NEW

JERSEY

Pinelands

Stream gaging

Hydrograph analysis

Water-level monitoring

Measuring precipitation

Water-table map

Gradient analysis Water budgets

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5056

Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission

Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the 

Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage 

Basins in the Pinelands of Southern 

New Jersey, 2004–06

By Richard L. Walker, Robert S. Nicholson, and Donald A. Storck

Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission

Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5056

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011

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Suggested citation:

Walker, R.L., Nicholson, R.S., and Storck, D.A., 2011, Hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins in the Pinelands 

of southern New Jersey, 2004–06: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5056, 145 p.
iii

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge USGS colleagues Emmanuel Charles and Ralph Haefner, and Pinelands Commission scientists Allison Brown, John Bunnell, Kim Laidig, Nicholas 

Procopio, and Robert Zampella for providing helpful comments that greatly improved this report.

The authors also gratefully acknowledge the local and State officials who provided assistance in identifying and accessing locations for well installation and provided information about 

local water use and management or surface water at various locations in Winslow Township 

in Camden County; Brendan T. Byrne State Forest in Burlington County; Wharton State Forest 

in Atlantic, Burlington, and Camden Counties; and Richard Stockton College in Atlantic County, 

and also for their cooperation in providing access to wells and streams for collection of hydrologic data during this study. We also wish to acknowledge the gracious technical assistance of 

Allison Brown, Kim Laidig, and Robert Zampella in providing water-level measurements at many 

sites in wetland areas and for their guidance in refining the depth-to-water mapping methods in 

wetland areas. The cooperation of the many private well owners who kindly provided access to 

their wells for water-level measurements is greatly appreciated. The authors thank their USGS 

colleagues Robert Atkinson, Guerino Centinaro, Lawrence Feinson, Kenneth Hayes, Walter 

Jones, Thomas Moffett, Timothy Reilly, Robert Rosman, Jason Shvanda, Andrew Watson, and 

Blaine White for technical advice, field assistance, well installation, and establishing surfacewater sites; and Emmanuel Charles, William Ellis, Pamela Reilly, Kara Watson, Christine 

Wieben, Gregory Simpson, and Denis Sun for technical guidance and assistance with report 

preparation and illustrations, database construction, and data validation.
iv

Contents

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................iii

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................2

Description of Study Areas .................................................................................................................4

Previous Investigations........................................................................................................................5

Well-Numbering System......................................................................................................................6

Methods of Investigation..............................................................................................................................6

Data Network.........................................................................................................................................7

Wells and Well-Installation Methods.......................................................................................7

Surface-Water Sites..................................................................................................................11

Data Collection ...................................................................................................................................11

Groundwater Levels ..................................................................................................................12

Streamflow..................................................................................................................................12

Synoptic Measurements ..........................................................................................................12

Water-Table Mapping ........................................................................................................................13

Water Budgets ...................................................................................................................................15

Streamflow (Qdr and Qb) ............................................................................................................16

Land-Surface Water-Budget Terms .......................................................................................16

Precipitation (P) ...............................................................................................................16

Artificial Discharge to Surface-Water Bodies (Das) ...................................................18

Change in Storage (Surface Water, ∆Ssw) ...................................................................18

Change in Soil Moisture (∆Ssm) ......................................................................................18

Evapotranspiration (ET) ..................................................................................................18

Water Use (Surface-Water Diversions, Ws) ................................................................19

Recharge (Rs and Rg) .......................................................................................................19

Groundwater-Budget Terms ....................................................................................................19

Artificial Discharge to the Aquifer System (Dag) .........................................................19

Groundwater Inflow/Outflow (Ri) ...................................................................................20

Water Use (Groundwater Withdrawals, Wg) ...............................................................20

Leakage (L) ........................................................................................................................20

Change in Storage (Groundwater, ∆Sgw) ......................................................................20

Hydrologic Assessment .............................................................................................................................20

Albertson Brook Study Area ............................................................................................................21

Groundwater Levels ..................................................................................................................21

Streamflow..................................................................................................................................23

Synoptic Measurements .........................................................................................................23

Water Budget .............................................................................................................................39

McDonalds Branch Study Area ......................................................................................................44

Groundwater Levels ..................................................................................................................45

Streamflow..................................................................................................................................48

Synoptic Measurements .........................................................................................................49
v

Water Budget .............................................................................................................................61

Morses Mill Stream Study Area.......................................................................................................67

Groundwater Levels ..................................................................................................................68

Streamflow..................................................................................................................................70

Synoptic Measurements .........................................................................................................72

Water Budget ............................................................................................................................83

Characteristics of Pinelands Drainage Basins..............................................................................91

Summary and Conclusions.........................................................................................................................95

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................98

Figures

1. Map showing location of the Pinelands study areas, Atlantic, Burlington, and 

Camden Counties, New Jersey ..................................................................................................3

2. Map showing location of selected groundwater and surface-water network sites 

and hydrologic transects, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands...............8

3. Map showing location of selected groundwater and surface-water network sites 

and hydrologic transects, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands .........9

4. Map showing location of selected groundwater and surface-water network sites 

and hydrologic transects, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands.......10

5. Map showing location of evapotranspiration, precipitation, and surface-water sites 

used to develop water budgets for three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands .......17

6. Graphs showing groundwater levels in (A) upper and (B) lower basin-monitoring 

wells and (C) precipitation, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 

2004–06 .........................................................................................................................................22

7. Graphs showing groundwater levels in (A) Albertson Brook 1 (B) Albertson Brook 2, 

wetland-monitoring wells and (C) precipitation, Albertson Brook study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06...............................................................................................24

8. Graphs showing surface-water stage and discharge at (A) Pump Branch near 

Elm and (B) Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ, gaging stations and (C) 

precipitation, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06...................25

9. Map showing location of selected sites used for synoptic water-level measurements, 

Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April and September 2005............26

10. Map showing altitude of water table, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey 

Pinelands, April 2005 ..................................................................................................................30

11. Map showing altitude of water table, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey 

Pinelands, September 2005.......................................................................................................32

12. Map showing depth to water table, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 

April 2005......................................................................................................................................34

13. Histogram showing percentage distribution of depth to water in Albertson Brook 

basin, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005 ............................35

14. Map showing location of five wetlands hydrologic transects and graphs showing 

water levels and hydraulic gradients along the transects during high (April) and low 

(September) flow, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005..........................36

15. Map showing surface-water discharge at selected locations, Albertson Brook 

basin, New Jersey Pinelands, April and September 2005 ...................................................37
vi

16. Graph showing components of the land-surface water budget by month, Albertson 

Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06.................................................42

17. Graph showing components of the groundwater budget by month, Albertson Brook 

basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06 ............................................................43

18. Graph showing comparison of monthly land-surface and groundwater recharge, 

Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06 ..............................44

19. Graphs showing groundwater levels in (A) upper and (B) lower basin-monitoring 

wells and (C) precipitation, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 

2004–06 .........................................................................................................................................46

20. Graphs showing groundwater levels in (A) McDonalds Branch 1, (B) McDonalds 

Branch 2, and (C) MBHT5-1D wetland-monitoring wells and (D) precipitation, 

McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06......................................47

21. Graphs showing (A) surface-water stage and discharge at McDonalds Branch 

and (B) precipitation, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 

2004–06 .........................................................................................................................................49

22. Map showing location of selected sites used for synoptic water-level measurements, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April and 

September 2005...........................................................................................................................50

23. Map showing altitude of water table, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey 

Pinelands, April 2005 ..................................................................................................................54

24. Map showing altitude of water table, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey 

Pinelands, September 2005.......................................................................................................56

25. Map showing depth to water table, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey 

Pinelands, April 2005 ..................................................................................................................58

26. Histogram showing percentage distribution of depth to water in McDonalds Branch 

basin, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005.......................59

27. Map showing location of five wetlands hydrologic transects and graphs showing

water levels and hydraulic gradients along the transects during high (April) and 

low (September) flow, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.............60

28. Map showing surface-water discharge at selected locations, McDonalds Branch 

basin, New Jersey Pinelands, April and September 2005 ...................................................62

29. Graph showing components of the land-surface water budget by month, 

McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06 ........................65

30. Graph showing components of the groundwater budget by month, McDonalds 

Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06 ..............................................66

31. Graph showing comparison of monthly land-surface and groundwater recharge, 

McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06 ........................67

32. Graphs showing groundwater levels in (A) upper and (B) lower basin-monitoring 

wells and (C) precipitation, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 

2004–06 .........................................................................................................................................69

33. Graphs showing groundwater levels in (A) Richard Stockton College 1 (B) Richard 

Stockton College 2 wetland-monitoring wells and (C) precipitation, Morses Mill 

Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06............................................................71

34. Graphs showing surface-water stage and discharge at (A) Morses Mill Stream at 

Port Republic, NJ, gaging station and (B) precipitation, Morses Mill Stream study 

area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06 ....................................................................................72

35. Map showing location of selected sites used for synoptic water-level measurements, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, May and 

September 2005...........................................................................................................................74
vii

36. Map showing altitude of water table, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey 

Pinelands, May 2005...................................................................................................................76

37. Map showing altitude of water table, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey 

Pinelands, September 2005.......................................................................................................78

38. Map showing depth to water table, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey 

Pinelands, May 2005...................................................................................................................80

39. Histogram showing percentage distribution of depth to water in Morses Mill Stream 

basin, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, May 2005.......................81

40. Map showing location of five wetlands hydrologic transects and graphs showing 

water levels and hydraulic gradients along the transects during high (May) and 

low (September) flow, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005 ............82

41. Map showing surface-water discharge at selected locations, Morses Mill Stream 

basin, May and September 2005 ..............................................................................................84

42. Graph showing components of the land-surface water budget by month, Morses 

Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06.......................................88

43. Graph showing components of the groundwater budget by month, Morses Mill 

Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06 ..............................................89

44. Graph showing comparison of monthly land-surface and groundwater recharge, 

Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06........................90

Tables

1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage 

basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06...............................................................................102

2. Descriptions of selected surface-water sites used in the hydrologic assessment 

of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06...............................................119

3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2005...................................................................................................123

4. Base-flow measurements for selected streams in three drainage basin study 

areas, New Jersey Pinelands, spring and summer, 2005 ....................................................38

5. Basin water budget for Albertson Brook, Atlantic and Camden Counties, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06...............................................................................................40

6. Basin water budget for McDonalds Branch, Burlington County, New Jersey 

Pinelands, 2005–06 .....................................................................................................................63

7. Basin water budget for Morses Mill Stream, Atlantic County, New Jersey 

Pinelands, 2005–06 .....................................................................................................................86

8. Summary of average annual water budget for Albertson Brook, McDonalds Branch, 

and Morses Mill Stream basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.....................................92
viii

Conversion Factors

SI to Inch/Pound

Multiply By To obtain

Length

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.)

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft)

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)

meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) 

Area

square meter (m2

) 0.0002471 acre

hectare (ha) 2.471 acre

square hectometer (hm2

) 2.471 acre

square kilometer (km2

) 247.1 acre

square meter (m2

) 10.76 square foot (ft2) 

hectare (ha) 0.003861 square mile (mi2

) 

square kilometer (km2

) 0.3861 square mile (mi2)

Volume

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

cubic meter (m3

) 264.2 gallon (gal)

cubic meter (m3) 0.0002642 million gallons (Mgal)

cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic foot (ft3)

cubic meter (m3

) 1.308 cubic yard (yd3) 

Flow rate

meter per second (m/s) 3.281 foot per second (ft/s)

cubic meter per second (m3/s) 35.31 cubic foot per second (ft3/s)

cubic meter per second per square 

kilometer [(m3

/s)/km2] 91.49 cubic foot per second per square mile [(ft3/s)/mi2]

cubic meter per day (m3

/d) 35.31 cubic foot per day (ft3/d) 

cubic meter per day (m3

/d) 264.2 gallon per day (gal/d) 

cubic meter per day per square

kilometer [(m3

/d)/km2] 684.28 gallon per day per square mile [(gal/d)/mi2]

cubic meter per second (m3

/s) 22.83 million gallons per day (Mgal/d)

cubic meter per day per square

kilometer [(m3

/d)/km2] 0.0006844 million gallons per day per square mile [(Mgal/d)/mi2]

Hydraulic conductivity

meter per day (m/d) 3.281 foot per day (ft/d)

Hydraulic gradient

meter per kilometer (m/km) 5.27983 foot per mile (ft/mi) 

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Water year refers to the 12-month period October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated

by the calendar year in which it ends and which includes 9 of the 12 months. Thus, the year ending September 30, 2005, is called the “2005 water year.”

Water-level and other data included in this report that were collected and are maintained by the New 

Jersey Pinelands Commission as part of the study known as the Kirkwood-Cohansey Project are available 

in electronic format upon request to the New Jersey Pinelands Commission, P.O. Box 359, New Lisbon, NJ, 

08064.

Abstract

The New Jersey Pinelands is an ecologically diverse 

area in the southern New Jersey Coastal Plain, most of which 

overlies the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. The demand 

for groundwater from this aquifer system is increasing as local 

development increases. Because any increase in groundwater 

withdrawals has the potential to affect streamflows and wetland water levels, and ultimately threaten the ecological health 

and diversity of the Pinelands ecosystem, the U.S. Geological 

Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission, began a multi-phase hydrologic investigation in 2004 

to characterize the hydrologic system supporting the aquatic 

and wetland communities of the New Jersey Pinelands area 

(Pinelands). The current investigation of the hydrology of 

three representative drainage basins in the Pinelands (Albertson Brook, McDonalds Branch, and Morses Mill Stream 

basins) included a compilation of existing data; collection of 

water-level and streamflow data; mapping of the water-table 

altitude and depth to the water table; and analyses of waterlevel and streamflow variability, subsurface gradients and flow 

patterns, and water budgets. 

During 2004–06, a hydrologic database of existing and 

new data from wells and stream sites was compiled. Methods of data collection and analysis were defined, and data 

networks consisting of 471 wells and 106 surface-water sites 

were established. Hydrographs from 26 water-level-monitoring wells and four streamflow-gaging stations were analyzed 

to show the response of water levels and streamflow to precipitation and recharge with respect to the locations of these 

wells and streams within each basin. Water-level hydrographs 

show varying hydraulic gradients and flow potentials, and 

indicate that responses to recharge events vary with well depth 

and proximity to recharge and discharge areas. 

Results of the investigation provide a detailed characterization of hydrologic conditions, processes, and relations among the components of the hydrologic cycle in the 

Pinelands. In the Pinelands, recharge replenishes the aquifer 

system and contributes to groundwater flow, most of which 

moves to wetlands and surface water where natural discharge 

occurs. Some groundwater flow is intercepted by supply wells. 

Recharge rates generally are highest during the non-growing 

season and are inversely related to evapotranspiration. Analysis of subsurface hydraulic gradients, water-table fluctuations, 

and streamflow variability indicates a strong linkage between 

groundwater and wetlands, lakes and streams. Gradient analysis indicates that most wetlands are in groundwater discharge 

areas, but some wetlands are in groundwater recharge areas. 

The depth to the water table ranges from zero at surface-water 

features up to about 10 meters in topographically high areas. 

Depth to water fluctuates seasonally, and the magnitude of 

these fluctuations generally increases with distance from 

surface water. Variations in the permeability of the soils and 

sediments of the aquifer system strongly affect patterns of 

water movement through the subsurface and the interaction of 

groundwater with wetlands, lakes and streams.

Mean annual streamflow during 2004–06 ranged from 83 

to 106 percent of the long-term mean annual discharge, indicating that the data-collection period can be considered representative of average conditions. Measurements of groundwater 

levels, stream stage, and stream discharge and locations of 

start-of-flow are illustrated in basin-wide maps of water-table 

altitude, depth to the water table, and stream base flow during 

the period.

Water-level data collected along 15 hydrologic transects 

that span the range of environments from uplands through 

wetlands to surface water were used to determine hydraulic 

gradients, potential flow directions, and areas of recharge and 

discharge. These data provide information about the localized interactions of groundwater with wetlands and surface 

water. Wetlands were categorized with respect to whether 

they lie in groundwater recharge or groundwater discharge 

areas. Recharge-area wetlands and nearby surface water are 

supported by local precipitation and groundwater that moves 

along short flow paths; therefore, they are sensitive to drought 

conditions. Discharge-area wetlands and surface water also 

receive local groundwater but also benefit from more persistent regional groundwater flow, which continues to support the 

wetlands and surface water during dry periods when the more 

localized, shallow groundwater flow is reduced or has ceased. 

Geologic characteristics of sediments overlying and 

within the unconfined aquifer can limit infiltration and 

recharge rates and affect the flow of groundwater that supports wetland water levels and streamflow. Low-permeability 

Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the 

Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

By Richard L. Walker, Robert S. Nicholson, and Donald A. Storck 
2 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

sediments, common in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, were identified as the cause of localized mounding of the 

water table and, therefore, support local wetlands and streamflow. The extent and effectiveness of the low-permeability 

layers varied considerably in the areas studied; this variability 

may directly affect interactions among the groundwater, wetlands, and surface water. 

Water budgets, a means of hydrologic accounting in 

which system inflows are balanced by outflows and changes in 

storage, were developed to quantify major components of the 

hydrologic cycle in the three basins. Water-budget components 

were evaluated monthly to examine seasonal variations in, 

and relations among, them. Monthly recharge to the aquifer 

system, estimated as a residual, was as much as 20 centimeters 

during “wet” months when the sum of inflows (primarily precipitation) exceeded the sum of outflows plus the net change 

in storage. Recharge was occasionally negative (as small as 

-5 centimeters) during “dry” months when the sum of outflows 

(primarily evapotranspiration) exceeded the sum of inflows 

plus the net change in storage. The water-budget analysis 

shows that the hydrologic system supporting the Pinelands 

wetland and aquatic habitats is dynamic and is potentially sensitive to variations in components of the hydrologic budget. 

Introduction

The New Jersey Pinelands area (Pinelands) (fig.1) is 

a 3,797-km2 portion of the 4,450-km2 Pinelands National 

Reserve in southern New Jersey that overlies the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system in the Atlantic Coastal Plain (New 

Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1981). This ecologically 

diverse area supports a variety of habitats and is home to 

many threatened and endangered species. The landscape is a 

patchwork of forested uplands, agricultural areas, and developed residential and commercial land, in addition to forested 

lowlands that encompass areas of wetlands and surface water. 

In the Pinelands, wetlands have been delineated by several 

factors including the seasonal depth to the water table (a critical determinant of viable wetland habitat), soil conditions, and 

the presence of plants recognized as wetland species. In this 

report, the term “wetlands” includes (1) those areas delineated 

as such by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP, 1999) and (2) areas of standing water, herein 

called swamps.

Demand for water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer 

system is increasing in response to growth within the Pinelands and nearby areas. New Jersey Public Law 2001, chapter 

165, directs the Pinelands Commission and named cooperating 

partners to “assess and prepare a report on the key hydrologic 

and ecological information necessary to determine how the 

current and future water supply needs within the Pinelands 

area may be met while protecting the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system and while avoiding any adverse ecological 

impact on the Pinelands area.” The relation between key 

hydrologic and ecological attributes, therefore, needed to 

be characterized to (1) assess the effects of groundwater 

diversions from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system on 

streamflow and wetland water levels within the Pinelands and 

(2) determine the potential ecological effects of altered hydrology on aquatic and wetland communities. To help address this 

need, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with 

the Pinelands Commission, began a multi-phase hydrologic 

investigation in 2004 to characterize the hydrologic system 

supporting the Pinelands aquatic and wetland communities. 

This investigation is part of a multidisciplinary study referred 

to as “the Kirkwood-Cohansey Project” (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 2003). 

Three Pinelands drainage basins—the Albertson Brook, 

McDonalds Branch, and Morses Mill Stream basins—were 

selected for a detailed hydrologic assessment to provide the 

information needed to develop groundwater flow models 

that can be used to predict hydrologic responses to increased 

groundwater withdrawals. The first part of the hydrologic 

assessment was a comprehensive hydrogeologic investigation 

of each basin-oriented study area to characterize its hydrogeologic framework and prepare a hydrostratigraphic model 

of each study area (Walker and others, 2008). The second part 

of the assessment, which is the subject of this report, was an 

evaluation and quantification of the groundwater and surfacewater hydrologic processes in, and characteristics of, the three 

basins. This evaluation included water-table mapping and 

gradient analyses, streamflow measurements, development of 

water budgets, and characterization of wetland/groundwater/

surface-water interactions under unstressed conditions for each 

basin. The approach included (1) compiling available hydrologic data; (2) collecting additional hydrologic data needed to 

improve the conceptual understanding of the hydrologic system supporting aquatic and wetland habitat; (3) characterizing 

the functioning of the hydrologic system within the physical 

framework of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, including its connection to the wetlands and surface-water bodies; 

and (4) estimating the values of the water-budget components 

required to develop groundwater-flow models that can be used 

to predict hydrologic responses to withdrawal stresses. 

Purpose and Scope

This report characterizes the function of the hydrologic 

system in supporting wetlands and streamflow within each of 

the three study areas, utilizing previously available and new 

information to identify and document hydrogeologic characteristics that control groundwater/surface-water interactions. 

The methods used to establish data-collection sites, collect and 

analyze data from these sites, prepare maps of and sections 

through wetlands, and prepare monthly water budgets are 

described. 

The methods of data collection included compiling existing hydrologic information, installing 122 wells and shallow 

piezometers, equipping 26 wells for continuous monitoring, 
Introduction 3

Rancocas Creek

Mullica River

30

ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

295

73

30

322

206

40

70

72

50

NEW JERSEY TPK

GARDEN STATE 

PKWY

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON

CUMBERLAND

CAMDEN

GLOUCESTER

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK

DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

Morses Mill

Stream Albertson 

Brook

McDonalds 

Branch

0 20 40 10 MILES

0 20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

NEW JERSEY

75° 74°45' 74°30'

39°

30'

39°

45'

0

5

10 MILES

0

5

10 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Drainage-basin

Study area

New Jersey Pinelands area

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

Fall Line

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON CAMDEN

GLOUCESTER

Updip exent of the Kirkwood Formation

Morses Mill

Stream

McDonalds 

Branch

Albertson Brook

Figure 1. Location of the Pinelands study areas, Atlantic, Burlington, and Camden Counties, New Jersey.
4 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

installing 3 streamflow-gaging stations and installing 15 

stream staff gages. Data collection also included continuous 

monitoring of groundwater levels, stream stage, and periodic 

measurements of discharge to maintain up-to-date rating 

curves for the streamflow-gaging stations. The report also 

describes the methods used to make two synoptic groundwater-level, stream-stage, and streamflow measurements at 

numerous sites, one in spring and one in late summer 2005, 

using a network of new and existing sites, including 471 wells 

and 106 surface-water sites.

The hydrologic characteristics that control the natural 

interactions of groundwater with the overlying wetlands and 

surface-water bodies are described for each basin. Hydrographs of groundwater levels and streamflow are used to 

illustrate responses to precipitation events and provide insights 

about recharge, potential groundwater-flow directions, and 

vertical and horizontal hydraulic gradients in the aquifer system in upland areas and near wetlands and streams. Maps of 

the water table during spring and late summer 2005 are used 

to illustrate potential groundwater-flow directions during these 

two periods. Maps showing depth to the water table, a critical determinant of a viable wetland habitat, are presented for 

spring 2005, a period considered to represent average wetland 

water-table conditions in the three basins. Site-specific waterlevel and hydraulic-gradient data for 15 hydrologic transects 

are used to examine and describe the hydrologic characteristics controlling groundwater flow and discharge to wetlands 

and streams. In addition, maps showing the distribution of 

stream-discharge measurements that illustrate the intermittent 

and perennial stream reaches as defined during the two synoptic measurements in 2005 are presented for each study area. 

Monthly water budgets are developed for each study area 

from values of precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater 

and surface-water withdrawals, and stream discharge. These 

water budgets provide information needed to develop and calibrate groundwater-flow models for each of the study areas. 

Description of Study Areas

The study areas include three drainage basins—Albertson Brook, McDonalds Branch, and Morses Mill Stream 

(fig. 1)—that were selected from 39 candidate basins for the 

coordinated study of hydrology and ecology because they 

represent a range of typical hydrologic, geologic, and ecological conditions and landscape characteristics common to 

the Pinelands. Key hydrologic criteria for selection included 

aquifer thickness, drainage area, stream length, drainage 

density, accessibility for field work, past and current hydrologic monitoring and modeling, and current and potential 

future groundwater withdrawals from the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system. Major landscape characteristics such as land 

use, soil type, and landscape cover also were considered. 

For the purpose of this report, each study area consists of the 

drainage basin surrounded by a buffer area containing portions of the adjacent drainage basins. The study-area boundary 

is generally defined by the most distant basin divides of the 

adjacent drainage basins or some other hydrologic boundary 

in the adjacent drainage basin, such as a perennial stream. 

Using the larger area ensured that the hydrologic data set was 

sufficient to represent each study area such that conditions at 

and beyond the subject basin boundaries could be understood. 

In particular, the study areas may include areas where substantial groundwater withdrawals are made just outside the basin 

boundary, locations where groundwater and surface-water 

divides do not coincide, where groundwater may be leaving or entering the basin. Wetlands delineated by the NJDEP 

indicate areas of favorable wetland habitat as defined by soils, 

wetland species, and seasonal water levels. Wetlands in the 

Pinelands typically are in lowland areas and represent a transition between uplands and surface water. In this report, lowland 

environments that are temporarily or permanently inundated 

with shallow standing water either seasonally or historically 

are referred to as swamps that lie within wetlands.

The Albertson Brook study area totals 219.4 km2

and consists of the Albertson Brook basin (fig. 2), which 

includes all of the Pump Branch and Blue Anchor Brook 

drainage basins and Albertson Brook; the combined area is 

52.27 km2, and the surrounding buffer area is 167.13 km2. The 

Albertson Brook study area lies predominantly in Winslow 

Township, in Camden County, New Jersey. The easternmost 

part of the study area lies in the Town of Hammonton, Atlantic 

County, and is bordered to the south by Gloucester County and 

to the north by Burlington County. Portions of the Albertson 

Brook study area are within State Forest land in Atlantic and 

Camden Counties, New Jersey. The dominant forest cover 

in the uplands consists of mixed pine and oak forests. In the 

lowlands, pitch pine, hardwoods, shrubs, and white cedar are 

common. Agricultural land is common throughout the basin 

but is nearly continuous south of Albertson Brook. Residential development is most dense in the upper part of the basin 

in Winslow Township and along the highway corridors with 

only lightly developed residential areas in the lower part of the 

basin, which is largely agricultural or part of the State Forest.

The McDonalds Branch study area (fig. 3) occupies 

72.73 km2, including the buffer area surrounding the McDonalds Branch basin. The study area is located principally on 

State Forest land in Burlington County, New Jersey, and 

therefore is only minimally developed. McDonalds Branch 

basin (fig. 3) covers the upper 14.3 km2

 of the upper Rancocas 

Creek basin. The McDonalds Branch basin is a predominantly 

forested watershed, containing a mix of pine and oak forests, 

pitch pine lowland, and hardwood and cedar swamps (Johnsson and Barringer, 1993). In the downstream part of the basin, 

the McDonalds Branch flows through a small commercial 

cranberry bog before reaching a recreational lake and dam in a 

lightly developed residential area. 

The Morses Mill Stream study area (including the buffer 

area) occupies 91.38 km2 (fig. 4) surrounding the relatively 

small (21.63 km2) segment of watershed referred to herein as 

the Morses Mill Stream basin, which for this study excludes 

the lower reaches of the Morses Mill Stream drainage area. 

The study area lies in Atlantic County, and most of the Morses 
Introduction 5

Mill Stream basin is in Galloway Township. Part of Egg 

Harbor, Hamilton, and Port Republic Townships, along with 

Richard Stockton College, are all within the study-area boundary. The eastern part of the study area, including both the 

buffer area and the basin, is outside the New Jersey Pinelands 

Area boundary.

Developed and agricultural land is prominent in the 

Albertson Brook and Morses Mill Stream study areas, 

whereas the McDonalds Branch study area is largely undeveloped. Information on water use in the three study areas was 

obtained from the USGS Site-Specific Water Use Data System 

(SWUDS) database. SWUDS contains water-use data from 

wells with capacities that exceed 378.5 m3/d that are reported 

to the New Jersey Bureau of Water Allocation. Excluding 

domestic and other low-capacity wells that may exist, the 

number of wells that extract water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system within each study area are listed below by 

water use: 

• Albertson Brook study area 

• 12 commercial and industrial wells 

• 31 public-supply and institutional wells 

• 169 irrigation wells 

• Morses Mill Stream study area 

• 23 commercial and industrial wells

• 19 public-supply and institutional wells 

• 37 irrigation wells 

• McDonalds Branch study area 

• 2 public-supply wells

• 2 irrigation wells 

The three study areas are underlain by the sediments of 

the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the central and 

southern Coastal Plain of New Jersey. The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is the uppermost hydrogeologic unit in a 

wedge-shaped sequence of Coastal Plain sediments that overlie pre-Cretaceous bedrock (Zapecza, 1989). The Coastal Plain 

sediments are composed of gravel, sand, silt, and clay layers 

that thicken and dip from the Coastal Plain’s western limit at 

the Fall Line (fig. 1) to the southeast, reaching a maximum 

thickness of more than 1,980 m at Cape May, New Jersey (Gill 

and Farlekas, 1976). The sands and gravels that compose the 

Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system extend from the updip 

limit of the outcrop of the Kirkwood Formation (fig.1) to the 

Atlantic Coast. The aquifer system generally is considered to 

be an unconfined (water-table) aquifer, although extensive clay 

layers that can cause perched or semi-confined conditions do 

exist locally (Zapecza, 1989, p. B19). 

The Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system is composed 

principally of sands, silts, and clays of the Miocene-age 

Kirkwood Formation and the overlying gravels, sands, and 

clays of the Cohansey Sand, also of Miocene age. Depending 

on location, the surficial sediments may include the Mioceneage Bridgeton Formation and (or) Pleistocene and Holocene 

sediments that may overlie the Cohansey Sand in the vicinity 

of the study areas. Where present, these surficial sediments are 

considered to be part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. The Cohansey Sand is typically coarser grained than the 

underlying Kirkwood Formation, which grades to clay near its 

base (Zapecza, 1989). Carter (1978) interpreted the Cohansey 

Sand as a sequence of regressive barrier and barrier-protected 

deposits ranging from surf zones to back bays and marshes, a 

depositional environment that contributes to the formation of 

discontinuous lenses of sand, silt, and clay. 

In the updip part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer 

system, and beneath the Albertson Brook and McDonalds 

Branch study areas, the base of the aquifer system is a basal 

clay bed in the lower part of Kirkwood Formation, which is 

likely equivalent to the Alloway Clay Member of the Kirkwood Formation (Nemickas and Carswell, 1976) and is part of 

the extensive composite confining unit described by Zapecza 

(1989). About 13 km west of the Morses Mill Stream study 

area, this basal clay dips below a thick, diatomaceous clay 

bed, which forms an extensive confining unit in the upper part 

of the Kirkwood Formation (Zapecza, 1989, p. B18-B19). This 

clay does not crop out and locally separates the sediments of 

the Kirkwood Formation into upper and lower sands. From its 

updip extent, this diatomaceous clay dips and thickens toward 

the east to approximately 70 m in the vicinity of the Morses 

Mill Stream study area (Zapecza, 1989, pl. 22, 23), locally 

forming the basal clay confining layer of the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system. In the vicinity of the Morses Mill 

Stream study area, the upper sands of the Kirkwood Formation 

remain hydraulically connected to the Cohansey Sand and also 

are considered part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. 

Sand units in the lower part of the Kirkwood Formation that 

lie beneath the diatomaceous clay locally are referred to as 

the Atlantic City 800-foot Sand (Zapezca, 1989). A detailed 

description of the hydrogeologic framework of each of the 

three study areas, including hydrogeologic sections and maps 

of structure tops and thicknesses of layers, can be found in 

Walker and others (2008).

Previous Investigations

Rhodehamel (1970, 1973, 1979) describes the geology and hydrology of the Kirkwood and Cohansey Formations in the Pinelands in the vicinity of southern Burlington 

County and adjacent parts of Atlantic and Camden Counties. 

Rhodehamel describes the Cohansey Sand and upper part of 

the Kirkwood Formation as a single aquifer. Zapecza (1989) 

describes the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the 

context of the entire New Jersey Coastal Plain as generally 

unconfined and locally semi-confined. 

The soils of Burlington County are described by Markley 

(1971) and the geology and soils of the McDonalds Branch 

basin are summarized by Lord and others (1990) and Johnsson 
6 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

and Barringer (1993). Soils of the Albertson Brook study area 

are described by Markley (1965) in Camden County and by 

Johnson (1978) in Atlantic County, where both the downstream part of the Albertson Brook study area and the entire 

Morses Mill Stream study are located. 

The hydrology and water resources of the unconfined 

aquifer system in and adjacent to the study areas are documented in a series of basin area reports for the Rancocas Creek 

(Watt and others, 2003) in Burlington County and the Mullica 

River (Johnson and Watt, 1996) and Great Egg Harbor River 

basins in Atlantic, Burlington, and Camden Counties (Watt 

and Johnson, 1992). The status of the landscape and selected 

aquatic and wetland resources in the Mullica and Rancocas 

River basins are described by Zampella and others (2001a and 

2003, respectively). 

Modica (1998) describes the head relations and hydraulic gradients in the McDonalds Branch basin and an adjacent 

basin, Mount Misery Brook. Modica and others (1997) simulated groundwater flow in a generic stream-aquifer system 

similar to those in the three study areas to characterize the 

relation of shallow substream flow systems and their relation 

to deeper groundwater flow. Sloto and Buxton (2005) developed water budgets for five tributary basins to the Delaware 

River Basin, including a water budget for the Greenwood 

Branch drainage basin of the Rancocas Creek, which includes 

the McDonalds Branch. Water levels at continuous-record 

streamflow-gaging stations and wells are published annually 

by the USGS and are stored in its National Water Information 

System (NWIS) database (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis). 

Many ecological studies have related Pinelands vegetation patterns and specific wetland, wetland-transitional, and 

aquatic communities to hydrologic regimes and gradients. For 

example, Zampella and others (1992) related water-table depth 

and other factors to pitch pine lowland community gradients. 

Recent studies that were part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

Project examined the potential effects of hydrologic change 

on forested wetlands (Laidig and others, 2010), intermittentpond vegetation (Laidig, 2010), aquatic habitats (Kennen and 

Riskin, 2010; Procopio, 2010), and pond-breeding frogs (Bunnell and Ciraolo, 2010). Other relevant ecological studies are 

highlighted in reviews by McCormick (1979) and Zampella 

and others (2008). 

Well-Numbering System

Records of selected wells included in this study 

(table 1 at end of report) are in the USGS NWIS database 

(http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis). Sites in the NWIS database are identified in this report by a site identifier (USGS well 

number, or UID (unique identifier)) consisting of a two-digit 

county code number followed by a four-digit sequence number. Some well sites listed in table 1 (at end of report) are not 

in NWIS and therefore do not have a UID as a site identifier. 

These wells are identified by their local identifier assigned 

by the New Jersey Pinelands Commission, which installed, 

maintained, and is the source of all data for those wells. The 

county code numbers used in this report are 01 for Atlantic 

County, 05 for Burlington County, and 07 for Camden County. 

Records of selected surface-water sites included in this 

study (table 2 at end of report) are identified by site codes that 

use one of four different naming conventions. Most common is the stream-site station number, which consists of an 

8- to 10-digit number beginning with 01. Other stream-site 

site codes not assigned a station number consist of 15-digit 

numerical codes that indicate the site’s latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Some sites 

established by previous investigators (Johnson and Watt, 1996; 

Watt and others, 2003) are referred to in this study as “stream 

points,” and are identified by a code beginning with “STM” 

followed by a sequence number (for example, STM60). The 

fourth type of site code listed in table 2 represents streampoint sites established during this study. This site code is 

composed of a two-letter study-area code followed by “STM” 

and a sequence number. Study-area codes used in this study 

are AB for Albertson Brook, MB for McDonalds Branch, and 

MM for Morses Mill Stream. Using these conventions, a new 

stream point in the Albertson Brook study area would have a 

site code such as ABSTM5.

Methods of Investigation

This section describes the methods used to establish 

data-network sites and to obtain and analyze data to describe 

the hydrologic characteristics and groundwater/surface-water 

interactions that affect wetland and stream habitat. The data 

networks discussed in this section are based on the conceptual 

data-network model described in the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

Project Work Plan (New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 2003). 

These networks include continuous-record and periodically 

measured groundwater and surface-water sites. 

Data-collection methods used for all groundwater-level, 

stream-stage, and streamflow measurements made during the 

study also are presented in this section. These measurements 

included those manual measurements required to calibrate 

continuous-record groundwater-level and streamflow data, 

in addition to the manual water-level measurements made at 

all sites included in the two synoptic measurements in 2005. 

Synoptic measurements were made at both continuously and 

periodically measured sites, including stream sites and the 

extensive network of wells described previously. Methods 

used to examine the results of the synoptic measurements are 

described, including determining the relation of water levels 

and hydraulic gradients as indicators of potential groundwater 

flow both locally, such as along 15 hydrologic transects, and 

sub-regionally, through study-area-wide mapping of the water 

table. Methods used to prepare maps showing the altitude of 

the water table and to draw contours representing the water 

table are discussed. This section also describes the approach 

used to prepare detailed depth-to-water maps, and documents 
Methods of Investigation 7

the approach used to prepare a monthly water budget for each 

study area. 

All altitude data presented in this report are referenced to 

the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). The 

methods of determining altitude and the accuracy of these data 

are listed in tables 1 and 2. Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 

(NAD 83). 

Data Network

The data network includes all groundwater and surfacewater sites used to analyze the hydrology of the three study 

areas. Among the wells measured are those installed and monitored by the New Jersey Pinelands Commission. 

Wells and Well-Installation Methods

The groundwater data network included a total of 471 

wells, 139 of which are considered network sites that include 

the following well types (figs. 2–4, table 1 at end of report): 

• 18 continuous-record basin-monitoring wells

• 8 continuous-record wetland-monitoring wells 

• 15 upland observation wells 

• 98 hydrologic-transect wells (excludes 5 of the 

wetland-monitoring wells listed above) 

• 332 other existing and newly installed wells also used 

for synoptic measurements 

Eighteen basin-monitoring wells (16 newly installed and 

2 existing) were instrumented for continuous monitoring of 

water levels in the three study areas. The basin-monitoring 

wells were established in each of the three study areas, in two 

clusters of three wells each, with one well cluster located in 

the upper part of a basin and the other cluster in the lower part 

(figs. 2–4). Wells in each cluster were screened in major waterbearing units near the top, middle, and bottom of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system (Walker and others, 2008). 

A total of eight wetland-monitoring wells also were 

installed at selected locations (figs. 2–4) and were instrumented for continuous monitoring of the water-table altitude. 

Six of these wells were installed; two in each of the three 

basins, with one of those wells in a cedar-swamp wetland and 

the other near the upland limits of the wetlands. The other two 

wetland-monitoring wells were installed in the McDonalds 

Branch basin for specific purposes; one was collocated with 

another wetland well to compare water levels and examine 

vertical hydraulic gradients across a thin low-permeability 

zone, and the second was used in the hydrologic transect 

MBHT-5 (fig. 3) so that water-level fluctuations could be 

compared with continuous records of evapotranspiration (ET) 

collected at the same location. (The hydrologic transects are 

described farther on in this report.)

Fifteen upland-well sites also were used to collect waterlevel data in the three study areas during the two synoptic 

measurements. At three sites, one in the Albertson Brook basin 

and two in the Morses Mill Stream basin, existing wells met 

the criteria for water-table wells in the uplands near the basin 

divides. Twelve additional upland wells were installed to fill 

data gaps in the existing well network. The locations of the 

upland wells are shown in figures 2–4, associated site information is listed in table 1 (at end of report).

Fifteen hydrologic transects (5 per study area), composed 

of 103 wells (figs. 2–4), were established to examine potential 

groundwater flow and discharge resulting from groundwater 

hydraulic gradients and their interaction with wetlands and 

streams. Of the 103 wells, 12 were installed prior to this study 

(see Lord and others, 1990), and 91, including 5 of the 8 

wetland-monitoring wells listed above, were installed during 

this study. Each hydrologic transect was composed of at least 

six wells arranged in three clusters of at least two wells each. 

Typically, transect wells were distributed along generalized 

paths of shallow groundwater flow, which are approximately 

normal to the streams. The well locations along the generalized paths of flow describe the hydrologic transects that extend 

from near the upland limit of the wetlands to the stream where 

the staff gages were installed. Two of the three well clusters 

were located at opposite ends of each transect, and the third 

well cluster was positioned between them, generally near 

the middle of each transect, where topography sloped uniformly, or near the wetland edges or at significant breaks in 

slope, such as where seepage may occur during seasonal high 

groundwater levels. 

Precise vertical control was established by differential 

leveling methods for each hydrologic transect, such that the 

small differences in water levels between the well locations 

and the stream could be compared. The precise differential 

leveling survey resulted in a relative altitude accuracy for 

wells and staff gages in a given transect that ranged from 

0.003 to 0.03 m. Because the datum, altitude accuracy, and 

method used to obtain the source data were used as the origin 

for each leveling survey, the site altitude datum, accuracy, and 

method for all wells in a given transect listed in table 1 (at end 

of report) reflect those of the origin, even though the well-towell accuracy was more precise. 

The 332-well data network (table 1 at end of report) 

included wells installed for this study, additional wells 

selected from the USGS National Water Data Information 

System (NWIS) database (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis), 

other shallow water-table wells installed and monitored by the 

N.J. Pinelands Commission, and additional wells that were 

identified prior to the synoptic measurements to fill remaining 

data gaps. Data for these additional wells were entered into the 

NWIS database. A total of 122 wells were installed in the three 

study areas by using one of the following three methods. Wells 

exceeding 3 m in depth were installed by or under the direction of a New Jersey licensed well driller, using either the standard hydraulic rotary or the Geoprobe® direct push method. 

Rotary-drilled wells were constructed of 50.8-mm-diameter 
8 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

206

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Albertson Brook study-area boundary

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station. Label is site identifier as shown in table 2

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shown in table 2

Albertson Brook hydrologic transect 3

EXPLANATION

Blue Anchor Brook

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Branch

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Figure 2. Location of selected groundwater and surface-water network sites and hydrologic transects, Albertson Brook study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands.
Methods of Investigation 9

OCEAN COUNTY

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McDonalds Branch drainage-basin boundary

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Location of continuous-record streamflow-gaging 

station. Label is site identifier as shown in table 2

Location of miscellaneous streamflow and low-flow 

partial-record stations. Label is site identifier as 

shown in table 2

McDonalds Branch hydrologic transect 3

McDonalds Branch

Figure 3. Location of selected groundwater and surface-water network sites and hydrologic transects, McDonalds Branch study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands.
10 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

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Location of network uplands observation well 

Morses Mill drainage-basin boundary

Morses Mill study-area boundary

Drain ditch

Location of continuous-record streamflow-gaging 

station. Label is site identifier as shown in table 2

Location of miscellaneous streamflow and low-flow 

partial-record stations. Label is site identifier as 

shown in table 2

Morses Mill hydrologic transect 3

EXPLANATION

011498

011458

011532

MMHT3

Figure 4. Location of selected groundwater and surface-water network sites and hydrologic transects, Morses Mill Stream study 

area, New Jersey Pinelands.
Methods of Investigation 11

PVC casing with 3.048-m-long, 0.254-mm slotted well 

screen. Wells installed using the Geoprobe® method were 

constructed of 19-mm-diameter flush joint PVC casings with 

3.048-m-long, 0.254-mm slotted well screen. All of these 

wells were finished at the surface with 101.6-mm-diameter 

protective casing with lockable cap. 

Wells with depths of less than 3 m, including hydrologictransect and wetland-monitoring wells, were driven by hand. 

Hydraulic-transect wells were constructed of 13-mm-diameter 

steel casing with 0.3-m-long slotted screen, driven to a depth 

of at least 0.3 m below the estimated annual minimum water 

level, and capped at the surface to deter tampering. Wetlandmonitoring wells were constructed of 32-mm-diameter steel 

well casing with 0.3-m-long stainless steel 0.254-mm slotted 

well screen, driven to the required depth with a drive weight, 

and finished at the surface with a 76-mm-diameter steel casing 

with lockable cap to house the recording equipment. 

Following installation, all wells were developed by using 

pumping and surging methods until a sustained sedimentfree discharge was achieved to ensure that the well had a 

good hydraulic connection with the aquifer. Records of wells 

installed during this study are given in table 1 (at end of 

report).

Surface-Water Sites

The surface-water data network includes 106 sites where 

stream discharge and (or) stage was measured. Data collected 

at these sites include one or more of the following types of 

data:

• 27 network surface-water sites

• 4 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations 

• 15 staff gages at hydrologic transects 

• 24 seepage sites where streamflow and stage measurements were made synoptically; included are 

8 partial-record stations, the 4 streamflow-gaging 

stations, and 12 of the 15 hydrologic-transect staff 

gages

• 79 miscellaneous surface-water sites, including 

partial-record stations where stage and discharge 

are measured periodically, staff-gage sites, and 

stream-point sites where surface-water level 

(stage) was measured during the synoptic measurements 

• in addition to the 106 established surface-water 

sites, 26 locations where start-of-flow of streams 

was observed during the synoptic measurements

The four continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations 

used in this study included an existing streamflow-gaging 

station in the McDonalds Branch basin, two streamflowgaging stations installed in the Albertson Brook basin, and 

one streamflow-gage installed in the Morses Mill Stream 

basin. In the Albertson Brook basin, a streamflow-gaging station was installed on the Pump Branch near Elm, NJ (station 

0140980810), about 1,200 m upstream from its confluence 

with Blue Anchor Brook. The combined flow of Pump Branch 

and Blue Anchor Brook forms Albertson Brook; however, 

streamflow from Blue Anchor Brook was not monitored. 

A second streamflow-gaging station, Albertson Brook near 

Hammonton, NJ (station 01409410), was installed on Albertson Brook near the downstream limit of the study area at 

Route 206 northeast of Hammonton. A third streamflow-gaging station was established on the lower reaches of the Morses 

Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ (station 01410225). Streamstage data were collected at these streamflow-gaging stations, 

and precipitation data were collected at Albertson Brook near 

Hammonton. Surface-water site information for the streamflow-gaging stations is given in table 2, (at end of report) and 

the locations are shown in figures 2 to 4. 

Fifteen staff gages, 14 of which were installed for this 

study, were used to measure stream stage at each of the 15 

hydrologic transects during the synoptic measurements. 

Several existing staff gages installed during previous investigations also were used to measure stream stage at selected 

surface-water sites. Some existing and newly established 

surface-water sites, referred to in this report as “stream 

points,” were used to measure stream stage during the synoptic 

measurements. 

Data Collection 

Groundwater and surface-water data were collected during this study to characterize the hydrology of the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system. More than 2 years of continuous 

groundwater-level, stream-stage, and streamflow data were 

collected. Continuous monitoring of groundwater levels began 

at six wetland-monitoring wells in April 2004. Two additional wetland-monitoring wells were added to the network 

in May and November 2004. By October 1, 2004, continuous groundwater-level data collection was begun in the 18 

basin-monitoring wells, and data collection also was begun 

at the three new streamflow-gaging stations. Data collection 

continued through the 2-year period ending September 30, 

2006. The existing streamflow gage in the McDonalds Branch 

basin continued to operate throughout the period of study. This 

station is maintained by the USGS, New Jersey Water Science Center (NJWSC), as part of the nationwide Hydrologic 

Benchmark Network and has been in continuous operation 

since October 1953.

In addition to the continuous monitoring, short-duration 

synoptic measurements were made in each study area during two periods, one in spring (April 13-May 13) and one in 

late summer (September 8–15) 2005. Each synoptic measurement involved manual measurements of groundwater 

levels, stream stage, and stream base-flow discharge, and a 

determination of start-of-flow locations in the upper reaches 

of each basin. All data are stored in the NWIS database 
12 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

(http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis) and (or) at the USGS 

NJWSC in West Trenton, NJ.

Groundwater Levels

Groundwater levels were measured manually using either 

the wetted steel-tape method or with an electric tape that 

sounds an alert when the probe contacts water. To ensure accuracy, water-level measurements were repeated until at least 

two measurements were reproducible within 6 mm. These 

measurements were referenced to a fixed measuring point of 

known altitude at a measured distance above or below land 

surface. 

Silicon strain-gage pressure transducers with data loggers 

recorded water levels at hourly intervals in all basin- and wetland-monitoring wells for their respective periods of record. 

The pressure- transducer readings were calibrated using 

manual water-level measurements with a steel tape at the start 

of record, and the recording position was verified bi-monthly 

and again at the end of data collection. If these measurements revealed a drift in the recording position, corrections 

were applied to the record. All water levels from continuous 

recorders are stored in the NWIS database and are available at 

http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis.

Streamflow

Streamflow was measured during this study to determine discharge at the continuous-record streamflow-gaging 

stations and at various partial-record stations during the two 

synoptic measurements in 2005. Stream stage was recorded 

at streamflow-gaging stations every 15 minutes, and the stage 

values were converted to discharge on the basis of a graphical rating of stage and discharge developed for each station 

using manual stage and discharge measurements made at 

various stream stages. Throughout the station period of record, 

measurements of stage and discharge were made to verify 

the stage-discharge rating or to adjust published discharges 

for changes that could affect the established rating. All 

records for streamflow-gaging stations and partial-recordstations are stored in the NWIS database and are available at 

http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis.

Synoptic Measurements

In each basin, synoptic measurements of groundwater 

levels, stream stage, and stream discharge were made during 

two brief periods (several days) in spring and late summer 

2005. Synoptic measurements were initiated in each study area 

after extended periods of little or no precipitation that resulted 

in stream base-flow conditions. Base flow in streams consists 

only of groundwater discharge and usually occurs about 5 to 

7 days after precipitation events, once runoff has ceased and 

the normally unsaturated soils and sediments have drained. 

The synoptic measurement periods were planned following 

a thorough review of rainfall records, weather forecasts, and 

groundwater-level and streamflow hydrographs to determine 

the best time to make synoptic measurements that would coincide with surface-water base flow. 

During the spring synoptic measurements, water-level 

and streamflow measurements were made at all network wells 

(figs. 2–4), including all newly selected pre-existing wells, 

and surface-water sites within each of the three study areas 

(tables 1 and 2). During the late summer synoptic measurements, water-level measurements were limited to fewer wells, 

including network sites and other selected sites within and 

near the drainage-basin boundaries. Each of the two synoptic 

measurements was coordinated with and included the monthly 

water-level measurements in shallow wells conducted by the 

New Jersey Pinelands Commission. The measured sites also 

included the wells and stream sites that make up the 15 hydrologic transects. 

The altitudes of groundwater levels were used to describe 

the slope of the water table along the hydrologic transects. 

Vertical hydraulic gradients also were determined as an indicator of the potential direction and magnitude of groundwater 

flow supporting wetlands and streams. These assessments of 

groundwater flow at the hydrologic transects are based solely 

on the observed hydraulic gradient between measured water 

levels. They do not account for the limits on groundwater 

flow that might be caused by the hydraulic conductivity (K) 

of geologic sediments along a given flow path because K 

was not determined. Therefore, as described in this report the 

hydraulic gradients indicate a potential for groundwater flow. 

Vertical hydraulic gradients were determined by measuring 

differences in water levels between wells or between wells 

and surface water and then dividing those differences by the 

minimum distance separating them hydraulically, such as that 

between the well-screen intervals, or between a piezometer 

screen and the streambed. The small differences in water 

levels common in the water table typically were determined 

by a direct differential measurement using a manometer to 

avoid the limitations of measuring with a wetted-steel tape. 

At sites where a manometer differential measurement was not 

possible or at some locations where water-level differences 

were large, wetted-tape measurements were either necessary 

or appropriate for determining water-level differences. In this 

study, upward hydraulic gradients were considered positive, 

and downward hydraulic gradients were considered negative. 

The measured groundwater levels and hydraulic gradients for 

each of the 15 hydrologic transects are compared graphically 

for each study area in the “Hydrologic Assessment” section of 

this report. 

During each synoptic measurement, surface-water stage 

and discharge were measured at streamflow-gaging stations 

and at partial-record stations, such as staff gages and stream 

points. At a few locations a dam or culvert maintains the stage 

of a lake or pond well above the stream stage downstream 

from a dam or culvert, creating substantial, but localized, 

hydraulic gradients in the local groundwater. To represent 

these conditions on the water-table maps, some surface-water 
Methods of Investigation 13

levels were measured both in the lake or pond above the dam 

or culvert and in the stream below; these measurements are 

identified in table 3 (at end of report). 

Locations of start-of-flow in each stream and (or) its 

tributaries also were determined by locating the point farthest 

upstream at which surface-water flow could be identified, 

which included water flowing within the channel, near-stream 

groundwater seeps, or, in some cases, water pooled in swamps 

or in flat reaches of the stream channel that did not appear to 

be a result of accumulated runoff. Locations of all new measuring sites were determined with a global positioning system 

(GPS), and the location coordinates were used to determine 

the altitude of the land surface from the 10-m digital elevation 

model (DEM). The height of points used to measure depth to 

water level were referenced to the altitude of the local land 

surface by manual measurements of their distance above or 

below land surface. 

Water-Table Mapping

Maps of the water-table altitude were prepared for the 

spring and summer 2005 synoptic measurements, and depthto-water-table maps were prepared for spring 2005. Both 

manual and computational methods were used to develop the 

water-table maps; these methods are described farther on. 

Water levels in the shallowest available wells, which could 

best represent the water table, and surface-water levels from 

streamflow-gaging stations, staff gages, partial-record stations, 

stream points, and, in the absence of those data, stream and 

topographic-contour intersections were used to construct the 

water-table maps.

The water-table-altitude maps were prepared manually, 

principally using the extensive well and surface-water data set 

that was compiled during the synoptic measurements (table 3 

at end of report). The water-table-altitude contours were drawn 

using linear interpolation between data points. The contours 

were shaped to represent the measured water levels while conforming as much as possible to the slope of the local topography and the logical direction of groundwater flow. Water-table 

contours that cross surface-water bodies were positioned on 

the basis of the topographic altitude contours where those contours intersected the surface water. The position of the watertable contours at the basin boundaries was determined by 

considering nearby groundwater levels, land-surface altitudes, 

and surface-water altitudes. 

The effectiveness of the water-table contouring methods 

relies on the density and location of data points, the accuracy 

of vertical control, and how closely the slope of the water table 

resembles the topography. The reliability of these factors also 

can be affected by the precision of physical measurements, 

the accuracy of available altitude data, and the effect of soils, 

aquifer sediments, and the regional groundwater-flow system 

on the altitude of the water table beneath any given topographic surface. Locally, water levels can be affected by variations in soil type, or aquifer sediment texture can contribute 

to transient water levels and long-term mounding of the water 

table above low-permeability sediments such as clays. Such 

variations in sediment texture also can alter the effects of 

hydraulic stresses induced by groundwater withdrawals. 

The methods described above also were used to prepare 

water-table-altitude maps for summer 2005. These maps 

were based on a data set that included water levels at most 

of the sites in the basin that were measured during the spring 

synoptic measurement period and a limited number of those 

sites surrounding the basin that were measured in the spring. 

Once the initial contouring was completed, all of the altitude 

maps were reviewed for accuracy and any anomalies were 

resolved. The maps for spring and late summer 2005 were 

compared with each other and with the work of previous 

investigators (Watt and others, 2003; Johnson and Watt, 1996). 

The independent analyses of the water table conducted for this 

study were found to compare well with those of the previous 

investigations. Once the water-table-altitude contours were 

considered final, they were digitized and a uniform grid-based 

data set (DEM) was created. 

Water-table depth below land surface is one of the critical 

determinants of the suitability of an area to support wetland 

habitat in the Pinelands (Roman and others, 1985; Ehrenfeld 

and Schneider, 1991; Zampella and others, 1992; Laidig and 

Zampella, 1999). Consequently, the characterization of this 

particular hydrologic variable was a focus of this assessment 

and of the Kirkwood-Cohansey Project (New Jersey Pinelands 

Commission, 2003). Of particular concern is the determination 

of the variability of mean water-table depth within the range 

of zero to 2 m below land surface, as areas with water-table 

depths in this range correspond to most areas that potentially 

support wetland habitats in the Pinelands. To meet project 

objectives, the accuracy of estimates of the depth to the water 

table within this range needed to be on the order of tenths of 

meters. Water levels measured during spring 2005 approximate a mean annual water-level condition, and therefore, 

measurements made during this time period were selected for 

use in preparing maps of the depth to the water table. 

Spatial variability in depth to the water table is a function 

of both the water-table configuration and land-surface topography. Matson and Fels (1996) describe various deterministic, 

statistical, and landscape classification approaches to mapping 

water-table depth and the complexities involved in mapping 

the water table on a regional basis. Such regional analyses 

have been conducted to estimate the water-table depth over 

wide ranges of conditions and settings, such as those spanning 

the State of North Carolina (Fels and Matson, 1996). Because 

the water-table-mapping accuracy requirements for the present study exceed those of regional analyses, a combination of 

approaches was needed to provide greater accuracy within and 

near wetlands areas at the scale of the present study. 

Maps of the water-table depth below land surface were 

prepared for the three study areas using a combination of 

methods. The methods used in and near wetland areas were 

different from those used in upland areas; however, because 

the methods used in and near wetlands did not provide realistic 
14 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

results in upland areas, a different method was needed in 

the upland areas. To support mapping at a higher accuracy, 

high-resolution LiDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) landsurface altitude data were used for some areas (where available), whereas 10-m DEM data were used where LiDAR data 

were unavailable. LiDAR data were available for Camden 

and Burlington Counties but were not available for Atlantic 

County (The National Map Seamless Server, 2008). In upland 

areas 75 m or more from mapped wetlands, depth to water 

was mapped as the difference between the 10-m DEM and 

the water-table altitude grid. The accuracy of mapped watertable depth in these areas was limited by the accuracy of the 

10-m DEM, which was one-half the contour interval of the 

source-map topographic contours. In the McDonalds Branch 

and Albertson Brook basins, the source-map contour interval 

is 10 ft; therefore, the DEM accuracy is +/- 5 ft, or 1.5 m. In 

the Morses Mill basin, the source-map contour interval is 5 ft; 

therefore, the DEM accuracy is +/- 2.5 ft, or 0.76 m. 

A variety of approaches for determining depth to water 

in and near wetland areas was evaluated to determine which 

provided the most accurate results. The methods evaluated 

include

1. interpolation: This method involved interpolating 

between boundary values at mapped hydrologic 

features where depth to the water table was known 

or could be estimated. These features included wetlands, lakes, and streams. Depth to water at streams 

and lakes was assumed to be zero; depth to water at 

the limits of wetland areas was assumed to be equal 

to a specified, representative value based on water 

levels measured near boundaries of mapped wetlands;

2. topographic deviation: Local variations in depth to 

water can result from local variations in topography. 

A topographic deviation from a local mean altitude 

at a point can be characterized by determining the 

mean altitude within some fixed radius (in geographic information system (GIS) terminology, an 

“n-cell neighborhood”) of a given point and comparing this mean value with the altitude at that point. 

This method was used to adjust the values determined using method 1 by adding the topographic 

deviation from the mean altitude in n-cell neighborhoods; and

3. relative altitude: In this method, measured depth to 

water was related statistically to the altitude of the 

local receiving surface-water body. This method is 

similar to the statistical model approach described by 

Matson and Fels (1996) and that used by Sepulveda 

(2002) to estimate water-table altitude in Florida. 

Values of measured depth to water in shallow 

observation wells were related to values of relative 

altitude at the well (land-surface altitude relative to 

that of the local receiving-water body) to determine 

an equation using simple linear regression. The form 

of the resulting predictive equation is 

Y = β0 + β1X , (1)

where 

Y = water-table depth, in meters;

	 β0 = regression line intercept, in meters;

	 β1 = regression line slope, in meters; and

X = relative land-surface altitude (altitude 

relative to that of the local receiving-water 

body), in meters.

The equation was used to predict water-table depth from 

the value of relative altitude. This method was evaluated using 

altitude values determined from 3-m LiDAR data and from 

10-m DEM data. 

These three approaches were tested in the McDonalds 

Branch basin and were assessed for accuracy by comparing 

estimated values of water-table depth with values of watertable depth observed in monitoring wells in wetlands and 

within 50 m of wetlands during spring 2005. Results of this 

evaluation demonstrated that the relative altitude approach 

(method 3) using LiDAR data provided the most accurate 

results. The mean absolute error of 41 values estimated using 

this approach in the McDonalds Branch basin was 0.18 m 

(18 cm). This approach was applied to areas in which gridded 

LiDAR data were readily available. These areas included the 

McDonalds Branch basin and the part of the Albertson Brook 

basin in Camden County. In areas where gridded LiDAR data 

were not readily available, the same method was applied using 

the 10-m DEM data. These areas included the Morses Mill 

Stream basin and the part of the Albertson Brook basin in 

Atlantic County. 

Regression analysis of relative land-surface altitude 

and observed water-table depth below land surface indicated 

that the relation between these two variables differed among 

the study areas, resulting in a different predictive equation 

for each area. Land-surface altitude data sources, regression 

coefficients, and method error for each of the three basins are 

summarized in the table on page 15.

Values of mean absolute error provide an indication 

of the method’s predictive accuracy, and reflect the relative 

accuracy of the altitude data used. The highest mean absolute 

error is associated with the 10-m DEM data, and the lowest 

mean absolute error is associated with the 3-m LiDAR data. 

In general, the water table is nearly horizontal in wetland 

areas; therefore, when the equations above are examined, 

the regression-line intercept values are expected to be near 

zero, and correlation coefficients are expected to be reasonably high (greater than 0.6), as is the case in the McDonalds 

Branch study area, the Morses Mill Stream study area, and 

the Camden County part of the Albertson Brook study area. 

The relatively large regression-line intercept value (0.33) 

and the relatively small correlation coefficient (0.22) for the 
Methods of Investigation 15

method using the 10-m DEM in the Atlantic County part of 

the Albertson Brook study area indicates that, in this case, the 

10-m DEM values in the vicinity of streams are not well distinguished from those of the surrounding areas. Consequently, 

the accuracy of the method when used with 10-m DEM data 

is limited, especially in the Albertson Brook study area, where 

the DEM accuracy is relatively poor. 

The relative-altitude method described above was applied 

in areas within mapped wetlands and areas within 50 m of 

mapped wetlands, using the respective altitude data described 

above. Depth to the water table was estimated in areas from 

50 to 75 m from mapped wetlands by interpolating between 

values estimated at these two boundaries. 

Water Budgets 

A water budget is an equation that represents the relation 

among the components of the hydrologic cycle in a given area 

(the “budget area”) and accounts for water gains to and losses 

from the area for a given time period. A water budget can be 

used to determine groundwater recharge, which is difficult to 

measure directly, by summing the values of the components 

of the equation that can be measured directly or estimated 

accurately. Variables in the budget represent components of 

the hydrologic cycle; in the equation, inflows are balanced by 

outflows and changes in storage. Human activities that affect 

the natural system, such as groundwater withdrawals and artificial discharge, also are included in the budget. Rhodehamel 

(1970, 1979) developed a water budget for the New Jersey 

Pinelands that included Brendan T. Byrne State Forest (Lebanon State Forest) and Wharton State Forest (Wharton Tract). 

Annual water budgets were developed as part of previous 

USGS studies that include all of the three basins, including the 

Mullica River basin (Johnson and Watt, 1996) and the Rancocas Creek and adjacent basins (Watt and others, 2003).

Monthly water budgets were developed for each of the 

three drainage basins (fig. 5) for the period October 2004 

through September 2006. (The drainage basins should not 

be confused with the larger study areas.) Two equations 

were used to evaluate the water budget: a land-surface-based 

equation that describes gains and losses to and from the land 

surface, and a groundwater-based equation that describes gains 

and losses to and from the underlying Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system. Land-surface and groundwater equations were 

used to provide independent estimates of recharge and to provide a basis for comparing the relative importance of the various budget components in the overall budget. Recharge was 

determined as a residual in each of the equations, and monthly 

values were compared. In theory, the value of recharge determined by using the land-surface equation should be equal to 

the value of recharge determined by using the groundwater 

equation.

The equation used to calculate the land-surface-based 

water budget is

P + Das ± ∆Ssw ± ∆Ssm = Qdr + ET + Ws + Rs , (2)

where 

P = precipitation, 

Das = artificial discharge to surface-water bodies, 

∆Ssw = change in surface-water storage, 

∆Ssm = change in soil-moisture storage, 

Qdr = direct runoff, 

ET = evapotranspiration, 

Ws = surface-water withdrawals/diversions, and 

Rs = recharge to the aquifer system.

The equation used to calculate the groundwater-based 

water budget is

Rg + Dag ± Ri = Qb + Wg ± L ± ∆Sgw , (3)

where 

Rg = recharge to the aquifer system, 

Dag = artificial discharge to the aquifer system, 

Ri = groundwater inflow to/outflow from 

adjacent basins, 

Qb = base flow, 

Study area Land-surface altitude

data source

Regression 

coefficient β1

(dimensionless)

Regression 

coefficient β0

(meters)

Number of 

observations

Mean absolute 

error

(meters)

Correlation 

coefficient

McDonalds Branch 3-meter LiDAR 0.278 0.03 41 0.18 0.72

Albertson Brook

(Camden County) 3-meter LiDAR 0.262 0.08 13 0.12 0.71

Albertson Brook

(Atlantic County) 10-meter DEM 0.276 0.33 18 0.27 0.22

Morses Mill Stream 10-m DEM 0.552 0.02 30 0.21 0.73
16 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Wg = groundwater withdrawals, 

L = leakage to confined aquifers, and 

∆Sgw = change in groundwater storage.

The budget area includes the extent of the surface-water 

drainage basin of each of the three basins and the thickness of 

the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system from land surface to 

the underlying confining unit. Most of the water-budget terms 

were estimated using robust data collected in and near the 

study areas, or in the case of leakage to confined aquifers (L), 

a calibrated regional model (Martin, 1998; Voronin, 2004). 

Exceptions were changes in soil-moisture storage (∆Ssm), 

changes in groundwater storage (∆Sgw), and groundwater 

inflow to/outflow from adjacent basins (Ri), for which less 

robust indicators were used. Initial estimates of these terms 

were adjusted using an optimization routine to improve the 

agreement between the recharge estimates determined with the 

two equations. The optimization routine was formulated using 

the Microsoft Office Excel Solver® tool. 

Streamflow (Qdr and Qb)

Streamflow data for four continuous-record streamflowgaging stations in the basins were compiled as part of this 

study (fig. 5). Records of daily mean streamflow for the 

2005–06 water years at three of the four stations (listed in the 

table below) were retrieved from the USGS NWIS database. 

These data were then used to estimate streamflow at the 

farthest downstream point in each basin, where little or no 

information on streamflow is available. Streamflow, base flow, 

and direct runoff at this point in each basin were estimated by 

using one or a combination of the methods described below. 

Continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations used to 

calculate base flow and direct runoff.

Station 

number 

used

Station name

Drainage area 

(square 

kilometers) 

Method(s) 

used

01409410 Albertson Brook near 

Hammonton, NJ

50.00 MOVE1, Part

01466500 McDonalds Branch in 

Byrne State Forest

6.09 Part, MOVE1, 

DAR

01410225 Morses Mill Stream at 

Port Republic, NJ

21.37 Part, DAR

Streamflow records at partial-record stations and at the 

basin boundaries were estimated with standard USGS techniques by using values from the nearby continuous-record 

streamflow-gaging stations. Daily streamflow records were 

estimated by using the following techniques: (1) Maintenance 

of Variance Extension, Type 1 (MOVE1) (Hirsch, 1982) and 

(2) drainage-area ratio (DAR) (Hirsch, 1979). Monthly base 

flow and direct runoff were estimated with the computer 

program PART (Rutledge, 1998, p. 33–38). For the Albertson 

Brook and McDonalds Branch, both MOVE1 and DAR methods were used to estimate streamflow records. For the Morses 

Mill Stream, only the DAR method was used. Daily streamflow values were then used to calculate monthly mean streamflow records. The partial-record stations used to calculate base 

flow and direct runoff are listed in the table below.

Station 

number Station name Drainage area (square kilometers)

0140941020 Albertson Brook above 

Great Swamp Branch near 

Hammonton, NJ

52.32

01466550 McDonalds Branch near 

Presidential Lakes, NJ

8.91

The MOVE1 method correlates instantaneous low-flow 

measurements at the partial-record stations with concurrent 

daily mean discharge at a nearby continuous-record gaging 

station to estimate streamflow at the partial-record stations. 

This method is a modification of linear least squares regression, in which values are set to maintain the sample mean 

and variance rather than to minimize squared errors (Hirsch, 

1982). The best-fit line is drawn through data points that represent discharge at a partial-record station with respect to daily 

mean discharge at a continuous-record station. The equation of 

this line is then used to estimate discharge at the partial-record 

station on the basis of discharge measured at the continuousrecord station.

In the DAR method, streamflow at partial-record stations 

is estimated from streamflow at an adjacent continuous-record 

station with similar basin characteristics. Values at the continuous-record stations were adjusted to account for differences 

in the drainage areas of the two stations by multiplying each 

value from the continuous-record station by a coefficient that 

represents the difference in the size of the drainage basins to 

determine streamflow at the partial-record station.

Land-Surface Water-Budget Terms 

Determination of the other land-surface-based water 

budget terms are described below.

Precipitation (P) 

Precipitation data were compiled for 14 sites in or near 

the basins for the 2005–06 water years. Precipitation sites 

(fig. 5) included one site operated by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), five sites operated by 

the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), two sites operated 

by the South Jersey Resource Conservation and Development 

Council (SJRCD), and six sites operated by the USGS. These 

sites are listed below. Missing daily values were estimated 

from values for several adjacent sites with complete data. 
Methods of Investigation 17

Rancocas Creek

Mullica River

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

Morses Mill

Stream

Albertson 

Brook

McDonalds 

Branch

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

NEW JERSEY

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Drainage basin

Study area

New Jersey Pinelands area boundary

Location of continuous-record streamflow-gaging 

station. Label is site identifier as shown in table 2

Location of miscellaneous streamflow or low-flow 

partial-record station. Label is site identifier as 

shown in table 2

Location of precipitation site. Label is site identifier 

as shown on p. 18

Location of evapotranspiration site

01466500 #*

01409410 *#

285346

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON

CUMBERLAND

CAMDEN

GLOUCESTER

30

ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

295

73

30

322

206

40

70

72

50

NEW JERSEY

TPK

GARDEN STATE PKWY

75° 74°45' 74°30'

39°

30'

39°

45'

Morses Mill

Stream

McDonalds 

Branch

Albertson Brook #*

#*

*#

*#! *#

NJ00

CCVOT

HAMOT

288899

285346

284229

283662

280311

1411000

1410600

1409410

1466900

1465880

ET Tower

01466550 01466500

01410225

01409410

0140941020

Figure 5. Location of evapotranspiration, precipitation, and surface-water sites used to develop water budgets for three drainage 

basins, New Jersey Pinelands.
18 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Daily precipitation values and estimated values were summed 

to obtain the monthly values needed for the water budget.

Precipitation sites used to calculate monthly precipitation 

within each basin are listed in the table below.

Precipitation sites.

Site 

identifier Operator Source of data

NJ00 NADP http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/

280311 NCDC http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html

283662 NCDC http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html

284229 NCDC http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html

285346 NCDC http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html

288899 NCDC http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/lcd/lcd.html

ET Tower USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/nwis

HAMOT SJRDC http://www.sjrcd.org/

CCVOT SJRDC http://www.sjrcd.org/

01465880 USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/nwis

01466900 USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/nwis

01409410 USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/nwis

01410600 USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/nwis

01411000 USGS http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/nwis

Monthly precipitation values for each basin were calculated using GIS. The inverse-distance weight method (IDW) 

was used to estimate precipitation for each cell in a grid that 

represented each basin based on measured precipitation at 

sites near the basins. The IDW method calculates values for a 

given cell by interpolating values between precipitation sites 

by weighting the values in proportion to the inverse distance 

between the site and the cell, with more weight being given to 

values from sites near the cell and less weight being given to 

values from sites far from the cell. The mean monthly precipitation of all cells within each basin was then determined. 

Artificial Discharge to Surface-Water Bodies (Das) 

Facilities that discharge water to a surface-water body 

(such as a lake, stream, or ocean) must apply for a National 

Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. In 

New Jersey, this Federal program is administered by the New 

Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). 

Each State agency collects data on wastewater discharges and 

transfers this information to the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (USEPA) Permit Compliance System (PCS) database, 

which is used to track data on the quantity and quality of 

wastewater discharges. Available point-source discharge data 

for sites within each basin were obtained from the NJDEP. 

NPDES permits were matched with data on monthly wastewater discharges. 

Change in Storage (Surface Water, ∆Ssw) 

To accurately balance all variables used in the waterbudget equations, changes in storage in surface-water bodies 

must be calculated if the change is substantial over time. For 

the most part, surface-water storage changed little from month 

to month. During the study period, storage in one lake in the 

Morses Mill Stream basin changed substantially. Lake Fred at 

Richard Stockton College in Pomona, NJ, was lowered during 

August 2005 to allow for the repair of the dam; the lake was 

refilled in March 2006 when repairs were complete. 

Change in Soil Moisture (∆Ssm) 

Initial attempts to determine the monthly water balance 

did not take into account changes in soil-moisture storage. 

Results of these attempts, however, indicated that changes in 

soil moisture storage could not be ignored. In order to provide a basis for estimating these changes, data collected at 

a climatological station in the McDonalds Branch basin for 

the concurrent study of evapotranspiration were used. Soil 

moisture was monitored using a Campbell Scientific CS615 

water content reflectometer probe installed to measure an 

averaged volumetric soil-moisture content within the upper 

30 cm of the soil profile. The measured soil-moisture values 

at this single location are not necessarily representative of the 

watershed but are presumed to be correlated with generalized 

wetting and drying conditions across the region. Soil-moisture 

measurements were made and recorded on the data logger 

every 30 minutes. Soil-moisture values from the McDonalds 

Branch climatological station provided a rough indication of 

soil-moisture changes for all three basins. 

Changes in soil moisture were calculated by using endof-month values from the McDonalds Branch climatological station. End-of-month values were subtracted from the 

previous month’s end-of-month value, such that a negative 

result represents an increase in soil moisture. This value was 

used as an index of the change in soil-moisture storage for the 

given month. For each of the three basins, the monthly soilmoisture-storage index values were adjusted using a scaling 

factor, such that the differences between calculated monthly 

land-surface recharge and calculated groundwater recharge 

values were minimized. Scaling factors used for the Albertson 

Brook, McDonalds Branch, and Morses Mill Stream basins 

were 25.3, 18.2, and 22.6 cm, respectively. 

Evapotranspiration (ET) 

The rate of evapotranspiration can vary widely depending on land use, vegetation, soil moisture, wind speed, solar 

radiation, and other factors. ET from wetland areas is expected 

to be greater than ET from upland areas because wetland soils 

are wetter and water is more readily available for ET (Ballard 

and Buell, 1975; Ballard, 1979). Prior to this study, ET data 

from sites in or near the basins were limited. In response to 

this data gap, the USGS installed a climatological station at 

the McDonalds Branch basin (“ET Tower” in figure 5) at a site 

where the source of ET is primarily wetlands. Concurrent ET

data were available from a climatological station operated by 

the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) at a nearby uplands site at the 

Silas Little Experimental Forest (SLEF) (Ameriflux, 2008). 
Methods of Investigation 19

Data from these two sites were used to determine ET rate indices for representative wetland and upland areas, respectively, 

and these indices were used to estimate total ET in each of the 

three study areas. 

Evapotranspiration values at the USGS station were 

determined by methods described by Nicholson and Sumner 

(2006). ET measurement methods at the USFS SLEF station are documented by Ameriflux (2008). A comparison of 

concurrent ET measurements made at the two sites during 

2005–06 showed that ET at the upland site averaged about 

66 percent of ET at the wetland site.

To determine the total evapotranspiration from each 

basin, total monthly ET values from the USGS McDonalds 

Branch station were used to represent the ET rate from wetland areas within each basin. The same total monthly ET values from the McDonalds Branch station were multiplied by a 

factor of 66 percent and used to represent the ET rate in upland 

areas. These rates were multiplied by the area of wetlands and 

uplands, respectively, in each study area. Estimated values 

of ET from wetland and upland areas were then summed to 

estimate total ET for each basin.

Water Use (Surface-Water Diversions, Ws) 

Estimates of water use, including surface-water diversions, were compiled for each of the three basins for the 2005 

and 2006 water years. A GIS with locations of intakes for 

surface-water diversions was used to determine which intakes 

were within each basin. All water-use data were obtained 

from the USGS’s Site-Specific Water Use System (SSWUDS) 

database. Water use for intakes with incomplete or unreported 

data was estimated by using data from the most recent year for 

which reported values were available. 

In New Jersey, high-volume water users (378.5 m3/d, 

or 100,000 gal/d or greater) report their monthly withdrawals to NJDEP; reporting is either on an annual or a quarterly 

basis. New Jersey data include metered withdrawals for many 

categories of use (public supply, commercial, industrial, mining, and thermoelectric power), reported to NJDEP as monthly 

values. Low-volume water users (less than 378.5 m3

/d or 

100,000 gal/d) must submit reports of monthly metered withdrawals. Agricultural/horticultural certification water users 

must submit monthly withdrawal data; however, withdrawals 

are rarely metered and, for the most part, are estimated by 

multiplying the number of hours of use by the pump capacity 

(Nawyn, 1998).The withdrawal data are entered in the NJDEP 

Bureau of Water Allocations (BWA) database and transferred 

electronically to the USGS as part of the USGS/NJDEP Cooperative Water-Use Program. The USGS reconfigures and tests 

the withdrawal and site data before they are entered into the 

SSWUDS database.

Recharge (Rs and R

g

) 

In both the land-surface- and groundwater-based equations, recharge is determined as a residual of the other waterbudget terms; therefore, recharge estimates carry with them an 

accumulation of any net error associated with the estimates for 

the other terms. The uncertainty associated with estimates of 

changes in soil-moisture storage may be large, as the estimates 

of this term reflect a highly simplified understanding of complex processes occurring in the unsaturated zone.

Soil moisture within the unsaturated zone varies throughout the year depending on rainfall patterns, changes in evaporation and transpiration rates, temperature, and other factors. 

During winter and spring, when soil moisture is above field 

capacity, recharge typically is much higher than during summer and fall. If soil moisture is less than field capacity, which 

commonly occurs during summer months, a soil-moisture 

deficit may exist. Although some macropore flow through soils 

may occur following rainfall under soil-moisture deficit conditions, recharge to the groundwater system is assumed to occur 

only after the deficit is made up (Nicholson and Watt, 1997; 

Alley, 1984). 

The time that elapses between a precipitation event, 

when water begins to infiltrate into the unsaturated zone, and 

the onset of recharge to the underlying aquifer system can 

vary greatly depending on the thickness of, and conditions in, 

the unsaturated zone. In areas where the water table is near 

the land surface, such as in and near wetlands, recharge can 

occur almost immediately. In areas where the water table is far 

below land surface, such as in upland areas near basin divides, 

however, recharge may take weeks or more. The presence 

of silt or clay layers in the unsaturated zone also can delay 

recharge or change the direction of flow in the unsaturated 

zone (Nicholson and Watt, 1997; Alley, 1984). This delay may 

be accentuated during winter months when some water may 

be stored as snow or ice on the land or frozen in the shallow 

part of the unsaturated zone and not immediately available 

for infiltration. A consequence of any delay in recharge is that 

some of the recharge estimated using the groundwater-based 

equation will tend to lag behind the recharge estimated using 

the land-surface-based equation. In practical application of 

recharge estimates, some of the recharge estimated for a given 

month using the land-based equation could be carried forward 

to the following month.

Groundwater-Budget Terms 

The determination of the other water budget terms for 

groundwater are described below.

Artificial Discharge to the Aquifer System (D

ag) 

Like facilities that discharge water to surface-water 

bodies, facilities that discharge water to groundwater through 

septic systems or other wastewater systems must apply for a 

NPDES permit. Point-source discharge data for sites within 

each basin were obtained from NJDEP, and NPDES permits 

were matched with data on monthly wastewater discharges.
20 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Groundwater Inflow/Outflow (Ri) 

Horizontal groundwater inflow or outflow between the 

basin and adjacent basins can occur in areas where groundwater divides do not coincide with surface-water divides and 

where large-capacity wells are located near the basin divide. 

Estimation of horizontal flow to or from a basin from field 

data alone is difficult; these flow rates are best estimated using 

groundwater flow models. Pre-calibration steady-state models 

being developed as part of another phase of the KirkwoodCohansey project were used to provide a preliminary indication of the direction and magnitude of horizontal flow across 

basin boundaries. These initial estimates helped to improve the 

agreement between recharge values determined by using the 

land-surface water-budget equation and those determined by 

using the groundwater-budget equation. Values of horizontal 

groundwater inflow or outflow also were adjusted in the budget equation by using the optimization routine described earlier to minimize the sum of the differences between monthly 

land-surface recharge (Rs

) and groundwater recharge (Rg). 

Water Use (Groundwater Withdrawals, W

g

) 

Estimates of water use, including groundwater withdrawals, were compiled for each of the three basins for the 2005 

and 2006 water years. A GIS with well locations was used to 

determine which wells were within each basin. All water-use 

data were obtained from the SSWUDS database. Water use 

for wells with incomplete or unreported data was estimated by 

using data from the most recent year for which reported values 

were available. 

Leakage (L) 

Groundwater leaks from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer 

system to underlying confined aquifers in response to head 

gradients across the confining units. Mapped water-level altitudes in the underlying confined aquifers in 2003 (DePaul and 

others, 2009) were examined and compared with water-level 

altitudes presented in this report. Because water-level differences across the confining units underlying the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system in the three study areas (typically 

greater than 20 m) are generally larger than the range of 

observed seasonal variations in water levels in the unconfined 

system (generally less than 2 m), the seasonality in both vertical gradients and vertical leakage was expected to be minor. 

A flow model (Martin, 1998; Voronin, 2004) developed as 

part of the USGS Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) 

program was used to determine the volume of water leaking 

to underlying layers (E.G. Charles, U.S. Geological Survey, 

written commun., 2007). The model can be used to simulate 

vertical flow through confining units for each grid cell of the 

model. Leakage values from each model cell within a basin 

were averaged to determine net flow out of the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system. Flow rates were assumed to be constant throughout the study period; therefore, only one leakage 

value was used for each basin.

Change in Storage (Groundwater, ∆S

gw) 

Changes in groundwater storage were calculated by 

using end-of-month depth-to-water values at basin-monitoring 

and wetland-monitoring wells. Basin-monitoring wells were 

used to represent change in water level in upland areas and 

wetland-monitoring wells were used to represent change in 

water level in wetlands. The water level in the shallowest well 

at each basin-monitoring well cluster was used in the calculation (table 1 at end of report). End-of-month values were 

subtracted from the previous month’s values so that a negative 

value represents a decline in the water level and a negative 

change (net loss) in storage. An average value for each basin 

was determined by first summing the area-weighted changes 

in water level in upland and wetland areas, then multiplying 

the resulting value by an estimate of specific yield for each 

basin to determine the change in storage. Values of specific 

yield were initially estimated on the basis of values previously 

reported for similar sediments in the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system (Rhodehamel, 1973; Freeze and Cherry, 1979; 

Fetter, 1994) and then were refined in the budget calculations 

using the optimization routine described earlier to minimize 

the sum of differences between the monthly land-surface 

water-budget recharge (Rs

) and groundwater-budget recharge 

(Rg) values. The estimated specific yields used in the budget 

calculations were 0.17 for the Albertson Brook basin, 0.31 for 

the McDonalds Branch basin, and 0.11 for the Morses Mill 

Stream basin. These estimates are considered rough approximations and are likely influenced by differences among 

the basins in the degree of dependence between changes in 

groundwater storage and recharge determined as a residual of 

computations based on other budget components. For example, relatively large changes in monthly groundwater storage 

in the McDonalds Branch basin resulted in better agreement 

between estimated monthly values of Rs and Rg for this basin 

than for the other two basins, so the estimated specific yield for 

the McDonalds Branch basin is larger than that for the other 

drainage basins.

Hydrologic Assessment 

In the following sections, organized by study area, the 

hydrologic data collected in the three Pinelands study areas 

are described and interpreted. Included are descriptions of the 

geohydrologic, hydrologic, and climatologic conditions under 

which the groundwater and surface-water data were collected. 

Hydrographs of water levels, streamflow, and precipitation 

records provide a continuous record of the transient hydrologic 

conditions during the data-collection period. Groundwater and 

surface-water data collected during the two synoptic measurement periods were examined in the context of these records. 

Maps and graphs are used to illustrate an area-wide analysis 

of water-table altitude, depth to groundwater, and localized 

hydraulic-gradient data that characterize the hydrologic interactions among groundwater, wetlands, and streams. Spring 
Hydrologic Assessment 21

and late summer 2005 base-flow measurements are compared, 

and start-of-flow locations observed during each of the synoptic measurements are reported.

Albertson Brook Study Area 

The Albertson Brook study area represents a range of 

hydrologic features typical of the Pinelands, with the upper 

and lower parts of the basin each containing different proportions of developed and undeveloped land. In the upper part 

of the basin, stream channels are flanked by narrow swamps, 

wetlands, and forests surrounded by agricultural land, some of 

which is unused and some that has undergone various forms 

of development. Several man-made lakes on the Pump Branch 

and Blue Anchor Brook tributaries to the Albertson Brook may 

affect the runoff characteristics in the basin by attenuating 

peak flows during periods of heavy rainfall. In contrast, the 

lower part of the basin is less developed, with the exception of 

active agriculture. In this area the Albertson Brook is flanked 

mostly by broad wetlands, some nearly 300 m wide that are 

composed largely of pine, cedar, and hardwood and abut 

forested uplands. In some areas on the south side of Albertson 

Brook, the upland forests transition to a patchwork of mostly 

agricultural land. The Albertson Brook basin narrows substantially in a downstream direction, an area where the basin 

is flanked by forest. All network wells and streamflow sites in 

the study area are shown in figure 2, and site information is 

listed in tables 1 and 2 (at end of report). 

Groundwater Levels

The hydrographs of daily mean water levels measured 

over the period of record (fig. 6) indicate that groundwater 

levels fluctuated over a maximum range of about 0.95 m at the 

upper-basin monitoring wells and about 0.78 m at the lowerbasin monitoring wells. The three wells that make up each 

cluster represent three aquifer layers that lie between the water 

table and the base of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system 

(Walker and others, 2008). Seasonal water-level extremes in 

the upper part of the basin (recharge area) lagged behind those 

in the lower part of the basin (discharge area). Water levels 

in the upper-basin monitoring-well cluster responded only 

minimally to the precipitation in the latter part of 2005. These 

hydrographs illustrate downward hydraulic gradients indicative of a recharge area in the upper-basin wells (fig. 6A) and 

upward hydraulic gradients indicative of a discharge area in 

the lower-basin wells (fig. 6B). 

The shallowest well (070744–PZ 5) in the upper-basin 

well cluster is screened in the unconfined (water-table) aquifer 

(hydrogeologic layer AB A1-B; Walker and others, 2008) 

and has the highest water level of the wells there. The water 

level in well 070744–PZ 5 fluctuated over a range of about 

0.95 m during the period of record, whereas the water level 

in the middle well (071091–AB-OW1M) and the deep well 

(071092–AB-OW1D), screened in the AB A-2 and AB A-3 

aquifer layers, respectively (Walker and others, 2008), fluctuated over a range of about 0.7 m during the same period. Water 

levels in both the middle and deep wells were as much as 1 m 

lower than that in the shallow well, and the hydrographs for 

the middle and deep wells are nearly identical (fig. 6A). The 

deeper wells show frequent and regular small fluctuations in 

daily mean water levels throughout the period of record that 

indicate effects of variable stresses typical of groundwater 

withdrawals. These fluctuations most likely are induced by 

pumping from one or more of the nearby public-supply wells, 

which are screened in the lower part of the aquifer system. 

These water-level fluctuations also were apparent in the shallow well, but their range was smaller than those in the deeper 

wells. The differences between the groundwater levels in the 

unconfined aquifer and those in the deeper aquifers probably 

can be attributed to the combined effects of local pumping 

and the influence of a more than 5-m-thick leaky confining 

layer referred to as AB C-1 (Walker and others, 2008), which 

separates the unconfined aquifer from the middle aquifer in 

this area. A thin, leaky confining layer referred to as AB C-2 

(Walker and others, 2008) also separates the middle and lower 

aquifers but, on the basis of their nearly identical water levels 

(fig. 6A) and the geophysical records for this site, this leaky 

confining layer appears to be ineffective at isolating these 

aquifers hydraulically (Walker and others, 2008). These conditions indicate that man-made or natural hydraulic stresses 

applied to the aquifer system may affect water levels differently in the three aquifer layers depending on differences in 

geologic structure, hydrology, and the location of the stresses 

applied. 

Although a downward hydraulic gradient may be 

expected in upper-basin areas, the observed difference in water 

levels of as much as 1 m between the unconfined and deeper 

aquifers may be attributable, in part, to local pumping from 

the aquifer system’s lower layers. In contrast, the lower-basin 

wells, located more than 3 km from any possible groundwater 

withdrawal, show an upward hydraulic gradient, no shortterm fluctuations that would indicate effects of groundwater 

withdrawals nearby, and a uniform difference in water levels 

with depth (less than 0.3 m overall), indicating a likely area of 

groundwater discharge where the natural vertical gradient is 

unaffected by local stresses. 

The effects of precipitation on groundwater levels can 

vary with location and depth. The location and depths represented by the two basin-monitoring well clusters generally 

cover the range of conditions to be found in the basin and 

effects of precipitation on groundwater levels. Water levels in 

the three wells in the upper-basin recharge area vary seasonally but do not respond promptly to precipitation events, 

whereas water levels in wells in the lower-basin discharge 

area respond rapidly (fig. 6). This difference likely results, in 

part, from the presence of a much thicker unsaturated zone 

(about 8.5 m thick) at the upper-basin site than at the lowerbasin site, where the unsaturated zone is less than 1 m thick. 

In addition, the unsaturated sediments at the lower-basin site 

are sandy, whereas those at the upper-basin site vary in texture 
22 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

15

15.5

16

16.5

17

2004 2005 2006

01409410–Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS 37.5

38

38.5

39

39.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

B.

C.

A.

DAILY MEAN WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

Upper basin-monitoring wells

Lower basin-monitoring wells

070744–PZ 5-1S

071091–AB OW-1M

071092–AB OW-1D

011505–AB OW-2S

011506–AB OW-2M

011504–AB OW-2D

Wells:

Shallow

Middle

Deep

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 6. Groundwater levels in (A) upper and (B) lower basin-monitoring wells and (C) precipitation, Albertson Brook study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 23

from gravel to sand with some clay layers (Walker and others, 

2008), and their moisture content varies with depth and time. 

All of these factors act to slow the rate of advance of a wetting 

front before it reaches the water table. Consequently, there was 

no definitive time during the period of record at the upperbasin site when infiltration resulted in a rapid rise of the water 

table (fig. 6A). 

In contrast, water levels in all the wells in the lowerbasin cluster responded rapidly to substantial precipitation 

induced recharge throughout the period of record (fig. 6B). 

Such a response is common in the shallow aquifer layer, 

but water levels in the wells screened in the middle and 

deep layers (011506–AB OW-2M and 011504–AB OW-2D) 

appear to respond simultaneously and to the same magnitude as that of the shallow well (011505—AB OW-2S) when 

recharge occurs. As shown in figure 6B, water levels in wells 

011506–ABOW-2M and 011504–ABOW-2D also increase 

with depth. When the water table begins to rise in response to 

precipitation, this change is immediately reflected as a change 

in water levels in the lower aquifer layers, indicating that these 

deeper aquifers are hydraulically connected to the water table. 

This observation confirms that the aquifer layers at this location are unconfined, as described by Walker and others (2008). 

Water-level data were recorded continually in two 

wetland-monitoring wells in the Albertson Brook study 

area (figs. 2, 7A, and 7B) during the study. These data indicate that the water table fluctuated over a range of 0.91 m 

near the upland edge of the wetlands (pitch pine uplands) at 

well 011459–Albertson Brook 2 (fig. 7B) and 0.51 m in the 

wetlands (cedar swamp) at well 071081–Albertson Brook 1 

(fig.7A). Groundwater levels in the uplands were affected 

more by precipitation than those in the wetlands beneath the 

cedar swamp. During periods of high water levels, groundwater levels beneath the swamp were affected by surface-water 

levels in the Albertson Brook. When the swamp became dry as 

water levels declined, the groundwater levels were less influenced by surface-water levels, and the response to precipitation was larger and more rapid (fig. 7). Major or sustained 

precipitation produced rapid responses in both wells, but the 

response was always smaller beneath the cedar swamp as a 

result of its proximity to the Albertson Brook.

Streamflow

Streamflow data recorded at the two gaging stations in the 

Albertson Brook study area (fig. 2) during the period of record 

indicate that daily mean discharge ranged from 0.06 m3/s 

to 1.90 m3/s at the Pump Branch station (0140940810) and 

from 0.26 m3/s to 2.49 m3/s at the Albertson Brook station 

(01409410) (fig. 8). 

During the summer low-flow periods of 2005 and 2006, 

stream stage at the Pump Branch gaging station (0140940810) 

was affected by backwater from vegetation growth in the 

channel, which raised the apparent stream stage while discharge remained unaffected. The stage shown on the hydrograph (fig. 8) indicates the actual stage during those backwater 

periods. The discharge hydrograph was adjusted for the 

periods of backwater by applying an adjustment to the stage 

record for these periods before determining the daily mean 

discharges. These adjustments were determined on the basis 

of manual stage and discharge measurements made during the periods of backwater. Discharge records for station 

0140940810 were considered fair (fair indicates 95 percent of 

the record is within 15 percent of the true value), except for 

discharges above 1.13 m3

/s, which are considered poor (less 

accurate than fair). With the exception of periods when stage 

at the Pump Branch gaging station was affected by backwater, the recorded stream stage compares well with nearby 

groundwater-level hydrographs, an indication of the strong 

hydrologic relation between groundwater and surface water 

in the Pinelands. The stage and discharge hydrographs for 

the Albertson Brook and Pump Branch gaging stations show 

characteristically similar responses to precipitation throughout 

the period of record. In the lower part of the Albertson Brook 

basin, a low divide separates the Albertson Brook from the 

adjacent Gun Branch basin to the north (fig. 2). Gun Branch 

joins the Albertson Brook downstream from the study area; 

however, on April 22, 2004, water from Gun Branch was 

observed flowing to the Albertson Brook through a ditch along 

State Route 206, indicating that inter-basin surface-water flow 

to the Albertson Brook upstream from the streamflow-gaging 

station (01409410) can occur. Given the observed inter-basin 

flow conditions, it is reasonable to assume that groundwater 

also can enter the Albertson Brook basin beneath the low 

divide between these two basins during periods of high water 

levels. 

As no long-term historical streamflow records were 

available for the Albertson Brook basin prior to this study, a 

comparison with conditions observed in the adjacent Great 

Egg Harbor River basin helps to place the streamflow data 

collected during the 2-year period of this study in hydrologic 

context. Mean annual discharge for the streamflow-gaging station 01411000, Great Egg Harbor River at Folsom, NJ, located 

about 12 km southwest of the Albertson Brook study area, for 

2005 and 2006 was 101 and 105 percent, respectively, of the 

long-term mean annual discharge determined from 82 years of 

record (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). 

Synoptic Measurements 

Synoptic measurements were made in the Albertson 

Brook study area during two low-flow periods–one in spring 

(April 13–25, 2005) and one in late summer (September 9–15, 

2005). Water-level data collected during these periods are 

presented in table 3 (at end of report), and the locations of the 

selected sites where measurements were made are shown in 

figure 9. Because long-term groundwater and surface-water 

records for the Albertson Brook study area were unavailable, statistics calculated using data from nearby sites with 

similar hydrologic characteristics provided long-term daily 

mean groundwater-level and streamflow data with which to 
24 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

1.59

1.5

1

0.5

0.09

WATER LEVEL, IN METERS BELOW LAND SURFACE

1.14

1

0.5

0

-0.36

17

17.5

18

18.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS 20.5

21

21.5

22

2004

A M J J A S O N D

2005

J F M A M J J A S O N D

2006

J F M A M J J A S

071081–Albertson Brook 1

011459–Albertson Brook 2

Gap indicates

missing record

A.

B.

C. 01409410–Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ

DAILY MEAN WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Land surface

Figure 7. Groundwater levels in (A) Albertson Brook 1 (B) Albertson Brook 2, wetland-monitoring wells and (C) precipitation, Albertson 

Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 25

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2004 2005 2006

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS

C.

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

01409410–Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

13

13.5

14

14.5

B.

Discharge

Stage

01409410–Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

22.2

22.5

23

23.5

23.7

DAILY MEAN DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND

WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

A.

Discharge

Stage

0140940810–Pump Branch near Elm, NJ

Figure 8. Surface-water stage and discharge at (A) Pump Branch near Elm and (B) Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ, gaging 

stations and (C) precipitation, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
26 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

73

30

30

322 ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

ATLANTIC

COUNTY

CAMDEN

COUNTY

BU

CO

GLOUCESTER

COUNTY

WINSLOW TWP

MONROE TWP

HAM

WATERFORD TWP

GLOUCESTER TWP

BERLIN 

TWP

BERLIN 

PINE HILL BORO

BORO

CLEMENTON 

BORO

CHESILHURST 

BORO

PINE VALLEY 

BORO

CLAYTON BORO

75° 74°55 74°50' 

39°

45'

39°

40'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

0

0 0.5 1 MILE

0.7 1.4 KILOME

GLOUCESTER

COUNTY

ABSTM7

ABSTM6

ABSTM14

ABSTM13

01409407

STM 62 STM 60

STM 67

ABSTM 5

01409408

0140940950, ABSTM16A

ABSTM8

ABSTM9

ABSTM10

ABSTM12

0140940810

01409409

071134

070668

071128 070709

071131

070682 070737

070705

070704

070501

071120

070901

071130

071132

070736

070679

070835

070699

070714

070678

070842

071125

070459

070753

01

0103

070711

071150

070468

070750

070712

070671

070698

070715,

071115 070791 071126

070741

071003

071113

070436 071129

071084

070818

070992

070991

070432

071148

011672

011669

071121

071124

070497

070481

STM 75

STM 76

0140941050

STM 79

ABSTM2

STM 3

070805

070702 01409403

ABSTM11

070701

070717

0140940607

ABSTM22

071133

071117,

071116

071118, 071109

071119, 071110

07112

07

34.3

35.19

33.26

34.88

36.26

WINSLOW TWP

CHESILHURST BORO

18.8 20.2

17.4

20.66

20.04

18.59

18.75

21.84

27.47

17.83

17.33

17.39

17.6517.65

17.83

18.05

18.12

18.26

WATERFORD TWP

WINSLOW TWP HAMMONTON TOWN

16.2

071151

071152

394150074494500

394251074463601

070716

070744,

071091,

071092

071093

071105

071111,

071114

071100,

071101

P1Cb,

P1C

A11C

070740 A7H

A7C

071081

071122

071123

071103,

071102

071106,

071107

071108, 

071112

070429

0140940970 0140940820

0140940972

ABSTM4

070781

070430

ABSTM21

071149

0115

Figure 9. Location of selected sites used for synoptic water-level measurements, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April and Septe
Hydrologic Assessment 27

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

Albertson Brook 

study area

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

071125 Location of well. Label is U.S. Geological 

Survey site identifier as shown in table 3

EXPLANATION

Albertson Brook study-area boundary

Albertson Brook drainage-basin boundary

A3PH Location of well installed and monitored by 

the NJ Pinelands Commission. Label is site 

identifier as shown in table 3

01409409 Location of surface-water site–includes 

streamgages, staff gages, stream point, and 

seepage site. Label is site identifier as shown 

in table 3

206

NEW JERSEY

URLINGTON

OUNTY

BURLINGTON

COUNTY

MULLICA TWP

SHAMONG TWP

MMONTON TOWN

WASHINGTON TWP

TABERNACLE TWP

74°45' 74°40'

ETER

HAMMONTON 

TOWN

ATLANTIC

COUNTY

BURLINGTON

COUNTY

Mullica River

011504,

011505,

011506

394154074451301

11404

325

010349 

011595

011594

011597

011634

011402

010342

011567

050408

0140941075

0140941070

27

70840

394154074451301 A8PX

A8PX3

A8PW A8PX2 A9PD

A1H

A1C

A1PH

A1PD

A1PU

A10PU

A10PD

A10PW

A10C

A9PH

A9PU

A9C 011555,

011556

0140941010

14.2

2

14.02

HAMMONTON TOWN

0140940990

A5PU

A5PD

A5PH

A5PW

011568

011459

011552, 011569 A4PU

A4PDb,

A4PD

A4H A4PW

A3PH

A2H

011553,

011554

18.8

18.75 16.46

HAMMONTON TOWN

596

011550,

011551

011557, 011558

01409410

ember 2005.
28 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

compare the state of the hydrologic system during the synoptic 

measurements.

During the April 2005 synoptic measurement, groundwater levels in the vicinity of the study area were slightly above 

the mean daily water-level statistic for the month of April 

as determined from 16 years of record for the well, Washington Township 1 Obs (well 151033) located about 13 km 

west of the Albertson Brook study area in Gloucester County 

(http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis). Streamflow at the gaging station in the adjacent Great Egg Harbor River basin at 

Folsom, NJ (01411000), during the same period was slightly 

lower than the long-term mean daily discharge statistic for the 

month of April as determined from 82 years of record (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2009). Groundwater levels vary spatially 

at any point in time as demonstrated by the lag in the seasonal water-level extremes described previously. Streamflow 

integrates groundwater discharge along the length of the basin, 

making it a better overall indicator of the hydrologic state of 

the basin.

The April synoptic measurement was begun 5 days after 

the end of a 2-week period of frequent precipitation, with 

rainfall amounts typically less than 4 cm per event (figs. 6–8). 

Light precipitation during the last 3 days of the spring measurements totaled 0.41 cm, although the hydrographs in figures 6 through 8 show that those precipitation events did not 

significantly influence groundwater levels or stream stage. As 

a result of the time lag in seasonal extremes described previously, hydrographs for the two basin monitoring-well clusters showed different water-level trends prior to and during 

the synoptic measurements. Water levels in the upper-basin 

monitoring wells (fig. 6A) rose prior to and during the spring 

synoptic measurement period, whereas those at the lowerbasin monitoring-well cluster declined.

During the September synoptic measurement, groundwater levels were lower than the 16-year long-term mean daily 

water-level statistics for the month of September, as indicated 

by the Washington Township 1 Obs, observation well. Streamflow in the Great Egg Harbor River at Folsom, NJ, was lower 

than the 82-year long-term mean daily discharge during the 

month of September. The September synoptic measurement 

was begun after an extended downward trend in both groundwater levels and streamflow, resulting from more than a month 

without substantial precipitation (figs. 6–8). As mentioned 

previously, stage at the Pump Branch gaging station prior to 

and during the September measurement appears higher than 

expected as a result of backwater caused by vegetation growth 

in the channel below the gage (fig. 8). 

Water levels at selected wells and stream sites and at 

the intersections of surface-water and topographic contours 

were used to prepare water-table-altitude maps for April and 

September 2005 (figs. 10 and 11, respectively). Groundwater 

flows through the permeable aquifer sediments from areas 

where water levels are highest to areas where water levels are 

lowest, where it discharges to wetlands, the Albertson Brook, 

and its tributaries. The water-level altitude slopes along the 

length of the basin, decreasing more than 30 m from the upper 

drainage-basin boundary to the lower drainage-basin boundary 

for this study (figs. 10 and 11). 

Fetter (1994) observes that the boundaries of surfacewater basins and groundwater basins do not necessarily coincide, and this condition was observed in several parts of the 

Albertson Brook basin. One of these areas is in the upper part 

of the basin, along its southwestern boundary, where watertable contours for both spring and summer measurements indicate groundwater leaving the basin, with hydraulic gradients 

toward the adjacent Great Egg Harbor River basin. Water-level 

contours in the northernmost extent of the basin also indicate 

a potential for groundwater leaving the basin toward the east, 

northeast, and other tributaries of the Mullica River basin. 

Water-level contours in the lower part of the basin, along the 

northern basin divide between the Albertson Brook and Gun 

Branch, indicate potential groundwater flow into the Albertson 

Brook basin during both April and September. The basin narrows substantially in this area, and the topography across the 

divide is relatively flat. Along the southern basin divide in the 

lower part of the basin, water-level contours indicate another 

small area where groundwater probably enters the basin from 

an agricultural area to the south. This condition persisted during both the April and September measurements. Farther east 

along the southern boundary, the 18-m-altitude contour indicates that groundwater may have been flowing out of the basin 

in April, but no such flow potential was apparent in September. 

Depth to the water table (DTW) in the Albertson Brook 

basin in April 2005 (fig. 12) ranged spatially from zero at 

points of groundwater discharge, such as ponds, streams, and 

wetlands, to a maximum of more than 10 m in upland areas 

at the northern and western limits of the basin. A histogram 

showing the distribution of DTW throughout the basin 

(fig. 13) provides a basin profile of the hydrologic setting 

for habitats that depend on different ranges of DTW. DTW 

is less than 0.5 m over 18 percent of the basin, resulting in a 

relatively small percentage of the basin being hydrologically 

suitable for wetland habitats. In comparison with the Pinelands 

as a whole, the basin has a smaller percentage of mapped 

wetlands areas; 13 percent of the basin is mapped as wetlands, 

whereas wetlands covered 27 percent of the entire Pinelands 

area in 2002 (Zampella and others, 2008). Most of the mapped 

wetlands are found in the downstream half of the basin. In 

mapped wetlands within the basin, DTW ranges from zero to 

2.1 m, with a mean depth of 0.21 m. Following the relatively 

higher water levels in April, the water table declined throughout the basin, falling as much as 1.2 m by the time of the 

September measurement. These changes generally were smallest near the areas of discharge to surface water and greatest in 

the upland recharge areas near groundwater divides but varied 

locally throughout the basin as a result of local conditions. 

Water level and hydraulic gradient data from five hydrologic transects in the Albertson Brook basin (fig. 2) describe 

the interaction of groundwater with wetlands and surface 

water during the two synoptic measurements in 2005. These 

data characterize the seasonal range in water-table altitude in 

and near wetlands and the changes in hydraulic gradients and 
Hydrologic Assessment 29

potential groundwater flow leading to groundwater discharge 

to the wetlands and surface water between April and September 2005 (fig. 14). Site conditions and associated findings are 

described below. 

The hydrologic transect site that is farthest upstream 

(ABHT1) is situated on the northeastern side of the Pump 

Branch tributary to the Albertson Brook near its headwaters. 

At this site, the land surface slopes for 230 m from the uplands 

into a narrow wetland (about 30 m wide) that flanks the stream 

channel. The slope in the water table was uniform during both 

synoptic measurements (fig. 14) with downward hydraulic 

gradients in the upland wells, representing an area of recharge, 

that transition to upward hydraulic gradients beneath the wetlands and the Pump Branch, indicating a hydraulic potential 

for groundwater discharge. 

Transect ABHT2 is about 9 km downstream from transect 

ABHT1, on the northern side of the Pump Branch (figs. 2 and 

14), where the channel broadens and is flanked by wetlands. 

Transect ABHT2 is about 175 m long and originates in the 

uplands, where the land surface slopes gently toward the 

Pump Branch and then steeply at the weathered bank of an 

ancient stream channel. This steep slope marks the transition 

from uplands to wetlands and the beginning of dry white cedar 

lowlands. From the edge of the wetlands to the stream, the 

topography is relatively flat for a distance of about 75 m. During both April and September, vertical hydraulic gradients in 

the uplands indicated potential downward groundwater flow. 

From the uplands, the water table slopes gently toward the 

middle well cluster, where hydraulic gradients were upward 

during both synoptic measurements. The upward gradient in 

the middle cluster was smaller in April than in September, 

probably because water levels were higher in April as a result 

of frequent rainfall preceding the April measurement. Small 

but similar upward hydraulic gradients in the near-stream 

well pair and substantially larger upward hydraulic gradients 

beneath the Pump Branch during both synoptic measurements 

indicate a strong potential for groundwater discharge to the 

Pump Branch in this area. The persistent upward hydraulic 

gradients beneath the wetlands and stream indicate that much 

of the groundwater discharge reaching the stream at this location is probably from the deeper groundwater-flow system.

Conditions at hydrologic transect ABHT3 (fig. 14) 

located on the Albertson Brook about 1.6 km below the 

confluence of the Pump Branch with Blue Anchor Brook are 

similar to those described for ABHT2. This transect is about 

105 m long with a moderate slope in the land surface from the 

uplands to the predominantly hardwood and pine wetlands 

that lie along the northern side of the Albertson Brook. These 

wetlands, about 50 m wide, are relatively flat from near the 

upland/wetland boundary to the stream. The water table sloped 

gently from the uplands to the stream in April; in September 

the slope was similar, but the horizontal hydraulic gradient 

was smaller. The upland well pair shows a slight downward 

hydraulic gradient in April and no vertical gradient in September, indicating that most shallow groundwater flow from 

the uplands in this area probably is horizontal, toward the 

Albertson Brook. Beneath the wetlands and the Albertson 

Brook, hydraulic gradients were upward during both synoptic 

measurements, indicating a strong potential for discharge of 

groundwater to the stream in this area. In September, after 

more than a month without rain, shallow water levels were 

lower, but upward gradients near and beneath the Albertson 

Brook were greater than in April, reflecting the influence of 

groundwater flow that discharges to the stream along longer 

and deeper flow paths.

Transect ABHT4 is located about 350 m downstream 

from ABHT3 on the south side of the Albertson Brook. The 

transect is about 400 m long, nearly 300 m of which traverses 

wetlands and swamp containing pine, hardwoods, and cedars 

that flank Albertson Brook in this area. The upland end of 

this transect originates at the location of Albertson Brook 2, 

a wetland-monitoring well described previously. The water 

table along the transect slopes with a uniform horizontal 

gradient from the uplands through the wetlands and swamp 

to the stream (fig. 14). In contrast to the upstream transects, 

hydraulic gradients at the upland end of transect ABHT4 were 

downward in April but upward in September. Although the 

reason for the upward gradient in September is not well understood, it could indicate the occurrence of sub-regional groundwater flow discharging toward the surface. This condition 

was documented at the lower-basin monitoring-well cluster 

(AB OW-2) located about 1,100 m downstream from this area, 

where water-level hydrographs (fig. 6 B) illustrate uniform 

upward hydraulic gradients from deep in the aquifer system 

to the water table. At the middle well cluster of the ABHT4 

transect, located in the wetlands near the edge of the swamp, 

the hydraulic gradient was upward in April, indicating a potential for groundwater discharge to the wetlands and swamp in 

this area. Water levels in these wells were equal in September, 

indicating that local groundwater discharge likely had ceased 

and that shallow flow probably was horizontal toward the 

swamp and stream in this area. The hydraulic gradients at the 

near-stream well pair and beneath the stream were upward 

during both periods, indicating probable persistent groundwater discharge to the Albertson Brook in that area. 

Transect ABHT5, on the northeasterly side of the Albertson Brook near the lower basin boundary, extends more than 

120 m from the uplands through the wetlands to the stream. 

The well cluster that is farthest upland is near a low topographic divide separating the Albertson Brook basin from the 

Gun Branch basin (fig. 2). Previous descriptions of the hydrologic relation between these basins indicated that Gun Branch 

could be losing water to Albertson Brook in some areas. 

The farthest upland well cluster in this transect showed 

a large downward hydraulic gradient in April and a small 

upward gradient in September (fig. 14). The April 2005 water 

levels describe a water table that slopes gently toward the 

Albertson Brook with upward hydraulic gradients near and 

beneath the stream, which indicate that groundwater probably 

was discharging to the wetland and stream in this area. 

By the time of the September synoptic measurement, 

the Gun Branch was dry and water levels in the transect wells 
30 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

73

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322 ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

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PINE HILL BORO

BORO

CLEMENTON 

BORO

CHESILHURST 

BORO

PINE VALLEY 

BORO

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75° 74°55 74°50' 

39°

45'

39°

40'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

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Hydrologic Assessment 31

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ER

27.47 Location of well monitored by U.S. Geological 

Survey. Label is water-level altitude, in meters, 

as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88

Partial-record station

U.S. Geological Survey streamgage

Stream point 

EXPLANATION

Albertson Brook study-area boundary

Albertson Brook drainage-basin boundary

Start-of-flow, April 2005

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water site. Label is water-level 

altitude, in meters, as shown in table 2. Datum is NAVD 88 

21.27 Location of well installed and monitored by the NJ 

Pinelands Commission. Label is water-level altitude, 

in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

Altitude of water table, in meters. 

Datum is NAVD 88

30

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be leaving the basin

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be entering the basin

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14.72 14.63 15.01

14.80

HAMMONTON 

TOWN

14

15

!(

#0!(

!(!(

!( !( !(

!(!(!( !(

!(

!(

18.26

18.12

18.29

17.68

18.10

18.04

17.72

17.58

18.60

17.66

17.33

17.83 17.78

17.39

HAMMONTON TOWN

18

17

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

Albertson Brook 

study area
32 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06















 







73

30

30

322 ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

ATLANTIC

COUNTY

CAMDEN

COUNTY

GLOUCESTER

COUNTY

WINSLOW TWP

MONROE TWP

HAMM

WATERFORD TWP

GLOUCESTER TWP

BERLIN 

TWP

BERLIN 

PINE HILL BORO

BORO

CLEMENTON 

BORO

CHESILHURST 

BORO

PINE VALLEY 

BORO

CLAYTON BORO

75° 74°55 74°50' 

39°

45'

39°

40'





Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

0

0 0.5 1 MILE

0.7 1.4 KILOMETER

20.68

20.83

33.57

32.10

22.06

19.15

19.21

34.32

33.26

19.66

17.87

18.18

20.18 21.06

33.66

28.43

29.61

26.81

26.35 23.38 23.71

30.37

23.72

29.49

39.74

34.92

38.75

26.51

24.61

19.09

20.38

30.91

27.42

21.61

21.49

23.87

26.39

35.62

27.61

33.35

33.54

34.09

34.39

WINSLOW TWP

41

40

39

38

37

36

35

35

34

34

33

33

32

32

31

31

30

30

29

28

27

26

25

25

24

24

23

22

22

2120

19

18

23

35

34

Figure 11. Altitude of water table, Albertson Brook study area, New Jersey Pinelands, September 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 33

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area



17.15 Location of well monitored by U.S. Geological 

Survey. Label is water-level altitude, in meters, 

as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88

Partial-record station

U.S. Geological Survey streamgage

Stream point 

EXPLANATION

Albertson Brook study-area boundary

Albertson Brook drainage-basin boundary

Start-of-flow, September 2005

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water site. Label is water-level 

altitude, in meters, as shown in table 2. Datum is NAVD 88 

17.05 Location of well installed and monitored by the NJ 

Pinelands Commission. Label is water-level altitude, 

in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

Altitude of water table, in meters. 

Datum is NAVD 88

30

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be leaving the basin

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be entering the basin

16.93

13.88

20.38



206

NEW JERSEY

BURLINGTON

COUNTY

MULLICA TWP

SHAMONG TWP

MONTON TOWN

WASHINGTON TWP

TABERNACLE TWP

74°45' 74°40'

BURLINGTON

COUNTY

Mullica River

7

8

12.07

13.88

13.07

15.65

17.20

16.93

16.97

17.15

17.14

16.80 17.65

17.37

17.44 17.20

16.77 17.23

17.05

HAMMONTON TOWN

WATERFORD TWP

13.42 13.48

13.56

13.55

14.18

13.43

13.99

13.94

14.28 13.91

14.12 14.33

14.07 14.33

13.95

14.71

14.58

13.65

13.32

13.43

14.25

HAMMONTON TOWN

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

14

14

Albertson Brook 

study area
34 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

206

BURLINGTON

COUNTY

CAMDEN

COUNTY

ATLANTIC

COUNTY

GLOUCESTER

COUNTY

Gun Branch

Great Egg Harbor River

Mullica River

WINSLOW TOWNSHIP

WATERFORD TOWNSHIP

HAMMONTON TOWNSHIP

SHAMONG TOWNSHIP

MONROE TOWNSHIP

MULLICA 

TOWNSHIP

CHESILHURST BORO

WASHINGTON 

TOWNSHIP

74°55' 74°50' 74°45'

39°

45'

39°

40'

0

0 1 2 MILES

1 2 KILOMETERS

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83 

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

EXPLANATION

Albertson Brook drainage-basin 

boundary

Albertson Brook study-area 

boundary

Depth to water table, in centimeters, as 

shown in table 3

0

> 0 - 20

> 20 - 40

> 40 - 60

> 60 - 80

> 80 - 100

> 100 - 150

> 150 - 200

> 200 - 300

> 300 - 500

> 500 - 1000

> 1000 - 1900

Wetland, New Jersey Department 

of Environmental Protection 1999a 

and 1999c

Albertson Brook 

study area

Figure 12. Depth to water table, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 35

had declined about 0.5 m, resulting in no apparent horizontal 

hydraulic gradient from the uplands to the middle well cluster 

(fig. 14), indicating little or no horizontal groundwater flow 

toward the stream in this area. The vertical hydraulic gradient 

at the middle well cluster also was only slightly downward in 

April, and there was no vertical gradient in September, indicating that groundwater flow at this location if any, probably 

was largely horizontal toward the stream during both periods. 

Between the middle well cluster and the wetlands, the apparent horizontal hydraulic gradient in September was similar 

to that in April. Substantial vertical hydraulic gradients were 

measured in the wetlands and beneath the stream during both 

months, indicating that deep groundwater flow that originated 

farther upstream in the basin probably begins to discharge to 

the surface in the wetlands and likely increases toward the 

stream. The upward hydraulic gradients near the stream were 

smaller in September than in April, but the upward gradient 

beneath the stream was slightly larger in September, indicating 

that the strongest hydraulic potential for groundwater discharge along this transect probably was beneath the stream. A 

regionally extensive but discontinuous, leaky confining layer 

identified by Walker and others (2008) at a depth of almost 

13 m beneath transect ABHT5 could act to isolate the water 

table locally from the deeper groundwater. The extent to which 

this layer may affect groundwater discharge to the stream 

cannot be ascertained from the available data. During periods 

of high water levels, however, most groundwater discharge to 

the wetlands and stream at this location appears to be from the 

shallow part of the aquifer system and likely includes water 

from the Gun Branch basin. The larger upward hydraulic 

gradients measured beneath the stream in September probably indicate the influence of water levels in the deeper part of 

aquifer system, either directly through upward vertical leakage, or indirectly at locations where the leaky confining layer 

may be absent locally or hydraulically more conductive. 

Stream base-flow measurements and the observed startof-flow locations for both the April and September 2005 

synoptic measurements show that base flow ranged from 

0.003 to 0.031m3

/s at the uppermost measuring site on the 

Pump Branch and from 0.275 to 1.10 m3/s at the lowermost 

measuring site on the Albertson Brook in September and 

April 2005. During September, the base-flow measurements 

indicated that discharge increased downstream, except at station 0140940990, the third site above the lower drainage-basin 

boundary (figs. 2 and 15). A comparison of this discharge with 

that at the site immediately upstream (0140940972) reveals a 

possible losing reach, as discharge declined 0.026 m3/s (from 

0.261 to 0.235 m3

/s) between the two sites (fig. 15, table 4). 

This apparent loss in streamflow, although not well understood, may be attributable to a local groundwater withdrawal 

in the area or to a discharge-measurement error, or a combination of factors. Groundwater withdrawal for agricultural 

irrigation, however, is known to occur during the spring and 

summer growing season at locations upstream from station 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENTAGE OF BASIN AREA

DEPTH TO WATER, IN CENTIMETERS

0 - 5

10 - 15

20 - 2530 - 3540 - 4550 - 55

60 -65

70 - 7580 - 8590 - 95

100 - 105110 - 115120 - 125130 - 135

140 - 145

Figure 13. Histogram showing percentage distribution of depth to water in Albertson Brook basin, Albertson Brook study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005. (Areas where 5-centimeter intervals of depth to water exceed 145 centimeters occupy less than 2 

percent of the basin area and are not shown.)
36 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 ATLANTIC COUNTY 206 30 322 30 73

252

80

ABHT2

ABHT3

ABHT4 ABHT5

ABHT1 BURLINGTON COUNTY

GLOUCESTER COUNTY

CAMDEN COUNTY

ATLANTIC

CITY EXPRESSWAY

0

2 4 MILES 0

2 4 KILOMETERS

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

75° 74°50' 74°40'

39°45'39°40'

EXPLANATION

Albertson Brook drainage-basin boundaryAlbertson Brook study-area boundaryAlbertson Brook hydraulic transect

ABHT1, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

39383736353433

Pump Branch

tributary

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS Wetlands Uplands

604020 0

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

-0.10

0.200.100.00

27262524232221

ABHT2, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS

-0.1

0.20.10.0

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

40 60 80 100 180 200 160140120

24232221201918

Albertson Brook

Wetlands

Uplands

20 40 60 80 0 100 120

-0.1

0.20.10.0

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS

DISTANCE, IN METERS DISTANCE, IN METERS

ABHT3, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

Wetlands

Pump Branch

Uplands

AprilSeptemberLand surface Shallow water level, AprilDeep water level, AprilShallow water level, September

Deep water level, September

-0.1

0.20.10.0

20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140

DISTANCE, IN METERS

19181716151413

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERSABHT5, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 Albertson Brook Wetlands Uplands

120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400

-0.1

0.20.10.0

80400

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

22212019181716

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERSABHT4, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 Uplands Wetlands Albertson Brook EXPLANATION

ABHT3 Albertson Brook hydrologic 

transect 3

Figure 14. Location of five wetlands hydrologic transects and graphs showing water levels and hydraulic gradients along the transects during high (April) and low (September) 

flow, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005. (Vertical datum is NAVD 88)
Hydrologic Assessment 37

206

30

322 ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

WINSLOW 

TOWNSHIP

WATERFORD TOWNSHIP

HAMMONTON 

TOWNSHIP

SHAMONG TOWNSHIP

MONROE 

TOWNSHIP MULLICA TOWNSHIP

WASHINGTON

TOWNSHIP

BERLIN

BOROUGH

EVESHAM

TOWNSHIP

MEDFORD TOWNSHIP

CHESILHURST

BOROUGH

FOLSOM

BOROUGH

BURLINGTON

COUNTY

ATLANTIC

COUNTY

GLOUCESTER

COUNTY

CAMDEN

COUNTY

0

0 1 2 MILES

1 2 KILOMETERS

74°55' 74°50' 74°45' 74°40'

39°

40'

39°

45'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

EXPLANATION

#V "/

#*

#*

$1

Synoptic discharge-measurement site. Number is 

discharge, in cubic meters per second; NM, not 

measured

Partial-record gage

Streamgage

Stream point

Albertson Brook study-area boundary

Albertson Brook drainage-basin boundary

Perennial stream

Intermittent-stream channel, April to 

September 2005

Start-of-flow, September 2005

Start-of-flow, April 2005 April NM

Sept. 0.258

April 0.481

Sept. 0.164

April NM

 Sept. 0.028

$1

$1

$1

$1 $1

$1

$1 "/

"/

"/

"/

"/

*# *# *# V#

*# *#

*#

*#

#V

*#

April NM

Sept. 0.153

April NM

Sept. 0.028 April NM

Sept. 0.258

April 1.08

Sept. 0.280

April 0.821

Sept. 0.261

April 0.481

Sept. 0.164 April 0.031

Sept. 0.003

April 0.538

Sept. 0.167

April 0.116

Sept. 0.008

April 0.963

Sept. 0.235

*#

April 1.10

Sept. 0.275

Figure 15. Surface-water discharge at selected locations, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, April and September 2005.
38 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 4. Base-flow measurements for selected streams in three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, spring and summer, 2005. [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: number is U.S. Geological Survey station identification number. Site type: CRGS, continuous-record streamflow-gaging station; HT, hydrologic transect; PRS, low-flow partial-record station; seep, seepage site used to measure water level; m3/s, cubic meter per second] Site identifier Site name Site type Base flow, spring 2005 (m3/s) Base flow, summer 2005 (m3/s) Ratio: spring base flow divided by summer1 base flow Albertson Brook basin 0140940607 Pump Branch at Cedar Brook, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.031 0.003 10.3 01409408 Pump Branch near Waterford Works, NJ PRS, seep -- 0.153 -- 0140940810 Pump Branch near Elm, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 0.481 0.164 2.9 0140940820 Pump Branch above Blue Anchor Brook near Elm, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.538 0.167 3.2 01409409 Blue Anchor Brook near Blue Anchor, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage 0.116 0.008 14.5 0140940950 Blue Anchor Brook at Elm, NJ PRS, seep -- 0.028 -- 0140940970 Albertson Brook near Elm, NJ PRS -- 0.258 -- 0140940972 Albertson Brook below Railroad Bridge near Elm, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.821 0.261 3.1 0140940990 Albertson Brook 1.3 miles above U.S. Route 206 near Atsion, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.963 0.235 4.1 01409410 Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ CRGS, staff gage 1.08 0.280 3.9 0140941010 Albertson Brook 0.8 miles below U.S. Route 206 near Atsion, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 1.10 0.275 4.0 McDonalds Branch basin 01466460 McDonalds Branch 650ft above Butler Place Road in Byrne State Forest, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.006 0.0

U

01466500 McDonalds Branch in Byrne State Forest, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 0.085 0.031 2.7

01466510 McDonalds Branch 2000ft downstream of gage in Byrne State Forest, NJ PRS, seep 0.108 0.037 2.9

01466520 McDonalds Branch Tributary in Byrne State Forest, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.006 0.0

U

01466550 McDonalds Branch near Presidential Lakes, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.176 0.065 2.7

01466590 McDonalds Branch at McDonalds, NJ PRS, seep -- 0.037 --

01466600 McDonalds Branch at Cooper Road at McDonalds, NJ PRS, seep 0.623 -- --

Morses Mill Stream basin

01410217 Morses Mill Stream at West Duerer Street near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.022 0.0

U

01410218 Morses Mill Stream at Zurich Avenue near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.057 0.001 57.0

01410221 Morses Mill Stream Tributary below Sand Road near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.019 -- --

01410222 Morses Mill Stream at College Drive near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep 0.183 0.011 16.6

01410223 Morses Mill Stream at Garden State Parkway near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 0.246 0.021 11.7

01410225 Morses Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 0.283 0.059 4.8

1Ratio of spring base flow divided by summer base flow is undefined where summer base flow is zero.
Hydrologic Assessment 39

0140940990 and more than 300 m south of Albertson Brook. 

This water use might have contributed to the apparent reduction in stream discharge, but the apparent streamflow loss also 

is approximately equal to the acceptable percent error for the 

discharge measurement. 

Locations of start-of-flow observed in surface water 

during the April and September 2005 synoptic measurements 

(fig. 15) are shown with a dashed line indicating the possible 

range of the seasonally intermittent stream channel defined by 

the two field observations. Base-flow discharge ratios 

(spring streamflow/summer streamflow) were calculated for 

the April and September 2005 synoptic measurements in the 

Albertson Brook basin (table 4). Base-flow discharge ratios 

in the upper basin areas (12 and 14) of the Albertson Brook 

basin were three to four times greater than those in the lower 

basin, respectively. Base-flow discharge ratios were largest 

where the contributing drainage areas were small and smallest where drainage areas were the largest, providing a relative indication of the size of the drainage area contributing 

to streamflow via groundwater discharge at a given location. 

Groundwater that discharges to the surface in upper-basin 

areas, which are mostly recharge areas, typically flows along 

localized, relatively short flow paths when water levels are 

high. As groundwater levels decline, discharge to surface 

water at a given location may cease entirely, causing groundwater to follow longer flow paths to points of discharge farther 

downstream. Because stream reaches in the lower basin areas 

receive groundwater discharge that travels along both local, 

shorter flow paths and deeper, longer flow paths, however, 

base flow is more persistent, and discharge ratios are smaller 

than in upper-basin areas. 

Water Budget

The water budget below includes values for all applicable components of the hydrologic cycle in the Albertson 

Brook drainage basin and accounts for all known gains and 

losses to or from the system. The basin water budget was 

developed on a monthly basis. The period of this analysis is 

October 2004–September 2006. 

The following equations were used to calculate the water 

budget for the Albertson Brook drainage basin. 

Land-surface components:

Rs = P ± ∆Ssm - Qdr - ET - Ws , (4)

where

Rs = recharge to the aquifer system,

P = precipitation,

∆Ssm = change in soil moisture,

Qdr = direct runoff,

ET = evapotranspiration,

Ws = surface-water withdrawals/diversions, and

Groundwater components:

Rg = Qb + Wg ± L ± ∆Sgw - Dag ± Ri , (5)

where

Rg = recharge to the aquifer system,

Qb = base flow,

Wg = groundwater withdrawals,

L = leakage to confined aquifers,

∆Sgw = change in groundwater storage,

Dag = artificial discharge to the aquifer system,

Ri = groundwater inflow to/outflow from 

adjacent basins. (There were no known 

artificial discharges to surface water (Das) 

or changes in surface-water storage (∆Ssw) 

in the Albertson Brook drainage basin 

during the study period.)

Average annual precipitation in the Albertson Brook 

drainage basin during the study period was 114 cm (table 5). 

Monthly precipitation typically is fairly uniform through the 

year and is evenly distributed throughout the basin. Monthly 

precipitation averaged 9.5 cm and ranged from 1.04 cm in 

September 2005 to 25.2 cm in October 2005 (fig. 16, table 5). 

Average annual ET in the Albertson Brook drainage basin 

during the study period was 56.1 cm—the smallest value 

among the three basins–probably because the Albertson Brook 

basin has the smallest percentage of wetlands. Monthly ET

averaged 4.7 cm and ranged from 0.5 cm in December 2004 

to 11.0 cm in July 2006. ET from the basin was equivalent 

to 49 percent of precipitation on an annual basis. This loss, 

however, varied widely throughout the year. In winter, when 

ET was minimal, it was less than one-tenth the precipitation. 

During some summer months, nearly all precipitation was lost 

to ET, and recharge to the underlying aquifer was minimal. ET

exceeded precipitation during May, June, August, and September 2005 and May 2006.

Direct runoff of precipitation in the basin was relatively 

small, averaging 0.5 cm/mo during the study period. Monthly 

values ranged from zero cm in September 2005 to 3.1 cm in 

October 2005. Direct recharge of the aquifer system through 

infiltration of precipitation averaged 52.3 cm annually and 

typically was greatest during the winter months when ET was 

minimal. 

During the study period, recharge during winter months 

(December-February) averaged about 6.4 cm/mo. During 

summer months (July-September) when ET was greatest 

recharge averaged about 1.9 cm/mo. Annual base flow in the 

basin during the study period represented 89 percent of annual 

streamflow. In September 2005, the month with the least 

precipitation during the study period, base flow accounted for 

100 percent of streamflow. In October 2005, the wettest month 

during the 2-year period, base flow represented 46 percent 

of streamflow. Changes in storage of soil moisture during 

the study period had a moderate effect on the water budget. 
40 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Table 5. Basin water budget for Albertson Brook, Atlantic and Camden Counties, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.—Continued

[All values are in centimeters; recharge values determined as a residual may be different from computed values due to rounding]

Land-surface budget

Date Precipitation

Discharge 

to surfacewater

Change in 

surfacewater 

storage

Change in 

soil-moisture 

storage

Direct 

runoff

Evapotranspiration

Surfacewater withdrawals

 Recharge

Oct-04 8.2 0 0 0.5 0.3 3.7 0 4.7

Nov-04 12.1 0 0 -2.1 0.5 1.9 0 7.6

Dec-04 7.7 0 0 1.2 0.4 0.5 0 8

Jan-05 8.2 0 0 -0.4 0.3 0.5 0 7

Feb-05 5.4 0 0 -0.5 0.2 1.3 0 3.5

Mar-05 9.9 0 0 -0.5 0.5 1.9 0 7

Apr-05 10.8 0 0 1.4 0.5 4.6 0.01 7

May-05 6.5 0 0 1 0.3 6.6 0.02 0.6

Jun-05 6.4 0 0 1 0.1 9.3 0.02 -2.1

Jul-05 13.3 0 0 2.3 1.1 10.5 0.02 4

Aug-05 8.5 0 0 2 0.1 9.4 0.02 1

Sep-05 1 0 0 1 0 6.6 0.02 -4.5

Oct-05 25.2 0 0 -7.2 3.2 3.5 0.02 11.4

Nov-05 9.9 0 0 -1.1 0.4 1.9 0 6.4

Dec-05 8.6 0 0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0 8

Jan-06 11.6 0 0 0.2 0.7 1.6 0 9.5

Feb-06 3.6 0 0 0.1 0.1 1 0 2.6

Mar-06 2.2 0 0 3.2 0 1.7 0.01 3.6

Apr-06 7.9 0 0 -0.4 0.2 4.1 0.02 3.1

May-06 6.2 0 0 2 0.2 6.6 0.02 1.4

Jun-06 16.1 0 0 -3.5 0.4 8.4 0.02 3.8

Jul-06 13.9 0 0 4 1.1 11 0.02 5.8

Aug-06 8.7 0 0 -0.7 0.3 8.7 0.03 -1

Sep-06 15.9 0 0 -2.7 0.9 6.2 0.01 6.1

Monthly average 9.5 0 0 0.05 0.5 4.7 0.01 4.4

Annual average 113.8 0 0 0.6 6 56.1 0.1 52.3

Groundwater budget

Date Base 

flow

Groundwater 

withdrawals Leakage

Change in 

groundwater 

storage

Artificial 

recharge

Groundwater inflow 

or outflow

Recharge

Oct-04 3.9 0.4 0.06 -1 0.07 -0.03 3.4

Nov-04 4.3 0.3 0.06 0.5 0.07 -0.03 5.2

Dec-04 5.3 0.4 0.06 -1.6 0.07 -0.03 4.1

Jan-05 5.1 0.4 0.06 -0.2 0.07 -0.03 5.3

Feb-05 4.5 0.3 0.06 1.1 0.07 -0.03 6

Mar-05 5.5 0.4 0.06 1.4 0.07 -0.03 7.2

Apr-05 6.7 0.5 0.06 1.9 0.07 -0.03 9.1

May-05 5.2 0.5 0.06 -0.3 0.07 -0.03 5.5

Jun-05 3.3 0.7 0.06 -1.2 0.06 -0.03 2.8

Jul-05 3.5 0.8 0.06 -1.5 0.07 -0.03 2.8
Hydrologic Assessment 41

Monthly changes in soil-moisture storage ranged from 4.0 cm 

in July 2006 (a decrease in soil moisture) to -7.2 cm in October 2005 (an increase in soil moisture). Average annual change 

in storage during the 2-year study period was 0.6 cm, indicating a slight decrease in soil moisture over the study period. 

During this period, groundwater levels declined slightly, representing a net loss in storage of 1.2 cm/yr. Monthly changes 

in groundwater storage ranged from -3.3 cm in September 

2005 (a decline in water level) to 4.2 cm in October 2005 

(an increase in water level) (fig.17, table 5).

In general, groundwater withdrawals and surface-water 

diversions in the Albertson Brook basin are small, as are artificial discharges to groundwater and surface water. Annually, 

groundwater withdrawals and surface-water diversions combined account for about 5 percent of the total precipitation, 

and groundwater withdrawals account for about 11 percent of 

recharge (fig. 17). Withdrawals in the basin typically are greatest in summer, when withdrawals for irrigation are greatest. 

Although there are few public-supply wells in the basin, they 

account for most of the withdrawals.

Estimated net vertical leakage to underlying confined 

aquifers was 0.06 cm/mo, and estimated net horizontal 

groundwater outflow to adjacent basins was 0.03 cm/mo. To 

evaluate the agreement between the land-surface and groundwater components of the water-budget calculations, recharge 

values calculated using the land-surface equation were 

compared to those calculated using the groundwater equation 

(fig. 18). Estimates were generally in fairly close agreement, 

to within a few centimeters. Differences in monthly recharge 

estimates ranged from -5.0 cm in June 2005 to +4.1 cm in 

October 2005. The average difference was -0.2 cm.

Table 5. Basin water budget for Albertson Brook, Atlantic and Camden Counties, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.—Continued

[All values are in centimeters; recharge values determined as a residual may be different from computed values due to rounding]

Groundwater budget—Continued

Date Base 

flow

Groundwater 

withdrawals Leakage

Change in 

groundwater 

storage

Artificial 

recharge

Groundwater inflow 

or outflow

Recharge

Aug-05 2.4 0.8 0.06 -1.7 0.07 -0.03 1.5

Sep-05 1.4 0.6 0.06 -3.3 0.06 -0.03 -1.3

Oct-05 2.6 0.5 0.06 4.2 0.07 -0.03 7.4

Nov-05 3.7 0.4 0.06 0 0.06 -0.03 4.1

Dec-05 5 0.4 0.06 -1.4 0.07 -0.03 4.1

Jan-06 6.1 0.4 0.06 2 0.07 -0.03 8.5

Feb-06 5 0.4 0.06 0.9 0.06 -0.03 6.3

Mar-06 4.3 0.4 0.06 -0.2 0.07 -0.03 4.5

Apr-06 3.9 0.4 0.06 -0.3 0.06 -0.03 4.1

May-06 3.1 0.6 0.06 -2.1 0.07 -0.03 1.6

Jun-06 3 0.6 0.06 0.9 0.07 -0.03 4.5

Jul-06 3.7 0.6 0.06 0.4 0.07 -0.03 4.8

Aug-06 2.5 0.7 0.06 -0.8 0.07 -0.03 2.5

Sep-06 4.7 0.6 0.06 -0.2 0.07 -0.03 5.1

Monthly average 4.1 0.5 0.06 -0.1 0.07 -0.03 4.5

Annual average 49.3 6 0.7 -1.2 0.8 -0.4 54.4
42 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

Precipitation (P )

Change in soil moisture (∆Ssm)

Direct runoff (Qdr)

Evapotranspiration (ET )

Surface-water diversions (Ws)

Recharge (Rs)

EXPLANATION

WATER-BUDGET COMPONENT, IN CENTIMETERS

Rs = P ∆Ssm - Qdr - ET - Ws +

–

Figure 16. Components of the land-surface water budget by month, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 43

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

Base flow (Qb)

Groundwater withdrawals (Wg)

Horizontal groundwater inflow (Ri)

Change in groundwater storage (∆Sgw)

Vertical leakage (L)

Recharge (Rg)

Artificial discharge to groundwater (Dag)

EXPLANATION

WATER-BUDGET COMPONENT, IN CENTIMETERS

Rg = Qb + Wg L ∆Sgw - Dag Ri +

– +

– +

–

Figure 17. Components of the groundwater budget by month, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06.
44 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

McDonalds Branch Study Area 

The McDonalds Branch study area represents a range of 

hydrologic and geologic features that are found in other areas 

of the Pinelands. Most of the basin and study area is composed 

of Brendan Byrne State Forest land and is largely undeveloped. The headwaters of the McDonalds Branch basin lie on 

the western side of the topographic divide between the Delaware River and Atlantic Coastal basins. Hardwood and pine 

wetlands and cedar swamps surround the McDonalds Branch, 

and most of the drainage basin currently is largely undisturbed 

by human activity. In the headwaters of the drainage basin, 

a large wetland is supported by an extensive shallow clay 

layer (Walker and others, 2008). This wetland contributes 

both surface-water and groundwater to the streamflow in the 

upper part of McDonalds Branch. Farther downstream, the 

McDonalds Branch broadens to an open channel surrounded 

by mixed pine and hardwood wetlands and eventually flows 

into the large cedar swamp where USGS streamflow-gaging 

station 01466500 is located (fig. 3). A weir just upstream from 

a narrow paved road provides a stable control for the gaging 

station and maintains the water level in the cedar swamp at a 

relatively natural level. Below the weir, a box culvert passes 

beneath the road and empties into a manmade channel that was 

constructed prior to 1964 (R. Schopp, U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, oral communication, 

August 20, 2010) to a depth of about 1 m below the natural 

cedar-swamp altitude. The lowered stream channel probably 

altered the natural flow paths of groundwater that originally 

discharged to the stream in this area. Farther downstream, a 

patchwork of cedar and hardwood wetlands extends into the 

lower part of the McDonalds Branch basin. Still farther on, the 

McDonalds Branch flows through an active cranberry bog that 

occupies Brendan Byrne State Forest land that is leased for 

commercial cranberry production. 

During the spring and summer months, operation of 

the cranberry bog involves accumulating and maintaining a 

reservoir of water adjacent to, and at the upstream limit of, the 

bog. In the fall, this upstream reservoir is released to flood the 

bogs for the harvest. A similar high water level was maintained during the winter to protect the cranberry plants from 

freezing. After the danger of frost has passed, usually sometime in April, the bog is drained and a controlled lower level 

is maintained during the growing season while the upstream 

reservoir is replenished. Below the active cranberry bogs, the 

McDonalds Branch flows through additional long-abandoned 

and unused bogs that are no longer managed to retain or alter 

the streamflow. The drainage basin ends just downstream from 

the unused bogs at the confluence of the McDonalds Branch 

with an adjacent tributary that drains areas southwest of 

McDonalds Branch. 

Recharge, land-surface equation

Recharge, groundwater equation

-5

0

5

10

15

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

RECHARGE, IN CENTIMETERS

Figure 18. Comparison of monthly land-surface and groundwater recharge, Albertson Brook basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 

2005–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 45

Groundwater Levels

During the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 

2006, water-level data were recorded continuously in six 

basin-monitoring wells arranged in two three-well clusters 

located in upland areas in the upper and lower parts of the 

McDonalds Branch basin (fig. 3). Each of the three wells 

in each cluster is screened in one of the three aquifers that 

lie between the water table and the base of the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system (Walker and others, 2008). The 

hydrographs for these wells (fig. 19) show that daily mean 

water levels fluctuated up to 0.8 m in the upper-basin monitoring wells and about 0.5 m in the lower-basin monitoring wells. 

As in the Albertson Brook basin, the seasonal water-level 

extremes in the upper part of the McDonalds Branch basin 

tend to lag behind those in the lower part of the basin. Hydraulic gradients generally are downward at the upper-basin well 

cluster, indicating recharge conditions at this location, and 

upward at the lower-basin well cluster, indicating a potential 

for upward groundwater flow toward nearby discharge areas 

(fig. 19). 

At the upper-basin monitoring-well cluster, the water 

level in well 050689–Lebanon SF 23-D OBS–screened in the 

unconfined aquifer layer MB A-1 was more than 0.3 m higher 

than that in basin-monitoring well 051557–MB OW-1M 

screened in the middle aquifer layer MB A-2 (Walker and 

others, 2008). The deepest monitoring well in the upperbasin cluster, 051556-MB OW-1D, was screened in the lower 

aquifer layer, MB A-3 (Walker and others, 2008). Water levels 

in these middle and lower aquifer wells were nearly identical 

(fig. 19A) even though their screened intervals are separated 

by a dense clay layer more than 15 m thick, referred to as layer 

MB C-2, that is part of an extensive, locally discontinuous 

leaky confining layer (Walker and others, 2008). The similarity in these water levels likely results from well screens being 

positioned in an area where flow is close to horizontal. 

The maximum DTW values at the upper- and lower-basin 

monitoring-well sites during this study were 7.4 and 6.5 m, 

respectively. At both of these sites, the thick unsaturated zone 

contains sand and gravel with some thin clay layers (Walker 

and others, 2008). In the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, 

thick unsaturated zones commonly exhibit a wide range of 

sediment textures, which result in indirect pathways through 

the unsaturated zone that can retard the advance of a wetting front toward the water table. These conditions affect the 

rates of infiltration and recharge at both sites and are often 

reflected on the hydrographs as a delayed or minimal waterlevel rise following precipitation events (fig.19). Upper-basin 

monitoring-well hydrographs (fig.19A) show a delayed 

response to major precipitation events but also the magnitude 

of the change typically is larger than the lower basin monitoring wells. Comparing fluctuations from the two deeper upper 

basin well hydrographs with 050689–Lebanon SF 23-D Obs 

reveals larger and more responsive effects of precipitation in 

the deeper wells, suggesting a lateral hydraulic connection 

with other areas, perhaps less affected by a thick unsaturated 

zone; lower-basin monitoring-well hydrographs show a small 

and slightly delayed response to precipitation of a sufficient 

magnitude and (or) duration (fig.19B). 

At the lower-basin monitoring-well cluster, water 

levels in the two deep wells 051558–MB OW-2M and 

051560–MB OW-2D, screened in the MB A-2 and MB A-3 

layers, respectively, were nearly identical during April 2005, 

and a slight downward hydraulic gradient between them was 

indicated during September 2005 (fig. 19B). The similarity in 

water levels in these two wells results in part from the local 

discontinuity of the lower leaky confining layer, MB C-2 

(described above) and confirms that the middle and deep aquifer layers are well connected hydraulically in this area. The 

difference in water levels between well 051559–MB OW-2S, 

screened in the unconfined aquifer (layer MB A-1B) and either 

of the two deeper wells at this site was only about 0.02 m 

throughout the period of record. This small difference probably also can be attributed to the ineffectiveness of another 

leaky confining layer referred to as the middle leaky confining 

layer (MB C-1) (Walker and others, 2008). During both periods, however, the water level in well 051559–MB OW-2S was 

lowest, indicating a prevailing, but small, upward hydraulic 

gradient and the potential for upward groundwater flow in the 

vicinity of the wells. The absence of any substantial vertical 

hydraulic gradient between the two deeper wells indicates 

that local groundwater flow in the deep part of the aquifer 

system probably is largely horizontal and that a sub-regional 

zone of transition between downward and upward gradients 

where the vertical gradient is near zero likely exists. Groundwater flow in the deepest part of the aquifer is presumed 

to discharge downstream from these wells. On the basis of 

the recorded water levels, groundwater probably begins to 

move upward, toward the stream, at an unknown depth in 

the vertical section between the two screened intervals of 

wells 051559–MBOW-2S and 051558–MBOW-2M (tab. 1), in 

the MB A-1B and MB A-2 aquifers. These gradients and flow 

potentials may result from the proximity of these wells to the 

northeastern lateral basin boundary, limited nearby groundwater discharge, and (or) the limited effectiveness of the 

leaky confining layer in this area (Walker and others, 2008). 

Although the upward gradient at the lower-basin monitoringwell cluster is small, it nevertheless indicates a head relation 

that effects a simultaneous response to precipitation in water 

levels in all three aquifers from the water table to the base 

of the aquifer system. This response to precipitation, like 

that observed in the lower part of the Albertson Brook basin 

(figs. 6B, 19B), is likely caused by the absence of an effective 

confining layer and the resulting hydraulic connection among 

the aquifers at this location. 

Hydrographs (fig. 20) were prepared from continuous water-level records collected during April 2, 2004, to 

September 30, 2006, from four wetland-monitoring wells 

screened in the unconfined aquifer at three locations in the 

McDonalds Branch basin (fig. 3). The range in water levels and their response to precipitation differed among the 

wells as a result of local hydrologic conditions. At well 
46 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

McDonalds Branch ET Tower

35.5

36

36.5

37

2004 2005 2006

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS

A.

B.

C.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

38.5

39

39.5

40

Gap indicates

missing record

DAILY MEAN WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

050689–LEBANON SF 23-D OBS

051557–MB OW-1M

051556–MB OW-1D

051559–MB OW-2S

051558–MB OW-2M

051560–MB OW-2D

Upper basin-monitoring wells

Lower basin-monitoring wells

Wells:

Shallow

Middle

Deep

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 19. Groundwater levels in (A) upper and (B) lower basin-monitoring wells and (C) precipitation, McDonalds Branch study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 47

Land surface

35

35.5

36

36.5

37

1.57

1.5

1

0.5

0

-0.43

395243074305501 051528–McDonalds Branch 2

Gap indicates

missing record

051604–MBHT5-1D

3051529–McDonalds Branch 1

35

35.5

36

36.5

37

1.27

1

0.5

0

-0.5

-0.73

34.5

35

35.5

36

36.5

1.99

1.5

1

0.5

0

McDonalds

Branch 2 Shallow

McDonalds

Branch 2

B.

C.

A.

McDonalds Branch ET Tower

2004 2005 2006

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

D.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

DAILY MEAN WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

WATER LEVEL, IN METERS BELOW LAND SURFACE

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 20. Groundwater levels in (A) McDonalds Branch 1, (B) McDonalds Branch 2, and (C) MBHT5-1D wetland-monitoring wells and 

(D) precipitation, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
48 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

0501529–McDonalds Branch 1, located in a cedar swamp 

about 340 m upstream from the gaging station, groundwater 

levels beneath the swamp fluctuated about 0.47 m during the 

same period of record (fig. 20A). Groundwater levels beneath 

the cedar swamp are controlled to some extent by the level 

of surface water in the swamp and the McDonalds Branch, 

limiting fluctuations during periods of higher water levels and 

streamflow. During low-flow periods when the swamp is dry, 

groundwater levels fluctuate more because they are influenced 

less by surface-water levels. Although the other wetlandmonitoring wells are not in swamps, their hydrographs also 

show a smaller range in water-level fluctuations during periods 

of high water levels and a greater range during dry periods, 

indicating that the nearby surface-water bodies probably also 

influence wetland water levels at some locations. Although 

hydrographs of water levels in wetland-monitoring wells are 

similar (figs. 20A, 20B), water levels fluctuated most in well 

051528–McDonalds Branch 2, with a range of about 0.93 m 

during 2004–06.

Field observations in March 2004 revealed that the water 

level in a shallow borehole at the site of McDonalds Branch 2 

was higher than the water level measured in the well. This 

observation prompted the installation of an additional well 

(051538– MCDONALDS BR 2 SHALLOW) to examine the 

lithology and water levels at the site. The higher water level 

apparently was supported by a thin, low-permeability zone of 

oxidized sand containing clay in its interstitial matrix (clayey 

sand). This zone was encountered at a depth of about 1 m and 

extended to a depth of about 1.4 m, the approximate depth of 

the seasonal low water level in this area. Rhodehamel (1973) 

describes the formation of similar soils in the Mullica River 

basin as a common occurrence during soil development, 

resulting from the transport of silt and clay particles from 

the A soil horizon to the underlying B horizon, where they 

accumulate as grain coatings or an interstitial matrix of silt 

or clay. The shallow well screen was installed in hydric soils 

to a depth of 0.91 m below land surface, which is just above 

the top of the clayey sand zone and only 0.61 m above the 

top of the well screen of the deeper well, 051528–McDonalds 

Branch 2, which is screened in sediments beneath the clayey 

sand (fig. 3, table 1 at end of report).

Hydrographs of water levels in these two wells (fig. 20B) 

for the period June 2004 to November 2005 show that water 

levels in the shallow well responded to precipitation events 

more quickly and to a greater extent than those in the deeper 

well. Water levels in the shallow well also remained substantially (0–0.3 m) higher than those in the deeper well 

during most of this period. The hydrographs also show that 

these conditions are transient and that water-level differences 

increased when the water table rose in response to infiltration 

and then slowly decreased until the next precipitation event 

or, in the absence of precipitation, until the water levels above 

and below the clayey sand layer had equilibrated (fig. 20B). 

The clayey sand layer acted to impede vertical transport of 

recharge until groundwater either moved laterally to a local 

point of discharge in the wetland or stream, moved through the 

layer, or was removed by ET. Depending on the season, all of 

these conditions probably contributed to the transient nature of 

the water levels above the clayey sand at this site. 

The water-level conditions indicate that the water table 

can be affected locally by the variable permeability of the 

soils and sediments common to the Pinelands. It is likely that 

similar conditions affect other wetlands, but their extent and 

distribution is unknown. Therefore, a regionalized approach 

to mapping the water table may not account for those areas 

where wetland habitat is supported by localized mounding. 

Water levels in another wetland-monitoring well 

(051604–MBHT5-1D), part of hydrologic transect MBHT5, 

were measured (figs. 3 and 20C) so that water levels beneath 

a wetland could be correlated with ET measured at the same 

location. (The results of the ET monitoring are part of a 

related study and are not presented here.) Water levels in well 

051604–MBHT5-1D fluctuated about 0.89 m and responded 

to precipitation in a similar manner as did those in well 

051528–McDonalds Branch 2.

Streamflow

Streamflow data were recorded during this study at the 

USGS streamflow-gaging station at McDonalds Branch, a 

network surface-water monitoring site having 54 years of 

record. A concrete weir, described previously, provided a 

stable control for the gaging station, which is near the lower 

end of a large cedar swamp on the McDonalds Branch (fig. 3). 

Published discharge values for the McDonalds Branch include 

surface water that flows over the weir and any additional 

discharge of groundwater that enters the manmade channel 

between the weir and the location where manual discharge 

measurements are made about 240 m downstream from the 

gaging station. The lower than natural altitude of the manmade channel probably has altered the hydrologic relation between groundwater and the stream, locally inducing 

additional groundwater discharge to the McDonalds Branch 

below the gaging station. These and other variables that affect 

the quality of the record resulted in discharge records that are 

generally considered to be fair (95 percent of the records are 

within 10 percent of actual discharge (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2009)). 

Daily mean discharge during October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2006, ranged from 0.04 to 0.35 m3

/s (fig. 21). On the 

basis of 54 years of record for the McDonalds Branch in Brendan T. Byrne State Forest streamflow-gaging station, values 

of mean annual discharge for water years 2005 and 2006 were 

101 percent and 87 percent, respectively, of the mean annual 

discharge for the period of record (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2009). 

The stream-stage hydrograph for the McDonalds Branch 

(fig. 21) has a similar character to the water-level hydrograph for the wetland well, 0501529–McDonalds Branch 1 

(fig. 20A) in the cedar swamp about 340 m upstream from the 

gaging station, indicating that groundwater levels and stream 

stage are closely linked at this site. Zampella and others 
Hydrologic Assessment 49

(2001b) also report high correlations between streamflow at 

this gaging station and water levels in wells both in this area 

and more distant (up to 25 km) from the gaging station.

Synoptic Measurements 

Two synoptic measurements were made in the McDonalds Branch study area: one during base-flow conditions in 

spring (April 13–25) and another during late summer (September 8–15) 2005. Water-level data collected during these periods are presented in table 3 (at end of report) and the locations 

of the sites selected for analysis are shown in figure 22. 

During the April synoptic measurement, groundwater levels were slightly higher than the period-of-record daily mean 

water levels determined on the basis of 25 years of record 

for observation well 050689–Lebanon SF 23-D Obs. (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2009). Daily mean discharge determined 

on the basis of 54 years of record for the McDonalds Branch 

(01466500) indicated that streamflow during the April 2005 

synoptic was slightly lower than the period-of record daily 

mean discharges for the duration of the April measurement 

(U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). 

The April synoptic measurements were made at well 

and stream sites (figs. 3, 19–21) 5 or more days following 

a 2-week period of frequent precipitation. On days when 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

35.25

35.5

35.75

36

36.25

McDonalds Branch ET Tower

DAILY MEAN DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND

WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 88

Discharge

Stage

A. 01466500–McDonalds Branch in Byrne State Forest, NJ

B.

2004 2005 2006

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 21. (A) Surface-water stage and discharge at McDonalds Branch and (B) precipitation, McDonalds Branch study area, New 

Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
50 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Figure 22. Location of selected sites used for synoptic water-level measurements, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April and S

70

WOODLAND TWP

TABERNACLE TWP

SOUTHAMPTON TWP

74°36' 74°32' 

39°

56'

39°

52'

39°

48'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

051335

051334

051385

051173

051502

051384

051595

050708 050690

050684

051589

051596

M1PW

M1PH

M1C

M2HP

M2PH

M7C

M7H

M7HP

05155

05068

M17PW

M17PH

M17H

M

M19P

051072

M

M19

M19H

STM304

MBSTM7

MBSTM6

STM307

STM398 MBSTM5

MBST

STM416 STM358

051092

STM397

MBSTM2

STM396

MBSTM14

01466600

01466590

MBSTM12

MBSTM3

Butterworth Pond

STM305

051587

M2C

01466510

M13H

M13PD

M13

050848,050849,0515

M14H

395

WOODLAND TWP

M2C

051579,

051588

051577,051558

051575,051576

MDS1

MDS2

MDS3

051570,051571

051572,051573

MDD1

MDD2 MDD3

051538

MDU1

M21PU

MDU3

051528

MDW1

MDW2

MDW3

M20PH

M20PX

M20PDx

MDP1

MDP3

MDP2

01466520

0204020402040204

WOODLAND TWP

01466550 0204

M9C

051582,

051583 M9HP

M9PX 051584,051604

0204

M8PW

M8PD2

M8PU

M8PD3

M8PU2

M8PW3

M8PX M8PX2

M8PW4

M8PH2

M8HP

051594,051593
Hydrologic Assessment 51

eptember 2005.

70

MANCHESTER TWP

LACEY TWP

BARNEGAT TWP

OCEAN TWP

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

McDonalds 

Branch

study area

051384 Location of well. Label is U.S. Geological 

Survey site identifier as shown in table 3

EXPLANATION

McDonalds Branch study-area boundary

McDonalds Branch drainage-basin boundary

M8PW Location of well installed and monitored by 

the NJ Pinelands Commission. Label is site 

identifier as shown in table 3

STM397 Location of surface-water site–includes 

streamgages, staff gages, stream point, and 

seepage site. Label is site identifier as shown 

in table 3

74°28' 74°24'

OCEAN COUNTY

BURLINGTON COUNTY

0

0 2 4 MILES

2 4 KILOMETERS

051074

56 051557

89

M18PX

M18PW2

PU

19PW

9PD

HP

TM4

STM369

MBSTM8

WOODLAND TWP

3PX

050852,050853,050856

050850,050851,051625

585

H

M15PD

M15H

050861

M16H 050863

M16PH

M16PX

222074294600

01466460

M4H

WOODLAND 

TWP

M3C M3HP

M3PW

M3PU

M6C

M6PH

M5PW M5HP

M5PD

M5PU M6PD

M6PW

051201

051218

051558

051559

051560

050835,

050836

051574

051580,051581

050831,050832

051590

050873

050885

050893

050843

050841

050839,050840

050837,050838

M11PU

M11HP

M11C

051535 051592

M10PU

M10PD

051533, 051532

051529

M10C

M10PW

M10PH

01466495

01466500 MBSTM17

MBSTM16

MBSTM15

MBSTM13

MBSTM9

01466480

MBSTM10

051591,051529
52 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

precipitation occurred during this 2-week period, daily totals 

were less than 4 cm, and daily precipitation totals on the 

final 2 days of the 2-week period were 0.56 cm and 2.9 cm, 

respectively. The last 4 days of the April measurement also 

were marked by light precipitation totaling 1.04 cm, although 

these precipitation events did not cause substantial changes in 

water levels or streamflow (figs. 19–21). Hydrographs from 

the basin-monitoring wells (fig. 19) showed an upward waterlevel trend in the upper basin prior to and during the synoptic 

measurements. In the lower-basin monitoring wells, a rainfallinduced peak in groundwater levels preceded a downward 

trend when the synoptic measurements were made. Wetland 

water levels and streamflow also were declining during the 

April measurement (figs. 20, 21). The commercial cranberry 

bogs were maintained at their winter flooded level during the 

April streamflow and water-level measurements in the area. 

The static winter water-level condition in the bog ensured 

that the streamflow measurement made downstream from the 

bog and the surrounding groundwater levels were not affected 

by changes in storage that would have occurred if the water 

stored in the bog during the winter had been released. 

The September synoptic measurements were begun after 

almost 1 month without substantial precipitation and during an extended downward trend in both groundwater levels 

and streamflow (figs. 19–21). Groundwater levels during 

the September measurements were lower than the 25-year 

period-of-record daily mean water levels for the duration of 

the September measurement on the basis of records for the 

050689—Lebanon SF 23-D observation well (U.S. Geologi- Geologi- Geological Survey, 2009). Streamflow records for the McDonalds 

Branch (01466500) indicate that the daily mean discharge for 

the duration of the September measurement also was lower 

than the period-of-record daily mean discharge for September 

on the basis of 54 years of record for the McDonalds Branch 

(U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). 

The water-table-altitude maps for the two synoptic-measurement periods (figs. 23 and 24) show that the water table 

slopes along the length of the basin decreased about 15 m 

from the upper basin boundary to the lower basin boundary. 

By the time of the September measurement, and depending on 

location, the water table had declined from as little as 0.069 m 

to as much as 1.41 m. These changes generally were smallest near the areas of discharge to surface-water and greatest 

in the upland recharge areas near the groundwater divides. 

Local variability does exist throughout the basin, however, as 

affected by local conditions. Typically, areas near the topographic basin divides can be expected to show the greatest 

changes in seasonal water levels and those where altitudes 

are lower typically show smaller changes. In the McDonalds 

Branch basin, however, the areas near the upper basin divide 

between the Atlantic Coastal and Delaware River basins show 

uncharacteristically small water-level changes (about 0.07 m 

–0.20 m) during the period between the two synoptic measurements. The reason that water-level changes are smaller near 

the upper basin divide is not well understood but may be the 

timing and relatively short duration of synoptic measurements 

in relation to the substantial lag observed in the seasonal 

water-level extremes at the upper-basin monitoring wells discussed previously. Another factor that may affect the observed 

range of water-level extremes in this area is the large volume 

of water in storage in two nearby areas, one an extensive wetland in the headwaters of the McDonalds Branch and the other 

a large commercial gravel pit that is partly filled with groundwater and that is directly on and east of the Atlantic Coastal 

and Delaware River basin divide about 1,400 m east of the 

upper-basin monitoring-well cluster (fig. 3). 

Groundwater flow in the basin generally follows the 

McDonalds Branch stream channel from areas of highest to 

areas of lowest water levels. As in the Albertson Brook basin, 

topographic divides (basin boundaries) do not necessarily 

coincide with groundwater divides; this is true in at least three 

areas in the McDonalds Branch basin (figs. 23 and 24). Along 

the southwestern basin boundary, water-table contours indicate 

that groundwater is probably leaving the basin beneath a low 

topographic divide that separates the drainage basin from a 

narrow adjacent basin that joins the McDonalds Branch basin 

at the downstream basin boundary. The water-table contours 

also indicate the potential for groundwater to leave the lower 

part of the basin along its northern boundary. In a third area, 

groundwater probably is leaving the basin toward the northeast from a large wetland in the headwaters of the McDonalds 

Branch, an important feature discussed farther on. 

A locally extensive shallow clay layer supports the large 

wetland in the headwaters of the McDonalds Branch, where 

the water table is substantially (3 m) higher than water levels 

beneath the clay, and in the area immediately surrounding 

the wetland. The northeastern basin boundary crosses this 

wetland, indicating a potential for flow into the adjacent basin 

as described above. Stratigraphic and water-level information from three two-well pairs (wells 051072–QWH-5A and 

051073–QWH-5B; wells 050861–QWH–7A Shallow Well and 

050862–QWH– 7B; and wells 050863–QWH-8A and 

050864–QWH-8B) (tables 1and 3) was used to understand 

how the wetland and the underlying clay affect nearby water 

levels and groundwater flow. In each well pair, one well was 

screened above the clay and the other was screened below it. 

Water levels above the clay were higher than those below it, 

confirming the downward hydraulic gradients across the clay 

layer at the three locations. The difference between water 

levels above and below the clay ranged from about 1.5 to 

3 m, depending on location and seasonal water-level conditions. Water levels in wells screened below the clay rise above 

its top, indicating that the water table above the clay is not 

perched and that the clay is fully saturated. The mounded 

water table above the clay causes localized radial groundwater flow; some shallow groundwater likely crosses the low 

topographic divide to the northeast, as indicated by the waterlevel contours at the basin boundary. The potentiometric water 

levels beneath the clay are given in table 3 (at end of report). 

The vertical water-level differences across the clay probably 

decreases near its limits, and the water levels above equilibrate 

with those below, eventually reaching zero at the clay’s edge. 
Hydrologic Assessment 53

The water-table contours also indicate that groundwater 

was bypassing the McDonalds Branch streamflow-gaging station downgradient from the headwaters wetland, where a shallow, broad, open channel develops on the McDonalds Branch 

during periods of high water levels. The open channel forms 

due to the topography and damming effects of a cedar swamp 

downstream from the open channel. Precise water-levelaltitude data based on differential leveling for wells on both 

sides of the McDonalds Branch in this area confirm a horizontal hydraulic gradient supporting groundwater flow normal to 

and beneath the broad, open channel. These data indicate a 

potential for surface-water losses and groundwater flow that 

bypasses the open channel and probably discharges to small 

tributaries that join the McDonalds Branch downstream from 

the streamflow-gaging station (figs. 23 and 24). 

Depth to the water table (DTW) in spring 2005 in the 

McDonalds Branch basin (fig. 25) ranges spatially from zero 

at points of groundwater discharge such as ponds, streams, and 

swamps to more than 10 m in upland areas at the southeastern 

limit of the basin. DTW is greatest at the major divide between 

the Delaware River and Atlantic Coastal basins. A histogram 

showing the distribution of DTW throughout the McDonalds 

Branch basin (fig. 26) provides a basin profile of the hydrologic settings for habitats that depend on different ranges of 

water-table depth. DTW is less than 0.5 m over 48 percent of 

the basin, resulting in a relatively large percentage of the basin 

being hydrologically suitable for wetland habitats. In comparison with the Pinelands as a whole, the basin has a larger 

percentage of mapped wetlands; 36 percent of the basin is 

mapped as wetlands, whereas wetlands covered 27 percent of 

the entire Pinelands area in 2002 (Zampella and others, 2008). 

A large portion of the wetlands at the northwestern (downstream) end of the basin is in active cranberry production. In 

mapped wetlands within the basin, DTW ranges from zero to 

1.5 m, with a mean of 0.13 m. 

Data from five hydrologic transects (fig. 3) in the 

McDonalds Branch basin describe the interaction of groundwater levels with wetlands and surface water. These data 

characterize changes in the water table in terms of hydraulic 

gradients and the variability of potential groundwater flow 

and discharge to the wetlands and surface water during the 

two synoptic measurements in April and September 2005. Site 

conditions and findings are described below. 

Graphs of water levels and hydraulic gradients along 

hydrologic transect MBHT1 in the headwaters of the McDonalds Branch basin (fig. 27) illustrate a substantial downward 

hydraulic gradient at all well locations in April and slightly 

higher water levels near the stream, indicating that the 

McDonalds Branch was losing to the shallow groundwater system in this area (fig. 27). In September, although the 

McDonalds Branch was dry, the near-stream vertical hydraulic 

gradient was smaller but still downward, indicating a continuing potential for downward groundwater flow in this area. 

The hydraulic gradient at the middle well cluster was slightly 

upward, which appears uncharacteristic when compared with 

the other hydraulic gradients along the transect. The cause 

of this upward gradient is not clear but might be related to a 

sharp contrast in soil or aquifer-sediment permeability and 

(or) the influence of the slightly higher water levels beneath 

the dry streambed nearby. Local contrasts in soil and sediment 

textures could contribute to local anomalies in hydraulic gradients and groundwater flow, particularly at locations where a 

stream is losing or intermittent.

Transect MBHT1 is both hydraulically downgradient 

and topographically downstream from the large headwaters 

wetland described previously. The water table declines nearly 

5 m beyond the edge of the headwaters wetland before reaching the area of this transect. Beyond the edge of the wetland, 

the substantially higher heads above the clay equilibrate with 

those below, creating the sloping water table that is reflected in 

both shallow and deep water levels locally (MBHT1). Given 

that groundwater does not typically discharge to the McDonalds Branch at this location, most of the streamflow in this 

area probably originates from the headwaters wetland directly 

as surface-water flow and (or) indirectly as shallow groundwater that discharges to the McDonalds Branch upstream from 

MBHT1. This hypothesis does not preclude the possibility that 

shallow transient groundwater flow may contribute water to 

the wetland and stream during and after substantial precipitation events. 

Hydrologic transect MBHT2 is on the northeast side 

of the McDonalds Branch at the broad, open channel. During the April and September synoptic measurements, small 

upward hydraulic gradients were observed at the upland end 

of this transect. The groundwater-level profile slopes from 

the uplands toward the McDonalds Branch with vertical 

hydraulic gradients that are slightly upward near the middle 

of the transect and much larger beneath the stream, indicating 

that the potential for discharge to the stream during the April 

measurement is likely. By the time of the September measurement, local water levels had declined nearly 0.7 m, and the 

McDonalds Branch was dry at this location. In September, 

deep and shallow water levels in the wetlands near the dry 

stream channel were nearly the same; with a slight upward 

hydraulic gradient similar to that observed at transect MBHT1. 

The water level beneath the dry stream channel, however, was 

higher than that of the wetlands and the hydraulic gradient was 

slightly downward, possibly indicating that a residual groundwater mound was created by low-permeability sediments 

beneath a losing stream before the channel became dry. These 

water-level differences below the stream channel combined 

with contrasts in sediment permeability also could have caused 

the slight upward gradient in the wetland. Water-table maps 

(figs. 23 and 24) show that groundwater flow can bypass the 

McDonalds Branch channel in this area and probably emerges 

in other tributaries that join the main channel downstream 

from the gaging station. 

About 1,050 m downstream from transect MBHT2, 

transect MBHT3 (fig. 27) extends about 140 m from an upland 

mixed pine and hardwood forest into a large cedar swamp 

through which the McDonalds Branch flows. In April, the vertical hydraulic gradient at the upland end of this transect was 
54 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

38

39

40 41

42

43

46

45

40

41













 

70

39

31.40

31.67

30.72

31.73

32.85

29.38

32.66

26.86

26.98

25.37

26.90

29.29

29.26

30.03

31.47

38.

38.07

37.91

36.01

35.08

28.50

35.26

34.55

35.54

37.17 42.20

36.79

35.78

37.13 37.49

35.42

35.17

35.28

36.7

39.24 4

4

4

36.34

36.02

35.79

35.80

36.02

35.87

44.43

44.73

44.57

45.

28.29

WOODLAND TWP

TABERNACLE TWP

SOUTHAMPTON TWP

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35

36

37

38

42 43

74°36' 74°32' 

39°

56'

39°

52'

39°

48'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

WOODLAND TWP 36

36.34

36.37

36.05

36.28

36.36

35.97

35.93

35.97

36.05

36.36

36.13

36.34

36.39

36

37

34.30

35.56

35.93

36.21

35.79

35.58 36.40

36.28

36.04 35.75

36.12

36.56 36.34

36.16

36.42 36.86

35.21

35.22

Figure 23. Altitude of water table, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 55





70

OCEAN COUNTY

BURLINGTON COUNTY

42.35

41.03

.48

45.80

46.54

45.77

41.36

39.7

45.20

87,45.45

MANCHESTER TWP

LACEY TWP

BARNEGAT TWP

OCEAN TWP

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

McDonalds 

Branch

study area



38.36 Location of well monitored by U.S. Geological 

Survey. Label is water-level altitude, in meters, 

as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88

Partial-record station

U.S. Geological Survey streamgage

Stream point 

EXPLANATION

McDonalds Branch study-area boundary

McDonalds Branch drainage-basin boundary

Start-of-flow, April 2005

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water site. Label is water-level 

altitude, in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

36.33 Location of well installed and monitored by the NJ 

Pinelands Commission. Label is water-level altitude, 

in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

Altitude of water table, in meters. 

Datum is NAVD 88

30

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be leaving the basin

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be entering the basin

39.90

35.94

38.21

74°28' 74°24'

38.16

0204

36.47

36.45

36.33

38.76

38.65

38.51

38.21

38.36

38.65 38.12

38.19

38.46

38.08

38.09 37.92

36.41

35.83

36.09

38.44

38.88

36.29 36.42

36.22

36.11

35.75 35.78

36.18

36.14

36.45

36.44

36.97

36.23

36.29

36.14

36.85

36.55

36.13

39.12

37.90

37.2

35.46

36.20

37.13

35.94

36.05

37

36

38

39

38

0

0 2 4 MILES

2 4 KILOMETERS

38.97

38.76

38.35

39.47

39.67 39.55

39.37

42.33

42.39

41.76

42.31

42.46

42.21

43.07

38.21

39.90 39

40

41

42

43
56 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

35.92

35.41

35.66

35.19

35.65

35.43

34.35

34.50

35.05

36.99

35.81

29.07

31.47

38.36

28.51

36.27

35.93

36.59

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35

36

37 38

38

39 37

36

39

40

46

40

43 41

42

44

70

WOODLAND TWP

TABERNACLE TWP

SOUTHAMPTON TWP

74°36' 74°32' 

39°

56'

39°

52'

39°

48'













 

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83 

35.30

35.45

35.33

35.33

35.42

35.39

35.80

35.30

35.45

35.52

35.49

35.02

35.03

35.82

35.58

35.36

35.35

35.22

35.21

35.35

34.98

35.39

35.65

35.23

35.51

35.65

35.08

35.06

35.22 35.52

35.84

35.77

35.51

35.74

35.66

35.35

35.70

35.86

WOODLAND TWP

36

35

34

Figure 24. Altitude of water table, McDonalds Branch study area, New Jersey Pinelands, September 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 57

39.44

41.28

42

43

40

41

70

OCEAN COUNTY

BURLINGTON COUNTY

MANCHESTER TWP

LACEY TWP

BARNEGAT TWP

OCEAN TWP

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

McDonalds 

Branch

study area



38.36 Location of well monitored by U.S. Geological 

Survey. Label is water-level altitude, in meters, 

as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88

Partial-record station

U.S. Geological Survey streamgage

Stream point 

EXPLANATION

McDonalds Branch study-area boundary

McDonalds Branch drainage-basin boundary

Start-of-flow, September 2005

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water site. Label is water-level 

altitude, in meters, as shown in table 2. Datum is NAVD 88 

35.35 Location of well installed and monitored by the NJ 

Pinelands Commission. Label is water-level altitude, 

in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

Altitude of water table, in meters. 

Datum is NAVD 88

30

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be leaving the basin

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be entering the basin

35.43

35.85

36.20

74°28' 74°24'





0

0 2 4 MILES

2 4 KILOMETERS

38.53

38.97

41.99

41.79

41.04

44.37

44.16

44.05

45.40

44.75

44.55 45.18

45.35

45.94

38.83

38.71 38.76

40.28

41.82

41.60

41.68

WOODLAND TWP

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

42

41

40

36.35

36.33

36.20

37.81

37.95

37.56

37.91

37.52 37.64 37.51

37.95

35.85

35.88

35.43

35.93

35.73

36.02

37.71

37.95

38.51

36.06

35.97

37.58

36.00

35.10

35.70

35.17

35.69

35.02

35.69

35.58

37.61

35.97

35.68

34.82

35.91

36.07

36.01

36.54

35.69

35.76

37

38

37

36

38

36
58 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

WOODLAND TOWNSHIP

BURLINGTON COUNTY

OCEAN COUNTY

MANCHESTER 

TOWNSHIP 

74°32' 74°30' 74°28'

39°

54'

39°

52'

PEMBERTON 

TOWNSHIP

70

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83 

72

0

0 0.5 1 MILE

0.5 1 KILOMETER

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

McDonalds 

Branch 

study area

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

EXPLANATION

McDonalds Branch drainage-basin 

boundary

McDonalds Branch study-area 

boundary

Depth to water table, in centimeters, as 

shown in table 3

0

>0 - 20

> 20 - 40

> 40 - 60

> 60 - 80

> 80 - 100

> 100 - 150

> 150 - 200

> 200 - 300

> 300 - 500

> 500 - 1000

> 1000 - 2100

Wetland, New Jersey Department 

of Environmental Protection 1999b

Figure 25. Depth to water table, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 59

zero, and water levels sloped toward the wetlands, indicating 

a potential for horizontal groundwater flow in that direction. 

Hydraulic gradients measured in the wetlands during April, 

generally indicated the potential for upward flow to the wetlands and swamp, with the strongest upward gradients near the 

edge of the cedar swamp. In the swamp groundwater levels 

were at or above land surface, which is largely represented by 

hummocks around either living trees or the apparent remnants 

of decaying root systems. Water levels showed little horizontal 

hydraulic gradient in the wetlands and swamp during the April 

and September measurements, either as a result of surfacewater influence on groundwater levels or because these are 

principally areas of groundwater discharge. During September, 

the water levels in the three deep wells were equal along the 

length of transect MBHT3, indicating no horizontal gradient 

or flow, and the relation between the shallow and deep water 

levels indicated a downward hydraulic gradient in the uplands 

and a water table that sloped toward the wetlands. In the wetlands and swamp however, water levels in the shallow wells 

were lower than those in the deep wells at the same location 

indicating the persistence of upward hydraulic gradients and 

the continued potential for groundwater to discharge. Therefore, although lateral flow from the uplands toward the stream 

probably was substantially reduced by September, the hydraulic potential for groundwater to discharge to the wetlands 

and swamp in this area likely continued as a result of upward 

hydraulic gradients generated by groundwater flow along 

longer flow paths originating farther upstream. 

Transect MBHT4 (fig. 27) is on an unnamed tributary that 

joins the McDonalds Branch from the south about 1,200 m 

downstream from the gaging station. This hydrologic transect 

crosses the tributary from southwest to northeast, toward a low 

topographic divide between the tributary and the McDonalds 

Branch, which is about 500 m to the north. In April, hydraulic 

gradients were downward in the uplands and upward beneath 

the wetlands (swamp) on both sides of the tributary. On the 

southwest side of the tributary at the 86 m location (fig. 27), 

the largest vertical hydraulic gradient (-0.24) in the basin was 

observed. This location is near the two collocated wetlandmonitoring wells (McDonalds Branch 2 and McDonalds 

Branch 2 Shallow) discussed previously, where water levels 

indicated recharge-induced transient mounding of the water 

table. A strong downward gradient also was observed on the 

north side of the tributary at a transect distance of about 265 m 

near the wetlands margin, indicating a possible similar mounding condition. By the time of the September measurement, 

which followed more than a month without rain, only a small 

residual of the mounding could be detected in both the shallow 

and deeper water levels at the 86 m location, and none was 

detected near the wetlands margin at 265 m, where the gradient had reversed to upward. The slope of the water table also 

had flattened, but the gradients at the swamp remained upward 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENTAGE OF BASIN AREA

DEPTH TO WATER, IN CENTIMETERS

0 - 5

10 - 15

20 - 2530 - 35

40 - 4550 - 55

60 -65

70 - 75

80 - 85

90 - 95

100 - 105110 - 115120 - 125130 - 135140 - 145

Figure 26. Histogram showing percentage distribution of depth to water in McDonalds Branch basin, McDonalds Branch study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, April 2005. (Areas where 5-centimeter intervals of depth to water exceed 145 centimeters occupy less than 2 

percent of the basin area and are not shown.)
60 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 4241403938 McDonalds Branch Wetlands Uplands -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 0.10 0.05 0.004140393837 McDonalds Branch Uplands Wetlands 20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160 180 -0.05 -0.10 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 3938373635 McDonalds Branch cedar swamp Uplands Wetlands 20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 3938373635 McDonalds Branch tributary and hardwood swamp (dry in Sep.) Wetlands Uplands 20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 -0.25 0.05 0.00 3837363534 McDonalds Branch Wetlands 20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 McDonalds Branch

OCEAN COUNTY

BURLINGTON COUNTY

70

72

MBHT5

MBHT4

MBHT3

MBHT2

MBHT1

74°30' 74°35'

39°55'

39°50'

0

1 2 MILES 0

1 2 KILOMETERS

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

EXPLANATION

McDonalds Branch drainage-basin boundaryMcDonalds Branch study-area boundaryMcDonalds Branch hydraulic transect

MBHT1, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

MBHT2, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

DISTANCE, IN METERS DISTANCE, IN METERS

MBHT3, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERSMBHT5, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

MBHT4, APRIL AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS April September Land surface Shallow water level, April

Deep water level, AprilShallow water level, September

Deep water level, September

EXPLANATION

MBHT3 McDonalds Branch hydrologic 

transect 3

Figure 27. Location of five wetlands hydrologic transects and graphs showing water levels and hydraulic gradients along the transects during high (April) and low (September) 

flow, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005. (Vertical datum is NAVD 88)
Hydrologic Assessment 61

although the swamp was dry. Hydraulic gradients in the 

swamp and on the northeast side of the tributary were slightly 

upward, but the horizontal gradient indicated the potential for 

flow toward the northeast, and toward the McDonalds Branch. 

Downstream from the tributary described above, the 

McDonalds Branch flows through a mature cedar swamp 

flanked to the northeast by a hardwood and pine lowland. 

Hydrologic transect MBHT5 extends about 220 m from 

pitch pine lowlands through the cedar swamp to the McDonalds Branch. In both April and September, the water table 

sloped from the uplands toward the cedar swamp and vertical 

hydraulic gradients were consistently downward at the upland 

end of this transect and upward at the margin of the cedar 

swamp (fig. 27). In April, upward hydraulic gradients in the 

cedar swamp section of the transect indicated a potential for 

groundwater to discharge to the cedar swamp and stream. In 

September, the water table generally sloped away from the 

stream, indicating that the stream could be losing water in this 

area. Dense clay, however, was identified below the streambed 

about 1.5 m below the water table. Although the thickness and 

extent of this clay is unknown, its presence indicates that the 

flow system that interacts with the stream may be limited, at 

least locally, to that depth interval above the clay.

Stream base-flow measurements and the observed startof-flow locations for both the April and September 2005 

synoptic measurements are shown in figure 28. Base flow 

ranged from zero (dry channel) to 0.006 m3

/s at the uppermost 

measuring site on the McDonalds Branch and from 0.065 to 

0.176 m3/s at the measuring site (01466550; fig. 3) above the 

active cranberry bogs in September and April 2005. Because 

bogs and ponds release water from storage more slowly following precipitation than natural stream channels and swamps, 

the streamflow of 0.583 m3/s measured in April at station 

01466600 below the cranberry bogs may include some water 

from storage and may not represent base flow at this site for 

the April synoptic measurement. Stream reaches between startof-flow locations observed in April and September 2005 are 

shown with a dashed line in figure 28, indicating the range of 

the seasonally intermittent stream channel. Base-flow data for 

the McDonalds Branch, including the ratio of spring base flow 

to summer base flow at stream sites, are provided in table 4. In 

the McDonalds Branch basin, the base-flow ratios ranged from 

2.7 to 2.9 for three sites in the middle- and lower-basin areas, 

indicating that groundwater discharge to the stream is generally persistent and contributes to base flow in this area. 

Water Budget

The water budget below includes values for all applicable components of the hydrologic cycle in the McDonalds 

Branch drainage basin and accounts for all known gains and 

losses to or from the system. The basin water budget was 

developed on a monthly basis. The period of this analysis is 

October 2004–September 2006. The following equations were 

used to calculate the water budget for the McDonalds Branch 

drainage basin.

Land-surface components:

Rs = P ± ∆Ssm - Qdr - ET , (6)

where

Rs = recharge to the aquifer system,

P = precipitation,

∆Ssw = change in surface-water storage,

∆Ssm = change in soil moisture,

Qdr = direct runoff, and

ET = evapotranspiration; and

Groundwater components:

Rg = Qb ± L ± ∆Sgw ± Ri , (7)

where

Rg = recharge to the aquifer system,

Qb = base flow,

L = leakage to confined aquifers,

∆Sgw = change in groundwater storage, and

Ri = groundwater inflow to/outflow from 

adjacent basins. In the McDonalds 

Branch drainage basin, there were no 

artificial discharges to groundwater or 

surface water (Das and Dag, respectively), 

changes in surface-water storage (∆Ssw), or 

groundwater or surface-water withdrawals 

(Wg and Ws, respectively).

Average annual precipitation in the McDonalds Branch 

drainage basin was 121 cm, slightly more than in the Albertson Brook drainage basin (114 cm), during the study period 

(table 6). Total monthly precipitation typically is fairly 

uniform through the year and is evenly distributed throughout 

the basin. Monthly precipitation averaged 10.1 cm and ranged 

from 1.3 cm in September 2005 to 29.5 cm in October 2005 

(fig. 29, table 6). 

Average annual ET in the McDonalds Branch basin during the study period was 62.0 cm, the highest of the ET values 

for the three basins. This is because the basin has a larger 

percentage of wetlands than the other two basins. Monthly ET

averaged 5.2 cm and ranged from 0.5 cm in December 2004 

to 12.2 cm in July 2006. ET from the basin was equivalent 

to 51 percent of precipitation on an annual basis. This loss, 

however, varied widely throughout the year. In winter, when 

ET was minimal, it was less than one-tenth the amount of 

precipitation. During some summer months, nearly all precipitation was lost to ET, and recharge to the underlying aquifer 

was minimal. ET exceeded precipitation in July, August, and 

September 2005.

Direct runoff of precipitation in the basin was small, 

averaging 0.1 cm/mo during the study period. Monthly values 

ranged from zero cm (October 2004, August and September 
62 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

OCEAN COUNTY

BURLINGTON COUNTY

WOODLAND TOWNSHIP

PEMBERTON TOWNSHIP

MANCHESTER 

TOWNSHIP

70

72

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

0

0 1 2 MILES

1 2 KILOMETERS

74°35' 74°30'

39°

50'

39°

55'

EXPLANATION

#V "/

#*

$1

Synoptic discharge-measurement site. Number is 

discharge, in cubic meters per second; NM, not 

measured; Dry, dry streambed

Partial-record gage

Streamgage

McDonalds Branch study-area boundary

McDonalds Branch drainage-basin boundary

Perennial stream

Intermittent-stream channel, April to 

September 2005

Start-of-flow, September 2005

Start-of-flow, April 2005

April 0.085

Sept. 0.031

April 0.006

Sept. Dry

#*

#*

#* #V

#*

#*

#*

$1

$1

$1

$1

"/

"/

April NM

Sept. 0.037

April 0.006

Sept. Dry

April 0.623

Sept. NM

April 0.006

Sept. Dry

April 0.176

Sept. 0.065

April 0.085

Sept. 0.031

April 0.108

Sept. 0.037

Figure 28. Surface-water discharge at selected locations, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, April and September 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 63

Table 6. Basin water budget for McDonalds Branch, Burlington County, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.—Continued

[All values are in centimeters; recharge values determined as a residual may be different from computed values due to rounding]

Land-surface budget

Date Precipitation

Discharge 

to surfacewater

Change in 

surfacewater 

storage

Change 

in soilmoisture 

storage

Direct runoff Evapotranspiration

Surfacewater withdrawals

 Recharge

Oct-04 8.1 0 0 0.4 0 4.1 0 4.4

Nov-04 10.4 0 0 -1.5 0.1 2.1 0 6.7

Dec-04 7.9 0 0 0.9 0.1 0.5 0 8.2

Jan-05 8.8 0 0 -0.3 0.1 0.6 0 7.9

Feb-05 6 0 0 -0.3 0.1 1.4 0 4.2

Mar-05 9.7 0 0 -0.4 0.2 2.1 0 7

Apr-05 10.9 0 0 1 0.5 5.1 0 6.3

May-05 7.5 0 0 0.7 0.1 7.3 0 0.8

Jun-05 11.5 0 0 0.7 0.1 10.3 0 1.8

Jul-05 10.8 0 0 1.7 0.1 11.6 0 0.8

Aug-05 4.8 0 0 1.4 0 10 0 -3.7

Sep-05 1.3 0 0 0.7 0 7 0 -4.9

Oct-05 29.5 0 0 -5.2 0.2 3.8 0 20.3

Nov-05 12.1 0 0 -0.8 0.1 2.1 0 9

Dec-05 9.6 0 0 0.3 0.2 0.6 0 9.1

Jan-06 13.6 0 0 0.2 0.5 1.7 0 11.5

Feb-06 3.3 0 0 0.1 0 1.1 0 2.3

Mar-06 1.3 0 0 2.3 0 1.9 0 1.8

Apr-06 7.4 0 0 -0.3 0 4.5 0 2.5

May-06 7.6 0 0 1.4 0.1 7.3 0 1.6

Jun-06 17.1 0 0 -2.5 0.1 9.3 0 5.1

Jul-06 12.5 0 0 2.9 0.1 12.2 0 3.1

Aug-06 9.8 0 0 -0.5 0 9.6 0 -0.3

Sep-06 21.3 0 0 -1.9 0.2 6.9 0 12.3

Monthly average 10.1 0 0 0.04 0.1 5.1 0 4.9

Annual average 121.4 0 0 0.5 1.4 62 0 58.9

Groundwater budget

Date Base flow Groundwater 

withdrawals Leakage

Change in 

groundwater 

storage

Artificial 

recharge

Groundwater 

inflow or 

outflow

Recharge

Oct-04 2.7 0 1.1 -3.2 0 -0.7 1.3

Nov-04 3 0 1.1 1.4 0 -0.7 6.1

Dec-04 3.9 0 1.1 0.4 0 -0.7 6.1

Jan-05 4.4 0 1.1 0.8 0 -0.7 7

Feb-05 4.4 0 1.1 1.7 0 -0.7 7.9

Mar-05 4.8 0 1.1 1.9 0 -0.7 8.5

Apr-05 5.1 0 1.1 1.3 0 -0.7 8.2

May-05 4.2 0 1.1 -4 0 -0.7 2.1
64 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

2005, and March 2006) to 0.5 cm (April 2005 and January 

2006). Direct recharge of the aquifer system through infiltration of precipitation typically was greatest during the winter 

months, when ET was minimal. During the study period, 

recharge during winter months (December-February) averaged 

about 7.2 cm/mo. During summer months (July-September), 

when ET was greatest, recharge averaged about 1.2 cm/mo. 

Annual base flow in the basin during the study period represented 96 percent of annual streamflow. In September 2005, 

the month with least precipitation during the study period, 

base flow accounted for 100 percent of streamflow. During 3 

other months with less than average precipitation—October 

2004, August 2005, and March 2006—base flow accounted 

for 100 percent of streamflow. In January 2006, one of the 

wettest months during the 2-year period, base flow represented 

91 percent of streamflow. Changes in storage of soil moisture 

during the study period had a moderate effect on the water 

budget. Monthly changes in soil-moisture storage ranged from 

a decrease of 2.9 cm in July 2006 to an increase of 5.2 cm 

in October 2005. The average annual change in storage was 

0.5 cm, representing a slight decrease in soil moisture during 

the 2-year study period. During the study period, groundwater 

levels declined slightly, representing an average loss in storage 

of 3.5 cm/yr. Monthly changes in groundwater storage ranged 

from -5.2 cm (a water-level decrease) in September 2005to 

8.5 cm (a water-level increase) in October 2005 (fig. 30, 

table 6).

Estimated net vertical leakage to underlying confined 

aquifers was 1.1 cm/mo, and estimated net horizontal outflow 

to adjacent basins was 0.7 cm/mo. To evaluate the agreement 

between the land-surface and groundwater components of the 

water budget calculations, recharge values calculated using the 

land-surface equation were compared to those calculated using 

the groundwater equation (fig. 31). Estimates were generally 

in fairly close agreement, to within a few centimeters. Differences in monthly recharge estimates ranged from -3.7 cm in 

February 2006 and 2005 to 7.1 cm in October 2005. The average difference in monthly recharge estimates was 0.1 cm.

Table 6. Basin water budget for McDonalds Branch, Burlington County, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.—Continued

[All values are in centimeters; recharge values determined as a residual may be different from computed values due to rounding]

Groundwater budget—Continued

Date Base flow Groundwater 

withdrawals Leakage

Change in 

groundwater 

storage

Artificial 

recharge

Groundwater 

inflow or 

outflow

Recharge

Jun-05 3 0 1.1 -1.2 0 -0.7 3.6

Jul-05 3.1 0 1.1 -3.9 0 -0.7 1

Aug-05 2.3 0 1.1 -4.6 0 -0.7 -0.5

Sep-05 1.9 0 1.1 -5.2 0 -0.7 -1.5

Oct-05 2.9 0 1.1 8.5 0 -0.7 13.2

Nov-05 2.7 0 1.1 2.1 0 -0.7 6.7

Dec-05 3.6 0 1.1 0.4 0 -0.7 5.9

Jan-06 4.9 0 1.1 3.6 0 -0.7 10.3

Feb-06 3.9 0 1.1 0.2 0 -0.7 6

Mar-06 3.4 0 1.1 -3 0 -0.7 2.2

Apr-06 2.7 0 1.1 -2.1 0 -0.7 2.4

May-06 2.6 0 1.1 -2.6 0 -0.7 1.9

Jun-06 2.4 0 1.1 0.3 0 -0.7 4.5

Jul-06 2.7 0 1.1 -2.3 0 -0.7 2.2

Aug-06 1.9 0 1.1 -2.5 0 -0.7 1.3

Sep-06 2.8 0 1.1 4.9 0 -0.7 9.5

Monthly average 3.3 0 1.1 -0.3 0 -0.7 4.8

Annual average 39.5 0 13.1 -3.5 0 -8.8 57.9
Hydrologic Assessment 65

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

WATER-BUDGET COMPONENT, IN CENTIMETERS

Precipitation (P)

Change in soil moisture (∆Ssm)

Direct runoff (Qdr)

Evapotranspiration (ET )

Recharge (Rs)

EXPLANATION

Rs = P ∆Ssm - Qdr + - ET –

Figure 29. Components of the land-surface water budget by month, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 

2005–06.
66 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

Base flow (Qb)

Horizontal groundwater inflow (Ri

)

Change in groundwater storage (∆Sgw)

Vertical leakage (L)

Recharge (Rg)

EXPLANATION

WATER-BUDGET COMPONENT, IN CENTIMETERS

Rg = Qb L ∆Sgw Ri +

– + – – +

Figure 30. Components of the groundwater budget by month, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 67

Morses Mill Stream Study Area

The Morses Mill Stream study area is a relatively flatlying, near-coastal area of the Pinelands with hydrologic and 

geologic characteristics that are similar to those of the other 

two study areas. The Morses Mill Stream basin is a shallow, gently sloping drainage incised in typical Coastal Plain 

sediments where the Cohansey Sand is commonly exposed 

beneath the stream channels, swamps, and wetlands. There are 

several large cedar swamps in the basin, and hardwood, pine, 

and cedar wetlands are flanked by forested uplands. In the 

upper part of the Morses Mill Stream basin, natural drainage 

patterns have been altered by various agricultural activities, 

such as channelizing flow around fields to drain wet areas or 

creating ponds for irrigation purposes. A small sand and gravel 

extraction operation is near, and old cranberry bogs created 

many years ago form ponds and small lakes on the Morses 

Mill Stream. By the time data collection for this study began 

in 2004, the remaining agricultural land in the basin was being 

replaced by developed land. 

The agricultural areas in the upper basin transition to the 

property occupied by Richard Stockton College, where much 

of the data for this study was collected. Richard Stockton 

College (fig. 4) was established in 1969 on a 648-ha tract in 

the Pinelands that covers much of the lower part of the Morses 

Mill Stream basin. Since the groundbreaking in 1970, most 

development at the college has been in upland and near-wetland areas and does not appear to have altered the pre-development wetlands and swamps to any great extent. Exceptions 

include Lake Fred (fig.4); a former cranberry bog; and a 

deeply incised (1 to 2 m), manmade ditch (fig. 4) that appears 

to be designed to intercept shallow groundwater and effectively drains the wetlands that flank the campus to the east and 

southeast. This drainage ditch also receives stormwater from 

various parts of the campus. Water from the drainage ditch 

eventually discharges to the Morses Mill Stream at a location 

about 460 m downstream of the dam on Lake Fred (fig. 4).

Seasonal groundwater use in and around the study area 

may be affecting the groundwater levels. Groundwater also 

is extracted from the lower part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system through wells at Richard Stockton College. 

Groundwater use on campus is primarily for institutional 

purposes, including landscape irrigation, and wastewater is 

discharged to a regional sanitary sewer. Stormwater runoff 

from impervious cover is routed through surface drains and 

pipes and either recharges the groundwater or, in some areas, 

discharges to nearby surface-water bodies. 

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

15

Oct-04

Nov-04Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

RECHARGE, IN CENTIMETERS

Recharge, land-surface equation

Recharge, groundwater equation

Figure 31. Comparison of monthly land-surface and groundwater recharge, McDonalds Branch basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water 

years 2005–06.
68 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

During this study, management of the pond level at 

the dam on Lake Fred probably influenced local water-table 

altitudes around the pond and (or) the discharge in the Morses 

Mill Stream below the dam. The dam on Lake Fred sustained 

storm damage in August 1997, as determined from field observations and information obtained from officials at Richard 

Stockton College (D. Roesch, Richard Stockton College, 

oral communication, June 2006). Afterwards, the lake level 

was maintained at a relatively constant altitude about 0.3 m 

lower than the pre-August, 1997 pond altitude, until August 

17, 2005, when it was lowered slowly an additional 0.6 m to 

accommodate repairs to the dam. This lower level was maintained until the repairs were complete, and the lake level was 

restored to the approximate pre-1997 altitude in March 2006. 

Downstream from Lake Fred, the Morses Mill Stream 

flows though hardwood lowlands, cedar swamps, wetlands, 

and a privately owned recreational lake east of the Garden 

State Parkway before it reaches the streamflow-gaging station 

(01410225, fig. 4) at Port Republic, NJ. 

Groundwater Levels

During the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 

2006, water-level data were recorded continually in six basinmonitoring wells arranged in two three-well clusters in the 

Morses Mill Stream study area (fig. 4). The three wells at each 

of the basin-monitoring well clusters are screened in three of 

the aquifer layers that lie between the water table and the base 

of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system (Walker and others, 2008). Hydrographs of daily mean water levels prepared 

from these records (fig. 32) indicate that, during the period of 

record, water levels fluctuated about 1.78 m in the upper-basin 

monitoring wells and about 1.13 m in the lower-basin monitoring wells. These ranges are substantially greater than those 

recorded in either of the other two basins, indicating that the 

water-level fluctuations may be caused, in part, by differences 

between basins, such as variations in aquifer characteristics, 

stresses caused by groundwater withdrawals, differences in 

climatic conditions, or a combination of these factors. 

Seasonal water-level extremes in the Morses Mill 

Stream study area occurred at nearly the same time in both 

the upper- and lower-basin monitoring wells (figs. 32A, 32B). 

In the other two drainage basins, in contrast, water levels in 

the upper basin lagged well behind those in the lower basin. 

Although the reason for this difference is not well understood, 

possible causes include the lower topographic relief of the 

Morses Mill Stream basin, the proximity of the lower-basin 

well cluster to a lateral basin divide, the local influence of 

recharge, and the stresses resulting from groundwater withdrawals in this study area. Hydraulic gradients were downward at both the upper- and lower-basin well clusters during 

the entire period of record (figs. 32A, 32B). Thus, water 

levels decreased as depth increased, indicating that both 

basin-monitoring well clusters are in aquifer recharge areas. 

Nearby, at a location closer to a cedar swamp that lies along 

the Morses Mill Stream, the USGS conducted an aquifer test 

in 2007 as part of another phase of this study to examine the 

effects of pumping stresses on wetlands hydrology. Before the 

aquifer test, water-level data from wells at the test site under 

unstressed conditions revealed upward hydraulic gradients 

from the base of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system to the 

water table, indicating that groundwater that follows longer 

flow paths probably discharges to the cedar swamp and the 

stream in that area, and that the water levels in the lower-basin 

monitoring wells reflect the effects of nearby recharge in the 

lower part of the basin. 

At the upper-basin monitoring-well cluster, the shallow well (011500–MM OW-1S) is screened in the MM A-1 

aquifer layer, which contains the water table at this location. 

In this aquifer, near the water table and the top of the screened 

interval in the shallow well, clay is found at depths ranging from about 2.5 to 4.5 m. Daily mean water levels in well 

011500–MM OW-1S showed little if any response to isolated 

precipitation events less than 0.2 cm and somewhat attenuated 

responses of varying amounts when precipitation exceeded 

3 cm over a period of a few days. The middle and deep 

basin-monitoring wells at this location, 011498–MM OW-1M 

and 011499–MM OW-1D, are screened in aquifer layers 

MM A-1B and MM A-3, respectively (Walker and others, 

2008). Boring logs and geophysical logs recorded at the 

upper-basin well cluster indicate that clay layers up to 5 m 

thick separate the screened intervals of each of the upper-basin 

monitoring wells. These clays are part of the more extensive, 

locally discontinuous leaky confining layers (Walker and others, 2008). The water table is higher than water levels in the 

middle well (011498–MM OW-1M) with water-level differences ranging seasonally from about 0.2 to about 0.7 m. Water 

levels in well 011498–MM OW-1M also are consistently 

higher (about 0.2 m) than those in well 011499–MM OW-1D. 

Water-level fluctuations in the two deeper wells are smaller 

than, but similar to, that of the water table; they also show 

a smaller response to precipitation. Frequent short-duration 

fluctuations in water levels in the deeper wells probably are 

attributable to pumping effects from a nearby production well 

screened in aquifer layer MM A-3 about 1,200 m to the west. 

The distribution of water levels in the upper-basin monitoring wells indicate that (1) the water table is probably less well 

connected hydraulically with the deeper aquifer layers than 

the deeper aquifer layers are connected to one another, at least 

locally; (2) the leaky confining layer separating the middle and 

deep wells does not isolate the two wells from the influence 

of pumping; and (3) the deeper aquifers are probably hydraulically connected to the water table nearby, even if they are 

effectively isolated locally. 

Geophysical logs and boring logs at the site of the 

lower-basin monitoring well cluster (Walker and others, 2008) 

show lithology similar to that at the upper-basin monitoringwell site, except that little or no clay is present in either the 

unsaturated or saturated sediments overlying the screened 

interval of the shallow well (011501–MM OW-2S). The 

shallow well is screened in aquifer layer MM A-1B, which 

contains the water table and is unconfined at this location; the 
Hydrologic Assessment 69

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS DAILY MEAN WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1998

A.

B.

C.

13

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

16

ATLANTIC CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT NJ

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, 2007)

2004 2005 2006

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

10

011500–MM OW-1S

011498–MM OW-1M

011499–MM OW-1D

011501–MM OW-2S

011502–MM OW-2M

011503–MM OW-2D

Upper basin-monitoring wells

Lower basin-monitoring wells

Wells:

Shallow

Middle

Deep

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 32. Groundwater levels in (A) upper and (B) lower basin-monitoring wells and (C) precipitation, Morses Mill Stream study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
70 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

overlying MM A-1C1 leaky confining layer consists mostly 

of sand and gravel and probably is ineffective as a confining 

layer at this location (Walker and others, 2008). The middle 

well, 011502–MM OW-2M, is screened in aquifer layer 

MM A-2, but the overlying leaky confining layer MM C-1 

that separates the middle well from aquifer layer MM A-1B 

layer at this location is thin and probably very leaky. The 

water-level hydrographs for these two wells (fig. 32B), are 

similar and illustrate the results of this condition. The small 

difference between these water levels contrasts noticeably 

with the difference between water levels in the middle and 

deep wells (011502–MM OW-2M and 011503–MM OW-2D) 

screened in aquifer layer MM A-3, the principal source of 

local water-supply in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system. Three production wells are located at distances ranging 

from 300 to 1,200 m from the lower-basin monitoring-well 

cluster. Small, generally regular short-term water-level 

fluctuations are evident in the hydrographs of daily mean 

water levels for well 011503–MM OW-2D, and similar but 

less pronounced fluctuations are shown in the hydrograph for 

well 011502–MM OW-2M (fig. 32B). These fluctuations are 

probably a response to local pumping. The substantially lower 

water level in the deep well at this location also is a likely 

indicator of the influence of local groundwater withdrawals. 

The effects of precipitation on daily mean water levels are 

less pronounced in the lower-basin well cluster than in the 

upper-basin well cluster, although the pattern is similar, with 

the thick unsaturated sediments at the lower basin well cluster 

appearing to dampen the effects of infiltration and recharge. 

Hydrographs for the period April 1, 2004, to September 

30, 2006 (figs. 4, 33), prepared from continuous records of 

water levels in two wetland-monitoring wells screened in the 

unconfined aquifer, reveal differences in the range of water 

levels and their response to precipitation in wetlands along 

a small tributary that joins the Morses Mill Stream from 

the southwest at Lake Fred (fig. 4). Well 011457–Richard 

Stockton College 2 was used to monitor the water table in a 

pine and hardwood wetland in the headwaters of this tributary. Groundwater levels fluctuated 1.0 m during the period 

of record (fig. 33B). Water levels responded immediately to 

nearly all precipitation events, except those that followed 

sustained dry periods. Along the same tributary to Morses 

Mill Stream, a second shallow well (011458–Richard Stockton College 1) is screened in the sand and gravel directly 

beneath a cedar swamp. Water-level fluctuations were limited 

to 0.4 m during the period of record, probably as a result of 

the influence of the swamp and nearby stream (fig. 33A). 

Water levels generally responded immediately but minimally 

to even the smallest precipitation events throughout the period 

of record (fig. 33C). Nearby, a small engineered subsurfacestormwater-infiltration system receives rainfall from nearby 

parking lots and roofs, directing it to a small area where the 

groundwater is recharged. Although the extent to which this 

localized induced groundwater recharge may affect the water 

levels beneath the swamp is unknown, the hydrograph for 

011458–Richard Stockton College 1, compares well with that 

of 011457–Richard Stockton College 2, which is located in 

an area that receives only natural recharge. This comparison 

suggests that the infiltration system does not substantially alter 

the natural water table response to precipitation in the area of 

011458–Richard Stockton College 1. 

Streamflow

A streamflow-gaging station was established on the 

Morses Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ, (01410225) near the 

lower basin boundary of this study area (fig. 3). Streamflow 

records collected from October 1, 2004, to September 30, 

2006, indicate a range of daily mean discharge from 0.040 to 

0.93 m3/s (fig. 34). A wooden box culvert forms the control 

downstream from the streamflow-gaging station. Streamflow 

may have been controlled for short periods at Lake Fred on the 

Richard Stockton College campus or at a private recreational 

lake upstream from the gaging station. The documented 

regulation of Lake Fred, described previously, resulted in 

a short-term increase in discharge during mid August 2005 

(fig. 34A), when the altitude of Lake Fred was lowered by 

releasing water from storage to repair the dam. Streamflow 

also showed the effects of raising the pond altitude in March 

2006, which resulted in a brief period when daily discharge 

at the gaging station fell to about 0.04 m3/s, indicating that 

the period-of-record low daily mean discharge recorded for 

March 17, 2006, was abnormal for that time of year and was 

caused by regulation of Lake Fred. The lowest daily mean 

discharge that was unaffected by regulation during this study 

(0.042 m3/s) occurred in both October 2004 and August 2005 

and was slightly higher than that reported for March 17, 2006. 

Stream stage fluctuated about 0.5 m during the period of 

record, showing responsiveness to precipitation that could 

result from storm-runoff characteristics in the basin; however, 

stream stage also is consistent with shallow water levels in the 

wetlands (figs. 33A, 33B). Although groundwater beneath the 

wetlands is a substantial, near-surface source of discharge to 

surface water, the surface runoff routing and the engineered 

stormwater-infiltration system on the Richard Stockton College campus makes it more difficult to assess the relation of 

precipitation to the observed groundwater level and streamflow response. 

Although no long-term historical streamflow records are 

available for the Morses Mill Stream basin, the understanding 

of data collected during this 2-year study can be improved by 

relating them to records from the East Branch Bass River, a 

tributary to the Mullica River, where hydrologic conditions 

are similar. Mean annual discharge at streamflow-gaging station 01410150, East Branch Bass River near New Gretna, NJ, 

about 14 km northeast of the Morses Mill Stream study area, 

for 2005 and 2006 was 88 and 95 percent, respectively, of the 

long-term mean annual discharge determined from 29 years of 

record (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). 
Hydrologic Assessment 71

Land surface

011458–Richard Stockton College 1

11.5

12

12.5

13

1.77

1.5

1

0.5

0.27

011457–Richard Stockton College 2

DAILY MEAN WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

WATER LEVEL, IN METERS BELOW LAND SURFACE

ATLANTIC CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT NJ

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, 2007)

2004 2005 2006

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

1.08

1

0.5

0

-0.42

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS

A.

B.

C.

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 33. Groundwater levels in (A) Richard Stockton College 1 and (B) Richard Stockton College 2 wetland-monitoring wells and (C) 

precipitation, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.
72 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

1.25

1.5

1.5

2

2.5

3

01410225–Morses Mill stream at Port Republic, NJ

DAILY MEAN DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND

WATER LEVEL, IN METERS ABOVE NAVD 1988

A.

ATLANTIC CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT NJ

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, 2007)

2004 2005 2006

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

DAILY PRECIPITATION, IN CENTIMETERS

B.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Discharge

Stage

Periods of synoptic 

measurements

EXPLANATION

Figure 34. Surface-water stage and discharge at (A) Morses Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ, gaging station and (B) precipitation, 

Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.

Synoptic Measurements 

Two synoptic measurements were made in the Morses 

Mill Stream study area during two low-flow periods, one in 

spring (May 3–13, 2005) and another during late summer 

(September 13–15, 2005). Water-level data collected during 

these periods are presented in table 3 (at end of report), and 

the location of the data-collection sites selected for analysis 

are shown in figure 35. 

During the May 2005 synoptic measurement, groundwater levels in well 010256 (Scholler 1 Obs.) were about equal to 

the 24-year period-of-record daily mean water level for May 

(U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). This well is screened in the 

lower part of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system about 

17 km west of the Morses Mill Stream study area. During 

the same period, daily mean discharge at streamflow-gaging 

station 01410150, East Branch Bass River near New Gretna, 

NJ, was slightly lower than the 29-year period-of-record daily 

mean discharge for May (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). 

The May synoptic measurements were begun following 

about 1 month with limited precipitation and during a downward trend in water levels following the seasonal high of 2005 

(figs. 32, 33). Light precipitation totaling 1.88 cm occurred on 

2 consecutive days, ending 3 days prior to the beginning of the 

synoptic measurements, resulting in a minor diversion from 

the downward water-level trend leading up to the time of the 
Hydrologic Assessment 73

measurements. Another small event (0.97 cm) occurred during 

the measurements on May 6, but water levels and streamflow showed little response to that precipitation. Streamflow 

also remained close to the pre-precipitation trend during the 

measurements (fig. 34). Stream base flow was relatively high 

during the May measurements (fig. 34) and showed a general 

downward trend. The altitude of Lake Fred was not adjusted 

during the May measurements.

On the basis of records for well 010256 (Scholler 1 Obs), 

groundwater levels in the vicinity of the study area during 

the September synoptic measurement probably were lower 

than the 24-year period-of-record daily mean water levels 

for September. The daily mean discharge for the East Branch 

Bass River near New Gretna, NJ, during September also was 

lower than the 29-year period-of record daily mean discharge 

(U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). In mid August 2005, the 

altitude of Lake Fred was lowered for maintenance and then 

was maintained at a constant level throughout the period of the 

September synoptic measurement. The streamflow hydrograph 

shows the increased flow associated with the lowering of Lake 

Fred and indicates that the effects of the release had dissipated 

well before the September synoptic measurement was begun 

(fig. 34).

The water-table contour maps prepared from the May 

and September 2005 synoptic measurements (figs. 36 and 37) 

show that the water-level altitude slopes along the length of 

the basin, decreasing about 17 m between the upper and lower 

basin boundaries. The water-table altitude declined throughout 

the basin from May to September, with the decline ranging 

from 0.04 to 1.78 m. Water levels generally were smallest near 

discharge areas such as swamps, streams, and ponds and greatest in the uplands. The differences in the slope and direction of 

groundwater flow between the two synoptic measurements in 

the upper part of the basin vary locally, indicating that apparent groundwater flow paths and gradients were affected by 

local hydrologic conditions; specifically, upper basin streams 

ceased to flow because water levels had declined and localized shallow groundwater discharge to surface water ceased 

at locations upstream from the start-of-flow. As the streams 

became dry, they no longer influenced the near-stream groundwater flow paths associated with gaining and losing stream 

reaches. Consequently, the water-level contours cross the dry 

streambeds normal to the stream channels rather than reflecting local flow toward the stream. Groundwater flow paths in 

these areas describe longer, sub-regional groundwater flow 

paths along the slope and orientation of the basin as groundwater moves toward points of discharge farther downstream. 

Low-permeability sediments, typically clays, underlie much of 

the area surrounding the Morses Mill Stream, especially near 

the wetlands and swamps, which formed in ancient channels. 

In the lower parts of the basin, these clays appear to have 

been eroded and replaced with coarser sediments beneath the 

present-day streams and swamps. In the uplands, these lowpermeability sediments commonly are capped with coarse 

sediments, permitting rapid infiltration to the top of the clays, 

which impede further vertical movement and may cause lateral 

flow, creating shallow flow systems that discharge directly to 

wetlands, swamps, and streams. In other upland areas, coarsegrained channel bars were formed, and the shallow clays may 

be absent (Walker and others, 2008).

Groundwater flow follows the general path of Morses 

Mill Stream, from areas of highest water level to those of 

lowest water level. The topographic divides (basin boundaries), however, do not appear to coincide with the position of 

the groundwater divides in localized areas along the northern 

and southern basin boundaries where water-table contours 

indicate groundwater is either leaving or, in a few locations, 

entering the basin in both May and September (figs. 36, 37). 

For example, the relatively high water table in a localized area 

along the basin’s southern boundary indicates that groundwater may be entering the basin from the south during both 

synoptic measurements. 

Depth to the water table in the Morses Mill Stream basin 

(fig. 38) ranges spatially from zero at points of groundwater 

discharge such as ponds, streams, and swamps to a maximum 

of more than 10 m in upland areas along the northern and 

southern basin boundaries. The distribution of the DTW in 

the basin is shown in figure 39, which provides a profile of 

the hydrologic settings in this basin for habitats dependent on 

various ranges of water-table depth. DTW is less than 0.5 m 

over 17 percent of the basin, resulting in a relatively small percentage of the basin being hydrologically suitable for wetland 

habitats. In comparison with the Pinelands area as a whole, 

mapped wetlands constitute a slightly smaller percentage 

of the basin; 23 percent of the basin is mapped as wetlands, 

whereas wetlands covered 27 percent of the entire Pinelands 

area in 2002 (Zampella and others, 2008). DTW in the mapped 

wetlands areas ranges from zero to 4.5 m, with a mean of 

0.73 m. Areas where DTW ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m occupy a 

greater percentage of the Morses Mill Stream basin than of the 

McDonalds Branch and Albertsons Brook basins, meaning that 

the Morses Mill Stream basin contains the greatest percentage 

of marginally suitable and transitional wetlands habitats of the 

three basins. 

Data collected along five hydrologic transects (fig. 4) in 

the Morses Mill Stream basin during the synoptic measurements in May and September 2005 describe the interaction of 

groundwater levels with wetlands and surface water. These 

data characterize changes in the water table with respect to 

hydraulic gradients and the variability of potential groundwater flow and discharge to wetlands and surface water during 

periods of seasonal high and low water levels. These data are 

shown in figure 40 and the site conditions and other findings 

are described below. 

The uppermost hydrologic transect, MMHT1, is located 

on an intermittent stream reach near the headwaters of the 

Morses Mill Stream. A staff gage is located at the upstream 

side of the roadway culvert about 15 m downstream from the 

transect. During the May synoptic measurement, the stream 

stage was at the same altitude between the nearest transect 

well pair and the staff gage. The vertical hydraulic gradients 

in May were downward at the two well clusters farthest from 
74 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

£¤

40

£

¤30

Garden State

Pkwy

GALLOWAY TWP

HAMILTON TWP

EGG HARBOR TWP

EGG HARBOR CITY

ABS

MULLICA TWP 

74°36' 74°32' 

39°

32'

39°

28'

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01410216 !!!! 0141022

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01150

01150

MMSTM6

011538

011539

R3PH

R3HP

R3PH2

STM110

STM109 STM108

STM102

MMSTM9

MMSTM8

MMSTM7

MMSTM2

011671

011670

011668

011667

011666

011665

011664

011663

011662

011661

011658

011657

011656

011655

011654

011652

011650

011642

011633

011632

011631

011630

011629

011628

011627

011626

011625

011624

011623

011593

011591

011590

011589 011588

011587 011586

011585

011566

011565

011564

011563

011559

01

01

011543

011542

01150

011500

011499

011498

011478

011268

011197

010

010972

010925

010896

010895 010894

010893

010776

010775

010760

010759

010183

MMSTM11

MMSTM10

01410218

01162

EGG HARBOR CITY

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

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#*

#*

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011525

R5PW

011457

R5PD

R5PU

011531

011527

R5H

R6C

R6PW

R6PU

R6PD

R7PW

R7C2

R7C

R7PH

011534

011532

R8C

011560

011458

R7PH2

01410220

MMSTM14

01410221

011530

011529

011526

011528

011533

011535

GALLOWAY TWP

01

!( 

!(

!(

!(

*#*# 010192

011561 011540

01410217

011536

MMSTM12

011541 011562

011537

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83 

Figure 35. Location of selected sites used for synoptic water-level measurements, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, May and S
Hydrologic Assessment 75

¤£9

PORT REPUBLIC CITY

ECON CITY

BASS RIVER TWP

BASS RIVER TWP

74°28'

!!

!

!

!

!

!

#

#

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#

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03

02

011544

STM 86

STM 85

MMSTM4

MMSTM3

011643

011635

1549

1548

011547

011546

011545

01

010999

989

010973

010757

010689

010688

01410230

01410225

01410215

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22

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

Morses Mill

Stream

study area

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011659 011636

010194

R2PU2

R2PH3

R2PH2

R2HP

R2PU

R2PH4

R2PH R2H2

R2H1

010727

010193

R1PU

R1PW

R1H

R1C 01410222

MMSTM5

MMSTM13

011639

011641

011637

011629 Location of well. Label is U.S. Geological 

Survey site identifier as shown in table 3

EXPLANATION

Morses Mill Stream study-area boundary

Morses Mill Stream drainage-basin boundary

R3PH Location of well installed and monitored by 

the NJ Pinelands Commission. Label is site 

identifier as shown in table 3

MMSTM4 Location of surface-water site–includes 

streamgages, staff gages, stream point, and 

seepage site. Label is site identifier as shown 

in table 3

0

0 0.9 1.8 MILE

0.9 1.8 KILOMETER

eptember 2005.
76 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Figure 36. Altitude of water table, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, May 2005.



14.94

17.27

17.71

18.30

17.72

17.43

16.57

16.10

15.06

14.40

13.74

11.13

15.18

11.52

15.16

9.98 13.06

11.37

15.23

13.88

15.60

15.79 15.48 9.06

15.06

16.61

16.37

16.20

15.57 12.96

12.77

12.81

12.63

12.33

13.71

11.60

11.02 9.57

9.67 10.66

11.11 11.69

13.16 13.09

12.71

12.67 12.61

14.05

14.31

14.28

13.83

9.64

5.19

8.24

8.15

7.32

8.93

16.79

16.64

16.70

15.95

13.93

17.33

14.04

10.30 7.58

12.60

12.62

16.24

£¤

40

£

16.17

7.25

¤30

Garden State

Pkwy

18

17

10

9

8





7











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GALLOWAY TWP

HAMILTON TWP

EGG HARBOR TWP

EGG HARBOR CITY

ABSEC

MULLICA TWP 

16

15

14

13

12

11

74°36' 74°32' 

39°

32'

39°

28'

10

11

!(

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9.77

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10.03

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10.20

10.4

10.3

10.08

11.33 10.19 1

10.68

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

12

!(

!(!( !(

!(!(

!(

#0

!(

12.59

11.65

12.58

1

12.43 

11

11.

12.4

GALLOWAY 
Hydrologic Assessment 77

5

4

3 2

11.54

11.20

9.00

2.72

1.48

3

1.69

2.81

6.51

10.07

0.80

¤£9

5

2.48

PORT REPUBLIC CITY

CON CITY

BASS RIVER TWP

BASS RIVER TWP

9

8

7

6

74°28'

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

Morses Mill

Stream

study area



17.71 Location of well monitored by U.S. Geological 

Survey. Label is water-level altitude, in meters, 

as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88

Partial-record station

U.S. Geological Survey streamgage

Stream point 

EXPLANATION

Morses Mill Stream study-area boundary

Morses Mill Stream drainage-basin boundary

Start-of-flow, May 2005

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water site. Label is water-level 

altitude, in meters, as shown in table 2. Datum is NAVD 88 

11.83 Location of well installed and monitored by the NJ 

Pinelands Commission. Label is water-level altitude, 

in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

Altitude of water table, in meters. 

Datum is NAVD 88

30

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be leaving the basin

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be entering the basin

8.15

2.48

2.81

9

!(

!( !( 

!(

!(

!(

#0

!(

!(

9.64

7.33

9.17 8.85

9.64

7.25

7.32

8.93

9

8.71 8.41

7.52

40

33

8

1.11

11.21

11

!(

!(

!( !(

!( !(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

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2.52

12.51

12.57

12.28

11.83

1.68

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11.43

11.57

11.84

11.45

11.39

11.40

11.35

45

11.39

11.35

11.32

11.87

Y TWP

0

0 0.9 1.8 MILE

0.9 1.8 KILOMETER
78 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Figure 37. Altitude of water table, Morses Mill Stream study area, New Jersey Pinelands, September 2005.

£¤

40

£

¤30

Garden State

Pkwy

GALLOWAY TWP

HAMILTON TWP

EGG HARBOR TWP

EGG HARBOR CITY

ABSECON 

MULLICA TWP 

74°36' 74°32' 

39°

32'

39°

28'

7.59

8.62

10.10 

7.05

15.10

7.14

8.45

9.59

14.59

15.05

12.71

12.48

11.98

11.76

15.51

15.66

12.77

14.07

13.92

12.14

12.04

16.55

12.27

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

8

7

2

11.82

11.94

11.87

11.59

11.29

11.26

11.06

11.16

11.28

11.34

10.95

11.13

11.92

11.01

11.20

11.30 11.91

11.21 11.22

11.29

11.91

11.91 11.93

11

12

8.

10.38

9.71

10

11.76

15.54

7.50

11.61

11.62

11.41

10.44

10.60

  











Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83 
Hydrologic Assessment 79

¤£9

PORT REPUBLIC CITY

N CITY

BASS RIVER TWP

BASS RIVER TWP

74°28'

2.32

7

6

5

4

3

1 2

8.28

7.91

.91

9.43

8.86

9.56 9.52

1

7.83

8.33

7.96

8

9

0

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

Morses Mill

Stream

study area



12.77 Location of well monitored by U.S. Geological 

Survey. Label is water-level altitude, in meters, 

as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88

Partial-record station

U.S. Geological Survey streamgage

Stream point 

EXPLANATION

Morses Mill Stream study-area boundary

Morses Mill Stream drainage-basin boundary

Start-of-flow, September 2005

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water site. Label is water-level 

altitude, in meters, as shown in table 2. Datum is NAVD 88 

11.16 Location of well installed and monitored by the NJ 

Pinelands Commission. Label is water-level altitude, 

in meters, as shown in table 3. Datum is NAVD 88 

Altitude of water table, in meters. 

Datum is NAVD 88

30

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be leaving the basin

Arrow indicates area where groundwater may be entering the basin

7.91

2.32

10.6

0

0 0.9 1.8 MILE

0.9 1.8 KILOMETER
80 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

¤

GALLOWAY TOWNSHIP

GARDEN STATE PKWY

PORT REPUBLIC CITY

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP

EGG HARBOR TOWNSHIP

74°36' 74°34' 74°32' 74°30'

39°

30'

39°

28'

30

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83 

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

BURLINGTON GLOUCESTER

CAMDEN

PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK DELAWARE

75° 74°

39°

40°

41°

Morses Mill

Stream

study area 0

0 10 20 40 MILES

20 4010 KILOMETERS

Atlantic Ocean

Delaware 

Bay

New Jersey 

Pinelands 

area

EXPLANATION

Morses Mill Stream drainage-basin 

boundary

Morses Mill Stream study-area 

boundary

Depth to water table, in centimeters, as 

shown in table 3

0

> 0 - 20

> 20 - 40

> 40 - 60

> 60 - 80

> 80 - 100

> 100 - 150

> 150 - 200

> 200 - 300

> 300 - 500

> 500 - 1000

> 1000 - 1200

Wetland, New Jersey Department 

of Environmental Protection 1999a

0

0 0.5 1 MILE

0.5 1 KILOMETER

Figure 38. Depth to water table, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, May 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 81

the stream, whereas the near-stream well cluster indicated an 

upward hydraulic gradient toward the stream (fig. 40). In September, the shallowest wells in the upgradient and middle well 

clusters were dry and a small upward gradient was measured 

in the well cluster nearest the stream, which also was dry at 

the time of the measurement. During both synoptic measurements, water levels indicated groundwater gradients toward 

the stream, but the deep wells showed a decidedly smaller 

horizontal gradient toward the stream in September. Below 

the roadway, the Morses Mill Stream normally falls through a 

culvert into a small irrigation pond, creating a head differential 

between the pond and the stream above the road. Although the 

stream above the road was dry in September, the horizontal 

gradient toward the stream and the slight upward gradient 

measured at the near-stream well cluster indicate that groundwater discharge also may have been occurring in September. 

If so, groundwater likely would have been moving toward the 

pond (lower altitude) at that time (fig. 37).

Downstream from the irrigation pond, which is used 

for the surrounding blueberry fields, the Morses Mill Stream 

flows into a hardwood lowland and swamp flanked by forested 

wetlands and uplands. Transect MMHT2 is situated along the 

north side of the stream in this natural setting (fig. 37). Transect MMHT2 is about 150 m long; the hardwood swamp is 

about 30 m wide and extends to the stream. The May synoptic 

measurements indicated upward hydraulic gradients at all well 

clusters and beneath the streambed, and the water table sloped 

toward the stream along the length of the transect; both conditions indicate potential discharge to the stream. In September, 

water levels indicated no horizontal gradient from the uplands 

to the wetlands with slight upward gradients measured at the 

two well clusters nearest the stream. Also, a large downward 

hydraulic gradient was observed beneath the stream, indicating that the stream probably was losing water to the aquifer, at 

least locally. 

About 1,500 m downstream from MMHT2, a small tributary joins the Morses Mill Stream from the southwest at Lake 

Fred. In the headwaters of this tributary, hydrologic transect 

MMHT3 originates in a hardwood upland area that transitions 

to wetlands and eventually a swamp. There is no well-defined 

stream channel here, and surface water flows as the groundwater discharge and recent swamp drainage allow. In May, the 

water table sloped with a small horizontal gradient toward the 

wetlands and stream. Vertical gradients were downward in the 

uplands and upward near the edge of both the wetlands and the 

swamp. A small upward hydraulic gradient was measured with 

a temporary piezometer beneath the swamp in the vicinity of 

the transect, indicating a potential for groundwater discharge 

in this area. 

In September a very small horizontal gradient from the 

uplands to the wetlands is observed, but no vertical gradient 

could be determined at the upland end of the transect because 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PERCENTAGE OF BASIN AREA

DEPTH TO WATER, IN CENTIMETERS

0 - 5

10 - 1520 - 2530 - 3540 - 4550 - 55

60 -65

70 - 7580 - 8590 - 95

100 - 105110 - 115120 - 125130 - 135140 - 145

Figure 39. Histogram showing percentage distribution of depth to water in Morses Mill Stream basin, Morses Mill Stream study area, 

New Jersey Pinelands, May 2005. (Areas where 5-centimeter intervals of depth to water exceed 145 centimeters occupy less than 2 

percent of the basin area and are not shown.)
82 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

9

30

State Parkway

Atlantic City Expressway

40

322

MMHT1

MMHT2

MMHT3

MMHT4

MMHT5

Garden

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

74°36' 74°32' 74°28'

39°32'

39°28'

HAMILTON TWP

EGG HARBOR TWP

ABSECON 

CITY

GALLOWAY TWP PORT 

REPUBLIC 

CITY

MULLICA  TWP

EGG HARBOR  CITY

0

1 2 MILES 0

1 2 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Morses Mill Stream drainage-basin boundaryMorses Mill Stream study-area boundaryMorses Mill Stream hydraulic transect

MMHT1, MAY AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS 18.0 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 15.5 15.0 Morses Mill Stream Wetlands UplandsVERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT -0.05 -0.10 -0.15

0.150.100.050.00

DISTANCE, IN METERS

20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

14.013.513.012.512.011.511.0

Morses Mill Stream Uplands

Wetlands

20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160

-0.05-0.10-0.15

0.15

0.100.050.00

14.514.013.513.012.512.011.5

Uplands

Wetlands

Morses Mill Stream Tributary

20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140

-0.05-0.10-0.15

0.150.100.050.00

13.513.012.512.011.511.010.5

Uplands

Wetlands

Morses Mill Stream Tributary

-0.05-0.10-0.15

0.150.100.050.00

20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140 160

9.59.08.58.07.57.06.5

Morses Mill Stream 

Wetlands

20 40 60 80 0 100 120 140

-0.05-0.10

0.200.150.100.050.00

MMHT2, MAY AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERS

DISTANCE, IN METERS DISTANCE, IN METERS

MMHT3, MAY AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERSMMHT5, MAY AND SEPTEMBER 2005 

VERTICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT 

DISTANCE, IN METERS

ALTITUDE OF WATER LEVEL, IN METERSMMHT4, MAY AND SEPTEMBER 2005 May September Land surface Shallow water level, May

Deep water level, MayShallow water level, September

Deep water level, September

EXPLANATION

MMHT3 Morses Mill Stream hydrologic 

transect 3

Figure 40. Location of five wetlands hydrologic transects and graphs showing water levels and hydraulic gradients along the transects during high (May) and low (September) 

flow, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005. (Vertical datum is NAVD 88)
Hydrologic Assessment 83

the shallow wells there were dry. From the margin of the wetlands to the swamp, the horizontal gradients were too small to 

measure; the vertical gradient was upward near the wetlands 

but there was no vertical gradient evident near the swamp. The 

distribution of vertical gradient and groundwater flow at this 

location in September is not well understood but may have 

been affected by variations in sediment texture in the shallow 

aquifer beneath in the wetlands and the swamp.

Hydrologic transect MMHT4 is on the southern side of 

the same tributary about 400 m downstream from MMHT3 

(figs. 4, 40). In May, water levels sloped uniformly from the 

pine and hardwood uplands to the cedar swamp. Hydraulic 

gradients were downward in the uplands, upward at the cedar 

swamp wells, and upward near the tributary, indicating possible discharge to the swamp and stream. In September, the 

shallow well in the upland cluster was dry, but the water table 

defined by deep wells indicated a smaller slope in the water 

table toward the cedar swamp than in May. Small upward gradients were measured in the middle well cluster in the cedar 

swamp and near the stream in September. Minimal flow also 

was observed in the stream, indicating that the upward hydraulic gradients between the nearby wells probably represent discharge of groundwater to the stream in this area in September. 

Hydraulic transect MMHT5 is more than 800 m downstream from Lake Fred in a natural, predominantly hardwood 

forested area (figs. 4, 40). Groundwater levels slope with the 

topography toward the stream, with downward hydraulic 

gradients in the uplands in both May and September 2005. 

Downward gradients also were observed in the middle well 

cluster in May, but vertical gradients were upward at this 

location in September, probably indicating a greater contribution of deep groundwater at this location than in May. Also in 

September, water levels in the two deep wells in the upland 

and middle well clusters were the same, indicating a greater 

decline in groundwater levels in the uplands than at the middle 

well cluster and likely little shallow horizontal groundwater 

flow toward the stream between these well clusters. In both 

May and September, however, horizontal hydraulic gradients 

were greater between the middle well cluster and the stream; 

the largest upward gradients also were measured at the stream. 

Water-level altitudes and the distribution of the hydraulic 

gradient between the middle well cluster and the wells near the 

stream indicate that a considerable groundwater contribution 

from deeper in the aquifer probably discharges to the Morses 

Mill Stream in this area. 

Stream base-flow measurements and the observed 

start-of-flow locations for both May and September 2005 

synoptic measurements (fig. 41) show that base flow measured at streamflow sites ranged from zero (dry stream bed) 

to 0.022 m3

/s at an upper basin stream site, and from 0.059 

to 0.283 m3/s at the streamflow-gaging station in September 

and May 2005. Locations of start-of-flow observed during the 

May and September 2005 synoptic measurements are shown 

in figure 41 with a dashed line indicating the range of the 

seasonally intermittent stream channel defined by the start-offlow observations. Base-flow discharge data for the Morses 

Mill Stream, including the ratio of spring base-flow discharge 

to summer base-flow discharge, at stream sites are provided in 

table 4. The base-flow discharge ratios were 17 and 48 at two 

sites in the upper-basin areas and 5 and 11 at two sites in the 

lower-basin areas. 

Water Budget 

The water budget detailed below lists values for applicable components of the hydrologic cycle in the Morses Mill 

Stream basin and accounts for all known gains and losses to 

or from the system. The basin water budget was developed 

on a monthly basis. The time period covered by this analysis 

is October 2004 through September 2006. The Morses Mill 

Stream basin budget area encompasses 21.63 km2 in Atlantic 

County, NJ (fig. 5).

The following equations were used to calculate the water 

budget for the Morses Mill Stream basin. 

Land-surface components:

Rs = P ± ∆Ssw ± ∆Ssm - Qdr - ET - Ws , (8)

where

Rs = recharge to the aquifer system,

P = precipitation,

∆Ssw = change in surface-water storage,

∆Ssm = change in soil moisture,

Qdr = direct runoff,

ET = evapotranspiration, and

Ws = surface-water withdrawals/diversions; and

Groundwater components:

Rg = Qb + Wg ± L ± ∆Sgw ± Ri , (9)

where

Rg = recharge to the aquifer system,

Qb = base flow,

Wg = groundwater withdrawals,

L = leakage to confined aquifers,

∆Sgw = change in groundwater storage, and

Ri = groundwater inflow to/outflow from 

adjacent basins. In the Morses Mill Stream 

basin, there were no artificial discharges to 

groundwater or surface water (Das and Dag, 

respectively).

Average annual precipitation in the Morses Mill Stream 

basin was 114 cm during the 2-year study period (table 7), the 

same as in the Albertson Brook basin. Monthly precipitation 

typically is fairly uniform throughout the year and evenly distributed throughout the basin. Monthly precipitation averaged 
84 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

ATLANTIC CITY EXPY

GARDEN

STATE

PKWY

30

322

GALLOWAY TOWNSHIP

EGG HARBOR TOWNSHIP

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP

PORT REPUBLIC CITY

ABSECON CITY

EGG HARBOR CITY

MULLICA

TOWNSHIP ATLANTIC 

COUNTY

#* #*

#V

*# #*

$1

$1 #* $1

$1

$1

"/

"/ "/ May 0.019

Sept. NM May 0.022

Sept. Dry

May 0.057

Sept. 0.001

May 0.283

Sept. 0.059

May 0.246

Sept. 0.021

May 0.183

Sept. 0.011

74 ̊36' 74 ̊32' 74 ̊28'

39 ̊ 

28'

39 ̊ 

32'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital line graph files, 1:24,000, 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Zone 18, NAD 83

0

0 1 2 MILES

1 2 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

#V "/

#*

$1

Synoptic discharge-measurement site. Number is 

discharge, in cubic meters per second; NM, not 

measured

Seepage site

Streamgage

Morses Mill Stream study-area boundary

Morses Mill Stream drainage-basin boundary

Perennial stream

Intermittent-stream channel, May to 

September 2005

Start-of-flow, September 2005

Start-of-flow, May 2005

May 0.283

Sept. 0.059

May 0.183

Sept. 0.011

Figure 41. Surface-water discharge at selected locations, Morses Mill Stream basin, May and September 2005.
Hydrologic Assessment 85

9.5 cm and ranged from a low of 1.0 cm in March 2006 to 

23.1 cm in October 2005 (fig. 42, table 7). 

Average annual ET in the Morses Mill Stream basin 

was 58.6 cm during the study period. Monthly ET averaged 

4.9 cm and ranged from 0.4 cm in December 2004 to 11.5 cm 

in July 2006. ET from the basin was equivalent to 52 percent 

of precipitation on an annual basis. This loss, however, varies 

widely throughout the year. In winter, when ET is minimal 

(December and January of both water years), ET was less than 

one-tenth the amount of precipitation. During some summer 

months, nearly all precipitation was lost to ET, and recharge 

to the underlying aquifer was minimal. ET exceeded precipitation during June, July, August, and September 2005 and March 

2006.

Direct runoff of precipitation in the basin was relatively 

small, averaging 0.4 cm/mo during the study period. Monthly 

values ranged from 0.1 cm in September 2005 to 1.3 cm in 

September 2006. Direct recharge of the aquifer system from 

precipitation typically was greatest during the winter months, 

when ET was minimal. During the study period, recharge during winter months (December-February) averaged 8.0 cm/mo. 

During summer months (July-September), when ET was greatest, recharge averaged about 0.5 cm/mo. Annual base flow in 

the basin during the study period represented 86 percent of the 

annual streamflow. In September 2005, the month with least 

precipitation during the study period, base flow accounted for 

88 percent of streamflow. In May 2005, base flow represented 

95 percent of streamflow, even though precipitation was nearly 

average. In September 2006, the second wettest month during 

the 2-year period, base flow represented 67 percent of streamflow. Changes in storage of soil moisture during the study 

period had a moderate effect on the water budget. Monthly 

changes in soil-moisture storage ranged from a decrease of 

3.6 cm in July 2006 to an increase of 6.4 cm in October 2005. 

The average annual change in soil-moisture storage during 

the 2-year study period was a decrease of 0.6 cm. During the 

study period, groundwater levels declined slightly, representing a loss in storage of 2.1 cm/yr. Monthly changes in groundwater storage ranged from a decline of 2.7 cm in August 2005 

to an increase of 5.2 cm in October 2005 (fig. 43, table 7).

In general, groundwater withdrawals and surface-water 

diversions from the Morses Mill Stream basin are small. On 

an annual basis, groundwater withdrawals and surface-water 

diversions account for about 4 percent of the total precipitation, and groundwater withdrawals account for about 8 percent 

of recharge (fig. 43). Withdrawals from the basin typically are 

greater in summer, when withdrawals for irrigation are greatest. A few public-supply wells, which account for most of the 

total withdrawals, are situated within the basin.

Estimated net leakage to underlying confined aquifers 

was 0.02 cm/mo, the smallest value among the three basins. 

Estimated net outflow to adjacent basins was 1.0 cm/mo. 

To evaluate the agreement between the water-budget calculations, recharge values calculated using the land-surface 

equation were compared to those calculated using the 

groundwater equation (fig. 44). Estimates were generally in 

close agreement, to within a few centimeters. Differences in 

monthly recharge estimates ranged from -4.0 cm in September 

2005 to 4.2 cm in October 2006. The average difference in 

monthly recharge estimates was 0.1 cm.
86 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Table 7. Basin water budget for Morses Mill Stream, Atlantic County, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.—Continued

[All values are in centimeters; recharge values determined as a residual may be different from computed values due to rounding]

Land-surface budget

Date Precipitation

Discharge 

to surface 

water

Change in 

surfacewater 

storage

Change 

in soilmoisture 

storage

Direct 

runoff

Evapotranspiration

Surfacewater 

withdrawals

 Recharge

Oct-04 8.6 0 0 0.5 0.3 3.8 0 5

Nov-04 11.4 0 0 -1.9 0.5 2 0 7

Dec-04 6.6 0 0 1.1 0.4 0.5 0 6.7

Jan-05 10 0 0 -0.3 0.5 0.5 0 8.7

Feb-05 7.7 0 0 -0.4 0.2 1.4 0 5.7

Mar-05 9.9 0 0 -0.5 0.6 2 0 6.9

Apr-05 8.8 0 0 1.2 0.5 4.8 0 4.7

May-05 9 0 0 0.9 0.2 6.9 0.1 2.8

Jun-05 9.5 0 0 0.9 0.1 9.8 0.1 0.4

Jul-05 10.7 0 0 2.1 0.2 10.9 0.1 1.5

Aug-05 3 0 0.7 1.8 0.2 9.5 0.1 -4.3

Sep-05 1.4 0 0 0.9 0.1 6.7 0.2 -4.6

Oct-05 23.1 0 0 -6.4 0.8 3.6 0.1 12.2

Nov-05 7.3 0 0 -1 0.5 2 0 3.8

Dec-05 11.1 0 0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0 10.5

Jan-06 14.6 0 0 0.2 0.7 1.6 0 12.4

Feb-06 5.5 0 0 0.1 0.3 1 0 4.3

Mar-06 1 0 -1 2.9 0.6 1.8 0 0.5

Apr-06 8.5 0 0 -0.4 0.4 4.3 0 3.4

May-06 8.9 0 0 1.8 0.3 6.9 0.2 3.2

Jun-06 12.2 0 0 -3.1 0.3 8.8 0.1 -0.1

Jul-06 13.4 0 0 3.6 0.5 11.5 0.1 4.8

Aug-06 9.3 0 0 -0.6 0.4 9.1 0.3 -1.1

Sep-06 16 0 0 -2.4 1.3 6.5 0 5.8

Monthly average 9.5 0 -0.01 0.1 0.4 4.9 0.1 4.1

Annual average 113.6 0 -0.1 0.6 5.1 58.6 0.6 50

Groundwater budget

Date Base flow Groundwater 

withdrawals Leakage

Change in 

groundwater 

storage

Artificial 

recharge

Groundwater 

inflow or 

outflow

Recharge

Oct-04 1.6 0.5 0.02 0.8 0 -1 3.8

Nov-04 2 0.5 0.02 2 0 -1 5.5

Dec-04 3 0.4 0.02 0.9 0 -1 5.3

Jan-05 2.7 0.5 0.02 0.8 0 -1 4.9

Feb-05 3.4 0.4 0.02 1.9 0 -1 6.6

Mar-05 4.4 0.5 0.02 2.4 0 -1 8.2

Apr-05 4.7 0.5 0.02 -0.6 0 -1 5.6

May-05 3.5 0.4 0.02 -1.4 0 -1 3.5

Jun-05 2.3 0.3 0.02 -2.5 0 -1 1

Jul-05 1.7 0.4 0.02 -2.1 0 -1 1
Hydrologic Assessment 87

Table 7. Basin water budget for Morses Mill Stream, Atlantic County, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.—Continued

[All values are in centimeters; recharge values determined as a residual may be different from computed values due to rounding]

Groundwater budget—Continued

Date Base flow Groundwater 

withdrawals Leakage

Change in 

groundwater 

storage

Artificial 

recharge

Groundwater 

inflow or 

outflow

Recharge

Aug-05 1.1 0.2 0.02 -2.7 0 -1 -0.4

Sep-05 0.7 0.3 0.02 -2.6 0 -1 -0.6

Oct-05 1.7 0.2 0.02 5.2 0 -1 8

Nov-05 1.7 0.1 0.02 0.2 0 -1 3

Dec-05 3.4 0.2 0.02 3 0 -1 7.6

Jan-06 5.8 0.1 0.02 4.5 0 -1 11.4

Feb-06 4 0.2 0.02 -0.8 0 -1 4.4

Mar-06 2.6 0.2 0.02 -2.5 0 -1 1.3

Apr-06 2.5 0.4 0.02 -0.8 0 -1 3.1

May-06 2.4 0.3 0.02 -0.7 0 -1 2.9

Jun-06 1.8 0.3 0.02 -1 0 -1 2.1

Jul-06 2 0.5 0.02 -1.5 0 -1 1.9

Aug-06 0.9 0.5 0.02 -1.7 0 -1 0.7

Sep-06 2.6 0.5 0.02 3.4 0 -1 7.5

Monthly average 2.6 0.4 0.02 0.2 0 -1 4.1

Annual average 31.1 4.2 0.2 2.2 0 -11.4 49.1
88 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

Precipitation (P )

Change in surface-water storage (∆Ssw)

Change in soil moisture (∆Ssm)

Direct runoff (Qdr)

Evapotranspiration (ET )

Surface-water diversions (Ws)

Recharge (Rs)

EXPLANATION

WATER-BUDGET COMPONENT, IN CENTIMETERS

Rs = P ∆Ssw ∆Ssm - Qdr - ET - Ws +

– +

–

Figure 42. Components of the land-surface water budget by month, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 

2005–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 89

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

Base flow (Qb)

Groundwater withdrawals (Wg)

Horizontal groundwater inflow (Ri)

Change in groundwater storage (∆Sgw)

Vertical leakage (L)

Recharge (Rg)

EXPLANATION

WATER-BUDGET COMPONENT, IN CENTIMETERS

Rg = Qb + Wg L ∆Sgw Ri +

– +

– +

–

Figure 43. Components of the groundwater budget by month, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water years 2005–06.
90 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

Recharge, land-surface equation

Recharge, groundwater equation

-5

0

5

10

15

Oct-04

Nov-04

Dec-04

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05

Jun-05

Jul-05

Aug-05

Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05

Dec-05

Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-06

Jun-06

Jul-06

Aug-06

Sep-06

RECHARGE, IN CENTIMETERS

Figure 44. Comparison of monthly land-surface and groundwater recharge, Morses Mill Stream basin, New Jersey Pinelands, water 

years 2005–06.
Hydrologic Assessment 91

Characteristics of Pinelands Drainage Basins

This examination of the hydrologic conditions and the 

relations among groundwater, surface water, and wetlands in 

three Pinelands drainage basins provides an indication of the 

range of characteristic conditions and relations throughout the 

region. Results can provide a basis for identifying those hydrologic characteristics that are common to, or representative of, 

the Pinelands area. An understanding of both the range and 

commonality of these characteristics strengthens the conceptual basis for quantitative analysis of the hydrologic system 

and is critical to the development of predictive hydrologic 

models used in water-resource planning and management. 

The physical site characteristics, hydrogeology, stream 

geomorphology, vegetation, and the type and percentage of 

developed land in the three basins represent a range of conditions typical of the New Jersey Pinelands. Precipitation is the 

primary source of all water reaching the Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system, and precipitation generally infiltrates the 

Pinelands soils readily (Rhodehamel, 1973). Excluding runoff 

due to impervious cover and (or) low-permeability soils or, 

in undeveloped areas, runoff during heavy rainfall, about 50 

percent of the precipitation reaching the surface is available to 

recharge the aquifer system with the balance consumed by ET

(Rhodehamel, 1970). 

Recharge to the groundwater system occurs by infiltration of precipitation through the soil column and percolation 

through the unsaturated zone to the water table. This process 

may be rapid, delayed, or diverted laterally in the subsurface 

depending on the thickness and character of the variably 

permeable soils and unsaturated geologic sediments, their 

moisture content, and the intensity and duration of precipitation. Precipitation that reaches the water table recharges the 

groundwater, which flows through the complex assemblage 

of sediments making up the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer 

system. Groundwater flow is driven by hydraulic gradients 

to discharge eventually to wetlands, swamps, streams, deep 

confined aquifers, water-supply wells, and coastal waters. 

Pinelands wetland vegetation has established itself in 

type settings having favorable exposure, soil conditions, 

precipitation, and depth to water table. The seasonal range in 

depth to the water table below land surface is one of the critical determinants of areas suitable as wetland habitat. Spatial 

variations in depth to the water table are, in part, a function 

of the variability of the water-table altitude and land-surface 

topography. In general, as local land-surface altitude increases 

with distance from streams, depth to the water table also 

increases, although not always proportionately.

Water budgets are useful for understanding the relations 

among the major components of hydrologic systems and 

system responses to changes, and for evaluating water-supply 

availability and sustainability (Alley and others, 1999; Healy 

and others, 2007; table 8). Monthly water budgets provide an 

indication of seasonal changes in rates of water flux, which 

are reflected in changes in water levels and streamflows. 

Monthly rates of water flux across the land surface vary with 

monthly precipitation, which modulates the water available for 

increases in soil moisture, ET, and aquifer recharge. Recharge 

rates generally are highest during the non-growing season 

and are inversely related to ET. Average non-growing-season 

(November-February) recharge for the three study areas 

ranged from 6.6 to 7.4 cm/mo. Recharge to the aquifer system 

generally is lowest during the growing season, when monthly 

ET is high; monthly ET can sometimes exceed monthly 

precipitation during these months. Average growing-season 

(March-October) recharge for the three study areas ranged 

from 2.6 to 3.7 cm/mo. If precipitation is relatively constant 

through a seasonal cycle, as occurred during water year 2005, 

monthly recharge will approximate a sinusoidal function peaking during late winter/early spring. If precipitation fluctuates 

more through a seasonal cycle, as occurred during water year 

2006, monthly recharge may be more episodic; recharge rates 

may be low during some colder months, as occurred during March 2006, and higher during some warmer months, as 

occurred during September 2006. 

Monthly rates of water flux into and out of the aquifer system vary primarily with rates of recharge. In basins 

without large withdrawals or lateral export of water, monthly 

recharge is balanced for the most part by stream base flow and 

changes in groundwater storage. Stream base flow accounted 

for 86 to 96 percent of the mean annual streamflow in the 

three study areas. Average annual groundwater withdrawals in 

the three study areas were small relative to average recharge 

(0–11 percent) and, therefore, withdrawals had a small to 

negligible effect on the annual water budget at the scale of this 

analysis. The effect of withdrawals on the water budget can be 

more substantial locally or when evaluated on a seasonal basis. 

To understand how the Pinelands groundwater system 

receives recharge and functions to support wetland water levels and streamflow in specific areas, it is important to consider 

all the existing site conditions, physical controls, and hydraulic 

stresses in the aquifer system that may affect the various flow 

paths between recharge and discharge areas. In the Pinelands, 

the extent to which the groundwater system can be recharged, 

and is hydraulically connected to the wetlands, swamps, and 

streams, is in part controlled by the natural conditions that 

have allowed wetlands and the various surface-water environs 

to become established. Those conditions include physical and 

hydraulic controls such as topography, the thickness and character of materials through which recharge and groundwater 

flow take place, and the extent and thickness of fine-grained 

geologic sediments, iron-cemented layers, and organic material that may form barriers to flow. Knowledge of the presence 

and functional relation of these controls on groundwater flow 

and the water table is essential to understanding the potential 

effects of future development on local wetland, swamp, and 

stream ecosystems. The structure and distribution of hydrogeologic units of varying permeabilities in the three study 

areas described in the hydrogeologic framework developed by 

Walker and others (2008) form the foundation for the groundwater flow models being developed for the three study areas. 
92 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

The water table describes the top of the complex threedimensional flow system. Overall, the groundwater flow system has spatially varying water levels, hydraulic gradients, and 

flow paths connecting recharge and discharge areas. The direction of horizontal groundwater flow that can be approximated 

from the spring and summer 2005 water-table-altitude maps 

generally follows the slope of the basin topography, eventually 

flowing toward points of discharge at wetlands, swamps, and 

surface-water bodies. 

Water levels measured in the basin-monitoring wells 

in each study area help to describe the head relations among 

shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifer layers in and between 

the upper- and lower-basin areas. These head relations reflect 

hydraulic gradients that control the flow of groundwater 

through the aquifer system. These gradients provide insight 

into subsurface flow patterns, which can be categorized as 

local or regional, as demonstrated by using numerical models 

(Modica, 1996; Rice and Szabo, 1997). 

Water levels in the basin-monitoring wells generally 

indicated downward hydraulic gradients in upland-recharge 

areas, horizontal hydraulic gradients toward the lower parts 

of each basin, and upward gradients approaching points of 

discharge such as wetlands, swamps, and streams, as shown in 

the hydrographs for these well sites and the water-table maps. 

Although deep, more regional groundwater flow normally 

discharges to the surface in the lower parts of the drainage 

basins, hydraulic stresses in the aquifer system induced by the 

withdrawal of groundwater alters natural hydraulic gradients 

and affects groundwater flow by diverting to wells some of the 

flow that would otherwise reach the wetlands and streams.

Topographically high areas near lateral basin divides in 

the lower parts of a drainage basin also act as groundwater 

recharge areas and display downward hydraulic gradients. 

Groundwater flow paths become increasingly short and shallow as the recharge areas become closer to the discharge 

areas. As a result, flow paths that originate in areas near lateral 

basin divides contribute more flow to wetlands and streams 

downstream than those that originate closer to the points of 

discharge. Discharge to larger streams in lower-basin areas are 

largely supported by regional groundwater flow paths that are 

deeper and longer than the shallow, localized flow systems; 

therefore, these areas probably are less affected by seasonal 

drought conditions than those areas supported by localized 

flow systems. 

Hydrologically, wetlands in the three Pinelands study 

areas generally fall in one of two categories: (1) those located 

in groundwater recharge areas and (2) those flanking streams 

in groundwater discharge areas. 

A recharge-area wetland was identified in the headwaters 

of the McDonalds Branch basin. This wetland straddles a lateral basin divide and is underlain by an extensive shallow clay 

layer of finite areal extent. The hydraulic head of the groundwater above this clay was as much as 3 m higher than that of 

the underlying aquifer and also exceeded the altitude of the 

Table 8. Summary of average annual water budget for Albertson Brook, McDonalds Branch, and Morses Mill Stream basins, 

New Jersey Pinelands, 2005–06.

[All values are in centimeters]

Albertson Brook McDonalds Branch Morses Mill Stream

Land-surface budget

Precipitation 113.8 121.4 113.6

Discharge to surface-water 0 0 0

Change in surface-water storage 0 0 -0.1

Change in soil-moisture storage 0.7 0.5 0.6

Direct runoff 6.1 1.4 5.1

Evapotranspiration 56.1 62 58.6

Surface-water withdrawals 0.1 0 0.6

Recharge 52.3 58.9 50

Groundwater budget

Base flow 49.3 39.5 31.1

Groundwater withdrawals 6 0 4.2

Leakage 0.7 13.1 0.2

Change in groundwater storage -1.2 -3.5 2.2

Artificial recharge 0.8 0 0

Groundwater inflow or outflow -0.4 -8.8 -11.4

Recharge 54.4 57.9 49.1
Hydrologic Assessment 93

water table immediately surrounding the clay, creating a substantial downward gradient and a large potential for recharge 

to the underlying aquifer in and around the wetlands. Horizontal hydraulic gradients across these wetlands also were large, 

causing radial flow in the groundwater and surface water, 

part of which discharges to the headwaters of the McDonalds 

Branch. Farther downstream from the headwaters wetlands 

where the clay is absent, the McDonalds Branch loses water to 

the unconfined aquifer. 

Wetlands that have established in groundwater recharge 

areas are normally underlain by confining layers of clay and 

(or) other low-permeability sediments capable of retarding the 

vertical movement of water, which usually results in localized 

groundwater mounding following recharge events. Groundwater mounding above the confining bed causes downward 

hydraulic gradients to develop between the water table and the 

aquifer below, which can promote both vertical leakage and 

lateral flow above the clay. Wetlands and streams that may 

exist in groundwater recharge areas rely on runoff and (or) 

recharge from precipitation, and shallow, local flow subsystems that may develop above the confining beds. The extent 

to which these wetlands are hydraulically connected to or 

isolated from the underlying aquifers is site specific and variable. During extended dry periods, the water table in rechargearea wetlands may drop sufficiently to cause locally supported 

stream discharge to cease. If the low-permeability sediments 

are sufficiently leaky, or if they are of limited extent, the water 

table may drain naturally and equilibrate with water levels in 

the underlying aquifer. Regardless of the site- specific conditions, wetlands in recharge areas are likely to be most sensitive 

to extended drought conditions and less sensitive to stresses of 

groundwater withdrawals from beneath the confining layers. 

The most common wetland settings in the three study 

areas are those that form in lowland areas where groundwater discharges to the surface. These discharge-area wetlands 

generally develop in the lower parts of the Pinelands drainage 

basins. Observed gradients and evidence of local and regional 

flow subsystems in these areas indicated that flow patterns 

were similar to those of the generic stream-aquifer flow systems described by Toth (1963) and Modica (1997). This type 

of wetland is represented at 12 of the 15 hydrologic-transect 

locations.

Many of the hydrologic characteristics common to the 

discharge-area wetlands are revealed in the data analysis of 

hydrologic transect ABHT4 in the Albertson Brook basin. 

During wet periods at this location, groundwater discharges 

to the surface along short, shallow flow paths originating near 

the local, lateral basin divide in addition to deeper, longer 

path groundwater flow originating in recharge areas farther 

upstream in the basin. The vertical hydraulic gradient at the 

upland well cluster of ABHT4 reversed from downward in 

April to upward in September, whereas that in the middle well 

cluster in the wetlands was upward in April and zero in September. The horizontal gradient from the uplands toward the 

stream at this site, however, was similar in April and September, indicating continued horizontal groundwater flow from 

the uplands toward the stream. These conditions may indicate 

that groundwater traveling along long, deep flow paths was 

supporting the shallow groundwater in this area and helping to 

maintain the horizontal hydraulic gradient toward the wetlands and stream. At other hydrologic-transect sites, such as 

ABHT5, the April horizontal gradient between the uplands and 

wetland was not maintained, but the same vertical-gradient 

relation was present at the two well locations in the uplands 

and at the edge of the wetlands. Wetlands that lie in groundwater discharge areas generally flank streams in the lower 

parts of the drainage basins where the water table is shallow. 

They may be underlain by a broad range of sediments from 

coarse sand and gravel to clay or other low-permeability sediments, peat, and (or) muck soils. These wetlands receive water 

directly through infiltration of precipitation and indirectly 

from groundwater flow as it discharges to the surface. This 

groundwater discharge includes localized, relatively shallow 

groundwater flow that follows short flow paths and has comparably short travel times and is, therefore, more likely to be 

affected by seasonal drought conditions. The most persistent 

groundwater flow that reaches these discharge-area wetlands 

originates in the upper parts of the drainage basins and follows 

longer paths of flow to points of discharge. Hydraulic gradients from the various recharge areas to points of discharge 

control the relative contribution of groundwater that travels 

along long and short flow paths. As the local groundwater 

reservoir near a discharge-area wetland declines during dry 

periods, it is likely that a smaller proportion of groundwater 

discharge comes from local recharge and a larger proportion 

is derived from upland recharge through the longer, more 

regional groundwater flow paths. 

During extended dry periods, near-stream wetlands in 

upper-basin areas may shift from a condition of groundwater 

discharge to one of groundwater recharge, as water levels 

decline and start-of-flow locations move farther downstream. 

Potential areas of such alternating recharge and discharge 

conditions probably are best described by the intermittent 

range of groundwater discharge to streams in the Albertson 

Brook, McDonalds Branch, and Morses Mill Stream study 

areas that is shown by the dashed lines in figures 15, 28, and 

41, respectively. 

The hydrologic-transect data from the three drainage 

basins indicate considerable similarity in the way wetlands 

and streams in the Pinelands were supported by groundwater 

during the spring 2005 measurements. The hydraulic gradients observed near wetlands and streams in the lower parts 

of the basins reflected the convergence of shallow, localized 

groundwater flow from nearby uplands with the deeper, more 

regional groundwater flow originating in recharge areas farther 

upstream in the basins. These local flow conditions generally 

were indicated by downward hydraulic gradients at the upland 

end of the hydrologic transects; horizontal gradients toward 

the swamps and streams; and upward gradients near points of 

discharge at the wetlands, swamps, and streams. 

In the summer of 2005, following a month with no 

substantial recharge, synoptic water-level measurements along 
94 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

the same transects indicated changes in water levels, hydraulic gradients, and flow paths compared to those in the spring. 

These changes included a decline in upland and wetland water 

levels, reduced downward hydraulic gradients near the upland 

ends of transects or reversals in those gradients, and a decline 

in the groundwater levels resulting in reduced horizontal 

gradients and flow from local uplands to the wetlands. At the 

same time, although water levels had declined, horizontal 

gradients from the wetlands toward the stream often showed 

little change from the spring conditions, indicating continued 

flow toward the discharge points closest to the surface water. 

When this occurred, downward gradients at the upland ends 

of the transects were generally reduced or had reversed to 

upward, reflecting a transition from shallow, localized groundwater flow to deeper groundwater flow traveling along longer 

flow paths contributing to the wetlands, swamps, and streams. 

During the drought conditions of summer 2005, the horizontal 

gradients from the wetlands toward the stream apparently were 

sustained by upward flow due to increases in vertical gradients 

beneath these lower-basin discharge areas. Although the contribution of discharge to the surface from shallow groundwater 

flow may be substantially reduced or cease during seasonal 

drought, discharge from deeper groundwater flow traveling 

along longer flow paths probably continues, albeit at lower 

discharge rates, while supporting the water table at lower levels. Those basins or parts of basins with small drainage areas, 

those parts of drainage basins located in recharge areas, and 

(or) those discharge-area wetlands that are transitional in the 

intermittent stream reaches described previously, however, are 

least likely to receive discharge from deep groundwater flow 

traveling along longer flow paths. 

The results of the study confirm that stream start-of-flow 

locations vary seasonally and with changing climatic conditions, as conceptualized by Modica (1998). In the Pinelands, 

start-of-flow locations occur at the most upstream point where 

groundwater begins discharging to the surface—a location 

where the altitude of the water table first exceeds that of the 

streambed. On the basis of long-term daily mean discharge 

statistics at streamflow-gaging stations near or within each of 

the three study areas, the hydrologic conditions in September 

2005 in these areas represent an extreme low in water levels 

and streamflow. Therefore, start-of-flow probably occurred farther downstream in September 2005 than it would have during 

a normal September. Start-of-flow locations identified on the 

basis of field observations in the spring and summer of 2005 

defined the intermittent stream sections between the measurements made in the spring and summer of 2005 (figs. 15, 28, 

and 41). Downstream from the intermittent stream segments, 

base-flow discharge ratios (table 4) are lower and appear to 

indicate more persistent groundwater discharge than the higher 

discharge ratios farther upstream. 

Water levels normally fluctuate with the seasons, but if 

an extended period of drought should coincide with increased 

stresses caused by groundwater withdrawals, the depth to 

the water table, start-of-flow location, and stream discharge 

all will be affected. The stream base-flow and water-level 

measurements made during the spring and summer of 2005 

indicate that some stream reaches may lose flow to the 

groundwater. Surface water can be lost by moving directly 

to the underlying aquifer when the hydraulic gradients are 

downward from the surface water (Winter and others, 1998). 

This also can occur when the stage in the stream is supported 

above the local water table by low-permeability sediments or 

when groundwater withdrawals reverse hydraulic gradients, 

inducing vertical leakage through the streambed to the aquifer 

below. Loss of streamflow also can occur indirectly when 

pumping far from the stream captures groundwater flow that 

might otherwise discharge to the stream (Jenkins, 1968). In 

this case, vertical hydraulic gradients in the groundwater could 

continue to indicate upward flow to the stream and (or) wetlands, but the hydraulic gradients and discharge to the surface 

would be reduced, but not reversed. Base-flow discharge measurements identified only one potential losing stream reach in 

the three study areas; the losing reach was in the lower part 

of the Albertson Brook basin where agricultural irrigation 

is known to be active within 300 m of the stream during the 

growing season. This water use might have contributed to the 

apparent loss of streamflow, but the loss was approximately 

equal to the acceptable error for the discharge measurement. 

Limited data and the inherent difficulties of measuring stream 

discharge at some Pinelands stream locations made the results 

inconclusive.

Other areas of potential losses from surface water were 

identified by water-level differences that indicate downward 

hydraulic gradients that are indicative of potential losses 

from surface water to groundwater. Some examples include 

the locations of hydrologic transects MBHT1 and MBHT5 

(fig. 27) in the McDonalds Branch basin and MMHT2 in the 

Morses Mill Stream basin (fig. 40). Other possible stream 

losses are indicated by water-table contours showing that the 

general direction of groundwater flow crosses a stream. An 

example is along the upper reaches of the McDonalds Branch 

where groundwater contours indicate that groundwater flow 

probably bypasses the McDonalds Branch and emerges as 

groundwater discharge farther downstream (fig. 23). A similar 

area in the lower part of the McDonalds Branch is illustrated 

by water-table contours near hydrologic transect MBHT5. 

Upstream from this area, groundwater flow that crosses 

beneath the stream channel probably induces vertical leakage 

from the stream, causing losses in streamflow, and this water 

follows the path of groundwater flow into the adjacent basin 

as illustrated with arrows indicating flow leaving the basin in 

a westerly direction (fig. 23). Although it was possible to identify potential areas of losses from streamflow using water-level 

data, these losses could not be confirmed or quantified because 

either no discharge measurements could be made in those 

areas, or the losses were too small to be discernable given the 

limited ability to make accurate discharge measurements as a 

result of the site conditions. 

The Albertson Brook and Morses Mill Stream basins 

have the greatest reported groundwater use of the three 

study areas. The use of groundwater in the vicinity of the 
Summary and Conclusions 95

McDonalds Branch study area is limited to isolated domestic 

wells, two public-supply wells, and two irrigation wells, and 

because development there is minimal and the study area is 

composed predominantly of State-owned land, the associated 

hydraulic stresses appear to have been comparatively small 

during this study. 

Considering the range of hydrologic complexities identified in the three study areas, general hydrologic characteristics 

of the Pinelands that are important in evaluating the relations 

between surface water (including wetlands) and groundwater 

include the following:

• Precipitation is the primary source of recharge to all 

parts of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system.

• Generally, aquifer-system recharge areas are topographically high (upland) areas and discharge areas 

(except groundwater-withdrawal areas) are topographically low areas such as at wetlands, swamps, and 

streams. 

• Soil and geologic sediment layers of contrasting permeability are present in some areas and affect infiltration, groundwater-flow patterns, interactions between 

groundwater and surface water, and the degree to 

which stressed aquifer layers are hydraulically connected with the water table near the wetlands and 

surface water. 

• Shallow groundwater flow supports water levels in 

local wetlands and surface water during wetter periods. 

Deeper, more regional groundwater flow supplements 

the shallow discharge to lower-basin areas and continues to support water levels, providing the principal groundwater discharge to wetlands and streams 

in those areas as local water levels decline during 

extended dry periods.

• Wetlands can generally be characterized as those in 

upland groundwater recharge areas where downward 

hydraulic gradients persist and, more commonly, those 

wetlands flanking streams in groundwater discharge 

areas where upward hydraulic gradients persist. During 

extended dry periods, near-stream wetlands in upperbasin areas may transition from areas of discharge to 

areas of recharge, as water levels decline and start-offlow locations move progressively farther downstream. 

Summary and Conclusions

The New Jersey Pinelands area is a 4,450-km2 National 

Reserve in southern New Jersey that overlies the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This 

ecologically diverse area supports a variety of habitats and 

is home to many threatened and endangered species. The 

landscape is covered with a patchwork of cedar swamps; 

other wetlands; coniferous, hardwood, and mixed forests; 

agricultural areas; and developed residential and commercial 

areas. Demand for water from the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer 

system is increasing as development in the area increases. 

The Pinelands Commission has been tasked with evaluating increasing water-supply demands in the Pinelands and the 

potential for adverse effects on the hydrologic and ecological 

systems of the area. An investigation of the relations among 

key hydrologic and ecological attributes was needed in order 

to (1) assess the effects of groundwater diversions from the 

Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system on streams and wetland 

water levels within the Pinelands and (2) determine the potential ecological effects of reduced streamflows and water levels 

on aquatic and wetland communities, respectively. Therefore, 

the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the 

Pinelands Commission, began a multi-phase hydrologic investigation in 2004 to characterize the hydrologic system supporting the Pinelands aquatic and wetland communities.

Three drainage basins, the Albertson Brook, McDonalds 

Branch, and Morses Mill Stream basins, were selected for 

detailed hydrologic assessment to provide the information 

needed to develop groundwater flow models that can be used 

to predict hydrologic responses to increased groundwater 

withdrawals. The first phase of the hydrologic assessment was 

a comprehensive hydrogeologic framework investigation of 

each study area. The second phase of the assessment, and the 

subject of this report, was an evaluation of the groundwater 

and surface-water hydrology of each of the three selected 

drainage basins studied. The major objectives included: 

1. compiling available hydrologic data;

2. collecting additional hydrologic data;

3. characterizing the function of the hydrologic 

system, including the interaction of the KirkwoodCohansey aquifer system with wetlands and 

surface water; 

4. quantifying the water budget for each drainage 

basin; and 

5. providing the hydrologic data and interpretations needed to construct predictive groundwater 

models. 

The report describes the methods used to establish new 

data-network sites and to collect and analyze the hydrologic 

data. In the data-collection phase of the study, previously 

available and newly acquired hydrologic and climatologic 

information was compiled. The data network included 

471 wells, 26 of which were continuous water-level monitoring sites, and 106 surface-water sites, including 4 recording 

streamflow-gaging stations; the continuous records were collected during 2004–06. During this period, area groundwater 

levels fluctuated from about 0.8 to 1.8 m in upland recharge 

areas and from about 0.4 to 1.1 m in lowland discharge areas. 

Stream levels at base flow fluctuated over a smaller range 

during the same period, generally from almost no change 
96 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

where levels are controlled by channel conditions to as much 

as 0.4 m elsewhere. Annual mean streamflow in and near 

the study areas for water years 2005 and 2006, respectively, 

ranged from 88 to 101 percent and 83 to 106 percent of the 

long-term mean annual discharge. These values are well 

within the range of annual mean flows of streams in and near 

the study areas. 

In addition to the continuous-record data collection, 

network sites were used to make synoptic measurements of 

groundwater levels, stream stage and stream discharge, and 

start-of-flow locations during spring and late summer 2005. 

These data were analyzed in the context of the previously 

published hydrogeologic framework of the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system and in consideration of other physical and 

hydrologic characteristics that could affect water levels and 

groundwater flow and the interactions of groundwater with 

wetlands and surface water. The geology, geomorphology, 

and land-surface characteristics of each basin control how and 

to what extent recharge enters and flows through the groundwater system, ultimately discharging to surface water. The 

water-level altitudes and hydraulic gradients that develop in 

the aquifer system control the rate and direction of groundwater flow and its discharge. The hydrologic characteristics 

of and water use in and near each basin affected the groundwater system and are reflected in the hydrographs of daily 

mean groundwater levels and streamflow as they responded 

to variations in precipitation and recharge during the study 

period (2004–06). Excluding water lost to evapotranspiration 

and the storm runoff that contributes directly to streamflow, 

the portion of precipitation that recharges the aquifer system 

(about 50 percent) supports groundwater flow along various 

flow paths toward discharge areas and eventually contributes 

to stream base-flow. During wet periods, higher water levels 

resulted in base flow that likely included a larger proportion of 

groundwater discharge flowing along shorter, more localized 

flow paths and typically higher streamflows than during dry 

periods. During base-flow conditions following extended dry 

periods, streams and wetlands were supported principally by 

groundwater flowing along longer flow paths and less by shallow local groundwater flow, resulting in lower water levels in 

wetlands and streams and reduced streamflow.

Two contrasting hydrologic extremes representing baseflow conditions were documented with synoptic water-level 

and streamflow measurements and observations of start-offlow locations in streams during spring and late summer 2005. 

Maps developed for each study area show water-level altitudes 

for these two periods, depth to the water table during the 

spring measurement, and distribution of base-flow discharge 

during the spring and summer synoptic measurements. Within 

mapped wetland areas, the depth to the water table ranged 

from zero to 4.5 m. These ranges likely are representative of 

average conditions throughout most of the Pinelands. The percentage of basin area characterized by the depth to the water 

table of less than 0.5 m ranged from 17 to 48 percent and varied with the percentage of the basin area mapped as wetlands.

The synoptic measurements made during spring and late 

summer 2005 also included water levels and hydraulic gradients measured in wells situated along 15 hydrologic transects, 

each one extending from in or near the uplands through the 

wetlands to the streams. A comparative analysis of hydrologic 

conditions during the contrasting periods of the synoptic measurements revealed the dynamic nature of water-table depth, 

groundwater flow patterns, sources of flow to wetlands and 

streams, and streamflow characteristics. 

Hydrologically, wetlands in the three Pinelands study 

areas can be generally characterized as being either (1) those 

located in groundwater recharge areas or (2) those flanking 

streams in groundwater discharge areas. Seasonally, the source 

of water reaching wetlands depends on whether the wetlands are in groundwater recharge or groundwater discharge 

areas. Recharge-area wetlands and surface-water bodies are 

supported by local precipitation and local groundwater that 

moves along short flow paths and may cease to discharge to 

the surface locally during dry periods. Conversely, dischargearea wetlands and streams continue to be supported by deeper 

groundwater that moves through longer, regional flow paths 

after shallow groundwater levels have declined and discharge 

from the shallow, local groundwater system is reduced or has 

ceased altogether.

Basin-wide water budgets, in which inflows are balanced 

by corresponding outflows and changes in storage, were developed for each study area to quantify the major components 

of the hydrologic cycle. Human activities that can affect the 

natural system, such as groundwater withdrawals and artificial 

discharge, also are included in the budget. Both a land-surface-based equation that describes gains from and losses to the 

land surface and a groundwater-based equation that describes 

gains from and losses to the underlying Kirkwood-Cohansey 

aquifer system provided independent estimates of recharge 

and a basis for comparing the relative importance of the various water-budget components. Monthly rates of water flux 

across the land surface vary with monthly precipitation, which 

modulates the water available for increases in soil moisture, 

ET, and aquifer recharge. Average annual precipitation in the 

three study areas during water years 2005–06 ranged from 114 

to 121 cm. Average annual ET was about 50 percent of annual 

precipitation, and ranged from 56 to 62 cm. Average annual 

recharge ranged from 50 to 59 cm and was generally highest 

during the non-growing season, when ET was low. Groundwater withdrawals in the three study areas were small on average 

(0–11 percent of recharge), and therefore, withdrawals had 

a small to negligible effect on the average water budgets of 

these basins at the scale of this analysis. The effect of withdrawals on water budgets can be more substantial locally or 

when evaluated on a seasonal basis.

Collectively, these interpretations describe the hydrologic 

variability in the three Pinelands study areas and provide the 

information needed to calibrate groundwater flow models for 

those areas. The following conclusions highlight other important hydrologic conditions identified during this study:
Summary and Conclusions 97

• The soils and sediments in the unsaturated zone and 

the sediments in the aquifer system underlying the 

Pinelands have varying textures and permeability 

that affect patterns of infiltration, recharge, groundwater flow, and discharge to wetlands, streams, and 

supply wells. 

• Recharge replenishes the aquifer system and contributes to groundwater flow, most of which moves to 

wetlands and surface water where natural discharge 

occurs. Recharge rates are generally highest during 

the non-growing season and are inversely related to 

evapotranspiration rates.

• Groundwater-level fluctuations increase with distance from surface water.

• Stream-stage hydrographs compared closely with 

those of groundwater levels in nearby wells as a 

result of the close relation of groundwater discharge 

and stream base flow.

• Depth to the water table ranges from zero at points 

of groundwater discharge, such as ponds, streams, 

and swamps, to several meters in topographically 

high areas.

• The depth to the water table in the wetlands changes 

seasonally in response to variable evapotranspiration, precipitation, infiltration, and groundwater 

recharge. 

• Wetlands in groundwater recharge areas are typically characterized by downward hydraulic gradients 

causing local water levels and streamflow to be 

entirely dependent on local precipitation and shallow 

groundwater flow, probably making recharge-area 

wetlands sensitive to drought conditions. 

• Recharge-area wetlands and streams may lose water 

to deeper aquifer layers as a result of persistent 

downward hydraulic gradients that occur naturally 

or can be induced by pumping stresses, lowering 

the water table and reducing or eliminating potential 

streamflow. 

• Wetlands that lie near surface-water bodies in 

the lower part of a drainage basin typically are in 

groundwater discharge areas that generally display 

persistent upward hydraulic gradients beneath wetlands and surface water. 

• Although groundwater withdrawals can stress the 

groundwater flow system and affect water levels, 

the distribution of low-permeability sediments in 

the subsurface controls the degree to which stressed 

aquifer layers are hydraulically connected with the 

water table. 

• Hydraulic gradients near wetlands are dynamic, and 

changes in these gradients (and consequently potential groundwater-flow directions) were observed 

under differing hydrologic conditions. 

• In general, horizontal gradients along the hydrologic 

transects indicated lateral flow toward wetlands, 

and vertical gradients indicated upward flow toward 

points of discharge, such as wetlands and streams 

(with some exceptions observed during the summer 

2005 measurement).

• Low-permeability zones can support a transient, 

mounded local water table in some areas.

The results of this study indicate that the precision of watertable maps in and near wetlands could be improved by knowing the location, extent, and characteristics of areas where 

mounding of the water table occurs. Some Pinelands wetlands 

have been shown to be supported by localized mounding of 

the water table above relatively low-permeability sediment 

layers, which can act to isolate the water-table hydraulically 

from the deeper groundwater system. Because the location, 

extent, hydrologic characteristics, and relation of these commonly localized wetlands to the water table are not well understood, their vulnerability to stresses placed on the hydrologic 

system is difficult to assess. Additional work could identify the 

location, extent, and characteristics of the low-permeability 

layers that create and maintain these wetlands and their relation to the larger groundwater system. Indicators could be 

developed and used to identify those types of wetlands that 

rely on mounded water tables in other areas. 

The results of this study also show that quantifying 

possible losses of streamflow resulting from either natural 

hydrogeologic conditions or groundwater withdrawals using 

conventional streamflow measuring methods is difficult 

because Pinelands stream channels are commonly irregular, 

may be obstructed locally, or may have low or irregular velocity profiles. These conditions not only affect the accuracy of 

the streamflow measurements but also can cause localized 

gains and losses in flow; therefore, the locations of streamflow measurements are critical when evaluating differences in 

base flow along a stream reach. Additional work to determine 

potential areas of streamflow loss using measurements of 

hydraulic gradients, fluxes, and streambed permeability along 

losing stream reaches would substantially improve measuringsite selection and the quantification and evaluation of losses of 

streamflow in Pinelands streams.
98 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06

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102 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 Albertson Brook Study Area 010325 010325–IRR 2A --

W 18.80 DEM 1.524 07/00/1957 19.81 -- --

010342 010342–IW40 --

W 12.80 DEM 1.524 00/00/1900 27.43 26.21 27.43

010349 010349–MULLICA 2D --

W 17.53 Level 0.003 06/27/1975 45.72 44.20 45.72

011402 011402–ATSION MW51 3225196

W 12.80 DEM 1.524 09/06/2000 3.51 1.98 3.51

011404 011404–MW54 3160862

W 21.20 DEM 1.524 06/22/2001 4.27 2.74 4.27

011459 011459–ALBERTSON BROOK 2 -- INS, W, WM 18.59 DEM 1.524 03/26/2004 2.16 1.86 2.16

011504 011504–AB OW-2D 3227988 BM,INS, W 16.97 DEM 1.524 08/10/2004 48.77 45.72 48.77

011505 011505–AB OW-2S 3227990 BM,INS, W 16.93 DEM 1.524 08/11/2004 15.24 12.19 15.24

011506 011506–AB OW-2M 3227989 BM,INS, W 16.93 DEM 1.524 08/12/2004 28.04 24.99 28.04

011550 011550–ABHT5-1D -- HT, W 14.87 DEM 1.524 02/02/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90

011551 011551–ABHT5-1S -- HT, W 14.90 DEM 1.524 02/02/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011552 011552–ABHT4-2S -- HT, W 17.75 DEM 1.524 02/03/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011553 011553–ABHT4-3D -- HT, W 17.40 DEM 1.524 02/03/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90

011554 011554–ABHT4-3S -- HT, W 17.43 DEM 1.524 02/03/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011555 011555–ABHT5-3D -- HT, W 13.85 DEM 1.524 01/20/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011556 011556–ABHT5-3S -- HT, W 13.80 DEM 1.524 01/20/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011557 011557–ABHT5-2D -- HT, W 14.90 DEM 1.524 01/20/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011558 011558–ABHT5-2S -- HT, W 14.88 DEM 1.524 01/20/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83

011567 011567–AB UP-5 3228343 HT, W 15.50 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 6.10 4.57 6.10

011568 011568–ABHT4-1D -- HT, W 18.66 DEM 1.524 02/03/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90

011569 011569–ABHT4-2D -- HT, W 17.77 DEM 1.524 02/03/2005 2.50 2.20 2.50

011594 011594–MW-1 3220603

W 22.77 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 7.01 2.44 7.01

011595 011595–MW-7 3220604

W 21.31 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 6.40 1.83 6.40

011596 011596–IRR 10 3158336

W 20.60 DEM 1.524 06/04/2001 43.28 18.90 43.28

011597 011597–MW-5 3220599

W 20.45 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 6.40 2.13 6.40

011634 011634–MW-6 3220600

W 19.17 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 6.40 2.13 6.40

011669 011669–MW-8 --

W 21.19 Level 1.524 -- 3.81 -- --

011672 011672–MW --

W 22.20 DEM 1.524 -- 5.49 -- --
Table 1 103

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued

050408 050408–ATSION 2 OBS -- W 14.11 Level 0.003 00/00/1963 19.81 19.20 19.81

050409 050409–ATSION 3 OBS -- W 13.99 Level 0.003 00/00/1963 5.18 4.27 5.18

070429 070429–MULLICA 17S -- UP,W 23.15 Level 0.003 06/25/1975 5.79 4.27 5.79

070430 070430–MULLICA 7D -- W 28.20 Level 0.003 09/23/1975 36.58 35.05 36.58

070431 070431–MULLICA 16S -- W 28.17 Level 0.003 06/24/1975 8.84 7.32 8.84

070432 070432–MULLICA 18S -- W 20.91 Level 0.003 06/25/1975 7.62 6.10 7.62

070436 070436–IRR 3104953 W 36.00 DEM 1.524 04/29/1966 39.62 33.53 39.62

070459 070459–IRR 3104937 W 29.20 DEM 1.524 05/20/1966 54.86 12.19 54.86

070468 070468–DOM-6 3105716 W 31.10 DEM 1.524 07/12/1971 50.29 44.20 50.29

070481 070481–3-1973 3106874 W 37.49 DEM 1.524 03/23/1973 33.83 22.56 32.61

070497 070497–PROD 2 3105543 W 37.19 DEM 1.524 01/00/1971 30.78 19.51 27.43

070501 070501–IND 2 3105295 W 50.70 DEM 1.524 08/05/1969 42.98 35.36 42.98

070668 070668–IRR 1 3116649 W 52.70 DEM 1.524 02/03/1981 36.58 18.29 36.58

070671 070671–INSTITUTIONAL 7 3108079 W 31.70 DEM 1.524 07/03/1974 43.89 35.36 42.98

070678 070678–IRR 3124091 W 38.70 DEM 1.524 12/11/1985 30.48 24.38 30.48

070679 070679–DOM 705 3120472 W 40.20 DEM 1.524 12/28/1984 24.38 21.34 24.38

070682 070682–DOM 3108663 W 48.70 DEM 1.524 06/06/1975 22.56 19.51 22.56

070698 070698–8/REPLACEMENT 4 3126123 W 30.80 DEM 1.524 03/25/1987 50.90 40.72 49.99

070699 070699–DOM 3126654 W 39.00 DEM 1.524 09/10/1988 33.53 30.48 33.53

070701 070701–DOM 3119213 W 42.00 DEM 1.524 06/11/1982 31.70 28.65 31.70

070702 070702–DOM 3117576 W 43.40 DEM 1.524 05/13/1981 27.43 24.38 27.43

070704 070704–SCH 3120150 W 54.50 DEM 1.524 04/13/1984 43.89 40.84 43.89

070705 070705–DOM 3122181 W 45.50 DEM 1.524 03/14/1985 27.43 23.16 26.21

070709 070709–DOM 3129794 W 46.40 DEM 1.524 11/08/1988 24.38 21.34 24.38

070711 070711–1-L OBS 3119136 W 33.24 Level 0.003 00/00/1982 15.24 -- --

070712 070712–6 OBS 3119134 W 39.23 Level 0.030 00/00/1982 15.24 -- --

070714 070714–ADMIN BLDG 3120841 W 40.40 DEM 1.524 10/29/1983 34.75 31.70 34.75

070715 070715–DOM 1 3129999 W 29.87 M 1.524 12/15/1988 31.70 28.65 31.70
104 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued 070716 070716–IRR 1 --

W 29.87

M 1.524 -- 4.88 -- --

070717 070717–NURSERY 3125408

W 39.70 DEM 1.524 03/17/1987 45.72 42.67 45.72

070736 070736–PW 3 3105578

W 43.28 DEM 1.524 01/25/1971 29.54 24.66 29.24

070737 070737–BERLIN-BLUE ANCHOR RD 2 3136453

W 49.00 DEM 1.524 05/03/1991 36.27 27.74 33.83

070740 070740–PZ 3 3139312

W 21.14 DEM 1.524 06/12/1992 3.96 2.44 3.96

070741 070741–PZ 4 3137739

W 37.50 DEM 1.524 06/08/1992 9.75 8.23 9.75

070744 070744–PZ 5 3139311 BM, INS, W 47.36 DEM 1.524 06/09/1992 14.33 12.80 14.33

070750 070750–IRR 3 5100109

W 36.70 DEM 1.524 00/00/1944 33.53 -- --

070753 070753–IRR 3 5100114

W 24.30 DEM 1.524 -- 30.48 -- --

070781 070781–IRR 2 5100191

W 27.30 DEM 1.524 00/00/1958 36.58 -- --

070791 070791–IRR 1 5100201

W 39.20 DEM 1.524 00/00/1950 42.67 -- --

070805 070805–IRR 1 5100389

W 42.20 DEM 1.524 00/00/1950 30.48 -- --

070818 070818–N OF POND IRR 3104949

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 04/29/1966 39.62 33.53 39.62

070835 070835–UND01 3149659

W 42.37

M 1.524 07/30/1996 9.63 9.02 9.63

070840 070840–NU15 3149746

W 39.62

M 1.524 09/05/1996 8.84 8.23 8.84

070842 070842–UND09 3149664

W 30.18

M 1.524 09/26/1996 4.27 3.66 4.27

070901 070901–PW 8 3151329

W 46.63 DEM 1.524 07/08/1994 45.60 31.49 44.07

070991 070991–PW 2 3105617

W 47.00 DEM 1.524 04/14/1971 32.00 25.91 32.00

070992 070992–PW 1 3114167

W 46.00 DEM 1.524 08/16/1979 37.80 31.70 37.80

071003 071003–IRR 2 3130945

W 39.50 DEM 1.524 06/01/1989 42.67 21.34 42.67

071081 071081–Albertson Brook 1 -- INS, W, WM 21.64 DEM 1.524 03/24/2004 2.52 1.61 1.91

071084 071084–ELEMENTARY SCH 3124130

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 01/02/1986 28.35 25.30 28.35

071091 071091–AB OW-1M 3168275 BM,INS, W 47.33 DEM 1.524 08/31/2004 28.96 25.91 28.96

071092 071092–AB OW-1D 3168274 BM, INS, W 47.31 DEM 1.524 08/27/2004 48.77 45.72 48.77

071093 071093–TW1 3159328

W 47.90 DEM 1.524 12/21/2000 47.24 33.53 45.72

071100 071100–ABHT2-2D -- HT, W 22.17

M 1.524 02/17/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

071101 071101–ABHT2-2S -- HT, W 22.23

M 1.524 02/17/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

071102 071102–ABHT3-3D -- HT, W 19.50 DEM 1.524 02/15/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74
Table 1 105

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued

071103 071103–ABHT3-3S -- HT, W 19.51 DEM 1.524 02/15/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

071104 071104–ABHT2-1D 3169539 HT, W 26.12 M 1.524 03/04/2005 9.14 7.62 9.14

071105 071105–ABHT2-1S 3169540 HT, W 26.17 M 1.524 03/04/2005 6.10 5.18 6.10

071106 071106–ABHT3-2D -- HT, W 19.81 DEM 1.524 02/09/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

071107 071107–ABHT3-2S -- HT, W 19.81 DEM 1.524 02/09/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

071108 071108–ABHT3-1D -- HT, W 21.33 DEM 1.524 02/09/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

071109 071109–ABHT1-2D 3169669 HT, W 36.90 DEM 1.524 03/31/2005 6.10 5.18 6.10

071110 071110–ABHT1-1S 3169672 HT, W 37.49 DEM 1.524 03/31/2005 4.42 3.51 4.42

071111 071111–ABHT2-3D -- HT, W 21.89 M 1.524 02/17/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

071112 071112–ABHT3-1S -- HT, W 21.33 DEM 1.524 02/09/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83

071113 071113–AB UP-3 3169538 UP, W 29.20 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 9.14 7.62 9.14

071114 071114–ABHT2-3S -- HT, W 21.90 M 1.524 02/17/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83

071115 071115–AB UP-2 3169541 UP, W 33.00 DEM 1.524 03/04/2005 10.67 9.14 10.67

071116 071116–ABHT1-3D -- HT, W 34.83 DEM 1.524 04/01/2005 3.05 2.74 3.05

071117 071117–ABHT1-3S -- HT, W 34.82 DEM 1.524 04/01/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83

071118 071118–ABHT1-2S 3169670 HT, W 36.91 DEM 1.524 03/31/2005 4.27 3.35 4.27

071119 071119–ABHT1-1D 3169671 HT, W 37.51 DEM 1.524 03/31/2005 6.10 5.18 6.10

071120 071120–AB UP-1 3169542 UP, W 41.40 DEM 1.524 03/02/2005 10.67 9.14 10.67

071121 071121–MW-2 3220598 W 23.16 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 6.10 1.52 6.10

071122 071122–IRR 11 3163161 W 24.41 DEM 1.524 04/24/2002 48.77 24.38 48.77

071123 071123–MW-3 3220601 W 24.51 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 8.23 3.66 8.23

071124 071124–MW-4 3220602 W 20.60 Level 1.524 04/17/1995 6.71 2.13 6.71

071125 071125–DOM 3148501 W 35.40 DEM 1.524 01/08/1996 24.38 21.34 24.38

071126 071126–DOM 3167844 W 36.41 DEM 1.524 05/17/2004 32.00 28.96 32.00

071127 071127–DOM 3144113 W 37.70 DEM 1.524 06/06/1994 29.57 24.99 26.52

071128 071128–DOM 3155453 W 48.90 DEM 1.524 03/08/1999 30.48 27.43 30.48

071129 071129–DOM 3161981 W 27.70 DEM 1.524 10/04/2001 33.53 30.48 33.53

071130 071130–DOM 3158850 W 48.20 DEM 1.524 08/15/2000 24.38 21.34 24.38
106 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued 071131 071131–DOM 3143163

W 47.20 DEM 1.524 12/31/1993 27.43 24.38 27.43

071132 071132–DOM 3106686

W 45.50 DEM 1.524 04/16/1973 22.56 19.51 22.56

071133 071133–DOM 3142607

W 36.00 DEM 1.524 10/01/1993 25.30 22.25 25.30

071134 071134–DOM 3165871

W 49.00 DEM 1.524 05/15/2003 28.65 25.60 28.65

071148 071148–MW 10 --

W 24.13 Level 1.524 -- 5.49 -- --

071149 071149–MW-9 --

W 22.13 Level 1.524 -- 5.33 -- --

071150 071150–DOM 3153467

W 34.00 DEM 1.524 05/18/1998 27.43 24.38 27.43

071151 071151–MW 12D 3168282

W 37.00 DEM 1.524 08/23/2004 7.92 3.35 7.92

071152 071152–MW --

W 47.70 DEM 1.524 -- 43.28 -- --

A10C A10C --

W 14.60 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A10PD A10PD --

W 14.65 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A10PU A10PU --

W 14.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A10PW A10PW --

W 14.60 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A11C A11C --

W 21.17 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A1C A1C --

W 14.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A1H A1H --

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A1PD A1PD --

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A1PH A1PH --

W 14.94 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A1PU A1PU --

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A2H A2H --

W 17.57 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A3PH A3PH --

W 18.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A4H A4H --

W 17.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A4PD A4PD --

W 18.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A4PDb A4PDb --

W 18.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A4PU A4PU --

W 18.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A4PW A4PW --

W 18.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A5PD A5PD --

W 18.70 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A5PH A5PH --

W 18.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --
Table 1 107

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued

A5PU A5PU -- W 18.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A5PW A5PW -- W 18.56 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A7C A7C -- W 21.67 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A7H A7H -- W 21.34 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A8PW A8PW -- W 15.24 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A8PX A8PX -- W 15.23 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A8PX2 A8PX2 -- W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A8PX3 A8PX3 -- W 15.23 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A9C A9C -- W 14.60 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A9PD A9PD -- W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A9PH A9PH -- W 15.00 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

A9PU A9PU -- W 14.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

P1C P1C -- W 24.15 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

P1Cb P1Cb -- W 24.15 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

McDonalds Branch Study Area

050684 050684–BUTLER PLACE 2 OBS -- W 42.54 Level 0.030 00/00/1965 51.82 48.77 51.82

050689 050689–LEBANON SF 23-D OBS -- BM, INS, W 45.95 Level 0.030 00/00/1955 10.06 -- --

050690 050690–LEBANON SF 2 -- W 38.12 Level 0.030 00/00/1964 24.69 23.16 24.69

050708 050708–GLASSWORKS 3200727 W 37.40 DEM 1.524 07/14/1971 28.04 23.47 28.04

050831 050831–QWO-1A 3210453 HT, W 37.84 Level 0.030 08/17/1984 1.92 1.01 1.92

050832 050832–QWO-1B 3210454 HT, W 37.93 Level 0.030 08/17/1984 7.07 6.16 7.07

050833 050833–QWO-2A 3210455 HT, W 38.54 Level 0.030 08/09/1984 2.10 1.19 2.10

050834 050834–QWO-2B 3210456 HT, W 38.54 Level 0.030 08/09/1984 6.58 5.67 6.58

050835 050835–QWO-3A 3210457 HT, W 39.91 Level 0.030 08/15/1984 5.00 4.08 5.00

050836 050836–QWO-3B 3210458 HT, W 39.94 Level 0.030 08/15/1984 9.60 8.69 9.60

050837 050837–QWC-1A 3210459 W 37.69 Level 0.030 09/26/1984 2.41 1.49 2.41

050838 050838–QWC-1B 3210460 W 37.72 Level 0.030 09/26/1984 8.75 7.83 8.75

050839 050839–QWC-2A 3210461 W 38.30 Level 0.030 09/06/1984 1.86 0.95 1.86
108 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued 050840 050840–QWC-2B 3210462

W 38.33 Level 0.305 09/06/1984 8.05 7.13 8.05

050841 050841–QWC-3A 3210463

W 41.96 Level 0.030 09/06/1984 6.65 5.73 6.65

050842 050842–QWC-3B 3210464

W 41.96 Level 0.030 09/06/1984 11.16 10.24 11.16

050843 050843–QWC-4 3210465

W 43.57 Level 0.030 09/25/1984 7.83 6.92 7.83

050848 050848–QWH-2A 3210470 HT, W 40.16 Level 0.305 08/30/1984 3.60 2.68 3.60

050849 050849–QWH-2B 3210471 HT, W 40.19 Level 0.030 08/10/1984 9.54 8.63 9.54

050850 050850–QWH-3A 3210472 HT, W 41.83 Level 0.003 08/31/1984 5.09 4.18 5.09

050851 050851–QWH-3B 3210473 HT, W 41.86 Level 0.003 08/14/1984 9.11 8.20 9.11

050852 050852–QWH-4A 3210474 HT, W 40.95 Level 0.030 08/30/1984 4.91 3.99 4.91

050853 050853–QWH-4B 3210475 HT, W 40.95 Level 0.030 08/30/1984 10.85 9.94 10.85

050861 050861–QWH-7A SHALLOW 

WELL

3213412

W 42.92 Level 0.305 04/16/1987 3.05 2.13 3.05

050862 050862–QWH-7B 3213413

W 42.23 Level 0.305 04/16/1987 7.92 7.01 7.92

050863 050863–QWH-8A 3213414

W 42.73 Level 0.305 04/16/1987 3.76 2.85 3.76

050864 050864–QWH-8B 3213415

W 42.89 Level 0.305 04/16/1987 9.66 8.75 9.66

050873 050873–O-1A --

W 40.68 Level 0.305 05/22/1984 5.64 4.72 5.64

050874 050874–O-1B --

W 40.67 Level 0.305 06/21/1984 8.84 7.92 8.84

050885 050885–O-11A --

W 42.07 Level 0.305 08/06/1984 5.40 4.48 5.40

050886 050886–O-11B --

W 42.10 Level 0.305 08/22/1984 9.14 8.23 9.14

050893 050893–CQ-6 --

W 47.11 Level 0.305 08/08/1984 11.84 10.93 11.84

051072 051072–QWH-5A --

W 44.91 Level 0.305 09/19/1985 4.66 3.75 4.66

051073 051073–QWH-5B --

W 44.91 Level 0.305 09/19/1985 12.47 11.55 12.47

051074 051074–LEAD WELL --

W 52.26 Level 0.030 09/18/1985 13.59 12.68 13.59

051092 051092–INSTITUTIONAL 2 3208688

W 36.90 DEM 1.524 12/15/1982 25.91 16.76 25.91

051173 051173–DEV CENTER 3206083

W 39.20 DEM 1.524 05/27/1980 29.57 23.47 29.57

051201 051201–LSF PZ-MW-2 3218908

W 36.94 Level 0.030 06/01/1993 1.34 1.03 1.34

051218 051218–LSF PZ-MW-19 3218929

W 37.31 Level 0.030 06/01/1993 2.04 1.89 2.04

051334 051334–DOM 3213114

W 33.00 DEM 1.524 12/18/1986 32.92 28.96 30.48

051335 051335–IRR 3214492

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 03/30/1988 27.43 22.86 27.43
Table 1 109

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

051384 051384–DOM 3219191 W 42.40 DEM 1.524 04/16/1993 24.38 21.34 24.38

051385 051385–DOM 3219550 W 43.50 DEM 1.524 10/20/1994 32.00 28.96 32.00

051502 051502–LEBANON ST F MW15 3224681 W 41.00 DEM 1.524 06/13/2000 11.89 10.36 11.89

051528 051528–MCDONALDS 

BRANCH 2

-- INS, W, WM 36.53 DEM 1.524 03/23/2004 1.83 1.52 1.83

051529 051529–MCDONALDS 

BRANCH 1

-- HT, INS, W, 

WM

36.27 DEM 1.524 03/23/2004 2.18 1.27 1.57

051532 051532–MBHT3-2D -- HT, W 36.25 DEM 1.524 04/16/2004 3.05 2.80 3.05

051533 051533–MBHT3-2S -- HT, W 36.27 DEM 1.524 04/16/2004 1.37 1.13 1.37

051534 051534–MBHT3-1D -- HT, W 37.49 DEM 1.524 04/16/2004 2.74 2.44 2.74

051535 051535–MBHT3-1S -- HT, W 37.49 DEM 1.524 04/16/2004 1.52 1.22 1.52

051538 051538–MCDONALDS BR 2 

SHALLOW

-- INS, W, WM 36.57 DEM 1.524 05/13/2004 1.62 0.40 1.01

051556 051556–MB OW-1D 3227994 BM, INS, W 45.96 DEM 1.524 09/14/2004 57.91 54.86 57.91

051557 051557–MB OW-1M 3227995 BM, INS, W 45.91 DEM 1.524 09/15/2004 27.43 24.38 27.43

051558 051558–MB OW-2M 3227992 BM, INS, W 42.63 DEM 1.524 09/09/2004 30.48 27.43 30.48

051559 051559–MB OW-2S 3227993 BM, INS, W 42.58 DEM 1.524 09/08/2004 10.67 7.62 10.67

051560 051560–MB OW-2D 3227991 BM, INS, W 42.58 DEM 1.524 09/03/2004 56.39 53.34 56.39

051570 051570–MBHT4-1S -- HT, W 37.55 DEM 1.524 01/10/2005 2.13 1.83 2.13

051571 051571–MBHT4-1D -- HT, W 37.57 DEM 1.524 01/10/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90

051572 051572–MBHT4-2D -- HT, W 36.85 DEM 1.524 01/18/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90

051573 051573–MBHT4-2S -- HT, W 36.83 DEM 1.524 01/19/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

051574 051574–MBHT2-1 -- HT, W 39.91 Level 1.524 01/04/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90

051575 051575–MBHT4-3D -- HT, W 36.02 DEM 1.524 01/19/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

051576 051576–MBHT4-3S -- HT, W 36.04 DEM 1.524 01/19/2005 1.22 0.91 1.22

051577 051577–MBHT4-RB1D -- HT, W 36.07 DEM 1.524 01/19/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

051578 051578–MBHT4-RB1S -- HT, W 36.05 DEM 1.524 01/19/2005 1.22 0.91 1.22

051579 051579–MBHT4-RB2S -- HT, W 36.53 DEM 1.524 11/18/2004 1.83 1.52 1.83

051580 051580–MBHT2-2S -- HT, W 39.35 Level 1.524 01/04/2005 1.98 1.68 1.98
110 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued 051581 051581–MBHT2-2D -- HT, W 39.36 Level 1.524 01/04/2005 2.90 2.59 2.90 051582 051582–MBHT5-2D -- HT, W 35.42 DEM 1.524 02/15/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74 051583 051583–MBHT5-2S -- HT, W 35.42 DEM 1.524 02/15/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52 051584 051584–MBHT5-1S -- HT, W 36.50 DEM 1.524 02/16/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83 051585 051585–MBHT1-3 -- HT, W 40.24 DEM 1.524 12/15/2004 2.13 1.83 2.13 051586 051586–MBHT1-2 -- HT, W 40.87 DEM 1.524 12/15/2004 2.59 2.29 2.59 051587 051587–MB UP-2 3228096 UP, W 39.01 DEM 1.524 09/16/2004 6.71 3.66 6.71 051589 051589–MB UP-1 3228097 UP, W 42.37 DEM 1.524 09/23/2004 8.84 5.79 8.84 051590 051590–MBHT2-3 -- HT, W 38.59 DEM 1.524 12/16/2004 3.05 2.74 3.05 051591 051591–MBHT3-3D -- HT, W 36.23 DEM 1.524 01/18/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74 051592 051592–MB UP-3 3228095 UP, W 42.04 DEM 1.524 09/17/2004 9.75 6.71 9.75 051593 051593–MBHT5-3D -- HT, W 35.34 DEM 1.524 02/15/2005 2.44 2.13 2.44 051594 051594–MBHT5-3S -- HT, W 35.33 DEM 1.524 02/15/2005 0.91 0.61 0.91 051595 051595–MB UP-4 3228094 UP, W 41.21 DEM 1.524 09/17/2004 7.62 4.57 7.62 051596 051596–MB UP-5 3228093 UP, W 34.44 DEM 1.524 09/22/2004 12.04 8.99 12.04 051604 051604–MBHT5-1D -- HT, INS, W 36.48 DEM 1.524 11/10/2004 3.05 2.59 3.05 051625 051625–MBHT1-1 -- HT, W 41.81 Level 1.524 12/16/2004 3.05 2.74 3.05 M10C M10C --

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M10PD M10PD --

W 37.17 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M10PH M10PH --

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M10PU M10PU --

W 37.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M10PW M10PW --

W 36.74 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M11C M11C --

W 36.30 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M11HP M11HP --

W 36.21 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M11PU M11PU --

W 36.65 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M13H M13H --

W 38.86 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M13PD M13PD --

W 39.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M13PX M13PX --

W 39.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --
Table 1 111

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

M14H M14H -- W 39.40 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M15H M15H -- W 42.30 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M15PD M15PD -- W 41.15 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M16H M16H -- W 42.42 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M16PH M16PH -- W 42.40 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M16PX M16PX -- W 42.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M17H M17H -- W 44.70 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M17PH M17PH -- W 44.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M17PW M17PW -- W 45.00 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M18PW2 M18PW2 -- W 45.87 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M18PX M18PX -- W 45.70 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M19HP M19HP -- W 46.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M19HPb M19HPb -- W 46.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M19PD M19PD -- W 46.13 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M19PU M19PU -- W 45.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M19PUb M19PUb -- W 45.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M1C M1C -- W 35.48 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M1PH M1PH -- W 35.34 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M1PW M1PW -- W 35.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M20PDx M20PDx -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M20PH M20PH -- W 36.40 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M20PX M20PX -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M21PU M21PU -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M2C M2C -- W 36.00 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M2HP M2HP -- W 36.09 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M2PH M2PH -- W 36.03 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M3C M3C -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M3HP M3HP -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --
112 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued M3PU M3PU --

W 36.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M3PW M3PW --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M4H M4H --

W 36.90 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M5HP M5HP --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M5PD M5PD --

W 37.56 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M5PU M5PU --

W 40.00 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M5PW M5PW --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M6C M6C --

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M6PD M6PD --

W 36.40 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M6PH M6PH --

W 36.28 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M6PW M6PW --

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M7C M7C --

W 36.20 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M7H M7H --

W 36.00 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M7HP M7HP --

W 36.40 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8HP M8HP --

W 36.89 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PD2 M8PD2 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PD3 M8PD3 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PH2 M8PH2 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PU M8PU --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PU2 M8PU2 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PW M8PW --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PW4 M8PW4 --

W 36.47 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PX M8PX --

W 36.70 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M8PX2 M8PX2 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M9HP M9HP --

W 36.18 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

M9PX M9PX --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDD1 MDD1 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDD2 MDD2 --

W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --
Table 1 113

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

MDD2b MDD2b -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDD3 MDD3 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDP1 MDP1 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDP2 MDP2 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDP3 MDP3 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDS1 MDS1 -- W 36.25 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDS2 MDS2 -- W 36.36 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDS2b MDS2b -- W 36.36 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDS3 MDS3 -- W 36.40 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDU1 MDU1 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDU2 MDU2 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDU3 MDU3 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDW1 MDW1 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDW2 MDW2 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDW2b MDW2b -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

MDW3 MDW3 -- W 36.50 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

Morses Mill Study Area

010183 010183–PW 1 3600443 W 20.80 DEM 1.524 6/19/1974 58.52 52.43 58.52

010192 010192–WELL 1 -- W 16.70 DEM 1.524 -- 30.48 -- --

010193 010193–INSTITUTIONAL 1 3600425 W 11.00 DEM 1.524 06/07/1971 45.72 39.62 45.72

010194 010194–INSTITUTIONAL 2 3600424 W 10.00 DEM 1.524 05/24/1971 44.20 38.10 44.20

010688 010688–PW 1 3602432 W 9.50 DEM 1.524 07/19/1981 54.86 39.62 54.86

010689 010689–SWC 2 3602433 W 9.50 DEM 1.524 07/18/1981 54.86 39.62 54.86

010727 010727–AC 13 OBS 3606135 W 12.60 DEM 1.524 11/12/1985 6.98 6.07 6.98

010757 010757–SLF MW-2-1980 3601216 W 12.48 Level 0.030 03/00/1980 9.75 6.71 9.75

010759 010759–SLF MW-1-1984 3604538 W 17.76 Level 0.003 08/09/1984 5.79 1.22 5.79

010760 010760–SLF MW-2-1984 3604539 W 17.07 Level 0.305 08/09/1984 5.18 0.61 5.18

010775 010775–FAA INTERMEDIATE 

OBS

-- W 11.22 Level 0.030 01/24/1984 55.47 40.23 55.47
114 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 Morses Mill Study Area—Continued 010776 010776–FAA SHALLOW OBS --

W 11.22 Level 0.030 02/03/1984 28.35 22.25 28.35

010893 010893–MW-3 36-08523-5

W 16.10 Level 0.003 06/10/1987 8.53 2.44 8.53

010894 010894–10 MW 36-07161-7

W 18.52 Level 1.524 07/09/1986 9.57 5.00 9.57

010895 010895–8 MW 3603875

W 19.74 Level 1.524 12/12/1983 8.53 2.44 8.53

010896 010896–DOM 3214365

W 18.20 DEM 1.524 12/30/1988 33.53 30.48 33.53

010925 010925–MW-1 36-08521-9

W 18.33 Level 0.003 06/09/1987 9.75 3.66 9.75

010972 010972–PW 1 3608845

W 19.20 DEM 1.524 09/10/1987 47.70 36.42 46.33

010973 010973–3/17 MOSSMILL 3614415

W 9.80 DEM 1.524 05/06/1991 56.39 40.84 56.39

010989 010989–WRANGLEBORO 3 5600061

W 12.80 DEM 1.524 00/00/1981 57.91 -- --

010999 010999–IRR 3612213

W 13.60 DEM 1.524 08/23/1989 59.44 51.82 57.91

011197 011197–IRR 1 5600119

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 00/00/1956 30.48 -- --

011268 011268–SUSCP15 3617164

W 18.90

M 1.524 11/30/1994 30.48 27.43 30.48

011457 011457–STOCKTON 2 -- INS, W, WM 13.27 DEM 1.524 03/25/2004 2.09 1.78 2.09

011458 011458–STOCKTON 1 -- INS, W, WM 11.58 DEM 1.524 03/25/2004 1.83 1.52 1.83

011478 011478–E-1 3622753

W 20.70 DEM 1.524 02/19/1999 49.99 34.14 49.38

011498 011498–MM OW-1M 3628385 BM, INS, W 17.02 DEM 1.524 08/19/2004 19.81 16.76 19.81

011499 011499–MM OW-1D 3628384 BM, INS, W 16.80 DEM 1.524 08/17/2004 50.29 47.24 50.29

011500 011500–MM OW-1S 3628386 BM, INS, W 16.96 DEM 1.524 08/19/2004 6.71 3.66 6.71

011501 011501–MM OW-2S 3628383 BM, INS, W 12.16 DEM 1.524 08/25/2004 12.19 9.14 12.19

011502 011502–MM OW-2M 3628382 BM, INS, W 12.15 DEM 1.524 08/25/2004 22.25 19.20 22.25

011503 011503–MM OW-2D 3628381 BM, INS, W 12.33 DEM 1.524 08/25/2004 51.82 48.77 51.82

011525 011525–MMHT3-3D -- HT, W 12.43 DEM 1.524 02/11/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011526 011526–MMHT3-3S -- HT, W 12.40 DEM 1.524 02/11/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83

011527 011527–MMHT3-2D -- HT, W 13.29 DEM 1.524 03/17/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011528 011528–MMHT3-2S -- HT, W 13.29 DEM 1.524 03/09/2005 1.22 0.91 1.22

011529 011529–MMHT3-1D -- HT, W 14.04 DEM 1.524 03/09/2005 2.13 1.83 2.13

011531 011531–MMHT3-1S -- HT, W 14.03 DEM 1.524 03/09/2005 1.71 1.40 1.71

011532 011532–MMHT4-1D -- HT, W 13.23 DEM 1.524 03/04/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011533 011533–MMHT4-1S -- HT, W 13.23 DEM 1.524 03/04/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83
Table 1 115

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Morses Mill Study Area—Continued

011534 011534–MMHT4-3D -- HT, W 11.47 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011535 011535–MMHT4-3S -- HT, W 11.47 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011536 011536–MMHT1-3D -- HT, W 16.28 DEM 1.524 03/02/2005 2.68 2.38 2.68

011537 011537–MMHT1-3S -- HT, W 16.33 DEM 1.524 03/02/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011538 011538–MMHT2-3D -- HT, W 12.33 DEM 1.524 03/14/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011539 011539–MMHT2-3S -- HT, W 12.34 DEM 1.524 03/14/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011540 011540–MMHT1-1D -- HT, W 17.80 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 2.44 2.13 2.44

011541 011541–MMHT1-1S -- HT, W 17.78 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011542 011542–MMHT2-1D -- HT, W 13.59 DEM 1.524 03/16/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011543 011543–MMHT2-1S -- HT, W 13.58 DEM 1.524 03/16/2005 1.83 1.52 1.83

011544 011544–MMHT5-3D -- HT, W 7.50 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011545 011545–MMHT5-3S -- HT, W 7.47 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011546 011546–MMHT5-2D -- HT, W 8.73 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011547 011547–MMHT5-2S -- HT, W 8.74 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011548 011548–MMHT5-1S -- HT, W 9.00 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011549 011549–MMHT5-1D -- HT, W 9.01 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011559 011559–MM UP-4 3628860 UP, W 15.10 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 6.10 4.57 6.10

011560 011560–MMHT4-2D -- HT, W 11.57 DEM 1.524 03/03/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011561 011561–MMHT1-2D -- HT, W 16.95 DEM 1.524 03/02/2005 2.44 2.13 2.44

011562 011562–MMHT1-2S -- HT, W 16.97 DEM 1.524 03/02/2005 1.52 1.22 1.52

011563 011563–MMHT2-2S -- HT, W 13.29 DEM 1.524 03/16/2005 1.77 1.46 1.77

011564 011564–MMHT2-2D -- HT, W 13.30 DEM 1.524 03/17/2005 2.74 2.44 2.74

011565 011565–MM UP-2 3628859 UP, W 16.70 DEM 1.524 03/08/2005 6.10 4.57 6.10

011566 011566–MM UP-5 3628858 UP, W 12.10 DEM 1.524 03/07/2005 7.62 6.10 7.62

011585 011585–F-MW2S 36-08761-1 W 18.17 Level 1.524 04/27/1987 3.81 0.76 3.81

011586 011586–29-PW1 3623954 W 17.75 Level 1.524 08/10/2000 31.39 25.30 31.39

011587 011587–29-MW6S 3619118 W 14.30 Level 1.524 06/22/1995 7.62 4.57 7.62

011588 011588–DOM 3603031 W 18.20 DEM 1.524 10/08/1982 44.81 43.28 44.81
116 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 Morses Mill Study Area—Continued 011589 011589–MW-2 36-08522-7

W 19.70 DEM 1.524 06/10/1987 10.67 4.57 10.67

011590 011590–BLDG 6 3616530

W 17.20 DEM 1.524 01/12/1993 25.30 23.77 25.30

011591 011591–ATH FLD 3621583

W 17.60 DEM 1.524 10/01/1997 54.86 51.82 54.86

011592 011592–BIG BLUE 3621377

W 13.10 DEM 1.524 07/09/1997 51.82 47.24 50.29

011593 011593–DOM 3622654

W 17.20 DEM 1.524 12/15/1998 32.31 29.26 32.31

011622 011622–MW-2 36-07181-1

W 17.88 Level 1.524 10/02/1986 9.14 3.05 9.14

011624 011624–POMONA OAKS MW-7I 36-10894-4

W 15.34 Level 1.524 01/05/1989 26.52 23.47 26.52

011625 011625–POMONA OAKS MW-7S 3610893

W 15.44 Level 1.524 11/10/1988 5.18 2.13 5.18

011626 011626–MW-5 3620936

W 21.50 DEM 1.524 12/30/1996 7.62 3.05 7.62

011627 011627–MW-3 3620934

W 20.80 DEM 1.524 12/30/1996 7.62 3.05 7.62

011628 011628–MW-4 3620935

W 20.70 DEM 1.524 12/30/1996 7.62 3.05 7.62

011629 011629–POMONA OAKS 

MW-8D

36-10848-1

W 20.71 Level 1.524 01/18/1989 62.64 59.59 62.64

011630 011630–POMONA OAKS MW-8I 3610906

W 20.68 Level 1.524 01/17/1989 27.43 24.38 27.43

011631 011631–POMONA OAKS MW-8S 36-10903-7

W 20.39 Level 1.524 11/28/1988 7.77 4.72 7.77

011632 011632–HERSCHEL MW-4 3604541

W 18.11 Level 1.524 08/09/1984 5.79 1.22 5.79

011633 011633–IRR 3622184

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 06/30/1998 24.38 18.29 24.38

011635 011635–DOM 3609754

W 16.30 DEM 0.762 04/27/1989 31.70 28.65 31.70

011636 011636–SO CLUSTER-F46 RED --

W 11.50 DEM 1.524 -- 18.29 -- --

011637 011637–SO CLUSTER-F46 BLUE --

W 11.50 DEM 1.524 -- 48.77 -- --

011638 011638–WEST CLUSTER-L23 

BLUE

--

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- 47.85 -- --

011639 011639–WEST CLUSTER-L23 

RED

--

W 15.10 DEM 1.524 -- 20.73 -- --

011640 011640–NO CLUSTER-B1 RED --

W 13.60 DEM 1.524 -- 24.08 -- --

011641 011641–NO CLUSTER-B1 BLUE --

W 13.60 DEM 1.524 -- 53.95 -- --

011642 011642–DOM 3619490

W 12.80 DEM 1.524 01/05/1996 34.14 31.09 34.14

011643 011643–DOM 3626823

W 3.20 DEM 1.524 04/01/2003 26.52 24.99 26.52

011650 011650–MW104-D 3625547

W 17.11 Level 0.030 10/23/2001 32.16 29.11 32.16
Table 1 117

Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site 

identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)1

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)2

Date of 

construction

Well depth 

below land 

surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

top below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Screen 

bottom below 

land surface 

(meters)1

Morses Mill Study Area—Continued

011652 011652–MW106-D 3625387 W 17.31 Level 0.030 10/02/2001 36.79 33.74 36.79

011654 011654–F-MW4S -- W 18.43 R 0.030 11/09/1988 12.95 6.86 12.95

011655 011655–P-5 3610843 W 17.51 Level 1.524 10/26/1988 7.47 5.03 7.47

011656 011656–P-7 3610845 W 17.66 Level 1.524 10/25/1988 7.01 3.96 7.01

011657 011657–KF IRR-1 -- W 15.80 DEM 1.524 -- 22.86 -- --

011658 011658–P-1 -- W 17.94 Level 1.524 10/31/1988 7.01 3.96 7.01

011659 011659–LIFT ST 1-2 3618535 W 10.60 DEM 1.524 -- 16.76 -- --

011660 011660–LIFT STA 1-1 3618536 W 10.60 DEM 1.524 -- 48.77 -- --

011661 011661–MW102 3624547 W 14.69 R 0.030 11/16/2000 21.34 18.29 21.34

011662 011662–MW101 3624546 W 14.75 R 0.030 11/17/2000 32.61 29.57 32.61

011663 011663–MW104-S -- W 17.15 Level 0.030 -- 25.66 22.62 25.66

011664 011664–MW-4 3620012 W 17.00 DEM 1.524 03/21/1996 16.76 13.72 16.76

011665 011665–MW109-S 3625389 W 13.22 Level 0.030 10/25/2001 18.29 15.24 18.29

011666 011666–MW108-S 3625388 W 11.98 Level 0.030 10/29/2001 18.23 15.18 18.23

011667 011667–MW106-S -- W 17.28 Level 0.030 -- 25.73 22.68 25.73

011668 011668–MW110-S 3625513 W 15.77 Level 0.030 10/23/2001 21.31 18.26 21.31

011670 011670–MW 14D 36-10219-6 W 18.52 Level 1.524 07/14/1988 25.91 22.86 25.91

R1C R1C -- W 8.46 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R1H R1H -- W 8.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R1PU R1PU -- W 9.01 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R1PW R1PW -- W 9.03 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2H1 R2H1 -- W 10.60 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2H2 R2H2 -- W 10.96 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2HP R2HP -- W 11.30 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2PH R2PH -- W 11.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2PH2 R2PH2 -- W 10.70 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2PH3 R2PH3 -- W 10.27 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2PH4 R2PH4 -- W 11.30 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --
118 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 1. Descriptions of selected wells used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text; Shaded site information was provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon, NJ. Site type: BM, Basin-monitoring well; HT, Hydrologic-transect well; INS, Instrumented with data logger; UP, Upland well; W, Well; WM, Wetland-monitoring well. Method of altitude measurement; DEM, interpo- lated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; M, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters)1 Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters)2 Date of construction Well depth below land surface (meters)1 Screen top below land surface (meters)1 Screen bottom below land surface (meters)1 Morses Mill Study Area—Continued R2PU R2PU --

W 11.91 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2PU2 R2PU3 --

W 11.53 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R2PUb R2PUb --

W 11.91 DEM 1.524

R3H R3H --

W 12.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R3HP R3HP --

W 11.93 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R3PH R3PH --

W 12.81 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R3PH2 R3PH3 --

W 12.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R5H R5H --

W 11.33 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R5PD R5PD --

W 12.41 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R5PU R5PU --

W 12.68 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R5PW R5PW --

W 12.14 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R6C R6C --

W 11.94 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R6PD R6PD --

W 12.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R6PU R6PU --

W 12.30 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R6PW R6PW --

W 12.10 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R7C R7C --

W 11.46 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R7C2 R7C3 --

W 11.38 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R7PH R7PH --

W 12.18 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R7PH2 R7PH3 --

W 11.80 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R7PW R7PW --

W 11.60 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

R8C R8C --

W 11.48 DEM 1.524 -- -- -- --

1 The source of the data is the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Site Inventory (GWSI) database. The data are in English units, and were converted to metric units for this study 

(feet x 0.3048 = meters). Because of the variable accuracy of the source data and the implied accuracy resulting from the precision of the conversion, unless noted, the data are presented uniformly 

in this table to hundredths of a meter.

2 Altitude accuracy (meters) is a conversion of the accuracy of the source data (feet). For example, accuracies shown here of 1.524 and 0.003 meters are based on accuracies of 5 and 0.01 

feet, respectively, in the source data. 
Table 2 119

Table 2. Descriptions of selected surface-water sites used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of the text. Site type: CRGS, continuous-record streamflow-gaging station; HT, hydraulic transect; PRS, low-flow partial-record station; seep, seepage site used to measure streamflow or water-level; stream point and staff gage, stream site used to measure water-level. Data type: FF, start-of-flow; GH, gage height; Q, discharge; WL, water level. Method of altitude measurement: DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; Map, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.]

Site identifier Site name Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)

Data type

Albertson Brook Study Area

01409403 Wildcat Branch at Chesilhurst, NJ PRS 29.79 Level 0.003 WL

01409407 Pump Branch near Blue Anchor, NJ PRS 31.70 DEM 1.524 WL

01409408 Pump Branch near Waterford Works, NJ PRS, seep 27.10 DEM 1.524 WL, Q

01409409 Blue Anchor Brook near Blue Anchor, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage 25.51 Level 0.003 GH, FF, Q

01409410 Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 12.63 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

0140941010 Albertson Brook above Great Swamp Branch near Hammonton, NJ PRS 12.19 DEM 1.524 Q

0140940607 Pump Branch at Cedar Brook, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 32.86 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

0140940810 Pump Branch near Elm, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 22.48 Map 1.524 GH, Q

0140940820 Pump Branch above Blue Anchor Brook near Elm, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 21.17 Map 1.524 GH, Q

0140940950 Blue Anchor Brook at Elm, NJ PRS, seep 26.82 DEM 1.524 WL, Q

0140940970 Albertson Brook near Elm, NJ PRS, seep 22.60 DEM 1.524 WL

0140940972 Albertson Brook below Railroad Bridge near Elm, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 18.20 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

0140940990 Albertson Brook 1.3 miles above U.S. Route 206 near Atsion, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 16.78 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

0140941010 Albertson Brook 0.8 miles below U.S. Route 206 near Atsion, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 12.60 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

0140941050 Great Swamp Branch at Elm, NJ PRS 24.50 DEM 1.524 WL

0140941070 Great Swamp Branch below U.S. Route 206 near Hammonton, NJ PRS 17.70 DEM 1.524 WL

0140941075 Cedar Brook at Columbia Road at Hammonton, NJ PRS 18.20 DEM 1.524 WL

394150074494500 Pump Branch at Ancora, NJ Stream point 25.12 Map 1.524 WL

394154074451301 Gun Branch at US Route 206 near Atsion, NJ Stream point 15.30 DEM 1.524 WL

394251074463601 Clark Branch at Burnt House Road near Atsion, NJ Stream point 20.70 DEM 1.524 WL

ABSTM 5 ABSTM 5 Stream point 30.50 DEM 1.524 WL

ABSTM10 ABSTM10 Stream point 33.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

ABSTM11 ABSTM11 Stream point 34.70 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

ABSTM12 ABSTM12 Stream point 29.87 Map 1.524 WL, FF

ABSTM13 ABSTM13 Stream point 37.00 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

ABSTM14 ABSTM14 Stream point 42.00 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

ABSTM16A Blue Anchor Brook at Rt 30 Stream point 25.10 DEM 1.524 WL

ABSTM2 ABSTM2 Stream point 24.20 DEM 1.524 WL

ABSTM21 ABSTM21 Stream point 21.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF
120 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 2. Descriptions of selected surface-water sites used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of the text. Site type: CRGS, continuous-record streamflow-gaging station; HT, hydraulic transect; PRS, low-flow partial-record station; seep, seepage site used to measure streamflow or water-level; stream point and staff gage, stream site used to measure water-level. Data type: FF, start-of-flow; GH, gage height; Q, discharge; WL, water level. Method of altitude measurement: DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; Map, interpolated from topo- graphic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters) Data type Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued ABSTM22 ABSTM22 Stream point 35.70 DEM 1.524 WL, FF ABSTM4 Gun Branch at Flemming Pike Stream point 21.20 DEM 1.524 WL ABSTM6 ABSTM6 Stream point 42.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF ABSTM7 ABSTM7 Stream point 42.50 DEM 1.524 WL ABSTM8 ABSTM8 Stream point 33.70 DEM 1.524 WL, FF ABSTM9 ABSTM9 Stream point 33.50 DEM 1.524 WL, FF STM 3 STM 3 Stream point 36.50 DEM 1.524 WL STM 60 STM 60 Stream point 37.20 DEM 1.524 WL STM 62 STM 62 Stream point 31.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF STM 67 STM 67 Stream point 30.32 DEM 1.524 WL STM 75 STM 75 Stream point 22.70 DEM 1.524 WL STM 76 STM 76 Stream point 27.70 DEM 1.524 WL STM 79 STM 79 Stream point 30.20 DEM 1.524 WL McDonalds Branch Study Area 01466460 McDonalds Branch 650ft above Butler Place Road in Byrne State Forest, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 39.43 DEM 1.524 GH, Q 01466480 McDonalds Branch 4900ft above gage in Byrne State Forest, NJ Staff gage, HT 37.83 DEM 1.524 GH 01466495 McDonalds Branch 0.3 miles above gage in Byrne State Forest, NJ Staff gage, HT 35.65 DEM 1.524 GH 01466500 McDonalds Branch in Byrne State Forest, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 35.50 Level 0.006 GH, Q 01466510 McDonalds Branch 2000ft downstream of gage in Byrne State Forest, NJ PRS, seep 36.20 DEM 1.524 WL, Q 01466520 McDonalds Branch Tributary in Byrne State Forest, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 35.40 DEM 1.524 GH, Q 01466550 McDonalds Branch near Presidential Lakes, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 34.28 DEM 1.524 GH, Q 01466590 McDonalds Branch at McDonalds, NJ PRS, seep 30.51 DEM 1.524 WL,Q 01466600 McDonalds Branch at Cooper Road at McDonalds, NJ PRS, seep 29.20 Map 1.524 WL,Q

395222074294600 McDonalds Branch 50ft downstream of gage in Lebanon State Forest, NJ Stream point 39.20 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM10 MBSTM10 Stream point 37.90 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

MBSTM12 MBSTM 12 Upper cranberry bog Stream point 31.96 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM13 MBSTM 13 Stream point 40.50 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM14 McDonalds Branch at Lebanon Lake Stream point 28.11 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM15 MBSTM15 Stream point 36.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF
Table 2 121

Table 2. Descriptions of selected surface-water sites used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued[--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of the text. Site type: CRGS, continuous-record streamflow-gaging station; HT, hydraulic transect; PRS, low-flow partial-record station; seep, seepage site used to measure streamflow or water-level; stream point and staff gage, stream site used to measure water-level. Data type: FF, start-of-flow; GH, gage height; Q, discharge; WL, water level. Method of altitude measurement: DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; Map, interpolated from topographic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.]

Site identifier Site name Site type

Altitude of 

land surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

method 

 Altitude 

accuracy 

(meters)

Data type

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

MBSTM16 MBSTM16 Stream point 35.97 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM17 MBSTM17 Stream point 36.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

MBSTM2 Shinns Branch Stream point 30.20 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM3 Cooper Branch Stream point 35.70 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM4 MBSTM4 Stream point 39.40 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM5 MBSTM5 Stream point 38.90 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM6 MBSTM6 Stream point 36.00 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM7 MBSTM7 Stream point 29.30 DEM 1.524 WL

MBSTM8 MBSTM8 Stream point 45.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

MBSTM9 MBSTM9 Stream point 37.20 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

STM304 STM304 Stream point 29.70 DEM 1.524 WL

STM305 STM305 Stream point 36.50 DEM 1.524 WL, FF

STM307 STM307 Stream point 36.70 DEM 1.524 WL

STM358 STM358 Stream point 42.20 DEM 1.524 WL

STM368 STM368 Stream point 42.20 DEM 1.524 WL

STM369 STM369 Stream point 41.90 DEM 1.524 WL

STM396 STM396 Stream point 27.30 DEM 1.524 WL

STM397 STM397 Stream point 33.50 DEM 1.524 WL

STM398 STM398 Stream point 38.50 DEM 1.524 WL

STM416 STM416 Stream point 37.70 DEM 1.524 WL

-- Butterworth Pond Staff gage -- DEM 1.524 WL

Morses Mill Stream Study Area 

01410215 Clarks Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ Stream point 3.00 DEM 1.524 WL

01410216 Morses Mill Stream at Odessa Avenue near Pomona, NJ PRS 17.61 DEM 1.524 WL, FF, Q

01410217 Morses Mill Stream at West Duerer Street near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 15.33 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

01410218 Morses Mill Stream at Zurich Avenue near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 10.29 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

01410220 Morses Mill Stream Tributary above Sand Road near Pomona, NJ Staff gage, HT 12.36 DEM 1.524 GH

01410221 Morses Mill Stream Tributary below Sand Road near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 10.89 DEM 1.524 GH, Q

01410222 Morses Mill Stream at College Drive near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep 9.00 Map 1.524 WL, Q
122 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 2. Descriptions of selected surface-water sites used in the hydrologic assessment of three drainage basins, New Jersey Pinelands, 2004–06.—Continued [--, data unavailable. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of the text. Site type: CRGS, continuous-record streamflow-gaging station; HT, hydraulic transect; PRS, low-flow partial-record station; seep, seepage site used to measure streamflow or water-level; stream point and staff gage, stream site used to measure water-level. Data type: FF, start-of-flow; GH, gage height; Q, discharge; WL, water level. Method of altitude measurement: DEM, interpolated from 10-meter Digital Elevation Model; Level, level or other surveying method; Map, interpolated from topo- graphic map. NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name Site type Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude method Altitude accuracy (meters) Data type Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued 01410223 Morses Mill Stream at Garden State Parkway near Pomona, NJ PRS, seep, staff gage, HT 6.73 DEM 1.524 GH, Q 01410225 Morses Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ CRGS, seep, staff gage 0.00 DEM 1.524 GH, Q 01410230 Mattix Run near Smithville, NJ Stream point 3.70 DEM 1.524 WL MMSTM10 MMSTM10 Stream point 17.61 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM11 MMSTM11 Stream point 16.70 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM12 MMSTM12 Stream point 15.10 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM13 MMSTM13 Stream point 10.60 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM14 MMSTM14 Stream point 11.30 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM2 MMSTM2 Stream point 15.10 DEM 1.524 WL MMSTM3 MMSTM3 Stream point 7.50 DEM 1.524 WL MMSTM4 MMSTM4 Stream point 11.30 DEM 1.524 WL MMSTM5 MMSTM5 Stream point 10.60 DEM 1.524 WL MMSTM6 MMSTM6 Stream point 13.50 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM7 MMSTM7 Stream point 12.60 DEM 1.524 WL, FF MMSTM8 MMSTM8 Stream point 18.20 DEM 1.524 WL MMSTM9 MMSTM9 Stream point 17.30 DEM 1.524 WL STM 85 STM 85 Stream point 2.50 DEM 1.524 WL STM 86 STM 86 Stream point 1.70 DEM 1.524 WL STM102 STM102 Stream point 16.70 DEM 1.524 WL STM108 STM108 Stream point 9.10 DEM 1.524 WL STM109 STM109 Stream point 12.10 DEM 1.524 WL STM110 STM110 Stream point 15.10 DEM 1.524 WL
Table 3 123

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Albertson Brook Study Area

010325 010325–IRR 2A -- GW 19.81 18.80 18.98 0.70 18.10 -- --

010342 010342–IW40 -- GW 27.43 12.80 13.01 0.58 12.22 0.73 12.07

010349 010349–MULLICA 2D -- GW 45.72 17.53 18.18 0.69 16.84 -- --

011402 011402–ATSION MW51 3225196 GW 3.51 12.80 13.43 0.62 12.18 -- --

011404 011404–MW54 3160862 GW 4.27 21.20 21.14 0.90 20.30 -- --

011459 011459–ALBERTSON BROOK 2 -- GW 2.16 18.59 19.48 0.77 17.83 1.39 17.20

011504 011504–AB OW-2D 3227988 GW 48.77 16.97 17.42 0.51 16.46 31.14 315.83

011505 011505–AB OW-2S 3227990 GW 15.24 16.93 17.45 0.73 16.20 31.28 315.65011506 011506–AB OW-2M 3227989 GW 28.04 16.93 17.44 0.60 16.33 31.19 315.74011550 011550–ABHT5-1D -- GW 2.90 14.87 15.17 0.78 14.08 1.30 13.57

011551 011551–ABHT5-1S -- GW 1.52 14.90 15.51 0.75 14.15 1.35 13.55

011552 011552–ABHT4-2S -- GW 1.52 17.75 18.05 0.09 17.65 0.60 17.15

011553 011553–ABHT4-3D -- GW 2.90 17.40 17.56 0.01 17.40 0.43 16.98

011554 011554–ABHT4-3S -- GW 1.52 17.43 18.04 0.04 17.39 0.45 16.97

011555 011555–ABHT5-3D -- GW 2.74 13.85 14.15 -0.06 13.91 0.33 13.52

011556 011556–ABHT5-3S -- GW 1.52 13.80 14.41 -0.02 13.82 0.33 13.48

011557 011557–ABHT5-2D -- GW 2.74 14.90 15.20 0.90 14.00 1.33 13.56

011558 011558–ABHT5-2S -- GW 1.83 14.88 15.49 0.87 14.00 1.31 13.56

011567 011567–AB UP-5 3228343 GW 6.10 15.50 16.26 1.48 14.02 2.43 13.07

011568 011568–ABHT4-1D -- GW 2.90 18.66 18.82 0.83 17.83 1.44 17.22

011569 011569–ABHT4-2D -- GW 2.50 17.77 17.92 0.12 17.66 0.62 17.15

011594 011594–MW-1 3220603 GW 7.01 22.77 23.60 2.57 20.20 -- --

011595 011595–MW-7 3220604 GW 6.40 21.31 22.22 1.26 20.04 -- --

011596 011596–IRR 10 3158336 GW 43.28 20.60 20.65 1.80 18.80 -- --

011597 011597–MW-5 3220599 GW 6.40 20.45 20.96 1.87 18.59 2.58 17.87

011634 011634–MW-6 3220600 GW 6.40 19.17 20.08 2.12 17.05 -- --
124 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued 011669 011669–MW-8 -- GW 3.81 21.19 22.28 0.53 20.66 1.07 20.12 011672 011672–MW -- GW 5.49 22.20 22.90 0.42 21.78 -- -- 050408 050408–ATSION 2 OBS -- GW 19.81 14.11 14.41 1.14 12.97 -- -- 050409 050409–ATSION 3 OBS -- GW 5.18 13.99 14.59 1.78 12.21 -- -- 070429 070429–MULLICA 17S -- GW 5.79 23.15 23.15 1.92 21.23 -- -- 070430 070430–MULLICA 7D -- GW 36.58 28.20 28.67 3.64 24.56 4.51 23.69 070431 070431–MULLICA 16S -- GW 8.84 28.17 28.59 3.41 24.76 4.45 23.72 070436 070436–IRR 3104953 GW 39.62 36.00 36.34 4.54 31.46 -- -- 070459 070459–IRR 3104937 GW 54.86 29.20 29.47 1.71 27.49 -- -- 070468 070468–DOM-6 3105716 GW 50.29 31.10 31.64 3.34 27.76 -- -- 070481 070481–3-1973 3106874 GW 33.83 37.49 37.99 3.16 34.33 -- -- 070497 070497–PROD 2 3105543 GW 30.78 37.19 37.67 2.60 34.58 -- -- 070501 070501–IND 2 3105295 GW 42.98 50.70 51.25 10.41 40.29 10.96 39.74 070668 070668–IRR 1 3116649 GW 36.58 52.70 53.26 10.16 42.54 -- -- 070671 070671–INSTITUTIONAL 7 3108079 GW 43.89 31.70 32.28 4.41 27.29 -- -- 070678 070678–IRR 3124091 GW 30.48 38.70 39.15 5.99 32.71 6.60 32.10 070679 070679–DOM 705 3120472 GW 24.38 40.20 40.60 6.84 33.36 -- -- 070682 070682–DOM 3108663 GW 22.56 48.70 48.42 8.16 40.54 -- -- 070698 070698–8/REPLACEMENT 4 3126123 GW 50.90 30.80 31.24 4.55 26.25 -- -- 070699 070699–DOM 3126654 GW 33.53 39.00 39.35 5.06 33.94 5.74 33.26 070701 070701–DOM 3119213 GW 31.70 42.00 42.18 5.93 36.07 -- --

070702 070702–DOM 3117576 GW 27.43 43.40 43.80 4.61 38.79 5.47 37.93

070704 070704–SCH 3120150 GW 43.89 54.50 55.17 16.70 37.80 -- --

070705 070705–DOM 3122181 GW 27.43 45.50 45.32 5.02 40.48 -- --

070709 070709–DOM 3129794 GW 24.38 46.40 46.83 4.26 42.14 -- --

070711 070711–1-L OBS 3119136 GW 15.24 33.24 33.71 5.08 28.16 5.63 27.61
Table 3 125

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued

070712 070712–6 OBS 3119134 GW 15.24 39.23 39.96 8.46 30.77 -- --

070714 070714–ADMIN BLDG 3120841 GW 34.75 40.40 40.22 8.84 31.57 9.49 30.91

070715 070715–DOM 1 3129999 GW 31.70 29.87 30.31 2.92 26.95 -- --

070716 070716–IRR 1 -- GW 4.88 29.87 28.62 2.73 27.14 -- --

070717 070717–NURSERY 3125408 GW 45.72 39.70 40.05 4.22 35.48 4.78 34.92

070736 070736–PW 3 3105578 GW 29.54 43.28 43.91 10.45 32.83 -- --

070737 070737–BERLIN-BLUE ANCHOR RD 2 3136453 GW 36.27 49.00 49.38 9.13 39.87 9.52 39.48

070740 070740–PZ 3 3139312 GW 3.96 21.14 21.72 -0.04 21.18 -- --

070741 070741–PZ 4 3137739 GW 9.75 37.50 38.26 4.24 33.26 -- --

070744 070744–PZ 5 3139311 GW 14.33 47.36 48.06 8.60 38.76 38.61 338.75

070750 070750–IRR 3 5100109 GW 33.53 36.70 34.81 4.45 32.25 -- --

070753 070753–IRR 3 5100114 GW 30.48 24.30 24.45 0.78 23.52 -- --

070781 070781–IRR 2 5100191 GW 36.58 27.30 27.79 2.37 24.93 -- --

070791 070791–IRR 1 5100201 GW 42.67 39.20 40.79 4.01 35.19 -- --

070805 070805–IRR 1 5100389 GW 30.48 42.20 43.11 2.96 39.24 -- --

070818 070818–N OF POND IRR 3104949 GW 39.62 36.50 37.02 4.93 31.57 -- --

070835 070835–UND01 3149659 GW 9.63 42.37 42.66 8.00 34.37 -- --

070840 070840–NU15 3149746 GW 8.84 39.62 39.46 5.16 34.46 6.05 33.57

070842 070842–UND09 3149664 GW 4.27 30.18 31.01 0.62 29.56 -- --

070901 070901–PW 8 3151329 GW 45.60 46.63 47.20 12.34 34.30 12.32 34.32

070991 070991–PW 2 3105617 GW 32.00 47.00 44.73 12.84 34.16 13.34 33.66

070992 070992–PW 1 3114167 GW 37.80 46.00 43.96 12.36 33.64 -- --

071003 071003–IRR 2 3130945 GW 42.67 39.50 40.11 6.43 33.07 -- --

071081 071081–Albertson Brook 1 -- GW 2.52 21.64 22.47 0.08 21.56 30.45 321.20

071084 071084–ELEMENTARY SCH 3124130 GW 28.35 36.20 36.52 5.80 30.40 -- --

071091 071091–AB OW-1M 3168275 GW 28.96 47.33 47.76 9.25 38.08 39.71 337.62
126 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued 071092 071092–AB OW-1D 3168274 GW 48.77 47.31 47.83 9.24 38.08 39.67 337.65 071093 071093–TW1 3159328 GW 47.24 47.90 48.48 9.66 38.24 -- -- 071100 071100–ABHT2-2D -- GW 2.74 22.17 22.48 0.10 22.07 0.45 21.72 071101 071101–ABHT2-2S -- GW 1.52 22.23 22.68 0.22 22.01 0.62 21.61 071102 071102–ABHT3-3D -- GW 2.74 19.50 19.80 0.04 19.45 0.34 19.16 071103 071103–ABHT3-3S -- GW 1.52 19.51 19.97 0.07 19.45 0.37 19.15 071104 071104–ABHT2-1D 3169539 GW 9.14 26.12 26.89 3.59 22.54 4.08 22.04 071105 071105–ABHT2-1S 3169540 GW 6.10 26.17 26.93 3.53 22.64 4.11 22.06 071106 071106–ABHT3-2D -- GW 2.74 19.81 20.06 0.23 19.58 0.61 19.20 071107 071107–ABHT3-2S -- GW 1.52 19.81 20.33 0.23 19.58 0.61 19.20 071108 071108–ABHT3-1D -- GW 2.74 21.33 21.57 1.48 19.85 2.06 19.27 071109 071109–ABHT1-2D 3169669 GW 6.10 36.90 36.83 2.15 34.75 2.82 34.08 071110 071110–ABHT1-1S 3169672 GW 4.42 37.49 37.43 2.27 35.23 3.10 34.39 071111 071111–ABHT2-3D -- GW 2.74 21.89 22.20 0.10 21.79 0.30 21.59 071112 071112–ABHT3-1S -- GW 1.83 21.33 21.57 1.46 19.87 -- -- 071113 071113–AB UP-3 3169538 GW 9.14 29.20 29.96 4.82 24.38 5.33 23.87 071114 071114–ABHT2-3S -- GW 1.83 21.90 22.35 0.12 21.78 0.31 21.59 071115 071115–AB UP-2 3169541 GW 10.67 33.00 33.76 5.90 27.10 6.61 26.39 071116 071116–ABHT1-3D -- GW 3.05 34.83 34.75 1.05 33.78 1.31 33.52 071117 071117–ABHT1-3S -- GW 1.83 34.82 34.76 1.04 33.78 1.28 33.54 071118 071118–ABHT1-2S 3169670 GW 4.27 36.91 36.82 2.15 34.75 2.82 34.09

071119 071119–ABHT1-1D 3169671 GW 6.10 37.51 37.42 2.30 35.21 3.13 34.38

071120 071120–AB UP-1 3169542 GW 10.67 41.40 42.16 5.14 36.26 5.78 35.62

071121 071121–MW-2 3220598 GW 6.10 23.16 24.02 1.32 21.84 -- --

071122 071122–IRR 11 3163161 GW 48.77 24.41 24.47 4.70 19.71 5.12 19.29

071123 071123–MW-3 3220601 GW 8.23 24.51 25.41 3.53 20.98 4.32 20.18
Table 3 127

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued

071124 071124–MW-4 3220602 GW 6.71 20.60 21.52 1.85 18.75 2.42 18.18

071125 071125–DOM 3148501 GW 24.38 35.40 35.49 6.03 29.37 -- --

071126 071126–DOM 3167844 GW 32.00 36.41 36.68 6.42 29.99 6.92 29.49

071127 071127–DOM 3144113 GW 29.57 37.70 38.07 2.90 34.81 -- --

071128 071128–DOM 3155453 GW 30.48 48.90 49.13 7.32 41.57 -- --

071129 071129–DOM 3161981 GW 33.53 27.70 27.97 2.55 25.15 -- --

071130 071130–DOM 3158850 GW 24.38 48.20 48.57 11.81 36.39 -- --

071131 071131–DOM 3143163 GW 27.43 47.20 47.55 7.29 39.91 -- --

071132 071132–DOM 3106686 GW 22.56 45.50 45.68 10.62 34.88 -- --

071133 071133–DOM 3142607 GW 25.30 36.00 36.41 1.18 34.82 -- --

071134 071134–DOM 3165871 GW 28.65 49.00 49.43 4.61 44.39 -- --

071148 071148–MW 10 -- GW 5.49 24.13 25.02 2.32 21.81 3.07 21.06

071149 071149–MW-9 -- GW 5.33 22.13 23.12 1.75 20.37 2.47 19.66

071150 071150–DOM 3153467 GW 27.43 34.00 34.49 6.53 27.47 7.19 26.81

071151 071151–MW 12D 3168282 GW 7.92 37.00 36.91 2.54 34.46 -- --

071152 071152–MW -- GW 43.28 47.70 48.37 8.80 38.90 -- --

01409403 Wildcat Branch at Chesilhurst, NJ = SW = = = = 28.71 = --

01409407 Pump Branch near Blue Anchor, NJ = SW = = = = 30.44 = 30.37

01409408 Pump Branch near Waterford Works, NJ = SW = = = = 26.28 = 26.35

01409409 Blue Anchor Brook near Blue Anchor, NJ = SW = = = = 26.59 = 26.51

01409410 Albertson Brook near Hammonton, NJ = SW = = = = 14.19 = 13.88

0140940607 Pump Branch at Cedar Brook, NJ = SW = = = = 33.41 = 33.35

0140940810 Pump Branch near Elm, NJ = SW = = = = 23.16 = 23.38

0140940820 Pump Branch above Blue Anchor Brook near Elm, NJ = SW = = = = 21.64 = 21.49

0140940950 Blue Anchor Brook at Elm, NJ = SW = = = = -- = 24.61

0140940970 Albertson Brook near Elm, NJ = SW = = = = -- = 20.62
128 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued 0140940972 Albertson Brook below Railroad Bridge near Elm, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 19.36

= 19.09

0140940990 Albertson Brook 1.3 miles above U.S. Route 206 near 

Atsion, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 17.33

= 16.93

0140941010 Albertson Brook 0.8 miles below U.S. Route 206 near 

Atsion, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 13.76

= 13.42

0140941050 Great Swamp Branch at Elm, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 22.65

= --

0140941070 Great Swamp Branch below U.S. Route 206 near 

Hammonton, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 16.69

= --

0140941075 Cedar Brook at Columbia Road at Hammonton, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 17.09

= --

394150074494500 Pump Branch at Ancora, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 424.64

= 424.64

394150074494500 Pump Branch at Ancora, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 523.91

= 523.71

394154074451301 Gun Branch at U.S. Route 206 Nr Hammonton, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 14.17

= --

394251074463601 Clark Branch at Burnt House Road near Atsion, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 19.91

= --

ABSTM 5 ABSTM 5

= SW

=

=

=

= 27.54

= --

ABSTM10 ABSTM10

= SW

=

=

=

= 33.20

= --

ABSTM11 ABSTM11

= SW

=

=

=

= 34.70

= --

ABSTM12 ABSTM12

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 27.42

ABSTM13 ABSTM13

= SW

=

=

=

= 37.00

= --

ABSTM14 ABSTM14

= SW

=

=

=

= 42.00

= --

ABSTM16A Blue Anchor Brook at Rt 30

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 22.98

ABSTM2 ABSTM2

= SW

=

=

=

= 22.75

= --

ABSTM21 ABSTM21

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 21.20

ABSTM22 ABSTM22

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 35.70

ABSTM4 Gun Branch at Flemming Pike

= SW

=

=

=

= 20.19

= --

ABSTM6 ABSTM6

= SW

=

=

=

= 39.81

= --

ABSTM7 ABSTM7

= SW

=

=

=

= 41.60

= --
Table 3 129

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued

ABSTM8 ABSTM8 = SW = = = = 33.70 = --

ABSTM9 ABSTM9 = SW = = = = 33.50 = --

STM 3 STM 3 = SW = = = = 34.52 = --

STM 60 STM 60 = SW = = = = 35.59 = --

STM 62 STM 62 = SW = = = = 29.71 = 29.61

STM 67 STM 67 = SW = = = = 28.51 = 28.43

STM 75 STM 75 = SW = = = = 21.85 = --

STM 76 STM 76 = SW = = = = 27.23 = --

STM 79 STM 79 = SW = = = = 29.12 = --

A10C A10C -- GW -- 14.60 -- -0.02 14.62 0.35 14.25

A10PD A10PD -- GW -- 14.65 -- 0.58 14.07 1.22 13.43

A10PU A10PU -- GW -- 14.80 -- 0.86 13.94 1.48 13.32

A10PW A10PW -- GW -- 14.60 -- 0.34 14.26 0.95 13.65

A11C A11C -- GW -- 21.17 -- 0.03 21.14 0.40 20.77

A1C A1C -- GW -- 14.80 -- 0.00 14.80 0.22 14.58

A1H A1H -- GW -- 15.10 -- 0.02 15.08 0.39 14.71

A1PD A1PD -- GW -- 15.10 -- 0.55 14.55 1.15 13.95

A1PH A1PH -- GW -- 14.94 -- 0.12 14.81 0.61 14.33

A1PU A1PU -- GW -- 15.10 -- 0.49 14.61 1.03 14.07

A2H A2H -- GW -- 17.57 -- -0.01 17.58 0.53 17.05

A3PH A3PH -- GW -- 18.20 -- 0.10 18.10 1.06 17.14

A4H A4H -- GW -- 17.80 -- 0.08 17.72 0.57 17.23

A4PD A4PD -- GW -- 18.20 -- 0.42 17.78 1.38 16.82

A4PDb A4PDb -- GW -- 18.20 -- 0.44 17.76 1.40 16.80

A4PU A4PU -- GW -- 18.20 -- 0.52 17.68 1.43 16.77

A4PW A4PW -- GW -- 18.20 -- 0.16 18.04 0.99 17.20
130 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Albertson Brook Study Area—Continued A5PD A5PD -- GW -- 18.70 -- 0.58 18.12 1.26 17.44 A5PH A5PH -- GW -- 18.50 -- -0.10 18.60 0.49 18.01 A8PX2 A8PX2 -- GW -- 15.10 -- 0.47 14.63 1.19 13.91 A8PX3 A8PX3 -- GW -- 15.23 -- 0.36 14.87 0.95 14.28 A9C A9C -- GW -- 14.60 -- 0.07 14.53 0.42 14.18 A9PD A9PD -- GW -- 15.10 -- 0.47 14.63 1.16 13.94 A9PH A9PH -- GW -- 15.00 -- 0.39 14.61 1.01 13.99 A9PU A9PU -- GW -- 14.80 -- 0.86 13.94 1.37 13.43 P1C P1C -- GW -- 24.15 -- 0.16 23.99 0.34 23.82 P1Cb P1Cb -- GW -- 24.15 -- 0.07 24.08 0.28 23.88 McDonalds Branch Study Area 050684 050684–BUTLER PLACE 2 OBS -- GW 51.82 42.54 43.31 5.75 36.79 -- -- 050689 050689–LEBANON SF 23-D OBS -- GW 10.06 45.95 46.17 6.25 39.70 36.52 339.44 050690 050690–LEBANON SF 2 -- GW 24.69 38.12 38.59 2.58 35.54 -- -- 050708 050708–GLASSWORKS 3200727 GW 28.04 37.40 35.84 2.85 34.55 -- -- 050831 050831–QWO-1A 3210453 GW 1.92 37.84 39.19 -0.37 38.21 0.28 37.56 050832 050832–QWO-1B 3210454 GW 7.07 37.93 39.15 -0.28 38.21 0.36 37.57 050833 050833–QWO-2A 3210455 GW 2.10 38.54 38.87 0.19 38.36 0.83 37.71 050834 050834–QWO-2B 3210456 GW 6.58 38.54 38.83 0.19 38.35 0.84 37.71 050835 050835–QWO-3A 3210457 GW 5.00 39.91 40.30 1.15 38.76 1.96 37.95 050836 050836–QWO-3B 3210458 GW 9.60 39.94 40.18 1.43 38.52 2.00 37.94

050837 050837–QWC-1A 3210459 GW 2.41 37.69 39.18 -0.23 37.92 0.18 37.51

050838 050838–QWC-1B 3210460 GW 8.75 37.72 38.81 -0.38 38.10 0.20 37.52

050839 050839–QWC-2A 3210461 GW 1.86 38.30 38.80 0.30 38.00 0.64 37.64

050840 050840–QWC-2B 3210462 GW 8.05 38.33 38.59 0.24 38.09 0.82 37.51

050841 050841–QWC-3A 3210463 GW 6.65 41.96 42.16 3.88 38.08 4.43 37.52
Table 3 131

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

050842 050842–QWC-3B 3210464 GW 11.16 41.96 42.16 3.91 38.05 4.47 37.48

050843 050843–QWC-4 3210465 GW 7.83 43.57 44.12 5.11 38.46 5.66 37.91

050848 050848–QWH-2A 3210470 GW 3.60 40.16 40.53 0.68 39.47 1.43 38.72

050849 050849–QWH-2B 3210471 GW 9.54 40.19 40.48 0.73 39.45 1.46 38.72

050850 050850–QWH-3A 3210472 GW 5.09 41.83 42.11 2.26 39.57 3.00 38.83

050851 050851–QWH-3B 3210473 GW 9.11 41.86 42.58 2.33 39.54 3.05 38.82

050852 050852–QWH-4A 3210474 GW 4.91 40.95 41.36 1.49 39.46 2.22 38.73

050853 050853–QWH-4B 3210475 GW 10.85 40.95 41.36 1.49 39.46 2.21 38.74

050861 050861–QWH-7A SHALLOW WELL 3213412 GW 3.05 42.92 43.77 0.53 42.39 1.10 41.82

050862 050862–QWH-7B 3213413 GW 7.92 42.23 42.48 2.09 40.15 2.90 39.34

050863 050863–QWH-8A 3213414 GW 3.76 42.73 42.94 0.52 42.21 1.13 41.60

050864 050864–QWH-8B 3213415 GW 9.66 42.89 43.29 2.50 40.39 3.15 39.74

050873 050873–O-1A -- GW 5.64 40.68 40.99 2.57 38.12 -- --

050874 050874–O-1B -- GW 8.84 40.67 40.98 2.57 38.11 -- --

050885 050885–O-11A -- GW 5.39 42.07 42.37 3.42 38.65 4.11 37.95

050886 050886–O-11B -- GW 9.14 42.10 42.40 4.15 37.94 4.69 37.41

050893 050893–CQ-6 -- GW 11.84 47.11 47.46 8.92 38.19 9.53 37.58

051072 051072–QWH-5A -- GW 4.66 44.91 45.60 1.84 43.07 3.23 41.68

051073 051073–QWH-5B -- GW 12.47 44.91 45.25 4.92 40.00 5.69 39.22

051074 051074–LEAD WELL -- GW 13.59 52.26 52.93 10.90 41.36 10.98 41.28

051092 051092–INSTITUTIONAL 2 3208688 GW 25.91 36.90 37.52 5.50 31.40 -- --

051173 051173–DEV CENTER 3206083 GW 29.57 39.20 39.86 7.53 31.67 -- --

051201 051201–LSF PZ-MW-2 3218908 GW 1.34 36.94 36.99 0.76 36.18 0.97 35.97

051218 051218–LSF PZ-MW-19 3218929 GW 2.04 37.31 37.39 1.17 36.14 -- --

051334 051334–DOM 3213114 GW 32.92 33.00 33.24 7.64 25.37 -- --

051335 051335–IRR 3214492 GW 27.43 36.20 36.29 9.30 26.90 -- --
132 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued 051384 051384–DOM 3219191 GW 24.38 42.40 42.85 9.74 32.66 -- -- 051385 051385–DOM 3219550 GW 32.00 43.50 43.63 11.77 31.73 -- -- 051502 051502–LEBANON ST F MW15 3224681 GW 11.89 41.00 41.41 10.28 30.72 -- -- 051528 051528–MCDONALDS BRANCH 2 -- GW 1.83 36.53 37.44 0.40 36.12 31.08 335.45 051529 051529–MCDONALDS BRANCH 1 -- GW 2.18 36.27 37.14 -0.02 36.29 0.39 35.88 051532 051532–MBHT3-2D -- GW 3.05 36.25 36.64 -0.07 36.32 0.39 35.86 051533 051533–MBHT3-2S -- GW 1.37 36.27 36.42 0.04 36.23 0.54 35.73 051534 051534–MBHT3-1D -- GW 2.74 37.49 37.87 1.05 36.44 -- -- 051534 051534–MBHT3-1D -- GW 2.74 37.49 37.80 -- -- 1.61 35.88 051535 051535–MBHT3-1S -- GW 1.52 37.49 37.66 1.05 36.44 -- -- 051535 051535–MBHT3-1S -- GW 1.52 37.49 37.95 -- -- 1.47 36.02 051538 051538–MCDONALDS BR 2 SHALLOW -- GW 1.62 36.57 37.39 0.28 36.28 -- -- 051556 051556–MB OW-1D 3227994 GW 57.91 45.96 46.39 6.56 39.41 -- -- 051556 051556–MB OW-1D 3227994 GW 57.91 45.96 46.36 -- -- 36.87 339.09 051557 051557–MB OW-1M 3227995 GW 27.43 45.91 46.39 6.50 39.41 -- -- 051557 051557–MB OW-1M 3227995 GW 27.43 45.91 46.36 -- -- 36.81 339.10 051558 051558–MB OW-2M 3227992 GW 30.48 42.63 43.05 6.16 36.47 -- -- 051558 051558–MB OW-2M 3227992 GW 30.48 42.63 43.02 -- -- 36.54 336.09 051559 051559–MB OW-2S 3227993 GW 10.67 42.58 42.98 6.13 36.45 -- -- 051559 051559–MB OW-2S 3227993 GW 10.67 42.58 42.95 -- -- 36.52 336.06 051560 051560–MB OW-2D 3227991 GW 56.39 42.58 42.98 6.11 36.47 -- --

051560 051560–MB OW-2D 3227991 GW 56.39 42.58 42.95 -- -- 36.50 336.08

051570 051570–MBHT4-1S -- GW 2.13 37.55 37.86 1.22 36.34 -- --

051571 051571–MBHT4-1D -- GW 2.90 37.57 37.73 1.24 36.33 2.18 35.39

051572 051572–MBHT4-2D -- GW 2.90 36.85 37.00 0.73 36.12 1.44 35.41

051573 051573–MBHT4-2S -- GW 1.52 36.83 37.28 0.45 36.37 1.40 35.42
Table 3 133

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

051574 051574–MBHT2-1 -- GW 2.90 39.91 40.07 1.26 38.65 1.96 37.95

051575 051575–MBHT4-3D -- GW 2.74 36.02 36.32 0.00 36.02 0.66 35.36

051576 051576–MBHT4-3S -- GW 1.22 36.04 36.50 0.07 35.97 0.71 35.33

051577 051577–MBHT4-RB1D -- GW 2.74 36.07 36.37 0.09 35.98 0.73 35.34

051578 051578–MBHT4-RB1S -- GW 1.22 36.05 36.51 0.08 35.97 0.72 35.33

051579 051579–MBHT4-RB2S -- GW 1.83 36.53 37.14 0.48 36.05 1.23 35.30

051580 051580–MBHT2-2S -- GW 1.98 39.35 39.65 0.84 38.51 -- --

051581 051581–MBHT2-2D -- GW 2.90 39.36 39.51 0.86 38.50 1.55 37.81

051582 051582–MBHT5-2D -- GW 2.74 35.42 35.73 -0.14 35.56 0.43 34.99

051583 051583–MBHT5-2S -- GW 1.52 35.42 35.97 -0.14 35.56 0.44 34.98

051584 051584–MBHT5-1S -- GW 1.83 36.50 37.11 0.72 35.79 1.28 35.22

051585 051585–MBHT1-3 -- GW 2.13 40.24 40.70 0.69 39.55 1.48 38.76

051586 051586–MBHT1-2 -- GW 2.59 40.87 41.27 1.40 39.47 2.16 38.71

051587 051587–MB UP-2 3228096 GW 6.71 39.01 39.65 2.31 36.70 3.08 35.93

051588 051588–MBHT4-RB2D -- GW 3.05 36.52 37.06 0.53 35.99 1.19 35.32

051589 051589–MB UP-1 3228097 GW 8.84 42.37 42.95 3.13 39.24 4.01 38.36

051590 051590–MBHT2-3 -- GW 3.05 38.59 38.98 0.23 38.36 0.87 37.71

051591 051591–MBHT3-3D -- GW 2.74 36.23 36.53 -0.08 36.31 0.34 35.89

051592 051592–MB UP-3 3228095 GW 9.75 42.04 42.68 2.92 39.12 3.53 38.51

051593 051593–MBHT5-3D -- GW 2.44 35.34 35.95 0.11 35.23 0.32 35.02

051594 051594–MBHT5-3S -- GW 0.91 35.33 36.21 0.12 35.21 0.27 35.06

051595 051595–MB UP-4 3228094 GW 7.62 41.21 41.82 4.08 37.13 4.94 36.27

051596 051596–MB UP-5 3228093 GW 12.04 34.44 34.80 5.18 29.26 5.93 28.51

051604 051604–MBHT5-1D -- GW 3.05 36.48 37.16 0.70 35.78 1.26 35.22

051625 051625–MBHT1-1 -- GW 3.05 41.81 42.20 2.14 39.67 -- --
134 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued 01466460 McDonalds Branch 650ft above Butler Place Road in Byrne State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 39.90

= --

01466480 McDonalds Branch 4900ft above gage in Byrne 

State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 38.16

= --

01466495 McDonalds Branch 0.3 miles above gage in Byrne 

State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 36.20

= 35.43

01466500 McDonalds Branch in Byrne State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 35.94

= 35.85

01466510 McDonalds Branch 2000ft downstream of gage in 

Byrne State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 35.46

= 35.81

01466520 McDonalds Branch Tributary in Byrne State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 35.93

= --

01466550 McDonalds Branch near Presidential Lakes, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 35.22

= 35.08

01466590 McDonalds Branch at McDonalds, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 30.03

= 29.07

01466600 McDonalds Branch at Cooper Road at McDonalds, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 28.29

= --

395222074294600 McDonalds Branch 50ft downstream of gage in 

Lebanon State Forest, NJ

= SW

=

=

=

= 38.21

= --

MBSTM10 MBSTM10

= SW

=

=

=

= 37.90

= --

MBSTM12 MBSTM 12 Upper cranberry bog

= SW

=

=

=

= 31.47

= 31.47

MBSTM13 MBSTM 13

= SW

=

=

=

= 38.88

= --

MBSTM14 MB at Lebanon Lake

= SW

=

=

=

= 26.98

= --

MBSTM15 MBSTM15

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 36.20

MBSTM16 MBSTM16

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 35.93

MBSTM17 MBSTM17

= SW

=

=

=

= --

= 36.20

MBSTM2 Shinns Branch

= SW

=

=

=

= 29.38

= --

MBSTM3 Cooper Branch

= SW

=

=

=

= 35.26

= --

MBSTM4 MBSTM4

= SW

=

=

=

= 38.48

= --

MBSTM5 MBSTM5

= SW

=

=

=

= 38.07

= --

MBSTM6 MBSTM6

= SW

=

=

=

= 35.08

= --
Table 3 135

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

MBSTM7 MBSTM7 = SW = = = = 28.50 = --

MBSTM8 MBSTM8 = SW = = = = 45.20 = --

MBSTM9 MBSTM9 = SW = = = = 37.20 = --

STM304 STM304 = SW = = = = 29.29 = --

STM305 STM305 = SW = = = = 35.78 = --

STM307 STM307 = SW = = = = 36.01 = --

STM358 STM358 = SW = = = = 42.20 = --

STM368 STM368 = SW = = = = 42.35 = --

STM369 STM369 = SW = = = = 41.03 = --

STM396 STM396 = SW = = = = 26.86 = --

STM397 STM397 = SW = = = = 32.85 = --

STM398 STM398 = SW = = = = 37.91 = --

STM416 STM416 = SW = = = = 37.17 = --

-- Butterworth Pond = SW = = = = 337.49 = 336.99

M10C M10C -- GW -- 36.20 -- 0.06 36.14 0.44 35.76

M10PD M10PD -- GW -- 37.17 -- 0.33 36.85 0.85 36.33

M10PH M10PH -- GW -- 36.20 -- 0.08 36.13 0.51 35.69

M10PU M10PU -- GW -- 37.50 -- 0.53 36.97 0.97 36.54

M10PW M10PW -- GW -- 36.74 -- 0.19 36.55 0.74 36.00

M11C M11C -- GW -- 36.30 -- -0.10 36.41 0.30 36.01

M11HP M11HP -- GW -- 36.21 -- 0.11 36.09 0.50 35.70

M11PU M11PU -- GW -- 36.65 -- 0.82 35.83 1.55 35.10

M13H M13H -- GW -- 38.86 -- -0.11 38.97 0.33 38.53

M13PD M13PD -- GW -- 39.20 -- 0.44 38.76 1.38 37.82

M13PX M13PX -- GW -- 39.20 -- 0.85 38.35 1.63 37.57

M14H M14H -- GW -- 39.40 -- 0.03 39.37 0.43 38.97
136 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued M15H M15H -- GW -- 42.30 -- -0.03 42.33 0.30 42.00 M15PD M15PD -- GW -- 41.15 -- 0.22 40.94 0.87 40.28 M16H M16H -- GW -- 42.42 -- -0.04 42.46 0.43 41.99 M16PH M16PH -- GW -- 42.40 -- 0.09 42.31 0.61 41.79 M16PX M16PX -- GW -- 42.20 -- 0.44 41.76 1.16 41.04 M17H M17H -- GW -- 44.70 -- -0.03 44.73 0.33 44.37 M17PH M17PH -- GW -- 44.50 -- 0.07 44.43 0.34 44.16 M17PW M17PW -- GW -- 45.00 -- 0.43 44.57 0.95 44.05 M18PW2 M18PW2 -- GW -- 45.87 -- 0.00 45.87 0.47 45.40 M18PX M18PX -- GW -- 45.70 -- 0.25 45.45 0.95 44.75 M19HP M19HP -- GW -- 46.50 -- -0.03 46.54 0.35 46.15 M19HPb M19HPb -- GW -- 46.50 -- 0.05 46.45 0.57 45.94 M19PD M19PD -- GW -- 46.13 -- 0.36 45.77 0.95 45.18 M19PU M19PU -- GW -- 45.50 -- 0.16 45.34 0.94 44.56 M19PUb M19PUb -- GW -- 45.50 -- 0.14 45.36 0.95 44.55 M19PW M19PW -- GW -- 46.00 -- 0.20 45.80 0.65 45.35 M1C M1C -- GW -- 35.48 -- 0.06 35.42 0.43 35.05 M1PH M1PH -- GW -- 35.34 -- 0.17 35.17 0.84 34.50 M1PW M1PW -- GW -- 35.50 -- 0.22 35.28 1.15 34.35 M20PDx M20PDx -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.14 36.36 1.28 35.23 M20PH M20PH -- GW -- 36.40 -- 0.01 36.39 0.74 35.65

M20PX M20PX -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.16 36.34 1.11 35.39

M21PU M21PU -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.60 35.90 1.52 34.98

M2C M2C -- GW -- 36.00 -- 0.13 35.87 0.57 35.43

M2HP M2HP -- GW -- 36.09 -- 0.07 36.02 0.44 35.65

M2PH M2PH -- GW -- 36.03 -- 0.23 35.80 0.84 35.19
Table 3 137

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued

M3C M3C -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.03 36.47 0.43 36.07

M3HP M3HP -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.05 36.45 0.59 35.91

M3PU M3PU -- GW -- 36.80 -- 0.95 35.85 1.98 34.82

M3PW M3PW -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.17 36.33 0.82 35.68

M4H M4H -- GW -- 36.90 -- 0.07 36.83 0.32 36.59

M5HP M5HP -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.08 36.42 0.53 35.97

M5PD M5PD -- GW -- 37.56 -- 0.44 37.13 1.22 36.35

M5PU M5PU -- GW -- 40.00 -- 1.56 38.44 2.39 37.61

M5PW M5PW -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.22 36.29 0.93 35.58

M6C M6C -- GW -- 36.20 -- 0.09 36.11 0.51 35.69

M6PD M6PD -- GW -- 36.40 -- 0.62 35.78 1.38 35.02

M6PH M6PH -- GW -- 36.28 -- 0.06 36.22 0.59 35.69

M6PW M6PW -- GW -- 36.20 -- 0.45 35.75 1.04 35.17

M7C M7C -- GW -- 36.20 -- 0.18 36.02 0.54 35.66

M7H M7H -- GW -- 36.00 -- 0.21 35.79 0.59 35.41

M7HP M7HP -- GW -- 36.40 -- 0.06 36.34 0.48 35.92

M8HP M8HP -- GW -- 36.89 -- 0.02 36.86 0.39 36.50

M8PD2 M8PD2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.22 36.28 0.99 35.51

M8PD3 M8PD3 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.46 36.04 0.98 35.52

M8PH2 M8PH2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.08 36.42 0.64 35.86

M8PU M8PU -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.92 35.58 1.73 34.77

M8PU2 M8PU3 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.76 35.75 1.64 34.86

M8PW M8PW -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.10 36.40 0.85 35.65

M8PW3 M8PW3 -- GW -- 36.20 -- 0.08 36.12 0.46 35.74

M8PW4 M8PW4 -- GW -- 36.47 -- 0.31 36.16 0.80 35.66

M8PX M8PX -- GW -- 36.70 -- 0.14 36.56 0.86 35.84
138 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) McDonalds Branch Study Area—Continued M8PX2 M8PX2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.16 36.34 0.84 35.66 M9C M9C -- GW -- 34.44 -- 0.14 34.30 0.53 33.90 M9HP M9HP -- GW -- 36.18 -- -0.03 36.21 0.43 35.75 M9PX M9PX -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.57 35.93 1.15 35.35 MDD1 MDD1 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.56 35.94 1.15 35.35 MDD2 MDD2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.45 36.05 1.20 35.30 MDD2b MDD2b -- GW -- 36.50 -- -- -- 1.38 35.12 MDD3 MDD3 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.42 36.08 1.29 35.21 MDP1 MDP1 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.28 36.22 1.28 35.22 MDP2 MDP2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.37 36.13 1.15 35.35 MDP3 MDP3 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.13 36.37 1.14 35.36 MDS1 MDS1 -- GW -- 36.25 -- 0.00 36.26 0.68 35.58 MDS2 MDS2 -- GW -- 36.36 -- -0.12 36.47 0.55 35.80 MDS2b MDS2b -- GW -- 36.36 -- -- -- 0.50 35.85 MDS3 MDS3 -- GW -- 36.40 -- -0.06 36.45 0.58 35.82 MDU1 MDU1 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.71 35.79 1.47 35.03 MDU2 MDU2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.73 35.77 1.57 34.93 MDU3 MDU3 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.72 35.78 1.48 35.02 MDW1 MDW1 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.13 36.37 1.01 35.49 MDW2 MDW2 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.14 36.36 0.98 35.52 MDW2b MDW2b -- GW -- 36.50 -- -- -- 1.13 35.37

MDW3 MDW3 -- GW -- 36.50 -- 0.19 36.31 1.05 35.45

Morses Mill Stream Study Area

010183 010183–PW 1 3600443 GW 58.52 20.80 21.53 7.71 13.09 -- --

010192 010192–WELL 1 -- GW 30.48 16.70 17.35 0.81 15.89 -- --

010193 010193–INSTITUTIONAL 1 3600425 GW 45.72 11.00 10.94 2.01 8.99 -- --
Table 3 139

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued

010194 010194–INSTITUTIONAL 2 3600424 GW 44.20 10.00 10.32 1.14 8.86 -- --

010688 010688–PW 1 3602432 GW 54.86 9.50 10.05 5.04 4.46 -- --

010689 010689–SWC 2 3602433 GW 54.86 9.50 9.99 6.78 2.72 -- --

010727 010727–AC 13 OBS 3606135 GW 6.98 12.60 12.89 3.44 9.17 4.32 8.28

010757 010757–SLF MW-2-1980 3601216 GW 9.75 12.48 12.77 3.48 9.00 -- --

010759 010759–SLF MW-1-1984 3604538 GW 5.79 17.76 18.35 2.15 15.60 -- --

010760 010760–SLF MW-2-1984 3604539 GW 5.18 17.07 17.73 1.29 15.79 -- --

010775 010775–FAA INTERMEDIATE OBS -- GW 55.47 11.22 11.60 9.73 1.49 -- --

010776 010776–FAA SHALLOW OBS -- GW 28.35 11.22 11.51 6.03 5.19 -- --

010893 010893–MW-3 36-08523-5 GW 8.53 16.10 16.91 1.82 14.28 -- --

010894 010894–10 MW 36-07161-7 GW 9.57 18.52 18.98 1.24 17.27 -- --

010895 010895–8 MW 3603875 GW 8.53 19.74 20.09 2.02 17.71 -- --

010896 010896–DOM 3214365 GW 33.53 18.20 18.47 3.26 14.94 -- --

010925 010925–MW-1 36-08521-9 GW 9.75 18.33 19.00 4.28 14.05 -- --

010972 010972–PW 1 3608845 GW 47.70 19.20 19.72 3.03 16.17 -- --

010973 010973–3/17 MOSSMILL 3614415 GW 56.39 9.80 10.38 6.19 3.61 -- --

010989 010989–WRANGLEBORO 3 5600061 GW 57.91 12.80 13.68 3.63 9.17 -- --

010999 010999–IRR 3612213 GW 59.44 13.60 14.00 3.96 9.64 4.98 8.62

011197 011197–IRR 1 5600119 GW 30.48 15.10 15.74 -0.13 15.23 -- --

011268 011268–SUSCP15 3617164 GW 30.48 18.90 18.62 8.92 9.98 -- --

011457 011457–STOCKTON 2 -- GW 2.09 13.27 13.93 0.76 12.51 1.37 11.91

011458 011458–STOCKTON 1 -- GW 1.83 11.58 12.19 0.13 11.45 0.37 11.22

011478 011478–E-1 3622753 GW 49.99 20.70 20.88 2.40 18.30 -- --

011498 011498–MM OW-1M 3628385 GW 19.81 17.02 17.57 2.48 14.54 33.44 313.58

011499 011499–MM OW-1D 3628384 GW 50.29 16.80 17.41 2.42 14.38 33.37 313.43011500 011500–MM OW-1S 3628386 GW 6.71 16.96 17.48 1.80 15.16 33.04 313.92
140 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued 011501 011501–MM OW-2S 3628383 GW 12.19 12.16 12.67 3.22 8.93 34.06 38.10 011502 011502–MM OW-2M 3628382 GW 22.25 12.15 12.70 3.30 8.85 34.11 38.04 011503 011503–MM OW-2D 3628381 GW 51.82 12.33 12.84 3.72 8.61 34.47 37.86 011525 011525–MMHT3-3D -- GW 2.74 12.43 12.59 -0.01 12.44 0.52 11.91 011526 011526–MMHT3-3S -- GW 1.83 12.40 12.70 -0.04 12.43 0.48 11.91 011527 011527–MMHT3-2D -- GW 2.74 13.29 13.74 0.77 12.52 1.37 11.91 011528 011528–MMHT3-2S -- GW 1.22 13.29 13.74 0.77 12.52 -- -- 011529 011529–MMHT3-1D -- GW 2.13 14.04 14.34 1.45 12.59 -- -- 011530 011530–MMHT3-1RD -- GW 2.74 14.01 14.35 1.43 12.58 2.08 11.93 011531 011531–MMHT3-1S -- GW 1.71 14.03 14.49 1.44 12.59 -- -- 011532 011532–MMHT4-1D -- GW 2.74 13.23 13.54 1.40 11.83 1.94 11.29 011533 011533–MMHT4-1S -- GW 1.83 13.23 13.69 1.39 11.84 -- -- 011534 011534–MMHT4-3D -- GW 2.74 11.47 11.75 0.05 11.42 0.26 11.21 011535 011535–MMHT4-3S -- GW 1.52 11.47 11.93 0.07 11.40 0.26 11.21 011536 011536–MMHT1-3D -- GW 2.68 16.28 16.65 0.07 16.21 0.77 15.51 011537 011537–MMHT1-3S -- GW 1.52 16.33 16.79 0.14 16.20 0.83 15.51 011538 011538–MMHT2-3D -- GW 2.74 12.33 12.68 0.00 12.33 0.34 11.99 011539 011539–MMHT2-3S -- GW 1.52 12.34 12.80 0.01 12.33 0.36 11.98 011540 011540–MMHT1-1D -- GW 2.44 17.80 18.38 1.21 16.60 2.14 15.66 011541 011541–MMHT1-1S -- GW 1.52 17.78 18.72 1.17 16.61 -- -- 011542 011542–MMHT2-1D -- GW 2.74 13.59 13.90 0.78 12.81 1.83 11.76

011543 011543–MMHT2-1S -- GW 1.83 13.58 14.04 0.77 12.81 -- --

011544 011544–MMHT5-3D -- GW 2.74 7.50 7.80 0.16 7.33 0.36 7.14

011545 011545–MMHT5-3S -- GW 1.52 7.47 7.93 0.15 7.32 0.33 7.14

011546 011546–MMHT5-2D -- GW 2.74 8.73 9.06 0.71 8.02 1.21 7.52

011547 011547–MMHT5-2S -- GW 1.52 8.74 9.20 0.71 8.03 1.24 7.50
Table 3 141

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued

011548 011548–MMHT5-1S -- GW 1.52 9.00 9.45 0.75 8.24 1.41 7.59

011549 011549–MMHT5-1D -- GW 2.74 9.01 9.31 0.78 8.23 1.47 7.54

011559 011559–MM UP-4 3628860 GW 6.10 15.10 15.86 1.27 13.83 2.33 12.77

011560 011560–MMHT4-2D -- GW 2.74 11.57 11.91 0.39 11.18 0.35 11.22

011561 011561–MMHT1-2D -- GW 2.44 16.95 17.22 0.59 16.36 1.41 15.54

011562 011562–MMHT1-2S -- GW 1.52 16.97 17.43 0.60 16.37 -- --

011563 011563–MMHT2-2S -- GW 1.77 13.29 13.74 0.65 12.63 1.53 11.76

011564 011564–MMHT2-2D -- GW 2.74 13.30 13.60 0.66 12.64 1.54 11.76

011565 011565–MM UP-2 3628859 GW 6.10 16.70 16.64 1.64 15.06 2.63 14.07

011566 011566–MM UP-5 3628858 GW 7.62 12.10 12.86 2.53 9.57 3.65 8.45

011585 011585–F-MW2S 36-08761-1 GW 3.81 18.17 19.17 2.99 15.18 -- --

011586 011586–29-PW1 3623954 GW 31.39 17.75 18.51 6.23 11.52 -- --

011587 011587–29-MW6S 3619118 GW 7.62 14.30 14.95 3.17 11.13 -- --

011588 011588–DOM 3603031 GW 44.81 18.20 18.46 5.14 13.06 -- --

011589 011589–MW-2 36-08522-7 GW 10.67 19.70 20.37 5.39 14.31 -- --

011590 011590–BLDG 6 3616530 GW 25.30 17.20 17.54 4.43 12.77 5.16 12.04

011591 011591–ATH FLD 3621583 GW 54.86 17.60 18.00 4.64 12.96 -- --

011591 011591–ATH FLD 3621583 GW 54.86 17.60 18.15 -- -- 5.33 12.27

011592 011592–BIG BLUE 3621377 GW 51.82 13.10 13.50 2.29 10.81 -- --

011593 011593–DOM 3622654 GW 32.31 17.20 17.51 5.83 11.37 -- --

011622 011622–MW-2 36-07181-1 GW 9.14 17.88 18.83 6.34 11.54 -- --

011623 011623–POMONA OAKS MW-7D 3610847 GW 64.92 15.37 15.88 2.12 13.26 -- --

011624 011624–POMONA OAKS MW-7I 36-10894-4 GW 26.52 15.34 15.90 1.59 13.75 -- --

011625 011625–POMONA OAKS MW-7S 3610893 GW 5.18 15.44 15.96 1.70 13.74 -- --

011626 011626–MW-5 3620936 GW 7.62 21.50 22.07 4.07 17.43 -- --

011627 011627–MW-3 3620934 GW 7.62 20.80 21.54 3.08 17.72 4.25 16.55
142 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued 011628 011628–MW-4 3620935 GW 7.62 20.70 21.23 4.13 16.57 -- -- 011629 011629–POMONA OAKS MW-8D 36-10848-1 GW 62.64 20.71 21.41 4.81 15.90 -- -- 011630 011630–POMONA OAKS MW-8I 3610906 GW 27.43 20.68 21.41 4.62 16.06 -- -- 011631 011631–POMONA OAKS MW-8S 36-10903-7 GW 7.77 20.39 20.99 4.29 16.10 5.34 15.05 011632 011632–HERSCHEL MW-4 3604541 GW 5.79 18.11 18.76 2.63 15.48 -- -- 011633 011633–IRR 3622184 GW 24.38 15.10 15.52 1.22 13.88 -- -- 011635 011635–DOM 3609754 GW 31.70 16.30 16.70 5.11 11.20 -- -- 011636 011636–SO CLUSTER-F46 RED -- GW 18.29 11.50 11.42 1.47 10.03 -- -- 011637 011637–SO CLUSTER-F46 BLUE -- GW 48.77 11.50 11.42 1.38 10.12 -- -- 011638 011638–WEST CLUSTER-L23 BLUE -- GW 47.85 15.10 15.10 3.94 11.16 -- -- 011639 011639–WEST CLUSTER-L23 RED -- GW 20.73 15.10 15.10 4.05 11.05 4.72 10.38 011640 011640–NO CLUSTER-B1 RED -- GW 24.08 13.60 13.51 3.83 9.77 -- -- 011641 011641–NO CLUSTER-B1 BLUE -- GW 53.95 13.60 13.51 3.62 9.98 -- -- 011642 011642–DOM 3619490 GW 34.14 12.80 13.16 3.73 9.06 -- -- 011643 011643–DOM 3626823 GW 26.52 3.20 3.03 1.72 1.48 -- -- 011650 011650–MW104-D 3625547 GW 32.16 17.11 17.73 5.46 11.66 -- -- 011652 011652–MW106-D 3625387 GW 36.79 17.31 17.91 6.18 11.13 -- -- 011654 011654–F-MW4S -- GW 12.95 18.43 19.27 7.53 10.89 -- -- 011655 011655–P-5 3610843 GW 7.47 17.51 18.13 3.11 14.40 -- -- 011656 011656–P-7 3610845 GW 7.01 17.66 18.30 2.61 15.06 -- -- 011657 011657–KF IRR-1 -- GW 22.86 15.80 16.23 2.64 13.16 3.66 12.14

011658 011658–P-1 -- GW 7.01 17.94 18.53 2.37 15.57 3.35 14.59

011659 011659–LIFT ST 1-2 3618535 GW 16.76 10.60 10.75 1.08 9.52 -- --

011660 011660–LIFT STA 1-1 3618536 GW 48.77 10.60 10.88 0.79 9.81 -- --

011661 011661–MW102 3624547 GW 21.34 14.69 14.64 3.65 11.05 4.59 10.10

011662 011662–MW101 3624546 GW 32.61 14.75 14.69 3.64 11.11 -- --
Table 3 143

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued

011663 011663–MW104-S -- GW 25.66 17.15 17.80 5.47 11.69 -- --

011664 011664–MW-4 3620012 GW 16.76 17.00 17.60 3.29 13.71 4.29 12.71

011665 011665–MW109-S 3625389 GW 18.29 13.22 13.15 2.56 10.66 3.62 9.59

011666 011666–MW108-S 3625388 GW 18.23 11.98 11.92 2.30 9.67 -- --

011667 011667–MW106-S -- GW 25.73 17.28 17.91 5.68 11.60 -- --

011668 011668–MW110-S 3625513 GW 21.31 15.77 16.41 4.76 11.02 -- --

011670 011670–MW 14D 36-10219-6 GW 25.91 18.52 19.01 1.39 17.13 -- --

011671 011671–MW 14S 36-10215-6 GW 16.76 18.52 19.02 1.39 17.13 -- --

01410215 Clarks Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ = SW = = = = 1.69 = --

01410216 Morses Mill Stream at Odessa Avenue near Pomona, NJ = SW = = = = 16.64 = --

01410217 Morses Mill Stream at West Duerer Street near 

Pomona, NJ

= SW = = = = 16.17 = --

01410218 Morses Mill Stream at Zurich Avenue near Pomona, NJ = SW = = = = 12.62 = 12.48

01410220 Morses Mill Stream Tributary above Sand Road near 

Pomona, NJ

= SW = = = = 12.45 = --

01410221 Morses Mill Stream Tributary below Sand Road near 

Pomona, NJ

= SW = = = = 11.39 = 11.20

01410222 Morses Mill Stream at College Drive near Pomona, NJ = SW = = = = 8.15 = 7.91

01410223 Morses Mill Stream at Garden State Parkway near 

Pomona, NJ

= SW = = = = 7.25 = 7.05

01410225 Morses Mill Stream at Port Republic, NJ = SW = = = = 2.48 = 2.32

01410230 Mattix Run near Smithville, NJ = SW = = = = 2.81 = --

MMSTM10 MMSTM10 = SW = = = = 16.79 = --

MMSTM11 MMSTM11 = SW = = = = 16.70 = --

MMSTM12 MMSTM12 = SW = = = = -- = 15.10

MMSTM13 MMSTM13 = SW = = = = -- = 10.60

MMSTM14 MMSTM14 = SW = = = = -- = 11.30
144 Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06 Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued [--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] Site identifier Site name New Jersey permit number Site type Well depth (meters) Altitude of land surface, NAVD 88 (meters) Altitude of measur- ing point, NAVD 88 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, spring 20051 (meters) Altitude of water level, spring 20051 (meters) Depth to water below land surface, summer 20052 (meters) Altitude of water level, sum- mer 20052 (meters) Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued MMSTM2 MMSTM2

= SW

=

=

=

= 14.04

= --

MMSTM3 MMSTM3

= SW

=

=

=

= 6.51

= --

MMSTM4 MMSTM4

= SW

=

=

=

= 10.07

= --

MMSTM5 MMSTM5

= SW

=

=

=

= 8.94

= 8.91

MMSTM6 MMSTM6

= SW

=

=

=

= 13.50

= --

MMSTM7 MMSTM7

= SW

=

=

=

= 12.60

= --

MMSTM8 MMSTM8

= SW

=

=

=

= 17.33

= --

MMSTM9 MMSTM9

= SW

=

=

=

= 16.24

= --

STM 85 STM 85

= SW

=

=

=

= 0.80

= --

STM 86 STM 86

= SW

=

=

=

= -0.37

= --

STM102 STM102

= SW

=

=

=

= 15.95

= --

STM108 STM108

= SW

=

=

=

= 7.58

= --

STM109 STM109

= SW

=

=

=

= 10.30

= --

STM110 STM110

= SW

=

=

=

= 13.93

= --

R1C R1C -- GW -- 8.46 -- 0.07 8.40 0.52 7.95

R1H R1H -- GW -- 8.80 -- 0.09 8.71 0.48 8.32

R1PU R1PU -- GW -- 9.01 -- 1.49 7.52 2.03 6.98

R1PW R1PW -- GW -- 9.03 -- 0.62 8.41 1.17 7.86

R2H1 R2H1 -- GW -- 10.60 -- 0.40 10.20 0.91 9.69

R2H2 R2H2 -- GW -- 10.96 -- 0.28 10.68 1.47 9.48

R2HP R2HP -- GW -- 11.30 -- -0.03 11.33 1.74 9.56R2PH R2PH -- GW -- 11.10 -- 0.70 10.40 1.81 9.29

R2PH2 R2PH2 -- GW -- 10.70 -- 0.51 10.19 1.09 9.62

R2PH3 R2PH3 -- GW -- 10.27 -- 0.19 10.08 1.41 8.86

R2PH4 R2PH4 -- GW -- 11.30 -- 0.19 11.11 1.87 9.43

R2PU R2PU -- GW -- 11.91 -- 0.70 11.21 2.15 9.76
Table 3 145

Table 3. Water levels measured in wells and at surface-water sites in three study areas, New Jersey Pinelands, 2005.—Continued[--, data unavailable; =, data are not applicable for surface-water sites. Site identifier: site identifiers described in “Site-Numbering System” section of text. Shaded site information and water-level data were provided by the N.J. Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon NJ. Site Type: GW, Groundwater; SW, Surface water: NAVD 88, North American vertical Datum of 1988.] 

Site identifier Site name

New 

Jersey 

permit 

number

Site 

type

Well 

depth 

(meters)

Altitude 

of land 

surface, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Altitude 

of measuring point, 

NAVD 88 

(meters)

Depth to 

water 

below land 

surface, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Altitude of 

water 

level, 

spring 

20051

(meters) 

Depth 

to water 

below land 

surface, 

summer 

20052

(meters) 

Altitude 

of water 

level, summer 20052

(meters) 

Morses Mill Stream Study Area—Continued

R2PU2 R2PU2 -- GW -- 11.53 -- 1.19 10.33 2.98 8.55

R2PUb R2PUb -- GW -- 11.91 -- 0.77 11.14 2.17 9.74

R3H R3H -- GW -- 12.80 -- 0.09 12.71 1.39 11.41

R3HP R3HP -- GW -- 11.93 -- 0.96 10.97 1.48 10.44

R3PH R3PH -- GW -- 12.81 -- 0.20 12.61 1.19 11.62

R3PH2 R3PH2 -- GW -- 12.80 -- 0.13 12.67 1.18 11.62

R5H R5H -- GW -- 11.33 -- 0.13 11.20 0.64 10.68

R5PD R5PD -- GW -- 12.41 -- 0.91 11.50 1.51 10.89

R5PU R5PU -- GW -- 12.68 -- 1.12 11.57 1.76 10.92

R5PW R5PW -- GW -- 12.14 -- 0.65 11.49 1.24 10.91

R6C R6C -- GW -- 11.94 -- 0.12 11.83 0.41 11.53

R6PD R6PD -- GW -- 12.10 -- 0.67 11.43 1.04 11.06

R6PU R6PU -- GW -- 12.30 -- 0.69 11.61 1.04 11.26

R6PW R6PW -- GW -- 12.10 -- 0.42 11.68 0.81 11.29

R7C R7C -- GW -- 11.46 -- 0.11 11.35 0.36 11.10

R7C2 R7C2 -- GW -- 11.38 -- 0.06 11.32 0.34 11.04

R7PH R7PH -- GW -- 12.18 -- 0.30 11.87 0.76 11.42

R7PH2 R7PH2 -- GW -- 11.80 -- 0.23 11.57 0.64 11.16

R7PW R7PW -- GW -- 11.60 -- 0.25 11.35 0.59 11.01

R8C R8C -- GW -- 11.48 -- 0.10 11.39 0.31 11.17

1The date range for spring water-level measurements is 4/13-5/19/05.2The date range for summer water-level measurements is 9/8-9/15/05.3Value represents measurement from water-level recorder.4Value represents lake level above culvert.5Value represents stream level below culvert.
For additional information, write to:

Director

U.S. Geological Survey

New Jersey Water Science Center

Mountain View Office Park

810 Bear Tavern Rd., Suite 206

West Trenton, NJ 08628

or visit our Web site at:

http://nj.usgs.gov/
Walker and others—Hydrologic Assessment of Three Drainage Basins in the Pinelands of Southern New Jersey, 2004–06—Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5056