.V,
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

3399

V- Pxre Kese?

BU«.

yashicg^o*^

^gyvlces

‘.‘'

V

Oi1.45 /

D.C. QtfARTERJ.Y

ON

fvil’ EPCRT

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK,

AND MAINTENANCE APRONS

f flfl

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by

W, L. Pendergast, R. A. Clevenger, Edward C, Tuma

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

cover of this report.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance Measurements. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic

Measurements. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Engines

and Lubrication. Engine Fuels. Cryogenic Engineering.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Measurements. Infrared Spectros- copy. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-Ray. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. Atomic Energy Commission Radiation Instruments Branch.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry.

Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass

and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Control.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting

Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering.

Electronics. Engineering Electronics. Electron Tubes. Electronic Computers. Electronic

Instrumentation. Process Technology.

Radio Propagation. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation

Services. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation Research. High Frequency

Standards. Microwave Standards.

^Office of Basic Instrumentation ^Office of Weights and Measures.
HATiONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

ms PROJECT

0903-21-44P8 tioj-e 30, 1954

NBS REPORT

3399

QUARTERL.Y REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POWER CHECK,

AND MAINTENANCE APRONS

by

W. L. Pendergast, R. A, Clevenger, Edward C. Tuma

Refractories Section

Mineral Products Division

Sponsored by

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Washington, D. C.

Reference: NT4-59/NY 420 008-1

NBS File No. 9.3/1134-C

NBS

Approved:

R. A. Heindi, Chief

Refractories Section

y. S. DEP^RTMEUT OF COMMERCE

WIOIIAL BMim OF STAHDARDS

The publication, rep Approvcd for public release by the " prot'ibited

unlessoermlesionls, Director of the National Institute of "‘‘ards, Washington 25,D.C. Such pern

cally prepared If thi Standards and Technology (NIST))ort for its own use. on October 9. 2015.
r[[[r[i[[ii(LLLLI
QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF CONCRETES

FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM UP, POVJER CHECK,

AND MAINTENANCE APRONS

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

The technical requirements are the same as those given in the

NBS Report 3012.

1. INTRODUCTION

The objective of the investigation is the determination of the

physical properties of concretes that will evaluate their suitability

for use in jet aircraft warm-up, power check, and maintenance

aprons.

2. MATERIALS: PREPARATION AND TESTING

2. 1 Cements

The physical and chemical tests of the cements used in the

preparation of concretes daring this quarter have been previously

reported.

2.2 Aggregates

Six tons of calcined Kentucky flint clay and four tons of raw

Kentucky flint clay were crushed and screened during the current

quarter. Eleven screens are necessary to grade the aggregate
ff[fIf[[I[II[IIIII
- 2 -

in accordance with the sizes specified in the Department of the Navy,

Bureau of Yards and Docks specification No. 45Va--{ Three tons

of the calcined clay and two of the raw clay have been screened to

the required sizes.

The followdng properties of both the calcined and flint clay

were determined; (1) percent wear in the Los Angeles abrasion

test; (2) the bulk specific gravity; (3) the percent absorption; (4)

the unit v/eight in pounds per cubic foot; (5) the correction factor

for use with these aggregates when determining the percent

entrained air in concrete by use of the pressure 'method.

Specimens have been cut from pieces of the raw flint clay

to be used for flexural and compressive strength determinations.

For comparative purposes s'pecime'ns of the same shape and size

were also cut from the building brick, one of the stronger

aggregates included in this project.

2. 3 Concretes

During the period covered by this re'port 20 one -cubic foot

trial batches of concrete were des'gned, mixed, specim.ens

fabricated, cured, and tested.

Nine of these trial batches of concretes were designed with

the calcined flint clay aggregate, three containing Portland cement,

three portland pozzolan, and three high-alurnina hydraulic cement

as the bond.

- 3 -

The remaining 11 of the 20 trial batches of concretes were

designed with rav; flint cla.y aggregate. Three of these contained

Portland cement, three portland pozzolan, and five the highalumina hydraulic. Using the information obtained from tests

on the trial batches three final batches of concrete were designed

using calcined clay as the aggregate and one of the three types

of cement in each.

The capacity of the mixer, five -cubic feet, necessitated

preparing three charges of each concrete in order to yield the

15 cubic -feet used in the fabrication of 5 coinplete sets of specimens.

One set of specimens of each of the three concretes were

cured in the fog-room for 28 days and tested. Four sets of

specimens of each concrete were cured in the fog-room for

7 days and stored in the laboratory at ordinary temperatures and

humidity and tested. One set of each concrete has been heattreated at 250°C and 500°C respectively. These six sets have

not as yet been tested.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.2 Apgrecfates

The properties of the six dense aggregates used in designing

concretes are given in table 1. The properties of but three of

these were determined during the current quarter, the properties

of the other three vyere previously reported and are given again

for comparative purposes.
, i'..IB
TABLE 1. PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

Aggregate Size

Bulk

specific

. a /h / gravity- —

S-SD

Water

absorption

in percent—

by weight

Los Angeles

abrasion

percentage

wear

White Marsh gravel 2.64 0. 30 40.5

sand 2.83 0.30

Bluestone coarse 2.76 1.50 21.3

fine 2.65 0.27

West Virginia coarse 2.46 1.76 27.0

hard face brick fine 2.60 0.60

Olivine coarse 3.17 0.70 59.7

fine 3.16 0.20

Kentucky calcined coarse 2.63 1.23 41.3

flint clay fine 2.70

I 0.70

Raw Kentucky coarse 2.49 5.00 30.0

flint clay fine 2.43 5.88

3, / - The gradation of the aggregate was the same as that used in designing

the concretes. ~ "S-SD" = saturated surface- dry basis.
f

• • i

I IIB Ml

V
-4-

The bulk specific gravities (saturated Surface -Dry Basis) of five of the

aggregates compared favorably with that of the natural aggregate, gravel and

sand, but olivine was slightly heavier. The water absorption was within the

norm^al limits for aggregates v;ith the exception of the raw flint clay. In the

abrasion test olivine again was the exception, having the least resistance to

wear. If fifty percent wear was taken as the maximum permissible loss,

2u

Federal Specification No. SS-A-281, olivine would fail to meet that requirement. The low abrasion loss on the rav/ flint clay was due to the lubricating

and cushioning effect of the quickly produced fines. Aggregate of this type

often have low vyear loss.

If the results of the flexural strength tests on specimens cut from the raw

flint clay do not approach the required flexural strength of 650 psi for concretes

this would indicate that such an aggregate would be unsuitable.

3. 3 Concretes

Table 2 gives the composition and some of the properties of the trial batches

of the fresh concretes. The flexural strength of the concretes after curing are

also given in this table.

Using as a creteria the data obtained on the trial batches of concretes

designed with calcined flint clay and either Portland, Portland pozzolan, or

high-alumina hydraulic cemient, three final 15 cubic -foot batches were designed,

mixed and complete sets of specimens fabricated. These final batches designed

with a 7 -sack per cubic yard mix were placable at a 2 -inch slump and the air

contents were in most instances within the specified range of 4 1/2 percent
I

I

I
TABLE

2.

PrtUP-i-.TIES

OF

FRLSH

CONCRETE

Table

continued

.'ii

next

ranc.

I'ootnotos

ar.pcar

.t

end.

(Continued).

PROPEltTIES

OF

PKSSH

CONCRETE

- 5 -

± 1. 5 percent. The flexural strength, as indicated by the trial batches, was

well above the required 650 psi.

The results of tests on the trial batches designed v;ith raw' flint clay

aggregate indicate that the technical requirements for the properties of the

fresh concrete such as slump, air content, and placability may be obtained.

However, the results of the few flexural strength tests made on concretes

designed with this aggregate and high-alumina hydraulic cement are far below

the required strength. Modulus of elasticity determination, on specimens

fabricated from trial batches of concrete, using this aggregate and either

Portland or Portland pozzolan cement indicate low strength also. An

examination of the test speci men after test shows no pull-outs but complete

aggregate fracture.

Table 3 gives the properties of the cured and heat-treated concretes.

All of these concretes with the exception of the one designed with olivine

aggregate and high-alumina hydraulic cement developed the required flexural

strength of 650 psi after a 28-day fog-room curing. Data collected on trial

batches of the concrete containing the olivine aggregate and high-alumina

hydraulic cement, indicated that an increase in cement content vjould result

in an accompanying increase in flexural strength to the required 650 psi.

The type of mineral structure peculiar to olivine (laminar, with v;eak bond

between strata) probably accounts for the comparatively low flexural strength

of the three concretes containing this aggregate. An examination of the beams

after testing showed that fracture occurred principally in the aggregate and

along the natural cleaverage lines.
rr[[f[
TABLE

3.

PROPERTIES

OF

CURED

AI^^D

HEAT-TREATED

CONCRETES

a

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Young's

Modulus |

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Dynamic

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Longitudinal

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3.309 5.232 5.292 5.598 4.3U

3.545 2.535 1.918

Abrasion

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0.0142 .0056 .0112 .0382 .0756 .0045 .0051 .0155 .0219 .1138 1 1

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V/eight of dust grams |

73.25 28.65 85.70

200.00 432.00 D- H A to q

ON CO vO nO nO

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Flexural |

Strength

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Compressive

Strength

•Hna 8fA

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r

1

7790

Treatments

Preceding Testfe/ r-JCNJCA-4-iA«X)D-tO rHCMCA-4-AsOCN-CO pAA-4AvOCN_tO p A A P‘ A '43 C'- to PAa-4A4)£>C0 PAA-4AsOCn-C0

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and

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Continuod

on

next

page

Footnotes

appear

at

end

of

table
[[[[I
TABLE 3

(Continued).

PROPERTIES

OF

CURED

AMD

HEAT-TREATED

CCMCRETES

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Total- Linear Change

+0.01 -0.00 +0.02 -0.01 -0.02 +0.00 -0.02 +0.03 -0.03 -0.05 +0.00 -0.01 +0.01 -0.01 -0.04

Young's

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Flexural Strength 1

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Treatments

Preceding Test^ HCVCO-^’UNvOC^tO HcNjco<tuNsor^to HCMCO-4-UNsOC^tO

Proportions

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Weight

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2.66 :

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- 6 -

The results of tests on the concretes designed with crushed building brick

aggregate indicate that a 6 1/2 sack mix v^/hen portland or Portland poszolan

cement is used would develop the required strength.

The three concretes designed with calcined flint clay aggregate and either

Portland, portland pozzolan, or high-alumina hydraulic cement developed the

required flexural strength during the 28-day fog-room curing. These three

concretes were designed using a 7-sack mix. An examination of the beams

fabricated from this aggregate indicated that failure occurred primarily as

aggregate fracture. Fractions of this aggregate screened to the required sizes

showed cracking which may have been due to the opening up of natural

laminations in the clay during calcining.

The results of tests on the concretes designed with either olivine or crushed

building brick as aggregate and either portland or portland pozzolan cement

indicate an increase in strength after the 250° C heat exposure and but a slight

decrease after the 500° C heat exposure. The linear shrinkage, weight loss,

or resistance to abrasion is not effected materially by these heat exposures.

Table 4 gives the results of thermal conductivity measurements made on

specimens of concrete designed with the dense aggregates included in this

phase of the project.

Made by the Heating and Air Gcnditioning Section, Building Technology Division,

National Bureau of Standards.
t

I

»

*

. ''f

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TABLE 4. RESULTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS

Specimen Densit;y

Ib/ft'^

Thermal (fondue Uvi ty

B. T. U. (deg r /inch)

Mean Temperature

L-WM 134.2 11. 3

'

116

P-WM 131.5 10.4 115

Z-WM 135.0 10.9 116

L-BS Spejcimens not suitable for test

P~BS 139.8 9.1 117

Z-BS 138.0 6.9 117

L-0 146 8.2 116

P-0 149 9.9 117

Z-0 146 8.3 117

L-B 125 5.3 117

P-B 125 6.0 118

Z-B 118 5.3 119
^ I

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,

t'

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f

.'AN'

*^' 'O' ) im
- 7 -

The procedure used in the raensu-'.'enients of thermal conductivity was

as follows:

PROCEDURE

Each specimen was dried for at least 8 hours at about 200° F in a

ventilated oven immediately prior to the conductivity measurement.

The thermal conductivity of the specimen was measured in an 8- inch

pentane hot plate apparatus constructed for making thermal conductivity

measurements of concretes. The results of tests in this apparatus have

been found to be in close agreement with results obtained in the 8-inch

guarded hot plate apparatus conforming with the requirements of Federal

Specification LLL-F-321b and of ASTM Test Method 0177-45.

The temperature difference from face to face of the specimen during

test was measured by means of a thermocouple pressed against each face

by a sheet of resilient rubber 0. 1 inch thick.

REFERENCES

Specification fcr portland cement, concrete pavement for air ports.

Sept. 1952.

Aggregate for portland-cement-concrete.
I

V

(
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

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for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

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The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

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Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.00). Information on calibration services and fees can be

found in NBS Circular 483, Testing by the National Bureau of Standards (25 cents). Both are

available from the Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.