NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

688?

Interim Report on Task I

of

Field Studies of Year-Round Air Conditioning Systems

by

Paul Ro Achenbach

Report to

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Headquarters, U»So Air Force

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the Nationiii Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congre iS in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for ’making measurements consistent with these -standards; the determination of physical constants and

properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices,

and structures; advisory services t > government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and deveJoppaent of devices Jo serve special needs of the Government; and the development

of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The \vork includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various

consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the Work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the

Bureau’s unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of

divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the journals

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Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes. ' Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of the

National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($1.50), available from the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OE STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1003-30-10530 July 8 , i960 688?

Interim Report on Task I

of

Field Studies of Year-Round Air Conditioning Systems

by

Paul R. Achenbach

Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Section

Building Technology Division

to

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Headquarters, U.S. Air Force

IMPORTANT NOTICE

MATiONAL BUREAU OF S'

ii tenfied for use yvithin the

to gdditinnai evaluation and tbs Report, either

'‘>: 3ce of the Director, N

.-.ov.'over. hy the Gcvernmenl

t'l r'oroditce additional coni

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

progress accounting documents

Drmally published it is subjected

:, reproduction, or open-literature

sslon is obtained in writing from Such permission is not needed,

f oreoared if that agency vvishes

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

N.imONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

for OFBOIfil list eti
I r? evp • "‘'<r

i
Interim Report on Task I

of

Field Studies of Year-Round Air Conditioning Systems

by

Paul R, Achenbach

1« Introduction

The Arkansas Power and Light Company, the electric utility that serves

the Little Rock Air Force Base, has been collecting electrical energy con- sumption data on 16 houses in the Air Base housing area since October 1958,

using four or more demand meters on each house to record separately the

energy used for the electric range, the electric water heater, the heat

pump, and the total for the house on a 15-minute demand intervale Indoor

air temperatures have also been recorded in each of the houses, and outdoor air temperatures were recorded at three separate stations in the

housing areao The total monthly energy use indicated by these four meters

in each of the 16 houses has been summarized by Arkansas Power and Light

Company personnel

o

These monthly summaries of energy usage and the original charts from

the recording demand meters and thb temperature recorders have been made

available to the National Bureau of Standards for further analysisc Task

I imder this project indicated that the following information should be

developed from these records:

(a) Information on the amount of electric power used by the occu- pants for cooking, lighting, irorduig, etCo

(b) Information on the amount of electric power used for electric

water heating*

(c) Correlation between power used by heat pump (including strip

heaters) and the outdoor temperature*

(d) Estimate of the contribution of the electrical equipment

(other than the heat pump) to the heating function in the

winter time and to the cooling load, in the summer time*

More recently the U.S* Air Force requested that the demand charts be

examined to determine what elements contributed in a significant way to

the monthly 15 -minute peak demands in the 16 houses, since the cost of

the electrical energy to the Government was closely related to the maximum

demands* It was considered probable that such an analysis would indicate

one or more ways in which the 15-minute demand values for the entire

housing area could be reduced*

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2 o Description of Sample Houses

The identification of the 16 houses used for the study with respect

to location, type of house, floor area, and number of bedrooms is summa- rized in Table lo House types A, Ap, B, and Bp were used to domicile

airmen, and house types C, D, E, F, and G were used primarily to domicile

officerso House types Ap and Bp were of duplex construction with car- ports adjoining; house types A, B, C, and D were of duplex construction

with living quarters adjoining; and the remainder were of detached

designo All houses were of gingle stoiy construction built on concrete

slabs on grade

o

Table 1

Identification of Sample Houses

Contractor

Street Address Identifica- House Floor Area, sq ft Noo of

of House tion NOo Type Gross Net Bedrooms

114 Minnesota Circle 4 Bl 1070 999 3

122 Mississippi Loop 14 Ai 970 891 2

110 Missouri Circle 74 B 1070 1013 3

129 Georgia Avenue 163 Bl 1070 999 3

189 Pennsylvania Drive 172 B 1070 1013 3

102 Florida Avenue 180 A 970 891 2

115 Idaho Circle 263 A 970 891 2

126 Montana Circle 301 ^1 970 891 2

103 Arizona Drive 467 F 1680 1553 4

105 Arizona Drive 468 G 2050 1900 4

102 Alabama Drive 577 E 1190 1115 3

122 Illinois Drive 585 C 1050 999 2

130 Illinois Drive 5Q7 D 1100 1046 3

129 Iowa Circle 656 D 1100 1046 3

123 Louisiana Drive 770 E 1190 1115 3

127 Michigan Circle 843 C 1050 999 2

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There were 1535 houses in the housing area, so the sample that was

used for this study represents lo04 percent of the totalo The sample

includes six 2-bedroom units, eight 3-bedroom units, and two 4-bedroom

unitso The entire housing area was comprised of 456 2-bedroom units,

1067 3-bedroom units, and 12 4-bedroom unitSo It is evident from these

figures that the proportion of 4-bedroom units was much greater in the

sample group of houses than for the entire housing area and that the

proportion of 2-bedroom houses was somewhat greater in the sait^jle than

for the entire group

3o Analysis of Data

3ol Monthly Electric Energy Use

The average monthly electric energy use per house for each of the

major components comprising the load and for the entire house was determined for the 16 houses as a group and also for the 2-bedroom, 3-bedroom,

and 4-bedroom houses as sub-groupso The average monthly energy usages

for the heat pump, the water heater, the kitchen range, and miscellaneous

devices were also expressed as a percentage of the total house load in

each sub-group and for the entire sample*. For this purpose, the energy

use of the miscellaneous devices was determined by subtracting the sum

of the usages of the heat pump, the water heater, and the range from the

total energy use for the house o These results have been summarized in

Table 2 on a monthly basis from October 1958 to March I96O, inclusiveo

It will be noted in Table 2 that all of the I6 houses were not occupied

prior to June 1959® For this series of measurements, the energy used

by the electric clothes dryer and the resistance heater in the bathroom

was included in the miscellaneous devices

„

The average monthly energy use in the I6 houses for the several

components of the total load was plotted in Figo 1 for the period from

October 1958 to February I96O 0 The average monthly energy use per house

for the entire housing area was also plotted as a dotted line in Fig» 1„

This represents approximately 1535 houses starting with June 1959=

It will be noted in Figo 1 that the energy use for the heat pump

and for the entire house reached an annual maximum in the middle of the

winter and a smaller maximum during July and August*. Two minimums

occurred during the year, in April and October, for the heat pump and

the house as a whole when little heating or cooling was requiredo The

winter peak usage of energy was approximately twice the summer maximumo

The energy usages for the water heater, the kitchen range, and the

miscellaneous devices were relatively more stable throughout the year,

although the minimum use of energy for water heating and miscellaneous

devices occurred in July and the maximums occurred in the colder months

of the yearo

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Figo 1 shows that the average monthly energy us^i per house for the

16 houses was very close to that for 1535 houses for the period from

July 1959 to February i960 when the base was fully occupied, despite the

disproportionate number of large houses in the l6-house sample <>

Considering the average values for all 16 houses, Table 2 shows

that the energy used for the heat pump ranged from about 30^ of the

total load during the spring and fall to a value between 50 and 60^

during the middle of the summer and winter; the energy used for water

heating ranged from about 15^ in the middle of the winter to a little

over 30^ in the spring and fall; the energy used for the kitchen range

was 5?^ or less of the total throughout the year; and the energy used

for miscellaneous devices ranged from 20 to 30^ of the total most of the

time.

Considering the 2-bedroom, 3-bedroom, and 4-bedroom houses as

separate groups. Table 2 shows that for most months of the year the

energy used for the heat pump and for water heating increased for the

larger houses, whereas the energy used for cooking was usually the

greatest in the 3-bedroom houses, and the energy used for miscellaneous

devices was rather inconsistent with respect to house size.

The energy used in the sample houses for each component of the

total load and the percent of the total represented by each component

is summarized in Table 3 for the 12-month period from March 1959 to

February i960, inclusive. It should be noted that only I5 houses were

occupied during some months of this period.

Table 3

Annual Energy Use in Sample Houses

Component of Load Total Energy Used

KWH

Percent of

Total

Heat Pump 12,290 48.6

Water Heater 6,135 24.3

Range 965 3o8

Miscellaneous (by difference) 5,905 23^3

Total 25,295 100.0

Table 3 shows that the total energy used for heating and cooling

by the heat pump on an annual basis was slightly less than that used for

all other devices combined. The annual energy usages for water heating

and miscellaneous devices were each about half as large as that for the

heat pump.

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3o2 Heating Accomplished by Range, Water Heater, and

Miscellaneous Devices

It is known that the energy used by the electric range, the electric

water heater, and the miscellaneous devices each make some contribution

toward warming the house in any season of the yearo This auxiliary heating reduces the load on the heating system in cold weather and increases

the. load on the cooling system in hot weathero

It is probable that all of the energy input to the cooking range

assists in warming the house with very little time lag except for the

water vapor generated by the cooking processes that escape from the house

in the winter time without being condensed® During the cooling season

the water vapor produced by cooking would add to the latent cooling load

on the heat pump and the sensible heat emitted from the range would add

to the sensible cooling load of the heat pump® For this analysis it was

assumed that all of the electrical energy consumed by the cooking range

was effective in warming the house.

The jacket heat losses from the water heater would warm the house

winter and summer, and a variable fraction of the heat in the warm water

used for bathing, dishwashing, and laimdry would be transferred to the

air in the house as sensible or latent heat. Observations of the electric energy required to maintain storage temperatures in the water tank

in some of the sample houses during the night when no water was being

drawn indicate that the jacket loss of these water heaters was 8 to 10^

of the total monthly energy used for water heating. To make some allowance for the heat transferred to the air in the house from the

hot water during use, it was assumed for this analysis that 15^ of all

the electrical energy supplied to the water heater was effective in

warming the house.

It is probable that all of the electrical energy used by electric

lights, resistance heaters, toasters, radio and television sets, and

nearly all of the energy used by an electric iron would be converted

into heat that would assist in warming a house® The situation with

respect to an electric clothes dryer is less definite. Although there

wo\ild be some heat transferred to the room from the jacket of the dryer,

these devices are usually equipped with a small blower which uses room

air to carry the water vapor and some sensible heat outside during the

clothe s-drying process® Such a blower, when in operation, would in- crease the infiltration into the house, which would probably more than

offset the jacket heat loss in the winter time® In the summer time

the clothes dryer would increase the cooling load somewhat® For the

purpose of this analysis, it was assumed that the clothes dryer con- tributed nothing toward heating the houses at Little Rock Air Force

Base and that all of the remainder of the energy used by miscellaneous

devices was converted into heat within the house.

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The electrical energy used by the electric clothes dryers at Little

Rock Air Force Base was not metered separately from the other miscellaneous loads o However, the energy used for this purpose in I5 sample houses

at three other air bases where it was metered separately averaged about

100 KWH per house per montho Accordingly, the energy used for miscellaneous devices in the houses at Little Rock Air Force Base was corrected

by subtracting 100 KWH from the monthly totals reported in each case where

the monthly total exceeded 100 KWH»

On the basis of the foregoing assumptions, the monthly contribution

of the electric range, water heater, and miscellaneous devices to house

heating was determined by the following expression:

KWH4 = KWHj^ + cl5 KW% + (KWI^ - 100 ) where

is the computed contribution of all appliances, other than the heat

pump, to house heating in KWH/month,

is the electric energy consumption of the electric range in KWH/month,

is the electric energy consumption of the electric water heater in

KWH/month,

is the electric energy consumed by miscellaneous devices in KWH/montho

This f orm-ula was used in deriving one of the three^ factors for power

usage per degree day per 1,000 sq ft of floor area in the next part of

this analysis for the sample houses at Little Rock Air Force Baseo It

is recognized that this formula could probably be improved in accuracy

by a careful statistical study of the heat dissipation characteristics

of the various electrical appliances, as used in a house

o

KWHa

KWHj^

KW%

KWH]y[

3 <.3 Correlation of Heating Power Requirements

and Heating Degree-Days

Seasonal heat requirements for residences and other types of buildings in different climates have often been compared on the basis of the

niimber of degree-days occurring in each localityo The heat requirements for different months in the same locality have also been compared

on this basiso The heat requirements of houses of similar size and

construction is approximately proportional to the floor area, if the

range of size is not too greato In an effort to correlate the power

requirements of the I6 sample houses at Little Rock Air Force Base,

three different power usage factors were determined for the months of

October, November, and December of 1959 and for January I96O. These

data are summarized in Tables 4-7

These power usage factors relate the electrical energy used by the

heat pump only in one case and the total energy used for heating in the

other two cases to the interior floor area of the houses and to the

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degree-days below an outdoor reference temperature of 65 °F in two cases and to the degree-days based on the average indoor-outdoor temperature

difference in the third case. The contribution made by other appliances

than the heat pump to heating the houses was determined by the formula

cited earlier in this report o The degree-day value based on indooroutdoor temperature difference was determined by multiplying the monthly

average indoor-outdoor temperature difference by the number of days in

the month

o

A review of Tables 4-7 indicates that the methods enployed to

obtain the power usage factors correlate the observed data for 2 , 3 » and 4 bedroom houses Tor the months from October to January rea- sonably wello The factors obtained, when the power consumption of the

heat pump only and the degree-days related to a 65-degree base are used

together, agree quite well with those obtained when the total power for

heating and the degree-days based on average indoor-outdoor temperature

difference are usedo The variation between houses within the 2-bedroom

and 3 -t>edroom groups is somewhat less for the latter factor, probably

because it takes into account two human choices not involved in the

former factor, namely, the selection of indoor temperature and the usage

of power for miscellaneous appliances 0 It shoul.d be pointed out that

the power usage factor involving the power consumption of the heat pump

alone and the degree-days related to a 65 -degree base is much easier to

obtain than the others because less instrumentation and fewer observations are involved

o

3o4 Correlation of Cooling Power Requirements

and Cooling Degree-Days

A similar correlation of power usage, floor area, and cooling

degree-days was tried for the month of August 1959 for the 16 sample

houses, and is summarized in Table 8 . In this case, however, the heat

contributed by electrical appliances added to the summer cooling load

rather than assisting the heat pump as it did during the winter <> Also,

in the summertime, the outdoor temperature frequently crosses the reference value used for degree-day totals whether the reference value is

chosen at 65°F or 75°F» Solar radiation on a house is a much greater

factor in the total cooling load than it is for the heating load, and

it is only indirectly reflected in the indoor-outdoor temperature difference during the summer.

The degree-day values in columns 6 and 7 of Table 8 are based on the hourly values of outside temperature related to reference values of

65°F and 75°F, respectively. The degree-day values in column 8 of Table

8 are based on the mean of the maximum and minimum daily outdoor temperatures and the average indoor temperature.

It will be noted in Table 8 that the power usage factor for cooling

varied over quite a range depending on the basis selected for determining the degree-days of cooling. The average value for the I6 sample

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houses ranged from 2o3 KWH/degree-day (1,000 sq ft) when 65°F was used

as the reference value of outdoor^ temperature to 8o5 in the same units

when the degree-days were based on mean outdoor temperature and average

indoor temperature o In the latter case the degree-day value was negative for house No» 585 because the average indoor temperature was 1°F

higher than the mean daily outdoor temperature.

Basing the degree-days on the difference between mean daily outdoor

temperature and average indoor temperature is probably the least suitable of the three methods for correlating power usage: first, because

this temperature difference can become vanishingly small, or even negative, and yet the house can have a cooling requirement; secondly,

because a house probably responds with respect to heating or cooling

on a time cycle of less than 24 hours; and, thirdly, because the maximum

outdoor dry bulb temperature would usually occur more or less coincidentally with the: maximum solar irradiation on the house.

The data reported in the monthly summaries of power suage for the

16 sample houses at Little Rock Air Force Base are not suitable for

selecting the proper outdoor reference temperature for cooling degree

days because a month is too long a time increment on which to determine

the lowest outdoor temperature for which cooling is required in these

houses. The weekly data on outdoor temperature and hours of operation

for both cooling and heating being obtained under Task IV of this study

will probably reveal an approximate or average reference temperature

for cooling degree-days.

3o5 Factors Affecting Peak Demands for Electric Power

in the Housing Area

The unit rate for electric energy at the Little Rock Air Force

Base is related by sliding scales to the following three factors:

(l) the total monthly usage of electric energy, (2) the magnitude of

the maximum 15-minute demand during the month, and (3) the load factor,

i.e. the ratio of the average load to the peak I5 -minute demand for the

month. A reduction of the maximum I5 -minute demand in any month would

tend to lower the unit rate by virtue of its effect, on the second and

third factors above even if the total energy usage remained unchanged.

In order to study the contributions of the various house appliances to the peak demands for electric energy, the simultaneous demands

in the sample houses at the time of the peak demand for the entire

housing area were graphed for a four-hour period, bracketing the time

of the maximum value for the months of August 1959 and Janua:ry i960,

and the individual non-concurrent peak demands for the 1.6 sample houses

were also graphed for periods of four hours for the same months. The

data used for these graphs were taken from the strip recorder charts of

the demand meters which recorded the average power demand in kilowatts

in 15-minute increments for the heat pump, the water heater, the range,

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and the total house load. The miscellaneous load in the house , which

consisted of the lights, the toaster, the television and radio sets,

the refrigerator, the clothes dryer, etc. was not metered separately,

but was calculated by subtracting the sum of the range, water heater,

and heat pump demands from the total house meter demand.

The concurrent demands in the sample houses at the time of the

maximum demand for the entire housing area are shown in Figs. 2-13,

inclusive, and the average of the demands of the sample houses for the

same four-hour periods are shown in Fig. 14. The maximum I5 -minute

demand for January i960 for the entire housing area occurred on January

18 at 11:00 a.m., and it averaged 8.1 KW for each of the 1535 houses in

the project. The average demand for each of the 16 sample houses at the

same time was 7-6 K¥, indicating that the sample was fairly representative in this particular instance. An inspection of Figs. 2-7, showing

the demands of the individual houses from 9i00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on January 18, shows that the average demands of five of the sample houses

were above 8 KW, the average demands for four others were about 8 KW,

and the remaining 7 houses had demands averaging below 8 KW for this

four-hour period. Figs. 2-7 also show that, for the four hours

plotted, the heat pump in eight houses had a maximum or steady high

demand coincidental with the housing area maximum, the water heater in

eight houses had a maximum or steady high demand coincidental with the

housing area maximum, the miscellaneous loads in three houses had

maximum demands coincidental with the housing area maximum, and there

were no coincidental maximums for the electric range in the I6 sample

houses. In each of the sample houses for which the average demand

during the four hours from 9i00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. on January 18 was

greater than 8 KW, either the heat pump and water heater, or the water

heater and miscellaneous appliances, or all three of these components

had maximum demands at 11:00 a.m. when the maximum demand occurred for

the entire housing area.

It should be noted that the graphs for miscellaneous demands show

some negative values. This situation, which is a physical impossibility, is believed to be caused by a lack of perfect synchronization in

the clocks and the 15-minute demand intervals of the four recorder

charts used to record the demands for the heat pump, water heater,

range, and total for the house.

The maximum 15-minute demand for August 1959 for the entire

housing area occurred on August 24 at 11:45 a.m. when the outdoor

temperature was 92°F, and the demand averaged 4.9 KW for each of the

1535 houses in the project. The average demand for each of the sam- ple houses (15 in this case, since the total demand meter was not

working at this time in house No. 587) at the same time was 5 “6 KW,

indicating that the demand for the sample houses Was above the average

for the project by about I5 percent in this instance. Figs. 8 - I3
S

17

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show that the heat pump in five houses and the water heater in two houses

had a maximum or a steady high demand coincidental with the housing area maximum at 11:45 a.m. on August 24, the miscellaneous appliances in five

houses had a maximum demand coincidental with housing area maximum demand^ and that there was no coincidental maximum demand between the

electric range and the entire housing area®

The average demand for all of the sample houses for the four-hour

periods bracketing the time of the maximum housing area demand in January

and August are plotted in Fig, 14, It is evident in this figure that

the average demand for the l6 houses is considerably steadier than for

the individual houses. The total house demand averaged about 2 KW less

per house in August than in January, due principally to lower heat pump

and water heater demands.

The non-concurrent maximum demands in each of the 16 sample houses

during the billing period from January 8 to February 8, I960 were plotted

in Figs, 15 - 20, inclusive. It will be noted in these figures that the

individual house peaks occurred on different days and at different times

of the day in most cases. The outdoor temperature at the time of the

peak ranged from 21»6°F in house No, 46? to 57»6°F in house No, 263 , The time of the peaks in the individual houses ranged from 7il5 a,m. to

6:15 p,m. , indicating that the activities of the occupants during the

day were the principal factor in creating the peak demand. The magnitude of the maximum demand in the sample houses ranged from 12, 5 KW to

27 KW and averaged 17o4 KW for the I6 houses. This average value is

more than twice as large as the average for the entire housing project

at the time of the maximum demand for the entire project.

Figs, 15 - 20 show that the demands of the several items of electrical equipment in the sample houses had a maximiim or steady high

value coincidental with the maximum for the entire load in 8 houses in

the case of the heat pump, in 9 houses for the water heater, in 4 houses

for the electric range, and in 12 houses for the miscellaneous appliances.

The demand curves for the heat pump in Figs, I5 ~ 20 indicate that the

demand was intermittently greater than the 3 to 4 KW required by the

compression system under steady operation in I3 of the I6 sample houses,

indicating that the supplementary resistance heaters were energized at

times even though the outdoor temperature averaged less than 32°F in

only two cases at the time of the peak demand. The figures show that

the water heater never contributed more than 5 KW to the peak demand

and that the miscellaneous appliances contributed 8 KW or more in eight

of the sample houses.

The non-current maximum demands in each of the 16 sample houses

during the billing period from August 8 to September 8, 1959 were

plotted in Figs, 21 - 26, inclusive. The maximum demand in the individual houses occurred on different days and at different times of the

day in most cases. The time of the peaks in the individual houses

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ranged from 900 a.m. to 8:15 p*i^* > with all but four occurring after

noono The outdoor temperature at tine time of peak demand ranged from

78°F to 93°F. The magnitude of the peak demand ranged from llo5 KW to

16.5 KW and averaged 13«5 KW for the 16 sample houses.

Figs. 21 - 26 show that the demands of the several items of electrical equipment in the sample houses had a maximum or steady high value

coincidental with the maximum for the entire load in 10 houses in the case of the heat pump and miscellaneous appliances, in I3 houses for the

water heater, and in 2 houses for the electric range.

The average of the non-concurrent demands for all of the sample

houses for the four hours bracketing the time of the individual house

peak demands are plotted in Fig. 27 for the months of August 1959 and

January I960. These graphs indicate a fairly high degree of coincidence

among the peaks for the individual appliances in the houses in producing

the maximum value for the house as a unit. This figure also shows that

a short duration high demand for the miscellaneous appliances was an important contributing factor in the magnitude of the maximum total

demand.

3o6 Methods of Limiting Maximiim Demand in Housing Area

The electric water heaters at Little Rock Air Force Base were not

wired for- off<-peak heating and were of such a size that the electric

element was energized continuously for several hours when a considerable

amount of hot water was used. The demand meter records showed that the

steady power usage was 4.5 to 5»0 KW when the water heater was operating.

During laundering, the electric clothes dryer, whose energy consunption

was about 5 KW, would be operated intermittently, such that the 15- minute demand of the water heater and dryer could frequently total 9»5

to 10 KW.

The demand meter records and laboratory data on the heat pumps

used at this air base indicate that the compressor and two blowers would

use 3 to 4 KW when in operation. On a winter day with outdoor terrperatures at the balance point or lower, the compressor in many of the heat

pumps would be running continuously^' , and during a hot summer day near

design conditions continuous operation of many of the heat pumps would

be expected. After adding an average miscellaneous load (other than the

dryer) of 1 KW, and at least 1 KW for the bathroom resistance heater in

the winter time, it can be seen that peak demands on the order of 14 to

15 KW could easily recur, either winter or summer, on a day with outdoor

temperatures near the design conditions when laundering operations

caused the water heater and clothes dryer to be operating at the same time.

Various devices have been used to limit the power demand in houses

designed for electric heating and all- electric appliances. Some of the

load-limiting controls that could be used for this purpose are as follows

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(1) A non-preferential total load limiting device,

(2) A total load limiting device that gave preference to

certain appliances,

(3) A load selector that permitted either of two appliances,

but not both, to be energized,

( 4) An off-peak water heating controlo

Administrative procedures could also be used to schedule a certain percentage of the houses to perform intermittent functions, such as laundering, on each day of the week. This latter method has the advantage that no equipment is required, but it might be difficult to implement and

would cause some inconvenience at times.

At Little Rock Air Force Base the type of load selector that permitted either of two appliances, but not both, to be energized seems to

be the most practical. Such a control could be connected to the water

heater and clothes dryer circuits so only one of these devices could be

energized at a time. This control should probably give preference to

the clothes diyer because the water heater has at least limited storage capacity. Even this device could cause some delay in heating water

and some inconvenience if prolonged laundering was carried out. Such a load selector could reduce the peak demand in a given house by 4 to 5

KW, but of course, the average reduction for all houses would be less

than this value because of diversity of appliance use.

An off-peak water heating control is probably impractical at this

air base considering the limited size of the water storage tanks,

A load selector might be connected to the electric range and the

resistance strip heaters in the heat pump, with preference being given

to the range, since the heat output of the range assists in warming the

house with only a small time lag. However, such a device would not

reduce the peak demands in the summertime, and the demand records show

that the electric range seldom contributed significantly to the recorded

maximum demands during either summer or winter.

In general, any load selector should give preference to the house

heating and cooking appliances and provide for selective or delayed programming of the more irregular functions such as water heating, laundering, etc, in such a way as to cause the minimum inconvenience to the

occupants of the house.

USCOMM-NBS-DC

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Table 2

MONTHLY ELECTPaC ENERGY USAGE IN A

SELECTED GROUP OF HOUSES AT LITTLE ROCK AIR FORCE BASE

Year

Month

1958

Oct

1958

Nov.

1958

Deo.

1959

Jan.

1959

Feb.

1959

Mar.

1959

Apr.

1959

May

1959

June

1959

July

1959

Aug.

1959

Sept Oct.

1959

Nov.

1959

Dec.’

i960

Jan.

i960

Feb.

I960

Mar.

Total Energy Used for Month, KV/H

Avg for All Houses Reported

No. of Houses Reported

Avg for 2 Bedroom Houses

1469

11

1040

2227

12

1827

3683

13

2800

3409

13

2860

2292

13

i860

1933

15 -

1432

1379

15

1008

1577

15

1256

1729

16

1473

1718

16

1400

1901

16

1467

1553

15

1300

1570

13^7

2607

15

2296

2575

15

2352

3040

16

2567

3707

16

3160

2850

16

2313

6

2885

.8

4320

No. of 2 Bedroom Houses

Avg for 3 Bedroom Houses

3

1760

3

2280

4

3943

4

3246

4

2303

5

2030

5

1415

5

1593-

6

1633

6

1845

6

1983

6

1483

6

1590 2603

5

2468

6

3025

6

3694

No. of 3 Bedroom Houses 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8

Avg for M Bedroom Houses 1240 2640 4540 5080 3120 2800 2160 2320 2880 2160 2880 2560 2080 3400 3560 4520 5400

No. of ^ Bedroom Houses 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2- 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .2 2

Energy Used for Heat Pump, KWH

Avg for All Houses Reported 582 1243 2534 2200 1155

50.4

773 432 508 881 1025 1033 671 571 1365 1247 1589 2196 I5O6

Percent of Total 39.6 55.8 68.8 64.5 40.0 31.3 32.2 51.0 59.7 54.3 43.2 36.4 52.3 48.4 52.3 59.2 52.8

Avg for 2 Bedroom Houses 320 1020 2020 1945 1065 716 356 424 750 860 750 520 440 1188 1184 1430 2CC0 1413

Percent of Total 30.8 55.8 72.1 68.0 57.3 ' .0 35.3 33.8 50.9 61.4 50.8 40.0 32.7 51.7 50.3 63.3

2C89

61.1

Avg for 3 Bedroom Houses 790 1209 2560 1994 1103 775 455 478 810 1018 1050 620 645 1368 II65 1355

Percent of Total 44„9 53.0 64.9 61 .

A7.9 38.2 32.2 30.0 49.6 55.2 53.0 41.8 40.6 52.5 47.2 49.8 56.5 47.

Avg for L Bedroom Houses 350 1700 3470 3^*30 1520 910 530 840 1560 1550 1810 1300 670 1800 1730 2390 3220 2390

Percent of Total 28.2 64.4 76.4 67.5 48.7 32.5 24.5 36.2 54.2 71.8 62.8 50.8 32.2 52.9 48.6 52.9 59.6 55.3

Energy Used for Water Heating, KWH

Avg for All Houses Reported 409 495 515 611 560 609 471 549 430 349 413 452 495 573 573 605 618 626

Percent of Total 27.9 22.2 14.0 17.9 24.4 31.5 34.1 34.8 24.9 20.3 21.7 29.1 31.5 22.0 22.2 , 19.9 16.7 22.0

Avg for 2 Bedroom Houses 347 420 415 480 425 460 368 460 393 293 353 410 457 492 500 510 477 453

Percent of Total 33.4 23.0 14.8 16.8 22.8 32.1 36.5 36.6 26.7 20.9 24.1 31.5 33.9 21.4 21.3 19.9 15.1 19.6

Avg for 3 Bedroom Houses 403 523 569 600 540 610 450 560 393 403 433 429 470 573 580 633 663 698

Percent of Total 22.9 22.9 14.4 18.5 23.4 30.0 31.8 35.2 24.1 21.8- 21.8 28.9 29.5 22.0 23.5 20.9 24.2

Avg for 4 Bedroom Houses 520 510 530 910 850 980 810 730 690 300 515 660 670 780 730 810 060 860

Percent of Total 41.9 19.3 11.7 17.9 27.2 35.0 37.5 31.5 24.0 13.9 17.8 25.8 32.2 22.9 20.5 17.9 15.9 19.9

Energy Used for Cooking Range, KWH

Avg for All Houses Reported 62 103 9Y 91 83 88 65 81 58 53 68 - 67 79 88- 88 111 118 93

Percent of Total - 4.2 4.6 2.6 2.7 3.6 -4.5 4.7 5.1 3.4 3.1 3'. 5' 4.3 5.0 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.3

Avg for 2 Bedroom Houses 53 100 80 80 75 72 36 56 40 30 53 50 47 56 48 50 60 47

Percent of Total 5.1 5.5 2.9 2.8 4.0 5.0 3.6 4.5 2.7 2.1 3.6 3.8 3.5 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0

Avg for 3 Bedroom Houses 77 126 126 100 91 95 80 100 70 73 80 80 103 108 no 165 165 130

Percent of Total 4.4 5.5 3.2 3.1 3.9 4.7 5.7 6.3 4.3 4.0 4.0 5.4 6.5 4.1 4.5 5.4 ^.5 4.5

Avg for 4 Bedroom Houses 30 30 30 80 70 100- 80 70 60 40 60 70 80 88 100 80 100 80

Percent of Total 2.4 1.1 0.6 1.6 2.2 3.6 3.7 3.0 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.7 -3.9 2.6 2.8 1.7 1.8 1.9

Energy Used for Mlsc. Devices-*, KWH

Avg for All Houses Reported 409 385 537 523 501 468 411 439 360 291 385 364 425 583 667 735 775 625

Percent of Total 27.9 17.3 14.6 15.3 21.9 24.2 29.8 27.8 20.8 16.9 20.2 23.4 27.1 22.4 25.9 24.2 . 20.9 21.0

Avg for 2 Bedroom Houses 320 240 285 405 295 280 248 316 290 217 310 320 403 568 620 577 623 400

- Percent of Total 30.8 13.2 10.2 14.2 15.9 19.5 24.6 25.2 19.7 15.5 21.1 24.6 29.9 24.7 26.4 22.5 19.7 17.3

Avg for 3 Bedrooms 477 443 689 551 569 500 430 455 360 353 420 354 373 555 613 728 778 702

Percent of Total - 27.1 19.4 17.5 17.0 24.7 24.6 30.4 28.5 22.0 19.1 21.2 23 .-9 23.4 21.3 24.8 24.1 21.1 24.3

Avg for 4 Bedrooms 340 400 510 660 680 810 ?40 680 570 270 500 530 660 730 1000 1240 1220 990

Percent of Total 27.4 15.2 11.2 13.0 21.8 28.9 34.3 29.3 19.8 12.5 17.3 20.7 31.7 21.5 28.1 27.4 22.6 22.9

* Include electric clothes dryer and bathroom- heater

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Relation of Power Usage and Degree-Days

Under Heating Conditions for

October 1959

Little Rock Air Force Base

Degree-Days

Power Consumption

Contractors Appliance Total Avg Avg

House Heat Contribution for Indoor Outdoor

Based on

Based on Avg Indoor Inside

65° -Outdoor Floor

Power Usage Factor,

KWH/Deg-Days (lOOO sq ft)

Heat

Number Pump kwha Heating Temp Temp References Temp Area Total, Piimp, Total

Kwri MT~ Kwh “F “F sq ft 65“ Base 65" Base Indoor-6utdi

2--Bedroom Houses

14 440 469 909 78 59 214 589 891 4.8 2.3 1.7

180 380 529 909 74 59 214 465 891 4.8 2.0 2.2

263 380 484 864 75 59 214 496 891 4.5 2.0 2.0

301 360 423 783 73 59 214 434 891 4.1 1.9 2.1

585 640 366 1006 78 59 214 589 999 ^.7 3.0 1.7

843 440 240 680 70 59 214 341 999 3.2 2.1 2,0

Average 440 419 059 75 59 214 4tJ6 927 2.2 2.0

4 520 385 905 75 59

3-Bedroom Houses

214 465 999 4.2 2.4 1.9

74 580 295 875 76 59 214 527 1013 4,0 2.7 1.6

163 1240 607 1847 76 59 214 527 999 8.6 5.8 3.5

172 680 240 920 77 59 214 558 1013 4.3 3.1 1.6

577 400 623 1023 74 59 214 465 1115 4.3 1.7 2.0

587 500 380 880 73 59 214 434 1046 3.9 2.2 1.9

656 560 486 1046 77 59 214 558 1046 4.7 2.5 1.8

770 680 618 1298 74 59 214 465 1115 5.5 2.9 2.5

Average 645 454 1099 75 59 214 500 1043 4.9 2.9 2.1

467 380 782 1162 76 59

4-Bedroom Houses

214 527 1553 3.5 1.1 1.4

468 560.. 699 1659 73 59 214 434 1900 4.1 2.4 2.0

Average 741 l4ll 75 59 214 4Bl' 1727 3.6 1.8 1.7

Avg for

16 Houses 571 477 1048 75 59 214 492 1085 4.6 . 2.5 2.0

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Table 5

Relation of Power Usage and Degree-Days

Under Heating Conditions for

November 1959

Little Rock Air Force Base

Contractors

House Heat

Power Consimptlon

Appliance ^

Contribution

Degree-Days

Total

for

Avg

Indoor

Avg

Outdoor

Based

65 °

Based on

Avg Indoor

-Outdoor

Inside

Floor

Power Usage Factor,

KWH/Deg-Days ( 1000 sq ft

)

Heat

Number Piamp KWHa Heating Temp Temp References Temp Area Total

,

Pump,

65“ Base

Total Wh MH Hwri “P “F sq ft 65 ° Base Indoor-Outdi

2--Bedroom Houses

14 1140 495 1635 76 45 640 930 891 2.9 2.0 2.0

180 920 668 1588 74 45 640 870 891 2.8 1.6 2.0

263 860 805 1665 76 45 640 930 891 2.9 1.5 2.0

301 1600 492 2092 72 45 640 810 891 3.7 2.8 2.9

585 1420 529 1949 77 45 640 960 999 3.0 2.2 2.0

843 620 3* 623 60* 45 640 450 999 1.0 1.0 1.4

Average 1093

“

499“

1592 73 45 640 825 927 2.7 2.2

3 -Bedroom Houses

4 1220 502 1722 73 45 640 840 999 2.7 1.9 2.1

74 1180 597 1777 77 45 640 960 1013 2.8 1.8 1.8

163 2180 766 2946 71 45 640 780 999 4.6 3.4 3.8

172 1320 338 1658 76 45 640 930 1013 2.6 2.0 1.8

577 1300 781 2081 72 45 640 810 1115 2.9 1.8 2.3

587 1060 729 1789 73 45 640 840 1046 2.7 1.6 2.0

656 1160 618 1778 78 45 640 990 1046 2.7 1.7 1.7

770 1520 856 2376 72 45 640 810 1115 3.3 2.1 2.6

Average 1368 64B 2016 74 45 “

6^0“830 1043 3.0 2.0 2.3

4-Bedroom Houses

467 1840 837 2677 73 45 640 840 1553 2.7 1.8 2.0

468 1760 837 2597 73 45 640 840 1900 2.2 1.5 1.6

Average 18OO 837 2637 73 45 W 840 TfW~ 2.5 1.7 1 .

Avg for

16 Houses 1319 616 1934 73 45 640 831 1085 2.8 1.9 2.2

*

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Table 6

Relation of Power Usage and Degree-Days

Under Heating Conditions for

December 1959

Little Rock Air Force Base

Contractors

House

Number

Power Cons\;unptlon

Appliance

Heat Contribution

Pump

Kwir

KWHa

RwH"

Total

for

Heating

KWH

Avg Avg

Indoor Outdoor

Temp Temp

°F

Degree-Days

Based on

Based on Avg Indoor Inside

65° -Outdoor Floor

References Temp Area

sq ft

Power Usage Factor,

KWH/Deg-Daya (lOOO sq ft)

Heat

Total , Pump , Total , 65“ Base 65° Base Indoor-Outdoo

2 -Bedroom Houses

14 1140 535 1675

180 760 732 1492

263 1080 859 1939

301 1742 529 2271

585 1200 560 1760

843 1000 306 1306

Average 1154 587 Tt4T

4 1320 390 1710

74 980 677 1657

163 1700 720 2420

172 980 278 1258

577 1140 1016 2156

587 720 824 1544

656 1140 735 1875

770 1340 1036 2376

Average 1165 710 1875

77 43 643 1054

73 43 643 930

77 43 643 1054

73 43 643 930

77 43 643 1054

69 43 643 806

74 43 643 “

97T

3 -Bedroom Houses

74 43 643 961

75 43 643 992

74 43 643 961

71 43 643 868

71 43 643 868

72 43 643 899

78 43 643 1085

72 43 643 899

73 43 643 ~932

4-Bedroom Houses

467 1540 926 2466 72 43

468 1920 1293 3213 74 43

Average 1730 1110 2840 73 43

Avg for

16 Houses 1231 714 1945 74 43

643 W643899

961

93^

951

891 2.9 2.0 1.8

891 2.6 1.3 1.8

891 3.4 1.9 2.1

891 4.0 3.0 2.7

999 2.7 1.9 1.7

999 2.0 1.6 1.6 92^ 2.9 2.0 “

5TTT

999 2.7 2.1 1.8

1013 2.6 1.5 1.6

999 3.8 2.6 2.5

1013 1.9 1.5 1.4

1115 3.0 1.6 2.2

1046 2.3 1.1 1.6

1046 2.8 1.7 1.7

1115 3.3 1.9 2.4

1043 2.6 i.a 1.9

1553 2.5 1 . 5

' 1.8

1900 2.7 1.6 1.8

1727 2.6 1.6 1 .6

1085 2.8 1.8 1.9

, AT

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Table 7

Relation of Power Usage and Degree-Days

Under Heating Conditions for

January i960

Little Rock Air Force Base

Power Consumption

Contractors Appliance Total

House Heat Contribution for

Number Pump kwha Heating

KWH KWH KWH

14 1440 458 1898

180 1160 601 1761

263 1160 694 1854

301 2040 658 2698

585 1400 595 1995

843 1380 613 1993

age 1430 603 2033

Degree-Days

Avg

Indoor

Temp

Avg

Outdoor

Temp

Based on

65°

References

Based on

Avg Indoor

-Outdoor

Temp

"F "F

2 -Bedroom Houses

76 42 694 1020

73 42 694 930

75 42 694 990

74 42 694 960

76 42 694 1020

73 42 694 930

75 42 694 975

Inside

Power Usage Factor,

KWH/Deg-Days (lOOO sq ft)

Floor Heat

Area Total Pump, Total,

sq ft b 5

^ Base b5

“ Base Indoor-Outdo

891 3.1 2.3 2.1

891 2.8 1.9 2.1

891 3.0 1.9 2.1

891 4.4 3.3 3.2

999 2.9 2.0 2.0

999 2.9 2.0 2.1

927 3.2 2.2 2.3

3 -Bedroom Houses

4 1400 825 2225

74 1020 934 1954

163 2580 858 3438

172 1800 609 2409

577 1400 1076 2476

587 840 1040 1880

656 1340 729 2069

770 1680 1019 2699

Average I5O8 2394

74 42 694 960

73 42 694 930

74 42 694 960

74 42 694 960

71 42 694 870

73 42 694 930

77 42 694 1050

73 42 694 930

74 42 694 “949

999 3.2 2.0 2.3

1013 2.8 1.5 2.1

999 5.0 3.7 3.6

1013 3.4 2.6 2.5

1115 3.2 1.8 2.6

1046 2.6 1.2 1.9

1046 2.9 1.9 1.9

1115 3.5 2.2 2.6

1043 3.3 2.1 2.4

4-Bedroom Houses

467 2180 I 4l8 3598 74 42 694 960 1553 3.3 2.0 2.4

4bB 2600 1265 3865 73 42 694 930 1900 3.0 2.0 2.2

Average 2390 1342 3732 74 42 694 945 1727 3.2 2.0 2.2

Avg for

16 Houses 1589 837 2426 74 42 694 958 1085 3.3 2.1 2.4
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Table 8

Relation of Power Usage and Degree-Days

Under Cooling Conditions for

August 1959

Little Rock Air Force Base

Power Consumption

Contractors Appliance Avg

House Heat Contribution Indoor

Number Pump KWHa Temp

KWH KWH °F

Degree-Days

Avg “Hourly Hourly Dally Mean

Outdoor Values^ Values, Above

Temp 65 °F Base 75 Base Indoor Avg

'Tp

Power Usage Factor

KWH/Deg-Days (1000 sq ft)

Inside Hourly Hourly DaTTyTfean

Floor Values, Values, Above

65 °R Ba se 75 “? Base Indoor Avg

sq ft

2-Bedroom Houses

14 840 400 76 79 447 170 93.0 891 2.1 5.5 10.1

180 900 380 70 79 447 170 279.0 891 2.3 6.0 3.6

263 680 68 76 79 447 170 93.0 891 1.7 4.5 8.2

301 1040 572 75 79 447 170 124,0 891 2.6 6.9 9.4

585 380 316 80 79 447 170 - 31.0 999 0.9 2.2 -12.3*

843 660 162 76 79 447 170 93.0 999 1.5 3.9 7.1

Average 750 316 76 79 447 170 - 927 1.9 “JTTET -

3 -Bedroom Houses

4 1240 276 74 79 447 170 155.0 999 2.8 7.3 8.0

74 1280 583 73 79 447 170 186.0 1013 2.8 7.5 6.8

163 1080 852 72 79 447 170 217.0 999 2.4 6.4 5.0

172 680 188 75 79 447 170 124.0 1013 1.5 4.0 5.4

577 880 543 77 79 447 170 62.0 1115 1.8 4.7 12.8

587 1360 274 73 79 447 170 186.0 1046 2.9 7.8 7.0

656 800 549 77 79 447 170 62.0 1046 1.7 4.5 12.4

770 1080 454 72 79 447 170 217.0 1115 2,2 5.7 4.5

Average 1050 465 74 79 447 17O 151 1043 2.3 b.o 7.7

4-Bedroom Houses

467 1740 438 74 79 447 170 155.0 1553 2.5 6.6

468 1880 635 77 79 447 170 62.0 1900 2.2 5.9

Average 1810 439 76 79 447 170 109 1727 2.4 6.3

Avg for

16 Houses

* Interior

1032

temp. 1 °F

434

above

75

exterior temp.

79 447 170 1085 2.1 5.6

USCOMM-NB

ELECTRIC

ENERGY

USE

IN

16

HOUSES

LITTLE

ROCK

A.

F.

B.

HMN 3Sn A9N3N3 A1H1NON 9AV
.j,.

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<

i

- 5
POWER DEMRND OF OF/MPLE H0U5E BREED ON 15 MINUTE

DEMAND AT TIME OF TOTAL HOUSIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCKA.F.a.

Figure 2
it%I

Ik

M.
POWER demand of ORMPLE HOUSE 6/9SED 0/V IS MINUTE

DEMRND RT TIME OF TOTRl H0USIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCK fl.F.B.

POWER DEMRND OF OffMPLE H0U5E BREED 0/V IS MiNUTE

DEMRND f)T TIME OF TOTRL H0USIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCKfl.F.B.

Figure 4
.J.. -
POWER DE.MBND OF ^RMPLE HOU5E 6RSED ON IS MINUTE

DEMRND FIT TIME OF TOTRL HOUSiNe PERK LITTLE ROCK R.F. B.

Figure 5
p

3
POWER DEMfiND OF OffMPLE H0U5E BASED ON 15 MINUTE

DEMRND FIT TIME OF TOTAL HOUSIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCK fl.F. B,

Figure 6

?OV\/ER DE.MRND OF 5/?MPL£ H0U5E 6PSED OA/ IS MINUTE

DEMAND FIT TIME OF TOTftL HOUSING PEFIK LITTLE ROCK fl.F.B.

Figure 7
111
POWER DEMBND of 5/?MPLE H0U5E 6/9SED 0/V 15 MINUTE

DEMAND AT TIME OF TOTffL HOUOIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCK fl.F. B.

Figure 8
1Iit
POWE/R DE.MBND OF 5/7MPLE HOU5E SPSED 0/V IS MINUTE

OEMRND FIT TIME OF TOTffL HOUSING PEFIK LITTLE ROCKfl.F.S.

Figure 9
I •

,

'•

’

>
?OWER DEMRND OF ^ffMPLE H0U6E BRSED OA/ IS MiNUTE

DEMPND FT TIME OS TOTSl H0UEIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCK fl.F.B.

Figure 10
rf^i '%

r

a

i

t*

i

t
POWER DEMAND OF ORMPLE HOUSE BASED ON IS MINUTE

DEMAND f)T TIME OF TOTRl H0USIN6 PERK LITTLE ROCKfl.F.B.

Figure 11
I }y ’ • rIiII

<• 1 J %
?OV\/ER DEMBND of ^RMPLE HOUSE bPSED ON IS MINUTE

DEMPND PT TIME OF TOTffL H0USIN6 PE/9K LITTLE ROCK fl.F.S

Figure 12
* i • A

‘I
POWER DEMAND OF 5/?MPLE H0U5E bROED ON IS MINUTE

DEMAND RT TIME OR TOTAL HOUSING PEAK LITTLE ROCKfl.F.B.

Figure I3
ii'
RVERRGE OF peak OF l(, HOUS£S FIT T/ME

OF TOTAL H0USIN6 PEfiK HTTlE ROCK R.F.Q,
'it:
POWEf? U5/76E QR^ED ON IS MINUTE DEMAND RT

TIME OF monthly PEAK LITTLE ROCK 8.F.B.

Figure 15
1 a1 . '9:
POVMER U5^6£ B«5>£D ON IS MINUTE DEMRND BT

TIME Of MONTHLY PERK LITTLE ROCK R.F.b.
* i

'• 'A

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POV\JER U5/96E B«S£D ON IS' MINUTE DEMAND AT

TIME OF monthly PEHK LITTLE ROcK R.F. B.

Figure I7
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PO'AIER U5/96E B«5£D ON IS MINUTE DEMflWD RT

TIME OF monthly PERK LITTLE ROcK R.F.B.
\

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POV\JER U5/96E QRhED ON IS' MINUTE. DEMAND RT

TIME OF MONTHLY PERK LIITLE RocK B.F. B.

Figure I9
ri

I-*.,
POV\JER U5/96E BR^ED ON IS MINUTE DEMflWD AT

Figure 20
;.*r ’
POVMER U5/96E QR5>ED ON IS MINUTE DEMRND RT

Figure 21
- %

«-• -t • -

' t '*
POV\JER U5/96E QRhED ON IS MINUTE. DEMAND RT

TIME OF monthly PERK LIITLE ROcK R.F.B.

Figure 22
'Si

,1 1
POWE/? U5/96E bRhED ON IS’ MINUTE DEMAND RT

TIME OF monthly PERK LI7TLE ROcK fj.F.d.

Figure 23
I

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s-** "-''ivt-, -
POW£/? U5/9GE B/95ED ON IS MINUTE DEMflWD RT

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Figure 24
1

m:

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POV\IER U5/96E B/95>£D ON IS MINUTE. DEMRND RT

TIME OF monthly PERK LIITLE ROcK R.F.B.

Figure 25

POV\JER DbRQE BASED ON IS MINUTE DEMAND BT

TIME OF MONTHLY PEHN LITTLE ROCK R.F.b.

Figure 26
^ f

*1 . ' k . ...

'i
RVEKRQE. of PE/9K OF /6 HOUSES^ RT

TIME OF INDIVIDU RL PERK L/TTlE ROCK

Figure 27
I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Frederick U. Mueller, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V, Aalih, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The Hcopc of activities of the National Kureaii of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

'Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

Its title, A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reaciance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Photographic Technology. Length. Engineering

Metrology, .

'

Heat, Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free

Radicals Research. Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics, Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Radiation Theory. Radioactivity. X-rays, fligh

Energy Radiation. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chenaistry, Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Ghenwilry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic

Chemistry, Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of (iases. Physical Chemistry. Thermo,

chemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics, Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. I'esting and Spt^cifications. Poly- mer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy, Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Met-hanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal

.Physics,

Mineral Products, Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Constiiolinn and Microstructure,

Building Technology. Structural Engineering, Fire Protection* Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer, Concreting Materials.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry.

Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering. -

• Office of Basic Instrumentation. * Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction. Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research, Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation

Services. Sun-Earth Relationships, VII F Research. Radio Warning Services. Airglow and Aurora. .Radio

Astronomy and Arctic Propagation,

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Iniitriimentation. Modulation Research. Radio Noise. , Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation Obstacles Engineering. Radio-Mclcorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Eleelrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High Frequency Impedance Standards. Electronic Culihratioo Center. Microwave Physics. Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Commmiiicaliion and Systems. Low Frequency and Very ’Low Frequency Rc^arch. High Fre- quency and Very High Frequency Rciscarch. Ultra High Frequency and Suj>er High Frequency Rcsi;areh, Moilnlation Restiareh, Antennu Research. Navigation Systems. Systems Analysis, l^icld Operations.