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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

6198

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QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W . L« Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, L. E« Mong

<Jjb|>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUKEAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies oti scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau's work is jierformed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the back cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available .from tin* Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summar) and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basie Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodieal publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports should he addressed to the Office of Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards. Washington 25. D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT MP0RT

0903-20-4428 October 22, 1958 6198

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W« L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma , L. E. Mong

Refractories Section

Mineral Products Division

Sponsored by

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Reference: NT4-59/NY 420 008-1

NBS File No. 9.3/1134-C

Approved

:

Dr, Samuel Zerfoss

Chief, Refractories Section

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU O

r

Intended for use within

to additional evaluation

listing of this Report, ei the OIRce of the Olrscto however, by the Governi

tc reproduce additional

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) on October 9, 201 5.

y or progress accounting documents

i Is formally published It is subjected

luting, reproduction, m op*n-3l5eraSsii, « rermi&slon Is obtained In writing fro®

Q. 0. Such permission is not naeced;

flcaily prepared if that agency wishes

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMFRCE

NATIONAL BUREAU CF STANDARDS

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

1. INTRODUCTION

This phase of the project includes the determination of the

cause or causes of failure that occur in concrete aprons and

runways exposed to jet exhaust gases. A combustion chamber that

delivers hot gases at velocities and temperatures approximating

those of field conditions is being used. The approach includes

instrumentation of the concrete test panels to determine the

heat gradients and stresses set up during flame impingement at

several locations on the test area and at varying depths below

the surface.

2. ACTIVITIES

2.1 X-ray Examination of Neat Cements

No additional data on X-ray examination of neat cements,

heated at progressively higher temperatures, have been collected.

All samples have been prepared but personnel has not been

available for making X-ray examinations.

2.2 Water in Concrete During Curing and Drying

The drying of the set of five tiles, 3" x 3" by four inches

in depth, described in N«BoS. Report 5855 has been continued.

Data covering the first 161 days drying period, at 35 percent

relative humidity and 77°F was given in Figure I of N.B.S.

Report 5961. Data for an additional drying period of approximately

100 days appear in Table I.

- 2 -

The distribution of water, as indicated by the relative

humidity at three depths has changed very little in the last 100

days drying but the relative humidity values, at the top

position, have decreased from 9 to 14 percents

As shown in Table I, the humidity at the top position of

the tile is approaching the humidity of the drying chamber and

the lower limit of the hygrometers in use, 41 percent. This

lower limit ha-1.? Icon leached for the top position of two tile

and further reading at this position have been discontinued.

The correlation of the relative humidity, in the mid-cavity,

with water loss for the whole specimen, shown in Figure I of

N e B.S. Report 5855 continues in a straight line relation. The

relative humidity at mid-point ranges from 57 to 63 percent and

the percent loss of water (based on that present after 28 day

fog-room curing) ranged from 4.38 to 5.35 percent.

Table I Relative Humidity at Three Depths

from Exposed Face of 3x3x4 inch Tile

Tile Relative Humidity Weight Loss—

07

- - /O --- Drying Interval

Bottom Middle . To 2_ Days

P-B-B 61,50 6 3.35 45.50 4.78 259

P-B-T 66*63 58.90 44.41 5.07 259

P-B-P 62.90 57.60 45 u 10 5 a 3 5 266

P-B-T s 66.80 57,00 43.91 4.79 245

P-B-Tu 61.10 62,00 47.60 4.38 266

— ^ This weight loss is attributed to water loss and is based on

weight of tile out of fog room after 28 days curing

-3-

2.3 Vacuum Processed Concrete

In comparing the permeance of concrete, evacuated immediately

on placing with concrete placed in the conventional way, using

the method described in A.S.T»M e Designation E96-55T, no

difference was found. As yet we have not been successful in

identifying the presence of elongated open end pores that were

predicated to have been formed by the evacuation process,

2.4 Sources of Diabase

Four of the test panels designed with diabase from the

New York district were subjected to the jet impingement test.

The design of these concretes, from which the panels were

fabricated, was given in Table III of N.B.S. Report 5951. The

panels were fog-room cured for 28 days and stored for either

14, 21, 28 or 35 days before testing. The results of the

tests are given in Table II.

The values for spalling loss were approximately equal to

those for panels designed with Virginia diabase. The jet

impingement test results for Virginia diabase were given in

Table I of N.B.S. Report 5353.

X-ray and petrographic examination of the New York deposits

of diabase have been completed. As shown in Figure 1 of N.B.S,

Report 4869 and Figure 2 of Report 5961, the New York diabase

was similar to the Virginia diabase mine ra logical ly with no

quartz observed. The thermal expansion for temperatures up

to 800°C was determined on samples from both deposites. Figure 1.

-4-

The thermal expansion curves were smooth with the exception of

an increase in slope in the temperature range from 550 to G25°C«

The temperature range of this increase in slope extends above

that ordinarily obtained for crystalline quartz.

Table II

Spalling Loss of Panels During Jet Impingement

r< , 1 / Concretei r ~ 2 / ing TimeDays

Total Water-'

Percent

r~

4 / Spalling Loss—

cc

. . P-D i-NY-1 14 7.,70 266 .

2 21 7 r 34 312.2

3 28 o

*

j

oo 261.3

3 5 7*83 111.54

The four panels were fabricated from the same concrete mix,

Portland cement and New York diabase aggregate..

2 / — All panels were sealed on all but one 18 x 18 inch face, the

test face, after removal from fog-room.

3 j Mixing water plus that absorbed during fog-room curing minusthat evaporated during storage o Since the panels were

fabricated from the same mix the mixing water was the same.

The difference in final values was caused by absorption

during curing and desorption during storage. —

4 / Sand volume method.

-5-

2.5 Steam Curing and Jet Impingement

Jet impingement tests have been made on three panels

fabricated from concrete using Virginia diabase aggregate and

similar in design to those previously tested. These panels

were stripped four hours after fabricating and placed in a humidity chamber that approached 100 percent in less than one

hour. The panels were cured at three different top temperatures

80, 90, and 100

<‘T n The interval necessary to reach these

temperatures wu 8, 10 and 16 hours respectively. This

temperature x^ras measured at the middle of the panel; i.e.

three inch depth* The panels were allowed to cool to ambient

temperature and immediately subjected to the jet impingement test

The results of these tests, together with other data on curing

and testing, appear in Table III.

Two additional panels were fabricated similar in design

to the aforementioned test panels. These panels were stripped,

as were the others, four hours after placing. After stripping

they were placed under an insulated metal hood that was

continually charged with live steam from a supply at 10 psi

for one and one-half hours. The center of these panels (three

indies below test surface) reached 100°C in three hours. They

were allowed to cool to ambient temperatures and subjected to

the jet impingement test. The results of these tests appear

in Table III

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-7 -

The losses shown in Table III xrere either none or too small

to be measured accurately by the sand volume method. Panel

P-D i-1 showed no evidence of damage as a result of three tests.

During the first test, temperature on the surface and within the

panel were considerably lower than those indicated for panels that

had been conventionally cured. These temperatures were somewhat

higher when this panel was retested after a drying period of

14 days. Panel temperatures were somewhat lower for the other

steam cured panels

This resistance to explosive spalling may be explained by

(a) development of a more permeable pore structure; (b) improvement in early strength due to steam curing; (c) a cooling effect

caused by the egress of steam toward the heated surface, sometimes described as "sweat cooling."

2.6 Miscellaneous

The Masters Builders Company submitted three panels to be

subjected to our jet impingement tests These panels x^ere

fabricated with a one inch topping of a proprietary concrete,

using crushed iron millings as the aggregate. This topping was

placed on a conventional concrete base. Two of the panels x^hen

fabricated were instrumented for temperature measurements in

accordance with our method. They xrere subjected to our jet

impingement test after seven-day fog-room curing and 21 days

storage at 50% rh arid 73°F. The temperature, recorded during

the jet tests, on the face of the test areas or at varying depths

below this face were not affected by the type of aggregate used.

- 8 -

Two of the test panels, the instrumented panels, withstood the

jet test without loss. The third non-inst rumente d pane]

failed appreciably (in progressive layers that were somewhat

thinner than for the other concretes)!

Twenty-four hundred pounds of diabase aggregate from the

Centerville, Virginia deposite was shipped to the U. S« Naval

Civil Engineering Research and Evaluation Laboratory,

Construction Battalion Center, Port Rueneme, California.

Lite nature

Crystal Chemistry of Hydrous Calcium Silicates: III,

Morphology and Other Properties of Tobermorite and Related Phases.

G. L* Kalousek and Albert F. Prebus, J.A.C.S., Vol. 41,

No. 4, April IS 58,

Three very similar hydrous calcium silicates serve as

binders for, or are closely related to the bonding material of,

autoclaved and moist-air-cured concrete have been differentiated

by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal

analysis, infrared absorption, degree of stability to the

acetoacetic ester, and oxide composition. Tobermorite,

4-5 CaO . 5S 10,, . 5 H o 0

3

is the binder of properly autoclaved

concrete and related products.

Properties of Portland Cement Pastes Cured at Elevated

Temperatures and Pressures

N. C. Ludwig and S „ A. Pence, J.a.CoI., 1955, 52 (6)

pp. 673-87

-9-

The effects of curing at elevated temperatures and

pressures on the physical properties of hardened neat cement

pastes. Data is included on the heat of hydration, nonevaporable water content, permeability to water at 80 to 400°F

at pressures from atmospheric to 7500 psi at ages from 12 hours

to 7 days.

The non-e vaporable water decreased slightly at temperatures

in excess of 220 F. The water permeability of hardened cement

pastesrwas found to be quite low for curing temperature up to

160°F. Above this temperature permeability increased rapidly

but strength decreased.

EXPANSION,

PERCENT

1.20

FIG. I THERMAL EXPANSION OF TWO DIABASES

U S. DEPARTMENT OF (COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, SecreC-Jry NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A„ V. Assiii, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its headquarters in Washington,

D. G., and its major laboratories in Boulder, (ado., is suggested in the following listing of the

divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized

research, development, and engineering in the held indicated by its title. A brief description of

the activities. and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside front cover. WASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements, Dielectrics, Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry, Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. A Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Engine

Fuels, Free Radicals Research,

Atomic and Radiation Physics, Spectroscopy, Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment,

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry, Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research,

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Metal Physics.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, Heating,

and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat

Transfer.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis, Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital

Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering.

* Office of Basic Instrumentation * Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VHK Research.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Systems.

Navigation Systems. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis.

Radio Systems Application Engineering. Radio Meteorology.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High

frequency Impedance Standards Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. Microwave Circuit

Standards.
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