMD C, Al, Fe, Cd,

Pb, Mg, Cu,

FS, SIM i?(0), SIM Film; ion R{r), FS

Hg, Bi, U, H2 0, i?(Z), SIM

brass, wood,

brick, plexiglass GE6 Burton 57, NARF Co«» PTI Air, ground 2 media with I(E, r, 6, h) Nal

59 interface. GE7 Clarke, Richards 57 TOI Na24

, Co8», Au198 PTI Air, H2 0 2 media with m Nal

interface. GE8 Clifford et al. 60 DRCL Cs"» PTI Air-clay, poly- 2 media with Iir), 1(0) Nal

styrene-con cr; interface. polystyrenelead. GE9 Dahlstrom, 62 NRDL Co«°, Cs'« PLS Al, Fe FS I(r, 9) Nal

Thompson. GE10 Davis, Rein hardt 57 ORNL Co»°, Cs'37

, Au'»s, PTI, PLI Air-ground 2 media with I(t) Nal

Ra, Fallout

spectr.

interface. GE11 Ebert 61 [Gottingen] Co«», Cs'", PTI, PLN Pb, baryte concr. FS I(r) Nal

bremss.: jBmai =0.15 to 0.26. GE12 Elliot et al. 52 NRL Co»» PTI Pb IM I(t); BF Film GE13 Faust 50 NRL Co«° PTI, PLI H2 0 IM HE, r) Geig.; estim. of spectra by Pb

filtration GE14 Faust, Johnson 49 NRL Co«° UVD H2 0 IM 1(E) Geig. GE15 Garrett, Whyte 54 NRC Co«° PTI Pb, Fe IM 7(r) Ion. [Ottawa]. GE16 Gol'bek, Mat- 60 [USSR] Zn« (1.12), Ra, PTI Sand-air 2 media with I(E, r) Nal

veev, Sokolov. MsTh. interface. GE17 Gorshkov, 68 [USSR] Na24

, Au« PTI, UVD HaO IM I(T) Ion. Kodyukov. GE18 Hayward 52 NBS Co'0 PTI H2 0 IM I(E, r) Anthr. GE19 Hayward,

Hubbell

54 NBS Co 60 PMD Wood, Fe SIM R(E,6) Nal. GE20 Hettinger, 59 [Lund, Filtered bremss.: PLN H2 0 SIM I(E,r,8) Nal.

Starfelt Sweden] .Emaz =0.10,

0.17, 0.25 GE21 Hubbell, 57 NBS Bremss.: PLN Pb FS I(E,r,8) Nal. Hayward, .Ema, = 8, 10 Titus GE22 Hyodo 62 [Japan] Co«°, Cs"' PTI Paraffin, Al, Fe, Sn, Pb

SIM R(E,B) Nal. GE23 Ishimatsu 62 [Japan] Cow PTI H2 0 IM I(E,r) Nal. GE24 Jones, A.R. 61 [Chalk Iisi (0.36) PTI Air-ground 2 media with I(r) Nal; PLI by

River, CS 137, Co«° PLI interface integration 0 Can] PTI. GE25 Jones, B.L., 55 NARF Co«° PTI Air-ground 2 media with I(r,h) Anthr.

Harris, interface Kunkel GE26 Kazanskii 60 [USSR] Co«° PTI H2 0, Fe SIM I(E,r,6) Csl. GE27 Kazanskii 58 [USSR] Co6», AuTM PTI Fe, Pb SIM I(E,r,e) Csl. Belov, Matusevich GE28 Keller, 57 NARF CO60 PTI Air IM I(E,r,6) Nal; comp. with

Gonzalez single-scatt. GE29

approx. Kimel 61 [USSR] CO'" PLN Pb-Al, Al-Pb,

Pb-Fe, Fe-Pb, Lay BF; effect Geig.of high or Fe-Al, Al-Fe low Z abs. nearest source GE30 Kiinel, 62 [USSR] CS"? PMD H20 IM I(T,p) Anthr.

Leipunskii GE31 Kirn, 54 NBS Co'", Csi" PLS Pb, concrete, FS I(r) Ion. Kennedy, Aui»8 PLN polyethylene Wyckoff GE32 Kodyukov 59 [USSR] Au"8

, Csi" PTI H2 0 FS, SIM I(r) Ion.

Znes, Na24 GE33 Kukhtevich, 62 [USSR] Aui»s Co «», PMD HjO IM I(r,e) Anthr. Shemetenko Na24 GE34 Kukhtevich, 60 [USSR] Co«° PTI Med. I: H2 0 2 media with I(r) meas. Anthr. Shemetenko, Med. II: Air, interface I(t) inf. med.

Synitsyn Pb, Ni, Al GE35 Kukhtevich, 58 [USSR] Co«° PTI H2 0 IM Anthr. Tsypin, Shemetenko GE36 Kusik et al. 57 MIT Co»» PTI Pb, Fe, Pb-Fe FS, Lay m Ion. sandwich QE37 Larichev 61 [USSR] Co»» PLN Fe FS KE,r,0) Nal. GF38 Leipunskii, 59 [USSR] Cos" PTI, PLI Air-ground 2 media with I(r) Ion.; PLI disk Sakharov disk interface by integration oi PTI. GE39 Mahmoud 57 [Egypt] Au"8

, Cs»', PTI C, Fe, Pb, Ha O, FS I(E, T) Nal.

Co6», Na 24 Concrete GE40 Matveev, 56 [USSR] Crsi, Zn" PTI Sand IM I(E, r) Csl. Sokolov, ShlvaDnikov

10
Table 2. Gamma-ray penetration experiments (GE)—Continued

Ret Author Yr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source type Medium Absorber

configuration Type of information Method

GE41 IVLclllUUI II cl ill. 62 TAT X Ul OOQ0 PLb FS J(r); solid Ion. angle de- GE42 IVlIlLIlGll, . IjI.i 11 58 APEX Co" T)TT r 11 H2 0-air 2 media with pendence

Iff) Nal; comp. with GE43 Peelle

interferface MC calc. GT 7. OD f\U p XTT XV i\ L; ir 1

Tx.rk 11 2^ TA/r I(E, r, 0) Nal: 2-crystal Maienschein

,

spectrometer. GE44 xvcai T? a vrnQuauH

, bO lvTT*T IS ULi Co»», Cs>" DT T a -a Air-ground 2 media with Kr) Ion.

o L 111 ill 'Kc interface GE45 Ritz 05 NBS Iri«J(0.32, 0.47, PT 1ST Fe Pb FS _ _Ion. GE46

concrete

Rizzo, Galanter fii ox UN Lj Co60 _ _ rU H2O bIM I(r) Ion. GE47 xvuyb, null,, 54 W Air JJ N» (6.2) DTT h2 o IM Anthr. GE48

Taylor Sakharov 0/ AUA n 11H003 Oi-ifiO XT.-» 9 A

, O0ou

, JNa^* ir L Lt U V D T"\ It C TTV /T XM, bIM _ T- _ , TMT T-\ V. ion.; uvu by

integration of oconeiQ, Xjyim, PTI.

58 N KDL DT XT- "DT O. Al, Fe FS /(£, r, 9) Nal: pulse-nt. KIreger ooov

, i?e, i (dose; diatrib.j Ion. OOU IlclU,

T> T T . j^i --, Art fl(dose)

Ci sLoO 60 NRJD Ju L/O00

, OS1,1 ' TD T XT DT C. Al, Fe FS J(E, r, 8) Nal: photon

TTn pfrvn 5i rlr v^owu

, i? e number flux. GE51 Soole 00 vrpT IN Jr J_< n fin PTT r 11 Air 1M J(r) Ion.

2 media with

interface GE52 otoices, ijiirton 57 NAKr Co60 p 1

Air IM /(E, 0) XT T Nal.

flP CO LrHiOo Xitus 58 NBS Co60 PTI Steel—steel wool 2 media with T/_\ . TJ ^T /(r), iJnary.

eff. Anthr.; pulse Titus

interface integrator. 57 ___ _ Nob Plumbob 1 LI Concrete FS, IM J(r) Geig.

58 iaiiout O T7>ee LrHiOO TIT T> «-

• Weiss, uernstein 53 BNL Co60

, Hg2W (0.27) P 1

H2O IM 7(£7,r) Nal. GE56 White OU Co"*' ill TT„A XX2U TTV/f liVi Ion.; geig. GE57 Whyte 55 NRC Cow PTI Concrete IM I(,E,r,6) Nal.

[Ottawa] GE58 ^Sendie et al. 00 IN X>o Bremss.r r IjIN T_r„ri £±2\J faliVL m Anthr.; ion. -Em ax = 11 to 37 P±VI

GE59 xsjarngaro., 62 fTLXjUnci, Bremss.: PMD XX2*J r 0 7 (xt,r,0) XT T * 1 Nal telescope. Hettinger Sweden] -Smai = 0.05 —

Czii-60 Bruce, Pearson 62 L l orontoj

0.25. Cs137 XT PLN TT /~\ EI20 SIM 7(£7,r) Nal telescope; Integr. over

angle.

GiliDl Dixon 58 NKO Cs137 P 1Concrete SIM; Source Nal telescope. Ottawa embedded. outside medium

U"Hjo2 i? uttermenger, 62 [Hanover, i? ission spectrum PM"n r 1V1 IJ Pbj ordinary, T71Q r 0 7(x?,r) XT T

Ion.; Nal

Glubrecht, flar 1 niterea oy 40 baryte concrete bCnUlEZ and 90 cm

paraffin.

(jr.h,6o Hashmi 63 [Munich, Hg203

t Au10 ^, P 1

H2O IM i(r) , ifr1 Ion. OerJ Cue* (0.51), Co60

, K42 (1.53)

,

bc4D U-0 av.j

,

ivin00 (i.yo av.j, Na24.

(J"Lo4 xxyocio, bhmnzu 61

_ . [Japan) OS1 **', O0DU pair

lr 1

Pnrnffin AT T?a jraranin, ai, re, C3TT\/T PQ XTNal telescope. Qn PK

GiliQO Manmoud, 60 [Egypt] U.uD— 1.20 "DT "NT Concrete QTTl/T ollVl Nal.

"EM XTh/Iti

Jiii Nauy

GE66 lvxitcneii Ol Air A "P T?EjJLV V>SW f \_/0 DU prpT i 1 1 nju, 011, a 0 j-J-T "MoT in ai.

1? b(re) Mochizuki et al. 62 [J apanj Co60 TT.n H2U, Por c, PKx d

T? Q T OTT x 0, x>ay X5i* , enecc 01 _

Ion. high or low Z abs. nearest

source.

Gil, 68 Sybesma 63 [Leiden, U V u T-TnA oyi XTnT Nai. L_ Neth.] UL69 _

Isypm, 56 [USSR] AU1M, l^0ov

( X 11, r 1V1 1-' TT-A Pn Pl-» xivx, ro, l\X)

_ion. Kukhtevich, Na24 Lay

Kazanskii (Pb-Fe) GE70 Vasilev, 58 [USSR] Cs137

, Co60 PTI Al FS R{t) Nal.

Shishkina GE71 Leipunski, 63 [USSR] Csi37

, Coflo PMD Fe IM BF, I(T,P) Geig. Kimel, Panchenko

11
Table 3. Neutron penetration theory (NT)

Ref. -1UI IH.I! Yr JjoiU. or

[place] Rnnrpp pnfirPT7 Mev

ouuitc type IVlCUlUlil -A UbUl Del configuration

1 ypc UI information

TIT 4--U ivLetiioa

IN 1 1 AiDert, weiton ou W Air JJ r ission ill 112^, J~x2\J—sru 1IV1 Assumed: first H2U-J: c scatter by H is absorption.

IN X Z Antnony, umoda fiO oz ArA PQWP o W L/ r ission (detona- X 1 1 AIT A ir TAT J(E, r) MC.

tion) NT3 Berger, Cooper 59 NBS 0.3, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14 PLS H2 0 SIM, FS R(E, B) MC.

NT4 Bethe, Tonks, 50 KAPL Unspecified mono- PTI A=9 (Be), ^4=oo IM Slowing down CECS; Fourier Hurwitz energetic density transform.

IN 10 Bitrizers, Brown, fin ou LA Fission (detona- ill A • A Air-grounci

_ ... 2 media witn T) MC.

_ Eohr tion) interface N I 6 Burrell, Cribbs snOU TT , -i ] i L-LocKiieecij 5 energies PT Q X e FS T(r, 6) MC.

"NTT1 7 IN 1 / certaine, KA04 XTTl A IN U1\ x ission ill "PTPT TT.ri H2U TAT

R(r,6)

I(t) at indium MM.

Aronson res.

IN 1 O Certaine, 57 NDA 14 0 PTI H2O IM MM.

Goldstein XJTQ in i y Dru.mm.ond 54 UCPL TT m -f Unspecii. mono* PLN Ullbptjtjll, 111UU.CI- T7Q QTAT X O, OllYl XZ^Jljf TJ

. _ _ A l j l^aplace ___

energetic ating material transform. N 1 10 J? aulkner KA54 OX? "NTT Uli.I\ Jj Unspecii. mono- r 11 Air-ground 2 media witn I(P, l>) Assumed: isotro- energetic interface pic single scatt.

"NT Tl

1

JN 1 11 x eix, Valentin 00 L-T rancej Unspecifie d PLN TT *fl A u nspecineo. X 0 m, r CECS: matrix

monoenergetic soln. of difE. eq. N 1 12 b oderaro, 55 TTT A ~D "T\ 0.89

TIT T JrH IM, x a 1(f), R MC; MM.

Obenshain N 1 13 French oz XT A "D T? IN Axtx x1 ission TiTT ill Air IM I(t, 0) MC.

IN 1 14 TTnllnTi A Holland, KK00 I Ul n no^ en' n nni n 1 U.UZO CV, U.UUl, U.J.

j

PT1T TJT T r 11, J 1j1 AIT 1IV1 I(E, r) MM.

Richards 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 14 WLqv _ _ N 1 15 TTnllnTi hoi A land, f^fi 00 1 \J1 n nni n i n ^ 1 o U.UUl, U.l, U.o, 1, z, Jrll Air IIVL /(£., r) MM,

Richards 0, 11

IN 1 10 TTr\l Ion A 58 TOI n nni U.UUl PTI Air IM i(J&, r) cemi-asymptotic. NT17 Holte 04 [Uppsala, 0.1, 0.5, 1,2 PTI n t in

n

O, H2<J IM m C1i.Cd; Courier Sweden] transform.

JN 1 la iCalos oy XTTA A IN JJ A 8 PLS J-T X O HE, t) MC; IS. NT19 Keller, Zerby, OO ADMT VJ XtlN 1j n 1 0 0 3 R u.oo, i.z, z, 0, 0 i 1V1 U Air TAT 11V1 I(t, 8) MC: isotropic Hilgeman

OlV/2 tglUUllUJ M

scattering.

"NTT on IN 1 ZU Kinney 62 ORNL 1i—10. ly 111 2 media witn Kr) IVIO.

in111 forfo tcl late

IN 1 21 Jvrumpein Oo XTTi A IN UA TTi ccij~in • 0 A. fi C r ission, z, 4, o, o, ill, prriT iDT T J_/l Po ri TT«n TTfl* x>c, w, 0.5U, H2| 1IV1 TAT Tf TP m\T) MM.

10, 14 several liydro- carbons

XT'"POO IN 1 JJ MaclJonald, fin OU A T3 T? AT" _ _ Monoenergetic DA 1 T~» i IYL JJ A ir Air TA/T IIVL /(.&, r, 6) x irst collision an- Baumgardt, alytic, higher

_ __ Trampus orders MC.

N 12o Marcum ou KANJJ o, 14 ___ ill Air-grounu. 2 media witn I(E, t) MC.

interface

JN I Z4 jvieni Oo OAiN Q A XTTiT UlAA 0. 1—b.O r 11 Air TA/T 11V1 77 TP m AT/"' NT25 Morgan oy X.TAT IN "JJu M^onoenergetic "PT "NT H2U QTA4" R MC.

NT26 Murray 53 ORNL Fast neutrons ptit pT T r 11, i 1j1 13 elements from TAT 11V1 Laplace trans- H to U form.

IN 1 Z/ u ocnsnain, 57 WAPD 1 2 10 "PT M "PT <5 1 J-jlN , i J_/Q H2O x 0 AT O

Eddy, Kuehn PTi 1j1T

IN 1 Jo Podgor ou UxtlN Li JtJ ast neutrons PT XT i IjIN CTAT HE)

... .... All collisions as- sumed ab- TT„A TTo XX2VJ—x e

sorption.

In izy fecniti 55 TTT W AiA pnJJ x ission neutrons PT XT i IjIN Lay Integral network. and gammas

IN 1 ou oneit-on fin ou TT A AT" A 1ST Xi_A1V1 J\. IN i.u ev—o.u iviev JTPTT1

1

ait A ir 11V1 TAT _ . , Combines tneor. data of NT 14, NT 24.

IN lol Spielberg ol XTTA A IN JJA

— . . x ission _ill Air

_.. _ IM 1\E, r) MM.

NT32 Spielberg, oo AA KTIN u.uzo ev, u.o, z.o, PTribQ Concrete; soil with CTAT bllVl Multigroup Duneer /.o, iu, 14 iviev varying water diffusion. content

In loo bpinney 55 AA T?T>T? Hr XV H- TT

x

1 ission 111 Concrete TUT IM 7(r) x ransport cross

section; AT.

XTT1 9/1 In 1 o4 btem 00 WitlN ±J O ft o.O T > TT ill tt r\

JrLsVJ QTAT _R Isotropic scatt.; analyt. soln.

IN 1 OO btuart t;fi 00 H. W x ast neutrons .Line source oligntly aosorDrng TAT 11V1 AA HP1 . moderator N loo 1 ait, Biram oo ALKJi Monoenergetic PLN Hydrogenous SIM _rr t Pi approx.:

<T =(TQ Vo/V.

IN 1 Of Thompson, fin OU IN It JJIj 1/Ji -shape ill Air-soil 2 media witn MC.

Ferguson, spectrum: interface thermal Mather 1 ev ^ E <. lMev

IN lOO Verde, Wick 47 r[Home, T\ 1 T~\ Ti 1 T) U-J-JJ, JJ-f- JJ ill IM m x ourier transf.; Italy] reactions paraffin const, velocity. NT. 39 Wells 60 NARF 0.33, 1.1, 2.7, 4, 6, P 11, PMJJ Air IM MC

8, 10.9, 14 N i 40 — i Wick 49

__ _ U OKL 0.5, 1, 2

T>rnT DTI P 11, PL1 TT r~\ H, C IM i(r) Laplace transf.

IN 1 41 Wigner, Young 47 Ju Fission ill TT„n TAT 1IV1 J(r) Assumed : energy

loss but no deflection by H

collision; cornpar, with H abs.

IN 1 42 Zerby 57 OKN L Monoenergetic PMD Air IM /(r) : tissue jvl 0 : ujj , mtegr. 01 dose-rate. Boltzmann eQ. _ _ _

IN 1 4o Zweifel, Bigelow 55 KAPL • x ission Ji2U; xi2*J-metais IM Age; slowing Bi, Pi, SG approxi- down den- mations.

sity. NT44 Allen, Futterer, 62 BRL 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 14 PLS H20,borated poly- FS; Lay Kr) MC.

Wright. ethylene, Fe,

concrete, Nevada test site

soil.

12
Table 3. Neutron penetration theory (NT) —Continued

Author Vr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source typo Medium Absorber

configuration Typo of Information Method

Allen, Futterer, Wright.

Allen, Futterer, Wright.

Allen, Futterer, Wright. Avery

Bendall

Sleeper

Fessler, Wohl

Jones. R. D.

Peterson, Williams.

Ptitsyn Roberts

Sinitsyn, Tsypin

Trubey, Penny

BRL

BRL

BRL

AEEW

AEEW

ORNL

NASA

WADC

BRL

[USSR]

APEX

[USSR1

ORNL

0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2, 3, 5, 14. 0.1,0.25, 0.5,1.0, 2, 3, 5, 14.

0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2,

3, 5, 14. Fission

1-18

Fission

6.0 Unspeeif. monoenergetic.

Fission

2.5 10.0

0.5—15

Fission

PLS

PLS

PLS UVD Sph. PLN

PLN

PTI

PTI, UVD

PTI

PTI

PTI

PTI

PTI

Concrete Nevada tost site

soil. Fe

Fo-TIaO

Unspeeif. H2 0 H2O

Unspeeif.

Anna, H2 0

BeO

H; mixture of H

and heavy

component. H2 0

FS, SIM

FS, SIM

FS, SIM

Lay IM

IM

IM

FS, Sph, Cyl.

IM

IM

FS

IM

IM

R, T, 7(r)

R, T, 7(r)

It, T, 7(r) m

m

BF

Kr)

I(t,0), dose

7(r) m

I(r) thermal

MC.

MC. MC.

Multigroup diffusion. Mu.tigroup diffusion. Conip. of ANP,

NDA calcs. MC.

One-group diffu- sion ; powerseries solution. MM; modified for fast conv. at 0=0°. MM.

Comp. of 4 solu- tions of transport

eq; comp. with

exp. data. Use of removal

cross section data. "Transfusion": comb, of trans- port and diffu- sion theory.

Table 4. Neutron penetration experiments (NE)

Author Yr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source type Medium Absorber

configuration Type of information Method

Babb, De Wames

Baer

Barr, Hurst Bina

Blizard

Blizard, Miller Capron,

Crevecoeur.

Caswell et al.

Chapman, Storrs

Clifford Cochran, et al.

Cure, Hurst

Dacey, Paine, Goodman

Delano, Goodman

Fillmore

Flynn, Chapman

Grantham

Grimeland

Hill, Roberts, Fitch Hungerford

Johnson, McCammon,

Haydon.

Jones, F. R. Kogan

et al.

Langsdorf, Lane, Monahan.

NARF

WAPD

ORNL

WADC

ORNL

ORNL

[Belgium]

NBS

ORNL

ORNL

ORNL

ORNL

MIT

MIT

NAA

ORNL

ORNL

[Norway] ORNL

ORNL

ORNL

HW

[USSR]

ANL

Po-Be (fast) also Co«» y's

Po-Be

Po-Be Po-Be

Fission

Fission: fast neutrons. Ra-Be

14.1

Fission

Fission

Fission p02io_B~2.6 Ra-Be MIT cyclotron Thermal, epither- mal, fast

Fission

Fission

Fission

Fission Po-Be; Co6"(7's)

Fission

Po-Be, Po-B

(fast)

0. 025. 0. 22, 0. 83,

5; reactor beam

Li?(p,re)Be7 0-1.8

PTI

PTI PLN

PTI

Disk

PLI disk PTI

PTI

Disk ~

PTI.

Disk PLI PTI

PTI PLN

Reactor

pedestal PTI

PLI disk PMD

PTI

PTI PTI

PTI PTIPMD

PMD

H2 0-Air

H2 0-Zr ~ Tissue

Fe, Al, Pb

HaO-Fe

H2O; Concrete C60%

H8%

0 32% H2 0

15 elements from H to U; 10 com- pounds

H2O C (graphite) Concrete Air,H2 0,Pb, Fe, W, plus 7 com- pounds

Concrete

Fe, Al; ordinary and magnetite

concrete Pb

Barytes aggreg.; Barytes concrete B

H2O, H2O-AI Air-H2 0

Air—concrete. H2O

HsO,

paraffin H2 0,

paraffin

36 elements,

2 compounds,

1 alloy

2 media with

interface

IM

FS

Sph.; hemisph. SIM, FS

FSSIM

IM

FS

SIM

FSSIM

Sph.

FS

FS

Sph. FS

Cyl. IM

2 media with

interface IM

Cyl

SIM

Thin plates

I(r): fast, thermal; gamma flux

7(r) therm. m

/(r)

7(r) therm.,

7(r) gammas. m

/(«)

7(r) therm., In res., fast.

7(r) therm.,

fast

7(r) 7(r),7(E) R (dose)

7(r) therm., In res.

7(r) fast, thermal m

7(r) fast

7(r) : fast; thermal 7(0

7(r) : In res. R, 7(r, A)

7(r) therm.

7(r) fast, slow R(E, 9)

I{E, 6)

Hurst dosim. (fast), BF3 ctrs. (therm.), anthr. (gammas).

Foils. Proportional

counter. Hurst-type tissue- equiv. det. BF3 ctr., ion.

Hurst dosim. Ag foils.

B" lined ctr., In

foils, Hurst

dosim.

Fission chamber, BF3 ctr., Hurst

dosim. Ag, In foils, Bi°F3 ctrs. Fission chamber,

Bi° F3 ctrs. Proport. ctr., pulse

integrator.

Foils.

Foils, film.

In foils; VTM, Np

fission chambers. Hurst dosim.

Fission chmbr.; BF3 ctr.; Hurst

dosim.

Activation of Nal.

In foils. Fast neutron

dosim.; ion. In foils.

Proton rec. ctr. (fast);BF3 (slow). Mn foils; MnCl

soln.; Cd, B, Na & Co filters. BF3 proport.

counters.

697-763—64 3 13
Table 4. Neutron penetration experiments (NE) —Continued

Ref. Author Yr Lab. or Source energy, Source type Medium Absorber Type of Method

| Til CI P£ll Mev configuration 111X011113,11011 NE25 Maienschein 55 ORNL Fission PTI H20 IM Fission chamber,

et al. BF3 ctr., In foils. NE26 Munn, 47 NRC Ra-Be PTI H20-Bi IM /(r)therm., Dy, In foils. Pontecorvo [Montreal] H20-Pb £1 res. H2 0-Fe

NE27 Otis 57 ORNL Fission PLI H2 0 FS m Au foils. NE28 Rush 48 [Duke Univ.] Ra-Be PTI H20 IM m In foils. NE29 Salmon 55 AERE Thermal PLI Concrete SIM I(t): diffusion length

In foils.

NE30 Shure, Roys 57 WAPD N" PTI HzO IM I(E,r) BF3 ctr. NE31 Dunn 57 WADO Fast neutrons, PTI Al, Fe, Pb Sph. m Hurst dosim. Po—Be NE32 Stiokley 56 BNL Slow neutrons PLN disk Tissue—equiv. SIM Kr, p) Au foils. plastic NE33 Tittman 53 [Schlum- Ra-Be PTI H2 0 IM 1(f) In foils; BFs ctrs berger. Conn.] NE34 Von Dardel 54 [Stockholm] D—D reaction PTI B, H2 0, D2 0, "Hysil" glass Cyl 1(E) B">F3 ctr. NE35 Western 62 NARF Fission PLN Polyethylene,

plain and

bora ted;

ZrHi.es; Inconel X, Be.BeO, Fe

FS I(E, t); Capture gammas

Nal

NE36 Zaitsev, 62 [USSR] 170, 250, 350, PMD 3 concretes: FS I(r) Ci2(»,2ra)C"; Komochkov, 480, 660 (cyclotron) Fe content = (>20 mev) activity of C". Sychev 0. 4%, 41%. 75% NE37 Broder, 62 [USSR] 2, 4, 6.8,

10, 14.

9

PTI H, H2 0, O, C IM m, Fission chamber. Kutuzov, removal Levin cross section NE38 Dulin 60 [USSR] Fission PLN H20 SIM Kp,t); BF3 ctrs. et al. disk data transf. to PLI

disk, PTI

NE39 Lence, 61 APEX Fission PTI Be, BeO, Large Kr): Foils; Liguori, LiH, Fe, Pb number of fast, Sub-Cd,

epi— Cd.

Comp. with Lowery shielding configurations.

hand calc.

NE40 Tsypin 62 [USSR] 0. 5, 1, 3,

8

PLN disk H2 0, Fe, U SIM Kr.p)

I(E,T.e);

R(p);

BF3 ctrs. NE41 JWestern 62 NARF Fission PMD Borated FS BF3 ctrs, polyethylene, foils, Nal.

Pb, Fe fast, ther- mal, epi- thermal, capture gammas Table 5. Electron penetration theory (ET)

Author Yr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source type Medium Absorber

configuration Type of information Method

Archard

Berger

Berger Blunck

Boyd, Morris Crew

Engelmann

McGinnies

Nelms

Rohrlich, Carlson

Sidei, Higashi- mura, Kinosita

Spencer

Spencer

Higasbimura Linnenbom Body

Spencer, Fano

1AEI

NBS

NBS

[Wiirzburg] NBS

NBS

[Miinchen] NBS

NBS

[Princeton Univ.] [Kyoto

Univ.. Japan] NBS

NBS

[Kyoto, Japan] NRL

[Hungary]

NBS

0.01-0.10

0.125-2.0 0.0625-2.0

1-3000

1.12-, 23.8-hr fission products

0.4 paz (Alonly),T12o<

(Al, Ag, Au)

0.006438-10.46

0.01-10.0

0.102-2.04

0.514-2.0

0.01-10.0

0.025-10

2.0

0.1-100

0.01-0.10

2.04, 40. 9

PLN

PLN, PLS

PLN, PLS, PLI PLN

PLI, PTI PMD

PLI UVD

PMD

PMD

PLN

PLN, PTI

PLN, PTI PLN

PLN

UVD

Si, Cr, Se, Xe

Al

Al, Au

Pb, 02 , Arbitrary Z

Air

Air

Al, Ag, Au

Al, Cu, Sn, Pb,

air, H2 0, bone, muscle, poly- ethylene

28 elements from H to U; air, H2 0, 6 other substances

Al, Pb

Al

Be, Al, Cu, Cd,

Au, air, poly- styrene

C, Al, Cu, Sn, Pb, air, poly- styrene Al

Al, Si, SiOj Z=4-80

Al, Pb

SIM

Foils FS, SIM

SIM

IM

IM

FSIM

IM

IM

Foils

IM

IM

IM

SIM

IM

T, R

I(E, r), T, R

Range

I(E, r)

7(r, P, 8) T, R

1(E)

Energy loss, range

Range, energy

loss T, R(0)

Stopping

power,

resid. range, mm

I(E, T) Range, energy

loss R(Z)

KE)

Diffusion; large- angle single elastic scattering. MC.

MC.

Integral trans- forms. MM.

MM.

Diffusion. Numerical

integration, use of ET17.

Cont. slowing- down; ion. and

excitation. Continuous slowing down. MC.

Continuous slowing down 1 approx. MM.

Segment modelj

electron track. Use of mass stop- ping power data, Comparison of diffusion theory with single and

multiple scattering. Continuous

slowing-down.

14
Table 6. Electron penetration experiments (EE)

Author Yr Lab. or

[place] Source energy, Mev

Source typo Medium Absorber

configuration Type of Information Method

Aglintsev, Kasatkin Agu, Burdette, Matsukawa

Bialobzheskii, Val'kov

Buys

Engelmann

Griin

Harigel, Scheer,

Scfiultze Huffman

Minder

Oberhofer, Springer Odeblad, Agren

Eothenberg

Seliger Trump, Wright,

Clark Tsvetaeva

Wright, Trump

Andreen

Andreen, Parker,

Slatis Chhabra

Cornish

Daddi, D'Angelo

Danguy

Ehrenberg, King

Mori, Taira

63

63

[USSR]

[Leicester, England]

[USSR]

[Gent, Belg.] [Munchen]

[Miinchen] [Munchen;

Wiirz- burg] ORNL

[Bern,

Switz.] [Munich]

[Stockholm]

NYO-HS

NBS

MIT

[USSR]

MIT

[Gothenberg, Sweden]

[Sweden] ANL

STL

[Pisa, Italy]

[Brussels]

[Blrbeck

Coll., London]

[Japan]

S>» (< 0.167) Y" (< 1.65) 0.25-0.76

0.8

P82

paz (Al only) TP04 (Al, Ag, Au)

0.005-0. 054

20.4

0.057, 0.080, 0.104, 0.1265

10

19 /9-emitters 0.053-3.55

Cl»» (Al, Sn, Pt,

cellophane)

C", PS2 (Al

only) U/3's up to 0.960

2, 3

0.20, 0.60; Sas, Ca«, Co«», Sr»» 1.0-3.5

0.02-0.10; Sm'M

0.01 (electron gun)

Sr«o-Y«°: <2.2

1.43-2.0 (Van de

Graaff

generator)

0.167-2.25 (7 0

emitters) 0.17—1.7

0. 01—0. 08

Sr»«

PTI PMD

PLN

PTI

PLI PMD

PMD

PMD

PLN

PMD

PTI

PTI

PLN

PMD

PLN

PLN

PMD

PLI disk PLN

PTI

PTI PMD

PMD

Al

Be, Al, Cu, Ag, Au

Al

Al

Al, Ag, Au

Air Freon (CF3 Br)

AlHa O H2 0, Air, Al, Cu,

plexiglass Al, Sn, Pt, cellophane

Denim (cotton

cloth) Al, Ag, Sn, Pb, Au, brass AlAl

Be, Mg, Al, Cu,

Zn, Cd, Au,

Pb, U

Al, Cu, Ag, Pb

Al, Ag, Au

Lucite H2 0: liquid and

iee

Al, Au

39 elements, compounds,

and alloys Polystyrene, KI, Rbl, Csl, CaW04 CdW04 C, Al, Fe, Pb

Foils

Foils

Foil stack

Foils

IM

Foils

Foils SIM

Foils

Foils

1 and 2 9-oz. layers Foils

Foils

Foils SIM

SIM

Foils

SIM

SIM

Foils

Foils

SIM

FS

HE)

T(T)

I(t) ; range

r, r

T, R

m

Range

/(r) m

T, max.

range. T

T

T(T)

J(r, 9) m

R{2)

R(Z)

R(E, 8), T(E, d)

Kt)

T, R; I(t) vs temp.

-195° C to +20 °C

Effective

atten. coefs. R(8), R(E, r)

I(r, p); comp.

with calc. ET13

R(r, 6, Z)

Not given.

Ion.

Elcctrometric:

foils serve as both absorbers and charge

collectors. Gelg.

iir Ctr.

Luminescenso

of air. Bubble chamber.

Ion: triple plate chamber.

Ion; film; chem.

dosim. (FeSO^). Not given.

Geig.

Ion.

2tt ctr.

Ion.

Geig. Biased collector.

Image P- spectrometer. Double focusing

/S-spectrometer,

geig. Plastic scint., film. Glass coloration dosim.

Geig.

Geig.

Luminescence.

Geig.

Table 7. Elementary geometries, theory (EGT)

Ref. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, energy (Mev)

Source type Medium Structure, terrain,

etc. type Type of Information Method

EGT1 Berger 54 NBS 7: Co«» PTI off-gnd. Air Foxhole Dose rate at Use of ang. distr. top, middle, calc. by MM;

bottom assume dir. dep.

det. EGT2 Berger 56 NBS y: Co«°; 0.66, 1, PTI, PLI Air, concrete Slab-covered pit Relative dose MM; MO.

4, 10 shelter; thick rates; bdry.

wall; dens, in- efi. corr.

terf. EGT3 Berger, Doggett 63 NBS t: 1.0 PLI, UVD Alr Level gnd; inf. HE); dose rate; MM.

and sph. finite BF

cloud EGT4 Berger, Lamkin 68 NBS y. 1.0 PLI Air, concrete Slab-covered pit Dose rate with- MM; correction

shelter, block- in structures for wall rerl. house, open hole and transm. EGT5 Blizard 59 ORNL Unspecified PLI disk, Unspecif. Circular disk Transform, of Inf. series; extra- monoenergetic PTI source PLI disk data polation of data.

to PTI EGT6 Blizard 60 ORNL Unspecified PLI, PTI Unspecif. Circular disk Geometrical Inf. series; monoenergetic source transforma- simple formulas. EGT7 Chilton, Saunders 57 NCEL y. Cos" PLI Concrete, Slab and earthtions , Dose rate 3' Not given. earth covered under- above floor ground shelters center comp.

with 3' above

level ground

15
Table 7. Elementary geometries, theory (EG T)—Continued

Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, energy (Mev)

Source type Medium Structure, terrain,

etc. type Type of Information Method

Duncan

Eisenhauer

Foderaro, Obenshain

Fulhvood et al.

Hubbell

Hubbell, Bach, Lamkin

Hubbell, Bach, Herbold

Hubbell, Bach

Kovalev, Popov,

Smirennyi

59

60

55

56

56

nil

62

Krieger

Ksanda, Moskin,

Shapiro

LeDoux

LeDoux, Donovan

Malich, Beach

Meredith

Minder

Moote

Osanov, Kovalev

Putz, Broido

Schlegel

Sievert

Smith, Storm

56

59

54

NAA

NBS

WAPD

NDL

NBS

NBS

NBS

NBS

[USSR]

RAND

NRDL

NCEL

NCEL

NRL

NDL

[Bern, Switz/ cw

[USSR]

IER

IER

[Stockholm]

KAPL

y. time- dependent

fission products

y. Coeo, 1.12-hr

fission, 0.7 Mev

Unspecified monoenergetic

7: 1, 2.76

y: 0.255, 0.5,

1, 2, 3

7: 1, 1.25, unspecified monoenergetic

7; neutrons;

unspecified monoenergetic

7: Co«»; 10 energies from

0.5 to 9.5

Unspec. monoenergetic

7: 0.7

7: 1.25

7, neutrons:

initial and

delayed "standard"

spectra

7: 1-10

7: 1.0

Unspecified

Unspec.

7: Co«°

7: unspec. monoenergetic

7: unspec.

7: unspec.

7: unspec.

Unspec.

UVD

PLI

PTI, PLI UVD

PLI

PLI, UVD

PLI; ang.

distr. in sph. har- monics PLI; ang.

distr. in sph. harmonPLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

PLI

Unspec.

PLI

PLI

PLI; arb. ang.

distrib.

Air

Concrete

Unspecif.

Air, ground

HjO

H2O; unspecified

Unspecified

H2 0, Al, Fe,

Sn, Pb, W,

U

Vacuum

Air

Air-ground

Concrete,

earth

Concrete

Concrete

Vacuum

(~ Air) Vacuum

Fe—

H

2 0

Unspecif.

Unspecif.

Air; standard

roof materials (Ref. Gil)

Unspecif.

Unspecif.

Radioactive

cloud: vert, and horiz. funnels Blockhouse

Point, line, disk,

slab, truncated

cone, cyl., sph.

sources Foxhole, level ground

Level ground;

circular slab

roof; body of water

Rectangular pri- mary and sec- ondary sources:

e.g. thin or thick roof Circular disk primary and

secondary

sources.

Rectangle, or arbitrary finite plane source

Rectangular pri- mary source

Inf. plane; circular disk; inf. long strip

2 media with

interface; clear- ed square area in inf. plane

source Level ground,

buried shelters:

rect. slab roof, hemisph., arch Level ground,

buried shelters: horiz. cyl., paraboloid,

ellipsoid, slab

roof, hemisph.

Schematized

barracks

Rectangular primary

source Rectangular; hollow cyl. sources Rectangular primary

source Rectangular pri- mary source

Generalized

shields: tetra- hedral, paral- lelopiped, etc. Rectangular

roof-sections

Circular disk primary source

Circular disk source

/(r)

Dose rate as fn. of roof thick- ness and

depth below

ceiling m

Dose rate vs

ht. above

gnd.; in bot- tom of foxhole Dose rate vs

ht. above gnd.

or water; over center of disk Dose rate opp.

corner of rec- tangular

source Dose rate off axis

Dose rate as fn. of geometric,

atten. and BF para- meters. Dose rate as fn. of geometric parameters Dose rate 1 meter above

gnd. Ground-roughness effects

Protection

factors

Geom. effects

Dose rate at various points

in structure comp. with 3' above gnd. Rad. flux at various points above surface Dose rate vs "shape"

parameters Dose rate in H2O slab vs Fe cladding

thickness Dose rate vs "shape" and

"barrier thickness" parameters

Generalized formulae for dose rate computation Dose rates within struc- ture Dose rate off- axis vs "shape" and

"barrier" parameters Dose rate off- axis

BF approx. as +G"r)V7E2.4 MM: separation

of "barrier" and

"geometry"

shielding.

Exponential atten., analytic and

series formulas. Use of inf. plane

theory.

Use of MM calc. data; BF fitted to cubic poly- nomial in imr. Use of angular harmonics calc. by MM; series soln. for thin

roof (<~ lmfp). Use of angular harmonics calc. by MM; series

soln. using BF

data from GT13, EGT12.

Power series soln. using BF data.

Numerical inte- gration; no

atten. or BF.

Analytical and

numerical inte- grations; unscatt.

rad. only. Linear BF as- sumed.

Analyt., numer.

integrations.

Analyt., numer.

integrations.

Linear BF as- sumed.

Numer. integr.; no atten. or BF.

Series expansion

of integral; no

atten. or BF.

Solid angle frac- tion; linear BF

assumed. Numer. integr.; exponential

attenuation; no BF.

Transmission

matrix.

Numer. integr., linear BF

assumed.

Series soln. in powers of "barrier thickness";

710 BF.

Variety of series

solns., dep. on

source type.

16
Table 7. Elementary geometries, theory {EOT) —Continued

Eef. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, Source type Medium Structure, terrain. Type of Method

energy (Mev) etc. type information

EGT30 Spencer 62 NBS y. 1.12-hr fis- PTI Air, HjO, Density interface, Extensive Use of MM, MC

sion; Co90

, PLI Concrete foxhole, shielded graphical data calc. results; basement, light superstructure,

vertical wall, blockhouse,

vents, mazes, compartm.

structures

and formulas

for calc. of protection

factors

solid angle

fraction.

EGT31 -D rll Ir IM LI 61 T ColtlCKTlCI

i -1 .,1 - ~ . 1 7; neutrons; Unspecif. Circular disk Dose rate on Analytical inte* ILaly

unspecif. monoenergetic

Fermi

ang.

distrib.

primary and

secondary

sources.

axis grations; unscatt. rad. only. EGT32 Casper, Carver 58 APEX 7: fission, PLI disk, Al, Fe, Pb Fe slab with on plug Analyt. integr.; 0.5-9.5 radial de- pendence

hole; Al, Fe, Pb plugsaxis use of BF data. EGT33 Eisenhauer 63 NBS "PT T Air, Concrete Level ground; Urapnical clata USC OI IVliVl, roof sources;

vertical walls,

'

1 '<:.'' 1 ' 3

,

compartm.

structures.

and formulas

for calc. pro- MM.,. I L tors. Comp.

with experun.

calc. results; solid angle

1 1 ' 1

EGT34 Holland, Gold 62 toi 7; induced in PLI Air, Ground Level ground Dose rate in air Vacuum, SIM

ground by

neutrons with

energies:

(thermal)

PLS

(fast)

due to (n, 7) reactions in ground fromearth for neutron capture; plane symmetry

0 025 ev

y.oy, 11 i\iev point neutron lur 7 pen.source in air.

S-.KJ i oO T A" r Leimuorier OJ AE 1 O A A 1 ft y. 1, z, i, o, iu r 1 I Concrete opiierical room, PTI source at

center.

ri\l2j t 0) VS radius of room; effect of miilt. refl.

TUP

EGT36 Rose 56 ORNL a-particles Disk: aniso- Vacuum Circular disk Det. response Legendre expantropic source. on axis;

finite disk

sion. ang.

distrib. detector. EGT37 Yakhontova, Kononenko,

Petrov

62 [USSR] /S: unspecif. PLI disk Unspecif. multicoin- ponent.

Circular disk

source; single and layered medium.

I(t) on axis Analytical

formulas.

Table 8. Elementary geometries, experiments (EGE)

Ref. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, Source type Medium Structure, terrain, Type of Method

energy (Mev) etc. type information

EGEl Auxier et al. 59 ORNL 7: Co«°, Cs«' PLI Air; standard Thin and thick- Dose rate in Ion. building walled houses; houses from

materials. level ground. sim. fallout

field; dose above rec- tangular

source array. EGE2 Batter 61 TOI 7: Co" PLI Fe Vent protruding "In and down" Ion. from under- effect. ground shelter. EGE3 Batter, Starbird 61 TOI 7: Co»o PLI Concrete Blockhouse Dose rate from Ion. sim. fallout

field EGE4 Batter, Starbird 62 TOI 7: Co" PLI Fe Compartm. Effect of strip Ion; scale model.

structure sources EGE5 Bernstein, 53 BNL 7: Co»° PTI off-gnd Air Foxhole Dose rate at Nal.

Clarens, Weiss top, middle and bottom EGE6 Brodeur, Batter 62 TOI 7: Co«° PTI Fe Protruding vent "In and down" Ion.

scatt. EGE7 Burson, Borella 61 EGG 7: Co«o PLI Earth, corru- Earth-covered Protection Ion. gated steel. shelter factor. EGE8 Clifford 61 DRCL 7: OS"? PLI Air-ground Foxhole in unif. Dose rate along Ion.

contain, plane fox-hole axis and midway

to wall; gnd.

pen. contrib. EGE9 Clifford 62 DRCL 7: Cs»' PTI Sand between Blockhouse: full- Validity of Ion. plywood; size and 1/10 model Fe (scale scale model studies EGE10 Davis, 62 ORNL 7: Co*>, Csw PTI

model)

Air-ground Square array of Dose rate vs Nal, airborne. Bernhardt sources on ht. above

level gnd. gnd. EGE11 Davis, 62 ORNL 7: Co'0

, Cs'" PTI, PLI Air-ground Level ground; Dose rate Nal.

Reinhardt extended vs ht. above

sources gnd. EGE12 Eisenhauer 59 NBS 7: Co«° PLI Wood, Rectangular and Dose rates over Ion.; detailed concrete ring sources on simple source math, analysis

level gnd., arrays, with- of data. houses with in houses;

sources on roof wall pen. and surr. area effects.

17
Table 8. Elementary geometries, experiments (EGE)—Continued

Kef. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, energy (Mev)

Source type Medium Structure, terrain,

etc. type Type of Information Method

EGE13 Goulding, Cowper 63 [Chalk River, 0: P» (~fission) PLI Air-soil Level ground Relative im- Geig., thin-win- Can.] portance of dow.

fallout /9's EGE14 Hill 64 RAND y. Zr»s, Nb" PLI Air-soil Streets; categorized Dose rate rel. to Analysis of data

(0.76) structures 1 m above inf. assuming single

Pi. scatt. EGE15 Huddleston et al. 62 NCEL; Fallout y's PLI Air-soil Flat lake-bed; I(r, 6); ground Nal. EGG semi-rough ter- roughness

rain; wild desert effects. EGE16 Margulis, Elms- 67 [USSR] y. Co»» PLI Air Rectangular source Dose rate pro- Activated phostalev array of 1 m- files across phor dosimeters" Co'o rods source; vs. ht. theor. analysis above source using circular EGE17 Mather, Johnson, 62 NRDL y. 9-day-old PLI Air-ground Level ground I(E, T, 6) sector approx. Nal. Tomnovec fission products EGE18 Plummer 62 NRDL y: Co«° PLI Air-ground, Vertical wall Protection factor Nal. Fe vs wall thickness, collim- ator solid- angle. EGE19 Schlemm, Antho- 69 AFSWC 7: Co" PLI Air-ground Foxhole, shielded I(E, r, 6) Nal.

ny, Burson basement,

cleared areas EGE20 Schlemm, 69 AFSWC 7: Lau° PLI Air, ground, Foxhole, slab /(r, 6) Geig. Anthony concrete covered base- ment, cleared

circular areas EGE21 Schmoke, Rex- 61 NDL 7: Co««, CsU' PLI Plywood, Fe, Blockhouse Dose rate in Ion. road concrete structure vs. position, roof material and

thickness EGE22 Schumchyk, 60 NDL 7: Co«o PLI Air-ground Foxhole Gnd. pen. (lip Ion.

Tiller contrib.) EGE23 Tomoeda, 60 NRDL 7: CoTM PTI Fe Compartmented "Geom. factors": Ion. Hastings, structure: scale meas. dose 4- Shumway model unatten. calc. dose EGE24 Clifford 63 DRCL 7: Cs«» PLI Air-Concrete Level slabs with Ground rough- Ion. concentric and ness effects. with parallel sawtooth grooves EGE25 Donovan, J. L. 61 [XT. of Mich. 7: Co«° PLI H2 0-Fe Rectangular PLI I(t) vs. Fe Ion. Ann Ar- source for food cladding thickbor] irradiator. ness. EGE26 Johansson 62 [Lund, 7: 7 Mev for PMD, PTI Concrete for FS; straight and Validity of Nal. Sweden] full-scale full-scale 3-legged ducts. small-scale structure; 2.62 structure; models for Mev for model Fe for model shielding

studies. EGE27 Ferguson 63 NRDL Fallout 7's PLI Air-ground Desert, dry lake Ground rough- Nal; comp. with

bed, plowed ness effects; theor. results in ground. I(E, h, 8) ref. Gl-EGT 30.

Table 9. Ducting (D)

Ref. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, Source type Barrier Geometry Type of Method

energy (Mev) material information

Dl Barcus 59 SANDIA n PTI Unspecif. Straight and bent Generalized ex- Calc. ducts pressions D2 Benenson, Fasano 57 WADO n (fission) PLI H20 Straight cylindri- Effect of "lip" Exp. using S32 (n,

cal duets. pen. p) P32 det.; calc. using ray analysis. D3 Bergelson 61 [USSR] n (fast) PLI HaO, concrete Straight cylindri- Formulas; no Age approx.

cal ducts data D4 Chappell 57 KAPL y PLI, PLC, Unspecif. Straight cylindri- Nomogram; ap- Scattering neglect- Fermi cal duct prox. formula ed. D5 Chilton 61 NCEL y: 0.34, .5 PTI Concrete 2-legged rectangu- Effect of off axis Calc, albedo aplar ducts detector and proach.

source D6 Clifford 62 DRCL y: Csi" PTI Concrete Duct with side Spectral, trans- Ion. branches mission data D7 Eisenhauer 60 NBS y: Co"> PTI Concrete Bent ducts Effect of one Ion. and two right- angle turns D8 Fisher 56 AVCO n: unspecif. PLC Fe Straight and bent Effect of bends, One-velocity dif- ducts, annulus, offsets; ap- fusion theory. gaps prox. for- mulas. D9 Green 62 NCEL y: Co'0 PTI Concrete 2-legged rectangu- Dose rate along Exp.; analysis uslar duct; source, duct axis. ing single scatt. det. on axis. approx. D10 Horton 59 AERE n: thermal, fast PLN Unspecif. Helical duct I(r) along duct Approx. by suc- vs ratio of cessive straight duct radius to sections joined at

helix radius const, angle Dll Horton, Halliday 66 AERE n: thermal Fermi plane H2 0 Straight, 3-legged I(r) along duct Exp.: foil detectors. source eyl. ducts axis.

18
Table 9. Ducting (D)—Continued

Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, energy (Mev)

Source type Barrier Geometry Type of material Informat ion

Fermi plane Concrete Fe Straight annular T(r) nlnnff nn- source lined duct nulus PLC Unspeclf.; Na Bend In pipe /(r) on and off in duct carrying scatt. duct axis. and wcaJcly abs. medium PTI Concrete 2-legged rectangu- /(r) along duct

lar ducts axis - corner

1 i n pfTpf*t<j PLI, PLC Concrete 2-logged rectang- Z(r) along duct

lar ducts - shel- axis. ter entrance- ways PLC Graphite Rectangular slot! T(t"\ nlfvnfT rinpf annular duct axis. Arbirr.; Straight cyl. duct I(p) beyond PLC duct. PTI Graphite Rectangular and J(r) along duct

cyl. ducts. oyHe* fact" PTI Concrete Straight, 2-legged 7(r) along duct

rectangular axis; effect of ducts. successive PLC

epet " L ,1 tfpfi ntrc 1 LCI 1 1 . _ " . H3O, concr.; Straight, bent Collection of Fe duct- annular etc. formulas and

lining. ducts. exp. data. PTI Concrete 9- and ^-lppfpH T(t\ q 1 An <j rl M pf" rectangular axis. ducts. PLI, PLC, HjO, Pb Rectangular slots; Refs. to classi- Fermi cylindrical fied as well as annular ducts nnptfl ^si fi pH

literature. PLI Unspecif. fTwl v^v l< nnefs y± Li. v bo P'firmiilQi; X \JL HI LL1 Qj cptHpc , Ml ICi PTI H2O

expansions

Straight cvl. * \H) UC J UliU ducts; plane duct or slot. PLI H3O Straight and bent Formulas PLI HjO Long thin air Formulas

ducts;

straight and

bent. PTI Concr©tc en tranceways. 2-and U -shapes. PTI Concrete 2-legged square X(r) along duct

duct. axis* contrib.

of various re- reflecting

surfaces. PTI Concrete 2- and 3-legged 7(r) along duct round ducts. axis; comp.

with sQuare PLN HaO; air in Straight cyl. I{t) (fast) up to ducts. ducts. 9Hn Hucf radii along axis. PLN H2O; air in Straight cyl. I(j) (thermal)

ducts. ducts. up to 200 duct

radii along

axis. PTI; cos, HjO; Al Straight cyl. duct Nj>) beyond duct.

coss, cos3

, lining point

sources.

Method

Horton et al.

Hungerford

Mironov

Neuberger, Johns- ton Novak

Park, Agnihotri, Silverman.

Price, Horton, Spinney

Rizzo, Quadrado,

Eisenhauer Rockwell (Reactor Des. ManuRoe

Shore, Schamberger. Simon

Simon, Clifford

Terrell, Jerri, Lyday.

Chapman

Fowler, Dorn

Piercey, Bendall

Piercey

Collins

LeDoux, Chilton 61

LeDoux, Chilton

62

AERE

ORNL

NCEL

NCEL

[USSR]

NARF

ASAE

[U of MdJ

AERE

BNL

BNL, WAPD

etc. KAPL

BNL

ORNL

ORNL

ARF

NCEL

NCEL

AEEW

AEEW

NARF

n: thermal

n : uspecif.

7: Co"

7: Co"

n: thermal, fast n

n: thermal, fast

7: Co'0

n: fast, thermal

7: Co"

7's, fast n's from fission.

7; n

n

7: Co", Cs i«

7: Co"

7: Co"

n: fission

n: fission

7: Co«»

n: Po-Be

Exp.; Mn foils; analysis using duct

wall albedo.

Diffusion; soln. In

in terms of Bessel fn. Calc; albedo ap- proach. Calc; comp. with D7, D27 exp.

data. Calc; comp. with

exp.

Calc.

2-group diffusion.

Exp.; analysis by

detailed MC calc.

Semi-empirical fits to data. Exp.

Exp.

One-velocity

diffusion theory. Exp.

Calc: albedo

analysis. Single bend of angle 8; series of 0-bends.

Ion. Nal; comp. with

albedo theor.

calc.

Geig.; Ion.; single

scatt. analysis.

S32(n,p)p32 detector; comp.

with moments

calc. Foils; comp. with moments calc.

Anthr., fast- neutron

dosim., comp.

with MC calc

Table 10. Realistic structures (RS)

Ref. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, Source type Barrier Structure, terrain, Type of Method

energy (Mev) material etc type information

RSI Batter, Starbird 61 TOI 7: Co" PLI Concrete; hol- Basement, light Dose rate in Ion. low tile blocks; frame roof.

superstructur;. basement,

sources on

gnd. RS2 Batter, Kaplan,

Clarke.

60 TOI 7: Co"1 , IxiM (0.34) PTI, PLI Concrete;

brick facing. Office bldg. [AEC, Ger- mantown Md.]

Dose rates in

interior due

to roof, gnd.

sources.

Ion.

RS3 Borella, Burson,

Jacovitch.

61 EGG 7: Co" PLI Concrete;

brick

facing.

Office bide. [BNL Med.

center]

do. Ion.

RS4 Burson, Parry, 62 EGG 7: Co" PLI Stucco and Southwestern do. Ion. Borella. frame. residential home; no

basement.

19
Table 10. Realistic structures (RS) —Continued

Ref. Author Yr Lab or [Place] Rad. type, Source type Barrier Structure, terrain, Type of Method

energy (Mev) material etc. type information

RS5 Clarke, Batter, 59 TOI y. Co»° PT T Brick; reinf. Multistory bldg. Dose rates in Ion. Kaplan. concr.; blockhouse, interior due

frame. basement, open to roof, hole, under- gnd. sources. ground shelter. RS6 Canningliam 57 DRCL y. Co«», Csi" PLI Residential Protection Ion.

et al. homes. factor in basement,

first floor. RS7 Graveson 56 NYO-HS Fallout y's PLI: roof, Al Standard housing Dose rates Nal.

surround- structure. within struct. ing area comp. to in

Malich, Beach y. 0.5-10.0; fis- open. RS8 57 NRL PLI PTI Concrete, Barracks, Total dose rate BF fitted to sion 7's, n's. soil. underground from prompt quadratic.

shelters. radiations. RS9 McDonald 56 [Brit. Home r. Co»° T3J T XT LiL Brick; frame Residential home Protection Ion.

Off.] roof. factor. RS10 Putz.Kuykendall 59 IER •y: Co" "PT.T Frame; brick; Resid. homes: Dose rate Exp.; math.

precast 1- and 2-story. "within struc- analysis using

concr. tures from linear BF.

sources on

roof, surr. area. RS11 Rudloff 61 [Germany] y. 0.7; 24-hr PLI Concrete Buildings with Contrib. of rad. Calc: geom.

fission prod. basements. scatt. in gnd.- factor; linear

floor to BF.

basement. RS12 Shumway, 60 NRDL y. Co«° PT T Fe Aircraft carrier, Dose at various Ion.; traveling Tomoeda et al. unif. contam. pts. at 3 levels source. on flight deck. below fit. deck. RS13 Spencer, 62 NBS y. 1.12 hr fission T>T T Concrete Schematized Protection Computer pro- Eisenhaucr. buildings, aper- factor. gram for Nat.

tures, offsets, Fallout Shelter areaways, Survey.

neighboring

roofs, etc. considered. RS14 Starbird, Batter, 61 TOI y. Co90 PT T Fo Scale models of Dose rates Ion. Mehlhorn. residential-type within struc- structures. tures; comp.

with full- scale results. RS15 Striokler, Auxier 60 ORNL y. Co«° Frame; con- Typical Oak Dose rate Ion.

crete block. Ridge homes. within struc- tures from

sources on

roof, surr.

area. RS16 Tomoeda, Hast- 60 NRDL y. Cof, Cs'3', PTI Fe Light aircraft Dose rate with- Ion.

ings, Miller. IrH2 carrier. in ship due to sources on

flight deck. RS17 Tomoeda et al. 59 NRDL y. Co»o, Cs»', PLI Fe Light aircraft Protection fac- Ion; integr. of

Iri«2 PTI carrier. tor within PTI data to get

ship. PLI. RS18 Waldorf 59 NRDL 7 PLI Fe Light aircraft Comparison of Numerical, anacarrier. exp. dose-rate lytical integra- data with tions. available theory. RS19 Burson 63 EGG y. Co«» PLI Concrete 3 multi-story Dose rate with- Ion; Nal. masonry build- in structures

ings; ranch- from sources type home with on roof, surr. underground area.

shelter. RS20 LeDoux 63 OCD y. 1.12-hr fission PLI Concrete Buildings with Protection Schematization as windows, in- factor. single-story

terior parti- solid-wall equiv.

tions, basements. buildings; use of Gl, G46, calc. data.

Laboratories

Glossary to Tables

AFSWP

AE Aktiebolaget Atomenergi, Stockholm,

Sweden.

AEEW Atomic Energy Establishment, Winfrith, Dorset, England.

AEI Associated Electronic Industries,

Ltd., Aldermaston, England.

AEEE Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Berks., England.

AFSWC Air Force Special Weapons Center,

Kirtland AFB, N. Mex.

AN

ANL

APEX

ARF

Armed Forces Special Weapons

Project, Washington, D.C.

Associated Nucleonics, Inc., Garden

City, N.Y.

Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 111. Atomic Products Division, General

Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Armour Research Foundation, Chicago, 111.

20
NBS

NCEL

NDA

NDL

NOL

NPL

NRC

NKDL

NRL

NYO-HS

OCD

ORNL

RAND

SANDIA

STL

TOI

American Standard, Atomic Energy TRG

Dir., Redwood City, Calif. Avco Advanced Development Div., UCRL

Stratford, Conn.

Brookhaven National Laboratory, WADC

Upton, L.L, N.Y.

Ballistic Research Labs., Aberdeen WAPD

Proving Ground, Md.

Clinton Laboratories, Oak Ridge,

Term.

Curtiss-Wright Corp., Princeton, N.J.

Defence Research Chemical Laboratories, Ottawa, Canada.

Edgerton, Geroaeshausen and Grier,

Inc., Goleta, Calif. Hanford Atomic Products Div., General Electric Co., Richland, Wash.

Inst, of Engineering Res., Univ. of

Calif., Berkeley, Calif. Kaman Aircraft Corp., Colorado

Springs, Colo.

Knolls Atomic Power Lab., General

Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y.

Los Alamos Scientific Lab. (Univ. of

Calif.), Los Alamos, New Mexico.

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

North American Aviation, Downey,

Calif. Nuclear Aircraft Research Facility,

Convair, Fort Worth, Tex.

National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Lewis Res. Center, Cleveland.

Ohio.

National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Lab.,

Port Hueneme, Calif.

Nuclear Development Corp. of America, White Plains, NY

Nuclear Defense Lab., Army Chemical Center, Md.

U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab., White

Oak, Md.

National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England.

Nat. Res. Council, Canada, Ottawa

and Montreal.

U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Lab.,

San Francisco, Calif. Naval Research Lab., Washinston.

D.C.

Health and Safety Div., AEC, New

York Office. Office of Civil Defense (DOD), Washington, D.C.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak

Ridse, Tenn.

RAND Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. IM

Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, jN . Mex. SIM

Standard Telecommunication Labs., FS

Ltd., Harlow, Essex, England. Sph

Technical Operations, Inc., Burling- Cyl

ton, Mass. Lay

21

Technical Research Group, Inc., Syosett, N.Y.

University of California Rad. Lab.,

Berkeley, Calif.

Wright Air Development Center,

Dayton, Ohio.

Westinghouse Electric Corp., Atomic

Power Div., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Information Type

HE) Spectra m Depth dose or integrated intensity

HP) Angular distribution

HE, r) Depth spectra

HE, d) Spectra: angular dependence

HE, r, 6) Spectral-angular distributions

Hp) Radial distributions

Hr, h) Lateral-vertical distributions

T Transmission

R Reflection (albedo)

BF Buildup factor

Method

MC

MM

AA

CD

IS

CECS

AT

Nal

Csl

Anthr

Ion

Geig

Bi aprxmn

Pi aprxmn

SG aprxmn

Source Type

Monte Carlo

Moments method

Analytical absorption

Collision density

Importance sampling

Constant effective cross section

Age theory

Sodium iodide crystal spectrometer

Cesium iodide crystal spectrometer

Anthracene crystal spectrometer

Ionization chamber

Geiger counter

Legendre components of the scat- tering function Bi =0 for Z>1

Legendre components of the flux

^ Pt=0 for 1>1

Selengut-Goertzel approximation

PLN Plane normal

PLS Plane slant

PLI Plane isotropic

PLC Plane cosine

PTI Point isotropic

PMD Point monodirectional

UVD Uniform volume distribution

Absorber Configuration

Infinite medium

Semi-infinite medium

Finite slab

Spherical shell Cylindrical shell Lavers
General References (G)

A selection of shielding manuals, handbooks, bibliographies and related background material is listed as follows: Gl L. V. Spencer, structure shielding against fallout radiation from nuclear weapons, NBS Mono. 42

(June 1, 1962) (41 references) ; This reference

also listed as EGT30.

G2 G. H. Albright, A. F. Dill, R. 0. Enge, A. H. Foderaro, W. H. Hill, M. W. Isenberg, L. L. Boyer,

W. A. Jester, and R. H. Kaness, (Pennsylvania

State Univ., University Park, Pa) Guidebook for planning of integrated atomic defense shelters in selected military building types, NP-10014 (Feb.

1961).

G3 J. D. Abbatt, J. R. A. Lakey, and D. J. Mathias,

Protection against radiation, a practical handbook

(Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1961).

G4 R. D. Birkhoff, The passage of fast electrons through

matter, Encyclopedia of Physics 34, (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1958).

G5 E. P. Blizard, The Shielding of Nuclear Reactors,

pp. 746-775 of Progress in Nuclear Energy, Ser. IV, Technology, Engineering and Safety 2. (Pergamon press, N.Y., 1960). (77 references). G6 E. P. Blizard and L. S. Abbott, editors, Reactor Handbook 2d ed. Ill, pt. B, Shielding. (Interscience, New York 1962).

G7 E. Bock and M. Jarnholt, Nuclear reactor shielding,

part 1. A literature survey, VDIT-32(1) (Mar.

1961) (171 references covering period Mar. 1959- Mar. 1961.) G8 C. B. Braestrup and H. 0. Wyckoff, Radiation

Protection, (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1958) . G9 F. C. Brooks, et al., Radiological defense planning

guide, TOI 58-26 (1958), (Technical Operations,

Inc., Burlington, Mass.).

G10 Bureau of Yards and Docks, Studies in atomic

defense engineering, report Nav Docks, p. 290

(Jan. 1957).

Gil E. W. Cannon, Building materials as commonly

used in existing urban buildings in the United

States, (Contract No. CD-GA-56-57) (Jan. 1958)

Institute of Engineering Reseach, Univ. of California. G12 A. B. Chilton, Progress in radiation shielding re- search for protective shelters, NCEL Tech. Rept.

N-385 (June 23, 1960) (NP-9023)

.

G13 E. T. Clarke and J. O. Buchanan, Radiation shield- ing against fallout, Nucleonics 20, No. 8, 143

(1962). G14 R. Dennis, S. N. Purohit, and L. E. Brownell, pro- cedures for shielding calculations, Tech. Rept. No. 1 (Univ. of Mich.) AECU-3510 (Jan. 1957)

(104 references). G15 Emergency Measures Organization, Privy Council

Office, Ottawa, Can. An engineer looks at fallout

shelter, EMO Manual No. 1 (1961). G16 H. Etherington, editor, Nuclear Engineering Handbook, (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

N.Y., 1958).

G17 U. Fano, Gamma ray attenuation, Nucleonics 11, No. 8, p. 8, No. 9, p. 55 (1953).

G18 U. Fano, L. V. Spencer, and M. J. Berger, Penetration and diffusion of X-rays, Encyclopedia of Physics 38, II, 660 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin,

1959) . G19 R. L. French and M. B. Wells, Calculations of weapons radiation penetration in air, Health Phys.

5, 108 (1961). G20 S. Glasstone, editor, The effects of nuclear weapons,

Dept. of the Army Pamphlet No. 39-3 (Apr. 1962)

G21 H. Goldstein, The attenuation of gamma rays and

neutrons in reactor shields, USAEC, U.S. Govt.

Printing Office, Washington, D.C., (1957). G22 H. Goldstein, Fundamental Aspects of Reactor

Shielding (Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., Reading, Mass. 1958).

G23 M. Grotenhuis, Lecture notes on reactor shielding,

ANL-6000 (Mar. 1959).

G24 N. G. Gusev, Radiation and Shielding Handbook

(State Medical Publishing House, USSR, 1956).

G25 G. J. Hine and G. L. Brownell, Radiation Dosimetrv

(Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 1956).

G26 J. F. Hogerton and R. C. Grass, editors, The reactor handbook, Vol. 1, AECD-3645 (Mar. 1955).

G27 W. L. Hollister, Shielding, an annotated bibliography, NP-11466 (Feb. 1962) (SB-62-2); 338

references, slanted toward space vehicle shield- ing; covers period 1958 to Feb. 1962. G28 Home Office, London, England, Assessment of the

protection afforded by buildings against gamma

radiation fallout (1957). G29 R. G. Jaeger, Dosimetry and Radiation Protection,

Physical and Technical Data, (Stuttgart, Georg

Thieme Verlag, 1959) (in German).

G30 T. Jaeger, Outline of Radiation Shielding Techniques for Structural Engineers, Process Technicians, Health Engineers and Physicists (SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1960) (in German).

G31 H. Kahn, Applications of Monte Carlo, RAND

RM-1237-AEC (revised; Apr. 27, 1956).

G32 M. B. Kinder, Design of rectangular underground

structures to resist nuclear weapons (thesis), AD264553 (1961). G33 D. C. Kleinecke, Gamma ray scattering, an annotated bibliography of Monte Carlo calculations,

Civil Defense Research Project, Ser. No. 2, Issue No. 36 (June 1, 1961) (96 references). G34 V. I. Kukhtevich and S. G. Tsypin, Physical and

engineering problems of small shield design, At. Energ. 5, 393 (1958), Trans, in Soviet J. At. I Energy 5, 1285 (1958); 52 references to western and iron curtain shielding papers. G35 J. C. Ledoux, Radiation slide rule for atomic fallout problems, NP-8853, Final Report (May 24, 1960).

G36 O. I. Leipunskii, Gamma rays from a nuclear explosion, At. Ener. 6, 49, (1954); trans, in J. Nuclear

Energy, pt. A, Reactor Sci. 22, 184 (1960). G37 O. I. Leipunskii, Physics of protection, At. Energ.

12, 216 (1962), 71 references to Russian and

western literature. G38 M. Merrill and W. L. Cowell, Literature survey of concretes for nuclear radiation shielding, U.S. NCEL Tech. Report 084 (June 28, 1960). G39 W. Minder, Dosimetry of the Radiation from

Radioactive Substances, (Springer-Verlag, Wien,

1961) (in German).

G40 J. Moteff, Miscellaneous data for shielding calculations, APEX-176 (Dec. 1, 1954).

G41 National Bureau of Standards, Protection against neutron radiation up to 30 Mev, NBS Handb.

No. 63 (Nov. 22, 1957).

G42 NRDL Shielding Symposium Proceedings, Oct* 17-19, 1956, USNRDL Reviews and Lectures No. 29 (E. P. Cooper, chairman); held at U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Lab., San Francisco,

Calif. G43 NRDL-OCDM Shielding Symposium Proceedings, ' Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1960, NP-10038 (W. E. Kreger,

chairman) ; held at U.S. Naval Radiological

Defense Lab., San Francisco, Calif. G44 Nuclear Shielding Supplies and Service, Inc., White Plains, N.Y., Radiation shielding bibliography, NP-8312 (1959) (331 references, earliest one 1945). G45 OCDM, Washington, D.C., A method for evaluating

the protection afforded buildings against fallout radiation (July 1, 1961) (unpublished).

G46 OCDM, Washington, D.C., OCDM Engineering ) Manual—Design and review of structures for protection from fallout gamma radiation (July

1, 1961) (unpublished).

22
G47 Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, Washington, D. C, Fallout shelter surveys, guide for architects and engineers, NP-10-2 (May 1960).

G48 B. T. Price, C. C. Horton and K. T. Spinney,

Radiation Shielding (Pergamon Press, NewYork, 1957), also listed as ducting reference D20.

G49 H. D. Raleigh, comp. Radiation shields and

shielding, TID, 3303 (suppl. 1) (Apr. 1961),

bibliographv of 687 references covering period

July 1956 to Jan. 1961. G50 Risley group, Lancashire, England, Radiation

shielding information bibliography, British Report IGRL-IB-R-30 (Sept. 1957), 70 references

to gamma and neutron shielding.

G51 R. H. Ritchie and G. S. Hurst, Penetration of weapons radiation. Application to the Hiroshima-Nagasaki studies, Health Phys. 1, 390

(1959). G52 T. Rockwell III, editor, Reactor shielding design

manual, TID-7004 (Mar. 1956), also ducting

reference D22.

G53 K. Sauerwein, Shielding data for gamma radiation,

Atomwirtschaft 3, 103 (1958). G54 A. Rudloff, Protection against the gamma radiation

of the radioactive fallout in atomic bomb explosions, Atompraxis 4, 444 (1958.). G55 D. Spielberg, Shielding characteristics of air, soil, water, wood, and other common materials,

WKNL-98, vol. 1 (Feb. 28, 1957)—vol. 2 (Mar. 25

1957) . G56 K. T. Spinney, Shielding design, theory and practice, Nuclear Power 5, No. 46, 134 (1960);

reviews gamma and neutron penetration and

ducting.

G57 R. Stephenson, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering,

2d ed. (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York,

1958) . G58 H. H. Van Tuyl, Fission product radiation and

shielding calculations, HW-69533 (May 16, 1961).

G59 R. L. Walker and M. Grotenhuis, A summary of shielding constants for concrete, ANL-6443

(Nov. 1961).

G60 D. M. Wheeler and L. H. Bostick, Military field expedient shielding experiment, FZK-122. (Oct.

18, 1960) (26 references). G61 G. N. Whvte. Principles of Radiation Dosimetry

(John W'iley & Sons Inc., New York, N. Y., 1959).

G62 I. Benfenati, Shielding of nuclear radiation, Energia

Nucl. 6, 511 (1959).

G63 L. Brunelet, Ionizing Radiations. Technical Calculations. Tables of Numerical Values for the Use

of Engineers, Radiologists and Officials (Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1960).

G64 E. D. Callahan, L. Rosenblum and J. R. Coombe,

Shelter from fallout, TO-B-60-30, (Rev. Apr. 7, 1961).

G65 E. R. Fletcher, R. W. Albright, R. F. D. Perret, M. E. Franklin, I. G. Bowen and C. S. White,

Nuclear bomb effects computer (including slide- rule design and curve fits for weapons effects, CEX-62.2 (Feb. 15, 1963).

G66 F. G. Hammitt, Design for a blast, fire, and fallout

shelter, MMPP-S-1 (Univ. of Mich.) (Sept. 1962).

G67 W. Hebel, Shielding against gamma-rays from

fission-products, Kerntechnik 4, 509 (1962). G68 L. B. Holland, V. R. Cain, R. E. Maerker et al., Shielding against prompt weapons radiation, pp. 122-33 of ORNL 3360 (Jan. 11, 1963).

G69 V. I. Ivanova, Dosimetry and radiation protection;

Moscow, Gosatomizdat (1962). G70 W. L. Owen, Radiological protective construction.

Principles for the protection of facilities and their inhabitants against fallout, USNRDL-467 (Jan.

8, 1962).

G71 S. K. Penny, D. K. Trubey and B. F. Maskewitz,

Cumulative bibliography of literature examined

by the Radiation Shielding Information Center, ORNL-RSIC-1 (Apr. 1963) (199 references).

G72 G. R. Riese, Scattering of gamma rays, X-rays and

high energy electrons in matter, a bibliography,

TID-15419 (Sept. 11, 1957), (122 references 1943-57).

G73 P. F. Sauermann, Radiation protection by shielding,

Kerntechnik 4, 481 (1962). G74 L. V. Spencer, J. C. Ledoux, A. B. Chilton et al., Proceedings and final report, 1962 summer insti- tute on Fundamental Radiation Shielding Prob- lems as Applied to Nuclear Defense Planning, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, Kans., Nov.,

1962. G75 A. Wainwright and J. A. Baldwin, Radiological warfare and nuclear explosions, a report bibliography, ASTIA Rept. AD-277-900, (July 1962).

Spectral Data (SD)

SDl R. E. Batzel, Radioactivity associated with under- ground nuclear explosions, J. Geophys. Res. 65,

2897 (1960). SD2 R. Bjornerstedt, Health hazards from fission products and fallout II. Gamma radiation from

nuclear weapons fallout, Arkiv. Fysik 16, 293

(1960) (61 references). SD3 R. C. Bolles and N. E. Ballou, Calculated activities and abundances of U-235 fission products,

USNRDL-456 (Aug. 30, 1956). SD4 D. C. Borg, Theoretical calculations of the gamma

radiation spectrum from initial and fallout radiations of nuclear weapons, pp. 39-64 in The

Shorter-Term Biological Hazards of a Fallout

Field, Dunning and Hilcken, editors, AEC-DOD

(1958). SD5 F. H. Clark, Decay of fission product gammas, NDA 27-39, (Dec. 30, 1954) (91 references). SD6 C. S. Cook, Energy spectrum of gamma radiation from fallout, USNRDL-TR-318, (Oct. 26, 1959),

see also Health Phys. 4, 42 (1960). SD7 C. S. Cook, Residual gamma radiation in the

vicinity of nuclear weapons, Am. Scientist 49,

399 (1961). SD8 P. J. Dolan, Gamma spectrum of uranium-238

fission products at various times after fission, DASA-526 (May 1959).

SD9 L. B. Engle and P. C. Fisher, Energy and time

dependence of delayed gammas from fission, LAMS-2642 (Jan. 1962).

SD10 J. E. Francis and R. L. Gamble, Prompt fission gamma rays, pp. 20-23 of ORNL 1879 (Oct. 3, 1955).

SD11 E. C. Freiling, Radionuclide fractionation in bomb

debris, Science 133, 1991 (1961). SD12 L. V. Groshev, V. N. Lutensko, A. M. Demidov,

and V. I. Pelekhov, Altas of Radiative Capture

of Thermal Neutrons, transl. by J. B. Sykes

(Pergamon Press, 1959).

SD13 J. Mackin, P. Zigman, D. Love, D. MacDonald

and D. Sam, Radiochemical analysis of individ- ual fallout particles, J. Inorg. and Nucl. Chem.

15, 20 (1960). SD14 F. C. Maienschein, Fission gamma-ray energy

release as a function of time after fission, pp. 189-191 of ORNL-3193 (Nov. 17, 1961) (in- cludes references to prompt-gamma results.) SD15 R. L. Mather, Brief summary of gamma radiation spectra from residual radiation sources, following a nuclear detonation, USNRDL Shielding Symposium I, 115 (Oct. 1956) (ref. G42).

SD16 C. F. Miller, Gamma decay of fission products from

the slow neutron fission of U-235, USNRDLTR-187 (July 11, 1957).

SD17 J. Moteff, Fission product decay gamma energv

spectrum, APEX-134 (Aug. 5, 1953). SD18 A. T. Nelms and J. W. Copper, U-235 fission pro- duct decay spectra at various times after fission, Health Phys. 1, 427 (1958). SD19 J. F. Scoles, Fission product gamma rav spectra, Convair Report FAM-1042 (Aug. 1958).

23
SD20 C. A. Sondhaus and V. P. Bond, Physical factors and dosimetry in the Marshall Island radiation exposures, WT-939 (del) (Decl. with deletions

Sept. 15, 1959). TID-5358 (July 1956).

SD21 E. Troubetzkoy and H. Goldstein, A compilation

of information on gamma-ray spectra resulting

from thermal-neutron capture, ORNL-2904 Jan.

18, 1961) (74 references); see also Nucleonics 18, No. 11, 171 (1960). SD22 B. E. Watt, Energy spectrum of neutrons from

thermal fission of U-235. Phys. Rev. 87, 1037

(1952). SD23 J. M. Wyckoff and H. W. Koch, Energy spectrum

of the delayed gama rays from uranium photofission, Phys. Rev. 99, 616 (1955) (abstr), NBS

Rept. 4335 (Sept. 30, 1955).

SD24 P. A. Yampol'skii, Neutrons from atomic explosions, Moscow Gosatomizdat (1961), transl. in JPRS-11873.

SD25 W. Zobel, T. A. Love, G. M. Estabrook, and R. W.

Peelle, Characteristics of fission-product gamma

rays emitted from 1 to 1800 sec after thermal

fission of U-235, ORNL-2609 (Feb. 15, 1958), pp. 50-1. Gamma-Ray Penetration Theory (Table 1)

(GT)

GTl A. F. Akkerman and D. K. Kaipov, The Monte

Carlo calculation of the passage of gamma radia- tion from a plane directed source of Cs-137

through aluminum under conditions of barrier geometry, At. Energ. 10, 391 (1961); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 10, 383 (1962).

GT2 S. Auslender, A Monte Carlo study of the gammaray energy flux, dose rate, and buildup factors

in a lead-water slab shield of finite thickness,

ORNL-2194 (Jan. 29, 1957).

GT3 M. J. Berger, Angular distribution of multiply

scattered gamma radiation from a plane isotropic source, J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1504 (1955). GT4 M. J. Berger, Reflection and transmission of gamma radiation by barriers—Monte Carlo

calculation by a collision density method, NBS

J. Res. 55, 343 (1955) RP2640.

GT5 M. J. Berger, Penetration of gamma radiation from a plane monodirectional oblique source, NBS J. Res. 56, 111 (1956) RP2656.

GT6 M. J. Berger, Calculation of energy dissipation

bv gamma radiation near the interface between

two media, J. Appl. Phys. 28, 1502 (1957). GT7 M. J. Berger and J. A. Doggett, Reflection and

transmission of gamma radiation by barriers

semianalytic Monte Carlo calculation, J. Res. NBS 56,' 89, (1956) RP 2653. GT8 M. J. Berger and D. J. Raso, Monte Carlo calculations of gamma-ray backscattering, Rad.

Res. 12, 20, (1960); data in NBS Rept. 5982

(Feb. 8, 1960).

GT9 M. J. Berger and L. V. Spencer, Some radiological applications of gamma-ray transport theory,

Rad. Res. 10, 552 (1959). GT10 M. J. Berger and L. V. Spencer, Penetration of gamma-rays from isotropic sources through

aluminum and concrete, NBS Tech. Note No.

11 (Mav 11, 1959). GT11 W. R. Bruce and H. E. Johns, The spectra of X-rays scattered in low atomic number materials, Brit. J. Rad. Suppl. No. 9 (1960). GT12 M. O. Burrell and D. L. Cribbs, A Monte Carlo

calculation of gamma rav penetrations through

iron slabs, NP-9851, Vol. II (Jan. 1960).

GT13 M. A. Capo, Polynomial approximation of gammarav buildup factors for a point isotropic source, APEX-510 (Nov. 1958).

GT14 A. B. Chilton, D. Holoviak, and L. K. Donovan,

Determination of parameters in an empirical function for buildup factors for various photon

energies, USNCEL Tech. Note N-389 (Aug,

1960).

GT15 A. B. Chilton and C. M. Huddleston, A semiempirical formula for differential dose albedo

for gamma rays on concrete, Trans. Am. Nuclear Soc. 5, 220 (1962); see also NCEL Tech.

Rept. R-228 (Nov. 16, 1962).

GT16 D. M. Dawson, W. L. Kirk, V. W. Shiel, and

W. P. Johnson, Comparison of Monte Carlo

calculation and experimental measurements for gamma-rav air scattering, WADC-TN-58-256

(Aug. 1958).

GT17 L. K. Donovan and A. B. Chilton, Dose atten- uation factors for concrete slab shields covered with fallout as a function of time after

fission, NP-10306, Tech Rept. No. 137 (June

1, 1961).

GT18 W. R. Faust and A. D. Anderson, Penetration

and diffusion of a beam of radiation, Nuclear

Sci. Eng. 14, 17 (1962). GT19 L. D. Gates and C. Eisenhauer. Spectral dis- tribution of gamma rays propagated in air, AFSWP-502A (Jan. 1954).

GT20 H. Goldstein and J. E. Wilkins, Calculations of the penetration of gamma rays, U.S. Atomic

Energy Report No. NYO-3075 (1954). GT21 E. Hayward and J. H. Hubbell, The albedo of various materials for 1-Mev photons, Phys. Rev. 93, 955 (1955). GT22 M. Kalos, private communication, see page 796;

of general reference G18.

GT23 N. I. Leshchinskii, Method of calculating dosage

field of powerful isotopic units, At. Energ. 8, 62 (1960); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 8, 59 (1961). GT24 R. E. Lynch, J. W. Benoit, W. P. Johnson, and

C. D. Zerby, A Monte Carlo calculation of air- scattered gamma rays, ORNL-2292, Vol. 1 (Oct. 7, 1958).

GT25 B. D. O'Reilly, A Fortran code for gamma penetration in a finite slab, WAPD-TM-292 (Nov.

1961).

GT26 G. H. Peebles, Attenuation of gamma rays. I. Transmission values for finite slabs of lead,

iron, and the Compton scatterer. II. Transmission values of various materials and geometries, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 1272 (I), 1437 (II), (1953). GT27 J. F. Perkins, Monte Carlo calculations of gamma

ray albedos of concrete and aluminum, J. Appl. Phys. 26, 655 (1955). GT28 L. Pullman, The transmission of gamma rays at

slant incidence through slabs of various materials in shielding, NDA-2056-6 (Oct. 10, 1956)

(Decl. March 31, 1960).

GT29 D. J. Raso, Transmission of Scattered gamma-rays

through concrete and iron slabs, Health Phys.

5, 126 (1961), diff. data in Tech. Op. Rept.

TO-B-59-13 (Oct. 9, 1959). GT30 D. J. Raso, Monte Carlo calculations on the

reflection and transmission of scattered gamma

radiations, NBY-32190, final report (revised

May 1962) TO-B 61-39. GT31 J. T. Serduke, N. E. Scofield, and W. E. Kreger.

Penetration of plane normal Cs-137 gamma-rays

through aluminum—theory vs. experiment,

NRDL-TM-113 (Aug. 4, 1959).

GT32 K. Shure, Penetration of point monodirectional

gamma rays through slab shields, WAPD-T1464 (June 1962); also Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc.

5, 221 (1962). GT33 L. V. Spencer, Penetration and diffusion of X-rays,

calculation of spatial distributions by semiasymptotic methods, Phys. Rev. 88, 793 (1952)

.

GT34 L. V. Spencer and U. Fano, Calculation of spatial distributions by polynomial expansion, J. Res. NBS 46, 446 (1951) RP2213.

GT35 L. V. Spencer and F. A. Jenkins, Penetration and

diffusion of hard X-rays through thick barriers, IV. Multiply scattered X-ravs, angular distri- bution, Phys. Rev. 76, 1885 (1949). 24
L. V. Spencer and J. Lamkin, Slant penetration

of gamma rays in H2 0, NBS Report 5944 (July

17, 1958).

L. V. Spencer and J. C. Lamkin, Slant penetration

of gamma ravs, mixed radiation sources, NBS

Report 6322, Feb. 27, 1959. L. V. Spencer and J. C. Lamkin, Slant penetration

of gamma rays in concrete, NBS Report 6591,

(Nov. 10, 1959).

L. V. Spencer and F. Stinson, Further calculations

of X-ray diffusion in an infinite medium, Phys. Rev. 85, 662 (1952). L. V. Spencer and C. Wolff, Penetration and dif- fusion of hard X-rays, polarization effects, Phys. Rev. 90, 510 (1953). H. Steinberg and R. Aronson, Monte Carlo calculations of gamma ray penetration, WADC-TR59-771 (Aug., 1960).

J. J. Taylor, Application of gamma ray buildup

data to shield design, WAPD-RM-217 (Jan.

25, 1954). R. B. Theus and L. A. Beach, Gamma-rav albedo from iron, NRL Report 4701 (Feb. 8, 1956). R. B. Theus, L. A. Beach, J. D. Plawchan, and

W. R. Faust, Stochastic estimates of X-ray

spectral intensities from shallow to deep penetration, NRL Report 4412 (Aug. 3, 1954). D. K. Trubey, The single scattering approximation

to the gamma-ray air-scattering problem,

ORNL-2998 (Jan. 20, 1961).

M. B. Wells, Air and concrete scattering of gamma

rays, NARF-59-11T (Mar. 20, 1959). R. R. Wilson, Monte Carlo study of shower production, Phys. Rev. 86, 261, 1952. C. D. Zerby, Transmission of obliquely incident gamma radiation through stratified slab barriers, ORNL-2224 (1956). D. C. Anderson, Calculation of buildup factors for

infinite plane and line sources, WAPD-BT-8,

pp. 19-21, (June 1958). D. C. Anderson, Comparison of Peebles' buildup

data to experiment and moments method results, WAPD-BT-8, pp. 22-25 (June 1958). L. A. Bowman and D. K. Trubey, Stratified slab gamma-ray dose-rate buildup factors for lead and water shields, CF-58-1-41 (Jan. 16, 1958). E. A. Coppinger, Approximate shielding calculations, HW-69789 (May 31, 1961).

S. M. Ermakov, V. G. Zolotukhin and V. A. Kam'shin, Monte Carlo methods for calculating energy and angular distributions of gamma quanta passing through a plane-parallel

layer of finite thickness, pp. 155-9 of Theory

and Calculations of Nuclear Reactors, Moscow,

Gosatomizdat (1962). E. M. Flew and B. T. James, Calculation of U, Pb, Fe and Al shielding for irradiated natural uranium, AERE-HP/GEN-6 (Dec. 5, 1955), (decl. Mar. 31, 1958).

M. Leimdorfer, The backscattering of gamma

radiation from plane concrete walls, AE-92

(Stockholm) (Dec. 1962).

M. Leimdorfer, The backscattering of gamma

radiation from spherical concrete walls, AE-93

(Stockholm) (Dec. 1962).

J. I. Marcum, Comparison of Monte Carlo cal- culations with experimental results for the propagation of gamma rays near an air-ground

interface, RM-3399-PR (RAND) (Dec. 1962).

M. Oberhofer and T. Springer, Shielding of gamma radiation, Kerntechnik 2, 124 (1960). K. O'Brien, W. M. Lowder, and L. R. Solon,

A semi-empirical method of calculating the

energy-absorption buildup factor with an application to a uniformly contaminated space having spherical boundaries, HASL-2 (Oct. 14, 1957); see also Nucl. Sci. Eng. 3, 77 (1958).

GT60 S. K. Penny, A Monte Carlo code for deep penetration of gamma-rays, CF-58-6-30 (June 4, 1958) (ORNL).

GT61 R. Plcsch, The calculation of gamma shielding

from extended radiation fields, Atompraxis 4, 402 (1958). GT62 G. L. Strobel, Additional exponential repre- sentations of gamma-ray buildup factors, Nucl.

Sci. Eng. 11, 450 (1961). GT63 D. K. Trubey, S. K. Penny, and M. B. Emmett,

OGRE-PI, A Monte Carlo program for computing gamma-ray transmission through laminated slabs, ORNL-TM-167 (rev.) (May 23, 1962).

GT64 A. R. Vernon, Analysis of the biological shield

of the sodium reactor experiment, NAA-SR1949 (June 15, 1957).

GT65 N. R. Baumgardt, A. Trampus, and J. E. MacDonald, Program 15-2, Monte Carlo calculation of gamma ray scattering in air, XDX

61-5-1 (May 1961).

Gamma-Ray Penetration Experiments (Table

2) (GE)

GEl L. A. Beach, R. B. Theus, and W. R. Faust, Analysis of scintillation spectrometer obser- vations of the penetration of Cs-137 gamma

radiation through water, NPL report 4227

(Dec. 1, 1953).

GE2 L. A. Beach and W. R. Faust, Penetration of Na-24 radiation through H2 0 and Hg, NRL

report 4581 (July 26, 1955).

GE3 D. L. Broder, Yu. P. Kayurin, and A. A. Kutuzov,

Transmission of gamma radiation through hetero- geneous media, At. Energ. 12, 30 (1962) ; transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 12, 26 (1962). GE4 B. P. Bulatov, The albedos of various substances

for gamma rays from isotropic Co-60, Cs-137,

and Cr-51 sources, At. Energ. 7, 369 (1959);

transl. in J. Nucl. Energy A (Reactor Sci.) 13,

82 (1960). GE5 B. P. Bulatov and E. A. Garusov, Albedo of gamma rays from Co-60 and Au-198 from dif- ferent materials, At. Energ. 5, 631 (1958)

transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 5, 1563 (1958). GE6 B. S. Burton, Jr., Spectral and angular distribu- tions of air scattered Co-60 7-rays. NARF57-42T, (Sept. 18, 1957), suppl. No. 1, NARF59-10T (March 5, 1959). GE7 E. T. Clarke and P. I. Richards, Scattering of gamma rays near an interface, AFSWC-TR57-3 (July 1957). GE8 C. E. Clifford, J. A. Carruthers, and J. R. Cunningham, Gamma radiation at air-ground

interfaces with distributed Cs-137 sources, Can. J. Phys. 38, 504 (1960). GE9 T. S. Dahlstrom and W. E. Thompson, The

angular distribution of dose rate from gamma

rays scattered through various thicknesses of iron and aluminum, USNRDL-TR-558, (Apr.

19, 1962); also Trans. Am. Nuclear Soc. 5, 220

(1962). GE10 F. J. Davis and P. W. Reinhardt, Instrumentation

in aircraft for radiation measurements, Nucl.

Sci. Eng. 2, 713 (1957). GE11 H. G. Ebert, Measurements of dose buildup factors

for radiation shielding, Z. angew. Phvs. 13, 95

(1961). GE12 J. O. Elliot, R. T. Farras, R. D. Myers, and C. F.

Ravillious, Multiple gamma rav scattering in

lead, Phys. Rev. 85, 1048 (1952)! GE13 W. R. Faust, Multiple compton scattering II, Phys. Rev. 77, 227 (1950). GE14 W. R. Faust and M. H. Johnson, Multiple compton scattering, Phys. Rev. 75, 467 (1949). GE15 C. Garrett and G. N. Whyte, Build-up measure- ments on Co-60 gamma radiation in iron and

lead, Phys. Rev. 95, 8S9 (1954).

25
GE16 G. R. Gol'bek, V. V. Matveev, and A. D. Sokolov, GE37

The gamma-field formed in the atmosphere by

a point source of gamma-radiation located in a

semi-infinite sandy medium, At. Energ. 6, 475

(1960); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 6, 339 GE38

(1960). GE17 G. M. Gorshkov and V. M. Kodyukov, The absorption in water of the gamma radiation from

point and volume sources, At. Energ. 5, 71 GE39

(1958;; transl. in Reactor Sci. 10, 65 (1959). GE18 E. Hayward, The electron spectra produced by a Co-60 source in H2 0, Phys. Rev. 86, 493 (1952). GE19 E. Hayward and J. H. Hubbell, The backscatter- GE40

ing of the Co-60 gamma rays from infinite media, J. Appl. Phys. 25, 506 (1954). GE20 G. Hettinger and N. Starfelt, Energy and angular

distribution of scattered radiation in a water tank irradiated by X-rays, Arkiv. Fysik 14, GE41

497 (1959). GE21 J. H. Hubbell, E. Hayward, and W. F. Titus,

Energy and angular distribution of X-rays

scattered in lead, Phys. Rev. 108, 1361 (1957). GE42

GE22 T. Hyodo, Backscattering of gamma rays, Nucl.

Sci. Eng. 12, 178 (1962).

GE23 Kenji Ishimatsu, Distribution of gamma radiation GE43

from a Co-60 source in water, Nippon Genshiryoku Gakkaishi 4, 175 (1962), (Mar ) (in Jap.)

GE24 A. R. Jones, Aerial gamma monitor for measuring

ground contamination, RDI-4 (Atomic Energy

of Canada, Ltd.) (March 1961); see also Nucle- GE44

onics 20, No. 3, 66 (1962).

GE25 B. L. Jones, J. W. Harris, and W. P. Kunkel, Air and ground scattering of Co-60 gamma rays, CVAC-170T, (Mar. 30, 1955). GE45

GE26 Yu. A. Kazanskii, Angle-energy distribution of gamma-radiation scattered in water and iron, At. Energ. 8, 454 (1960), transl. In Soviet J. At, Energy 8, 364 (1961). GE46

GE27 Yu. A. Kazanskii, S. P. Belov, and E. S. Matusevich, Angular and energy distributions of gamma rays scattered in iron and lead, At. Energ. 5, 457 (1958); transl. In Soviet J. At. GE47

Energy 5, 1354 (1958). GE28 J. W. Keller and G. Gonzalez, Analysis of air scattering of Co-60 gamma radiation, NARF- GE48

57-61T (Dec. 28, 1957). GE29 L. R. Kimel, The buildup factors for hetero- geneous shielding, At. Energ. 10, 173 (1961), GE49

transl. In Soviet J. At. Energy 10, 174 (1961).

GE30 L. R. Kimel and O. I. Leipunskii, The radiation

field of a monodirectional gamma ray point

source, At. Energ. 12, 236 (1962). GE31 F. S. Kirn, R. J. Kennedy, and H. O. Wyckoff,

The attenuation of gamma rays at oblique GE50

incidence, Radiology 63, 94 (1954). GE32 V. M. Kodyukov, The effect of boundary conditions on the gamma ray buildup facton

At. Energ. 6, 673 (1959); transl. in Soviet J- At. Energy 6, 507 (1960). (jtijbl GE33 V. I. Kukhtevich and B. P. Shemetenko, The

spatial distribution of multiply scattered gamma GE52

rays from monodirectional Au-198, Co-60,

and Na-24 sources in water, At. Energ. 12,

204 (1962). GE53

GE34 V. I. Kukhtevich, B. P. Shemetenko, and B. I. Sinitsyn, Measurement of Co-60 gamma ray

dose close to the boundary between two bodies; GE54

At. Energ. 8, 66 (1960), transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 8, 64 (1961). GE35 V. I. Kukhtevich, S. G. Tsypin, and B. P. She- GE55

metenko, Angular distribution of dose of scat- tered gamma ravs from Co-60 source in water,

At. Energ. 5, 638 (1958); transl. in Reactor GE56

Sci. 11, 165 (1960). GE36 C. L. Kusik, T. R. Jaworowski, D. C. Morse,

and D. G. Strawson, Experimental verification GE57

of shielding equations, AECU-3873 (Dec. 20, 1957).

A. V. Larichev, Spectral and angular distributions

of scattered gamma rays produced in iron by

a 2-dimensional monodirectional Co-60 source, At. Energ. 11, 443 (1961). 0. I. Leipunskii and V. N. Sakharov, Propagation

of Co-60 radiation in the air above the earth, At. Energ. 6, 585 (1959); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 6, 440 (1960). K. A. Mahmoud, Energy distribution of gamma

rays penetrating thick barriers, Proc. Math.

Phvs. Soc. (Egypt) No. 21, pp. 41, 57 (May

1957). V. V. Matveev, A. D. Sokolov, and R. S. Shlyapnikov, The energy distribution of gamma quanta

from a point source of gamma radiation in an

infinite sandy medium, At. Energ. 1, 57 (1956);

transl. in J. Nucl. Energy 4, 465 (1957). H. A. Mehlhorn, E. T. Clarke, R. Gold, and R. McMath, Final report on attenuation of point

source gamma radiation in slabs, Tech. Op.

Rept. TO-B-62-13 (Sept. 5, 1962). V. J. Mitchell and R. B. Smith, Water-air boundary dose rate measurements using a Co-60

source, DC-58-4-54 (Apr. 7, 1958). R. W. Peelle, F. C. Maienschein, and T. A. Love,

The energy and angular distribution of gamma

radiation from a Co-60 source after diffusion through many mean free paths of water, ORNL

56-12-25 (Dec. 10, 1956). R. E. Rexroad and M. A. Schmoke, Scattered

radiation and free field dose rates from dis- tributed Co-60 and Cs-137 sources, NDL-TR-2

(Sept. 1960). V. H. Ritz, Broad and narrow beam attenuation

of Ir-192 gamma rays in concrete, steel and

lead, J. Soc. Non-Destructive Testing 16, 269

(1958). F. X. Rizzo and L. Galanter, Experimental build- up factors for semi-infinite water target and

Co-60 slab sources, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 4, No. 2, 261 (1961).

P. A. Roys, K. Shure, and J. J. Taylor, Penetration of 6-Mev gamma rays in water, Phys. Rev. 95, 911 (1954). V. N. Sakharov, Absorption by water of gamma

ravs from Au-198, Co-60, and Na-24, At. Energ. 3, 57 (1957). N. E. Scofield, R. L. Lynn, and W. E. Kreger,

Penetration of plane normal and plane slant gamma rays through slabs of aluminum and

steel, I. Angular and energv distributions (experimental pulse height) USNRDL-TR-272

(Oct. 31, 1958). N. E. Scofield and L. G. Haggmark, Penetration

of plane normal and plane slant gamma rays through slabs of aluminum and steel, II. Angular and energv spectra (photon number flux), USNRDL-475 (Oct. 25, 1960). B. W. Soole, The angular distribution of multiplyscattered gamma radiation, Proc. Rov. Soc. (London) A230, 343 (1955).

J. R. Stokes and B. S. Burton (Convair, Fort Worth, Texas) , Air scattering of gamma radiation from Co-60, NARF-57-31T (July 16, 1957).

F. Titus, Measurement of the gamma-ray dose near the interface between two media, Nucl.

Sci. and Eng. 3, 609 (1958).

F. Titus, Penetration in concrete of gamma radiation from fallout, NBS Report 6143, (Sept. 4, 1958j, AEC Report ITR-1477 (Oct. 22, 1957). M. M. Weiss and W. Bernstein, Degradation of gamma rays in water, Phys. Rev. 92, 1264

(1953). G. R. White, The penetration and diffusion of Co-60 gamma rays in water using spherical

geometry, Phys. Rev. 80, 154 (1950). G. N. Whyte, Measurements of spectral and

angular distributions of secondary gamma-rays

in matter, Can. J. Phys. 33, 96 (1955).

26
B. Zendle, H. W. Koch, J. McElhinney, and J. W.

Boag, Studies of dose distributions in water for betatron X-rays up to 37 Mev, Radiation Res.

5, 107 (1956). B. Bjarngard and G. Hettinger. Spectra of scatter- ed radiation behind slabs of water irradiated by

X-rays, Arkiv. Fysik 20, 517 (1962). W. R. Bruce and M. L. Pearson, Spectral distribu- tion of scattered radiation in a water phantom

irradiated with Cs-137 gamma ravs, Radiation

Res. 17, 555 (1962). W. R. Dixon, Angular energy flux of secondary

gamma-rays in matter. Small-angle scattering

from a point isotropic source, Can. J. Phys. 36,

419 (1958). W. Futtermenger, H. Glubrecht, E. G. Niemann,

and H. Schultz. On the determination of gamma-ray attenuation factors of shielding materials by means of differential buildup-measuring,

Kerntechnik 4, 504 (1962). C. M. H. Hashmi, Energy-absorption, penetration,

and diffusion of gamma-rays in an infinite homogeneous medium, Nukleonik 5, 67 (1963). T. Hyodo and S. Shimizu, Some experiments on garnma-rav backscattering, Bull, of the Inst, for Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ. 39, No. 2, 180 (1961). K. A. Mahmoud and L. El Nady, Angular distribu- tion of backscattering of gamma rays from

shielding materials. Proc. Math. Phys. Soc.

(TJ.A.R.) 24, 93 (1960). V. J. Mitchell, Interim report on the anah^sis of gamma ray point source data from single material measurements, DC-61-1-101 (Jan. 27, 1961). H. Mochizuki. Y. Tanaka, Y. Higashihara, K. Nagato and K. Yorihisa, Experimental study on

the penetration of Co—60 gamma rays through

finite heterogeneous media, I and II (in Jap.)

I. J. Atomic Energy Soc. Japan 4, 448 (1962),

II. ibid, 4, 703 (1962). C. Sybesma, Measurement of energy distributions

of Cs-137 gamma-ravs scattered in water, Nucl.

Instr. Methods 21, 167 (1963).

S. G. Tsypin, V. I. Kukhtevich and Yu. A. Kazanskii, The penetration of gamma-rays through

water, iron, lead, and combinations of iron and

lead, At. Energ. 1, 71 (1956); transl. in J. Nuclear Energy 3, 336 (1956). V. A. Vasilev and V. A. Shishkina, Gamma-ray

backscattering from Al, At. Energ. 4, 205 (1958). 0. I. Leipunskii, L. R. Kimel, and A. N. Panchenko, Gamma-radiation field of Cs-137 and

Co—60 monodirectional point sources in iron, At. Energ. 14, 577 (1963). Neutron Penetration Theory (Table 3) (NT)

XTI R. D. Albert and T. A. Welton, A simplified theory

of neutron attenuation and its application to

reactor shield design, WAPD-15 (Nov. 30, 1950). N T2 A. E. Anthony, Jr., and E. Omoda, The transport

of neutrons through the atmosphere for a burst height of 500,000 feet, AFSWC-TDR-62-17

(Feb. 1962).

\*T3 M. J. Berger and J. W. Cooper, Reflection of fast neutrons from water, J. Res. NBS 63A (Phvs.

and Chem.) No. 3, 101 (1959). \

T T4 H. A. Bethe, L. Tonks, and H. Hurwitz, Jr., Neutron penetration and slowing down at inter- mediate distances through medium and heavy

nuclei, Phvs. Rev. 80, 11 (1950). \

T T5 W. A. Biggers, L. J. Brown, and K. C. Kohr,

Space, energy and time distribution of neutrons

at the ground-air interface, calculated bv Monte

Carlo code NHM, LA-2390 (Jan. 4, 1960). N

T T6 M. O. Burrell and D. L. Cribbs, A Monte Carlo

calculation of neutron penetration through iron

slabs, Nuclear Rept. 82, NP-9851, Vol. Ill (May 1960).

NT7 J. Certaine and R. Aronson, Distribution of fission neutrons in water at the indium resonance

energy, NDA-15C-40 (June 15, 1954). NT8 J. Certaine and H. Goldstein, Penetration of 14 Mev neutrons in water, NDA-15-97 (Aug. 29, 1957). NT9 W. E. Drummond, Energy dependent albedo,

UCRL-4379 (Sept. 20, 1954). NT10 J. E. Faulkner, Single isotropic air scattering of neutrons in the presence of the ground (unshielded detector), CF-54-8-96 (Aug. 31, 1954). NTH M. Feix and S. Valentin, Neutron diffusion through

a slab, Compt. Rend. 242, 617 (1956). NT12 A. Foderaro and F. Obenshain, Neptune. Part 1. The history generating code, Part 2. A. Slowing down in water, B. The zero-zero moment of the collision density,. C. Transmission through and reflection from water slabs, WAPD-TN-517 (Navy) (Aug. 1955).

NT13 R. L. French, Some convenient representations for fission-neutron distributions in air, Health

Phvs. 8, 299 (1962). NTH S. S. Holland, Jr., and P. I. Richards, Penetration

of neutrons in air, AFSWC-T3-55-27 (Sept.

1955).

NT15 S. S. Holland, Jr., and P. I. Richards, Neutron flux spectra in air, J. Appl. Phys. 27, 1042 (1956). NT16 S. S. Holland, Jr., Neutron penetration in infinite media—calculation bv semi-asvmptotic methods, J. Appl. Phys. 29, 827 (1958). NT17 G. Holte, On the spatial distribution of neutrons slowed down in carbon and water, Arkiv. Fvsik

8, 165 (1954). NT18 M. H. Kalos, Importance sampling in Monte

Carlo calculations of thick shield penetration, Nucl. Sci. and Eng. 2, No. 1—suppl. 34-5

(1959). NT19 F. L. Keller, C. D. Zerby, and J. Hilgeman,

Monte Carlo calculations of fluxes and dose

rates resulting from neutrons multiply scattered

in air, ORNL-2375 (Dec. 31, 195S).

NT20 W. E. Kinney, A Monte Carlo calculation of scattered neutron fluxes at an air-ground inter- face due to point isotropic sources on the interface, ORNL-3287 (July 30, 1962)

NT21 A. D. Krumbein, Summary of NDA unclassified

results of moments calculations for the penetration of neutrons through various materials,

NDA-92-2 (Aug. 30, 1957) (revised Apr. 1958), includes earlier results by Aronson, Certaine,

Goldstein, Kalos, Preiser, and Mittleman.

NT22 J. E. MacDonald, N. R. Baumgardt, and A. Trampus, A Monte Carlo calculation of air- scattered neutrons, DC-60-7-119 (July 26, 1960).

NT23 J. I. Marcum, Neutron fluxes in air, a comparison

of Monte Carlo code computations bv RAND,

Los Alamos and Sandia, RAND Rept. RM-2556

(July 1, 1960).

NT24 C. R. Mehl, A Monte Carlo calculation of the neutron flux from a monoenergetic point source

in air, SC-4174 (TR) (Apr. 1958).

NT25 P. B. Morgan, The Monte Carlo methodneutron reflection by water, NAVORD-6227

(Jan. 29, 1959) (AD-220676).

NT26 F. H. Murray, Notes on the calculation of the

attenuation of neutrons through thick shields, (CF-53-11-64) (Nov. 30, 1953).

NT27 F. Obenshain, A. Eddy, and H. Kuehn, Polyphemus—a Monte Carlo study of neutron

penetration through finite water slabs, WAPDTM-54 (Jan. 1957).

NT28 S. Podgor, Neutron spectrum emerging from a water shield, CF-50-4-3 (Apr. 3, 1950) (Decl. Dec. 21, 1955).

NT29 D. Schiff, Neutron and gamma rav shielding

calculation, WAPD-P-633 (May 1955).

27
NT30 F. H. Shelton, The neutron flux from monoenergetic point sources in air, Kaman Aircraft Corp. Report KN-60-57(R) (Dec. 7, 1960).

NT31 D. Spielberg, Penetration of neutrons from a point

fission source in air—moments method calculation, NDA-2106-10 (Apr. 28, 1961).

NT32 D. Spielberg and A. Duneer, Dose attenuation by

soils and concrete for broad parallel-beam neutron sources, AN-108 (May 1, 1958).

NT33 K. T. Spinney, Neutron attenuation in concrete, AERE-T/R-1617 (Feb. 1955).

NT34 H. E. Stern, An estimate of the neutron reflection

coefficient using the concept of removal cross

section, AECD-3718 (Sept. 29, 1953).

NT35 G. W. Stuart, Thermal flux distribution from a fast neutron line source, J. Appl. Phvs. 27, 89 (19561. NT36 J. H. Tait and M. B. Biram, The calculation of the spectrum of neutrons at points in a semiinfinite medium, whose free surface is irradiated by monoenergetic neutrons falling normally onto

it, AERE-T/M-92 (Oct. 28, 1953). NT37 W. E. Thompson, J. M. Ferguson, and R. L. Mather, Neutron distributions near an air-soil boundary, USNRDL-TR-478 (Nov. 18, 1960).

NT38 M. Verde and G. C. Wick, Some stationary dis- tributions of neutrons in an infinite medium,

Phvs. Rev. 71, 852 (1947). NT39 M. B. Wells, Monte Carlo calculations of fast neutron scattering in air, NARF-60-8T, Vol. 1 (May 13, 1960), Vol. 2 (Aug. 19, 1960). NT40 G. C. Wick, On the space distribution of slow

neutrons, Phvs. Rev. 75, 738 (1949). NT41 E. P. Wigner and G. Young, Penetration of fission neutrons through water, MonP-283 (Apr. 9, 1947) (decl. Jan. 10, 1956).

NT42 C. D. Zerbv, A Monte Carlo calculation of air- scattered neutrons, ORNL-2227 (May 24, 1957).

NT43 P. F. Zweifel and S. R. Bigelow, Numerical

solution of the neutron slowing down problem

in the presence of hydrogen, KAPL-1278

(Feb. 3, 1955) (decl. Dec. 5, 1955).

NT44 F. J. Allen, A. T. Futterer, and W. P. Wright, Neutron transmission versus thickness for some common materials, BRL-1174 (Sept. 1962\

NT45 F. J. Allen, A. Futterer, and W. Wright, Neutron

reflection and flux versus depth for concrete, BRL-1189 (Jan. 1963)

NT46 F. J. Allen, A. Futterer, and W. Wright, Neutron

reflection and flux versus depth for Nevada test

site soil, BRL-1190 (Jan. 1963).

NT47 F. J. Allen, A. Futterer, and W. Wright, Neutron

reflection and flux versus depth for iron, BRL-1199 (Mar. 1963;. NT48 A. F. Avery, The prediction of neutron attenuation in iron—water shields, AEEW-R-125

(Apr. 1962).

NT49 D. E. Bendall, RASH D—A mercury programme

for neutron shielding calculations, AEEW-M261 (Aug. 1962).

NT50 H. P. Sleeper, Jr., Neutron spectrum and buildup

factor in water, CF-52-2-55 (Feb. 7, 1952).

NT51 T. E. Fessler and M. L. Wohl, Monte Carlo

studies of gamma-ray and neutron transport in

infinite homogeneous media, NASA-TN-D-850

(Nov. 1961).

NT52 R. D. Jones, Jr., Investigation of the use of powerseries methods for solving the one-groupdiffusion-equation with variable coefficients,

(thesis, Air Force Inst, of Tech.) NP-12368

(May 1962).

NT53 R. H. Peterson and J. A. Williams, A complete set of functions for describing the angular distribu- tion of the neutron flux from a point source in

air, BRL Memo. Rept. No. 1432, (Sept. 1962).

NT54 A. R. Ptitsyn, Use of the moments method for calculating the spatial and energy distributions

of the neutron fluxes provided by point and twodimensional sources in an unbounded medium,

At. Energ. 10, 117 (1961).

NT55 T. D. Roberts, Neutron and photon transport

through shielding materials, XDC-60-2-28

(Oct. 15, 1959). NT56 B. I. Sinitsyn and S. G. Tsypin, Use of empirical constants in shield design, At. Energ. 12, 306

(1962). NT57 D. K. Trubey and S. K. Penny, Transfusion—

A numerical method for computing low-energy- neutron spatial distributions, Trans. Am. Nucl.

Soc. 5, 409 (1962). Neutron Penetration Experiments

(Table 4) (NE)

NEl D. D. Babb and R. E. De Wames, An experiment

to test the extension of the moments method of calculation to finite media, NARF-59-9T

(Mar. 13, 1959) (Convair).

NE2 W. Baer, Spatial distribution of thermal neutrons from a Po-Be source in H2 0-Zr mixtures,

WAPD-99 (Dec. 1953). NE3 T. A. Barr and G. S. Hurst, Fast-neutron dose in a large tissue-equivalent phantom, Nucleonics

12, No. 8, p. 33 (1954). NE4 M. J. Bina, The transmission of fast neutrons through iron, aluminum, and lead (thesis), AD-236498 (Mar. 1960).

NE5 E. P. Blizard, CP-6 Thermal shield experiments,

CF-52-12-34 (Dec. 6, 1952).

NE6 E. P. Blizard and J. M. Miller, Radiation attenuation characteristics of structural concrete, ORNL-2193 (Aug. 29, 1958). NE7 P. C. Capron and E. Crevecouer, Emergence of slow neutrons from a hydrogenous material,

Bull, classe sci. Acad. roy. Belg. 39, 562 (1953). NE8 R. S. Caswell, R. F. Gabbard, D. W. Padgett,

and W. P. Doering, Attenuation of 14.1 Mev

neutrons in water, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 2, 143 (1957). NE9 G. T. Chapman and C. L. Storrs, Effective neutron removal cross section for shielding, AECD3978 (Sept. 19, 1955).

NE10 C. E. Clifford, Measurements of neutron and

gamma distribution in 100 percent water from

a 28-inch diameter fission source, CF-50-1-153

(Feb. 1, 1950). NE11 R. G. Cochran, J. D. Flynn, K. M. Henry, and

G. Estabrook, Reactor radiations through slabs

of graphite, CF-54-7-105 (July 30, 1954)

(decl. Dec. 1, 1955). NE12 J. W. Cure and G. S. Hurst, Fast neutron scatter- ing—a correction for dosimetry, Nucleonics 12, No. 8, p. 36 (1954). NE13 J. E. Dacey, R. W. Paine, Jr., and C. Goodman,

Nuclear shielding studies III. Shielding properties of various materials against neutrons and

gamma rays, NR-022-075 (Oct. 20, 1949). NE14 V. Delano and C. Goodman, Shielding properties

of the concrete wall of the MIT cyclotron,

J. Appl. Phys. 31, 1040 (1950). NE15 F. L. Fillmore, Discussion of the measurements of neutron attenuation by shield materials made

on the WBNS, NAA-SR-Memo-1123 (Oct.

14, 1954) (decl. May 11, 1956).

NE16 J. D. Flynn and G. T. Chapman, Attenuation by

Pb of fast neutrons from a fission source, CF53-3-166 (Mar. 10, 1953) (Decl. Mar. 23, 1956). NE17 W. J. Grantham, Barytes concrete for radiation

shielding—mix criteria and attenuation characteristics, ORNL-3130 (July 25, 1961). NE18 B. Grimeland, Determination of the neutron spec- trum by means of boron absorption, JENER

Rept. No. 16 (1953) (Norway).

NE19 J. E. Hill, L. D. Roberts, and T. E. Fitch, £

Slowing down distribution of U(235) fission neutrons from a point source in light water, II. Slowing down distribution to In resonance of U(235) fission neutrons from a point fission source in two aluminum light water mixtures,

J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1013, 1018 (1955). 28
NE20 H. E. Hungerford, Some ground scattering experi- ments performed at the bulk shielding facility, CF-52-^-99, (Apr. 16, 1952) (Decl. Feb. 22, 1957). NE21 E. B. Johnson, G. McCammon, and M. P. Haydon,

Centerline foil measurements of the thermal neutron intensities for experiment I. CF-5-4-156,

(Apr. 18, 1951) (decl. Dec. 15, 1955). NE22 F. R. Jones, Shields for neutron sources, HW21169 (May 1, 1950;. NE23 A. M. Kogan, C. G. Petrov, L. A. Chudov, and

P. A, Yampolskii, The reflection of neutrons of various energies by paraffin and water, At. Energ. 7, 385 (1959); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 7, 865 (1961). NE24 A. Langsdorf, Jr., R. O. Lane, and J. E. Monahan,

Neutron scattering angular distribution, ANL5567 (June 1956).

NE25 F. C. Maienschein, G. M. Estabrook, J. D. Flynn,

E. B. Johnson and K. M. Henry, Attenuation by

water of radiations from a swimming pool type

reactor, ORNL-1891 (Sept. 19, 1955). NE26 A. M. Munn and B. Pontecorvo, Spatial distri- bution of neutrons in hydrogeneous media containing bismuth, lead and iron, Can. J. Res. A25, 157 (1947). NE27 D. R. Otis, Neutron and gamma ray attenuation

for a fission source in H2 0—comparison of theory with LTSF measurements, CF-57-3-48

(Mar. 12, 1957).

NE28 J. H. Rush, Range of Ra-alpha-Be neutrons in water, Phys. Rev. 73, 271 (1948). NE29 A. Salmon, The diffusion length of thermal neutrons in Portland concrete, AERE-R/RI-1943,

(Mar. 1955). NE30 K. Shure and P. A. Roys, Spatial distribution of thermal neutrons from an N-17 source in water, Nuc. Sci. Eng. 2, 170 (1957). NE31 W. W. Dunn, Transmission of fast neutrons through aluminum, iron and lead (thesis, air Force Inst, of Tech.), ASTIA-124760 (Mar.

1957).

NE32 E. E. Stickley, Neutron capture therapy. Slow

neutron depth distribution in tissue, Radium

Therapy Nuclear Medicine 75, 609 (1956). NE33 J. Tittman, Thermal energy relaxation length of Ra-Be neutrons in water, Phys. Rev. 90, 256

(1953). NE34 G. F. Von Dardel, The interaction of neutrons with matter studied with a pulsed neutron

source, Trans. Roy. Inst. Technol., (Stockholm), No. 75, 1954. NE35 G. T. Western, Experimental determination of neutron flux distributions in slabs and of emergent secondary gamma rays, NARF-62-6T,

(June 1962). NE36 L. N. Zaitsev, M. M. Komochkov, and B. S. Sychev, High energy neutron attenuation in concrete, At. Energ. 12, 525 (1962). NE37 D. L. Broder, A. A. Kutuzov, and V. V. Levin,

Shielding properties of water, polyethylene

and plexiglass, Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., Akad. Nauk

Belorus, SSSR 5, No. 2, 47 (1962), transl. in JPRS-13609.

NE38 V. A. Dulin, Yu. A. Kazanskii, V. P. Mashkovich,

E. A. Panov, and S. G. Tsypin, Attenuation

functions in water for neutrons from isotropic

and uni-directional fission sources, At. Energ.

9, 315 (1960) ; transl. in Reactor Sci. Technol.16,

321 (1962). NE39 J. T. Lence, R. R. Liguori, and A. Lowery, Hand

calculation of neutron flux, APEX-652 (July 1961).

NE40 S. G. Tsypin, Use of collimated neutron beam

sources in shielding studies (the B-2 assembly

of the BR-5 Reactor), At. Energ. 12, 300 (1962). NE41 G. T. Western, Energy and angular distribution experiment, Vol. I: Angular distribution of reactor radiation from slabs and of emergent

secondary gamma rays, NARF-62-16T (Dec.

31, 1962).

Electron Penetration Theory (Table 5) (ET)

ETl G. D. Archard, Backscattering of electrons, J. Appl. Phys. 32, 1505 (1961). ET2 M. J. Berger, Transmission and reflection of electrons by aluminum foils, NBS Tech. Note 187

(Apr. 1, 1963). ET3 M. J. Berger, Monte Carlo calculations of the

penetration and diffusion of fast charged

particles, Methods in Computational Physics, pp. 135-215 Vol. 1 (Academic Press, New York,

1963).

ET4 O. Blunck, Range of fast electrons, Z. Physik 131,. 354 (1952). ET5 A. E. Boyd and E. E. Morris, Spatial distribution

of energy dissipated by fallout beta rays, Health

Phys. 2, 321 (1960). ET6 J. E. Crew, Calculated energy dissipation distribu- tion in air by fast electrons from a gun source,

J. Res. NBS 65A (Phys. and Chem.) No. 2, 113

(1961). ET7 R. Engelmann, Scattering and absorption of beta

rays in plane geometry, Part II. Theoretical models of Schmidt and Odeblad, Nukleonik 3, 147 (1961). ET8 R. T. McGinnies (now R. T. Berger), Energy

spectrum resulting from electron slowing down,

NBS Circ. 597 (Feb. 20, 1959).

ET9 A. T. Nelms, Energy loss and range of electrons and positrons, NBS Circ. 577 (July 1956), suppl. 577 (July 1958). ET10 F. Rohrlich and B. C. Carlson, Positron-electron

difference in energy loss and multiple scattering,

Phys. Rev. 93, 38 (1954). ET11 T. Sidei, T. Higashimura, and K. Kinosita, Monte

Carlo calculation of the multiple scattering of the electron, Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto Univ. Vol. XIX No. 2 (April

1957).

ET12 L. V. Spencer, Theory of electron penetration,

Phys. Rev. 98, 1597 (1955). ETl3 L. V. Spencer, Energy dissipation by fast electrons, NBS Mono. 1 (Sept. 10, 1959).

ET14 T. Higashimura, Electron penetration through

aluminum, J. Rad. Res. (Japan) 2, 1 (1961). ET15 V. J. Linnenbom, Range-energy relations for protons and electrons in Al, Si and SiO-2. NRL-5828 (July 13, 1962).

ETl6 Z. T. Body, On the backscattering of electrons from solids, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 13, 483 (1962).

ET17 L. V. Spencer and U. Fano, Energy spectrum re- sulting from electron slowing down, Phys. Rev.

93, 1172 (1954).

Electron Penetration Experiments (Table 6)

(EE)

EEl K. K. Aglintsev and V. P. Kasatkin, Beta spectra

at various depths of an irradiated medium,

At. Energ. 12, 51 (1962); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 12, 51 (1962). EE2 B. N. C. Agu, T. A. Burdette, and E. Matsukawa,

Transmission of electrons through metallic foils, Proc. Phvs. Soc. (London) 72, 727 (1958). EE3 A. V. Bialobzheskii and V. D. Val'kov, A method

for the determination of the number of stopped

electrons and the energy absorbed from a

monoenergetic electron beam, At. Energ. 4, 68 (1958); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy

4, 881 (1958). EE4 W. L. Buys, Some experimental results on the angular intensity distribution of backscattering

and transmission from an isotropic P-32 beta

source on thick and thin plane scattering media,

Z. Physik 157, 478 (1960). EE5 R. Engelmann, Scattering and absorption of beta

rays in plane geometry, Part I. Measurement

of transmission and backscattering, Nukleonik

3, 133 (1961).

29
EE6 A. E. Griin, Luminescence—photometric meas- urements of the energy absorption in the

radiation field of electron sources for the one- dimensional case in air, Z. Naturforsch. 12A,

89 (1957). EE7 G. Harigel, M. Scheer, and K. Shultze, Measure- ment of the range of 20.4-Mev electrons,

Z. Naturforsch. 16A, 132 (1961). EE8 F. N. Huffman, spatial distribution of electron depth dose in aluminum, ORNL-2137 (May 9, 1958).

EE9 W. Minder, Chemical dose measurements of high-energy photons and electrons, selected

topics in radiation dosimetry, Intern. Atomic

Energy Agency, Vienna (1961). EE10 M. Oberhofer and T. Springer, Shielding of beta- and alpha-radiation, Kerntechnik 2, 168 (1960). EE11 E. Odeblad and E. Agren, Some further studies on beta ray transmission, Acta Radiologica

51, 128 (1959). EE12 S. A. Rothenberg, Coverall shielding to beta

radiation, NYO-1543 (Feb. 13, 1951).

EE13 H. H. Seliger, Transmission of positrons and

electrons, Phys. Rev. 100, 1029 (1955). EE14 J. G. Trump, K. A. Wright, and A. N. Clark, Distribution of ionization in materials irradiated by two and three million-volt cathode rays,

J. Appl. Phys. 31, 345 (1950). EE15 N. E. Tsvetaeva, On the shape of the attenuation curve for beta radiation in aluminum, At. Energ. 9, 507 (1960); transl. in Soviet J. At. Energy 9, 1056 (1961). EE16 K. A. Wright and J. G. Trump, Backscattering of megavolt electrons from thick targets, J. Appl.

Phys. 33, 687 (1962). EE17 C.-J. Andreen, Electron scattering experiments

using an intermediate image beta-ray spectrometer, Nucl. Instr. Methods 17, 321 (1962). EE18 C.-J. Andreen, W. Parker, and H. Slatis, Elec- tron scattering measurements using a double

focusing beta-ray spectrometer, Nucl. Instr. Methods 21, 329 (1963). EE19 A. S. Chhabra, Sr-90-Y-90 beta-ray (and bremsstrahlung) depth-dose measurements in lucite, Radiology 79, 1001 (1962). EE20 E. H. Cornish, Ionization distribution in water

irradiated with fast electrons, Intern. J. Appl.

Radiation Isotopes 14, 81 (1963). EE21 L. Daddi and V. D'Angelo, On the identification of beta-emitters by absorption measurements,

Intern. J. Appl. Radiation Isotopes 14, 97

(1963). EE22 L. Danguy, Contribution to the study of beta

backscattering, Monographie No. 10 (Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences Nuclearies, Brussels) (1962). EE23 W. Ehrenberg and D. E. N. King, The penetration

of electrons into luminescent materials, Proc. Phys. Soc. 81, 751 (1963). EE24 H. Mori and S. Taira, Fundamental considerations

in the backscattering of beta rays, Bunseki

Kagaku 10, 1326 (1961) ; transl. into German by

P. Buriks (Kernreaktor Bau- und Betriegs- Gesellschaft M.B.H., Karsruhe) as KFK-TR114. Elementary Geometries, Theory

(Table 7) (EGT)

EGTl M. J. Berger, The dose received by partially shielded gamma-ray detectors, NBS Rept.

2902 (Oct. 8, 1954).

EGT2 M. J. Berger, Effects of boundaries and inhomogeneities on the penetration of gamma radiation, NBS Rept. 4942, (Nov. 20, 1956), also p. 47-92 of general reference G42.

EGT3 M. J. Berger and J. A. Doggett, Gamma radia- tion in air due to cloud or ground contamination, NBS Rept. 2224 (June 1, 1953).

EGT4 M. J. Berger and J. C. Lamkin, Sample calcula- tions of gamma-ray penetration into shelters

contribution of sky-shine and roof contamination, J. Res. NBS 60, 109 (1958) RP2827.

EGT5 E. P. Blizard, On the disk to point or infinite plane shielding transformations, ORNL-2882

(Dec. 22, 1959).

EGT6 E. P. Blizard, Some new geometrical transformations for shielding calculations, Trans. Am.

Nucl. Soc. 3, 350 (1960). EGT7 A. B. Chilton and L. N. Saunders, Fallout protection afforded by below-ground structures, BuDocks Tech. Dig. No. 74 (Feb. 1957).

EGT8 D. S. Duncan, Cloud—an IBM-709 program for computing gamma-ray dose rate from a radio- active cloud, NAA-SR-Memo-4822 (1959). EGT9 C. Eisenhauer, Shielding calculations for civil defense, Health Phys. 4, 129 (1960). EGT10 A. Foderaro and F. Obenshain, Fluxes from regular geometrical sources, WAPD-TN-508,

(June 1955); changed from Official Use Only

(July 18, 1956). EGT11 R. Fullwood, S. Holland, R. Liboff, and P. Grant, Applications of infinite plane theory of gamma-scattering, CRLR-502 (Army Chemical Center) (Mar. 5, 1956). EGT12 J. H. Hubbell, Dose due to distributed gamma

ray sources, NBS Rept. 4928 (Nov. 6, 1956).

EGT13 J. H. Hubbell, R. L. Bach, and J. C. Lamkin,

Radiation field from a rectangular source,

J. Res. NBS 64C, (Eng. and Instr.) 121 (1960). EGT14 J. H. Hubbell, R. L. Bach, and R. J. Herbold,

Radiation field from a circular disk source, J. Res. NBS 65C, (Eng. and Instr.) No. 4, 249,

(1961). EGT15 J. H. Hubbell and R. L. Bach, Gamma ray buildup data for use in distributed source cal- culations, NBS Rept. 7501 (May 9, 1962).

EGT16 E. E. Kovalev, V. I. Popov, and L. N. Smirennyi, The field of radiation of a rectangular

source, At. Energ. 2, 181 (1957), transl. in J. Nucl. Energy 5, 424 (1957). EGT17 F. J. Krieger, Residual gamma radiation hazard

after limited decontamination operations, RM1226 (RAND) (Apr. 1, 1954).

EGT18 C. F. Ksanda, A. Moskin, and E. S. Shapiro,

Gamma radiation from a rough infinite plane,

NRDL-TR-108 (Jan. 18, 1956).

EGT19 J. C. Ledoux, Nuclear radiation shielding pro- vided by buried shelters, AD-230086, Tech. Rept. 025 (Oct. 27, 1959).

EGT20 J. C. Ledoux and L. K. Donovan, Shielding

factors for underground shelters of various geometric shapes, NP-10032, Tech. Rept.

080 (Apr. 5, 1961).

EGT21 C. W. Malich and L. A. Beach, Fallout protection afforded by standard enlisted men's

barracks, NRL Rept. 4886 (Mar 28, 1957).

EGT22 J. L. Meredith, Method of evaluation of ex- perimental radiation measurements over a

rectangular source, NDL-TR-11 (April 1961).

EGT23 W. Minder, The distribution of gamma radiation dose near a geometrically simple arrange- ment of the radiating substance, Strahlentherapie 76, 616 (1946-7).

EGT24 F. G. Moote, Dose rates from rectangular

plaques, Nucleonics 19, No. 7, 102 (1961).

EGT25 D. P. Osanov and E. E. Kovalev, A shield for gamma radiation sources of rectangular form,

At. Energ. 6, 670 (1959); transl. in Soviet

J. At. Energy 6, 503 (1960). EGT26 R. R. Putz and A. Broido, A computational

method for gamma radiation intensity in the

presence of general shielding and source

configurations, Contract No. CD-GA-56-57

(Dec. 18, 1957), Inst, of Engineering Res., Univ. of Calif.

30
EGT27 C. Schlegel, Computed effects of the roof pitch

and the ceilings of houses on the gamma

radiation intensity from a roof source field, Civil Defense Res. Proj., Ser. No. 2, Issue No. 9 (Feb. 2, 1959).

EGT28 R. M. Sievert, The intensity-distribution of the primary gamma-radiation in the vicinity of medical radium-preparations, Acta Radiol.

1, 89 (1921-2).

EGT29 J. H. Smith and M. L. Storm, Generalized

off-axis distributions from disk sources of

radiation, J. Appl. Phys. 25, 519 (1954).

EGT30 L. V. Spencer, see general reference [Gl]. EGT31 I. Benfenati, Generalization of some basic

results of shielding theory to anisotropic

sources, Energia Nucl. (Milan) 8, 467 (1961). EGT32 A. W. Casper and J. G. Carver, comparison of computed centerline dose rates from different areas of a source plate, APEX-507 (Nov.

1958).

EGT33 C. Eisenhauer, An engineering method for calculating protection afforded by structures against fallout radiation, NBS Rept. 7810

(Feb. 28, 1963).

EGT34 S. S. Holland, Jr., and R. Gold, Gamma dose

rate from neutron-induced activity in the

earth, NDL-TR-41 (TO-B 62-64) (Oct. 15, 1962).

EGT35 M. Leimdorfer, Multiple scattering of gamma

radiation in a spherical concrete wall room, AE-94 (Stockholm) (Dec. 1962).

ETG36 M.E. Rose, Geometrical corrections for anisotropically emitting sources, ORNL-2050,

(Mar. 19, 1956).

EGT37 V. E. Yakhontova, A. M. Kononenko, and V. A.

Petrov, Dose distribution along the axis of a

flat beta source. I. Single medium, Radiobiologiya 1, 452 (1961); II. Multicomponent

medium, 2, 166 (1962). Elementary Geometries, Experiments

(Table 8) (EGE)

EGEl J. A. Auxier, J. O. Buchanan, C. Eisenhauer, and

H. E. Menker, Experimental evaluation of the

radiation protection afforded by residential structures against distrubuted sources, CEX58.1 (Jan. 19, 1959).

EGE2 J. F. Batter, An experimental determination of "in and down" scattering of Co-60 gamma rays from a plane source, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 4, 262 (1961).

EGE3 J. F. Batter and A. W. Starbird, Attenuation of Co-60 radiation from a source distributed around a concrete blockhouse, TO-B 61-34

(June 1961).

EGE4 J. F. Batter and A. Starbird, The effect of limited

strips of contamination on the dose rate in a

multistory windowless building, Vol. 1, 20

psf wall and floor thickness, TO-B 62-26,

(Apr. 30, 1962).

EGE5 W. Bernstein, D. Clarens, and M. Weiss, Studies on the propagation of gamma rays in air, BNL-1707, AFSWP-449 (1953). EGE6 R. J. Brodeur and J. F. Batter, Radiation re- flected into an underground shelter by a

projecting air vent, TO-B 62-10, (Mar. 15, 1962).

EGE7 Z. Burson and H. Borella, Experimental evaluation of the radiation protection provided by

an earth-covered shelter, CEX-60.6, (Apr. 1961), issuance date (Feb. 1962).

EGE8 C. E. Clifford, Gamma dose in a hole in a uni- formly contaminated plane—contribution by

ground penetration, Can. J. Phys. 39, 604

(1961). EGE9 C. E. Clifford, Use of models for gamma shielding

studies, DRCL Rept. No. 364 (Feb. 1962).

EGE10

EGE11

EGE12

EGE13

EGE14 J

EGE15

EGE16

EGE17

EGE18

EGE19

EGE20

EGE21

EGE22

EGE23

EGE24

EGE25

EGE26

EGE27

Dl

F. J. Davis and P. W. Reinhardt. Radiation measurements over simulated plane sources, Health Phys. 8, 233 (1962). F. J. Davis and P. W. Reinhardt, editors,

Extended and point-source radiometric pro- gram, CEX-60.3 (Aug. 8, 1962). C. Eisenhauer, Analysis of experiments on light residential structures with distributed Co-60

sources, NBS Rept. 6539 (Oct. 15, 1959). F. S. Goulding and G. Cowper, Hazard due to beta-radiation from fission products deposited on the ground after an atomic explosion,

CREL-529 (Jan. 1953). E. Hill, Effects of environment in reducing

dose rates produced by radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions, RM-1285-1 (RAND)

(Sept. 28, 1954). C. M. Huddleston, Z. G. Burson, R. M. Kinkaid,

and Q. G. Klinger, Ground roughness effects on the energy and angular distribuition of gamma radiation from fallout, E. G. and G. Interim Test Report CEP 62.81 (Oct. 1962). U. Ya. Margulis and A. V. Khrustalev, On the

spatial distribution of the gamma-ray dose from a plane source, At. Energ. 3, 338 (1957);

transl. in Intern. J. Appl. Radiation Isotopes

4, 109 (1958). R. L. Mather, R. F. Johnson and F. M. Tomnovec, Gamma radiation field above fallout- contaminated ground, Health Phys. 8, 245

(1962). G. E. Plummer, A study of geometry and barrier attenuation generated by a vertical slab exposed to a plane Co-60 source, Trans. Am.

Nucl. Soc. 5, 222 (1962). C. L. Schlemm, A. E. Anthony, Jr., and Z. G.

Burson, Scattered gamma radiation measure- ments from a Co-60 contaminated field, AFSWC-TN-59-6 (Jan. 1959). C. L. Schlemm and A. E. Anthony, Jr., Scattered gamma radiation measurements from a lantha- num-140 contaminated field, AFSWC-TN59-18 (June 1959).

M. A. Schmoke and R. E. Rexroad, Attenuation

of simulated fallout radiation by the roof of a concrete blockhouse, NDL-TR-6 (Aug.

1961).

M. J. Schumchyk and H. J. Tiller, Ground

penetrating radiation (lip contribution) in a

foxhole from a fallout field simulated by Co-60,

NDL-TR-3 (Dec. 1960).

S. Tomoeda, M. B. Hastings, and B. W. Shumway, Source geometry effects on gamma ray

penetration into a compartmented structure, pp. 223-30 of general reference G43.

C. E. Clifford, Effects of ground roughness on

the gamma dose from Cs-137 contamination,

DRCL Rept. No. 401 (Mar. 1963).

J. L. Donovan, Three-plaque, two-pass irradiator, Nucleonics 19, No. 7, 104 (1961).

S. A. E. Johansson, On the possibility of using

model experiments to study shielding problems, Nucl. Sci. Eng. 14, 196 (1962).

J. M. Ferguson, Ground roughness effects for fallout-contaminated terrain: comparison of measurements and calculations, USNRDLTR-645 (May 7, 1963).

Ducting (Table 9) (D)

J. R. Barcus, Transmission of neutrons by cylindrical ducts penetrating radiation shields, Sandia

Corp. AEC Rept. SCTM 21-59(16) (Mar. 25, 1959).

31
D2 R. E. Benenson and A. N. Fasano, The transmission D26

of fission neutrons having energy above the S-32

(n, p)P-32 threshold by straight cylindrical ducts in H2 0. WADC-TR-57-89 (Feb. 1957). D27

D3 B. R. Bergelson, Calculation of the passage of fast neutrons through cylindrical channels in a biological shield, At. Energ. 10, 388 (1961); transl. D28

in Soviet J. At. Energy 10, 378 (1962). D4 D. G. Chappell, Gamma-ray streaming through a

duct, Nucleonics 15, No. 7, p. 65 (1957). D29

D5 A. B. Chilton, Further analysis of gamma ray

attenuation in two-legged rectangular ducts,

NCEL Rept. TN-412, (May 11, 1961). D30

D6 C. E. Clifford, Gamma shielding provided by ducts,

DRCL Rept. 370 (May 1962), Def. Res. Bd. of Canada—Ottawa). D31

D7 C. Eisenhauer, Scattering of Co-60 gamma radiation in air ducts, NBS Tech. Note. No. 74 (Oct. 1960). D32

D8 E. Fisher, The streaming of neutrons in shields, Nuclear Sci. Eng. 1, 222 (1956). D9 D. W. Green, Attenuation of gamma radiation in a two-legged 11-inch rectangular duct, NCEL

Tech. Rept. R-195 (May 2, 1962).

D10 C. C. Horton, The shielding of helical ducts, RSI

Nuclear Sci. Eng. 6, 525 (1959). Dll C. C. Horton and D. B. Halliday, The attenuation

of thermal neutrons in cylindrical ducts through RS2

a water shield, AERE-SWP/P28 (Jan. 1956).

D12 C. C. Horton, D. B. Halliday, J. R. A. Lakey, and

J. R. Harrison, The transmission of thermal

neutrons in a straight annular duct, AERE- RS3

SWP/P27, (Jan. 1956).

D13 H. E. Hungerford, Transmission of monoenergetic

neutrons around a bend in a pipe carrying a

scattering and weakly absorbing medium, Nucl. RS4

Sci. Eng. 2, No. 1, suppl. 33-4 (1959).

D14 J. C. Ledoux and A. B. Chilton, Gamma ray streaming through two-legged rectangular ducts, Nucl.

Sci. Eng. 11, 362 (1961). RS5

D15 J. C. Ledoux and A. B. Chilton, Attenuation of gamma radiation through two-legged rectangular ducts and shelter entranceways—an analytical

approach, NCEL Rept. TN-383 (Jan. 20, 1961). RS6

D16 V. N. Mironov, Transmission of radiation through

ducts, At. Energ. 12, 211 (1962). D17 J. W. Neuberger and R. L. Johnston, Spatial

distribution of neutrons beyond a straight RS7

cvlindrical duct through a shield, NARF-57-1T.

(Jan. 15, 1957).

D18 M. J. Novak, Transmission of neutron flux through RS8

graphite ducts, ASAE-11, (Apr. 1, 1957), American Standard, Atomic Energy Division, Redwood

City, Calif. RS9

D19 C. M. Park, C. B. Agnihotri, and J. Silverman,

Interim report on scattering of gammas through

ducts, Univ. of Maryland Rept. UMNE-2 (June

1, 1962). RS10

D20 B. T. Price, C. C. Horton, and K. T. Spinney,

Effect of ducts and voids in shields, pp. 197—2i 1 of general reference G48.

D21 F. X. Rizzo, A. Quadrado, and C. Eisenhauer,

Attenuation of Co-60 gamma radiation through

air ducts in concrete shields, pp. 411-20 of Proc. RS11

of 8th Conf. on Hot Labs, and Equipment,

San Francisco (Dec. 13-15, 1960) ; TID-7599.

D22 T. Rockwell III, Editor, Effect of irregularities in RS12

shield, chap. 8 of general reference G52.

D23 G. M. Roe, The penetration of neutrons through an empty cvlindrical duct in a shield, KAPL-712

(Mar. 29, 1952).

D24 F. J. Shore and R. D. Shamberger, The transmission RS13

of neutrons through ducts in water, BNL-390,

(Mar. 1, 1956) ; see also BNL (Reports 2019 to

2024, 2027-8. RS14

D25 A. Simon, Ducts through shields, pp. 695-699 of general reference G26, reference re gamma ray

ducting is made to BNL classified work by H. J. Kouts and W. W. Pratt.

A. Simon and C. E. Clifford, The attenuation of neutrons by air ducts in shields, Nucl. Sci. Eng.

1, 156 (1956). C. W. Terrell, A. J. Jerri and R. Lyday, Jr., Radiation

streaming in ducts and shelter entranceways,

Final Report ARF-1158A02-7 (April 1962).

J. M. Champman, Gamma dose rates and energy

spectra in a 3-foot square duct, USNCEL Tech.

Note, N-443 (June 29, 1962). T. R. Fowler and C. H. Dorn, Gamma ray attenuation in a 12-inch diameter round concrete duct,

USNCEL TN-465 (Nov. 5. 1962). D. C. Piercey and D. E. Bendall, The transmission

of fast neutrons along air filled ducts in water,

AEEW Rept. R69 (June 1962). D. C. Piercey, The transmission of thermal neutrons

along air filled ducts in water, AEEW Rept. R70

(June 1962). D. G. Collins, An application to Monte Carlo methods to duct streaming research, FZM-2773

(Nov. 28, 1962).

Realistic Structures

J. F. Batter and A. W. Starbird, Attenuation of Co-60 radiation by a simple structure with a basement, TO-B 61-38 (July 1961).

J. F. Batter, A. L. Kaplan and E. T. Clarke, An

experimental evaluation of the radiation protection afforded by a large modern concrete office building, CEX-59.1 (Jan. 22, 1960).

H. Borella, Z. Burson and J. Jacovitch, Evaluation

of the fallout protection afforded by Brookhaven

National Laboratory Medical Research Center,

CEP 60.1 (Feb. 1961).

Z. Burson, D. Parry, and H. Borella, Experimental

evaluation of the fallout radiation protection af- forded by a typical southwestern residential home, CEX-60.5 (Feb. 1962). E. T. Clarke, J. F. Batter, and A. L. Kaplan,

Measurement of attenuation in existing struc- tures of radiation from simulated fallout, Tech. Op. Report TO-B 59-4 (Apr. 27, 1959).

J. R. Cunningham, R. Wilson, F. A. Bury, and J. K. M. Flexman, Protection factors for houses

using radioactive sources, DRCL-260 (Nov.

1957) ; Defence Res. Bd., Ottawa, Canada.

R. T. Graveson, Radiation protection within a standard housing structure, NYO-4714 (Nov.

1956). C. W. Malich and L. A. Beach, Radiation protection afforded by barracks and underground

shelters, NRL-5017 (Aug. 22, 1957). A. G. McDonald, The penetration of gamma radiation from a uniform contamination into houses,

a first report on some field trials, Home Office, CD/SA-69. (Jan. 1956). R. R. Putz and E. Kuykendall, A comparison of computed and experimentally observed intensity

levels for various gamma radiation source dis- tributions and shielding conditions in residential structures, Civil Defense Res. Proj. Ser. No. 2, Issue No. 16 (Feb. 2, 1959). A. Rudloff, Determining the protection value of buildings against fallout radiation, Atompraxis

7, 11 (1961). B. W. Shumway, S. Tomoeda, G. E. Plummer,

W. G. Miller, and M. B. Hastings, The dose

distribution within an aircraft carrier exposed to uniform Co-60 contamination on the flight deck,

USNRDL-TR-466 (Oct. 4, 1960). L. V. Spencer and C. Eisenhauer, Calculation of protection factors for the national fallout shelter survey, NBS Report 7539 (July 3, 1962). A. W. Starbird, J. F. Batter, Jr., and H. A. Mehlhorn, Modeling techniques as applied to fallout simulation on residential-type structures and

some preliminary results, TO-B 61-35 (July 8, 1961).

32
RS15 T. D. Strickler and J. A. Auxier, Experimental

evaluation of the radiation protection afforded by typical Oak Ridge homes against distributed

sources, CEX-59.13 (Apr. 14, 1960).

RS16 S. Tomoeda, M. B. Hastings and W. G. Miller,

Experimental data of gamma-ray penetration

into the compartments of a light aircraft carrier, USNRDL-TR-412 (Apr. 6, 1960).

RS17 S. Tomoeda, W. E. Kreger, M. B. Hastings, and

W. G. Miller, Gamma-ray penetration into the compartments of a light aircraft carrier, USNRDL-TR-343 (July 7, 1959).

RS18 W. F. Waldorf, Jr., A correlation between theory

and experiment in ship shielding studies, USNRDL-TR-373 (Oct. 13, 1959).

RS19 Z. G. Burson, Experimental evaluation of the fall- out radiation protection provided by selected structures in the Los Angeles area, CEX-61.4

(Feb. 26, 1963).

RS20 J. C. LeDoux, Equivalent building method of fall- out radiation shielding analysis and design,

(OCD) Vol. 2 (Sept. 1963).

"

Author Index

Abbatt, J. D., G3.

Abbott, L. S., G6.

Aglintsev, K. K., EE1.

Agnihotri, C. B., D19.

Agren, E., EE11.

Agu, B. N. C, EE2.

Ajzenberg, F., ref. 1 in text. Akkerman, A. F., GT1.

Albert, R. D., NT1.

Albright, G. H., G2.

Albright, R. W., G65.

Allen, F. J., NT44, 45, 46, 47. Anderson, A. D., GT18.

Anderson, D. C, GT49, 50. Andreen, C. J., EE17, 18. Anthony, A. E., NT2; EGE19, 20. Archard, G. D., ET1.

Aronson, R., GT41; NT7, 21. Auslender, S., GT2.

Auxier, J. A., EGE1; RS15.

Avery, A. F., NT48.

Babb, D. D., NE1.

Bach, R. L., EGT13, 14, 15. Baer, W., NE2.

Baldwin, J. A., G75.

Ballou, N. E., SD3.

Baran, J. A., G74.

Bareus, J. R., Dl.

Barr, T. A., NE3.

Batter, J. F., EGE2, 3, 4, 6; RSI, 2, 5, 14. Batzel, R. E., SD1.

Baumgardt, N. R., GT 65; NT22.

Beach, L. A., GT43, 44; GE1, 2; EGT21; RS8.

Belov, S. P., GE27.

Bendall, D. E., NT49; D30.

Benenson, R. E., D2.

Benfenati, I., G62; EGT31.

Benoit, J. W., GT24.

Bergelson, B. R., D3. _ ATrno Berler, M. J., G18, 74; GT3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; NT3;

ET2, 3; EGT1, 2, 3, 4. Bernstein, W., GE55; EGE5.

Bethe, H. A., NT4.

Bialobzheskii, A. V., EE3.

Bigelow, S. R., NT43.

Biggers, W. A., NT5.

Bina, M. J., NE4.

Biram, M. B., NT36.

Birkhoff, R. D., G4.

Bjarngard, B., GE59.

Bjornerstedt, R., SD2.

Blizard, E. P., G5, 6, 74; NE5, 6; EGT5, 6. Blunck, O., ET4.

Boag, J. W., GE58.

Bock, E., G7. Body, Z. T., ET16.

Bolles, R. C, SD3.

Bond, V. P., SD20.

Borella, H., EGE7; RS3, 4. Borg, D. C, SD4.

Bostick, L. H., G60.

Bowman, L. A., GT51.

Boyd, A. E., ET5.

Boyer, L. L., G2.

Braestrup, C. B., G8.

Broder, D. L., GE3; NE37.

Brodeur, R. J., EGE6.

Broido, A., EGT26.

Brooks, F. C, G9.

Brown, L. J., NT5.

BrowneU, G. L., G25.

Brownell, L. E., G14.

Bruce, W. R., GT11; GE60.

Brunelet, L., G63. Buchanan, J. O., G13; EGE1.

Bulatov, B. P., GE4, 5. Burdette, T. A., EE2.

Bureau of Yards and Docks, G10.

Burrell, M. O., GT12; NT6.

Burson, Z. G., EGE7, 15, 19; RS3, 4, 19. Burton, B. S., GE6, 52. Bury, F. A. RS6.

Buys, W. L., EE4.

Cain, V. R., G68.

Callahan, E. D., G64.

Cannon, E. W., Gil.

Capo, M. A., GT13.

Capron, P. C. NE7.

Carlson, B. C, ET10.

Carruthers, J. A., GE8.

Carver, J. G., EGT32.

Casper, A. W., EGT32.

Caswell, R. S., NE8.

Certaine, J., NT7, 8, 21. Chapman, G. T., NE9, 16. Chapman, J. M., D28.

ChappeU, D. G., D4.

Chhabra, A. S., EE19.

Chilton, A. B., G12, 74; GT14, 15, 17; EGT7; D5, 14, 15. Chudov, L. A., NE23.

Clack, R. W., G74.

Clarens, D., EGE5.

Clark, A. M., EE14.

Clark, F. H., G68; SD5.

Clarke, E. T., G13, 74; GE7, 41; RS2, 5. Clifford, C. E. (DRCL), GE8; EGE8, 9, 24; D6.

Clifford, C. E. (ORNL), NE10; D26.

Cochran, R. G., NE11.

Collins, D. G., D32.

Cook, C. S., SD6, 7. Coombe, J. R., G64.

Cooper, E. P., G42.

Cooper, J. W., SD18; NT3.

Coppinger, E. A., GT52.

Cornish, E. H., EE20.

Cowell, W. L., G38.

Cowper, G., EGE13.

Crevecouer, E., NE7.

Crew, J. E., ET6.

Cribbs, D. L., GT12; NT6.

Cunningham, J. R., GE8; RS6.

Cure, J. W., NE12.

Dacey, J. E., NE13.

Daddi, L., EE21.

Dahlstrom, T. S., GE9.

D'Angelo, V., EE21.

Danguy, L., EE22.

Da\is, F. J., GE10; EGE10, 11. Dawson, D. M., GT16.

33
Delano, V., NE14.

Demidov, A. M., SD12.

Dennis, R., G14.

De Wames, R. E., NE1.

Dill, A. F., G2. Dixon, W. R., GE61.

Doering, W. P., NE8.

Doggett, J. A., GT7; EGT3.

Doggett, W. 0., G74.

Dolan, P. J., SD8.

Donovan, J. L., EGE25.

Donovan, L. K., GT14, 17; EGT20.

Dorn, C. H., D29.

Drummond, W. E., NT9.

Dulin, V. A., NE38.

Duncan, D. S., EGT8.

Duneer, A., NT32.

Dunn, W. W., NE31.

Ebert, H. G., GE11.

Eddy, A., NT27.

Ehrenberg, W., EE23.

Eisenhauer, C, GT19; EGT9, 33; EGE1, 12; D7, 21; RS13.

Elliot, J. O., GE12.

El Nady, L., GE65.

Emergency Measures Organization, Privy Council Office, Ottawa, Canada, G15.

Enge, R. 0., G2. Engelmann, R., ET7; EE5.

Engle, L. B., SD9.

Ermakov, S. M., GT53.

Estabrook, G. M., SD25; NE11, 25. Etherington, H., G16.

Fano, U., G17, 18; GT34; ET17.

Farras, R. T., GE12.

Fasano, A. N., D2.

Faulkner, J. E., NT10.

Faust, W. R., GT18, 44; GE1, 2, 13, 14. Feix, M., NTH.

Ferguson, J. M., NT37; EGE27.

Fessler, T. E., NT51.

Fillmore, F. L., NE15.

Fisher, E., D8.

Fisher, P. C, SD9.

Fitch, T. E., NE19.

FitzSimons, N., G74.

Fletcher, E. R., G65.

Flew, E. M., GT54.

Flexman, J. K. M., RS6.

Flynn, J. D., NE11, 16, 25. Foderaro, A. H., G2; NT12; EGT10.

Fowler, T. R., D29.

Francis, J. E., SD10.

Freiling, E. C, SDH.

French, R. L., G19; NT13.

FuUwood, R., EGT11.

Futterer, A. T., NT44, 45, 46, 47. Futtermenger, W., GE62.

Gabbard, R. F., NE8.

Galanter, L., GE46.

Gamble, R. L., SD10.

Garrett, C, GE15.

Garusov, E. A., GE5.

Gates, L. D., GT19.

Glasstone, £L G20.

Glubrecht, H., GE62.

Golbek, G. R., GE16.

Gold, R., GE41; EGT34.

Goldstein, H., G21, 22; SD21; GT20; NT8, 21. Gonzalez, G., GE28.

Goodman, C, NE13, 14. Gorshkov, G. M., GE17.

Goulding, F. S., EGE13.

Grant, P., EGT11.

Grantham, W. J., NE17.

Grass, R. C, G26.

Graveson, R. T., RS7.

Green, D. W., D9.

Grimeland, B., NE18.

Groshev, L. V., SD12.

Grotenhuis, M., G23, 59. Griin, A. E., EE6.

Gusev, N. G., G24.

Haggmark, L. G., GE50.

Halliday, D. B., Dll, 12. Hammitt, F. G., G66.

Harigel, G., EE7.

Harris, J. W., GE25.

Harrison, J. R., D12.

Hashmi, C. M. H., GE63.

Hastings, M. B., EGE23, RS12,f 16, 17. Haydon, M. P., NE21.

Hayward, E., GT21; GE18, 19, 21. Hebel, W., G67.

Henry, K. M., NE11.

Herbold, R. J., EGT14.

Hettinger, G., GE20.

Higashihara, Y., GE67.

Higashimura, T., ET11, 14. Hilgeman, J., NT19.

HiU, J. E., NE19; EGE14.

Hill, W. H., G2.

Hine, G. J.. G25.

Hogerton, J. F., G26.

Holland, L. B., G68.

Holland, S. S., NT14, 15, 16; EGT11, 34. Hollister, W. L., G27.

Holoviak, D., GT13.

Holte, G., NT17.

Home Office, London, G28.

Horton, C. C., G48; D10, 11, 12, 20. Hubbell, J. H., GT21; GE19, 21; EGT12, 13, 14, 15. Huddleston, C. M., GT15; EGE15.

Huffman, F. N., EE8.

Hull, J. L., G68. Hungerford, H. E., NE20; D13.

Hurst, G. S., G51; NE3, 12. Hurwitz, H., NT4.

Hyodo, T., GE22, 64.

Isenberg, M. W., G2.

Ishimatsu, K., GE23.

Ivanova, V. L, G69.

Jacovitch, J., RS3.

Jaeger, R. G., G29.

Jaeger, T., G30.

James, B. T., GT54.

Jarnholt, M., G7. Jaworowski, T. R., GE36.

Jenkins, F. A., GT35.

Jerri, A. J., D27.

Jester, W. A., G2.

Johansson, S. A. E., EGE26.

Johns, H. E., GT11.

Johnson, E. B., NE21.

Johnson, M. H., GE14.

Johnson, R. F., EGE17.

Johnson, W. P., GT16, 24. Johnston, R. L., D17.

Jones, A. R., GE24.

Jones, B. L., GE25.

Jones, F. R., NE22.

Jones, R. D., NT52.

Kahn, H., G31.

Kaipov, D. K, GT1.

Kalos, M., GT22; NT18, 21. Kaness, R. H., G2. Kaplan, A. L., RS2, 5. Kasatkin, V. P., EE1.

Kawai, H., Ref. 2 in text. Kayurin, Yu. P., GE3.

Kazanskii, Yu. A., GE26, 27, 69; NE38.

34
Keller, F. L., NT19. Keller, J. W., GE28.

Kennedy, R. J., GE31.

Khrustalev, A. V., EGE16.

Kimel, L. R., GE29, 30, 71. Kimel, W. R., G74.

Kinder, M. B., G32.

King, D. E. N., EE23.

Kinkaid, R. M., EGE15.

Kinney, W. E., NT20.

Kinosita, K., ET11.

Kirk, W. L., GT16.

Kirn, F. S., GE31.

Kleinecke, D. C, G33.

Klinger, Q. G„ EGE15.

Koch, H. W., SD23; GE58.

Kodyukov, V. M., GE17, 32. Kogan, A. M., NE23.

Kohr, K. C., NT5.

Komochkov, M. M., NE36.

Kom'shin, V. A., GT53.

Kononenko, A. M., EGT37.

Kovalev, E. E., EGT16, 25. Kreger, W. E., G43; GT31; GE49; RS17.

Krieger, F. J., EGT17.

Krumbein, A. D., NT21.

Ksanda, C. F., EGT18.

Kuehn, H., NT27.

Kukhtevich, V. I., G34; GE33, 34, 35, 69. Kunkel, W. P., GE25.

Kusik, C. L., GE36.

Kutuzov, A. A., GE3; NE37.

Kuykendall, E., RS10.

Lakey, J. R. A., G3; D12.

Lamkin, J., GT36, 37, 38; EGT4, 13. Lane, R. O., NE24.

Langsdorf, A., NE24.

Larichev, A. V., GE37.

Lauritsen, T., ref. 1 in text. LeDoux, J. C., G35, 74; EGT19, 20; D14, 15; RS20.

Leimdorfer, M., GT55, 56; EGT35.

Leipunskii, 0. I., G36, 37; GE30, 38, 71. Lence, J. T., NE39.

Leshchinskii, N. I., GT23.

Levin, V. V., NE37.

Liboff, R., EGT11.

Liguori, R. R., NE39.

Linnenbom, V. J., ET15.

Love, D., SD13.

Love, T. A., SD25; GE43.

Lowder', W. M., GT59.

Lowery, A., NE39.

Lutensko, V. N., SD12.

Lyday, R., D27.

Lynch, R. E., GT24.

Lynn, R. L., GE49.

MacDonald, D., SD13.

MacDonald, J. E., GT65; NT22.

Mackin, J., SD13.

Maerker, R. E., G68.

Mahmoud, K. A.. GE39, 65. Maienschein, F. C., SD14; GE43; NE 25. Malieh, C. W., EGT21; RS8.

Manning, J. J., G68.

Marcum, J. L, GT57; NT23.

Margulis, U. Ya., EGE16.

Mashkovich, V. P., NE38.

Maskewitz, B. F., G71.

Mather, R. L., SD15; NT37; EGE17.

Mathias, D. J., G3. Matsukawa, E., EE2.

Matusevich, E. S., GE27.

Matveev, V. V., GE16, 40. McCammon, G., NE21.

McDonald, A. G., RS9.

McElhinney, J., GE58.

McGinnies, R. T., ET8.

McMath, R., GE41.

Mehl, C. R., NT24.

Mehlhorn, H. A., GE41, RS14.

Menker, H. E., EGE1.

Meredith, J. L., EGT22.

Merrill, M. G38.

Miller, C. F., SD16.

Miller, J. M., NE6.

Miller, W. G., RS12, 16, 17. Minder, W., G39; EE9; EGT23.

Mironov, V. N., D16.

Mitchell, V. J., GE42, 66. Mittleman, P. S., NT21.

Mochizuki, EL, GE67.

Monahan, J. E., NE24.

Moote, F. G., EGT24.

Morgan, P. B., NT25.

Mori, H., EE24.

Morris, E. E., ET5

Morse, D. C., GE36.

Moskin, A., EGT18.

Moteff, J., G40, SD17.

Munn, A. M., NE26.

Murray, F. H., NT26.

Myers, R. D., GE12.

Nagato, K., GE67.

National Bureau of Standards, G41. Nelms, A. T., SD18; ET9.

Nesmith, D. A., G74.

Neuberger, J. W., D17.

Nisliiwaki, Y., ref. 2 in text. Novak, M. J., D18.

Nuclear Shielding Supplies and Services, Inc., G44.

Obenshain, F., NT12, 27; EGT10.

Oberhofer, M., GT58; EE10.

O'Brien, K., GT59.

OCDM, Washington, D.C., G45, 46, 47. Odeblad, E., EE11.

Omoda, E., NT2.

O'Reilly, B. D., GT25.

Osanov, D. P., EGT25.

Otis, D. R., NE27.

Owen, W. L., G70.

Padgett, D. W., NE8.

Paine, R. W., NE13.

Panchenko, A. N., GE71.

Panov, E. A., NE38.

Park, C. M., D19.

Parker, W., EE18. Parry, D., RS4.

Pearson, M. L., GE60.

Peebles, G. H., GT26.

Peelle, R. W., SD25; GE43.

Pelekhov, V. I., SD12. km Penny, S. K, G71; GT60, 63; NT57.

Perkins, J. F., GT27.

Perret, R. F. D., G65.

Peterson, R. H., NT53.

Petrov, C. G., NE23.

Petrov, V. A., EGT37.

Piercey, D. C., D30, 31. Plawchan, J. D., GT44.

Plesch, R., GT61.

Plummer, G. E., EGE18; RS12.

Podgor, S., NT28.

Pontecorvo, B., NE26.

Popov, V. I., EGT16.

Preiser, S., NT21.

Price, B. T., G48; D20.

Ptitsyn, A. R., NT54.

Pullman, L., GT28.

Purohit, S. N., Gl4.

Putz, R. R., EGT26; RS10.

Quadrado, A., D21.

35
Raleigh, H. D., G49.

Raso, D. J., GT8, 29, 30. Ravillious, C. F., GE12.

Reinhardt, P. W., GE10; EGE10, 11. Rexroad, R. E., GE44; EGE21.

Richards, P. I., GE7; NT14, 15. Riese, G. R., G72.

Risley Group. Lancashire, England, G50.

Ritchie, R. H., G51.

Ritz, V. H., GE45.

Rizzo, F. X., GE46; D21.

Roberts, L. D., NE19.

Roberts, T. D., NT55.

Rockwell, T., G52; D22.

Roe, G. M., D23.

Roembke, J. E., G74.

Rohrlich, F., ET10.

Rose, M. E., EGT36.

Rosenblum, L., G64.

Rothenberg, S. A., EE12.

Roys, P. A., GE47; NE30.

Rudloff, A., G54; RSll.

Rush, J. H., NE28.

Sakharov, V. N., GE38, 48. Salmon, A., NE29.

Sam, D., SD13.

Sauermann, P. F., G73.

Sauerwein, K., G53.

Saunders, L. N., EGT7.

Scheer, M., EE7.

Schiff, D., NT29.

Schlegel, C., EGT27.

Schlemm, C. L., EGE19, 20. Schmoke, M. A., GE44; EGE21.

Schultz, H. GE62.

Schumchyk, M. J., EGE22.

Scofield, N. E., GT31; GE49, 50. Scoles, J. F., SD19.

Seliger, H. H., EE13.

Serduke, J. T., GT31.

Shamberger, R. D., D24.

Shapiro, E. S., EGT18.

Shelton, F. H., NT30.

Shemetenko, B. P., GE33, 34, 35.

Shiel, V. W., GT16.

Shimizu, S., GE64.

Shishkina, V. A., GE70.

Shlyapnikov, R. S., GE40.

Shore, F. J., D24.

Shultze, K., EE7.

Shumway, B. W., EGE23; RS12.

Shure, K., GT32; GE47; NE30.

Sidei, T., ET11.

Sievert, R. M., EGT28.

Silverman, J., D19.

Simon, A., D25, 26. Sinitsyn, B. I., GE34; NT56.

Slatis, H., EE18.

Sleeper, H. P., NT50.

Smirennyi, L. N., EGT16.

Smith, J. H., EGT29.

Smith, R. B., GE42.

Sokolov, A. D., GE16, 40. Solon, L. R.. GT59.

Sondhaus, C. A., SD19.

Soole, B. W., GE51.

Spencer, L. V., Gl, 18, 74; GT9, 10, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,

39, 40; ET12, 13, 17; EGT30; RS13.

Spielberg, D., G55; NT31, 32. Spinney, K. T., G48, 56; NT33; D20.

Springer, T., GT58; EE10. Starbird, A. W., EGE3, 4; RSI, 14.

Starfelt, N., GE20

Steinberg, H., GT41.

Stephenson, R., G57.

Stern, H. E., G68; NT34.

Stickley, E. E., NE32.

Stinson, F., GT39.

Stokes, J. R., GE52.

Storm, M. L., EGT29.

Storrs, C. L., NE9.

Strawson, D. G., GE36.

Strickler, T. D., RS15.

Strobel, G. L., GT62.

Strope, W. E., G74.

Stuart, G. W., NT35.

Sybesma, C., GE68.

Sychev, B. S., NE36.

Taira, S., EE24.

Tait, J. H., NT36.

Tanaka, Y., GE67.

Taylor, J. J., GT42; GE47.

Terrell, C. W., D27.

Theus, R. B., GT43, 44; GE1.

Thompson, W. E., GE9; NT37.

Tiller, H. J., EGE22.

Tittman, J., NE33.

Titus, W. F., GE21, 53, 54. Tomnovec, F. M., EGE17.

Tomoeda, S., EGE23; RS12, 16, 17. Tonks, L., NT4.

Trampus, A., GT65; NT22.

Troubetzkov. E., SD21.

Trubey, D. K., G71; GT45, 51, 63; NT57.

Trump, J. G., EE14, 16. Tsvetaeva, N. E., EE15.

Tsypin, S. G., G34; GE35, 69; NT56; NE38, 40.

Valentin, S., NTH.

Valkov, V. D., EE3.

Van Tuyl, H. H., G58.

Vasilev, V. A., GE70.

Verde, M., NT38.

Vernon, A. R., GT64.

Von Dardel, G. F., NE34.

Wainwright, A., G75.

Waldorf, Jr., W. F., RS18.

Walker. R. L., G59.

Ward, D. R., G68.

Watt, B. E., SD22.

Weiss, M. M., GE55; EGE5.

Wells, M. B., G19; GT46; NT40.

Welton, T. A., NT1.

Western, G. T., NE35, 41. Wheeler, D. M., G60.

White, G. R., GE56.

Whvte, G. N., G61; GE15, 57. Wick, G. C., NT38, 40. Wigner, E. P., NT41.

Wilkins, J. E., GT20.

Williams, J. A., NT53.

Wilson, R., RS6.

Wilson, R. R., GT47.

Wohl, M. L., NT51.

Wolff, C., GT40.

Wright, K. A., EE14, 16. Wright, W. P., NT44, 45, 46, 47. Wyckoff, H. O., G8; GE31.

Wyckoff, J. M., SD23.

Yakhontova, V. E., EGT37.

Yampolskii, P. A., SD24; NE23.

Yorihisa, K., GE67.

Young, G., NT41.

Zaitsev, L. N., NE36.

Zendle, B., GE58.

Zerby, C. D., GT24, 48; NT19, 42. Zigman, P., SD13.

Zobel, W., SD25.

Zolotukhin, V. G., GT53.

Zweifel, P. F., NT43.

36

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:I964
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

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cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

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