# Patent

## Title
Carbon black, rubber composition and pneumatic tire

## Abstract

The present invention provides carbon black, the standard deviation σ of aggregate size distribution of which is obtained by alight scattering method using an ultraviolet ray, the standard deviation σ satisfying the expression (1): σ<−48.7×(24M4DBP/Dst)+161.8 (1). In the expression (1), 24M4DBP represents the dibutyl phthalate absorption number (cm3/100 g) of compressed sample, and Dst (nm) is a Stokes' equivalent diameter providing the mode in aggregate size distribution obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method. The carbon black can improve both the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance of a tire. The present invention also provides a rubber composition mixed with this carbon black, and a pneumatic tire including a tread part formed by using this rubber composition.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2012/068995 filed Jul. 26, 2012, claiming priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-165908 filed Jul. 28, 2011, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a carbon black suitably mixed in the tread part of a tire, a rubber composition mixed with this carbon black, and a pneumatic tire including a tread part formed by using this rubber composition.
RELATED ART
Conventionally, in order to improve the abrasion resistance of a tire, methods of increasing the specific surface area of carbon black mixed in the rubber composition of a tire, the mixing ratio, and the structure are carried out. However, these methods cause the rolling resistance of a tire to increase. Moreover, when the structure is increased, the viscosity of the unvulcanized rubber of a rubber composition mixed with carbon black increases to deteriorate the processability. On the other hand, in order to decrease the rolling resistance of a tire, methods of decreasing the specific surface area of carbon black mixed with the rubber of a tire and the mixing ratio. However, these methods cause the abrasion resistance of the tire to decrease.
Thus, the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance are known to stay in an antinomic relation.
To improve both the abrasion resistances and the low rolling resistance that stay in an antinomic relation, various proposals have been made, one of which pays attention to the aggregate size distribution of carbon black.
For example, Claim 1 of Patent document 1 describes that the ratio ΔD50/Dst between the half-value breadth ΔD50 and the mode Dst of the aggregate size distribution of carbon black is 0.50 to 0.80. Claim 1 of Patent document 2 describes that the ratio ΔDst/Dst between the modal diameter Dst and the half-value breadth ΔDst of carbon black aggregate is 0.80 or less. Claim 1 of Patent document 3 describes that the half-value breadth ΔDst of the aggregate size distribution of carbon black is 70 nm or less.
In these patent documents 1 to 3, the aggregate size distribution of carbon black is measured by a centrifugal sedimentation method.

    Patent Document 1: JP 6-184364A
    Patent Document 2: JP 2000-080302A
    Patent Document 3: JP 2004-307619A


DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Recently, from the viewpoint of environmental protection and economic efficiency, carbon black capable of further improving the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance has been strongly demanded without the processability of a rubber composition being impaired.
An objective of the present invention is to provide carbon black capable of further improving both the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance of a tire, a rubber composition mixed with this carbon black, and a pneumatic tire including a tread part formed by using this rubber composition.
As the result of intensive studies by the present inventors to achieve the above objective, they found that newly employing a light scattering method as a measurement means of the aggregate size distribution of carbon black as substitute for a centrifugal sedimentation method in the same manner as Patent documents 1 to 3 and specifying the aggregate-size distribution measured by this light-scattering method can improve both the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance without impairing the processability of a rubber composition.
As the measuring method of evaluating submicron-size aggregate such as carbon black aggregate, a light transmission method, a light scattering method, an X-ray scattering method, and a fluid dynamics fractionation method have been in practical use in addition to a widely-used centrifugal sedimentation method. However, the particle size determined from data detected from the diffraction scattering light generated by a laser source emitting a ultraviolet ray used in the present invention has the implication of sphere-equivalent diameter (volume distribution), which is different from Stokes' equivalent diameter (weight distribution) obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method.
The present invention provides the following [1] to [3].
[1] Carbon black, the standard deviation σ of aggregate size distribution of which is obtained by a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray, the standard deviation σ satisfying the expression (1).

σ<−48.7×(24M4DBP/Dst)+161.8  (1)

In the expression (1), 24M4 DBP represents the dibutyl phthalate absorption number (cm3/100 g) of compressed sample, and Dst (nm) is a Stokes' equivalent diameter providing the mode in aggregate size distribution obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method.

[2] A rubber composition includes 5 to 200 parts by mass of the carbon black according to [1] mixed based on 100 parts by mass of rubber component.

[3] A pneumatic tire formed by using the rubber composition according to [2].

According to the present invention, both the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance can be improved without the processability of a rubber composition being impaired.



BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 shows a partial longitudinal front explanatory drawing of one example of a carbon black production furnace for producing the carbon black for blending with rubber.
FIG. 2 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between 24M4 DBP/Dst and σ obtained by a light scattering method in the examples and the comparative examples.
FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between the rolling resistance index and the abrasion resistance index in the examples and the comparative examples.
FIG. 4 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between 24M4 DBP/Dst and the standard deviation σ′ of aggregate size distribution obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method in the examples and the comparative examples.



MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention will be explained in detail below.
Carbon Black
In the carbon black of the present invention, the standard deviation σ of aggregate size distribution is obtained by a dynamic light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray and satisfies the expression (1).

σ<−48.7×(24M4DBP/Dst)+161.8  (1)

In the expression (1), 24M4 DBP represents the dibutyl phthalate absorption number (cm3/100 g) of compressed sample, and Dst (nm) represents a Stokes' equivalent diameter providing the mode in aggregate size distribution obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method.

In the present invention, the aggregate size distribution of carbon black means aggregate size distribution on volumetric basis.
Light Scattering Method
The present invention employs a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray as substitute for a conventional centrifugal sedimentation method as the measuring method of aggregate size distribution. Specifying the aggregate size distribution by using a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray can provide a tire with both excellent abrasion resistance and excellent low rolling resistance.
In a conventional centrifugal sedimentation method, a large size carbon black aggregate was not sufficiently detectable. Thus, in a tire formed by using carbon black measured by a centrifugal sedimentation method, it is considered that excessively large carbon black aggregate hardly detected by a centrifugal sedimentation method was mixed and then acted as a rupture nucleus of rubber due to its size to cause the abrasion resistance to decrease.
In contrast to a centrifugal sedimentation method, a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray can determine a larger aggregate size. Therefore, specifying the standard deviation σ of the aggregate size distribution by using a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray as described later can provide a tire with both excellent abrasion resistance and excellent low rolling resistance.
The wavelength of the ultraviolet ray in a light scattering method is not limited in particular and may be selected appropriately according to the aggregate size distribution. The examples described later use a wavelength of 375 nm.
24M4 DBP
The 24M4 DBP absorbed amount (cm3/100 g) is determined by measuring a DBP (dibutyl phthalate) absorbed amount after applying a pressure of 24,000 psi 4 times, in accordance with ISO 6894. This 24M4 DBP absorbed amount is an index for evaluating the specification of the skeletal structure of carbon black mainly formed of the first-order structure used when an DBP absorbed amount due to deformative and destructive structure morphology (second-order structure) caused by so-called van der Waals force is eliminated and then the DBP absorbed amount based on indestructive true structure morphology (first-order structure) is determined.
The 24M4 DBP absorbed amount is more than 106 cm3/100 g. The 24M4 DBP absorbed amount of more than 106 cm3/100 g increases the force of reinforcing rubber to improve the abrasion resistance. The 24M4 DBP absorbed amount is less than 150 cm3/100 g. The 24M4 DBP absorbed amount of less than 150 cm3/100 g decreases the fuel consumption and further decreases the viscosity of unvulcanized rubber to improve the processability in factories. From this viewpoint, the 24M4 DBP absorbed amount is more preferably 106 to 130 cm3/100 g, further more preferably 106 to 120 cm3/100 g.
Dst 
Dst is an aggregate size providing the mode of aggregate size distribution obtained by using the centrifugal sedimentation method according to the method described in JIS K6217-6, which is referred to as Stokes' diameter. This Dst is defined as the average diameter of carbon black aggregate.
The Dst is preferably less than 115 nm. The Dst of less than 115 nm prevents large carbon black aggregate from acting as a rupture nucleus of rubber due to its size to improve the abrasion resistance. The Dst is also preferably more than 20 nm. The Dst of more than 20 nm facilitates the production. From this viewpoint, the Dst is more preferably more than 20 nm and less than 96 nm.
24M4 DBP/Dst 
The 24M4 DBP/Dst is a factor indicating the particle property of carbon black. As described above, since the 24M4 DBP absorbed amount (cm3/100 g) is an index indicating the size of the structure of carbon black, dividing this 24M4 DBP absorbed amount (cm3/100 g) by the average diameter Dst (nm) of aggregate provides an index indicating the development of the structure per aggregate diameter. As this value (24M4 DBP/Dst) increases, the structure is developed well. This shows an effect in increasing the abrasion resistance per certain modulus of a rubber composition.
The 24M4 DBP/Dst is preferably 1.1<24M4 DBP/Dst<1.7. The 24M4 DBP/Dst of more than 1.1 increases the abrasion resistance per certain modulus of the rubber composition. The 24M4 DBP/Dst of less than 1.7 prevents the structure from being excessively developed to narrow the particle size distribution. From this viewpoint, 24M4 DBP/Dst is more preferably 1.2<24M4 DBP/Dst<1.6, further more preferably 1.3<24M4DBP/Dst<1.5.
Standard Deviation σ
In the present invention, the standard deviation σ of aggregate size distribution of carbon black is obtained by a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray and satisfies the above-mentioned expression (1).
If the standard deviation σ does not satisfy the range of the expression (1), the processability deteriorates, and neither the abrasion resistance nor the low rolling resistance are improved. Thus, adjusting the 24M4 DBP absorbed amount and the aggregate size distribution to satisfy the expression (1) can provide desired properties (i.e., high processability, abrasion resistance, and low rolling resistance) to produce carbon black. Therefore, this expression (1) is an important index for producing carbon black with the above-mentioned properties.
From this viewpoint, the standard deviation σ is preferably the following expression.

σ≦−48.7×(24M4DBP/Dst)+157.7  (2)

CTAB Specific Surface Area

CTAB is a cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Generally, a nitrogen adsorption method is used for measuring the specific surface area of carbon black, which is an excellent evaluation method. A certain kind of carbon black has a pore with a size of several angstroms at apart with a large surface area. Rubber cannot enter this pore. Then, the specific surface area having a pore to which rubber can enter can be evaluated by using a large admolecule. One of the large admolecules is CTAB. Therefore, the CTAB specific surface area is employed for evaluating of the specific surface area having a pore to which rubber can enter. This CTAB specific surface area is measured in accordance with ISO 6810 and expressed in m2/g.
The CTAB specific surface area is preferably 30<CTAB specific surface area (m2/g)<150. The CTAB specific surface area falling within this range can improve the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance. Moreover, the CTAB specific surface area of more than 30 improves the abrasion resistance of a rubber composition. The CTAB specific surface area of less than 150 increases the viscosity while rubber is blended to prevent the processability from decreasing. From this viewpoint, 55<CTAB specific surface area<120 is more preferable, and 70<CTAB specific surface area<105 is further more preferable.
ΔD50 
ΔD50 (nm) is the breadth of distribution when the frequency is half of the maximum height in an aggregate size distribution curve obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method.
The ΔD50 is preferably less than 100 nm. The ΔD50 of less than 100 nm improves the abrasion resistance. The ΔD50 of more than 20 nm improves the manufacturability. From this viewpoint, the ΔD50 is more preferably 20<ΔD50<75, further more preferably 20<ΔD50<58.
The half-value breadth ΔD50 (nm) of the peak including the Dst of the aggregate size distribution and the Dst (nm) are preferably ΔD50<100 and Dst<115 respectively from the viewpoint of further improving the abrasion resistance.
Production Process of Carbon Black
The production process of carbon black will be explained below.
An inside of the carbon black production furnace is of a structure in which a combustion zone, a reaction zone and a reaction-stopping zone are continuously provided, and a whole part thereof is covered with a refractory.
The carbon black production furnace is equipped with a combustible fluid-introducing chamber as the combustion zone, a cylinder for introducing an oxygen-containing gas in which an oxygen-containing gas introduced from an outer circumference of a furnace head part through an oxygen-containing gas-introducing tube is straightened by means of a current plate and introduced into the combustible fluid-introducing chamber and a fuel oil-spraying device introducing tube which is installed in a central axis of the cylinder for introducing an oxygen-containing gas and which introduces hydrocarbon for a fuel into the combustible fluid-introducing chamber. A high temperature combustion gas is produced in the combustion zone by combustion of the hydrocarbon for a fuel.
The carbon black production furnace is equipped with a converging chamber as the reaction zone in which the cylinder converges gradually, a feedstock-introducing chamber having, for example, four feedstock-spraying ports at a downstream side of the converging chamber and a reaction chamber at a downstream side of the feedstock-introducing chamber. A hydrocarbon feedstock is sprayed and introduced through the feedstock-spraying ports into a high temperature combustion gas stream coming from the combustion zone. The hydrocarbon feedstock is sprayed and introduced into the high temperature combustion gas stream in the reaction zone to convert the hydrocarbon feedstock into carbon black by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition reaction.
FIG. 1 is a partial longitudinal front explanatory drawing of one example of the above carbon black production furnace for producing the above carbon black for blending with rubber, and it shows a reaction chamber 10 into which a high temperature gas containing a feedstock (hydrocarbon feedstock) for carbon black is introduced and a reaction continuing-cum-cooling chamber 11. As shown in FIG. 1, the carbon black production furnace 1 is equipped with the reaction continuing-cum-cooling chamber 11 having a multistage quenching medium-introducing means 12 (12-X, 12-Y, 12-Z) as the reaction-stopping zone. The multistage quenching medium-introducing means 12 sprays a quenching medium such as water and the kike onto the high temperature combustion gas stream coming from the combustion zone. The high temperature combustion gas stream is quenched by the quenching medium in the reaction-stopping zone to terminate the reaction.
Further, the carbon black production furnace 1 may be equipped with a device for introducing a gaseous substance in the reaction zone or the reaction-stopping zone. In this connection, a mixture of air, oxygen and hydrocarbon, a combustion gas obtained by combustion reaction thereof and the like can be used as the “gaseous substance.”
Thus, an average reaction temperature and a retention time in the respective zones through which the reaction gas stream passes until it goes into the reaction-stopping zone are controlled in production of the carbon black to obtain carbon black for blending with rubber which is used for the rubber composition of the present invention.
In this regard, the respective zones will be explained.
The combustion zone is a region in which a high temperature gas stream is produced by reaction of a fuel and air, and a downstream end thereof shows a point in which the feedstock is introduced into the reaction equipment (when introduced in the plural positions, an uppermost stream side), for example, an upper stream side (left side in FIG. 1) than a point in which the feedstock is introduced.
Further, the reaction zone shows a zone from a point in which the hydrocarbon feedstock is introduced (when introduced in the plural positions, an uppermost stream side) up to a point in which the multistage quenching water-spraying means 12 (these means are freely taken out and put in the reaction continuing-cum-cooling chamber 11, and use positions thereof are selected according to the kind of the products produced and the characteristics thereof) in the reaction continuing-cum-cooling chamber 11 work (introducing a refrigerant such as water and the like). That is, in a case where the feedstock is introduced, for example, in the third feedstock-spraying port and where water is introduced in the multistage quenching medium-introducing means 12, a region between them is the reaction zone. The reaction-stopping zone shows a zone present at a lower side (right side in FIG. 1) than the point in which the quenching water-pressing and spraying means is allowed to work.
The term of the reaction continuing-cum-cooling chamber 11 is used in FIG. 1 because of the following reasons; a zone from the point in which the feedstock is introduced up to the point in which the quenching water-pressing and spraying means for stopping the reaction works is the reaction zone, and a zone following it is the reaction-stopping zone; and the above quenching water-introducing position moves in a certain case according to performances required to the carbon black.
Rubber Composition
The rubber composition of the present invention includes 5 to 200 parts by mass of the carbon black mixed based on 100 parts by mass of a rubber component.
The rubber composition of the present invention will be explained below.
Rubber Component
The rubber component is not limited in particular but includes a natural rubber (NR), an isoprene rubber (IR), a styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), and a polybutadiene rubber (BR) from the viewpoint of achieving both abrasion resistance and low rolling resistance.
Carbon Black
The above-mentioned carbon black is used. This carbon black is preferably contained in 5 to 200 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. The content of the carbon black falling within this range can improve both the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance. Moreover, the content of 200 parts by mass or less decreases the hardness of the rubber composition to improve the processability.
Other Components
Other components contained in the rubber composition are appropriately selected and used as long as the objective of the present invention is not impaired. For example, these components include inorganic filler, softener, and vulcanizers such as sulfur; a vulcanization accelerator such as dibenzothiazyl disulfide; a vulcanization auxiliary agent; anti-aging agents; N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazyl-sulfenamide and N-oxydiethylene-benzothiazyl-sulfenamide; additives such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, an antiozonant, a colorant, an antistat, a lubricant, an antioxidant, a softener, a coupling agent, a foaming agent, and a foaming auxiliary agent; and various compounding agents typically used in the rubber industry. Commercially available products can suitably be used for these components.
Production of Rubber Composition
The rubber composition according to the present invention can be produced by, for example, kneading a rubber component, carbon black, and optionally an appropriately selected component, warming the kneaded product, extruding the warmed product, and vulcanizing the extruded product.
Conditions of the kneading are not limited in particular. Various conditions such as the volume introduced in a kneading device, the rotation rate of the rotor, and the ram pressure, the kneading temperature, the kneading time, and the type of the kneading device can be selected appropriately according to the purpose. The kneading device includes, for example, a Banbury mixer, an internalmixer, and a kneader which are typically used for kneading a rubber composition.
Conditions of the warming are not limited in particular. Various conditions such as the warming temperature, the warming time, and the warming device can be selected appropriately according to the purpose. The warming device includes, for example, a mixing mill typically used for warming a rubber composition.
Conditions of the extruding are not limited in particular. Various conditions such as the extrusion time, the extrusion rate, the extruding device, and the extrusion temperature can be selected appropriately according to the purpose. The extruding device includes, for example, an extruder typically used for extruding a rubber composition for a tire. The extrusion temperature can be appropriately determined.
In the extrusion, processability improvers including plasticizers such as aroma oil, naphthene oil, paraffinic oil, and ester oil; and liquid polymers such as liquid polyisoprene rubber and liquid polybutadiene rubber can be appropriately added in the rubber composition in order to control the liquidity of the rubber composition. In this case, the viscosity before the rubber composition is vulcanized can be decreased to improve the liquidity for extremely excellent extrusion.
The device, the method, and the conditions that are used for the vulcanization are not limited in particular and can be selected appropriately according to the purpose. The vulcanizing device includes, for example, a molding vulcanizing machine typically used for vulcanizing a rubber composition for a tire. As the conditions of the vulcanization, the temperature is typically about 100 to 190° C.
Pneumatic Tire
In the pneumatic tire of the present invention, the above-mentioned composition is applied to the tread part and the like. Using the above-mentioned rubber composition for the tread part can improve both the abrasion resistance and the low rolling resistance without impairing the processability. This pneumatic tire has a conventional structure without any particular limitation, which can be produced by a typical method. Gas for inflating the tire of the present invention includes air, air with an adjusted oxygen partial pressure, and an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, and helium.
One example of the pneumatic tire suitably includes a pneumatic tire provided with a pair of bead parts, a carcass lying in a toroidal shape on the bead parts, a belt tightening a crown part of the carcass which forms the toroidal shape, and a tread. The pneumatic tire of the present invention may have a radial structure or may have a bias structure.
The structure of the tread is not limited in particular, which may be single-layer structure, may be a multi-layer structure, or may be a so-called cap/base structure formed from a cap part in the upper layer holding the road and a base part in the lower layer located adjacent to the pneumatic tire inside of this cap part. In the present invention, at least the cap part is preferably formed of the rubber composition of the present invention.
The method of producing the pneumatic tire of the present invention is not limited in particular. For example, the pneumatic tire of the present invention can be produced as follows. Specifically, the rubber composition of the present invention is first prepared. This rubber composition is applied to an unvulcanized base part previously applied to the crown part of a pneumatic tire case. Then, the pneumatic tire can be produced by molding and vulcanizing the rubber composition at a predetermined temperature under a predetermined pressure with a predetermined mold.
The pneumatic tire of the present invention can particularly be used not only so-called passenger cars but also tracks, buses, cars for off the road and cars for competitions such as racing cars.
EXAMPLES
The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the examples below, but the present invention is not limited to the examples.
Various properties of the carbon black were evaluated by the following measuring methods.
(1) Aggregate Size Distribution (Light Scattering Method)
As the measuring device, a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer “SALD7100” (available from Shimadzu Corporation, wave length of ultraviolet ray laser: 375 nm) was used.
0.8 to 1.2 mass % of carbon black was added in 25 volume % of aqueous ethanol solution in which a small amount of surfactant was previously added. The solution was completely dispersed after subjected to ultrasonication (1⁄2-inch oscillation chip, output power: 50 W) to obtain a dispersion liquid.
This dispersion liquid is added in the cell of the laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer. The volumetric particle size distribution (aggregate size distribution) was measured by a light scattering method. The standard deviation σ (nm) was obtained from this volumetric particle size distribution. The solution was stirred by using a stirrer come with the SALD7100 so as not to prevent carbon black from precipitating at the bottom of the cell during the measurement.
(2) Aggregate Size Distribution (Centrifugal Sedimentation Method)
As the measuring device, a disk centrifuge photosedimentometer (DCP) “BI-DCP Particle sizer” (available from Brookhaven) was used. The measurement was conducted in accordance with ISO/CD 15825-3 as follows.
0.05 to 0.1 mass % of carbon black was added in 25 volume % of aqueous ethanol solution in which a small amount of surfactant was previously added. The solution was completely dispersed after subjected to ultrasonication (1⁄2-inch oscillation chip, output: 50 W) to obtain a dispersion liquid. The rotation rate of the rotation disk in which 17.5 ml of distilled water were added as precipitation liquid (spin liquid) was set to 8,000 rpm. Then, 0.02 to 0.03 ml of the above-mentioned dispersion liquid was added. At the time of the addition of the dispersion liquid, a recorder was started. The amount of the carbon black aggregate passing a certain point adjacent to the outer periphery of the rotation disk due to the precipitation was optically measured. Then, the absorbance (frequency) was recorded as a continuous curve to time. The precipitation time was converted to a Stokes' equivalent diameter d according to the following Stokes' formula (3) to obtain a curve corresponding to the Stokes' equivalent diameter of the aggregate and the frequency.

d=K√t  (3)

In the above-mentioned formula (3), d is the Stokes' equivalent diameter (nm) of carbon black aggregate passing the optical measurement point of the rotation disk t minutes after precipitation onset. The constant K is determined by the temperature and the viscosity of the spin liquid, the difference in density of the carbon black and the spin liquid at the time of measurement (the true density of the carbon black was set to 1.86 g/cm3), and the rotation rate of the rotation disk. In the examples and the comparative examples, since 17.5 ml of distilled water were used as spin liquid, and the measurement temperature and the rotation rate of the disk were set to 23.5° C. and 8,000 rpm, respectively, the constant K comes to 261.75.
Based on this measurement result, the mode diameter Dst (nm), the half-value breadth ΔD50 (nm), and the standard deviation σ′ (nm) were determined. The definition of the mode diameter Dst and the half-value breadth ΔD50 is as follows.
Mode Diameter Dst 
The mode diameter Dst is a Stokes' equivalent diameter providing the mode of aggregate size distribution in the curve corresponding to the Stokes' equivalent diameter of the aggregate and the frequency.
Half-Value Breadth ΔD50 
The half-value breadth ΔD50 is the breadth of distribution when the frequency is half of the maximum height in the curve corresponding to the Stokes' equivalent diameter of the aggregate and the frequency.
(3) 24M4 DBP
The 24M4 DBP absorbed amount (cm3/100 g) was measured in accordance with ISO 6894.
(4) CTAB Specific Surface Area
The CTAB specific surface area (m2/g) was measured in accordance with ISO 6810.
(5) N2SA (Nitrogen Adsorption Specific Surface Area)
N2SA (m2/g) was measured in accordance with ASTM D3037-88.
Various properties of the tire were evaluated by the following measuring methods.
Abrasion Resistance Index
The truck tire prepared as described later was mounted to a vehicle, and then the loss of the tread of the tire once the car traveled 40,000 km was measured. The abrasion resistance index was expressed with an index of 100 representing the inverse of the loss of the tread of Comparative Example 1, 6, or 7. The larger index value means excellent abrasion resistance.
Rolling Resistance Index
The truck tire prepared as described later is freely rotated on the drum to measure the rolling resistance. The rolling resistance index was expressed with an index of 100 representing the rolling resistance of Comparative Example 1, 6, or 7. The smaller index value means excellently low rolling resistance.
Factory Processability Index
The Mooney viscosity (ML1+4) of the sample of the unvulcanized rubber composition was measured at 130° C. in accordance with JIS K6300. The factory processability index was expressed with an index of 100 representing the Mooney viscosity of Comparative Example 1, 6, or 7. The smaller index value means excellently low viscosity.
Examples 1 to 7
Preparation of Carbon Black
The carbon black production furnace shown in FIG. 1 was used to produce carbon blacks A to G. A three stage quenching medium-introducing means comprising a first quenching medium-introducing means 12-X, a second quenching medium-introducing means 12-Y and a final quenching medium-introducing means 12-Z was used as a multistage quenching medium-introducing means 12 in FIG. 1.
Also, used was the carbon black production furnace described above assuming a structure in which thermocouples could be inserted into the furnace at optional several spots in order to monitor a temperature of the furnace. In the carbon black production furnace, an A heavy oil having a specific density of 0.8622 (15° C./4° C.) was used for a fuel, and a heavy oil having properties shown in Table 1 was used for feedstock. Operating conditions of the carbon black production furnace is shown in Table 2. The results of the above-mentioned measurements of these carbon blacks were shown in Table 3.







TABLE 1





Table 1


















Specific gravity (JIS K2249) (15/4° C.)
1.1319



Heavy viscosity (JIS K2283) (mm2/s at 50° C.)
26.7



Water content (JIS K2275) (%)
0.5



Carbon residue (JIS K2210) (%)
11.6



Sulfur content (JIS K2213) (%)
0.4



Carbon content (%)
90.1



Hydrogen content (%)
5.4



BMC I*1
160











Distillation
I.B.P.*2
188



characteristics
10% boiling point
234



(° C.)
30% boiling point
291




50% boiling point
360







*1BMC I: Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (U.S. Bureau of Mines index)



*2I.B.P.: Initial Boiling Point














TABLE 2








Type of carbon black

















A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I




















Conditions of
Introduction amount (kg/hr)
290
310
390
410
320
298
325
412
500


oil
Preheating temperature (° C.)
229
242
321
315
311
314
312
300
305


introduction












Conditions of
Total amount of air introduction
1142
1345
1720
1720
1314
1170
1280
1760
1720


air
(kg/hr)











introduction
Preheating temperature (° C.)
715
727
782
778
730
765
762
710
740
















Fuel introduction amount (kg/hr)
59
70
79
79
70
56
78
86
80


Amount of cooling water (L/h)
282
150
140
140
150
132
372
200
100


Reaction time (milli-second)
93.6
11.2
13.1
13.1
11.2
45.5
41.6
155.6
243.6

















TABLE 3








Example














1
2
3
4
5
6

















Carbon
Type of carbon black
A
B
C
D
E
F


black
Formulation no. (q.v. Table 6)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)



[Blending amount of carbon black (parts by mass)]
























CTAB
[m2/g]
102
101
104
97
116
106




N2SA
[m2/g]
111
108
105
95
120
110




24M4DBP
[cm3/100 g]
112
109
116
113
113
109




σ
nm
87
71
87
91
73
83



Centrifugal
Dst
nm
77
75
83
89
67
72



sedimentation
ΔD50′
nm
55
45
57
56
46
52




σ′
nm
88
71
92
89
73
82




24M4DBP/Dst

1.45
1.45
1.40
1.27
1.69
1.51




Right-hand value of expression (1)
nm
91
91
94
100
80
88














Tire
Abrasion resistance index
112
112
113
109
108
110



Rolling resistance index
97
98
97
96
99
98



Factory processability index
101
101
95
92
102
90



(Viscosity of unvulcanized rubber)













Example
Comparative Example














7
1
2
3
4
5



















Carbon
Type of carbon black
G
N234
N339
N220
H
I



black
Formulation no. (q.v. Table 6)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)
1 (50)




[Blending amount of carbon black (parts by mass)]
























CTAB
[m2/g]
75
114
73
109
96
98




N2SA
[m2/g]
79
126
72
117
102
104




24M4DBP
[cm3/100 g]
107
102
103
100
114
114




σ
nm
103
79
108
91
109
131



Centrifugal
Dst
nm
95
60
93
65
84
71



sedimentation
ΔD50′
nm
57
44
66
49
70
51




σ′
nm
90
71
105
77
111
82




24M4DBP/Dst

1.13
1.70
1.11
1.54
1.36
1.60




Right-hand value of
nm
107
79
108
87
96
84




expression (1)























Tire
Abrasion resistance index
80
100
70
95
91
95




Rolling resistance index
76
100
77
98
103
104




Factory processability index
85
100
86
90
101
106




(Viscosity of unvulcanized










rubber)









Preparation of Rubber Composition

Each of the above-mentioned carbon blacks and various components were blended in the blending recipe of the formulation 1 shown in Table 6 and mixed by using a Banbury mixer to prepare a rubber composition.
Preparation of Truck Tire
Each of the above-mentioned rubber compositions was used as the rubber composition for a tread, and then a truck tire with a size of 11R22.5 was produced experimentally. The results of the above-mentioned evaluations of the tires are shown in Table 3.
Comparative Examples 1 to 3
The above-mentioned measurements of the following commercially available carbon blacks were conducted. The results are shown in Table 3.
N234: trade name: “SIEST 7HM” (available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.)
N339: trade name: “SIEST KH” (available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.)
N220: trade name: “SIEST 6” (available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.)
Except for using these commercially available carbon blacks, rubber compositions and truck tires were prepared in the same manner as Example 1. The results of the above-mentioned evaluations of the rubber compositions and the tires are shown in Table 3.
Comparative Examples 4 to 5
The carbon blacks H and I were prepared in the same way as the carbon blacks A to G. Operating conditions of the carbon black production furnace is shown in Table 2. By using the carbon blacks H and I, rubber compositions and truck tires were prepared in the same manner as Example 1. The results of the above-mentioned evaluations of the carbon blacks H and I, the rubber compositions, and the truck tires are shown in Table 3.
Example 8 and Comparative Example 6
The carbon black A and the carbon black N234 were used as Example 8 and Comparative Example 6, respectively, and then various components were blended in the blending recipe of the formulation 2 shown in Table 6 and mixed by using a Banbury mixer to prepare rubber compositions. These two kinds of rubber compositions each were used as the rubber composition for a tread, and then the truck tires with a size of 11R22.5 were produced experimentally. The results of the above-mentioned evaluations of the tires are shown in Table 4.







TABLE 4







Table 4











Comparative



Example
Example



8
6













Type of carbon black
A
N234


Formulation no. (q.v. Table 6) [Blending
2 (30)
2 (30)


amount of carbon black (parts by mass)]










Tire
Abrasion resistance index
118
100



Rolling resistance index
97
100



Factory processability index
100
100



(Viscosity of unvulcanized rubber)









Example 9 and Comparative Example 7
The carbon black A and the carbon black N234 were used as Example 9 and Comparative Example 7, respectively, and then various components were blended in the blending recipe of the formulation 3 shown in Table 6 and mixed by using a Banbury mixer to prepare rubber compositions. These two kinds of rubber compositions each were used as the rubber composition for a tread, and then the truck tires with a size of 11R22.5 were produced experimentally. The results of the above-mentioned evaluations of the tire are shown in Table 5.







TABLE 5







Table 5











Comparative



Example
Example



9
7













Type of carbon black
A
N234


Formulation no. (q.v. Table 6) [Blending
3 (80)
3 (80)


amount of carbon black (parts by mass)]










Tire
Abrasion resistance index
111
100



Rolling resistance index
97
100



Factory processability index
101
100



(Viscosity of unvulcanized rubber)
















TABLE 6







Table 6









Blending amount (parts by mass)











Formu-
Formu-
Formu-



lation 1
lation 2
lation 3
















Natural rubber
100
100
100



Carbon black
50
30
80



Stearic acid
3
3
3



Zinc oxide
5
5
5



Vulcanization
1
1
1



accelerator (Note 1)



Sulfur
1.5
1.5
1.5







(Note 1):



N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolyl sulfenamide






Result

FIG. 2 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between 24M4 DBP/Dst and σ obtained by a light scattering method. FIG. 3 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between the rolling resistance index and the abrasion resistance index obtained by a light scattering method.
As described below, FIGS. 2 and 3 have a definite connection. Clearly, preparing carbon black to satisfy the above-mentioned expression (1) can achieve both abrasion resistance and rolling resistance.
The dotted straight line in FIG. 2 (light scattering method) connects the carbon black of Comparative Example 1 (trade name: “SIEST 7HM” (available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.) with the carbon black of Comparative Example 2 (trade name: “SIEST KH” (available from TOKAI CARBON Co., Ltd.). These carbon blacks are generally known to have excellent abrasion resistance and excellent low rolling resistance. The dotted straight line in FIG. 2 (light scattering method) shows the expression in which the inequality sign “<” of the expression (1) is substituted with the equality sign “=.”
As shown in FIG. 2 (light scattering method), all the carbon blacks of Examples 1 to 7 are located below this straight line and therefore satisfy the expression (1). In the graph shown in FIG. 3, all the tires formed by using the carbon blacks of Examples 1 to 7 are located above this straight line connecting Comparative Example 1 with Comparative Example 2. Therefore, clearly Examples 1 to 7 achieve more excellent both abrasion resistance and excellent low rolling resistance compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
In the graph of FIG. 3, the straight line passing Comparative Examples 1 and 2 is represented by the following expression (4).

y=1.30x−30.4  (4)

Example 5 is the most closest to this straight line among Examples 1 to 7. When this straight line is translated upward to pass Example 5, the y-intercept of the straight line after the translation is −21.1 and has a difference of 9.3 from the y-intercept (−30.4) of the straight line (of the expression (4)) before the translation. Therefore, in Example 5, the abrasion resistance index is more than only 9.3 points over the straight line represented by the expression (4). This means that the carbon black of Example 5 achieves both abrasion resistance and low rolling resistance more than only an abrasion resistance index difference of 9.3 points compared with those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 located on the straight line of the expression (4). Therefore, the carbon blacks of Examples 1 to 7 achieve both abrasion resistance and low rolling resistance more than an abrasion resistance index difference of 9.3 or more points compared with those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
When this abrasion resistance index difference is 3 or more points, both abrasion resistance and low rolling resistance can be considered to be achieved compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
On the other hand, all the carbon blacks of Comparative Examples 3 to 6 are located above the straight line in FIG. 2 (light scattering method) and therefore do not satisfy the expression (1). In the graph shown in FIG. 3, all the carbon blacks of Comparative Examples 3 to 6 are located below this straight line (of the expression (4)) connecting Comparative Example 1 with Comparative Example 2. Therefore, the carbon blacks of Comparative Examples 3 to 6 achieve neither abrasion resistance nor low rolling resistance compared with those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 shows a graph illustrating the relationship between 24M4 DBP/Dst and o′ obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method. The dotted straight line in FIG. 4 (centrifugal sedimentation method) connects Comparative Example 1 with Comparative Example 2 in the same manner as FIG. 2 (light scattering method).
Examples 2, 4, and 7 are located below the straight line in FIG. 4 (centrifugal sedimentation method) while Examples 1, 3, 5, and 6 are above. Therefore, even if the aggregate size distribution of carbon black is measured by a centrifugal sedimentation method, clearly no index to show that both abrasion resistance and low rolling resistance are achieved is obtained.
As clearly shown in Tables 4 and 5, even when the blending amount of carbon black is small, specifically, 30 parts by mass, the rubber composition of Example 8 has excellent abrasion resistance and excellent low rolling resistance compared with that of Comparative Example 6. Furthermore, even when the blending amount of carbon black is large, specifically, 80 parts by mass, the rubber composition of Example 9 has excellent abrasion resistance and excellent low rolling resistance compared with the rubber composition of Comparative Example 7.
EXPLANATIONS OF THE CODES


    1 Carbon black production furnace
    10 Reaction chamber
    11 Reaction continuing-cum-cooling chamber
    12 Multistage quenching medium-introducing means
    12-X First quenching medium-introducing means
    12-Y Second quenching medium-introducing means
    12-Z Final quenching medium-introducing means

## Claims

1. Carbon black, the standard deviation σ of aggregate size distribution of which is obtained by a light scattering method using an ultraviolet ray, the standard deviation a satisfying the expression (1):


σ<−48.7×(24M4DBP/Dst)+161.8  (1)

wherein 24M4DBP represents the dibutyl phthalate absorption number (cm3/100 g) of compressed sample, and Dst (nm) is a Stokes' equivalent diameter providing the mode in aggregate size distribution obtained by a centrifugal sedimentation method;
wherein 24M4DBP is 106 to 120 cm3/100 g;
wherein 1.3<24M4DBP/Dst<1.5; and
wherein 70<CTAB specific surface area (m2/g)<105.

2. The carbon black according to claim 1, wherein the half-value breadth ΔD50 (nm) of the peak including the Dst of the aggregate size distribution and the Dst (nm) are ΔD50<100 and Dst<115 respectively.

3. A rubber composition comprising 5 to 200 parts by mass of the carbon black according to claim 1 mixed based on 100 parts by mass of a rubber component.

4. A pneumatic tire formed by using the rubber composition according to claim 3.