1

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN AND FOR NEW CASTLE COUNTY

STATE OF DELAWARE, )

)

v. ) Case No. 131000634

)

DILIP NYALA, )

)

Defendant. )

Submitted: June 9, 2014

Decided: July 17, 2014

Upon Consideration of Defendant’s Motion to Suppress –

Motion GRANTED.

OPINION

Sarita R. Wright, Esquire, Deputy Attorney General, Delaware Department of 

Justice, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for the State of Delaware.

Patrick J. Collins, Esquire, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorney for the Defendant.

STREETT, J.
2

Introduction

Defendant Dilip S. Niyala (“Defendant”) has filed a Motion to Suppress all 

of the evidence obtained as a result of warrantless searches that were conducted on 

October 1, 2013 of his apartment, an apartment belonging to a third party, and the 

vehicle that he was operating when he was stopped and seized by police.

1

 He 

argues that the evidence was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the 

United States Constitution and Article I, § 6 of the Delaware Constitution. 

Defendant also sought to suppress his statement to the police while in 

custody. However, the State conceded that Miranda warnings2 were not given to 

the Defendant prior to the custodial interrogation that elicited his statement, and as 

a result, the State will not offer Defendant’s statements into evidence in its case in 

chief.3

A suppression hearing was held on April 25, 2014. Following the hearing, 

the parties, pursuant to their joint request, submitted supplemental memoranda on 

the validity of the stop, seizure, and Defendant’s consent to search.

For the reasons set forth below, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is granted.

 1 Identification, quantity, and weight of substances seized are the subject of a separate hearing as part of an 

investigation into the procedures and reliability of the Medical Examiner’s Office.

2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

3 State’s Resp., 10 (Apr. 1, 2014).
3

Factual & Procedural Background

On December 9, 2013, Defendant was indicted on the charges of Aggravated 

Possession of Heroin (5 or more grams), Drug Dealing (3 counts), Aggravated 

Possession of Cocaine (25 or more grams), Possession of a Firearm by a Person 

Prohibited, Possession of Ammunition by a Person Prohibited, and Possession of 

Drug Paraphernalia. 

On March 4, 2014, Defendant filed a Motion to Suppress Evidence.

On April 1, 2014, the State filed its response to Defendant’s Motion to 

Suppress.

On April 25, 2014, a hearing on the Motion to Suppress was held. The 

Court heard testimony from Wilmington Police Department (“WPD”) Detective 

Randolph Pfaff and Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) Special Agent Seamus 

Toolan.

Det. Pfaff was the Chief Investigating Officer of an investigation that took 

place on October 1, 2013.4

 Det. Pfaff testified that on that date (October 1, 2013), 

he received information from a past proven and reliable confidential informant (the 

“CI”).5

 At the time that the information was proffered, the CI was in criminal 

 4 Suppression Hrg. Tr., 25 (Apr. 25, 2014) (hereinafter “Tr. at ”).

5 Id.
4

trouble and had “legal matters” pending.6 One prior tip from the CI had led to an 

arrest.7

 

The CI told Det. Pfaff that a person known as “Chin” (last name Nyala) was 

in possession of a semi-automatic firearm, a revolver, and had recently received “a 

large quantity of heroin.”8

 The CI described “Chin’s” physical appearance, 

connected “Chin” to Building D at 2702 Manchester Arms Apartments in Elsmere, 

and said that “Chin” distributed heroin by driving a silver Nissan Altima to meet 

buyers.

9

 The CI also told Det. Pfaff that “Chin” “uses” his girlfriend’s second 

floor apartment in the 2700 block of West Fifth Street, Wilmington.10 Prior to the 

CI’s tip, Defendant had not been the target of an investigation.11 

Det. Pfaff testified that he “immediately responded” to Manchester Arms 

Apartments and observed a 2012 Nissan Altima parked in front of Building D. He 

ascertained that the vehicle was registered to Defendant and Defendant’s mother. 

Det. Pfaff then showed Defendant’s driver’s license photograph to the CI who 

positively identified the Defendant as “Chin.”12

 6 Tr. at 44.

7 Tr. at 26, 43.

8 Tr. at 25, 26.

9 Tr. at 25, 39.

10 Tr. at 26.

11 Tr. at 43.

12 Tr. at 27.
5

At that time, Det. Pfaff had Agent Toolan and several members of the WPD 

Drug Unit establish surveillance on the Altima.13 Another member of the WPD 

Drug Unit went to the Manchester Arms Apartments’ Leasing Office, obtained a 

master list of lessees, and ascertained that Defendant was the lessee of Apartment 

301 in Building D.14 Once surveillance was established, Det. Pfaff went to the 

police station to draft a search warrant for Defendant, Defendant’s apartment, and 

the Nissan Altima.

15 Det. Pfaff intended to present his draft to a Magistrate at J.P. 

Court #20, but was unable to find an available Magistrate.16 

Det. Pfaff testified that there were four units and five officers conducting 

surveillance on the vehicle at the apartment complex.

17 At some point, the officers 

observed Defendant exit the building, drive off in the Nissan Altima, return a 

“short time later,” enter the building, and “a short time later,” exit the building and 

again drive away.

18 There was no testimony concerning the length of time that the 

Nissan Altima was under surveillance and the officers did not observe any illegal 

drug activity occurring while Defendant was in his vehicle.

19 

 13 Id.

14 Tr. at 27 – 28.

15 Tr. at 29, 40.

16 Tr. at 30.

17 Id.

18 Tr. at 28.

19 Tr. at 48.
6

Det. Pfaff instructed one of the officers to remain at the apartment complex 

while the other officers followed Defendant in his vehicle.

20 Det. Pfaff testified 

that the officers’ sole objective was to get Defendant into custody.21 Agent Toolan 

testified that Det. Pfaff had instructed Agent Toolan and the other surveillance 

units “to follow the vehicle . . . to further his case.”22 

Both Agent Toolan and Det. Pfaff testified as to the basis for the stop. 

According to Agent Toolan, mobile surveillance would have continued “until we 

could get the vehicle stopped . . . . [W]e were looking for a traffic violation to 

initiate a stop.”23 Det. Pfaff confirmed that he instructed the surveillance units to 

stop and detain Defendant if they observed a traffic violation.

24 Det. Pfaff’s prior 

testimony at the Preliminary Hearing, that he had officers following and waiting 

for Defendant to commit a traffic offense in order to take Defendant into custody,

further corroborated Agent Toolan’s statement.25 

Agent Toolan further testified that he was located near Union Street in 

Wilmington when he received radio information that the Nissan Altima was 

 20 Tr. at 31.

21 Tr. at 49.

22 Tr. at 4 – 5.

23 Tr. at 13 – 14.

24 Tr. at 32 – 33.

25 Tr. at 53.
7

moving near that area.26 He positioned his unmarked Pontiac G6 directly behind 

the Nissan Altima in the vicinity of North Scott Street and followed the vehicle to 

the area of North Scott and Sixth Streets in Wilmington.27 He was aware of “at 

least three” other police cars that were following the Nissan Altima, including a K9 car “that was the patrol vehicle behind [Agent Toolan’s car].”28 There was no 

testimony concerning the proximity of those other police cars to Defendant’s car or 

what those officers saw. 

Agent Toolan then observed that the driver had failed to use a turn signal

before making a right turn. Lacking a siren and lights, Agent Toolan continued 

through the intersection and contacted the other surveillance units that a traffic 

violation had been committed. Agent Toolan received information that a marked 

police unit would initiate the traffic stop, he continued driving, and “squared the 

block.”29 

Agent Toolan testified that he did not see the traffic stop occur.30 When he

returned to North Dupont Street and parked on the south side of the intersection of 

Sixth and Dupont Streets, he observed (from a distance of approximately 100 feet)

 26 Tr. at 5.

27 Tr. at 5 – 6.

28 Tr. at 10, 15.

29 Tr. at 6 – 7.

30 Tr. at 7.
8

that Defendant was in the process of being handcuffed and taken into police 

custody.31 Agent Toolan left the area and went to the police station.32

No officer testified as to the vehicle stop and initial detention of Defendant. 

There was no testimony concerning whether guns were drawn, a police dog was 

involved, or whether Miranda warnings were given to Defendant. Det. Pfaff only

testified that Sgt. Rodriguez, who was in the marked K-9 car, placed Defendant 

into custody without incident, handcuffed Defendant, and transported Defendant to 

the station.33 

The Nissan Altima did not have any contraband in plain view.34 It was 

transported to the station. Det. Pfaff confirmed that no traffic citation was ever 

issued to Defendant and that none of the officers completed supplemental police 

reports.35 

Det. Pfaff explained that Defendant was stopped based on the traffic 

violation and the report of drugs and firearms.36 Initially, Det. Pfaff testified that 

there was a “logistical issue trying to get a marked unit to do the stop.”37 He later 

 31 Tr. at 7, 12.

32 Tr. at 7.

33 Tr. at 33, 59.

34 Tr. at 68.

35 Tr. at 48 – 49, 61.

36 Tr. at 70.

37 Tr. at 49.
9

explained that, although he was concerned that Defendant might have two guns in 

his possession, Defendant’s detention could not occur near Defendant’s apartment 

because Det. Pfaff did not “know who could be in the apartment, what other threat 

there might be,” and the surveillance team was undercover.38 Det. Pfaff stated that 

“[D]efendant would have been stopped because of the firearms and our concern” 

and that “ultimately the [felony] stop would have been conducted.”39 However, 

Det. Pfaff also admitted, on cross-examination, that he had previously testified that 

the stop was to detain Defendant while Det. Pfaff waited to find a Magistrate to 

sign the search warrant.

40

Meanwhile, Det. Pfaff was still at the police station attempting to find a 

Magistrate to approve and sign the search warrants that he drafted.

41 He did not 

witness the traffic stop or the initial detention.42 Det. Pfaff knew “several of the 

officers that were at the stop” but he did not “know all of the officers.”43 He stated 

that the Defendant was placed in handcuffs because there was “information about 

 38 Tr. at 49, 54.

39 Tr. at 50, 51.

40 Tr. at 52 – 53.

41 Tr. at 33.

42 Tr. at 58.

43 Tr. at 61.
10

possession of firearms, the possibility of flight.”44 The search warrants that Det. 

Pfaff drafted were never shown to or approved by a Magistrate.45

Upon receiving information that the police had taken Defendant into 

custody, Det. Pfaff remained in the turnkey cell area to wait for Defendant to be 

brought to the station.

46 Det. Pfaff described Defendant as “cooperative, 

respectful” upon his arrival in the turnkey.47 Det. Pfaff initiated questioning of 

Defendant within “a minute or two.”48 The State concedes that Miranda warnings 

were not given when Det. Pfaff initiated the questioning. Det. Pfaff testified that 

his primary goal in making initial contact with Defendant was to get Defendant to 

cooperate with separate investigations.49 

Agent Toolan met with Det. Pfaff as Det. Pfaff began to speak with 

Defendant.50 Agent Toolan did not remain.51 Det. Pfaff and Agent Toolan were

 44 Tr. at 58 – 59.

45 Tr. at 40 – 42. See also State’s Resp. at ¶ 29 (arguing that the evidence seized from Defendant’s apartment and 

vehicle is admissible because Det. Pfaff had “already faxed the [draft] search warrant for the [D]efendant’s 

residence and car before he obtained consent from the [D]efendant”). 

46 Tr. at 34.

47 Id.

48 Tr. at 62.

49 Tr. at 70.

50 Tr. at 7 – 8.

51 Tr. at 8.
11

unable to recall if Defendant was handcuffed to his seat but both testified that 

Defendant was not free to leave.52 

Det. Pfaff described Defendant’s demeanor as “cooperative” and “a 

gentleman.”53 Defendant was not belligerent or disrespectful. Det. Pfaff testified 

that Defendant provided Det. Pfaff with information “regarding the gun, drugs, and

the locations where they were concealed.”54 However, Det. Pfaff confirmed that, 

at some point, Defendant “was becoming indecisive” and had concern for the 

wellbeing of his son and Cherise Rivera (the lessee of the Wilmington 

apartment).

55 Det. Pfaff stopped the interview and started removing Defendant’s 

property. Defendant then told Det. Pfaff that “he wanted to cooperate and the 

interview continued.”56

Det. Pfaff, apparently abandoning his efforts to find a Magistrate to approve 

the draft search warrant, had Defendant sign an “authorization to search form” for 

2702 Eastwood Rd., D-301, Elsmere (Defendant’s apartment) and the 2012 Nissan

Altima. He also signed a second form for 2703 West Fifth Street, Second Floor 

Apartment, Wilmington (Ms. Rivera’s apartment and for which Defendant 

 52 Tr. at 62.

53 Tr. at 64.

54 Id.

55 Tr. at 64, 69.

56 Tr. at 64.
12

possessed a key).

57 Once the forms were obtained, the officers conducted searches 

of Defendant’s apartment, Ms. Rivera’s residence, and the Nissan Altima.

The police searched Defendant’s apartment first and recovered $4,090.00 

from a safe. The police then searched Ms. Rivera’s residence and located 856 bags

(17.14 grams) of heroin, 48 grams of crack cocaine, 66 grams of marijuana, two 

digital scales, and a glass Pyrex dish with white powder residue in a kitchen 

cabinet. They also located a Ruger 9mm semiautomatic handgun in a closet by the 

master bedroom. A search of the Nissan Altima revealed $150.00 and 130 bags

(2.6 grams) of heroin concealed behind the plastic in the center console.

58

Det. Pfaff also testified that he interviewed Ms. Rivera a few days later.59 

Although the CI had identified Ms. Rivera as Defendant’s girlfriend, Det. Pfaff 

“understood that [Ms. Rivera and the Defendant] were . . . not technically in a 

relationship.”60 While Ms. Rivera confirmed that Defendant had a key and access

to the West Fifth Street apartment, Det. Pfaff did not know whether Defendant was 

ever an overnight guest and it is unclear why the detective believed that Defendant 

and Ms. Rivera were sexually intimate.

 57 Tr. at 34 – 35. 

58 Tr. at 37 – 38.

59 Tr. at 66.

60 Tr. at 67.
13

At the end of the hearing, defense counsel suggested, and the State agreed,

to review the hearing transcript and simultaneously submit supplemental 

memoranda. The parties filed their supplemental memoranda on June 9, 2014. 

Parties’ Contentions

Defendant contends that he was unlawfully seized in violation of his Fourth 

Amendment rights because the officers who executed the stop lacked reasonable 

articulable suspicion and, as a result, all of the evidence derived thereafter must be 

suppressed under the exclusionary rule. He further contends that the stop violated 

his rights under Article I, § 6 of the Delaware Constitution.

The State asserts that the stop and seizure were justified by probable cause to 

believe that Defendant had committed a traffic violation, based on Agent Toolan’s 

observation that Defendant had failed to use a turn signal, and that Defendant was 

lawfully seized in accordance with 21 Del. C. § 701, which authorizes a 

warrantless arrest for a motor vehicle violation. The State also asserts that the 

traffic stop was used as a “law enforcement tool to ensure [the officers’] safety” 

because “they were about to stop a suspect who allegedly carried . . . two 

firearms.”61 The State argues that the officers’ subjective intent is irrelevant.

In addition, the parties dispute the validity of Defendant’s consent to search 

his apartment, Ms. Rivera’s apartment, and the Nissan Altima.

 61 State’s Supp. Br., 2 & n. 3 (June 9, 2014).
14

Standard of Review

On a motion to suppress, the defendant bears the burden of establishing that 

the challenged search or seizure violated his rights under the United States 

Constitution, the Delaware Constitution, or the Delaware Code.62 If the defendant 

establishes a basis for the motion, the State must then prove, by a preponderance of 

the evidence, that the actions of its agents were in accordance with constitutional 

protections.63 As the trier of fact at a suppression hearing, the judge determines the 

credibility of witnesses.64

Discussion

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution65 and Article I, § 6 

of the Delaware Constitution66 protect individuals from unreasonable searches and 

seizures.

When a police officer conducts a traffic stop of a vehicle, the occupants and 

the vehicle are seized under the Fourth Amendment, so the stop “is subject to 

 62 State v. Dollard, 788 A.2d 1283, 1286 (Del. Super. 2001).

63 State v. Babb, 2012 WL 2152080, *2 (Del. Super. June 13, 2012).

64 State v. Brinkley, 2013 WL 1225869, *2 (Del. Super. Feb. 19, 2013).

65 See U.S. CONST., amend. IV (“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, 

against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated”).

66 See Del. Const., art. I, § 6 (“The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from 

unreasonable searches and seizures”).
15

constitutional limitations.”67 The State is required to prove that “the stop and any 

subsequent police investigation were reasonable in the circumstances.”68 A stop is 

reasonable when it is supported by probable cause to believe that a traffic code

violation has occurred or that there is reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal 

activity is afoot.

69

In the instant case, the officer (or officers) who initiated the stop lacked

probable cause to stop Defendant for a traffic code violation. 

Probable cause to conduct a traffic stop exists “as long as the officer is 

making the traffic stop based on a violation of the traffic code that he has 

observed.”70 Here, the only testimony presented about the traffic stop was that 

Agent Toolan was the only officer who observed a traffic code violation and did 

 67 Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d 1037, 1045 – 46 (Del. 2001). See also Tann v. State, 21 A.3d 23, 26 (Del. 2011) 

(citing Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d at 1045).

68 Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d at 1046.

69 State v. Rickards, 2 A.3d 147, 151 (Del. Super. 2010), aff’d, 2011 WL 153643 (Del. Jan. 12, 2011). See also 11 

Del. C. § 1902(a) (“A peace officer may stop any person abroad, or in a public place, who the officer has reasonable 

ground to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime, and may demand the person’s name, 

address, business abroad and destination”); McDonald v. State, 947 A.2d 1073, 1077 (Del. 2008) (“As a general 

matter, the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable when the police have probable cause to believe that a traffic 

violation has occurred”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810 

(1996)).

70 State v. Rickards, 2 A.3d at 152 (emphasis supplied). See also Holden v. State, 23 A.3d 843, 847 (Del. 2011) (“A 

police officer who observes a traffic violation has probable cause to stop the vehicle and its driver”) (citing Whren v. 

United States, 517 U.S. at 810); Yuskiewicz v. State, 2011 WL 798136, *2 (Del. Mar. 4, 2011) (finding a traffic stop 

justified where the officer “personally observed” the defendant’s traffic violations); McDonald v. State, 947 A.2d 

1078 (noting that “where police officers are required to act upon actual traffic violations that they observe, it will 

provide ‘the quantum of individualized suspicion that is necessary to ensure the police discretion is sufficiently 

constrained’”) (quoting Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. at 817 – 18); Lewis v. State, 2010 WL 4869110, *2 (Del. 

Nov. 24, 2010) (finding valid traffic stop after an officer in an unmarked police car observed a driver commit a 

traffic violation and 10-12 blocks later, having called for assistance, stopped the vehicle and informed the driver of 

the basis for the stop); State v. Darling, 2007 WL 1784185, *4 (Del. Super. July 3, 2007) (“When an officer 

observes a clear violation of the law (even a minor violation), the officer must respond to, and take appropriate 

action concerning, the violation in order to avoid being negligent in the carrying out of the officer’s duties”). 
16

not execute the stop. There is no evidence that the officer(s) who stopped the 

Defendant’s vehicle had personally observed a traffic code violation and testimony 

revealed that the officer(s) who executed the traffic stop did not create any 

supplemental reports.71

Although Agent Toolan observed the Nissan Altima’s driver fail to use a 

turn signal before making a right turn in violation of 21 Del. C. § 415572, he did 

not follow the Nissan Altima or initiate or otherwise participate in the stop. 

Instead, he continued through the intersection and contacted other mobile 

surveillance units. He was informed that a marked unit would conduct the stop, 

however he did not see the stop occur and did not testify that the officer(s) in the 

marked unit had observed the driver of the Nissan Altima commit a traffic 

violation. Agent Toolan essentially detached himself from any stop, “squared” the 

block, and remained in his unmarked car 100 feet away from the scene as he 

watched other officer(s) put Defendant in a police car. The stop was not a valid 

traffic stop.

Moreover, even if the initial stop for a traffic code violation was arguably

valid based on Agent Toolan’s observation that Defendant failed to use a turn 

 71 Based on the testimony at the suppression hearing, the mobile surveillance team was comprised of at least three 

units and four officers (excluding Agent Toolan in his unmarked Pontiac G6), all of whom were following the 

Nissan Altima. However, it is unclear whether all four of the officers initiated the stop or if the stop was initiated by 

Sgt. Rodriguez, who was apparently the only officer driving a marked police car.

72 See 21 Del. C. § 4155(a) (providing, in relevant part, that: “[n]o person shall so turn any vehicle without giving an 

appropriate signal . . .”). 
17

signal and that Defendant was the person placed in handcuffs, Defendant’s 

detention pursuant to the stop was unreasonably extended. A person who is 

stopped for a traffic violation may be detained “no longer than is necessary to 

effectuate the purpose of the stop.”73 Under Delaware law, “[t]he duration and 

execution of a traffic stop is necessarily limited by the initial purpose of the 

stop.”74 During the stop, the officer may request identification, ask the occupant to 

step outside of the vehicle, and run a background check.

75

Here, the officers clearly knew Defendant’s identity through his previously 

obtained driver’s license and registration. There is no evidence other than the fact 

he was handcuffed and placed in a police car.

While a police officer is permitted to detain a person who has been stopped 

in accordance with 11 Del. C. § 1902 for further questioning and investigation, 

the law is clear that “an officer’s observation of a traffic violation ‘does not confer 

the right to abandon or never begin to take action related to the traffic laws and, 

instead, to attempt to secure a waiver of Fourth Amendment rights.’”76 

Consequently, an officer who stops a person for a traffic code violation is 

not entitled to conduct an unrelated criminal investigation “absent some other 

 73 Murray v. State, 45 A.3d 670, 674 (Del. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Florida v. Royer, 460 

U.S. 491, 500 (1983)); State v. Brinkley, 2013 WL 1225869 at *3; State v. Babb, 2012 WL 2152080 at *2. 

74 Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d at 1047.

75 Stafford v. State, 59 A.3d 1223, 1227 (Del. 2012).

76 Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d at 1048 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
18

criminal suspicion.”77 This is so because “any investigation of the vehicle or its 

occupants beyond that required to complete the purpose of the traffic stop 

constitutes a separate seizure that must be supported by additional facts sufficient 

to justify the additional intrusion.”78 

Although the subjective motivation of a police officer is irrelevant in 

determining whether a search or seizure is valid under the Fourth Amendment79, 

the officer must have reasonable articulable suspicion that the individual “has 

committed, is committing, or is about to commit some other crime” in order to 

further detain an individual driver or occupant on a matter unrelated to the initial 

stop.80 The Court will consider such factors as whether the defendant left the scene 

when the officer was sighted or as the officer approached, the defendant’s refusal 

to cooperate with the officer who initiates the stop, the defendant’s presence in a 

high crime area, the defendant’s unprovoked flight, a bulge on his person that 

appears to be a gun or large quantity of drugs, and a “furtive gesture” upon the 

officer’s approach or display of authority.81 

 77 Jenkins v. State, 970 A.2d 154, 158 (Del. 2009).

78 Caldwell v. State, 780 A.2d at 1047.

79 Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. at 813 (“Subjective intentions play no role in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth 

Amendment analysis”).

80 State v. Brinkley, 2013 WL 1225869 at *3 (citing State v. Huntley, 777 A.2d 249, 254 (Del. Super. 2000)).

81 Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 956 A.2d 1280, 1289 (Del. 2008).
19

Here, none of those factors were presented. There was no testimony that the 

surveillance units ever observed Defendant in a high crime area, that Defendant

had or appeared to have a firearm or drugs on his person or in plain view at the 

time he was stopped, or that Defendant made a furtive gesture when the officers 

approached. Moreover, Det. Pfaff conceded that Defendant made no attempt to 

flee when he was stopped. Based on the evidence presented, Defendant’s seizure 

was unreasonable because he was detained longer than necessary to effectuate a 

traffic stop.

Furthermore, even though police officers are authorized to arrest a person 

without a warrant “[f]or violations of [Title 21] committed in their presence”

pursuant to 21 Del. C. § 701, there is no evidence in this case that the officer(s) 

who arrested Defendant did so based on a Title 21 violation that Defendant 

committed in their presence.

82 

Additionally, the State’s reliance on Traylor v. State83 to support its 

assertion that Defendant was lawfully detained is misplaced. In Traylor, prior to 

stopping the defendant for driving while his license was suspended (a Title 21 

 82 21 Del. C. § 701(a)(1) (emphasis supplied).

Title 21, § 701 of the Delaware Code states, in pertinent part:

(a) The Secretary of Public Safety, the Secretary of Safety and Homeland 

Security’s deputies, Division of Motor Vehicles investigators, State Police, state 

detectives and other police officers authorized by law to make arrests for 

violation of the motor vehicle and traffic laws of this State, provided such 

officers are in uniform or displaying a badge of office or an official police 

identification folder, may arrest a person without a warrant:

(1) For violations of this title committed in their presence . . . . 

83 Traylor v. State, 458 A.2d 1170 (Del. 1983).
20

offense), three undercover officers observed the defendant in an area known for 

drug dealing, were aware that the defendant was the subject of pending drugrelated charges, conducted surveillance during which they observed five to six 

suspected drug transactions occur inside of the defendant’s car, and contacted 

police headquarters to determine if the defendant had a valid license or any 

outstanding warrants. The officers in Traylor had probable cause to make a 

warrantless arrest under Delaware law because they personally observed the 

defendant commit a Title 21 violation in their presence.

The instant case is factually distinguishable from Traylor. There was no 

testimony that Defendant was observed in an area known for drug dealing. 

Furthermore, he was not the subject of an investigation prior to the CI’s tip and the 

surveillance units did not observe Defendant engage in any illegal drug activity 

from the vehicle that he was driving. Although the Delaware Supreme Court 

recognized the possibility that an officer who lacks probable cause to obtain a 

search warrant may “use a traffic arrest as a pretext to conduct a search,”84 here, 

there is no evidence that the officer(s) personally observed Defendant commit a 

traffic code violation in their presence or that there was a speed or red light 

violation (where the arresting officer is working in conjunction with a reading or 

 84 Id. at 1174 (citing 21 Del. C. § 703, “Jurisdiction of offenses”).
21

observing officer), the officer(s) lacked probable cause to arrest Defendant for a 

Title 21 violation.85

Lacking a valid traffic stop, Defendant’s “stop initially must be justified by a 

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.”86 Here, the officer(s) did not have an 

arrest warrant or a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity to stop 

Defendant.

Reasonable articulable suspicion requires an officer to have “a particularized 

and objective basis to suspect criminal activity.”87 The Court applies a totality of 

the circumstances standard and the facts are viewed “through the eyes of a 

 85 See 21 Del. C. § 701, which states, in relevant part:

(a) The Secretary of Public Safety, the Secretary of Safety and Homeland 

Security’s deputies, Division of Motor Vehicles investigators, State Police, state 

detectives and other police officers authorized by law to make arrests for 

violation of the motor vehicle and traffic laws of this State, provided such 

officers are in uniform or displaying a badge of office or an official police 

identification folder, may arrest a person without a warrant:

* * *

(2) For violations of § 4169 of this title, relating to speed violations, 

when the speed is determined by radar, electronic devices, 

electromechanical devices, audio sensor devices, visual sensor devices 

or aerial spotting, even though the officer making the arrest did not 

actually observe the radar speed meter or observe the violation from the 

aircraft, provided such arresting officer is in a position to observe the 

vehicle being detected and provided that the officer is working in 

conjunction with the reading or observing officer and is immediately 

advised of the violation and that the vehicle being apprehended is the 

vehicle detected; or

(3) For violations of § 4108(a)(3) of this title relating to red traffic 

lights, when the violation is determined by personal observation by 

another law-enforcement officer who communicates the information to 

the arresting officer by radio or other telecommunications device, 

provided that the arresting officer is working in conjunction with the 

observing officer, the arresting officer is immediately advised of the 

violation and the vehicle being apprehended is the vehicle detected.

86 Stafford v. State, 59 A.3d at 1227.

87 Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 956 A.2d at 1288.
22

reasonable, trained police officer in the same or similar circumstances, combining 

objective facts with the officer’s subjective interpretation of those facts.”88

The Delaware Supreme Court has held that “[a]n informant’s tip may 

provide reasonable suspicion for a stop and seizure where the totality of the 

circumstances, if corroborated, indicates that the information is reliable.”89 The 

informant’s reliability, “the specificity of the informant’s tip, and the degree to 

which the tip is corroborated by independent police surveillance and information” 

must be considered in determining whether the tip justifies a stop and seizure.90 It 

is important that the tip contain “specific facts and conditions” that exist at the time 

the tip is made and indicate “future actions that are not ordinarily easily 

predicted.”91 However, if there are no facts to corroborate the alleged illegal 

activity, then the tip itself is an insufficient basis to justify a stop.92

In the instant case, although the CI is past proven and reliable, the CI’s tip 

lacked specificity as to the alleged illegal activity. The CI did not provide any 

 88 Id.

89 Miller v. State, 25 A.3d 768, 771 (Del. 2011). See also Lewis v. State, 2010 WL 4869110 at *2 (“In assessing 

whether a tip from a CI is sufficient to create a ‘reasonable suspicion’ of wrongdoing, the ‘totality of the 

circumstances’ must be considered”) (quoting Sierra v. State, 958 A.2d 825, 828 (Del. 2008)); Howard v. State, 

2007 WL 2310001, *2 (Del. Aug. 14, 2007) (holding the officers had a reasonable articulable suspicion to stop a 

vehicle because they received a tip from a reliable source that a man was selling drugs out of a certain vehicle, the 

vehicle was registered to the person that the CI identified as the man, and the officers observed two transactions that 

occurred out of the vehicle, including one outside of a residence where neighbors had complained of drug dealing, 

prior to the stop).

90 Miller v. State, 25 A.3d at 771 – 772. 

91 Id. at 772.

92 Roy v. State, 62 A.3d 1183, 1188 (Del. 2012).
23

detail regarding the buyers, the location(s) and time(s) of distribution, or supply 

Det. Pfaff with any prediction as to Defendant’s future actions. According to the 

testimony, the tip only indicated that the alleged activity was “recent.”

Moreover, the police did not conduct any controlled drug buys93 and the 

surveillance units did not observe Defendant engage in any illegal activity. 

Although Det. Pfaff and the surveillance units corroborated some of the 

information in the tip (i.e., Defendant’s identity, residence, and vehicle), merely 

observing a person leave his own apartment complex, enter and drive a vehicle 

registered to him, return a short time later, and then leave again does not support 

reasonable articulable suspicion that a person identified by a confidential informant

had engaged, was engaging, or was about to engage in any illegal activity.94 Based 

on the totality of the circumstances, the CI’s tip did not provide reasonable 

articulable suspicion to stop and seize Defendant.

In addition, the police did not have probable cause to arrest Defendant. A

police officer is authorized to make a warrantless felony arrest pursuant to 11 Del. 

C. § 1904(b) when the officer has “reasonable grounds” to believe that the person 

 93 See Tr. at 47.

94 See U.S. v. Martinez, 486 F.3d 855, 864 (5th Cir. 2007) (“That the police might corroborate a mountain of 

innocent data, such as a person’s identification and whereabouts, does not provide any basis for executing Terry stop 

on that person. If it did, then Terry itself would be a dead letter”) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)). 
24

to be arrested has committed the crime.95 Reasonable grounds, in this context,

require that the officer have probable cause to arrest.

96

Although an informant’s tip can provide probable cause for a police officer 

to make a warrantless arrest where the officer believes that the person to be 

arrested committed a felony97, the CI’s tip in this case did not provide probable 

cause. The tip lacked specificity as to the allegation of criminal activity, the 

officers did not observe Defendant engage in any illegal drug activity, and there 

was no contraband in plain view in the Nissan Altima. Under the totality of the 

circumstances, the police lacked probable cause to arrest Defendant for any crime. 

Thus, the State has not met its burden of proving that the stop and seizure of 

Defendant’s person and vehicle were reasonable under the circumstances. Because 

the officers lacked probable cause to stop and arrest Defendant for a traffic code

violation and they did not have reasonable articulable suspicion or probable cause

 95 Darling v. State, 768 A.2d 463, 465 – 66 (Del. 2001). See also 11 Del. C. § 1904(b), which provides:

An arrest by a peace officer without a warrant for a felony, whether committed within or without 

the State, is lawful whenever:

(1) The officer has reasonable ground to believe that the person to be arrested has 

committed a felony, whether or not a felony has in fact been committed; or

(2) A felony has been committed by the person to be arrested although before making the 

arrest the officer had no reasonable ground to believe the person committed it.

96 Darling v. State, 768 A.2d at 466. 

97 Cooper v. State, 2011 WL 6039613, *5 (Del. Dec. 5, 2011) (finding probable cause to seize the defendant from 

his vehicle where a CI provided information that a police officer already knew based on a prior investigation of the 

defendant, the CI positively identified the defendant’s photograph, the CI contacted the defendant at the officer’s 

request and showed the officer the text message exchange with the defendant to purchase drugs, the CI identified the 

defendant’s vehicle prior to his seizure, and the defendant was seized at the time and from the location as provided 

in the text message exchange). See also Tolson v. State, 900 A.2d 639, 643 (Del. 2006) (determining there was 

probable cause to arrest based on an informant’s tip that accurately predicted the defendant’s behavior).
25

that Defendant engaged in any illegal activity, the stop and seizure violated 

Defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights.98

The law is also clear that evidence that is “recovered or derived in violation 

of the Fourth Amendment may not be introduced at trial for the purpose of proving 

the defendant’s guilt.”99 Consequently, “[w]hen a person is illegally detained 

before he purports to give consent, his consent may not be sufficient to cleanse the 

illegal detention’s consent.”100 However, “the poisonous taint of an unlawful 

search and seizure has dissipated when the causal connection between the unlawful 

police conduct and the acquisition of the challenged evidence becomes sufficiently 

attenuated.”101 

To determine whether consent is sufficiently attenuated from an unlawful 

seizure, the Court will consider: “(1) the temporal proximity of the illegality and 

 98 Although Defendant contends that the stop and detention violated Article I, § 6 of the Delaware Constitution 

under State v. Heath, that decision was not appealed to the Delaware Supreme Court, has not been followed by the 

Superior Court in subsequent decisions, and the Delaware Supreme Court has not found that Article I, § 6 of the 

Delaware Constitution affords greater protection than the Fourth Amendment. See State v. Heath, 929 A.2d 390 

(Del. Super. 2006); Turner v. State, 25 A.3d 774, 777 (Del. 2011) (noting that Heath “was not appealed, and . . . has 

not been followed in any other Superior Court decisions). See also Cohan v. Simmons, 2011 WL 379309 at *3 

(finding “the Delaware Supreme Court has not held that the Delaware Constitution provides greater protection that 

the Fourth Amendment in circumstances where a police officer conducts a valid traffic stop with an ulterior 

motive”); State v. Adams, 13 A.3d 1162, 1166 (Del. Super. 2008) (declining to follow Heath because “[t]here are 

too many occasions where . . . there was a lawful basis to stop a motor vehicle for a traffic violation which led later 

to arrests for other kinds of offenses”). 

99 McDonald v. State, 947 A.2d at 1077.

100 Murray v. State, 45 A.3d at 677.

101 Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 955 A.2d at 1293. See also Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 488 (1963) (holding the 

question in a case where evidence would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of police is whether “the 

evidence . . . has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be 

purged of the primary taint”).
26

the acquisition of the evidence to which the instant objection is made; (2) the 

presence of intervening circumstances; and (3) the purpose and flagrancy of the 

official conduct.”102 Each of the factors is weighed and “[n]o ‘single factor’ is 

dispositive.”103 If the Court finds that the consent to search is not sufficiently

attenuated from the unlawful search and seizure, the consent is tainted and, 

consequently, any evidence derived therefrom is inadmissible.104 

In the instant case, Defendant signed the “authorization to search” forms 

after he was unlawfully stopped and seized.105 The record also shows that “[t]here 

were no intervening circumstances that would have . . . operated to dissipate the 

primary taint.”106 Det. Pfaff orchestrated the detention and waited for Defendant to 

 102 Id. (citing Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 603 – 604 (1975)).

See also U.S. v. Fox, 600 F.3d 1253, 1261 (10th Cir. 2010) (considering such factors as an official’s careful 

explanation of a consent form, the defendant’s release from custody, the defendant’s appearance before a magistrate, 

and whether the defendant consulted with an attorney in determining the presence of intervening circumstances); 

U.S. v. Simpson, 439 F.3d 490, 496 (8th Cir. 2006) (noting that factors to consider in assessing the purpose and 

flagrancy of the conduct include whether: “(1) the impropriety of the official’s misconduct was obvious or the

official knew, at the time, that his conduct was likely unconstitutional; and (2) the misconduct was investigatory in 

design and purpose and executed ‘in the hope that something might turn up’”) (quoting Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. at 

605).

103 Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 955 A.2d at 1293 (quoting Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. at 603).

104 Id. at 1291.

105 See U.S. v. Johnson, 427 F.3d 1053, 1057 (7th Cir. 2005) (holding the unlawful seizure of defendant in his home 

based on an anonymous, uncorroborated tip was ongoing when the defendant gave oral consent, “foreclosing the 

possibility that the consent was sufficiently attenuated from the unlawful conduct as to purge the taint”); U.S. v. 

Washington, 490 F.3d 765, 777 (9th Cir. 2007) (suppressing firearm recovered from the defendant’s vehicle where 

the defendant’s consent to search his vehicle was given during his illegal seizure).

106 Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 955 A.2d at 1293. Compare U.S. v. Martinez, 486 F.3d at 865 (suppressing evidence 

seized from the defendant’s girlfriend’s home where there were “no intervening circumstances of any kind” between 

the illegal stop based on an anonymous, uncorroborated tip that the defendant possessed weapons used in a homicide 

and the defendant’s consent to search which was obtained as the defendant was placed in a police car) with U.S. v. 

Greer, 607 F.3d 559, 564 (8th Cir. 2010) (finding intervening circumstances existed between an unlawful entry and 

the defendant’s consent to search where the defendant’s brother arrived after the unlawful entry, the defendant 
27

be brought to the police station. Det. Pfaff immediately encountered Defendant 

upon Defendant’s handcuffed entrance into the station under police escort and

Defendant continued to remain in custody prior to giving consent. Furthermore, 

although Det. Pfaff testified that his “primary goal” in questioning Defendant

(without Miranda warnings) was to obtain the Defendant’s cooperation in separate 

investigations, obtaining Defendant’s consent to search went beyond that primary 

goal.

Because Defendant’s consent to search his apartment, his vehicle, and Ms. 

Rivera’s apartment is not sufficiently attenuated from the unlawful stop and 

seizure, Defendant’s consent was tainted and the evidence derived from those 

searches must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree.107 

Conclusion

The State has not met its burden of proving that the police acted in 

accordance with constitutional protections. The arresting officers lacked probable 

cause to believe that Defendant had committed a traffic code violation. Moreover, 

even if the stop was valid, Defendant’s detention was unreasonably extended 

beyond that necessary to effectuate a traffic stop and the police lacked probable 

 

consulted with his brother as to whether to give consent, and he signed a consent form despite his brother’s 

suggestion that he contact a lawyer).

107 Lopez-Vazquez v. State, 955 A.2d at 1293. See also Roy v. State, 62 A.3d at 1189 (finding “incriminating 

evidence derived from illegal police conduct – termed the ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ – must . . . be excluded”) 

(citing Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. at 488).
28

cause to arrest him without a warrant pursuant to 21 Del. C. § 701. Additionally, 

because the CI’s tip lacked specificity as to alleged illegal activity, the police did 

not have reasonable articulable suspicion to stop and seize Defendant or probable 

cause to make a felony arrest pursuant to 11 Del. C. § 1904(b). Based on the 

foregoing, the stop and seizure occurred in violation of Defendant’s rights under

Fourth Amendment and Article I, § 6.

Furthermore, because Defendant’s consent to search is not sufficiently 

attenuated from the unlawful stop and seizure, the evidence that was derived from 

his consent may not be introduced at trial to prove Defendant’s guilt and, therefore, 

is suppressed.

Accordingly, Defendant’s Motion to Suppress is GRANTED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Judge Diane Clarke Streett

oc: Prothonotary

cc: Dep. Atty. Gen. Sarita R. Wright

Patrick Collins, Esquire