NOVEMBER 1993 ECN-C--93-064

CLASSIFICATION OF PULVERIZED COAL ASH

Part II.

Leaching Properties of Concrete with Pulverized

Coal Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement

H.A. VAN DER SLOaT

G.J. DEGROOT

D.HOEDE

MASTER

IlSIJlIlIrulN II 1IIS '-00 • IIIIIIIlIII II

f1Rm11 SAl!S ...,AIIB {) A

I
2

This research was carried out under contract with

lHE NETHERLANDS AGENCY FOR

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT (NOVEM)

Contract 20.53 - 021.10

ECN-e-93-064
ECN-C-93-064

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Concrete cubes

2.1.2 Mortar prisms

2.1.3 Size-reduced mortar prism

2.2 Chemical methods

2.2.1 Composition

2.2.2 Availability

2.2.3 Release with time

2.2.4 Batch tests

22.5 Surface area determination

2.3 Data reduction

2.3.1 Parameters

2.3.2 Long-term release calculations

3. RESULTS

3.1 Composition

3.2 Availability

33 Leaching

3.3.1 Tortuosity

3.3.2 Retention factors

33.3 Effect of coarse aggregate in concrete on leaching

33.4 Average retention values for concrete

3.4 Effects of particle size on leaching

3.4.1 Batch data as function of LS and ti",.;

3.4.2 Chemic:l! speciation modelling

3.5 Effect of coal fly ash loading

3.6 Long-term release estimates

3.6.1 Environmental factors

3.6.2 Release estimates for specific applications

4. CONCLUSIONS

5. REFERENCES

6. FIGURES

APPENDICES

5

7

7

7

8

8

9

9

9

9

10

10

10

10

10

13

13

13

15

15

16

17

18

18

18

19

20

22

22

22

2S

27

31

53

3
4 ECN-e-~

•
ECN-C-93....()64

1. INTRODUCTION

In Part I the leaching behaviour of pulverized coal ash is dealt with

addressing leachability as a function of the liquid to solid ratio and as a

function of pH [1]. Here the leaching behaviour of cement-based products

containing pulverized coal ash is described. The utilization of pulverized coal

fly ash as an admixture in cement has been prompted by the beneficial

properties of coal fly ash [2,3,4,5]. The coal fly ash can be used in the clinker

production and as a partial cement replacement due to its pozzoIanic

properties. As a result of discussions on the environmental effects of coal ash

utilization the leaching properties of ccment mortars containing coal fly ash

were studied in a previous study [3,4). In this work the actual cement

concrcte cubes containing cement, sand, coal fly ash, gravel and water were

tested for their leachability using a standardized leachtest procedure [6,7). The

test is based on the assessment of intrinsic leaching propertics[6,7,8). In this

study the results are compared with data obtained from the previous study on

pure cement-coal fly ash-sand mortars [3]. In addition the results from a

study on a size-reduced cement-fly ash mortar is given as a function of

liquid to solid ratio and contact-time [10]. The information gained from the

latter study is relevant to assess the potential long term effects after complete

detcrioration of the cement-based matrix and the influence of particle size on

leaching.

Based on the intrinsic information obtained in these studies, estimates are

given for the long term release of trace contaminants from coal fly ash in

concrete applications.

5
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

6 ECN-e-93-064
EOl-e-93-064

2. EXPERIMENTAL

The materials studies and experimental conditions applied in testing are

specified below.

2.1 Materials

The samples coal fly ash used in the preparation of test specimen were all

obtained from Dutch coal flIed utilities through the assistance of the

VIiegasunie B.V. ('s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands). Materials were

collected from conventional installations and installations operating with lowNOx burners. The main reason for the use of these two types of ash is to

verify whether the ash produced from installations with low-NOx burners is

still compatible with the original envisaged uses of coal fly ash in concrete.

The higher contcnt of unburnt carbon in 10w-NOx ash as observed shortly

after installation of 10w-NOx burners and the difference in particle

morphology prompted lead to this question.

2.1.1 Concrete cubes

At RPA (Research & Product dcvelopment B.V., Heemstede) concrete cubes

were prepared for leaching studies to be perfonned at ECN. The following

compositions were prepared (table 1).

Table I. Concrete cube compositions

Code Date of Coal ash Percent Cement

preparation code cement type

replacement

3 10-11-87 1 20 PZ 45

11 07-12-87 1 40 PZ 45

18 12-01-88 1 20 PZ 35F

19 12-01-88 1 20 HOZ 35

26 07-01-88 1 20 PZ 45

33 15-02-88 1 20 PZ 45

• PZ Portland cement HOZ Blast furnace slag cement

The physical properties of the concrete cubes is given in table II.

7
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part Il

Table II. Physical properties of concrete cubes

Code Sand Gravel Cement Coal WIC+F Slump Compressive strength after x days

ash mm 2 7 14 28 56 90

kg kg kg kg N/mm'

3 797 1056 256 65 055 110 175 27.9 30.4 36.8 42.2 39.3

11 795 1053 192 128 053 99 10.6 18.1 22.6 26.9 324 35.6

18 797 1056 256 64 055 100 10.6 19.4 24.4 29.2 329 37.0

19 799 1060 256 64 053 102 5.8 18.1 23.1 265 29.9 33.0

26 806 1068 224 56 0.64 90 14.6 23.7 27.9 32.0 36.2 38.0

33 777 1031 288 72 050 11 ZZ.7 35.4 41.7 45.3 51.5 54.5

2.1.2 Mortar prisms

The composition of the prisms prepared by RPA (Heemslede) in the

framework of an earlier study [3] is given in table III.

Table III. Composition ofmortar prisms

Code

120

130

140

Date of

preparation

2-5-88

2-5-88

2-5-88

Coal ash

code

1

1

1

Percent

cement replacement

20

30

40

The physical properties of the mortars prepared as indicated in table IV.

Table IV. Physical properties ofmortar prisms

Code Sand Cement Coal W/C+F

ash

Heagennann

mID 2

Compressive strength (days)

7 14 28 56 90

120

130

140

0.5

052

0.522

179 26 403 46.8 51.7 57.1 61.4

188 192 31.0 37.2 43 50.1 55.6

184 14.9 24.8 29 32.6 39.6 44.8

2.1.3 Size-reduced mortar prism

The mortar prisms prepared for the testing of leaching behavior from

size-reduced material is given below:

Sand : cement : coal ash = 75 : 18.75 : 6.25 % w/w

The sand specificaticns meet NEN 3550.

8 ECN-C-93-Q64
ECN-e-93-064

Experimental

Cement type used Portland A (ENCI)

Waler/cemenHfly ash ratio : 0.50

The mechanical properties of the prisms after 28 days are:

Flexural strength 9.8 N/mm2

Compressive strength 39.1 N/mm2

2.2 Chemical methods

The chemical methods include the analysis of chemical compOSItion and the

leaching tcsts carried out 10 assess the environmental properties of

construction materials with secondary materials.

2.2.1 Composition

The chemical composition of the concrete cubes and liquid samples resulting

from leaching experiments has been determined by atomic absorption

spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and ion-chromatography.

The ashes were mainly analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis.

For several elements atomic absorption or induced coupled plasma emission

spectrometry is preferred, e.g. Pb, Cd, Mg and Cu. In these cases dissolution

has been carried out with a mixture of HN03 ' HClO. and HF. A more

detailed description of the analytical methods used has been published

elsewherc [3,11).

2.2.2 Availability

The availability tcst originally described in NVN 2508 (now NEN 7341 [12])

is aimed at assessing the fraction of the total mass available for leaching

under environmental conditions. This implies that the silicate matrix and very

poorly soluble mineral phases are not dissolved. This is achieved by

performing the test on finely ground « 125 !UIl) material at a high dilution

(LS=100) to minimize solubility limitations and controlling the pH at 4 as the

lowest pH that. apart from rather exceptional conditions in sulfidic ore bodies,

may be found in the environment [17]. The test includes an extraction at pH

7 to obtain bctter e".-traction efficiency for oxyanionic species[13].

2.2.3 Release with time

For monolithic construction materials and products containing waste materials

a different approach for the assessment of environmental impact is needed. A

tank leaching procedure wilh similarities to ANS 16.1 [14], which was

developed to assess leaching from stabilized radioactive waste, has been

modified and drafted as a Dutch standard procedure NEN 7345 [6). From this

procedure information on the predominant leaching mechanisms and leach

parameters for calculation long tcrm release can be obtained. By measuring

an incrt component (e.g. Na) the physical restriction (tortuosity) of the matrix

can be obtained. For other components, the chemical rctention in the pro,luct

matrix caused by the chemical environment in the pores of the product can be

quantified [7,8,15,16).

9

..
Oassification of pulverized coal ash: Part ]]

2.2.4 Batch tests

Mortar prisms were size-reduced in a jaw crusher. The material was sieved in

three size-classes:

fraction A: 1.5 - 6 mm

fraction B:O.5 - 1.5 mm

fraction C:< 05 mm

These fractions were extracted with demineralized water in five liquid to solid

ratios (LS= 500, 100, 20, 4, 1) and three contact times (t = 0.5, 5 and 50

hours).

After the extraction, which was carried out in closed polyethylene bottles, the

samples were filtered through 0.45 Illll membrane fLIters. The pH and

conductivity of the samples was measured. The elemental composition of the

extracts was detennined by the analytical methods specified in section 2.2.l.

The following constituents were detennined:

Ca, Mg, Zo, Cu, AI, Si, NH4+, NOJ-, SO/-, Cl, F, N02-, Mo, W, Sb, As, Ga,

Cr, Sr, Br, Na, and K

2.2.5 Surface area determination

The surface area of the intact specimen was taken as the geometrical surface

area of the product. The surface area of the size-reduced material was

detennined by N2 adsorption using the BET mcthod (Quantasorb).

2.3 Data reduction

2..5.1 Parameters

The parameters derived from the leaching data are tortuosity data, which are

obtained from the measurement of an inert constituent and the chemical

retention of a given constituent based on the tortuosity as indicated by this

inert constituent. For details on the procedure more infonnation on the

methodology can be obtained from references [7,16].

2.3.2 Long-term release calculations

Based on the intrinsic leach parameters derived from the tank leaching studies

release estimates for longer periods of time can be made using a model,

which takes into account the depletion of the leachable constituent and the

spatial dimensions of the product. The mode of contact with water and the

smallest dimension (either length, width or height) arc crucial in this respect

[9,16]. Changes in pH with time can be partly accounted for once the relation

between chemical retention value and pH are quantified. Similarly, changes in

redox environment may affect the retention values, which Can be accounted

10 ECN-C--93-064
ECN-C-93-064

I

Experimental

for when the relation between redox potential and retention are quantified. In

a recent study, consequences of reducing conditions on release have been

addressed [17]. The conditions that are addressed are :

1. A concrete wall permanently exposed to leaching with surfacewater.

2. A concrete wall of a building exposed to rainwater runoff

These situations are compared with for a time scale of 100 years with regular

concrete as a reference and placed in perspective relative to the draft

regulations in the Building Materials Decree.

11

E

----

=
I

Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

12

I

ECN-e-93-064
3. RESULTS

3.1 Composition

The elemental composition of the materials studied is given in table V.

Table V. Elemental composition of cement-based materials (mglkg)

Element 3 11

Sample code

18 19 26 33 64 73 82

Ca 43500 32900 53000 37200 47100 45400 61800 70400 71100

Na 1500 1600 1550 1550 1750 1350 1200 1400 1400

K 3950 3700 3900 4100 4250 3550 3650 3800 3900

S04 5608 4827 7797 8209 6181 5788 4181 7966 8220

As 7.7 8.9 6.6 7.8 7.1 7.4 8.5 7.4 6.5

B 31 48 31 38 34 31 41 29 27

Cd 0.4 2.0 0.9 0.3

Mo .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 s5

Zn 28 25 27 15 24 24 48 42 37

The composition of major elements is not as sensitive to changes in coal fly

ash addition as some of the trace clements. However, due to the relatively

small contribution of fly ash (about 6 % by weight) the changes are generally

also small.

3.2 Availability

The availability for leaching of major and trace constituents from the concrete

cubes and the mortar prisms is given in table VI and VII.

ECN-e-93-064 13
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

Table VI. Availability data for concrete-cubes (%)

Sample code

Element 3 11 18 19 26 33 64 73 82

Ca 100 100 85 74 86 95 81 87 88

Na 29 14 15 16 12 22 23 22 23

K 27 21 29 14 21 21 20 23 24

504 80 74 56 51 65 69 125 77 80

As 052 0.65 0.53 1.30 0.49 0.54 051 0.61 0.46

B 100 75 92 100 69 92 74 100 100

Cd 50 15 17 33

Mo 20 10 20 10 30 30 40

Zn 97 90 71 30 78 72 43 61 59

The availability of Ca, sulfate, Zn and B are close to the total composition.

wheras Na, K are apparently retained in the cemcntious/silicate matrix as Na

and K silicates. The retention of As is caused by the chemical speciation of

As at high pH in a cementious matrix. From recent studies the role of

enringite as a sorbing medium for oxyanions emerges more and more as an

importar.! solubility controlling phase (18]. In table VII a comparison of

concrete with gravel and mortar prisms is given. Except for B. Cd, Zn and

F, the availability of trace elements is generally below 10 % of the total.

14 EOl-C-93-064
Results

Table VII. Average availability and standard deviation for concrete

Concrete cubes Concrete Mammoet [16,19] Prism Oassification [3]

n=8 n=2 n=7

Element Avg. STD Avg. STD Avg. STD

Ca 89 10 84 2 67 3

AI 0.05 0.04

Si 2 0 f:

Mg 37 3

Na 20 6 9.7 0.1 20 4

K 22 4 13 0.2

S04 75 21 80 4 60 19

As 0.62 0.26 0.4 0.05 0.07 0.02

B 93 17 82 28

Ba 25 1

Cd 29 16 95 8 39 17

Cr 6 2

Cu 11 3

F 99 6 103 8

Mo 23 11 20 6 1

Ni 15 2

Pb 3 2 22

Sb 7 1 0 0

Se 3 1 0.97 0.78

V 2 0.84 0.37

w 0.80 0.09

Zn 67 21 30 4 13 3

3.3 Leaching

During the tank leaching tests no appreciable erosion or abrasion of the test

specimen was noted. The set up of the experiments is given in figure 1. The

leaching data and calculation of leach parameters are given in Appendix A

3.3.1 Tortuosity

From the release of an inert constituent information on the tortuosity of the

matrix can be obtained [7,16]. In many cascs Na mobility has been used for

this purpose. In the case of concrete K appe:us to be better. as Na has been

shown to be more reactive in the cementation reactions[]. Na was shown to

concentrate on the surface of specimen in an unreactive fonn of which the

chemical nature is still unknown [9]. This phenomenon is much less

pronounced for K. therefor K has been used in the calculation of the

tortuosity. In table VJll the tortuosity data for the concrete cubes and the

mortar prisms is given in comparison with data from other studies.

15
.. Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

Table VlIl. Tortuosity data for concrete and mortars with coal fly ash

Material Code Tortuosity

Cube 3 148 Prism 64 28

11 128 73 36

18 280 82 32

19 730 Prism [3] 20 36

26 192 23 32

33 188 2S 28

Cube [16] REF 188 27 13

EB 599 31 34

EN 302 42 30

43 31

44 34

45 39

Prism rcf [3] 51 85

Thc average tortuosity for mortar prisms amounts to 31 =- 6.5. For concrcte

cubes the avcrage tortuosity is 306 =- 213 or 203 =- 64 (two extreme value

omitted). The difference between the tortuosity of mortar prisms and

concrete cubes with gravel is partly attnbutcd to the extended path length for

diffusion due to the non-porol:s gravel. In figure :2 the tortuosity values arc

givcn for mortars and concrete cubes.

3.3.2 Retention factors

Once the matrix tortuosity has bccD obtaincd from an inert constitucnt, a

measure for the chemical retention in the matrix can be calculated relati"'e to

the pbysical retardation of aD inert componcnt. In table IX chemical retmtion

data for concrete cubes and mortar prisms are given.

16 ECN-C-93-064
Results

Table IX. Chemical retention in concrete and mortars with coal fly ash

Element Concrete (this work) Concrete [16,19] Mortar

Average Range Range prism [3)

Ca 2650 160 - 4100 380-1400 9500

Na 1 0.3 - 1.2 1 1

K 1 1 1.1-1.6 2

AI 6

Si 76

SO. 2000 1400 - 4200 66-130 1700

As 4 0.5 - 5 1 1

B 11 1 - 80 190

Cd 400 300 - 20000 >50 440

a 6-8 240

Cr >10 2

eu > 10 0

F 12000-500 350

Mg 240000

Mo 1 0.2 - 1.8 5 12

Ph > 100 180

Sb 1 4

Se 1 2

V 5-12 5

W 3

Zn 300 50 - 2130 5-8 120

In figures 3 to 6 thc cffcctive diffusion coefficicnts for mortars and concrete

cubes are gi,,1:I1. The reproducibility is such that for aD environmental

assessmo:nt standard values caD be used for release estimates. -fbc main issue

for prediction of long term release based on tbcsc parameters ",,11 be to what

extent the intrinsic properties listed bcrc will rcmaiil the same on the long

tenn aDd if thcy cbaogc with time. whcther sudJ cbaogcs can be quantified.

This aspect wiD be addressed in more detail in section 3.6.

3.3-3 Effect of coarse aggregate in concrete on leaching

The role of coaISC aggregate (gravel) in conactc on leaching is subsIaDtiaI in

comparison ....ith relati"'cly bomogCDCOus mortar prisms. The eementitoas

matrix ",ill be similar to the mortar material. This implies that aD cffccti""e

diffusion coefficient for a pure mortar bas to be modified to accouIIt for the

presence of essentially oon-leachable low-porosity material. This bas :be

same effect as the pn:scnce of uncoMCCted porosity in ligbl-""'dgbt COiKJcte.

v.lIicb bas been shown 10 resull in aD apparent inacase in tortuosity (20).

The differc:occ: in tortuosity bel'\l."CaI mortarprisms aDd ccmc:ot cubes aQOQI1IS

to a factor of almost a factor of 10. ID terms of rcle:asc of poteDtial

17

""",.
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

contaminants, this is a significant reduction in overall release from concrete

relative to a pure binder mix (mortar prism).

3.3.4 Average retention values for concrete

The average effective diffusion coefficient for concrete can be derived from

the tank leaching data using the free mobility of a constituent in water and

the tortuosity as derived for an inert component (e.g. K).

Table X Average effective diffusion coefficients for concrete (Tortuosity = 180).

Element Average pD. S11) Availability pDo

mglkg

Ca 14.60 0.60 3ססoo 9.10

Na 10.90 0.20 300 8.88

K 10.90 0.20 800 8.71

S04 14.00 0.40 4000 8.94

As 10.60 0.50 0.04 9.04

B 12.80 0.40 40 9.00

Cd 13.30 0.70 0.2 9.14

a 11.60 0.90 soc 8.69

Cr 12.00 0.50 5 9.23

Cu 14..30 0.90 5 9.11

F 13..30 0.40 150 8.84

Mg 15.90 0.40 3000 9.00

Mo 12.80 0.40 1 9.01

Pb 14.00 0.70 0.5 9.02

Sb 11.70 0.50 0.2 9.08

Sc 12.00 0.60 0.05 9.02

v 12.20 0.40 2 9.00

Zn 12.70 0.50 10 9.11

The pD. \'3Jues listed here are based on samples obtained after al least 28

days curing. With further curing the porosity of the matrix lends to reduce

somCVo'hat further. 'IlI."bich bas an effect on the tortuosity. The magnitude of

this effect is relatively small compared to changes due 10 pH variation.

Although a a:ment matrix wiD SUSIaiD a buffered condition for a very long

period of time. tbe pH at the surfa~ 'IlI.iD start to drop due to extcmal

influences (C3Ibonation. acid raiD). Such changes do have a significant effect

on the chemical retention ""3laes.. 1be mobility of a \"ariety of constituents is

h"kely to iDaeasc: 'IlI.ith dcaeasing pH [21).

3.4 Effects of particle size on leaching

3.4.1 Batch data as function of IS and time

1be elemental composition and the pH and conduethity mcasun:mcnt~ are

gi\'en in Appeadix B.

18 EOl-C-~
Results

In figures 7 to 15 3-D graphical presentations of the leaching data is given as

a function of I.S and l.

The specific surface area determination of the individual fractions is given in

table XI.

Table Xl. Specific surface area ofsize-reduced mortar prisms

Fraction

< 0.5 mm

0.5 -15 mm

15-6mm

Specific surface area m2/g

5

35

2.3

ECN-C-93-Q6.a

The difference between the different size fractions is relatively small in

comparison with the inerease in surface area expected on the basis of median

particle size. This can be explained by the presence of very fme particulates

adhering to larger particles and by a high porosity of the particles in the large

size classes in particular.

From the graphs it can be concluded that differences in particle-size are not

reflected in the leaching data for many elements. This indicates that the

presence of fme particles in coarse material separated by siC";ng creates a

larger release than expected on the basis of average particle size. In addition.

the chemical en"'ironment created by the crushed prism matrix is dominating

the leachability of most constituents. In municipal solid waste incinerator ash

crushing/sieving results in a much larger difference between in pH between

coarse and fme fr::~tions was observed, which leads to an e"'en more dramatic

difference betwc.;:: the leachability as a function of size-fraction [22). At

short contact times the most noticeable differences are observed. which arc

probably related to diffusion constraints from interior of the particles. After

50 burs these differences.. if present, arc substantial1y redl1ced.

For several clements the time-dcpcndent leaching data indieate thai an

equilibrium situation is reached after 24 to 50 hours contact time. HoWC"·er.

several elements show a decrease of the leachability Vo';th time after an initial

peak release (AI. Sb. Zn. As.. Mg). The change in pH with contact time is one

of the factors th:l.t may induce such a effect. In figure 16 the leaching data

for Ca.. AI. Mg. Si, As.. and Zn from the crushed cement stabilized product

are plotted together wi~ the leachability data of these elements from coal fly

ash [1.23]. At high liquid to solid ratio no solubility limitation is reached

(datapoints belc,w solubility line).

The Ca data approach the solubility as obtained for coal fly ash. The

leachability of Ca from pun: cemc:nt leads 10 a lower concentration in

comparison 'Q.ith coal fly ash. The Ca is CODttoDed by the ccmentitious phases

found from reaction of Ca. AI aDd Si. II is expected that Ca dcaeascs with

pH al pH levels higher tha., 12-

The AI data approach the solubility CODttol by cementitious phases.

AI 10Vo.'CI' l.S ,,-aJues and longer contact times (as the pH goes up) the Mg data

fall on the Mg Icachaci!ity CUI'\'e reflecting solubility conttol by brucile :

Mg(OH}.. The solubility of Si from crusbcd cemenl-fly ash is go..'CI'DCd by

the same solubility CODttolling phases as in cool fly ash.

19
Classification cf pulverized coal ash: Part II

Also the trace elements As and Zn are at or below the solubility as observed

b~~~ .

These examples indicate that largely the same phases control the pure coal fly

ash in cement-fly ash-mix and pure coal fly ash.

A comparison of the leaching data for the LS=1 data after 50 hours contact

time is indicative of the relation between particle size, surface area and

leachability. In table XII the concentrations ha"'e been normalized to the

specific surface area.

Table XlI. Surface area normalized concentrations.

Element A B C

Specific surface 2.3 3.5 5

area (m2

jg)

Particle size range >1.5 mm 0.5 - 1.5 mm < 0.5 mm

As 2.1 1.8 0.5

Br 62 75 76

Ca 61 -., :)- 62

Cl 1.54 1.5 1.31

Cr 100 63 106

F 304 190 110

K 7.0 4.5 4.5

Mo 211 128 180

Na 7.8 4.1 3.8

SO/- 111 55 103

Sb 6.5 2.6 1.1

Si 6.7 4.3 2.6

W 152 113 154

Zn 8.3 8.8 22

pH 11.30 11.25 11.45

Cond.(normalized) 395 286 320

The data in table XII clearly show that several clements behave reasonably in

accordance v."ith the change in surface area. Others such as As, F, Sb, Si and

Zn beba"'e differently. Here equilibrium appears to have been established in

solution, irrespecti,,"e of the particle size. After correction for surface area this

results in proportionally lower normalized values.

3.4.2 Chemical speciation modelling

The data obtained after 50 hours cont:lct time for the size reduced material

bas been used as input data to MinteqA2 geochemical speciation program

(24). Of all species introduced in the calculation. only Mg, Si., AI and Ca

appear still to be out of equilibrium. since the mood predicts lower

equilibrium concentrations for these elements. In table XIII the measured

concentrations and the predicted equilibrium concentrations are given.

20 EOl-e-~
Results

Table XIII. Comparison of batch testdata at LS=1(50 Iwurs) with Minteqa2

Element

Mg

Si

AI

Ca

Units

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

Batch concentrations

0.05

13

1

310

Geochemical model

0.13

0.1

038

266

ECN-e-~

In particular, Si is still far from equilibrium after 50 hours contact time. The

lack of proper stability constants for the rele'./ant cementitious phases may

well be the cause for this discrepancy.

The pc and Eu as obtained from modelcalculations for LS=1 and pH =11.5

and the measured equimolar concentrations of nitrite and nitrate are 0.35 and

20 mV, respectively. This is slightly suboxic in comparison with fully

oxidized fresh water. Further modelling work is needed on the basis of pH

static testing of crushed cement-based material to assess the sensitivity of

leaching to changes of pH in the cement matrix with time due to external

influences (acid rain. carbonation).

3.5 Effect of coal fly ash loading

In the mortar prism the coal fly ash replacement of cement is varied from 20

to 40 %. In table XIV the leaching data (pOe's and availabilities) are given

indicating that there is no substantial difference between the intrinsic

properties from these cement-based materials as a function of the fly ash

content.

Table XlV. Leachability as a function of coal fly ash loading.

Element pOe Standard deviation Availability

Percent fly ash as cement replacement

20 30 40 20 30 40 20 30 40

Ca 13.70 1330 1330 0.41 0.24 0.13 88 87 81

Na 1050 10.60 1030 0.09 0.03 0.06 23 22 23

S04 14.20 13.60 13.60 0.16 0.18 0.27 80 77 125

As 10.60 10.60 10.20 0.40 030 030 0.5 0.5 05

B 12.80 12.80 12.70 0.12 0.11 0.07 111 103 74

In view of the standard deviation in the pOe measurement the difference

between the mortars containing different fly ash cement replacements is

relatively small. The pOe tends to become somewhat lower at the high fly

ash loading. which would point at a lower tortuosity (i.e. a more open matrix

structure). As a fll'St eslirnate the effective diffusion coefficients can be taken

as constant. For a more precise approach the tortuosity can be adjusted to

compensate for the changes in the materials performance.

21 i

l--
Oassification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

3.6 Long-term release estimates

3.6.1 Environmental factors

In the translation of laboratory data to field conditions several factors ha\'e to

be taken into account [25,26]. For concrete the degree of contact with water

is a crucial factor. Constructions above groundwater feature intermittent flow

of water over the surface during rainshowers. Subsequent evaporation will

lead to a combination of wet/dry cycles that may have an influence on salt

mobility at the interface. Another aspect is the uptake of carbondioxide in the

surface layer of concrete due to the high pH. The changes in the surface layer

due to these processes has been the subject of modelling activities [27,28,29].

The complexity of the processes in\'olved have as a consequence that at the

present time it is difficult to take these aspects into full consideration. More

modelling and experimental verificationwork is needed bcfo!"e these aspects

can be implemented in decisionmaking. At present a qualitative estimate of

long term effects in a changing environment is possible. thus improving the

judgement capabilities strongly in comparison with the current tools.

3.6.2 Release estimates for specific applications

For a few practical applications, the factors controlling the release will be

included to give a more realistic estimate of actual release. The examples

chosen are:

- a concrete wall exposed to fresh water

- a concrete wall only affected by annual rainfall

- as comparison the release from a concrete reference without fly as is given.

The latter is based on the same availability percentage as the specimen with

fly ash. If the concentration of a constituent in the porewater of the

cementitious product is solubility controlled the release by diffusion will be

equal for both cases. This may lead to an overestimation of release in the

subsequent calculations.

At first the release in mg/m2 has been calculated for a number of relevant

elements under standardized conditions at times ranging from 64 days up to

100 yea.rs. The standardized conditions imply release from a slab (0.2 m

thick) at 20°C under permanently wet conditions. As reference concrete

without coal fly ash is taken. In figures 17 - 19 the release of several

elements as afunction of time is plotted. In appendix C the results of the

calculations are given for exposure times up to 100 years. Based on these

data the influence of factors affecting release in the specified scenarios arc

estimated, such as limited contact with water. lower field temperature, change

in mobility due to changing external conditions. In table XV the percentage

of the leachable fraction (= a\'ailability) released in 100 years exposure is

listed.

Based on the emISSIon data for permanently wet conditions the release has

been adjusted to comply better with field conditions. (sec Appendix C). This

implies adjustment for the average temperature in the field relative to that in

the lab [30). These data apply for contrete permanently in Ci'lntact with water

22 ECN-C-93-064
ECN-e-93-Q64

•

Results

assuming no change in chemical conditions. For concrete exposed to

rainwater the release has to be adjusted for the period of rainwater contact

[30]. Aagin assuming ..:> change in chemical conditions. In all cases the data

have been capared to the target values as specified in the draft Building

Materials Decree [31]. In tables VXI and XVII the data are sumarized.

Table XV. Fraction of the available quantity leached after 100 years

Element Cumulative fraction leached Element Cumulative fraction leached

Na 100 Mg 0.8

K 100 Mo 89

Ca 33 Pb 6.6

Sulfaat 6.6 Sb 84

As 100 Se 64

B 26 V 51

Cd 15 Zn 29

Cl 89 Cu 4.7

Table XVI. Concrete in permanent contact with water

Element IIR IfR (ref) Element 1!R IIR (ref)

As 0.022 0.017 Sb 0.78 0.39

B Sulfaat 0.14 0.10

Cd 0.48 0.07 V 0.18 0.09

Mo 0.73 0.12 Zn 0.19 0.15

Se 0.35 0.07

Based on the estimated average composition of coal fly ash and the average

avialability Mo and Sb come close to the threshold for free application

without any restriction. From this summary it is also clear that these two

elements are the relevant constituents for testing acceptance.

Table XVII. Concrete in construction on land

Element IIR ]JR (ref) Element IIR IfR (ref)

As 0.006 0.004 Sb 0.28 0.15

B Sulfaat 0.1 0.03

Cd 0.18 0.03 V 0.07 0.033

Mo 0.27 0.05 Zr. 0.07 0.05

Se 0.13 0.025

23
•

Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part ]]

In case of the application of concrete on land none of the elements proves to

be critical. The measured release is far below the limit values the Draft

Building Materials Decree.

For a few elements the influence of chemical changes can be quantified to

some degree to indicate the magnitude of effects. If a change in pH would

occur to around 10.5 [21, figure 20), the retention of Zn would increase by

about a factor of 10, while Mo retention would decrease by about a factor of

3. In Appendix E the data for Mo and Zn are presented. At present a model

capable of predicting the time at which this change is taking place is not yet

available. A qualitative picture of the behaviour of Zn and Mo is given in

figure 21. In table XVlll the data in relation to the draft Building Materials

Decree are given.

Table XVlll. Changes in long term release due to changes in chemical

conditions

Element lJR lJR (ref) Element lJR IIR (ref)

Wet conditions

Mo 1.74 0.30 Zn 0.037 0.029

Dry conditions

Mo 0.66 0.11 Zn 0.014 0.01

The changes in chemical conditions have significant consequences for the

rdease. More significant than several physical factors. More attention is

therefor needed for the retention capabilities of cement-based products. The

leaching of Mo is apparently the only critical element in coal fly ash

application in concrete. The availability of Mo is such that measurcments are

carried out close to the detection limit. More sensitive methods are needed to

ensure the proper measurement of Mo. Recent information on the chemistry

of high pH cementitious matrices indicates thc retention of anionic species by

ettringite [18). This type of work can indicate whether the projectcd increase

in Mo release with time (as pH drops) will actually occur.

24 ECN-e-93-Q64
ECN-C-93-064

4. CONCLUSIONS •;

Fly ash in concrete

The chemical environment in concrete is very well defined, which implies

that the major element chemistry controlling the release of trace contaminants

is very consistent. This is reflected in the release behaviour of trace elements

from regular concrete and concrete containing pulverized coal ash as a

cement-replacement.

The avialability for leaching. which constitutes the driving force for release is

an important factor in the variability between ashes. The release of Mo from

concrete proves to be the most critical element with respect to Soil Protection

regulations in development.

The fingerprint of the leachability of constituents from mortar ;>risms and

concrete is very similar and directly related to !he chemical retention factor of

the respective constituents in the cement matrix.

The diffe~ence in tortuosity between mortar prisms and concrete is partly

ex-plained by the transport limitations in the matrix by the presence of

impermeable gravel in the mix. A further quanlification is needed to validate

the magnitude of this effect.

The interaction at the interface between concrete and soil and between

concrete and the atmosphere is not accounted for. The changes in porewater

composition due .0 carbonation may lead to changes in release not addressed

in the modelling approach presented here. Further work is needed to quantify

their magnitude.

Effects ofsae reduction

Size reduction is in part related to the surface area increase as a !::suit from

this treatment. However, size reduction leads to :: smaller difference between

<lcmal surface ?.rea of size fractions than calculated based on the particle sizes

in a size class. This:s caused by the presence of under-sized material,

which is attacheo and can nut be removed from larger particles.

!n several cases the difference is not at all related to surface area because

particie size reduction has led to a pH change. which has a much larger

chemical effect (solubility control) on release than the physical effect of the

exposed area. From batch experiments on crushed fly ash concrete specimen

it can be concluded that for several minor constituenls in fly ash cement

pr0duc:s the same solubility controlling pha'iCS as in pure fly ash control

release.

Release of contaminants from concrete

The release of trace contaminants from concrete cont3l!ung coal fly ash is

increased relative to regular cor:crete. With the exception of Mo, whieh may

25

a

paz
Oassification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

become critical under certain conditions, the release from concrete containing

coal fly ash as a cement replacement or as a filler is generally well within

the specifications of the Building Materials Decree. This implies that

replacing a fract;<;::l of the cement by coal fly ash is not only beneficial from

a technical point of view but is also an environmentally acceptable means of

u!ilizing this power generation by-product.

Based on intrinsic leach p;;operties the possible changes in release due to

changes in exposure conditions e.g. change in pH. redox, complexation can

be accounted for resulting in bcttter estimates of the actual release. Major

changes in ash properties require a new verification of release controlling

parameters.

Acknowledgement

The work was carried out under contract (co:Jtract No 20.53-021.10) with

NOVEM B.V. (Utrech!) in the framework of the National Coal Research

Programme of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

26 ECN-e-93....Q64
5. REFERENCES

[1) HA van der Sloot, R.N.J. Comans, E.E. van der Hoek, GJ de Groot.

Oassification of Pulverized Coal ash. Part I.Leaching behaviour of

coal fly ash. ECN-C-92-QS9. 1992.

[2] fly ash, Silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans in concrete,

Proceedings thrird international conference , Trondheim , Ed . V.M.

Malhotra, ACI-SPI14,1989.

[3) HA. van der Sloot, E.G. Weijers, D. Hoede and J. Wijkstra. 1985.

Physical and chemical characterization of pulverized coal ash with

respect to cement-based applications. ECN-178. Netherlands Energy

Research Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands.

[4] HA. van der Sloot and E.G. Weijers. Physikalische und chemische

Kenndaten von 50 Kohlenstaubaschen mit Blick auf die Verwendung

als Betonzusatzstoff. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 67, Heft S, 1987,

527-534.

[5] AL.A. Fraay. fly ash apozzolan in concrete. Thesis TU Delft, 1990.

[6] NEN 7345. Determination of the maximum lcachable quantity and the

emission of potentially hazardous components from construction

materials and stabilized waste products of mainly inorganic character.

Formerly issued as draft NVN 5432.

[7] Van der Sloot, HA., de Groot, GJ., and Wijkstra, J. 1989.

Leaching characteristics of construction materials and stabilization

products containing waste materials. In: Environmental aspects of

stabilization and solidification of Hazard(·us and Radioactive Was:cs.

ASTM STP 1033, P.L Cote and T.M. Gilliam, Eds. American

Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 125-149.

[8] P.L COte. Thesis: Contaminant Ic?ching from cement-based waste

forms under acidic conditions. MacMaster University, Hamilton,

Canada (1986).

[9) GJ. de Grcot and D. Hoedc. Refmement of the 3-dimensional model

dcscnbing the leaching from waste products and monoliths suppoI1ed

by radiotracer experiments . TSP - TGO 3 project. ECN -

(10] Unpublished results HA van der Sloot, ECN Petten, 1990.

[II] GJ de Groot, HA van der Sloot, P.Bonouvrie, D. Hoede and J.

Wijkstra. Element samensteUing van primaire en secundaire

grondstoffcn, Mammoct deelrappoI1 06. March 1990.

[12] NEN 7341. Determination of leaching characteristics of inorganic

components from granular (wastes) materials. Formerly issued as

NVN 2508.

EOl-C-93-064 27
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

[13J SOSUV. Afrondende werkzaamheden. 1989.

[14J American Nuclear Standard ANSIIANS-16.1-1986, Measuremenl of

the leachability of solidified low-level radioactive waste by a short

term test ~rocedure. American Nuclear Society, Lagrange Park, 1986.

[15J HA. van der Siool. Leaching behavior of waste and stabilized waste

materials; characterization for environmental assessment purposes.

Waste Management and Research, 8, 1990, 215-228.

[16J GJ. de Groot, HA van der SIOOI, P.Bonouvrie an::! J. Wijkstra.

Karakterisering van het uillooggedrag van intakte produkten.

Mammoet deelrapport 09. March 1990.

(17) HA. van der Sloat, O. Hoede and P. Bonouvrie, Influence of redox

conditions on the leaching behaviour of waste malerials . ECN-C93-037. 1993.

[18J EE. van der Hock, PA. Bonou\Tie, R.N.J Comans, Sorption of As

and Se on mineral compo:lents of fly ash: relevance for leaching

processes (submitted for publication).

[19J C.W. Versluijs, I.H Anthonissen and EA Valcnlijn. Inlegrale

evaluatie van deelonderzoeken Mammael '85. Report 738504008.

RIVM, june 1990.

[20J HA van der Slool, J. Wijkstra en D. Hoede. Milieuhygienisch

onderzock van Gascon- een constructief lichlgewicht beton. ECN85-46. 1985.

[21J HA. van der Sloat and GJ de Grool. 1991. Mobility of trace

elements derived from combustion residues and products containing

these residues in soil and groundwaler. Final report R-91-00B.

Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten.

[22J Rclalie korrelgrootte en uitlooggedrag van AVI slakken. SOSUV

Afrondende werkza.amheden Oecl 2.5. 1989.

[23J GJ. de Groot, HA van der Sioot and J. Wijkstra. 1987. Leaching

characteristics of hazardous dements from coal fly ash as a function

of the acidity of the contact solution and the liquid/solid ratio. In:

Emironmental aspects of stabilization and solidificalion of hazardous

and radioactive wasles, ASTM S11" 1033, P.L Cote and T.M.

Gilliam. Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials,

Philadelphia. 1989. pp 170-183.

[24J Mi:lteqA2. Metal Speciation Equilibrium Model for Surface and

Groundwaler Nov. 1988. Cenler for Exposure A"scssmenl Modeling

U.S. Environmental Proleclion Agency. Georgia. U.S.A

[25J HA. van dcr Siool. Systemalic leaching bcha\iour of trace elements

from construction materials and waste maleriaIs. 1991. In: Wa.<;te

28 ECN-e--93-oM
References

materials in Construction. Eds. JJ.J.M. Goumans, H.A...'an der Sloot,

Th.G. Aalbcrs, Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam, 19 - 36.

[26) Workshop ROllerdam on relation between laboratory results and field

leaching conditions, October 1991.

[27) M. Hinsenfc1d. Towards a new approach in modelling leaching

behaviour. Proceedings WASCON 1991: Waste materials in

construction. Eds. JJ.J.M. Goumans, H.A. van der Sloot and Th. G

Aalbers. Elsevier. Amsterdam, 1991, p.331-340.

[28) Verificatie van de lange termijn voorspclling "'an het uitlooggedr3g

van rcststofproduklen op basis van de meling aan historische objectcn.

II\~ON rapport 93116. 1993.

[29) H.A "'an dcr 51001, G.J.L van der Wegen en E. Vega (1993).

Evaluatie van Icsnnethoden en crileria voor de beoordcling van

uitlooggedrag en duul'7.a.amheid van immobilisatcn. CUR 012 fase I

Immobilisatie CUR Rapport 93-6.

[3D) O. Abbott (1973). Inorganic Chemistry. Mills & Boon. London.

E(JII-c-93-064 29
Oassificalion of pulverized coal ash: Part II

30 ECN-C-93...Q64
6. FIGURES

EC:"-C--'J~-(Jt>.: .:ll
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part 11

Fly-ash in concrete - K -

Tortuosity

2000 :

:

1000-':

•

•

• •

• •

100 .

•

•

•

•

•

• • • • •

•

• • • •

•

10---- - _.-. --.----

31118192633647382

CLAS

20 23 2S 27 31 ~2 43 44 4S S1

PRISMA

AFE8EN

BT

Figure 2. Tortuosit)' in concm~ cuM and monar prisms

32 EOl-e-~
Figures

Fly-ash in concrete - Ca -

(cement replacement)

, -

16.0-:

1 5~0' •

• •

-,- T

I

, • i

• i

.- I I ,

• • • • I , ! , • • i i , I I I

I I , ...L ,

i T .l - , ! I 1. • • - • - -

• •

• • • 14~0

180 :--~ --~- --~ -

i

!

I

I 17 0-

. !

13.0~

12.0 .

1 1 ~O10.0'

9.0-

8.0·--~

3 11 18 19 26 33 73 82 20 23 2S 27 31 42 43 44 4S S1 RF EB EN

CLAS PRISMA BT

Figure 3. Mobility of Ca ill coacrctc c:ubc:s and mortarprisms

EOl-c-93-OM 33
.. Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part 11

Fly-ash in concrete - S042

- -

(cement replacement)

18.0 I

17.0'-;

16.0'

, S.O .

"l

,40 ..

,3.0 .

,20 .

,1 0 -

100

90

"

.. " "

•

8.0' - . - • - -. - -

31118 ,92633647382 202325273,4243444551

CLAS PRISMA

Figure 4. .Vobilit}, of sWfQI~ ill cOflC1Yt~ and monarprisms

34

RF EB EN

BT

EOl-C-~
Figures

Fly-ash in concrete - Na -

(cement replace;"'Tlent)

'8. I

17.0l

16.0

15.0

'4_0,I

,

I

"5 i : 13_0

12.0-

11.0·

'0.0";

9.0-

• •

-,

•

•

•

-

•

• • •

. .- -; -

•

I

-.

• •,

• • : I , -"-

i • T

: . •I

,

I

-'--

8.0 ~---- --- ---- ----- - ------- --~-____,____ ---~_____,________,_____,___~~--,-----1

3 1'18192633 64 73 b2 2023 25 27 314243 44 45 51 RFEBEN

CLAS PRISMA BT

Figure S. Mobility of Na in concreU cubes and morrarprisms

I

35
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

Fly-ash in concrete - K -

(cement replacement)

18.0 I

I

I

17.01

I

I

i

16.0':

15.0"1

i

I

i

14.0-; m

13.0-

12.0-

11.0-

10.0-'

. _.~

•

•

-~- .

..

~..,------,-~,-;----,-~~-J RFEB EN

I

8.0 ~~.~.---'-~.----~--_..-.,---

3 11 18192633 64 73 82 20232527314243 44 4551

9.0-

CLAS PRISMA BT

Figure 6. Mobiliry of K in concrete cubes and morrarprisms

36 EOl-e-93-064
AI lllg/1

Figures

LEACI-I I NG OF l\SI-I PRODUCTS

l(j

- - - - - FRACTION < O.5MM

- - - FRACTION O.5-1.5MM

-- FRACTION> 1.5MM

Figure 7. Leachability of A.i from crushed cement-based specimen

containing fly ash as a function of time and of the liquid to solid

ratio (here expressed as SIL or W!l1.

ECN-C-93-064 37
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

LEACI-I I NG OF ASII PRODUCTS

11" J.lg/l

---- FRACTION < 0.5 MM

FRAC!lON 0.5-1.5MM

- FRACTION > 1.5MM

•

Figure 8. Leachability of W from crushed cement-based specimen

containing fly ash as a function of rime and of the liquid to solid

ratio (here expressed as S/L or W/V).

38

•

ECN-C-93-Q64
Sb llg/l

ECN-C-93-064

Figures

LEACHING OF ASH PRODUCTS

- --- - FRACTION < 0.5 MM

- - FRACTION 0.5-.i.5MM

- FRACTION > 1.5MM

Figure 9. Leachability of Sb from crushed cement-based specimen

conlQinir.g fly ash as a function of time and of the liquid to solid

ratio (here expressed as S/L or W/lt).

39
•

Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

LEACHING OF ASH PRODUCTS

:'I:a lUg!l

10'

----- FRACTION < 0.5 MM

- - FRACTION 0.5-1.5MM

- FRACTION > 1.5MM

...;,~

Figure 10. Leachability o} l'Ia from croshed c01lenr-based specimen

contJ2ining fly ash as a function of rime and of the liquid to

solid rario (here apre:ssed as SIL or W/V).

40 ECN-C-~
r.J

r.J

ZII ur. /1

•

Figures

LEi\Ci£ING OF ASli Pi~ODUCTS

10'

FP.Al.1'ION < O.5MM

FP.ACTION O.5-1.5MM

FP.ACTIOl" :> 1.5MM

Figure 11. UaclUlbiliry of Zn from crushed cement-based sp«Un0i

containing fly ash as :z function of time and of the liquid to

solid ratio (here expressed as SIL or WIll).

••

EOI-C-93-064 41
I

Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

I

A~ J.1g/1

LEACI{ I NG OF ASH: PROD UCTS

- - - _. FRACTIOI': -:: 0.5 MM

- - FRACTION 0.5-1.5MM

- FRACTION > 1.5MM

Figure 12. lL4cn.ability of As from crush~d cemcrt-baMd sp«imen

containing fl)' ash as a function of and of the liquid to

solid ratio (hu~ apresscd as SlL or WII?

42 EC1I/-e-93-Q6.;
Mg mg/I

Figures

LEi\.CI-I INC OF ASI-I PRODUCTS

1(/

FRACTION .-.. 0.5MM

FRACTION 0.5-J.5MM

FRACTI01': :> 1.5MM

Figure 13. UiJcJulbilily of Mg from crushed. c~nl-based ~cimm

containing fly ash as a function of time and of the liquid 10

solid ratio (here expressed. as SlL or WIll).

EOl-C-93....()64 43
Classifiction of pulverized coal ash: Part II

LEACII I NG OF ASII PRODUCTS

.- --- Hj I

,

'":.-.;It- _ lcf C...) ." - <; ld ,

,

8 ,

,

lei -, c.) I

"tO

r.)

FRACTION < O.5MM

FRACTION O.5-1.5MM

FRACTION > 1.5MM

Figure 14. uacluJbility of .\10 from crushed cement-based specimen

containing fly ash as a function of time and of the liquid to

solid ratio (here expressed as SIL or WIV).

44 ECN-e-93-064
Figures

LEACII I NG OF l\Si-I PI<ODlJCTS

1(/

----- FRALjlON <. O.5MM

FRACTION O.5-1.5MM

Si mg/I - ICRALjlON .' l.~)MM

2 Id

10

8

1d

r.)

of.

B ~-

Figure 15. Leachability or Si from crushed cement-based specimen

containing fly ash as a function of time and of the liquid to

solid ratio (here expressed as SIL or WIt-?

ECN-e-93-OM 45
Classification of pulverized coal ::sh: Part II

-

AI

~64 6 6 JJ- 6

6 4

4 J.1~ 6

4 • 7-" 6 • 6 1f,,6e

6 -

• 6

•

I

Si

4

~"6 6

6

6 6 6 6

l!> ., i ... ..... .o.~ • I>

6 • • A 6.6 .6.

• ~6

4 • ... 6

• 4

.o.oCll.

4 ...

Zn

6 4

6 4

6

6

to _, 6

• j·.. lt.·

... • •• .,. 6 6

6 46 )~ 6 ...

10

'0

0,1

0.1

0.01

100

0.01

'00

0.001

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

- 4

6

Ca

LI> 6 6 6

6

6i 66 6

~66 *,6 6

6 4 6 6

66

6 6. 6

6 .1> •

...

••

• •

•

•

•

•

Mg 6

4

6 4 A

18- 6 6 6 6 4

a 6

4

1

•

1 •

.. .. 4

• 1

As

• 4

6

6

6 t 6

1 ~6 .6

6 6 6 6 6 ellA6--.:1 6 6 ~.,

,. ~6

• 6

.- 4&

• 4

a

'00

0,0

10

O.

100

0.01

'0 1000

2000

0.001

4 5 6 7 8 9 '0 11 12 13

1000

"'0

CD

.r:

o

ctS

CD

-oJ

-

-

C>

E

--

Figure 16.

pH

Leachability of Mg, Ca. AI, Si, As and Zn as a function of pH

for coal fly ash in comparison with leaching data from crushed

cement-based product containing fly ash showing similarity in

solubility controlling phases in both matrices.

46 ECN-e--93-064
1000000

I

• •

•

'" 100000

I

• IIIJ II

• LI

01

• II

E I] •

II

--- -----------~-_.- 1 10 100

TIJd Unarl

10 I----.

0.11 

TI

10000 ,----

0.11 

T

10000.

1000 

N

•

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E 0 100

IJ

IU•

LJ

100

••

U II

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TIJd Uaarl

Na

••

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• rJ

• (J

IJ•

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II

• 10000 I U --

0.1

1000000

.... t 100000 E

100I

'"

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•

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100

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Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II
I

Figures

0 I I 0

• 0 0 I[J r 0

- I

• c I c

0 c l0

• :: - I

- I C

I

i -.,

- = ., I ., • ., l: I ::> 0 ::> N

i '0 en c • ":::; i= i= c I

I

• :J I

,

I

C

• :J

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 00 -

0 - 0 0 0

- 2:w/6w zw/6w

0 - 0

• 0 • 0 - - ! :

• - • ::; -

• = 0 • 0

-- - - -., • ., • ::; ., .c ., > :::> :::> en - '0 • - • i= - i= - • - • -

• - •

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 - zw/6w 2:w/6w

ECN-C-93-064

Figure 19. Release of Sb, Se, V and Zn from cancrde as a function of

canlllct time with water.

49
Oassification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

RETENTION FACTORS FROM TANK LEACHING

pH INFLUENCE

Zn

Ca

F

Mo

--- Mg

\

- .... .... .... .... " .........

" ..... " .....

--

..... ..... ..... ---- , ------ \

\

\ ~.------------, \

- \ \

\

----

,

,

,

,

,

,

, ......- , ./

,_/

.4'"

/,

"I

-'-a......

u

8 9 10 1 1 12

10 -, L-"T""'"""......---,-........--r---r____.-.----...........,.--,--r-~___..,..___r--,,---r--r--r- .....~--,.----.-T""'I

7

pH

Figure 20. Chemical retention of elements in concrete as a function of pH

[21]

50 EOl-e-93....Q64
o • o

o

.....

Figures

0 •

0 • 0

-... 0 • ca

c: ca

::I N "C o. =

a

T

a

J.....

ci

0 0 0

ci ci ci

0 0 ..... 0

.....

zw/6w

EOl-C-93-064

Figure 21. Influence of changes in the chemical conditions in a cementbased specimen on release of pH sensitive constituents. The

black dots indicate a trend based on an estimated increase of

the mobility for Mo by a factor of 3 at the long term and a

decrease by a factor of about 10 for Zn.

51
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

52 ECN-C-93-064
APPENDIX A

11101.: S 110% !U '5 ZO%,,1 u nr$urof._r••: .0608 .2 Bult. o.nsitr 2280 t.g,.5

Producrcod.; ClAS3 \/eight 2.55 t.g Eztr.c~;on valu..: 11.60 l

Concentr.tion in Po'l .. It c• S04 as B Cd .... In

Ti_ (d.rs)

.25 3543 7179 564 1050 .55 10 20 < .01 6 4

1 3352 8286 840 660 .40 9. 40 .04 8 3 70

2 1842 6230 1320 150 .30 5 < 01 < 5 3 30

4 1373 6074 2390 9950 10 4.60 < .01 < 5 6.60

10 1520 8278 7260 320 .25 4.40 < .01 < 5 6.60

21 1385 6974 1I 200 440 30 14 20 < .01 < 5 3.20

39 1542 6247 9160 750 .35 23.20 < .01 < 5 1. 80

'II 2477 7771 6000 1840 .30 12 .06 < 5 4.30

pDe (_log(..2/.]) 10.21 10.21 14.85 14.15 11.19 13.12 > 14.3 > 10.4 13.61

Stand3~d d"viation .03 .06 . 61 1. 52 09 . 05 .61 . 14 . 21

U~.d dati points - 2 . 3 - 8 3 - 1 4 - 7 - 2 - 4 1 - 3 I 5

Slol=)e .46 .53 .10 - . 02 .59 .44 .42 ( .5) .47

Std.Dev. of -sLope > .06 .12 .79 05 , .42 ( . 151 .1D

D.vilt.slop.~~ (5 '~5rs): , , , wa~h-of1(mg/N2).D;~S/l.9- (lag) 183.2 .143 = '=

Total Conceontr.t. (mg/k.g) 1500 3950 43500 5608 1.10 31.00 .400 5.00 2S.00

AvaiLability (",g/ltg), 441.0 1057 43840 4510 .040 36.00 .200 1.00 27.30

Avail.bility perc. (l() , 29.40 26.16 100.78 80.42 .52 116.13 50.00 20.00 97.50

Hr.n "~cto,. ~bovp DTL '" 1057 'SlUO '5' 8 120 200 2 910

Mlx.CloD.release (mg/..2J' 16871 40437 1677168 172537 1.53 1377 1.65 38.26 1044

Cum rel••se 91d. ( ..g/..2) , 3250 10884 1505 2892 .49 16 < .:13 < 8.4 6.39

le.ching-p.rc. C;1d. (l() , 19.5 26.9 .4 1.7 31.8 1.2 < .4 < 22.0 6

Hr.n f~ctrJr ..bo,,~ DTL 21J 713 '92 19 6 J.5 2 (DTt 1

"

Cum r"~.;lS" catc. lD 91d, 12544 27839 5946 1364 .37 36 < .05 < 24 14

C"",. ret••,,@, calc. 3D 91d, 9136 22047 5979 1370 .34 36 < .05 < 19 14

(..g,.2, Tortuosi'ty (It) , 37 ,..ngp: 32 - 43

th••,d Cit R:.t.ntio... R: .54 1.D 14006 4241 3.8 181 3474 .60 1009

Rr.ng._... in~ .50 .86 3402 127 5.1 161 852 .44 618 R • .58 1.2 57661 141645 4.8 203 14159 .84 1646 ,. an9.- 1II.. 1II '

pD. for Rat will b~ "- 10.5

Av.il.bility(%) b~com~s 'D 2

•

ECN-e-93-Q64 53
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Pan II

•

Blotff 6ft pz 45 411%..1 •• nf""Surf. ar... = .0602 .2 Built o.n.it,. 2260 1t1l1.3

Prod;JC'tCDd. : [LASII Y.illht 2.2;- til Eatraction volu-e: 11.40

Cone~tratiOft in P9'l •• I: C. SD4 As II Cd .... Zn

Ti.. (clays)

25 3128 6095 1700 3010 .75 19.20 < .01 14 3.30

1 2";52 6477 :c>50 141C .75 11.40 < .01 7 3.50

2 1211 4489 313(1 530 .30 6.40 11 < 5 4.80

4 1022 4280 4820 380 .40 3.80 .25 < 5 13,40

10 1579 6596 12300 720 50 5,40 ,02 < 5 4.80

21 1509 5823 17000 880 50 15 ,10 < 5 3.80

39 1511 5388 15500 1370 ,45 24 < ,01 < 5 3.60

91 2295 6747 8930 3210 1 11 .02 < 5 4.80

pD. (.loglm2 Is)) 9.15 10,22 14.04 13.89 9.77 12.16 ,. 14.9 ,. 9.11 13.63

Standard d~yi~t;or 18 OB .47 .26 .00 .32 .09 .04

us.~ d.ta ~oint~ - 2 - 3 1 8 3 8 2 - 2 - 2 2 3 - 2

S\o~ .29 .46 .55 .47 .50 .12 .50 3) .54

Std.O.v. of SIOD" , .07 .11 10

D.v;.at.~tap.,=~ (~ f~$rs)·

uash.o'fcmg/.2).Oi~s/l.9- \Lag) 686 1 =1.62

Total Concpntrat (.... /tg) 1600 3700 32900 _827 8.90 48. DO 2.00 5.00 25.00

Ava; tab; I tty ("'9 1 "g)' 231.0 778.0 34820 3565 .058 36.00 .300 < .500 22.50

Availability ~rc. ( ':) . 14 44 21.03 105.84 73.B6 .65 15 00 15.00 < 10. DO 90.00

1If••" f6crcr .bo~r OTl 'Jr 778 J.820 J57 12 12O JOO (DTL ) 750

"'a .. CU'II rIPt•••ft (mg/..2) , 8707 29324 1312402 134369 2.19 1357 11. 31 < 18,85 848.0

CUM_r.t•••• 91d. ("'9 /m2 ). 2766 8691 12506 2180 .68 18 < . 1 < ~.7 7.95

l.achi"9.~rc. 91d. (:) , 31.8 296 1.0 1.6 40.3 1.3 < .9 < 515 .9

"'.." f.cro,. ..bo". OTt In 57. 826 I. 12 • 7 (DTL J 18

C... r.l•••• calc 1D 91d· 9800 21608 11923 143~ 2 7 53 < 04 < 23 12

.:'..... - ret",.-•• cal c. 3D 91d· 6527 167311 11894 1U5 1.7 53 < .04 < 15 12

(mg/..2) Tortuosit"y (1:) , 32 ,..n~· 27 - 39

Ch.-ieal R.tpntion R: 27 1.0 2444 2648 .16 89 17909 . 111 1037

IIr.ng....;n- 18 .83 830 1468 .16 43 .14 954

IIrang•• ",•• " 40 1 2 7197 4776 .16 187 .22 1127

pC. for R~1 witt b. 10 • 10.6

A~.tt.bil;tyt=J ~co..! ' 2; 9 1.6

54 Eo:-e-93-064
•

Appendix A

.'01111 11ft p" ~S 20%", .... nrSurf.ar••: .0600 .2 lulk DplKity 2300 tg,~

Prcduc r cod.: elAS18 \Might 2.30 tg Eztraction volu..: 11.50 l

CDnc~tr.tion in pg'l .- I: c_ S04 As • Cd .... Zn

Ti_ Cd_,.s)

.25 2991 6110 ~760 4930 .40 114 < .01 9 6

I 1919 5729 1810 1040 < .05 101 < .01 7 4.10

2 1113 4924 2680 U10 .20 91 60 < .01 6 4.40

4 1249 5587 4880 1110 .20 74.20 < .01 < 5 4.60

10 lT04 7498 10900 1180 .40 57.60 < .01 < 5 4.10

21 1648 7786 12800 1280 .40 21.60 < 01 < 5 7.50

19 1739 7139 11600 1270 .40 IS < .01 < 5 4.S0

91 2560 85H 7640 2830 I 49 .08 < 5 3 20

pO. (.loV(M2,.,) 10.25 10.56 14.42 13.91 10.69 10.83 > 14.5 > 10.2 13.15

Standard dpviation .12 .04 .45 .10 .52 .06 09 12 .IT

Useod dar .. point~ 2 . 3 . 3 . 8 5 , 1 . 8 . 3 - 1 1 . 3 . 3

Slop~ 21 47 .53 41 42 .48 .58 ( .4) 41

Std.O.v. of slope .03 . 11 .06 12 .06 .07 ( . 06) .16

D.viat.slop.~K (~ '~sps):

W.~h-Off(mg/N2).D;~./la9- 273.3 (l-V) 1359 .026 =

Total ConC'.nu'at. (1Itg/1r.~)· 1550 3900 51000 7797 6.60 31. 00 .000 5.00 27.00

Ava; tab; I; ty ('"V/tl/), 234.5 1141 45;50 4320 .035 28.50 ( .20) 1 00 19.15

Availability ~rc. (~) , 15.13 29.24 85.94 55.41 .53 91.94 (80) 20.00 70.91

H.~" '.cror .bovp OTl : 2S5 7147 H55D U2 7 95 2 6J8

H.a CUB rpt••s. (MQ/~2): 1970 43643 1742288 165240 1.34 1090 (7 7) 3825 732.5

C.... ,.eolpas. 91d. ("9 /• 2 ) , 2903 10258 10363 3212 .58 101 < .03 < 90 7.42

lpachlng-pprc. 91d. I>;) . 324 23.5 .6 2.0 43.7 93 < .4 < 23.5 1. a

If••" f.ctt:1r .bo". DTt 189 669 676 21 8 22 2 (OTt I 16

(In. r.I••s. calc. 10 91d· 6410 21912 10202 1609 .57 399 < .04 < 28 19

c.... ,..-t..... eale.. 3D 91d, 4996 1341 < 10161 1601 .49 352 < .114 <22 11

("'9,.2.

Tortuosity (I:) , 70 r."~: 64· 71

Ch"",,;cat R.r."t;on lit: .11 r.D 2731 1487 .61 .48 3277 .24 157

A:rang•••in- 23 .91 961 1175 .19 .42 2617 18 107

Arang••••• · 41 1.' 7746 1881 2. I .55 4012 11 212

pC. for ".1 "'ill ., 7D.8 1D.9 11. r

A~.il~bilir~(%' ~co-.~ " 27.2 .7 1S2.6

ECN-e-93-064 ss
I MI •

Cassification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

..._- •

"'oUJ1 3ft IIOZ 20:1", •• nl"$urf.ar••: .0600.2 Bull'. Density 2310 til'.' Productf:Dd~ CLAS19 Uwillht 2.'1 "II £.tractfon ¥DIu..: 1'.60 l

Conc.ntretion in POll •• I: C. Sll4 As I Cd 110 lr.

Ti_ (d.,.s)

.25 2049 '147 4530 17600 .10 II! < .01 ,, 4 30

I '068 2111 4810 15420 . 10 '05 < .01 < 5 '4 . 10

2 739 15'8 4130 10430 .20 95.40 < .01 < 5 4, '0

4 868 1904 4850 9540 .30 81.60 < .01 < 5 6 90

10 1398 3618 7100 7550 .50 69.40 < ,01 < 5 4 10

21 1343 4502 103~0 4050 ,50 34.40 < ,01 < 5 4 80

39 1117 4046 14300 3200 .30 23.20 < .01 < 5 4 60 lIP 91 1526 4285 11220 3100 .55 47 .09 < 5 5, 80

pD. (.logI102"1l 10.87 10.97 13.64 10.88 " .71 " .09 > 14.3 > 10.0 11.65

St~nd~rd d.vi~tion ,16 . I I .15 .15 .41 .04 .12 . 15 .56

U~.d data point~ 2 - 4 2 . 4 - 7 . 3 . 8 3 _ 4 2 - 4 - 3

st 01>9 ,24 .31 .45 .35 H 50 48 ( . it ; 60

Sld.O~v. of slope ,00 .01 .04 05 10 .05 .O~ .221 .59

O.viat 'Slop.%~ (J f.s.$);

W.Sh .•,f(I09 /• 2 1.0 i S./l.II' 258,3 302,9 n.ql =1 18 '=

Tat.l Conc.ntr.t (101I/kg I' 1550 4100 37200 8209 7.80 ~~.OO 900 5.00 '5.00

Avail.ability (.II/k lll· 244.5 569.5 27570 4210 .103 39 50 .150 < .500 4.50

Availability ~.rc. (~J . 15.77 13.89 74." 51,29 , 32 103.95 16,67 < 10.00 30,00

H~." factor .bovr DTL . ZH 5TO Z75TO 'Z7 Z7 7JZ 150 (OTt ) ISO Hal: CUII' r.I••.". (_;,.2): 9413 21926 106'445 162085 3 97 '521 5.78 < '9.~S 173.3

CUM.r.t••5.91d. ('"9/.2 I' 1954 4859 11840 13705 .49 '10 .03 < 8.9 9.42

l ••ching-p.rc. 91d. (~I' 20.8 22.2 I.' 8.5 12.4 7.2 < .5 < 46.2 5.4 H,.." f.ctor .bo". DTt 126 ,,, 7«> 89 6 Z' 7. J1 (OTt J ZO

t "'" r.I.-as.. calc. 10 9'd· 3284 6S08 15330 55556 .53 '-09 < 04 ~~ ;:i

c.... r ........ catc. 3D 91d· 2917 6127 1=r- 494SO: .51 n4 < .04 <13 24

('"9 / ..2 I

Tortuasit7 (I: ) , 10 r.np': 141 238

Ch.mieel RIPt."t i on .. : 49 '.0 In .46 2.5 .34 784 .05 1.9

Rrang•••in: ,34 .77 122 .33 .97 .31 590 04 .52

Rr.ng.~."l1· 71 1. S 242 .64 6 5 .38 1041 .07 7 0

pC. fo,. 1f.1 will ".. 77. Z 77.1 77.6

Av.;I~b;l;tY(~J ~co..s " ZZ , 75.7 17B.Z •

56 ECN-e-9~
Appendix A

./0126 8US pz 45 211bl ... "rS'urf o.r••: .0600 .2 Bult D.nsity 2305 tg,,.]

Pr"ductcod" . ClAS26 \Ie ight 2.31 tg E~tr.ct;Dn ¥Ol~~ 11.50 l

Conc.ntration in PIll •• I: C. SD4 .... B Cel Me Zn

Ti_ lel~'l

.25 3266 621~ 11~0 ~170 .15 112 < .01 15 ~.20

1 1951 5100 1620 2660 20 96.~0 < 01 < 5 3 50

2 1335 ~HO 2110 10~0 .20 92.20 < .0' < 5 ~.90

1303 5150 3870 800 .30 75.~0 < 01 < 5 6 70

10 1560 7285 7810 1010 .~O 58 80 .01 < 5 3.80

2, 1783 7525 11000 1090 .50 22.60 < .01 < 5 3 50

39 19~7 7~68 12600 1090 . ~O 1~.60 < 01 < 5 ~.60

9' 3101 9839 11860 18'0 .~O 29 .05 < 5 2

Po. (.IOlll.2,sn 10.14 10.39 14.43 14.12 10.50 10.69 > 13.9 > 10.9 13.24

Standard d~viati~n .12 .09 .P .17 .18 .01 .09 .15 .23

Us.d data points 2 . 3 - 3 - 8 5 - 8 - 6 . 3 1 . 3 2 - . 3

Slop. 22 .~1 .64 .29 ,52 .48 (.6) (. ~) .62

Std.D.v. of '!.lep. > .04 .08 .01 .06 .08 (.07) ( .22) .22

D.viat.llop.""Y; (J '.s.s)"

W~Sh-Df'(mg/m2).DisS/l.9· 320.2 (l.g) 1175 ,,1 .80

Total Co"c.nt~.t,(~9Ik9)- 1750 ~250 ~7100 6181 7.10 34.00 300 5. 00 24, 00

Availability (1Og/kg)' 208.5 865.5 40385 ~010 035 23.50 .100 1 .50 18 60

Availability ~re_ 1-': ) . 11 .91 20.36 85.74 64.88 .~9 69,12 H.33 30 00 77.50

H~." f~cto,.. .bovr DTt ZOP 866 'OJ8S 401 7 78 100 J 6Z0

"a_ Cum r .. I••". (.g/..2) . 8027 33322 1554823 154385 35 904.8 385 57 75 716 1

C~.r.I."5. Q1d (..,1.2 ). 3114 10141 9969 2620 .49 96 < .02 < 9 6 6.36

lIP 8ch i r,-;. s.M'rc . 9'" (':1 : 38.8 30.4 .6 1.7 36 3 10.6 < .5 < 16 6 .9

!"o." f~cto,.. .bov~ DTI. ZI1J 661 650 " 6 21 (OTI ) (OHJ

"

CU'", r.l•••• calc lD 91e1, 648~ 20083 9027 1280 72 389 < , O~ < '8 16

c_ rIPIIP.s. calc 3D 91e1· 419a 16346 9D30 1279 .60 336 < .114 <11 16

('"11 / • 2 ) TortUD.it., II: I, 4a r.6ngr· 39 - 60

ChNdcat A.t.ntian A:. 35 ,. tJ 4003 2956 59 50 1196 1 8 2M

Rrart9IP-ftlin" .27 .81 1615 19a8 39 42 962 1.3 167

A:r.~..... · .46 1.2 9919 4397 90 60 1486 2 5 4M

pD. tor R~' .iIt tN- • 10 6 111.7 ". II

Av.il.bility(S) b.eo.. • ZO.2 6 97.'

ECN-C-~ 57
Oassification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

8,,,t~~ 811% p" 4S Zt1%~! .~ nrSurf. ar••: 0600 .2 8ullt Denoit,. 2340 Itgi.]

Producrcod.: CLASH V.ight 2.34 Itg E_traction volu..: 11.70 L

Concentration in pg/l •• I[ C• SlK A. 8 Cd Ilo Zn

Ti_ (de"sl

25 2862 6H9 2710 3110 < .05 111 < 01 9 3 60

1 1560 4808 4100 1640 .10 94 < 01 < 5 3. 80

2 996 3895 5000 970 .15 88 20 < 01 < 5 3 50

4 1027 4559 8310 1010 .25 74 20 < 01 < 5 4 60

lD 1554 684D 162DO 1360 .50 55.60 < .01 < 5 5

21 1866 nlD 218DO 137D .5D 21.2D < . Dl < 5 4 !O

39 1982 7071 25100 148D .40 13.40 < .01 < 5 4.9D

91 2914 8925 37130 1740 35 22 .07 < 5 3.9D

pD. 1. 109,.,2/0)) lD.68 10.38 13.76 13.80 11.03 10.81 > 14.5 > 10.9 13.29

Standard d~vi.t;on 16 .01 .31 .12 .51 D8 . Ct? 15 .06

Us@d data point~ 2 - 3 2 3 1 - 8 5 - 7 - 8 - 3 - 3 2 . 4 . 4

Slop. 12 47 64 ,30 .54 .47 ,58 (.4 ) .54

Std.Oev. of ,lop. 7 D5 .04 .12 ,07 ,07 ( ,22) 03

".vi.t.~lop.:,~ (J f~5.~)·

~.~h-off(~g/m2).Oi~~/l.9· 328. 2 (L.g) 730,9 (Lag I =.665 =

Total Conc.ntrat ("'9/k g) 1350 3550 45400 5788 7.40 31,00 .100 5 DO 24. OD

Al,tlail.bi Hty (mg/kg)' 299.5 742.0 43320 402D .D4D 28.5D .200 I 50 17 25

Availability pprc ('f.l ' 22.19 2D.90 95.42 69.45 .54 91.94 200,00 30,00 71.88

1'1#1'." ' ..ctor .btI"#! DTt JOO ;'2 'JJ20 'CZ 8 Jl5 ZOO J 575

Hax CUIft ,..t...'S. ( ..g/..2). 11681 28938 1689480 15678D .56 1112 7 80 58.50 672,8

Cun_r.l•• ~p 91d_ ("0 / ..2 ). 2878 9701 23468 2473 .45 94 < .D3 < 8.6 6.51

1.••chin9-p·rc. 91d, (::I , 24.6 33,5 1.4 1.6 28.8 8.5 < .4 < 14.7 1 0

If"..." '.ctcr .bcv#! DTt I~ 622 150' 16 6 20 I, JI (DrL )

"

C"'" ,..I••'S. calc. 1D 91d· 5095 17689 21129 1863 ,45 385 < ,04 < 19 14

C"'" r.I••,. catc. 3D 91d· 4390 14329 21042 11156 .41 343 < .04 < 18 14

("0 / ..2 ) Tor-:uo.ity (I[ I, 41 r.n~~ 46 - 49

Ch.... ic.l R,,'.nt ion R· 1.2 1.0 887 1480 2.1 .80 4878 1.8 325

R,.anv··,.in ,85 ,97 430 1118 .63 ,67 3925 1.3 284

R,.angp_lIl.a. 1.8 I, D 1832 1961 6 7 95 6063 2,6 371

pO. for R.1 .ill N 11,0

A~.i'.bility(%J ~CD~$ 10J. I

58 ECN-e-93-0M
Appendix A

./016.' 60Zpr '5 'DZv/ ~s "<surl.er.e,

Producrcod~~ ClAS64 U.ight

.0286 .2

1.08 tg But k. Dens i t:rEItractian votu..;

Zn

11

18.20

6.10

5.60

5.40

4.50

3.70

I

13

< 5

< 5

< 5

< 5

< 5

< 5

-< 5

< .01

-< .01

< .01

-< ,01

< .01

< .01

< .01

< .01

II td

23.40

14

10.40

7

8.40

19.20

24.20

23

As

.55

.30

.30

.35

.65

.65

.75

3.90

Sll4

2990

1580

1090

1160

1370

1770

2470

8060

9080

9450

10400

12700

20600

18900

14200

7650

I[

11487

11685

9891

9371

1'273

13460

12067

10309

.. 4508

3700

2234

2211

3973

4118

3694

3815

Conc.ntration in Pill

Ti_ (deTs)

.25

1

2

4

10

21

39

91

pDe (_log[m2'011

~t.ndard d.vi~tion

U~ed dat~ points

Slope

Std.Dev. of slope

Devl31t."lapeI;K (~ f.J.J):

wa~h.off(mg/m2).D;ss/lag:

9.511

.12

- 2

.36

1

9.53

.02

- 3

.52

. DO

13.33

.13

5

.51

.06

13.57

.27

4 - 8

.58

.14

559.5

10.16

.32

- 8

.46

.07

.035

12.66

.07

2 3

.34

2.05

,. 14.5

.09

I - 3

( .6)

( .07)

,. ".1

.15

2 • 4

( . 41

1.22)

=1.41

12.46

.39

- 3

.39

.41

'=

Tatat ContPntrat.(mg/kg):

Availability (mg/kg):

Av.ilability p.rc. (:):

H.a~ flcro~ .bov. Drt .

Max.tum,rele••• Img/m2)~

Cum ret•••• 91d. ('"91m2):

Leaching.perc, 91d. (~I,

Hr." f.ctor .bov. crL

1200

271.0

22.58

271

10191

5327

52.3

5H

3650

729.0

19.97

729

27414

17449

63.7

1157

61800

50150

81.15

50'50

1885878

19417

1.0

12B7

4181

5265

125.93

527

197989

3863

2.0

16

8.50

.043

.51

9

1. 62

1.40

86.9

19

41.00

30.50

74.39

102

1147

2'

2.1

5

.100

.200

200.00

200

7.52

-< .02

< .!

(OTt )

5.00

2 00

'0.00

,

75.21

-< 9. I

< 12. I

(OTt)

48.00

20.80

43.33

695

782.2

10

1.3

22

Cum.r.teasp calc:. 1D 91d:

Cum.releasp ~alc. 3D 91d·

(mg,.,2)

Ch~ical Retpntion R:

RranglP_min:

Iitr.ng•• If!~x14691

97117

Tortuosity

.71

.54

.94

42096

26476

(I[) ,

f.O

.96

1,0

36220

714/10

7

2374

1774

3179

2883

5703

r~n~~

6224

3341

11595

1.2

1.4

6 • 7

2.0

.95

4. I

48

93

349

299

407

< .04

< .011

30616

24635

38048

< 18

<32

20

14

29

41

T9

345

139

853

pD. fo~ Rz1 w;lf b~

Av.rl.brl;ty(~) b.eam"

9.7

26.B

ECN-C-93-064 59
Oassificalion of pulverized coal ash: Part II

Blot7.3 711%pz 4S 311%vl ~s nrSurf.areil: .0286 .2 8ulk Den'Sity 2140 kg/.3

Produ~tt:od~ : ClASH \Might 1.09 kg E.tract:~ yolu-e: 5.40 l

Concentr.tion in pg/l .~ I: C~ SO' As 8 Cd No In

Ti.. (ela,s)

.25 4935 12848 9940 .=>-uu --.. '".... .30 18 40 < . 01 7 5.30

1 3198 12007 14100 1980 .20 1~.~~ .06 < 5 4.60

2 1906 8671 15200 1680 20 8.40 < .01 < 5 5.70

4 2049 9394 18300 1600 .25 7 .05 < 5 5.10

10 3557 13501 26400 1960 .40 7 60 .04 < 5 8.60

21 4119 14283 25100 2440 .40 15.40 < .01 < 5 5.70

39 4029 13406 16000 2810 .55 22.20 < .01 < 5 7.30

91 4010 11390 7650 6820 2.60 16 < .01 < 5 3.20

pD. l·loglm2 /s) 9.n 9.65 13.32 n.55 10.58 12.81 > 14.3 > 11.2 n.33

Stand~rd deviation .27 .04 .24 .18 .29 . 11 .86 .15 .18

U~~d d~t~ points 2 - 2 - 6 4 . 8 - 8 2 . 3 . 3 1 . 3 . 4

Slop. .19 . 45 .47 .42 .48 .23 .76 (.4) .48

Std.D.v. of slope , , .09 .09 .07 .89 ( . 13) .12

Dev;at.~Lop.=K (3 fI5rs)~

W~5h.of~(.g/m2).D;S~:l.g- 583.9 .58 '= =

Total Conc~ntrat.(mg/kg): 1400 3800 70400 7966 7.40 29 00 000 5.00 42.0~

Av.il,bility (mg/kg) , 307.0 881.5 61345 6120 .045 30.00 ( .30) (2.50) 25.60

Availability perc (~) , 21.93 23.20 87.14 76.83 .61 103.45 (80) (50) 60.95

H~an f~ctor ..bov~ DTL :JOT 882 61:J45 612 9 100 853

Max. Cum. reo leo ..s. (mg/mi ) , 11663 33487 2330425 232492 1. 71 1140 (11.4) (95.0) 972.5

Curn. rel.a5'" 91d. (mg/m2 ) , 5242 18006 25018 4214 .92 20 < .04 < 7.9 8. 58

leach;ng-peorc. 9:d. (~) , 44.9 53.8 1 . I 1.8 54.0 1.8 < .4 < 8.3 .9

H. lin f.cr"r ~bov,. DTt :J48 1194 1659 28 1<' 4.4 2.T (On J 19

Ct.n,rfll.OIsC!' calc. 1D 91d: 14291 44679 45381 3495 .78 40 < .07 < 21 19

CUfII.r.leasf' ealc. 3D 91d· 10996 31903 89589 6917 1.1 78 < .14 < 37 37

(mg/m2 ) Tortuosity (1:), 9 r.n~: S • 10

ChemicaL Reteontton A.: .74 1.0 1744 4408 3.9 36~ 16073 18 1927

Rrange_min: .40 .91 995 2903 2.0 284 2243 13 1280

R . 1.4 1.1 3055 6695 7.7 480 115171 25 2901 range-ftl";J{ .

pO. for R=' wi II b. >: 9.9

Av~;I~b;'itT(%) ~com.s >: 25.5 -

60 ECN-e-93-Q64
App:ndix A

SlotS. Z 60%pz ",5 ZO%~1 •• nrSurf.i1r~ .. : .0286 .2 Bulk D.n~it, 2170 kgI.3

ProductctJd~: ClAS82 Ye;ght ,.,, kg Extraction voh.-e: 5.50 l

Conc~ntration in p~/L •• I[ C. SOlo A• B Cd No Zn

n_ (da"s)

.25 5273 '5210 4'40 2790 . 40 21.80 . 08 17 5. 20

I 3612 12868 8950 1210 . 10 12.40 .09 < 5 4 60

2 1687 8864 11200 770 .20 8.40 < .01 < 5 3.90

4 1875 9160 14900 720 .20 7.60 < .01 < 5 4

10 4122 14791 26600 1100 .30 6.60 < .01 < 5 3.50

21 5174 16225 23700 1240 .20 15.60 < .01 < 5 3.50

39 4788 14788 16000 1450 .30 20.80 < .01 < 5 4.30

91 5093 14086 5400 4160 1.40 12 < .01 6 2.60

pOe (_log[m2"1) 9.69 9.60 13.69 14.17 10.65 12.110 12.69 :> 11.3 13.33

Standard d~vlation .23 .10 41 .16 .40 .12 .07 .15 _16

Us~d data point~ - 2 . 2 . 7 4 - S 2 - 8 2 - 3 - 2 2 - 4 . 4

Slope .23 .38 .53 .49 .47 .21 .58 ( .4) .37

Std.Dev. 01 slope , , .12 .09 .13 , ( . 22) .06

O~v;at.5lop@=% (J f.$~$); , ? 1

wash.off(mg/m2).Diss/Lag~ = = (Lag) 571.8 .045 2.26 =2.21

Total Conce"trat.(mg/~g): 1400 3900 71100 8220 6.50 27 DO .100 5.00 37 00

Availability (mg/kg) , 326.0 938.0 62590 6620 .030 30.00 .200 (2.50) 21 95

AvailabiLity p@re. (~) , 23.29 24.05 88.03 80.54 .46 111.11 200.00 (50) 59.32

1f.~n f~ctor .bo". OTL 5Z6 958 62590 66Z 6 100 200 7:IZ

M,iJlr._Cum. rell!'aslI (mg/..2), 12578 36190 2414873 255416 I. 16 I I 57 7.72 (96.5) 846.9

Cum.r~lease 91d. (mg/m2 ) , 6073 20355 21295 2581 .60 20 < .04 < 10 6.07

teaching-perc. 91d. PI;), 48.3 56.2 .9 1.0 51.4 1.7 < 5 < 10.4 .7

H••n (.ctor .bo". DT! 595 l5Z5 1586 17 8 4.5 Z.6 (DTL ) 15

Cum. releoas4! calc. lD 91d, 15990 51258 30741 1873 .49 41 .31 < 19 16

Cum .... 1eoase c.alc. 3D 91d, 11917 ~702 61024 5731 .74 110 .61 <~ 32

(mg/..2 )

Tortuosity (I[): 8 r.n~: 6 . 10

Chpm;cal Retf'ntion R: .78 1.0 4598 20862 5.3 407 416 28 2188

Rrange.min: .45 .79 1807 14455 2.1 306 352 19 1522

Rran9eo-Dlax~ 1.3 1.3 11703 30110 13 541 492 39 3144

pO" for R~1 lIIill br " 9.8

AII.it.bil ity(:) b~co",~s 26.4

EOJ-e-93-064 61
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part II

62

II

ECN-e-93-Q64
2

I Dntn Vlicgnsproducten 2 A: 2.3 m /g

2 D: 3.5 m /g

2 c: 5.0 m /g

Serie A S!L t Mo W 51> As Oa Cr 5r Dl" Na KNAA 

All .002 .5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 2.0 .79 .03

A21 .01 .5 0 2. 0 1.7 0 0 1.8 8.1 .56 .26

A31 .05 .5 0 8.4 0 5·9 0 136. 2.5 10.9 .91 .84 

A'II .25 .5 0 36 • 5·5 II. 6 8.1 50. 0 3/1.~ 2.86 3.03 

A51 I. .5 0 1370 • 9.7 8. 0 III. 0 146. 8.79 6. 117 

A12 .002 5. 0 .66 D 0 0 0 0 ].9 .16 .17 

A22 .01 5. 0 3.5 0 1.5 0 0 1.0 4.6 .]4 .49 

A32 .05 5. 0 16.9 2.9 1].9 4.5 1100. 11.6 16.5 1.42 .78 

All 2 .25 5. 0 11 /

1.7 9.8 15·2 10. 260. 2.5 49. 3.96 Ij .39 

A52 I. 5. 0 1611. 17· 11 11. ] 0 330. 2.0 171. 14.7 12.6 

AI] .002 50. 0 0 0 .85 0 0 0 4.1 .33 .27 

A23 .01 50. 0 6.1 0 II. 1 2·7 0 0 5.8 .551 .66 

A33 .05 50. 0 19.3 3.6 ].11 8.6 n 0 5.2 1.53 2.5 

A'l 3 . 25 50. 0 83.3 11.7 16 . 26. 0 1.5 51. 6.67 7.96 

A5] 1. 50. 1187. 3'19. 15· 26. 0 2]0. 0 .'1]. 18.2 16.1 

I

f?)
I 

SorieA

Mg 2- 50/

1+

- 

pll Condo CR Zn Cu Al 51 NII"

N0

3 Cl 

7.95 21. 2.2

. 12 50. 30

. . 1 .5 .07 1./16 .1'1 1.37 

9.95 37· 5.5 .078 39.

0 .2 .7 .03 3.58 .9 .97 

10./16 100. 13.5 .090 ~2.

0 1.1 1.6 .05 12.5 .39 1.2 

10.69 270. ~l.

. 20 55· 10

. 2.0 3.0 .21 60./1

.61 1.0 

10.62 560. 93. ./1" 52. :>5· 1.7 3·9 .38 213. 1.99 2.97 

8./12 33. 3.8 .0/10 8.

0 .'1 1.1 .02 1./17 .15 . 1 

10.25 6'1. 9.3

.070 27.

0 .9 2·3 .03 3.75 .22

.08 

10.71 170.

2/1.

. 10 16. 15. 1.5 /1.6

. 1/1 18.3 .28 .37 

10.83 330. 50.

.13 III. 10

. 1./1 8./1 .26 69.7 ·9 1. 35 

10.85 700. 115. .21 19· 10. .90 11.6 .68 2~7. 2./13 3·35 

9·99 51. 7.7 .061 5.

0 .05 2.

I .03 1.77 .09 .6 

10·52 110. 1'1.5 .066 11.

0 1.1 11.8 .0/1 '1.58 .15

.112 

11. 01 260. J6. .011 ' 8•

0 1.2 9·3 .09 16.8

. 18 .28 

11.25 '170. 66. .O~O 13.

0 1.0 15./1 .36 82.3 .68 1.8

1

' 

I1.JO 910. 1'10.

.057 19

. 10. .7 15·5

.9'1 256

• 2.13 3.53 
I

Serlo D

S/L t Mo W 5b As Go Cr 51' 81' Na KN

11 .002 .5 0 1.1 0 0 0 0 2·7 1.9 .21 

21 .01 .5 0 3.1 0 t!. I' 0 5.5 1.5 6.6 ./17 

• I

31 .05 .5 0 16.5 1.6 3. :; 0 3.2 13.3 1.08 1

41 .25 .5 0 52.7 4.6 5.8 11. n 1.6 45.9 3.86 3

51 1. .5 0 212. 16. 20. 27. 95. 1.5 259. 111. 5 10

12 .002 5· 0 1.6 0 .83 0 0 3·5 2.5 .25 

22 .01 5. 0 6./1 0 2.5 1.1 0 2.0 'I. 6 .39 

32 .05 5. 0 25.5 6.7 17 .1 7.7 260. 1. 18.8 1.52 2

112 .25 5. 139. 155. 17 .0 16. 28. 270. .96 108. 6.37 6

52 1. 5. 293. 328. 28.1 26. 0 /120. 2.9 272 . 15.8 13

13 .002 50. 0 3.0 0 1.9 .8 23. 0 0 .30 

23 .01 50. 0 8.0 3.0 10. II. 2 0 0 3.8 .46 

33 .05 50. 0 31.7 8.3 11. 13.8 0 0 17 .2 1.67 2

'13 .25 50. 113. 115,

' 10.5 12. 31. 87 0 67 . 6.82 8

53 1. 50. '151. 398. 9.1 18. 0 218. 0 265. 17.3 15

B: I 

I
I 

SerioD

I SO 2-

-

-

pll Condo Co Mg Zn Cu 1\1 SI NII'I 4 N03 Cl F 

9.50 19. 2.4 .025 24.

0 .1 .7 .05 1.17 .04

.74 1

10.32 61. 8.8

.066 65. 15. .6 1.2 .08 5.

1

'7 .02 .42 3

10.65 150. 22.8 .11 63.

0 1.5 2.1 .09 23.3 .2 .32 9

10.68 310. 60. •2/1 11.

0 2.2 3.0 .22 99.9 .79 1.4 28

10,118 nO. 1'10

• .66 17. 10. 1./1 3.'1 .26 205· 3.19 11.

117 '11

9.82 /10. 6.1 .031 13.

0 ./1 1.0 .02 1.6 .06 .15 2

10.59 101. 15.2 .057

0 1.3 3.3 •0/1 6.7 .09 .11 6

10.97 260. 38.

.070 9. 10. 1.9 6.6 .11 29.8 ·32 .47 17

11.02 600. 113· .11 80. 1.3 10.3 ./17 112.

1.115 2.54 57

10.65 750. 180.. 17 16. 15. .3 11

. .81 311. 3·73 5·92 56

10.32 60. 8.5 .066 8.

0 .9 2.6 .03 1.81 .08 .22 3

10.75 150. 121. .0 18' 28.

0 1.7 6.0 .06 7.0

/1

. 110 8

11. 17 330. "7. .020 10.

0 1.5 11.2 .1 29.7 .2

.37 25

11.37 610. 87. .020 9. 15. 1.2 15·9

. 37 127

. .99 1.52 55

11.2

/1 1000. 180. .055 31. 20. .9 15·0 1.13 192. 3.37

5.1 67

Qi
!

Serle C

S/L t Ho W Sb As 00 Cr Sr Dr No KN

Cll .002 .5 0 1.15 0 1.0 0 0 ./'4 3.6 .42 

C21 .01 .5 0 9.5 0 9.0 1.5 54. I. 7.1 .50 

C31 .05 .5 0 32.5 'I. 3 4.9 7.7 0 1.5 21.8 1.6 2

CIII .25 .5 n. 126. 17.3 8.9 23· 0 2.6 85.7 6.0 5

C51 I. .5 281. 405. 26.3 21. 0 249. 0 1111. 1.9 11

ell .002 5· 0 3.·' 1.6 2.2 0 2.0 3.0 .29 

C22 .01 5. 0 II. I 1.7 5.2 'I. 2 0 2·9 3.4 .'16 

C32 .05 5. 31.0 41.6 8.7 "." III. 59· 2. 26 . .1 1.83 2

C'12 . 25 5. 99. lO'l. 12.6 9.5 26. 94. 3·1 79. 5.56 5

C52 I. 5· /'36. 585. 37.1 30. 0 72'1. 1.5 /156. 22.8 17

Cl3 .002 50 . 0 2.\ 1.1 2.7 1.5 0 2.6 0 .39 

C23 .01 50. 0 III. 3.·' 7./1 6. I 0 II. 0 3.3 .56 1

C33 .05 50 . 0 5'1. 9.7 8./1 17 .2 0 .59 21. 2.0'1 

C'13 .25 50. 0 208. 13.2 1'1. 36.8 80 2.1 122. 7.3'1 

C53 I. 50. 897 . 771. 5.6 21. 60. 530 1.9 382. 21.7 2

I 

..- I
$ I 

So1'1 0 C

• so 2- - Cl- F- 

pI! Condo Co Mg Zn CII Al 51 NII

" II NO)

10.2~ ~9. 6.8 .06 )5. 0 .11 .9 .0/1 2.86 .08 .63 2~ . 

10.67 130. 19.5 •11 35. 10 . 1.7 2.3 .07 11.7 .12 .3~ 71. 

10.87 260. '1).5 .15 65. 0 3·0 3.2 .13 50." .27 .76 183 • 

10.85 ~60. 90. .28 /17 • 10. 2.2 ~.2 .2') 1')0. I . 1'1 1.99 380. 

10.58 200. 230. .7'. 25. 20. 1./1 ).II .51 285. 2.62 6."3 310. 

10."7 .05" 2.8 3.62 . II, 116. 

95.5 13.1 II. 0 1.1 .03 .12 

10.')2 20.0 30. .066 17. 0 2.1 5·1 .05 12.5 .09 .19 106. 

11. 12 360. 52. .063 5. 0 2.3 7·1 .11 53.9 .3'1 .63 300. 

11.08 '170. n .10 8. 10. 1.5 10. 11 .3 1

' 133. I. 13 1.67 '170. 

10.95 1300. 290. . 19 27. .10 • 1.0 10.2 1.61 11 116. 2.2'1 6.63 ~90. 

10.61 100. 12.7 .07" 5. 0 1.3 '1. 0 .06 2.93 .08 .35 ~II. 

11.10 ~60. 38.0 .0'12 8. 0 1.8 8.1 .05 13.3 .18 . 25 133 . 

11./1" '190. 65. .~2 17. 0 1.7 13.1 .12 119.8 .3~ .71 330 . 

11.53 850. 125. .029 B. 0 1.3 1'1. 9 ./1 1

' 216. 1.27 2.58 650. 

II .'15 1600. 310. .050 11. 20. 1.0 12.8 1.58 519. 2.12 7.32 550. 

Q

(,

I

n
1

$

Classificalion dolo Concrelo leachnhilily All dolo hI mg/m2

Tlmo (yr) K K reI No Na reI Co Cn ref 804 804 reI As As reI B B re

0119775 22500 16815 8450 5681.5 12800 12800 2920 2190 1,5 1.125 102,5 

1 53500 40125 20000 13400 25500 25500 6300 4125 3 2,25 241.5 

2 15500 56625 28250 18927,5 34500 34500 8150 6562.5 4 3 341.5 

5 111000 81750 43900 29413 52500 52500 13650 10237,5 6,5 4,815 539 

10 153500 1151:'5 51500 38525 13000 73000 19200 14400 8 6 162,5 1

20 177500 133125 68500 44555 102500 102500 27150 2U362,5 9 8,75 1085 

100 184000 138000 69000 48230 221950 221950 60500 45315 9 6,15 2391 

Time(yr) Cd Cd reI CI CI ref Cll eu reI Mg Mg ref Mo Mo reI Pb Pb 

0.179775 0,3 0,045 5000 1000 2,15 0,55 604,5 502,944 7,5 1.29 0,35 

1 0.1 0,105 11950 2390 5.15 1.15 862,5 111,6 11,815 3,0145 0,8 

2 0,95 0,1425 16900 3380 1,9 1.58 1081 882.152 25 4.3 1.1 

5 1.5 0225 26000 5320 12,2 2,44 1450 1208.4 39,815 6,8585 1.7 

10 2,15 0,3225 37500 7500 11,1 3,42 1900 1580.8 56,25 9,615 2.4 

20 3,05 0.4515 52150 10550 24,05 4,81 2550 2121,6 79,125 13,6095 3.4 

100 8.15 1.0125 102350 20470 53,5 10.1 5285 4397,12 153,5 26,402 7.55 

Tlme(yr) Sb Sb reI So So ref V V ref 2n 211 ref

0,119115 1.8 0,9 0,3 0,08 10 1 5 05 23 18.4

1 425 2,125 0,75 0,15 24 12 54 43,2

2 6,1 3,05 1.05 0.21 34 11 78,5 61.2

5 9,5 4.75 1.7 0,34 53.5 28.15 121 96,8

10 13.4 6.1 24 048 755 31,15 111 136.8

20 18,85 9.425 3,35 0,81 1085 53,25 241 192,8

100 38.4 192 7,35 1,41 2355 117,75 536 428,8
• •

OassificatioD of pulverized coal ash: Part II

70

•••

ECN-e-93--064

~'---
I

APPENDIX D

RELEASE DATA JNDER DIFFERENT EXPOSURE CONDITIONS IN mg/m2

Permanently weI conditions

Cd ref

0.3 0.0

0.7 0.1

1.0 0.1

1.5 0.2

2.2 0.3

3.1 0.5

6.8 1.0

0.675 0.10125

Mo ref Cd

7.5 1.3

17.9 3.1

250 4.3

39.9 6.9

56,3 9.7

79.1 13.6

153.5 26.4

1.023333 0.176013

B ref Mo

102.5 25.6

241.5 60.4

341.5 85.4

539.0 134.8

762.5 190.6

1065.0 266.3

2391.0 597.8

B

1.1

2.3

3.0

4.9

6.0

6.8

6.8

0.016875

As ref

1.5

3.0

4.0

6.5

8.0

9.0

9.0

0.0225

Time (yr) SCY. S04 ref As

0.179775 2920.0 2190.0

1 6300.0 4725.0

2 8750.0 6562.5

5 13650.0 10237.5

10 19200.0 14400.0

20 27150.0 20362.5

100 60500.0 45375.0

IIR 0.14 0.105

Temperature field 10 C Factor of 2 in De f lemp"0.71

Time (yr) S04 S04 ref As As ref B B ref Mo Mo ref Cd Cd ref

0.179775 2085.7 1564.3 1.1 0.8 73.2 18.3 5.4 0.9 0.2 0.0

1 4500.0 3375.0 2.1 1.6 172.5 43.1 12.8 2.2 0.5 0.1

2 62500 4587.5 2.9 2.1 243.9 61.0 17.9 3.1 0.7 0.1

5 9750.0 7312.5 4.6 3.5 385.0 96.3 28.5 4.9 1.1 0.2

10 13714.3 10285.7 5.7 4.3 544.6 136.2 40.2 6.9 1.5 0.2

20 19392.9 14544.6 6.4 4.8 760.7 190.2 56.5 9.7 2.2 0.3

100 43214.3 32410.7 6.4 4.8 17079 4270 109.6 18.9 4.8 0.7

I/R 0.1 0.075 0.016071 0.012054 0,730952 0.125n4 0.482143 0072321

Rainwater exposure f rain= 0.374166

Time (yr) S04 S04 ref As As ref B Brc! Mo Mo ref Cd Cd ref

0179775 780.4 585.3 0.4 0.3 27.4 6.8 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.0

1 16837 1262.8 0.8 0.6 64.5 16.1 4.8 0.8 0.2 0.0

2 2338.5 1753.9 1.1 0.8 91.3 22.8 6.7 1.1 0.3 0.0

5 3648.1 2736.1 1.7 1.3 144.1 36.0 10.7 1.B 0.4 0.1

10 5131.4 3848.6 2.1 1.6 203.8 50.9 15.0 2.6 0.6 0.1

20 7256.1 5442.1 2.4 1.8 284,6 71.2 21.1 3.6 0.8 0.1

100 16169.3 12127.0 24 1.8 639.0 159.8 41.0 7.1 1.8 0.3

IIR 0.037417 0.028062 0.006013 0.00451 0.273497 0.047042 0.180401 0.02706

EOl-C-93-064 71
Classification of pulverized coal ash: Part 11

I I •

RELEASE DATA UNDER DIFFERENT EXPOSURE CONDlT!m:S IN mg/m2

Permanently wet conditions

Time (yr) V V ref Zn Zn ref Sb Sb ref Se Se ref

0.18 10.1 5.1 23.0 18.4 1.8 0.9 0.3 0.1

1.0 24.0 12.0 54.0 43.2 4.3 2.1 0.8 0.2

2.0 34.0 17.0 76.5 61.2 6.1 3.1 1.1 0.2

5.0 53.5 26.8 121.0 96.S 9.5 4.8 1.7 0.3

10.0 75.5 37.8 171.0 136.8 13.4 6.7 2.4 0.5

20.0 106.5 53.3 241.0 192.8 18.9 9.4 3.4 0.7

100.0 235.5 117.8 536.0 428.8 38.4 19.2 7.4 1.5

I/R 0.247895 0.123947 0.268 0.2144 1.097143 0.548571 0.49 0.098

Temperature field 10 C Factor of 2 in De ftemp=0.71

Time (yr) V V ref Zn Zn ref Sb Sb ref Se Se ref

0.18 72 3.6 16.4 13.1 1.3 0.6 0.2 0.0

1.0 17.1 8.6 38.6 30.9 30 1.5 0.5 0.1

2.0 24.3 12.1 54.6 43.7 4.4 2.2 0.8 0.2

5.0 38.2 19.1 86.4 69.1 6.8 3.4 1.2 0.2

10.0 53.9 27.0 122.1 97.7 9.6 4.8 1.7 0.3

20.0 76.1 38.0 172.1 137.7 13.5 6.7 2.4 0.5

100.0 168.2 84.1 382.9 306.3 27.4 13.7 5.:' 1.1

UR 0.ln068 0.088534 0.191429 0.153143 0.783673 0.391837 0.35 0.07

Rainwater exposure f rain= 0.374166

Ti'lle (yr) V V ref Zn to ref Sb Sb ref Se se ref

0.18 2.7 1.3 6.1 4.9 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0

10 6.4 3.2 14.4 11.5 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.0

2.0 9.1 4.5 20.4 16.4 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.1

5.0 14.3 7.1 32.3 25.9 2.5 1.3 0.5 0.1

10.0 20.2 10.1 45.7 36.6 3.6 1.8 0.6 0.1

20.0 28.5 14.2 64.4 51.5 5.0 2.5 09 0.2

1000 62.9 31.5 143.3 114.6 10.3 5.1 2.0 0.4

IIR 0.066253 0.033126 0.071626 0057301 0.293224 0.146612 0.130958 0.026192

72 ECN-e-93-064
£~PPENDIX E

4.9

11.5

14.0

14.4

14.7

15.5

21.9

0.010926

Intermittently weI.

Mo ref Zn

2.0 0.3

4.8 0.8

6.9 1.2

14.2 2.4

29.4 5.1

53.9 9.3

99.0 17.0

0.660135 0.113543

Zn ref Mo

16.4 13.1

38.6 30.9

46.6 37.3

48.1 38.5

49.0 39.2

51.9 41.5

73.0 58.4

I/R 0.0365 0.0292

Time (yr) Mo

0.179775

1

2

5

10

20

100

Correction for chem:cal changes in time

Permanently wet

Mo ref Zn

5.4 0.9

12.8 2.2

18.4 3.2

37.9 6.5

78.6 13.5

144.0 24.8

264.6 45.5

1.764286 0.303457

Itt

ECN-e-93-064 73