NISTIR 6563

Fire Safety of Passenger Trains; Phase III:

Evaluation of Fire Hazard Analysis

Using Full-Scale Passenger Rail Car Tests

Richard D. Peacock

Jason D. Averill

Daniel Madrzykowski

David W. Stroup

Paul A. Reneke

Richard W. Bukowski

Fire Safety of Passenger Trains; Phase III:

Evaluation of Fire Hazard Analysis

Using Full-Scale Passenger Rail Car Tests

Richard D. Peacock

Jason D. Averill

Daniel Madrzykowski

David W. Stroup

Paul A. Reneke

Richard W. Bukowski

Fire Research Division

Building and Fire Research Laboratory

April 2004

U.S. Department of Commerce

Donald L. Evans, Secretary

Technology Administration

Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director
This work has been completed under the sponsorship and funding of the

Federal Railroad Administration. The findings, conclusions and

recommendations are those of the authors and the National Institute of

Standards and Technology. In addition, due to the interim nature of the

report, the contents are provided for information exchange and do not

necessarily reflect the technical acceptance by the Federal Railroad

Administration for regulatory or other purposes.

Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in

this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept

adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation

or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor

is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are

necessarily the best available for the purpose.

National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTIR 6563

NISTIR 6563, 149 pages (April 2004)
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Abstract

A comprehensive multi-phase fire safety research program is being conducted by the National

Institute of Standards and Technology to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of heat

release rate-based test methods and hazard analysis techniques when applied to passenger train

fire safety. This document presents the Phase III results of the program which focused on the

real-scale evaluation of the fire hazard analysis techniques studied in Phase II of the project. 

Also included are comparisons of the real-scale test results with small- and full-scale test results

conducted in the first two phases of the research. 

Comparison of times to untenable conditions for a range of fire sizes determined from these

experimental measurements with those calculated by the CFAST fire model showed agreement

which averaged approximately 13 %. The range of ignition source strengths indicated that an

ignition source size between 25 kW and approximately 200 kW is necessary to promote

significant fire spread, which is consistent with the conclusions from earlier research that the

ignition source strength of passenger rail car materials is 2 to 10 times greater than typical office

furnishings.

Keywords

Cone calorimeters; egress; fire hazards assessment; fire models; furniture calorimeters; heat

release rate; railroad safety; test methods; transportation

vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Direction and technical review of the Phase III interim report were provided by Steven

Ditmeyer, Director; Claire Orth, Chief, Equipment and Operating Practices Division; and

Thomas Tsai, Senior Project Engineer; all of the Federal Railroad Administration, Office of

Research & Development, US DOT; and Robert Dorer, Chief, Railroads Systems Division, John

A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), Research and Special

Programs Administration, US DOT. 

Stephanie Markos, Volpe Center, provided overall project technical direction, specific oversight

of Phase III task progress, and technical review of all Phase III work products. 

A Peer Review Committee was established to guide the development of this research program. 

Members of this committee who provided comments on the draft Phase III interim report

include: Douglas Karan, Alstom Transportation, Inc., formerly of Amtrak; Vytenis Babrauskas,

Fire Science and Technology, Inc.; Nancy McAtee, U.S. National Transportation Safety Board;

Steven Roman, LTK Engineering; Arthur Bendelius and William Kennedy, Parsons Brinckerhoff

Quade & Douglas, Inc.; Thomas Fritz, Armstrong World Headquarters; Arthur Grand, formerly

of Omega Point Laboratories; Charles Ogburn, Chestnut Ridge Foam, Inc.; William Segar and

Michael Fesko, Bombardier Corporation; William Rice, Long Island Railroad, Marc Janssens,

Southwest Research Institute; and John Hall, National Fire Protection Association. Their

scientific and practical knowledge, candid discussions relating to fire safety and rail

transportation vehicle material selection are also greatly appreciated.

The FRA, Volpe Center and NIST recognize the critical role of George Binns, Senior Director of

Rolling Stock Engineering, Amtrak, who approved the donation of the Amfleet I passenger rail

coach car for use in the full-scale fire tests. The following Amtrak personnel were instrumental

in arranging the car move from Wilmington, Delaware to the test site in Aberdeen, Maryland,

and providing other important logistical support: Robert Brown, Thomas Butler, John Gaskill,

B. Hastings, Vincent Nesci, and John Wiesinger. 

The full-scale tests were conducted at the Army Test Center (ATC) located at the Aberdeen

Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD (APG). The following ATC individuals provided important

logistical support: William Bolt, William Newton, Bernard Sokolis, and Charles Valz. In

addition, APG Fire Department Chief, Charles Jones, and Assistant Chiefs Edward Buddnick

and Robert Barry, provided fire suppression management during the fire test program.

Finally, the authors extend thanks to Craig Austin and Cassandra Oxley, EG&G, Inc., for their

editorial support in preparing this document for publication; and Barbara Siccone, Planners

Collaborative, who provided formatting expertise/typing support. 
viii
ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Use of HRR to Evaluate Passenger Train Fire Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Summary of Phase I and Phase II Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 Other Related Fire Safety Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.3.1 Previous FRA-Sponsored Studies .............................. 6

1.3.2 Related European Rail Research ............................... 6

1.3.3 Related FTA-Sponsored Studies .............................. 8

1.4 Overall Project Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5 Overall Project Technical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.6 Phase III Scope .................................................. 9

1.7 Report Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2. Passenger Rail Car Test Configuration and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.1 Test Car – General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Test Car Component Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.3 Test Car Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.4 Test Car Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3. Passenger Rail Car Full-Scale Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1 Test Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1.1 Gas Burner Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.1.2 Fire Growth and Spread Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Gas Burner Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.2.1 Slow Fire Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2.2 Medium Fire Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2.3 Fast Fire Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.2.4 Ultra-Fast Fire Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.3 Fire Growth and Spread Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3.1 Window Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner Ignition Source . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.3.2 Corner Test with Trash Bag Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.3.3 Seat Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.4 Comparison of Small- and Full-scale Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.1 Use of Small-Scale Test Data for Material Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.4.2 Comparison with Earlier Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.5 Test Result Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.6 Key Observations from the Full-Scale Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
x

4. Predictive Capability of Fire Hazard Analysis Techniques Applied to Passenger

Rail Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

4.1 Fire Hazard Analysis Results for the Test Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.1.1 Important Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.1.2 Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.2 Comparison of Fire Hazard Analysis Predictions with Test Data . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

5. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.1 Full-scale Rail Car Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.2 Comparison of Full-scale Test Results to Earlier Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.3 Implications of Full-scale Testing on Fire Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.4 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Appendix A. 49 CFR, Part 238 - FRA Regulations: Passenger Rail Cars and 

Locomotive Safety Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Appendix B – Full-Scale Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
xi

FIGURES

Page

1. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2. Amfleet I Test Car - Exterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat and Wall Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior Fire Test Area Bulkhead Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior Fire Test Area Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6. Amfleet I Test Car - Exterior “B” End: Calorimeter Exhaust Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

7. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior “A” End Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

8. Amfleet I Test Car - “A” Seating Area with Thermocouple Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

9. Amfleet I Test Car - Gas Burner Test Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

10. Amfleet I Test Car - Typical Medium T-squared Gas Burner Fire Growth . . . . . . . . . . . 21

11. Amfleet I Test Car - Ignition Sources Used for Fire Growth and Spread Tests . . . . . . . 22

12. Amfleet I Test Car - Measured and Calculated HRR for Gas Burner Fires . . . . . . . . . . 23

13. Amfleet I Test Car - Measured Gas Temperature Profiles from Floor to Ceiling

 at Four Positions During a Slow Fire Growth Rate Gas Burner Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

14. Amfleet I Test Car - Average Upper Layer Temperature for Several Gas Burner 

 Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

15. Amfleet I Test Car - Window Drape Test with 25 kW Gas Sand Burner Ignition . . . . . 29

16. Amfleet I Test Car - Window Drape: Gas Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

17. Amfleet I Test Car - Window Drape Test: Gas Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

18. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test with Trash Bag/Sand Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

19. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test: Temperatures and Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

20. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test: Gas Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

21. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test: Smoke Obscuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

22. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion Test with TB 133 Burner Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

23. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / TB 133 Burner: Gas Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

24. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / TB 133 Burner: Gas Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . 34

25. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion with Gas Sand Burner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

26. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / Gas Sand Burner: Gas Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . 35

27. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / Gas Sand Burner: Gas Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . 36

28. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area Test with Trash Bag Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

29. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area / Trash Bag: Gas Temperatures and Heat Flux . . . . . 37

30. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area / Trash Bag: Gas Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

31. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area / Trash Bag: Smoke Obscuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

32. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area After Trash Bag Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

33. Comparison of Small-Scale (Cone Calorimeter) and Full-scale (Furniture Calorimeter)

Test Results for Several Passenger Rail Car Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

34. Amfleet I Test Car - Observed Fire Growth and Spread Damage to Seats After

 Three Different Ignition Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

35. Amfleet I Test Car - Observed Fire Growth and Spread Damage to Seats/Drape

 and Car Corner After 25 kW Sand Burner and Trash Bag Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

36. Amfleet I Test Car - Typical Coach Interior Furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
xii

37. Amfleet I Test Car - Predicted Fire Performance Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

38. Amfleet I Test Car - Comparison of Measured and Predicted Fire Performance . . . . . . 48

TABLES

Page

1. Amfleet I Test Car - Selected Test Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. Amfleet I Test Car - Tests Conducted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3. Amfleet I Test Car - Selected Full-scale Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4. Cone Calorimeter and Furniture Calorimeter Material Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5. Comparison of Selected Full-Scale Test Results from Several Test Series . . . . . . . . . . 41
1

Fire Safety of Passenger Trains: Phase III

Evaluation of Fire Hazard Analysis Using Full-Scale

Passenger Rail Car Tests

Richard D. Peacock, Jason D. Averill, Daniel Madrzykowski, 

David W. Stroup, Paul A. Reneke, and Richard W. Bukowski

Building and Fire Research Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

1. INTRODUCTION

Fire safety is an area of particular interest for both conventional intercity and commuter

passenger trains, and new high-speed trains. A systems approach to fire safety addresses

passenger rail car design and materials, detection and suppression, passenger and train crew

evacuation, and their interactions. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is sponsoring a

multi-phase research program directed at providing the scientific basis for using a systems

approach to evaluate the level of passenger train fire safety already achieved through the current

prescriptive material requirements. Previously published interim reports document the research

program results to date [1][2]. Phase I focused on the evaluation of passenger rail car interior

furnishing materials using data from existing FRA-cited small-scale test methods and from an

alternative test method using the cone calorimeter (ASTM International E-1354) [3]. In Phase

II, full-scale tests were conducted of selected interior material component assemblies using a

larger scale furniture calorimeter; fire hazard analyses were then conducted for three types of

intercity passenger rail cars, using data from both types of tests. 

This Phase III interim report compares the results of Phases I and II of the research program,

with a series of full-scale fire tests conducted in an Amtrak coach rail car. The goal of Phase III

was to evaluate the extent that the results of the small- and full-scale tests and fire hazard

analyses using the Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) computer model

are predictive of actual passenger rail car material burning behavior.

Currently, the U.S. and European approaches to passenger train fire safety rely primarily on

individual small-scale test methods to evaluate material fire performance. As part of the FRA

passenger rail equipment safety standards (49 CFR, Part 238) [4], the FRA requires that certain

materials used to construct new rail passenger cars and locomotives or rebuild, refurbish, or
1 Fire hazard: the potential for harm associated with fire. A fire may pose one or more types of hazard to

people, animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environment and with a number of

fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies including but not limited to ease of

ignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicity of combustion

products, and ease of extinguishment.

2

overhaul that type of equipment be evaluated using flammability and smoke emission test

methods and performance criteria. The FRA first issued the fire safety regulations on May 12,

1999 and issued a clarification on June 25, 2002 [5][6]. The regulation requirements are based

on earlier FRA guidelines initially published in 1984 and revised in 1989 [7][8]. The original

1984 FRA guidelines were identical to recommended practices also published in 1984 by the

Federal Transit Administration (then Urban Mass Transportation Administration [UMTA]) for

rail transit vehicles [9].

The FRA fire safety regulations permit the use of heat release rate (HRR) test methods and

performance criteria for seat and mattress assemblies and certain small parts. In addition to the

material test requirements, the FRA also requires that a fire safety analysis be conducted by

intercity passenger and commuter rail operators for new and existing passenger rail equipment. 

1.1 USE OF HRR TO EVALUATE PASSENGER TRAIN FIRE SAFETY 

A 1993 study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), sponsored by the

FRA, concluded that fire hazard1

 assessment techniques could provide a more credible and

cost-effective means to predict the fire performance of passenger rail car materials [10]. This

approach employs fire hazard assessment techniques, using fire modeling based on test methods

using HRR data. An extensive effort sponsored by the European Railway Research Institute

(ERRI) is also underway to relate small-scale and real-scale fire performance using HRR and fire

modeling. 

Based primarily on small-scale test methods which measure fire characteristics of individual

materials, the majority of the current FRA and other similar transportation passenger vehicle

requirements form a prescriptive set of design criteria which historically have been used to

evaluate material fire performance. This approach has provided a screening device to allow

interested parties to identify particularly hazardous materials and select preferred combinations

of individual components; material suppliers can independently evaluate the fire safety
3

performance of their own materials. However, in most ground transportation applications, enduse assemblies have not previously been tested. 

Considerable advances in fire safety engineering have been made since the original development

of the initial FRA material requirements. Much of the data obtained from the current test

methods provide a relative ranking of materials under the specified exposure conditions. 

However, those test methods do not provide quantitative data that can be used for computer fire

modeling and hazard analysis. Moreover, the 1993 NIST study and several other studies have

concluded that the impact of material interactions and changes in passenger rail car interior

geometry are also critical factors to be evaluated in predicting actual fire behavior. These

factors cannot be evaluated through small-scale tests alone. 

In contrast, HRR and other data measurements generated from small-scale test methods, such as

the cone calorimeter, can be used as an input to evaluate the contribution of a material's overall

contribution to the fire hazard in a particular passenger rail car application. In addition to cone

calorimeter tests, full-scale component assemblies can be tested using the furniture calorimeter

[11] to determine how individual materials interact in passenger rail car applications. Finally,

full-scale tests that include HRR measurement can be used to quantify the interaction of

materials in an actual passenger rail car geometry. The data generated in small-scale and

assembly tests can be used as inputs for fire modeling as part of a fire hazard analysis. In

addition to material flammability and smoke emission, fire modeling and hazard analysis

techniques allow evaluation of a range of passenger rail car design parameters, including

geometry, fire detection and suppression, and evacuation, as well as design tradeoffs, which may

arise from the interaction of several of those parameters.

The successful use of fire modeling and hazard analysis depends on the ability of the computer

models to correctly predict conditions in a given geometry. Full-scale fire tests in an appropriate

end-use geometry can provide data to evaluate the predictive capability of fire models for

passenger rail cars. 

To assess the feasibility of applying HRR test methods, fire modeling techniques, and hazard

analysis to U.S. passenger trains, the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center

(Volpe Center) and NIST developed a comprehensive multi-phase fire safety research program. 
2 During the growth phase, fires can be reasonably represented by a power law relation, which is

expressed as: where q is the HRR (kW),  is the fire intensity coefficient (kW/sn q t  ), t is time (s), n D

and n is a power chosen to best represent the chosen experimental data. For most flaming fires, the socalled t-squared (n = 2) growth rate is an excellent representation. A set of specific t-squared fires labeled

slow, medium, fast, and ultra-fast, with fire intensity coefficients () such that the fires reached 1 MW

(1000 BTU/s) in 600 s, 300 s, 150 s, and 75 s, respectively, are typically used. 

Historically, t-squared fire growth rates have been expressed in a time to 1000 BTU/s or 1055 kW and

noted as a time to 1 MW in SI units. Throughout this report, the approximation of time to 1 MW is used

to indicate a fire growth to 1055 kW, consistent with this convention.

4

1.2 SUMMARY OF PHASE I AND II RESULTS

During Phase I, small-scale HRR data were developed for currently available passenger rail car

materials using the cone calorimeter test method. The cone calorimeter test data were compared

with data from FRA-cited small-scale test methods to determine relative material fire

performance. For the majority of materials, the relative ranking from “best” to “worst” was

similar in both test methods. Key in the use of small-scale test data is the ability to use the data

to determine end-use behavior, typically through the use of experimental correlations or

predictive models. The Phase I interim report concluded that new passenger rail car designs and

materials are better assessed through a systems approach that considers the impact of material

and design choices on the overall fire safety of the system. 

The Phase II interim report documented the use of fire hazard analysis techniques applied to

three passenger rail car designs. Using fire modeling, the relative importance of material,

geometry, and other system design parameters was quantified through the use of representative

fire performance curves. These curves showed the available egress time as a function of fire

growth rate for a range of fire sizes. The available egress time, or how long tenable conditions

remain within the rail car, was compared to the minimum time necessary for the occupants to

evacuate through one end of the car to an adjacent car. Tenable conditions were evaluated in

terms of elevated temperature and smoke obscuration. 

The results of the analyses were presented for typical single level coach, and bi-level dining and

bi-level sleeping car designs. For the three example analyses conducted, passengers and crew

were deemed safe from unreasonable hazard of death or injury from interior fires involving

materials or products exhibiting fire growth rates at or below a medium “t-squared” fire2

, similar

to the fire growth and HRR of a typical upholstered sofa. For all but the most severe ignition

sources, conditions in all three rail car designs studied remain tenable sufficiently long to allow

safe passenger egress, e.g., more than 10 minutes in some cases. The exceptions were associated
5

with the potential for fires in some locations that block egress from the lower level of bi-level

dining and sleeping cars to adjacent cars while the train is moving since lower level doors that

open directly to the car exterior are not safely usable from a moving train.

Although based on an existing passenger rail coach car design, the evaluation in this interim

report represents only the verification of an example demonstrating the use of fire hazard

analysis techniques, using computer modeling. During the conduct of the research described

in this study, Amtrak had already initiated a major passenger rail car overhaul and

refurbishment program. Accordingly, this example does not represent an evaluation of any

particular existing car configuration in operation or the actual fire hazard.

These fire hazard analysis calculations were in part based on a comparison of the calculated

available egress time with estimates of the minimum egress time required for passenger

evacuation. However, the accuracy of these estimates has not been studied for passenger rail

cars. Like the 90-second certification testing for aircraft, this egress time is simply a consistent

point of comparison for different rail car configurations and fire scenarios. It is important to

remember that this calculated egress time does not include impact of the fire on the train

passengers, panic, scattered luggage in a post-crash rail car, or bodily injury to occupants prior to

evacuation. A number of special evacuation characteristics for rail cars could not be considered

with the simple egress calculations considered in Phase II. Any effects of more complex

evacuation strategies to areas of safety outside the train were considered beyond the scope of

these simple egress calculations. All of these effects could have a significant impact on

evacuation in an actual accident and thus warrant further study.

Alternative analyses to the baseline passenger rail car analyses conducted in Phase II showed

that design features, in addition to materials, can have an impact on the resulting fire safety of

the overall design. These features include the geometry of the car, passive and active fire

protection measures, emergency egress, and emergency procedures. Design changes such as

detection, smoke management, and/or suppression systems were shown to have a greater impact

than further improvements in the materials which already exhibit strong fire performance

characteristics.

1.3 OTHER RELATED FIRE SAFETY STUDIES 

Several specific fire safety studies previously conducted in the U.S. and Europe are summarized

below. Part of the purpose of the current NIST research program is to extend the research from
6

these rail car and related fire safety studies to account for the effects of material interaction and

compartment geometry on overall passenger train fire safety.

1.3.1 Previous FRA-Sponsored Studies 

In addition to the Phase I and II studies and the 1993 study, all cited above, the FRA funded an

Amtrak fire safety study that was published in 1984 [12]. This earlier study included a series of

tests to assess the large-scale burning behavior of materials used for Amtrak passenger rail car

interior furnishings. Small-scale cone calorimeter tests, and full-scale furniture calorimeter

assembly tests were conducted. The comparison of small-scale flammability and smoke

emission test data with real-scale test data showed that the small-scale tests were able to

effectively quantify the effect of changes in materials within the same real-scale geometry. 

However, when the geometry of the full-scale rail coach car test mockup was changed, the

chosen small-scale tests failed to predict the effects of the changes. Small-scale seat assemblies,

and real-scale mock-up test data were compared. The relative fire performance of these

materials (from lowest HRR to highest HRR) was consistent in mockup tests (for a given

geometry of the full-scale mockup).

The Amtrak test data represented the results of only a limited number of tests. The effects of

changes in component materials, material interaction, and rail car geometry were identified as

important issues requiring further study.

1.3.2 Related European Rail Research

In 1992, the ERRI published a report that recommended supplementary studies be conducted to

account for smoke opacity and toxicity hazards of materials [13]. Later in 1992, the ERRI

proposed that computer model software be used to model half-scale and full-scale tests already

carried out in order to compare computer results with actual results [14]. ERRI considered the

use of the cone calorimeter to be the only small-scale apparatus suitable for providing useful data

for computer modeling. A series of reports document the completion of ERRI rail coach tests

[15][16][17][18][19][20]. In a test application, ERRI used the HAZARD I model to simulate a

fire in the British 10 ft (3 m) test cube and concluded that the use of the model to simulate fires

in a railway vehicle was feasible. Additional cone calorimeter and furniture calorimeter tests

were conducted and numerous model simulations of fires within passenger rail coaches were

performed. The results of the simulations were primarily aimed at comparing the model

prediction to full-scale experiments and evaluating the ability of the model to be used in a rail

environment. The use of fire models to validate the design of a passenger rail car in terms of

passenger evacuation was proposed. In the ERRI modeling study [18], the impact of the
7

ventilation system in compartmented coaches was noted as important to the results of the

simulation, reducing the overall temperatures in the simulation. Expert judgment was required

to determine whether simplifications necessary to model the ventilation system were acceptable.

For a burning seat cushion with a peak HRR of approximately 120 kW, temperatures in the

upper gas layer ranged from 120 °F to 680 °F (60 °C to 360 °C) were noted, depending on the

coach configuration and location within the coach.

Numerous international conferences have been held and a very large research project was

conducted in Norway under the auspices of EUREKA (European Research Coordination

Agency) by nine Western European nations. A 1995 EUREKA test report reviewed 24 fire

incidents over 20 years (1971-1991) and presented the results of a series of tests in a tunnel

utilizing aluminum and steel-bodied German (DB) Inter-City and Inter-City Express rail cars

[21]. An extensive series of full-scale fire tests were conducted and HRR values were

developed. Although the primary focus of these tests was to determine the effect of a burning

vehicle on the environment within the tunnel, the results provide guidance on the burning

properties of passenger rail car materials appropriate for fire hazard analysis that can be

compared to the data used for this report. In addition to heat release rate, information on gas

concentrations and smoke emission are included for a range of European passenger rail and

transit cars. Temperatures within rail vehicles in the tests typically approached 1800 °F

(1000 °C) for fully-involved fires.

The Eureka report also includes test results intended to evaluate the environment within a sealed

passenger rail car used as an area of safe refuge during a tunnel fire involving other cars in the

train. The report concluded that a sealed car can provide a safe environment for up to 45 minutes

for cars about 330 ft (100 m) from the car involved in the fire.

As part of the standardization efforts in the European Union, the FIRESTARR project examined

the fire behavior of passenger railway vehicle component materials using small- and full-scale

testing [22]. The program included small-scale testing of 32 materials in the cone calorimeter,

along with additional ignition and flame spread tests on some materials. The same materials

were tested in full-scale using the ISO 9705 room-corner test, furniture calorimeter, and

compartment tests in a single 10 m3

 compartment. Results for small-scale tests [20] and fullscale tests [23] are available . It was noted that the cone calorimeter allow products to be

separated by ignition time into categories of non-ignitable, difficult to ignite, or easy to ignite. 

The cone calorimeter also proved to be an appropriate tool for assessing heat release and

dynamic smoke generation. Full-scale test results correlated well with small-scale tests for wall
8

and ceiling linings, but less well for seating products due to the low number of seats ignited in

the full-scale tests.

1.3.3 Related FTA-Sponsored Studies

In 1975 and 1978, rail transit car fire hazard evaluation reports for the Washington Metropolitan

Area Transit Administration (WMATA) [24] and Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART)

systems [25] were published.

The WMATA subway car fire evaluation consisted of individual small-scale tests of several

interior materials and seven full-scale tests to determine the overall effects of an assembled

system as compared to the fire characteristics of the individual components. The intent was to

assist WMATA in assessing the potential fire hazard in new Metrorail subway cars. One

criterion was that the ignition not spread from the area of origin. While the small-scale test

results indicated that the car interior may not be readily ignited by very small ignition sources,

the full-scale test results showed that the materials failed to perform in their end-use

configuration as would have been predicted. For mock-up tests with urethane foam seat

cushions, significant smoke obscuration was evident in approximately 5 minutes. 

Vinyl/chloroprene seat cushions were seen as less hazardous than an integral skin urethane foam

assembly.

The BART rail car evaluation included the review of interior and exterior car design,

communication system, materials (tests and performance), fire detection and suppression, fire

statistics, and scenarios. No tests were conducted.

1.4 OVERALL PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The overall project objective is to fully demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of HRRbased test methods and hazard analysis methodology in quantifying the threat of catastrophic fire

conditions in a passenger train environment. The results of this project are intended to provide: 

(1) the FRA with additional information to use in refining the fire safety provisions in 49 CFR,

Part 238, and (2) car builders and passenger train system operators with design flexibility to

employ a broader array of materials and designs in future passenger rail cars. The successful

application of this alternative approach to complement material screening tests could provide a

more credible and cost-effective way to evaluate the real-world fire performance of passenger

train cars while maintaining or improving the level of passenger train fire safety. 
9

1.5 OVERALL PROJECT TECHNICAL APPROACH

To evaluate the applicability of fire modeling and hazard analysis when applied to passenger rail

car design, appropriate HRR data must be obtained, fire modeling and hazard analysis

conducted, and the results of the methodology tested against full-scale fire simulations designed

to verify the predicted outcome. The research study consists of the following three phases:

 • During Phase I, selected passenger rail car interior materials were evaluated using the

cone calorimeter test method. The use of this test method and resulting HRR data 

were reviewed with respect to current FRA-cited tests, performance criteria, and

flammability and smoke emission data to compare the relative performance of current

materials.

 • During Phase II, the applicability of fire modeling and hazard analysis techniques to

predict passenger rail car fire hazards and mitigate those hazards were evaluated. Fullscale tests of assemblies, such as seats, were conducted to obtain component fire

performance data. The evaluation included changes in passenger rail car design and

materials, detection and suppression systems, and passenger evacuation, to assess the

relative impact on fire safety for a range of design parameters.

 • During Phase III, selected full-scale tests of a passenger rail car, in actual end-use

configuration, were performed to verify the predicted system performance against the

small-scale and full-scale assembly tests and hazard analysis studies. This interim 

report documents the results of the Phase III research tasks.

1.6 PHASE III SCOPE

Phase III consists of the following major efforts:

 • Conduct gas burner tests to verify the accuracy of the predicted conditions associated

with typical fire growth rates by the computer model for an actual coach car geometry

 • Conduct full-scale passenger rail car interior fire tests using an entire coach car,

 • Compare small- and full-scale data to explore the feasibility of a small-scale screening

method, and

 • Assess the predictive capability of fire hazard analysis techniques applied to passenger

rail cars.
10

1.7 REPORT ORGANIZATION

Chapter 2 provides an overview of typical component materials used for the passenger rail coach

car interior which were used in the full-scale tests.

Chapter 3 describes the full-scale car fire tests and results for passenger rail coach car

component materials. The results of a series of gas burner tests conducted to evaluate the

accuracy of the fire growth estimated in the baseline analysis for an actual passenger rail car

coach geometry are described. A series of full-scale interior component material fire tests using

various ignition sources are described. Small- and full-scale assembly HRR data from Phase I

and Phase II are also summarized. 

Chapter 4 compares material performance in the small-, full-scale tests. A comparison of both

flammability and smoke emission data is presented. Implications on the use of small-scale test

data for materials qualification are discussed.

Chapter 5 examines how the predictions of the computer-based fire hazard analysis conducted in

Phase II compare with fire test measurements in an Amtrak Amfleet I coach test car. The use of

fire hazard analysis predictions for passenger rail car system safety analysis is discussed with

respect to the accuracy of the comparisons.

Chapter 6 presents a summary of accomplishments to date and summarizes the results of the

comparisons conducted for this interim report.

Appendix A contains the FRA fire safety regulations in 49 CFR, Subpart 238.103. 

Appendix B provides detailed full-scale passenger rail coach car test data.
11

Figure 1. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior

Figure 2. Amfleet I Test Car - Exterior

2. PASSENGER RAIL CAR TEST CONFIGURATION AND MATERIALS

Amtrak donated an Amfleet I passenger rail coach car to FRA for the research program. The

tests described in this report were conducted during the summer of 1999, after the rail car was

moved to the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving Ground test facility located in Aberdeen, Maryland. 

Materials installed in the test car reflect a cross section of typical interior component materials

used in current Amtrak passenger trains. The seat assemblies, wall and ceiling lining materials,

and floor coverings represent the greatest mass of interior fire load found in the test car and in

most passenger rail cars.

2.1 TEST CAR - GENERAL

Figure 1 shows the test car interior before

modifications were made for the full-scale fire

test program. The interior length of the car is

72.5 ft (22.1 m). The interior width of the car, at

the floor level, is 8.9 ft (2.7 m). The center aisle

ceiling height is 7.1 ft (2.2 m) in the seating area

and 6.6 ft (2 m) at each end of the car for the

first 8.8 ft (2.7 m) from each end of the car. 

10 rows of seat assemblies were installed on

both sides of the center aisle. The

instrumentation for the test car is described in Chapter 3.

The exterior of the car is constructed of corrugated

stainless steel (Figure 2). The “B end” of the car

had significant structural damage, including a roof 

penetration. However, there was very little

damage to the interior of car on the “A end.” The

car was equipped with a vestibule area at each end

of the car; each end also had 2 side doors (one on

each side) and interior end doors. The total car

length is 85 feet (26 m). 
12

Luggage

rack

Window

and

Drapes

Wall

carpet

Seat

assembly

Side View

2.2 TEST CAR COMPONENT MATERIALS

The test car interior is comprised of several component materials. The major furnishings are

shown in Figure 3. These and other car materials are described below and are identified by their

installed location and use in Table 1.

Figure 3. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat and Wall Assembly

Starting with the upper portion of the car, the center ceiling panels of the car consist of a

laminated sandwich of melamine and aluminum plywood (plymetal). The curved portions of the

ceilings and walls are sheathed with wool carpet (Phase I, Sample 12), glued to perforated metal. 

The carpet is covered by rigid polyvinyl chloride acrylic (PVC) panels (Phase I, Sample 6). The

window masks consist of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) polycarbonate (Phase I, Sample 18). 

A layer of vinyl fabric covers a thin layer of foam on the underside of the luggage rack. PVC/

acrylic rigid panels are attached over the vinyl. The top of the luggage rack has metal sheeting. 

Wool carpet is used to cover the lower portions of the wall and the full height of the permanent

end of car interior bulkhead (Phase I, Sample 12) while nylon carpet over foam padding covers

the floors (Phase I, Sample 24).

The seat cushions are composed of neoprene/polyurethane foam, covered with a cotton fabric

interliner, with a fabric/vinyl upholstery (Phase I, Samples 1a through 1c). The seat support

diaphragm (flat “spring”) is made of chloroprene elastomer (Phase I, Sample 4). The seats have

steel frames with PVC acrylic shrouds (Phase I, Sample 6). The armrest pad is chloroprene

elastomer over a steel support.
13

Table 1. Amfleet I Car - Test Materials 

LOCATION

SAMPLE

NO.* MATERIAL DESCRIPTION (COMPONENTS)**

SEAT 

ASSEMBLIES**

1a, 1b, 1c Seat cushion, (foam, interliner, fabric cover***)

4 Seat support diaphragm, chloroprene elastomer

6 Seat shroud, PVC/acrylic

7  Armrest pad, coach seat, chloroprene elastomer

WALL AND

WINDOW

SURFACES

12 Wall finishing, wool carpet 

13 Wall finishing, wool fabric 

15 Wall material, FRP/PVC

17 Window glazing, polycarbonate

18 Window mask, FRP

CURTAINS, DRAPES,

AND

FABRICS** 

20 Window drape, wool/nylon

FLOOR

COVERINGS

24 Carpet, nylon 

MISC

29 Window gasketing, chloroprene elastomer

30 Door gasketing, chloroprene elastomer

* Sample numbers are included for small-scale test samples from the Phase I report, reference [1]. Letters indicate

individual component materials in an assembly. Individual component materials are listed

in order in parentheses following the material description.

** Samples not included in this list are either not currently used in coach cars or are materials used in sleeping

compartments

*** The seat cushions used in the full-scale car tests were different from those tested in Phase I and II since they did

not include vinyl fabric (Sample 1d).

**** The armrest pad consisted of a higher density elastomer than that in Sample 9, Phase I.

The windows in the car are composed of polycarbonate (Phase I, Sample 17) and they are held in

place by a chloroprene elastomer gasket (Phase I, Sample 29). Wool/nylon window drapes used

to line the windows in some business class and longer distance service were also included in the

test program (Phase I, Sample 20). 
14

2.3 TEST CAR MODIFICATIONS

The interior of the car was divided into two main sections by a bulkhead with a 6.6 ft (2 m) high

by 2.5 ft (0.75 m) wide doorway. This doorway had the same dimensions as the interior

doorways on either end of the car. The fire test area was on one side of the bulkhead while the

other side of the rail car, the damaged “B” end, was used as a smoke collection area. 

In addition to the center bulkhead, steel frame walls covered with gypsum board and calcium

silicate were used to create a fire resistant bulkhead in the area where the handicapped rest room

module had been removed from the “A” end of the car. A smoke curtain consisting of the steel

and gypsum board and calcium silicate construction from the ceiling to half the height of the

interior was added to the smoke collection area (“B” end) of the car. These bulkheads were

added to protect the fire end of the car during repeated fire tests and to allow for the

measurement of HRR by oxygen consumption in the smoke collection area. Calcium silicate

board was also installed on the ceiling above the gas burner to protect the “A” end of the car

from repeated fire tests. The area between the “A” end bulkhead and the seat assemblies 

provided a location for the gas burner used in some of the tests. 

Figure 4 shows the mid-car and rear bulkhead locations, used to separate the front “A” end of the

car from the “B” end rear of car, and the front bulkhead and door location at the “A” end of the

car.

 (a) Mid-Car and “B” End Rear (b) “A” End Front Doorway

 (Including Thermocouple Array) 

Figure 4. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior Fire Test Area Bulkhead Locations
15

Smoke Collection Area (”B” end)

with calorimetry stack

Fire Test Area (”A” end)

23.75 ft (7.24 m)

72.50 ft ( ) 22.10 m

Bulkhead

Make-up air

plenum

Bulkhead

Bulkhead

Doorway

40.50 ft (12.34 m)

On the “A” end of the car, 10 rows of seat frames were installed on each side of the center aisle. 

Seat cushions were placed in the seat frames. The interior dimensions and car configuration

modifications are shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the location of the exterior smoke

collection stack.

Figure 5. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior Fire Test Area Arrangement 

Figure 6. Amfleet I Test Car - Exterior “B” End: Calorimeter Exhaust Stack

2.4 TEST CAR INSTRUMENTATION 

The test instrumentation used in these experiments consisted of thermocouples; heat flux gauges;

smoke obscuration meters; and oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide analyzers. The

installed locations of the instrument arrays and the gas sampling points are shown in Figure 7. 
16

Thermocouple

Array

Gas Sampling

Probe

Heat Flux

Sensor

Bi-directional

Probe Array

Smoke

Meter

Array

Video

Camera

40.50 ft (12.34 m)

30.05 ft (9.30 m)

20.33 ft (6.20 m)

10.17 ft (3.10 m)

Example Ignition Location

4 3 2 1

Figure 7. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior “A” End Instrumentation

 Figure 8. Amfleet I Test Car - “A” End 

Seating Area with Thermocouple Array

Thermocouples, used to measure temperature,

were installed in vertical arrays in the test section

of the rail car. Four thermocouple arrays were

installed along the centerline of the test section.

Figure 8 shows the thermocouple array in the front

of the seat section (“A” end). Type K, 0.01 in

(0.25 mm) diameter wire was spot welded together

to form the junction. Each array had a

thermocouple located at 1 ft (0.31 m), 2 ft (0.61

m), 3 ft (0.92 m), 4 ft (1.22 m), 5 ft (1.53 m) and 6

ft (1.83 m) below the center ceiling panels. 

With the exception of the array positioned in the bulkhead doorway, the other three arrays also

have a thermocouple located 1 in (25 mm) below the ceiling. Additional thermocouple pairs are

placed adjacent to each of the arrays in the test section (“A” end) of the car at elevations of 1 ft

(0.31 m) below the center ceiling (above the luggage rack) and 2 ft (0.61 m) below the center

ceiling (below the luggage rack).
17

These thermocouple arrays were used to determine the average temperature of the relatively hot

gases in the upper portion of the vehicle near the ceiling and relatively cooler gases nearer to the

floor. In well-ventilated fires, a fairly distinct separation between these two gas layers is typical

and occurs near the center of the vehicle from floor to ceiling. In practice, upper layer

temperature was estimated by averaging thermocouples within 3 ft (1 m) of the ceiling; lower

layer temperature was estimated by averaging thermocouples within 3 ft (1 m) of the floor. In

chapter 4, these average temperatures are noted as an “average upper layer temperature” for the

hot gases and an “average lower layer temperature” for the cooler gases. For the gas burner tests,

two thermocouples are positioned above the burner, 1 in (25 mm) below the ceiling centered

above the burner, and 1 in (25 mm) above the burner surface.

Heat flux gauges measure the thermal energy to which a surface area is exposed. In these

experiments, two total heat flux gauges were used; one to measure the heat flux from the fire and

the other to measure the heat flux from the hot gas layer. The heat flux gauge for the fire is

located approximately 4.6 ft (1.4 m) from the fire source, oriented perpendicular to the fire. The

gauge is 3 ft (0.91 m) above the floor. The second heat flux gauge is oriented to face

perpendicular to the ceiling, and is located at the center of the experiment section floor area, 3 ft

(0.91 m) above the floor.

Optical density was measured using laser-based light extinction measurement smoke meters. A

laser beam’s signal strength is measured over a set path length. As smoke passes through the

laser beam, the smoke absorbs and reflects a fraction of the light, reducing the light level at an

in-line receiver. These smoke meters were used to determine the height of the smoke layer in the

compartment at a given time after the start of the fire. Smoke meters were installed at 1 ft

(0.31 m), 2 ft (0.61 m), 3 ft (0.92 m), 4 ft (1.22 m), 5 ft (1.53 m) and 6 ft (1.83 m) below the

center ceiling panels, in the center of the experimental section of the car. 

A gas-sampling probe measured oxygen depletion, carbon dioxide generation and carbon

monoxide generation in the fire gases. The probe was installed at an elevation of 5 ft (1.5 m)

above the floor, in the center of the experiment section of the car, to sample gases at a height

where standing people would inhale these gases.

The exhaust stack located in the “B” end of the car was instrumented to measure HRR using

oxygen consumption calorimetry. The data from the gas burner experiments were used to

calibrate the exhaust stack. In practice, the success of the HRR measurement was limited due to

leakage throughout the rest of the vehicle.
18
19

3. PASSENGER RAIL CAR FULL-SCALE TESTS 

HRR and other data measurements generated from small-scale test methods, such as the cone

calorimeter [9] can be used as an input to evaluate a material's overall contribution to the fire

hazard in a particular passenger rail car application. In addition to cone calorimeter tests, fullscale component assembly tests can be used to determine how individual materials interact in rail

car applications. Finally, full-scale tests that include HRR measurement can be used to quantify

the interaction of materials in an actual passenger rail car geometry. The data generated in

small-scale and component assembly tests can be used as inputs for fire modeling as part of a fire

hazard analysis. In addition to material flammability and smoke emission, fire modeling and

hazard analysis techniques allow evaluation of a range of passenger rail car design parameters,

including geometry, fire detection and suppression, and evacuation, as well as design tradeoffs,

which may arise from the interaction of several of those parameters.

The successful use of fire modeling and hazard analysis depends on the ability of the models to

correctly predict conditions in a given geometry. Full-scale fire tests in an appropriate end-use

geometry can provide data to evaluate the predictive capability of fire models. The tests

described in this chapter included several gas burner calibration tests and actual passenger rail

car material assembly tests conducted inside a donated Amfleet I single level coach car. 

3.1 TEST PROGRAM

Two different types of full-scale tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the results of

the passenger rail car fire hazard analyses conducted in Phase II of this research program: 1) a

series of gas burner tests conducted in a fire-hardened end of the car to evaluate the accuracy of

the baseline analysis fire growth rates for an actual coach car geometry, and 2) a smaller series of

fire tests to evaluate fire spread and growth for actual passenger rail car furnishings exposed to a

range of initial fire sources. Most of these tests were terminated prior to extensive damage to the

car to allow additional tests to be conducted. Table 2 shows the tests conducted in the Amfleet I

coach test car. Extensive details of the test results are included in Appendix B of this report. 

Small-scale test data for selected materials and full-scale component assembly data are

contained in the Phase I and Phase II interim reports for this research study [1][2].
20

Figure 9. Amfleet I Test

Car “A” End - Gas Burner

Test Apparatus

Table 2. Amfleet I Test Car - Tests Conducted

TEST NUMBERS TEST TYPE AND IGNITION SOURCE

1-3 Slow t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

4-6 Medium t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

7-9 Fast t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

10-12 Ultra-fast t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

13 Window Drape 25 kW gas burner on lower edge

14 Corner Test Trash Bag in corner next to wall carpet and

FRP panel

15

Seating Area

25 kW gas burner below seat

16 TB 133 gas burner on seat

17 Trash bag on seat

3.1.1 Gas Burner Tests

For the fire hazard analysis conducted in Phase II, the fire

performance curves indicate predicted response of the chosen

passenger rail car geometry to a range of typical fire growth

rates and 

determine the minimum available safe egress time from the

particular car exposed to these fires. These calculations are

compared to the minimum time necessary to evacuate

passengers and crew from the car in order to determine the

largest fire growth rate and size that are allowable for the

chosen car geometry. To evaluate the accuracy of the model

calculations of the fire performance curves, a series of gas

burner fires covering a range of fire growth rates was used. 

Figure 9 shows the test apparatus used for the gas burner tests.

For the fire hazard analyses conducted in 

Phase II, slow, medium, fast, and ultra-fast t-squared fires were used to develop the fire

performance curves. The gas burner fires provide a carefully controlled and known HRR to

match the t-squared design fire performance curves. The t-squared fire growth rates (where the
21

HRR grows proportional to the time from ignition squared) are generally accepted as

encompassing the typical range of fire growth rates [26].

The slow fire takes 600 s to reach 1 MW, while the medium, fast and ultra-fast fires take 300 s,

150 s, and 75 s, respectively. These growing fire curves were duplicated for the full-scale tests

using a NIST-developed computer controlled gas burner. Figure 10 shows a typical growth of a

medium t-square fire using this gas burner in the “A” end of the car. The experimental fire

performance curve determined from temperature and gas concentration measurements made

during the tests could then be compared against the predicted fire performance curve to

determine any differences and their significance.

Increasing HRR 

Figure 10. Amfleet I Test Car - Typical Medium T-squared Gas Burner Fire Growth

3.1.2 Fire Growth and Spread Tests

The Phase II assembly test results showed that component materials that comply with the current

FRA fire safety criteria are difficult to ignite, requiring ignition source strengths of 2 to 10 times

those used for similar materials and products found outside of the rail transportation

environment. However, it was also evident from the assembly tests, that significant fires can

develop with sufficiently severe ignition sources. Accordingly, for the Phase III fire growth and

spread tests, initial ignition sources ranging from small gas burners to large trash bags were used. 

These tests allow the comparison of the previously conducted assembly tests with actual fire

growth in the test car; the HRR may change due to the effects of the car geometry and/or

proximity of materials to each other. 
22

Figure 11 shows the three fire ignition sources used for the seat tests. The TB 133 burner

(Figure 11a), developed by Ohlemiller and Villa [27], is used in California for flammability

testing of commercial seating furniture [28]. This burner uses a 0.82 ft (0.25 m) square

constructed of 0.5 in (13 mm) diameter tube with a series of holes for the flow of gas. It is

designed to simulate ignition with several sheets of crumpled newspaper. Details of construction

are provided in the TB 133 standard. For the TB 133 test, the burner uses propane at a flow rate

of 3.4 gal/min (13 L/min) for 80 s, and the burner is located 1 in (25 mm) above the seat cushion

and 2 in (50 mm) from the back cushion. The nominal HRR of this burner is 17 kW.

(a) TB 133 gas burner (b) Gas sand burner (c) Trash bag / trash bin

Figure 11. Amfleet I Test Car - Ignition Sources Used for Fire Growth and Spread Tests

In the 6.8 in (0.17 m) square, 25 kW burner (Figure 11b), the gas flow was diffused by traveling

through a layer of gravel and sand. This type of burner, often called a “sand burner,” was used

for the ignition source for the HRR rates of 25 kW. Both natural gas and propane were used in

the gas sand burner. For all seat and the window drape tests where the gas sand burner was used,

it was ignited at the start of the test and continued to burn at a constant HRR throughout the

experiment.

For one of the seat tests and the wall lining test, a newspaper-filled trash bag (Figure 11c) served

as the primary ignition source for the test assemblies. This trash bag was designed to simulate

the burning characteristics of actual Amtrak train trash bags and thus represents a severe ignition

source that may be present on the train. (Trash bins in enclosed compartments are also used.)
23

According to assembly tests conducted in Phase II of this research study, peak HRR for the trash

bags averaged 205 kW ± 35 kW, including the 25 kW sand burner used to ignite the bags. 

Average HRR over the entire duration of burning was 77 kW ± 24 kW.

3.2 GAS BURNER TEST RESULTS

The primary advantage of the gas burner tests is that the HRR of the fire is a known quantity. 

The HRR (expressed in units of kJ/s or kW) is simply the flow rate of the gas (expressed as m3

/s)

times the heat of combustion, or the amount of energy released per unit volume (expressed as

kJ/m3). This provides a known baseline from which to make relevant conclusions regarding the

material fire growth and spread tests. Four t-squared fire growth rates were used for the tests:

slow, medium, fast, and ultra-fast. The slow fire takes 600 s to reach 1 MW, while the medium,

fast and ultra-fast fires take 300 s, 150 s, and 75 s, respectively. Each test was terminated when

the HRR reached 1 MW. 

Figure 12 shows the measured and ideal calculated HRR for the four fire growth rates used for

this study. Experimental values were measured in open burning in a furniture calorimeter. 

Average uncertainties (expressed as one standard deviation of replicate tests) for the measured

slow, medium, fast, and ultra-fast fire growth rates were ± 21 kW, ± 19 kW, ± 19 kW, and

± 5 kW respectively.

Three tests were conducted for each fire growth rate. The results for each of these four fire

growth rates are discussed below. 

Figure 12. Amfleet I Test Car - Measured and Calculated HRR for Gas Burner Fires

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

HRR (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Ultra-Fast Fast Medium Slow

Error bars based on

1 standard deviation
24

3.2.1 Slow Fire Growth Rate

The “slow” growth fires take approximately 600 s to reach a HRR of 1 MW. The slow growth

fires were conducted as Test Numbers 1, 2, and 3. Figure 13 shows the measured temperatures

for each of four thermocouple arrays. Thermocouples in the upper layer were averaged at each

time point to obtain a representative upper layer temperature. Similarly, thermocouples located

in the lower layer were averaged to obtain lower layer temperatures. Figure 14 shows these

average values for the upper and lower layers in the rail car. The upper layer temperature

reached an average peak of 748 °F ± 38 °F (398 °C ± 21 °C), while the lower layer reached an

average peak of 223 °F ± 13 °F (106 °C ± 7 °C). The heat flux gauge oriented towards the fire

measured an average peak value of approximately 19 kW/m2

 ± 1.3 kW/m2. Since the peak heat

flux for the gas burner tests was always noted at the end of the test when the fire reached 1 MW,

it is expected that the peak heat flux from the four gas burner tests should be similar since the

time to the peak heat flux decreases in proportion to the increase in fire growth rate. Finally,

gases were collected at the center of the fire compartment. Carbon monoxide did not

significantly vary from ambient levels. Oxygen reached an average minimum value of 16

percent by volume ± 1.1 percent by volume and carbon dioxide had an average peak

concentration of 3 percent by volume ± 0.5 percent by volume. A summary of important data

results is shown in Table 3. 

3.2.2 Medium Fire Growth Rate

The “medium” growth fires take approximately 300 s to reach a HRR of 1 MW. The medium

growth fires were conducted as Test Numbers 4, 5, and 6. Important values for the medium

growth fires are shown in Table 3. Figure 14 shows the average upper layer temperature. The

average upper layer temperature reached 628 °F ± 32 °F (331 °C ± 18 °C), while the lower layer

reached an average peak of 178 °F ± 14 °F (81 °C ± 8 °C). Normally, the upper layer

temperature should follow a sequence, i.e., to decrease systematically from slow to ultra-fast

t-squared growth rates as the compartment walls have more time to heat up for slow-growing

fires. The upper layer temperature for the medium t-squared gas burner experiments does not

follow the sequence and would be expected to be higher than measured. Lower layer

temperatures follow the expected trend. The heat flux gauge oriented towards the fire measured

an average peak value of approximately 16 kW/m2

 ± 1.8 kW/m2. Carbon monoxide values

stayed at the ambient level. Oxygen had an average minimum concentration of 17 percent by

volume ± 0.4 percent by volume and carbon dioxide had an average peak concentration of 2.4

percent by volume ± 0.5 percent by volume. 
25

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Temperature (°F)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Individual Temperature Measurements

Average Layer Temperatures

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Temperature (°F)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400 Individual Temperature Measurements

Average Layer Temperatures

Temperature Array 1

10.2 ft (3.1 m) from car end

Temperature Array 2

20.3 ft (6.2 m) from car end

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Temperature (°F)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Individual Temperature Measurements

Average Layer Temperatures

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Temperature (°F)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Individual Temperature Measurements

Average layer Temperatures

Temperature Array 3

30.1 ft (9.3 m) from car end

Temperature Array 4

40.5 ft (12.3 m) from car end

4 3 2 1

Gas Burner

Location

Figure 13. Amfleet I Test Car - Measured Gas Temperature Profiles From Floor to Ceiling

 at Four Positions During a Slow Fire Growth Rate Gas Burner Test
26

Table 3. Amfleet I Test Car - Selected Full-scale Test Data 

GAS TEMPERATURE

(°F / °C)

HEAT FLUX

(kW/m2)

GAS CONCENTRATION

(volume %)

PASSENGER RAILCAR TESTS Upper Layer Lower Layer O2 CO2 CO

Peak At Time Peak At Time Peak At Time Min At Time Peak At Time Peak At Time

Slow t2 gas burner 748 / 398 600 223 / 106 600 19 625 16 630 3.0 620 0.02 –*

Medium t2 gas burner 628 / 331 320 178 / 81 315 16 317 17 330 2.4 325 0.01 –Fast t2 gas burner 709 / 376 155 172 / 79 155 15 155 16 170 2.8 190 0.01 –Ultra-fast t2 gas burner 702 / 372 80 163 / 73 80 14 80 17 95 2.3 95 0.03 –Window Drape with 25kW burner 127 / 53 510 90 / 32 600 0.31 540 20 600 0.31 – 0.01 –Corner Test (Wall carpetand FRP panel) withtrash bag

361 / 183 300 142 / 61 320 9 270 17 290 3.7 300 0.2

280

TB 133 ignition on seat 117 / 47 600 90 / 32 365 0.24 560 21 – 0.23 – 0 –25 kW burner ignition onseat

127 / 53 565 88 / 31 255 0.46 505 21 – 0.32 – 0 –

Trash bag on seat 685 / 363 270 268 / 131 260 27 90 12 285 6.6 290 1.4 285

* – measured condition is at an ambient or near-ambient value and roughly constant throughout the test.
27

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Average Upper Layer Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Slow

Medium

Fast

Ultra Fast

Figure 14. Amfleet I Test Car - Average Upper Layer Temperature 

 for Several Gas Burner Tests

3.2.3 Fast Fire Growth Rate

The “fast” growth fires take approximately 150 s to reach a HRR of 1 MW. The fast growth

fires were conducted as Test Numbers 7, 8, and 9 and the data are summarized in Table 3. 

Figure 14 shows the average upper layer temperature for the “fast” fires. The average upper

layer temperature reached 709 °F ±20 °F (376 °C ± 11 °C) while the lower level reached an

average peak of 172 °F ± 16 °F (79 °C ± 9 °C). The heat flux from the fire measured an average

peak value of approximately 15 kW/m2

 ± 1 kW/m2. Carbon monoxide values stayed at the

ambient level. Oxygen had an average minimum concentration of 16 percent by volume ± 0.2

percent by volume and carbon dioxide had an average peak concentration of 2.9 percent by

volume ± 0.2 percent by volume.

3.2.4 Ultra-Fast Fire Growth Rate

The “ultra-fast” growth fires take approximately 75 s to reach a HRR of 1 MW. The ultra-fast

growth fires were conducted as Test Numbers 10, 11, and 12. The results for the ultra-fast

growth fires are shown in Table 3. Figure 14 shows the average upper layer temperature. The

average upper layer temperature reached 702 °F ± 72 °F (372 °C ± 40 °C), while the lower layer

reached an average peak of 163 °F ± 32 °F (73 °C ± 18°C). The heat flux gauge oriented

towards the fire measured an average peak value of approximately 14 kW/m2

 ± 2.5 kW/m2.
28

Carbon monoxide values stayed at the ambient level. Oxygen had an average minimum

concentration of 17 percent by volume ± 0.9 percent by volume and carbon dioxide had an

average peak concentration of 2.3 percent by volume ± 0.6 percent by volume.

3.3 FIRE GROWTH AND SPREAD TEST RESULTS

Five fire growth and spread tests were conducted in order to evaluate the representative hazard

of existing passenger rail car component material configurations. A range of ignition sources

was chosen to evaluate the rail car geometry and materials. To evaluate fire growth in the car,

three ignition sources were used with ignition on or below a passenger seat. A large trash bag

was chosen as a severe ignition source that would promote flame spread. In addition, the

California Technical Bulletin (TB) 133 gas burner and a 25 kW gas sand burner were used to

represent less severe ignition sources. To evaluate the contribution of more severe ignition

sources, two additional tests were conducted with combinations of these ignition sources: a 25

kW gas sand burner impinging upon a trash bag in a seat and the same trash bag / 25 kW gas

sand burner in the forward “A” end corner of the test car impinging upon the wall carpeting and

FRP wall panel. Duration of the fire growth and spread tests ranged from 560 s to 645 s. Each

of these tests is discussed below.

3.3.1 Window Drape Test with 25 kW Gas Sand Burner Ignition Source

The 25 kW gas sand burner and window drape test, shown in Figure 15 resulted in a peak upper

layer temperature in the car of 127 °F (53 °C), largely as a result of the gas burner. The lower

layer temperature was near ambient. The heat flux gauge facing the fire measured a peak value

of 0.3 kW/m2

. The concentration of carbon monoxide remained near ambient levels. Oxygen

concentration decreased slightly to approximately 20.5 percent by volume. Carbon dioxide

reached a peak concentration of 0.3 percent by volume. Smoke obscuration for the 750 s test in

the car was negligible. Figures 16 and 17 show the gas temperature and gas concentrations

during the test. Examination of the car interior after the test showed some heat damage to the

window drape and the underside of the luggage rack. However, there was no evidence of fire

spread beyond the area in direct contact with the sand burner flame.
29

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800

Average Layer Temperature (°C)

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Upper Layer

Lower Layer

(a) Before test (b) During test (c) After test

Figure 15. Amfleet I Test Car - Window Drape Test with 25 kW Gas Sand Burner Ignition

Figure 16. Amfleet I Test Car - Window Drape: Gas Temperature
30

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800

Gas Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Figure 17. Amfleet I Test Car - Window Drape Test: Gas Concentrations

3.3.2 Corner Test with Trash Bag Ignition

To investigate fire growth with a larger ignition source, the trash bag, ignited by the 25 kW gas

sand burner, was used as an ignition source for a fire in one corner of the car adjacent to a FRP

and carpeted wall surface. The test lasted 540 s. Figure 18a shows the test configuration. (It

should be noted that unlike the Phase II tests, the trash bag was not wrapped in chicken wire.)

(a) Before test (b) During test (c) After test

Figure 18. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test with Trash Bag / Sand Burner
31

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Average Layer Temperature (°C)

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

Heat Flux from Fire (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Upper Layer

Lower Layer

Radiant Flux

While this increased the uncertainty in the HRR of the trash bag ignition source for the current

tests compared to the more carefully controlled Phase II tests, this was done to insure the current

tests best represented typical use in a rail car. Without the chicken wire wrapping, peak HRR is

likely to be somewhat higher for the trash bag compared to the Phase II test results. Specific

comparisons were not made.

The fire resulted in a peak average upper layer temperature of 361 oF (183 oC) while the average

lower layer reached a peak of 142 oF (61 oC). The heat flux gauge facing the fire measured a

peak of 9 kW/m2. The concentration of oxygen dropped to a level of 17 percent by volume,

carbon monoxide measured a peak value of 0.2 percent by volume, and carbon dioxide peaked at

a value of 3.7 percent by volume. Smoke obscuration reached 100 percent for all the

measurement positions.

Examination of the rail car after the test showed significant fire spread along the underside of the

luggage rack sufficient to expose the metal structure of the rack for approximately 10 ft (3 m)

from the ignition source. Burning of the wall carpet was limited to the area directly above the

trash bag up to the underside of the luggage rack. The adjacent FRP wall panel sustained

extensive damage. Figures 19 to 21 show the gas temperature, heat flux, gas concentrations, and

smoke obscuration during the test. In contrast to the drape and sand burner test, the more severe

corner test with the trash bag ignition source reached a temperature of 150 °F (65 °C) within the

rail car after about 50 s.

Figure 19. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test: Temperatures and Heat Flux
32

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Figure 21. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test: Smoke Obscuration

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Gas Concentration (Volume %)

0

1

2

3

5

10

15

20

25

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Figure 20. Amfleet I Test Car - Corner Test: Gas Concentrations

3.3.3 Seat Tests

A series of seat tests was conducted with three ignition sources, the TB 133 gas burner, the

square gas sand burner, and a trash bag. Each of these seat tests is described below. 
33

3.3.3.1 TB 133 Burner Ignition on Seat

The TB 133 gas burner ignition source placement is shown in Figure 22a. The HRR of the TB

133 burner was approximately 17 kW and was run for 10 minutes. Peak upper layer temperature

reached 117 °F (47 °C) at the conclusion of the test. The lower layer never rose above ambient

values. The peak heat flux from the fire was 0.24 kW/m2

. Carbon monoxide levels were near

ambient, carbon dioxide levels rose to 0.2 percent by volume, while oxygen levels did not vary

significantly from ambient. Figures 22b and 22c show the seat during and after the TB 133 test

while Figures 23 and 24 show the gas temperature and gas concentration results. 

(a) Before Test (b) During Test (c) After Test

Figure 22. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion with TB 133 Burner Ignition

3.3.3.2 Gas Sand Burner Ignition Under Seat

Similarly, the 25 kW gas sand burner (see Figure 25) raised the peak upper layer temperature to

127 °F (53 °C) and the peak heat flux from the fire measured 0.46 kW/m2

. All other values

remained at ambient levels. While the peak values were marginally higher for the 25 kW sand

burner scenario, neither the TB 133 burner nor the 25 kW sand burner exhibited significant

flame spread to any rail car materials. For both these tests, damage was limited to the area of the

seat cushion in direct contact with the burner flame. Figures 26 and 27 show the sand burner gas

temperature and concentration test results.
34

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800

Average Layer Temperature (°C)

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Upper Layer

Lower Layer

Figure 23. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / TB 133 Burner: Gas Temperatures 

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800

Gas Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Figure 24. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / TB 133 Burner: Gas Concentrations
35

(a) Before Test (b) During Test (c) After Test

Figure 25. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion with Gas Sand Burner 

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800

Average Layer Temperature (°C)

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Upper Layer

Lower Layer

Figure 26. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / Sand Burner: Gas Temperatures
36

Time (s)

0 200 400 600 800

Gas Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Figure 27. Amfleet I Test Car - Seat Cushion / Sand Burner: Gas Concentrations

3.3.3.3 Trash Bag Ignition on Seat

The trash bag / 25 kW sand burner configuration exhibited significant flame spread. Seat

cushions, overhead materials, windows, tray tables, curtains, and wall linings were each involved

in flame propagation to some extent. Figure 28 shows the interior of the test car before, during,

and after the test. Again, unlike in Phase II tests, the trash bag was not wrapped in chicken wire.

(a) Before test (b) During test (c) After test

Figure 28. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area with Trash Bag Ignition
37

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Average Layer Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

Heat Flux From Fire (kW/m2

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Upper Layer

Lower Layer

Radiant Flux

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Gas Concentration (Volume %)

0

2

4

6

10

15

20

25

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

The peak upper layer temperature was 671 °F (341 °C) and the peak lower layer temperature was

342 °F (158 °C). The peak heat flux from the fire was 27 kW/m2. The oxygen level was reduced

to a volume fraction of 12 percent. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide reached peak volume

fractions of 6.6 percent and 1.4 percent, respectively. Smoke obscuration reached 100 percent. 

Peak values were attained between 260 s to 300 s after ignition. Figures 29 to 31 show the gas

temperatures, heat flux, gas concentrations, and smoke obscuration during the test.

Figure 29. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area / Trash Bag: 

 Gas Temperatures and Heat Flux

Figure 30. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area / Trash Bag: Gas Concentrations
38

Time (s)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

2 ft (0.6 m) from ceiling

3 ft (0.9 m)

4 ft (1.2 m)

5 ft (1.5 m)

6 ft (1.8 m)

Figure 31. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area / Trash Bag: Smoke Obscuration

The test was terminated at 560 s to allow additional tests to be conducted in the rail car. 

Examination of the car compartment after the trash bag test and examination of photographs

taken during the fire show significant flame extension (see Figure 32). Ignition of the trash bag

resulted in direct flame impingement upon the seat cushions, seat back of the seat in front,

window, wall linings, and underside of the luggage rack. The primary items contributing to the

growth of the fire include the ignition source (trash bag with 25 kW sand burner), fabric

covering the seat cushions, seat foam, tray table from the back of the seat in front of the primary

seat, fabric and foam from the seat in front, wall lining materials, the window, and plastic from

the underside of the luggage rack.

 (a) Fire spread to front seat area (b) Fire spread in rear of seat

Figure 32. Amfleet I Test Car - Seating Area After Trash Bag Ignition
39

The primary seat exhibited significant thermal damage, while the back of the seat in front of the

primary seat also exhibited significant thermal damage and flame propagation (see Figure 32a). 

The wall lining materials and the window material supported vertical flame spread. The inner

pane of the two-pane window showed significant melting and flame propagation. The underside

of the luggage rack exhibited severe thermal damage and supported flame spread for

approximately 15 ft (4.5 m). Across the aisle, the fabric covering the seat cushions pyrolyzed at

the surface nearest the flames in two of the three rows (see Figure 32b). This suggests potential

flame spread across the aisle. The primary methods of flame spread were along the underside of

the luggage rack, along the wall linings, as well as seat-to-seat spread, both on one side of the

aisle, as well as potential spread across the aisle through radiative thermal damage. Untenable

conditions existed within the rail car after about 50 s. 

3.4 COMPARISON OF SMALL- AND FULL-SCALE TEST DATA

Phases I – III of this project included testing of the same set of passenger rail car materials in

small-scale, full-scale assembly tests, and full-scale tests in an actual rail coach car. In addition,

earlier research included testing of similar materials and train car geometries in small- and fullscale. This section compares the various test results for passenger rail car materials in small- and

full-scale. The comparison discussed in this section is intended to aid in the development of

appropriate criteria for material screening and to place the current test results in context with

earlier research.

3.4.1 Use of Small-Scale Test Data for Material Screening

To realize the maximum benefits of performance-based designs, a low-cost method to screen

materials is an important complement to an overall system fire safety analysis. As small-scale

tests are significantly cheaper than full-scale tests, use of a small-scale screening method would

minimize costs to both the manufacturer, as well as the end-user. 

Table 4 and Figure 33 show a comparison of passenger rail car materials tested in the cone

calorimeter in Phase I of this project with assembly test results from Phase II. With the

exception of the seat cushion assembly, the relative ranking of materials in the cone calorimeter

is similar to the rank order in the furniture calorimeter. For the seat cushion assembly, the cone

calorimeter result ranks higher than the furniture calorimeter result. This is likely a result of

testing with several different ignition sources in the furniture calorimeter, ranging from the small

TB 133 burner to a 400 kW gas burner. In contrast, the cone calorimeter results with a
40

Peak HRR, Cone Calorimeter (kW/m2)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Peak HRR, Assembly Tests (kW)

0

100

200

300

400

500

Wall carpet

Seat cushion

Window drape

Privacy curtain Window components

50 kW/m2 incident flux represents only more severe ignition scenarios. Considering only the

most severe ignition source in the furniture calorimeter data would bring this result in line. It is

important to note that this comparison was limited to only five different materials. Additional

material data would help refine the comparison.

Table 4. Cone Calorimeter and Furniture Calorimeter Material Rankings Increasing Fire Hazard



CONE

CALORIMETER

RANKING

FURNITURE

CALORIMETER

RANKING

Wall Carpet Wall Carpet

Window components Window components

Privacy Door Curtains Seat Assembly

Drapes Privacy Door Curtains

Seat Assembly Drapes

Figure 33. Comparison of Small-Scale (Cone Calorimeter) and Full-scale (Furniture

Calorimeter) Test Results for Several Passenger Rail Car Materials

However, it is important to understand the limitations of the comparisons. The comparisons

support a fire protection engineer’s intuition: low HRR materials are inherently less hazardous

than high HRR materials which ignite easily and facilitate flame spread. However, physical

phenomena that are not evaluated using the simple peak HRR comparison, such as geometry,

burnout time, or smoke and toxic gas production may have a significant impact upon actual

burning behavior of passenger rail car materials. Additional research is appropriate to fully
41

understand the comparison between small- and full-scale testing. For example, Janssens has

developed a simple flame spread model for application of cone calorimeter data in fire hazard

analysis of commuter rail vehicles [29]. Thus, small-scale testing is most appropriate as a

screening tool for alternate material selection.

3.4.2 Comparison with Earlier Research

Several previous studies summarized in section 1.3 describe the results of passenger rail car fullscale tests. The 1984 FRA/Amtrak study includes test results on several mock-up configurations

of Amtrak passenger cars [12]. That study includes several of the same materials used in this

current study. The Eureka tests included temperature measurements inside rail vehicles in

several tests [21]. Fire growth in WMATA subway vehicles have been previously studied by

NBS (now NIST) [24]. Table 5 shows test data from these three studies along with comparable

data from derived from Table 3 of this study.

In Table 5, results from each test series show a considerable range of values due to different

materials and configurations included in the tests. The three earlier studies all included older

materials such as untreated urethane foam seating that would not meet current FRA

requirements. In these three studies, the higher peak temperatures are noted for configurations

including these older materials. The Eureka study shows particularly high temperatures since the

tests were full burnout tests intended to study the fire environment inside a tunnel, rather than in

the car. The WMATA data show lower temperatures for one of the tests compared to the fullyfurnished intercity rail cars. This may be due to either the more limited furnishing of the subway

car mockup tests or the small 1 oz (28 g) ignition source for the test (by comparison, the trash

bag ignition source was approximately 4 lb (1.8 kg)). The expected high performance of FRAcompliant materials is evident in the lower peak temperatures from the current study compared

to other fully-furnished rail cars in the 1984 FRA/Amtrak and Eureka tests. 

TEST SERIES PEAK UPPER GAS TEMPERATURE

(°F) (°C)

Current Study 120 – 685 50 – 360

1984 FRA/Amtrak Study [12] 240 – 1520 114 – 825

Eureka Study [21] 520 – 1650 270 – 900

WMATA Subway Study [24] 130 – 550 55 – 290

Table 5. Comparison of Selected Full-scale Test Results from Several Test Series
42

3.5 TEST RESULT UNCERTAINTY

Uncertainty in test results from full-scale fire tests comes from several sources: random

uncertainty in the actual measurements taken during the tests, random variation in the burning

behavior of materials in the test, and systematic variation in the tests due to measurement

techniques, geometry or other effects. For measurements in this test series, uncertainties typical

of full-scale fire tests were observed, with test repeatability within 5 percent for the gas burner

tests and 17 percent for the fire growth and spread tests. Additional details for individual

measurements are discussed below.

The computer controlled t-squared gas burner tests provide a demonstration of the repeatability

of full-scale fire tests with a known and controllable fire source. These provide a measure of the

random uncertainty inherent in the measurements collected during the tests. With the replicate

tests at each fire growth rate, this random uncertainty can be quantified. For all of the t-squared

gas burner tests, average uncertainty for peak gas temperature, heat flux, oxygen concentration,

carbon dioxide concentration, and carbon monoxide concentration was ± 29 °F (± 16 °C),

± 1.0 kW/m2

, ± 0.6 percent by volume, ± 0.4 percent by volume, and ± 0.06 percent by volume,

respectively. These uncertainties are expressed as the standard deviation of the peak values for

the 12 tests.

For the computer-controlled t-squared gas burner tests, variation in the burning behavior of

materials in the test is small, averaging ± 16 kW for fire sizes up to 1 MW (2 percent). For the

fire growth and spread tests, these uncertainties are harder to judge since replicate tests are

impractical. From earlier tests of the trash bag ignition source, measured uncertainty is

approximately ± 35 kW for an average peak fire size of 203 kW (17 percent). It is expected that

the uncertainty for the fire growth and spread tests is bounded by these two representative values

of 2 percent to 17 percent.

Gas temperature measurement is subject to systematic variation due to radiative heating or

cooling of the thermocouples by the surroundings. This effect is most noticeable for

measurements in the lower gas layer where the measured temperature can be as much as a factor

of two underestimated for large fires in small enclosures [30]. For smaller fires, the effect is

small. Since all the comparisons of the experimental data to model predictions were based on

upper layer values, this systematic effect is not important for this study.
43

3.6 KEY OBSERVATIONS FROM FULL-SCALE TESTS

The gas burner tests served two primary purposes: verification of the fire modeling results

obtained from the Phase II hazard analysis of this study and estimation of the uncertainty of the

measurements. The verification issue will be discussed in the following chapter. The replicate

measurements from the gas burner tests proved to be very repeatable. As an example, the

average uncertainty of the upper layer temperature measurements for the slow, medium, fast and

ultra-fast t-squared fires ranged from 3.1 percent to 10.8 percent. 

The flame spread and growth tests clearly supported the conclusion from the full-scale assembly

tests in Phase II that a significant ignition source was necessary to sustain significant flame

spread. The three tests which used small ignition sources (25 kW burner on seat, TB 133 burner

on seat, and 25 kW burner on drapes), each yielded temperature and species levels near to

slightly above ambient after 6 minutes. The tests that used the trash bag as an ignition source

(trash bag in corner and trash bag on the seat) exhibited sustained flame spread and extension,

producing temperatures and species concentrations sufficient to render the main compartment

untenable in about 100 s. Tenability will be discussed further in the following chapter.

3.7 SUMMARY

Seventeen fire tests were conducted in an Amtrak Amfleet I passenger rail coach car. Three

replicates for each representative t-squared fire growth rate (slow, medium, fast, and ultra-fast)

provided an estimate of measurement uncertainty. The uncertainties for all measured quantities

were reasonable and suggest that the data will provide the appropriate baseline for verification of

the computer modeling performed during Phase II. 

For the five flame spread and growth tests, the range of ignition source strengths indicated that

an ignition source size between 25 kW and approximately 200 kW is necessary to promote

significant fire spread, which is consistent with the conclusions from the Phase II report that the

ignition source strength of passenger rail car materials is 2 to 10 times greater than those of

typical office furnishings. Given an ignition source of the magnitude of a large trash bag,

however, significant flame spread is observed. Figures 34 and 35 show the fire damage after

representative tests with various ignition sources. For the largest ignition source tests, conditions

within the rail car can become untenable. This issue is further analyzed in the next chapter.
44

(a) Seat - TB 133 burner (b) Seat - 25 kW sand burner (c) Seat - trash bag

Figure 34. Amfleet I Test Car - Observed Fire Damage to Seats

 (a) Seat / drape test - 25 kW sand burner (b) Corner test - trash bag

Figure 35. Observed Fire Damage to Seat/Drape and Car Corner
45

4. PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO PASSENGER RAIL CARS

Phase II of this study focused on the application of fire hazard analysis techniques to three types

of passenger rail cars. That analysis used data from Phase I cone calorimeter tests and data

obtained from full-scale rail car component tests. Using fire modeling, the relative importance

of material, geometry and other system design parameters was quantified. 

Sample fire hazard analyses were described for three different types of passenger rail cars: a

coach car, a bi-level dining car, and a bi-level sleeping car. A detailed analysis was presented

for the coach car. The Phase II analysis involved four steps:

 • Step 1 defines the performance objectives and passenger rail car design. For the analyses

presented in this report, the specific objective was to ensure safe egress for all the

passengers and crew from the car. In other applications, structural failure or other criteria

may be appropriate.

 • Step 2 uses the specific performance criterion of minimum necessary egress time. The

passenger rail car fire performance was calculated in terms of available egress time and

compared with that criterion. This calculation involves the creation of fire performance

graphs for the single level coach and bi-level dining and sleeping cars to show when the

occupied compartment space examined reaches untenability, as well as the minimum

time necessary for safe occupant egress.

 • Step 3 evaluates specific composite fire scenarios for each of the passenger rail car

designs to determine representative HRRs. The HRR curve generated for the individual

scenarios is compared to the design fires to come up with a representative design fire. 

 • Finally, Step 4 examines the sensitivity of the fire performance curves and the HRR

curves for the given scenarios. This sensitivity, expert judgement, common practice, and

regulatory rules are used to define a safety factor. 

Key to the application of fire hazard analysis is a verified computer model to provide accurate

predictions of the fire hazards within a passenger rail car. This chapter describes the results of a

fire hazard analysis conducted for the full-scale coach test car and compares these results to the

experimental data presented in Chapter 3.
46

Figure 36. Typical Passenger Rail Car

 Interior Furnishings

4.1 FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS RESULTS FOR THE TEST CAR

This section presents the fire hazard analysis results of the experimental test car. It should be

noted that this section represents summary analyses derived from the more detailed coach car

hazard analysis described in the Phase II interim report. 

4.1.1 Important Materials

Figure 36 illustrates coach car interior furnishings. 

The materials that must be considered in this fire

hazard analysis focus on the seating compartment. 

While the ignition source may vary, the method of

flame spread and the relative importance of each

material remain constant. The seat cushions are

the most obvious material to consider as they

represent the largest mass of combustible material. 

A secondary fuel source is the plastic tray table

attached to the back of the seat and the arm-rest. 

In the assembly tests described in the Phase II

interim report, the tray table released from the back of the seat in front of the fire, exposing a

larger surface area to the growing fire. This phenomenon was not observed in the Phase III tests. 

Window drapes could be a source of vertical fire spread and can serve to increase the heat flux

applied to the window. 

The window glazing has one of the highest rates of heat release of any material tested in the

coach car. Due to the fact that most radiant energy from an exposure fire is transmitted through

the material, the window glazing is slow to ignite, often taking several minutes depending upon

the incident flux exposure. However, the window glazing, once ignited, has a rapid growth rate

and a significant peak HRR.

The wall carpet also exhibited delayed ignition and fast growth rates, attributable to melting of

the glue that holds the wall lining to the wall surface. The wall carpet has the highest HRR of

any material in the passenger rail coach car and represents a significant fuel load once ignited. 

The wall and FRP ceiling linings represent a large surface area of combustible material together

with a moderate HRR. The combination of the large quantity and HRR makes the wall and
47

Fire Growth Rate (Time to 1 MW Fire Size, s)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Available Safe Egress Time (s)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Model Predictions 

SlowMediumFastUltra-fast

Increasing Fire Severity

Incapacitation

Lethality

ceiling lining a potentially serious contributor to a coach car fire. Finally, the greatest unknown

with respect to the materials in the coach car is baggage brought onto the train, presumably

stored in either the overhead racks, underneath the seat in front of each passenger, or in the small

luggage closet at one end of the train. Luggage can contain many materials, varying

dramatically in composition, density, quantity, and flammability. Recent tests of luggage have

show it to have HRR values similar to those of the trash bags used as an ignition source for this

project [31].

4.1.2 Analysis Results

Figure 37 shows the fire performance graph for the experimental test car geometry, with curves

indicating incapacitation and lethality. This graph varies from the coach car analysis in Phase II,

since the interior of the coach car used in the experiments was half the length due to accident

damage at one end. For a medium growth rate t-squared fire (which reaches 1 MW in 300 s), the

time to incapacitation (when a person is subjected to upper layer conditions (layer height 5 ft

(1.5 m)) and the average air temperature exceeds 150 °F (65 °C)) was 129 s and the time to

lethality (using a temperature of 212 °F (100 °C)) was 176 s. For other growth rate fires, the

time to impaired evacuation ranged from 43 s to 230 s. These calculated times are compared to

the ones determined from the gas burner tests in the next section.

Figure 37. Amfleet I Test Car - Predicted Fire Performance Graph
48

Fire Growth Rate (Time to 1 MW Fire Size, s)

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Available Safe Egress Time (s)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Experiments 

Model Predictions 

SlowMediumFastUltra-fast

Increasing Fire Severity

Incapacitation

Lethality

4.2 COMPARISON OF FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS PREDICTIONS WITH TEST 

DATA

Figure 38 includes fire performance graphs determined from experimental measurements in the

gas burner tests described in Chapter 3 along with the fire model predicted curves from

Figure 37. For a medium growth t-squared fire, the time to incapacitation determined from the

replicate gas burner tests was (126 ± 9) s. For other growth rate fires, the time to incapacitation

ranged from (40 ± 2) s for the ultra-fast growth rate fire to (231 ± 12) s for the slow growth rate

fire. On average, the uncertainty of the experimentally determined times to untenable conditions

was less than 7 percent (based on one standard deviation).

Figure 38. Amfleet I Test Car - Comparison of Measured and Predicted Fire Performance 

Visually, the comparison between the experimentally determined fire performance curves and

the curves calculated with the CFAST fire model is quite good. The relative difference between

experimental and calculated times averages 13 percent for all fire growth rates and both

tenability criteria. Comparisons of model predictions with experimental measurements typically

show agreement within 20 to 25 percent. The average agreement for these calculations of
49

13 percent should be considered excellent. It is important to note that this comparison was based

on carefully controlled gas-burner experiments in a single car geometry. It does not include

uncertainty due to fire growth in other sources (for example, the repeatability of the fire growth

and spread tests is estimated to be within 17 percent) or other car designs.

4.3 SUMMARY

Key to the application of fire hazard analysis is a verified fire model to provide accurate

predictions of the fire hazards within a passenger rail car. Comparison of times to untenable

conditions for a range of fire sizes determined from experimental measurements with those

calculated by the CFAST fire model showed agreement that averaged approximately 13 percent. 

With experimental uncertainty in the measurements typically less than 10 percent and typical

agreement between fire model predictions and experiments of 20 to 25 percent, the average

agreement for these calculations of 13 percent should be considered excellent.

Determining whether or not a hazard exists requires an estimate of the time necessary for

passengers and crew to reach a point of safety. For buildings, the prediction of the reaction and

movement of people in fires is well established. An emergency evacuation model for

commercial aircraft also has been developed using similar techniques. Substantial modifications

for the unique conditions of aircraft are required based on the large data base produced in the 90

second evacuation certification tests required by the FAA. No such model or data resource

exists for passenger trains.

The full-scale car tests verified that the current high performance materials used in passenger rail

cars require a significant and sustained initiating fire to produce hazardous conditions. For these

large ignition sources, resulting hazards can still be reduced with appropriate modifications in

design or procedures. For example, the potential of trash bags to represent such an initiating fire

was identified, and Amtrak has taken steps to address that situation. Such a proactive approach

to fire safety results in the reduction of significant fire hazards to factors beyond the control of

the system operator, such as materials brought onboard by passengers and collision accidents. 

By identifying and addressing hazard scenarios, the risk of passenger and crew injury from fire

can be minimized.
50
51

5. SUMMARY

Considerable advances in fire safety engineering have been made in the decades since the

original development of the current fire safety requirements for passenger train material

selection. Better understanding of the underlying phenomena governing fire initiation and

growth has led to the development of advanced engineering analysis techniques. These

techniques have gained worldwide credibility for the regulation of building fire safety and have

recently been examined for a range of transportation vehicles. This Phase III interim report

documents full-scale fire tests conducted in an actual passenger rail coach car and compares the

test results with calculations from a fire hazard analysis using the Hazard I CFAST computer

model.

5.1 FULL-SCALE RAIL CAR TESTS

Seventeen tests were conducted within an Amtrak passenger rail coach car. Three replicates for

each representative t-squared fire growth rate provided an estimate of measurement uncertainty. 

The uncertainties for all measured quantities were reasonable and suggest that the data will

provide the appropriate baseline for verification of the modeling from Phase II of the study. The

range of ignition source strengths indicated that an ignition source size between 25 kW and

approximately 200 kW is necessary to promote significant fire spread, which is consistent with

the conclusions from the Phase II interim report that the ignition source strength of passenger rail

car materials is 2 to 10 times greater than typical office furnishings. However, given an ignition

source of the magnitude of a large trash bag, significant flame spread may be observed and

resulting conditions within the rail car could become untenable. The ignition scenario where all

components are ignited by a large trash bag has been addressed by Amtrak through a redesign of

trash containers and modification of operational procedures to ensure that large accumulations of

trash are removed from the cars.

5.2 COMPARISON OF FULL-SCALE TEST RESULTS TO EARLIER RESEARCH

A comparison of small-scale cone calorimeter material test results with full-scale component

material assembly tests and full-scale tests using a passenger rail coach car shows similar

ranking of materials from low HRR to high HRR. For the materials studied, small-scale tests in

the cone calorimeter provide an appropriate tool for material screening for heat release. In

practice, a major advantage of HRR data from a device like the cone calorimeter is the ability to
52

use these data in an appropriate model to predict full-scale performance. Although not within

the scope of this report, the data developed in Phases I – III of this project provide the necessary

data for an analysis to develop such a predictive ability.

Comparison of the results from the current study to earlier rail vehicle tests was consistent with

expected high performance of FRA-compliant materials. Peak temperatures in the current tests

were lower than comparable fully-furnished rail vehicle tests with older materials.

5.3 IMPLICATIONS OF FULL-SCALE TESTS ON FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS

Key to the application of fire hazard analysis is a verified fire model to provide accurate

predictions of the fire hazards within a passenger rail car. Comparison of times to untenable

conditions for a range of fire sizes determined from experimental measurements with those

calculated by the CFAST fire model showed agreement which averaged approximately

13 percent. With experimental uncertainty in the measurements typically less than 10 percent

and typical agreement between fire model predictions and experiments of 20 to 25 percent, the

average agreement for these calculations of 13 percent should be considered excellent.

5.4 FUTURE WORK 

Phase I of this study described the successful use of the cone calorimeter for evaluating the fire

performance of component materials used in passenger rail cars. Using data from Phase I and

additional HRR tests of full-scale component material assemblies, Phase II provided examples of

the application of fire hazard analysis techniques to the passenger rail car interior environment. 

Finally, this Phase III interim report demonstrates that fire hazard analysis using computer

modeling is sufficiently accurate to be used as a tool in evaluating passenger rail car fire safety.

It is important to note that this report did not address several areas important to the successful

application of fire hazard analysis techniques for passenger rail cars: 

 • Accurate estimation of passenger rail car conditions and evacuation in an actual emergency

situation. No verification of the calculation of the time necessary for passenger egress in

the event of a passenger rail car fire was included.

 • Development of appropriate HRR performance criteria. Appropriate small-scale (cone

calorimeter) and full-scale (furniture calorimeter) test acceptance criteria for materials and

component assemblies were not determined.
53

 • Evaluation of unique characteristics of fabrics, structural flooring, and electrical wire and

cable. The fire endurance of floor or wall partitions and the impact of electrical wire and

cable were not considered.

These areas are suggested for further research and would provide additional resources for the

application of fire hazard analysis techniques to passenger rail cars and rail transit vehicles.

The current FRA tests and performance criteria required by 49 CFR, Part 238, Subpart 238.103,

were adapted from those that FTA first published in 1984 for rail transit vehicle materials. Due

to the use of many similar interior materials, the FTA is interested in the potential application of

fire hazard analyses as evaluated in Phases I-III of this FRA-sponsored study to rail transit

vehicles. Accordingly, the FTA has contributed funding to the Volpe Center-directed fire safety

research program.
54
55

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Evaluation (Cone Calorimeter). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 

Prepared for Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), U.S. Department of Transportation

(USDOT). Washington, DC. Interim Report. Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-99/01,

January 1999. (Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Report NISTIR 6132, March 1999.)

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Hazard Analysis Techniques. NIST. Prepared for FRA/USDOT. Washington, DC. 

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for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter. ASTM E-1354.

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Passenger Equipment Safety Standards. Subpart 238.103, Fire Safety and Appendix B.

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October 1, 2002.

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Administration, Washington, DC.

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6. REFERENCES
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Final Report. Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-93/23, December 1993.

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for Materials and Products Using a Furniture Calorimeter. ASTM E-1357. Annual

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Fires in Railway Vehicles with a View to Improving Passenger Safety. ERRI B 106 RP

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15. ERRI. Young, R. and S. Metral. Edited by A. Kaminski, ERRI Technical Advisor. 

Improvement of the Protection Against Fire of Passenger Rolling Stock; Progress Report

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Netherlands. 1995.

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to Provide Data for Computation. ERRI C204.1/DT301. Utrecht, Netherlands. 1994.

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Technical Advisor. Improvement of the Fire Protection of Passenger Rolling Stock;

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June 1995.

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Netherlands. November 1997.

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April 2001.

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for Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.). NBSIR

75-971, December 1975.

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USDOT. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.). NBSIR 78-1421, March 1978. 

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pp 325-354, 1992.

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Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies, North Highlands, CA. 1991.

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58
A-1

 APPENDIX A. FRA Regulations: 49 CFR, Part 238

Passenger Rail Car and Locomotive Fire SafetySubpart 238.103 and Appendix B

(As of June 25, 2002; effective August 25, 2002)

- Incorporating June 25, 2002 revisions to May 12, 1999 Federal Register Notice -

238.103 Fire Safety

(a) Materials. (1) Materials used in constructing a

passenger car or a cab of a locomotive ordered on

or after September 8, 2000, or placed in service for

the first time on or after September 9, 2002, shall

meet the test performance criteria for flammability

and smoke emission characteristics as specified in

Appendix B to this part, or alternative standards

issued or recognized by an expert consensus

organization after special approval of FRA under

Sec. 238.21.

 (2) On or after November 8, 1999, materials

introduced in a passenger car or a locomotive cab,

as part of any kind of rebuild, refurbishment, or

overhaul of the car or cab, shall meet the test

performance criteria for flammability and smoke

emission characteristics as specified in Appendix B

to this part, or alternative standards issued or

recognized by an expert consensus organization

after special approval of FRA under Sec. 238.21.

 (3) For purposes of complying with the

requirements of this paragraph, a railroad may rely

on the results of tests of material conducted in

accordance with the standards and performance

criteria for flammabilitiy and smoke emission

characteristics as specified in Appendix B to this

part in effect on July 12, 1999 (see 49 CFR parts

200-399, revised as of October 1, 1999), if prior to

June 25, 2002 the material is–

 (i) Installed in a passenger car or locomotive;

 (ii) Held in inventory by the railroad; or

 (iii) Ordered by the railroad.

 (b) Certification. A railroad shall require

certification that a representative sample of

combustible materials to be--

 (1) Used in constructing a passenger car or a

locomotive cab, or

 (2) Introduced in a passenger car or a locomotive

cab, as part of any kind of rebuild, refurbishment,

or overhaul of the car or cab, has been tested by a

recognized independent testing laboratory and that

the results show the representative sample complies

with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this

section at the time it was tested.

(c) Fire safety analysis for procuring new

passenger cars and locomotives. In procuring new

passenger cars and locomotives, each railroad shall

ensure that fire safety considerations and features in

the design of this equipment reduce the risk of

personal injury caused by fire to an acceptable level

in its operating environment using a formal safety

methodology such as MIL-STD-882. To this end,

each railroad shall complete a written fire safety

analysis for the passenger equipment being

procured. In conducting the analysis, the railroad

shall--

 (1) Identify, analyze, and prioritize the fire

hazards inherent in the design of the equipment.

 (2) Take effective steps to design the equipment

and select materials which help provide sufficient

fire resistance to reasonably ensure adequate time

to detect a fire and safely evacuate the passengers

and crewmembers, if a fire cannot be prevented. 

Factors to consider include potential ignition

sources; the type, quantity, and location of the

materials; and availability of rapid and safe egress

to the exterior of the equipment under conditions

secure from fire, smoke, and other hazards.

 (3) Reasonably ensure that a ventilation system

in the equipment does not contribute to the lethality

of a fire.

 (4) Identify in writing any train component that

is a risk of initiating fire and which requires

overheat protection. An overheat detector shall be

installed in any component when the analysis

determines that an overheat detector is necessary.

 (5) Identify in writing any unoccupied train

compartment that contains equipment or material

that poses a fire hazard, and analyze the benefit

provided by including a fire or smoke detection

system in each compartment so identified. A fire or

smoke detector shall be installed in any unoccupied

compartment when the analysis determines that

such equipment is necessary to ensure sufficient

time for the safe evacuation of passengers and

crewmembers from the train. For purposes of this

section, an unoccupied train compartment means
A-2

any part of the equipment structure that is not

normally occupied during operation of the train,

including a closet, baggage compartment, food

pantry, etc.

 (6) Determine whether any occupied or

unoccupied space requires a portable fire

extinguisher and, if so, the proper type and size of

the fire extinguisher for each location. As required

by Sec. 239.101 of this chapter, each passenger car

is required to have a minimum of one portable fire

extinguisher. If the analysis performed indicates

that one or more additional portable fire

extinguishers are needed, such shall be installed.

 (7) On a case-by-case basis, analyze the benefit

provided by including a fixed, automatic firesuppression system in any unoccupied train

compartment that contains equipment or material

that poses a fire hazard, and determine the proper

type and size of the automatic fire suppression

system for each such location. A fixed, automatic

fire-suppression system shall be installed in any

unoccupied compartment when the analysis

determines that such equipment is practical and

necessary to ensure sufficient time for the safe

evacuation of passengers and crewmembers from

the train.

 (8) Explain how safety issues are resolved in the

design of the equipment and selection of materials

to reduce the risk of each fire hazard.

 (9) Describe the analysis and testing necessary to

demonstrate that the fire protection approach taken

in the design of the equipment and selection of

materials meets the fire protection requirements of

this part.

 (d) Fire safety analysis for existing passenger

equipment.

 (1) Not later than January 10, 2001, each

passenger railroad shall complete a preliminary fire

safety analysis for each category of existing

passenger cars and locomotives and rail service.

 (2) Not later than July 10, 2001, each such

railroad shall--

 (i) Complete a final fire safety analysis for any

category of existing passenger cars and locomotives

and rail service evaluated during the preliminary

fire safety analysis as likely presenting an

unacceptable risk of personal injury. In conducting

the analysis, the railroad shall consider the extent to

which materials comply with the test performance

criteria for flammability and smoke emission

characteristics as specified in Appendix B to this

part or alternative standards approved by FRA

under this part.

 (ii) Take remedial action to reduce the risk of

personal injuries to an acceptable level in any such

category, if the railroad finds the risk to be

unacceptable. In considering remedial action, a

railroad is not required to replace material found

not to comply with the test performance criteria for

flammability and smoke emission characteristics

required by this part, if:

 (A) The risk of personal injuries from the

material is negligible based on the railroad's

operating environment and the material's size, or

location, or both; or

 (B) The railroad takes alternative action which

reduces the risk of personal injuries to an

acceptable level.

 (3) Not later than July 10, 2003, each such

railroad shall--

 (i) Complete a final fire safety analysis for all

categories of existing passenger cars and

locomotives and rail service. In completing this

analysis, the railroad shall, as far as practicable,

determine the extent to which remaining materials

comply with the test performance criteria for

flammability and smoke emission characteristics as

specified in Appendix B to this part or alternative

standards approved by FRA under this part.

 (ii) Take remedial action to reduce the risk of

personal injuries to an acceptable level in any such

category, if the railroad finds the risk to be

unacceptable. In considering remedial action, a

railroad is not required to replace material found

not to comply with the test performance criteria for

flammability and smoke emission characteristics

required by this part, if:

 (A) The risk of personal injuries from the

material is negligible based on the railroad's

operating environment and the material's size, or

location, or both; or

 (B) The railroad takes alternative action which

reduces the risk of personal injuries to an

acceptable level.

 (4) Where possible prior to transferring existing

passenger cars and locomotives to a new category

of rail service, but in no case more than 90 days

following such a transfer, the passenger railroad

shall complete a new fire safety analysis taking into

consideration the change in railroad operations and

shall effect prompt action to reduce any identified

risk to an acceptable level.
A-3

 (5) As used in this paragraph, a ''category of

existing passenger cars and locomotives and rail

service'' shall be determined by the railroad based

on relevant fire safety risks, including available 

ignition sources, presence or absence of heat/smoke

detection systems, known variations from the

required material test performance criteria or

alternative standards approved by FRA, and

availability of rapid and safe egress to the exterior

of the vehicle under conditions secure from fire,

smoke, and other hazards.

 (e) Inspection, testing, and maintenance. Each

railroad shall develop and adopt written procedures

for the inspection, testing, and maintenance of all

fire safety systems and fire safety equipment on the

passenger equipment it operates. The railroad shall

comply with these procedures that it designates as

mandatory for the safety of the equipment and its

occupants.

Appendix B to Part 238--Test Methods and Performance Criteria for 

the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of Materials 

Used in Passenger Cars and Locomotive Cabs

This appendix contains the test methods and

performance criteria for the flammability and

smoke emission characteristics of materials used in

passenger cars and locomotive cabs, in accordance

with the requirements of Sec. 238.103.

 (a) Incorporation by reference.

 Certain documents are incorporated by reference

into this appendix with the approval of the Director

of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C.

552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. You may inspect a copy

of each document during normal business hours at

the Federal Railroad Administration, Docket Clerk,

1120 Vermont Ave., N.W., Suite 7000 or at the

Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol

Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C. The

documents incorporated by reference into this

appendix and the sources from which you may

obtain these documents are listed below:

 (1) American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West

Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

 (i) ASTM C 1166-00, Standard Test Method for

Flame Propagation of Dense and Cellular

Elastomeric Gaskets and Accessories.

 (ii) ASTM D 2724-87, Standard Test Methods

for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics.

 (iii) ASTM D 3574-95, Standard Test Methods

for Flexible Cellular Materials-Slab, Bonded, and

Molded Urethane Foams.

 (iv) ASTM D 3675-98, Standard Test Method for

Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials

Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source.

 (v) ASTM E 119-00a, Standard Test Methods for

Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.

 (vi) ASTM E 162-98, Standard Test Method for

Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant

Heat Energy Source.

 (vii) ASTM E 648-00, Standard Test Method for

Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems

Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source.

 (viii) ASTM E 662-01, Standard Test Method for

Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by

Solid Materials.

 (ix) ASTM E 1354-99, Standard Test Method for

Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for

Materials and Products Using an Oxygen

Consumption Calorimeter.

 (x) ASTM E 1537-99, Standard Test Method for

Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture.

 (xi) ASTM E 1590-01, Standard Test Method for

Fire Testing of Mattresses.

 (2) General Services Administration, Federal

Supply Service, Specification Section, 470 E.

L'Enfant Plaza, S.W., Suite 8100, Washington,

D.C., 20407. FED-STD-191A-Textile Test Method

5830, Leaching Resistance of Cloth; Standard

Method (July 20, 1978).
A-4

 (3) State of California, Department of Consumer

Affairs, Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal

Insulation, 3485 Orange Grove Avenue, North

Highlands, CA 95660-5595.

 (i) California Technical Bulletin (Cal TB) 129,

Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use

in Public Buildings (October, 1992). (ii) Cal TB

133, Flammability Test Procedure for Seating

Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies (January,

1991).

 (b) Definitions. As used in this appendix--

 Average heat release rate (q//180) means, as

defined in ASTM E 1354-99, the average heat

release rate per unit area in the time period

beginning at the time of ignition and ending 180

seconds later.

 Critical radiant flux (C.R.F.) means, as defined in

ASTM E 648-00, a measure of the behavior of

horizontally-mounted floor covering systems

exposed to a flaming ignition source in a graded

radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber.

 Flame spread index (Is) means, as defined in

ASTM E 162-98, a factor derived from the rate of

progress of the flame front (Fs) and the rate of heat

liberation by the material under test (Q), such that

Is = Fs x Q.

 Flaming dripping means periodic dripping of

flaming material from the site of material burning

or material installation.

 Flaming running means continuous flaming

material leaving the site of material burning or

material installation.

 Heat release rate means, as defined in ASTM E

1354-99, the heat evolved from a specimen per unit

of time.

 Specific extinction area () f

) means, as defined

in ASTM E 1354-99, specific extinction area for

smoke.

 Specific optical density (Ds) means, as defined in

ASTM E 662-01, the optical density measured over

unit path length within a chamber of unit volume,

produced from a specimen of unit surface area, that

is irradiated by a heat flux of 2.5 watts/cm2 for a

specified period of time.

 Surface flammability means the rate at which

flames will travel along surfaces.

 (c) Required test methods and performance

criteria. The materials used in locomotive cabs and

passenger cars shall be tested according to the 

methods and meet the performance criteria set forth 

in the following table and notes:

NOTES TO TABLE

1. Materials tested for surface flammability shall

not exhibit any flaming running or dripping.

2. The ASTM E 662-01 maximum test limits for

smoke emission (specific optical density) shall be

measured in either the flaming or non-flaming

mode, utilizing the mode which generates the most

smoke.

3. Testing of a complete seat assembly (including

cushions, fabric layers, upholstery) according to

ASTM E 1537-99 using the pass/fail criteria of

California Technical Bulletin 133, and testing of a

complete mattress assembly (including foam and

ticking) according to ASTM E 1590-01 using the

pass/fail criteria of California Technical Bulletin

129 shall be permitted in lieu of the test methods

prescribed herein, provided the assembly

component units remain unchanged or new

(replacement) assembly components possess

equivalent fire performance properties to the

original components tested. A fire hazard analysis

must also be conducted that considers the operating

environment within which the seat or mattress

assembly will be used in relation to the risk of

vandalism, puncture, cutting, or other acts which

may expose the individual components of the

assemblies to an ignition source. Notes 5, 6, 7 and

8 apply.

4. Testing is performed without upholstery.

5. The surface flammability and smoke emission

characteristics shall be demonstrated to be

permanent after dynamic testing according to

ASTM D 3574-95, Test I2 (Dynamic Fatigue Test

by the Roller Shear at Constant Force) or Test I3

(Dynamic Fatigue Test by Constant Force

Pounding) both using Procedure B, except that the

test samples shall be a minimum of 6 inches (154

mm) by 18 inches (457 mm) by the thickness of the

material in its end use configuration, or multiples

thereof. If Test I3 is used, the size of the indentor

described in paragraph 96.2 shall be modified to

accommodate the specified test specimen.

6. The surface flammability and smoke emission

characteristics shall be demonstrated to be

permanent by washing, if appropriate, according to

FED-STD-191A Textile Test Method 5830.
A-5

Test Procedures and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission

 Characteristics of Materials Used in Passenger Cars and Locomotive Cabs

CATEGORY FUNCTION OF MATERIAL TEST METHOD PERFORMANCE 

CRITERIA

 Cushions, 

 Mattresses 

All 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ASTM D 3675-98 I S < 25

ASTM E 662-01 D S (1.5) < 100

D S (4.0) < 175

 Fabrics

Seat upholstery, mattress ticking

and covers, curtains, draperies,

wall coverings, and window shades

1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8

14 CFR 25, Appendix

F, Part I, (vertical test)

Flame time < 10 seconds

Burn length < 6 inches

ASTM E 662-01 D S (4.0) < 200 

 Other Vehicle

 Components

 9, 10, 11, 12

Seat and mattress frames, wall 

and ceiling panels, seat and toilet

shrouds, tray and other tables,

partitions, shelves, opaque

windscreens, end caps, roof

housings, and component boxes

and covers 1, 2 

ASTM E 162-98 I S < 35

ASTM E 662-01 D S (1.5) < 100

DS (4.0) < 200

Flexible cellular foams used in

armrests and seat padding 1, 2, 4, 6

ASTM D 3675-98 I S < 25

ASTM E 662-01 D S (1.5) < 100

D S (4.0) < 175

Thermal and acoustic insulation 1, 2 ASTM E 162-98 I S < 25

ASTM E 662-01 D S (4.0) < 100 

HVAC ducting 1, 2 ASTM E 162-98 I S < 35

ASTM E 662-01 D S (4.0) < 100

Floor covering 12,13 ASTM E 648-00 C.R.F. > 5 kW/m2

ASTM E 662-01 D S (1.5) < 100

D S (4.0) < 200

Light diffusers, windows and

transparent plastic windscreens 2, 14

ASTM E 162-98 I S < 100

ASTM E 662-01 D S (1.5) < 100 

D S (4.0) < 200 

 Elastomers 1, 10, 11

Window gaskets, door nosings,

inter-car diaphragms,

roof mats, and seat springs

ASTM C 1166-00 Average flame

propagation

< 4 inches

ASTM E 662-01 D S (1.5) < 100

DS (4.0) < 200

 Structural

 Components 15

Flooring 16, Other 17 ASTM E 119-00a Pass
A-6

7. The surface flammability and smoke emission

characteristics shall be demonstrated to be

permanent by dry-cleaning, if appropriate,

according to ASTM D 2724-87. 8. Materials that

cannot be washed or dry-cleaned shall be so labeled

and shall meet the applicable performance criteria

after being cleaned as recommended by the

manufacturer.

9. Signage is not required to meet any

flammability or smoke emission performance

criteria specified in this Appendix.

10. Materials used to fabricate miscellaneous,

discontinuous small parts (such as knobs, rollers,

fasteners, clips, grommets, and small electrical

parts) that will not contribute materially to fire

growth in end use configuration are exempt from

flammability and smoke emission performance

requirements, provided that the surface area of any

individual small part is less than 16 square inches

(100 cm2

) in end use configuration and an

appropriate fire hazard analysis is conducted which

addresses the location and quantity of the materials

used, and the vulnerability of the materials to

ignition and contribution to flame spread. 

11. If the surface area of any individual small part

is less than 16 square inches (100 cm2

) in end use

configuration, materials used to fabricate such a

part may be tested in accordance with ASTM E

1354-99 as an alternative to both (a) the ASTM E

162-98 flammability test procedure, or the

appropriate flammability test procedure otherwise

specified in the table, and (b) the ASTM E 662-01

smoke generation test procedure. Testing shall be

at 50 kW/m2

 applied heat flux with a retainer frame. 

Materials tested in accordance with ASTM E 1354-

99 shall meet the following performance criteria: 

average heat release rate (q//

180 ) less than or equal

to 100 kW/m2

, and average specific extinction area

() f

) less than or equal to 500 m2/kg over the same

180-second period.

12. Carpeting used as a wall or ceiling covering

shall be tested according to ASTM E 162-98 and

ASTM E 662-01 and meet the respective criteria of 

I sless than or equal to 35 and D s (1.5) less than or

equal to 100 and D s (4.0) less than or equal to 200. 

Notes 1 and 2 apply.

13. Floor covering shall be tested with padding in

accordance with ASTM E 648-00, if the padding is

used in the actual installation 

14. For double window glazing, only the interior

glazing is required to meet the requirements

specified herein. (The exterior glazing is not

required to meet these requirements.)

15. Penetrations (ducts, etc.) shall be designed

against acting as passageways for fire and smoke

and representative penetrations shall be included as

part of test assemblies.

16. A structural flooring assembly separating the

interior of a vehicle from its undercarriage shall

meet the performance criteria during a nominal test

period as determined by the railroad. The nominal

test period must be twice the maximum expected

time period under normal circumstances for a

vehicle to stop completely and safely from its

maximum operating speed, plus the time necessary

to evacuate all the vehicle’s occupants to a safe

area. The nominal test period must not be less than

15 minutes. Only one specimen need be tested. A

proportional reduction may be made in the

dimensions of the specimen provided it serves to

truly test the ability of the structural flooring

assembly to perform as a barrier against undervehicle fires. The fire resistance period required

shall be consistent with the safe evacuation of a full

load of passengers from the vehicle under worstcase conditions.

17. Portions of the vehicle body (including

equipment carrying portions of a vehicle’s roof and

interior floors separating lower level of a bi-level

car, but not including a flooring assembly subject to

Note 16) which separate major ignition sources,

energy sources, or sources of fuel-load from vehicle

interiors, shall have sufficient fire endurance as

determined by a fire hazard analysis acceptable to

the railroad which addresses the location and

quantity of the materials used, as well as

vulnerability of the materials to ignition, flame

spread, and smoke generation. A railroad is not

required to use the ASTM E 119 test method. 
B-1

APPENDIX B. PASSENGER RAIL CAR FULL-SCALE TEST DATA

A series of passenger rail car full-scale fire tests was performed in August 1999 at the Army

Test Center, Aberdeen, MD. 

Two different types of full-scale tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the results of

the passenger rail car fire hazard analyses conducted in Phase II of this research study: 1) a series

of gas burner tests conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the baseline analysis fire growth rates

for an actual coach car geometry, and 2) a smaller series of fire tests to evaluate fire spread and

growth for actual passenger rail car furnishings exposed to a range of initial fire sources.

Table B-1 lists full-scale the tests conducted in the Amfleet I passenger rail coach test car. 

Table B-1. Full-Scale Tests Conducted in Amfleet I Test Car

TEST NUMBERS TEST TYPE AND IGNITION SOURCE

1-3 Slow t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

4-6 Medium t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

7-9 Fast t2

 gas burner (3 replicates)

10-12 Ultra-fast t2

 gas burner (3 replicates

13 Window Drape 25 kW gas burner on lower edge

14 Corner Test Trash Bag in corner next to wall carpet and

FRP Panel

15

Seating Area

25 kW gas burner below seat

16 TB 133 gas burner on seat

17 Trash bag on seat

This appendix contains the data results from the 17 tests. 

The test instrumentation used in the test experiments consisted of thermocouples; heat flux

gauges; smoke obscuration meters; and oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide analyzers. 

The installed locations of the instrument arrays and the gas sampling points are shown in 

Figure B-1.
B-2

Figure B-1. Amfleet I Test Car - Interior “A” End Instrumentation

B. 2 TEST RESULTS

Figures B-2 through B-142 show the measured test results for all instrument locations. The

following data are included for each test:

 • Gas temperatures at various locations throughout the passenger rail car,

 • Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations in the center of the rail car, 

 • Heat flux measured at two locations in the rail car,

 • Smoke obscuration at several positions in the rail car, and

 • Heat release rate of the fire measured in the rail car stack.

In some experiments, one or more of these measurements was not available. These are noted in

the graphs, as appropriate. Uncertainty in these measurements are discussed in Section 3.5 of

this report.

Thermocouple

Array

Gas Sampling

Probe

Heat Flux

Sensor

Bi-directional

Probe Array

Smoke

Meter

Array

Video

Camera

40.50 ft (12.34 m)

30.05 ft (9.30 m)

20.33 ft (6.20 m)

10.17 ft (3.10 m)

Example Ignition Location

4 3 2 1
B-3

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-2. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-3. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-4

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-4. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-5. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-5

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-6. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-7. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-6

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-8. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

9.3 m (30 ft)

from car end

Figure B-9. Test 1 (Slow Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-7

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-10. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-11. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-8

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-12. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data 

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-13. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-9

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-14. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-15. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-10

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-16. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-17. Test 2 (Slow Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-11

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-18. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-19. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-12

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-20. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

.

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-21. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-13

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-22. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-23. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-14

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-24. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-25. Test 3 (Slow Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-15

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-26. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-27. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-16

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-28. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-29. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-17

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-30. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-31. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-18

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-32. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-33. Test 4 (Medium Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-19

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-34. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-35. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-20

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-36. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-37. Test 5, (Medium Gas Burner) Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-21

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-38. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-39. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-22

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-40. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-41. Test 5 (Medium Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-23

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-42. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-43. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-24

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-44. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-45. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-25

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-46. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-47. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-26

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-48. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-49. Test 6 (Medium Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-27

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Data Not Available

Figure B-50. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-51. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-28

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-52. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-53. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-29

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-54. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-55. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-30

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-56. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-57. Test 7 (Fast Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-31

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-58. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-59. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-32

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-60. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-61. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-33

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-62. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-63. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-34

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-64. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-65. Test 8 (Fast Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-35

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-66. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-67. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-36

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-68. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-69. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-37

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-70. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-71. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-38

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Figure B-72. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-73. Test 9 (Fast Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-39

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-74. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-75. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-40

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-76. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-77. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-41

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-78. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-79. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-42

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Figure B-80. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-81. Test 10 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-43

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-82. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-83. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-44

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-84. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-85. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-45

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-86. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-87. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-46

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Figure B-88. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-89. Test 11 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-47

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-90. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-91. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-48

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-92. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-93. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-49

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-94. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-95. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-50

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Figure B-96. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

3.1 m (10 ft)

from car end

6.2 m (20 ft)

from car end

Figure B-97. Test 12 (Ultra-fast Gas Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-51

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-98. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-99. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-52

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-100. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-101. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-53

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

0

5

10

15

20

Carbon Monoxide 25

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-102. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-103. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-54

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

1.83 m (6 ft) Below Ceiling

Data Not Available

Figure B-104. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Smoke Obscuration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Figure B-105. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Heat Release Rate Data
B-55

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800

Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

Figure B-106. Test 13 (Drape with 25 kW Sand Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-107. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data
B-56

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-108. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-109. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data
B-57

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-110. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

10

12

14

16

18

20

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-111. Test 14 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Gas Concentration Data
B-58

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

1.83 m (6 ft) Below Ceiling

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-112. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Heat Flux Data

Figure B-113. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Smoke Obscuration Data
B-59

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800

1000 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

Figure B-114. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Figure B-115. Test 14 (Corner with 25 kW Sand Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-60

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-116. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-117. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-61

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-118. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-119. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-62

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

0

5

10

15

20

Carbon Monoxide 25

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-120. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-121. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Heat Flux Data
B-63

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

1.83 m (6 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-122. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Smoke Obscuration Data

Figure B-123. Test 14 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Heat Release Rate Data
B-64

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

Figure B-124. Test 15 (Seat with 25 kW Sand Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-125. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Thermocouple Array 1 Data
B-65

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-126. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Thermocouple Array 2 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-127. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Thermocouple Array 3 Data
B-66

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-128. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Thermocouple Array 4 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

0

5

10

15

20

Carbon Monoxide 25

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-129. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Gas Concentration Data
B-67

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-130. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Heat Flux Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

1.83 m (6 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-131. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Smoke Obscuration Data
B-68

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-132. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Heat Release Rate Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

Figure B-133. Test 16 (Seat with TB 133 Burner), Luggage Rack Temperature Data
B-69

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-134. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Thermocouple Array 1 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Temperature (°C)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-135. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Thermocouple Array 2 Data
B-70

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 25 mm (1 in) Below Ceiling

0.31 m (1 ft ) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-136. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Thermocouple Array 3 Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Temperature (°C)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-137. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Thermocouple Array 4 Data
B-71

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

CO and CO2 Concentration (Volume %)

0.0

0.1

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Oxygen Concentration (Volume %)

16

17

18

19

20

21

Carbon Monoxide 22

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Figure B-138. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Gas Concentration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Heat Flux (kW/m2

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18 Heat Flux from Fire

Heat Flux from Smoke Layer

Figure B-139. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Heat Flux Data
B-72

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Smoke Obscuration (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.31 m (1 ft) Below Ceiling

0.61 m (2 ft) Below Ceiling

0.92 m (3 ft) Below Ceiling

1.22 m (4 ft) Below Ceiling

1.53 m (5 ft) Below Ceiling

1.83 m (6 ft) Below Ceiling

Figure B-140. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Smoke Obscuration Data

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Heat Release Rate (kW)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Data Not Available

Figure B-141. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Heat Release Rate Data
B-73

Time (s)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Temperature (°C)

0

200

400

600

800 Above Luggage Rack

Below Luggage Rack

Figure B-142. Test 17 (Seat with Trash Bag), Luggage Rack Temperature Data