EPA United States 

Environmental Protection 

Agency W-278 

Sediment And Erosion 

Control 

An Inventory of Current Practices 

April 20, 1990 
Prepared for 

Mr. Mike Mitchell 

Work Assignment Manager 

U.S. EPA 

Office of Water Enforcement and Permits 

Washington, DC 20460 

Submitted by 

Kamber Engineering 

Civil - Environmental - Surveying 

818 West Diamond Avenue 

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878 

(301) 840-1030 

DRAFT 

Sediment and Erosion Control 

An Inventory of Current Practices 

EPA Contract No. 68-C8-0052 

Work Assignment 1-19, Task 2 

April 20, 1990 

KE # 90531.02 
Table of Contents 

I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

I-1 

II Factors Influencing Erosion and Sedimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-1 

A. Soil Erodibility ..................................... II-1 

B. Vegetative Cover ................................... II-1 

C. Topography ...................................... II-2 

D. Climate ......................................... II-2 

E. Season ......................................... II-2 

III Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

III-1 

Iv Inventory of Sediment Control Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

IV-1 

A Vegetative Practices (discussion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

IV-1 

1. Temporary Seeding ............................. IV-3 

2. Permanent Seeding ............................. IV-4 

3. Mulching Only Stabilization ........................ IV-5 

4. Sod Stabilization ............................... IV-6 

5. Vegetative Buffer Strip .......................... IV-7 

6. Protection of Trees in Urbanizing Areas ................ IV-8 

7. Dune Stabilization .............................. IV-9 

8. Dust Control ................................. IV-10 

B. Structural Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-11 

1. Earth Dike ................................ IV-12 

2. Straw Bale Dike .............................. 

IV-13 

3. Silt Fence ................................. IV-14 

4. Brush Barrier ................................ IV-15 

5. Drainage Swale ............................... IV-16 

6. Check Dams ................................. IV-17 

7. Level Spreader .............................. IV-18 

8. Subsurface Drain .............................. IV-19 

9. Pipe Slope Drain .............................. IV-20 

10. Temporary Storm Drain Diversion .................... IV-21 

11. Storm Drain Inlet Protection ....................... IV-22 

12. Rock Outlet Protection .......................... IV-23 

13. Sediment Trap ................................ IV-24 

14. Temporary Sediment Basin ........................ IV-26 

15. Sump Pit ................................... 

IV-27 
16. Flotation Silt Fence ............................. IV-28 

17. Chemical Treatment ............................ IV-29 

18. Stabilized Construction Entrance ..................... IV-30 

19. Temporary Access Waterway Crossing ................. IV-31 

20. Wind Breaks .................................. IV-33 

C. Special Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

IV-34 

1. Chemical Solution Mulch and Tack Coatings ............. IV-34 

2. Natural Fiber Matting ........................... 

3. Synthetic Fiber Matting .......................... 

IV-35 

IV-35 

V Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-1 

VI References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 

VII Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-1 

VIII Agencies Contacted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-1 
I INTRODUCTION 

This report was prepared to inventory sediment and erosion control practices currently in use 

nationwide. The inventory represents completion of the first of a six task project designed to 

develop guidance, including model permit language, far development of NPDES permits for the 

storm water discharges of construction sites, and for the evaluation of municipal storm water 

management and sediment and erosion control programs with regard to effective control of 

construction site discharges to municipal separate storm sewer systems. The sediment and 

erosion control practice inventory will be combined with information generated under the 

remaining tasks to assist EPA Regions and NPDES approved State in writing NPDES permits 

for the storm water discharges of the construction industry, and in evaluating the NPDES permit 

applications of municipal separate storm sewer systems for effective control of construction site 

storm water discharges. 

The sediment and erosion control practice inventory was developed based upon interviews with 

the State and local Soil Conservation District agencies of representative metropolitan areas from 

each of the nine geographic/climatic regions established in 40 CFR, Part 122.42. In addition to 

interviews, local manuals of practice, regulations, handbooks and other data were evaluated to 

develop the inventory. The inventory is organized into two categories, 1) vegetative and 2) 

structural sediment and erosion control practices. Each practice is defined and illustrated, and 

a discussion is provided regarding the purpose, applicability, effectiveness, advantages, 

disadvantages, and cost of each practice. 

During the course of the inventory development, it became evident that a high degree of 

variability exists among state sediment and erosion control laws, and many states have not yet 

passed legislation controlling construction site soil erosion. Among the states with legislation, 

sediment and erosion control programs which implement the laws varied greatly in requirements, 

standards and enforcement. The most developed programs were found in the eastern United 

States. The Maryland legislation and regulatory program was frequently found to be used as 

a guide for developing programs in other states, such as New York and Florida. In general. 

implementation of sediment and erosion control programs was limited in midwestem and western 
II FACTORS INFLUENCING EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 

A number of east coast jurisdictions have sediment and erosion control manuals which address 

factors influencing erosion and sedimentation. The following is reproduced from the “1983 

Maryland Standards and Specifications for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control”, (Reference 1). 

The same discussion can be found in numerous manuals from Florida to New York. 

The erosion potential of a size is principally determined by five factors; the erodibility of the soil, 

vegetative cover, topography, climate and season Although the factors are interrelated as 

determinants of erosion potential they are discussed separately for ease of understanding. 

A. Soil Erodibility 

The vulnerability of a soil to erosion is known as erodibility. The soil structure, texture, and 

percentage of organic matter influence its erodibility. 

The most erodible soils generally contain high proportions of silt and very fine sand The presence 

of clay or organic matter tends to decrease soil erodibility. Clays are sticky and tend to bind soil 

particles together. Organic matter helps to maintain stable soil structure (aggregates). 

B. Vegetative Cover 

There an several ways in which vegetation protects soil from the erosive forces of raindrop impact 

and runoff scour. Vegetation (top growth) shields the soil surface from raindrop impact while the 

root mass holds soil panicles in place. Grass buffer strips can be used to filter sediment from the 

surface runoff. Grasses also slow the velocity of runoff, and help maintain the infiltration capacity, 

of a soil. The establishment and maintenance of vegetation are the most important factors in 

minimizing erosion during development. 
areas of the country (with the notable exception of the state of Washington), although in several 

instances, new programs were under consideration. 

The inventory of sediment and erosion control practices provided in Section IV is of standard 

practices currently being implemented in the jurisdictions contacted during this investigation which 

had active sediment control programs. The inventory does not refer to the state or local 

regulations from which the practice was derived, although local regulations and standards directly 

influence the effectiveness Of sediment control practices in the field. Cost estimates provided 

in the inventory were obtained from the “Means Site Work Cost Data”, 9th Edition, R.S. Means 

Company, 1990, or local (Washington D.C. area) agency bond price lists. Cost estimates are 

approximate and should be used for relative comparison purposes only. Washington, D.C. unit 

costs were used to add conservativeness to the estimates based upon the assumption that 

materials costs in this area are generally higher than other areas of the country. Standard 

details are provided for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered for use in design 

of sediment control plans. 

In addition to the inventory, this report addresses factors which influence erosion and 

sedimentation, effective planning of erosion control measures at construction sites, and general 

criteria common to many sediment and erosion control programs encountered during this 

investigation. 
III PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 

The planning of sediment and erosion control practices for a construction site must begin with 

consideration of regional water quality concerns. Construction site soil erosion impacts local and 

regional water quality, and has regional planning implications. For example, uncontrolled soil 

erosion at a new shopping ma!! site in Northern Virginia could degrade water quality in the 

Chesapeake Bay and impact use of the Bay’s myriad natural resources. Sediments leaving a new 

subdivision project in the Ohio Valley could result in the the need for intensive and costly 

dredging of the lower Mississippi River to control flooding impacts. Soil erosion and 

sedimentation, as with any water resources related issue, is a regional problem that transends 

local, county, and state boundaries. 

Regional planning agencies evaluate the quality and nature of water resources within their 

jurisdiction. Often, the sensitivity of each resource to increased sediment loads is quantified, and 

goals are established to control, minimize or correct existing problems. In certain areas and 

subwatersheds of a given water resource, unusual Limits might be adopted in response to a 

unique or highly sensitive resource. Once these goals or limits are set, the implications of each 

land disturbance can be determined, and an effective erosion control approach can be developed. 

In many instances, existing water quality data resources such as 208 basin studies, can provide 

information on the sensitivity of a particular water resource Once the sensitivity of the 

receiving stream is known, a comprehensive development plan must be developed that minimizes 

the risk of environmental damage due to erosion and sedimentation. Site plans should be 

designed to minimize grading requirements, save existing vegetation, protect critical areas such 

and steep slopes, and erodible soils, and generally "fit the site”. Construction should be planned 

to occur in phases in order to minimize the amount of disturbed land exposed at any one time, 

thus limiting the overall erosion potential of the site. Once an effective, phased development 

plan has been prepared, individual erosion control practices can be selected and implemented 

on site. These individual practices are inventoried and described in the following section. 
C. Topography 

Slope Length and steepness are key influences on both the volume and velocity of surface runoff 

Long slopes deliver more runoff to the base of slopes and steep slops increase runoff velocity; 

both conditions enhance the potential for erosion to occur. 

D. Climate 

Erosion potential is also affected by the climate of the area. Rainfall characteristics, such as 

frequency, intensity, and duration directly influence the amount of runoff that is generated. As 

the frequency of rainfall increases, water has less chance to drain through the soil between storms. 

The soil will remain saturated for longer periods of time and stormwater runoff volume may be 

potentially greater. Therefore, where rainfall events are frequently, intense, or lengthy, erosion risks 

are high 

E. Season 

Seasonal variation in temperature and rainfall defines periods of high erosion potential during the 

year. A high erosion potential may exist in the spring when the surface soil first thaws and the 

ground underneath remains frozen. A low intensity rainfall may cause substantial erosion as 

infiltration is impossible because of the frozen subsoil. The erosion potential is also high during 

the summer months because of mom frequent, high intensity rainfall. 
protection and dune stabilization. These vegetative practices are described in the following 

sections. 
IV INVENTORY OF SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 

A. Vegetative Practices 

The establishment and maintenance of vegetation are the most important factors in minimizing 

erosion during development. A vegetation cover greatly reduces an area’s erosion potential in 

three primary ways; 1) by absorbing the kinetic energy of raindrops which would otherwise 

impact soil and loosen it. 2) by intercepting water so it can infiltrate into the ground instead 

of running off carrying surface soil and 3) by slowing the velocity of runoff promoting deposition 

of water born sediment. (2) 

Preserving existing vegetation where possible, and revegetating open areas as soon as practical 

after grading or construction are very cost effective methods controlling erosion. Seeding open 

areas is fairly inexpensive, and savings in reduced maintenance and reduced need for structural 

practices can be significant. 

Vegetation, as discussed here, refers to covering or maintaining an existing cover over the soil. 

The cover may be grass, trees. vines, shrubs, bark mulch or straw. Grasses are the most 

common type of vegetative cover. Many types of grasses germinate and grow quickly providing 

erosion protection within 15 days. Grasses may be placed with straw or other anchoring medium 

which provide temporary erosion control until the grasses arc established. Straw, mulch and 

other anchoring techniques may be used for soil stabilization during non-growing seasons. 

Maintaining existing trees and shrubs is an effective way to prevent erosion. The planting of 

new trees provides only limited erosion control by reducing raindrop impact. Tree roots grow 

slowly requiring extensive time before providing significant anchoring of the soil. 

In each application of a vegetative practice, the soil fertility should be considered. The use of 

fertilizers and lime as well as the neutralizing of harmful chemicals will greatly enhance the 

growth of vegetation. The primary types of vegetative practices are: temporary seeding, 

permanent seeding, “mulching only” stabilization, sod stabilization, vegetative buffer strips, tree 
2. Permanent Seeding 

Definition: Planting vegetation such as grasses and legumes on critical areas. 

Purpose: To stabilize the soil; to reduce damages from sediment and runoff to 

downstream areas; improve wildlife habitat; enhance natural beauty. 

Conditions Where Practices Apply: Graded or cleared areas subject to erosion and 

where a permanent, long-lived vegetative cover is needed. 

Effectiveness: Permanent seeding has been found to be 99% effective in controlling 

erosion on construction sites. (3) Therefore, it is obvious that areas on-site should be 

permanently seeded as soon as possible. To achieve this high efficiency rate, 

permanent seeding must be properly established and maintained. 

Advantages: As with all seeding measures, permanent seeding is inexpensive and highly 

effective. 

Disadvantages: To be effective, mulching of some sort is required for the permanent 

seeding to germinate and establish itself. If the soil to be seeded is under nutrient&, 

(which is common on construction sites because the top soil has often been lost during 

grading), fertilizer and or topsoil must be added to the area prior to seeding. Finally, 

when using the most common mulch, straw, a mulch anchoring of some type (i.e., 

thermal tack coot, netting, etc.) is generally required to hold the mulch in place. 

Obviously these added components of permanent seeding can increase the cost of this 

practice considerably. 

Costs: The cost for seed is approximately $1.00 per square yard. Added to this is 

the cost of mulching the area which usually consists of spreading straw and ad& 

another $1.25 per square yard to the above price. Finally, a mulch anchor of some 

type must be selected and applied adding further to the cost of this practice. 

Geographical Considerations: Permanent seeding is an effective erosion control 

measure can be used in each of the 9 regions. However, in the northern areas its use 

is limited by the shorter growing season. 
4 

4 

Temponuy See&g 

Definition: Planting short-term vegetation on critical areas. 

Purpose: To temporarily stabilk the so& to reduce damages from sediment and 

runoff to downstream areas; improve wildlife habitat; enhance natural beauty. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: Graded or cleared areas which are subject to 

erosion for a period of 14 days or more. 

Effectiveness: It has. been determined that seeding practices ,are the single most 

important factor in reducing erosion on wnstntction sites. (2) Once established, 

properly vegetated areas will nearly duplicate site conditions before disturbance. In 

fact, temporary seeding practices have been found to be approximately 95% effective 

in reducing erosion on-site. (3) 

Advantages: IU mentioned above, temporary seeding is highly effective in minimizing 

erosion once properly established. Also, temporary seeding practices are very 

inexpensive. 

Disadvantages: To be effective, mulching of some sort is rquired for the temporary 

seeding to germinate and establish itself If the soil to be seeded is ,under nutriented, 

and on wnstruction sites it usually is because the top soil has been graded away, then 

fertilizer and or topsoil must be added to the area prior to seeding. Finally, when 

using the most wmmon mulch, straw, a mulch anchoring of some type (i.e., thermal 

tack waf netting, etc.) is generally required to hold the mulch in place. Obviously 

these added components of temporary seeding can increase the cost of this pracuce 

considerably. 

Costs: The cost for seed is approximately $1.00 per square yard. Added to this is 

the cost of mulching the area which usually consists of spreading straw and adds 

another SlJ%y to the above price. Finally, a mulch anchor of some. type must be 

selected and applied adding further to the cost of this practice. 

Geographical Considerations: Temporary seeding is an effective erosion control 

measure can be used in each of the 9 regions. However, in the northern areas its use 

is limited by the shorter growing season. 
STANDARD AND SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

MULCHlNG 

Definition 

replying pht residues or ocher suitable materials to the soil 

surfaa. 

Purpose 

To COIISCIVC IASCIKC and mod@ surface soil tcmperatwc 

flucnlatiolls; pmcxlt sclrfaa axtlpadon or cmtilg reduce 

ruaoff and erosion; -1 WCC& and help establish plant 

COVW. 

Conditions Where hctice Applies 

On soils subject to erositi on which low residue producing 

crops, such as grapes, beniu and smaU fruits are grown; on 

criticalueas;alldonsoilsthatlu~rlowinhlartiooratc 

Design criteria 

1. SITE PREPAMTION 

A. Prior to mukhing, M the Jlc=saqtemporaryor permanent erosion control (struclurrl) practices and 

drainage systems within or adjaacnt to area to be mulCM. 

B.Slopt,gradeandunaolhtbesitcifconvcntioarleqPil 

mcntistobcuscdin8pplyiqandanchofing?hcmuk 

CR~rillund&abkstcmcsandochcrdebrisdtpcor 

hgoB8lltitipatedl8ndpI. 

D.Compxt.cdorcwttdaailsmfaccshouldbclooencdt 

otkUttWOiDChUbydiSkhlg~OtbUSuiubleZMULCHINGMATERUIS 

AScledfromuucbedT~31oa~332thctypcc 

mulchandappbafhratcthrrwillbcstmettthca# 

andav&bi&tyofmucrkl 

B.Ifnecckd,sekcttheanchaiqmechodfromTabk3Ja 

page335tbatwiubut~thenced. 

CnlebutcombinuioaisstrMv(dgrain)mukhtp 

plkdat2tonIacre(90Wl.JKXJsqq.ft.)and~ricl 

wodfibcrmul&(hyQanukh)atXXI-730lbsJ8cre(1: 

-17lhs.&WIsq.fi).Thewod6bcrmulchmustbc8p 

plied through I hy&awder immcdiatety after mukh 

hL 

.March 1989 (Rev.) Page 331 New York Guidelines for Urban 

Ertioa and Scdimeac Control 
3. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Mulching Only !Stabiltmdon 

DeSnitioa: Apply plant residues or other suitable materials not produced on the site 

to the soil surface. 

Purpose: To c~ns~lve moisture; prevent surface compaction or CnrJting; reduce runoff 

and erosion; control WC&, and help establish plant cover. 

Conditions Where Practices Applies: Where protection of the soil surface is desired 

and temporary and permanent setding is not feasible, mulching only stabilization should 

beused. 

Effectiveness: Although generally not as effective as seeding practices, (mulching 

ranges in effectiveness from 75 to 98%) (3). mulching does provide adequate erosion 

control on construction sites. To maintain optimum effectiveness, mulches must be 

anchored to resist wind displacement. 

Advantages: Mulching controls erosion as soon as it is placed, unlike seeding practices 

that take time to grow before stabilization occurs. Also mulching can be used 

effectively on poor soils where grasses could not survive. Finally, the cost of mulching 

only is relatively inexpensive. 

Disadvantages: The most common type of mulch, straw, needs an anchoring method 

to be held in place on site. Tksc anchoring methods ranging from chemical coatings 

to netting add to the cust of mulching. 

Costs: Straw, the most common mulch costs approximately $1.25 per square yard. 

Note that the cost of an appropriate mulch anchor must be added. 

Geographical Considerations: Mulching is an effective erosion control measure which 

can be used in each region. 

Iv-5 
TaMe 3.8 

Guide to Mulch Materials, Rates 6 Uses 

Appltcatlon Rstee Depth of 

Hulch Quality per 1000 Per Appl lcat ion 

Hstcritl standardr tq. ft. tcrt Rcm8rk l 

lllBm,mmmmlm* I)my‘----y -ImmYII. -IImmm. UUYIIII. -II~~~I~~I~~I9I~LI-nI---~-----~-~-------------= 

Host effective l e l mulch around orutmentnla, anall 

Sawdust, Free from object- 83-500 - l-7” frultt. L other nurtery rtock. Specltl application 

Crcco or loutbh cotrtt CU* ft. rateer fruit tree. S-7”; bluebcrrtcs 6”: vtgctablcc 

Compotttd mater ltl end flovcrr 2-3”; bltckbcrr!et mud raspberry 4-7”; 

ttrtwberrlet 3’. Hoot retitttnt to ulud blovlag. 

Require8 30-35 lbt. N/ton to prevent N dcflclency 

vhlle deceyiag mulch. One cu. ft. weiRha 24 lbe. 

uood chlpt or Green or air-dried. 500-900 10-20 2-7” Her about the l eme ute end sppllcstlon na sevduet, 

Shavirbgt Free of objcctlon- lbs. tent but require8 lett N/ton (IO-12 lbt.). Retlstent to 

able cotrte wind blowing. Decompotet tlovly. 

uterial 

4ood 

txcel alar 

Crcen or eir-dried 90 Ibe. 2 gf fcctlve for erosion coarol. flc-dew utonl Ly I~OI 

burred vood flberr (1 bale) tent required. Dtcompotct elovly. Subject to some ull,d 

.024- x ,031’ x 4’ blowing. Packaged in 80-90 lb. btles. 

Zel lulorc Made from nature1 SO lbe. 2000 -- When wed for l roelon control on critical treat 

[Partly di- vood ututlly vlth lbt. double l pplicetlon rate. Apply with hydromulcher. 

qctted wood green dye & ditptrt- No tic-down required. 

Elbert) ing l gent added. 

Max. 1% molrture 

packed. 

hmport or Well thredded, free 4oo-floo It-10 -- Use strrvy aanure where trotion control is Ineeded. 

Yanure of excettlve cotrte lbt. ton8 lfty create problea with veedr. gxcellent ItOi8tUrt 

uttr!tl. conmerver. Cedatant to vtnd blouir)g. 

Zornttalkr, Air-dried, shredded 150-300 4-6 Effective for erorlon cootrol, reltttvely tlov to 

ihredded or into b’ to 12” Ibt. tont decompote. Excellent for mulch 01) crop fleldt. 

Thopped 1eaRths. SOme value-cover crop. Retlttallt to wfod hloulllg. 

New York GuideIinw for Urbm 

Erdsion and Sediment Control 

page 332 Marcn I’lur 
Table 3.8 (Cont’d.) 

Guide to Mulch Materials, Rates 81 Uses 

Appllc8tlon Rater Depth of 

Hulch Qu8llty per ID00 per Appl lc8t ion 

Hater181 St8nd8rdr rq. ft. 8cre Remark8 

II*-LIIIII-II.,-III--g----,I--lII-.-_---~ -mm-IYII- 11.1*~1~~~~~1~11111*~~------~~--------~~-~-----~-- 

Zravc 1, U88hed; Site 2B or 9 cu. yda b-6 3” excellent mulch for 8hort @lope8 6 around voody 

Zruohed Stoue 3Ar ton8 pl8nt8 6 ornraentsl8. U8e 211 where eubject to 

Dr S18g foot traffic. (Approx. 2000 lb8.tcu.yd.) 

#8y or Str8u Air-dried; free of n-100 1.5 - Lightly U8e rtr8v vhere mulch effect to be maintnlned for 

underlr8ble reed8 & lbr., 2.5 T cover 15 to more th8u 3 ronth8. Subject to vind blovfng mless 

colr8e UtCri8le. 2-3 90-120 902 of kept lotrt or tied dovn. Host como~), videly used 

b8le8 b8188 rurf 8CC mulching l aterl81. Good for ero8Ioa cotiltrul. 

Peat tto8r Dried, compre88ed 200-400 - 2’ - 4” nO8t effective 8a 8 mulch 8round orrlanentals. Subfree of co8r8e cum ft. jcct to vlud blovlug unlecr kept vel. PkKd. III 100 

l 8teri818. lb. b8ler (6 cu.ft.). excellent moisture holdllig 

C8p8Clty. 

Hats 8ud P18in Ue8V8, u8rp 7 65” x 250 Roll 312-I /2 U8e to hold aced 8nd aid ln gerlill8CiOll vithout 

Netting per in., fllllng 4 ydr. 100 8q. ydr. mulch. Tic dovn 8ccordlng to m8nuf 8cturlnK 

rvirted Kr8ft per ln. relv8ge edge lbr. rpeclf Lc8tlollr. 

P8per Y8rn vlth polypropylene 

f 118wnt 

rvlsted Kr8ft Pungiclde tre8ted 45” x 250 Roll 312-l/2 U8e over b8re 8Oil or rod to preveljt eroeloll alld 

P8per Y8rn v8rp 1. I p8lrr per. ydr. 80 8q. ydr. hold l eed. Good for v8terv8yo, criticA slopes, 6 

in. filling 2.5 in. lbr. critic81 ditch bottow. Tie down vlth 8taples as 

per unuf8cturing rpeciflcrtlon8. 

Jute, fVi8ted Undyed, unblwched bB- x 50 lo1 1 60 8q. yd8. U8e vlthout 8ddltion81 mulch. tie don1 88 per PBIIUr8rU pl8tn ve8ve V8rp 78 ydr. or 60 lb8. 100 8q.yd8. f8cturlng 8peCiflC8ttou. Effective for eroslo,, 

eods/yd. Weft 41 48” x 15 90 lbr. control 011 critical areas. 

ead8/yd. yde. 

March 1988 Page 333 Ntar York Guidelines for ‘,‘rtmu 

Efosion and Seduneo~ C.mroi 
Table 3.8 (Cotid.) 

Guide to Mulch Materials, Rates & Uses 

Mulch 

Hater 181 

Ercclslor 

wood f lbtr 

Hats 

Qu8lity 

St8nd8rdr 

--I)--- -l-IIIInterlocklog veb of 

excelrlor fiber8 

vlth mulch net b8cklog on I ride Only 

Plest Ic 2-b d18 V8r i8ble 

ippliC8ti 

p8r 1000 

8%. ft. 

1)*.1--*- 

36’ x 30 

ydr . 

72’ x 30 

ydr. 

1 

n R8ter Depth of 

par I Applic8tiofl 

acre 

-.II.I. -1-11.11-11 

no1 1 16-I/2 

84. yd8. 

it01 1 loo rq.ydr. 

56 

lbr. 

Remarks 

UII*---l-ll--ll.---*-------.------*-.-----------= 

U8e without 8dditlOl~sl aulch. Tit don, 8s per mewf8Cturl0g 8peCifiC8tlon8., 

U8e without 8ddltIonal mulch. Tie dour1 vlth t bars 

88 per ranuf8ct4irlng apeciflcatlon8. 

U8c blrck for vced control; u8e uhlte for seedilrF: 

ert8blirhment vlthout OrgsnlC mulch. gele.rse pIastic 8fttr seeding 18 eetablished. Effectlve’molsture cocmerv8tloa rnd veed co~)troI for 811~31 I frul ts 

New York Guideiincs for Urban 

Etosioa and Sediment Control 

Page 3.34 .Uarch 19M 
Table 3.9 

Mulch Anchoring Guide 

,. Hanua 1 

1. Peg aud Tvllte 

2. tlulch nttt,log 

3. Sol1 8nd 

rtoner 

4. Silt 

#. Hech8nic81 

1. A8ph81t 8pr8y 

(emul8lon) 

2. Wood cellulora 

f lher 

3. Pick Ch8in 

4. Mulch Anchoring 

Tool or dl8k 

(8woth or 

notched) 

H8y or l tr8u. m8nure 

pin0 8trau 

5. Chemical H8y Or 8tr8V 

.- 

Kind of Mulch to 

be Applied 

--*-1-*-1-111--1-11-1 

H8y 01 8tr8V, pllle 

8tl8V 

H8y or 8tr8v, 8hredd.d 

8uaar c8ne, ploo 8tr8v, 

COmpO8t. vood l h8viog8, 

‘t8nb8rk’ 

P188tfC 

H8y Or 8tr8V 

CC.JpOclt , wood chip8, 

vood 8h8Ving#, h8y or 

l tr8v 

H8y or rtrav 

H8y or 8tr8v. n 8nure 

comport, plnr l tr8u 

How to Apply 

1-111-11-11-11----11----.-----------------------------------------. 

After mulching, divide srea8 lhlto block8 spprox. t sq. yd. II) slzc 

Drive 4-6 pegs per block to vlthll~ 2” to 3’ of soil surface. Securl 

mulch to eurfsce by 8tretChlug tvlue bttveeil peg8 111 crlss-croes 

patttrll 011 t8ch block. Secure tutfile arowd each peg vlth 2 or more 

tur0r. Drive ptga flurh with 8011 vhere aovlug 6 maln:c~~awe 18 

pl8nned. 

St8plt vlth llght-vtlght paper. Jute, vood CLbtr, or plastic 

oettloge to 8011 rurf8ce 8CcOrdlng to Mlwlf8CtUrtr’8 

recortnd8tlon8. 

Plow 8 rlngle furrov 8long l dgt of 8rC8 to be covered vlth plastic 

fold 8bout 6” of plartlc into the furrov slid plow furrov allce hat’ 

over pl88tic. U8e rtonte to hold pl88tfC dovn 11, othtr places as 

needed. 

Cut mulch into 8011 rurf8cc with 8qu8re-edgtd 8pade. tiake clltn III 

contour rov8 8pOCed 18” 8part. 

Apply vlth 8Uft8ble 8pr8y equipwrlt u8ing tht follovl~ig rates: 

88phrlt emUl#iOn 0.04 g8110118 per rq. yd.; liquid 88phsl t (rapid, 

medium, or rlou rettlug) 0.10 g8llons ptr sq. yd. 

Apply vlth hydroretder iaedl8tely after mulching. Use 750 lba. 

vood f lber per 8crt. 

U8c on rloper rteeper th8u 3: 1. Pull bCrO88 8lOpt8 vlth eulcilble 

paver equipment. 

Apply.mulch and pull 8 mulch rnchorlng tool ovtr mulch. uhell 8 dlrl 

(rmooth) 18 u8.d, 8et ill l tr8ight pO8itiOn 8nd pull 8CrO88 alope 

vlth 8utt8blr pover equiprat. Mulch uteri81 ahould be ‘tllcked” 

into 8011 8Urf8Ce 8boUt 3”. 

Apply terr8 tsck AR (45 lbr. ) or Aeroepr8y 70 (60 ~01 ./A. ) according to m8nuf8cturerm8 1o8trucllou8. Avoid appllcalton duri,,g raltb. 

A 24 hr. curing period required & roll, temp. higher tIlal# 4s.y. 

March 1988 Page 33s New York Gtidek~ iot Ltbm 

Erosion and Sedimcot Coocrol 
SODDING 

matic sod cutter must 

Incorrect be matched correctly. 

Lay sod in a staggered 

pattern. Butt the 

strips tightly against 

each other. Do not 

leave spaces and do not 

overlap. A sharpened 

mason's trowel is a 

handy tool for tucking 

down the ends and 

trimning pieces. 

HOW when the sod is 

to achieve firm of 4" as needed. established - in 

contact with the soil. Water well as soon 2-3 weeks. Set the 

as the sod is laid. mower high (2"-3"). 

APPEARANCE OF GOOD SOD 

Shoots or grass blades. 

Grassshould be green and 

healthy, mowed at a 2".3" 

cutting height. 

Thatch - grass clippings and 

deadeaves, up to l/2" thick. 

Root Zone - soil and roots. 

Should be l/2"-3/4*thick, with 

dense root mat for strength. 

Source: Va SWCC Plate 1.;:~ 

III-237 
4. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Sod Stabilizatioa 

D&.&ion: Stabilizing sediment producing areas by establishing long-term stands of 

grass with sod. 

Purpose: To stabilize the soil; reduce damage from sedi ent and runoff to downstream 

areas; enhance natural beauty. 

Conditions Where Practices Applies: On ~QCSU! soils where a quick vegetative cover 

is desired; on sites which can be maintained with ground equipment (2:1 or flatter 

slopes). 

Effectiveness: When installed and maintained properly, sodding at 99% efficiency 

setves as the most effective vegetation practice available. (3) This extremely high 

efficiency in controlling erosion is achieved because sodding establishes an instantaneous 

permanent grass vegetation on previously disturbed surfaces. Careful maintenance of 

sodded areas must be practiced to assure optimum efficiency. 

Advantages: h mentioned above, sodding is the most effective sediment control 

technology available. 

Disadvantages: Installation purchase costs of sodding are relatively high thus making 

sodding undesirable for large areas. Also, extensive maintenance including watering and 

fertilizing may be required. 

Costs: Generally sodding costs $4.00 per square yard to install plus any additional costs 

associated with maintenance such as fertilizing and watering as needed. 

Geographical Considerations: Sod is very sensitive to the climate of a region and is 

especially draught susceptible. Sod can be established anywhere but many require 

intensive maintenance practices such as watering and fertilizing. As with any type of 

vegetative practice. sodding is only viable during the growing season in northern 

climates. 

KE#90531.02 DRAFT Iv-6 
Vegetative Bufkr Strip (4) 

Definition: Planting of vegetation at the top and bottom of a slope along the contour. 

Purpose: To slow runoff velocity; filter sediment from runofc reduce the volume of 

runoff on slopes. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: Graded or cleared slopes which are subject to 

erosion for extended periods of time, 

Effectiveness: Buffer strips have proven to be very effective in removing sediments 

from construction site runo& with efficiencies ranging from 75% and 99% depending 

on the type and quality of ground cwtr. (3) 

Advantages: Buffer strips are easy and inexpensive to install and once established, 

require little maintenance. 

Disadvantages: Vegetative buffer strips may require large strips of land that can limit 

movement of construction equipment on site. Also, buffer strips are ineffective until 

vegetation has been completely established. 

Costs: The cost of installing a vegetative buffer strip is approximately. 

Geographical Considerations: Buffer strips can be installed whenever growing 

conditions allow full vegetation of the area. 
Protection of Tms In Urbanizing Areas 

Definition: Protection of desirable trees from mechanical and other injury while the 

land is being developed. 

Purpose: To employ the necessary protective measures to insure the survival of 

desirable trees for shade, beautification and vegetative cover. 

Conditions Where Practices Applies: On areas nti occupied by single specimen trees 

or groups of trees. 

Effectiveness: Mature trees have extensive roof systems that help to hold soil in place 

thus reducing erosion. Also, shade trees help to keep soil from drying rapidly and 

becoming susceptible to erosion. TO effectively save an adsting tree, no disturbancea 

of any kind should be allowed within the drip line of the tree. 

Advantages: Saving existing mature trees on site beautifies the area and saves money 

by limiting the number of new trees required to be planted. Mature trees also 

increase property values and satisfy consumer aesthetic needs. 

Disadvantages: For sites with diverse topography it is often difficult and expensive to 

save existing trees and grade the site satisfactorily for the planned development. 

costs: Costs associated with tree saving techniques can vary greatly. Expensive 

structural practices such as retaining walls and tree wells may be rquired for sites with 

varied topography. Ideally, the only cost associated with tree saving would be installing 

fences,(for example, snow fence at $250 per linear foot) along the drip line to keep 

wnstruction activities away from the tree. 

Geographical Considerations: Tree protection can be implemented an any construction 

project where trees are present. 
Care of Seedlinqs Until Planted 

Seedlings should be planted immediately. If it is 

necessary to store moss-packed seedlings for more 

than 2 weeks, one pint of water per pkg. should be 

added. If clay-treated, do not add water to pkg. 

Packays must be separated to provide ventilation 

to prevent "heating". Separate packages with wood strips and store 

out of the wind in a shaded. cool (not freezing) location. 

!!!Y 

Care of Seedlings During Planting 

When planting, roots must be kept moist until-trees 

are in the ground. Do not carry seedlings in your 

hand exposed to the air and sun. Keep moss-packed 

seedlings in a container packed with wet moss or filled with thick 

muddy water. Cover clay-treated seedlings with wet burlap only. 

Hand Planting 

Insert bar at Remove bar and 

angle shown and place seedling 

push fomard to at correct 

upright position. depth. 

Insert bar two Pull bar toward 

inches toward planter firming 

planter from soil at bottom 

seedli-ng. of roots. 

Push bar forward Fill in last 

from planter hole by 

firming soil at stamping 

top of roots. with heel. 

-&& $Jz;, 

Right Wrong 

Do not bend 

roots so that 

they grow 

upwards out 

of the ground. 

Firm soil Test planting 

around seed- by pulling 

ling with lightly on 

feet. seedling. 

Plant seedlin 

upright - not 

at an angle. 

Always plant in 

soil - never 

loose leaves 

or debris. Pack-. 

soil tightly. 

PLANTING BARE-ROOTED SEEDLINGS 

source: Virginia Division of Forestry Plate 1.00d 

III-264 
A HIO ~yatom pro)wb a tree from a mlrocl gmdr. A, Ttw Hlo ir kid oul WI 

the original grodo, Loading from a dry wall around the tmo trunk. 8, 

Iho tile syrtom Is covorod with mall sfonos to allow air to drcukh 

over the roar l roo. 

Figure 2 

A retaining wull protects a troa fmm 

a lowwod grada. 

Figure 3 

tunnel bone& foot systems. Winsm et loft show tronchlng that 

would probobty kill lb baa. 

Drawings at right show how hrnnrllng under the troo will pnrwvr 

many of the Impotiati, feeder 

fOOt8. 
Figure 3.5 

Combination of Sand Fence and V~etation for Dune &ilding 

I Vegecatlon I 

IO’-15 ’ 

Figure 3.6 

Typical Cross&+ctlon Crwted by a Combination of Sand Fence and Vegetation 

New installaticm 

Some sand 

accumularloa 

Addf rfonal sand 

accumulation 

Completed dune 

1N.v I 

New York Guidelines for Urban 

Erotioa and Sediment Control 

Page 3.48 
7. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Dune StabUizstiod (2) 

Definition: Controlling surface movement of sand dunes or shifting sand .by vegetative 

means. 

Purpose: To stab&e Gontal dunes and reduce soil blowing and the encroachment of 

shifting sands on valuable properCy provide a barrier against tide water. 

Conditions Where Practices Applies: On seashore areas where blowing sands, tide and 

storm water may cause damage. 

Effectiveness: A wekstablished dune buffer will minimize potentially sevetc wind 

erosion on beachfront developments. 

Advantages: Dunes control and stabilize beach erosion which often times saves 

valuable real estate. Also dunes create a permanent habitat for wildlile. 

Disadvantages: Man made dunes are still quite difficult to construct and often times 

do not develop as planned. Dune systems are very fragile and difficult to maintain 

once created. 

Costs: To construct a dune, fencing (for example, snow fence at $2.50 per linear foot) 

is placed along the beach to trap blowing sand and begin deposition along the dune 

line. An additional cost is associated with planting and fertilizing dune grasses along 

the dune once it has been created. 

Geographical Considerations: Obviously, only coastal regions would have a need for 

dune stabilization with an emphasis on developing coastal communities and barrier 

islands. 

TV-9 
x-v @WENTORY OF SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 

(Continued) 

B. Structurnl Prstcticas 

Structural practices involve the construction of devices to divert flow, trap flow or limit runoff. 

Structural practices are classified as either temporary or permanent. Temporary structural 

practices are used during construction to prevent offsite sedimentation or to divert clean water 

from a construction area. Permanent structural practices are used to convey surface water 

runoff to a safe outlet Permanent structural practices remain in place after completion of 

construction. Structural practices should be the Grst items constructed before grading begins. 

Earthen structures should be vegetatively stabilized before they are considered operational. (1) 

Even though the specific conditions of each site determine precisely what measures are necessary 

to control sedimentation, some general principles apply to the selection and placement of 

sediment control measures. It is important to prevent clean water from crossing disturbed areas 

where sediment can be removed This can be accomplished by diverting runoff from undisturbed 

upslope areas. Earth dikes, temporary males, perimeter dike/swales, or diversions that outlet 

in stable areas can be used in this capacity. Another inportant objective is to remove sediment 

from site runoff before the runoff leaves the site. The method of sediment removal depends 

upon how the runoff drains from the site. Concentrated flow must be diverted to a trapping 

device so that suspendd sediment can be deposited. Dikes or swales that outlet into sediment 

traps or basins can accomplish this. A stonn drain system may be used to convey concentrated 

sediment laden water only if the system empties into a trap or basin. Othernix. ail storm drain 

inlets must be protected so that sediment laden water cannot enter the drainage system before 

being treated to remove the sediment. Surface runoff draining in sheet flow must be filtered 

before the water leaves the site. Straw bale dikes, silt fences, or brush barriers can be used 

to filter sheet flow. 
8. 

4 

+ 

Dust Control (5) 

Definition: Controlling dust blowitig and movement on construction sites and roads. 

Purpose: To prevent blowing and movement of dust from exposed soil surfaces, reduce 

on and off-site damage, health hazards, and improve traffic safety. 

Conditions Where Practices Applies: This practice is applicable to areas subject to dust 

blowing and movement where on and off-site damage is likely without treatment. 

Effectiveness: When used properly, chemical treatments to soil on construction sites 

can minimize wind erosion. 

Advantages: Dust control chemical soil.treatments help to eliminate wind erosion on 

disturbed areas and improves health and safety aspects of the construction site. 

Disadvantages: Chemical dust control can also be dangerous if applied improperly due 

to the large amounts of chemicals exposed on the site surface. 

Costs: Dust control costs vary due to availability and type of chemical chosen. 

Geographical Considerations: Chemical dust control is best utilized in dry, arid climates 

such as in regions 5, 6, 8 and 9. It is not recommended for cold or wet climate 

conditions. 
+ 

+ 

Definition: A temporary berm or ridge of compacted soil. located in such a manner 

as to channei water to a desired location. 

Purpase: The purpose of an earth dike is to direct runoff to a sediment trapping 

device, thereby reducing the potential for erosion and JEsite sedimentation. Earth 

dikes can aLso be used for diverting ckan water away from disturbed areas. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: Earth-dikes are often constructed across disturbed 

areas and around wnstzuction sites such as graded parking lots and subdivisions. The 

dikes should remain in place until the disturbed areas are permanently stabilized. 

Effectiveness: An earth dike itself does.not control erosion or remove sediment from 

runoff, rather it directs runoff to an erosion control device such as a sediment trap 

or directs runoff away from an erodable area. 

Advantages: Earth dikes can handle flows from large drainage areas and are easy to 

install. Also, once stabilized, earth dikes require little maintenance. 

Disadvantages: Often times earth dikes create more disturbed area on site and become 

barriers to wnstruc!ion quipment. Earth dikes must be stabilized immediately which 

adds cost and maintenance concerns. 

Costs: The cost associated with earth dike construction is roughly $450 per linear foot 

which Coors the earthwork involved in preparing the dike. Also added to this cost 

is approximately $1.00 per linear foot for stabilization practices. It should be noted 

that for most construction projects, the cost of earth dike construction is insignificant 

compared to the overall earthwork project costs. 

Geographical Considerations: Earth dikes can bc constructed on any construction site, 

but need to be properly stabilized which may be affected by area climate. 
No matter which practices are selectti and implemented, they must be properly maintained in 

order to remain functionaL Sediment accumulated associated with these diffe: nt practices must 

be removed and disposed of in a manner that minimizes erosion and sedimentation. 

Descriptions of the various stnrcturai practices in use currently follows. 
2. Smw EaIc Dike 

Definition: A temporary barrier of straw or similar material used to intercept sediment 

laden runoff from small drainage areas of disturbed soil. 

Purpose: The purpose of 8 straw bale dike is to reduce runoff velocity and effect 

deposition of the transponcd sediment load. Straw bale dikes are to be used for no 

more than three (3) months because they tend to rot and fall apart over time. 

Conditions Where Practice Apples: The stiaw bale dike is used where there are no 

concentrations of water in a channel or other drainage way above the barrier, and 

en&m would occur in the form of sheet erosion. 

Effcctivenus: When instaUcd and maintained properly, straw baie dikes remove 

approximateIy 67% (6) of the sediment transported in construction site runoff. This 

optimum efficiency can only be achieved through careful maintenance with sp&al 

attention to replacing rotted or broken bales. 

Advantages: Straw bale pikes can be constructed from readily available materials and 

can bt placed to control site runoff without major site disturbances. 

Disadvantages: Installation of straw bale dikes is vcv manpower intcnsiva Also, straw 

balu lose their effectiveness rapidly due to rotting, thus cunst& maintenance is 

required. 

Costs: Installation of straw bale dikes on a construction site costs approximately $5.00 

per linear foot 

Geographical Considcmtions: Straw is a readily available throughout the country, thus 

straw bale dikes can be used nationwide. However, use of straw bale dikes may be 

limited in northern areas where long term f&zing occurs. 
EARTH DIKE 

noI roacalr 

U.S. OEPM~NT Of UilBCULTURL 

SOIL CCeTxRV*TIm SmvcE 

I 

EARTH DIKE 

COLLEGE pu<,YARfUND 
3. Silt Fence 

Definition: A temporary barrier of geotextile fabric (filter cloth) used to intercept 

sediment laden runoff from small drainage areas of disturbed soil. 

Purpose: The purpose of a silt fence is to reduce runoff velocity and effect deposition 

of transported sediment load. Limits imposed by ultraviolet stability of the fabric will 

dictate the maximum period the silt fence may be used. 

Conditions Where PractiCe Appks: Silt fence is placed along disturbed areas to 

control sheet erosion, where there are no expected concentrations of runoff flow. 

Effectiveness: When installed and maintained properly, silt fence removes 97% of the 

sediment transported in construction site runoff. (6) Care must be taken in 

maintaining silt fence with an emphasis on removal of excessive sedimentation. 

Advantages: Installation of silt fence requires minimal ground disturbance and is highly 

effective in controlling sedimentation off site. Silt fence is also easily adaptable to 

varied site features and can he moved easily. 

Disadvantages: Silt fence can only be used in areas of sheet flow and requires 

intensive maintenance. Additionally, some silt fence fabric may be susceptible to 

ultraviolet deterioration, thus limiting its usefulness. 

Costs: Silt fence can be installed on a construction site for approximately $6.00 per 

linear foot. 

Geographical Considerations: Silt fence can be used throughout the country as site 

conditions permit and whenever the silt fencing material can be obtained readily. 

. , 

i . 

. 

I 

. . . ~ 

.L. . I . 
STRAW BALE DIKE 

BEDOING DUA4L 

FUE 

STANDARD SYY#K 

AN&E fmST STAKE TOWARD 

PRNIOUSLYL*~D BALE 

0 BALES PUCE0 ON CONTOUR 

2 RE-BAR&STEEL PICKE~OA 2”12”STAKES 

I l/2’ TO 2’ IN GROUND, DRIVE STAKES fLM 

WITH &ALES. 

ANCHORWG OETAU. 

1. 

21 

3. 

4. 

5, 

u.f DWART+NT aF Y)RICUrURE STANDARD DRWING 

901L mNsrwaJoN IRVCC STRAW BALE DIKE 

COC‘EGE r*nr.mrwlUrD SOD- I 
: , 

u 

Brush Bar&r (6) 

Definition: A temporary sediment barrier composed of tree limbs, weeds, vines, root 

mat, soil, rock and other cleared materials placed at the toe of a slope. 

puv: The purpose of a brush barrier is to intercept and detain sediment and 

decrc se flow veiocitics. 

Conditions Where hCtk &@ks: BNh barriers can be utilized on graded or 

cleared slopes which are subject to sheet arid rill erosion. 

Effectiveness: Brush barriers scwc as an ~ffectivc means of utilizing waste vegetation 

that is normally burned on site. Howcvcr, these barriers have limited erosion control 

potentiaL 

Advantages: Brush barriers arc possibly the easiest of all erosion techniques -to 

constnxt and have almost no cost associated with them. 

Disadvantages: BN~ barriers often contain large amounts of top soil which adds to 

the site erosion potential. Also, brush barriers are rather unsightly. 

Costs: The costs of creating brush barriers is included in the cost of clearing and 

grubbing a construction site and is very minimal. 

Geographical Considerations: Brush barriers may be used in all geographic and climatic 

regions of the United States where cleared materials can form on effective barrier. 

i . 

: . 

. . 

. 

-1. . . 
SILT FENCE 

PERSPECTWE VIEW 
5. Droinage Swale 

Definition: A drainage way with a lining of grass, riprap, asphalt, concrete, or other 

material. 

Purpose: Drainage swales convey runoff without causing erosion. 

Conditions Where Practice .$pliu: Drainage swalcs are placed to divert off site flows 

away from a disturbed area or to direct on site sediment laden water to a trapping 

device. 

Effectiveness: Drainage SW&S will effectively convey runoff and avoid erosion only 

-if the proper type of geometry and lining is used Care should be taken to assure that 

runoff leaving the swale is at non erosive velocities. 

Advantages: Drainage swales can transport large volumes of concentrated flows with 

little maintenance once established. 

Disadvantages: Constructing the proper swale to handle the desired runoff flows often 

requires engineering design work which can be costly. Also, depending upon the liner 

chosen, swales can be arpensive to wnstruct 

Costs: Drainage swale construction costs can vary greatty due to different geometries 

and liners chosen. Usually, earthwork costs associated with swale construction are 

rather minimal unless a very large swale is being built. Therefore, swalc liner types 

usually dictate the overall cost of drainage swala A few selected liner types and their 

associated costs are listed below: 

grass - 33.00 per square yard 

sod - 54.00 per square yard 

riprap - $45 per square yard 

asphalt - $35 per square yard 

concrete - $65 per square yard 

Note that no matter which titter type is used the entire swale must be stabilized (i.e., 

seeded and mulched at a cost of about 31.25 per square yard.) 

+ Geographical Considerations: Drainage swales can be constructed at any construction 

site with soils for a suitable embankment. 

. 

. 

. 
1980 1.07 

1. Excavate a 4l( x 4' trench along 2. Drape filter fabric over 

the uphill edge of the brush the brush barrier and int 

barrier. the trench. Fabric should 

be secured in the trench 

with stakes set approximately 36" O.C. 

3. Backfill and compact the excavated soil. 

4. Set stakes along the 

downhill edge of the 

brush barrier, and 

anchor by tying twine 

from the fabric to the 

stakes. 

CONSTRUCTION OF A .BRUSH BARRIER 

COVERED BY FILTER FABRIC 

Source : Adapted from Installation of Straw and Plate 1.07a 

Fabric Fil-ter Barriers for Sediment Control, 

Sherwood and Wyant 

Maintenance 

1. Brush barriers shall be inspected after each rainfall and necessary 

repairs shall be made promptly. 

2. Stdiment deposits must be removed when they reach approximately 

one-half the height of the barrier. 

r -: 

-_ -_ 

. ’ i 
DRAFT l/80 

f 7 

10% Settlement 

In 

0.3' Freeboard 

a--- 

= 

= 

411 t 

'iT 

Typical Parabolic Diversion 

-10% Settlement 

Typical Trapezoidal Diversion 

Typical Vee-Shaped Diversion 

DIVERSIONS 

L . 

Source: Va SWCC Plate 1.18a 

III-53 
us. ofMRTYtNt w *ERCutTuRf 

SOIL mmrmAtKwI SEwlCE 

StAMDARD DnWiNC I 

COLLfCC CUK, WRYLAND TWfW?ARY SWILE 

1s - I 

I 
Flgum 4.45 

GrassmA Waterway Conetructkn Malls 

Page 4.95 New York Guidcbcs t.v I rbaa 

Erasion and Sedunra~ t EIIOI 
Figure 4.36 

Dlverslon DataIf 

OIVERSIOII 

“. ‘.. 

e-Y?-. -‘L :.?A*, 

a 

March 1988 Page 4.83 NcwYorkGuidcLnc~~~r Lrbr" 

Erosioa and Scdlmcal c nlr 
Check Dams (6) 

Definition: Small temporary dams constructed acr- a swale or drainage ditch. 

Purpose: Check dams reduce the velocity of concentrated stormwater flows, thereby 

reducing erosion ol the swab or ditch. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: This practice is limited to use in small open 

channels which drain 10 acres or less. Check dams should not be used in a tive 

stream. 

Effectiveness: Check dams only perform their function of reducing velocities of 

concentrated flows and energy if they have been s&d and constructed correctly and 

are maintained properly. 

Advantages: Check dams reduce the need for more stringent erosion control practices 

in the swale due to the decreased velocity and energy of runoff 

Disadvantages: Inspections must be done frequently on check darns, usually after each 

storm. 

Costs: The costs for the construction of check dams varies with material used Rock 

and covered straw bales, two of the most common ways of construction, cost about 

$100 and $50 respectively per dam. Log check dams are usually slightly less expensive 

than those of rock AI1 costs vary depending on the flow of water to be checked. 

Geographical Considerations: Check dams may be constructed in all areas where 

ficczing of the ponded water will not occur. 
1ggz 1.67 

Sodded Uaternayr 

1. Care should be Men to prepare the soil adequately In accordance 

with this specification. The sod type shall consist of plant materials 

able to withstand the designed velocity. 

CHAHHELS, Std. t Spcc. 1.35). 

(See STORWATOR CONVEYANCE 

2. Sod strips In waterways shall be laid perpendicular to the direction 

of flow. Care should be taken to butt ends of strips tightly. 

3. After tolling or tmpfng, sod shall be pegged or stapled to resist 

washout during the establishment period. Chicken wire, jute or other 

netting may be pegged over the sod for extra protectlon In critical 

areas. 

4. All other specifications for this practfce shall be adhered to when 

sodding a waterway. 

SODDED WATERWAYS 

Lay sod across the 

direction of flow. 

Use pegs or staples to fasten sod 

oxI 

6"-10" 

firmly - at the ends of strips and 

in the center, or every 3-4 feet If 

the strips are long. When ready to - ,--lr.rc-u-r-.cc-.., 

mow, drive pegs or staples flush ! ' 

with the ground. ! i\ 

f gxp, 'f 

0: ,,-.~~--.I--.-.---....- 

In critical areas, 

secure sod with 

chicken wfre or 

netting. Use staoles. 

bource: Va WCC Plate 1.67b 
1980 1.38 

Logs and/or brush should be placed on the dounstrea side of the dm 

to prevent scour during high flows. 

Sediment Removal 

While this practice is not intended to be used primarily for sediment 

trapping, some sediment will accumulate behind the check dams. Sediment 

should be removed fra behind the check dams when it has accunulated 

to one half of the original height of the dam. 

L = The distance such that points 

A and B are of equal elevation 

SPACING BETWEEN CHECK DAMS 

I 

Source: Va SWCC Plate 1.38c 

Removal 

Check dams must be removed when their useful life has been completed. 

In temporary ditches and swales, check duns should be removed and the 

ditch filled in when it is no longer needed. In permanent structures, 

check dams should be removed when a permanent lining can be installed. 

In the case of grass-lined ditches, check dams should be removed when 

the grass has matured sufficiently to protect the ditch or swale. The 

area beneath the check duns should be seeded and mulc:\ed insnediately 

tfter they are removed, 

Halntenance 

Check dams should be checked for sediment accmulatlon after each significant rainfall. Sediment should be removed when it reaches one half of 

the original height or before. 

Regular inspections should be made to insure that the center of the dam 

is lower than the edges. Erosion caused by high flows around the edges 

of the dam should be corrected immediately. 

III-154 
1 QQll ‘1 9Q l 4v1 a.“” 

LOG CHECK DAM 

Source: Va SWCC Plate 1.3aa 

ROCK CHECK DAM 

Source : Va WC Plate 1.38b 

III-153 
1980 

2. The grade of the level spreader shall be 0%. 

1.40 

- Undisturbed Soil 

211 or Flatter 

Section A-A 

0% Channel Grad 

Maximum Grade of 1% for a' 

Transition of IS' Minimum 

LEVEL SPREADER 

rl4Ltf 1.4Ud 

Outlet 

The release of the stormwater will&e over the level lip onto an undisturbed stabilized area. The level lip should be of uniform height and 

zero grade over the length of the spreader. 

ConsYuction SpecifIcatfons 

1. Level spreaders must be constructed on undisturbed soil (not fill 

material)* 

2. The entrance to the spreader must be shaped in such a manner as to 

insure that runoff enters directly onto the 0% channel. 

III-163 
7. 

4 

4 

4 

+ 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Level Spreader (6) 

Definition: An outlet for dikes and diversions consisting of an excavated dcpr&Qn 

constructed at zero grade across a slope. 

Purpose: Level spreadcn convert concentrated runoff to !+&ct flow and release it onto 

areas stabilized by titiPg vegetation. 

Conditions Where Practice Applits: Level spreaders are placed at the end of dikes 

that carry sediment fret storm nanoff away from graded areas and outlet onto 

undisturbed areas. 

Effectiveness: A level spreader must be maintained and kept Ieve to work prop&y. 

Advantages: A level spreader eliminates the need for a structural waterway below its 

outfall because it release water in the form of sheet flow. This water then pcrcoratcs 

into the ground rather than running off the site as concentrated flow and eroding soil. 

Disadvantages: Heavy volumes of water leaving the level spreader may cause 

concentrated flow and runoff. Maintenance and inspection of the level spreader must 

be performed often. 

Costs: The estimated wst for wnstruction of a level spreader is about $4.00 per 

square yard. This is for a small amount of earthwork. Level spreaders construed of 

concrete cost about $65 per square yard. 

Geographical Considerations: All geographic regions across the county may utilize level 

spreaders as long as the topography of the site allows a zero percent grade for the 

outfall. 

Iv - 19 
Subsnrfnce Drain 

Definition: A conduit, such as tile, pipe or tubing, installed beneath the ground 

surface which intercepts, collects, and/or conveys drainage water. 

purpose: To transport water from an area where it is unwanted to an area where it 

can & managed effectiily. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: Subsurface drains are used in areas having a high 

water table or where subsurface drainage is required The soil shall bave enough 

depth and permeability to permit installation of an effective system. Tbis standard does 

not apply to storm drainage systems or foundation drains 

Effectiveness: Subsurface drains arc not directly a sediment control device, but do act 

to help reduce surface water flows which then reduces erosion potential 

Advantages: Subsurface drains serve to reduce the risk of slump and slope failure by 

reducing subsurface water pressure. 

Disadvantages: Subsurface drains require soii disturbances to install and wrrcct soit 

conditions to work properly which may require a complete soil analysis which wdd 

increase costs. 

Costs: The most wmmon type of subsurface drain in use today is PVC perforated 

pipe which costs about $225 per linear foot to instalL 

Geographical Considerations: Typically subsurface drainage is installed -in areas of high 

ground water and needs to bt installed Mow the frost line in colder climates. 
9. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Pipe Siope Drain 

Definition: A temporary structure plactd Gom the top of a slog to the bottom of 

a slope. 

purpose: The purpcsc of the structure is to umvcy surface runoff down slopes without 

causing erosion. 

Conditions Whcr~ Practb Appk Pipe slope drains are used where concentrated 

fbv of turfact runoff must be CO@ down a slope in order to prevent erosion. 

ne m&urn ailowable drainage area should be 5 acres. 

Effectiveness: Pipe slope drains are highly cfftctivc in eliminating slope erosion 

bemuse water is not alknvcd to flow dixctly on the slope. 

Advantages: Pipe slope drains allow no chance of erosion down a slope bccause’all 

flow is confined to an enclosed pipe. When kibic pipe is used, slope drains are easy 

to instaIl and require little maintenance. 

Disadvantages: During large storm, pipe slope drains may became clogged or 

overcharged, forcing water around the pipe and causing extreme slope erosion. Also, 

dissipation of high flow velocities at the pipe outlet must be constnrctcd to avoid 

downstream erosion. 

Costs: Pipe slope drain costs arc generally based upon the pipe type and size, 

(generalIy, flexible PVC at $5.00 per linear foot). Also adding to this cost are any 

expenses associated with ink and outlet structures. 

Gmgraphical Considerations: Pipe slope drains can be utilized throughout the United 

States a.s site conditions dictate. Climate should have little if any affect on this erosion 

control practice. 
I PIPE SLOPE DRAIN (RIGID) 
C! 

f 

iDA-SCS* 

DisehW intO l 

*t&ilized watarmxzrse. 

PIPE SL3PE WUIN VLXXIBLE)* 

(nor co scale) 

NOJL: Siu design&t&an as: 

PSD-Pipa Dim. iex., PSPJ#I 

Pipe Slope Drain ~8th lr 

dimecer prpel 

July 19.75 

,._ 

-..,,.- ;_- ;. . I, . ,’ ,I .‘,“. -: .‘:.-‘- 

I. I 

. 

. ,...’ 

-*.qy, -... _, . . . .--- 

. 

‘. ’ 

*I 

IIt‘ 

. 

,... ._” .*.. 4; 

&npcJl u necesrarY 

w 00 chru dike 

Slops St or 0toopor 

RIPRRP APRQN PUN 

1. Thr inlet pipe shall h-e l elope of 3X or rceepar. 

1. Ihe cop of the earth dike 01~ the lnlec pipe mad chore dike, carryin& water to the 

pipe #hall be at Least 1’ hlgbhrr l c all points than the cop of the inlet pipe. 

3. Tbc tnlec pipe sh@ll be corcu~~red mecaL pipe vith vecetcl~hc connecting bmds. 

L. The flexible cubing shell be the l a dimecet u the Lalst pipe & shall be corucn~cced 

of a durtile materi& vlch holddow grwetr #paced 10’ cm cencors. 

5. The flexible cubin& rhtil be l ecuraly fuceaed co the corruguod mecal pipe vlth mecal 

*crapping or vecerclght conneccia~ collars. 

6. The floxiblo tubi- ahell br recuraly aachored co the rlope by et&lag l c the grosets 

providd. 

7. A rlprap apron shall be providal at the ourler. Thir Ihell coruirt of 6” diameter 

stone plbced a~ rhovn on Scaadard Draring CSS-3. 

8. the roll rround and under the inlet plpr and attrance saetioa rhaL1 be hand cmprd in 

Ir" lifer to the coo of chc earth dike. 

9. ?ollov-up laspeccl~o md ray needed m~iotmencg rtull be oe~ :formed after each scorn. 

l Drainye area mWC not exceed 5 l re8. 

Stmderd Symbc 31 @33=33 

PSbP. 

Stanaara 

GRADE STA8ILIZAfION Ora* i ns 

SfR~IClURE GSS-3 

4 

15.04 
10. 

+ 

0 

6 

+ 

Temporary Storm DIPIII Divcrslon 

DeGnition: The redirection of a storm drain line or outfall channel so that it may 

temporarily discharge into a sediment trapping dtice. 

Purpose: To prevent sediment laden water From entering a watercourse, public or 

private property through a storm drain system, or to temporarily provide underground 

conveyance U[ sediment laden water to a sediment trapping device. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: A temporary storm drain diversion should only 

be used when the off-site drainage area is less than 50 percent of the on-site drainage 

area to that system. A special exception may be given, at the discretion of the local 

plan approval agency, where site conditions make this procedure impossible. 

Effectiveness: A stormdrain diversion does not directly control erosion, rather it 

transports sediment laden water into a control device such as a sediment trap or basin. 

Advantages: Temporary stormdrain diversions transport water without chance of erosion 

and do not limit on site movement of equipment. Once constructed. storm drain 

diversions require little maintenance. 

Disadvantages: To build and remove temporary stormdrain diversions, land area must 

be disturbed thus causing the potential for erosion. Also, often times storm drain 

diversion can be expensive and difficult to construct 

Costs: The costs associated with temporary storm drain diversions varies greatly due 

to different pipe configurations, materials, and construction techniques. Specific costs 

can be obtained once those variables have been identified. 

Geographical Considerations: Temporary storm drain diversions can be utilized in 

situations where construction projects will impact existing storm drain systems. 

n! 97 v ‘T.c-- - 
11. Storm Drain Inlet Protection 

Definition: A sediment filter or an excavated impounding area around a storm drain 

drop inlet or curb inlet. 

Purpose: To prevent sediment from entering storm drainage systems prior to 

permanent stabilization of the disturbed are& 

Conditions Where Practice Applits: WhCrC Storm drain inlets are to be made 

operational before permanent stabilization of the disturbed drainage area. 

Effectiveness: Storm drain inlet protection is only as effective as the filter used around 

the inlet such a silt fence with a 98% efficiency. (4) Effectiveness decrease rapidly 

if the inlet protection is not properly maintained. 

Advantages: Storm drain inlet protection will reduce the amount of sediment leaving 

a construction site. Inlet protection is inexpensive and easy to anstruct. 

Disadvantages: Properly maintaining inlet protection is difficult and often inlets become 

dogged causing erosion elsewhere. 

Costs: The cost of storm drain inlet protection varies dependent upon the size and 

type of inlet to be protected but generally is about $300 per inlet 

Geographical Considerations: Inlet protection can be used whenever inlets are 

encountered on site. 
Rgure 4.34 

Inlet ProtectIon Detail 

Approwd mtrr cloth 

STANDARD 8YYBOL+$- 

u. s. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 

I fl.. 

STANDARD 8YYBOL 

INLET PROTECTION STAMOARD DRAWlNO 

DETAIL IPO-I 

.l,--L *t-w0 Page 4.73 New York Guidelines for Urbr 

Erosion and Sediment Coatn 
12. 

+ 

0 

+ 

4 

Rock Outlet Protection 

Definition: A section of rock protection placed at the outlet end of culverts, conduits 

or channels. 

purpose: The purpose of the rock ol!tlct protection is to reduce the depth, velocity, 

and energy of water, such that the flow will not erode the receiving downstream reach. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: This practice applies where discharge velocities 

and energies at the outlets of culverts, conduits or channels are sufficient to erode the 

next downstream reach. 

Effectiveness: Rock outlet protection is only effective if the rock is sized and placed 

properiy. When this is accomplished, rock outlets do much to limit erosion at pipe 

outlets. 

Advantages: Rock outlet protection is usually less expensive and easier lo install than 

piping. It also sects to trap sediment and reduce flow velocities. 

Disadvantages: Rock outlet protection needs continual maintenance because large 

storms often wash away the stone and leave the area susceptible to erosion. 

Costs: Riprap is the most common form of rock outlet protection and generally can 

be installed for about $45 per square yard. 

Geographical Considerations: Riprap outlet protection can effectively control erosion 

at constructions sites throughout the United Stat= Only the availability, and therefore 

the price, will limit the use of this sediment control practice. 

Iv - 24 
Section A-A " 

Pipe Outlet To Flat Area 

With No Defined Channel 

Pipe Outlet To Well-Defined Channel 

1980 1.36 

Notes 

1. Apron lfning may be 

riprap, grouted riprap 

or concrete. 

2. La is the length of 

the riprap apron 8s 

calculated using 

Plates 1.36d and 

1.m. 

3. d - 1.5 tfmes the 

maximum stone diameter 

but not less than 6 

inches. 

PIPE OUTLET CONDITIONS 

ource; Va SWCC Plate 1.36 ;a 

IIf- 
13. Sediment Trap 

+ Definition: A temporary sediment control device formed by an excavation and/or 

embankment to intercept sediment laden runoff and retain sediment. 

e Purpose: The purpose of a sediment trap is to intercept sediment lr !en runoff and 

trap the sediment in order to protect drainageways, properties, and rights-of-way b&w 

the sediment trap from sedimentation. 

+ Conditions Where Practice Applies: A sediment trap is usually installed in a 

drainageway, at a storm drain inlet, or other points of discharge from a disturbed area. 

Sediment traps should not be used to artiftcially break up a natural drainage area into 

smaller sections where a larger device (sediment basin) would be better suited The 

following are types of sediment traps: 

. Pipe Outlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by an embankment-or 

excavation. The outlet for the trap is through a perforated riser and a pipe 

through the tmbankment- 

. Grass Outlet Scdhnent Trap: Consists of a trap formed by excavating the earth 

to create a holding area. The trap has a discharge point over natural existing 

grass- 

. Storm Inlet Scdimcnt Tmp: Consists of a basin formed by excavation on natural 

ground that discharges through an opening in a storm drain inlet structure. This 

opening can either be the inlet opening or a temporary opening made by omitting 

bricks or blocks in the inlet 

. Swalc Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by over excavating a swal. 

a drainage ditch The outlet of the swale sediment trap is controlled by the invert 

of the downstream swale. 

. Stone Outlet Sedtmcnt Trap: Consists of a trap formed by an embankment 

excavation. The outlet of this trap is over a stone section placed on level ground. 

. Riptpp Outlet Sediment Trap: Consists of a trap formed by an excavation and 

embankment The outlet for this trap shall be through a partially excavated 

channel lined with riprap. 

+ Effectiveness: E&ctiveness of sediment traps directly relate to the size of the trap. 

The current accepted standard sediment trap size is 1800 cubic feet per one acre of 

drainage area. Sediment traps based upon this criteria are approximately 46% effective 

in removing sediments from construction site runoff. (8) 

+ Advantages: Sediment traps are fairly easy to construct and can effectively handle 

runoff from up to 5 acres. Concentrated flows can be directed into and dissipated in 

a sediment traps. 

~.w90531.a2 DRAFT Iv-25 
+ Disadvantages: Sediment traps efficiency is less than 50% and they require extensive 

maintenance for removal of sediment Traps can often occupy large areas that then 

must be avoided during construction. 

+ Costs: Many variables determine the cost of a sediment trap. Excavation, riprap, pipes 

structures, stone, stabilization. fencing, etc. all play a part in determining a sediment 

trap’s final cost. Usually, traps can be installed for $500 to $7,000. 

+ Geographical Considerations: Sediment traps can be constructed on most any 

construction site with soils suitable for excavation and embankment. 
PIPE OUTLET SEDIMENT- TRAP ST-I 

-. All AmnO ’ . 

EMBANKMENT SECTION THRU RISER. 

8orrel Diameter 

Riser Diomtter 

Note : 

For Construction Specification see sheet 16.08 

Max. Drainage Area: 5 Acres 

r 1 

us DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PIPE OUTLET STANDARD DRAWING 

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE <FnfflFNT TRAP CT I 
t , 

GRASS OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-II 

SECTION A-A 

EXCAVATED GRASS OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP 

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR ST-II 

?. Volume of sediment storage shall be 1800 cubic feet per acre of 

contributory drainage area. 

2. !4lnimum crest width shall be k X Drainage Area. 

3. Sediment shall be removed and trap restored to its original dimensions 

vhen the sediment has accumulated co 4 the design depth of the trap. 

Removed sedfment shall be deposited in a suitable area and in such a 

manner that it will not erode. 

A. The structure shall be insDected after each rain and repairs made as 

necaed. 

5. Construction operations shall be carried out in such a manner that 

erosion and water pollution shall be minimized. 

6. The sediment trap shall be removed and area stabilized when the 

remaining drainage area has been properly stabilized. 

7. All cut slopes shall be 1:l or flatter. 

Maximum Droinogt Am: 5 Acres 

T 7 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCULTURE GRASS OUTLET STANDARD ORAWING 

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE SEOMENT TRAP ST- ZI 

16.09 
STORM INLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-III 

:. 

2. 

3. 

*. 

5. 

6. 

‘\ 

. 

,. 

“\ 0 Flow 

YARD DRAIN 

, - 

CROSS SECTION 

CONSTRUC’FION SPECIFICA-fm FOR ST-III 

Sediment shall be removed aId the trap restored to its original dimevns 

vhen the rediment hu accumulated to 4 ar! sai$n depth of the trap. 

Removed stdimcu shall be deposited iu a suitable area and in such a 

manner that it will not *rode. 

The volume of rcdimemt rtorage &all be 18Oa cubic feet per acre of 

contributory drainage. 

The structure shall be inspected after each rain and repairs made as 

needed. 

Construction operations shall be carried out in such a manner that 

&orios and water pollution shall be minimized. 

The sediment trap rhall be removed rrd the erea stabilized vhen the 

constructed drainage area has been properly stabilized. 

All cut slopes shall be 1:l or flatter. 

Maximum Drainage Ar co : 3 Acres 

U.S. DEf lRTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STORM INLET STANDARO ORAWING 

SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 

COLLEGE PARK MARYLANO SEOIMENT TRAP 

I ST-m 

16. IO 
SWALE SEDIMENT TR 

_---- 

+I 

SECTION A-A -m 

SWALE SEDIMENT TRAP 

l TO Rmom SfoD~lma Or Cove- With A 

6" Lmq Of 2" Yonr 

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION FOR ST-IV 

1. The wale sediment crap shall be constructed in accordance vfth the 

dimensions provided on the design dravlngs or sized to provide the 

minimum storage necessary la00 cubic feet of storage for each acre 

of drainage area. 

2. Sediment shall be removed and trap restored to its orfginal dimensions 

vhcn the sediment has accumulactd to $ the design depth of the trap. 

Removed sediment shall be deposited in a suieable area and in such a 

manner that It vi11 not erode. 

3. The structure shall be inspected after each rain and repairs made as 

needed. 

4. Construction operations shall be carried out in such a manner that 

erosion and Vtrtr pollution shall be minimized. 

5. The sediment t:8p shall be removed and area staDjlfr*:d vhtn the 

contributory drainage area has been properly stabilized. 

6. The svale sediment trap vi11 be properly backfilled and the svale or 

ditch reconstructed. 

Maximum Drainage Area: 2 Acrrs 

U.S. DEWRTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

SCK CONSERVATION SERVICE 

CClLEGE PARK, MARYLAND 

SWALE SEDIMENT STANDARD WAWING 

TRAP ST- IV 

16.1 I 
STONE OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP Y 

A. 

2. 

3. 

0. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

0. 

ACU undu cdmhrot rb~ll Lo clurdc grubbed and rcrippod of my +qotrtioo ala root 

UC. zb pool l aa e&l1 ba elurd. 

fhr fill utrrirl for tbo d-t rbll bo fro0 of roota ul other woody vogotation l m 

-11 on ovorrird r)CoMI , roCka* orgmic urrrirl or otbu objurioeable ucorial. Ibe 

l mbmkmaoc rhll br collpurd by t?averaiv with l quipuat rbila it ir briw CO~UNCC~~. 

All cue rtd fill rlopar dull b0 281 or flatcar. 

The ecooo ur8d in tha ourlrt rbll bo -11 riprap L”-8” *loo8 rich a 1’ tbitknmr of 2.. 

l ggtegato p’mcod m rho up-l;roda ride o rb mall riprap p1 edoUad filter cloth LO the 

trprrp. 

Sdimmc rbrll ba nmovd aad trap motor04 to itr origiul 1irrarioar uhm the rodiuac 

tw 4ecm~l~tad co 4 cba dri* bprb of the trap. 

Coorrruccia operaciow oh11 k carried out io ouch a manner thao l rorioo aad vatu 

pollutiem Li rinimird. 

¶%a l f~~~furs oh11 br romovod aad tba l u rzabilird ubao the dmioagr ama bar hero 

properly rubilirod. 

Maximum Dminogo Area: 5 Acres 

- 

u. 5 DEPARTNEWT 01 mmclLTuI(: 

SOIL conscmrrloN SERVICE 

COLLEGE PARK,URYL4WD 

STONE WTLLf KDINLNT TRAP 

16.12 

STaNoAR oRwtwc 

. 

ST-P 
, 4 

RIPRAP OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP ST-VI 

w-.-v... - VW... ,., 

i UAX. own4 Of rm fncctKurD Louut l/2 a 0 I ILW ---------- 

STONE SIZL YO DE 4. TO DCROSS SECTION 

WNNCL slot maw0 DY COu~AClCO 

YDANXWNT M tXCAVATlON INTO 

COMCACTCD LWYt xISTI~JG Clwuw, 

RARE A-ON TO COW 

wf111 LENGTH (II 1;1 tN0 

C LlNiO 04JTLCf CMANWL AS WI TIBLt St-VI f -*WtL MAT 02 

LO TO Ctf LXlStmO TOCOGMCWTI 

PERSPECTWE VtEW 

U.S. OEpyTNENt OF *tYbcaTuaf 

SotL CON#RvmoN ?mvtcE 

COLLEGE PIRK, MARYLANO 

RIPRAP OUTLET SEDIMENT TRAP 

16. I3 

SlAuoARo oR,wrmo 

ST -VI 
14. Temporary !hdiment flastn 

4 

Definition: A temporary basin with a controlled stormwater release structure, formed 

by constructing an embankment of compacted soil across a drainageway. 

Purpose: The purpose of the basin is to detain seuimcnt-laden runoff from disturbed 

areas long enough for the majority of the sediment to settle out. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: A temporary sediment basin can be used b&w 

disturbed areas greater than 5 acres, where sufficient space and appropriate topography 

alloy for the constructioa of a temporary impoundment. 

Effectiveness: As with sediment traps, basii sized at 1800 CF/acrc of drainage area 

are roughly 46% efficient in removing sediment from constnxtion site runoft. (8) 

Advantages: Sediment basins can handle runoff from large, up to 100 acre, drainige 

areas and handle concentrates flows of sediment laden water. Basins help to control 

overall stormwater nmoff for small storms thus protecting streams and rivers off site. 

Disadvantages: Again, like traps, scdiient basin efficiencies are only about 46%. 

Sediment basins are large, requiring a good deal of site area and are expensive to 

CONtlUCt. 

Costs: Sediment basins vary greatly in price based upon their size, and most basins 

are constructed for SWIO to SSO,ooO. 

Geographical Considerations: Temporary sediment basins can be constructed on any 

construction site as space, topography and soil conditions permit. 

l-V - 27 
- . . .- - * L. -.a-- Flood stomp IO yr, 24 hc Harm 

oowotrring dWiC8 

Dttent’m 

stomga 2yc, 24 + storm 

with 8 day drowdown 

/ IO’ Mitimsn top width 

EfnugWy spillway 

Sediment sCorag* 

CROSS SECTION 

L -,A)- uat barin catcher and stores sediment from C~~8t~Ction 

d keepe It out of streams. 
15. 

+ 

# 

4 

4 

4 

sump Pit 

Definition: A temporary pit which is constructed to trap and filter water for pumping 

to a suitable discharge area. 

Purpose: To remove excessive water Erom excavations. 

Conditions Where Practice Appk Sump pits are constructed when water collects 

during the excavation phase of construction: This practice is particufarly useful in 

urban areas during excavation for building foundations. 

Effectiveness: Gcneraliy, sump pits arc not as effective as sediment traps or basins 

but do serve to remove some sediment tim construction site runofL 

Advantages: Sump pits can be kxzatcd anywhere on site since they need no outfall. 

Sump pits are the only means oE sediment trapping for excavation in highly urban 

areas. 

Disadvantages: Sump pits construction can become costly and require the wntrol use 

of some type of pump to outlet water from the pit. Also without proper maintenance, 

sump pits can easily become clogged and ineffective. 

Costs: Costs For sump pit construction are similar to sediment trap costs ranging from 

$500 to 37,000. Added to this wst is the operational expenses of pumping water out 

of the sump pit. 

Geographical Considerations: Sump pits can be located in any region of the United 

States but due to the pumping requirements, use during freezing weather is rather 

limited. 

Iv-28 
Maryland SCS/WRA April 1983 I 

COSSTRuCtION SPIC1PICATIOSS 

U.S. oc?ARmmr 01 honIcuL'NLIL 

SOIL coxsfxvAT1ow suvxz 

c0lu.a rAxx. MPYLAm 

SCEIP PIT 

12.az 
16. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Flotation Silt Fence (7) 

Definition: A Eabric strip floating in a body of water, floating on top and anchored 

at the bottom. 

Purpose: To drop sediment when fining or excavating in or adjacent to a water body. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: Can be used in water bodies adjacent to areas 

where sediment is deposited in the water. 

Effectiveness: The effectiveness of a flotation silt fence in the settling out of soil 

particles in the water has the potential to be qua1 to that of the filter fabric that is 

used in its construction; however, the flotation fences are very difficult to maintain and 

thus effectiveness is reduced considerably. 

Advantages: Flotation silt fences hasten the settling out of soil panicles in water 

bodies. Water is filtered and panicles eliminated that might not otherwise have time 

to settle out in a sediment basin when the fence is not installed The floating boom 

also stops floating objects such as trash, tree limbs or other construction debris. 

Disadvantages: Proper installation of the flotation silt fence is very difficult to achieve. 

Once installed, the fedct must be inspected frequently to check the fabric for rips and 

holes and to assure dirty water is not bypassing the filter fence. 

Costs: Costs for a flotation silt fence vary dire&y with the size of the body of water 

to be filtered, with Glter fabric costing about 55.00 per square yard. An anchoring 

device and floating boom usually increase the ccst greatly. 

Geographical Considerations: A flotation silt fence may be constructed in all areas 

where freexing of the body of water is not likely to occur. 

Iv - 29 
Carrier Float > 

Water Surface Steel Tension Cabk 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

Anchor Cable B 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

q-- Fence Fabric 

Fence Fabric Wei@- 

Teqxmry flotation Sitt Fera 

3.14 Page 3 
17. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Cbemkal Treatment (7) 

Detinition: Application of a non-toxic chemical settling agent, such as mcthylenc 

chloride, into a sediment trap or at the top end of a slope rundown. 

Purpose: Through the process of flocculation, smaller soil particles which are held in 

suspension are settled out. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: Chemical settling agents are only effective in the 

tranquil water of a sediment trap. Introduction of the chemical agent is typically at 

the inlet to a sediment pond or at the top of the slope rundown. 

Effectiveness: Chemical settling agents have an extremely high efficiencies for reducing 

particles held in suspension if they are added in the correct manner and quantities with 

sufficient settling time. This is very difficult to achieve in the field and thus efficiency 

is greatly reduced. 

Advantages: This process eliminates soil particles held in solution which wouldn’t 

otherwise settle out over time. Turbidity of the water is decreased, which has a 

beneficial impact on stream life and aesthetics. 

Disadvantages: The introduction of these chemicals into the environment, although 

considered non-toxic, is not acceptable in many jurisdictions. 

Costs: Tbult&umg~d~r.treatiog~aacp~ @-@on by region. 

4 Geographical Considerations: Chemical settling agents might be used wherever they 

are deemed necessary to limit stream or river turbidity. However, most jurisdictions 

have regulations which would restrict the use of these agents 

Iv - 30 
CH.EMICAL TREATMENT 

FIGURE III-25 w-CHEMICAL FLOCCULANT 

R”ioFF - v A.-\ 

l m ‘\- 

-. -.. . 

. 

-. -- 

BERM-F - 

\ I 

. ,_.-’ - 

. 

- ‘nit--y--y-l _. ;.. \ \ .- * 

LINI-NG FkJN;OVVN m 

--. . 

/ 

SPILLWAY W/ 

& ROCK LINING 

76 
18. StabWed Construction Entraact 

Dcfitlition: A stabilized pad of aggregate underlain with filter cloth located at any 

point where traffic will he entering or leaving a constnxtion site to or from a public 

right-of-way, street, alley, sidewalk ot parking area 

Purpose: The purpose of a ~~bilizcd construction entrance is to reduce or elir&atc 

the tracking of sediment onto public rights-of-way or streets. 

Conditions Where Ptxti~e Applies: A stabilized construction entrance should be used 

at a~ points of construction ingress and egress. 

Effectiveness: Stabii cOnstruction entrances arc not very effetivc in removing 

sediment from equipment leaving a construct.ion site. Efficiency is greatly increased, 

though when a washing rack is included as part of a stabilized construction entrance 

Advantages: Does remove some sediment from equipment and se- to chanbel 

construction traffic in and out of the site. 

Disadvantages: Stabilized construction entrance are rather expensive to construct and 

when a wash rack is included, a sediment trap of some kind must also be provided. 

Gxts: Stabilized construction entrances cust range from f1.500 to S5,OOO to install but 

costs increase by roughly S2,ooO if a wash rack is Muded. 

Geographical Considerations: Stabilized construction entrances can be &structcd 

anywhere in the country. 

Iv - 31 
STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE 

not to scale 

STANDARD SYWIOL 

EXISTING 

1 PAVEMJNT 

MOUNTABLE BERM 

cot4sTRucTrota sPEcIrrcArrotq 

1. stona #lZ~ - 0.0 2, 8tOnor Or reclrfr#br?ot recycled conerota equlvrlrnt. 

2. kngtb - k roqulrod, but not larr than SO foe (rxcopt on l ring10 roddrnco lot uhrr l 30 foot 8lnlmum length would apply). 

I. Thlcknrrr - Not 1088 than 01x (4) inchor. 

1. Width - Ton (10) foot minimum, but not lrrr than tha full width at 

point8 whore lngrama or qrrrr occur8. 

5. tlltar Cloth - Will k placofl over th antirr arm prior to placing of aform. 

?lltrr will not k required on 6 ring10 ful?y r~ridenca lot. 

1. Surf8ca Watrr - Ul mrfrco uatat flwfng or divertad toward conrtruction 

l ntrancer ahall k pip04 l cro88 th entrance. If plplnq ir iaprActlc81, 

a muntabl8 km with S:l 81-r will k permittad. 

1. n8inteMnca - nn rntrann 8hall k ubkALtmd tn a oord1t1on which uiu 

provent trrcking Or flGling of redimont onto public rfghtwef-ury. Thi3 uy 

raqulrr p8zlobiC tcp drorring with rdditional rtono a8 condition8 demand 

8nd roprir and/or clrrnout of any mea8uro8 urod to trrp rodinnt. Ul 

8diwnt 8pi110dr dpppod, warhod or tt&Ck8d onto publlu cight8-of- my wt 

be remwd ir+birtrly. 

8. Warhlng - Uneol8 8hall ba clrmad to rmawa redimont prim to l ntr8nco onto 

public rlgbU-Of-ury. Uhrn urrhlng ir rOqUir@d, it 8h811 k don@ al 8n arm 

8tabilhd With 8tofb@ l nd wblch dr&inr into an amcoVed 8@dhnt tr8OPinl 

devio. 

8. Oarlodlc in8pactiOn and nedod mintWUnM 8hd k prod&d rfter arch rrin. 

u. s. DaQmuwT OF AGRIaJLlu4E Wmdrra 

SD11 OO(SERvATl01 SERVICE 

b1l.g. htk, wd. 

14.03 
DRAFT l/80 

Coarse Aggregate 

GRAVEL CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE 

Source: Va sidcc Plate uua 

CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE WITH WASH RACK / / / . .* 

itch to Carry 

Wash Water to 

Sediment Basin or 

.* 

Trap 

/v-----6'07" 

L Reinforced Concrete LDrain Space 

Detail of Wash Rack 

Source : Smith Catt7 eguard Company Plate l.Ul 

III-3 
19. Temporary Access Waterway Crossing 

4 Definition: A temporary access wateway crossing is a structure placed across a 

waterway to provide access for construction purposes for a period of less than one 

year. Temporary access crossings are not intended to be utilized fo maintain traffic 

for the general public. 

4 Purpose: The purpose of the temporary access watenvay crossing is to provide safe, 

pollution Gee access across a waternay for construction equipment by establishing 

minimum standards and specifications for the design, construction, maintenance, and 

removal of the stnxture. Temporary acts watenvay crossings arc necessary to 

prevent construction equipment from damaging the waterway, blocking fish migration, 

and tracking sediment and other pollutants into the waterway. 

4 Conditions Where Practice Applies: The following standard and specifications for 

temporary access wateway crossings are applicable in non-tidal watenvays. 

4 Effectiveness: 

. Tempomrg Access Bridge: A temporary access bridge is by far the most effective 

waterway crossing because minimal if any disturbance occur in the watenvay thus 

very little erosion can occur. 

. Tcmporny Access Culvert: A temporary access culvert is effective in controlling 

erosion but will cause erosion during installation and removal. 

. Temporary Access Ford: A temporary acccxs ford offers very little sediment and 

erosion control and is really not very effective in limiting erosion in the stream 

channel. 

4 Advantages: 

. TemporPy Aceess Bridgez A temporary bridge is highly desirable because it 

offer= a non erosive means of stream crossing and requires little if any earth 

work and maintenance?. 

. Temporary Aecess Culvert: A temporary culvert can be easily constructed and 

allows for heavy equipment loads. 

. Temporary Access Ford: A temporary ford is the least expensive waterway 

crowing and allows for maximum load limits. It also offers very low maintenance. 

4 Disadvantages: 

. Temporary Aecess Bridge: A temporary bridge can be quite expensive and time 

consuming lo build and may not be able lo handle large loads. 
. Temporary Access Culvtrtr Temporary cuIverts need maintenance often and can 

cause erosion if the culvert becomes clogged 

. Temporary Amss Ford: A temporary ford offers little if any erosion control and 

can often make erosion worse. 

NOTE: Special care must be taken for all these practices when crossing an 

environmentally sensitive waterway such as a trout stream. 

4 Costs: 

. Tempororp Amss Briw Bridge cost can vary greatly depending a size and type 

of material us4xL 

. Temporary Access Culnti A temporary crossing usually ranges in price for $500 

to s1300. 

. Temporarg Access Ford: A temporary ford crossing costs are minimal. usually less 

than $500. 

4 Geographical Considerations: The most important thing to consider when choosing a 

temporary stream crossing is the impact of the crossing on the stream itself. Obviously 

a high quality trout stream requires much more uxxem than a severely polluted city 

waterway. The individual stream quality and flow characteristics (i.e., flooding) dictate 

the choice of temporary stream crossing. 
TEMPORARY ACCESS BRIDGE 

- a -.& a 

ACCCCTMU 

- 

Allcl4oa 
TEMPORARY ACCESS CULVERT 

i- 

- 

WATER MSOUM=IC8 

8tAIQDMO DRAWM 

ADNwa6TRAnoM 

WY ACCLS8 Fo#, 

TAC 1 

‘ 

19. II 
1 

TEMPORARYACCESSFORD 

..- --.. . . i .- - 

AtWRSQlT6 AP?WACM 

6:l UAXWUM, SLOP6 OM ROAD 

1 

WATSA RE8OURCS8 8tAWDARD DRAWlWO ; 

TEMPORARY ACCES8 CULYtRT 

ADYHTRATOM TA? 1 

IS.12 
20. Wind Bmks (4) 

4 

4 

4 Geographical Considerations: 

Definition: A temporary structure to slow winds. 

pun: Wind breaks are used to ksscn the surface and air movement of soil from 

exposed Jurfaccs and to r&xc the presence of airborne substances by reducing the 

velocity and energy of the winds and allowing soil particks to settle out. 

Conditions Where Practice Applies: kge Oat surface areas susceptible to erosion by 

winds are suitable for wind breaks 

Effectiveness: Wind breab are not very effective in slowing winds across large flat 

open sites but arc effective in making airbotne soil particles settle out once the winds 

have reached a break. 

Advantages: Wiid breaks are an alternative to chemicals for dust controL 

Disadvantages: Wiid brealP are not as effective as chemicals or mulching and seeding 

for dust control 

Costs: The costs for wind breaks are those incurred in the establishment of fence, at 

about $250 per linear foot for temporary controL Permanent controls in the form of 

tree row may be installed for about $200 per tree. 

Iv - 34 
IV INVENTORY OF SEDIMENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (CONT) 

(c4mtinued) 

C. Special Practices 

During the last five to ten years there has been rapid advancement in the production and 

marketing of new sediment and erosion control technologies. The emphasis of these new 

technologies has been on enhancing the effectiveness of vegetative practices through the use of 

new materials designed to hold soil in place, allowing vegetation to become established Many 

of the newer products have been developed by major chemical corporations such as Exxon, 

Dupont. and Amoco. It should be noted that there are an immeasurable number of different 

products manufactured by different companies being used over the country. It is beyond the 

scope of this report to investigate all of these new products, but some general discussion is 

included. On the whole, new sediment and erosion control technologies can be categorized into 

three general areas:l) Chemical solution mulch and tack coatings, 2) Natural fiber erosion 

control matting, and 3) Synthetic geotextile erosion control matting. 

1. Chemical Solution Mulch and Tack Coatings 

The first type of new technology, chemical mulch and tack coatings, are quite numerous 

and diverse. Many different types of chemicals are used in different solutions to best fit 

the desired use and site climate. Ma:t chemical mulchs are water dispensable and are 

sprayed onto a site area. They immediately act to bond surface soils and mulches in order 

to reduce erosion due to wind or rain. A chemical based mulch and tack coat can 

eliminate the need for separate mulch and mulch anchoring installations. PLI with any 

chemical, care must be exercised in handling and applying these products. Many chemical 

mulches can be poisonous to humans if breathed or touched during application. Also, often 

times there are limits on when application can occur such as avoiding frozen soils or rainy 

weather. Individual products must be investigated and selected based upon the site specific 

application requirements. (3) Examples of these products include: 
2. Nntuml Ffber Matting 

A second type of new technology for wntrc;iling erosion is natural fiber matting. &rge 

rolls of natural materiak are applied to critical site areas such as steep slopes or channel 

bottoms. The two most common types of natural fibers used are wood excelsior and jute. 

Normally the fiber blankets must be anchored using metal or wooden pins and trenches. 

Natural fiber matting greatly reduces erosion by holding soil in place while vegetation is 

established, Often natural matting caa be used in place of riprap with considerable cost 

savings. Also, natural fiber matting is biodegradable and non-toxic. Therefore, after a few 

years vegetation is fully established and all the matting material has degraded away with no 

environmental damage. (9) 

3. Synthetic Fiber Matting 

A third new technology category is synthetic matting. This matting acts exactly like natural 

matting but is made from chemical-based products such as fiberglass, vinyl, plastia, polyester, 

etc. Synthetic matting generally has much more strength than natural matting and can be 

accurately designed and specified to fit site specific drainage characteristics. (10) (1 I) One 

item to note is that most synthetic matting products do not biodegrade easily and therefore 

will remain on site indefinitely which may cause future environmental impacts. 

There are many new sediment control products on the market today and more under 

development Their uses are stiI1 limited due to a lack of historical data on their 

performance and governmental agencies reluctance to accept new technologies as standard. 

As time progresses and more is known and understood about sedimentation and erosion use 

of these new technologies should increase. 
On shallow slopes, strips 

of nettfng may be applied 

across the s';ope. 

Where there is a berm at the top of the slope, 

bring the netting over the berm and anchor it 

- behind the berm. 

On steep slopes, apply 

strips of nettlng parallel 

to the dfrection of flow 

and anchor securely. 

Bring netting down to a level area before 

terminating the installation. Turn the 

end under 6" and staple at 12" intervals. 

In ditches, apply netting 

parallel to the direction 

of flow. Use check slots 

every 15 feet. Do not 

join strips in the center 

.of the ditch. 

I ORIENTATION OF NEITING AND MATTING 

Source: Adapted from Ludlow Products Brochure Plate 1.79 

III-255 
INSTALLATION OF NETTING AND HAl-ITNG 

Anchor Slot: Bury the up-channel end of the 

net in a drr deep trench. Tamp the soil 

ffndy. Staple at 12” Intervals across the 

net. 

of the strip. 

Joining Strips: Insert the new roll of net 

-in a trench. as with the Anchor Slot. Dverlap the up-channel end of the previous roll 

18" and turn the end under 6". Staple the 

end of the previous roll just below the 

anchor slot and at the end at 12" intervals. 

Check Slots: On erodible soils or steep 

slopes, check slots should be made every 

.15 feet. Insert a fold of the net into a 

6" trench and tamp firmly. Staple at 

12" Intervals across the net. Lay the net 

smoothly on the surface of the soil - do not 

stretch the net, and do not allow wrinkles. 

Anchorinq Ends At Structures: 

Place the end of the net in 

a 6" slot on the up-channel 

side of the structure. 

Fill the trench and 

tamp fimly. Roll the 

net up the channel. 

Place staples at 12" 

intervals along the 

anchor end of the net. 

L 

4 

Source: Adapted from Cowed Products Brochure Plate 1.75a 

III-254 
V CONCLUSIONS 

Erosion and sediment control as a means of reducing non-point source pollution is a concern 

of jurisdictions across the country. However, enabling legislation, regulations and standard 

practices vary greatly among states and local jurisdictions. Of those jurisdictions with active 

sediment and erosion control programs, this investigation found a consensus on the following 

program elements: 

A Vegetative practices should be used whenever possible. Vegetative practices cost less and 

are easier to install and maintain. These practices also are highly efficient in controlling 

sediment and erosion. 

B. Clean water should be diverted away from construction areas - runoff from areas offsite or 

onsite areas not yet disturbed, should be diverted. This additional flow, if not diverted, can 

add volume and size to structural practices, requiring more frequent maintenance and 

limiting the effectiveness of vegetative practices. 

C. Concentrated flows should be controlled by structural practices - vegetative practices are not 

effective in controlling sediment in concentrated flows. Concentrated flows are characterized 

by high velocities which can destroy vegetative measures. Concentrated flows must be 

trapped so that water borne sediment can be settled out. 

During the study it became apparent that additional research into sediment and erosion 

control legislation and regulations is necessary, particularly with regard to the effect of local 

jurisdiction regulations on sediment and erosion control practices in the field. For example 

some jurisdictions limit the amount of area disturbed at one time and how long it may be 

disturbed. This greatly reduces erosion from large construction sites that would have 

previously been completely cleared and left unstabilized for long periods of time. Other 

regulations specify land disturbance activities requiring control measures and activities that 

are exempt. 
With regard to vegetative practices the vast variety of methods and products greatly effect 

the efficiency of the practice especially prior to seed germination. These technologies are 

relatively new and many jurisdictions have not yet accepted their use. 
VI REFERENCES CITED 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

“1983 Maryland Standards and Specifications 

for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control” 

Water Resources Administration 

Soil Conservation Service 

State Soil Conservation Committee 

April 1983 

“New York Guidelines for Urban Erosion and Sediment Control 

USDA - Soil Conservation Service 

2nd Printing 

March 1988 

“Guides for Erosion and Sediment Control in California” 

USDA-Soil Conservation Service 

Davis, California 

1977, Revised 1985 

“Michigan Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Guidebook 

Beckett Jackson Raeder Inc. 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 

1972 

“Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in New Jersey’ 

New Jersey State Soil Conservation Committee 

Division of Rural Resources 

New Jersey Department of Agriculture 

ApriI 1987 

“Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook” 

Virginia Department of Conservation and Historical Preservation 

Division of Soil & Water Conservation 

2nd Edition 

1980 
(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

(10) 

(11) 

"Erosion Control Manual" 

Colorado Department of Highways 

October 1978 

“Performance of Current Sediment Control Measures at 

Maryland Construction Sites” 

Thomas R. Schueler & Jon Logbill 

Department of Environment Programs 

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 

1875 Eye Street, NW 

Washington. DC 20006 

January 1990 

Wolbert & Master Inc. Products Catalogue 

Supplied by Wolbert & Master, Inc. 

11130 Pulaski Highway 

White Marsh, Maryland 21162 

Informational Brochures on DuPont “Typar” Geotextiles 

Supplied by TEI Construction Fabrics Division 

P.O. Box 72010 

Baltimore, Maryland 21237 

Informational Brochures on Exxon Geosynthetics 

Supplied by Exxon Chemical Company 

2100 River Edge Parkway 

Suite 1025 

Atlanta, Georgia 30328 
VII BIBLIOGRAPHY 

ARKANSAS 

"The City of Little Rock Arkansas Ordinance No. 15,833" 

Amending Chapter 29, Article Vi, Land Alteration Regulations, 1988 

Draft No. 3, March 1990 

CALIFORNIA 

“A Report on Soil Erosion Control Needs 

and Projects in the Lake Tahoe Basin 

state of California 

Tahoe Conservancy 

March 1987 

“Guides for Erosion and Sediment Control in California” 

USDA-Soil Conservation Service 

Davis, California 

1977, Revised 1985 

“The Santa Cruz County Erosion Control Ordinance No. 2982" 

Chapter 14.15 - Erosion Control 

County of Santa Cruz, California 

September 1980 

“Specifications for a Sediment Control Plan” 

“Considerations for Erosion Control Planning” 

“Preparing an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan” 

"The Riverian Corridor Protection Ordinance” 

County of Santa Cruz, California 

"Erosion and Sediment Control Ordinance” 

Chapter 16.12 

County of Monterey, California 

COLORADO 

“Erosion Control Manual 

Colorado Department of Highways 

October 1978 
GEORGIA 

"Georgia Erosion and Sedimentation Act of 1975, 

amended through 1989” 

Abstracted from 

Official Code of Georgia Annotated 

Vol. 10, Title 12 

Conservation and Natural Resources 

"Rules of Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental 

Protection Division” 

Chapter 391-3-7 

Erosion and Sedimentation ControI 

January 1, 1990 

“Turbidity Sampling of Surface Waters for Erosion and 

Sedimentation Act Enforcement 

Georgia Department of Natural Resources 

Environmental Protection Division 

October 1989 

"Erosion and Sedimentation Control Model Ordinance” 

Georgia Department Natural Resources 

Environmental Protection Division 

"On Site Erosion Control - Management Practices for 

Construction Activities” 

State Soil and Water Conservation Committee of Georgia 

November 1979 

IOWA 

"A Better Environment Through Soil Erosion and Sedimentation 

Control” 

Ordinance No. 9384 

City of Des Moines, Iowa 
KENTUCKY 

MAINE 

“Evaluation of Detention Basins for Controlling 

Urban Runoff and Sedimentation” 

CT. Haan & AD. Ward 

University of Kentucky 

Water Resources Research institute 

Lexington, Kentucky 

August 1978 

“Model Erosion and Sediment Control and Stormwater Management 

Ordinance” 

Tie and ‘Iidc Rcsourcc Conservation and Development Area 

Waldoboro, Maine 

January 1989 

MARYLAND 

“1983 Maryland Standards and Specifications for Soil 

Erosion and Sediment Control 

Water Resource Administration 

Soil Conservation Se&cc 

State Soil Conservation Committee 

April 1983 

“Performance of Current Sediment Control Measures at 

Maryland Construction Sites’ 

lbomas R Schutler & Jon Logbill 

Department of Environment Programs 

Metropolitan Washington CxnciI of Governments 

1875 Eye Strrxf NW 

Washington, DC 2ooo6 

January 1990 

“Model hion and Sediment Covrtrol Ordinance’ 

Maryland Department of Environment 

Sediment and Stormwater Administration 

2500 Brocning Highway 

Baltimore, Maryland 21224 

April 1985 
“1933 Directory of Materials Relating to Soil Erosion, 

Sediment Control, and Storm Water Management” 

Maryland Department of Entironm,irt 

Sediment and Stormwater Administration 

2500 Broening Highway 

Baltimore, Matyiand 21224 

April 1985 

“Erosion and Sediment Coatroi GuidcIines of State” 

and Federal Projects” 

Maryland Department of Environment 

Sediment and Stormwater Administration 

2500 Broening Highway 

Baltimore, Maryland 21224 

January 1m 

“Stormwater Pollution Central Cost-Share Program” 

Maryland Department of Environment 

Sediment and Stormwater Administration 

2500 Brocning Highway 

Baltimore, Maryland 21224 

1990 

Sediment - Trap Efficiency of a Multiple-Purpose Impoundment, 

North Branch Rock Creek Basin, Montgomery County, Maryland, 

I%%76 

WJ. Herb 

Geological Survey Water-Gpply paper 2371 

in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Soil Conse~ation Service 

MICHIGAN 

%iichigan Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Guidebook 

Bcckett Jaclcron Racdtr Inc. 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 

1972 

“A Better Environment Through Soil Erosion and Sediment Control 

Act 347 of 1972” 

Michigan Department of Natural Resources 

Division of Land and Water Resources 

1972 
MTNNESOTA 

“Ramsey County Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook 

Ramsey Soil and Water Conservation District 

Copy No. 67, 1989 

NEW JERSEY 

“Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in New Jersey” 

New Jersey State Soil Conservation Committee 

Division of Rural Resources 

New Jersey Department of Agriculture 

April 1987 

“Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Act” 

Chapter 251, P.L 1975 

State of New Jersey 

Amended in 1977. 1979 

“Guidelines for Preparation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Control 

Plans” 

Somerset - Union Soil Conservation District 

Revised December 1987 

NEW YORK 

“New York Guidelines for Urban Erosion and Sediment Control 

USDA - Soil Conservation Service 

2- Printing 

March 1988 

NORTH CAROLINA 

“Soil Erosion and Sediment Control” 

City of Greensboro, North Ca-olina 

Building Inspections 

Chapter 24 
PENNSYLVANIA 

“Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Manual” 

Commonwealth of Pennsyivania 

Department of Environmental Resources 

Office of Resources Management 

February 1985 

“Erosion Control Rules and Regulations” 

Title 25. Rules and Regulations 

Part I. Department of Environmentai Resources 

Subpart C Protection of Natural Resources 

Article IL Water Resources 

Chapter 102 Erosion C43ntrol 

September 1972 

Zxceutivc Summary - Department of Environmental Resources 

Report to the Environmental Quality Board Covering Revisions 

to 25 PA Code, Chapter 102, Erosion and Sediment Pollution 

coatro1” 

“Agreement for Delegation Administration Responsibiiity in the 

Erosion and Sediment Pollution Control Program.’ 

VIRGINIA 

Virginia Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook” 

Virginia Department of Conservation and Historical Preservation 

Division of Soil & Water Conservation 

2” Edition 

1980 

WEST VIRGINIA 

“Emsion and Sediment Control Handbook for Developing Areas 

West Virginia’ 

by USDA Soil Conservation Service 

in Cooperation with West Virginia Soil Conservation Districts 

November 1981 
GENERAL 

State Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Laws 

A Review of State Programs and their Natural Resource 

Data Requirements” 

Susan B. Klein 

National Resource Information 

Systems Project, National Conferencc of State Legislators 

November 1% 

Informational Brochures on DuPont Typar” Geotextiles 

Supplied by TEI Construction Fabrics Division 

P.O. Box 72010 

Baltimore, Maryland 21237 

Wolbert & Master Inc. Products Cataloguc 

Supplied by Wolben & Master, Inc. 

11130 Pulaski Highway 

White Marsh, Maryland 21162 

Informational Brochures on bon Geosynthetics 

Supplied by Exxon Chemical Company 

2100 River Edge Parkway 

Suite 1025 

Atlanta, Georgia 30328 
VIII AGENCIES CONTACTED 

ARIZONA 

ARKANSAS 

CALIFORNIA 

Arizona State Land Department 

Division of Natural Resource Conservation 

1616 West Adams 

Phoenix, Arizona 8507 

(602) 542-4900 

Steve Williams, (602) 542-2693 

Flood Control District of Maricopa County 

3335 West Durango Street 

Phoenix, Arizona 85009 

(602) 262-1501 

*Joe Tram 

City of Little Rock 

Department of Public Works 

701 West Morkum Street 

Little Rock, Arkanss 22201 

(501) 371-4860 

*Jerry Gardener, Chief of Civil Eng. Sect. 

Soil Conservation Service 

One Riverfront Place 

Suite 560 

North Little Rock, Arkansas 72114 

(501) 374-7645 

Billy Shirley, Diane Bass 

California Department of Conservation 

1516 9th Street, Room 400 

Sacramento, California 95814 

(916) 324-0859 

Ken Trot, Senior Land & Water Use Analyst 
Santa Cruz County Conservation District 

3233 Valencia Avenue. Suite B-6 

Attos, California 95003 

(408) 688-1562 

*Rich Casale, District Conservationist 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Soil Conservation Service 

2121-C Second Street 

Suite 102 

Davis, California 95616 

Charles K. Davis 

COLORADO 

Colorado State Highway Department 

Office of Environmental Review and Analysis 

4201 East Arkansas Avenue 

Room 284 

Denver, Colorado 80222 

Jill Easley (301) 757-9174 

*Rick Cutler (301) 757-9795, Principle Transportation Specialist 

GEORGIA 

Georgia Department of Natural Resources 

Environmental Protection Division 

3420 Normon Berry Drive, 7th Floor 

Hapeville, Georgia 30354 

(404) 656-7404 

Lewis Tinley, Environmental Program Manager 

Georgia Department of Natural Resources 

Environmental Protection Division 

Twin Towers East 

205 Butler Street, SE 

Atlanta, Georgia 30334 

(404) 656-4713 

*Hal F. Reheis, Assistant Director 
IDAHO 

IOWA 

Boise Department of Public Works 

Building Department 

P. 0. Box 500 

B&e, Idaho 83701 

(208) 384-4430 

* Ron Redman 

City of Des Moines 

Enginaxing 

400 East lU Street 

Des Moines, Iowa 50307 

(515) 283-4931 

’ Mike Clap, Principle Civil Engineer 

Iowa Department of Natural Resources 

Environmental Protection Division 

Wallace State Office Building 

P and Graad 

Des Moines, Iowa 50319 

(515) 281-4402 

Eubbo Agena, Environmental Engineer 

MASSACHUSE7TS 

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection 

Technical Services Branch 

West View Building 

Lyman School 

West Borough Massachusetts 01581 

(sm) 792-7470 

l Ebcn Chcssiae 

Maryland Department of the Environment 

Sediment and Stormwater Administration 

2500 Brocning Highway 

Baltimore, Maryland 21224 

(301) 63 l-3561 

Vincent Berg, Director 
MICHIGAN 

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments 

Department of Environmental Programs 

1875 Eye Street, NW 

Washington, D.C 2ooo6 

(202) 962-3200 

Job Galli 

Michigan Department Natural Resources 

Laad and Water Management Division 

Stevens T. Mason Building 

P.O. Box 30028 

Lansing, Michigan 48909 

(517) 335-3189 

John H. Kennaugb, Water Quality Specialist 

OaWand County Drainage Gxnmission 

1 Public Works Drive 

Pontiac, Michigan 48054 

(313) 8580958 

l George W. Kuhn, Drainage Commissioner 

Wayne County Health Department 

5454 South Venoy 

Wayne, Michigan 48184 

(313) 3264900 

Tom McNulty 

MINNESOTA 

Ramsey County Soil dr Water Conservation District 

2015 Rice Street 

Rowilk Minnesota 55113 

(612) 4881476 

l Tom Peterson, Conservation District Manager 

Minnesota &soc. of Soil & Water Conservation Districts 

Suite 25 

1884 Como Avenue 

St Paul, Minnesota 55108 

(612) 649-1440 

DWaync DeZieL Executive Director 
Soil Conservation Service 

200 North 2”’ Street 

St. Charles, Misrouri 63301 

(314) 724-2237 

Ross Braun, District Conservationist 

City of St. Charles 

Engineering 

200 North 2” Street 

St Charles, Missouri 63301 

(314) 949-3237 

l CliE Bay&, Assistant City Engineer 

NJ Department of Agriculture 

State Soil Conservation Cbmmittcc 

CN 330, Room 204 

Trenton, New Jersey 0862S 

(602) 292.5540 

l Sue Butch 

NEW YORK 

Putman County Offices 

Putman County Soil & Water Conservation District 

Myrtle Avenue 

Mahopac Falls, New York 10542 

(914) 628-1630 

l Susan Oswald, Program Assistant 

New York Department of Environmental Conservation 

Regulatory Affairs 

50 Wolf Road 

Albany, New York 12233 

(518) 457-2224 

George Danskin 
NORTH CAROLINA 

City of GrcCnSbora 

Building Inspections Department 

P. 0. Box 3136 

Greensboro, North Carolina 27402 

(919) 373-2158 

’ Jo&My Pascal 

PENMYLVANIA 

P.A Association of Conservation Districts 

225 Pine Stret 

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17101 

(717) 236-1006 

l Patricia W. D&n, Executive Director 

TENNESEE 

Memphis City Hall 

Environmental Engineering 

Room 620 

125 North Mid-American Mall 

Memphis, Tennescc 38103 

(901) 576A720 

. Jerry Collins, Administrator of Environmental Eng. 

TEXAS 

City of Dallas 

Public Works Department 

Room 108 

320 East Jefferson Street 

Dallas, Texas 75203 

(214) -220 Bill Jcsup 

(214) 320-6110 Leroy Walker 

WASHINGTON 

Washington Depaftmetn of Ecology 

Surface Water Unit 

Mail stop PV-11 

Olympk Washington 98504 

(206) 438-7064 

Jerry Anderson, Supcwisx Surface Water Unit 
City Of Bdlewt 

Storm & Surface Water Utility 

P. 0. Bclx 9am 

Bcilcuve, Washington 98m 

(206) 455-7818 

Dave Ranclstmum 

King County Surface Water Management 

710 Zd Avenue 

suite 730 

Seattle, Wastlington 98104 

(206) 29u!w 

Randall Panons 

Betsy castle