* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, e xcept under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and col lateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judg ments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and condi tions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### JUL 7 1998 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
JANINE A. ADAMS; CHARLES C. SAMUEL,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. THE CITY OF OKLAHOMA CITY, a municipal corporation; DONALD D. BOWN, City Manager; DANNY TERRELL, Director, General Services Department; TERRY PATTILLO, Assistant Director, General Services Department,

Defendants-Appellees. No. 97-6175 (D.C. No. CIV-96-399-T) (W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY , BARRETT , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a dec ision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The c ase is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.-2-

Plaintiffs Janine A. Adams and Charles C. Samuel ap peal from the district court’s orders granting summary judgment in favor o f defendants on their claims of violation of their First Amendment rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (Title VII), breach of contract, and defamation. Ms. Adams also appeals the grant of summary judgment on her claim of violation of equal protection under § 1983 and her separate b reach of contract claim. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we af firm in part and reverse and remand in part for further proceedings on plaintiff s’ breach of contract claim.

I. FACTS In August 1984, Mr. Samuel came to work for the Okl ahoma City General Services Department. At the time the alleged incid ents giving rise to this suit began occurring in 1993, he was Superintendent of the Department's Building Management Division. In February 1985, Ms. Adams b egan her employment with the City as a word processor/typist in the City Man ager's Office. In March 1988, Ms. Adams laterally transfered into the Building Management Division as a Staff Secretary, ultimately serving as Mr. Samuel's secre tary.
In October or November of 1993, Ms. Adams made an i nternal complaint of sexual harassment against a co-worker to her immedi ate supervisor, Mr. Samuel.-3-

Mr. Samuel brought the complaint to the attention o f his supervisor, Jim Crosby, then Director of the General Services Division, who asked Mr. Samuel to counsel the co-worker about his behavior. Mr. Samuel did s o.
In December 1993, Ms. Adams was transfered from the Building Management Division to the Personnel Department. A lthough previously classified as a Secretary III, she was transfered t o a Secretary II position. The parties dispute whether the transfer was voluntary, with Ms. Adams claiming it was not. The transfer was described as "personnel generated" on the relevant personnel action form.
Although she was his secretary, Mr. Samuel was not informed that Ms. Adams was being transfered. Defendant Terry Pattil lo, Assistant Director of the General Services Division, informed Ms. Adams of th e transfer, telling her that Mr. Crosby believed the transfer was in her and the City’s best interests. Just prior to her transfer, Ms. Adams was told there wer e rumors circulating that she and Mr. Samuel were having an affair.
In January and February 1994, Mr. Samuel was deniedan annual merit increase and placed on probation by Mr. Crosby. InMay 1994, on Mr. Crosby’s-4-

last day of employment with the City, Mr. Samuel re ceived his merit increase, was removed from probation, and was told the work e nvironment in his division had improved.
On February 7, 1994, Ms. Adams grieved her “involuntary transfer,” alleging sex discrimination. On June 7, 1994, she filed a related complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), alleging sex discrimination and retaliation. Mr. Samuel was ask ed to respond to specified investigative questions submitted to the defendant City of Oklahoma City by the EEOC. According to Mr. Samuel, he was told by defe ndant Danny Terrell, now the Director of the General Services Division and M r. Samuel’s supervisor, to answer “in the best interests of the City.” Mr. Sa muel’s response was limited to the sexual harassment complaint, and ultimately was not submitted to the EEOC. Rather, the City submitted a response denying knowl edge of any sexual harassment complaint by Ms. Adams during the relevant time period established by the EEOC.
While her internal grievance and EEOC complaint wer e pending, Ms. Adams and defendant City Manager Donald D. Bown ent ered into an agreement and release of claims. Under the agreement, Ms. Ad ams was returned to her-5-

Secretary III position in the Building Management D ivision in exchange for withdrawing her grievance and EEOC claim. The part ies further agreed that the City would not pursue any personnel actions againstMs. Adams based on allegations, accusations or complaints made prior t o execution of the agreement. By its terms, the agreement was confidential.
After Ms. Adams’ return to the Building Management Division in July 1994, Mr. Terrell had several meetings with Mr. Sam uel to discuss “complaints” about the job performances of both Mr. Samuel and M s. Adams. Mr. Terrell also directed Mr. Samuel never to have Ms. Adams in his office with the door closed.
In October 1994, Mr. Samuel found a memorandum addr essed to the personnel director on his desk. The memo had been written by Chris Spencer, an employee Mr. Crosby had introduced into the Buildin g Management Division around the time of Ms. Adams’ earlier transfer. Be cause Mr. Samuel believed the memorandum was defamatory, he met with Mr. Terrell to discuss possible disciplinary action against Mr. Spencer. When ques tioned, Mr. Spencer claimed the memorandum was in response to information he ha d received indicating Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel were trying to have him fired. Mr. Spencer stated he-6-

never sent the memorandum to anyone. Mr. Terrell r efused to authorize disciplinary action against Mr. Spencer.
Following her return to the Building Management Div ision, several complaints were made about Ms. Adams’ performance, and she received counseling on at least two occasions. She believed she was being deliberately harassed and filed grievances. On February 2, 1995 , she went to Mr. Samuel’s office to meet with him regarding her grievances. Unaware of Mr. Terrell’s directive to Mr. Samuel, Ms. Adams closed the door. When Mr. Pattillo and Mr. Terrell were informed, they proceeded to Mr. Samuel ’s office, asked Ms. Adams to leave, and met with Mr. Samuel.
Between February 2 and February 8, 1994, Mr. Terrel l and Mr. Pattillo discussed the problems in Mr. Samuel’s division with Mr. Bown, including Mr. Samuel’s violation of Mr. Terrell’s directive not t o be in his office with the door closed with Ms. Adams. It was determined that bothMr. Samuel and Ms. Adams should be terminated. On February 9, 1995, Mr. Sam uel was terminated by Mr. Terrell “in the best interest of the City.” The fo llowing day, Mr. Terrell terminated Ms. Adams “for the good of the service.” Both Mr. Samuel and Ms. Adams subsequently filed grievances.-7-

During her grievance process, Ms. Adams was told he r termination was due to the attempts she and Mr. Samuel were making to h ave Mr. Spencer fired and because her alleged relationship with Mr. Samuel cr eated an appearance of favoritism. As a result of the grievance process, however, Ms. Adams was offered reinstatement to her position, with back pay and benefits. She declined.
During his grievance process, Mr. Samuel was told h e was terminated because of insubordination and failure to correct p ersonnel problems in the Building Management Division. After completion of the grievance procedure, Mr. Bown upheld Mr. Samuel’s termination.
In July 1995, Mr. Samuel and Ms. Adams filed EEOC c omplaints. In March 1996, this lawsuit, raising Title VII, § 1983 , and state law claims, followed. The district court granted defendants’ m otions for summary judgment on all claims. Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel now appeal , arguing there was sufficient evidence to preclude the grant of summary judgment.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review the district court's grant of summary jud gment de novo, applying the same legal standard used by the distri ct court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Summary judgment is appr opriate if the-8-

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show th at there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving p arty is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. When applying this st andard, we examine the factual record and reasonable inference s therefrom in the light most favorable to the party opposing summ ary judgment. Kaul v. Stephan , 83 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 1996) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “[T]he relevant inquiry is whet her the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so onesided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Bingaman v. Kansas City Power & Light Co. , 1 F.3d 976, 980 (10th Cir. 1993) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
“To avoid summary judgment, the evidence must be su ch that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party .” Black v. Baker Oil Tools, Inc. , 107 F.3d 1457, 1460 (10th Cir. 1997) (citation an d quotation omitted). The substantive law of the case determines which facts are material. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Unsupported conclusory allegations do not create an issue of fact. See Elsken v. Network Multi-Family Sec. Corp. , 49 F.3d 1470, 1476 (10th Cir. 1995).-9-

III. RETALIATION UNDER TITLE VII A. MS. ADAMS Ms. Adams argues that summary judgment was improperon her Title VII claim against the City in which she alleged she was terminated in retaliation for making an internal claim of sexual discrimination a nd for filing a complaint with the EEOC. The district court decided Ms. Adams was terminated for a nondiscriminatory reason.
To prove retaliation, [a] plaintiff must first establish a prima facie ca se of retaliation. If a prima facie case is established, then the burden of production shifts to the defendant to produce a legitimate, nondiscri minatory reason for the adverse action. If evidence of a legitimat e reason is produced, the plaintiff may still prevail if she de monstrates the articulated reason was a mere pretext for discrimin ation. The overall burden of persuasion remains on the plaintiff. Sorensen v. City of Aurora , 984 F.2d 349, 353 (10th Cir. 1993).
According to Ms. Adams, she produced sufficient evi dence to show retaliation. She points to evidence she was transf ered from her Secretary III position to a Secretary II position a month or two after she complained of sexual harassment; Mr. Pattillo solicited information fromother employees concerning her relationship with Mr. Samuel; the City agreed t o restore her Secretary III1 Defendants argue that Mr. Samuel’s response was notprotected activity.

Title VII provides that an employer shall not discr iminate against an employee who participates “in any manner” in an EEOC investi gation. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Because Mr. Samuel prepared his resp onse in the pending EEOC investigation pursuant to his employer’s request, w e assume for purposes of this appeal that it was protected activity. Cf. Morris v. Boston Edison Co. , 942 F. Supp. 65, 69-71 (D. Mass. 1996) (conduct in internal company -10- position only after she filed an EEOC complaint; Mr . Terrell complained about her to Mr. Samuel after her return transfer; Mr. Te rrell failed to give any reasons when she was terminated; and she did not receive pr ogressive discipline or a pretermination hearing.
This evidence, considered along with the record as a whole, does not establish that Ms. Adams was terminated in retaliat ion for her internal complaint of employment discrimination or her EEOC complaint. Ms. Adams failed to demonstrate that the nondiscriminatory reason for h er termination, attempting to have Mr. Spencer fired, was a mere pretext for reta liation. Thus, the district court correctly granted summary judgment on Ms. Adams’ Ti tle VII claims.

B. MR. SAMUEL Mr. Samuel argues the district court erred in grant ing summary judgment on his Title VII claim, alleging his termination was i n retaliation for his truthful response to Ms. Adams’ EEOC complaint. 1 The district court concluded Mr.investigation not protected activity under § 2000e- 3(a) because conduct was not

taken in regard to investigation under statute).
-11- Samuel failed to prove a prima facie case of retali ation because he did not present evidence to support his claim that his termination was related to the preparation of the EEOC response or in any way connected to Ms. Adams’ EEOC complaint.

To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, a plaintiff must demonstrate “(1) protected opposition to Title VII discrimination or participation in a Title VII proceeding; (2) advers e action by the employer subsequent to or contemporaneous with such employee activity; and (3) a causal connection between such activity and the employer’s adverse action.” Berry v. Stevinson Chevrolet , 74 F.3d 980, 985 (10th Cir. 1996). “The causal c onnection may be demonstrated by evidence of circumstances th at justify an inference of retaliatory motive, such as protected conduct close ly followed by adverse action.” Burrus v. United Tel. Co. of Kan., Inc. , 683 F.2d 339, 343 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1071 (1982).

Mr. Samuel claims there is sufficient evidence to e stablish a prima facie case of retaliation, and points to the following oc currences. After Ms. Adams complained to him of sexual harassment, he notified Mr. Crosby. Soon after he-12-

was notified, Mr. Crosby placed Mr. Samuel on probation, albeit for reasons unrelated to her complaint. According to Mr. Samue l, he was directed to respond to the EEOC investigation in a manner representing the best interests of the City. The City failed to include his statement regarding Ms. Adams’ sexual harassment complaint in its response to the EEOC. Mr. Samuel maintains that after he prepared his response to the EEOC complaint and Ms. Adams was transfered back to his division until the time of his termination, he received continual complaints from Mr. Terrell. Mr. Terrell also prohibited Mr. Samuel from taking any disciplinary action against Mr. Spencer arising fro m the defamatory memorandum. Additionally, Mr. Samuel did not recei ve progressive discipline or a pretermination hearing.
Upon review of the record, we agree with the distri ct court's finding that there is no evidence of a causal connection between any protected activity and Mr. Samuel's subsequent termination. The evidence presented does not justify an inference of retaliatory motive. Nothing indicates the EEOC response was a basis for complaints against Mr. Samuel or a reason for h is termination. Mr. Samuel was discharged for meeting behind a closed door with Ms. Adams after having been directed not to do so and because he did not o perate his division in an acceptable manner. Mr. Samuel failed to present a prima facie case of retaliation.2 Defendants argue that plaintiffs’ First Amendment c laims are not

independent of their Title VII claims, and, therefo re, Title VII should provide the exclusive remedy. We disagree. Because plaintiffs have alleged an independent constitutional basis for their § 1983 claims apart from Title VII, Title VII does not provide the exclusive remedy. See Drake v. City of Fort Collins , 927 F.2d 1156, 1162 (10th Cir. 1991).
-13- Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant o f summary judgment on this issue. IV. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 CLAIMS A. FIRST AMENDMENT Ms. Adams alleges her right to complain of sexual h arassment is protected by the First Amendment. Mr. Samuel argues his brin ging Ms. Adams’ internal complaint to the attention of Mr. Crosby and his pa rticipation in the EEOC’s investigation were activities protected by the Firs t Amendment. 2

As to the individual defendants, the district courtconcluded Ms. Adams had not engaged in protected speech on a matter of public concern. The district court determined Mr. Samuel had submitted no eviden ce his termination had anything to do with his participation in the prepar ation of the EEOC response. The district court granted summary judgment in favo r of the City because Mr.-14-

Samuel and Ms. Adams failed to offer any evidence o f a municipal policy or custom upon which a claim against the City could be based.
“It is well-established that a government employer ‘cannot condition public employment on a basis that infringes the employee’s constitutionally protected interest in freedom of expression.’” Lytle v. City of Haysville , 138 F.3d 857, 863 (10th Cir. 1998) (quoting Connick v. Myers , 461 U.S. 138, 142 (1983)). There is a four-part test to determine whether an employer h as infringed a public employee’s free speech interest. See id. The threshold consideration is whether the speech in question is a matter of public concer n, such that it is of interest to the community for social, political, or other reaso ns. See id. (citing Connick, 461 U.S. at 145-49). A matter of interest only to the public employee is not constitutionally protected. See id. Whether speech addresses a matter of public concern is “determined by the content, form, and co ntext of a given statement, as revealed by the whole record.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 147-48.
If the speech does address a matter of public conce rn, the next step is to weigh the interests of the employee in expression a nd the employer in regulating speech. See Lytle , 138 F.3d at 863. If the speech is protected beca use the employee’s interests outweigh the employer’s, “the employee must show that the-15-

speech was a substantial or motivating factor for t he challenged governmental action.” Id. If the employee meets this burden, the employer m ust show that it would have taken the same action regardless of the protected speech. See id.
We conclude, based on the record as a whole, Ms. Ad ams was speaking on matters of purely personal concern. Her speech rel ated to her personal grievances, not to a broader public purpose. See David v. City & County of Denver , 101 F.3d 1344, 1355 (10th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 157 (1997). Although Ms. Adams contends sexual harassm ent is annoying, embarrassing and demeaning to women in general and to any women in the office who overheard it or were subjected to it, and that every woman should be able to stop such behavior without fear of punishment, thes e allegations are merely theoretical. See Woodward v. City of Worland, 977 F.2d 1392, 1403-04 (10th Cir. 1992) (speech was personal even though general refe rences were made that other women may have been subjected to sexual harassment) , cert. denied, 509 U.S. 923 (1993). The speech at issue concerned allegati ons of sexual harassment affecting only Ms. Adams. At no time did she argue harassment interfered with the performance of governmental responsibilities. See David, 101 F.3d at 1356. We agree with the district court’s legal conclusion that Ms. Adams’ speech did-16-

not involve matters of public concern. See Rankin v. McPherson , 483 U.S. 378, 386 n.9 (1987) (whether speech is protected is ques tion of law).
Mr. Samuel contends he responded to the EEOC invest igation honestly because he owed it to Ms. Adams and other females t o do so. Because he had nothing to gain personally from responding honestly , especially since he was asked to respond in the best interests of the City, he contends his speech was a matter of public concern.
Whether Mr. Samuel’s speech is a matter of public c oncern is a somewhat closer question. His internal response noting onlya single episode of sexual harassment may be enough to establish speech rising to the level of public
concern. Cf. Starrett v. Wadley , 876 F.2d 808, 817 (10th Cir. 1989) (speech disclosing any evidence of impropriety by city offi cial involves matter of public concern). Assuming the speech is constitutionally protected, we conclude, as did the district court, Mr. Samuel failed to present any evidence indicating he was terminated in retaliation for his response to the E EOC investigation. See Wulf v. City of Wichita , 883 F.2d 842, 856-57 (10th Cir. 1989) (“Upon a fi nding that the speech in question is constitutionally protected, t he plaintiff must prove that the speech was a substantial or motivating factor in th e challenged employment-17-

decision.”). There is no evidence any individual d efendant commented to Mr. Samuel regarding his EEOC response, or that his res ponse was inconsistent with the City’s position that no discrimination or retal iation had taken place during the relevant time period. Nothing in Mr. Samuel’s resp onse would have assisted Ms. Adams in proving her discrimination claim. There i s no evidence of any connection between Mr. Samuel's EEOC response and h is termination. Based on the record, we conclude Mr. Samuel was terminated f or nonretaliatory reasons.
Mr. Samuel and Ms. Adams failed to prove a First Am endment violation. Therefore, the district court correctly granted sum mary judgment in favor of the individual defendants. We need not address their q ualified immunity defense. See Lytle , 138 F.3d at 863.
Mr. Samuel and Ms. Adams argue the City is liable u nder § 1983 because each of the individual defendants was a policy make r. A municipality may be held liable for § 1983 claims only if its custom orpolicy results in a violation of federal law. See David, 101 F.3d at 1357 (citing Monell v. New York City Dep’t of Social Servs. , 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978)). Because plaintiffs’ § 1983 allegations against the City are the same as those against the individual defendants, our conclusion that there was no First Amendment violation also-18-

establishes the City’s entitlement to summary judgm ent on this issue. See id. at 1358; see also United States v. Sandoval , 29 F.3d 537, 542 n.6 (10th Cir. 1994) (permitting affirmance of district court’s decisionon any ground for which there is sufficient record to permit conclusions of law).
B. EQUAL PROTECTION Although it is not clear from the briefs on appeal, Ms. Adams appears to be arguing her equal protection rights were violated w hen she was singled out for transfer and later terminated in retaliation for co mplaining about the transfer. The district court concluded Ms. Adams presented no evidence of a causal connection between her termination and any prior co mplaints of sexual harassment or discrimination. We agree. Thus, the re was no deliberate deprivation of her equal protection rights. See Woodward, 972 F.2d at 1399. Because there was no equal protection violation, th e district court correctly granted summary judgment for the individual defendants and for the City.

V. STATE LAW CLAIMS Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel raised various Oklahoma st ate law claims against the City. “When exercising jurisdiction ov er pendent state claims, we must apply the substantive law of the forum state a nd reach the same decision we-19-

believe that state’s highest court would, just as w e would if our jurisdiction rested on diversity of citizenship.” Lytle , 138 F.3d at 868.

A. BREACH OF CONTRACT Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel both argue the City breach ed their respective employment contracts by failing to follow applicabl e policies and procedures requiring progressive discipline and a “pre-determi nation” hearing before dismissal from employment. Ms. Adams and Mr. Samue l state they were denied an opportunity to defend themselves prior to termin ation and were not told the actual reasons for their dismissal when terminated. Mr. Samuel also argues there were various irregularities in his post-terminationgrievance proceedings. The district court concluded any pretermination procedu ral defects were remedied by the full post-termination proceedings.
Because the Oklahoma City Charter permits the city manager to dismiss employees for the good of the City, Ms. Adams and M r. Samuel do not claim a property interest in their employment. See Driggins v. City of Okla. City , 954 F.2d 1511, 1514 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 843 (1992). Oklahoma courts, however, will enforce grievance procedures set forth in a personnel manual when the procedural protections establish entitlement to the procedures themselves. See-20-

Carnes v. Parker , 922 F.2d 1506, 1511 (10th Cir. 1991); see also Breshears v. Moore , 792 P.2d 91, 92 (Okla. Ct. App. 1990) (holding po licies and procedures create duty on employer to do certain things before discharge even though employer has right to discharge any employee at anytime for any reason).
The City’s policies and procedures provide that the employee must be informed of the reasons for dismissal and provided an opportunity to rebut any charges prior to dismissal. Even dismissal for car dinal infractions precluding rehiring, such as gross insubordination, normally r equires a pre-determination hearing to allow the employee to respond to the cha rges. The relevant department policies and procedures set forth a normal progress ion of disciplinary actions consisting of two informal actions followed by thre e formal actions, a written reprimand, suspension without pay, and finally dism issal. This policy further recognizes, however, that for serious violations, d ismissal may be warranted as a first step.
The City denies that these policies and procedures require progressive discipline or pretermination hearings. As a matterof law, we conclude Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel were not entitled to progressi ve discipline. The policies of the City apparently permit a subjective determin ation of what behavior is-21-

serious enough to warrant dismissal as a first step . However, we further conclude the City’s policies do establish entitlement to a p re-determination hearing prior to dismissal.
The City acknowledges Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel were terminated without “any real advance notice.” The City claims it provided minimal compliance with its policies and procedures, noting Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel were told their terminations were for the good of t he City and were given an opportunity to rebut that charge when they met indi vidually with Mr. Terrell. The City admits, however, that this pretermination proc ess was not elaborate. Cf. III Appellants’ App. at 1002 (Mr. Bown testified that h e did not recall Ms. Adams or Mr. Samuel having pre-determination hearings). Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel dispute the adequacy of these pretermination proced ures. See, e.g., id. at 917-18 (Ms. Adams testified that she had an opportunity to discuss reasons for her termination, but only after her termination).
Because there is a genuine issue of material fact a s to whether Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel received adequate pre-determination hearings, we conclude the district court erred in granting summary judgment o n this issue. Accordingly, the action is remanded for further proceedings on this breach of contract claim. See-22-

Kester v. City of Stilwell , 933 P.2d 952, 953-54 (Okla. Ct. App. 1997). Also , the action is remanded for the district court to consid er whether there were irregularities in Mr. Samuel’s post-termination gri evance proceedings.

B. BREACH OF AGREEMENT AND RELEASE OF CLAIMS Ms. Adams contends the City breached the agreement and release of claims it entered into with her to resolve her EEOC charge . The agreement provided, in pertinent part, that all written policies and proce dures of the City would apply to Ms. Adams, the City would not pursue any personnel action against her based on allegations made prior to the date of the agreement , and the agreement would remain confidential. According to Ms. Adams, the c onfidentiality of the agreement was breached by the City, much of the ret aliation she experienced after her return to the Building Management Division stem med from complaints raised at the time of her transfer, and she was terminated based on complaints made prior to the agreement.
We find no evidence to support this breach of contr act claim. The primary reason for her termination was her conduct toward M r. Spencer, which occurred after the settlement agreement. See II Appellants’ App. at 587-88. Ms. Adams’ assertion of breach of confidentiality is conclusory and unsupported; she merely-23-

states that a vendor told her another city employee was talking about the agreement. The district court correctly granted su mmary judgment on this breach of contract claim.

C. DEFAMATION Ms. Adams and Mr. Samuel allege the memorandum written by Mr. Spencer defamed them. The district court determined the Ci ty could not be liable because there was no evidence the allegedly defamatory memo randum was ever published and because Mr. Spencer was acting outside the scop e of his employment when he wrote the memorandum.
We also fail to find any evidence of publication. See Young v. First State Bank, 628 P.2d 707, 713 (Okla. 1981) (plaintiff has bur den of proving publication, which is essential element of defamati on). Moreover, even if the memorandum was published internally, such internal publication is not actionable under Oklahoma defamation law. Cf. Starr v. Pearle Vision, Inc. , 54 F.3d 1548, 1553 (10th Cir. 1995) (“intracompany communications do not constitute actionable publication under Oklahoma defamation law”). Because there was no evidence of publication, there is no need to discus s whether Mr. Spencer was3 On remand, the district court will need to conduc t the appropriate analysis to

determine if it should retain jurisdiction over thi s pendent state claim in light of the disposition of the federal causes of action. See Anglemyer v. Hamilton County Hosp. , 58 F.3d 533, 541 (10th Cir. 1995); Thatcher Enters. v. Cache County Corp. , 902 F.2d 1472, 1478 (10th Cir. 1990).
-24- acting within the scope of his employment. We conc lude the district court correctly granted summary judgment on the defamatio n claim.
The judgment of the United States District Court fo r the Western District of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED and REMANDED in part for further proceedings on plaintiffs’ breach of contra ct claim. 3

Entered for the Court
WADE BRORBY United States Circuit Judge