NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

5432

WATER ABSORPTION OF ASPHALT -ADDITIVE COATINGS

by

Sidney H, Greenfeld

y. $. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Aet of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defence and ihe Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the back cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of -the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Scries, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 160, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards (Sl.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports should be addressed to the Office of Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT

1004-11-1017 August 12, 1957

M 05 REPORT

5432

WATER ABSORPTION OF AS PHALT -ADDITIVE COATINGS

Sidney H„ Greenfeld

Research Associate

Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau

Floor, Roof and Vail Coverings Section

Building Technology Division

Participants

William H„ Appleton

Sidney H„ Greenfeld

Shigeru Ishihara

Robert F„ Jackson

John Marchi

Jointly Sponsored by

Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau

and

National Bureau of Standards

by

NATIONAL BUREAU 01 SfAf

intended fur use within the Gi to additional evaluation and ret listing of this Report, either in the Office uf the Director, Nati however, by the Government a| to reproduce additional copies

U. $„ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

WATER ABSORPTION OF ASPHALT- ADDITIVE COATINGS

by

Sidney H 0 Greenfeld

ABSTRACT

Forty-nine specimens of asphalt and additive coatings, the durability and characteristics of which were

reported in BMS-lb-7 ( 1 )2/, were immersed in distilled

water* and water-absorption characteristics were determined over a period of 2100 days 0 All of the specimens

absorbed water progressively and approximately logarithmically with time, the additive coatings more rapidly

than the asphalt coatings 0 The absorption seemed to be

controlled by the diffusion of the water into the specimenSo The specific gravities of the asphalt coatings

increased during absorption, indicating the displacement

of a light material, while those of the additive coatings

decreased o Several months were required to dry the specimens to

constant weight at 120°F o Most of the coatings retained

a permanent gain of somewhat less than one percent, while

twelve, all with California asphalt, lost some weight 0 Like the absorption, the drying was controlled by the

diffusion of the water through the specimens,,

1. INTRODUCTION

In the course of the investigation of the "Effects of Mineral

Additives on the Durability of Coating-Grade Roofing Asphalts” (1)

the water-absorption characteristics of the coatings were determined,, As coatings on shingles these materials would ordinarily

not be maintained in a continuously wet condition for more than

about two weeks at a time. After a relatively short period of

Numbers in parentheses refer to references tabulated in the

Bibliography section of this reporto

2

exposure to the weather, the coatings would become somewhat more

porous and it is expected that the water absorption would increase <, However, there is the possibility of using asphalt coatings such

as these for waterproofing tanks or vats. Then the long-term

water-absorption characteristics would be of interest.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The asphalts and mineral additives are the same as those

reported in BMS-147 (1). Half-way through the exposure-panel

making procedure reported in BMS-147, a water-absorption test

specimen (a disk 3 inches in diameter and 3/16 inch thick) was

made in a brass mold.— This specimen was submerged under 1/4

inch of distilled water with 48 others, representing the three

asphalts and additive coatings containing 35? 50 and 60 percent

blue black slate, Niagara dolomite, low carbon fly ash and Lake

Erie silica, 35 and 50 percent Florida clay and 35% Tennessee

mica. The specimens were all weighed periodically in a surfacedry condition. Specific gravity determinations were made before

exposure and at approximately 600 and 2100 days of submersion.

After the final specific gravity measurements were made,

the specimens were permitted to dry in front of an electric

fan. They lost weight very slowly, and after a week, were

placed in a vacuum desiccator at about 10 mm. pressure and room

2/The detailed procedure is in the Appendix,
,*
- 3 -

temperature. The rate of weight loss increased for a short

period, but then dropped back to almost nothing. After six

weeks the specimens were placed in an air oven at 100°F. Three

weeks later the temperature was raised to 120°F. The specimens

were removed as they attained constant weight.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experimental data on the absorption of water by 51

coatings are presented in Table 1, expressed as weight of

water absorbed per square foot of surface area. Specific

gravity and volume change data are also included. The drying

data and the appearance of the specimens at the conclusion of

the study are presented in Table 2. The water-absorption data

have been plotted on logarithmic graph paper and the graphs are

appended to this report.

When asphalt or additive coatings are submerged in water

they gain weight. The rate at which they absorb water is

related to the size and shape of the specimen as well as to

the source of the asphalt and kind of additive present.

Pfeiffer (2) reported that water may be absorbed by bitumen in

three wayss

1. By normal solubility, which is of the order of about

0.001 to OoOl percent.

2. By osmotic pressure cell formation, resulting from the

presence of small pockets of inorganic, water-soluble

salts. The water absorbed by this mechanism is theoretically infinite.
.

>

.

Ip
- 4 -

3. By the presence of hydrophilic additives. The absorption is limited by the nature of the additive.

Close study of Table 1 and the water-absorption curves

in the Appendix shows that all of the coatings absorbed water

progressively with time Q In all instances, the water absorption was far in excess of 0 o 01 percent, eliminating mechanism

1. as the dominant procedure by which the water was absorbed.

In some specimens it was quite evident that disproportionately large quantities of water were absorbed locally

because blisters and spongy spots formed in the disk. In

others, little change was noted in appearance. Thus, mechanism

2 0 is probably functioning. In those coatings containing additives, there was a wide variation of absorption with both type

and quantity of additive 0 The gain in weight of all of the coatings was approximately

logarithmic over a long period of time. After several hundred

days of submersion the absorption in many of the coatings continued in a rather haphazard and unpredictable manner.

About half of these coatings, as indicated in Table 1,

were accidentally partially uncovered for short periods of

time on one or more occasions during the course of this study 0

- 5

-

Once re submerged, however, the specimens rapidly regained any

loss that might have occurred . Since coating grade asphalts are

rarely submerged for relatively long periods of time, when used

in roofing, the lower portions of the curves are of most

interest.

Of the three asphalts, two have logarithmic absorptions

indicating that the rate of absorption is controlled by the

diffusion of the moisture into the specimen. Similarly, many

of the additive coatings exhibit absorption of this type.

However, the absorptions of the Mid -Continent asphalt and the

other additive coatings are not linear with time on logarithmic

graph paper and, therefore, are not entirely controlled by

diffusion into the specimen,

Pfeiffer ( 2 ) reported that the moisture content of bitumen

layers decreases rapidly from the surface into the coating. He

quotes concentrations of 6 percent in the surface 1,5 nun, of a specimen, 2 percent in the next 1,5 mm,, and 1,5 percent in the

third 1,5 nun, strata of a blown asphalt that had absorbed between

3 and 4 percent of water. This may be taken as confirmation of

the dependence of absorption on diffusion into the specimens.

With but one exception the additive coatings absorbed at

a more rapid rate than their corresponding asphalt coatings.

The absorption usually increased with concentration for each
'
type of mineral matter once the variations produced by small

imperfections in the coatings were filled, (Because the coatings containing mica or the higher concentrations of some of

the other minerals were very viscous it was not possible to

eliminate all of the air pockets in the specimens. In some

cases, this condition produced a high initial absorption. However, especially in this specimens containing mica, the rate of

absorption soon changed to what might be considered normal.

)

The increased absorption produced by the presence of

mineral matter may be the result of the greater ease of movement of water along the mineral-asphalt interface than through

the asphalt or, as Pfieffer (2) suggests, of the nature of the

mineral itself.

The order of absorption of the various coatings is recorded

in Table 3 5 both at 28 days of immersion and at the time the

study was discontinued. While there were differences in the

coatings that could be attributed to the asphalts, the asphalts

themselves were always the lowest absorbers 0 The specimen containing 35 percent mica in California asphalt obviously had

air pockets that were displaced by water soon after immersion,

for by the end of the study its absorption was next to the

lowest, as in the cases of the other asphalts.
*

'
Before immersion and at 600 and about 2100 days, specific

gravity determinations were made of all of the specimens,, In

all instances the specific gravities of the asphalts increased

and those of the additive coatings decreased with the time of

immersion,, Because of the additive nature of the density function, the latter is readily understood 9 but it is difficult to

explain how addition of water to asphalt can increase the specific gravity of the specimen above unity, except by the displacement of some less-dense material,, If this material were permanently displaced, it would become apparent when the specimens

were dried

„

On the assumption that there are no voids or soluble components in the specimens, the change in weight of each specimen

would be paralleled by a like change in volume,, Comparison of

the corresponding weight and volume increases at 600 and about

2100 days, in Table 1, shows that this correspondence is not

always present,. As a matter of fact, within experimental error,

it exists in only about 40 percent of the specimens,. In about

30 percent of the specimens, the volume increase is less than

the weight increase, indicating that the water displaced a lighter material,, In the other instances, the coatings swelled

more than expected „ These variances were distributed among the

coatings irrespective of the asphalts,,
.

.
When the specimens were removed from the water after about

2100 days of immersion, they had absorbed up to 25 percent of

their original weight of water „ Many of them had blistered and

cracked to relieve the strains set up by this absorption.

The specimens were dried in front of an electric fan for

four dayso Because the rate of weight loss dropped off rapidly

after the second day 9 the specimens were placed in a vacuum

desiccator. The rate increased to about its initial value,

but again declined, rapidly. It became obvious that changing

these ambient conditions only affected the moisture near the

surface^ and the drying, like the absorption, was controlled by

the diffusion of the moisture through the specimens. Since

the only variable that influences diffusion that can be readily

varied is temperature, the specimens were placed in an air oven

at 100-120°F, and dried over a period of several months to constant weight or until the specimens began to gain weight. The

minimum weight was recorded as the final weight.

Twelve of the 49 specimens underwent a net loss in weight

of between 0,01 and 0,99 percent. All of these were made with

California asphalt. Five of the California specimens and all

of the others had a permanent increase in weight of up to 1,07

percent. The largest permanent gains in coatings from each

- 9

-

asphalt were in the specimens containing blue black slate 0 However 9 there was no relation between concentration and permanent gain.

Many of the specimens were apparently unchanged by the

long periods of immersion and drying,, However , others were

changed appreciably and were obviously in bad condition,,

Several lost their surface luster and had many cracks , A few

continued to show the blisters that had formed during immersion.

Many of the specimens shrunk from their original diameters 9 but only two expanded, Thus 9 while the coatings returned to

nearly their original weight, in many cases the water did permanent damage to them,

4, BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Greenfeld 9 S „ H„ , "Effects of Mineral Additives on the

Durability of Coating-Grade Roofing Asphalts" , B 0 M 0 S 0 Report No, 147 9 National Bureau of Standard

s

9 September

1956,

(2) Pfeiffer 9 J„ P, 9 "The Properties of Asphaltic Bitumen",

pp, 107, 270-272, Elsevier Publishing Company, New York,

1950,

5. 10

APPENDIX

5.1 Water-Absorption Procedure

Application ; This method is applicable to all asphalts having softening

points (ring and ball) of 170°F. or over.

Apparatus and Materials Required ;

1. Brass mold, 3/l6-in„ -thick, 3-in„ -diameter hole.

2 0 Brass plate, 4 by 4 in 0

3o Glycerine

.

4. Hotplate,

5. 100 g of asphalt to be tested,

6. Pyrex-glass tray, 1-1/2 in. deep, any convenient

length and width.

7. Distilled water.

Preparation of Specimen ; Apply glycerine to the surfaces of the clean brass plate

and mold, which will come in contact with the asphalt. Assemble

the mold and place it on the brass plate. Heat the sample of

asphalt to be tested until fluid and free from air bubbles. If

the sample contains mineral matter, it should be stirred slowly

with a piece of stiff wire to keep the matter properly suspended

without incorporating air bubbles.

- 11 -

Pour a sufficient amount of the sample to fill the mold

.

The pouring must be done in a manner such that air bubbles are

not occluded. The surface may be flamed lightly to remove a few that might form, Not more than l/l6 in. of the sample should

show above the top of the mold. After the specimen has cooled

thoroughly, remove it from the mold and wash it to remove the

attached glycerine 0 Allow the specimen to dry and mark identification on both sides.

Procedure s Weigh the specimen to 0,001 g and record the weight. Place

the specimen in the glass tray and fill it with sufficient distilled water to submerge the specimen at least .1/4 in. Place

the glass tray and specimen in a dark cabinet at room temperature . Make periodic weighings in the following manner to determine

the amount of water absorbed

s

Remove the specimen from the water at the end of each specified period. Do not wipe, but blot both sides and edges carefully

until each surface is an uniformly dry as possible. Weigh the

specimen and record the weight. Return the specimen to the distilled water tray. Renew with fresh water at each weighing.

12

Compute the water absorbed, and convert the result to grams

of water absorbed per square foot of asphalt surface exposed,

including the edges of the disk„

5o2 Water-Absorption Graphs

Following are graphs of the water absorptions of the ^9

asphalt and additive coatings Q The Project gratefully acknowledges the drawing of the

water-absorption graphs by Mr„ J„ L„ Strahan, Technical Director

of the Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau,

Coatii

De

scripl S S S <4 <3 ^ ooo Cd £>3 O O O cd *H °H *rl •H 02 CO CO Cd cd CdrHrlH >s !>J >» O H rH H

£ pq pq pq rH rH rH O O O rH H H -H Tl -h -h iHfqpqfqoooQfipfePHhSwww o

rH rOPcNvO rolrwO rO^^D cOl-CVHD rOro'Lrv-O

cd o

o S S ooo P-I P's OOO Cd *H *H *H •H02COCQ Cd Cd H i—I H >5>sl>iOHrlH

-p pq pq pq rH rH o o o H H h H d h h

apqpqpqooQQQPdfi^PHScocacq

?

ra poItnvO roUAroIrwO co'lc'nvO rOrOlTNMD

°H

-Lii-Ui-iU

X

o

_ . . Water Absorbs Coating

Description

7 14 28 100 200 400 600 100c

g/ft

2 g/ft

2 g/ft2 g/ft

2 g/ft2 g/ft2 g/ft2 g/ft2

Calif

iornia Asphalt 0.28? 0.475 O.67O 1.43 2.35 3» 58 4.62 6.55

35# BBS 0.372 0.529 0.773 1,86 3,30 5,55 6.43 9.40

50% BBS 0,407 0.607 0.920 2.46 5,00 8.54 11.9 18,8 60% BBS 0.410 0.613 0,923 2,64 5,49 9,22 13.0 20.0

35% Clay 0.517 0.847 1.323 2.80 5.01 7.20 7.50 10.4

50

Clay 0.585 1.006 1.378 3.82 6.43 9.12 11.9 19,0

60% Clay 0,674 1.181 2.038 4.92 8.71 11.9 11.8* 18.3

35% Dolomite 0.430 0,622 0.882 2.25 4.30 7.01 9,27 11.8

50% Dolomite 0.396 0.661 1.068 2.86 5.53 8.41 11.0 14.8

60% Dolomite 0.502 O.838 1.297 3,36 6.95 10,8 14.5 18,6

35% Fly Ash 0.448 0.662 0,952 6,00 28.9 55.0 68,8 73.5

50% Fly Ash 0.503 0,743 1.115 6,90 37.2 61.4 72,0 72,5*

60%, Fly Ash 0.493 0.739 1,139 7,40 27,0 45,3 52.5 56-5

35%, Mica 1.670 1.883 2,047 3.00 4,26 5.40 6.32 7-50

35% Silica 0,267 0.391 0,639 1,50 2.80 7.00 8.30* 9,50

50%, Silica 0.278 0,447 0.726 1.70 3.40 3.90 3,80* 23.1

60% Silica 0.289 0.446 0.726 1,80 5,00 12,7 14.5* 26,5

Mid-Continent Asphalt 0.131 0.262 0,432 1.01

1 70 2.58 2,93 3,34

35% BBS O.238 0.475 0.697 1,56 2,68 4,52

5 58 7.42

50% BBS 0.513 0.630 0,913 1,94 3,46 5.86 7.46 11.3

60%, BBS 0.293 0.612 0.994 2.40 4.62 8,63 12,0 21,0

35% Clay 0.575 0,869 1.421 2,82 4.05 4.98 5,68 6.9O

50% Clay 0,874 1.329 2,176 4.30 6,23 7.70

7 75* 12.3

35% Dolomite 0.300 0,541 0,855 1-95 3,45 5,13 6.09 7.10

50

Dolomite 0.480 0,731 1,152 2,54 4,57 6, 56 8.12 8.90

60% Dolomite 0.593 0,881 1,412 3,17 5,70 8,20 10.2 13.1

35% Fly Ash 0.414 0,586 0,883 2.00 4,25 8.25 12.7 20.6

50% Fly Ash 0.492 0,718 1,076 2.58 6.55 16.6 27.0 37.1

60% Fly Ash 0.516 0.852 1.232 2,80 8,75 26.1 34.4 40.6

35% Mica 0.425 0.593 0,827 1.54 2,33 3,30

3 92 4-83

35% Silica 0.232 0.348 0,556 1,18 2.03 2.90 3.28 4.24

50% Silica 0.274 0.401 0,620 1.30 2,23 3.12 3.75 5,56

60% Silica 0.247 0.424 0,652 1.38 2,52 3,59 4,43 8,35

(Continued on next page)

ABSORPTION DATA

at. Days

1350 1700

g/ft

2 g/ft

2

8,30 9.15*

12.8 13.1*

25.5 25.9*

27,0 24,0*

17,3 23.2

27.4 24.3*

25.4 29-5

14,7 15-3

18,1 19,1*

23,1 25.6*

78,3 77-9*

77.7 75,4*

63,9 71.7*

9,77 9.96*

103 16.0

35,5 44,3

37.5 44,0

4,00 4.19*

9.80 11.2*

16.4* 19 7*

33.0* 38.8*

7,80* 9.00*

16.9 21.0

8-90 10,1

11,7 12.7

16,4* 19.1*

28.1 34,2*

46.6 55.3*

47,4 54.6*

532* 5-65

5,42* 6,43*

9.90* 12.1*

14.7* 16,8

Final Time

g/ft

2 Days

10.9 2113

16.4 2105

32.3 2113

30.1 2113

28.8 2079

31.4 2086

33.6 2079

18.3 2100

22,8 2092 31 - 0 2092

87.5 2113

870 2113

64,9 2092

12,2 2086

24,4 2079

54.1 2079

52,3 2072

4.95 2155

14.9 2155

26,8 2134

51.1 2l4l

10,3 2072

24,2 2072

12.2 2127

16.5 2120

237 2120

43.1 2134

65-3 2134

63 . 

2127

6.68 2127

8.41 2120

15.6 2120

22,8 2120

Specific Gravity Volume Change at

Initial -"Soo—

Days Final 600 Days Final**

cc/f

2 cc/f

2

1.015 1.017 1.025 4.11 8,78

1.32 1.304 1,296 7.07 16.00

1,51 1.481

1 .451 12,37 31.27

1,68 1.634 1-597 1372 29.39

I.30 1.295 1,272

5 .83 22.71

1.47 1.455 1,425 10.44 28.73

1.61 1.591

1 548 12.53 30,78

1.31

1 , 280 l.:79 10.. 03 18.40

1 ,50 1.459 1.435 12.11 23.32

1,66

1 , 602 l.V-4 8.94 25 11

1.29 1.201

1 . 194 73.1 90 20

1 .46 1.316 1,304 75.4 87.79

1, 60

1 .457

1 .442 55.8 66,99

1.33 1.308 1.309 8,58 12.23

1,30 1.295

1 775 2.. 94 22,8]

1 ,47 1.464 1.435 6.52 42.38

1.62 1.578 1.495 14.02

0,999 1.006 1.011 1.63 2.79 1 . 3 b 1.288 1.281 6,28 14 . 59

1.49

1 483 1,449 6.10 24 ,17

1.66 1.611 1.529 14 . 34 51 .97

1.28 1.275

1 . 274 5.27 8.92

1.45 1.436 1,4 14 10.12 24.99

1,29 1.269 1,267 7. 99 13 • 28

1.48 1.451 1.4)8

9 59

V n(

1.64 1.596 1.561 11.75 24,96

1,27 1.226

1 199 16.61 46 , b6

1.44 1 .58 \-m

I.3O6

1,432

31.68

39,97

b8 • 80

68,43

I.31 1.285

i .789 7. 02 9.20

1.28 1.266 1,265 4.85 8,

9

§

1.45 1.446 1.428 3.22 14 , 18

1,6b 1,605 1.546 8.26 21,91

.I £ rO^'Q mU\vO rOrOUAvO I *• l 0) I > ]

TABLE 1. WATER

Water Absorbed

Coating

Description 7 14 28 100 200 400 600 1000

g/ft2 g/ft 2 g/ft 2 g/ft2 g/ft 2 g/ft 2 g/ft2 g/ft 2

mezuela Asphalt 0.160 0.222 0.327 0.68 1.13 1.72 2.05 2,45

25% BBS 0.214 0.346 0.534 1.30 2,22 3.91 4,77 6.82

50% BBS 0.238 0.447 0.662 1.73 3.15 5.74 7.45 11,8

60% BBS 0.235 0.379 0.704 1.95 3.71 7.20 10.1 18.8

35% Clay 0.754 1.508 1.875 3.01 4.20 5,13 8.18 14.

50% Clay 0.650 1.298 1.910 4.00 5.90 7,08 907 11.4

35% Dolomite 0.173 0.420 0.906 1.80 2.92 3.46 5.27 6,80

50% Dolomite 0,357 0.607 1.147 2,31 3.86 5 .77 7.00 9.30

60% Dolomite 0.403 0.805 1,260 2,72 4.70 7.30 8,96 11.8

35% Fly Ash 0.294 0.437 0,699 1.65 3,00 6,60 9,40 21.7

50% Fly Ash 0.376 .0 525 0.929 2.10 4.75 11,9 16,4 28,8

60% Fly Ash 0,398 0.665 1,078 2,20 4,90 13.2 19,3 29.3

35% Mica 0.185 0,369 0,515 1.19 1.72 2,55 3.03 3,86

25% Silica 0.240 0.480 0.630 1,21 1.92 2,56 3.00 8.30

50% Silica 0,318 0.424 0.593 1,28 2,03 2.75 2.75* 7,00

60% Silica 0.280 0.381 0,594 1.36 2,15 3,11 4.33 10,6

Specimens were not completely submerged during entire period between weighings

See column 13 for number of days of submersion.

ABSORPTION DATA (Continued)

at, Days Specific Gravity Volume Change at

1350 1700 Final Time Initial Da§§ Final __600_Days___Fli_wi I

Days cc/ft

2 co/ft

2

g/ft 2 g/ft2 g/ft2

3.02 3.46 4.06

9.H 11,4 14,9

16,9 22,0 30.8

28.5 37.7 51.1

17.9 22.5 26,2

16.0 18.7 21.2

8.20 9.50 11,2

11.2 13.0 15.7

14.

5

17.2 21.0

35-3 42-5 51.2

40 ,3 49.0 59.1

40.4 48,4 56.3

4.67 5.35 6.17

13.8 18.6 23,3

12,1 16.4 20,9

17,2 23.0 28.7

2176 1.018 1.025

2176 1.32 1-303

2176 1,51 1,485

2169 1.68 1.638

2065 1.30 I.290

2065 1.47 1.464

2155 1.31 1.284

2155 1.50 1,472

2155 1,66 1.620

2169 1.29 1.257

2169 1.46 1.394

2162 1,60 1.522

2155 1.33 1,306

2065 1.30 1.302

2051 1,47 1.463

2051 1.62 1,616

1.031 0.852 1.94

1.293 5.34 15.04

1.435 7,68 30.15

1.549 11.69 51.25

1,271 7.60 24 .63

1.439 7.32 19.3,1

1.279 7 91 13.04

1.454 8.66 16.77

1.586 10.16 21.87

1.214 12.00 52.78

1,336 21.64 63 09

1.451 22,70 58.35

1.308 5.38 8.12

1.272 1.93 22.40

1,423 2,76 20 ,.19

1.555 2,90 27.05
;

.
TABLE

2

0

DRYING

DATA*

1

1

1

1 0 3

1 CD

ro

q i bO o O 1 q T3 o o OO •H 1 CD 13 rO o (D 44 I o q o o o V, CD o o o © o CD i—1 bO

ft 1 CD H CD Q) CD q CD CD CD CD CD isj r—4 q

•H i bO q bO bO bD q o bO bO bO bO bO o q 14 q i q si q q q ft q q q cd q o q q td q

O 1 CO | qqq

CO a

rLjq

•3 X

CD q qM

o q q

^ . OM .aq « o q -h o ^ q

CD 1 •T—

1

o co. •rH •H •H d H •H •H *H CO C0 J3 •H CO co xd Q l ° q .3 :s o o Jh q Ph o co. O CTO Ph q o Ch ^qiqi'D ° q q4 - M co

CDbOq

qdO

CDbOq

q

qd

o

I—

I

cdaH

P>H

bO o •H +J

Sh !2 o

'D £l rM riel CD (D CO bO£ -P

cd qd

qd bO O -H d i—

I

O bO

cd cd s-a

•H > q

CD Si

qd si

co co T3

CDboC -P -P

cd si Si

qd bo bo > ^ P o H *H

CD CD Si Sh !=)COftpi4CO!=>COtO

0 'D 'O

bfl CD CD q q q

44 S4 CD CD ^ d-pp

bO"H in w

"H p *H "H H L H H

ca od PQ PQ

qd

CO

CD si

bO CO

cd -P 4-4 qd qd

•H bO bO p ‘H "H O

jq i—1

1—i d

co co co d=>

3

td qd

CD CO bOq

HD ^ CD qd

CO

-P 4-5 O

cd qd qd

Xl bo bO CD •h *h q

i—I i—I *H MCQPPO

bOq

cd qdoq

t=>

0X3 0

cd cd cd P bO p

q

cd qdo

q

cd a

bO cd

cd

4-4 o q a qq o

qd q q

bo cd qd CD *H CD •h q o q p q

i—i vH q 'H jd h

cotqptqcotqoq)

HQ HQ T3

CD CD CD bO bO bO q q q

cd cd cd qd qd qd o o o

q q q

q> q> D

PO i—

I

a\_d- HJ" C\J tr\ l>- ON pO ON ponO ftcX)OOOOcOCOOOO COnO C\J\Oi—(OtN-C\li—IItn Ooooooeooooooooooooooooooooooopooo CM po CM O CM po pOMa O- a\J- nO O Cv! po O-CO CO CO O-J- poH H\Ov£» H lr\vO nO H

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo I 4- + + I ! I I I 1 I J I 4- + I l + 4- + + + + + 4- + 4--t-4-4-4--!--l-

\0 nO O-CO O H CO UNCO o q O NINCM O-CO O O Un O <AJ On On pO r-H UnnO j- J- nO J- VO OOOCMnOHOOCO COCO CNJ O UnOM OOO COUnpo COnO O cm O U\J- Un O-J- Cn-nO O Un O i—

I

i—I i—I O O O O O i—I CM po i—ICMOOO i—ICMCM po CM i

li—IOO i—

I

oooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooooo i—I O r-*4 i—I CM O

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

1+4-4- l I I l I l I I l + + I I + -I- + + + + + + -I- + -I- + + + + +

CvJ POPOml>-J- HOO OCO H O UnCMnO UnnO 0-0 CM CM O- O nQ nO [OItnOJ COO O-OnQ

O-q- CM H QNj- O-OOOlXNf—

I

nO CM O rHJ-J- pO CM J- O i—I UnCO >H 0-0-J- o 14A ON CM O

NOooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo®oo« COUnpo CM pOOnOncOHHOOnOOCM UnUn i—I INHHJ- OnnO CM O-CM H UNCO CO ro O ON 0-00 CO On o ponO OOOnOJ- OHCM CO CO pO rH nO CM O-CMUnpOCOCMOnO ponO

CM CM no mCM POqh CM CM PO PO PO PO PO CM rOrOH CM PO CMpOCMpOpOCMCM^-pOCMpOpO

OO O-nO Un O- Un

O

POOOCO POO CM IfNjt CM qh 0-0 O-CM On i—I O-pOnO O nO UnnO H nO O

O- PO H CO UnUOnO On O- PO POnO CO tNH pOpJ- CO COJ- J- H CM O-nO pOCMnOnO OpOHO nO CO qf H PO PO O ON PO rO PO H PO O pOnO pOCO qh CO On poOO Un CM nO O O pO O-nO CM ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

OUnO-COOO Un i—I ponO OOOnOJ-O-iHCM COCO poO UoCM O-CMUnpoOnCMOnO pOnO

CM CM po PO CM POqt" CM CM pOpOpOpOpOCM rOoOH CM POqt“ CM POCM pOpOCM CM qf pOCM pOpO

-P

I—

I

cd qd

exm

<JJ

4

->

i

1 q

qd

bO! ft Q) q i co P

"H 1 <d •H

44 ! a

q ! q O

O I ”H CO CQ CO Cti cti Ctf i—

1

O 1 q pq pq pq r-4

1

—i rH o qpqpqpqoooQ

O

CD CD -P -P X

•H *H 0 a a<

o o

i—1

1—i io lo o> O O r—I r4 r

I

qq

CO <4 q

o

q *h O rH

’H -H

CD

4-4 “Ha O po O

’H *H

-Pq

CDq

•r-i co co co q q i—li—li—I 0>0>0

44pqpqpqn-ir-4 o o ohhh

p si si H co CO a

o

o

_ _ o

•H Un O O Ctn O O Ctn O O "ltn O O UnUn O O i UnO O UnO UnO O Ccn i—I poUnnO pOUnnO pOUnnO poDcnnO popOI+nnO od pO+cnnO poCpn poUnnO pO+4NnO

q *h o S

q q q OOO

q *H *H *r—

i

O t—I i—I i—

I

•H •(—I -H *H S W CO CO

pOpORnnO

CDbOq

ft

4-4X

CDq

q

o

T3

CDq

q

•H

-Pq

oo

TABLE

2

0

DRYING

DATA*

(Continued)

1 O CD 0

1

1 1 bOP

1

1

1 cd i—

l

1 P ° d r

h i nd CD fi'O

O 1 bOP

•H 1 Cd cd P ^

-P 1 0> d d cd OP o fcuO ° o q co bo

•H \ U) cti a> CD P cd P 1 d d bO bO p -p d

O 1 o a o cd d d a

CO | cd P A d w mp

CD 1 p p £ q p p Q 1 or p P ^p d

1 o o CO Ph o c P O W W 10

CDbO£

MR cfl d

o

CDbOd

cd d

o

I—

I

cdd

•H

Ip

bO

•HPO

P

no

n3 nd CD

CD CD d

bO bOP

d dd

cd cd -d d

o o

d d

t=> d

d no ^ CO CD T3 bO

CD -P d d d cd O bfld

cd-H o

P

CD d

fcuO O

cd P

d co d d

d

cd P d

no d no d no

CD CO CD O O' O' CD bO fcuD cd no no tuD d P d P CD CD d

cd d cd o d d cd d Md o o d cd o-Ho^cdcdod

d <—I d CD P P d*Hi—li—

i

dcoddoodtpcoco

CO CD p p> d d

txO bO •H *H

ONO O-CvJ CM [N-lrVlrV'O J-COnOnO HU\C\I

oocoo CS-CS-rOpI- t—! Od" CcJ J- lrslr\C\l Cd oooooooooooooooo OO-HOOOOOOOOOOOOO -P —

f- -P —f- -r- ~l— d' -P —P -P "4- —P 4

_ "4“ -4- -4-

OO nO CM \D P O UanO CTnUn 0\d CM Id Id CM UnGnOnGNCO roP P OOO UMN rod) OO HHC\K\lrlHHOOHOHrlHOO oooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo -4* -4- 4- 4- 4- -I- -4- 4- *4- -I- -4- ~4* -4- -4- 4* -4*

vOd* rod* Cd iH CM O O IdrOvD 0\U~\ rO CM vOd" Up H P rOOOMN ON\D OnCO O O- m

CO UPd- Up rpNO COCMdONONOOOOOCM oooooooooooooooo

d-d- »- P UpUpOO I—I ronrOPlPU) d- dPCMCMJ-CMcoCMcOnQCMrorOrOCMCMrO

00 OO i—I CO i—I i—I dd* H CM d CM dcxD dO Od NOrHroOrHdUPON dd- rH NO o UP

dcd rp CM H Up dCM dCO OpUpOnnO O iP OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

dd" d H UpUpUp P ro cO CM roOM) dd

PCM CMd- CM poCM rOroCM rQrOoOCM CM oO

1 p

1 p

1 cd bOI d CD CD CD 3 1 d P p p d d d P 1 co P P P w w w cd cd cd P 1 <£i a ooo cd i >> o o o cd p p p

O 1 cd co cq co cd cd P i—li—1 !>> I>5 O 1—li—li—

1

O 1 i—1 pQ pQ (ZQ i—1 i—1 O O O P P P P P P P

1 CD pq pq CQ o o Q QQdlddScococo

cdUpOOUpOUpOOUpOO UpUp O O

q poUpnO pOUPcOUpnO opUppO popoUpnO

CD >

*After

over

2100

days

of

immersion

in

distilled

water

and

being

dried

to

constant

weight

„

TABLE 3o

ORDER

OF

INCREASING

WATER

ABSORPTION* 1111 1I1 * 1 1 * 1 o

cd 1 O I £3 i—l ! O l IP

CD 1 1—1 1 C/3

ft! 1 C\J I <3

N| 1 1 CD 1 !

ft! 1 ! o CD 1 I p > 1 co i IP I C\J 1 co II IIg

<3

-p 11 1i

-x- I a 1 X" 1 o CD 1 O i p a 1 I IP •H ! i

i i CO -Pr~

it C\J 1 <3 o 11 11 o 1 1 o I 1 1 ! £3 S ^ 1 CO 1 IP I "H 1 OJ I CO II1 II1

<J3

B11 0I * 1 I * 1 o

cd 1 O I £3 •H 1 i CP

ft! 1 1—-1 1 CO P 1 CM l <*3 o 1 I Cp 1 1 •H 1 ! i—1 1 ( IP

cd I CO ! Ua O 11i

CM I1I

co 111 11 pA 1 l( 1 cd i 11 pq ii 1I

a\ | 11 M ! p 1 Eh l CD ! 1 rO P 1 oo i P i p

EH ! O 1 o

P) 1 PI 1 1 03 1 W 1 Ph 1 Pi I H i 03 1 tM * <3 1 § I ! PH 1

PI o <3

O P O PQ

p pq P P <3 pq

Q pq Ua UA UA o O O O UA UA O O O Ua o O

cO CO co Ua Ua nO UA co CO NO UA NO co NO UA W ^3 p P P P Q <t! O Q pq o O PQ pq UA Ua o O UA O UA O UA O O o O Ua o

co co Ua \D co Ua co nO co UA NO Ua NO co Ua P P PQ o <3 P O P O PQ <*3 pq <3 pq pq UA Ua Ua UA UA O O o o O O Ua O o O

CO CO co co co Ua Ua nO NO Ua Ua co NO NO Ua P p P <H PI O Q < <1 pq O pq O PQ PQ UA O O Ua UA Ua UA o o O O O o UA O

CO Ua nO co co co co Ua NO Ua Ua NO NO co Ua H o O p PQ <3 o pq <*3 PQ P p pq pq pq UA Ua Ua O UA Ua O o o O o O o o O Ua

co co co UA CO co nO nO Ua Ua NO NO Ua NO UA co O £3 P P < O <t! <3 Q O Q pq o PQ PQ pq P IP O O Ua Ua O O Ua O O O o Ua o o Ua

CO

<*3 Ua nO co co Ua nO co Ua Ua nO NO co Ua NO co

CM co Ua nO [A- oo ON

O i—1

cm co uR Ua NO INH i—1 1—1 i—1 C 1 i—1 H 1 1

ft! i—l 0

•H CD

C/3 i—I U P

<D cd 1 ^

•H CD

CD P 03 O

CD ° a >>

•H

r

O e •P 3 0) -p a

CD

C/3 *H -P -P

cd Cm a o cd •H p

!*!

r

O Ph o a -p P CD Oh P

ftp

O

<3 Cd <M **

CD CD -P -P

cd *H

<—i ° a

CQ >sO

cd 1—i P iH O

ft*

O pq

cd r—I cd PQ ro

•H

CD P

ft>

O

r—I i—I

pq

p

cdP

cd

CxO cd •H

ftp

C/3 o <3 cd o O

>5 cd *h

r—I O i—I p *H *H S co

ft! O CD CD rQ CD .H P C/3 p

cd co (^q O CD &

cd cd £o

PI Eh P

II II II II II II •C pq o pq p p X-
»

’

'
100.0

50.0

10.0

5.0

? n

WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.PT.

OP

5UREACE

WATE.R ABSORPTION OF COATINGS —z_ -

.... - %

— - —— =

FI —~

Lj

J

ZL

k==. 1

ASPUALT c AL rc RN IA MID C ONTI MENJT AN1> V INEZUEUA — r

STABILIZER u N ST; ill!:HD

1

L J ——— —t---

r i

r -~j— ' " .

1"

'

j—1—— cr^ — . .

' - '

| I

i —

r

,MID CONT NLNT .

1

r

<;

CALI PORN

4-

IA

.

/ ]

^VENf

j

:z Ul

T

•LA — — — t

" — — -

9/ !

m.
'
100.0

l_J 50.0

|<r

iLx.

be

p|

o

o

. —

L

d 10.0

//)

k:

Zl

5.0

/X)

;>

<1

ze

D

ii 2.0

D

-J

DO

zeD 1 0

in 0.9

id 0.8

cd 0.7

O.fc

_d

0.5

5

0.4

>

» 03

0.2

0.1

WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.ET.

OP

5UREACE

WATDR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS
.
100.

0

-tJ 50.0

(Q

<x

10.0

Of

{2

;>

k?

V

II2)

cO

D

VO

<x

llJ 3

>

>

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.0

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.PT.

OP

5UREACE

5000 10000

50 0

1.0 2 3 4 5 G789I0

PIG.

50 100

TIME— DAYS

500 1000

100 0 — WATPR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

~h~ i

|

I TT-- _

l ——

——— - _L_

- — — -| NT —— L — —EH JI| —.j

- -fASPU ALT - CALIF OR N'A l — Jt

STAB! LIZ PR- CU'V ——J T| j

H

i in A

1

— O UNSTABIUZED

O 35 7c STABILIZER

o 50V. STABILIZER

-« 60%—STA&IL1ZJLP ~ -4- — L. o . ——1—J-

! — — J — y xX —— —

M < >

T I / 4

1 t" <\y

—f ) -X

y

y

—H"

* —^yoy O — —

i O/S l —

JT

\jS — —— —

100.0

3

50.0

P 10.0

2C

b.

;>

kl

[D

InD

CD

D

70

/O

d

>

<>

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.(6

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

wailk

ADjUKbLU -

OkAtviC)

PLkbQ.U.

0L

^URTACt

-f-f

YVA'LK

AC5UKBLU

=

UKAIVIS

PLR

bU.U.

Ul

iURPACL

100.

0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.(0

05

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.RI

OP

5UREACE

50.0

100.0

WATBR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

1.0 Z 3 4 5 & 789 10

EIG

50 100

TIME — DAYS

500 1000

i - 1 "XT! ... 1 — 1

1 P

i

(- -ft

._ ——- - “ — 4h- — - , _l

-XlASP U ALT' —-CA _

*

L1F0RM IA

Y ASU

-If-

-4-

STABILIZER--PL 1

... j__| H — :

|T

i

T

O UN

O 35

O 50

. •—fco

STABILIZED

% STABILIZER

% stabilizer

,% STABHJZER.

'

- —- ..

/

/

1

)- 7^———

4- ——L —— : / -

i

"

/

^

XT

0/
,
100.0

iS)

:>

«

1

Y

Y

II

-J

CD

D

>/)

(O

Kt

Y

J_jj

cr>

>

50.0

10.0

5.0

2.0

i 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0. (b

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.FT.

OP

5UREACE

WATPR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

vvaslk

ad5ukblu

-

UKAiviS

PLR

bQ.T

utiURTACL

100.0

50.0

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.0

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

WATLR

ABSORBLDGRAMS

PLR

SQ.FT.

OP

5URLACL

5000 10000

50 0

100.0

WATRR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

1.0 Z 3 4 5 fc 7 8 9 10

PIG.

30 100

Tl ML — DAYS

300 1000

— 4

— ——n T

—- —— TF — -- — ————

_ — . — —— - —

ASPUA I —CALIf 0 A T —

STABI LIZCR-PsiLICiV 1

'

\ —

O UNS

o— 55%

O50% •

60%

TABIUZtO

STABILIZER

STABILIZER

STABILIZER /

/o

{ °

rs9

1

1

> — — y

. _

r

1

r

!

| r - -

1

I

I

—

_ 1

1 ' ——

L _ — —

r

100.0

o

50.0

10.0

5.0

D

CO

D

/")

1/0

:cX Y

pi

3

>

n»

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.0

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1



100.0

_d

Zl

1/1

kl

1 1 2)

CO

D

//)

50.0

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.3

0.7

0.0

05

0.4

03

0.2
'

.
WAT

EL

R

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.PT.

OP

5URPACE

WATLR ABSORPTION Of COATINGS
.
100.0

1 500

Ljlc

jll.

J

L d 10.0

i/i

zo

Zl

5.0

t/1

>

<

x:

V

ii 2.0

D

l£)

££

D 1 0

m 0.9

(Ct 0.8

KX 0.7

O.fc

Y

J_d

0.5

3

0.4

'^4. >

)> 03

0.2

0.1

WATER

absorbed

-grams

persq.it.

or

SUREACE

1000 10000

100 0

50 0

WATER ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

50 100 500

TIME — DAYS

5000

-YidTONTIN LN1T

• DOLOMITE..

T3^FF

_±j_

- UNSTABILIZED

-35 7. STABILIZER

- 507. STABILIZER

<h£L% SIAmiZiR-

~f~r

100.0

50 0

-1

3 10.0

=L

D

IID

cQ

>L

D

4)

Cl

>

>

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.(o

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1
,

“
WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.ET.

OP

5UREACE

WATCR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

100.0

50.0

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

08

0.7

0(o

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

WAT

EL

R

ABSORBLD

-

GRAMS

PELR

SQ.CTL

OP

5URPACEL

WATCR ABSORPTION Of COATINGS

FIG. TIME. — BAYS

vvaTlk

AB3UKBLU

-

Uk/iiVlb

PLk

bQ.L

(JO

100.

0

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.

0

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

WATTR ABSORPTION OP COATINGS

100.0 — - T

— — —

ASP 1-1 A LT —-M ID C 0NT if LENT

STABILIZER--s LICA

H

_ O——UN STABILIZED

o—35% stabilize:*

o 50% stabilizer • 60% STABILIZER

... ... f- : - 1 n

i i

1

Lr/

h

'

50 100

TIME. — DAYS

500 1000
v

•

'
100.0

50.0

d

If)

If

<1

y:

V

ii D

to

'X. D

m

10

ft

y

i_ii 5

>>

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0 0

05

0.4

03

0.2


'
100.0

pJ 50 0

s

3 10.0

yO

:> ki

iiD

oD

D

n

lio

j_d

5

>

>>

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.to 05

0.4

03

0.2

0.1

WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.FT

OP

SURFACE

WATE.R ABSORPTION OF COATINGS
• .

'
yvaTlk

AD^UK

t$LLJ

-

UK/iiVtb

MLR

bU.U

.

Ut100.0

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.(o

05

0.4

0.3

0.2
'
WATER

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PER

SQ.PT.

OP

SUREACE

ioo. o

WATER ABSORPTION OE COATINGS

500

0.0

5.0

2 0

I 0

09

08

0.7

O.fa

05

04

0.3

0.2

0.1

ASPUALT VLNEZUe

STABILi Z CR— D 0 10 M ITE

un'stabiLizSd

35% STABILIZER

50% STABILIZER

vvaTlk

AD5UKBLU

-

UkAM'S

MLR

bU.

U

.OF

100.

0

30.0

10.0

5.0

2.0

I 0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0 0

0.5

0.4

03

0.2

0.1
'
WAT

EL

R

ABSORBED

-GRAMS

PLR

SCUT.

OP

SURPACL

50.0

1.0 2 3 4 5 fc 7 89 10

PIG.

50 1 00

Tl ML — DAYS

500 1000 5000 10000

100.0

WATRR ABSORPTION! OR COATINGS

1

— E —— —— “T —

- “TF

T

* ' 1 i, 1 r

ASPUALT

r

v enezULl .

STABILIZER-r F LY A<;u _ .

-|—r~

/o/ t

J

J

. O—UMSTABI

O 35 % STj

O 50% STJ • 60 % 5Ty

UZE.D

U3ILIZER

kBlEIZER

XBILIZEft

V

* y

_ _

-

.

. 1

>

1

!

-

- - - — T

*
'
100.0

50.0

IsJ

kr

|L_i_

p

P

d 10.0

Lo

of

_j

zl

5.0

>

<3

ID

II 2.0

D

CO

D 1 0

/A) 0.9

(£} 0.8

s* 0.7

0.(o

Y

ioi 05

5

0.4

>

)> 03

0.2

0.1
.

*

*


100.0

50.0

§o

o

d 10.0

bo

2L

5.0

iJI

:>

'<L PII 2.0

-J

cO

££

D 1 0

So 0.9

f£> 0.3

P

07

0. 6? y

lU

0.5

5

0.4

>» 03

0.2

0.1
*

•
100.0

50.0

kt

II—i. tac

E5

o

b

# 3 10.0

ho

_J

ZL

5.0

/X)

*3

D

II 2.0

D

UJ

aQ

D 1 0

/A) 0.9

(O 0.8

ICI 0.7

O.fe

Y

ui 0.5

5

0.4

>» 03

0.2

0.1

U. s DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its headquarters in Washington,

D. C., and its major field laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of

the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out spe- cialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief

description of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the

inside front cover of this report,

W ASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Fllectronies. Electronic Instrumentation

Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology

and Lubrication. Fmgine Fuels.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. AEC Radiation Instruments. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Bdectrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics

Mass and Scale. Capacity. Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls,

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy Corrosion

Metal Physics

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Class. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting

Materials. Constitution and Microstructure

Building Technology, structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Condi

tiouing. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings, Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physios

Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital

Circuitry , Digital Systems Analogue Systems. Application Engineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and MeasureBOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research, lonosphcm Research. Regular

Propagation Services Sun-Fdirth Ri latiom-hips.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation Modulation >yst«-in.» N/odgution Systems Radio Noise Fropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Radio

$vss- ms Application Flngineering.

Radio Standards. Radio Frequencies Microwave Frequencies. High Frequency Fdectricai

Standards. Radio Broadcast Service High Frequency Impedance Standards. Calibration

Cater Microwave Physics. Microwave Circuit Standards.
NBS