' J J1cob ll). Vll'n llcrmr.y SILVICULTUR.lE NONPO.INT SOURCE ELEMENT STATE WATER QU~Lift MANAGEMENT PLAN APRIL, 191-9 Bob Graham 

Governor 

SUbmitted in 1111COrd1nae wlth the edtriJ W-r Poltutfon Control Act. AmandmtntJ of ~ 9'12. 

(P.Liblrc l•w B2 • sao. Section iDS I 

Technical Advisory Committee, the forest-industry community. and the 

other government agencies who assisted in the development of this Silviculture 

Nonpoint Source Plan Element. Special thanks go to George Reinert and 

John Greis of the Florida Division of Forestry Who were responsible for 

coordinating and writing a good deal of the report "Recommended Beat Management Practices for Silviculture". That report, developed by the !'lorida 

Division of Forestry and the .Ad Hoc Technical Advisory Committee for the Department of Environmental Regulation, has been used as the technical basis 

for this document; and is in some eases quoted verbatim. 

i 

Fedel'a'L Watel' Potl.ution Contltot Aot Amfmdments of 19?2 (Publ:lo Lm.1 92-SOO 

Seotion 208)~ as assesmrent of pottmtia1. ncmpoint 80Ul'OB tJatel' quaUty 

p~b'Lems related to si'Luicu'L~e has been initiated by the State. 

This document reprssents one e'LemBnt of ths initial. Phase II (208) 

~te.t' qu12't.ity p14nni.ng process. Information contained in this document 

forme a basa foP the identification of Rzata't CZ.ean Watsr preoj•ct areas 

pursuant to sub-section 208(j) of PUb'Lio ~ 9S-21? entitl.sd "Ag.ricul.turat 

Cost Sharing". 

It should bs notsd that dst~pi.te any .ttt~fersncss in this doownant to regu'Latol'y 

control. al.ternatives., none of the provisions of this e'Lenumt azos .ttU'LeB, rllgu'Lations Ol' 'l-imits. InsteadJ this is a teohnica.'L doownent intended to be uti'U.:aed 

as a mods'l. in addztessi.ng knoa.m Ol' pountia'L sitvi.cu'LturaZ. nonpoint source 

pztobtems. 21l.e i.nfomati.on contained in this doOI.D1Kmt is IIUbjt~ot to zt.vision 

and modification bassd upon furthsl' study by the Depazotment or "designated" 

208 Planning agencies; cmd othsr da1:4 eupp'Ued by nume:rous agencies and the 

citiaens of Florida.. 
---..--
.. 

Part I: 

Part II: 

Part III: 

Part IV: 

Part V: 

. . . . . . . . . 

 . . . . . . . . 

Background and Program Design 

A. Purpose • • • • • • , • . . . . . . • . . • • 

B. Water Manaa•ent Goals • • • • • • • • • , • 

c. State EDablias Legislation • • , • • • • • 

D. Planning Framework • • • • • , • • • • • • • • , 

E. Social• Envirotllllental, and Economic Aaaeaement • 

P. Public Participation Prosram •••• 

G. Program Relationship vith Designated Plans • • • 

General Silviculture Monpoint Source Assessment--Statewide 

A. Intl."oduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

B • Sed iDI.ent • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

C. Other Nonpoint Source Pollutants • • • • • • • • • 

D. Site Sensitivity Class Happing • • • • • • • • • • • • 

B. Application of Assessment • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

References , • • • • • • • 

Best Manageaent Practices 

A. Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 

B. ~'s ......•...•...•••••.. 

C. Contingency Plans for Natural Disaster• • • • • • 

D. Best Management Practice Assessment • • • • • • • • • 

Implementation 

A. Introduction • • • • • • • • • , • • • • • • 

B. Alternative Management/Regulatory Approaches ••••• 

c. Recommended Manasement Approach • • ••••••••• 

D. Designated Management Agencies • • • ••••••• 

Glossary . . • . • . . . . . . . • . . 

I-1 

1-1 

I-2 

1-3 

I-7 

I-13 

I-16 

II-1 

II-1 

II-11 

II-13 

II-18 

II-20 

III-1 

III-1 

III-20 

III-23 

IV-1 

tv-1 

IV-2 

IV-6 

V-1 

use and pract~es. The element is i

te

methods to control or prevent to the extent feasible euch sources in order 

to protect and enhance the waters of the state. This can be accomplished 

only throuah sound and conscientioua land and water management, while reeognizing the need for adequate supplies of food and fiber, as well as a quality 

envirom~~ent. 

B. Water Management Goals 

The goal of this element of the plan is consistent with the overall 

goal of the state, as expressed in Section 403.021, P.S.: 

"Public policy of the state ia to ~onaerve the waters 

of the state and to protect, maintain, and imfrove 

the quality thereof for public water aupplies, for the 

propagation of wildlife, fish and other aquatic life, 

and for domesti~, agricultural, industrial, re~reational, 

and other beneficial usee. It also prohibita the 

discharge of wastes into Florida watera without treatment necessary to protect those beneficial uses of the 

waters." 

In accordance with these goals, the Florida Department of Environmental 

Regulation (FDER) has developed a classification system designating the present 

and future most beneficial uses of all watera, including standards to be used 

in evaluating water quality. 403.061(12), Florida Statutes (F.S.). 

As directed in Public Law 92-SOO, the silvicultural element of 

this plan will encourage sound silviculture practices that will minimize 

I-1 
water pollution fr011 diffuse (nonpoint) sources. However, because diffuse 

flow ia currently exeapted froa the perait requirements (Chapter 17-4.248 

P.A.c •• effective 3/1/79) 1 and the developaent of management practices for 

the control of such atormwater discharge ia in an early stage, the Department will initially tmplement this plan in accordance with the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines (EPA, "Program Guidance 

MemorandUDl: SAM 3111 • 9/22/77 and 6/7 /78) allowing for a non-regulatory 

course of action. 

C. State Enabling Legislation 

The authority of the !'DER to :implement and carry out the requirements 

of Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended, and 

thus prepare water quality manas•ent pl.ana is sranted in Chapter 403 of the 

Florida Statutes. which atatea: 

"The Departlllent ahall have the power and t.he duty to 

control and prohibit pollution of air and water in 

accordance with the law and rules and regulations 

adopted and promulgated by it1 and for this purpose 

to: (i) approve and promulgate current and longrange plans developed to provide for air and water 

quality control and pollution abatement, (ii) adopt 

a comprehenaiva proaram for the prevention, control 1 

and abatement of pol

lution of the air and watera of 

,. 
(FWPCA) became Public Law 92-500. The primary objective of the Act ia to 

"restore and maintain the chemical. physical and biological integrity of the 

Nation's wateru. By June, 1983, wherever possible. water quality is to be 

suitable for protection and propagation of fish and wildlife, and for recreation in and on the waters. The Act also requires that discharges of 

pollutants be eliminated by 1985. 

Water quality management planning as carried out by the Department of 

Environmental Regulation is an integrated network of activities mandated by 

the FWPCA and authorized by Florida Statutes. These activities have included 

the of Basin Plans (see Fisure I-1) pursuant to Section 303 of the 

Act. Basin Plans are lll.&nagement documents which set forth an effective 

remedial program to alleviate water quality problema associated with the 

discharge of waste by municipal and industrial facilities into the waters of the 

State. The major objective of the basin plana was the determination of available waste assimilative capacity of those water bodies receiving discharge 

in order to establish effluent limitations which meet or maintain the water 

quality levels necessary to protect its present and future moat beneficial 

uses. 

Section 201 facilities plans are developed in accordance with applicable 

requirements of Sections 20l(g) 1 301 and 302 of the FWPCA. This management 

and planning process features an approach which seeks feasible waste discharge 

alternatives that are economically and sound in order to 

I-3 
• .. 

• • 

• • • 

• 

LIGINO 

NUM•I,_ BASIN 

" NASSAU·ST. MAllY$ zo ST. JOHN$ 

21 SUWANNEE 

u AUCIU.A.OatLOCKONEE• 

ST. MARkS 

'' WtTHAlACOOCHE£ Z.\ TAMPA BAY AREA 

II PEACE 

II IUSSIMMEE 

17 'LORIDA EAST COAST 

z• lOWER f\.ORIOA 

31 APALACHICOLA 

J2 CHOCTAWHATCHEE 

J3 PCROIOO·UCANIIA 

• 

.,, 

• 
t

oug

out t

e state. 

Section 208 of the FWPCA sets forth requirements for the development and 

implementation of areawide waste treatment management plans. Congress 

envisioned 208 as a process of creating comprehensive regional water quality 

planning to replace state planning in areas baviug severe water quality problems. The areal scope of 208 planning was originally limited to areas 

characterized by high urban-industrial activities, generally standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA's). rheee areas would be designated by the 

governors and funded by EPA to prepare 208 plans. 

On July 25, 1975 the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia 

handed down a final decision which required the states to carry out 208 plannins 

in the so-called non-designated areas of the atate. In addition, the court 

ruled that states would be ultimately responsible for assuring that the 

provisions of Section 208 are implemented in designated as well as the 

non-designated planning areas. 

Florida has 12 designated 208 study areas comprising of roughly 80 percent 

of Florida's population, 50 percent of ita land area (see 7igure I-2). Local 

and regional planning agencies were designated to do 208 planning in their 

respective areas between January and June. 1975. The Department's participation 

in the 208 desigaated program is one of policy auidance and technical support. 

In addition, FDER must certify completed 208 plans and assure that any recommendations or portions of the plan are legally and technically defensible before 

they can be incorporated into a Statewide Water Quality Management Plan. 

t-5 
LEGEND 

DESIGNATED 2Q8 "REAS 

• \iEST no.,~([~». a£GICNAL PINtnNG COliCIL 

MY c:xxN1Y (FC£R) 

'17d.tNIASSEE- I.!Di ccurrr P.LNI«NG DEPAimBfr 

• 

• 

BN:VARl 

\lOWSIA 

o:umr 

c:xu«:n. 

PlRalDI* 

OF ~ 

AND ZCMNG 'DEPl\Rllen' • Ex: FIDlWlA. 

JU!:GI~ PIRtilNG auctt. 

• 

~ P'IDRIDA EGtQDU, PIANNlNG o:u«:IL 

• WIPA BAY REGta.L P~ING CXXN:IL 

• SOtmM:ST Fl.Ort.CM ~OW:. PLN.."llNc CXXRCIL 

• ARFA PLANNING B0M0 OF PAU·t B£101 Ol.N'l'Y 

• 

CD

trn PIMNbl

i CX:u:clL 
Department's management strategies may effact landowners, businesses, land 

managers, and others associated with the particular activity under study. 

The unique nature of nonpoint source management requires a thorough understanding 

of the problem and a cautious but sound approach in developin; any necessary 

control options. 

E. Social, Environmental, and Ec:onomie Assessment 

At the turn of the century, when land aeemed a limitless resource, 

virgin stands of pine,. cypress and hardwoods were harvested by loggers 

primarily interested in providift8 wood for a growing state. There was little 

regard for the future productivity of the land. Virain forests were cut, 

burned and cleared for conversion to other uses. This "cut and get out" 

philosophy has gradually chansed to one of "harvest and regenerate" as productive forest lands have gradually diminished, and values of those resources 

has increased accordingly. 

Presently, the silviculture industry is characterized by careful management, working toward making the moat efficient use of available land resources. 

Production must become increastnaly efficient, as urban encroachment consumes 

lands previously used for ttmber. Between 1960 and 1970, over 675,000 

acres of commercial forest were converted into urban uses (U.S. Forest 

Service, 1970). 

I-7 
Vitally :laportaut to tbe eco110111y of the etate, ailvic:ultural 

operation• provided aoma $3,001,694,339 from total forest products 

in 1976 (FDACS, 1977). Eat~ted county income froa forest products is 

shown in Table I-1. As of 1976, there were 37,163 people directly employed 

in ttmber-baeed industries (aee Table I-2), with a total payroll of about 

$419,097,715. There are a variety of wood using industries located throughout the state, aa shown in Figure l-3, Currently the leading ttmber product 

is pulpwood, 90% of which is composed of aoftwoode 1uch as southern yellow 

pine (USDA, 1969). 

As of 1970, there were 16,231,600 acres of commercial forest land in 

Florida (Table I-3). This number doas not include aoae 457,600 acres of 

fa~r-owned and aiacellaneous private lande leaaed to the forest industry. 

Foreated lands make up about 50 percent of the total acrease in the state (as 

of 1970). Thia number baa probably decreased aomewhat up to the present with 

loaa of land to other uses; however, forested lands atill represent a 

significant portion of the state. 

Besidea being called upon to supply fiber and wood products, forests 

are looked to by society to provide other services. Like ailvicultural 

activities, each of these alternate uses can contribute to water quality 

degradation if improperly designed or managed. Por soma people, hunting 

and other forms of recreation are the most tangible benefits derived from 

forest•

As the population iacreasea

tbe preasurea of recreational use 
ll••• 1U,7S4,763 24J, 754. 763 

~So co 2,866 127,147 ;J,016,4.SO 3,246,S63 

Oixla 4,151,139 11,&02,04t 1,U5,Z68 2l,oto,156 

DuYIIl 1,166,640 211,1S7 ,316 97 ,4tl,tU JIG, 7U,9ll 

Z.c•U• PU,611 111,662,4,. 37,9ll,tU 1!7,S41,U4 

Flql&&' 1,151,141 4,7e0,301 1,137,527 7,175,,., 

!'rullio. no.sn 1,117,167 1,335,917 3,3U,63t 

c..iUall 1,61.,,,, 10,210,645 6,407,U9 1&,lU,:UJ 

C1lcllrtat 115t9l4 4Z01l40 U6124S z1an1519 

oa....s.. 116,420 US,320 903,506 t,225,2" 

Cull l%9,701 140,50l,OS7 1,1~ ,762 141,665 ,sn 

a-Ll 'COt. 1,005,191 17S,lll 1,446,416 4,JU,t2S 

lull .. ,.,,z 1,6~·"' l,Gei,035 4,tfl,61l 

lnclry 161,464 ll4,447 2,791,920 l,ll7 ,Ill 

lana IIIlo 129,245 4091!65 4,15i,l90 ),491,:00 

u,hLaau 9,2S4 19,10] ,,.,6,111 6,9J5,Z39 

Whborovah 4S,3Sl 1,055,301 101, on. ou 10Z,ll31163 

llolau 1,045,552 l,U3,119 2,2,,071 4,183,849 

, lDdiu Uver 96,250 217 ,:UO 7,767,stl I,Oil,091 I 

.. Jad<a- I,Ut,lfl 6,167 ,4l6 6,5U,267 15,1U, Ul 

J.tf&rll011 1,,U,04J 927 ,.,.3 1,6U,l71 4,0ll, 7&4 

l.afa:r•tu 175,5%1 S1l,741 SSI,U1 1,900,414 

LAlla IU,Ul 1,135,231 14,676,247 16,57l,&ll 

"" 46,131 1U,916 27,579,120 27,141,167 t..cJD 716,151 3,125,311 22,410,303 26,990,571 

l.nJ 2,071,176 z,sct,711 2,655,113 7,140,140 

1.1)Ut)' 4!4,360 2,70l,:zc4 693,607 3,1'1,171 

Kaducua 1,993,3U 5,220,116 1,&41,141 9,U7,U5 

Haute• ,.,,415 102,501 11,211,Sit 21,366,576 

Kartoa 3,048,1$3 u,ote,uz 16,S43,301 l4,609,U6 

Kania l,Ql 19,096 8,1U,442 1,187,369 

Mo11roa 9,061,97) 9,062,975 

llal .. ll. 3,611,073 lOS, JZO, 029 S,140,lal U4,211,430 

OUloDII& 676,416 1,964,636 17,5Sl,U9 10,19:,471 

Obei:M\1 .. 49,072 517,237 3,007 ,70S 1,634,014 

Otua• 11,746 181,7%1 70,711,169 70·"'·143 

o. ..... la l97,U7 2,879,159 5,ln,ua 9,SU,I64 

Pala ll&ub 82,0U,l09 81,013,109 

taaco 199,964 1,1U,U2 2Z,736,~>S3 %4,061,749 

P111allu 4,a:o 99,013 113,191 ,lt2 1U,395,7U 

PoUr. )74,010 860,973 46,16.,7, .u ·'" ,152 

futJIM 1, 260,491 l40 ,9U,71S 1 ,l43.01S 149.~7,691 

St. Joho.• 1, 635,361 t73,5U 6,777,469 9,316,lJ6 

St. t....:ia 1,619 2,UO 11,962,111 ll,967 ,140 

Sa11U ltoN 1,160,311 1,8U,U4 I,J03,t02 11,405,534 

su .. ota 35,198 79,67:l %7 ,,.O,OfO Z7 ,175,0fl0 

Saaioole U4,ll4 5,101,1<09 13,l40,ZIO Z9,U6,Gal 

S•tar 215,592 1,377 ,zn 3,SII4,U6 ,,177,750 

'""·- 1,S48,174 17%,191 3,111,719 , , 702,151 taylor 4,117,391 l34,4U,U9 2,465,467 2•1,766,003 

Vo.Soca 224,812 zot,ols 1,771,3" 2,1'97. :oz 

Vol >Ilia U0,974 3,173,71!1! lS,I06,lt9 l,,IJl,Ut 

V&lail1a .S:ZS,:tll 1,443, 732 1,464,412 l,4ll,l57 

'llalCOII 1,639,519 11,1~,419 2,1)60,614 l\,82.!,612 

v .. lai'"l toll 850,,74 :t,OSI,IU 1,2%9,667 S,IJI,JU 

FUllmA SU,679,S71 u ,.500, 70:1.197 U,4ll,lll,S71 Sl,C01,696,ll9 

Fro• "Comaocltey Draio laporc", 

Dlv1•1oa of Fo&'a•cry, rlorida beparta•a~ ot Can.vmar 

S.rYtcaa, F•b~ry, 1971. 

t-9 
Table I-2 

Employment in Timber Industry Statewide* 

INDUSTRY FIBMS EMPLOYEES PAYROLL AVG. WAGE 

ALL MCPD's No. % No. % $/yr. % $/yr. 

Logging Contractors 479 30 2,481 1 22,042,000 s 8,884 

SawmUls & Planers 80 s 2,166 6 18,046,520 4 8,332 

Millwork/Kit. cabinets/ 

Veneer & Plywood/ 

Structural Member& 525 32 6,973 19 62,897,500 15 9,020 

Prefab & Mobile Homes 57 3 3,015 8 30.,891,310 7 10,246 

.... Containers/Preserving/ 

.... 

I Misc • 125 8 2,506 7 19,783,350 s 7,894 

0 Furniture & Fixtures 204 13 4,035 11 36,042,635 9 8,932 

Pulp/Paper/Allied 

Proclu.cts 151 9 15,987 43 229,394,390 55 14,349 

TOTALS 1,621 100 37,163 100 419,097,715 100 11,277 

* From "Employment, Payroll and Wages; Division of Forestry, Florida Department of 

Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1976. 
• PULPMILLS 

• PINE PlYWOOD PLANT 

<I> HARDWOOD PL VWOOO PLANTS 

• VENEER PLANTS 

• SAWMILLS 

o TREATING PLANTS 

• OTHER MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS 

Figure I-3. Location of primary wood-usina induatriea in Florida, 1969. 

I-ll 
Table I-3 

Area of Commercial Forest Land, By OWnership Classes, Florida, 1970* 

OWnership Claae 

National 'Forest 

Other Federal: 

Bureau of Laad Manag•ent 

Indian 

Miscellaneous Federal 

Total other Federal 

State 

County and municipal 

Forest Induatryl 

Farmer-owned 

Miscellaneous private: 

Individual 

Corporate 

All ownerships 

Total miacellaneoue private 

Area 

Thousand Acres 

1,035.3 

0.2 

8.6 

609.0 

617.8 

466.3 

26.1 

5,216.5 

2,915.8 

4,044.2 

1,909.6 

5,953.6 

16,231.6 

1 Not including 457,600 acres of farmer-owned and miscellaneous private lands leased 

to forest industry. 
increasingly important in supplying the need for a dependable energy source. 

The thrust of this document is to present management practices a:lmed 

at mitigatins possible adverse effects of forest treatments, and activities 

on water quality. Sound forest management provides for the protection of 

the soil on which it depends. Loss of soil from forest sites may not only 

affect the receiviaa waters, but also reduce the productivity of the land .... 

an economic loss which neither the forest landowner nor society can afford. 

Implementation of these management practices should result in properly 

forest land--both vital to the state economy and protective of water 

resources. 

F. Public Participation Prosram 

In order to involve a diversity of representatives from government. 

private enterprise, citizen organizations and the general public in the 

development of the statewide Water Quality Manqement Plan, a series of 

citizen, policy and technical advisory committees has been established to 

assist FDER staff. The committees receive regular updates from the FDEl 

staff on the prosress of the program; and members are encouraged to 

c01111llent at any time. In addition, the Department has made and wlll continue 

to make an effort to coordinate closely with interest groups specifically 

effected aa a result of implementation of a particular planning element; in 

this case. the silvicultural community. 

I-13 
Other meaaurea of informins the public and soliciting citizen involvement include a 208 Newsletter, a seriea of ~adio and television public 

service aunouncements on water quality, distribution of resource materials 

on 208, aad presentations to interested aroups throughout the state. 

Ad Hoo Teohni.oat. Advisory Cormti.tu9 on Sitvicutture 

The Silviculture Ad Hoc technical Advisory Committee, which was selected 

to represent the forestry community, is composed of governmental, industrial, 

research and coneultina foresters. TWelve paper companies, the U.S. Forest 

Service, Soil Conaervation Service, Florida Division of Forestry, a consulting 

forester, the University of Florida School of Forest Resources and conservation, 

and the Florida Forestry Association make up its membership (see List 1-1). 

The Colllmittae has met seven times; the first meeting occurrina on 

September 7, 1976, in Lake City. From the outset, the Committee desired to 

develop a workable set of Best Management Practices which would address water 

quality specifically. Other benefits derived with the implementation of 

Beat Manaaement Practices were welc0llle 9 but did not influence tbe Coamittee' s 

adoption of any individual BMP. 

In April, 1977, after recognizing the need on the part of several of the 

state's designated agencies for ailvicultural auidanee in developing local BMP 

prosrams, the Ad Hoc Committee completed work on and made available a guideline 

document which diacuased silviculture as it is practiced statewide. The report 

offers general maaagament auidelines which could be used directly or refined 
y 

Gilman Paper Company 

102 Seminole BDad 

Perry, Florida 32347 

Mr. Howard Hanna 

Container Corporation of America 

North Eighth Street 

Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034 

Mr. ltarry Johnson 

St. Regis Paper Company 

P. 0. Box 18020 

Jacksonville, Florida 32229 

Mr. Bob Hughey 

OWens-Illinois, Inc. 

P. 0. Box 808 

Lake Butler, Florida 32054 

Mr. Ed Green 

International Paper Company 

P. 0. Box 1788 

MobUe, Alabama 36601 

Mr. Selmer Uhr 

Hudson Pulp & Paper Corporation 

P. 0. Box 1040 

Palatka. Florida 32077 Dr. Wayne Smith 

School of Forest Resources 

and Conservation 

lhe University of Florida 

Gainesville. Florida 32611 

Mr. Hush w. White 

St. Joe Paper Company 

P. o. Box 190 

Port St. Joe, Florida 32456 

Mr. Fred W. Haeussler 

Assistant Director 

Environmental Protection 

Union Camp Corporation 

P. 0. Box 570 

Savannah. Georgia 31402 I-1S 

Mr. Robin D. Shaddox 

U. S. Forest Service 

P. o. Box 1050 

Tallahassee, Florida 32302 

Mr. Bill Waite 

U. s. Forest Service 

P. 0. Box 1050 

Tallahassee, Florida 32302 

Mr. Carl D. DeFazio 

Soil COnservation Service 

P. o. Box 1208 

Gainesville. Florida 32601 

Mr. J. G. Hamner 

Union Camp Corporation 

P. 0. Box 570 

Savannah, Georgia 31402 

Mr. Herb McRae 

Florida Forestry Aeaociation P. o. Box 1696 

Tallahassee. Florida 32302 

Mr. Bill DeRolf 

P. 0. Box 65 

DeFuniak Springs. Florida 32433 

Mr. John Greis 

Florida Division of Forestry 

Collins BuUding 

Tallahassee, Florida 32304 

Mr. George L. Reinert. Jr. 

Florida Division of Forestry 

Collins Building 

Tallahassee. Florida 32304 

Mr. Laxry F. Wood 

Florida Division of Forestry 

Collins Building 

Tallahassee, Florida 32304 
recosnized problem-causing practices. This assessment was coapleted by the 

Division of Forestry and discussed by the eo..tttee at ita J anuary. 1978 

meetiQJ. 

At the same meetins, a Site Sensitivity Class mapping/rating technique 

was proposed by the Florida Division of Forestry and endorsed by the Committee . 

This technique pinpoints areas moat in need of BMP'a and indexes their sensitivity. IMP's of varying strinsency are then matched with the sites. 

Work on the conditional BMP'a was completed at a meeting in June, 1978. 

Implementation strategies for the voluntary program were also discussed. 

Other official Committee activities included a tour of the Intensive 

Management Practices Assessment Center experimental watershed on Container 

Corporation of America's Bradford Forest. Several representatives of the 

Florida Departaant of Environaental Regulation attended the August, 1977 tour. 

Ci.tiBtm Input 

A further means of involving citizens throughout the state in the 208 

planning effort is through a aeries of citizen and policy advisory committees. 

In the non-desisnated portion of the state, eight Regional Citizen Advisory 

Committee• have been established. Pour of these committees are being 

administered through five of the state's Regional Planning Councils (RPC's) 

with the remaining three being administered directly through the Department. 

G, Program Relationship with Designated Plans 
It was then necessary to identify pollution potential of hydrologic units of 

the state based on some common characteristics. The final step involved 

developing specific guidelines for various Best Management Practices and 

directing management efforts toward the most critical, or sensitive, of the 

identified segments. 

B. Sedilllent 

Sediment is possibly the most easily measured and widely recognized 

nonpoint source pollutant. Sedimentation is the movement or erosion of 

solid particles comprising what can be termed wash loads -- essentially 

. 

smaller to fine particles (i.e •• some fine sands, silts, and clays); the 

source of which is usually sheet erosion and rill and gully erosion of upland 

areas. The availability and magnitude of wash loads• then, are functions of 

the physical factors governing runoff and the erodibility of soils in an area; 

and to a large eKtent, the effects of man's upland activity on erosion and 

runoff potentials. 'the t:ematntng eedilllent load ia known ae a bed load; 

essentially larger particles whose source is erosion of the channel banks 

and bed. Bed loads are a function of various hydraulic conditions that oecur 

in the channel. and to a substantial degree, the effects of man in upland 

hydrologic modifications. 

Erosion/sedimentation problems have widespread impacts on land management, water quality. and the environment. Generally a loss of topsoil (and 

II-1 
nutrients) •eans a loaa of soil productiv~ty and yield potential. As a result, 

extra technical and ecoaoaic efforts may be required to increase productivity. 

Sediment can cause both local and downstream hydraulic problema, as well as 

navisation problaaa. Deposition of sediments can also cause adverse short and 

long term water quality and environaental problems; such ae the covering of 

fish spawnins areas, reduction of light transmission in water and other threats 

to aquatic systems. Sisnificant quantities of plant nutrients, pesticides, 

metals and other pollutants are often carried into receiving waters adsorbed to 

finer grained sediments. This transport mechaniam is critical in management 

considerations because finer grained particlea are much 110re cliff~cult to 

control, as they require longer settling times. 

In assessing sediment production statewide, the Modified Musgrave equation 

has been uaad by the u.s. Forest Service. This equation is as follows: 

1.35 SL 

72.6 

0.35 

where; E • Gross Sheat Erosion, in "1./A/Yr. 

K • The soil's K-Factor, as aeaisned by SCS 

C • Cover Factor, or Percent Bareground expressed as a decimal 

a • Rainfall Erosivity Factor 

SL • Slope Length 

S • Percent Slope 

Once the sroas sheet erosion (soil detachment) is determined using the above 

equation

the amount of the soil beins detached which leaves the site and is 
for biological and chemical contaminant transport. For this asaea..ent 1 

the data from the Florida portion of the Northeast Gulf River Basin Study 

(1977) has bean used. Raw data was obtained from the Southeastern Area office 

of State and Private Forestry1 U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta, and was studied 

and categorized according to Table II-1. production trends were 

then establiabed where sufficient data existed, and Site Sensitivity Class/ 

Forest Practice combinations were examined to identify the presence or 

absence of sediment producing conditions. Each of the major practices 

studied are discussed on the pages. 

Table II-1 

Site Sensitivity Classes Based on Varyina 

Combination of Soil Erodibility and Slope 

PERCENT SLOPE 

Erodibility) 3-7 8-lZ 13-17 18-22 22 

.20 A2 Al A4 A6 

(low) 

.21-.27 Bl B2 !3 84 85 B6 

CHoderate) 

.28 Cl C2 C3 C4 cs C6 

(High) 

Source: Greis. 1978 

A The Soil Conservation Service baa assigned X-Pactors to each soil series in Florida. A K-Factor of .20 or leaa indieatea alisht erodibility, a K of 

.21-.27 indicates moderate erodibility. and a K of .28 or sreater indicates 

high erodibility. 

II-3 
Unduturlxld Forest'Land 

For the purposes of this report, forestland ia c:onaiclered in essentially 

undisturbed condition if it has aot been significantly disturbed by aan for 

at least foul' years, and caa include both natural and planted stands. 

Sixty-seven such plata were aeasured ia Florida. and. the overwhelming 

result waa that little or no sedbumt was produced from them (Figures II-1. 

2 and 3). This indicates that manased forestland c:an be a very protective 

land use within a watershed. This is further exemplified by the fact that 

the watersheds of a great number of the Outstanding Florida Waters, as 

defined in Chapter 17. 3 of the Florida Admiuis trative Code, are dominated by 

forest cover. 

/lalttJt~sting 

Barveat:Lng generally includes a variety of methods of removing timber; 

but for the purposes of thia study, it 11 ayaon,.oue vith clearcutting. This 

is due to the fact that clearcutting ia the method moat often used to remove 

wood in Florida. 

This practice was studied on 28 plots and certain trends were evident. 

In slopes of 12 percent and leas, on all soils, est~ated sed~ent production 

was only minor, from a site productivity standpoint (Fiaures II-4, 5 and 6). 

Four tons per acre par year is considered by the Soil Conservation Service 

to be the maximum that most soils can lose without significantly altering 
Al 

A5 

Site Sensitivity Cleaa 

A6 

Figure II-1. Average estimated tonnase of sediment produced from undisturbed 

forestland occurring on slightly erodible soils in Florida. 

Source: NE Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. ~6 -s 

... .t.4 

< ;.3 -

Bl B2 B3 B4 85 86 

Site Sensitivity Class 

Figure II-2. Average estimated tonnage of sediment produced from undisturbed 

forestland occurrina on moderately erodible soils in Florida. 

Source: NB Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. ~6 Site Sensitivity Class 

Figure II-3. Average estimated tonnage of sediment produced from undisturbed 

forestland occurring on higbly erodible soils in Florida. 

Source: NE Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. 

II-5 
-~ 5 

-

~4 

f-< 

-3 ~ J 

-a 

LOGGIHC ~ 0~--~----~----~--~----~ 

Al A2 A3 A4 AS A6 

Site Sensitivity Class 

Figure II-4. Average e•ttmated tonnage of sediment produced froa lossed areas 

on sl.ightly erodible soils in Florida. Source: D Gulf River 

Basin Study, USFS, 1977. 

Site Sensitivity Class 

Figura II-5. Averaae estimated tonnage of sediment produced from logged areas 

on moderately erodible aoile in !'lorida. Source: NE Gulf River 

Ba•in Study. USFS, 1977. 
mainteaauce coata While controlling aedtmant production. 

Soil erodibility appeared to influence the degree of aoil lose from 

roads primarily in the o-2 percent slope category. On slopea areater than 

2 percent, all roads sampled, regardleaa of soil, produced greater than four 

tons per acre par year of sediment (Figures II-7, 8, and 9). For these 

reasons, spur roads have received considerable planning attention. 

Chap I Bwtn 

Though data was somewhat laekin& for the middle elope catesories, 

indications are that this practice can lead to significant aedtment production 

when applied on slopee greater than lS percent (Figure II-10). It mu1t be 

pointed out that though the figure tends to condemn this practice in steep 

areas, a choppins operation without fire can be one of the least disruptive 

and lons-term productive mechanical site preparation practice• on senaitive 

sites. Thia ia due to the fact that c:.bopp1ng does aot remove organic matter 

from a site, but incorporates it into the soil; a condition that favors rapid 

site revegetation and optiaum aite productivity. 

11-7 
Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 

Site Sensitivity Class 

Figure II-7. Average estimated tonnage of sediment produced from spur roads 

en slightly erodible soils in Florida. Source: NE Gulf River 

Basin Study, USFS1 1977. 

Figure It-8. Average esttmate4 toanage of sediment produced from spur roads 

on moderately erodible soils in Florida. Source: NE Gulf River 

Basin Study1 USFS. 1977. 

>6 

-s ~ '.<4 

.... 
y 

Figure II-10. Average estimated tonnage of sediment produced by chop/bum practices on slightly erodible soils in Florida. 

Source: NB Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. 

Skid Tra.its 

These are areas over 'Which logs are dragaed 1110ra than one time, and 

therefore suffer some soil compaction aDd disturbance, According to the 

Northeast Gulf River Basin Study, this practice exposed an averaae of 40 

percent of the bare mineral soil. This combination of alterations appeared 

to present a soil loss problem only on slopes 10 percent and greater 

(Figure II-11). Once loggina is completed, these trails are normally 

treated in the same manner ae the rest of the foreat; that is, they are eita 

prepared and planted. As a result, revegetation is uaually rapid. 

3 

A/C 

Site Sensitivity Class 

A/C 

Figure II-11. Average estimated tonnaae of sediment produced by aldcl trails 

on a combination of slightly and highly erodible soils in Florida. 

Source: NE Gulf River Baain Study, USFS, 1977. 

II-9 
Bedding 

Many poorly drained foreat 1oils are bedded to provide improved microsite drainaae and aeration for aeadlinga. Soma industrial landowner• also 

bed uplaad sitea in order to coneentrate organic aattar in the beda for 

improved initial nutrient availability and eurvival. 'l'hiB practice, according 

to the River Basin Study results, does not lead to eianiftcant aoil loss 

except on elopes 20 percent and areater (Ftsura II-12). On flat terrain, 

beddina reaulte in little or no aadtment production. 

Site Sensitivity Class 

Figure II-12. Average estimated tannase of sediment produced by bedding 

operations on hishly erodible ao1la in Florida. 

Source: NE Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. 

Highly compacted areas, los landinsa or decks are normally located in 

well drained, relatively flat sites for the sake of efficient operation. 

Thi

l

d

th

f

oducing significant amounts of sediment except 
Site Sensitivity Class 

Figure II-13. Average estimated tonnage of aed~eut produced by log decks 

on a combination of slightly and highly erodible soils in 

Florida. Source: NE Gulf River Basin Study, OSFS, 1977. 

Othezo Pra.atioee 

There are several other practices used by forest managers in Florida to 

prepare sites for regeneration and to reduce biomass from axietinJ stands. 

These were not sufficiently saapled in the Florida portion of the Northeast 

Gulf River Basin Study to produce sediment production trea4e. 

The one feature c01111110n to all 111ecbanical practices, however, is the 

resulting exposure of mineral soil. This is the key to avoiding or precipitatiug sediment production. Those practices that expose high percentages of 

111ineral soil will most severely sensitize a site, regardless of its soil or 

slope. Specific practices should therefore be chosen after weighing their 

effectiveness against a site's inherent sensitivity and its proximity to 

open water. 

C. Other Nonpoint Source Pollutants 

Nu'R'ienta 

Another cultural praetice which creates potential for nonpoint source 

pollution from silvicultural activitiea i• forest fertilization. Experimental 

fertilization has been conducted by several forest industries. but its high 

II-11 
cost has limited its use to those soils which show significant growth 

reaponaea. A survey of forest industries known to practice fertilization 

indicates that statewide less than 30,000 acres of forest land &re fertilized 

annually (Greis. 1979). (The Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization 

(CRIFF) headquartered at the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. 

University of Florida, ia currently studying forest fertilization from the 

aspect of growth response.) Given the small amount of fertilizer currently 

being applied, it would seem that runoff containing fertilizer nutrients from 

forested areas is not a si&nificant nonpoint source. 

However, there are certain management practices associated with both 

site preparation and barveeting which do have the potential for causing 

nutrient runoff or loss from a site. Site preparation involves either 

choppicg of the orpuic aater:i&l present on the site and burning it off 

with ground fire: or usina a KG blade to push the material into windrows. 

With either method, a certain amount of nutrients are lost to the system, 

either throush burning or removal into piles. Using the windrow technique, 

topaoil ie ecraped up with the organic debris, exposing bare mineral soil. 

This reaulte in increased chance of runoff, loss of moisture holding capacity 

of the soil, and a decrease in the productivity of the soil throuah loss of 

organics. 

Sitae are harvested in one of several ways. Clearcutting, or removing 

all of the major trees. 1n the usual method. This can be done by aechanical 
that less than 10,000 acres are treated with pesticide per year; and 

approx~tely 85 percent of these are treated by baaal spraying or tree 

injection--methods which deliver virtually all of the chemical to the target 

stem. Aerial application, the most potentially inaccurate application 

technique, accounts for the other 15 percent of the acreage treated. Aa more 

info'QI&tion is generated about such progra111s as Integrated Pest Management 

and uae of biological control organiams, use of traditional pesticides should 

decrease below even the current rate of usage. 

D. Site Sensitivity Class Mapping 

In forested areas, certain sites are more prone to cauaius various kinds 

of nonpoint source pollution baaed on their physical characteristics. Therefore, typical management practices might be acceptable on one site, while 

causing an environmentally unacceptable series of effects on another site in 

a different geographical area. In order to enable a managing agency to 

concentrate manpower efforts in those areas needing attention, it was necessary 

to establish a system of mapping and identifying the areas with greatest 

potential for nonpoint source pollution problems. 

In order to do this, certain assumptions were necessary. Fundamental to 

the proposed technique of mapping is the assumption that sediment is the moat 

widely recognized and best documented potential water quality problem 

II-13 
associated with forest management in Florida. Pesticide use is limited in 

forest in this state, and fertilizer is applied in isolated cases 

only. Likewise, usable water chemistry data reflecting Florida conditions 

are only now being verified and documented. 

Sediment production levels from silvicultural activities have been 

studied by the u.s. Forest Service; and, although the data indicated that 

forests are rather effective water resource protectors, there is evidence 

that certain practices on certain sites can stiaulate sediment loss. 

Three variables determine the potential of a eite to produce sediment: 

1. Steepness of slope 

2. Inherent soil erodibility (indicated by soil's "K" Factor) 

3. of site to open water 

Each of these variables are addressed in the Site Sensitivity Class mapping 

technique. which attempts to identify potentially critical areas and rate 

their sensitivity using topographic and soils information. 

Zones 

For the purpose of protecting water quality. the mapping technique will 

identify those lands within 300 feet on each side of a watercourse (those lakes 

10 or and perennial and intermittent streams identified on the 

minute USGS Quadraasle sheets) ae the zone within which management activities may potentially influence water quality. When the watercourse in question 

is a water of the state

the 3oo

foot wide zone begins at the approximate mean 
it waa necessary to define the latter variables of sediment production potential 

in order to rank the sensitivity of any given aite. Thia eapability will allow 

BMP'a of varying stringency to be matched to aitea of varying aenaitivity. 

The relative rank of site erodibility is called its Site Sensitivity Class (SSC). 

The sse of a site is an index of its soil/slope cOMbination, and ranses from 

an AI to a C6 rating (Table II-1). 

Rating Too Z.s 

The systematic assignment of a Site Sensitivity Class rating to a given 

parcel of land requires the use of several sources of information, and to 

~plement thia technique statewide in a practical manner requires that such 

information be readily available. 

Statewide topographic coverage is available from the USGS in the form of 7~' Quadrangle sheets. These are generally scaled at 1:24,000, and identify 

slope contours, perennial and intermittent streama and lakes. Tbeae are to be 

used as the base maps for the mapping project, 

To date, detailed county soil surveys have been publiahed for 15 counties. 

Eight more counties have been mapped. but the surveys have not as yet been 

published, and interim information is available for aeven add:ttional ones. The 

remaining counties will not be completely mapped for at least 12 years, 

according to Soil Conservation Service projectiona. In their absence, the 

General Soils Atlases, produced by the Division of State Planning, will be 

II-15 
utilized as the beat available soils information. These atlases categorize 

soil aeries into associations, and are available for all counties in the 

state. 

Since soil series and association boundaries, and meandering watercourses do not readily lend themselves to legal description, it is necessary 

to replace Section. Township and Range descriptions with smaller, more easily 

determinable working units. Numbered, transparent grid sheets should be 

utilized which can be systemically overlain on the 7~' Quads. These grid 

sheets will be scaled such that the cell size will be 9.87 acres; 200 meters 

(approximately 656 faet) to each side. Site Sensitivity Class information 

will ba entered on these sheets. 

Hark Hurd ortho pbotoa, also scaled at 1:24,000, are available from the 

Florida Resources and Bnvironaentel Analysis Center, Plorida State University. 

The11e are quad-centered prinu, and 1 therefore, offer a pictorial display of 

the same land area covered by the USGS maps. Also, since the scale is the 

same as the maps, the grid sheets containing sse information can be overlain 

on either the maps o~ the photos. 

Rating Technique 

The numbered grid is positioned, by a standard technique, over the 7~ USGS Quad to be studied. Once correctly positioned~ all watercourses are 

traced onto the grid sheet (Figure II-14). Initially, those waters to be 

mapped include lakes ten acres or larger in size

and all perennial and inter
' 'i ) .. 1" ~ -~ / ; ...... ~ !. - /;~ (: ' . . .. I \. , · If" ·.·• ,;.-, .. .,.J !!... 

L 

• I ~ t:::: ~ T .. , ' 

r ' 

FiguTe II-14. Example of a gTid sheet overlain on a 7~~ USGS 

quadrangle map, with qualified watercourses 

identified. 

II r~' AI •• 

. Ar-tl •• ""' 

4111 .. ' Itt ~, .=-

 ,I .. 1 ; -. r\ li... 

Figure II-15. A gTid sheet on which qualified watercourse& have 

been identified and aite sensitivity classes 

assigned. 

Il-17 
counted within each call's Discretionary Zone, and are translated into an 

average percent elope for that Diaeretionary Zone. The elope figure is then 

categorized 1 through 6, according to rable II-1, and entered on the grid 

a beet. 

Soils infor.ation is obtainable by constructing a soil mosaic of the area 

in question, overlaying a grid of the appropriate scale, determining the dominant soil aariea or association for each cell's DZ. and entering the soil's 

associated K-Factor category (A, B or C) in the cell (see Table II-1). 

The rating procedure results in a grid sheet for eaeh ~ Quad studied, 

which identifies watercourses and the sse for each cell within 300 feet of 

them (Figure II-15). Beat Management Practice& are then recommended for each 

9.9 acre cell which reflect the varying sensitivities encountered. The entire 

retina procedure can be accomplished using coaputer capabilities to ensure 

accuracy and facilitate data atorase and manipulation. 

E. Application of Assessment 

Utilizing the rating procedure and site sensitivity information, three 

hydrologic segments have been identified by the Florida Division of Forestry 

as having high potential for nonpoint source problems from ailvicultural 

activity. These aegmenta (33.3AA, 32.2AA, and 31.1BA--F1gure II-16) are 

all located in the Plorida panhandle, and were chosen baaed on their high 

degree of site senaitivity and physiographic uniqueness. Initial monitoring 

d d

t

ti

j

t 

ff

t

ill b

f

d 

th

t

h

d
. 

-

Study Segment 33.3AA Study Segment 32.2AA Study Segment 31.1BA 

Figure II-16. Map indicating the location of the three segments 

proposed as high priority study areas. County numbera 

indicate the proposed order of Site Sensitivity Claas 

Atlas completion (from the Florida Division of 

Forestry). 

II-19 
UFDBNCES 

Co11111l0dity Drain Report. 1977. Florida Departmeut of Agriculture and 

Consumer Services, Division of Forestry. 

Bmployment--Payroll--Waa•• for Florida's Wood Using Industries. 1976. 

Florida Department of Aariculture aad Consumer Services, Division 

of Forestry. 

Florida's Timber, 1970. 1971. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin 

SE-20. 

Greis, J. 1979. Personal Communication. 

Northeast Gulf River Basin Study. 1977. USDA Soil Conservation Service 

with Florida Department of Enviroaaental Regulation and Alabama 

Development Office. 
employed. These measures are manag~ent practices which respect the inhe~ent 

sensitivity of a site. They ~epresent the best presently known method of 

accOlllpliahing the manasement objective while protectiq, in this case, water 

quality. In this context, they are the Beat Management Practices to use. 

Best Management Practices are optimum design goals and should be recognized as such. At the present state of the art, BMP's are largely empirical 

specificicatione which have not been thoroughly tested far effectiveness. When 

attempting to implement any empirical rules. the need to aaseas and, where 

necessary, modify them is definite. Excessively stringent atandarda will 

encourage noncompliance by skeptical practitioners and overkill by cooperative 

ones. Ineffective standards will encourage noncompliance by cooperators who 

will feel misled by inadequate guides, and will encourage skeptics who will 

scoff at the program's shortcomings. Inadequate BMP's also will not accomplish 

water quality objectives. 

At this tfDe, six Best Management Practices are recommended (Tables III-1 

through III-5) to be employed on florida's forestland to mitigate the potential 

problems highlighted in the Program Assessment. A brief discussion of each follows. 

B.~ 

Streamside Management Zone 

Str~••~ld~ 

~nMs~nt Zonea (SHZ} should be provided along all perennial 

and 

inte~ittent streams and lakes ten acres and larger for the purpose of 

protecting the watercourse form excessive sedfDent, nutrients. logging 

III-1 
debris, forest chemicals and thermal pollution. They should vary in 

dependina on the sensitivity claaa of a site. Logically, the more sensitive a site 1a to production, the wider the SMZ should be, since sedtment 

provides the vehicle by which other pollutants may enter surface water. 

The Streamside Management Zone bas been divided into Primary and Secondary 

Zones, each of which is accompanied by special management criteria. 

widths for these zones are listed in Table III-1 and illustrated in Figure III-1. 

The prUn&ry SHZ is a standard 35-foot wide strip on each side of all perenDial streams and lakes larger than ten acres. This zone provides the last line 

of defense against overland flow of pollutants. and affords these watercourses a reasonable degree of shade. Intermittent streams and wet weather ponds do 

not require shade for temperature control, and thus need not he afforded a 

SMZ. 

Management criteria for the Primary SMZ should allow selective ttmber 

harvesting which leaves a residual stand whose volume equals or exceeds one half the volume of a fully stocked stand of the subject stand's average diameter class. These recommended stocking figures, determined during the Florida 

Forest Survey of are expressed in Table III-2 as the number and spacing of 

residual trees, by size class. per 100 feet of Primary SMZ. Figure III-2 

illustrates the cutting recommendations for the SMZ. 

Table III-2 

Selective Harvesting Guidelines Applicable Within the 
SENSITIVITY 

CLASS 

A1 

A2 

A3 

A4 

AS 

A6 

Bl 

82 

83 

B4 

BS 

86 

Cl 

C2 

C3 

C4 

cs 

C6 

PRIMARY SMZ SECONDARY SMZ 

35 None 

35 35-45 

35 35-60 

35 35-75 

35 35-90 

35 35-110 

35 None 

35 35-60 

35 35-75 

35 35-90 

35 35-110 

35 35-140 

35 None 

35 35·60 

35 35-80 

35 35-100 

35 35-120 

35 35-140 

* Expressed as horizontal distance in 

feet from the water's estimated mean high 

water 1118rk. 

III-3 

INTERMI'ITENT 

tiATERS 

35 

45 

60 

75 

90 

110 

35 

60 

75 

90 

110 

140 

35 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 
Distance (in feet) From Edge Of Waterc:ourte 

A1 

' I sr I &r I '7 I 8f I gf I ICjO I If I If /fi lf i 'f I !#:! 

! 

REMAINING 'I 

A2 OlSCRETIONARV 

"'-'-':.'"""'""'" •. ------------ ZONE jl Jl.3 PRIMARY ,,,,,,, ;;; ,, 

.... .. Jl.... ,_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ':. SECON'"'ARV ':.':.,· I 

,_ .. . """ ,. -

86 

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , ,,,,,,,,,,,. I 

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. : 

I 

! 

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, I 

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 

. 

i 

: 
• • 

200 Pin 

Figure III-2. Illustration of Umber harvesting rec01111lendatiou for 

primary and secondary SMZ'a. Selective harvesting ia 

recommended for primary SHZ'a, with the residual stand 

providing shade for the stream. The number of residual 

trees varies inversely with their average diameter. 

All trees may be removed within the secondary SHZ. 

IU-5 
----------

The Secondary SMZ extends from the edge of the Primary SMZ (35 feet) to 

the edge of the overall SMZ. Its management should differ from the Primary 

SHZ in that complete harvesting of merchautable timber should be allowable, 

since the provision of shade for water te.perature control is uot necessary. 

For the same reason, the SMZ surrounding intermittent streams ahould be 

treated as a Secoa.clary one. 

Besides the difference in cutting guidelines between the two SMZ's, 

no other differences in their management is recommended. Within both 

eertain practices should be considered acceptable and certain others 

unacceptable. 

Acceptable activities include direct seeding, band planting or machine 

planting on the contour of the land, prescribed burning except on elopes 

18 percent or steeper (all Sand 6 sse's), and basal application of herbicides 

and insecticides. 

Practices that should be avoided within the SMZ include mechanical site 

preparation. fertilization, and aerial application or mist blowing of herbicides 

and insecticides. Loadina decks or landings an4 log bunching points should not 

be located within the SMZ, nor should firelines or access roads except when 

leading directly to the edge or crossing of s watercourse. The option to breach 

these guidelines, however, must remain with the landowner or his representative 

during emergency situations. Contingency plana for these situations are 

included in this report. 
influential to surface water quality. It will encourage land managera to 

employ practices near open water that will not overly disrupt the site. 

This BMP will touch most phases of a common forest management program, 

including harvesting, regeneration, and stand development and maintenance 

practices. The range of bare ground exposures found in Table III-4 can be 

used to guide the landowner in deciding upon treatments to use within the 

DZ. These average estimates of bare ground exposure were derived from the 

results of the northeast Culf River Basin Study (1977). Actual exposures will 

vary depending on the terrain, vegetation and equipment operator. 

Seeding and Fertilizer Recommendations. Some roads, firelines, skid 

trails, landings or other disturbed areas pose significant erosion problems 

which can lead to excessive gullying and aedtment production. On these critical 

areas, establishing ground cover is sometimes the longest lasting and least expensive means of protection. Vegetative cover will improve soil aeration, 

protect the soil surface against rainfall impact and inhibit overland flow. 

This cover can consist of a variety of grasses. some of which are excellent 

wildlife food. Seeding and fertilization can be done alone or in combination with other drainage practices already described. The around cover will be 

most effective on areas that are not open to year-round vehicular traffic, 

though road segments near surface water can benefit from the added protection. 

III-7 
I 

I 

Table III-3 

Recommended Maximum Percent Bare Ground Exposure 

Following Treatments Within Discretionary Zones 

SIZE MAXIMUM 

SENSITIVITY PERCENT 

CLASS BARE GROUND 

Al 100 A2 75 A3 

A4 40 

30 

A6 

Bl 100 Bi 65 

83 40 

B4 30 

BS 20 

86 10 

Cl 100 

C2 65 

C3 40 

C4 30 

I 
Grazed 7 

Logged 8 

Burned 12 

Logged and Burned 30 

Skid Trails 40 

Chopped 40 

Bedded 61 

KG - Bladed 68 

Landings 70 

Spur Roads 72 

Bulldozed 72 

Chop/Burn 74 

Disked and Bedded 77 

and Disked 80 

KG and Disked 90 

Rootrake and Bedded 96 

KG and Bedded 99 

*From Northeast Gulf River Basin Study, 1977 

III-9 
Speeifie seeding recommendations vary depending on the soil type and 

time of planting. Those listed in Table Ill-S are reeODIIIlended apeeifically 

for Florida eouditioas. Road aereasee/applicatioa can be calculated uains 

Table tlt-6. For other denuded areas, i.e., los decke, the following formula 

can be used: 

Acres • Lenath (Ft.) x Width (Ft.) 

43,560 

Pztopszt Road ConstttuaUon/Dztai.nage 

All facets aucl phases of a sound fore at 111111nagement program rely heavily 

on accessibUity to the forest stand. Acceaa road.a, both temporary and perunent, are therefore intricate components of all management programs. They are 

also one of the aost expensive investments ude iD a forest. 

Temporary access roads are constructed during harvesting operations, used 

duriag site preparation aud planting, and often abandoned after this brief 

period of t:l.ae. Methods used in conetructina them, therefore, are normally 

less exacting than when constructing permanent access roads. When abandoned, 

temporary roads are normally allowed to reveaatate naturally. Weather and aoil 

conditions in Florida at~ulate rapid revegetation of scarred surfaces in most 

instances, provided that the road surface does not act as a channel for overland stormflow. This condition can be avoided by instituting certain practices 

which provide adequate road drainage and result in seed bed stability. 

Similar aeasuree to those applicable on abandoned access roads can be used 

kid t

il

d fi

li

Th

di

t

b

l

t

in 

t
Drained Soils 

Bahiagrass ••.••••••••••• 4 0 lbs./acre Bahiagrass ••.•••••••••. 40 

(Pensacola) (Pensacola) 

Bermudagrass ..•••••••..• lO lbs./acre Bermudagrass .•••••.•••. lO 

(Common) (Common) 

Browntop Millet •••••.••• 10 lbs./acre Browntop Millet .••.•... lO 

Hairy Indigo •.•••.•••••• 4 lbs./acre Aeschynomene .•••••••••• 4 

NORTH FLORIDA 

October to February 

Mixture 1 Mixture 2 

Fine Textured Soil Coarse Textured Soil 

lbs./acre 

lbs./acre 

lbs./acre lbs./acre 

Bahiagrass •••••.••••.•• 40 lbs./acre Bahiagrass ••.••••••••• 40 lbs./acre 

(Pensacola) (Pensacola) 

Bermudagrass •••••••••.• lO lbs./acre Bermudagrass •••••••••• lO lbs./acre 

(Common) (Common) 

Rye grass ••••••••••••••• 10 lbs./acre Ryegrass ••.•.•.••••••• lO lbs./acre 

Crimson Clover ••.•.•.•• lO lbs./acre Hairy Indigo .••••••••• 

or 

Arrowleaf Clover ••.•••• 4 lbs./acre 

Fertil i zat1on 

800 lbs. 10-10-10/Acre 

1 ton Limestone/Acre (where 

needed) 

Source: Carl D. DeFazio. Soil Conservation Serv1ce, 1977 

Ilt-11 

4 lbs./acre 
Acreage For Roads Of Varying Lengths And Widths 

Calculated To Determine Seeding/Fertilizing Application Rates • 

ROAD LENGTit ROAD WIDTII(Feet) 

(Feet) 

8 10 12 14 18 

so • 01 .01 .01 • 02 .02 

100 .022 .02 .03 . 03 . 04 

250 .os .06 .07 .08 .10 

500 .09 .12 .14 .16 .21 

750 .144 .17 .21 .24 .31 

1000 .18 .24 • 28 .32 .41 1500 .28 .34 .41 .48 .62 

2000 • 36 .48 .56 .64 .83 

5000 .92 1.15 1.38 1.61 2.07 5280 .97 1.21 1.45 1.70 2.18 

*Multiply the appropriate acreage figure times the pounds/acre that are 

. recommended in seed mixtures. 

Source: U. S. Forest Service, 1977 
drain the road surface and transport volumes of water into either larger 

ditches, watercourses or filtering strips of land. These ditches carry both 

surface runoff from roads as well aa aeepaae from adjacent forestland, and 

their design capacity can be overcome during severe atorm events. This can 

lead to flooding of the road, scouring of the road and ditch surface, blowing 

out of roads and culverts, and ulttmately sediment delivery into atreama. 

To control ditch drainage in critical areas eo that water is properly 

transported and dispersed, culverts of varying descriptions can be installed. 

Their purpose is to allow roads to crass natural drains and to channel concentrations of drainage frCIIII one aide of the road to the other. Their frequency 

and type should depend on the steepness of a road's slope and the expected 

volume of water to be handled. 

Culvert spacings are recommended as a Best Management Practice (Table III-7) 

and recomnendations take into account the entire apectrwa of road slopes. 

Culvert material. be it concrete. metal or wood, should remain the choice of 

the operator or landowner. The choice between pipe or open-top box culverts 

should also reside with the landowner. Figures III-3 and III-4 illustrate 

these types of culverts. 

Cross ditches are also recommended for accesa roads at the eame spacing 

as culverts (Table III-7). Their purpose is to provide both road surface 

drainage and ditch drainage crossings at frequent enough intervals to prevent 

III-13 
SITE 

table III-7 

Drainasa Techniques and Their Maximum Spacing (Feet) 

For Firaliuee, Skid Trails and Roads 

PERMANENT ROADS FIRELINES, SKID TRAILS 

SENSITIVITY CULVERTS AND WATER BltOADBASED .AND TEMPORARY ROADS 

CLASS CllOSS DITCHES TURNOUTS DIPS WATER BARS 

Al None 200 None 250 

A2 200 120 180 135 

A3 150 100 140 80 

A4 125 75 125 60 

AS 100 50 120 45 

A6 75 40 110 JO 

Bl None 150 None 250 

B2 200 120 180 135 

B3 150 100 140 80 

B4 125 75 125 60 

B5 100 50 120 45 

86 75 40 110 30 

Cl None 150 None 250 

C2 200 120 180 135 

C3 150 100 140 80 

C4 125 75 125 60 
Figure III-3. Typical design and layout of a culvert inatalled 

to transport drainage under a road'a aurface. 

Fisure III-4. Open top box culvert deaign and inatallation. 

III-15 
large scale road and ditch scouring. Their layout should reeeable that in 

Figure III-5. 

Wate.r ~uts 

Buildups of drainage water during atoraa events can scour ditches, gnaw 

at road beds, and transport a road's surface downslope into adjacent streams 

or lakes. Proper construction and spacing of water turnouts (Table Ill-S) 

can prevent this by periodically channeling the drainage away from the road 

into an adjacent vegetated strip for dispersion. It is essential that 

filtering areas be of sufficient size and character to assimilate the drainage. 

Water turnouts should be constructed for permanent access roads within 

the Discretionary Zone. Their use on temporary roads is not normally justif~­

able. Figure III-6 illustrates the design of a water turnout. 

B.road Based Dips 

These are recommended for use on permanent access roads (Table III-5), and 

combine the drainage capabilities of a11 the above features into one Best 

Management Practice. Constructed accordin& to Figure Ill-7, they provide 

periodic dispersion of ditch and road surface drainage, and do not restrict use 

of permanent roads. These features are attained by periodically reversing the 

road's grade for short distances and pitching the road surface such that drainage is always towards a dispersion strip. When this drainage feature is 

desired. it should be included during the initial construction of the road, as 
. . 

Figure III-5. Photo and design sketch of a cross ditch 

designed to carry surface water from and 

transport drainage across a road's surface. 

lii-17 
~ ' .... ' _ ...... __ --

-

-, 

---.::.--

- --

--

/,.,/ 

/ / 

; 
/.:l, X -" IAIMN;IJ.I. (IN(,fi')IZ --- -·f--...:r.:-"'-

Figure III-7. Photo and design sketch of a broad based dip. 

Thie stabilization technique combines the drainage 

capabilities of other techniques, but its relatively 

high installation cost it most appropriate 

for heavily used permanent access roads. 

III-19 
Watsl' Baits 

The drainage capabilities of cross ditches aad water turnouts are available to a land manager for temporary access roads, ftrelinea and skid trails 

in the form of water bars. A water bar is a mound of earth varying in height 

from one foot to three feet which is built diagonally across a road surface 

with ita ends extending beyond the road and ditch. The water bar catches 

surface drainage and diverts it from the road or trail into an adjacent dispersion area. Water bare are effective stabilization measures when constructed 

prGperly. Beceuse they are mounded, they are susceptible to damage by off-road 

vehicles. When used on permanent roads, therefore, they should be periodically maintained. Their construction and appearance are illustrated in Figure III-B. 

Their spactna should approximate the recommendations in Table III-5. C. Contingency Plans for Natural Disasters 

Though Beet Management Practices are for all land within 

Discretionary Zones, certain emergency situations may arise which will preclude the application of BMP's within the zone. Wildfire, hurricanes and 

other severe weather events, and insect and disease epidemics could necessitate 

rapid access development. utilization of damaged or killed timber, or application of chemicals to control wildfire or peats. These practices should be 

temporarily permissible when necessary to protect lives, timber and surrounding 

property. 
. . 

Figure III-8. Photo and design sketch of a water bar illustrating 

its capability to divert overland flow from a road's 

surface into an adjacent vegetated area. 

III-21 
waters from direct application or leaching. This potential chemical contribution, however, is more than offset by the possibility of a totally fireannihilated stand which ia both non-productive and non-protective. Under 

emersency conditions, application of these chemicals should not be restricted 

anywhere in the forest. 

Liekwise, emergency construction of firelines and temporary access roads 

may be necessary within the Discretionary or Streamside ManageGent Zones. In 

this case, they should be under the condition that after the fire, 

they will be stabilized according to the BMP's for other firelines and 

abandoned access roads. Firelines within the SMZ should be seeded and 

stabilized with water bars in accordance with the Sensitivity Class of the 

individual site. 

Followins a wildfira, damased or killed timber tmmediately begins to be 

deteriorated by insects and microoraaniama, both of which can render the wood 

useless and worthleas within 1-6 months. Under these circumstances, it is 

essential that a landowner be free to harvest all susceptible timber as 

expeditiously as possible. 

Recommended ltmitations on residual within the Primary SMZ and 

site preparation methods should be relaxed during the 1-6 month critical 

period. 

There exists in Florida the aver-present threat of severe weather events, 
widespread infection and destruction of forest cover, and severe financial 

hardship to the owner. 

In these instances, Best Management Practices which limit pesticide 

application within an SMZ to basal application should be relaxed to allow 

mist blowing. Salvage cutting should be encouraged to remove all affected 

timber, even when ita removal will breach the recommended minimum volumes for the Primary Streamside Management Zone. 

D. Best Management Practice Assessment 

The success of the Silviculture planning element will ultimately depend 

on how effectively the state's 90.000 non-industrial private forest landowners, who control 8.9 million acres; the 12 forest industries (5.2 million 

acres); the U.S. Forest Service (1 million acres); the Florida Division of 

Forestry (390,000 acres); and the hundreds of producers, loggers and vendors 

who service them all are made aware of and encouraged to follow the recommended 

Best Management Practices. This is one of the major reasons that the Florida 

Division of Forestry will be designated the overall lead management agency 

in the Silviculture 208 planning effort. County and urban foresters will be 

the official atate forestry representatives on nonpoint pollution matters, 

and will administer the program loeally (see Part lV--lmplementation). 

The Division of Forestry will develop and coordinate monitoring of the 

program's effectiveness based on empirical evaluation by county forester• 

III-23 
of BMP effectiveness, applicagility, practicality, coat, and compliance 

in their jurisdiction. Acco.panyina the .. evaluations will be controlled 

demonstration sites in state forests on which detailed coat and water 

quality impact recorda can be kept for each IMP and variations of them. 

This will facilitate an accurate asaeaement of the prograa'a success and 

will be useful aa an educational tool. 

Similar installations and test areas may be located on private lands 

aa the program progreasea. Water quality monitoring and time and motion 

studies could be perforaad on these areas to assist the private sector in 

their compliance efforts. These areas would also provide localized demonstrat ion areas for continuous training. 
will be recommended in the statewide water quality plan to implement silvicultural nonpoint source controls. 

EPA guidelines allow for either regulatory or non-regulatory programs to 

control nonpoint sources of pollution. EPA, "Program Guidanee Memorandum: 

SAM 31" (September 22, 1977). Management agencies necessary to carry out 

these programs must be clearly designated. Section 208(b)(2)(D), P.L. 92-500. 

The specific federal for .regulatory and non-regulatory programs 

and designated agencies can be found in the Agricultural Element 

of the State of Florida 208 Plan and at 40 C.F.R. 13l.ll(n), (o). To avoid 

redundancy, they will not be discussed here. 

This chapter will discuss the following: alternative regulatory 

approaches; the recommended approach for iMplementation; and designated management agencies. 

B. Alternative Approaches 

Once the pollution problems in an area have been identified, it ia 

necessary to select a management scheme for the implementation of controls. 

There are numerous regulatory mechanisms which may be to control 

silvicultural nonpoint sources, some havins a more direct effect than others. 

Available data indicate that the pollutant resulting from silvicultural 

activity is probably sediment. Secondary pollutants include pesticides and 

IV-l 
fertilizers. However, use of these chemicals is rather limited in forest 

management practices in Florida. 

A number of laws exist in many states which address pollutants from 

eilvicultural activities, including; 

- Timber Access Road Laws; 

- Pesticides Legislation; - Timber Harvesting Legislation; 

- Timber Regeneration Legislation; 

- Controlled Fire Legislation; 

- Critical Areas Legielation; - Erosion and Sediment Control Laws; 

- Soil Conservation Acts; 

- Special Pollution Controls 

- Financial Incentives. 

In analyzing the various approaches to controlling silvicultural nonpoint 

source problems, four basic alternatives were considered: 

1. Requiring landowners, timber cutters, etc., to have pollution 

management plans: 

2. Protecting watercourses and waterbodies from accelerated runoff 

through the use of critical area programs; 

3. Establishing BMP's for forestry management; 

4. Establishing voluntary/cooperative programs involving technical 

assistance, cost-sharing. or tax incentives. 

Basically, these approaches translate into two major possibilities for 

action: 1) permittina of discharges and/or enforcement of standards. or 

2) cooperative/voluntary proarams. 

C. Recommended Management Approach 

Due to lack of water quality data reflecting a relevant cause and effect 
result in achievement of the desired water quality aoal

 

Guidance Memorandum: SAM 31", (September 22, 1977), p. 5. 

EPA, 

Program 

In order to 

obtain approval, a non-regulatory pro1ram must meet five requirements. These 

five requirements will be discussed below, together with a description of haw 

the proposed program will aatiafy each requirement. 

1. Identification of best management practices (BMP'a). 

(Please see Part III for a description of BHP'a.) 

2. Provision for an effective educational program to inform the 

affected public of the requirements. 

The first attempt to reach the affected public will employ exietins 

coumunication and media channels. This phase will be coordinated by the 

Division of Forestry, drawing upon the resources of other interested agencies, 

associations and groups to publicize the 208 program. These agencies and 

groupe include, but are not limited to. the Soil Conservation Service, 

Department of Environmental Regulation. Cooperative Extenaio~ Service, Florida 

Forestry Association, and associates of Sail and Water Conservation Districts. 

News releases, television spots. announcements and proarams, and radio 

spots and programs will all be employed where possible. Many of the Division's 

foresters have established access to their local news media in the form of 

weekly or monthly television appearances, newspaper columna or radio spots. 

IV-3 
These can be used effectively to introduce Public Law 92-500, Section 208 and 

1\est Mauagemeut Practicea. Civic group presentations can also be utilized by 

county and urban foresters to discuss the 208 program. 

This initial tbruat will not be intended to provide detailed instruction 

to landowners or operators, but should aetabliah initial contact with them so 

that more specific communication• can follow. 

3 • Provision of adegua te technical and financial assistance if needed. 

Trained county and urban foresters will provide any technical assistance 

needed to landowners, practitioners, consulting foresters, etc., to enable 

them to implement IMP's. 

tn addition, on-the-ground demonstration areas will be established, on 

which BMP's will be installed and the attendant problema viewed and discussed. 

Basically, the PDER will seek the fundins for these various activities through 

the EPA/SCS Rural Clean Water Program. Further elaboration on agency 

responsibilities and the enabling statutory authority is contained in the 

Designated Manaae.ent Agency section ~ediately following this section. 

4. Asreeaent to reportiy mtem (at least annual) to the 

Reaiooal Administrator on progress made in t.plementation. 

BMP compliance and effectiveness will be assessed annually in order to 

discern those areas of the program where modification ia necessary to effectuate 

water quality goals. The Department of Environmental Regulation will assume 

ultimate responsibility for the annual reporting system to the Regional 
fTOfiUi.Oft&lS 

t"-GI.Iftr Lea 1 _16• 

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l8 

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!lastlon £Dr 

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Trainina Sessions rot 

Landowners 6 Operaton 

18 !t• 

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Coapliance ln Couitdes l7 ..1.1• 

Fi.:rst '(ear 

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D. Designated Management yencbs 

Three management agencies are designated for implementing the Silvieultural 

El•ent of the Statewide 208 Plan for non-designated. areas: 1) the Division 

of Forestry of the Florida Department of Agriculture; 2) the Florida Department 

of Environmental Regulation; aud 3) the U.S. Forest Service. In 

these designated agencies will draw upon the resources of the Florida Forestry 

Association, the Soil Conservation Service, the Cooperative Extension 

and associates of Soil and Water Conservation Districts. 

The Division of Forestry will assume the lead role in overall program 

management and coordination. Several advantages of this arransement are clear 

accountability and greater coherence in conflict resolution, statewide 

consistency in overall water quality nonpoint source management activities. and the fact that the plan can be rapidly implemented without reorganization 

of exiatins governmental agencies. Designation of tbe Division of Forestry as "lead agency" effectively utilizes the Division's expertise in the field of 

foreetry aanasement practices and ita working relationship with 

individual landowner.. 

For initial efforts, three aegments have been selected as having potentially 

savete water quality problema due to ailviculturally related activities. The 

segments are specifically identified in Part II of this Element. The Division 

of Forestry, the FDER and the other above-named agencies will work in cooperation with the landowners in these segments, pursuant to interagency agreements. 

-

... 
will develop Site Sensitivity Atlases to aid in efficient BMP implementation. 

In addition, test watersheds will be established to gauge the effectiveness 

of sUvicul ture BMP' s. The FDER will be the continuing planning agency, 

periodically evaluating the program for compliance. In addition, lDER 

will seek funding for the monitoring program. (Note: FDER ia currently 

negotiating with the Division of Forestry on an agreement which would 

delegate various duties to the Division inc:ludins the development of IMP 

manuals and certain responsibilities for program monitoring.) 

For the purpose of clarity, specific functions for each of the designated 

agencies vill be discussed with regard to the agency's legal authority and 

administrative and financial capability: 

Ths Division of Poroestz>y 

Chapter 589, Florida Statutes, provides for the creation of a Division 

of Forestry to care for, manage, and enforce all laws pertaining to forests 

and woodlands. The expertise of the Division of Forestry will be relied 

upon as follows: 

1) Seek cooperation of landowners. traiu and educate landowners 

on the application of and use of BMP's. 

Section 589.04 provides authority for this task. It states that the 

Division will: 11 [a]ssist and cooperate with ••• , county, town, corporation, 

or individual to gather and dieseminate information, in regard to forests, their 

care and management • • • n 

IV-7 
2) Provide technical assistance to landowners through varied means 

including the development of a Site Sensitivity Class Atlas. 

Section 589.04 also provides authority fo~ this task. It authorizes 

the Division to gather and diseeainate info1'1118tion. "[u)nder auch terms aa 

will beat serve the public interest •••• " 

3) to cooperate or ente~ into aareeaenta with the florida Department 

of Environmental Regulation and the U.S. Forest Service, as well 

aa any other federal, state, or local aaency which uay be of 

aaaistanc.e in iapleaentina this prograa. 

The authority for this function i8 aaain found in Section 589.04 1 which 

empowers the Division "[t]o assist and cooperate with federal and state 

department• or institutes , , •• " 

Ths PZol'ida Departmsnt of Environm.ntat Regutati.on 

The Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER) derives its 

authority to implement 208 planning from Sections 403.061(1), (11), and (12) 1 

Florida Statutes. Tbe manaa•ent and impl•entation responsibilities which 

FDER will assume are described below. 

l) Develop and diaaemtnate a seneral technical manual of BMP'a 

which will have a positive :l.apact on water quality. 

the Department is authorized to "[e]ncourage and conduct atud1es 1 

investigations

and research relating to pollution and its causes

effects
403.061(24) provides tbat FDER may: "[a]dvise, consult, cooperate and 

enter into agreements with other agencies of the State, the Federal Government, 

other states, interstate agencies, sroup• II 

4) Seek coat-shariag funds for implementation of BHP's, includin& 

funds for the developaent of the BMP Manual and Site Sensitivity 

Class Atlas. 

This function is authorized by Section 403.061(5), Florida Statutes, 

which authorizes the Department to: 11 [al ccep t a tate apprapria tiona 1 loans 

and grants from the Federal Government and froiD other sources, public or 

private II 

5) Assume responsibility for the annual reporting system to the 

Regional Administrator. 

The Departlllent is empowered to perform this function pursuant to 

Section 403.061(23), Florida Statutes, which atataa the Department may 

11 

[ c] ollec t and disseminate iuf orma tian 

The United States Fo1'eat Seroiae 

II 

The United States Forest Service waa empowered by Congress in the Transfer 

Act of 1905, 16 u.s.c. 5472. Basically, the role of the Forest Service will 

• be to administer the Silvicultural Element of the Statewide 208 Plan in u.s. 

forestlands. Specifically, the Forest Service will perform the followins 

functioue: 

IV-10 
l) Implementation of BMP•a. 

The Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960 (16 u.s.c. §528). 

authorizes the Forest Service to "(d]evelop aad administer the renewable 

surface resources of the national forests for multiple use •••• 11 Section 

531 of the Act defi!lee "multiple uae11 aa "[t)he •nasement of all the various 

renewable surface resources of the national forests eo that they are utilized 

in the COIDbination that will best uet the needs of the American people •••• " 

2) Cooperate with State and local governments or others. 

The Forest service is apeeifieally authorized to perform this function 

under Section 530 of the Act. (16 U.S.C. 5530). 
• 

Broad Based Dips A periodic reversal in the grade of a permanent access road whose purpose it is to reduce soil loaa from and provide adequate drainage of the 

road surface. 

Burning (frescribed Burning) -- The practice of using regulated fires to reduce or eliminate the unincorporated organic matter of the foTeat floor. or low, undesirable 

vegetation. 

Chopping -- A mechanical treabaent whereby vegetation is concentrated near the 

ground and incorporated into the soil. Chopping may be used to facilitate burning 

or to increase the organic component of the surface soil. 

Clearcutting -- A ailvicultural system in which all uerchantable trees are harvested 

over a specified area in one operation. 

Cross Ditch -- A shallow depression built diagonally acroaa a light duty road or 

trail for the purpose of diverting surface water therefrom. 

Culvert -- A metal, wooden or concrete condui t throush which surface water can flow 

under or across roads. 

Discretionary Zone -- A 300-foot wide strip of land adjacent to a watercourse in which Best Management Practices should be applied to protect water quality. 

Erodible Soils -- Those soils identified as being subject to erosion. 

Erosion -- The process by which soil particles are detached and transported by water and gravity to some downslope or downstream deposition point. 

Fertilizers -- Any substance or coabination of substances used principally as a 

source of plant food or soil amendment. 

Foliar Analysis -- A quantitative examination of leaves or twigs to determine the levels of their chemical constituents. Used as a diagnostic tool to assess nutrient uptake or deficiencies. 

Harrowing (Disking) -- A mechanical method of scarifying the soil to reduce competing vegetation and to prepare a site to be seeded or planted • 

Haul Roads (Spur Roads) -- Those woods roads over which timber 1• transported from 

a felling site to a public road. 

V-1 
Impoundment Areas -- Those areas in which water is artificially stored, or impounded. 

Intermittent Stream -- A watercourse that flows in s well defined channel during the wet seasons of the year, but not the entire year. 

Logging Debris -- The utilized and generally unmarketable accumulation in the 

forest of woody material, euch as large limbs, tops, cull logs and stumps. that remains as forest residue after timber harvesting. 

ORV's- Off Road Vehicles --Includes any motorized vehicle when driven on surfaces other than public roads. Can include, but are not limited to, automobiles, 

trucka 1 motorcycles and farm implements. 

Perennial Stream -- A watercourse that flows throughout the year or nearly so, in a well defined channel. 

Pesticides -- Chemical materials that are used for the control of undesirable 

insects, diseases, vegetation, animals or other forea of life. 

Primary SMZ -- A 35-foot wide strip of forest land surrounding all perennial streams and lakes 10 acres or larger. 

Refuse -- Inorganic waste materials such as metal, rubber, plastic and glass. 

Regeneration -- The youna tree crop replacing older trees removed by harvest 

or disaster. 

Riprap -- Aggregate placed on potentially erodible sites to reduce the impact of rain or surface runoff on theae areas. 

Rotation {Period) -- The period of t~e to establish. grow and harvest s crop of 

trees at a specified condition of maturity. 

Secondary SMZ -- A strip of forest land located between the Primary SMZ and the 

outer boundary of the entire Streamside Management Zone. 

Sediment -- Soil fragments which have been detached and transported by water. 

Seed Tree Method Removal of the mature timber in one cutting, except for a small number of seed trees left singly or in small groups. 

Selection Method -- Removal of the mature timber. usually the oldest or largest 

• 
• 

Slash 

Wood residue, usually tree limbs and tops, left on the around after an 

area has been logged. 

Stand-- A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in species compoaition, 

arrangement of age classes and condition to he a homogeneous and distinguishable 

unit. 

Streamside Management Zone -- A vegetated strip adjacent to a watercourse on which 

special management precautions are necessary to protect water quality. The Streamside Management zone will vary in width, depending on the sensitivity claus of the 

site. 

Swale -- A gently sloping channel designed to transport intermittent runoff from 

storm events. 

Water Bar -- A hump or small dike built across a light-duty road, skid trail or 

fireline, for the purpose of diverting surface water therefrom. 

Water Control Structure -- Any structure used to regulate surface or subsurface 

water levels. 

Water Turnout -- The extension of an access road's drainage ditch into a vegetated 

area to provide for the dispersion and filtration of stormwater runoff. 

Wildfire -- Any fire other than a controlled, prescribed fire. 

Windrow -- Logging degris and unmerchantable woody vegetation which has been piled 

in rows to decompose or be burned; or the act of constructing these piles • 

V-3 
--

• 

• 
, 

. .. 
•• I