* Honorable Harry W. Wellford, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-4884. Walter L. STONE, individually, and as Natural Guardian of S.P.S., a minor, Plaintiff-Appellant.

v. Georgene WALL, Gina Wall Masters on, Brock Green, Defendants-Appellees. March 2, 1998. Appeal from the United States Di strict Court for the Southern Di strict of Florida. (No. 95-2588-CVSM), Stanley Marcus, Judge. Before EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, and CLARK and WELLFORD * , Senior Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from the district c ourt's order of dismissal and from the district court's denial of Plaintiffs' moti on to vacate, alter, or amend the order of dismissal. Because the district court erred in abstaining in this case, we are inclined to vacate and remand. But, because uncertainty exists about whether a cause of action exists under state law, we certify a question to the Florida Supreme Court.

I. Plaintiff Walter Stone, a natural guardian of S. P.S., and Plaintiff S.P.S., a minor, filed this diversity action against Defendants Georgene Wall, Gina Wall Masterson, and Brock Green seeking to recover damages, costs, and attorneys' fees in connection with Stone's recovery of custody of the minor child S.P.S. Plaintiffs are residents of Missi ssippi. Stone is the parent and natural guardian of S.P.S., his1 Stone hired a private detective to determine S.P.S.'s location; and then he took physical custody of his child with the knowledge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Commonwealth Attorney in Virginia, and the Cherry Hills, Colorado Police Department. minor daughter. He was formerly married to the mother of S.P.S., Gwen Lindgren. Defendant Green is a resident of Virginia and is an attorney for Wall and Masterson. Wall is a resident of Florida and is the mother of Lindgren (grandmother of S.P.S.). Masterson is a resident of Colorado and is Wall's daughter (aunt of S.P.S.). In 1987 Stone and Lindgren were divorced in Virginia. In 1994, Stone exercised his visitation rights with S.P.S. at his home in Mississippi . Stone says that he then was informed by his ex-wife, Lindgren, that she had been diagnosed w ith brain cancer and was not expected to live more than six months. At Lindgren's request, Stone allo wed the child to return to Virginia and to stay with Lindgren, for Lindgren's final days. Plaintiffs further allege that, when Stone returned with S.P.S. to Virginia, Wall asked about Stone's plans for the custody of S.P.S. upon the death of Lindgren. Wall said that she de sired that custody of the child be given to Masterson. Stone informed Wall that he would take full custody of S.P.S. and live in Mississippi. Plaintiffs allege that Defendants Green, Wall, and Masterson acted with intent to interfere with Stone's custody of S.P.S. In addition, Defendant s conspired, in Florida, to remove S.P.S. from Virginia to Colorado without the consent of Stone, who was the parent and natural guardian of S.P.S. According to the Complaint, Defendants (1) removed the child from Virginia before the death of her mother; (2) refused to respond to Stone's inquiries about the whereabouts of his child; (3) executed a guardianship/entrustment agreement w ithout the knowledge and consent of Stone; (4) concealed the guardianship agreement from Stone; (5) continued to conceal the child, who Stone located only by his own efforts; and (6) refused to return the child to Stone despite repeated requests and despite Stone's status as the natural guardian legally entitled to custody of the child. 1The district court concluded that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim (under Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 12[b][6]) and that, even if a claim were stated, other grounds warranted abstention from the exercise of diversity jurisdiction. Plaintiffs filed a motion to vacate, alter, or amend the order of dismissal; the motion was denied.

II. A. Diversity Jurisdiction and Abstention. The Supreme Court in Ankenbrandt v. Richards, 504 U.S. 689, 112 S.Ct. 2206, 119 L.Ed.2d 468 (1992), reaffirmed the "domestic relations exception" to exercising diversity jurisdiction and noted that this exception "divests the federal c ourts of power to issue divorce, alimony, and child custody decrees." 504 U.S. at 703, 112 S.Ct. at 2215. In addition, the Court wrote that even when subject-matter jurisdiction might be proper, su fficient grounds may exist to warrant a court's abstention from the exercise of jurisdiction. Id. at 704, 112 S.Ct. at 2215. The Court suggested that abstention in family-law disputes might be appropriate when "the suit depended on a determination of the status of the parties." Id. at 706, 112 S.Ct. at 2216. But, according to the Court, "[i]t is axiomatic ... that abstention from the exercise of federal jurisdiction is the exception, not the rule.... Abstention rarely should be invoked, because th e federal courts have a virtually unflagging obligation ... to exercise the jurisdiction given them." Id. at 705, 112 S.Ct. at 2215 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Plaintiffs claim that this lawsu it does not seek a decree within the Ankenbrandt exception, but merely charges Defendants with a tort. Also, Plaintiffs stress that they do not have (and have never had) a marital or parental relationship withDefendants and contend th at this case involves no complicated examination of custody law. In additi on, Plaintiffs point out that the abstention issue was not raised by the Defendants, but by the district court.We reverse a district court's decision to ab stain when there is an abuse of discretion. Rindley v. Gallagher, 929 F.2d 1552, 1554 (11th Cir.1991) . We have previously considered the domestic relations exception in Ingram v. Hayes, 866 F.2d 368 (11th Cir.1988), where we wrote that courts should not abstain when the following factors are absent: (1) strong state interest in domestic relations; (2) competency of state courts in settling family disputes; (3) the possibility of incompatible federal and state decrees in cases of continuing judicial supervision by the state; and (4) the problem of congested federal court dockets . 866 F.2d at 370. We pointed out that the main point was whether the litigation would mandate an inquiry into the "marital or parent-child relationship." Id. In considering this case, the district court acknowledged that Plaintiffs did not fall squarely within the domestic relations exception, but found th at—because the resolution of Plaintiffs' claim for damages would require an examination of the facts and circumstances of the domestic relations between the parties—a sufficient basis for abstention existed. Also, the district court stressed that, even if Plaintiffs could state a claim, abstenti on would be appropriate because of (1) the need to address custody issues; (2) the federal judiciary's l ack of experience in this legal area; and (3) the disruption to the balancing of state policy with respect to custody law. The exception enunciated in Ingram is to be read narrowly and does not—at least, ordinarily—include third parties in its scope. Th is case does not involve inquiry into the existence of a disputed parent-child relationship; nor is it a dispute between parents over a child. Here a grandmother, aunt, and their lawyer allegedly c onspired to abduct, and then abducted, a minor child who had identifiable natural parents. Defendants seemingly had no legal claim of custody2 During oral argument, Defendants' lawyer stated that a guardianship/entrustment agreement had been signed by Lindgren before her death (trans ferring guardianship of S.P.S. to her sister). The lawyer said that he was not addressing the "legal efficacy" of this agreement on appeal.

3 Abstention was also incorrect because the court abstained and then decided the case on its merits. If a court states that abstention is appropriate in a case, it should not then adjudicate the case on its merits by granting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. The order of dismissal here defeats the purpose of the abstention doctrine, which is to abst ain from reaching the merits of certain claims. See O'Hair v. White, 675 F.2d 680, 692-93 (5th Cir.1982); Barrett v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 444 F.2d 38, 40 (5th Cir.1971). whatsoever: they had no court decree giving them custody of the child. 2And, the record reflects that Defendants have never specifically argued thatthey had lawful custody. Rather than seeking custody through state courts, they just took the minor child. We conclude that this case is just a tort suit for money damages. The suit does not fit our domestic-relations-exception precedents. And we are not inclined to extend that exception to include these circumstances. Because abstention was inappropriate, 3 we now address whether, under Florida law, a cause of action exists for the alleged tort. B. Which State Law to Apply/the Rule 59 Motion. On appeal, Plaintiffs claim that a cause of action exists under both Virginia and Florida law. The Complaint alleged tortious acts within Florida. After the Complaint had already been dismissed, Plaintiffs contended in their Rule 59 mo tion that, because the action accrued in Virginia, Virginia law should apply. Plaintiffs also state th at, even if Florida law applies, both Virginia and Florida are common law states and recognize the co mmon law claims of the father and minor child. Because this case is brought into federal cour t based on diversity of the citizenship of the parties, the substantive law of the forum must be applied (including its rules applicable to choice-of-law problems). LaFarge Corp. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 118 F.3d 1511, 1515 (11th Cir.1997). Under Florida law, courts are required to take judicial notice of the common law andstatutes of all sister states, however, "such judici al notice can only be taken after one party has raised the issue of foreign law through pl eadings, thereby providing the other party with reasonable notice." Schubot v. Schubot, 363 So.2d 841, 842 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1978). Fore ign law is a fact to be pleaded and proved; and when the contrary is not alleged, the law of the sister state will be assumed to be the same as Florida law. Collins v. Collins, 160 Fla. 732, 36 So.2d 417, 417 (1948). The First Amended Complaint (the complaint wh ich was the subject of the district court's dismissal) alleges the following: At times material ... [Defendant Masterson] ... committed tortious acts or engaged in activity within the State of Florida ... which is the basis of the cause of action herein.

.... At all times material ... [Defendant Green] committed tortious acts ... within the State of Florida ... [with Defendants Wall and/or Mast erson], who were present in Dade County, Florida ... which is the basis of the cause of action herein. Although the Complaint specifically alleged tortious acts in Florida, Plaintiffs mentioned Virginia in the following statements: (1) Plaintiff Stone and Lindgren were divorced in Virginia; (2) Plaintiff Stone had custody rights to S.P.S. under Virginia law; (3) Lindgren lived in Virginia; and (4) S.P.S. was taken from Virginia to Colo rado. At no point, however, did the Complaint allege that Virginia law is the applicable law, or set out what Virginia law is, or hint that Virginia law is different from Florida law in some material respect. When deciding whether to dismiss the Complaint, the district court—given the pleadings then before it—did not err in concluding that it would judge the Complaint under Florida law. And it was no abuse of discretion for the district court later to deny the Rule 59(e) motion after the case's dismissal. The Rule 59 motion claimed, among other things, that the choice of law to be applied to this cause of action was Virginia law. But, as far as the record shows, possible application of Virginia law was not specifically raised until the Rule 59 motion was filed. At all pertinent timesbefore the order of dismissal, th e district court was asked to look at Florida law. Therefore, when it was time to raise a dispute about choice of laws , there seems to have been no controversy about what state's law applied: Florida law. The purpose of a Rule 59(e) motion is not to raise an argument that was previously available, but not pressed. So, the question properly presented to the district court, and now to us, is whether a cause of action exists under Florida law. C. Existence of a Claim Under Florida Law. The test for sufficiency of the compla int was set out by the Supreme Court in Conley v. Gibson: In appraising the sufficiency of the complaint we follow ... the accepted rule that a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to stat e a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 101-02, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957). We review a district court's grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. McKusick v. City of Melbourne, Fla., 96 F.3d 478, 482 (11th Cir.1996). In doing so, we view the facts in the light most favorable for the plaintiffs-appellants. Welch v. Laney, 57 F.3d 1004, 1008 (11th Cir.1995). Plaintiffs claim that this case presents an issue of first impression and that their cause of action is based on the common law action for interference with a parent/child relationship or abduction. They rely on two cases and the Restat ement of Torts, Second, § 700 to establish this claim; see Pickle v. Page, 252 N.Y. 474, 169 N.E. 650 (1930); Armstrong v. McDonald, 39 Ala.App. 485, 103 So.2d 818 (1958). No Supreme Court of Florida decision squarelyaddresses whether a cause of action exists in the circumstances presented by this case. S o, we certify the following question to the Supreme4 We are aware that Defendants objected to personal jurisdiction and venue. And, these defenses were not addressed by the district court. But, we have looked at the record and are comfortable that for at least one Defendant, Georgene Wall—a Florida resident—personal jurisdiction and venue are appropriate. So, the question of whether the Complaint states a claim should be outcome-determinative, at least for thisDefendant. Jurisdiction may also be proper for the other Defendants. See Wilcox v. Stout, 637 So.2d 335, 336-37 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1994) (if any member of a conspiracy commits tortious act within state in furtherance of conspiracy, then all conspirators are subject to jurisdiction); United States v. Schlei, 122 F.3d 944, 975 (11th Cir.1997) (conspiracy may be prosecuted in the district where an overt act was committed—overt act need not be a crime). Thus, we feel justified in asking our colleagues on the Florida Supreme Court to consider advising us now on this question of Florida law. Court of Florida for resolution: 4

WHETHER A CAUSE OF ACTION EXISTS FOR INTERFERENCE WITH THE PARENT/CHILD RELATIONSHIP WHERE A THIRD PARTY (THAT IS, A NONPARENT WHO HAS NO CUSTODY RIGHTS OVER THAT CHILD) INTENTIONALLY ABDUCTS A MINOR CHILD FROM A PARENT LEGALLY ENTITLED TO THE CHILD'S CUSTODY. Our phrasing of this question is intended in no way to limit the Supreme Court of Florida in its inquiry and consideration of the various probl ems and issues posed by the entire case as the Supreme Court perceives them to be. To assist its determination, the entire record and the briefs of the parties shall be transmitted to the Supreme Court of Florida. QUESTION CERTIFIED.