A111D3 731fl3

NATL iSST 0? 3'ANDARDS & TECH R.I.C.

A111 030731 83

/Hydraulic research In the United States QC100 .U57 N0.583. 1980 C.2 NBS-PUB-C 19 NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 583

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Library. £ 01 Admin. Bldg. OCT 1 ^991 131089

ydrauiic Kesearch in tne

United States and Canada, 1978
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts

research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and

the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of

physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement

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physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement,

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Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science. THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY provides technology and technical ser- vices to the public and private sectors to address national needs and to solve national problems; conducts research in engineering and applied science in support of these efforts; builds and maintains competence in the necessary disciplines required to carry out this research and technical service; develops engineering data and measurement capabilities; provides engineering measurement traceability services; develops test methods and proposes

engineering standards and code changes; develops and proposes new engineering practices; and develops and improves mechanisms to transfer results of its research to the ultimate user. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Applied Mathematics — Electronics and Electrical Engineering- — Mechanical

Engineering and Process Technology' — Building Technology — Fire Research —

Consumer Product Technology — Field Methods. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts

research and provides scientific and technical services to aid Federal agencies in the selection, acquisition, application, and use of computer technology to improve ettectiveness and economy in Government operations in accordance with Public Law 89-306 (40 U.S.C. 759), relevant Executive Orders, and other directives; carries out this mission by managing the Federal Information Processing Standards Program, developing Federal ADP standards

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'Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, MD, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, DC 20234. -Some divisions within the center are located at Boulder, CO 80303.
Hydraulic Research in the

United States and Canada, 1978

'" "y

OCT 2 9 1980

P. H. Gurewitz •

Center for Mechanical Engineering and Process Technology

National Engineering Laboratory 6- ^

National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology and Innovation NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Annbler, Director Issued October 1980
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-600124

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 583

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 583, 397 pages (Oct. 1980) CODEN; XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

Price $8.50 (Add 25 percent for other than U.S. mailing)
ABSTRACT

Current and recently concluded research projects in hydraulics and hydrodynamics for the years 1977-1978 are summarized. Projects from more than 200 university, industrial, state and federal government

laboratories in the United States and Canada are reported.

Key words: Fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; hydraulic research; hydraulics; hydrodynamics; model studies; research summaries.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The editor gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance

of Dr. Gershon Kulin in the preparation of this document.
PREFACE

This publication first appeared in 1933 as "Hydraulic Research in the United States" in answer to a need to keep hydraulicians aware of pertinent current activity in research laboratories throughout the United States and Canada. With the exception of a few World

War II years, it was published annually through 1966, after which publication became

biennial. In 1972 the title was changed to "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada."

The National Bureau of Standards appreciates the cooperation of the more than 200 organizations which have contributed to this issue their summaries of hydraulic and hydrologic research and of other fluid mechanics research of interest and usefulness to hydraulicians. These reporting organizations are listed beginning on page vi. Although

efforts are made to solicit reports from all laboratories whose work comes to our attention,

the National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend in the last analysis upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, and upon new laboratories engaged in pertinent research to bring their activities to our attention. Detailed information regarding the research projects reported here should be obtained from

the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title and address of the organization reporting the work. The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of publications, reports or other detailed information on research projects reported

by other laboratories. It is of course understood that laboratories submitting reports

on their work will be willing to supply additional information to properly qualified

inquirers

Iv
CONTENTS

Page Abstract iii Preface iv List of Contributing Laboratories vi Project Reports from: United States University, State and Industrial Laboratories 1 United States Government Laboratories 167 Canadian Laboratories 253 Subject Index 291

KEY TO PROJECTS

The project summaries are grouped in three sections: (1) U. S. university, state and industrial laboratories, (2) U. S. Government laboratories, and (3) Canadian laboratories. Within each section the source laboratories are listed alphabetically (see List

of Contributing Laboratories on page vi) and are numbered sequentially using the first three digits of the identification number.

(a) Project number and title

In the thir teen-digit identification number, e.g., 129-01111-000-00, preceding

each title, the second (five-digit) group, e.g., 01111, is the project number. Once assigned, this number is repeated in each issue for identification purposes

until the project is completed. In this issue the numbers 10800 and above are projects being reported for the first time.

(b) Project conducted for Only out-of-house sponsors are listed here. Absence of an entry indicates in-house

support

.

(c) Correspondent

Where there is no entry here, refer to the correspondent cited directly following

the title and address of the reporting laboratory.

(d) Nature of Project

Basic or applied; theoretical, experimental; thesis, etc.

(e) Description of Project

(f ) Present Status Absence of an entry here implies that the project was in an active status at time

of submission.

(g) Results

In many continuing projects this section contains only results obtained since the previous issue of "Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada." For completeness, readers are encouraged to consult earlier issues and/or publications

listed under (h)

.

(h) Publications

For the continuing projects, only publications since the last issue are generally listed. Older publications are listed when there have been no new publications since the last issue or when a project is being reported for the first time. For completeness, readers are encouraged to consult earlier

issues

.

V
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

U.S. UNIVERSITY, STATE AND INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES Page

AKRON, UNIVERSITY OF

001 Department of Chemical Engineering 1 002 Department of Civil Engineering 1 003 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1 ALASKA, UNIVERSITY OF

004 Geophysical Institute 1 ALDEN RESEARCH LABORATORIES (of Worcester Polytechnic Institute) (see 174) 162 ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

005 Energy and Environmental Systems Division 2 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

006 Department of Chemical and Bio Engineering 3 007 Department of Mechanical Engineering 3 ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF

008 Department of Soils, Water and Engineering ^ BELL AEROSPACE TEXTRON

009 Propulsion Systems and Components 5 BROWN UNIVERSITY

011 Division of Applied Mathematics 5 012 Division of Engineering 5 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

013 Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Environmental Quality Laboratory — 6 014 Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories 6 015 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources 7 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON

016 Division of Engineering 10 CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES

017 Department of Civil Engineering 10 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT BERKELEY

018 Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering 10 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (see 073) 52 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT DAVIS

019 Department of Land, Air and Water Resources 11 020 Department of Mechanical Engineering 15 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT SAN DIEGO

Scripps Institution of Oceanography (see 136) 108 CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT SANTA BARBARA

021 Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering 16 022 Department of Geography 16 023 Geography Remote Sensing Unit 16 024 Department of Mechanical and Environmental Engineering 18 025 CALSPAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER 18 CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY

026 Department of Chemical Engineering • 19 CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY

02 7 Marine Research and Development 19 CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF

028 Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering 19 029 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 20 CLARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

031 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 21 CLEMSON UNIVERSITY

032 Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson Hydraulics Laboratory 23 COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES

033 Basic Engineering Department 23 COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF AT BOULDER

034 Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering 24 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

035 Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics 24 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (see 072) 52
Page CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF

036 Marine Sciences Institute — 25 037 School of Engineering 25 CORNELL UNIVERSITY

038 Department of Environmental Engineering 26 039 Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 28 041 CREARE INCORPORATED 29 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

042 Thayer School of Engineering 30 DETROIT, UNIVERSITY OF

043 Civil Engineering Department 31 DREXEL UNIVERSITY

044 College of Engineering 31 DUKE UNIVERSITY

045 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 31 GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION

046 Electric Boat Division 32 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY

047 Corporate Research and Development 32 GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION

048 Harrison Radiator Division 33 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

049 School of Civil Engineering 33 051 GRUMMAN AEROSPACE CORPORATION 34 HARVARD UNIVERSITY

052 Division of Applied Science 35 HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF AT MANOA

053 Department of Civil Engineering 35 HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF

054 J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering, Department of Ocean Engineering 36 055 HITTMAN ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED 38 HOWARD UNIVERSITY

056 Department of Civil Engineering 38 IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF

057 College of Engineering 39 ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

058 Department of Agricultural Engineering

059 Department of Chemical Engineering '^2 061 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrosystems Laboratory

062 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

063 Department of Geology INGERSOLL-RAND RESEARCH, INCORPORATED

064 Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences Section ^'^ INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION

065 Research Laboratory, Dynamic Systems Modeling Group

066 Thomas J. Watson Research Center

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

067 Department of Agricultural Engineering '^^ 068 Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics

JAYCOR

069 Fluid Dynamics Group KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY

071 Department of Civil Engineering

072 LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 52 LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

073 Geosciences Division 52 LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

074 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 53 075 LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 54 LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE

076 Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute 55 vil
Page MANHATTAN COLLEGE

07 7 Environmental Engineering and Science Graduate Program 56 MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION

078 Martin Marietta Laboratories 56 MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF

079 Institute for Physical Science and Technology 57 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

081 Department of Civil Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources

and Hydrodynamics 57 MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF

082 School of Engineering 69 MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED

083 Research and Development Division 69 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

084 Department of Civil Engineering 70 MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

085 Department of Aerospace Engineering 70 086 Department of Chemical Engineering 71 087 Department of Civil Engineering 71 088 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory 72 089 Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 72 MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

091 Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics 73

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory (see 145) 113 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

092 Department of Aerospace Engineering 74 093 Department of Civil Engineering 74 MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF - COLUMBIA

094 Civil Engineering Department 75 095 Department of Geology 76 096 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 77 MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF - ROLLA

097 Department of Chemical Engineering 78 098 Department of Civil Engineering 79 MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY

099 Department of Agricultural Engineering 81 NEBRASKA-LINCOLN, UNIVERSITY OF

101 Department of Mechanical Engineering 81 NEVADA, UNIVERSITY OF - RENO

102 Division of Plant Soil and Water Science, Max C. Fleischman College of Agriculture 81 NEW ORLEANS, UNIVERSITY OF

103 School of Engineering (Civil Engineering) 82 NEW YORK, THE CITY COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF

104 Department of Civil Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 82 105 NEW YORK OCEAN SCIENCE LABORATORY OF AFFILIATED COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, INCORPORATED 82 NEW YORK, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF

106 Aerodynamics Laboratories 83

107 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 84 NEW YORK, STATE UNIVERSITY OF AT BUFFALO

108 Department of Chemical Engineering 85 109 Department of Civil Engineering 85 111 Department of Engineering Science, Aerospace Engineering and Nuclear Engineering 86 NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY AT RALEIGH

112 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 87 NORTH MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY

113 Department of Geography, Earth Science and Conservation 87 OAKLAND UNIVERSITY

114 School of Engineering 87 115 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY 88 viii
Page

116 OCEANIC HYDRODYNAMICS, INCORPORATED 92 OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

117 Agricultural Engineering Department, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center 93

118 Department of Agronomy 9 3 119 Department of Chemical Engineering 93 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

121 School of Engineering 94 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

122 Department of Aerospace Engineering 95

123 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 95 124 Department of Mechanical Engineering 96 125 Institute for Science and Engineering, Applied Research Laboratory 97 PITTSBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF

126 Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 100

127 Department of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Program 100 PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

128 Department of Engineering 100 PURDUE UNIVERSITY

129 Department of Agricultural Engineering 100 130 School of Mechanical Engineering 102 131 School of Nuclear Engineering 103 RAND CORPORATION

132 Engineering and Applied Sciences Department 104 RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

133 Department of Mathematical Sciences 105 ROCHESTER, UNIVERSITY OF

134 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences 106 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY

135 Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering 106 136 SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 108 SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF

137 Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research 109 138 Department of Civil Engineering 109 SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY

139 Department of Agricultural Engineering 109 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

140 Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research 110 SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY

141 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 110

142 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 110 STANFORD UNIVERSITY

143 Department of Applied Earth Sciences 112

144 Department of Civil Engineering 112

145 ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 113 STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

146 Davidson Laboratory 118 TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

147 Department of Civil Engineering 120

148 Texas Water Resources Institute 126 TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF AT AUSTIN

149 Center for Research in Water Resources 129 151 Department of Civil Engineering 133 UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

152 Utah Water Research Laboratory and Utah Center for Water Resources Research 134 VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE, COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

153 Department of Physical Oceanography and Hydraulics 142 VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

154 Department of Civil Engineering 145 VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

155 Chemical Engineering Department 146 156 VOUGHT CORPORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER 146

ix
Page WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

157 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, R. L. Albrook Hydraulics Laboratory 146 WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

158 Fisheries Institute, College of Fisheries 148

159 Department of Civil Engineering 151 161 Department of Mechanical Engineering 153

162 Department of Oceanography 154

163 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS 155 164 WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE • 155 WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

165 Department of Geography and Regional Planning 156 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION

166 Oceanic Division 156 WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

167 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics 156 WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF - MADISON

168 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 157

169 Department of Geology and Geophysics 159 171 Marine Studies Center 160

172 Department of Mathematics 160

173 WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION 160 WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

174 Alden Research Laboratories 162

U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF Science and Education Administration

Agricultural Research

300 North Central Region 167

301 Northeastern Region 171

302 Southern Region 172

303 Western Region 180 Forest Service

304 Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 186

305 North Central Forest Experiment Station 188

306 Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 189

307 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 1^0

308 Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 191

309 Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 192 310 Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 193

311 Southern Forest Experiment Station 19A ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF THE

Corps of Engineers

312 Coastal Engineering Research Center 195 North Pacific Division

313 Division Hydraulic Laboratory 202

314 Waterways Experiment Station 210 COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Mechanical Engineering and Process Technology

315 Fluid Engineering Division 220

316 Thermophysical Properties Division 224 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

317 Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 224 Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Services

318 National Weather Service 225 ENERGY, DEPARTMENT OF Argonne National Laboratory (see 005) 2 319 Bonneville Power Administration 226
Page

INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE Bureau of Reclamation

321 Division of Research 226 Geological Survey

322 Water Resources Division 232 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

323 Ames Research Center 237

324 Langley Research Center 237 325 Lewis Research Center 239

326 Wallops Flight Center 240 NAVY, DEPARTMENT OF THE Naval Construction Battalion Center

327 Civil Engineering Laboratory 241 328 Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL Station 242

329 Naval Ocean Systems Center 242 331 U. S. Naval Research Laboratory 244 David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center

332 Annapolis Laboratory, Ships Materials Engineering Department 245 333 Carderock Laboratory, Ship Performance Department 246 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

334 Data Services Branch 249 335 Water Systems Development Branch 249

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

400 ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES LIMITED 253 401 ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL, TRANSPORTATION AND SURFACE WATER ENGINEERING DIVISION — 254 ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 402 Department of Civil Engineering 256 ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICE Canadian Climate Centre

403 Hydrometeorology Division, CCAH 259 BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

404 Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory 260 BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF

405 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 260 CALGARY, THE UNIVERSITY OF

406 Department of Mechanical Engineering 261 CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS National Water Research Institute

407 Hydraulics Research Division 261 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY

408 Department of Civil Engineering 264 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY

409 Institute of Oceanography 264 EN^VIRONMENT CANADA

411 National Hydrology Research Institute 264 GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

Institute of Ocean Sciences Department of Fisheries and Oceans

412 Ocean and Aquatic Sciences Pacific Region 264 413 LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, LIMITED 265 MANITOBA, UNIVERSITY OF

414 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 269 MC GILL UNIVERSITY

415 Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics 269

416 Marine Sciences Centre 270 MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND

417 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science 270 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

418 Division of Mechanical Engineering, Hydraulics Section 273 xi
Page NEW BRUNSWICK, UNIVERSITY OF

419 Department of Civil Engineering 274 421 ONTARIO HYDRO 274 OTTAWA, UNIVERSITY OF

422 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 275 QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

423 Department of Civil Engineering 277 REGINA, UNIVERSITY OF

424 Regional Systems Engineering • 280 SASKATCHEWAN, UNIVERSITY OF

425 Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory 280 426 Department of Mechanical Engineering 280 SHERBROOKE, UNIVERSITE DE

42 7 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science 281 TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF 428 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry 281 429 Department of Mechanical Engineering 282 TRENT UNIVERSITY

431 Department of Geography 285 WATERLOO, UNIVERSITY OF

432 Department of Mechanical Engineering 285 433 WESTERN CANADA HYDRAULIC LABORATORIES, LIMITED 287 WESTERN ONTARIO, THE UNIVERSITY OF

434 Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science 288

xii
PROJECT REPORTS FROM UNIVERSITY, STATE, AND

INDUSTRIAL LABORATORIES

UNIVERSITY Of AKRON, Department of Chemical Engineering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. Howard L. Greene, Department Head.

001-07918-270-00 BIOMEDICAL IMPLICATIONS OF DRAG REDUCING

AGENTS

(c) Drs. H. L. Greene, R. A. Mostardi. R. F. Nokcs.

(cJ) The<irclical and experimental investigation involving basic and applied research. Some parts of the project have been

undertaken as Masters and Doctoral theses.

(e) Research has been undertaken to investigate possible hydrodynamic and biological effects of soluble polymeric

substances (drag reducing agents or DRA) on vascular blood flows. Possible relationships between vascular turbulence, atherogenesis, and fluid viscoelasticity have been examined both in vivi) and in vitro. {g) Major results to data indicate, firstly, that drag reduction occurs predictably in blood with DRA addition. Secondly,

large reductions (~ 50 percent) in erythrocyte trauma

during extracorporeal pumping occur with addition of DRA. probably because of viscoelastic lessening in the tur- bulent disturbances generated by such pumps. Thirdly, animal experiments using both rabbits and pigeons suggest

that DRA may inhibit hydrodynamic damage in the vascular system, resulting in significant diminution of arterial disease.

UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, Department of Civil Engineering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. A. L. Simon, Department

Head.

002-041 5W-8 10-33 DEVELOPMENT OF LINEARIZED SUBHYDROGRAPH METHOD OF URBAN RUNOFF DETERMINATION . {h) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(r) Dr S Sarikelle, Associate Professor.

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0032. 002-0462W-8 10-33 DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR URBAN RUNOFF QUANTITY AND QUALITY

(/') Office of Water Research and Technology.

(( ) Dr S. Sarikcll. Assoc. Professor

(e) See Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0035. 002-09953-360-47 LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF ENERGY

DISSIPATORS AT CULVERT OUTLETS

(/)) U.S. and Ohio Department of Transportation.

(< ) Dr. S. Sarikelle. Associate Professor.

(J) Experimental, theoretical and applied research.

(<-) Development of energy dissipator consisting of

prefabricated modular units for culvert and storm drain

outlets. Relationships between scour patterns and flow

characteristics are investigated by laboratory tests. Prototype performance is determined by field studies. ig) Prototype installation of several versions of the modular

energy dissipator have been accomplished.

(/i) Field Performance of Concrete Pipe Internal Energy Dissipators, S. Sarikelle, et al., presented ISih Ann. Transportation Research Board Mig.. Washington, DC, Jan. 16, 1979.

Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Energy Dissipators, S

Sarikelle, A. L. Simon, Final Report, Hydraulics Lab., Univ. of Akron. Dec. 1978 (4 volumes).

002-1 0800-320-49 ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCK-LINED CHANNELS

(h) U.S. and Ohio Department of Transportation,

(c ) Dr. A. L. Simon, Professor.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) A field test program is established to measure roughness

characteristics of rock-lined channels. Variation of the roughness factors is related to rock sizes and other varia- bles by the use of theoretical and analytical procedures.

UNIVERSITY OF AKRON, Department of Mechanical Engirteering, Akron, Ohio 44325. Dr. R. J. Scavuzzo, Department Head.

003-09777-140-00 TURBULENT INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER

(c) Benjamin T. F. Chung.

(d) Theoretical b^sic research for Ph.D. and M.S. theses.

(e) Development of mathematical models for various complex

transport processes.

(/i) The Surface Renewal Approach to Meddling Wall Turbulence, L. C. Thomas, B. T. F. Chung, Proc. Intl. Conf. Turbulent Flow with Heat or Mass Transfer Near the Wall Region Paris ( 1977). Unsteady Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow Over a Flat Plate with Radiation Boundary Condition, B. T. F. Chung,

L. T. Yeh, Proc. 14th Ann. Seminar on Thermal Science, 326 ( 1978). Transient Heat Transfer for Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow with Effects of Wall Capacitance and Resistance, R

C. Wang, B. T. F. Chung, L. C. Thomas, Heat Transfer in 197S. 5, 377 ( 1978). A Surface Rejuvenation Model for Turbulent Heat Transfer

in Annular Flow with High Prandtl Number, B T. F Chung, L. C. Thomas, Y. Pang, J. of Heat Transfer, Trans ASME 100, 92 ( 1978).

UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA, Geophysical institute, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701. Dr. T. E. Osterkamp.

004-10801-390-00 FRAZIL ICE FORMATION

(d) Experimental, field, applied research.

(e) identification and interpretation of the factors responsible

for frazil ice growth in natural settings (lakes and rivers).
(.V) Mass iranslcr processes have been shown to he responsible

( /i I Kra/.il Ice Fnrmation: A Review, T. E. Oslerkamp, Pnn . I.vr/, 1(14, Sept. i^lH. 004-10802-340-00 K K PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT IN COLD REGIONS

(/-) CRTA

(</) F.xperimental, field, apphed research.

(< ) Identitieation and assessment of ice problems associated with hydrt)clcctric power prt)duction in cold regions.

if;) Some potential ice problems have been identified and a preliminary assessment of them is in progress.

{/)) Some Potential Ice Problems Associated with Hydroelectric Development in Alaska, T. E Ostcrkamp, Tlw Northern

Engineer 9, 2, p. 4-6. 1977. 0O4-1 0803-390-1

5

MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF ICE FORCES ON HIGHWAY BRIDGES

(/)) U S Army, CRREL.

id) Experimental, field, applied research.

((') The goals of the project arc to develop instrumentation and carry out measurements of ice forces on the Yukon

River bridge. 004-10804-070-00 INVESTIGATION OF SALT TRANSPORT IN PERMAFROST

SOILS

(/') CETA.

(c/) Experimental, applied research.

(<') Salt transport studies in frozen soils under the influence of

thermal, hydraulic and chemical potentials are in a preliminary stage.

ALDEN RESEARCH LABORATORY (of Worcester Polytechnic

institute) (See Worcester Polytechnic Institute Listing). ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY, Energy and Environ- mental Systems Division, 9700 So. Cass Ave., Argonne,

III. 60439. Dr. John D. Ditmars, Manager, Water

Resources Section. 005-09778-440-52 GREAT LAKES POLLUTANT TRANSPORT PROCESSES

^h) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(< ) Dr. Kim D. Saunders.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied

research.

((') The spatial and temporal variation in nearshore (< 10 km

offshore ) currents and the near-bottom currents in central Lake Michigan are investigated. Data from this program

and others are employed in evaluating the ability of nu- merical lake circulation models to predict the circulations and to estimate residence times for pollutants in both the nearshore zone of southwestern Lake Michigan and in the southern basin of the lake. The near-bottom currents arc measured in support of sediment resuspension studies.

(/) Completed.

(f>) Based on existing data, no numerical models tested have been able to predict the lake circulations with any degree

of reliability. An empirical linear transfer function model

has been able to account for about 80 percent of the vari- ance caused by local winds. Pollution residence times are being computed at present.

( /i ) Comparison of Model and Observed Currents in Lake

Michigan, J. H Allcnder, J Physical Oceanography 7, 5, pp. 711-718 (1977).

Low Speed Calibration of the Bendix Q-15R Current

Meter, K D. Saunders. J. Great Lakes Res. 3, .1-4, pp. .117- 322 ( 1977). 005-09779-870-36 FATE OF REFINERY WASTES/INDIANA HARBOR CANAL

(h) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Energy

Research and Development Administration, and Illinois In- stitute for Environmental Quality.

(< ) Dr. Wyman Harrison.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(f) The transport and dispersion of oil-refinery wastes from

the Indiana Harbor Canal into southwestern Lake

Michigan are studied in the field using simulated waste and tracers. The wastes and subsurface waters arc tagged

with rare -earth tracers and dye, and the dispersing plumes

are sampled for several days from a vessel. Summer conditions, when the canal outflow enters the lake at the sur- face, and winter conditions, when the canal outflow sinks below the lake surface, are both investigated.

if) Completed.

(s) A simulated spill of oily waste and the underlying water in the Indiana Harbor Canal were tagged with two different rare-earth elements during wintertime sinking plume conditions. Neutron activation analysis of water samples col- lected at the City of Chicago's South water Filtration Plant indicated that tagged water had been transported to the raw water intakes at the plant. Water samples taken from Lake Michigan gave evidence of separate motion of the

oily waste and underlying water.

(/>) Pollution of Coastal Waters Off Chicago by Sinking Plumes from the Indiana Harbor Canal, W. Harrison, D. L. Mc- Cown, K. D Saunders, L. A. Raphaelian, Argonne Natl. Lab. Rept. ANL/WR-77-2 ( 1977). Transport of Oily Pollutants in the Coastal Waters of Lake

Michigan: An Application of Rare Earth Tracers, D. L. McCown, K. D. Saunders, L. H. Allendcr, J. D. Ditmars. W. Harrison, Argonne Natl. Lah. Rept. ANL/WR-78-l

(1978).

Differential Tracking of Oily Wastes and the Associated Water Mass by Tagging with Rare Earths, D. L. McCown,

Water Res. (in press).

Differential Tracking of Oily Wastes and the Associated Water Mass by Tagging with Rare Earths, D. L. McCown,

Proc. 3rd .Symposium on Fugitive Emissions: Measurement and Control, San Francisco ( 1978). Wintertime Raw-Water Contamination at Chicago's South Water Filtration Plant, W Harrison, D L McCown, K. D

Saunders, J. D. Ditmars, J. Water Pr,ll. Control Fed. 51, (in press) ( 1979). 005-09780-870-52 SUBMERGED DIFFUSER DISCHARGE ANALYSIS

(h) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration.

(c) Dr. John D. Ditmars.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Submerged discharges of cooling waters from electric power generation into large bodies of water are in- vestigated. Models for the prediction of the temperature

fields of the resulting thermal plumes are evaluated. Proto- type data are collected by Argonne at several sites on the Great Lakes using a towed thermistor cable, ranging

system, and data acquisition system onboard a small boat. The three-dimensional temperature structure data gathered

are employed for model evaluation. Ambient water temperature, circulation, and wind are monitored during plume mapping.

(/) Discontinued.

(^) Thermal plumes for relatively shallow-submergence

discharges for the Zion Nuclear Power Station and the D. C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan have been mapped and studied. Field investigations have been

initiated at the multiport diffuser of the J. A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Ontario. Near-field dilutions 2
at the Zion site have been compared with mtxiel predictions, and the effects of current on single and adjacent

pairs of discharges at that site have been dt>cumentcd.

(/i) Thermal Plumes from Submerged Discharges at Zion Nuclear Power Station: Additional Prototype Measurements

of Interacting Plumes, R A Paddock, A A Frigo. J. D. Ditmars. Ar^„nne \uil. Lah. Rept. A\L WR-77.3 ( 1977). Argonne National Laboratory's Thermal Plume Measurements: Instruments and Techniques, L S Van Loon, A. A.

Frigo, R. A. Paddock, Arganne S'all. Lah. Repl. A\LIWR77-4 ( 1977). Observations of Thermal Plumes from Submerged

Discharges in the Great Lakes and Their Implications for Modeling and Monitoring, J. D. Ditmars, R A. Paddock,

A. A. Frigo, Waste Heat Management and Utilization 2, pp. 1307-1328. S. S. Lee, S. Sengupta, eds.. Hemisphere Publ. Corp., Washington, D.C. ( 1979). 005-1 1430-340-52 ONCE-THROUGH COOLING WATER TECHNOLOGY

{b) U.S. Department of Energy,

(c) Dr. Robert A. Paddock.

id) Applied research.

(e) The results of mathematical models, physical models, and

prototype measurements of thermal plumes have been

used to assess the efficacy of once-through cooling systems

in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. The per- formance of such systems was determined in terms of their

ability to meet water quality standards for temperature and

mixing zone geometry.

if) Completed.

(g) The characteristics of once-through cooling systems, sur- face and submerged discharges, and of the receiving waters necessary to meet thermal standards for typical 500

and 1000 MWe nuclear- and fossil-fueled power plants were determined.

(/i) Assessment of Once-Through Cooling Water Control Technology, R. A. Paddock, J. D Ditmars, U.S. DOE Environmental Control Symp.. Washington, D.C, Nov. 1978

(in press). An Assessment of the Once-Through-Cooling Alternative

for Central Steam-Electric Generating Stations, R. A. Paddock, J. D. Ditmars, Argonne Natl. Lah. Rept. ANL/WR78-6 ( 1978). 005-11431-410-88 COASTAL TRANSPORT IN SOUTHWESTERN LAKE

MICHIGAN

(h) Illinois Institute for Natural Resources.

(c) Dr. John D. Ditmars.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The transport characteristics of the coastal currents in Lake Michigan between Milwaukee and Chicago were in- vestigated in terms of data on currents obtained at 13 current meter stations along the 1 2-m isobath. Continuous

current measurements were recorded for one year at current meters at mid-depth.

(g) Spatial and temporal characteristics of the currents have been determined from the data. The major components of

the currents were found to be shore parallel in orientation. An optimal interpolation scheme was adopted to provide

estimates of currents between measurement stations and

used with s simple diagnostic tracer model to simulate southward transport of water parcels released at the northern stations.

(/i) Nearshore Currents in Lake Michigan Between Milwaukee

and Chicago, 1977-1978: Implications for Transport, K D

Saunders, J. D. Ditmars, Argonne Natl. Lah. Rept. ASLlWR-78-4, (in press). 005-11432-410-55 NEARSHORE CIRCULATION MODEL VERIFICATION

(h) Nuclear Regulatory commission,

(c) Dr. John D. Ditmars.

(J) Field investigation, theoretical; applied research, numerical model for the vertically-averaged circulation driven by waves and wind in the extreme nearshore region.

(t-) Field experiments at a beach on southwestern Lake

Michigan were designed and performed for the evaluation of the predictive capabilities of a numerical model for the vertically-averaged circulation driven by waves and wind

in the extreme nearshore region. Measurements of the wave field and onshore/offshore profiles of the longshore

currents were made at 3-hour intervals for 27 hours during storms in the spring and autumn.

(g) Comparisons of model simulations with measurements in- dicated that predicted locations of the breaker zone are in rough accord with those observed during storms. Peak

longshore currents near the breaker zone are simulated

quite well, but the decays of wave height and of the strength of longshore currents across the surf zone arc underestimated.

(/i) Comparison of Model and Observed Nearshore Circulation,

J. H. Allender, J. D. Ditmars, W. Harrison, R. A. Paddock,

Proc. 16th Intl. Conf. on Coastal Eng., ASCE. Hamburg

( 1978). Evaluation of a Numerical Model for Wave- and Wind-In- duced Nearshore Circulation Using Field Data, J. H Al- lender, J. D. Ditmars, A. A. Frigo, R. A. Paddock, Ar- gonne S'all. Lah. Rept. ANLIWR-78-3 , (in press). ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical and Bio Engineering, Tempe, Ariz. 85281.

006-08825-250-54 DRAG REDUCING ADDITIVES

(h) NSF, ACS-PRF.

(c ) Dr. Neil S. Herman.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic and applied research.

(e) Experiments are continuing to measure the details of tur- bulent flow in dilute polymer solutions. A Two Component

Laser Doppler Anemometer is used to determine turbulent

intensities and correlations in small pipes. The results are sought for solutions in which the molecular properties have been altered by chemical means so the relationship between turbulent and molecular variables can be found

(g) Previous results concerned the effect of molecular weight

distribution, the solvent viscosity, and the molecular conformation. Current studies involve the sublayer period measured from short time autocorrelations near the wall. These measurements appear sensitive to probe size and the spanwise scale of large eddies.

(/i) Flow Time Scales and Drag Reduction, N. S. Herman, Ph\s.

Fluids 20, S168 ( 1977). Drag Reduction of the Highest Molecular Weight Fractions

of Polyethylene Oxide, N. S. Berman, Phvs. Fluids 20, 7 1 5 (1977). The Study of Drag Reduction Using Narrow Fractions of Polyox, N. S. Berman, J. Yuen, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. on Drag Reduction. Cl-1, (Aug. 1977). Drag Reduction by Polymers, N. S. Berman, Ann. Reviev.- of Fluid Mechanics 10, 47-64 ( 1978 ). An Observation of the Effect of Integral Scale on Drag

Reduction, N. S. Berman, S. Griswold, S. Wlihu, J. Yuen, AlChE J. 24. 124-130 ( 1978). ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical

Engineerir>g, Tempje, Ariz. 85281. Dr. Darryl Metzger, Department Chaimian.

007-09931-140-50 MULTIPLE JET ARRAY IMPINGEMENT HEAT TRANSFER

CHARACTERISTICS

(h) NASA Lewis.

(c) Professors L. W. Florschuelz and D. E. Metzger. 3
(J) Experimental, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(('» Study (if How dynamics and heat transfer on surfaces subjected to impmgement from multiple jet arrays.

(jf) Results cover cases where spent air from impinging jets exits the array in a single direction. The resulting crosstlow/jet interaction leads to complex surface heat transfer behavior.

( /i ) Heat Transfer Characteristics for Inline and Staggered Arrays of Circular Jets with Crossflow of Spent Air, D. E. Metzger, L W. Florschuetz, et al.. Gas Turbine Heal

Transfer, 1978, ASME, N.Y., pp. 9-19. 007-09932-050-70 JET IMPINGEMENT ON ROTATING SURFACES

(h) AiResearch Division of the Garrett Corporation.

(( ) Professor D. E. Metzger.

(d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. theses.

ie) Study of flow dynamics and heat transfer on rotating sur- faces cooled by single and multiple impinging jets. Completed.

(fi) Results show a flow regime transition phenomena which

significantly affects the heat transfer rate. Results also show a negligible effect of variations in disk face profiles representative of those encountered in turbine wheels

(h) Heat Transfer Between an Impinging Jet and a Rotating

Disk, D. E. Metzger, L. D. Grochowsky, J. Heal Transfer 99, Nov. 1977

Jet Cooling at the Rim of a Rotating Disk, D. E Metzger, W. J. Mathis, J Engr.for Power 101, Jan. 1979. 007-09935-640-50 WAKES FROM BUILDINGS AND NATURAL OBSTACLES

{h) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(( ) Professor Earl Logan.

(d) Experimental; applied; thesis. (e) Investigation of the response of atmospheric turbulent boundary layers to obstacles of simple geometry.

(j?) Incomplete.

(/i) A Comparison of Wake Characteristics of Model and

Prototype Buildings in Transverse Winds, E. Logan, P. Phataraphruk, J. Chang, NASA-CR-3008, May 1978. Preliminary Comparison of Model and Prototype Wakes, E. Logan, D. W. Camp, AIAA Paper 78-254, Aerospace

Sciences Meeting, Jan. 1978. Building Wakes in Disturbed Layers, E. Logan, J. Chang, M. Alexander, Conf. on Almos. Environment of Aerospace Systems and Applied Meteorology, Amer. Meteorol. Soc,

pp. 87-92, Nov. 1978 007-09936-210-00 TURBULENT FLOW OVER ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS

(< ) Professor Earl Logan.

^d) Experimental; basic; thesis. (f ) Investigation of the response of turbulent pipe flow to ring-type roughness elements.

(g) Measurements of profiles of mean velocity, turbulence and

Reynolds shear stresses accompanying the transformation from fully-developed smooth to fully-developed rough pipe and channel fiow. Same measurements downstream of one

or two roughness elements.

(//) Response of a Turbulent Pipe Flow to a Change in Roughness, W D Siuru, E Logan, J. Fluids Engrg. 99,

Sept. 1977. Response of a Turbulent Pipe Flow to a Single Roughness

Element, P. Phataraphruk, E. Logan, Developments in Tlu'oreticat and Applied Mec hanics 9, 1978, pp. 139-149. 007-10805-140-70 HEAT TRANSFER IN DUCTS WITH PEDESTAL ARRAYS

(h) Pratt and Whitney Aircraft.

(< ) Professor D. E. Metzger.

(.d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses,

(f) Study of fiow dynamics and heat transfer in large aspect

ratio ducts separated by rows of short pins or pedestals.

(g) Incomplete. 007-10806-140-70 ENTRANCE HEAT TRANSFER IN TUBES WITH A CROSS- FLOW SUPPLY

(h) Pratt and Whitney Aircraft.

(< ) Professor D. E. Metzger.

(d) Experimental, applied research, M.S. theses. (e) Study of fiow dynamics and heat transfer in short branch

tubes with a strong transverse fiow component at the tube

(/) Completed.

(g) Resulting correlations of experimental work cover a wide

range of tube length-to-diameter ratios, tube Reynolds numbers, and crossflow-to-throughflow velocity ratios. Sig- nificant heat transfer enhancement is attributed to the presence of the crossflow velocity component.

(/)) Entry Region Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes with a

Crossflow Supply, MSE Thesis, Mech. Engr., Arizona State Univ., May 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, College of Agriculture, Depart- ment of Soils, Water and Engineering, Tucson, Ariz. 85721. Professor Delmar D. Fangmeier.

008-10807-840-05 BORDER AND FURROW IRRIGATION HYDRAULICS

(h) Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station and U.S. Water

Conservation Laboratory.

(d) Experimental, applied research. Master's and Doctoral

(e) Develop design criteria for sloping irrigation borders with no outflow at the downstream end and criteria for the design of reuse systems for irrigation runoff. A zero-inertia model of surface irrigation flow will be used to develop

design data. (g) Hydraulic characteristics of irrigation furrows have been

studied. An analysis of Soil Conservation Service design curves using a computer model indicated the design

criteria are reasonable. 008-10808-820-65 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

(/>) City of Tucson and Arizona Agricultural Experiment Sta-

(c) Dr. Marshall Plug.

(.d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Collection and analysis of land and water use data in Santa

Cruz, Pima, and Yavapai Counties, Arizona. Annual data

collected include static groundwater levels, estimates of water withdrawals, acreage of crops grown, water quality samples, and an analysis of well cuttings from new drilling

activities. These data are used in evaluating the water

supply and in estimating annual recharge.

(g) An event based model has been demonstrated which accurately predicts recharge to an ephemeral stream. 008-10809-840-00 TRICKLE IRRIGATION TO IMPROVE CROP PRODUCTION AND WATER MANAGEMENT

(c ) A. W. Warrick.

(d) Primary emphasis is on cultural practice of citrus irrigation and subsurface distribution for line and point sources. The

field studies include effects of water, fertilizers, and pests on plant establishment, growth and yield. (g) For newly planted citrus, the amount of water is signifi- cantly less for citrus (on the border of 80-90 percent) than

for flood irrigation without loss in growth. For mature

trees the savings is less, perhaps 30 percent. Significant progress has been made for modeling soil water flow from

point and line emitters. Graphs and slide-charts have been

prepared to relate discharge amounts, spacings, root depth, water uptake amount and soil moisture. 4
(//) Linear and Nonlinear Models of Infiltration from a Point Source. J. Ben-Asher. D. O. Lomcn. A. W. Warrick. S,„l

Sci. Soc. Amcr. J. 42:3-6. 197X. Flow from a Line Source above a Shallow Water Table, D. O. Lomcn. A. W. Warrick, S,>il Sc i. Sm . Amer. J. 4 1 :H49-

,S52. 1977.

Linearized Moisture Flow with Loss at the Soil Surface, D. O. Lomcn. A. W. Warrick. .Vr;/7 .Sc. S,k . Amer. J 42:396-

400. 1978. Time Dependent Solution to the One-Dimensional

Linearized Moisture Flow Equation with Water Extraction, D. O. Lomcn. A. W. Warrick. (Accepted. J. of Hydrology). 1978. Ortho-Phosphoric Fertilizer in Trickle Irrigation, M. K. ONeill. B R. Gardner. R. L. Roth (submitted to A.A.A.S.). 1979.

Citrus Responses to Irrigation Methods, D. R. Rodney. R.

L. Roth. B. R. Gardner, Prm. Inll. Soc. CilrUiillure 1:106-

110. 1977. Progress on Pressurized Irrigation in Citrus, R. L. Roth. B. R. Gardner. D. R. Rodney, Yuma Citrus Field Day Bulletin. Dec. 1. 1978. Linearized Moisture Flow from Line Sources with Water

Extraction. A. W. Warrick, A. Amoozegar-Fard, D. O. Lomcn. (Accepted ASAE Trans.). 1978. 008-10810-820-00 SOIL W ATER AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN THE FIELD

(c ) A. W. Warrick. Professor.

(£/) Experimental, theoretical.

(e) Overall the project deals with the interrelationships of water and solutes in soil. The spatial distribution of soil hydraulic properties is being determined for field size units (such as 15-20 hectares). Also of interest are the ramifications of the variabihty on prediction of mass fluxes of water and solutes. (g) Most soil hydraulic parameters have a skewed distribution. Approximately 100 times as many samples are required to estimate mean values compared for hydraulic conductivity

as for bulk density.

(/i) Predictions of Soil Water Flux Based Upon Field-Measured

Soil Water Properties, A. W. Warrick, G. J Mullen, D. R

Nielsen. .Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 41:14-19. 1977.

Scaling Field-Measured Soil Hydraulic Properties by a Similar Media Concept, A. W. Warrick, G. J. Mullen, D.

R. Nielsen, Water Resources Res. 13:355-362. . Areal Predictions of Soil Water Flux in the Unsaturated

Zone, A W. Warrick, Proc. Irrig. Return Flow Conference.

pp. 225-231, May 16-17, Fort Collins. 1977.

Soil Water Regimes Near Porous Cup Water Samplers, A. W. Warrick. A. Amoozegar-Fard, Water Resources Res. 13:023-207. . Infiltration and Drainage Calculations Using Spatially Scaled Hydraulic Properties. A. W. Warrick, A. Amoozegar-Fard. Submitted to Water Resources Research.

1978.

Spatial Variability of In Situ Available Water, G. S. Gumaa, Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. of Arizona. 1978.

BEU AEROSPACE TEXTRON, Propulsion Systems and Components, P.O. Box One. Buffalo, N.Y. 14240.

009-10811-130-40 DENSE PHASE PULVERIZED COAL FLOW

ih) New York State Energy Research and Development

Authority.

(t ) K. Bcrman, Project Manager.

(J) Analytical and experimental applied research.

ie) The dense phase pneumatic transport of pulverized coal is being investigated to obtain data and correlations for verti- cal straight lines, vcnturi orifices, vertical and horizontal

bends, and flow branching. The effort will be conducted at elevated pressures. Solids-to-gas weight ratio (referred to ambient pressure) will be about 400.

(S) One-year effort, started February 1979. BROWN UNIVERSITY, Division of Applied Mathematics,

Providence, R.I. 02912.

011-10812-060-20 DYNAMICS OF STRATIFIED FLUIDS

(h) Fluid Dynamics Program. Office of Naval Research, and

National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professor C. H. Su.

(d) Analytical and numerical.

(f) Investigation of nonlinear effects of critical layer, three- dimensional stratified flows over a long obstacle.

( h ) Boundary-Value Problems in a Stratified Shear Flow with a Nonlinear Critical Layer. S B. Margolis. C H. Su. Ph\s. of

Fluids 2\, pp. 1247-1259(1978).

Stratified Flows with Stagnation Points. W. Stevens. C. H.

Su. to appear in Phys. of Fluids. Three-Dimensional Stratified Flows Over An Obstacle. Ph.D. Thesis. W. K. Stevens. 011-10813-420-54 INTERACTION OF SOLITARY WAVES

(h) Fluid Mechanics Program. Office of Naval Research, and

National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor C. H. Su. (d) Analytical and numerical.

(e) Investigation of nonlinear interaction (head-on collision) of two solitary waves, phase change and emission of secon-

(/i) Hea^d-On Collision Between Two Solitary Waves. Ph D.

Thesis. R. M. Mirie. 011-10814-190-52 INTERFACIAL PROBLEMS

(h) Department of Energy,

(r) Professor D. Y. Hsieh.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Various aspects of intcrfacial flow probelms including bubble dynamics and interfacial stability problems.

(/i) Interfacial Stability with Mass and Heat Transfer, Ph\s.

Fluids 21, pp. 745-748 ( 1978).

Variational Methods and Matheiu Equations, J. Math.

Phys. 19. pp. 1 147-1 151 ( 1978). Forced Oscillations of Nonspherical Bubbles, Report No. COO-4 155-4. Div Appl. Math., Brown Univ. ( 1974). Nonlinear Rayleigh-Taylor Stability With Mass and Heat

Transfer, Div. Appl. Math. Rept.. Brown Univ. (1978). BROWN UNIVERSITY, Division of Engineering, Providence, R.I. 02912. R. J. Clifton, Professor and

Chairman, Executive Committee.

012-10815-130-54 NUCLEATION RATE MEASUREMENTS

(/») National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professor Richard A. Dobbins.

[d) Experimental, theoretical investigation; basic research.

(e) The measurement of nucleation rate of water vapor by the observation of the transitional temperature history through

the nucleation process; the understanding of the mechanisms which dominate the dynamics of the nuclea-

(^) The temperature history during nucleation yields a direct determination of nucleation rate for water vapor; the nucleation growth integral is evaluated to afford a separa- 5
lion of the separate influences of the nucleation rate and

the growth rate.

(/i) Application of the Method of Laplace to the Measurement

of Homogeneous Nucleation Rates, R. A. Dobbins. T. I. Eklund, J. Acrusal Science 5. 1974, pp. 497-505.

Application of the Hot Wire Anemometer to Temperature Measurement in Transient Gas Flows, R A. Dobbins, T. I. Eklund, Inll J. Heal and Mass Transfer 20, pp. 1051-1058

( 1977). The Direct Measurement of the Nucleation Rate Constants,

R. A. Dobbins, T. I. Eklund, presented ASME Symp. Condensing Flows, New Haven, 15-17 June 1977. 012-10816-020-54 STUDIES OF SHEAR FLOW INSTABILITIES AND

INTERNAL WAVE DEVELOPMENT

(fc) National Science Foundation and Office of Naval

Research,

(c ) Professor J. T. C. Liu. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Studies of coherent structures in laminar and turbulent shear flows; sound generated by coherent structures in tur- bulent jets. Breakdown of internal waves, generation of

gravity waves by submerged regions of turbulence.

(g) Reported in (h).

(/i) Energy Integral Description of the Development of Keivin- Helmholtz Billows, J T. C. Liu, L. Merkine, Tellus 28, 197, 1976. On the Interactions Between Large-Scale Structure and

Fine-Grained Turbulence in a Free Shear Flow: Part L The

Development of Temporal Interactions in the Mean, J. T. C. Liu, L. Merkine, Proc. R Soc. Land. A 352, 213, 1976. Part II. The Development of Spatial Interactions in the Mean, J. T. C. Liu, A. Alper, Proc. R Soc. Lond. A 359,

497, 1978 Part III. A Numerical Solution, T B Gatski, J T. C. Liu, Phil. Trans. R Soc. Lond. A (to appear), 1979. The Large-Scale Organized Structure in Free Turbulent Shear Flow and its Radiation Properties, J. T C. Liu, A. Alper. R. Mankbadi, in Structure and Mechanisms of Tur- bulence II, ed. H. Fiedler. Springer- Verlag, Berlin 1978. Generation of Interfacial Gravity Waves by Submerged Regions of Fluctuating Hydrodynamical Motions and Fluid In- homogeneities, J. T C Liu, Physics of Fluids (to appear),

1979.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Division of En- gineering and Applied Science, Environmental Quality

Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 91125. Dr. Roy W. Gould,

Division Chairman.

013-11700-830-80 SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MOUNTAINS, COASTAL PLAINS AND SHORELINE

(/)) Ford Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, Los Angeles County, Orange County, Corps of Engineers, State of

California, U.S. Forest Service, Southern Pacific Railroad.

(c) Norman H. Brooks, Director, Environmental Quality Laboratory, and James Irvine. Professor of Environmental and Civil Engineering.

(d) Field studies; applied research.

(e) Quantitative identification of sedimentation processes for 450 km reach of shoreline and its associated inland drainage in Southern California; with identification of the

effects of man-made structures (reservoirs, flood control systems, harbors, breakwaters, etc.) on individual sedimentation processes and the overall natural system.

(/?) Southern California geology and climate combine to produce active surface processes inland and along the

coast. Natural erosion processes acting on 30.000 km- of

coastal drainage between Pt. Conception and the USA/Mexico Border deliver some 12 million m' of debris

each year (average) to urbanized plains areas and the

shoreline. About half of this material is silt and clay, and

the remainder is sand. Existing artificial control structures have severely interfered with natural sediment movements,

reducing the average coastal sediment delivery of sand from 1 1 major rivers by one third or 500.000 tonnes per year As a result, coastal beaches have been deprived of

natural replenishments

( h ) Sediment Management for Southern California Mountains,

Coastal Plains, and Shoreline-Final Report for Phase I, Norman H. Brooks, et al.. Environmental Quality Laboratory Report No. 16 (in preparation).

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Graduate

Aeronautical Laboratories, Pasadena, Calif. 91125. Dr. Hans W. Liepmann, Laboratory Director. 014-10817-020-20 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT FLOW

(b) Department of the Navy (Office of Naval Research),

(c ) Professor Garry L. Brown.

(e) This is part of a continuing effort to understand the struc- ture of turbulent shear flows, with present attention focused mainly on mixing layers and wakes. In the plane mixing layer, it has been found that at a certain Reynolds number, at which the flow is already turbulent, a new

structure appears, superimposed on the main, quasi two- dimensional vortices or rollers which play the primary role

in the development of the mixing layer. The new struc- tures appear on shadowgraphs (viewed normal to the shear

layer) as streamwise streaks, and are believed to be

streamwise vortices of the Taylor type which have developed as secondary instabilities. We are attempting to describe a model of their topology consistent with the observations, but this is still speculative and we are developing other measurements to clarify the picture. The ap- pearance of these secondary structures is believed to be important in the development of three-dimensionality in the flow. It is interesting that this does not destroy the

basic structure of the larger, quasi two-dimensional, controlling structures, but is probably an important contribution to the three-dimensional dissipative mechanisms

needed at high Reynolds number.

(/)) An Experimental Investigation of Mixing in Two-Dimensional Turbulent Shear Flows with Applications to Diffu- sion-Limited Chemical Reactions, J. H. Konrad, Ph.D. Thesis. California Inst, of Tech., 1977 (also Project SQUID

Technical Report CIT-8-PU, Purdue University, Dec.

1976). 014-10818-020-26 MIXING IN A REACTING TURBULENT SHEAR LAYER

(b) Department of the Air Force (Air Force Office of Scientific Research ). (c) Professor Anatol Roshko.

(e) As part of a continuing investigation of turbulent shear

flows, a new water tunnel has been constructed to study

the mixing in chemically reacting, turbulent shear layers. The test section is 7 cm by 1 1 cm in cross section with flow speeds up to 6 meters per second. The blow down

tunnel is designed to handle a variety of dilute aqueous

solutions. The reactants in the two streams can be chosen

so that upon intimate molecular mixing, they react to form

a visible reaction product. The production and accumulation of this product can be readily observed. The product

tends to be distributed in clumps, associated with large scale vortical structures in the turbulent mixing layer. In these aqueous solutions the Schmidt number (the ratio of

diffusion coefficients of momentum and mass) is about

three orders of magnitude larger than in most gases, where

it is near unity. Thus the Schmidt number effect on the mixing may be observed by comparing measurements in water with previous results obtained in gas flows. 6
014-10819-020-54 STRLCTLRE AND ENTRAINMENT IN THE PLANE OF SYMMETRY OF A TURBULENT SPOT

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Professor Donald E. Coles.

(<•) Lascr-Doppier velocity measurements in water are re- ported for the flow in the plane of symmetry of a turbulent

spot. The nonslcady mean flow, defined as an ensemble

average, is fitted to a conical growth law by using data at three streamwisc statiims to determine the virtual origin in X and t. The two-dimensional nonstcady stream function is expressed as psi= U^tg(^,T)) in conical similarity coordinates

^ = xAJ«t, Tj = y/U=ct. In these coordinates, the equations

for nonsleady particle displacements reduce to an au- tonomous system. This system is integrated graphically to obtain particle trajectories in invariant form. Strong en- trainmenl is found to occur along the outer part of the rear interface and also in front of the spot near the wall. The outer part of the forward interface is passive. In terms

of particle trajectories in conical coordinates, the main

vortex in the spot appears as a stable focus with a celerity of 0.77 U,. A second stable focus with a celerity of 0.64 U,

also appears near the wall at the rear of the spot. Some

results obtained by flow visualization with a dense, nearly opaque suspension of aluminum flakes are also reported. Photographs of the sublayer flow as viewed through a glass wall show the expected longitudinal streaks. These are tentatively interpreted as longitudinal vortices caused by an

instability of Taylor-Gortler type in the sublayer.

(/i) Structure and Entrainment in the Plane of Symmetry of a Turbulent Spot. B. Cantwell, D. Coles, P. Dimotakis, J. Fluid Mechanics 87, 4. pp. 641-672 ( 1978). 014-10820-020-20 FLOW VISUALIZATION AND LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY MEASUREMENTS IN THE MIXING LAYER

{h) Department of the Navy (Office of Naval Research),

(c ) Professor Paul E Dimotakis.

(e) Investigations on the large structure interactions were con- ducted in a mixing layer in the Caltech Free Surface Water Tunnel. Multiple dye injector fiow visualization and

two-point laser Doppler velocity measurements indicate

that even though the interactions are predominantly twodimensional, departures do occur and helical coalescence

of adjacent structures is occasionally observed. 014-10821-710-26 LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE IN TURBULENT MIX- ING FLOWS

(/)) Department of the Air Force (Air Force Office of Scien-

, tific Research ). (< ) Professor Paul E. Dimotakis.

(<-) Laser induced fiuorescence has been successfully employed to uniquely label one of two fluids undergoing tur- bulent mixing. As of this writing, high spatial resolution and excitation and photographic recording have been used

to investigate the turbulence associated with an axisymmetric jet. Electrooptic imaging techniques, currently under development, will permit efficient recording and

subsequent computer analysis of the turbulent flow field. 014-10822-530-21 CAVITATING HYDROFOIL FLUTTER

(h) Department of the Navy (Naval Ship Research and Development Center).

(< » Professor Christopher Brennen.

(t/) Primarily experimental; Ph.D. thesis. (f) Many incidental observations in the past have indicated

that the presence of cavitation has a large effect on the hydroelastic behavior of pumps, hydrofoils, propellors and

surface piercing struts. The present investigation, which is primarily experimental, is directed toward identification of

these effects and of the leading edge fiutter of supercavitating foils in particular. Experiments have been carried out in the Free-Surface and High Speed Water Tunnels of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory in which leading- edge flutter has been observed and investigated. It appears

that the periodic shedding and collapse of cavitating clouds in the region of the cavity play a major role in the hydro-clastic behavior of supercavitating hydrofoils. (h) On the Leading-Edge Flutter of Supercavitating Hydrofoils.

K. Oey, ASME Caviuuion and Polyphase Flow Forum. June

1978. 014-10823-010-20 THE EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED DISTURBANCES ON

BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION IN WATER

(h) Department of the Navy (Office of Naval Research).

(( ) Professor Hans W. Liepmann.

(rf) Primarily experimental.

ie) The purpose, in general, is to study the effect of destabiliz- ing and stabilizing disturbances on laminary instability, transition, and turbulent boundary layers, and in particular, to investigate buoyancy effects as a possible limiting factor in stabilizing water boundary layers by heat transfer from the wall; to develop a system of surface heat ele- ments with the aim to both induce and control the amplifi- cation of laminar instability waves; and to study the effect of such elements on turbulent boundary layers, with the aim to control the coherent structures. This work is being

carried out in the Caltech High-Speed Water Tunnel.

CAUFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Division of En- gineering and Applied Science, W. M. Keek Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pasadena, Calif, 91125.

Dr, Roy W, Gould, Division Chairman.

015-11614-420-54 A STUDY OF TSUNAMIS: THEIR GENERATION, PROPAGATION. AND COASTAL EFFECTS

(h) National Science Foundation

(c) Professor Fredric Raichlen.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Two aspects are currently under investigation: the refiection, transmission, and propagation over a change in depth

of long waves, and the effect of linear and nonlinear

transient waves on harbors. In the former study solitary waves and finite amplitude periodic long waves have been

used with the emphasis placed on the process of reflection by features similar to the continental shelf-break and

slopes which vary from gentle to abrupt. The transmission and propagation of these waves on the shelf and runup on

slopes is also an important aspect of the research. The

second program is an investigation of the linear and nonlinear transient excitation of harbors. Experiments are per- formed in conjunction with analysis to determine the rela- tive importance of dissipation and nonlinear effects in the process of transient harbor resonance.

(/i) Tsunamis-The Propagation of Long Waves Onto a Shelf. D. G. Goring. W. M. Keck Lab. of Hydraulics and Water

Resources. Repi. No. KH-R-38. Calif. Inst, of Tech.. Pasadena, Calif , 377 pp., Nov. 1978. 015-1 1615-870-50 INVESTIGATIONS OF PROBLEMS OF LNG SPILL HAZARD

ASSESSMENT

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration; California

Institute of Technology's President's Fund.

(c) Professor E. J. List. (e) Review of the fiuid dynamics and heat transfer problems

associated with possible spills of liquefied natural gas LNG.

7
015-11616-050-54 SURFACE SPREADINC. OF BUOYANT JETS

(/.) National Science Foundation.

(, ) Professor E. John List.

((/) Theoretical and experimental; basic research Doctoral

(<) The spreading of a misciblc buoyant fluid on the surface

of another is being studied, particularly, when entrainmcnt

ceases and the mixing layer collapses,

(/i) Spreading of Buoyant Discharges, J -C Chen, E J List,

I'roc. hill. Scm. Turhuleni Buovani Coinrcli.m, Dubrovnik,

Yugoslavia, Aug. -Sept. 11^76. 015-11617-060-54 INTERFACIAL FRICTION AND MIXING IN A DENSITY- STRATIFIED TURBULENT FLOW

(/)) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Dr. Gregory Gartrcll, Jr., Professor Norman H. Brooks and

Professor E. John List.

iiJ) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(. ) The mixing pri>cesses which occur in a density-stratified turbulent shear flow were studied experimentally in the 40 m flume in the Keck Hydraulics Laboratory. The flume

has been modified to allow a co-current flow of a warm

shallow layer of water over a colder layer. The upper and

lower layers of water are recirculated using independent pumping systems, while steam heating and the addition of

cold water are used to ensure constant inlet conditions. A

two-component laser-Doppler velocimcter allows the simultaneous mcasurment of two orthogonal fiuid velocity components. These velocity measurements, along with

detailed temperature measurements, yielded information on the fundamental mechanisms of the mixing at the inter- face of a density-stratified shear layer.

(/) Completed.

(g) Small density differences between the two layers can have

a large effect on the flow. In some cases, the initial turbulent mixing layer will collapse to a laminar interface. If the boundary-generated turbulence level is sufficiently large downstream, the interface may become unstable and some

mixing will occcur. The stratification greatly reduces the turbulence level, however, and consequently mixing is in- hibited. In one case in which teh relative density dif- ference was 2.3 X lO'', far downstream the r.m.s. values of

the velocity fluctuations were reduced to less than 25 per- cent of the values found in an identical case with no de nsi- ty difference; furthermore, the Reynolds stress, — pu'v' was

reduced by 50 percent in the region of the density interface.

( li ) Studies on the Mixing in a Density-Stratified Shear Flow, G. Gartrcll, W. M. Keck Lah. of Hvdraulks and Water

Resources. Repl. No. KH-R-39, California Inst, of Tech , Pasadena, Calif. 91 125, 498 pp.. May 1979. 015-1 1618-700-54 DEVELOPMENT OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC LASER-DOP- PLER ANEMOMETER

(/)) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor E. J. List. (J) Experimental research.

((') Modification of triple-beam lascr-Doppler anemometer for oceanographic velocity measurement,

(/i) A Signal Processor for a Laser-Doppler Velocimeter, G.

Gartrcll, W M. Keck Lah. of Hydroulics and Water

Resources, Tech Memo No. IHOS, California Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91 125, Apr. 1978. 015-11619-050-54 TURBULENT JET ENTRAINMENT

(/') National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professor E. J. List. id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

((') The turbulent entrainment into vertical jets and plumes is being studied with a view to resolving the debate concerning entrainmcnt coefficients for buoyant jets. Dimensional

analysis is being used to predict the basic form of the en- trainment function Experimental studies of two-dimensit)nal buoyant jets in which velocities and density anomalies are measured are used to relate the jet properties to the local jet Froude number.

(,/ ) Completed.

1^') The entrainment coefficient has been found to be a function of the local jet Froude number and a jet expansion

coefficient. Explicit forms have been found for the mo- mentum fiux and volume fiux in turbulent buoyant jets by expanding the functional form for entrainmcnt in terms of

the inverse jet Froude number and the slowly varying ex- pansion coefficient. Good agreement with previously published experimental results for axisymmetric buoyant

jets has been found. The experimental studies of two- dimensional buoyant jets show that local turbulence properties in the jets are strongly dependent on the local Froude number Explicit relations have been found for the growth of two-dimensit)nal jets with buoyancy.

(/i) Turbulent Measurements in a Two-Dimensional Buoyant

Jet Using Laser-Doppler Velocimetry, N. E. Kotsovinos, E.

J. List, Proc, Laser-Doppler Anemomelry Symp. 1975, Technical University of Denmark, Aug. 25-29, 1975. A Study of the Entrainment and Turbulence in a Plane Buoyant Jet, N. E. Kotsovinos, W. M. Keck Lah. of HydrauHcs and Water Resources. Rept. No. KH-R-32.

California Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91 125, 306 pp., Aug. 1975. Turbulent Buoyant Jets, N E Kotsovinos, E J List, Proc.

Intl. Sem. Turhuleni Buoyant Convection, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, pp. 349-369, Aug. 30-Sept. 4, 1976. A Note on the Spreading Rate and Virtual Origin of a Plane Turbulent Jet, N. E. Kotsovinos, J. Fluid Mechanics

77, Part 2, pp. 305-3 1 1, 1976. Plane Turbulent Buoyant Jets. Part 1. Integral Properties, N. E. Kotsovinos, E J List, J. Fliad Mechanics 91, Part 1. pp. 25-44, June 9, 1977. Plane Turbulent Buoyant Jets. Part 2. Turbulence Structure, N. E. Kotsovinos, J. Fluid Mechanics 81, Part 1, pp. 45-62, June 1977. A Study of the Interactions of Turbulence and Buoyancy in a Plane Vertical Buoyant Jet, N. E. Kotsovinos, Proc. Intl. .Sem. Turhulent Buoyant Convection, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, pp. 15-26, Aug. 30-Sept. 4, 1976. 01 5-11 620-050-54 BUOYANT JETS IN CROSSFLOWS

(/)) National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professor E. J. List, Professor Norman H. Brooks.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research; Ph.D. theses. (e) The interactions between vertical buoyant jets and ambient crossfiows with and without density stratifications were studied. Experiments were performed without ambient turbulence by towing a negatively buoyant downward

pointing jet along the surface of a laboratory tank containing the ambient fiuid. Dimensional analysis coupled with simple force balance ideas was used to predict jet trajectories and dilutions for four different limiting cases (nearfield vs far-field, buoyancy-dominated vs momentumdominated).

{/) Completed.

ig) The theoretical model consists of four different fiow regimes involving different trajectory and dilution rela- tions. The model predicts trajectories and dilutions for a particular fiow regime to within a constant that must be experimentally determined. The values of the various constants have been obtained in the experimental study. The

model provides a unifying framework within which to place previous turbulent jet studies in crossfiows. When

the ambient fiuid is density-stratified the problem can still be solved using the same type of approach but it is necessary to introduce two new length scales based on the Brunt- Vaisala frequency and the specific momentum and buoyancy fluxes of the jet.
(h) Mean Behavior of Buoyant Jets in a Crossflow, S. J. Wright, J. Hydraulic Division, ASCE 103. HY5, pp. 499-

513, 1977.

Effects of Ambient Crossflows and Density Stratification on

the Characteristic Behavior of Round, Turbulent Buoyant

Jets, S. J. Wright, W. M Keck Lah. of Hydraulics and

Water Resources Rept. No. KH-R-36. California Inst, of

Tech.. Pasadena, Calif. 91 125, 254 pp.. May 1977.

Effects of Ambient Current and Density Stratification on Buoyant Jets, S. J. Wright, Proc. 25lh Ann. Hydraulics Div.

Speciality Conf.. Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.,

pp. 336-343. Aug. 10-12, 1977. 015-11621-870-75 MODEL STUDIES OF WASTE WATER PLUMES FOR SAN FRANCISCO SOUTHWEST OCEAN OUTFALL PROJECT

(b) CHjM Hill, Inc., San Francisco (for City and County of San Francisco).

(c) Professor Norman H. Brooks or Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh.

id) Experimental; design.

(e) Three outfalls are being designed: one for dry-weather sewage effluent with peak flow of 295 cfs (8.35 m-'/s) ter- minating in 75-foot (23 m) depth with a 3050-foot (930 m) multiport diffuser; the other two carry wet-weather combined sewage and street runoff at flows up to 372 cfs

( 10.6 m^/s) to depth of 50 feet (15 m), each discharging through a 1440 ft (440 m) multiport diffuser. The

required nominal dilutions are 100:1 for the dry weather and 25:1 for the wet weather outfalls. Since the pipes are buried, the ports are grouped on riser pipes. Sectional hydraulic model studies in a 2-ft wide 35-ft long glass- walled flume were conducted for different diffuser configurations for various conditions of current and density

stratification in the ocean. Performance was evaluated by measuring dilutions and plume height of rise. (/) To be completed with final confirming tests, summer

1979.

(g) Up to four ports per riser gave dilutions as good as for sin- gle ports spaced closer to give the same discharge per unit diffuser length. Laboratory results also validated Koh's mathematical model which was used as a design tool in conjunction with lab tests.

(/i) Sectional Hydraulic Modeling Study of Plume Behavior: San Francisco Southwest Ocean Outfall Project, Progress

Report, M. S. Isaacson, R. C. Y. Koh, N. H. Brooks. W. M. Keck Lab. of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Tecli. Memo 78-2, California Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91 125, 97 pp., Jan. 1978; and Progress Report No. 2, Tech. Memo 78-4, 31 pp.. May 1978, (Final Report to be issued

Fall 1979). 015-11622-220-54 UNSTEADY SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MECHANICS IN AL- LUVIAL STREAMS

(t>) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor N. H. Brooks or Dr. R. C. Y. Koh.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Develop a mathematical model for application to certain simple cases of unsteady nonuniform sediment laden Hows. The model will then be tested against laboratory fiume

data. The required closure relations between sediment

concentration and friction factor on the one hand and

other basic fiow and sediment variables such as velocity, depth, sediment size, etc., will be extracted from a sedi- ment data bank consisting of several thousand data points. 015-11623-050-36 LARGE SCALE MIXING AND GRAVITATIONAL SPREADING FOR FINITE LINE PLUMES IN A CROSS-FLOW

(b) Environmental Protection Agency; National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Norman H. Brooks.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(f) The thrce-dimcnsit)nal tlow field created by a simple lino plume of finite length in a steady current of uniform density was investigated in a laboratory basin. The results can

be used to aid in the prediction of dispersion of buoyant

waste water released from line diffusers, particularly sewage discharges into the ocean.

(J) Completed.

(g) The fiow pattern and the dimensionless dilution parameter

arc governed by the orientation angle H of the line source

with respect t<i the current Froude number F = u„'/b, where u„ = ambient current and b = source buoyancy fiux (per unit length). For small F, the lateral spreading is strong, and dilutions arc close to those calculated for simple line plumes. For large F, the plume is advccted downstream rapidly with slow spreading, and dilution de- pends on B (largest for line source perpendicular to cur-

( /i ) Dispersion of Buoyant Waste Water Discharged from Outfall Diffusers of Finite Length, P. J W Roberts, W. M.

Keck Lah. of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Rept. No. KH-R-35, California Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif, 183

pp.. Mar. 1977. Line Plume and Ocean Outfall Dispersion, P. J W

Roberts, J Hydraulics Div., ASCE 105, HY4, pp. 3 13-331, Apr. 1979. 015-11624-870-73 THERMAL DIFFUSION DURING HEAT TREATMENT CY- CLES

(h) Southern California Edi.son Company.

(t ) Dr. Morton S. Isaacson, Dr. R. C. Y Koh and Dr. E. J. List. (d) Applied.

(e) Various hydraulic model tests were performed in order to determine the behavior of the ocean thermal discharge plumes resulting from the heat treatment of Units 2 and 3 of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station near San Clemente, California. Intake and discharge structures for

all three units at San Onofre were included in the model.

(/) Completed.

(g) The results of the study augmented by previous studies, show that for both intake and diffuser heat treatment, the maximum dimension of the heat treatment plume, as defined by the 4 °F above ambient isotherm, is less than 2000 ft. within two hours following the end of heat treat- ment; the plume does not impact the shoreline or the bot- tom; and the water ingested by normally operating intakes

is raised by less than 0.5 °F above ambient.

(h) Hydraulic Investigations of Thermal Diffusion During Heat Treatment Cycles, San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3, M. Isaacson, R. C. Y. Koh, E. J. List, W. M.

Keck Lah. of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Tech. Memo

76-2, 268 pp., Dec. 1976. Hydraulic Investigations of Thermal Diffusion during Heat Treatment Cycles, San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3, Proc. Waste Heal Management and Utiliza- tion Conf , Miami Beach, Fla., May 9-11, 1977. 015-11625-870-65 DISPERSION OF PARTICULATES IN OCEAN SLUDGE

DISPOSAL

(h) City of Los Angeles, County Sanitation Districts of Los

Angeles County and Orange County.

(c) Professors Norman H. Brooks, J. J. Morgan, Dr. R. C. Y. Koh.

(d) Applied research.

(e) This is part of an assessment of alternatives for ocean

sludge disposal. A simulation model is developed for esti- mating the dispersion and fallout of particulates as a result of discharging sewage sludge in the ocean. The deposition

pattern depends on bathymetry, ocean current characteristics and particle fall velocities. Results from the model

are integrated with chemical and biological aspects towards an overall assessment of ocean sludge disposal al- ternatives for Southern California.

(/) Completed. 9
( /; ) Assessments of Alternative Ocean Sludge Disposal Practices, G. A. Jackson, R. C Y. Koh, N. H. Brooks, J. J. Morgan,

h'iiml Report to City of Los Angeles, County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, County Sanitation Districts of Orange County through Los Angeles/Orange County

Metropolitan Area Regional Wastewater Solids Management Program, Einironmental Quality Lah. Rept. No. 14. California Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91125, Oct.

1978. 015-11626-220-54 MECHANISMS OF THE ENTRAINMENT AND SUSPENSION OF SEDIMENT DURING TRANSPORT BY WATER

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Professor Norman H. Brooks.

(ci) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) A laser-Doppler system has been developed to measure

not only fluid velocity but also the suspended sediment

velocity and concentration throughout the water column.

Previous applications of laser velocimetry have been

primarily in flows transporting dilute concentrations of

small (2-20 fx) fluid tracer particles. In this study, relatively large (100-1000 /i) sand grains at high concentrations

are also being transported by the fluid. To observe both

types of particles and to measure both the fluid and

suspended sediment velocities, with minimum degradation

of signal quality, nonstandard optics (using a larger beam

intersection angle) have been developed.

Suitable data acquisition and processing electronics have been developed. These include a pulse height detector which identifies each scattering particle as sand grain or

fluid tracer and a zero-crossing counter which measures

the velocity of each scattering particle. Signals are processed by the laboratory minicomputer to provide measurements of instantaneous velocity of both water and

sediment, from which turbulence spectra, large scale tur- bulent structures, and the effect of suspended sediment on

flow turbulence are being studied. 015-11627-870-36 MODELING OF MULTIPLE COOLING TOWER PLUMES

^h) u s. Environmental Protection Agency.

(r) Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

((') A mathematical model is developed for prediction of plume behavior from multiple cooling towers with multiple

cells. A general integral method based on the conservation

of mass, momentum, energy and moisture fluxes is employed in the prediction scheme. The effects of ambient

stratifications of temperature, moisture and wind are in- corporated in the model. Comparison with laboratory data shows this model gives good prediction for the case of dry plumes. Verification of the model for wet plumes must

await detailed comparison with field data.

(/) Completed.

(/)) Mathematical Model for Multiple Cooling Tower Plumes. F. H. Y. Wu, R. C. Y. Koh, W. M. Keck Lah. of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Rept. No. KH-R-3 7. California Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif 91 125, 61 pp., July 1977. 015-11628-220-54 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MECHANICS DATABANK

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Dr. Robert C. Y. Koh.

id) Theoretical.

((-) Assemble, verify and analyze the thousands of data points which are available in the literature on mechanics of sedi- ment transport in alluvial streams. The bulk of the data is from laboratory investigations It is recognized that the most crucial attribute of a databank is its accuracy. Thus

each data point is critically examined from several points of view to ensure accuracy.

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FULLERTON, Division of Engineering, Fulleiton, Calif. 92634. Richard R. Brock, Chairman, Civil Engineering.

016-07978-820-33 HYDRODYNAMICS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER

RECHARGE

id) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(<) A continuing study to develop reliable methods for pre- dicting the hydrodynamic behavior of recharge mounds

beneath recharge ponds with emphasis on mound shape.

(?) One study in progress concerns perched recharge mounds

on three separate semipervious layers below a square

basin. The mathematical model allows for both confined and unconfined flow between the horizontal layers. Model

will be used to compare with field results. Another study is for the case of recharge from a strip basin to an initially inclined water table. The Dupuit-Forchheimer theory is being used in this M.S. thesis.

ill) Comment on Shapes of Steady State Perched Groundwater Mounds, R. R. Brock, Water Resources Research 13, 2, pp. 501-502, Apr. 1977.

CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, Calif. 90032. Dr. Young C. Kim, Professor and Chairman.

017-10024-870-54 OIL SLICK TRANSPORT ON SHOALING WATERS

(/>) National Science Foundation Institutional Grant.

id) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) The area of oil spread was measured in the laboratory and

the predictable model was established in determining the spreading area of oil on coastal waters. The relationship between the oil slick and the Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers was examined and the influence of wind,

currents, and waves on the spread area was investigated. The effects on the changes in water depth and the altera- tion of the net spreading coefficient on oil spreading

capacity were also examined. Comparison between the existing field measurements and the laboratory work was

ig) There is a need for more scientifically controlled investigation on oil slick transport, particularly in the determination of true wind, waves, and current velocities. Further

research is needed in developing more realistic solutions to the three-dimensional oil sprcadinphenomena.

(/i) Oil Spreading on Coastal Waters. Y C. Kim, Proc. 14th

Intl. Conf. on Coastal Engrg., Copenhagen, June 1974. 017-10025-430-54 WAVE ENERGY ABSORBTION IN COASTAL STRUCTURES

(h) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(f ) Model tests on perforated breakwater systems were carried out to evaluate the refiection coefficients and the reduction of incident wave pressures. The effect of perforating

the bottom wall was studied to determine the extent of

further reduction of pressure on the breakwater.

(/i) A Slit-Type Breakwater, S. Nagai, S. Kakuno, Proc. 15th

Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg.. Hawaii, June 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA, Beilteley, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Division of 10
Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Berkeley, Calif. 9472Q. 018-08784-870-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE COOLING WATER

SYSTEM PROPOSED FOR DIABLO CANYON FOR THE

PURPOSE OF DETERMINING THE VALIDITY OF SUCH

A MODEL TO PREDICT THE PROTOTYPE FOR VARI- OUS OCEANIC CONDITIONS

(h) Pacific Gas and Electric Companv-

(< ) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

id) Experimental.

(f) An undistorted 1:75 scale model of a 1,100 megawatt power plant has been designed, constructed and used to study the mixing characteristics of the system, based upon

densimetric Froude modeling. Also, a separate study is being made in a different facility on the effect of the mixing and trajectory of the plume, of winds blowing over the water surface. (g) Model studies are being made.

(/i) Nearshore Currents in the Vicinity of Diablo Canyon,

California. 1967 and 1972-76. J. Gosink, R. L Wiegel, Hyd Engrg. Lah. Repi. HEL 27-3. 168 pages. Aug. 1977. Mixing of Horizontal Buoyant Surface Jet over Sloping Bot- tom. B. Safaie Khoram Daroudi, Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. of

Civil Engrg., 198 pages. Aug. 1978. 018-10123-430-44 EARTHQUAKE LOADING ON LARGE OFFSHORE STRUC- TURES IN DEEP WATER-A STUDY OF THE CORRELATION OF ANALYTIC AND PHYSICAL MODELS

(h) Sea Grant. NOAA and the State of California,

(c ) Professor R. L. Wiegel.

{d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To provide information with which rational designs can be made of such structures as offshore oil storage tanks for high earthquake-risk areas. Physical tests will be made on

the 20 ft by 20 ft earthquake simulator ("shaking table"), which will be "immersed" in a large water tank. A numerical model will be developed and compared with physical measurements.

( /i ) A Laboratory Study of the Fluid-Structure Interaction of Submerged Tanks and Caissons in Earthquakes. R. Clark

Byrd. Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engrg., (also, Univ.

Calif. Earthquake Engrg. Researcli Center Report No. VCBIEERC-7HI0H). 141 pages, June 1978. Earthquake Excitation of Submerged Tanks and Caissons: A Correlation Study for Physical and Analytic Models, R. C. Byrd, F. Nilrat. Proc. Offshore Tech. Conf.. May 8-11, 1978. Houston. Tex., OTC 3110. Earthquake Loading on Offshore Gravity Structures, R. C. Byrd. Forefront. Researcli in the College of Engrg.. Univ.

Calif. Berkeley. 76/77. pp. 100-103. Report on Earthquake Loading on Large Offshore Structures in Deep Water-A Study for the Correlation of Analytic and Physical Models, R. J. Seymour, presented

U.S. -Japan National Resources Panel: Marine Facilities Panel Meeting. I June 1977. Tokyo. Japan. Reproduced in the proceedings of the meeting, about November 1977 (in Japanese), pp. 116-117. 018-10124-860-61 THE INFLUENCE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY ON

STORAGE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

(/>) Water Resources Center. Univ. of California.

(( ) Professors J. Imberger and H. B. Fischer.

(t/) Experimental and theoretical: basic research.

(<') To demonstrate the usefulness of an exact description of

the water motions when constructing a water quality model of a reservoir. The work proposed will validate and

extend the recent model of Imberger. et al. (1976), and

couple this with a water quality model. The more accurate

description of the water motions and vertical and horizontal mixing is expected to yield consistently better water

quality predictions,

(/i) Wind Mixing in Lakes. R. H Spigel. Ph D Thesis. Dept ot Civil Engrg.. 274 pages. Dec. 1978. 018-10126-840-31 CONTROL OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS USING WATER

LEVEL SENSORS AND REAL-TIME COMPUTER SIMU- LATION

(h) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver.

(() Professor J. A. Harder.

(d) Theoretical, field experimental.

(f) To establish the optimal means of automatically controlling irrigation check gate positions according to ar- bitrary water demands.

018-1 1259-420-54 DYNAMICS OF EDGE WAVES-AN EXPERIMENTAL AND

ANALYTICAL STUDY

(/>) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor J. L. Hammack, Jr. (d) Experimental and theoretical: basic research.

(c) Experimental facilities are being developed to enable

direct generation of Stokes edge waves on beaches of varying slopes. Measurements of time periodic waves will be compared to previous theoretical results. Evolution of nonlinear edge wave systems will be studied. 018-11260-420-20 EXPERIMENTAL SOLITON WAVES

{h) Office of Naval Research,

(c ) Professor J. L. Hammack, Jr.

(.d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experimental facilities have been developed which permit

the generation of deep water solitons-finitc amplitude nondispersive wave packets. The three-dimensional stability of

these waves and their viscous decay in the laboratory is being studied. 018-11261-020-54 PREDICTIVE ABILITIES OF SURFACE WATER FLOW AND

TRANSPORT MODELS

(h) National Science Foundation and Environmental Protection Agency,

(c) Professor H. B. Fischer.

id) Symposium on applied research.

(e) A symposium will be held in Berkeley in August 1980, at which 12 invited speakers will present the state-of-the-art of surface water fiow and transport modeling. The presentations will be published as a proceedings.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF AT BERKELEY, Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory (see Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Listing).

UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA, DAVIS, Department of Land,

Air and Water Resources, Davis, Calif 95616. L.O. Myrup, Chairman.

019-10078-820-54 MECHANISM OF FROST HEAVING IN EMBANKMENTS

(/>) National Science Foundation,

(c ) J. N. Luthin and G. S. Taylor.

(d) Experimental and computer model: basic research.

(e) Experiments will be conducted on the freezing of soil. Heat and moisture transfer will be measured. Soil characteristics will be determined. The experimental data will be used to verify a computer model of the process. The
model will then be used to analyze the engineering design

of emhankmenls.

(;^) Computer model has been developed using a finite dif- ference scheme.

(/)) A Model for Coupled Heat and Moisture Transfer During

Soil Freezing, CanuJian Gculec/tiikal Journal 1 5.-4:548- 555. 019-11547-820-33 REGIONAL GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT

(h) University of California Water Resources Center; Office of Water Research and Technology; California State Energy

Resources Conservation and Development Commission;

South Tahoe Public Utility District.

(c ) Dr. Verne H. Scott. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research; for Master's and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Research has progressed in four areas: I ) an assessment of brackish groundwater for power plant cooling in California, including impacts of withdrawal; 2) development of a two-dimensional, finite element model of a regional groundwater basin to analyze confined and unconfined

fiow in response to varying demands and hydrologic conditions; 3 ) a hydrologic evaluation of groundwater resources

in a sub-alpine lake-aquifer system; 4) development of mathematical models to obtain optimal operating policies

in a surface-ground water conjunctive use system based on minimum cost or energy; and 5) development of a pro- gram to maximize net benefits from groundwater irrigation supply systems.

(g) A summary report on brackish groundwater for power

plant cooling has been prepared; a two-dimensional finite element groundwater model has been completed and

verified; a summary report on groundwater resources in a sub-alpine lake-aquifer system has been prepared; and a model of a small regional conjunctive use system has been

prepared and operating policies based on minimum cost and energy have been compared.

ih) Brackish Ground Water for Power Plant Cooling in California, V. H Scott, J C. Scalmanini, K A. Popko,

Water Science and Engineering Paper 2008, Univ. of Calif., Davis, I 15 pages, Nov. 1978. Water Wells and Pumps: Their Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance, V H. Scott, J. C. Scalmanini,

Division of Agricultural Sciences Bulletin 1889, Univ. of

Calif., 51 pages. May 1978. Groundwater Resources of the South Tahoe Public Utility District, V. H Scott, J C. Scalmanini, R. A. Matthews,

Water Science and Engineering Paper 2007, Univ. of Calif., 92 pages. May 1978. Groundwater Basin Modeling Using the Finite Element Method-Yolo County Case Study, O. A. Bamgboye, thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for M.S. Degree, Univ. of Calif., Davis, 126 pages, 1978. 019-11548-820-65 URBAN ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE

FACILITIES-DESIGN AND OPERATION

(h) Santa Clara Valley Water District, (c) Dr. Verne H. Scott Experimental and field investigation; applied research, design and operation.

(e) Assessment and evaluation of the design, operation, and

maintenance of groundwater recharge with the goal of

defining design and operational parameters that will im- prove recharge efficiencies particularly in an urban setting. (g) Design and operational parameters have been defined:

size, shape, depth, orientation, construction, and landscaping of ponds; design and completion of injection wells; and

design and operational considerations relative to recharge

site selection and evaluation, pretreatment of recharge

water, control of clogging in ponds and wells, wet/dry infil- tration cycles, water quality, and multipurpose use of recharge facilities. A summary report is in preparation.

019-11549-840-60 INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG IRRIGATION, DRAINAGE AND SALINITY CONTROL

(/>) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c ) J. N. Luthin, and B. Hanson.

(d) Field investigatit)n, applied research.

(f ) Measurements will be made in the Tulare Lake Basin,

Calif., on parameters affecting drainage, irrigation and salt control. A predictive model will be developed that in- tegrates the field inft)rmation. 019-11550-070-00 MODELING MOVEMENT OF CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER

(h) Water Resources Center, University of California.

(c ) Professors M. A. Marino and V. H. Scott. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f ) Numerical simulation of contaminant transport in subsurface systems involves the simultaneous or sequential solution of the fiow and mass transport equations subject to appropriate initial and boundary conditions. Both finite difference and finite element techniques have been used to solve these equations. A two-dimensional finite element model has been developed that simulates the movement

and depth distribution of a dissolved chemical substance in a recharged stream-aquifer system. The model is appropriate for investigating the effects of possibly con- taminated recharge effluent on the quality and quantity of groundwater supplies.

(/) Completed.

ig) See publications.

(/i) Modeling Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater

Systems. V. H. Scott, M. A. Marino, California Water

Resources Center Report No. 37, p. 49, 1976. Numerical Simulation of Contaminant Transport in Subsurface Systems, M. A. Marino, Advances in Groundwater

Hydrology, ed. by Z. A. Saleem, Amer. Water Resources

Assoc., pp. 1 13-129, Sept. 1976. A Finite Element Mode! of Contaminant Movement in Groundwater. G. Cabrera, M. A. Marino, Water Resources

Bulletin. AWRA 12. 2, pp. 317-335, Apr. 1976. Flow Against Dispersion in Nonadsorbing Porous Media, M. A. Marino, J. of Hydrology 37, pp. 149-158, Apr. 1978. 019-11551-840-00 INVESTMENT CRITERIA FOR INSTALLING SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

(fr) Water Resources Center, University of California.

(c) Professors M. A. Marino and G. L. Horner.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A methodology for evaluating the profitability of alternative drain spacings and depths for given physical and economic conditions has been developed. Equations relat- ing annual profit to drain spacing and depth have been

derived. Drainage investment appears to be the most

profitable at spacing-depth combinations which maximize

or come close to maximizing crop yields. In addition, a

transient two-dimensional numerical simulation model has been developed to quantitatively examine both saturated and unsaturated fiow toward subsurface drains. It can be used to determine the flow and the depth of water levels between subsurface drains, and the size, spacing, and

depth of drains for various field situations. Another nu- merical simulation model has been developed to include

the effect of salinity of irrigation water in the flow toward

(f) Completed.

(g) See publications.

(/)) Investment Criteria for Installing Subsurface Drainage

Systems, M. A. Marino, G. L. Horner, California Water

Resources Center Report No. 42, p. 48, 1977. On-Farm Drainage Investment Decision Criteria in the Panoche Water District, J. C. Fitz. Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for M.S. Degree, Univ. of Calif., Davis, 108 pages, Oct. 1977. 12
A Galerkin-Finite Element Simulation of Solute Transport

in Subsurface Drainage Systems, M A Marino, G. B. Matanga, Finiu- Elements in Water Resources, ed. by C. A.

Brcbbia. W. G. Gray, G. F. Pindcr, Pcntcch Press. London, pp. 1.51-1.67. July 1978.

Finite-Element Simulation of Solute Transport in SaturatedLfisaturated Drainage Systems, M. A Marino. Tech. Completion Rept.. Water Resources Center Project UCALWRC-W-521. 28 pages. Aug. 1978. investment Criteria for Installing Subsurface Drainage

Systems, M. A. Marino. G. L. Horner. Calif. Water

Resources Center Rept. No. 43. p. 28. Dec. 1978. 019-11552-870-05 MASS TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMI- NANTS IN POROUS MEDIA

(h) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture,

(c ) Professor M. A. Marino.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) Analytical solutions have been developed that describe the mass transjxjrt and distribution of contaminants in satu- rated porous media. Some of the solutions are applicable

for analyzing dispersion problems in fmite nonadsorbing media while others include simultaneous dispersion and

adsorption of a solute. Different forms for the solutions are given to facilitate the compulation of particular values. The solutions are useful for quantitatively predicting the

possible control of spreading of poor-quality water by

freshwater flow. Numerical simulation models also have been developed to analyze the movement and distribution of dissolved chemical substances in saturated-unsaturated porous media. Solutions provided by these models are useful in making quantitative evaluations of schemes to prevent and control groundwater contamination and quantitative predictions of spatial and temporal changes in groundwater quality. (g) See publications.

(/i) Longitudinal Dispersion in Saturated Porous Media, M A. Marino, J Hydraulics Div., A5CE 101, HYl. pp. 151-157,

Jan. 1974. Numerical and Analytical Solutions of Dispersion in a

Finite, Adsorbing Porous Medium, M. A. Marino, Water

Resources Bull., AWRA 10, 1, pp. 81-90. Feb. 1974.

Distribution of Contaminants in Porous Media Flow, M. A. Marino, Water Resources Research 10, 5, pp. 1013-1018.

Oct, 1974. Models of Dispersion in a Granular Medium, M. A. Marino. J Hydrology 23, pp. 313-318. Dec. 1974. Mass Transport of Solutes in Saturated Porous Media, M.

A. Marino. Water Sci. and Engrg.. Paper No. 2003. 44

pages. July 1 975.

Solute Transport in a Saturated-Unsaturated Porous Medi- um, M. A. Marino. Modeling. Identification and Control in Environmental Systems, ed. by G. C. Vansteenkiste. North- Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, pp. 269-281. 1978. Flow Against Dispersion in Adsorbing Porous Media, M. A. Marino. J. Hydrology 38, pp. 197-205. July 1978. 019-11553-820-05 NITROGEN TRANSPORT IN SOIL SYSTEMS

fh) Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department of

Agriculture.

(( ) Professor M. A. Marino.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) The transport of nitrogeneous materials in soil systems

plays an important role in both production and the quality of surface and groundwater supplies. Mathematical models

have been developed for predicting the transport and dis- tribution of nitrogen compounds in soils. They take into account the concentration of nitrogen gas in the soil as a

result of denitrification and its diffusion to the atmosphere. By obtaining solutions to the models we can examine their

applicability to nitrogen transformations measured in soils under a scries of environmental conditions.

(g) See publications.

(/i) Simulation Models of Nitrogen Transport in Soil Systems, M. A. Marino. Proc. Conf. on Modeling of Environmental

Systems. Intern. Fed. for Infirm. Processing, ed. by T. L. Kunii and Y. Kaya. Tokyo. Japan, pp. 85-88. Apr. 1976. Mathematical Model for Simulating Soil Moisture Flow

Considering Evapotranspiration, A, Afshar, M. A. Marino.

Water Sci. and Engrg.. Paper No. 6002, 100 pages. Sept. 1976. Simultaneous Transport of Nitrate and Gaseous Denitrifica- tion Products in Soil, D. E. Rolston, M. A. Marino. 5<>(7 Sci. Soc. of America J. 40, 6, pp. 860-865. Nov.-Dec. 1976. Model for Simulating Soil Water Content Considering

Evapotranspiration, A. Afshar. M. A. Marino. J. Hydrology

37, pp. 309-322. May 1978. 019-11554-820-05 WATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS INDUCED BY PERCOLATION

(h) Agricultural Research Service. U.S. Department of

Agriculture.

(c) Theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) The development and solution of mathematical models

capable of predicting the rise and fall of the water table in aquifer systems in response to deep percolation and stream

stage fluctuation are of practical importance in the evaluation and management of groundwater resources and in the study of irrigation and drainage problems. Numerous

mathematical models have been developed which describe

transient flow in unconfmed aquifers receiving deep percolation. The models take into account different types of

variation of the percolation rate, different sizes and shapes

of areas over which the percolation takes place, and vari- ous hydraulic and geometric parameters of the underlying

aquifer. The solutions are useful in te evaluation of quantitative and qualitative changes in aquifer systems due to natural or artificial recharge. In addition, from the solu- tions presented we can estimate the feasibility of recharge

projects and make recommendations on the duration of recharge operations.

(J) Completed.

(g) See publications. (h) Water-Table Fluctuation in Semipervious Stream-Unconfined Aquifer System, M. A. Marino, J. Hydrology 19, pp. 43-52. May 1973. Water-Table Fluctuation in Response to Recharge, M. A. Marino. J. Irrigation and Drainage Div., ASCE 100, IR2,

pp. 1 17-125. June 1974. Growth and Decay of Groundwater Mounds Induced by

Percolation, M. A. Marino, J. Hydrology 22, pp. 295-301, Aug. 1974.

Rise and Decline of the Water Table Induced by Vertical Recharge, M. A. Marino. J. Hydrology 23, pp. 289-298,

Dec. 1974.

Digital Simulation Model of Aquifer Response to Stream

Stage Fluctuation, M. A. Marino, J. Hydrology 25, pp. 51-

58, Apr. 1975.

Artificial Groundwater Recharge, I, Circular Recharging

Area, M. A. Marino. J. Hydrology 25, pp. 201-208, May

1975.

Artificial Groundwater Recharge, II, Rectangular Recharging Area, M. A. Marino, J. Hydrology 26, pp. 29-37, July 1975. Response of Unconfined Aquifer Systems to Deep Percolation, M. A. Marino. Water Sci. and Engrg., Paper No. 2004. 39 pages, July 1975. Mathematical Models of Artificial Recharge Systems, M. A. Marino. Water Sci. and Engrg., Paper No. 2005. 59 pages, July 1975. Dynamic Response of Aquifer Systems to Localized Recharge, G. Cabrera, M. A Marino. Water Resources Bulletin. AWRA 12, 1, pp. 49-63. Feb. 1976. 13
(Groundwater Storage Considerations: Alternative Courses

of Action. M A Marino, I'm, II ill RU nnicI Conf ,>„ CnHiiulwah r, Calif. Wun r Rcsniin cs Crnlrr R, pl . 41. pp. 019-11555-840-00 PLANNINC. OF IRRUJATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

(< ) Prolcssor M. A Marino.

(ct) Theoretical and licld; basic and applied research

((•) Irrigation programs, specified in terms of dates and depths

irrigation, are developed for various crops. The infor- mation contained in the irrigation programs for each crop

is applied in an area-allocation model to determine a cropping pattern for the crops. The area-allocation model

maximizes gross margin from yields of crops under consideration subject to total water supply, maximum amount

of water that can be delivered for irrigation purposes on

any date of irrigation, and irrigation labor. Results from

the model include cri>pping pattern, gross margin, total ir- rigation depth on each data of irrigation, total irrigation labor, and crop yield. Fi>r a finite or infinite planning

horizon, an inlerscasi>nal model is developed for determining an irrigation policy in terms of leaching and seasonal

irrigation depths.

(/) Completed

(.t;) See publications.

(h) Application of Optimization and Simulation Techniques to Irrigation Management, G. B. Matanga, M. A. Marino, Water

Sci. and Engrg.. Paper No. 5003. 237 pages, Aug. 1977. Preseason Irrigation Scheduling by Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming, G A Robb, M A. Marino, Waler

.Sci. and En^rf... Paper No. 5004. 78 pages, Oct. 1977.

Irrigation Planning, 1, cropping Pattern, G. B. Matanga, M. A. Marino, Water Re.sources Re.warch, to be published

in 1979.

Irrigation Planning, 2, Water Allocation for Leaching and

Irrigation Purposes. G B Matanga, M. A. Marino, Waler

Resources Research, to be published in 1979. 019-11556-860-00 OPTIMAL CAPACITY EXPANSION OF DESALINATION PLANTS

(( ) Professor M. A. Marino.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(f) A mathcmtical programming model is structured to find the optimal time and capacity expansion path of desalination plants and storage tanks for a community which de- pends on desalination as its sole, or major, water supply

source. The objective is to determine the least costly combination of sizes and times of installation (of both desalt- ing plants and storage tanks) which can meet a rising water demand over a finite planning horizon. The optimality criterion used in the model is based on two major economic elements: the economies of scale inherent in such facilities and the time-value of money represented by

the interest rate, the former favoring large capacities and

the latter small capacities.

(,/") Completed.

(g) See publications.

(/i) The Optimal Multistage Capacity-Expansion of Desalination

Plants and Storage Tanks, H N Rajhi, M. A Marino,

Water Sci. and Engrg . Paper No. 5002. 94 pages, Apr.

1975. On the Capacity Expansion of Desalination Plants and

Storage Tanks, H N Rajhi. M A Marino, Waler

Resources Bulletin. .4WRA 12, 3, pp. 481-500, June 1976. 019-1 1696-200-60 EFFECTS OF WIND ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

(/>) California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento,

California.

(<) Dr. Jaime Amorocho.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(<) Wind blowing over open channels can cause significant changes in the water surface profile (set up) and produce

wind waves on the surface. Relationships between wind

shear and wind speed were determined for laboratory data and field data Data were obtained from; a) wind profile measurements, b) water surface setup data, c) measure- ments of Reynolds stresses in the air fiow over the water

in the field. Data from numerous other investigations were

included in the analysis. Wind shear was specified as a function of wind speed

using the shear velocity u„ rather than following the com- mon practice of using a wind shear coefficient C.. This proved to be a superior way of presenting the wind shear

at low wind speeds. An evaluation of the variances of u. and C; indicated that the relative variance of u. at low wind speed is much smaller than that for C., and the rela- tionship between wind shear and wind speed could be more clearly defined.

(,/) Completed.

(g) Analysis of data from this study as well as data from a number of other investigations indicates that a large portion of the difficulties encountered in the part in establish- ing the relationship between the wind shear coefficient C; and the wind speed U. can be attributed to computationally induced scatter of the data. However, plots of the shear velocity u, against Uz reveal clear trends which show that three regions exist in the development of the wind shear stress; a) a lower region in which the wind waves have not begun to break; b) a transitional region,

after the onset of breakers for C., varies nonlincarly with

U.; and c) a limiting region for which C.. tends again towards a constant value and corresponds to a condition

of breaker saturation. A single general equation to express C,„ as a function of U,,, is proposed which agrees with the above findings. It is shown that in contrast with the per- ception of previous investigators, Charnock's coefficient a = Zog/u^ is not a constant anywhere in the range of wind

velocities 0< U,o < 40 m/s.

( /i ) A New Evaluation of the Wind Stress Coefficient Over Water Surfaces, J. Amorocho, J. J. DeVries, submitted to

J. Geophys. Res.. 1979. Wind Stress in Open Channel Flow, J. J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, submitted to ASCE J. Waterways and Harbors

Division. 1979. 019-11697-810-31 CONTROL OF EVAPORATION FROM SNOW FIELDS

(h) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior.

(( ) Dr. Jaime Amorocho.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied and developmental.

(e) The project involves a careful study of snowpack evolution

as a component of hydrologic systems, and of the means

of modifying these evolutionary processes by controlling evaporation and increasing melt. A complex mathematical model of the snowpack evolution processes has been developed at U. C. Davis. For the development of this model, published data on snowpack

variables obtained by the U.S. Forest Service at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, as well as other published meteorological and climatological information were used.

Partial tests of the model have been performed with data gathered at a special installation constructed in the Andes

Mountains in Chile under a cooperative agreement between the University of California and the University of

Chile. These mathematical modeling techniques have the ultimate aim of perfecting reliable procedures for predetermining the effects of alternative snowpack management strategics as a basis for regional water

resources systems operations. To evaluate the various functions and parameters entering the latest version of the model, it is considered essential to obtain data on a snow- pack accumulated naturally. For this purpose, a special 14
study was conduclcd at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, designed specifically for recording these functions and

parameters, and utilizing a large snowmelt lysimeter and

other instrumentation for data acquisition. (g) The effects of evaporatit>n modifiers on the evolution of snowpacks have been studied under controlled conditions by means of a large snow lysimeter which incorporates many unusual features and is the first of its kind in the world. Detailed studies of snowpack evolution can he con- ducted simultaneously in the two chambers of the instru- ment. The snow received in one of the chambers received

treatment; the other was used as control. The most unique

feature of the instrument is that it effectively separates the snow under test from the surrounding pack by a system of moving walls which extend vertically from the ground as snow is accumulated, without protruding above the snow

surface. The walls also retract as the snow becomes consolidated, or compacted, as well as when it melts gradually

in the spring, so that a clean sweep of undisturbed surface

is maintained between the test regions and the sur- roundings. This permits following closely the conditions of

the natural pack, while preventing crossflow of melt water. The scheme permits very accurate measurements of snowmelt rates by means of specially designed devices. Continuous profiles of snowpack variables such as density, temperature and water content can be followed spatially be means of special thermistor arrays and a moving gamma-ray snow gage which scans the snow in the vertical. These profiles are recorded automatically and re- peated at programmed intervals to follow the evolution of

the entire pack complex. These measurements, in conjunction with recordings of pertinent meteorological variables such as solar radiation, snow and rainfall, wind velocities,

air temperatures, etc., permit a thorough analysis of the

treated and untreated snow to gain knowledge on the mechanisms of snow evolution and effectiveness of the treatments.

(h) Snowmelt Lysimeter, K. Thompson, J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, Proc, Western Snow Conference 1974, Coronado, Calif , Apr. 1975. Operating Manual for a Snowmelt Lysimeter, K. Thompson, S. Buer, J. DeVries, J. Amorocho, Water Science and

Engrg. Paper No. 3009, Nov. 1977. 019-11698-300-60 DELTA DIVERSION FACILITIES FOR THE CALIFORNIA WATER PROJECT

(b) California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento,

California.

(c) Dr. Jaime Amorocho.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are being made for the design of

intake and fish screen structures for large-scale diversion of water for the California Water Project from the Sacra- mento River at the Peripheral Canal Intake. Two general problems are being studied; 1 ) design and location of the intake from the river to minimize diversion of sediment

into the intake and to avoid erosion and deposition problems in the river, and 2) development of fish screening facilities for protecting marine life at the intakes to les- sen the environmental effects of the water diversions. A distorted-scale laboratory model of 5.5 miles of the river has been tested and two general types of diversion schemes have been evaluated. The first scheme has the

fish screens along the existing river bank (over a length of one mile); the second, an off-stream channel parallel to the river is used to produce a carefully regulated velocity environment from which the flow is diverted into a canal through fish screens. Sediment studies have been made in this model, as well as general description and evaluation of flow patterns. Further studies will be made in an undistorted 1:50 scale model of just the fish screen structures and adjacent river. (g) The "off-river" intake proved superior to the scheme in which the fish screens were located on the river bank from

the standpoint of less problems with sediment and the

ability to conlr<il velocities in the vicinity of the fish screens to the range most suitable for effectively directing

fish away from the screens. The location of the diversion point was selected on the basis of minimum bed load sedi- ment removed with the water fiow. Data for the design and operation of the 1 ;5() scale model were obtained.

(/)) Peripheral Canal Intake Studies. I. Distorted Scale Channel

Model, W. Hartman, J. Amorocho. J. J. DeVries, Water

Science and En^irf;. Paper No. 1064. Juno 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Davis, Calif. 95616. Professor Charles W. Beadle, Department Chairman.

020-10834-220-50 AEOLIAN SURFACE FLUX RATES ON EARTH AND MARS

(h) NASA-Ames Research Center.

(c ) Professor Bruce R. White.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) The planet Mars has large amounts of surface material moved during its frequent dust storms. These dust storms account for huge quantities of material movement in comparison to terrestrial counterparts. The increased material movement is not fully understood, although some of it can

be accounted for by the difference in gravity between the two planets. However, wind erosion on Mars is still substantial considering the gravity difference; thus there are additional changes that enhance the aeolian transport of

surface material on Mars. One of the most important of

these is the change in atmospheric pressure on Mars; the pressure is only a few percent of the pressure on Earth. The purpose of the proposed study is to learn more about

the aeolian transport of surface material through a series of wind-tunnel experiments in a low-pressure chamber.

{g) The aeolian transport of surface material on the planet Mars is estimated from results of low-pressure wind-tunnel

testing and theoretical considerations. A semi-empirical

relation is developed that will estimate the total amount of

surface material moving in aeolian saltation, suspension, and surface traction. The estimated total mass movement

of surface material per unit width-time on the surface of Mars is q = 2.61 p(V. - V.^)(V. -|-V.^)Vg (gm/cm-sec) where p is the density of the atmospheric gas, g is the acceleration due to the gravity, and V. and V.^, are the fric- tion speed and saltation threshold friction speed, respectively. A fiat surface composed of particles of nearly uniform size is assumed. A change in the mean particle

size changes the threshold friction speed V,^.

(It) Low-Reynolds-Number Turbulent Boundary Layers, B. R. White, S\mposium on Turbulent Boundary Luvers, ASME,

Niagara Falls, N.Y., June 18-20, 1979. Dust Storms on Mars: Considerations and Simulations, R. Greeley. B R. White, J. B. Pollack, J. D Iversen, R. N. Leach. NASA Technical Memorandum 7S423, Dec. 1977. Dust Storms on Mars: Considerations and Simulations, R. Greeley, B. R White, J B. Pollack, J. D. Iversen, R. N

Leach, Desert Dust: Origin, Characteristics, and Effect on Man: Dust Storms on Mars, Proc. Amer. Assoc. for the Ad- vancement of Science, Denver, Feb. 1977. Wind Transport Rates on Mars, B. R. White, J. Geophysical Research, in press, 1979. 020-10835-050-88 LIQUID JET STABILITY STUDIES

(b) Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California,

(c ) Professor Myron A. Hoffman.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Studies of hollow annular, solid cylindrical, and planar sheet water jets have been conducted with forced-vibration of the nozzles to determine jet instability and breakup 15
parameters Tests have been run both at 1 atm and 0.2

(x') The planar sheet jets have displayed unexpected resistance

ti> breakup even when the feed nozzles were subjected to relatively large amplitude Forced vibrations. Two nonlinear regimes have been identified, and a theory has been

developed which predicts the nonlinear results in one of

the regimes very well.

(It) Annular Liquid Jet Experiments, Final Report No. 3. Experimental Investigation of the Stability of Liquid Sheet

Jets, Finul Repori No. 4.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO, Scripps Institu- tion of Oceanography, (see SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY listing).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, College

of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106. Dr. Dale E. Seborg. Department Chairman.

021-101 1 1-020-00 TURBULENT CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT

(< ) Professor O. C. Sandall or O. T. Hanna.

id) Applied research; theoretical and experimental; Master's and Doctor's theses.

(e) Studies of turbulent heat and mass transfer for small dif- fusivities; non-Newtonian and chemical reaction effects. (^) Successful correlation of theory and experiment has been

achieved for fully developed flow conditions.

( li ) Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flow for Liquids Having a Temperature Dependent Viscosity, O. T. Hanna, O. C. Sandall. .ASME J Heal Transfer 100, 224 ( 1978). Large Schmidt Number Mass Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flow, O C Sandall, O T. Hanna, AlCliE J. 25, 190

( 1979).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, Depart- ment of Geography, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106.

022-1 1721-810-50 CALIBRATION OF SATELLITE DATA FOR INPUT TO DIS- TRIBUTED PARAMETER HYDROLOGIC MODELS

(/?) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Earth Resources Survey Program, Grant No. NSG-5262.

(< ) Jeff Dozier, Assistant Professor.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research; contribution from Master's and Doctoral theses.

ie) The project investigates ways in which atmospheric, sur- face emissivity, and terrain effects can be calibrated from

satellite data for use as input for distributed parameter

hydrologic models. This study consists of two parts: 1 ) we

derive the parameters necessary to drive an energy

balance snowmcit model by using digital image data from

Landsat-2, Landsat-3, AEM-A, and NCAA meteorological

satellites, using a data collection platform in a remote lo- cation within the study area, a series of accessible data

collection stations at several elevations from 2000 m to .3500 m, and extensive field measurements at intervals during the snow season; 2) we use the snowficid data collection system to calibrate satellite data for input into dis- tributed parameter models other than snowmcit models.

Specifically, we will couple a modified lumped parameter

streamtlow forecasting model to the distributed parameter snowmelt model.

( // ) An Approach Toward Energy Balance Simulation Over

Rugged Terrain, J. Dizzier. S. I Outcalt. Geographical

.Analxsis 1 I, 65-85. 1979.

A Solar Radiation Model for a Snow Surface in Mountainous Terrain, J. Dozier. Proe. Modelinf; of Snow Cover

Runoff. S. C. Colbeck, M. Ray, Editors, Hanover, N H.; U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering

Laboratory, pp. 144-15.3, 1979. A Clear-Sky Longwave Radiation Model for Remote Alpine

Areas, D. Marks. J. Dozier, Arcliiv fur Meleorologie

Geophy.sik und Bioklimaiolofiie. Serie B. 1979 (in press). 022-1 1722-810-44 USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE DATA FOR INPUT TO ENERGY BALANCE SNOWMELT MODELS

(/)) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Grant

No. 4-08-Mo.

(c ) Jeff Dozier, Assistant Profes.sor. id) Experimental and field investigation; applied research; contribution from Master's and Doctoral theses. (e) Environmental satellite data are used, in combination with

field measurements and computer modeling, to derive a number of input parameters for an energy balance snowmelt model, so that it can be utilized over large, mountainous watersheds. We are investigating the possibility of generating the necessary inputs for; I ) solar radiation in clear and cloudy weather, 2) longwave radiation in clear and cloudy weather, and 3) wind speeds. We are also in- vestigating the feasibility and potential use of mapping

isothermal snow cover. Our study area consists of the watersheds of the Kern and Kings Rivers in the southern

Sierra Nevada. Our results will lead to development of techniques for more accurate snowmelt runoff forecasting, which would be useful for fiood prediction and agricultural reservoir management.

(/i) A Solar Radiation Model for a Snow Surface in Mountainous Terrain, J. Dozier, Proc. Modeling of Snow Cover

Runoff. S. C. Colbeck, M. Ray, Editors, Hanover. N.H.:

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering

Laboratory, pp. 144-153, 1979. A Clear-Sky Longwave Radiation Model for Remote Alpine

Areas, D. Marks, J. Dozier, Arcliiv for Meleorologie Geophysik und Bioklimaiologie. Serie B, 1979 (in press). 022-11723-810-33 COUPLING AN ENERGY BALANCE SNOWMELT MODEL

TO A STREAMFLOW MODEL, GRANT NO. UCAL-W-S46

(h) Water Resources Center, University of California, Davis,

Calif. 95616.

(c) Jeff Dozier, Assistant Professor.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research; contribution from Master's and Doctoral theses.

((') Conventional snowmcit models based on regression analysis fail to adequately predict snowmelt runoff under ex- treme meteorological conditions. We are developing an energy balance snowmelt model for use in the southern

Sierra Nevada which will more accurately predict melt

rates under extreme conditions; predictions are based upon daily monitoring of specific meteorological variables. This model must be: I ) applied over an entire drainage

basin, and 2) coupled to an existing or modified streamfiow model. This project is directed toward coupling a snowmcit model to a fiow model.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, Geography Renwte Sensing Unit, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106.

023-10836-710-60 IRRIGATED LANDS ASSESSMENT FOR WATER MANAGEMENT: APPLICATIONS PILOT TEST

(h) Remote Sensing Research Program-University of California, Berkely cooperative with the California Department of Water Resources.

(( ) Larry Tinney, Project Manager.

(d) Experimental investigation, applied research, operation. 16
((•) Idcniifieation of California's approximately 10 million acres ol irrigated land (which accounts for 85 percent of

the state water use) using a statewide, multistage, multidate sample based on manual interpretation of Landsat

imagery in conjunction with low altitude photography and

field checked data; major regional demonstration of digital image processing during the first year in the Sacramento

Valley and the Delta region to identify irrigated cropland, followed by a statewide digital effort as a part of next year s efforts.

ill) An Inventory of Irrigated Lands Within the State of California Based on Landsat and Supporting Aircraft Data,

L. Wall, D. Noren. J. M. Sharp. S. Titus, R. N. Colwell,

Final report for Cimiract NAS 5-20969. 1977 An Inventory of Irrigated Lands for Selected Counties Within the State of California Based on Landsat and Supporting Aircraft Data, Final report for NASA Contract NSG

2207. 1977. 023-10837-810-65 WATERSHED RUNOFF PREDICTIONS USING LANDSAT

DIGITAL DATA

(h) Kern County Water Agency, Bakersfield, Calif. NASA

Grant NSG-7220.

(c ) Fredrick C. Mertz, Project Manager.

(d) Applied, Master's.

(c) Landsat digital data is utilized to produce a vegetation

categorization map. These vegetation data are then input

to the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff model for prediction of peak flows. The Kern County Water Agency (KCWA) uses these runoff prediction data for policy decisions concerning flood related issues. Conventional vegetation collection methods are expensive and time consuming. The Landsat approach being investigated provides a timely and relatively inexpensive alternate data source. (;?)To date, only small geographic areas have been

completed, but initial results are favorable. 023-10838-870-22 SAMPLING-INTENSIVE LOW-SPEED CRUISE FOR OIL SLICK-VESSEL INTERACTION

(h) Civil Engineering Lab.. Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, Calif. Contract N-62583/78-M-R

I 32 P0()02.

(< I Mike Wilson, Project Manager, GRSU, Mr. Karl Rocker,

Contract Monitor, L42, Civil Engrg. Lab, NCBC, Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043.

(d} Field investigation, design.

((') Objective is to track the location of surface oil in the path

of a vessel engaged in low-speed oil recovery operations. Sea trials are conducted in natural oil seep areas of the Santa Barbara Channel, with the location and thickness of

oil during the passage of a vessel documented by ship- board and aerial photography and surface oil samples.

(^) Data collected in conjunction with sea tests to determine

the effects of vessels on surface oil slicks seem to indicate

that vessel speed and direction in relation to swell height/direction and, to a lesser extent, wind

speed/direction are the most significant factors to be considered in planning for maximum oil sorbent disper- sal/recovery success. It has also been generally observed

that a correlation exists between oil slick displacement and

oil film thickness, given the same vessel, oceanographic and meteorological parameters.

( /i ) Surface Oil Displacement By U.S. Coast Guard 82-Foot

Cutters, J. E. Estcs, S. P Kraus, R. W. Tennant, C. Hansen, University of California, Santa Barbara, California,

(Jan. 1979). 023-10839-820-88 SOIL MOISTURE DETERMINATION USING MICROWAVE/INFRARED TECHNIQUES

(h) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena. Calif. Contract JPL- 955032.

(( ) Dr John E. Estes, Principal Investigator; Susan Atwater,

Project Manager.

id) Field investigation.

(f) A series of experiments were performed with J PL van- mounted microwave radiometers during May 1 978 near

Bakersfield, California, to investigate the use of microwave

and infrared radiometric techniques for determining soil moisture Observations were made of bare fields with varying moisture and temperature profiles and different degrees of surface roughness. Data consisting of surface and subsurface temperature measurements and soil samples analyzed for moisture content and bulk density were

collected concurrently with the measurement of microwave and thermal infrared emissions and

micrometeorological variables by JPL personnel. During

the analysis phase of the project, the main intent of JPL

researchers will be to evaluate the potential of a combined

microwave-thermal infrared systems approach for the remote detection of soil moisture. 023-10840-870-30 ANALYSIS OF SEASAT-A SAR DATA FOR THE DETEC- TION OF OIL ON THE OCEAN SURFACE

ih) U.S. Geological Survey, Menio Park, California. Contract USDI-USGS-G-560.

(c) Dr. John E. Estes. Principal Investigator; Mike Wilson,

Project Manager.

(d) Experimental, basic, applied.

(e) Primary objective is to assess the general utility of Seasal- A L-Band horizontally-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for detecting oil on the ocean surface. A secondary

objective is to determine the transferability of remote

sensing methodologies to USGS West Coast Conservation

Division for conducting baseline oil pollution studies and

fulfilling oil spill detection/monitoring responsibilities. Simulated Seasat data products acquired from an airborne L-Band SAR will, with coincident sea truth data and

reconstruction of probable oil slick configurations from

meteorological and oceanographic parameters, supplement

the existing Seasat SAR data collected over the natural oil seeps in the Santa Barbara Channel before the satellite's failure in October 1978.

(/i) Summary Evaluation of the Offshore Target Detection

Capabilities of AN/APS-94D and COR Radar Systems. J E. Estes, S. P. Kraus, Washington, DC, U.S. Coast Guard,

Contract No. DOT-CG-63898A, 1976. Airborne Remote Sensing Applications for the Detection and Monitoring of Oil From Natural Seeps and Other

Sources, J. E. Estes, S. P. Kraus, Long Beach, Calif., California State Lands Division, 1976.

Oil Seep Survey Over Coal Oil Point and the Santa Bar- bara Channel, California, October, 1976, S P Kraus, J. E

Estes, Long Beach, Calif., California State Lands Division, 1977. Radar Detection of Surface Oil Slicks, S P Kraus, J E. Estes. S. G. Atwater, J. R. Jensen, and R. R. Vollmers, Phologrammelric Engineering and Remote Sensinfi 43, 12, pp. 1523-1531, 1977. AOSS II System Verification Test, S P Kraus, J E Estes, C. Dennis, P. O'Neill, E. Adcrhold, D. Schussle, M.

Kronenberg,, Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara (Under sub- contract to Aerojet Electro Systems Co., Azusa, Calif ). 1977. Comparative Evaluation of Real and Synthetic Aperture Radars for the Detection of Oil and Sea Surface Targets in the Santa Barbara Channel, S P Kraus, J E Estes, R R. Vollmers, Proe. 7977 Oil Spill Conjerence. Amer. Petrole- um Inst., pp. 203-208, 1977. 023-10841-710-50 GREEN FUEL MOISTURE ESTIMATION USING LANDSAT

(h) NASA Headquarters, Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications, Technology Transfer Division, University Applications Program Grant NS6-7220.

(c) Susan Atwater, Project Manager.

(d) Experimental, applied and basic research for Master's thesis. 17

I
(i ) Landsat data is being studied as an estimatiir of the moisture content of green fuel, a variable used in the National Fire-Danger Rating system indices for the Los

Padres National Forest in California. Green fuel moisture content is defined as the contained moisture in green

leaves and twigs of the dense shrub community of chamisc

chaparral found over much of this forest. Landsat "s 4-band

multispectral scanner data are combined in different ratios and transformations for input to a regression model to esti- mate fuel moisture content. The data are corrected for time-lag between sensor and ground data collection and

for atmospheric haze. This study encompasses an entire

fire season to observe a wide range of moisture conditions. 023-10842-820-50 MULTISPECTRAL MEASUREMENT OF SOIL MOISTURE

(/)) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. Atmospheric and Hydrosphcric Applications Divi- sion Contract NS6-5I70.

(( ) Susan Atwater, Project Manager.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) This effort is directed toward the development of linear combination or algorithms employing multispectral sensor data ranging from visible to microwave frequencies that

will first use multivariate schemes to classify vegetation and secondly predict soil moisture under any one of

several crop types. Experimental data, collected in Guymon, Oklahoma in August 1978, includes: one Seasat SAR overpass; six dates of aircraft-mounted multispectral scanner and scatterometer data; and an extensive set of

field data consisting of soil moisture, bulk density, texture and crop cover for 20 agricultural fields. 023-10843-860-33 REMOTE SENSING DETECTION OF PERCHED WATER

TABLES: A PILOT STUDY

ih) California Water Resources Center, University of Califor- nia at Davis,

(c ) Larry Tinney, Project Manager.

(d) Experimental, basic, applied.

(e) The utility of remote sensing techniques in detecting perched water tables is investigated. Imagery obtained from systems operating within the spectral range 0.4 ^m

to 23 cm of the electromagnetic spectrum are analyzed.

(/) Completed.

(g) Results of this study indicate that thermal infrared imagery

appears of greatest value in water table detection because

of unique soil and water thermal characteristics. Additional studies using thermal inertia modeling techniques in conjunction with aerial thermal infrared imagery will be made. Landsat satellite imagery was shown to be of utility for a regional perspective. Landsat analysis using multidate

color composites and ratioing techniques are presently un- derway.

UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, College

of Engineering, Department of Meehanica! and Environ- mental Engineering, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106. Dr. Roy S. Hickman, Department Chairman.

024-10844-070-00 FIXED DOMAIN SOLUTIONS TO FREE SURFACE

SEEPAGE PROBLEMS

(i ) Professor John C. Bruch. Jr . Dept. of Mech. and Env.

Engr. and Professor James M. Sloss, Dept. of Matheid) Theoretical; basic and applied research; Master's and Doctor's theses.

(c) Free boundary problems are situations in which one or more of the boundaries is not known a priori. Thus, the lo- cation of these free boundaries is an added unknown in the problem which has to be obtained. Such flow situations are being investigated using the Baiocchi method and

transformation. This approach yields theoretical results which are rigorous from a mathematical point of view if the problems are formulated as variational inequalities. However, the approach also permits the application of some simple optimization algorithms which compete well with other classical schemes in obtaining numerical results. The numerical scheme ends up being applied to an a priori known, fixed solution domain. The algorithms used arc

finite difference and finite element successive over-relaxation schemes with projection,

(/i) A Variational Inequality Method Applied to Free Surface Seepage from a Triangular Ditch, J. C. Bruch, Jr., J. M.

Sloss, Waler Resources Research 14, I , pp. I 19-124, 1978. Seepage from a Trapezoidal and a Rectangular Channel

Using Variational Inequalities, J. C. Bruch, Jr., F. C. Sayle,

J. M. Sloss, J. Hydrology 36, pp. 247-260, 1978. Free-Surface Seepage Problem, J M Sloss, J. C. Bruch,

Jr , J Engineertna Mechanics Division. ASCE 104, EMS,

Proc. Paper 14058, pp. 1099-1 111, 1978. A Numerical Solution of an Irrigation Flowfield, J. C. Bruch, Jr., Init. J. Numerical and Analytical Methods in Cexmecttanics 3, 1, pp. 23-36, 1979. An Analysis of Seepage Through a Dam with a Toe Drain.

J. C. Bruch, Jr., J. Caffrey, to appear in The Mathematics

of Finite Elements and Applications III. edited by J. R. Whiteman, Academic Press, 1979. Seepage Streams Out of Canals and Ditches Overlying Shal- low Water Tables. J. C. Bruch, Jr., J. Hydrology. 1979 (in press).

CALSPAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, P.O. Box

400, Buffalo, N.Y. 14225. Orie C. Fritts, President. 025-10845-880-60 ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING IN ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ACID PRECIPITATION ON AQUATIC AND TER- RESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

(h) Agreement dated 3/22/78, NYSERDA.

(< ) John R. Schott, Senior Physicist, Environmental Sciences Department.

id) Applied research; laboratory and field. {e) The first of three one-year phases is directed at defining algorithms relating aerial remote sensing parameters to the nature and degree of impact of acid precipitation on

aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This involves concentrated aerial and ground surveys on a limited number of

sites to define the forms environmental impact takes and how these perturbations can be seen and quantified using Calspan's quantitative approach to remote sensing. (g) Strong relationships between optical properties observable by remote sensing and water quality parameters related to acid precipitation effects on lakes have been demon025-10846-880-00 EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON ADIRONDACK REGION (NEW YORK) SOILS

(f ) Richard P. Leonard. Head, Environmental Systems Analysis Section.

id) Basic research, laboratory and field. (f) Determine the effects of acid rain on the chemical properties of major Adirondack region soils. In addition, effects of acid rain on soil water chemistry is to be studied. Undisturbed columns of Adirondack soils have been obtained and chemically and physically characterized. Simulated acid rains at different pH's (i.e., pH 2.0; pH 4.0) will be applied to the soils and leachate analyzed for pH,[Ca^*'. Mg'^*, H"^, and K"^ concentrations. After acid rain leaching

for ~ 3-month period, the soil chemical properties will be remeasured and compared to original soil properties. Porous suction cup lysimeters are to be placed in selected 18
AdirDndack soils in the field and ehemical properties of

soil water measured. Data on soil water chemistry is to be

correlated with soil physical and chemical properties, and

rainfall chemistry.

CARNEGIE-MEliON UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical

Engineering Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213.

026-10847-130-00 TRANSPORT RATES OF BROWNIAN PARTICLES IN SOLU- TIONS OF MODERATE CONCENTRATIONS

(<•) Dr. John L. Anderson, Professor of Chemical Engineering.

(</) Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis. (e) The net movement of spherical particles by diffusion and

sedimentation was examined for solutions in which particle interactions are important. Hydrodynamic and direct in- teractions at the microscopic level were mathematically

analyzed to obtain macroscopic transport coefficients

(diffusion and sedimentation coefficients versus particle

(j?) The effect of concentration on particle transport is described by: D = D„( I + k ) and S = S„( 1 + a <l>). where D and S are the measurable diffusion and sedimentation coefficients for the particles, <t> is the particle volume fraction, and the linear coefficients k and a are functions of particle properties (size and density relative to the other particles, viscosity relative to the suspending sol- vent, and direct potential energy acting between any two

particles). Predictive equations for k and a involving

definite integrals (which average hydrodynamic interactions among the particles) are given along with sample

( h ) Diffusion of Spherical Macromolecules at Finite Concentration, J. L. Anderson, C. C. Reed, J. Client. Phys. 64, 3240

( 1976); 65, 4336 ( 1976).

Diffusion of Interacting Brownian Particles, J. L. Anderson,

C. C. Reed, submitted for publication (1979). Hindered Settling of a Suspension at Low Reynolds Number, C. C Reed, J L. Anderson, submitted for publi- cation ( 1979).

Wave Interaction with a Submerged Open-Bottom Structure, S. K. Chakrabarti, R. A. Naftzger, Proc. Offshore

Tech. Conf. Houston, Tex., May 1976. Transverse Forces on Vertical Cylinders in Waves,

(Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J Walerway.t. Harbors and

Coastal Eng. Div.. ASCE 102, Nov. 1976.

Interaction of Water Waves with Cylinder Barrier, (Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterways, Port, Coastal and Ocean Div., ASCE 102, Feb. 1977. Cross-Flow Response of Piles Due to Ocean Waves,

(Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Engineering Mechanics

Div., ASCE 103, Apr. 1977. Forces Due to Nonlinear Waves on Vertical Cylinders, (Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterways, Harbors and

Coastal Eng. Div.. ASCE 103, Aug. 1977. Wave Forces on Inclined Tubes, S. K. Chakrabarti. A. L. Wolbert, W. A. Tam, Coastal Eng., The Netherlands 1, 1977.

Interaction of Waves with a Rigid Submerged Spheroid,

(Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, R. A. Naftzger, J. Ship Research 21, 3, Sept. 1977. Nonlinear Wave Forces on Large Offshore Structures, (Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterways, Port, Coastal and Ocean Div., ASCE 103, Nov. 1977. Wave Forces on Multiple Vertical Cylinders, S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterway, Port. Coastal and Ocean Division, ASCE 104, May 1978, pp. 147-161. Added Mass of Pile Group, (Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterway. Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, ASCE

104. May 1978. Formation and Reversal of Vortices Around Circular Cylin- ders Subjected to Water Waves, (Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, ASCE 104, May 1978.

Analysis of a Tower-Tanker System, S. K. Chakrabarti, D.

C. Cotter, Proc. 1 0th Ann. Offshore Technology Conf., Houston, Tex. OTC 3202, May 1978, pp. 1301-1310. Drag and Inertia Forces on a Cylinder in PericMlic Flow,

(Discussion), S. K. Chakrabarti, 7. Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, ASCE 104, Aug. 1978.

CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON COMPANY, AAarine Research and Development, Route 59, Plainfield, 111. 60544. Mr. P. R. Johnson, Director. 027-09013-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED OBJECTS

(( ) Dr. S. K. Chakrabarti, Analytical Head.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; encompasses both basic and

applied research; includes design and developmental

(e) Development of mathematical model and computer pro- grams to predict the forces on basic components of

offshore drilling platforms and storage tanks; data obtained

experimentally in a wave tank to validate the theoretical models, determine hydrodynamic coefficients and flow

characteristics around submerged objects. Projects include developing potential flow theory for large objects, inertia and drag forces and lift forces on small tubular members

in random orientation.

(/i) Second-Order Wave Force on Large Vertical Cylinder, S. K. Chakrabarti, J. Waierwavs. Harbors and Coastal Engrg.

Div.. ASCE 101, Aug. 1975.' Wave Forces on Vertical Circular Cylinder, S. K. Chakrabarti. A. L. Wolbert, W. A. Tam, J. Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div.. ASCE 102, May 1976.

Total Forces on a Submerged Randomly Oriented Tube

Due to Waves, S. K. Chakrabarti. W. A. Tam, A. L. Wolbert, Proc. Offshore Tech. Conf.. Houston, Tex., May 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221.

028-08670-130-54 TWO-PHASE FLOW PATTERNS

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Joel Weisman, Professor of Nuclear Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, theses. (e) Experimental and analytical study of the transitions between flow patterns in vapor-liquid flow. (g) Extensive data have been obtained on the effect of fluid properties, pipe diameter and inclination angle on flow

pattern transitions. Dimensionless correlations fitting the present data and those in the literature have been devised

for horizontal flow.

( h ) Observation and Correlation of Flow Pattern Transitions in Horizontal Cocurrent Gas-Liquid Flow, W. G. Choe, L. Weinberg, J. Weisman, Two-Phase Transport and Reactor

Safety. T. N. Veziroglu, S. Kakac, editors, p. 1357 ( 1978).

Effects of Fluid Properties and Pipe Diameter On Two

Phase Flow Patterns in Horizontal Lines, J. Weisman, D. Duncan, J. Gibson, Intl. J Multiphase Flow 5, ( 1979). 028-10848-140-82 INVESTIGATION OF TRANSITION BOILING HEAT

TRANSFER

>/>) Electric Power Research Institute.

(( ) Dr. Joel Weisman, Professor of Nuclear Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical. 19
(<•) l-Apcrimcntal study of transition boiling ol' water in verti- cal tube using hot mercury as a heat source.

( t;) Data on behavior at low pressures and high vt>id fractions have been obtained in both round tube and an annulus. A

reasonable correlating approach has been devised.

( h ) Mvthiid for Correlation of Transition Roiling Heat Transfer

Data. K Ramu, J. Weisman, /V,« . 5ih lull. Hem Tninsjcr

Colli. IV, 1.^.1.0, Tokyo ( 1974).

Transition Roiling Heat Transfer in a Vertical Annulus, K. Ramu, J. Weisman, Nuc. Enur^. and l)csif;n 40, 2S5

( 1970). Transition Roiling Heat Transfer in a Vertical Round Tube,

J. Weisman, Y. K. Kao, G. Rahrooh, LU-cirk Power

Rc.uanli Insi Report El'RI Nl>-f<95. (Palo Alto Calif.

( I97X)). 028-10849-130-54 THE INTERSTITIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LIQUID IN FOAM

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(( ) Dr. Robert Lcmlich, Professor of Chemical Engineering.

(J) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, theses.

((') Study of an isolated Plateau border is combined with study

of the electrical conductivity of liquid foam in an effort to determine the interstitial distribution of liquid. («) Preliminary measurements of the electrical conductivity of

polydispersc foam support and extend the classical experi- mental results of Clark. They also support Lemlich's

theoretical limit of 3.0 for the ratio of the volumetric frac- tion of liquid to the conductivity ratio as the volumetric

fraction approaches zero 028-10850-130-54 A STUDY OF INTERBURRLE GAS DIFFUSION IN LIQUID FOAM RY MEANS OF A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR

PREDETERMINING INITIAL RURRLE SIZE

(h) National Science Foundation.

(t ) Dr. Robert Lcmlich, Professor of Chemical Engineering.

{d) Primarily experimental, basic research, theses.

(f ) An experimental study of bubble size measurmcnt and of spontaneous changes in bubble size distribution caused by

gas diffusion between bubbles.

(f;) Recent theory for the effect of intcrbubble gas diffusion has been further developed, preparatory to experimental

testing. Theoretical results show that the progressive changes with time in the various mean radii of the bubbles

are sensitive to the initial bubble size distribution. However, the rate of fractional decrease in the total surface area of the bubbles may be much less sensitive.

UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, Department of Civil and En- vironmental Engineering, Hydraulic Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221. Dr. James F. McDonough, Depart- ment Head; Dr. H. C. Preul, Directing Head, Hydraulic

Laboratory.

029-10082-310-00 FLOOD ROUTING

(( ) Dr Louis M. Laushey.

(J) Theoretical. Master s thesis. (<')The method proposed solves the continuity and motion

equations without solving them simultaneously or without

the use of the characteristics curves.

(;;) A four-point scheme is used to write the finite differences equations, and conditions of stability and convergence are found to be satisfactory for the proposed simpler method

of solution. 029-10851-870-00 PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMBINED SEWER OVER- FLOWS

(< ) Dr. Herbert C. Preul.

(d) Theoretical; based on data from previous urban runoff

project.

(() Work on an approach for analyzing the probability of storm water overflows from a combined sewer system for the purpose of controlling the overflows on a probability

basis through detention storage and treatment. Data from

23«() acre urban watershed in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,

are used to illustrate the approach.

(/i) Paper published in I'roe. 3rd World Congress on Water

Resources. International Water Resources Assoc., Mexico

City, Apr. 1979. 029-10852-220-00 RILL FORMATION ON HILLSIDES

(< ) Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(t/) Theoretical and field measurements. Master's thesis. (e) The location down-slope and the spacing of well- developed rills arc described by equations and confirmed

by field measurements on various newly-cut highway

(_f) Suspended.

();) Spacing of rills is found to be surprisingly uniform and

predictable, based on soil properties, slope, and rain intensity.

(/i) To be published by lAHR; meeting in Cagliari, Italy, Sept. 1979. 029-10853-870-00 DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF POLLUTION MODEL

(t ) Dr. Herbert C. Preul and Master's degree student. id) Theoretical with computer operations utilizing previously

collected field data from an urban runoff project.

(f) Project directed at development of a pollution runoff model mainly for urban watersheds. 029-10854-860-36 CARRON FILTRATION

(h) Environmental Protection Agency and Cincinnati Water

Works.

(() Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(d) Field investigation. Master's thesis. (e) Effectiveness and optimizing of carbon filters, replacing sand filters, are studied in plant-size activated carbon fil- ters at the Cincinnati Water Works. 029-10855-630-70 FLOW TESTING OF VALVES

ih) Wm. Powell Co., Cincinnati, Ohio,

(c ) Dr Herbert C. Preul

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Testing of various types of valves for fiow capacities and

other characteristics.

(/) Completed. 029-10856-800-00 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

(t ) Dr. Louis M. Laushey.

(d) Theoretical, and research on design methods.

(e) One project involves the extension of the Benefit to Cost

Ratio to the optimization of a group of water projects. The

second involves a critical analysis of the methods available

for the optimization of various projects, and suggestions to increase their acceptance and use by practicing engineers.

(g) Papers are to be published by lAHR, meeting in Cagliari,

Italy, Sept. 1979, and by the World Congress on Water

Resources, meeting in Mexico City, Apr. 1979. 029-10857-860-00 UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT FOR DESALINATION OF WATER

(< ) Dr. Herbert C. Preul. (d) Theoretical; Master's thesis. 20
((') Utilizaliiin of waste heat from a gas turbine is being stu- died lor use with desalination of sea waters. OARKSON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Potsdam, N.Y.

13676. Dr. N. L. Ackermann, Department Chairman.

031-09973-300-00 FLOOD PLAIN HYDRODYNAMICS

(c ) Dr. N. L. Ackermann and Dr. H. T. Shcn.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional mathematical model of a river basin is developed where the interaction effects between the flow

in the main channel and overbank portions are included. The model will be used to predict flow conditions in a laboratory flume containing a meandering river reach.

(/) Completed.

(h) Mathematical Modeling of River Flood Plains, K. Avery, M E. Thesis. Clarkson of Technology, Aug. 1977. Two-Dimensional Flood Plain Modeling, C D Smith. M L. Thesis. Clarkson College of Technology, July 1978. Flood Plain Modeling, N L. Ackermann, H. T Shen,

presented ASCE Hvdraulics Div. Specialiv Conf.. College

Park, Md., Aug. 1978. 031 -09974- 130-00 MUD FLOWS

(c ) Dr. N. L. Ackermann and Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

{e) The equations of motion are developed for the flow of

solid-fluid mixtures such as those which occur during snow

avalanches, land slides and mud flows. The constitutive equations are developed using submodels which demonstrate the interactive effects of the solid and fluid portions

of the moving mixture. Laboratory scale flow slides are to be produced and analyzed using the theoretical equations developed to the two-component system.

(h) Flow of Granular Material as a Two-Component System,

N. L. Ackermann, H. T. Shen, Proc. U.S. -Japan Seminar, Cimlinuum Mechanical and Slalislical Approaches in the Mechanics of Granular Materials, sponsored by NSF and

JSPS, Sendai, Japan, June 5-9, 1978, pp. 258-265.

Rheological Characteristics of Solid-Liquid Mixtrues, N. L. Ackermann, H. T. Shen, AlChE. J.. Mar. 1979. 031-O9979-420-OO EFFECTS OF UNIFORM CURRENT ON WAVE FORCES

(b) Engineering Foundation.

(c) Dr. H. T. Shen.

(rf) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The effect of uniform current on wave forces is being stu- died. The force acting on coastal structures when both waves and currents are presented is being calculated. The

body surface boundary condition and the free surface boundary condition will be satisfied exactly to the first- order in the infinitesimal-wave approximation. Diffraction theory and integral equation techniques are used in the

analysis. 031-09980-020-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR TRANSIENT MIXING IN NATURAL CHANNELS

(c ) Dr H. T. Shen.

id) Applied research.

(.e) Analytical and numerical models for mixing of nonconservative dispersants in natural channels is being developed.

Effects of channel irregularities are considered by using an

orthogonal curvilinear (stream-tube) coordinate system.

(/) Completed.

ih) Numerical Simulation of Mixing in Natural Rivers, T. O. Harden, H. T Shen. J. Hydraulics Div.. ASCE 105. HY4,

Apr. 1979.

Transient Mixing in River Channels, H. T. Shen. ./. Environmcnial En^rH- Di^ -. A.SCE 104. EE2, June 197S. Line Source Dispersion with Application to Mixing in River Channels. H. T. Shen, A WAR Paper No. 7H)M. Water

Resources Bulletin 14, 1, Feb. 1978. 031-09981-020-00 THE EFFECT OF ICE COVER ON VERTICAL MIXING IN CHANNELS

(I ) Dr. H. T. Shcn.

(d) Applied research; M.S. thesis. (f ) A two-dimensional numerical solution is used to study the

effect of ice cover on vertical mass transfer in channels based on available field data on flow distributions.

(/) Completed.

(/i) The Effect of Ice Cover on Vertical Transfer in Stream

Channels, H. T. Shen, T O. Harden, .4WRA paper No. 771 1 H. Water Resources Bulletin. Dec. 1978. 031-10858-300-15 MECHANICS OF ICE JAM FORMATION IN RIVERS

(.h) U.S. Army Cold Region's Research and Engineering

Laboratory.

(c) Dr. N. L. Ackermann, Dr. H. T. Shen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations will be con- ducted to determine the fundamental mechanics of the formation of ice jams and the relationship of stream

characteristics to the formation and breakup of river ice 031-10859-300-15 FLOW AND ICE CONDITIONS IN THE OGDEN ISLAND REACH, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

(h) SLSDC/D.O.T.

(c ) Dr. N. L. Ackermann, Dr. G. B. Batson, Dr. H. T. Shen

(d) Applied research.

(e) Field and theoretical investigations on the hydraulic and

ice conditions in the river. Specific studies include the flow distributions in the river, radar airborne remote

sensing surveys of ice cover thickness, and the study of hanging dam formations.

(/i) Survey of Flow and Ice Conditions in the Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River, Winter of 1977-78, G. B. Batson, N. L. Ackermann, H. T. Shen, K. I. Candee, Report No. DOT-SL-7H-5I9. Wash., D.C., June 1978, 80 pp. Transverse Flow Distribution in Ice Covered Channels. H.

T. Shen, N. L. Ackermann, K. I. Candee, presented ASCE

Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf.. College Park, Md., Aug.

1978. 031-10860-870-00 PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR LAKE EUTROPHICATION

(c) Dr. J. DePinto, Dr. J. K. Edzwald.

(d) Theoretical and field, applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) Develop and test the phosphorus loading model proposed

by Vollenwieder and the phosphorus-chlorophyll model of

Dillon and Rigler for six lakes of the Northern Adirondack

Forest Preserve to assess the utility of the models as tools for managing water quality and productivity in the lakes.

(/) Completed.

(j?) The six lakes had surface areas ranging from 96 to 2820

ha and mean depths ranging from 2.5 to 11.0 m. Arcal phosphorus loading rates and retention coefficients were

estimated to range from 142 to 472 mg P-m"^-yr"S and from 0.52 to 0.85, respectively, among the lakes. Pre- dicted values of phosphorus concentration at spring overturn agreed within I 5 percent of measured values for half the lakes, and excepting Star Lake, predictions indicated

all lakes were within an oligomesotrophic range of productivity. These predictions agree with most quantitative and

qualitative measurements; phosphorus concentrations rang- ing from 5 to 25 /xgP-f 1"' were measured in the lakes, 21
while chlorophyll-a was not found greater than 5 ^.g-l"' in any lake. Current effiirts are directed toward further analysis of data on the productivity of the lakes, collected during the growing season of 1*^77, for evaluation of the lake models.

( /i ) A Phosphorus Budget and Lake Models for Lake Ozonia,

P. M. Cangialosi, M.S. Tliciis, Clarkson College of Tech.,

1976. A Mathematical Predictive Model for Phosphorus in Lakes,

C. Doolittic, M.S. 7/i<i'.v,s. Clarkson College of Tech , 1976. An Evaluation of Phosphorus Budgets and Trophic Status Models for Adirondack Lakes, S C Martin, M S. Thesi.t, CUirks.m Cllefic af Tech.. 1979. 031-10861-870-82 ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF POLYMERIC LIGANDS

SELECTIVE FOR COPPER <II)

(/)) International Copper Research Association.

(< ) Dr. J. DePinto, Dr. J. Edzwald.

(d^ Experimental and field, applied research, M.S. thesis. (f) Evaluate the feasibility of using synthetic ion exchange

resins for the selective removal of copper from mixed

metal wastewater produced during brass milling opera-

(/) Completed.

(^) Five resins were investigated for ion selectivity using brass

mill wastewater and a synthetic water containing zinc, nickel, chromium (111), calcium, magnesium iron (II) and

copper. Of these metals only iron (11) showed a greater af- finity for the resins. However, the rate of exchange of copper was slow, and the exchange capacity of the resins was low (0.06-0.6 meg/g). Copper uptake by the resins, appeared

to be limited by internal pore diffusion.

(/i) Engineering Evaluation of Polymeric Ligands Selective for Copper (H), R. A. Niles, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of

Tech.. 1976. The Uptake and Release Properties of Ion Exchange Resins

Selective for Copper (II), M J. Maslyn, M.S. Thesis. Clark- son College of Tech.. 1978. 031-10862-870-36 KINETIC STUDIES OF DECOMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT REGENERATION OF GREAT LAKES PHYTOPLANKTON

(/)) U S. Environmental Protection Agency,

(c ) Dr J. DePinto.

(t/) Experimental, basic research, Ph.D. and M.S. theses.

(e) Provide experimental data on the kinetics of decomposition and nutrient regeneration of algal blooms for develop- ment of a mechanistic submodel to describe these processes in natural waters, with consideration given to

algal species and physiological state, decomposer population, light, and temperature.

(g) Data on respiration and phytosynthesis of the green alga, Sccnedesmus sp., were collected during axenic, steadystate growth in a light-dark chemostat. Solution of materials balance equations for the system show an endogenous

respiration rate of 0.03 day"' at 20 °C for the alga. Current studies seek to quantify the role of mixed bacterial populations in accelerating decompositon of Scenedesmus

and other algal species

( h ) Laboratory Study of the Kinetics of Phytoplankton Decomposition and Subsequent Phosphorus Regeneration. F J. McKosky, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of Tech., 1978. 031-10863-860-00 REMOVAL OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM WATER SUP- PLIES

(< ) Dr. J. Edzwald.

(d) Experimental, basic research, M.S. thesis. (<) Evaluate the removal of humic substances from water supplies using coagulation and direct filtration processes.

(/?)Jar tests can be used to predict the polymer dosage

required for destabilization of humic particles. Coagulation and filtration are analogous, and over/underdosing of

polymer in jar tests predicts dosages which result in over/undcrdosages of polymer for filtration. Head loss de- pends on the size of the particles being removed during fil- tration; thus, a period of fiocculation prior to filtration reduces head losses during filtration of destabilized humic

( li ) Coagulation and Direct Filtration of Humic Substances with

Polyethyleneimine, H T Glaser, M.S. Thesis. Clarkson

College of Tech., 1979. 031-10864-870-80 ACID PRECIPITATION-RECOVERY OF ACID LAKES

(h) Engineering Foundation, Noyes Foundation.

(( ) Dr. J. Edzwald, Dr. J. DePinto.

(</) Experimental, applied research, M.S. thesis. (e) To evaluate the potential value of lime (Ca(OH).2, calcite (CaCO.,), and fly ash as materials for reclaiming lakes which have been made acidic due to acid in precipitation. The evaluation is performed in terms of chemical and

biological variables which are measured during laboratory experimentation. Particular emphasis is placed on the

potential of fly ash treatment as a method of reclamation,

since fly ash is a waste product of energy production.

(.g) The effectiveness of fly ash for neutralizing and buffering acid lake water was variable and depended on the source

of the coal which created the ash. Fly ash obtained from

coal which was mined in the western U.S. was most effective. Some fly ash samples could neutralize acid lake waters at dosages approximately half those required for the calcium compounds. However, fly ash resulted in lower buffer capacities than lime and calcite, when used

alone for treating acid lake water. Further studies of fly ash as a source of heavy metals and its effects on algal growth rates are underway.

(/i) Recovery of Adirondack Acid Lakes with Fly Ash Treat- ment, R. S Howell, M.S. Thesis. Clarkson College of Tech., 1978. Continuous-Flow Microcosms for Evaluation of Recovery Techniques for Adirondack Acid Lakes, R. s. Guminiak,

M.S. Thesis. Clarkson College of Tech., 1979. 03 1-1 0865-870-00 EFFECTS OF MANGANESE AND IRON ON ALGAL GROWTH IN AN ADIRONDACK LAKE

(c ) Dr. J DePinto, Dr R. R. Burns.

(</) Field, basic research, Ph.D.

(e) Determine the effects of iron and manganese on the growth of natural populations of phytoplankton in situ and

of Selenastrum capricornutum and Microcystis aeruginosa

in axenic continuous culture. Both metals were added in combination with major plant nutrients during field and

laboratory investigations.

(/) Completed.

ig) Iron was moderately stimulatory to blue-green algae in situ

at 200 ^g/1, while manganese was inhibitory at 60 to 115

fig/1 under these conditions and reversed the stimulatory

affect of iron. No stimulation of diatoms or green algae was observed in situ. Continuous culture studies showed

inhibition of growth of the blue-green algae, M. aeruginose by manganese at concentrations of 115 /ig/l and higher, while growth of S. capricornutum, a green alga, was only

mildly inhibited by 2000 >ig Mn/1.

(/i) Effects of Manganese and Iron on Algal Growth in an Adirondack Lake, R B Burns, Ph D. Disseriaiion. Clark- son College of Tech., 1977. 031-10866-870-00 DETERMINATION OF LAKE TROPHIC STATUS BY ALGAL

ASSAYS U ) Dr J. DePinto.

(</) Experimental, basic research, M.S. thesis. (f ) Assess the trophic status and limiting nutrient relationships

in eight lakes of a northern region of the Adirondack

Forest Preserve by algal assay procedures in the laboratory and by observation of the succession of phytoplankton in field samples taken from each lake over time. 22
(/) Completed.

(g) With the exception of Avalanch Lake, all lakes studied were of low to moderate productivity with phosphorus as the principle nutrient which limited production, nitrogen was less importance to growth limitation. Avalanch Lake

would not sustain an assay culture of algae, possibly due to low pH (ca. 4.4). Lake algal communities showed succession from multicellular green algae at spring overturn to diatoms in late spring. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community through the summer and gave way to a community of mixed green and blue-green algal species at

fall overturn. (h) Limiting Nutrient and Trophic Level Determination of Lake

Ozonia by Algal Assay Procedure, L. Lepak, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of Tech., 1976. Determination of Trophic Status of Lake Ozonia through

Algal Monitoring, M.J. Palozzi, M.S. Thesis, Clarkson College of Tech., 1978. 031-10869-870-40 ACID PRECIPITATION AND THE SALMON RIVER

SYSTEM, TUG HILL, NEW YORK

(fc) Temporary New York Stale Commission on Tug Hill. (c) Dr. J. DePinto.

(d) Field investigation, basic research, M.S. thesis. (c) Monitor the precipitation in the Salmon River basin and to

relate its chemistry to existing acid-rain data in New York

State, to evaluate baseline physical and chemical characteristics of the Salmon River which pertain to the acid-rain problem (pH, acidity, alkalinity, SO^^, NO3", Ca^, and

total hardness); to record the short-term effects of an acidrain event on the chemistry of the river; to study the quantity and diversity of the macroinvertebrate community with respect to the water quality of the river.

(/) Completed.

(g) Precipitation at Tug Hill was at least as acidic as the rest of the northeastern U.S. (mean pH 4.16), and due to the high annual precipitation in the area, total yearly loading

of H* is higher than the northeastern average. The river system mainuins a diverse, productive community of macroinvertebrates and does not show serious effects of

acid precipitation However, data on alkalinity and mineral budgets indicate long-term deterioration may result from

continued high-acid inputs. Short-term precipitation events

did not affect stream chemistry to the extent of having an

adverse effect on the biota, and the most severe environ- mental conditions occurred during the period of runoff in early spring. (h) Acid PrecipiUtion and the Salmon River System, Tug Hill, New York, J. V. DePinto, P. Dentice, Clarkson College Environmental Engineering Report, 1977. OEMSON UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Oerraon Hydraulics Laboratory, Ciemson, S.C. 29631.

Dr. H. W. Busching, Professor and Head.

032-n651-340-«0 A THERMAL DISCHARGE MODEL STUDY OF GRAINGER STEAM STATION

(fc) S C. Public Service Authority.

(<r) B. L. Sill, Assoc. Professor

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Mathematical and physical hydraulic model study of a thermal discharge into a tidally effected river was con- ducted as part of an EPA 316a demonstration.

(/) Completed

(g) One-dimensional and two-dimensional mathematical models were used to analyze the thermal discharge from

Grainger Steam Station. A 1:100 undistorted physical model was also constructed and operated to obtain three- dimensional isotherm distributions. Results from all three techniques compared favorably with field study results. Predictions were made for extreme conditions.

(/j) Ciemson Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Report No. 77- 061. 032-11652-340-73 DEPLOYMENT AND DISPERSION OF WASTE

DISCHARGES FROM OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION

(b) Duke Power Company.

(c) B. L. Sill, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field study, applied research.

(e) Field study to quantify travel times and mixing rates of

liquid discharges from Oconee Nuclear Station.

(/) Completed.

(g) Field surveys of water movement in Lake Hartwell, S.C,

involved measurement of bottom topography, drogue sur- veys, fluorescent dye measurements, and aerial surveil- lance. Results were used to ascertain travel times and mixing rates of discharges into Lake Hartwell directly below

the Lake Keowee Hydroelectric station, with and without hydro operation. (h) Ciemson Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Report No. 78- 061. 032-1 16S3-470-65 PATRIOTS POINT MARINA HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY

(b) Patriots Point Commission (South Carolina).

(c) B. L. Sill, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field and experimental; applied research.

(e) A field and physical hydraulic model study of Charleston

(S.C.) Harbor in the vicinity of Hog Island was conducted

to evaluate proposed marina designs.

if) Complete.

(g) A physical hydraulic model of a portion of Charleston Harbor was constructed and verified using field study

results. Various marina designs were evaluated and a design to minimize shoaling was proposed.

(h) Ciemson Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Report No. 79- 051. 032-1 1654-870-33 FAR FIELD PHYSICAL MODELS OF THERMAL

DISCHARGES

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) B. L. Sill, Assoc Professor.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Detailed studies of indoor heat transfer rates from water

surfaces are made for use in scaling criteria of far field physical models of thermal discharges. Methods of enhancing transfer rates (and thereby reducing model sizes) are being analyzed.

(g) Results for experimental and theoretical indoor surface heat transfer coefficients are complete and agree well. Preliminary surface transfer enhancement tests are complete and a satisfactory scale reduction of a factor of 2

has been obtained.

(h) Interim report; Ciemson Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Report No. 79-011. COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES, Basic Engineering De- partment, Golden, Colo. 80401. Dr. R. R. Faddick.

033-081 31 -130-70 RHEOLOGY OF MINERAL SLURRIES

(fc) Commercial.

{d) Experimental, basic research, and design.

(e) Rheological properties are being measured and pipeline headlosses predicted for coal-alcohol, coal-water, iron concentrates and tailings slurries. (g) Most mineral slurries are yield pseudoplastic. (h) Pipeline Transportation of Coal-Derived Energy, R. Faddick, American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Houston, Tex., Jan 5, 1979. 23
033-10281-260-47 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF A PNEUMATIC

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR THE RAPID EXCAVATION OF TLNNELS

(h) U.S. Department of Transportation.

(d) Experimental, basic research, and design.

(e) Operating cost and equipment wear were evaluated for a pneumatic pipeline system 600 ft long, 10 inches in diameter transporting 100 tons/hr of stones and gravel. A 16 mm sound-color movie is available.

(/) Completed.

(g) Operating costs and equipment wear are high.

(/i) Report No. UMTA-MA-06-0025-78-14, Dec. 1978, Final Report (same title) available from NTIS. 033-10870-870-36 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION ASPECTS OF COAL SLURRY PIPELINES

(h) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(d) Field and literature investigation.

(e) Environmental impacts of coal slurry pipelines studied during design, construction, and operation stages.

(/) Completed.

(g) Environmental and pollution aspects of coal slurry pipelines as a system are less than alternative transportation modes.

(/i) The Environmental and Pollution Aspects of Coal Slurry

Pipelines, R. Faddick, Report lo EPA, Contract No. EPA R

804616-01-0, Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 1978. 033-11546-260-52 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT

(h) U S Department of Energy.

(d) Field and literature investigation.

(e) Contractor team assembled to schedule testing program

for coarse coal hydrotransport research facility.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER, College of En- gineering and Applied Science, Department of Civil, En- vironmental and Architectural Engineering, Boulder,

Colo. 80309. Dr. George G. Goble, Department Chair- man.

034-10871-860-33 URBAN WATER CONSERVATION

(b) Office of Water Research and Technology, Denver Water

Department and Engineering Foundation.

(c ) Dr J. Ernest Flack.

(d) Applied research, M.S. thesis and reports.

(e) Study of methods of achieving urban water conservation

including structural, operational, economic and sociopolitical procedures,

(/) Partially completed.

(g) Handbook available.

(It) Achieving Urban Water Conservation, Completion Report, Water Resources Research Inst., Colo. State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colo. 80523, $6.00. 034-10872-360-00 A STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP OVER A ROUGH-POROUS BED

ic) Dr. J. Ernest Flack or Dr. William C Hughes.

(rf) Basic research, preliminary work in form of M.S. thesis. (f) A study of the characteristic parameters used to defne the hydraulic jump when the jump forms over a very rough and porous bed composed of rock-bound gabions with

reverse underflow.

(/) Suspended.

(g) Preliminary work completed.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, New York, N.Y. 10027.

Professor M. P. Bieniek, Chairman.

035-11629-240-00 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT PROBLEMS

IN FLUID DYNAMICS

(c ) Professor M. P. Bieniek.

(d) Theoretical: applied research.

(f ) The study consists of development of variational principles

for non-steady state motion of compressible viscous fluids, formulation of a finite-element discretization scheme, and

an upwind weighting method to assure stability of the solution. Applications are directed towards problems of

aeroelastic and hydroelastic interactions. (g) A stable numerical method for one- and two-dimensional problems has been obtained.

(/i) Finite Element Method in Transient Aeroelastic Problems,

H. C. Clark, Dissertation, Columbia University, 1978. 035-1 1630-24000 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SUBMERGED STRUCTURES

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The Inertial Damping Collocation Approximation (IDCA)

for fluids is being applied to the steady state and transient response of submerged spherical shells. The results obtained are being compared with earlier proposals for un- coupling equations of motion of the fiuid from those of the

shell. 035-11631-240-00 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FLUID-FILLED SHELLS

(c) Professor Frank DiMaggio.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The dynamic analysis of the wall of a fluid-filled unstif- fened nuclear containment vessel, to the fiuid pressure ex- erted on it when the relief value discharge piping is cleared, is extended into the plastic range.

(f) Completed.

( li ) Dynamic Elastic-Plastic Response of Containment Vessel to Fluid Pressure Pulses, G. Nikolakopoulou, F. DiMaggio, Computers and Structures 10, pp. 659-667, 1979. 035-11632-640-54 WIND STRUCTURE INTERACTION WITH EMPHASIS ON

STOCHASTIC METHODS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor M. Shinozuka and R. Vaicaitis. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Mathematical modeling and statistical description of wind

fiow-induced motions of bluff structures for a variety of

fiow characteristics. Identification of wind-structure in- teraction systems by analyzing wind input and structural response in time domain. Response of structures in ocean

environment. Study of instantaneous local wind pressures and their extreme value statistics by non-Gaussian

stochastic modeling and simulation.

(/)) Parametric Study of Wind Loading on Structures, R. Vaicaitis, M Shinozuka, M. Takeno, Proc. ASCE, 99, ST3,

Mar. 1973. Response Analysis of Tall Buildings lo Wind Loading, R.

Vaicaitis, M. Shinozuka, M. Takeno, Proc. ASCE 101, ST3, Mar. 1975. Cross-Flow Response of Piles Due to Ocean Waves, R Vaicaitis, J Engrg. Mechanics Division, ASCE 102, EMI,

Feb. 1976. Dynamic Analysis of Fixed Offshore Structures Subject to Wind Generated Waves, M. Shinozuka, C. Yun, R. Vaicaitis, 7. Structural Mechanics, 5(2), pp. 135-146, 1977. 24
035-11633-420-21 PREDICTION OF SEVERE WAVES FOR THE SAFETY AND

DESIGN OF A MARINE VEHICLE

(/)) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(< ) Professor M. Shinozuka.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(<-) Develop a method by which the spectral density of the en- counter wave for a linear vehicular movement can analytically be obtained even under the condition of a short- crested sea and the encounter wave elevation can be

generated as a sample function of a one-dimensional ran- dom process of time. The present investigation also in- dicates that the proposed method can predict and generate

the moment due to a transverse wave effect to be considered for the evaluation of the roll motion of the vehicle

as it proceeds linearly in a short-crested sea.

(/) Completion as of June 30, 1979.

(/;) The encounter wave spectrum in a short-crested sea is derived and used in a numerical procedure to generate

time histories of sea surface elevation and righting moment

which a vehicle experiences as it moves.

(It) Prediction of Severe Waves for the Safety and Design of a Marine Vehicle, M. Shinozuka, Columbia Univ. Tech. Repl.

,Vo. N00I67-79-M-0H63. June 1979. 035-11634-130-40 ANALYSIS OF THE MOTION OF A TANK-TREADING

FLIPPING ELLIPSOIDAL PARTICLE IN A SHEAR FLOW

(/)) Sponsored m part by the National Institutes of Health.

(dt Theoretical; basic research.

(f ) In order to better understand the behavior of suspensions

of deformable particles such as certain polymer solutions and blood, a simplified physical model for the motion of a

single particle is investigated.

(;?) Preliminary results have indicated four admissible classes of motion for a single particle with the type of motion

determinable from a knowledge of certain kinematic and

geometric parameters.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (see Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

listing).

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Marine Scierxes institute, Groton, Conn. 06340. S. Y. Feng, Institute Director.

036-1 1636-220-22 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF THAMES RIVER DREDGING AND ASSOCIATED SPOILS DISPOSAL OPERATIONS ON LOCAL SUSPENDED MATERIAL TRANSPORT

Ih) U.S. Navy.

(( ) Dr. W. F. Bohlen.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(f ) Detailed field surveys have been conducted to evaluate the dispersion of sediments introduced into the water column

during estuarine dredging operations. These data have been used within a numerical modeling scheme sufficient

to provide predictions of the spatial distributions of dredge

rcsuspended sediments under a variety of fiow conditions.

(/) Completed.

( It I Suspended Material Distributions in the Wake of Estuarine Channel Dredging Operations, W. F Bohlen, D. F. Cundy,

J. M. Tramontano, Estuarine and Costal Marine Sciences

(in press). 1978. Factors Governing the Concentration and Distribution of Suspended Sediments Introduced by Dredging Operations

in Estuaries, W. F. Bohlen, Proc. I6ili Coastal Engrg.

Conf.. Hamburg, Germany (in press), 1978.

A Numerical Simulation of the Dispersion of Sediments Suspended by Estuarine Dredging Operations, D. F. Cundy, W. F. Bohlen, Proc. Workshop Wetland and Estuarine

Processes and Water Quality Modeling. New Orleans, La., June, 1979. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (in press), 1979. 036-11637-220-22 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE VICINITY OF SELECTED COASTAL DREDGE

DISPOSAL AREAS: LONG ISLAND SOUND TO THE GULF OF MAINE

(h) U.S. Navy.

(( ) Dr. W. F. Bohlen.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Investigation is designed to evaluate the extent of sediment

transport induced by aperiodic storm events. Particular emphasis is placed on selected coastal areas presently used

as disposal sites for dredged materials. Storm effects are to be evaluated using an in situ instrumentation array containing optical sensors, a current meter, and a pumped fil- tration system for direct sampling of suspended material composition and concentration.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, School of Engineering,

Storrs, Conn. 06268. Professor C. J. Posey. (Summer

address: Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory, Allenspark, Colo. 80510.)

037-05489-370-61 BOUND-ROCK EROSION PROTECTION FOR HIGHWAY

DRAINAGE DITCHES

(h) Inst, of Water Resources; State Highway Department.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Develop application of scientific erosion-protection method to highway ditches. Experiments will provide necessary design data and develop construction methods

for low-cost installations.

(f) Trial installation on Route 1-91 under continuing observation; others being planned.

(g) Trial installation on Route 1-91 performing satisfactorily; standard specifications being prepared.

( l\ ) High Speed Ground Transportation Brings New Drainage

Problems, C. J. Posey, High Speed Ground Transportation

y. 8, 1, pp. 165-175. 037-05769-220-61 FILTER EROSION PROTECTION

(h) Water Resources Institute.

(<f) Basic research; experimental.

(e) To determine whether finest-grained non-cohesive and/or

cohesive materials can be protected by Terzaghi-Vicksburg

inverted filter. (g) If undermining of erosion protection by leaching out of

material from underneath is to be avoided, the layers must meet the Terzaghi-Vicksburg inverted filter specifications. Rapidity of failure is proportional to degree of departure from the specifications. Filter layer that will protect Djn =

0.045 mm will protect any finer non-soluble material.

(/)) Erosion ControhStability of Rock Sausages, C. J. Posey,

Vniv. of Conn. Inst of Water Resources Repl. 19, Nov.

1973, 15 pages. Erosion-Proofing Drainage Channels, C. J. Posey, J. Soil and Water Conservation 28, 2, 1973, pp. 93-95. 037-09009-220-00 TESTS OF SCOUR PROTECTION FOR BRIDGE PIERS

(b) Basic experimental.

(e) To see if reverse filter layers placed around bridge piers could prevent localized scour of non-cohesive bed material. Round and diamond-shaped piers were tested in a fiume two meters wide, using simulated floods. 25
(./ ) Completed.

(f!) Til explore the method ot limiting the depth of scour by surrounding the pier with protective material, model tests were made covering a range of constriction percentages, depths ot" flow, and Froude numbers, using both round and

elongated piers. After determining the extent of the scour

hole formed during the passage of a simulated Hood, the protection afforded by a layer of protective material was

tested with a repetition of the same flood. If the layer was

large enough to resist being moved and had a grain-size distribution capable of preventing leaching, no scour hole formed. A special test showed protection remaining intact despite stream bed degradation.

(/i) Test.s of Scour Protection for Bridge Piers. C. J. Posey, J Hydraulics Divi.unn, ASCL 100, HYI2, Pmc. Paper 11017.

Dec. 1474, pp. 1773-1783. 037-09010-220-00 ECONOMICAL EROSION PROOFING OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW SECTIONS

(c ) Dennis Morrow, Engrg. Research Center, A-318, Fort Collins, Colo. 80523.

(cl) Applied experimental research. Master's thesis. (f) Develop economical drop structure using rock sausages.

( /) Completed.

(^) By use of inverted filter base, crest with side constrictions, and sufficiently long rock sausages, structure can have

trapezoidal section throughout. Possible ranges of height of drop and length of sausage, as determined by the model

tests, arc given in the thesis. 037-0901 1-450-00 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TIDAL MOTION IN LONG

ISLAND SOLND

(h) University of Connecticut Research Foundation,

(t ) Dr. J. D. Lin, Civil Engineering Department.

(d) Analytical and computational, basic research for Master's and Doctoral theses.

(e) Mathematical models both in one and two spatial dimensions are constructed for numerical experimentations of

tide-related dynamical motions in Long Island Sound. The

two-dimensional model may also be used to study unsteady, forced motion in a subregion in the Sound.

(/) Completed.

(g) Previous studies of tidal motion in Long Island Sound are reviewed. The one-dimensional tidal computational model

represents a significant refinement and yields useful infor- mation on the bottom friction. The two-dimensional tidal model has been tested for stability and convergence of the computational schemes. Two simulation studies. Hurricane Agnes of 1972 and the Great New England Hurricane of 1938, indicate that the model provides excellent results for

(/i) Tidal Motion in Long Island Sound, J Skridulis, Ph.D.

Thesis, Univ of Connecticut, 1979.

Tidal Motion in Long Island Sound, I. One-Dimensional

Tidal Computation, J. D. Lin, J. Skridulis, submitted for publication. Tidal Motion in Long Island Sound, 11. Tidal Computational Model and Applications, J. Skridulis, J. D. Lin, sub- muted for publication. 037-09012-870-61 SPREADING OF OIL SLICKS IN A WIND-WAVE CHANNEL

(/>) Water Resources Institute.

(t ) Dr. J. D. Lin, Civil Engineering Department. Dr. G. S Campbell. Mechanical Engineering Department.

id) Experimental, basic research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(«')• Experimental study of oil spreading in a laboratory wind- wave channel to determine the effect of wind and waves on the convection and dispersion of oil films on the sur- face of water.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Drift Velocities of Surface Films Over Waves. M C Mohr. M S. Thesis. Univ. Connecticut. 1977.

Drift Velocity of Surface Films Over Waves. J. D Lin, M.

C. Mohr, G. S. Campbell, Proe 17th CoiiKress of l.AHR.

pp. 173-179, 1977.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Ithaca, N.Y. 14853. Daniel P. Loucks, Department

Chairman.

038-09940-440-54 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO THE POLLUTION ANALYSIS OF LAKES

(/)) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Dr. James A. Liggett and Dr. J. R. Salmon.

(d) Basic theoretical research.

((') Development of finite element models to compute lake

circulation and the dispersion of pollutant in lakes. Also development of the computer graphics software to generate input data and display results.

(/i) A Graphical Computation System for Three-Dimensional Lake Circulation and Contaminant Dispersion, J. A. Liggett, R. H. Gallagher, J. R. Salmon, G. Blandford, Pn>c. Hydrauhc Div. .Specially Con).. .4SCE. Aug. 1978. 038-09941-440-44 COASTAL CURRENTS AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ON

GREAT LAKES SHORELINE

(h) NCAA, Sea Grant Program, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,

(c ) Philip L-F. Liu. (d) Applied research.

{e) Examine and modify the existing models for calculating the coastal currents and sediment transports and to develop a complete and flexible model of a system which

is suitable for predicting the coastal currents and sedimentary patterns in the New York Great Lakes coastal zone;

investigate the water movement in harbors along the Great Lakes shoreline and to study the effectiveness of different types of breakwaters as protective measures for harbor im-

( h ) Finite Element Modeling of Nearshore Circulation, P. L-F.

Liu, G. Lennon, Inll. Conf. Applied Numerical Modeling. Southampton, England, July 11-15, 1977. Bottom Frictional Stresses and Longshore Currents Due to Waves with Large Angles of Incidence, R. A. Dalrymple, P. L-F. Liu, 7 Marine Research 26, 2, 1978. Waves Over Soft Muds: A Two Layer Fluid Model, P L-F.

Liu, R. A Dalrymple, J. Phys. Oceanography 8, 6, 1978. Combined Wave Refraction and Diffraction, P. L-F. Liu, C.

J. Lozano, ASCE .Specially Conf. Coastal Structure 79, Mar.

14-16, 1979. 038-09943-440-80 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN A LAKE

(/)) The Engineering Foundation.

(c) James A. Liggett and Peter J. Murphy.

(d) Basic experimental research.

(e) Measurement of eddy diffusivity in a stratified lake.

(/) Completed.

( /i ) Turbulence Measurements in a Lake, B Brumley, P. J. Murphv, 5lh Biennial Svmp on Turbulence in Liquids,

Rolla. Mo.. 1977. 038-09945-070-54 BOUNDARY INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS TO GROUNDWATER

PROBLEMS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(< ) James A. Liggett and Philip L-F. Liu.

(d) Basic theoretical research.

((-) Development of boundary integral techniques for the solution of a variety of problems in flow in porous media in two and three dimensions. Also development of the com- 26
putcr graphics software ti) generate input data and display

results.

(/i) An Efficient Numerical Method of Two-Dimensional Steady Groundwater Problems, P L-F Liu. J A Liggett. Wuu-r

Resources Research 14. 3. Juno iy7X. Boundary Soiution.s to Two Problems in Porous Media. P. L-F. Liu. J. A. Liggett. J. Hydraulics Div.. ASCE, Mar.

1979. 038-10873-420-54 NUMERICAL MODELING OF TSUNAMIS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Dr. P. L-F. Liu and Dr. J A. Ligget. (d) Basic theoretical research.

(f) The Boundary Integral Equation Method is being used to calculate the generation, transmission, and shoreline ef- fects of earthquake produced waves. 038-10874-860-33 EVALUATION OF STOCHASTIC STREAMFLOW MODELS

FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MUNICPAL RESERVOIR

RELIABILITY

(/>) Ofncc of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior.

(c ) Dr. J. R. Stcdinger.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The study is investigating the sensitivity of simulated multi- reservoir system behavior to the choice of streamflow

generating models, using New York City's reservoirs in the upper Delaware River as an example. Attention has been

paid to techniques used to fit marginal distributions in

(/)) Fitting Lognormal Distributions and the Moments Criteria.

J. R. Stedinger. submitted to Water Resources Research.

1979. Lambda and Wakeby Distributions: Parameter Estimation and a Comparison of Flexibility, J. R. Stedinger, A.N.F.G.

Henriques, submitted to Comrrt. of the ACM. 1979. 038-10875-860-54 INTERACTIVE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING USING COMPUTER GRAPHICS

(fc) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Dr. D. P. Loucks.

id) Applied research.

(t) Use of interactive computer graphics as a means of in- putting data and displaying results of multipurpose, multiobjective water resources optimization and simulation models and of providing planners and decisionmakers with

the capability of interacting with such models in their search for acceptable solutions to planning problems.

(/i) Water Resources Planning Using Computer Graphics, P. N. French. L. E. Johnson, D. P. Loucks, D. P. Greenberg,

Preprint 3342. ASCE Chicago Meeting. Oct. 1978. User s Manual available, contact D. P. Loucks. 038-10876-860-33 MULTI-PARAMETER WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

MODELS

(/>) Office of Water Research and Technology. U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, and National Science Foundation,

(t ) Dr. D. P Loucks

(.d) Applied research.

(e) Adaptation of existing multiparameter aquatic water quality simulation models for use in optimization models

designed to evaluate alternative management plans and

038-10877-820-56 THE DESCRIPTION OF LAND SUBSIDENCE BY MEANS OF

A VISCOELASTIC AQUIFER MODEL

{h) U.S. AID (Fellowship).

ic) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert.

(d) Theoretical and computational.

(<) The sinking or settling of the land surface resulting from groundwater withdrawal is a serious problem which is en- countered in many places in the world. Better methods are needed to describe this phenomenon and to predict its magnitude.

(J ) Completed.

(g) A stilution was obtained for the problem of compaction of

a groundwater pressure in a confined \iscoelastic aquifer. This solution was applied to a major confined aquifer system in the San Joaquin Valley in California.

(/i) Pumping of Aquifer With Viscoelastic Properties, W. Brutsaert, M. Y. Corapcioglu, J. Hydraulics nivi.Kion. A.SCE

102, HYl 1. 1663-1675, Nov. 1976.

Viscoelastic Aquifer Model Applied to Subsidence Due to Pumping, M Y. Corapcioglu, W. Brutsaert, Water

Resources Research 13, 3, 597-604. 1977. Comparison of Solutions for Delayed-Yield Aquifers, W.

Brutsaert. M. Y. Corapcii>glu. J. Hydraulics Divisi,>n. A.SCE

104, HY8. 1 188-1 191. 1978. 038-10878-810-54 THE DETERMINATION OF REGIONAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BY MEANS OF STANDARD METEOROLOGI- CAL DATA

(h) National Science Foundation, and Office of Water

Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Intcri-

(c ) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert. {d) Theoretical and analysis of experimental data.

(e) A method was developed to the point where it can now be

applied to calculate areal evapoiranspiration from a region even when the water supply to the surface may be limited. The method requires only regularly observed upper-air ("rawinsonde") meteorological data, and it is based on the

similarity parameterization of the atmospheric boundary

(/) Completed.

ig) The main result is the determination of the water vapor

profile function, which was previously unknown. This makes the method a reliable tool in practical applications

in hydrology and water resources studies.

(/i) Determination of Regional Evapotranspiration From Upper

Air Meteorological Data, J. A. Mawdsley, W. H. Brutsaert, Water Resources Research 13, 539-548. 1977.

Similarity Functions D for Water Vapor in the Unstable At- mospheric Boundary Layer, W. H Brutsaert. F K F. Chan. Boundary Layer Meteorology. Aug. 1978. 038-10879-300-00 BASEFLOW AND NATURAL AQUIFER DRAINAGE DURING DROUGHTS IN THE FINGER LAKES REGION

(< ) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert.

(d) Theoretical, and analysis of streamflow data.

(f ) It is important to know and to be able to predict the rate of flow that a given watershed can sustain in the absence

of precipitation and in the absence of artificial storage works. The project was concerned with the similarity of

the drought fiows from a number of rivers with a geomorphologically homogeneous region.

(/) Completed.

ig) Several theoretical models available in the scientific litera- ture were tested with published streamfiow data. It was

found that it is possible to determine the base fiow at any

location within the region on the basis of geomorphological parameters, namely, drainage area and total stream

length.

( h ) Regionalized Drought Flow Hydrographs from a Mature

Glaciated Plateau, W. H Brutsaert. J. L. Niebcr, Water

Resources Research 13, 3. 637-643. 1977. 27
038-10880-820-33 ESTIMATINr, RECHARGE TO THE GROUNDWATER

RESERVOIR IN SUFFOLK COUNTY, NEW YORK BY MEASURING SOIL-WATER FLOW

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior.

(( ) Dr. T. S. Steenhuis and Dr. W. H. Brutsaert.

(t/) Experimental and computational.

((') To compare and evaluate different methods of predicting groundwater recharge, and to apply these to the problem

of regional estimation.

ig) An experimental site is being instrumented to measure

soil-water parameters from which the downward flow can

be calculated. In addition, micromcteorological measure- ments allow the determination of regional evaporative 038-10881-590-52 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND PERTUR- BATIONS IN THE AMBIENT STRATIFIED OCEAN

(/)) Division of Solar Energy, U.S. Department of Energy.

(( ) Dr. G. H. Jirka. (d) Theoretical and laboratory experimentation.

((') Ocean Thermal Energy conversion (OTEC) plants are proposed to utilize the thermal energy difference which

exists in the stratified tropical ocean to produce electrical power. Because of their low thermal efficiencies very large flow rates are required. The project is concerned with the

analysis of the perturbations in the form of internal density currents which are produced by the continuous discharge

of these high flow rates. (g) The formation of a density current from a stationary OTEC plant in a flowing stratified ocean has been considered. The governing equations for either discretely or

linearly stratified ocean conditions have been developed and exhibit the formation of critical lines and shock fronts. Solution methods similar to those used in compressible gas dynamics are being utilized.

( /( ) Evaluation of Mixing and Recirculation in Generic OTEC

Discharge Designs, D. J Fry, G. H. Jirka, E. E. Adams,

Proc. 5lli Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Conf., Miami,

Fla., Jan 1978.

Selective Withdrawal from Two-Layered Fluid Systems:

Part I: Two-Dimensional Skimmer Well, G. H. Jirka, J. Hydraulic Research (in press). 1979.

Selective Withdrawal from Two-Layered Fluid Systems:

Part 2: Three-Dimensional Round Intake. G. H. Jirka, D.

S. Katavola, J Hydraulic Research (in press), 1979. 038-10882-050-00 MIXING OF BUOYANT PLUMES IN CROSSFLOW

(< ) Dr G. H Jirka.

((/) Theoretical and experimental. (<')The mixing characteristics of buoyant plumes, such as generated from sewage discharges in the coastal zone and

in the presence of a coastal current, arc being examined.

Particular phenomena under consideration are the generation of internal plume vortices, plume bifurcation and

buoyant spreading at the free surface and the effect of initial jet swirling.

( h ) Stability and Mixing of Vertical Plane Buoyant Jet in Confined Depth, G H. Jirka, D. R F. Harleman. J. Fluid Mechanics (in press), 1979.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Sibley School of Mechanical and

Aerospace Engineering, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853. Professor A.

R. George, Director. 039-10996-020-54 EXPERIMENTS IN TURBULENCE AND MICROMETEOROLOGY

(/)) National Science Foundation, Meteorology and Fluid Dynamics Program.

(( ) Z. Warhaft, Asst. Professor of Engineering.

id) Basic, experimental, thesis (e) Experiments pertaining to the mixing of scalars such as temperature and moisture in turbulent flows with and

without the effects of buoyancy.

{g) See (e) and (h).

(/i) An Experimental Study of the Decay of Temperature Fluc- tuations in Grid Generated Turbulence, Z. Warhaft, J. L. Lumley. J Fluid Mech. 88, 4, pp. 659-684 ( 1978). The Decay of Temperature Fluctuations and Heat Flux in Grid Generated Turbulence, Z. Warhaft, J. L. Lumley,

Lecture Notes in Physics 76, Springer Verlag, Berlin, (1978). Simultaneous Measurements of Turbulence in the Lower

Atmosphere Using Sonar and Aircraft, D. W. Thomson, R.

L. Coulter, Z. Warhaft, J Applied Meteorology 17, 6, June

1978. 039-10997-450-54 DYNAMICS OF THE OCEAN MIXED LAYER AND LANG- MUIR CIRCULATIONS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Sidney Leibovich, Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace

Engineering.

(d) Basic, theoretical research.

(e) The role played by Langmuir circulations in providing a wind-induced stirring of the mixed layer in oceans and

lakes has been and continues to be, investigated. This has been carried out by constructing a theory in which interac- tions between the surface wave field and the wind forced current are of primary interst. The theory provides cellular motion in good accord with field observations by two mechanisms. One mechanism leads to a direct forcing of convective motions: the other leads to convective activity due to an instability mechanism. Heat transfer by the convective motions is of interest, as well as momentum

transfer and current development.

(g) See (h) for work already reported. Present activity in- cludes investigation of the stability characteristics, both to infinitesimal disturbances and to distrubances of arbitrary magnitude. Direct finite difference simulations of the time development of the fully nonlinear instability model of the ocean mixed layer and thermocline as a result of Langmuir

circulation activity have also been carried out.

(/i) A Rational Model for Langmuir Circulations, A. D. D. Craik, S. Leibovich, J Fluid Mech. 73, pp. 401-426

( 1976). On the Evolution of the Wind-Drift/Langmuir Current System in the Ocean. Part I: Theory and the Averaged

Current, S. Leibovich, J Fluid Mech. 79, pp. 715-744

( 1977). On the Evolution of the Wind-Drift/Langmuir Current System in the Ocean. Part II: Numerical Solutions for the Langmuir Cells, S. Leibovich, K. Radhakrishnan, J Fluid Mech. 80, pp. 481-508 ( 1977). Convective Instability in Stably Stratified Water, S. Leibovich, J. Fluid Mech. S2, pp. 561-581 (1977). 039-10998-020-54 TURBULENCE MODELING

(h) National Science Foundation, Meteorology Program; Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics Branch.

(t ) John L. Lumley, Willis H. Carrier, Professor of Engineer-

{d) Basic; theoretical; thesis. 28
(c-) Modeling of turbulence, particularly mixing and reaction of two scalars; hydraulic applications include heat/salt transport in the ocean, thermoclinc erosion, phytoplankton, zooplankton balance, pollution transport in estuaries.

( i; ) Successful incorporation of buoyancy in turbulent transport; incorporation of salt fingering in two-scalar model; method of approach to slow nonexothermic reactions; beginnings of intermittoncy model at density interface.

( li ) Turbulent Transport of Passive Contaminants and Particles: Fundamentals and Advanced Methods of Numerical

Modeling, J. L. Lumlev. Lniiirc Scries 197H-7 PoUuiuiu

Dispersed. Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics,

Rhode-St-Gcnesc. Belgium, ( 1978). Computational Modeling of Turbulent Flows. J. L. Lumlcy,

Advances in Applied Mechanics 18, C.-S. Yih, ed.. Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 124-176 ( 1978). Second Order Modeling of Turbulent Flows, J. L. Lumley,

Lecture Series 1979-1 Prediction Methods for Turbulent Flows. Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, RhodeSt-Genesc. Belgium. ( 1979). A New Kind of Realizability in Turbulent Modeling of the Planetary Boundary Layer, J L. Lumley, Proc, SOAAIAFOSR Workshop The Planetary Boundary Layer, Boulder, Colo., Aug. 1978 ( 1979). Some Fundamental Aspects of Turbulence with Implications

in Geophysical Flows, J. L. Lumley, Proc. Ilih Intl. -Liege Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics. Turbulence in the Ocean ( 1979).

CREARE INCORPORATED, P.O. Box 71, Hanover, N.H

03755. Dr. Peter W. Runstadler, Jr., President. 041-10883-630-82 PHENOMENOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING AND MODELING OF PUMPS

(h) Electric Power Research Institue.

(c ) Dr. Peter W. Runstadler, Jr , and Mr. Walter L. Swift. (d) Theoretical and experimental investigation classed as basic and applied research.

(e) An experimental and analytical program to provide physical understanding of fluid dynamics of multiphase flow through centrifugal pumps, to determine the adequacy of

scale model testing to obtain data on pump performance

under conditions of steady-state and transient two-phase

flows and to develop appropriate models of pump per- formance in two-phase flow.

(«) The performance characteristics of a l/20-scale pump

have been obtained for air/water mixtures for inlet void

fractions of 0.0 to 0.90. A scanning gamma densitometer

system has been devloped for non-invasive void fraction measurement. Limited steady-state, steam/water, per- formance data have been obtained.

( h ) Two-Phase Flow, Pump Data for a Scale Model NSSS

Pump. P. W. Runstadler, Jr., F. X. Dolan, presented Symp.

on Polyphase Flow in Turhomachines, Winter Annual Mtg., ASME, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 1 1-14, 1978. A Scanning Gamma Ray Attenuation System for Void Fraction Measurements in Two-Phase Flows. W L. Swift, F. X. Dolan, P. W. Runstadler. Jr., presented Symp. Polyphase Flow in Turhomachines. Winter Annual Mtg., ASME, San

Francisco. Calif . Dec. 11-14, 1978.

Investigations Into the Two-Phase Flow Behavior of Centrifugal Pumps. B R. Patel, P. W. Runstadler, Jr , presented Symp. Polyphase Flow in Turhomachines. Winter Annual Mtg . ASME, San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 11-14, 1978. Creare/EPRI 1/20-Scale Pump Loop Flow Regime Studies.

P. W. Runstadler. Jr., F. X, Dolan, T. B. Alexander, Electric Power Research Inst. Rcpl. No. NP-353. Apr. 1977.

1/20-Scale Model Pump Test Program-Facility Description Report, P. W. Runstadler, Jr., F. X. Dolan, Electric Power

Research Inst. Rept . No. NP-293. Nov. 1977.

1/20-Scale Model Pump Test Program-Preliminary Test

Plan, P. W. Runstadler, Jr., F. X. Dolan, Electric Power

Research Inst. Rept. No. NP-292. Feb. 1977. Cold Leg ECC Flow Oscillations. P H Rothe, G B Wallis, D. E. Thrall. Electric Power Research Inst. Repl. No. NP-2H2. Nov. 1976. Review and Analyses of State-of-the-Art of Multiphase Pump Technology, P. W. Runstadler, Jr., Electric Power

Research Inst. Rept. No. NP-159. Feb. 1976. First-Order Pump Surge Behavior, P. H. Rothe, P W

Runstadler, Jr., presented ASME, Winter Annual Mtg., Atlanta. Ga., Nov. 28-Dec. I. 1977. To be published in J. Fluids Engineerinf>. 041 •10884-630-70 EVALUATION OF DESIGN MODIFICATIONS TO A HYDROELECTRIC PLANT DRAFT TUBE

(b) Private industry.

(c ) Dr. D. Japiksc. President. Fluid Machinery Division. (d) The investigation was an experimental, applied research and design activity. (e) To experimentally evaluate an existing hydroelectric plant

draft tube and to consider design modifications. Various

modifications were proposed and evaluated for the particular draft tube. Project results were reported to the

client for possible incorporation on a retrofit basis.

(/) Completed.

(j?) Levels of performance improvements were obtained which would yield attractive economic returns, when compared

to installation costs. 041-10885-630-70 EXPERIMENTAL AUDIT OF EXISTING INDUSTRIAL WATER PUMPS

(h) Private industry.

(c) Dr. D. Japikse, President, Fluid Machinery Division, or Mr. J. Goebcl.

(d) The investigation was an experimental applied research and design activity. (e) An experimental and analytical evaluation was carried out of a series of water pumps produced by a major pump

manufacturer. Opportunities for improving the pump per- formance were isolated and reported. Different develop- ment strategies were recommended depending on the pump specific speed.

(/) Completed.

(g) The study results indicated that substantial performance

gains could be obtained if advanced design concepts were

introduced in a new product line. Particularly, alternative fabrication techniques were recommended that might lead

to reduced costs and would certainly lead to improved

performance. 041-10886-130-70 AERODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF LIQUID SPRAYS

(/j) Private industry.

(( ) Dr. P. H. Rothe or Dr. James A. Block, President Multiphase Division.

(,d) A combined experimental and analytical ;'itudy. also involving critique of vendor design.

(e) To assess, and if possible improve, an existing spray nozzle design used in a nuclear power plant, and secondly to summarize and upgrade methods to predict spray distribu- tions in elevated pressure air-water and steam-water en-

(/) Completed.

(g) Design recommendations were made and implemented

while the client's plant was down three weeks for repairs. Methods to predict the interaction of gas aerodynamics

with liquid spray distribution were developed. Available experimental data were synthesized by comparison with

the analysis. Novel instrumentation methods were

identified and assessed experimentally.

(/i) Aerodynamic Behavior of Liquid Sprays, P H Rothe, J. A. Block. Intl. J Multipha.se Flow 3. Mar. 1977. 29
041-10887- UNSTABLE FLUID-STRUCTURE BEHAVIOR IN FLUID HANDLING SYSTEMS

</)) Numerous industrial and government clients.

(( ) Dr. J. A. Block, President, Multiphase Division.

(d) Numerous projects conducted in this general area range from applied research to design.

(e) Selected applications have included the flow instability and

vibration of pumps in systems with gas compliance or two

phase flow; watcrhammcr in power plant piping systems,

particularly where it has arisen from rapid void collapse; flow pressure and temperature oscillations and structural impacts arising from the periodic motion of water slugs in piping systems; rapid collapse of steam voids leading to pressure wave transmission and structural resonance aris- ing from condensation-induced instabilities.

if) Some activities completed, some in progress. (^)The various activities have resulted in improved funda- mental understanding, methods to predict behavior, and

design fixes.

(/i) First-Order Pump Surge Behavior, P. H. Rothe, P. W.

Runstadler, Jr., Trans. ASME, JFE, Dec. 1978. Pump-Surge Due to Two-Phase Flow, P. H. Rothe, P. W.

Runstadler, Jr., presented ASME Winter Ann. Mtg., 1978, ASME H00123, 1978. Waterhammer in the Feedwater Systems of PWR Steam

Generators, P. H. Rothe, G. B. Wallis, C. J. Crowley,

presented ASME Winter Ann. Mtg. 1978; in Fluid

Transients and Aci)uslics in the Power Industrv, ASME

H00I20, 1978. Cold Leg ECC Oscillations, P. H Rothe, G. B. Wallis, J. A. Block, presented ASME Winter Ann. Mtg. 1977; in Symp. Thermal and Hydrauhc Aspects of Nuclear Reactor

Safety 1, ASME 000127, 1911. 041-10888-340-52 REFILL EFFECTS PROGRAM

(h) Atomic Energy Commission and Nuclear Regulatory Com-

(c ) Dr P. H. Rothe or Dr. J. A, Block, President Multiphase

Division.

(.d) Theoretical and experimental investigation classed as basic and applied research.

(<?) An experimental and analytical program has been un- dertaken to describe individual phenomena occurring during the refill phase of a loss of coolant accident in a pres- surized water reactor. These processes include "fiooding"

hold up of ECC liquid, fluid-thermal interactions due to superheated walls, condensation, entrainment, boiling, and

flashing. (g) Data have been obtained from over 2000 tests in a 1/15

scale model of a reactor vessel, and from a number of re- lated now visualization and auxiliary systems. Analysis and

semi-empirical models have been constructed to synthesize these data. A novel instrumentation system has been

developed to acquire and display the distribution of

phases, void fractions, and interfacial velocities in steam- water systems.

(/i) Summary of FY78 Progress; Quarterly Progress Report, P. H. Rothe, C. J. Crowley, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Creare TN-291. Jan., 1979. Flow Topographies in Steam Water Countercurrent Flow, C N. Cary, J. A. Block, presented ASME Winter Ann.

Mtg.; in Measurements in Polyphase Flows. ASME H00121.

1978. Heat Transfer Limited by Transient Flooding, C. J. Crowley, P. H. Rothe, presented Symp. Non-Equilibrium

Interfacial Transport Processes. 18th ASME National Heat

Transfer Conf , Aug. 1979. Condensation-Driven Fluid Motions, J. A. Block, presented EPRl Workshop on Basic Two-Phase Flow Modeling. Fla., Mar. 1979.

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, Thayer School of Engineering, Hanover, N.H. 03755, Graham B. Wallis, Professor of

Engineering, Horst J. Richter, Research Associate

Professor of Engineering, Desikan Bharathan, Research

Assistant Professor of Engineering. 042-09789-130-73 THE SEPARATED FLOW MODELS OF TWO-PHASE FLOW

(h) Electric Power Research Institute. (d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) Establishment of a unified basic theory.

(/!) The Separate Flow Model of Two-Phase Flow, G. B Wallis, H. J. Richter, J. T. Kuo, EPRl NP-275. Dec. 1976.

Isentropic Streamtube Model for Flashing Two-Phase Vapour Liquid Flow, G. B. Wallis, H J. Richter, J. Heat

Transfer 100, 595-600 ( 1978). Air-Water Countercurrent Flow in Vertical Tubes, D. Bharathan, G. B. Wallis. H. J. Richter, EPRl Rept. NP786. May 1978. Interphase Momentum Transfer in the Flow of Bubbles Through Nozzles, J T Kuo, G. B Wallis, H J Richter, EPRl Rept. NP-9H0. Feb. 1979. 042-09790-1 30-S5 EFFECT OF SCALE ON TWO-PHASE COUNTERCURRENT FLOW FLOODING IN VERTICAL TUBES

(/>) NRC.

(t ) H. J. Richter.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) Obtain data on flooding in various scales.

(/i) Effect of Scale on Two-Phase Countercurrent Flow Flooding, H. J. Richter, G. B. Wallis, M. Speers, NUREG/CR0312. June 1978. 042-09791-130-55 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO-PHASE FLOW

ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR SAFETY

(h) NRC.

(d) Theoretical and experimental modeling of two-phase flow phenomena.

( h ) Two-Phase Flow in a Model Pressurized Water Reactor Equipped with Vent Valves, G. B. Graham, D. L. Ludwig,

G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter, NRC-0I93-I. Sept. 1977. Countercurrent Two-Phase Flow in Parallel Vertical Channels, v. Hagi, G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter, NRC-0193-2.

Sept. 1977. Steam Flow Split Prediction and Water Penetration

Characteristics in a Hot-Leg-Cold Leg Loop, D. E. Pavlakis, H. J. Richter, G. B. Wallis, NRC-0193-3. Sept. 1977.

Pressurized Water Reactor Upper Head Injection Air- Water 1/30 Scale, Entrainment Studies, A Porteous, H. J. Richter, C. Stone, NRC-0193-4. Sept. 1977. Flooding in Multi-Path Vertical Countercurrent Air-Water

Flow, C. R. Clark, G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter, D. Bharathan, /V/?C-0/9i-5, Sept. 1978.

Effects of Bottom Orificing on Single- and Multi-Tube

Countercurrent Flow Characteristics, D. Bharathan, G. B. Wallis, H. J. Richter, NRC-0193-6. Sept. 1978. Lower Plenum Voiding, D Bharathan, G. B Wallis. H J. Richter. M. Ayalcw. NRC-0193-7, Sept. 1978. Countercurrent Air-Water Flow in Parallel Vertical Tubes

of Small Diameter, A S Karlin. G B. Wallis, D. Bharathan. NRC-0I93-,S. Sept. 1978. Deentrainment and Countercurrent Air-Flow in a Model PWR Hot Leg, H. J. Richter. Sept. 1978. 042-10889-130-54 MECHANISMS OF BUBBLE TRANSPORT IN TURBULENT

TWO-PHASE FLOW

(b) NSF.

(c ) H. J Richter. 30
(J) Basic theoretical and experimental research.

(<•) Development of a theory for bubble distribution in two- phase flow. 042-10890-400-30 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF TIDAL CIRCULATION

(b) u s e s

(< ) Daniel R. Lynch.

id) Basic theoretical research.

(<•) An investigation of numerical solution procedures for the two-dimensional shallow water equations.

(k) Several new analytic solutions have been generated for model testing purposes. Fourier analysis of the convergence, stability and accuracy of several timcstcpping schemes has been achieved. Efficient models based on a new wave equation formulation have been evaluated. A

comparison of time-stepping models with continuous-time models is underway. Extension to problems with moving

boundaries has been demonstrated.

(/i) Alternative Time Stepping Schemes for Finite Element

Tidal Computations, W G. Gray, D. R Lynch, Advances in Water Resources I, 2 (Dec. 1977).

Analytic Solutions for Computer Flow Model Testing, D. R. Lynch, W. G. Gray, J. Hydraulic Division. ASCE, Oct.

1978. On the Control of Noise in Finite Element Tidal Computations: A Semi-Implicit Approach, W. G. Gray, D. R. Lynch, Computers and Fluids 7, 1 (March 1979). A Wave Equation Model for Finite Element Tidal Computations, D. R. Lynch, W. G. Gray, Computers and Fluids.

(in press 1979). 042-10891-810-15 IMPACT OF SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS ON WATERSHED BEHAVIOR IN COLD REGIONS

(h) U.S. Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Labora-

(c ) Daniel R. Lynch.

(d) Basic research, theoretical and experimental.

(e) Importance of soil moisture and frozen ground are being

investigated by comparison of field investigations with

results predicted by existing watershed models. Improve- ments to these models will be suggested and tested where

necessary. 042-10892-000-00 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF MOVING BOUNDARY

PROBLEMS

(( ) Daniel R. Lynch.

id) Basic theoretical research.

(e) Development and application of a general FE procedure

for dealing with moving boundary problems; applications

to both hyperbolic and parabolic problems are being inI <;) Successful simulation of one-dimensional Stefan-type problems (both one- and two-phase) has been achieved. Two-dimensional simulation of a hyperbolic problem

which arises in tidal flooding has also been demonstrated.

( /i ) Finite Element Simulation of Shallow Water Problems with Moving Boundaries, D. R. Lynch, W. G. Gray, 2nd Intl. Conf.

Finite Elements in Water Resources. Imperial College, London,

July 1978. A Finite Element Solution for Porous Medium Freezing, Using Hermite Basis Functions and a Continuously Deforming Coordinate System, K O Neill, D R Lynch, Proc. Intl. Conf. Numerical Methods in Thermal Problems. (Swansea,

July 1979).

UNIVERSITY OF DETROIT, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, 4001 W. McNichols Road,

Detroit, Mich. 48221. Dr. Eugene Kordyban, Associate

Professor. 043-07979-130-00 INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISM OF SLUG FORMATION IN TWO-PHASE HORIZONTAL FLOW

id) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Basic nature of wavy and stratified air-water flow is being

studied theoretically and experimentally to determine the conditions under which the slugs will form.

(g) The wave characteristics such as speed, height to length

ratio and the internal flow patterns have been determined

experimentally. The wave growth as a function of water depth and air velocity has been established. The criteria for slug formation as a result of wave instability have been

found theoretically.

(/i) The Transition to Slug Flow in the Presence of Large Waves, E. Kordyban, Intl. J. Multiphase Flow 3, 1977. Growth of Interfacial Waves in Closed Horizontal Channels, E. Kordyban, ASME Paper 7H-WAIFE-8. A Method for Measuring Pressure at the Wave Surface, E. Kordyban, S. Cuker, accepted for publication by Rev. of

Scientific Instruments. 043-09924-870-00 A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF AN OIL FILM ON THE

SURFACE OF WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF WAVES

(d) Basic research, theoretical and experimental.

(e) The behavior of a layer of oil on the surface of water in the presence of water is investigated experimentally and

analytically.

(;?) An instrument to measure the oil thickness in the presence

of waves has been developed and tested. Preliminary tests show the oil to be thicker at the wave crests in agreement

with analysis.

( h ) Instrumentation to Measure the Oil Thickness on a Wavy

Water Surface, E. Kordyban, S. Cuker, Rev. Sc. Inst. 49, 9

Sept. 1978.

DREXEL UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.

044-1 1497-050-22 INCOMPRESSIBLE FREE AND IMPINGING JET FLOW

PROBLEMS

(b) Naval Air Engineering Center, Lakehurst, N.J.

(c) Dr. F. K. Tsou, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, or Dr. Jack C. Hwang, Asst. Professor, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Conduct literature search on jet spread, velocity profiles, temperature profile, pressure distribution and heat transfer characteristics of impinging jet. Undertake mathematical modeling of the effects of free stream, oblique impinge- ment, and air entrainment in the jet flows.

DUKE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineering and AAaterials Science, Durham, N.C. 27706. Dr. Jack B. Chaddock, Chairman.

045-10893-690-84 INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF OIL ON HEAT

TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN REFRIGERANT EVAPORATORS

(b) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.

(< ) Dr. Jack B. Chaddock.

(d) Experimental. 31
(<•) To collect experimental data which will permit the deter- mination of pressure drop and "K>cal" heat transfer coeffi- cients for refrigerants evaporating in a multi-pass horizontal tube evaporator, when oil is circulated with the

refrigerant. To make a comprehensive review of the published information on pressure drop and heat transfer during evaporation in tubes, and present the data and correlation equations or graphs judged to he the more promising for application by refrigeration engineers. To examine

the available information on the innuence of oil on

refrigerant evaporator performance, and organize it for application to refrigeration systems. Based on the results of

these items above, to develop generalized calculation procedures for pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients

that will account for the effects of the presence of small percentages of oil in a refrigerant evaporator. Phase I ( 1st year) will collect data on fluorinated hydrocarbon

refrigerant R-502 using Suniso 3GS oil. Phase 2 (2nd

year) will collect data on ammonia R-717 in the presence

of Capello D Oil.

if;) Testing to determine best method of attaching thermocouples to copper tube surfaces carried out. Laying of ther- mocouple wires in surface grooves with thermal epoxy bond judged as most stable. Tests gave accurate temperatures with this method. Refrigeration system layout completed. Oil loops with measurement methods installed and tested-completc. Test evaporator box constructed and

installed in place. Mounting of thermocouples on evaporator in progress. Detailed review of oil-in-refrigerant data

collected at Duke University under an ASHRAE Grant-in- Aid completed. 045-10894-270-40 TOTAL HEAT LOSS DUE TO RESPIRATION OF NEONATES

{h) National Institutes of Health.

(< ) Dr. C. E. Johnson.

(d) Experimental, basic research, design; Doctoral thesis. (f) A thermodynamic analysis of respiration describes the sensible and insensible heat loss in terms of respiratory gas temperatures, component concentrations of oxygen, car- bon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor, volume flow rates, respirant mixture density, specific heat, and psychrometric

parameters. An instrumentation system for measuring

these parameters from neonates in the normal hospital nursery has been developed. A nasal mask, one-way valves and breathing circuit especially designed to permit the measurement of respiratory gas volumes by pneu- motachometer with a minimum of alteration in the normal

breathing effort has been designed. The testing procedures

have been established and test results of this system have been obtained. The procedures for measuring respiratory gas temperatures and component concentrations of the ex- pired gas have been established. The thermal state of the

infant is described in terms of the body core temperature,

the ambient temperature, and the fluctuations of skin temperatures from six distinct skin surface sites. A multiplexor

unit has been designed which accomplishes the automatic

switching between temperature sensors, recording sequentially and periodically all temperatures during the data collection. The multiplexor is also capable of being controlled by a microcomputer unit.

(fi) Sec (e).

(/i) A Breathing Mask for the Measurement of Respiratory Function in Neonates, C. E. Johnson, R. K. Samras, L. R. Blackmon, Advciitces in BU)engineering. A. Burstcin, Ed., ASME. N.Y. 1978. 045-10895-700-00 A SUBMERSIBLE LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETER FOR

GEOPHYSICAL FLOWS

(t ) Dr, Edward J, Shaughnessy, Asst. Professor,

id) Experimental and field investigation,

((') A submersible laser-Doppler anemometer using a 5 mW

He-Ne laser has been designed for use in studies of turbulent velocity fluctuations in natural waters.

(g) Field observations with the laser probe indicate that good

performance can be obtained when measuring low speed

currents. Nearly continuous signals have been observed in seawatcr, indicating a satisfactory particle content for the

laser scattering process. GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPORATION, ELECTRIC BOAT

DIVISION, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Conn. 06340. J. R. Hunter, Director of Engineering. 046-09846-210-00 PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN SUB- MARINE PIPING SYSTEMS

(c ) Bernard S. Ryskiewich, Engineering Specialist, Systems Technology Department.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(f ) Two computer programs, HYTRN and PNUTRN, have been developed to calculate unsteady flow transients in complex submarine piping systems containing assorted pip- ing components. HYTRN applies to liquid systems while PNUTRN applies to gas systems and is presently coded for

air and steam. The method of characteristics with fixed time steps is employed in each program. The programs are applicable to systems containing system components and boundary components presently available in their respective program libraries.

(/) The project is complete, and recommendations are to in- troduce a cavitation model into HYTRN.

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, CORPORATE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Research and Development Center, P.O. Box 8, Sciienectady, N.Y. 12301.

047-10896-630-00 FINITE ELEMENT FLOW ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMEN- SIONAL FLOW IN TURBOMACHINES

(c ) Dr. T. E. Laskaris, Manager, Rotating Machinery Unit. id) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The program aims at developing finite-element algorithms capable of solving the steady-state hydrodynamic equations of the three-dimensional compressible inviscid flow

in rotating or stationary flow regions. The studies in- vestigate potential flows and rotational flows in tur- bomachinery cascades including shock wave discontinui-

{g) A finite-element algorithm was developed to analyze three- dimensional compressible potential flows in turbomachinery rotor/stator cascades. The algorithm is based on Galerkin's method applied over distorted curvilinear elements of

the flow region. The absolute velocity potential is approxi- mated by second order Lagrange polynomials and nodal parameters. The process reduces the problem to a system on nonlinear algebraic equations solved by the Newton- Raphson iteration scheme. The method was applied to a mixed-flow type of turbine rotor blade-row in subsonic

flow of peak Mach number near unity. A turbine stator blade row was also analyzed and a locally supersonic "bubble" at the suction side of the blades was well resolved and characterized. Computation time in the DEC VAX 1 1/780 minicomputer is typically 45 minutes for a

grid size of 1 500 nodes.

(h) Finite Element Analysis of Three-Dimensional Potential Flow in Turbomachines, T E Laskaris, AIAA Journal 16,

7, July 1978. 047-10897-340-00 HYDRO COMPRESSORS

(( ) W. B Giles. Kl-Combustion Bldg; Dr H. K. Liu, Manager

Mechanical Systems and Technology Laboratory.

(d) Analytic and experimental design study. 32
((-) Concept system development and assessment is being con- ducted of a combined power generation cycle consisting of

a hydraulic compressor, gas turbine-generator, and

regenerator.

(«) Assessment of run-of-stream operation for existing U.S. dams indicates significantly lower cost-of-electricity than competing generation cycles in the region of capacity factors of 20-50 percent. 047-1 0898-030-52 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION FOR LIGHT WATER REAC- TORS

(h) DoE as a subcontract to GE BWRSD

(c ) S. Savkar.

(d) Basic experimental and theoretical research into the un- steady flow/structural interaction of cylinders and cylindrical arrays.

(e) This project involved three phases. In the first phase, a measurement scheme for directly measuring the unsteady random loads on cylinders using piezoelectric load cells was developed. As a part of this effort, the phenomenology of buffeting of cylinders immersed in turbulent flows was examined. Tests were conducted in both air and water and spanned a range of Reynolds IxlQ-* to 2x10". Turbulence was generated by grids. Turbulence parameter range

included intensities up to about 10 percent and integral scale to cylinder diameter ratios between 1/3 to 3/2. Limited data on two inline cylinders was also obtained. This phase of the work was to have been followed by an examination of cylindrical arrays in the second phase. This work was motivated by the concern for buffeting or control guide tubes in LWR's. The third phase involved the examination of self-induced vibrations of tube arrays such

as encountered in heat exchangers. A theoretical model

for the instability was developed.

(/) Discontinued half way as of September 1978.

(/?) In the area of buffeting, for an isolated cylinder; 1) Discovered that a transition from a subcritical to a supercritical regime exists in a manner analogous to the steady

drag. 2) Discovered that the Strouhal frequency characterizes the time scale of buffeting. 3 ) Steady lift coefficient bounds the unsteady lift coefficient in buffeting. In the problem of array instability, a first principle model based on energy consideration was developed. This result ap- pears to better fit published data trends. (h) Buffeting of Single Cylinders, S. Savkar, R. M. So, BNES

Vibration in Nuclear Plant Conference. Keswick, U.K., May

1978. On the Buffeting Response of a Cylinder in a Turbulent Cross Flow, S. Savkar. GE-NEED Contractor Report, GEAP-24147. Sept. 1978.

GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, HARRISON RADIATOR

DIVISION, Lockport, N.Y. 14094. Ramesh K. Shah,

Technical Director of Research.

048-10901-210-20 LAMINAR FLOW FORCED CONVECTION IN DUCTS

(b) Stanford University, Stanford, California, and the Office of Naval Research,

(c ) Dr. R. K. Shah. Technical Director of Research.

(d) Analytical (theoretical and some experimental results), basic research.

(/) Completed.

(g) This monograph presents an up-to-date compilation of

analytical solutions for laminar fiuid fiow and forced convection heat transfer in circular and noncircular pipes. The

solutions are summarized for both developed and developing laminar flows of a Newtonian fiuid with constant properties. The solutions in terms of friction factors and SJusselt numbers as well as velocity and temperature profiles are presented extensively in tabular and graphical forms; some solutions are approximated by equations. In all. over

200 solutions are summarized for 40 duct geometries from

9.S worldwide technical journals and proceedings, as well

as from unpublished technical reports and theses,

(/i) Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts, R K Shah, A.

L. London. Academic Press, New York ( 1978). GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, Ga. 30332. J. E. Fitzgerald, Director. 049-10900-340-54 A NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE INTERACTION OF DENSITY CURRENTS AND WIND-INDUCED MIXING IN STRATIFIED COOLING LAKES

(6) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Dr. T. W. Sturm. Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic research.

(f ) Vertical mixing of heat in a stratified cooling lake by wind

is modeled by energy balance considerations. Superim- posed on this layered model of the lake is a density current model which predicts horizontal temperature

gradients and the associated surface heat loss. The purpose

is to assess the relative influence of density currents and

wind-induced mixing on the thermal structure of a natural lake used for cooling water by a power plant. 049-11640-350-00 FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS

(c ) Dr. M. M. Aral and Dr. P G. Mayer.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) A finite element numerical model is used to predict the flow characteristics for flow over spillways. Velocity and

pressure distributions on spillway profiles and head

discharge relations for characteristic spillways are in- vestigated. 049-11641-050-00 JET IMPINGEMENT ON STRAIGHT AND CURVED SUR- FACES

(c) Dr. M. M. Aral and Dr. P. G. Mayer.

id) Analytical; basic research.

(e) Two-dimensional and axisymmetric jet deflection problem

is studied using a finite element model. Contraction coeffi- cients and jet deflection angles are evaluated for various geometries. 049-11642-820-00 THE FATE OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION BY NUCLEAR (AS WELL AS OTHER HAZARDOUS) WASTES

(c ) Dr. M. M. Aral and Dr. P G Mayer.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) The fate of hazardous liquid wastes in a groundwater en- vironment is studied. Analysis includes aspects of radioactive materials accidentally released from nuclear power

plants, nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, or nuclear waste

storage areas. Governing mathematical models are analyzed numerically using the finite element method. 049-11643-820-00 ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES BY PUMPING FROM PONDS

(c) Dr. M. M. Aral and Dr T. W, Sturm

(d) Analytical; applied.

(f ) Development of shallow groundwater supplies by pumping

from ponds is being investigated with a finite element nu- merical model of the groundwater hydraulics. The

research is specifically related to the development of the shallow aquifer in the Georgia coastal plain to relieve the present demand on the deeper principal artesian aquifer. 33
049-11644-420-70 WAVE RUNUP ON FLOOD PROTECTION LEVEE

(/)) Exxon

(c ) Dr. C. S Martin.

id) Experimental; applied.

(<') A hydraulic model study was conducted to investigate wave runup on the Flood Protection Levee at the Baytown

Marine Terminal. The purpose of the tests was to assess the effectiveness of Gobi-Mats on the slope as well as to investigate the number, arrangement, and location of tetrapods on the slope. Impact pressures on a vertical sea

wall were measured for various wave amplitudes. 049-1 1645-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF TUNNEL TRIFURCATION

(h) Georgia Power Company.

(t ) Dr. C. S. Martin.

id) Experimental; applied.

(<') Scaled models of four designs of a three unit trifurcation scheme of a pumped-storage project were tested for headloss comparisons and observation of flow patterns. Headloss coefficients were measured for a variety of pumping

and generating modes.

049-1 1646-340-82 FIELD STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FLUID TRANSIENTS IN LARGE SCALE COOLING WATER SYSTEMS

(h) Electric Power Research Institute. (c) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(J) Experimental and analytical; applied research

(e) Transient presures and flows will be measured simultaneously in the Circulating Water System of the Shoreham

Nuclear Power Station, owned by Long Island Lighting Company. Drag-type flow meters will be employed on the ccnterline of the conduit to monitor the transient flow sub- sequent to intentional tripping of the pumps. Tests will be conducted with and without vacuum breaker operation and with and without air injection Analytical models will be developed and compared with the field data. The

models will include whenever possible the two-phase

aspects of the fiow in the discharge conduits and in the condensor tubes and water box as well. 049-11647-130-54 TRANSIENT TWO-PHASE SLUG FLOW

(h) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Dr. C. S. Martin.

(el) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(f) The simple model of pressure pulse propagation in slug flow proposed by Henry, Grolmes, and Fauske has been

extended by considering wave transmission at gas-liquid in- terfaces. A frequency-response model applied to a series of idealized gas and liquid slugs yields a pulse propagation speed that approaches the homogeneous model value as the number of slugs is increased for a given void fraction.

All characteristic roots from the solution to a three-equation drift-flux model are related to the velocity of the center of mass of the mixture. The pulse propagation speed relative to this velocity is exactly equal to the homogeneous model value, however. Measured pulse propagation speeds in vertically downward slug flow are, as anticipated, much less than those predicted by the simple model of Henry, Grolmes, and Fauske, but slightly greater than the homogeneous model value. Measured

pressure surges produced by the rapid closure of a downstream valve in a pipeline are reasnably well pre- dicted by the drift-flux model. For the range of void fractions, pressures, and velocities encountered in this study, it is concluded that pressure pulse speeds and the magnitude

i^f pressure surges in slug How can be adequately predicted by a homogeneous model.

( li ) Pressure Pulse Propagation in Two-Component Slug Flow,

J Fluids Engrg. 101, Mar. 1979, pp. 44-52.

049-11648-230-26 CAVITATION DAMAGE MECHANISMS

(h) U.S. Air Force (AFOSR)

(c ) Dr. C. S. Martin.

[d) Experimental; basic research.

((') The inception of and extent of cavitation in directional control valves has been investigated in a laboratory ap- paratus using hydraulic oil as the test fluid. Tests have been conducted with a metal valve. For each valve mean

chamber pressure, temperature, flow rate, valve position, and upstream, differential and downstream pressures have been monitored. Piezoelectric pressure transducers and an accelerometer were used to detect the onset as well as the extent of cavitation for various values of the cavitation

ig) The incipient cavitation number is dependent upon the Reynolds number. The effect of dissolved gas is minimal

for dissolved gas content 9 percent (by volume) or less. 049-1 1649-870-54 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WASTEWATER DISPER- SION IN COASTAL WATERS

(/») National Science Foundation.

(< ) Dr. P. J. W. Roberts.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) A mathematical model is being developed to use current meter data collected from many spatially separated continuously recording current meters to predict the disper- sion of wastewater discharged from ocean outfalls. 049-1 1650-340-10 JET ENTRAINMENT DESCRIPTION FOR THERMAL

MODELING OF PUMPED-STORAGE RESERVOIRS

(h) U.S. Army Corps, of Engineers.

(t ) Dr. P. J. W. Roberts.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(<?) The mechanism of entrainment caused by the jet issuing into a pumped storage reservoir is being investigated. Means to predict the entrained volume and levels of the density stratified reservoir from which the entrainment comes are sought. The results will be incorporated into a mathematical model of the reservoir. GRUMMAN AEROSPACE CORPORATION, Bethpage, N.Y.

1 1714. 051-10902-700-36 STORM AND COMBINED SEWER FLOWMETER

(h) Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(( ) K. M. Foreman, Branch Head, Advanced Fluid Concepts.

(d) Theoretical end experimental applied research.

(f) This is an investigation of a new, nonintrusive, low cost, passive tlow measurement method for advance manage- ment approaches to storm and combined sewer systems. The technique is based on sensing the near field sound

emitted by the sewer flow at a channel discontinuity disturbance; such discontinuities are significant changes in channel cross sectional or fiow direction. The acoustic emission is a partial transformation of the fiow energy. The output of passive sensors, such as accelerometers, at- tached to non-wetted surfaces of the sewer channel is re- lated to fiow rate by the amplitude of signal in a narrow (~I00 to 200 Hz) band around a characteristic center frequency in the sub-ultrasonic to mid-audible range. Laboratory and field tests have been conducted to provide

empirical constants for the theoretical analysis.

(j?) In the earlier laboratory phase during 1975, basic feasibili- ty of the concept was demonstrated by water fiow tests using full .scale sewer pipe elements. Corroborative data 34
was obtained, using a laboratory prototype measurement

system, for simulated buried installations of the pipes and

with water containing suspended and settleable solids characteristic of sewage concentration levels. Open channel, full flow, and pressurized flow conditions were

pr<)duced in a research facility at rates up to 15.4 pounds

per second. The acoustic signal at the characteristic frequency increases with flow; at low flow rates, according

to the ideal dipolc theoretical prediction of 1 2 decibels per doubling of flow rate. At the intermediate to high laboratory flow rates, the signal increases more nearly linearly with flow rate. Three field site investigations during 1977 and 1978 of storm water flow have extended this test range to flow rates up to 7500 gpm and 60 inch (1.5 m)

diameter channels. Measured sound power, in decibels, has been found related to mass flow rate to the 1 .4 to 1 .7 power, depending on channel discontinuity. A manhole is suitable for sensor installation. Small scale (~l/20th)

geometric models appear to simulate fairly well the sound

intensity to flow rate relationship of full scale sites according to a theoretical scaling law, thus, precluding field site calibration requirements,

(/i) A Passive Flow Measurement System for Storm and Combined Sewers, K. M. Foreman, Report EPA-600/2-76-H 5, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio

45268. May 1976. A Passive Flow Measurement Technique for Unsteady Non- homogeneous Fluid Flow, K. M. Foreman, Pmc. 24th Intl. Instrumentation Symp. 24, 1, pp. 275-280, May 1978, ISA,

Pittsburgh, Pa. Field Testing of Prototype Acoustic Emission Sewer Flowmeter, K. M. Foreman, Grumman Research Department

Report RE-566, Jan. 1979, Grumman Aerospace Corporation. Bethpage, N.Y. 11714. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Division of Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Mass. 02138. Professors Myron B. Fiering, Peter Rogers, Joseph J. Harrington.

052-10112-880-54 MANAGEMENT AND STANDARDS FOR ECOSYSTEMS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical, applied, one Doctoral thesis derived.

(t-) An ecosystem is modeled to show that the concept of system resilience, a measure of the system's ability to ab- sorb perturbations and recover, is a useful parameter for system design. A further inquiry is directed at the role of compressing large-scale simulation studies into a scale ap- propriate for policy analysis. An example of a forest management system is given.

(g) Policy analysis by compression appears a feasible procedure when certain structural characteristics of the problem specifications are met. It is shown that the amount and frequency of insecticide spraying for forest- pest management can significantly be reduced if spray is initiated at low levels of larval density.

ill] The Spruce Budworm Management Models, Thesis. J. Sted- mger. 1977. 052-101 13-800-33 STANDARDS, OPTIMALITY AND RESILIENCE IN WATER- RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

(h) OWRT, Department of the Interior.

(c ) Professors Harrington, Rogers and Fiering. (d) Theoretical, applied.

(e) A systematic effort to study the role of complexity, redundancy and robustness of mathematical models used

in the design and operation of "optimal" or "near-optimal" water-resource systems. A case study from the Connecticut River Basin will be taken.

(^) Preliminary results suggest that many mathematical models

for water-resource system design are too detailed and too complex for the data bases and policy options typically available.

( It ) Climatic Variability and the Impact of Possible Future Cli- matic Changes on Water Supply in Use, M. B. Fiering, N

Matalsa, Amer. Gcophys. Union, Wash. DC. NAS, 1977. The Role of Systems Analysis in Water Program Develop- ment, M. B. Fiering, Natural Resources Journal. Univ. New

Mexico School of Law, 1976, pp. 12. On The Choice of the Appropriate Model for Water

Resources Planning and Management, P. Roger, Water

Resources Research 14, 6. Dec. 1978, pp. 7. Draft Report, M. B. Fiering, P. Rogers, J. J. Harrington, Harvard University, Mimeo, Dec. 1978. 052-10903-880-80 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY ON THE KOSI

(h) International Environment Program, Ford Foundation, New York.

(( ) Professor Peter Rogers.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) An investigation of the environmental impacts of develop- ment projects. An attempt to view these impacts over the construction, and operation phases of a project. The

research hypothesis is that within a decade of the project completion additional work will be undertaken to mitigate any severe environmental impacts carried by the project in the first place.

( h ) Environmental Consequences of Development Projects, A

Proposed Case Study of the Kosi Project, Harvard University, Oct. 1977, Mimeo, 22 pp.

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA, Department of Civil Engineering, 2540 Dole Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822.

Dr. John A. Williams. 053-09046-870-61 SUBSURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL BY INJECTION IN HAWAII

(h) Water Resources Research Center.

(t ) Professor F. L. Peterson, Department of Geology and

Geosciences, or Prof. J. A. Williams, Department of Civil Engineering.

(d) A theoretical and experimental study as well as field ob-

(e) Determine the interaction between waste water injected and the Ghyben-Herzberg system. Hele-Shaw and digital models are to be used and their results correlated with

field data.

(/) Completed.

(g) The significant injection parameters proved to be the rate of effluent injection, the strength of the ambient flow field and the depth of injection. The principal means of plume movement in these experiments appeared to be by fluid displacement rather than by a dispersion process. This was

the case for both Hele-Shaw and sand box type models.

ih) \ Laboratory Study of Waste Injection Into a GhybenHerzberg Groundwater System Under Dynamic Conditions, D. L. Heutmaker, F. L. Peterson, S. W. Wheatcraft, Univ. of Hawaii Water Resources Research Center Tech. Repl. No.

107. Waste Injection Into Stratified Broundwater Bodies, F L. Peterson, S. W. Wheatcraft, D. L. Heutmaker, Water and Sewage Works 124, 1 , pp. 50-65. Waste Injection Into the Hawaiian Ghyben-Herzberg

Aquifer: A Laboratory Study Using a Sand-Packed

Hydraulic Model, S. W Wheatcraft, F L Peterson. D L. Heutmaker, Univ. of Hawaii Water Resources Research

Center Tech. Rept. No. 96. 1976. Well Injection Into a Two-Phase Flow Field: A Hele-Shaw Model Investigation, J. A. Williams, Univ. Hawaii Water

Resources Research Center Tech. Rept. No. lOH, \911

.

Waste Injection Into a Two-Phase Flow Field: Sand Box

and Hele-Shaw Models Study, F. L Peterson, J. A. Williams. S. W. Wheatcraft, Groundwater 16, 4, 1978. 35
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, J. K. K. Look Laboratory of Oceanographic Engineering, Department of Ocean Engineering, 8 1 1 Olomehani Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

96813. Eduard K. Noda, Director of the Laboratory.

(Direct report requests to: The Director) 054-08121-420-60 MEASUREMENT OF OCEAN WAVE-INDUCED WATER

PARTICLE KINEMATICS

ih) National Sea Grant Program, NCAA.

(c) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental project in the ocean to examine the accura- cy of the predictions of the linear and stream function

theories related to peak wave-induced water particle velocities and accelerations near the sea bed.

(e) Kinematics measured by a ducted impeller meter 1.5 feet above the bottom in 37 feet of water. Wave conditions obtained from a spiral-wound, resistance gage.

(/) Completed.

ig) Linear and stream function theories both accurate for velocities but considerably in error for accelerations. (h) Near-Bottom Water Motion Under Ocean Waves, R. A. Grace, Proc. ISlh Intl. Cnnf. on Coastal Engrg., Honolulu,

Hawaii, July 1976. 054-09277-420-44 PIPELINE SURVIVAL UNDER OCEAN WAVE ATTACK

(h) National Sea Grant Program, NCAA

(c) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental study in the ocean to obtain wave force

coefficients for a submarine pipe parallel to the wave

(e) Test pipe made of steel, 16 inches in diameter and 17.5

feet long. Length of instrumented section-39.5 inches. Pipe mounted on base set on bottom in 37 feet of water. Kinematics measured with a ducted current meter and wave conditions with a resistance wire gage.

(/) Data taking completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Maximum force coefficients in horizontal and vertical directions independent of Reynolds number, pipe

clearance, and roughness, but correlated with modified Keulegan-Carpenter period parameter.

( /? ) Wave Force Coefficients from Pipeline Research in the Ocean, R. A Grace, S. A. Nicinski, Proc. Hth Ann.

Offshore Tech. Conf. 3, Houston, Tex., May 1976, pp. 681-

694. 054-09278-520-00 DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF MOORED SHIPS DUE TO WAVE ACTION

(f) L. H. Seidl and T. T. Lee.

(d) Experimental in the laboratory and numerical type studies

as applied research and for use in Master's level papers

(f ) Predict the dynamic responses of tankers moored at sea berth subjected to wave excitations from various headings. Regular and group waves were generated in a seakeeping and wave basin (42 ft wide, 64 ft long, and 4 ft high) for both deep water and shallow water conditions so as to excite spread-moored ship model at 1:100 scale of a 39,200-ton tanker and another at I MOO scale of a 313,000-ton tanker. Ship model motions in six degrees of freedom were measured and compared with those pre- dicted numerical for the prototypes.

(/) Completed.

(g) Agreement between numerical predictions and experimental measurements is considered good although there is some scattering of data points perhaps due to model scale, and nonlinear effects. The numerical technique is appliable to ships moored in regular waves and group waves. It predicts the slow-drift oscillations which must be taken

into consideration in the design of sea berths. The test

results for both water depth to draft ratio of 1.20 and 1.56 arc presented in unit amplitude responses of ship motions

(sway, surge, heave, pitch, roll, yaw, and slow drift oscilla- tions) as a function of wave period. The effect of the bot- tom on the virtual mass and moment inertia is evident for the small water depth to draft ratio of 1.20. A Master of Science level research paper was completed covering

laboratory study of a 1;100 scale model fo a 26(),0()0-ton supertanker in a six point symmetric moor and subjected

to head-on and beam-on regular and group waves for water depth to ship draft ratio of 1.2 and 1.5. Displace- ments in the six modes of motion were measured and

steady state drift mooring forces were calculated from the measured displacements. From the data, a reflection coefficient, R, indicatmg the relative drift force was deter- mined and presented in graph form as a function of in- cident wave period. It is found that the drift force is amplified in the vicinity of the natural period of heave, pitch and roll. Tank effects such as especially undesirable reflec- tions from tank boundaries must be reduced to a minimum

for similar tests,

(/i) SEABERTH-A Program for Calculation of Motions and Mooring Forces, L. Sugin, L. H. Seidl. Reprints of Ocean

Engrg. II Conf., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Del., June 9- 12, 1975.

Physical and Mathematical Modeling on Dynamic Responses of Supertankers Moored at Seaberth Subjected to Wave

Action, T. T. Lee, Volume 1 (text, appendices A, B, C;

127 pp.) and Volume 2 (Appendix D; 299 pp.); un- published manuscripts.

Drift Forces on Moored Vessels of Minimum Draft Clearance, A. J. James, Master of Science Paper, Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, May 4, 1976; 54 pages. 054-09280-420-52 OPERATIONAL SEA STATE AND DESIGN WAVE

CRITERIA FOR OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PROJECTS

(/)) Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).

(( ) Prof. Charles L. Bretschneider.

(.d) Office investigation, i.e., literature review and compilation:

also numerical prediction.

((') Identify and evaluate sources of information on wind, wave and current pertinent to the design and operation of an OTEC power plant off coast of USA including Hawaii

but not Alaska and in a 40 degree wide belt centered on

the Equator; predict these excitations for few particular lo- cations. (g) About one-hundred-sixty sources of information have been

identified and published ranging from professional papers through periodicals, charts and atlases to books, especially "Ocean Wave Statistics," 1966 National Physical Lab in England and "Summary of Synoptic Meteorological Observations," 1973-75 of U.S. Naval Weather Service. There is much better information in areas offshore USA-excluding

Hawaii-and the Arabian-Midlndian-Bengal-South China

Sea area than in Equator-to-south-20 degree area where

deficiencies are notable. More hindcasts are recommended

for most areas especially those where hurricanes or typhoons are likely and where a dominant current exists. Examples have been published of application of state-of- the-art for predicting deep ocean currents and winds and

the waves that they generate including extremes. Hindcasting for particular areas has begun including off Hawaii, Key West, New Orleans and Puerto Rico.

(/i) Operational Sea State and Design Wave Criteria for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Projects; Literature Available and Prediction Techniques for, C. L. Bretschneider, Prin- cipal Investigator, and J. M. Cherry, T. K. Pyles, R. E. Rocheleau, B. B. Scott, E. E. Tayame, Graduate Students. TR-39. J K. K. Look Lab., Univ. of Hawaii, Mar. 1977, 520 pages. Operational Sea State and Design Wave Criteria: State of the Available Data for USA Coast and Equatorial Latitude, C. L. Bretschneider, Proc. 4ih Ocean Thermal Energy Con- 36
i< rv/,.;i ConJ.. published by Energy Research and Develop- ment Administration, Washington. D.C., June 1977. 054-09282-340-54 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONSERVATION TYPE POWER PLANT OFF ISLAND OF HAWAII

(h) National Science Foundation; Energy Research and Development Administration; and Department of Planning and Economic Development of State of Hawaii.

(< ) Karl H. Bathcn.

id) Field investigation and numerical modeling; applied

research; some of material to be used in Master's thesis. (f) Define physical characteristics of the area in the Pacific Ocean offshore Keahole Point (N 19-45 W 156-04) on

leeward side of the Island of Hawaii as potential site for an OTEC type power plant (likely floating) of 100 to 240 mega watt capacity. Purpose of the study is to define the oceanographic conditions, and impact on the environ- ment-physical, social and economic-of the OTEC Plant. It is concluded that the area is exceptionally seakindly with a

large hot-cold water temperature differential relatively nearshorc to a sympathetic population and hence a most

promising one for OTEC Plant operation. The study off Keahole Point continues, e.g., thru 1978 it will include in situ observations at 2,000 ft depth of water temperature and salinity and current velocity for the Plant in general, and in particular tests off the Point of the bio-fouling of

the heat-exchanger (under Prof. J. G. Fetkovich of Car- negie-Mellon U. and Prof. F. C. Munchmeyer of U. of Hawaii) and numerical prediction of sea and current state and criteria for operation and design of the Plant structure (under Prof. C. L. Brctschneider of U. of Hawaii).

( It ) Evaluation of Oceanographic .Aspects and Environmental Impact of Nearshore Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Plants on Sub-Tropical Hawaiian Waters, published by Center for Engrg. Research; Univ. of Hawaii; K. H. Bathcn, et al.. NSF-RANN Grant AER-74- 1 742 1 -AO 1

,

Apr. 1975, 130 pages.; K. H. Bathen; period June 75-Oct.

75. Final Report to Dept. Planning and Economic Develop- ment. State of Hawaii, Nov. 1975, 80 pages; K. H. Bathen,

presented Fall 197S Mtg. Amer. C,eoph\s. Union. San

Francisco, Nov. 1975, 16 pages. Oceanographic and Socio-Economic Impact of a Nearshore Ocean Thermal Conversion Power Plant in Hawaii, K. H. Bathen, LOOK LABIHAWAII S, 2, pp. 15-32, July 1975. 054-10050-420-44 WAVE ATTENUATION AND WAVE-INDUCED SETUP OVER SHALLOW REEF

I h I National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Office

of Sea Grant Program; Office of Marine Affairs Coordinator. State of Hawaii.

(< ) T T. Lee and F. Gerritsen.

td) Field investigation; experimental and theoretical studies laboratory; applied research and Master's thesis. le) Improve understanding of the characteristics of water waves from deep ocean which break on a reef and then

travel shoreward to runup on and reflect from a beach. The plan during September 77-78 is to complete water

level measurements at seven points on 1/4-mile long reef- to-beach course on south shore Oahu (N2I-17 W 157-52) and in laboratory in 180' ) 4' wide tank; analyze measure- ments and refine mathematical model and compare output

with that obtained by others; develop formula for predicting pertinent behavior together with graphical solution and

predict for specific locations in Hawaii; publish final re- port.

(/) Started September 1975; to be completed August 1978.

(^) The typically offshore waves incident on the reef are swell with narrow banded spectrum. These tend to arrive in groups ("sets" in surfer jargon ) which then are modulated

at a beat frequency. As they shoal on the reef, typically secondary waves arc formed indicating a very nonlinear wave process. The waves which reform inside the reef

after breaking have multiple crests. Power spectra and cu- mulative energy spectra have been obtained for each of

the seven water level measuring stations on the rcef-to- beach ocean course along with percent of total energy

isolines vs frequency and distance offshore in graphical form for each day of measurements in the ocean. Wave at- tenuation primarily is at the expense of the energy at the primary frequency. Nonlinear transfer of energy is evident, both to high frequencies as exhibited by the secondary harmonic, and to low frequencies, as exhibited by the surf

beat. Such transfer is extremely important in a description of the dynamics of the waves within the reef-to-bcach system. This phenomenon also has been observed in laboratory experiments at 1:12 scale mainly to determine

the response functions for the different ocean measuring

stations. Laboratory measurements are being analyzed to determine wave energy dissipation due to breaking and bottom friction using both spectral and zero up-crossing procedures in which secondary wave effects are considered; friction coefficient and breaking factor using

linear and/or solitary wave theories especially to determine

energy losses and evaluate the scale effects in the laboratory experiment (physical model). The formation of

solitons will be modeled numerically using a controlled

iteration technique to solve the Korteweg and de Vries equation which is inherently divergent and results compared with measurements. H,= 3.57 o- -1-0. 10 is the best fit between the height of the significant wave and a standard

deviation (cr). Other parameters being evaluated include: wave height and set-up distribution versus distance

offshore; wave height and wave period relationship effect of local wind on energy spectra; energy losses due to fric- tion and wave breaking; effect of scale on response functions obtained from field and laboratory measurements,

(/i) Wave Transformation Across the Coral Reef, E. B. Thornton. T. T. Lee. K. P. Black. Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Oeoplivs. Union. San Francisco. Calif. Dec. 6-10. 1976. Preliminary Finding from Wave Attenuation and Wave In- duced Setup Over Shallow Reef Project, T T. Lee. K. P. Black. Working Paper 77-1, J. K. K. Look Lab., Apr. 4. 1977.

Spectral Analysis and Zero Up-Crossing Program-User's

Guide, K. P. Black. Working Paper 77-2, J. K. K. Look

Lab.. Mar. 1977.

Characteristics of Waves Reformed Shoreward After Breaking on a Reef; Ocean, Laboratory, and Mathematical Study Of, T T. Lee. F. Gerritsen. K. P. Black. TR-40, J. K. K. Look Lab. (in preparation). 054-10051-490-88 LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON OCEAN THERMAL

ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC) SYSTEM

(/)) Hawaii Natural Energy Institute,

(c ) T. T. Lee.

id) Experimental study in the laboratory and applied research.

(e) Assist in the design of an OTEC power plant located per- haps offshore Hawaii. It is planned to investigate the effect of the OTEC system on ambient ocean physical characteristics and also the effects of changes in ambient ocean

stratification on OTEC plant efficiency by measurements

in a very large and deep circular tank (40 ft high and 30 ft in diameter) at J. K. K. Look Laboratory of the fiow-temperature field around the water intake-outlet subsystem. Measurements will be compared with predictions made

using a numerical model being developed by Ph.D. can-

(/) Started September 1975 with August 1978 as estimated completion date. (g) A working model was constructed which demonstrates the

principle of operation of an OTEC power plant (it is not

suitable for use in the measurement program). Laboratory

simulation facilities are under construction. Data acquisition system is being designed.

( /i ) Oceanographic Engineering Research on Ocean Thermal

Energy Conversion for Hawaii, T. T. Lee. K. H. Bathen. Proposal for Year 1977-78 to Univ. of Hawaii Sea Grant Program dated Feb. 1977. 37
054-10054-420-00 WAVE-INDUCED INSTABILITY OF CONCRETE CUBES

(( ) R. A. Oracc.

(J) Hxpcrimcnuil invcstigatii>n in the ocean of the wavc-incluccd kincmatical conditions necessary to initiate motion

ol concrete cubes of various sizes (1 to 4 1/2 inches) and

(<) Site in 37 feet of water. Blocks set on a concrete slab. Kinematics obtained by a ducted current meter. Observer

diver used to signal movement of cubes.

(./) Completed. 054-10055-420-00 WAVE FORCES ON SUBMERGED SPHERES

(< ) R. A. Grace.

(</) Experimental, field project on wave-induced forces on a sphere. Maximum-force, drag, and inertia coetTicients are derived. Master's paper project.

(<) The sphere was 29 inches in diameter, attached to a 5- foot-long cantilever mounted vertically on a ballasted steel base. Strain gages on the cantilever permitted force-measuring. Water depth 37 feet.

(/') Completed.

{f() Excellent correlation of maximum-force coefficient with adapted Keulegan-Carpenter period parameter,

(/i) inertia and Drag Coefficients for a Submerged Sphere. G

Zee, M.S. Plan "fi" Paper, Dept. of Ocean Engrg., Univ. of Hawaii, 60 pages, Dec. 1976. 054-10056-420-60 PRESSURE VARIATIONS UNDER WAVES

ih) State of Hawaii, Marine Affairs Coordinator s Office.

(( ) R. A. Grace.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory investigation of the suc- cess of the linear and second-order cnoidal wave theories

in predicting surface wave heights from pressure head

variations near the bottom.

((') Field study in Hawaii in 37 feet of water. Laboratory study

at Oregon State University with depths of 9.5 and 11.5

feet.

( / ) Data collection completed; report in preparation. 054-1 1709-420-44 SLANTED LOOK AT OCEAN WAVE FORCES ON PIPES

(/)) National Sea Grant Program, NOAA; American Gas Association; State of Hawaii.

(<) R. A. Grace, Professor of Civil Engineering.

id) Experimental study in the ocean to obtain wave force

coefficients for a test pipe, on the sea floor, angled with

respect to the wave fronts. (f) Test pipe made of steel, 16 inches in diameter and 17.5

feet long. Forces measured by strain gage beams. Length

of instrumented pipe section-40 inches. Pipe mounted on

and 1/2 inch above shallow base set on the bottom in 37

feet of water. Base faired in with natural sea floor Kine- matics measured with a ducted current meter and wave

conditions obtained from wave pressure records and visual observations of a surface-piercing wave staff. All measuring instruments installed immediately prior to data taking. Data recorded on project boat anchored above test site. (/) Started September 1978; to be completed August 1979.

(^') Data processing incomplete. There appears to be little dif- ference between the horizontal and vertical force coeffi- cients obtained herein for a 1 5° angle between the wave

fronts and the pipe orientation and those applicable when

the wave fronts and pipe are parallel. HinMAN ASSOCIATES, INC., Rocky Mountain Regional

Office, Woodside Plaza I, Suite 122, 5500 S, Syracuse

Circle, Englewood, Colo. XOlll. Michael A. Nawrocki, Manager.

055-10904-870-34 MONITORING AND MODELING OF SHALLOW GROUND- WATER SYSTEMS IN THE POWDER RIVER BASIN

(/)) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

(< ) Gary E. Mcintosh, Technical Project Officer, Department

of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Denver Mining Research

Center, Building 20, Denver Federal Center, Denver,

Colo. 80225.

(</) Theoretical and field investigation: applied research.

(() The primary objective of the study is to assess and predict the overall impact which the surface mining of coal will have on the shallow grt)undwatcr and the surface water in the basin. Monitoring of ground and surface water tlow and quality is being performed. A finite-difference computer model of the groundwater tlow, a groundwater quality model, and a surface water fiow and quality model are being developed and linked into an overall hydrologic

simulation model of the structural basin. («) Project began in July 1976. Currently 18 months of monitoring data are available. Groundwater model is operational and is being calibrated and verified. Surface water models are being developed.

(/i) Simulation of the Effects of Surface Mining on Groundwater in the Powder River Basin, G. E. Mcintosh, Soc. Mining Engineers of AIME. Preprint No. 7H-F-<^1, presented 1978 AIME Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo., Feb. 28-Mar. 2, 1978, 1 1 pp. Evaluation of Shallow-Aquifer Disturbance by Strip Mining, M. A. Nawrocki, presented ASCE Natl. Spring Convention, Pittsburgh, Pa., Apr. 24-28, 1978. HOWARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20059. Dr. I. W. Jones, Department

Chairman.

056-10905-300-00 REGIME SENSITIVITY TO FLOW AND GEOMETRIC VARI- ABLES

(t ) Dr. S. C. Mchrotra, Visiting Assoc. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(t/) Theoretical, basic research; Master's thesis. U') Regime sensitivity to variations in discharge and channel dimensions is studied for circular and trapezoidal channels on theoretical and dimensional bases.

(,/) Completed. 056-10906-200-00 ON HYDRAULIC EXPONENTS

(c) Dr. S. C. Mehrotra, Visiting Assoc. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, basic research; Master's thesis.

(<') The hydraulic exponents of uniform and critical fiow computations have been investigated analytically taking their variation with fiow depth into account. The results differ considerably from classical text-book results in which the depth variation of these exponents is ignored. Trapezoidal geometry only has been considered. 056-10907-810-00 ON SOME OVERLAND FLOW PARAMETERS

(c ) Dr S. C. Mehrotra, Visiting Assoc. Professor of Civil Engineering.

id) Theoretical, basic research; Master's thesis.

((') The time of concentration of overland fiow is examined

with special emphasis to the unsteady phase of the overland tlow. The time to reach a steady state for the over- land tlow regime is also examined and compared to the time of concentration for a uniform rainfall excess of in- definite duration 38
057-09853-840-36 UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, College of Engineering, M(«cow,

Idaho 83843. M. L. Jackson, Acting Dean.

057-09848-880-33 INTERACTING EFFECTS OF MINIMUM FLOW AND FLUC- TUATING SHORELINES ON BENTHIC STREAM INSECTS

(h) Office of Water Resources Research. Department of In-

(( ) E. Woody Trihcy, Assistant Director. Idaho Water

Resources Research Institute,

(t/) Field investigation operation.

(e) Insect communities from both deep and shallow water

areas were investigated for the purpose of providing community analysis of the lower mainstream of the Clearwater

River and determine the effort of fluctuating power

releases from Dworshak Dam upstream and backwater ef- fect of the Lower Granite Dam pool downstream.

(/) Completed.

(g) Data on insect populations arc available. Fluctuating power releases do not appear to have an adverse effect on

insect population, where the Lower Granite Pool has a profound effect on populations.

(/)) Interacting Effects of Minimum Flow and Fluctuating Shorelines on Benthic Stream Insects, M. A. Brusvcn. E. F. Trihey. Research Technical Camplelion Report, Project A- 052-IDA. Idaho Water Resources Research Inst.. Univ. of Idaho, 1978. 057-09850-840-82 APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS THROUGH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

(h) Idaho Potato Commission. Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company. Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.

(() Galen McMaser. Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; development, M.S. thesis. (e) A study of mixing, dilution and uniformity of application of agricultural chemicals injected into irrigation systems. A

comparison with other methods of application has been made.

(g) The process of sprinkler application compares very well with ground-rig application and shows less problems with

toxicity on potato plants. Distribution of insecticide is not uniform if injected too close (several feet) to mainline

branches.

(/i) Herbicides Through Sprinklers, R. H. Callihan. G. M. McMaster, Current Information Series No. 369. Univ. of Idaho

College of Agriculture, 1977. Short-Term Sprinkler Patterns by Dye-Concentration Method. G. M. McMaster, Paper 77-2566. 1977 ASAE

Winter Meeting. Chicago, 111. 0S7-098S2-830-«1 EROSION RESEARCH FOR NORTHERN

IDAHO-MODELING OF RUNOFF FOR EROSION STU- DIES

(/>) Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, Agricultural Research Service and Idaho Agricultural Experiment Sta-

(t ) Myron Molnau, Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

id) Field investigation; applied research. M.S. thesis. (e) Develop and test a computer simulation model for snowmelt and erosion that is applicable to the Palouse region.

[g) An erosion simulation model has been developed. This model has been coupled with the USDAHL-74 runoff model adapted for the Palouse region. The simulation is good when little overland flow is present but is poor during periods of high computed overland flow.

(/i) Effect of Antecedent Conditions of Frozen Ground Floods.

R. Pedersen. M. Molnau, E. S Yen, Research Technical Completion Report. Idaho Water Resources Research Inst.. 1977.

EVALUATION OF PRACTICES AND SYSTEMS FOR IM- PROVING THE OUALITY OF IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS

(/.) Environmental Protection Agency, Idaho Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(< ) D. W. Fitz.simmons. PR>lessor and Head, Agricultural En-

(cl) Field investigation; operation. M.S. thesis.

(<•) Purpose is to determine effectiveness of settling ponds,

other tail water control systems and alternative water management practices in reducing nutrient losses and pol- lution from irrigated fields. (g) Fourteen best management practices have been selected

for possible implementation. Eleven sediment ponds. Tslots, retention structures, a pump back system and vegetative buffer strips were in use in 1978. Twenty-four out of

twenty-six farmers in a 3()()()-acre watershed are participat- ing in the project.

(/i) Vegetative Buffer Strips for Sediment Retention in Irrigation Runoff. C E. Brockway, Proc. ASCE Irrigation and

Drainage .Specialty C<nif.. Reno, Nev., 1977. On-Farm Methods for Controlling Sediment and Nutrient

Losses. D. W Fitzsimmons, et al., Pn>c. Natl. Conf. Irriga- tion Return Flow Quality Management. Fort Collins. Colo.. 1977. Evaluation of Measures for Controlling Sediment and

Nutrient Losses From Irrigated Areas. D. W. Fitzsimmons,

et al.. EPA Technical Series. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ada. Okla.. 1978. 057-09855-070-34 SEEPAGE THROUGH PARTIALLY SATURATED SHALE WASTES

(h) Bureau of Mines. U.S. Department of Interior.

(t ) G. L. Bloomsburg. Professor. Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (f) A computer simulation model for unsaturated tlow is used

to predict flow through waste shale piles. (/) Completed.

(g) The project showed that waste shale has a high moisture

holding capacity and therefore it should be possible to design piles that will not allow water to leach residual oil and salts into the ground or surface water systems. The

computer program was also used to simulate flow from a

tailings pond.

(h) Seepage Through Partially Saturated Shale Wastes, G. L. Bloomsburg, R. D. Wells, Final Report on Contract IIO- 252065. U S Dept of Interior-Bureau of Mines, Agric. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow. Idaho. 1978. Moisture Distribution in Processed Shale Profiles Affected by Atmospheric Evaporation and Storms, R. D. Wells. M.S.

Thesis, Agric. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Idaho. Moscow,

Idaho, 1979. 057-09859-870-82 LARGE. DEEP-TANK TESTS OF FULL-SIZE AERATORS

(h) Northwest Pulp and Paper Association.

(t ) M. L. Jackson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (f) A 75 ft column has been used to demonstrate the deeptank biological treatment process. The advantage of the deep-tank process is more efficient use of oxygen which is pumped in at the bottom of the column.

(/) Completed.

(g) The process has implications for fermentations other than

those involving wastewater treatment such as for the growth of single cell protein for animal or food use. A

second, unique installation of the process is currently being developed for a corrugated box recycle plant in California. Performance for operation at high temperature

will be determined. Patent rights have been retained by

the University. 39
( /( ) Scale-Up and Design for Aeration and Mixing in Deep-Tank

Fermentation. M L Jackson. C. C Shen, AlCliE Journal Comparison of Nine Aeration Devices in a Tank at a 43- Foot Liquid Depth, M L. Jackson, G. Hocch, report to Northwest Pulp and Paper Association, 1978. Continuous Fermentation Process and Apparatus, U.S. Patent No 4069149. M. L Jackson, 1978. 057-09861-870-10 PILOT PLANT WORK ON AMMONIA CONTROL: DWORSHAK NATIONAL FISH HATCHERY

ih) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(( ) A. T. Wallace, Professor, Civil Engineering.

(J) Experimental; design, M.S. thesis.

((-) Evaluate various schemes for water treatment in large fish hatcheries which reuse their rearing water.

(A') A pilot plant using a floating media for attachment of

nitrifying bacteria has been developed,

(/i) Study Handling and Treatment of Dworshak National Fish Hatchery, A T Wallace, G. J. Presol, report to U S. Army

Corps of Engrg., Walla Walla District, Civil Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 1974. Water Quality in the Clearwater River as Affected by Dworshak National Fish Hatchery Under Varying Conditions of Waste Discharge, A. T. Wallace, report to U.S. Army Corps of Engrs., Walla Walla District, Civil Engrg.

Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 1975. 057-09863-110-54 LASER VELOCIMETER STUDIES OF MHD ENTRANCE FLOWS

{h) National Science Foundation.

(< ) W. J. Thomson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

id) Experimental; applied research, Ph.D. dissertation.

((') A theoretical/experimental study of the influence of a strong magnetic field on the fluid mechanic behavior of

electrically conducting fluid. The studies include measure- ments of point velocities during both laminar and turbulent flow with a split beam, laser Doppler velocimeter.

(/') Completed.

(^') Results arc given in the following dissertation.

( h ) Laser-Doppler Velocimeter Studies of MHD Entrance

Flows, A. Hama, Ph.D. Disseriaiion, Chemical Engrg.

Dept., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 1978. Developing Velocity Profiles in an MHD Duct, W J. Thomson, Phy.sk.s of Fluids. Sept. 1973. 057-09864-140-52 HEAT TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS

(/>) ERDA.

(( ) W. J. Thomson, Professor, Chemical Engineering.

((/) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (<) Direct comparisons of the heat transfer rates from im- mersed tubes to various sized fluidized beds equipped with

different distribution plates and two sizes of particulates arc being conducted.

(/ ) Completed.

(^') Results of this work may be used in various processes where heat transfer in fluidized beds is being used.

( /( ) Bubble Behavior Around Tubes Immersed in Fluidized Beds, W. J. Thomson. .AlCliE Symp. Serie.'i No. I2S. 69.

6,V. 197.V

Fluidized Bed Heal Transfer-The Packet Theory Revisited, cur Sympo.uum .ScrU-.s 73. 1977. A Comparison of "In Bed* Heat Transfer for Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Fluidized Beds, R. D. Teichmer, M .S'. Thesis. Chemical Engrg. Dept.. Univ. of

Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 1977.

057-10899.840-31 IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT

{h) Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, Bureau of Reclamation and Idaho Office of Energy.

(c ) J. R. Busch. Assoc. Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation; operation, M.S. and Ph.D. thesis.

((') This project is made up of a series of sub-projects which

include the following objectives: To develop and apply techniques for determining designs and management plans

for large scale irrigation systems. To obtain water cost in- formation for a wide range of irrigation districts in the Snake River Basin. To study relationships between wateruse efficiencies to define factors that will provide im- proved water management. To evaluate and test irrigation system components for energy conservation. To apply

operational models to groundwater systems for evaluation of hydrologic impacts due to irrigation development and

changes in land use. (g) Irrigation application systems have been evaluated to determine the effects of system design and management

criteria on the level of water management. Relationships between water costs and efficiencies are being developed. Data on irrigation pumping demand have been analyzed to determine load patterns and the effects of various load management schemes on energy use.

(/i) Optimizing Irrigation System Design, G. D. Galinato. J. R. Busch. C. E. Brockway. Research Technical Completion Report to Bureau of Reclamation. Agricultural Engrg. Dept.. Univ. of Idaho. Moscow. Idaho, 1977. Rapidly Obtaining Optimal irrigation System Designs, J R. Busch. G. D. Galinato, C E Brockway. G. E. Steinbach. Paper 78-2009 presented at 1978 ASAE Summer Mtg., Logan, Utah, 1978. Optimal Irrigation Management Strategy Under Hydrologic and Irrigation Efficiency Uncertainty Regimes, C. M. Udeh, Ph D Dissertation. Agricultural Engrg. Dept.. Univ. of

Idaho. Moscow, Idaho. 1978. Planning Optimal Irrigation Distribution and Application Systems: Teton Flood Damaged Lands, R. G Allen, C. E. Brockway. J. R. Busch. Final Report to SEA-FR Kimherly.

Idaho. Agricultural Engrg. Dept.. Univ. of Idaho. Moscow,

Idaho. 1978. 057-10908-810-05 RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAZED AND UN- GRAZED WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTHWEST

(/)) SEA-FR. Pullman. Washington.

(i ) M. P. Molnau. Professor. Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation, applied research. M.S. and Ph.D. thes- {e) The project is to evaluate rainfall-runoff characteristics of

the representative Northwest cattle-grazed watershed in relation to climate, topography, soil and vegetative, develop an applicable watershed model and compare these

to the same parameters on an ungrazed area. (g) Precipitation and runoff data have been collected. 057-10909-830-05 EROSION CONTROL IN THE PALOUSE REGION

(ft) SEA-FR. Pullman. Washington. Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, and Lata Soil Conservation District.

(< ) M. P. Molnau. Professor. Agricultural Engineering.

id) Field investigation, applied research. M.S. thesis. (f) The project is to measure field erosion losses, evaluate present watershed runoff and erosion models and evaluate conservation practices. (g) Field data are being collected.

(/i) Integration of Remotely Sensed Data with Soils and Slope Maps for Erosion Hazard Predictions, W. J. Ripple, M.S.

Thesis (Geography). Univ. of Idaho. Moscow. Idaho. 1977. 40
057-10910-880-33 EFFECTS OF REDUCED STREAM DISCHARGE ON FISH AND AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS

(/)) OWRT.

(< ) R. G. White. Asst. Professor. College of Forestry and J. H.

Milligan. .Assoc. Professor. College of Engineering.

id) Field investigation, applied research. M.S. thesis. (t')This study is to quantify the relationship between

discharge and fish hiomass and numbers as influenced by channel configuration and components of the habitat. Controlled tests will be conducted in two large flumes on

the Grande Rhonde River in Oregon,

(j?) A progress report will soon be available. 057-10911-340-52 A RESOURCE SURVEY OF LOW-HEAD HYDROELECTRIC

POTENTIAL-PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION

(h) DOE and OWRT

(c ) C. C. Warnick. Professor. Idaho Water Resources Research Institue. id) Field investigation, applied research, M.S. and Ph.D. thes-

(e) The project is investigating the entire Columbia River

Basin in the United States and the remaining portions of

Idaho, Oregon and Washington for their low-head

hydroelectric production potential. (^) The project is nearly completed. A low-head hydroelectric technology seminar was held in 1978 which attracted wide 057-10912-880-33 USE OF INVERTEBRATE INDICATORS FOR ECOLOGICAL

RESILIENCY EVALUATION OF A FLOW REGULATED

RIVER

(h) OWRT.

(( ) D. F. Haber, Professor, Civil Engineering.

(d) Field investigation, applied research, M.S. thesis. (f) This project addresses ecological resilience as the basis for planning, outlines previous attempts to measure system

resilience, and will use a method by which system

resilience can be conceptualized and tested in a practical way under field conditions.

UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, Colleges of Agriculture and Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Urbana, 111. 61801. Roger R. Yoerger, Department Chairman.

058-08024-820-07 NITROGEN AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FAC- TOR-DETERMINING AND MODELING THE VARIOUS

STEPS OF THE N CYCLE

(h) U.S. Department of Agriculture; Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality; U.S.-E.P.A.

(i ) Walter D. Lembke. Professor. Agricultural Engineering

(d) Experimental, field investigation, applied research.

(f) To determine and model, by using field and analytical procedures, the accuracy with which the amounts of

nitrogen can be predicted in various steps of the nitrogen

(^) Nitrogen movement in a soil profile is being studied under

a corn crop with three different fertili/.ers: municipal

sludge, animal manure and chemical fertilizer. Rates of movement of nitrogen through the soil profile were found

to occur at a greater rate over a shorter time span for chemical fertilizer and at a slower rate over a longer time span for organic fertilizers. This study is being conducted

in cooperation with the University of Illinois Agronomy

and Horticulture Departments in Mason County, III.

( li ) Design of Vegetative Filters for Feedlot Runoff Treatment

in Humid Areas. D. H. Vanderholm. and Dickey, ASAE

Paper No. 7H-257(). 1S»7K. 058-08681-810-07 RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN IL- LINOIS.

(/>) U.S. Department of Agriculture.

(< ) Dr. J. Kent Mitchell. Assoc. Professor. Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(c) Determine the frequencies of peak rates and volumes of runoff from Agricultural Watersheds of 25 to 1000 acres located on permeable soils with mild slopes in Central Il- linois. To test and evaluate the usefulness of mathematical

hydrologic models to small agricultural watersheds with mild topography. To provide benchmark watersheds in central Illinois for the study of the quality of runoff water.

ig) The rainfall and runoff data through 1977 from the Aller- ton watersheds have been reduced, tabulated and assembled for analysis. A study was completed that evaluated

the applicability of hydrologic models described by Huggins and the Soil Conservation Service to small watersheds by comparing the simulated and actual hydrograph for both gaged and ungaged situations. The annual maximum

rainfall events plus storms exceeding 2.5 inches from 25

years of rainfall and runoff data from two small watersheds were selected for the model evaluations. One-half of the selected storms were used to calibrate the models. The test storms were simulated only once in order to imitate an ungaged situation. In general, both the Huggin's and SCS

model performed similarly on the test storms, but the level of model performance was lower than that for the calibration storms. For both models, the two-day antecedent rainfall was more important in determining antecedent

moisture and modifying tabulated curve numbers than was

the five-day antecedent rainfall. The time of cencentration which resulted in good hydrograph simulations was about

three times larger than that estimated using published empirical relationships. Data from 650 runoff events from

1 90 recorder-years of record from the four Allerton watersheds and I I additional watersheds in east central Il- linois were used in a study that tested the suitability of

four peak runoff models to small agricultural watersheds

of mild topography. The SCS model was found to be most

satisfactory for the conditions examined.

(/i) Hydraulic Frequency Study and Analysis for Allerton

Agricultural Watersheds, S. Hardjoamidjojo. Unpublished M .S'. Thesis, Library, Univ. of 111. at Urbana-Champaign. The Application of Hydrologic Models to Small Watersheds Having Mild Topography, E C Dickey, Ph D Thesis. Library, Univ. III., Urbana, 193 p., 1978. Evaluation of Peak Runoff Models, S. Mostaghimi. M.S.

Thesis, Library. Univ 111 . Urbana. I 34 p., 1978. 058-08682-820-00 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC MODELS OF COMPONENTS OF SOIL AND WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS

(h) U.S. Department of Agriculture.

(i ) Walker D. Lembke. Professor, Agricultural Engineering

id) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

((') Develop and use mathematical, electrical, hydraulic and

hydrologic models to evaluate the performance of soil and

water control systems in Illinois.

(f;) A study of soil crusting involved the emergence of soybean

plants through a crust formed by the application of simulated rainfall. Soil texture, organic matter, rainfall intensity and rainfall energy are the independent variables controlled in this study Data analysis are being completed. A

laboratory study was completed that defined the change

with time of soil aggregate and particle M7e distributions of eroded soil during rainfall events The clay particle per- centage of the eroded material was greater than the clay percentage of the original soil at the beginning of a rainfall event. However, as the event continued, the clay percent- 41
ugc approached that of the original soil. The 1977 and

197X yields from the cooperative investigation of irrigation and drainage on claypan soils by the Agricultural Engineering and Agronomy Departments averaged 7.1 tonnes/ha. for the irrigated plots and 3 3 tonnes/ha. for nonirrigated. Irrigation treatments are sprinkler, furrow and no irrigation. Drainage treatments are surface, subsurface, surface plus subsurface and no drainage. A study was

also completed on the hydraulic characteristics of

detlected corrugated plastic drain tubing. Laboratory measurements of the hydraulic capacity of tubmg deflected with a parallel plate device were found to be in good

agreement with hydraulic capacity predictions based on Mannings equation using an ellipse approximation to the cross-sectional shape of the tubing,

(/i) Micro-Relief Surface Depression Storage: Changes During

Rainfall Events and Their Application to Rainfall-Runoff Models. J. K. Mitchell, B. A. Jones, Jr., Waler Resources

Bulleiin 14:777-802, 1978.

Particle and Aggregate Size Distributions of Eroded Soil, M. C. Pond, M.S. Thesis. Library, Univ. 111., Urbana, 89 p., 1978. Flow Patterns and Sedimentation in Livestock Oxidation

Ditches, J K Mitchell, D. L. Day, Trans. .ASAE 19, 119-

122, 1976. The Effects of Manure Application on Runoff, Erosion and

Nitrate Losses, J. K. Mitchell, R. W. Gunthcr, Trans. ASAE

19, 1 104-1 106, 1976. 058-10913-210-82 CPTA/PLASTIC DRAIN TUBING

(h) Corrugated Plastic Tubing Association.

(( ) P. N Walker, Asst. Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department.

id) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) Determine the structural characteristics of deflected

plastic drain tubing.

(g) Thirty-six samples of 152 mm diameter corrugated plastic tubing, each four meters long, were permanently deflected

0. 10, 20, and 30 percent using a parallel plate device. These samples were then installed in the field at depths of

0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 m to the top of the tubing. These tubing samples were then subjected to repeated loadings by running a combine perpendicularly across the buried samples. Tubing deflection was measured before and after loading. Preliminary results appear to confirm the theory

that in relaxed soil tubing with more permanent deflection

is less resistant to additional deflection.

(/i) Hydraulic Characteristics of Deflected Corrugated Plastic Drain Tubing, C, L. Armstrong, unpublished M.S. Thesis, Univ. III., Urbana, 79 p., 1978. 058-10914-870-05 HOME SEWAGE SYSTEMS FOR AREAS WITH SOILS UN- SUITABLE FOR SUBSURFACE SEEPAGE FIELDS

(h) U.S. D A.

(c ) D. H. Vanderholm, Assoc. Professor, Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Field investigation, design.

(e") The general objective is to accumulate information that

will provide a basis for developing and evaluating alternative house sewage treatment systems suitable for use where

conventional septic tank seepage fields will not work due

to unsatisfactory soil conditions.

(g) Preliminary results from the recirculating sand filter in- dicate excellent quality effluent suitable for discharge from

both of the sands under test. Effluent from the aerobic

plants, although of fairly good quality, does not meet current criteria for discharge to surface waters. However,

since the effluent is completely infiltrated into the soil in adjacent forested area, no water pollution hazard is created. (h) Home Sewage Systems for Soils Unsuitable for Subsurface Seepage Fields, D H. Vanderholm, W. D Lembkc. D. L

Day, III. Agr. E.\p. St. DSAC 6, pp. 6-8. 1978.

Home Sewage Systems for Soils Unsuitable for Subsurface Seepage Fields, D. H. Vanderholm, W. D. Lembke. D. L. Day. ///. Agr. E.\p. Sia. DS.AC 5. pp. 3-6. 1977. Design Construction and Costs of Recirculating Sand Fil- ters, D. Ralph, D. H. Vanderholm. Pr,>c. 197S III. Private Home Sewage Di.spo.wl Symp., Champaign, III., Feb. 13-15, 1978.

Design, Construction and Costs of Recirculating Sand Fil- ters. D. Ralph, D. H. Vanderholm, Proc. III. Private Sewage Dispi>.sal Symp.. Agr. Engr. Dept., Univ. of III. at Urbana-Champaign, 37-51, 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, Departtnent of Chemical Engineering, Urbana, 111. 61801.

Professor Thomas J. Hanratty. 059-08683-020-20 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE CLOSE TO A WALL

(h) Office of Naval Research.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. theses. (e) Electrochemical techniques are used to measure turbu- lence simultaneously at multiple points. Conditional sampling techniques are used to discern repetitive occurrences. The system is an 8 inch pipe. Ig) Eddy structures responsible for the transfer of momentum

to a wall have been identified. A regular eddy model ap- pears to give results consistent with many presently availa-

( h ) Interpretation of the Turbulent Flow in the Viscous Wall

Region as a Drive Flow. D. T. Hatziavramidix, T. J. Hanratty, Report 1, ONR. Project Number NR 062-558, Jan. 1978. 059-08685-000-54 FLOW OVER SOLID WAVES

(h) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. theses. (e) Models for turbulent flow over waves are being developed. These are being tested by making measurements of the variation of the wall shear stress along the wave surface and of the turbulent energy close to a surface. For large amplitudes waves separation occurs. The separated region

is being studied using laser-Doppler techniques.

(g) For very small amplitude waves linear theory is applicable. An eddy viscosity concept does a reasonable iob in modelling the wave induced variation of the Reynolds

stress. The influence of increasing wave amplitudes has been explored.

(/i) Influence of the Amplitude of a Solid Wavy Wall on a Turbulent Flow. Part I. Non-Separated Flows, D. P Zilker, T

J Hanratty, J. Fluid Mech. 82, 29 ( 1977). A Comparison of Linear Theory With Measurements of the Variation of Shear Stress Along a Solid Wave, C. B. Thorsness, P. E. Morrisroe, T. J. Hanratty, Chem. Eng Sci. 33, 579 ( 1978).

UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN,

Hydrosystems Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Urbana, 111. 61801. Professor V. T. Chow.

061-07339-810-33 STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(h) Office of Water Resources Research.

(e) Professor V. T. Chow.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

ie) Develop a practical procedure by which the stochastic behavior of a hydrologic system can be adequately simulated. In the study a watershed is treated as the stochastic hydrologic system whose components are simulated by 42
time scries models. Emphasis is given to application of the procecJurc to the planning of rural and urban watersheds

in Illinois.

(/i) Analysis of Residual Hydrologic Stochastic Processes, S. J. Kareliotis. V. T. Chow, J. H\dr„l„gx 15. 2. Feb. 1972. pp.

I 13-130. Theory of Stochastic Modeling of Watershed Systems, V. T. Chow. T. Prasad. J. Hydrology 15, 4. Apr. 1972, pp. 261-

284.

Analysis of Multiple-Input Stochastic Hydrologic Systems,

Res. Repi. No. 67, Water Resources Center, Univ. III. at L'rbana-Champaign, Urbana. 111.. July 1973, 66 pages. A Scheme for Stochastic State Variable Water Resources Systems Optimization. V T. Chow, D H. Kim, D. R. Maidmcnt, T. A. L'la, Water Resources Center, Research

Repi. \(>. 105. Univ. of III., Urbana-Champaign, Oct. 1975. 102 pages.

Stochastic Modeling of Watershed Systems, V T Chow.

Advances in Hydn,science 11, 1-93. 1978. Systems Analysis for Hydrologic Input to Water Resources Management, V. T. Chow, Proc. Symp. Systems Anulysis Applied to Water Resources Development. Mar del Plata, Argentina, 14 pp.. Mar. 1977. 061-07340-310-00 CRITERIA FOR HYDROLOGIC DESIGN

(/>) University of Illinois and Kanazawa University.

(c ) Professor V. T Chow.

(</) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrologic extremes such as floods and low flows are

treated as independent random variables. Accordingly,

probabilistic models are derived for two approaches of adopting hydrologic extremes as design criteria in water

resources project planning. One approach is to use the hydrologic event of a given recurrence interval, and the other is to use the extreme event observed in the record. The models are verified agreeably by the flood data of ten

Illinois rivers. Both models give essentially the same results when the period of design is less than one-tenth of the recurrence interval and the length of record. Also, by the Monte Carlo method, synthetic hydrologic extremes are generated by a time-series model for use in water

resources systems analysis.

(/i) Design Criteria for Hydrologic Extremes, V. T. Chow, N. Takase, J. Hvd. Div.. Proc. ASCE 103, HY4. pp. 425-436,

Apr. 1977. 061-08711-810-54 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING OF FLOOD FLOWS

(fe) National Science Foundation.

(t ) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

id) Experimental and analytical. (e) To develop an advanced hydrodynamic model for analysis of flood flows from watersheds. Auxiliary objectives in- clude verification of the developed model by field data and the assessment of relative merits of the nonlinear kine- matic wave approximation of fiood routing. The model,

called system hydrodynamic routing (SHR) model, has been successfully developed and is divided into two parts: overland fiow routing and channel network routing. In each part two options are possible, namely, dynamic wave

routing and kinematic wave approximation. In the dynamic wave routing, the St. Venant equations are expressed in a gravity-oriented coordinate system and in terms of discharge and flow areas. These equations are used for the convenience of accepting field data and minimizing possi- ble errors in the data. The model is a hydrodynamically advanced flood simulation model with high accuracy and

flexibility to help understand the phenomena of floods and

is to be used as a measure for evaluation of simpler flood

routing methods and for important projects that require

high accuracy.

(It) \ Laboratory Watershed Experimentation System, V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hxdraulic Engrg.

Ser. No. 27. Univ. III., Aug. 1974, 200 pages.

The Evaluation of a Hydrodynamic Watershed Model (IHW

Model IV), C. H. Hsie, V. T Chow, B. C. Yen, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Series No. 2H. Univ. III., Aug. 1974, 143 pages. Experimental Investigation of Watershed Surface Runoff,

Y. Y. Shen, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Series No. 29, Univ. 111., Sept. 1974, 197

pages.. Time Concentration for a Watershed, Y. Y. Shen, V. T. Chow. B. C. Yen, Trans. Am. Geophys. Uni,>n 54, 11. p. 1087. 1973. Laboratory Study of Effect of A real Distribution of Rainfall on Surface Runoff, V T Chow, Y Y Shen, B C

Yen, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 54, 11. p. 1083, 1973. Formulation of Mathematical Watershed-Flow Model, C. L. Chen. V. T. Chow, Trans. ASCE 137, pp. 267-268. 1972. The Illinois Hydrodynamic Watershed Model III (IHW

Model II), V. T. Chow, A Ben-Zvi. Civil Engrg. Studies, Hydraulic Engrg. Ser. No. 26, Univ. III., Sept. 1973, 47

pages. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Two-Dimensional Watershed

Flow, J Hydraul. Div.. ASCE 99, HYII, pp. 2023-2040, Nov. 1973. A Constant Discharge Siphon for Flow Measurement and

Control, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Proc. Koblenz Symp. 1, W. Germany, UNESCO-WMO-IASH, pp. 444-452, 1973. Role of WES in the Development of Hydrodynamic

Watershed Models, V T. Chow, Intl. Assoc. of Hydrological Sciences, lAHS-AlSH Publication No. 101, pp. 775-

783, 1974. 061-11499-870-36 EVALUATION OF URBAN STORM RUNOFF

(t>) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) This investigation's aim is (1) to develop a method of depth-duration-frequency analysis for precipitation events having short return period (high frequency) for urban

storm water runoff management and control purposes, and

runoff prediction methods. The eight methods evaluated

are the rational method, unit hydrograph method, Chicago

hydrograph method, British Transport and Road Research

Laboratory method. University of Cincinnati urban runoff method, Dorsch hydrograph volume method, EPA storm water management model, and Illinois urban storm runoff method. The comparison and evaluation are done by using four recorded hyetographs of the Oakdale Avenue

drainage basin in Chicago to produce the predicted hydro- graphs by the methods, and the results are compared with recorded hydrographs. 061-11500-870-36 STORMWATER RUNOFF ON URBAN AREAS OF STEEP SLOPE

(b) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) Professors V. T. Chow and B. C. Yen.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) Research is being conducted to investigate the applicability of commonly used urban storm runoff prediction models to drainage basins with steep slopes. The hydraulics of runoff on steep-slope areas is first reviewed and its difference from that for mild-slope areas is discussed. Next

the difficulties in applying commonly used methods to steep-slope basins are explored. It appears that most engineers are not aware of the problems associated with ru- noff from steep-slope areas and they do not realize that the numerical results given by the conventionally used methods, if obtainable, may not be reliable. A simple ap- proximate method specifically for steep-slope basins is proposed and an example is provided. The example utilizes the data from the Baker Street drainage basin in San Fran- 43
(/() Siormwater Runoff on Urban Areas of Steep Slope, B. C. Yen. V. T Chow, A. O. Akan, I^nvinmnu-nlul Prolcclion

IWIuiohiiiX Scries EI'A-600l2-77-t6S, Municipal Environ- monlal Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp. K»2, Sept. 1977 061-11501-810-47 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON RESEARCH OF LOCAL DESIGN STORMS

(/>) Federal Highway Administration.

(( ) Professors V. T. Chow, B. C. Yen, and Mr. T. A. Ula. (d) Analytical, applied research.

(<) The main objective of this project is to investigate the

feasibility of a comprehensive study on nationwide deter- mination of the local design rainstorm hyetographs for urban highway storm drainage facilities. Moments of the

statistical values of recorded rainstorms are computed and

nondimensional triangular hyetographs are established which can be used for storm drainage design.

(/i) Feasibility Study on Research of Local Design Storms, B. C. Yen, V. T. Chow, Repuri No. FHWA-RD-78-65 . Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, 270 pp., 1977. 061-11502-810-33 MONTHLY STREAMFLOW GENERATION WITH EMPHASIS ON PARAMETER UNCERTAINTIES

(h) University of Illinois; Office of Water Resources Research,

(c ) Professor V. T. Chow and Mr. T. A. Ula.

(c/) Thet)retical applied research.

(e) This study is to consider a realistic approach to generate streamfiows that will recognize and account for the sampling errors inherent in the estimates of model parameters. Two versions of a linear model of generation are considered. One is the conventional case in which errors are assumed to be uncorrclatcd; the other is a more general case in which errors are assumed to be generated by a sta- tionary Markov process. The two cases are compared

through an application in order to assess any significant changes in the generated streamfiows. In the study, the al- gorithms for the two cases are developed for generation of monthly streamfiow sequences. Such generated streamfiows are useful as input to the planning and design of 061-11503-870-00 HYDROLOGIC MODELING FOR URBAN DRAINAGE

DESIGN

(h) University of Illinois.

(c ) Professor V. T. Chow and Mr. C. D. Morris.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(f ) A stochastic hydrologic stimulation methodology is developed for the generation of small time-interval

precipitation. This methodology consists of three major components: a probabilistic wet and dry sequence component, a Markovian precipitation distribution component,

and a regressive spatial distribution component. This methodology is demonstrated by application to an actual urban rain gauge network, the Boneyard Creek network,

consisting of six rain gauges with 12 years of continuous, simultaneous precipitation data. Using this methodology,

the model s parameters arc evaluated using the 12 years of

data; then 100 years of data are generated by the model

for both the primary gauge as well as the secondary gauge. 061-11504-810-00 STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF WATERSHED FLOW

(/>) University of Illinois.

(< ) Professor V. T. Chow.

id) Theoretical, applied research.

(<) This study is to synthesize the various hydrologic models

that have been developed under the direction of the principal investigator on the stochastic analysis of watershed

tlow in order to present the results of previous researches

in a form useful to the academic as well as professional users The models are classified into three main types: the pseudo-stochastic model of storm rainfall-and-runoff rela- tionship, the stochastic model of annual fiows by correlo- gram and power-spectrum analyses, and the stochastic model of annual fiows by transitional probability matrices.

(/)) Stochastic Modeling of Watershed Systems. V. T Chow,

Advances in H\dr„scicncc II, pp. 1-93, 1978. Evolution of Stochastic Hydrology, V. T Chow, Applications of Kalman Filler l<> Hydrology, Hydraulics and Water

Rcsiuirces: Proc. AGV Chapman Conf.. Pittsburgh, Pa., Univ. of Pittsburgh, pp. 13-28. 1978. Risk and Reliability Analysis Applied to Water Resources

in Practice, V. T. Chow. Proc. Inll. S\mp. Risk and Rcliahilily in Water Resources, Waterloo. Canada, Univ. of Waterloo, pp. 1-13. 1978. 061-1 1505-810-00 ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC MODELS IN SEMIARID RE- GIONS HAVING INSUFFICIENT DATA

(h) University of Illinois; University of Azarabadegan, Iran.

(( ) Professors V. T. Chow and A. A. Movahcd-Danesh.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) There are many semiarid regions in the world where

hydrologic data are insufficient for developing adequate models for analysis and planning of water resources projects. This study involves the development of correlation between short-term and long-term hydrologic records, thus extending the insufficient data for use in hydrologic modeling. The model being used is of the water-balance

type. For application, the data correlation and hydrologic

basin modeling are applied to the Rezaieh (Urmia) Lake

in Iran, which has a basin area of 43,752 km'' and an average lake area of 5500 km^. Because of the unique

closed hydrologic system of the lake basin, the wind and

lake level data play an important role in the analysis and

modeling. 061-11506-870-33 INVESTIGATION OF THE DESIGN STORM CONCEPT IN URBAN WATER RESOURCES PROJECTS-PHASE I (/)) Office of Water Research and Technology, AO-095-ILL.

(<: ) Professor H. G Wenzel, Jr. id) Analytical, applied research.

(e) The design storm is a concept that is commonly used by urban water resources planners and designers. It is selected on the basis of an acceptable probability that one

or more system performance parameters will be exceeded.

It is assumed that this exceedence probability will be achieved by the system if it is used to select the design

storm. This concept violates the basic nonlinear nature of watershed response, and this study is directed at examining

the validity of this procedure. Because of a lack of long- term urban rainfall-runoff data, a simulation model will be used to obtain the long-term simulated response of an urban catchment which will have sufficient rainfall-runoff data to permit model calibration. The response of the model simulation will be analyzed statistically and these

results compared to a similar analysis of the precipitation input in order to test the assumption that the frequency

response of the catchments is the same as the rainfall. 061-11507-200-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF UNSTEADY OPEN- CHANNEL FLOW

(/?) University of Illinois.

(( ) Professor B. C. Yen.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(f ) Unsteady open-channel fiows can be described by the one- dimensional continuity and momentum equations. They

can also be approximated by the simplified forms of these equations, e.g.. the St. Venant equations, diffusion-wave

equations, and kinematic wave equations. Modeling

techniques using these equations for fiow in channel net- works are studied.
(/i) A Nonlinear Diffusion-Wave Model for Unsteady OpenChannel Flow. A. O. Akan, B. C. Yen, I'nn. I7lh Confer.

Inll. Assot . Hydraul. Res., A98, 1-10 ( 1977). 061-11508-390-00 RELIABILITY-BASED HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC

DESIGN

(/») University of Illinois; Office of Water Research and

Technology.

(< ) Professors B. C. Yen and W. H Tang.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The major purpose of this research is to develop a new

method for hydraulic and hydrologic design of engineering

projects avoiding the conventionally used and arbitrarily chosen design return period and safety factor. The new

method is based on conditional probability theory considering various uncertainties in an engineering project, in- cluding uncertainties on rainfall, runoff, and other

hydrologic asj>ects, on formula reliability, channel or pipe roughness, and other hydraulic factors, on structural variables, and on material and construction reliabilities. The

method has been applied successfully to storm sewer

design. 061-11509-870-33 SURCHARGE OF SEWER SYSTEMS

(fr) Office of Water Research and Technology, USDI.

(c) Professor B, C. Yen and Mr. N. Pansic.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The main objective of this research is to study the effect of sewer surcharge on urban water drainage management. A practical method for reliable simulation of sewer

surcharge based on the theories of unsteady open-channel and conduit flows and appropriate boundary conditions

will first be developed. The effects of surcharge on dif- ferent urban drainage operational conditions will then be

investigated. The effect of surcharge on optimal sewer

system design will also be studied. Examples will be presented and recommendations will be made. 061-11510-870-00 HYDRAULICS OF STORM SEWERS

(b) University of Illinois. (c) Professor B C Yen.

(d) Analytical, applied research.

(e) This research covers a broad scope consisting of many

aspects of hydraulics related to design and operation of storm sewers. Reliabilities of various routing methods for the unsteady fiow in a single sewer as well as sewer net- works are investigated, with particular emphasis on the ef- fect of the junctions. The influences of on-line retention, surcharge, and roughness factors are all considered. The

results are particularly useful for improvement of sewer

designs.

(fc) Hydraulics of Storm Sewer Design, B. C. Yen, Prot. Inll. Sxmp. on Urban Hxdrol., HxdrauL, and Sediment Conlr., 345-362(1977).

061-1151 1-430-54 DYNAMICS OF OCEAN STRUCTURES

(/>) National Science Foundation. NSF 73-03677.

(c) Professor J. P Murtha and Mr C H Ingrum.

id) Analytical research.

(e) The purpose of this research is to develop from experi- mental data and analytical studies methods for reliable prediction of fiuid-structure interaction effects on struc- tures responding dynamically to water waves and

earthquakes. Sophisticated analytical methods in the field of structural dynamics, including those assuming the ran- dom nature of the sea, have been developed to make

response predictions for offshore structures. These methods are based on simplified equations to predict fiuid structure to interaction effect. In the present study simple

structural dynamic experiments are conducted in the wave

tank using regular and irregular (simulated random)

waves. Comparison is made between theoretical and ex- perimental responses. 061-11512-870-54 AIR BUBBLE-INDUCED DILUTION

(/>) National Science Foundation, ENG-76-24226.

(c ) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell and Mr. S. Tekeli. (d) Analytical, experimental research.

(f) The control of water pollution may be achieved by enhancing the mixing, diffusion, and dispersion of chemical and thermal pollutants after pollution has occurred, or by preventing the pollution of water bodies by artificial barriers. Bubble screens appear to have the potential of doing either. They can augment convective heat and mass

transfer to induce artificial mixing and to enhance dilution

at outfalls, or they can be used as pneumatic barriers against density currents and estuary shoaling. The objectives of this research project arc to develop a detailed un- derstanding of the physics of bubble screens, and their in- teraction with jet-type discharges. The investigation is both experimental and analytic. First, a simple bubble-induced

vertical plume is being studied, next the interaction between two crossing momentum jets, and finally the in- teraction between a vertical bubble-induced plume and a

horizontal momentum jet.

(/i) Interface Geometry for Two-Layered Stratified Flow, W. H.

C. Maxwell, J. Hvdraul. Dir.. Proc. .4.SCE 103, HY2, 183- 189 ( 1977). 061-11513-130-00 DATA SAMPLING FOR BUBBLY MIXTURES

(h) University of Illinois. (c ) Professors W. H. C. Maxwell, V. J. McDonald, and Mr. S. Tekeli.

(d) Experimental, analytical research.

(e) In the analysis of nonstationary data for time-averaged

values of the variables under consideration, when the

periodicities are of long duration, the process of data col- lection becomes prohibitively expensive. A technique,

requiring only periodic sampling of the variables over the fundamental period, has been developed to enable estimation of desired information from a fraction of the full record within acceptable limits of accuracy. The technique was tested using laboratory data collected in an oscillating bubbly plume. Temporal variations of fiuid velocity were

recorded on magnetic tape over long durations and the data analyzed digitally on the computer. The results of sampling were tested against the results of the entire 061-11514-050-00 SHALLOW SUBMERGED RECTANGULAR JETS

(h) University of Illinois.

(( ) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell and Mr. M. Demissie.

(d) Experimental, analytical research.

(e) Momentum diffusion from incompressible nonbuoyant,

turbulent, three-dimensional slot jets with deep and shal- low submergence is being studied both experimentally and

theoretically. In the theoretical analysis, Reichardt's hypothesis for free turbulence is used in the development

of the mathematical model. The objective is to describe

the mean parameters of fiow downstream from three- dimensional slot jets with various aspect ratios. A laboratory investigation continues, in which careful measurements

of momentum fiux distributions, using direct connection to a computer to determine time-average values, are being

collected for slot outlets having different aspect ratios and

submergences. 061-11515-050-00 STUDY OF CROSSING CIRCULAR JETS

(h) National Science Foundation; University of Illinois.

(c ) Professor W. H. C. Maxwell and Mr. S-C. A. Chiu.

(d) Experimental, analytical research. 45
(<) This NSF undergraduate research project was a cooperative venture involving a student from Southern Illinois University at Carbondalc. The student conducted laboratory experiments at UlUC while on a summer appointment. The study involved the measurement of velocity traverses

in two intersecting air jets The angle of intersection was

90 degrees. Measurements were taken for different discharges of the jets with magnitude and direction of the time-average velocity being recorded. The behavior was

studied with each jet operating singly as well as in combination. The results indicate that the resulting flow downstream from the intersection cannot be predicted by

either vector addition of velocites or momentum flux densities at each point in the flow field. Reverse flows were

observed behind the point of intersection. 061-11 51 6-S70-S4 TRANSPORT OF EFFLUENTS IN RIVERS

(h) National Science Foundation, ENG-76-1 1220.

(( ) Professor E. R. Holley, and Messrs. J. B. Stall, Y. H. Tsai,

S. W. Verhoff.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(c) Evaluation of potential effects of an effluent discharged or

accidentally spilled into a river includes analyzing the ef- fluent transport. Depending on the type of effluent or spill, the necessary predictions can involve analysis of transverse and/or longitudinal mixing. Both processes are being stu- died analytically and laboratory experiments on longitudinal mixing are being conducted. For transverse mixing,

the advective-diffusion equation will be solved taking into account both natural changes in width, depth, and trans- verse diffusion coefficient for the river and the distance between tributary streams. For longitudinal mixing, the natural stream geometry, including the irregularities in boundary geometry, will be included in a reevaluation of

the initial-convective period duration and the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Results will be compared with

available data.

(/() Oxygen Transfer at the Air-Water Interface, E. R. Holley, Transport Processes in Lakes and Oceans, R. J. Gibbs,

(ed.), Plenum Press, N.Y., 1 17-150 ( 1977). 061-1 1517-210-33 INJECTION SYSTEMS FOR RAPID MIXING IN PIPE FLOWS

(/?) Office of Water Research and Technology, 14-34-0001-

8015.

(i ) Professor E. R. Holley and Mr. S. D. Fitzgerald.

(</) Theoretical, applied research.

ie) This research concerns the problem of obtaining rapid mixing of a miscible fluid injected into a pipe flow without having mixing devices or other apurtenances mounted in- side the pipe. Laboratory experiments will be conducted to determine the mixing induced by several injection systems.

Specifically, attention will be directed toward jet-type in- jection with the ports at the pipe wall and with the jets directed counter to and across the ambient flow. For

steady, uniform pipe flow, the mixing characteristics and

injection power requirements will be determined for vari- ous numbers, orientations, and initial momentum of the in- jection jets. Injection systems providing the most rapid mixing will be identified and the degree of mixing which

can be obtained with the injection will be defined.

( /i ) Dilution Method of Discharge Measurement in Pipes, E. R. Holley, Proc. National Bureau of Standards Flow Measure- ment Symp . NBS Spec. Publ. 484, 385-421 ( 1977).

UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, Col- lege of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Urbana, 111. 61801. Professor B. T. Chao, Department Head.

062-10915-040-14 APPLICATION OF THE HODOGRAPH EQUATION TO

POTENTIAL FLOWS

(b) U.S. Army Research Office.

(c ) W. L. Chow, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, basic and applied research. Doctoral thesis. (e) The usefulness of the hodograph transformation will be ex- plored through numerical calculations of hodograph equations. It has been shown that many problems of flow with

gravity can be solved.

(g) The possibility of solving potential flow problems through numerical solution of the hodograph equation has been

established and demonstrated by solving a flow discharge through straight-wall channel. The results showed excellent agreement with Von Mises results in the incompressible

flow regime for zero approaching flow velocity. Contracting coefficients with any approaching flow velocity within

the compressible flow regime have been obtained. For the incompressible channel flow, the problem is solved when

the gravitational influence is taken into account. The

problem of a free overfall has also been solved in a similar manner. Problems of flows with a sluice gate, sharp

crested weirs have also been solved and not yet published. Extensions to curved solid boundaries and to compressible

flow regimes are being carried out.

( /) ) Numerical Solutions of the Compressible Hodograph Equation, S. K. Liu, W. L. Chow, AlAA J. 16, 2, pp. 188-189,

1978. Hydrodynamic Solution for Incompressible Flow as In- fluenced by Gravitation, W L Chow, T. Han, C. Wu,

AlAA J. 16, 10, pp. 1097-1098, 1978.

Inviscid Solution for the Problem of Free Overfall, W. L Chow, T. Han, J Applied Mecli. 46, 1, pp. 1-5, 1979. 062-10916-000-50 VISCID-INVISCID INTERACTION FOR THE INCOMPRESSIBLE SEPARATED FLOWS

(h) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) W. L. Chow, Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Theoretical basic research. Doctoral thesis. (e) It is the intention of this investigation to demonstrate that

all separated flow problems are governed by viscid-inviscid interaction, and to develop a flow model to account for

this interaction. (g) A model has been developed to study the steady incompressible flow past a backward facing step within the tur- bulent flow regime, the corresponding inviscid flow field is established from a free streamline theory with some unk- nown characteristic parameters and the viscid-inviscid in- teraction is manifested from the fact that these parameters

are to be determined from viscous flow analyses. The

method of conformal mapping is applied to establish the

inviscid flow and an integral analysis is adopted for the viscous flow processes. The results obtained agreed with

the experimental data. Extension to cases of steady flow

past wedges has also been carried out. The case of a finite jet thickness with a backstep configuration has been in-

(/i ) Viscid-inviscid Interaction of Two-Dimensional Incompressible Separated Flows, W. L Chow, D J. Spring, J. Applied Mech. 43, 3. pp. 387-395, Sept 1976.

Viscid-inviscid Interaction Associated with Incompressible Flow Past Wedges at High Reynolds Numbers, N. R. Warpinski, W. L. Chow, NASA CR 135246, Aug. 1977.

Influence of Free Surface on Incompressible Separated

Flows. C. M Rhie, Master of Science Thesis, Dept. Mech.

and Ind. Engr., Univ. of III. at U rbana-Champaign, Ur- bana, 111., 1978. 46
062-10917-090-50 NLMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE POTENTIAL EQUATION

WITHIN THE TRANSONIC FLOW REGIME

th) NASA. U.S. Army Research Office.

(i ) W. L. Chow. Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

id) Theoretical, basic and applied research.

(e) In the study of the performance of airbreathing propulsive

systems, the flow past a boattail simulating Nacelle of a Jet Engine within the Transonic Flow Regime must be successfully analyzed. The difficulty of this task is well known

as the equation governing the inviscid flow is of the mixing

character. In addition, the viscous boundary layer offers considerable modification of the equivalent inviscid body

configuration that its effect must be taken into account. Method must be developed to deal with these special fea- tures of the problem.

(^) It has been learned from numerical solution of the potential equation that even for a slender body with a boattailed configuration, the small disturbance equation will not yield accurate results on the afterbody and the full potential equation must be employed. The finite difference formulations are different for locally subsonic or supersonic flows. The viscous effects are accounted for by correcting the corresponding inviscid body configuration from the dis- placement consideration. The modification on the pressure

distribution is indeed significant as a result of this cor- rection and the final results are in excellent agreement

with the experimental data. Extension to flows with angle of attack is being pursued. The established capability of numerical solution of the fully potential equation provided

also the opportunity to study the transonic base pressures and transonic separated flows.

(Ai) Numerical Calculation of Transonic Boattail Flow, W. L. Chow, L. J. Bober, B. H. Anderson, NASA TN D-7984.

1975. Strong Interaction Associated With Transonic Flow Past

Boattails, W L. Chow, L. J. Bober, B. H. Anderson, AlAA

J 13, 1, pp. 1 12-1 13, 1975. The Viscid-Inviscid Interaction Associated With a TwoDimensional Transonic Flow Past a Back Step, W. L. Chow, T. S. Shih, ME-TR-395-3, UlLU ENG 75-4003,

Engrg. Exp. Stat., Dept. of Mech. and Ind. Engr., Univ. of

111. at Urbana-Champaign, Final Report prepared for Reserch Grant U.S. Army DAHCO4-75-G-004 1

, Oct. 1975. Transonic Flow Past a Backward Facing Step, W. L. Chow,

T. S. Shih, AlAA J. IS, 9, pp. 1342-1343, 1977. Base Pressure Problems Associated with An Axisymmetric

Transonic Flow Past a Backward Facing Step, S. K. Liu, W. L. Chow, ME-TR-395-5, Dept. of Mech. and Ind. Engr., Univ. of 111 , ME-TR-395-3 , report prepared for the Research Grant U.S. Army DAAG29-76-G-0 1 99, ADA050658, Nov. 1977. 062-10918-000-00 THE EFFECT OF BODY FORCES ON FLUID FLOW

(<•) L. S. Yao, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering.

id) Theoretical basic research.

iet Theoretical studies and numerical solutions of internal or

external flow under the influence of buoyancy and centrifugal force have been carried out. The studies promote

the understanding of three-dimensional flow development.

(^) Many useful results have been obtained and can be applied to various engineering designs such as oil drilling, heat exchangers, boundary-layer control, chemical reactors, nuclear reactors, thermal storage, etc.

(/!) Entry Flow in a Curved Pipe, L. S Yao, S. A. Berger, J. Fluid Mech. 67, 1977, 1975. Buoyancy Cross-Flow Effects in the Boundary Layer on a Heated Longitudinal Horizontal Cylinder, L. S. Yao, I. Catton, J. Heal Transfer, Trans. ASME. Series C. 99, 122, 1977,

Free-Forced Convection from a Heated Cone, L. S Yao, I. Catton, Proc. 6ih hul. Heal Transfer Cmf. Toronto, Canada. MC-3. Aug. 13-18. 1978. Free-Forced Convection in the Entry Region of a Heated

Straight Pipe, L. S. Yao. J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME,

Series C, 100, 212-219. 1978. Free-Forced Convection Along a Horizontal Longitudinal

Cylinder, L. S. Yao. I. Catton. J. M. McDonough. Numerical Heal Transfer 1, pp. 255-266. 1978. Variable Viscosity Effect on the Laminar Water Boundary

Layer on Heated Cones, L. S. Yao, J. Applied Mech. 45, 3, pp. 481-486, Sept. 1978. Flow in a Heated Curved Pipe, L. S. Yao, S A. Berger. J. Fluid Mech. 88, 2. pp. 339-354, 1978. Entry Flow in a Heated Tube, L S Yao, J. Fluid Mech.

88, p. 465, 1978 Heat Transfer and Shear Stress on a Heated Cone, L. S. Yao, I. Catton. J. M. McDonough. J. Applied Mech. 45,

pp. 952-953. 1978. 062- 109 19- 190-00 INSTABILITY OF NATURAL CONVECTION OF A HEAT

GENERATING FLUID IN A VERTICAL CYLINDER

(c) Robert F. Bergholz.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) This is an experimental and computational study of hydrodynamic instability in the convective Flow of a heat generating fluid in a vertical tube. Flow visualization stu- dies are being performed to investigate the various transi- tion regimes for the flow and relate these to the computational results. 062-10920-060-00 CONVECTIVE FLOWS AND FLOWS OF STRATIFIED FLUIDS IN HELE-SHAW CELLS

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Experiments are being conducted to study the convective

flow due to lateral heating and internal heating in a Hele- Shaw cell in order to simulate these processes in a porous medium. The hydrodynamics of the flow of density

stratified fluids in the Hele-Shaw cell is also being inINDIANA UNIVERSITY, Department of Geology, 1005 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Ind. 47401. Dr. Haydn H. Murray, Department Chairman.

063-1 0S64-870-00 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN URBAN HYDROLOGY

((•) Professors Warren Meinschein and Robert Ruhe.

INGERSOU.-RAND RESEARCH, INC., Fluid Mechanics and

Thermal Sciences Section, P.O. Box 301, Princeton, N. J. 08540. Dr. W. A. McGahan, Director of Research.

064-10613-260-34 INJECTOR FOR CONTINUOUS INJECTION INTO A

PIPELINE OF RUN OF THE MINE COAL FROM A CON- TINUOUS MINER-JET PUMP MODEL STUDY.

(h) U.S. Department of Energy.

(c ) R. Malsbury. R. Eakin. T. Haviland, W. Pirtle.

(.d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and develop-

(e) A study involving the design and development of a coal in- jector for coarse slurry transport. ig) An investigation during the first phase of this project con- cluded that a jet pump injector was the most appropriate 47
device for receiving dry coal from an underground continuous coal miner and injecting it into a hose. An experi- mental model established design parameters as well as operational problems. A low pressure loss slurry concentration was subsequently developed for the model jet pump to increase haulage system control. A study was

completed to determine the best means of integrating the

injector into a complete hydraulic haulage system. This

project to date has shown the injector to be a light, compact, rugged, and mobile interface between dry coal mining and hydraulic haulage.

(It) Phase 1 and Phase II Reports submitted to sponsor. 064-11600-630-00 SLRGE CONTROL OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

USING CLOSE COUPLED RESISTANCES

(c) Dr. G. W. Pfannebecker.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research and develop-

(e) Aerodynamic characteristics of centrifugal compressors

are investigated for the flow range in the normally unstable region. Means of extending the stable operating range

are examined. Close coupled flow resistances were

developed to extend the stable operating range.

if) Completed.

(g) Properly designed close coupled flow resistances provide

stable operation of a typical industrial centrifugal compressor stage down to 40 percent of the normal surge flow. This is achievable with hardware the configuration of which is practical and with attendant additional losses that are not prohibitive. (h) Considerations for the Control of Surge in Dynamic Compressors Using Close Coupled Resistances, J. L. Dussourd,

G. W. Pfannebecker, S. K. Singhania, in Centrifugal Compressor and Pump Stability, Stall and Surge, ASME, 1976. An Experimental Investigation of the Control of Surge in Radial Compressors Using Close Coupled Resistances, J L

Dussourd, G. W. Pfannebecker, S. K. Singhania, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans. ASME, Series / 99, I, Mar. 1977.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,

Research Laboratory, Dynamic Systems Modeling Group, 5600 Cottle Road, San Jose, Calif. 95193. D. E. Rosenheim, Laboratory Director. 065-10921-270-00 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF AX- OPLASMIC TRANSPORT

(c) W. E. Langlois, K02/282.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The mechanism by which nutrients, etc., are transported along nerve axons is a topic of contemporary interest. The

purpose of this work was to develop those methods of nu- merical fluid dynamics which are relevant to the subject.

(/) Completed.

(h) Hydrodynamics of Neurons, W. E. Langlois, Ki-Jun Lee, Computer Methods in Appl. Mechanics and Engineering 7,

p. 219-242, 1976. Hydrodynamics of Neurons: A Postscript, W. E. Langlois, Computer Methods in Appl. Mechanics and Engineering 12,

p. 153, 1977. 065-10922-090-00 DIGITAL SIMULATION OF FLUID FLOW IN THE

CZOCHRALSKI CRYSTAL-GROWING PROCESS

(t ) W. E. Langlois, K02/282.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Finite-difference methods are used to simulate the time- dependent flow in a crystal-growing process in which the

crystal is slowly extracted from a crucible containing the

melt. Either the crystal or the crucible, or both, may be

rotated. It is generally believed that the properties of the

crystal depend on the flow patterns in the melt, and this provides the motivation for this research.

It appears that the possibilities are even more complicated

than was expected. Under a wide range of conditions, the flow at large time approaches an oscillation rather than a steady state. Moreover, the effects of centrifugal pumping,

buoyant convection-and thermocapillary flow as well-can

he strongly coupled. Since Czochralski growth takes place under conditions where the flow patterns cannot be

directly observed, and since room temperature flowvisualization studies scale poorly, the value of digital simulation for developing intuition about flow within the melt

is significantly augmented.

( h ) Vorticity-Slreamfunction Computation of Incompressible

Fluid Flow With An Almost-Flat Free Surface, W E Langlois, Appl. Mathematical Modeling 1, p. 196-198, 1977.

Digital Simulation of Flow Patterns in the Czochralski

Crystal Pulling Process, W. E. Langlois, C. C. Shir, Computer Methods in Appl. Mechanics and Engineering 12, p. 145-152, 1977.

Digital Simulation of Czochralski Bulk Flow in a Parameter Range Appropriate for Liquid Semiconductors, W. E. Langlois, J Crystal Growth 42, p. 386-399, 1977.

Direct Solution of the Equation for the Stokes Stream Function, G. H. Golub, W. E. Langlois, Computer Methods in

.Appl. Mechanics and Engineering, (in press). Czochralski Bulk Flow in the Growth of Garnet Crystals, W E. Langlois, Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. Numerical Methods m

Fluid Dynamics, Tbilisi, USSR, June 1978.

Effect of the Buoyancy Parameter on Czochralski Bulk Flow in Garnet Growth, W. E. Langlois, J. Crystal Growth,

Crucible With Convex-Inward Bottom for Oxide Crystal Growth, W. E. Langlois, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, (in press). 065-10923-000-00 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF FLUID FLOW BETWEEN

CO-ROTATING DISKS

(r) J. E. Fromm, K02/282.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Finite differences were applied to a small region at the outer edge of a pack of co-rotating disks (a periodic control volume). The rotational flow was studied in the presence of a specified radial flow. Several cases were cal- culated with varying Rossby and Ekman numbers. The objective was to observe the development of the Ekman

boundary layer and its behavior at the disk edge.

(/) Completed.

( /: ) Exit Region Central Source Flow Between Finite Closely Spaced Parallel Co-Rotating Disks, Phvs. Fluids 20, 176, 1977. 065-10924-000-00 NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF FLOW GENERATED BY AN

IMPULSIVELY ROTATED CYLINDER

{() J. E. Fromm, K02/282.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Studies of fluid flow between counter-rotating cylinders were extended to consider impulsive start flow in an in- finite medium. The generation of Taylor cells and ultimate chaotic flow from the initial Couette boundary layer were

the observed properties of this flow. A "far from center" approximation was used to allow for large swirl Reynolds number calculation. The object of the study was to ascertain the degree to which Taylor cells persist at late times.

if) Completed.

(/i) Flow Near an Impulsively Rotated Circular Cylinder, IBM

Research Report RJ2383 {31685) Nov. 1978. 065-10925-000-00 NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC PRESSURE BETWEEN VIBRATING PARALLEL PLATES

(r) J. E. Fromm, K02/282. 48
idt Theoretical, basic research.

(«•) Time dependent flow between parallel plates vibrating in a

transverse direction arc studied by a finite difference method. The moving boundary problem is approximated

by stationary plates with a time varying "porous" flow, since small relative motion of the plates is of current in- terest. The objective is to determine the phase relationship between applied motion and the pulsatile flow produced at various vibration frequencies and assymetrically applied

(^') Results have been obtained for a number of cases but

these have not yet been documented. Novel numerical

techniques were employed for the calculations. 065-10926-050-00 NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE CAPILLARY JET INSTABILI- TY

(<) J. E. Fromm, K02/282.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The nonlinear, time dependent free surface problem is treated by a mixed primative equation-vorticity streamfunction formulation. A uniform finite difference net plus Lagrangian surface particles define the flow region. The

flow parameters are Reynolds number, Weber number and wave length to diameter ratio. The object of the study is to provide understanding of the unstable jet behavior.

(/?) Several results have been obtained in the range of Reynolds numbers of 50 to 200 with Weber number of 1. Currently complete breakup cannot be followed.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,

Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Post Office Box 218, Yorktown Heights, N. Y. 10598. R. E. Gomory, IBM

Vice President and Director of Research.

066-07367-810-20 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-HYDROLOGY

(c) J. R. Wallis. id) Basic and applied research.

ie) Stochastic hydrology.

(/i) Some Comparisons of Flood Statistics in Real and Log

Space, J. Landwehr, N C. Matalas, J. R. Wallis, W.R.R.

ces Research 14:5, 902-920, 1978. An Algorithm Based on Probability Weighted Moments for Estimating the Parameters of the Wakeby Distribution, J Landwehr, N. C. Matalas, J. R. Wallis, W.R.R.. In Press. A Real Time Rainfall Model for an On Line Flood Warning

System, E. Todini, J. R. Wallis, Amer. Geophysical Union Chapman Con}., Pittsburgh, May 1978. The Arno River Flood Study (1971-1976), L. Panattoni, J R. Wallis, EOS 60:1, 1-5, 1979.

Probability Weighted Moments: Definition and Application,

J. A. Greenwood, J. M. Landwehr, N. C. Matalas, J. R.

Wallis, W R.R In Press. Estimation of Parameters and Quantiles of Wakeby Distributions. Part I, Known Lower Bounds, J. M. Landwehr, N C Matalas, J. R. Wallis, W.R.R . In Press. Estimation of Parameters and Quantiles of Wakeby Distributions. Part II, Unknown Lower Bounds, J. M. Landwehr. N, C. Matalas, J. R. Wallis, W.R R In Press. Probability Weighted Moments Compared With Some

Traditional Techniqes in Estimating Gumbel Parameters and Quantiles, J. M Landwehr, N. C. Matalas, J. R. Wallis, W.R R.. In Press. A Reply To Krishan P. Singh, J. M. Landwehr, N. C.

Matalas, J. R. Wallis, W.R.R.. In Press. 066-09992-300-OO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-GEOMORPHOLOGY

(d) Basic research.

(e) Fluvial geomorphology.

(/i) The Analysis of Drainage Network Composition, J. S. Smart, Earth Surface Processes 3, pp. 129-170, 1978. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

50011. Dr. H. P. Johnson.

067-10927.870.00 SEDIMENT. NUTRIENT AND PESTICIDE TRANSPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

(/>) Iowa State University, Agricultural Experiment Station,

(t ) Dr. H. P. Johnson.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied

research; graduate theses.

(e) Field measurements of rainfall and runoff are made; samples are taken at seven locations to determine concentrations of sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus and selected herbicides. Watersheds vary in size from 1 5 acres to 20 square

miles. Computer simulation of flow, and sediment and

chemical load is being conducted.

(g) There is considerable attenuation of herbicide concentrations between farm fields and small streams at the loca- ih) A Water Balance Model for Deep Loess Soils, C. E. Anderson, H. P. Johnson, W. L. Powers, Trans. Amer. Agric. Engrs. 21, pp. 314-320, 1978.

Nutrient and Pesticide Movement from Field to Stream: A

Field Study, J. L. Baker, M. A. Borcherding, W. R. Payne, from Best Management Practices, Proc. 1 978 Cornell Agric. Waste Management Con/., Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor,

Mich., 1979.

Effect of Tillage System on Runoff Losses of Pesticides, J. L. Baker, J. M. Laflen, H. P. Johnson, Trans. ASAE 21,

pp. 886-892, 1978.

Effect of Tillage System on Runoff Losses of Nutrients, S. G. Barisas, J. L. Baker, H. P. Johnson, J. M. Lafien, Trans. ASAE 21, pp. 893-897, 1978.

Soil and Water Loss from Conservation Tillage Systems, J. M. Laflen, J. L. Baker, R. O Harlwig, W. F Buchele, H.

P. Johnson, Trans. ASAE 21, pp. 88 1 -885, 1 978. Sedimentation Modeling of Impoundment Terraces, J. M.

Lafien, H. P. Johnson, R. O. Hartwig, Trans. ASAE 21, pp.

1 131-1 135, 1978. 067-10928-810.00 DEVELOPMENT OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

WITHIN CLARION-WEBSTER SOIL AREA

(b) Iowa State University, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. H. P. Johnson.

(d) Experimental and field; applied research; graduate theses. (e) Define physical, economic and institutional interactions, by interview and analyses, involved in improving drainage

in northern Iowa drainage districts.

(/i) The Effect of Crop Sequence and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Soil Bulk Density of a TYPIC HAPLAQUOLL in Northern Iowa, N. R. Hagemen, M.S. Thesis, 1978. 067-10929-840-00 QUALITY OF TILE EFFLUENT

(fr) Iowa State University, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. L. Baker.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied

research; graduate theses.

(e) Analysis of fiow to drains; field measurement and sampling

of tile effiuent. (g) High concentrations of Noj-N are observed in tile effluent discharging from agricultural fields.

(/)) Impact of Surface Drainage on Water Quality, J. L. Baker,

H. P. Johnson, 3rd Natl. Drainage Symp. Proceedings. Am.

Soc. Agric. Engrs., \ 911. 49
IJpslope Rwrharge, Dowrislope Waterlogging and Interceptor Drains, D Kirkham, L. Prunly. .^rd. Null. Drainage

S\nii>„si„m /V, „<<</, ;ix'.v. Am. Soc. A^rk. Eii^rs.. . Tube Drainage in Stratified Soil Above an Aquifer, M.

Najamii, D. Kirkham, M. Dougal. J. Irrit;. Drain. Diw. AS( /: !(»4. pp. 209-22X, l^VS. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Department of Engineering Science eand Mechanics, Ames, Iowa 50011. Professor Harry J. Weiss, Depart- ment Head.

068-07392-270-40 EFFECT OF STENOTIC OBSTRUCTIONS ON BLOOD FLOW THROUGH ARTERIES

(h) Iowa State University Engineering Research Institute.

(< ) Dr. D. F. Young.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(<-) Project is concerned with steady and unsteady flow of

liquids through circular tubes which contain some type of

constriction. Flow characteristics which may be of im- portance to blood flow through arteries containing

stenoses are being studied. These include pressure distribution, laminar separation phenomena, transition Reynolds numbers for the initiation of turbulence, and turbulence. Both in viiri) and in vivo tests are under consideration.

( li ) Hemodynamics of Arterial Stenoses at Elevated Flow Rates, D. F Young, N. R. Cholvin, R L. Kirkeeide, A. C. Roth,

Circulation Researcli 41. pp. 99-107, 1977 068-10930-100-54 FLUID BUCKLING

(/)) Iowa State University Engineering Research Institute; National Science Foundation.

(c ) Dr. Bruce R. Munson.

(</) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

((') Under certain flow conditions very viscous fluids exhibit buckling phenomena that are in many aspects similar to the buckling of solids. The purpose of this research is to determine the governing mechanisms responsible for such

buckling and to determine what the critical (stability) parameters arc. 068- 10931 240-32 SELF-EXCITED FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION

(/>) Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory; Engineering Research Institute, Iowa State University,

(c ) Professor Kenneth G. McConnell.

(</) Primarily experimental; basic research.

((') When structural elements of circular cross section are sub- jected to wave type motion, large fluid forces and cor- responding structural motion in a direction perpendicular

to the wave motion can result. It has been found that self- excited vibrations of large amplitude in the order of one

cylinder diameter can result. These large amplitudes of motion occur when structural natural frequencies are in- teger multiples of the wave frequency. Currently a more

sophisticated test apparatus is under construction so that

fluid forces acting on a vibrating cylinder can be measured. The overall goal is to understand the basic mechanism causing the vibration and to find methods to control these fluid forces; and thus reduce the self-excited motion and corresponding structural fatigue of critical components.

(/i) Modeling Self-Excited Vibrations of Offshore Structures Due to Wave Motion, K G McConnell, T. J. Wilson

Presented Soc. for E.xpcrimentul Stress Analysis Ann. Mig.,

Dallas, Tex., May 1977.

JAYCOR, Fluid Dynamics Group, P.O Box 370, Del Mar,

Calif. 92014. Group Leader: Dr. James H. Stuhmiiler. 069-10932-130-82 ANALYSIS OF SPRAY DISTRIBUTION IN AIR AND STEAM ATMOSPHERES

(/)) Electric Power Research Institute. id) Theoretical, applied.

(f) Develop an understanding and methodology for predicting spray distribution from a nozzle in steam and air environ- ments in order to predict the performance of emergency

core coolant during a hypothetical loss of coolant accident

in a boiling nuclear reactor. 069-10933-130-82 TWO-PHASE ANALYSES RELATED TO REACTOR SAFETY

(h) Electric Power Research Institute. (d) Theoretical, basic and applied.

(e) To advance the understanding and ability to calculate two- phase flows pertinent to nuclear reactor safety through the application of a deductive approach to modeling and

through a first-principles understanding of small scale processes.

(g) The role of interfacial pressure forces in controlling the characteristics of model equations has been discovered. Two-fluid model equations with proper mathematical properties have been obtained from consideration of subscale

processes. Direct numerical simulation of bubbly flow has been made. Equations describing the evolution of interfacial area and flow regime have been developed.

(/i) A Review of the Rational Approach to Two-Phase Flow

Modeling, J. H. Stuhmiiler, Electric Power Research Inst. Topical Rept. NP-197, 1976. The Application of Two-Phase Flow Modeling, J. H. Stuhmiiler, Electric Power Research Inst. Tech. Rept. NP-349, The Physical Processes in Pipe Blowdown, J. H. Stuhmiiler, 17lh Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., Salt Lake City, 1977. The Influence of Interfacial Pressure Forces on the Character of Two-Phase Flow Model Equations, InlL J. Multiphase Flow 3, pp. 551-560, 1977. 069-10934-010-26 PREDICTION OF TRANSITION IN TIME DEPENDENT BOUNDARY LAYERS

(h) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Investigation of the feasibility of numerically calculating the evolution of disturbances in a boundary layer fiow from the smallest amplitude to full, three-dimensional, nonlinear motion in order to develop a nonempirical un- derstanding of the transition from laminar to turbulent

(J) Discontinued.

ig) Numerical methods were developed for calculating two- dimensional disturbances to a boundary layer. The method

guarantees proper conservation of volume, momentum,

and energy. Time-averaged differencing and direct matrix

inversion are used. Calculations have been successfully compared with the results of linear stability theory.

(/i) Numerical Calculation of the Stability of Parallel Flows, J. H. Stuhmiiler, AIAA Journal 16, pp. 962-968, Sept. 1978. 069-10935-130-82 ANALYSIS OF STEAM CHUGGING PHENOMENA

(h) Electric Power Research Institute,

(c ) D. A. Sargis. (d) Theoretical, applied.

(e) Develop an understanding of steam chugging phenomena

that occurs in boiling water reactor steam suppression systems based on first principles analysis of the ther- modynamics and fluid dynamics of the system. 50
(li) A computer code, CHUGl, has been developed that ineor- poratcs thermodynamic processes in the steam How and at the water interface and an integral equation formulation of

the hydrodynamic pool response. The model has been

verified in detail against experimental data. A two-dimensional hydrocode with free surfaces has also been

developed to handle large, irregular steam bubbles. A

statistical analysis of pool turbulence temperature fluctuations has been made and incorporated into the above

models.

(/i) Analysis of Steam Chugging Phtnomena, Vol. I: A Fundamental Thermalhydraulic Niodel to Predict Steam Chugging Phenomena, D. A. Sargis. J. H. Stuhmillcr, S. S. Wang,

Electric Power Research Insi. Repl. NP-962 1, Jan. 1979. Analysis of Steam Chugging Phenomena, Vol. 2: User's Manual for the CHUGl Computer Program, D. A. Sargis,

J. H. Stuhmillcr, S. S. Wang, Electric Power Research Inst. Rept NP-'J62 2, Jan. 1979

Analysis of Steam Chugging Phenomena, Vol. 3: SAMPAC

Hydrodynamic Pool Response Code, S. S. Wang, J. H.

Stuhmillcr, Electric Power Research Inst. Rept. NP-962, 3, Jan. 1979. A Fundamental Thermalhydraulic Model to Predict Steam

Chugging Phenomena, D A Sargis, J. H. Stuhmillcr, S. S. Wang, Topics In Two-Phase Heal Transfer and Flow. Pr,>c. Winter Ann. Mtg. of the ASME. pp. 123-133, Dec. 1978. A Probabilistic Model for Predicting Steam Chugging Phenomena, D. A. Sargis, P. J. Masiello, J. H. Stuhmillcr, presented 18th ASME-AlChE Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., San Diego. Calif., .Aug. 1979. 069-1 0936-340-82 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HYDRODYNAMIC

RESPONSE OF MARK I SUPPRESSION POOLS

(b) Electric Power Research Institute,

(c ) R. K.-C. Chan.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Two-dimensional and three-dimensional time-dependent

numerical models, based on potential flow and finite dif- ference approximations, have been developed to predict

the response of a MARK I Suppression Pool which is a

part of the cooling system for some types of boiling water

reactors (BWR) in nuclear power plants.

(ft Completed.

(g) The computer codes SURGE, SWELL3, and SWELL2

have been validated against l/4-scale and 1/12-scale laboratory experiments. The agreement is judged to be good in terms of the down load and the pool surface dis- placement. Calculations for multi-downcomer cases exhibit more variance from the measurement.

(k) Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Response of Mark

I Suppression Pools, R. K -C Chan, et al.. Electric Power

Res. Inst. Rept. NP-345. 1977. SWELL3/SURGE: Computer Models for Hydrodynamic

Response of Mark I Suppression Pools, R. K -C. Chan, M.

J. Vander Vorst, Electric Power Res. Inst. Rept. NP-835,

1978.

Calculation of Three-Dimensional Fluid Flow with Multiple Free Surfaces, M. J. Vander Vorst, R. K.-C. Chan, Proc. ASME Symp. Computational Techniques for Boundary

Problems in Applied Mechanics. San Francisco, Dec. 1978. 069.10937-520-20 CALCULATION OF FLOWS ABOUT A THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOATING BODY

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) R. K.-C. Chan.

(d) Theoretical and basic research.

(e) Develop a three-dimensional, time-dependent computer

code for calculating wave resistance and detailed flow pattern near the bow and stern for ships of large block coeffi- cient, such as a tanker. Finite difference method and a

body-fitted mesh system are used to compute the potential

flow. Finite displacement of the free surface and full nonlinearity are included in the model.

(f) Continuing.

(.g) The project has produced some by-products: The Balanced Expansion Technique (BET) for accurate finite difference approximation of the advection term and an improved nu- merical treatment of outflow boundary condition.

(/)) A Balanced Expansion Technique for Constructing Accurate Finite Difference Advection Schemes, R. K.-C Chan.

Intl. J. Numerical Methods in Eii^rn. 12., pp. 113 1-1150. 197S.

Finite Difference Simulation of the Planar Motion of a Ship,

R. K.-C. Chan, Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics. Berkeley, Calif., 1977. KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Manhattan, Kans. 66506.

071-11701-860-31 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON WATER BUDGET OF THE SOLOMON BASIN, KANSAS

(h) Bureau of Reclamation.

(c ) Jerome J. Zovnc, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To collect all available information on soil and water conservation practices in the Solomon Basin. To estimate the impact of conservation practices on runoff in the Solomon

(/i) Soil and Water Conservation Practices Effect on Runoff in the Solomon River Basin, Kansas, J. J. Zovnc, J. K. Koclliker, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, May 1979 (in press). Effect of Precipitation on Changing Watershed Yield, J. K

Koelliker. J. Zovne, Paper No. 79-2022. ASAE Summer

Meeting. Winnipeg, Canada, June 24-27, 1979. 071-11702-870-33 APPLICATION OF CONTINUOUS HYDROLOGIC MODELING TO EVALUATE AND DESIGN WASTEWATER LAND

DISPOSAL OR EVAPORATION SYSTEMS

(h) Kansas Water Resources Research Institute. (c) Jerome J. Zovne, Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical; applied research and design.

(e) To develop a continuous hydrologic simulation program to evaluate the performance of wastewater lagoon evaporation and land disposal systems. To formulate guidelines for the design of lagoon evaporation and land disposal systems

for Kansas. To prepare a design tool in the form of a computer program for use by agencies of federal and state governments and private consultants in evaluating the site specific performance of lagoon evaporation and/or land

disposal wastewater control facilities. To evaluate the re- use potential of wastewater for irrigation in Kansas.

(/i) Development and Testing of a Multipurpose Yield Model,

Judith Marie Hayden, M.S. Thesis. Dept. Civil Engrg., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, Kans., May 1979 071-11703-810-00 EVALUATION OF CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND COVER ON INFILTRATION

(<•) James K. Koelliker, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Applied, experimental field investigation.

(e) A rainfall simulator under development will be used to provide water at intensity and energy comparable to natural rainfall onto field plots. Several conditions will be

tested, especially stubble mulching to determine dif- ferences in infiltration amounts and runoff for agricultural important practices in Kansas. 071-11704-840-33 MODEL TO EVALUATE CONSERVATION, DESIGN AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGA- TION SYSTEMS IN THE SUB-HUMID REGION

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology. 51
(< ) Jerome J. Zovne. Assoc. Professor.

(</) Theoretica! and field investigation; applied research.

((•) To develop a physical systems mtidcl for supplemental ir- rigation from farm reservoirs which will evaluate the moisture budget of the contributing watershed, the reservoir, and the irrigation area and predict crop yields for various management alternatives. To develop an economic

model for supplemental irrigation from farm reservoirs

that considers investment and operating costs, returns, and

cash tlow sequences over an extended period of time. To

combine the output from the systems model with the economic model to evaluate the site-specific performance

of system and the overall feasibility of the enterprise in the sub-humid region. An actual supplemental irrigation system in Southeast Kansas will be monitored during the project period to further establish the viability of such

systems. To develop a publication to aid farmers and other

interested parties in the sub-humid region in making ra- tional decisions about supplemental irrigation. 071-11705-820-33 EFFECT OF LENGTH OF FALLOW PERIOD ON WATER

STORAGE AND DRAINAGE

(h) Kansas Water Resources Research Institute.

(i > James K. Koelliker, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(f ) The hypothesis that extending the length of fallow with good residue management from 15 to 27 months will result in soil water movement below the rooting depth for wheat (2.5 m) is being tested. Soil moisture storage and movement with time will be monitored to assess the feasibility of the concept as well as provide input data for im- proving computer simulation capability of the water budget for the soil-water system.

LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY of Columbia University, Palisades, N. Y. 10964. Dr. Manik

Talwani, Director. 072-08827-450-52 TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER RATE IN THE WATERS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(h) U.S. Department of Energy.

(<) Dr. Pierre E. Biscaye, Senior Research Associate.

(d) Project incorporates experimental and theoretical aspects but it very importantly involves field investigations in the area of basic research.

(f) To obtain detailed, quantitative knowledge of the rates of mixing within coastal waters (including the Hudson Estuary) and across the continental slope, and the exchange of water masses and species transported within them between

shelf waters and adjacent ocean water masses; and, by im- proved, quantitative knowledge of the chemical, physical and biological processes which control the origin, dispersal and fate of particulate matter, to understand and ultimately be able to model the impact of energy-related pollutants on the continental shelf.

(/) Active through September 1978.

LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Geosciences Division, Division Leader: P. A. Witherspoon.

073-09983-820-52 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN AQUIFERS

(/>) U.S. Department of Energy.

(t ) Dr. Chin Fu Tsang.

{J) Theoretical; applied research.

(f) Detailed studies of the complex three-dimensional fluid and thermal tlow patterns of a given aquifer system during

injection of hot water and during retrieval later. The pur- pose of these studies is to understand associated physical processes, to evaluate the efficiency of energy storage and

recovery, and to determine the feasibility of using aquifers

as storage of hot water produced either as a by-product of

electric power plants or from solar energy collectors.

(^') High retrieval-storage ratios are found for various storage periods studied.

(/7) Underground Aquifer Storage of Hot Water from Solar Energy Collectors, C. F Tsang, M. J. Lippman, P A. Witherspoon, Pmc. lull. Solar Energy Congress. New

Delhi. India. Jan. 16-21, 1978. Mathematical Modeling of Thermal Energy Storage in Aquifers, C. F Tsang, T. Buscheck, D. Mangold, M. J Lippmann, Proc. Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Workshop, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley,

Calif., May 10-12, 1978. 073-1 0824-890-31 RESOURCE AND RESERVOIR STUDIES AT THE EAST MESA KGRA

(/>) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Ron C. Schroeder.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A comprehensive study project has been completed in which the size of the East Mesa geothermal resource was

estimated, the fluid production and injection characteristics were simulated, and the fluid chemistry during production and injection was studied.

(/) Completed.

(g) The fluid flow calculations showed that injection of fluids was necessary to prevent excessive drawdowns and to extract the maximum amount of heat from the reservoir.

(/i) Resource and Reservoir Studies at the East Mesa KGRA,

Lawrence Berkeley Lahoralorv Report. LBL-7094 (Oct. 1978). 073-10825-890-52 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TWO-PHASE RESERVOIR SIMU- LATOR SHAFT78 (Project 3/12 of the Italian/American

Cooperative Agreement in Geothermal Research).

(h) U.S. Department of Energy.

(( ) Ron C. Schroeder.

(d) Theoretical and numerical research.

(e) The computer program SHAFT is being improved to in- clude fully coupled mass and energy transport for two- water phases with one additional noncondensible gas component. A new method of solution is being developed to provide faster solution of the coupled integrated-finite-dif- ference equations.

ig) The algorithm has been tested extensively for the uncoupled solution method by comparison with analytical solutions and previous numerical calculations.

(/i) Studies of Flow Problems with Simulator SHAFT78, Proc. 4ih Workshop in Geothermal Reservoir Engrg., Stanford

Univ. (Dec. 13-15, 1978).

Description of the Three-Dimensional Two-Phase Simulator SHAFT78 for Use in Geothermal Reservoir Studies. Presented Numerical Simulation Symp.. Denver, Colo.

(Feb. 1. 1979), SPE preprint 7699. SHAFT78. A Two-Phase Multidimensional Computer Pro- gram for Geothermal Reservoir Simulation, K. Pruess, R. Schroeder. P. Witherspoon, J. Zerzan. LMwrence Berkeley

Lah. Repi., LBL-S264 (Apr. 1979). 073-10826-890-52 NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF GEOTHERMAL

PRODUCTION AND INJECTION OF FLUIDS (Projects 3/6. 3/7 and 3/12 of the Italian/American Cooperative Agreement

in Geothermal Research).

(/») U.S. Department of Energy.

(( ) Ron C Schroeder.

(d) Theoretical and numerical applied research. 52
(() Data collcclcd tViim the Italian geothcrmal fields in Larderelli) has been used to construct a model of the Serraz- zano and Castelnuovo zones. Geologically accurate computation grids have been constructed and calculations are underway to determine the most likely values of initial and boundary conditions before power production began. The

best estimates for reservoir parameters are also being stu- died. A history match of production and injection data will be made.

In) Regions of recharge and probable closed boundaries have been identified. The behavior of hypothetical two-phase geothermal reservoirs have been studied which show complicated movement of steam and water during long-term production of tluid. The depletion of such reservoirs cannot be estimated by traditional methods for gas reservoirs.

ill) Modeling Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Reservoirs, R. Marconcini. D. McEdwards, G. Neri, C. Ruffilli, R. Schroeder, O. Weres. P. A. Witherspoon, Proc. Larderello Workshop on Geothermal Resource Assessment and Reservoir Engrg. (Sept. 12-16, 1977). Study of Effects of Reinjection with a Mathematical Model,

R. Celati. D. McEdwards, C. Ruffilli, R. Schroeder, O. Weres, P. A. Witherspoon, Proc. Larderello Workshop on Geothermal Resource Assessment and Reservoir Engrg.

(Sept. 12-16, 1977).

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Bethlehem, Pa. 18015.

074-10938-050-54 SELF-SL'STAINED OSCILLATIONS OF FREE SHEAR

LAYERS

(h) Volkswagen Foundation, Hanover, West Germany, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

(c ) Professor Donald O. Rockwell.

(d) Basic and applied research involving M.S. and Ph.D.

theses.

(e) Experimental and theoretical studies of both impinging and nonimpinging free shear layers (planar and axisymmetric jets and mixing layers; wakes) with application of unsteady structural loading and noise generation. 074-10939-010-26 FLOW VISUALIZATION OF COHERENT STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS USING HIGH SPEED

VIDEO TECHNIQUES

(h) Air Force Office of Scientific Research,

(t ) Dr. Charles R. Smith, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Utilizes experimental flow visualization and hot-film anemometer measurements for basic research on turbu- lence structure. Is being used as the basis for several M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Flow visualization studies of turbulent boundary layer structure using hydrogen bubble visualization and high speed video recording techniques. Studies are done in a

special open water channel system utilizing an axially traversing cart system to allow movement of both the hydrogen bubble-wires and the video viewing system. The

video system uses two cameras in a split-screen mode to allow two simultaneous views of the same phenomena to be displayed and recorded. A direct computerized digitiz- ing system allows recorded video pictures to be digitized and fed directly into a minicomputer for quantitative evaluation of instantaneous fiow field velocities and ac- celeration. The objective of the present work is to deter- mine the flow structure characteristics of turbulent boundary layers and the mechanisms by which these structures

interact in producing and dissipating turbulent energy, and

to establish a rational flow model based on the structure information which can be utilized in future analytical prediction methods.

(g) Initial visualization results indicate that structures are very

interactive, but can be classified as large outer region

structures and smaller inner region structures. Outer re- gion structures appear to be a more passive intcrtangling of vortex loops in various stages of interaction and decay.

Inner region structures appear to originate near the sur- face as very active loop type vortices. The mechanism for generation of the inner region loop structures appears to be the breakdown of a region of strong shearing near the surface, which is created by the passage of a large outer

region structure. Further visual studies employing the two camera video system are now taking place to establish the three-dimensionality of the various structures, and to better define the cause and effect process of turbulence

generation. Video digitizing has also been initiated and

flow field velocity information should be available shortly.

( h ) Interim Report on Coherent Structure of a Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Convected Reference Frame, C. R. Smith, S. L. Huston, J. J. Brown, Technical Note CFMTN77-1, {Also AFOSR-TR-77-0793), School of Mech. Engrg., Purdue Univ., June 1977. Preliminary Flow Visualization Studies of Coherent Structure in a Turbulent Boundary Layer Using a Moving

Reference Frame, C. R. Smith, S. L. Huston, J J. Brown,

Proc. 14th Ann. Mtg. Soc. Engrg. Science, Lehigh Univ.

Publication, Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 529-540, Nov. 1977. Design and Development of a Water Channel Flow

Visualization System, S L Huston, CFMTR-7H-I . School

of Mech. Engrg., Purdue Univ., Jan. 1977.

Visualization of Turbulent Boundary-Layer Structure Using

a Moving Hydrogen Bubble-Wire Probe, C. R. Smith, Proc. AFOSR Workshop on Coherent Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layers, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa., Nov.

1978. Simulation of a Transverse Vortex in a Turbulent Boundary Layer, C. R. Smith, J. J. Brown, Lehigh Univ. Rept., School of Mech. Engr. and Mech., Dec. 1978. 074-10940-000-54 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW UN- STEADINESS GENERATED BY TRANSITORY STALL IN PLANE-WALL DIFFUSERS

(/j) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. C. R. Smith, A.ssoc. Professor. (d) An experimental investigation, performing basic research on fiow steadiness in plane-wall diffusers. At present one

thesis has resulted from the work.

(e) The effects of flow unsteadiness introduced by transitory

stall in plane-wall, subsonic diffusers were investigated using air as the working fluid. A series of twelve fixed geometry diffusers from L/w, = 1.5 to 6.0 and 20 from 8° to 30° were studied using flush mounted pressure trann- sducers and hot film anemometers to measure time-varying

pressure recovery and throat mass fiow rate. Extensive

statistical and correlation analysis was done to quantize

the flow unsteadiness process. The objectives of the study were to quantize the effect of diffuser geometry and inlet conditions on flow unsteadiness, and to establish a parameteric performance chart to aid the fiuid machinery

designer in designing stable diffusers. (g) Present results indicate that diffuser fiow unsteadiness is basically a low frequency phenomena which appears to be

a direct function of time varying stall blockage in the dif- fuser. Quantitative correlation of unsteadiness as a function of geometry indicates that diffuser unsteadiness behaves systematically and that a geometric region of max- imum unsteadiness is definable. A diffuser unsteadiness performance chart has also been developed. Further work

is underway to extend the parameter space covered by the design chart, and to explore the effect of upstream and downstream fluid capacitance and resistance elements on

unsteady diffuser behavior.

(/i) A Note on Diffuser Generated Unsteadiness, C R. Smith, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans. ASME 97, 3, pp. 377-379, Sept. 1975. Transitory Stall Time-Scales for Plane-Wall Air Diffusers, C. R. Smith, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans. ASME 100, 9, pp. 133-138, Mar. 1978. 53
An Experimental Investigation of Flow Unsteadiness Generated by Transitory Stall in Plane-Wall Diffusers. C.

R. Smith, J. L. Layne, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans, of ASME

101, 2, June 1979. Also published in the proceedings of

the ASCE-IAHR-ASME Joinl Sxmp. on Design and Operation of Fluid Machinery I, pp. 167-177, June 1978.

LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY of The University

of California, Group T-3, Mail Stop 216, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, N. Mex. 87545. T. D. Butler, Acting Group

Leader.

075-09014-640-54 WIND LOADS ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES

(h) Department of Energy.

(c) Leland R. Stein. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Three-dimensional calculations are being performed on

high-speed computers to verify that steady-state calculations of wind stresses agree with wind tunnel results. Also

being examined are the pressure history on a structure when a unidirectional wind varies suddenly in speed and

the effects of a wind that varies rapidly in directions, per- haps simultaneously changing its strength. (g) Three-dimensional steady-state calculations of wind- produced stresses on simple structures agree well with wind tunnel data.

(/i) Numerical Simulation of Wind Forces on Structures, C. W.

Hirt, L. R. Stein, 3rd U.S. Nail. Conf. Wind Eng. Res., Gainesville, Fla., Feb. (1978). 075-09260-740-20 NUMERICAL STUDY OF FREE SURFACE FLOWS PAST CURVED, RIGID BOUNDARIES

(h) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics Program,

(c ) B. D. Nichols.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; development.

(e) Numerical methods are being developed to calculate in two and three dimensions the transient dynamics of free surface flows past arbitrarily shaped bodies. These finite difference techniques are being used to numerically deter- mine hydrodynamic forces on stationary, floating, and im- pacting cylinders. Particular attention is being given to nonlinear effects. (g) The two-dimensional SOLA-SURF code was used to calculate the added mass and damping coefficients for rectangular and triangular cylinders in forced heave, sway, and roll motions. The numerical data for these calculations are in good agreement with linear theory. At large amplitudes,

stronger secondary flow and other nonlinear effects become important. The three-dimensional SOLA-3D code was used to calculate the finite length effects associated with a triangular wedge in sway. It has been determined

that the end effects are not significant for low amplitudes

of motion for cylinder length to draft aspect ratios greater than two.

(h) Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Forces on Floating Bodies, B. D.

Nichols, C. W. Hirt, 2nd Intl. Conf. on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Berkeley, Calif, Sept. 1977. 075-10827-690-52 NUMERICAL STUDY OF REACTING FLOW IN A STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE

(b) Department of Energy.

(c) T. D Butler. (d) Theoretical; applied research; development.

(e) A numerical procedure has been developed for numerically simulating the time-dependent multidimensional

reacting fluid flows inside the combustion chamber of an

internal combustion engine. Our studies have concentrated on the direct-injection stratified charge engine. Among the physical processes included in such calculations are real

gas effects, chemical reactions for combustion and pollutant formation, a moving boundary to represent piston motion, turbulence, swirl, wall heat transfer, and a fuel spray model for fuel-injected engines. The method also allows

for arbitrary combustion chamber geometry.

(g) The feasibility of using modern digital computers to simulate the complex physical processes that occur in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine has been demonstrated. The tools that have been developed

should prove useful to engine designers.

(/;) Toward a Comprehensive Model for Combustion in a

Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine, T. D Butler, L. D. Cloutman, J. K. Dukowicz, J. D. Ramshaw, R. B. Krieger, to be publsihed in Proc. General Motors Research

Laboratories Intl. Symp. on Combustion Modeling in Reciprocating Engines, Warren, Mich. ( 1978). CONCHAS: An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian computer Code for Multicomponent Chemically Reactive Fluid Flow

at All Speeds, T. D. Butler, L. D. Cloutman, J. K. Dukowicz, J. D. Ramshaw, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

report in preparation ( 1979). 075-10828-130-82 DYNAMICS OF WATER POOLS

(b) Electric Power Research Institute. (c) C. W. Hirt. (d) Theoretical; applied research; development.

(e) Numerical methods are being developed and used to study

the transient, multidimensional dynamics of complicated

free surface flows. These finite-difference techniques are being used to study the hydrodynamic forces generated in water pools by rapid injection of air through submerged

pipes. Fluid-structure effects are considered, as are effects of limited compressibility.

(g) Studies involving detailed comparisons with experimental

data have been completed for pool surface impacts on

cylindrical pipes and for air bubble growth and collapse from submerged pipes. Present studies include hydrodynamic loads generated on the pool structures, and

loads generated in seismic type shaking of the pools. (h) Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic Impact Loads on

Cylinders, B. B. Nichols, C W. Hirt, Nuc. Sci. and Eng.

68, 143-148 (1978). Numerical Simulation of BWR Vent Clearing Hydrodynamics, B. D. Nichols, C. W. Hirt, 1978 Annual Meeting ANS,

San Diego, Calif, June ( 1978). Hydroelastic Phenomena in Boiling Water Reactor Suppression Pools, B. D. Nichols, C. W. Hirt, 5th Intl. Conf on

Structural Mech. in Reactor Technology, Berlin, W. Ger- many, Aug. ( 1979). 075-10829-390-52 TRANSPORT OF UNDERGROUND WATER AND HEAT IN THE EXTRACTION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FROM

HOT DRY ROCKS

(b) Department of Energy.

(c) Ruth B. Demuth.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; development.

(e) A numerical calculation technique for high-speed computer is being developed and applied to the investigation of heat and water transport between the primary fracture

in hot underground rocks and the lateral thermal fractures

that are produced by cooling. The research is closely cor- related with field experiments being carried out by this laboratory, aimed towards the development of practical geothermal energy extraction techniques.

(g) Calculations are indicating significant enhancement of energy extraction as a result of water circulation through

the thermal cracks.

( h ) Thermal Fracture Effects in Geothermal Energy Extraction,

R. B. Demuth, F H. Harlow, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory report in preparation. 54
07S-1 0830-1 30-55 CRITICAL TWO-PHASE FLOW

(/>) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Division of Reactor

Safety Research.

(< ) J. R- Travis.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(f) The one- and two-dimensional equations for two-phase

flows are being solved numerically to investigate geometric and nonequilibrium effects in critical steam-water flows for a postulated loss-of-coolant accident condition. The results arc being compared with semiscale blowdown experiments

(experiments conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory) and full scale blowdown experiments

(experiments conducted at the Maraviken Test Station in Sweden).

(^f) Comparisons of the calculated results and data have shown

excellent agreement,

(/i) Multidimensional Effects in Critical Nozzle Flows, J. R.

Travis. C. W. Hirt, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Rept. LA- \UREG-6934.PR { Aug. 1977). The Effects of the Throat Length to Throat Diameter Ratio

in Critical Nozzle Flows, J R. Travis, C W. Hirt, W. C. Rivard. Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Rept LA-7I95-PR

(Apr. 1978). Large-Scale Critical Flow Analysis, J. R. Travis. W. C

Rivard, Los Alamos Scientific Lah. Rept. LA-7567-PR

(Dec. 1978). Multidimensional Effects in Critical Two-Phase Flow, J. R.

Travis, C. W. Hirt, W. C. Rivard, Sucl. Sci. Eng. 68, 3, pp. 338-348 (Dec. 1978). A Nonequilibrium Vapor Production Model for Critical Flow, W. C. Rivard, J. R. Travis, .\'ucl. Sci. Eng.

(submitted for publication). 075-10831-190-55 DYNAMICS OF DROPLET FLOW THROUGH OBSTACLE ARRAYS

(h) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Division of Reactor

Safety Research.

(c) Hans Ruppel.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Water droplets de-entrained on internal structures in the upper plenum of a light water reactor can provide an additional water source for core cooling under accident conditions. Numerical calculations are being perfornted to aid in understanding the dynamics and important physical mechanisms for the fiow of a spectrum of droplets through

a structure array. Results of the calculations will be compared with observations from experiments currently under- way.

(g) Collective effects of multiple obstacles yield capture effi- ciencies that cannot be extrapolated from results obtained

for single cylinders. 075-10832-240-55 FLUID-STRLCTURE INTERACTION

ih) Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Division of Reactor

Safety Research,

(c ) W. C. Rivard.

(</) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) The three-dimensional equations for two-phase fiow coupled with the three-dimensional equation for a cylindrical

elastic shell are being solved numerically to investigate the core support barrel dynamics and stress states in a German

design pressurized water reactor during postulated loss-of- coolant accident conditions. The calculated results are to be compared with observations from full scale tests. (g) Comparisons with data from small scale tests have shown

favorable agreement.

(h) Computer Simulation of the Hydroelastic Response of a Pressurized Water Reactor to a Sudden Depressurization, J. K. Dienes, C. W. Hirt. L R. Stein, Los Alamos Scientific Lah. Rept. LA-NUREG-6772-MS (Apr. 1977).

Fluid-Structure Response of a Pressurized Water Reactor Core Barrel During Blowdown, W. C. Rivard, M. D. Torrey, Los Alamos Scientific Lab. Rept. LA-7404 (Sept. 1978). Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Fluid-Structure Response, W C. Rivard. M. D. Torrey. Proc. Amer. Nucl.

Soc. Topical Mtg. Computational Methods in Nuclear

Engrg., Williamsburg, Va., Apr. 23-25, 1979. Hydroelastic Effects of a Loss-of-Coolant in a Pressurized Water Reactor, J. K. Dienes, C. W. Hirt, L. R. Stein, M.

D. Torrey, Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Berlin, W. Germany, Aug. 13-17. 1979. 075-10833-130-52 PARTICLE-FLUID NUMERICAL MODEL FOR LIQUID SPRAYS

(b) Department of Energy.

(c) J. K. Dukowicz.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; development.

(e) A numerical technique has been developed to calculate

the dynamics of fuel droplet sprays. The method employs

discrete particles which are statistically assigned individual

attributes such as size, temperature, and composition. The

particles interact with the gas by exchanging mass, momentum, and energy and by volume displacement. The gas

is considered to be a compressible mixture of vapor and a noncondensable component. An implicit numerical formal- ism is used which permits the computation of strong coupling between the particles and the gas which occurs in fine sprays. (g) This technique, embodied in a code called SOLA-SPRAY,

has been successfully used to compute the injection, penetration, and subsequent evaporation of a volatile (n- octane) liquid spray in a stratified charge engine cylinder. Other applications have included the computation of the de-entrainment of water droplets by control rods in nuclear reactor safety studies. (h) \ Particle-Fluid Numerical Model for Liquid Sprays, J. K. Dukowicz, submitted for publication in J. Comp. Ph\s. (1979). Toward a Comprehensive Model for Combustion in a

Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine, T. D. Butler, L. D. Cloutman, J. K Dukowicz, J. D. Ramshaw, R. B. Krieger, to be published in Proc. General Motors Research

Laboratories Intl. Symp. on Combustion Modeling in Reciprocating Engines, Warren, Mich. ( 1978).

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE, Loui- siana Water Resources Research Institute, Baton Rouge,

La. 70803. Elvin J. Dantin, Director of Institute. 076-11004-350-33 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF

FAILURE OF THE OLD RIVER CONTROL STRUCTURE

(b) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute for the Office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT) of the U.S. Department of the Interior. (c) Prof. R. G. Kazmann. Civil Engineering; Dr. D. B. Johnson, Economics.

id) Disaster control; applied research.

(e) The Old River Control Structure was almost undermined

during the fiood of 1973. Damage was caused to gas and

oil pipelines that cross the Atchafalaya River. The aim of

this project is to make a preliminary engineering and economic assessment of the loss of the ORGS. The im- mediate effect would be to sever most of the gas and oil pipelines that supply the East. Later effects, during dry weather, would be to turn the Mississippi River below Baton Rouge into a salt water estuary with serious con- sequences to the water supplies of municipalities and in- dustries.

(/) Completed. 55
(x'l Report being prepared. 076-11005-820-33 USE Ol TWIN WELLS AND HEAT PLMPS FOR ENERGY

CONSERVATION IN LOUISIANA

(/)) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute for OWRT.

(< ) Prot E. S Adler, Mechanical Engr.; Prof. R. G. Kazmann,

Civil Engr.

(c/) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

((') Water source heat pumps are two or three times as pri>ductivc as air-source heat pumps that use an equal amount of energy. The groundwater available under most

of Louisiana is subject to depletion if the spent water that has been used by the heat pump is placed in a sewer. If, however, the water were reinjected, no depletion would

occur. There is, therefore, the problem of well spacing so

that the reinjected, heated spent water will not be recycled by the producing well. Moreover, it is possible to improve

the performance of a heat pump by increasing the thruput

of water. The purpose of this work is to prepare tables to enable the engineer to select the proper well spacing, to prepare maps of depth-to-water and aquifer thickness and

depth, and to test commercially available heat pumps to determine the trade-off between additional water and coefficient of performance.

) No results yet. Project started Oct. 1978. 076-11006-820-33 USE OF BOUNDING WELLS TO COUNTERACT THE EF- FECTS OF GRAVITY IN A DIPPING AQUIFER

(h) Louisiana Water Resources Research Institute for OWRT.

(c ) Prof. O. K. Kimbler, Prof. W R. Whitehead, Petroleum

Engr., Prof. R. G. Kazmann, Civil Engr.

(t/) Experimental and theoretical.

(e-) When fresh water is injected into a saline aquifer for later retrieval, and the aquifer is not horizontal, the fresh water

tends to migrate updip, away from the point of injection, due to density difference. The purpose of this work is to devise a way, if possible, of operating a system of bounding (peripheral) wells to keep the injected fresh water around the injection well. Such bounding wells may be

either injection wells or production wells. If successful the

results would be of value in water storage projects, leach mining of metals, and storage and later retrieval of potentially valuable industrial wastes.

(/?) The computer program proposed to control the movement

of fluid updip was verified experimentally in a thin (1/4

( h ) Use of Bounding Wells to Counteract the Effects of Preexisting Groundwater Movement, W. R. Whitehead, E. J. Langhete, Waler Resource Research 14, 2, Apr. 1978. Use of Bounding Wells to Counteract the Effects of Gravity

in Dipping Aquifers, T. E. Williams, M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Petroleum Engrg., May 1978, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803. MANHATTAN COLLEGE, Environmental Engineering and

Science Graduate Program, Bronx, N.Y. 10471. Dr. Robert V. Thomann, Director. 077-10941-870-36 APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF EUTROPHICATION PLANNING MODELS FOR LAKES ONTARIO AND

MICHIGAN

(h) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Large Lakes

Research Station, Grosse He. Mich. 48138.

(t/) Theoretical and applied research.

(f) This project continues an earlier research grant and

further develops large scale models of eutrophication in Lakes Ontario and Michigan with specific emphasis on the

verification statistics of a three-dimensional model of phytoplankton in Lake Ontario using the data from the International Field Year on the Great Lakes. 1 he project was also directed towards the first preliminary framework

of phytoplankton dynamics in a two layered model of Lake Michigan. Sensitivity analysis and the applicability of near-shore models, specifically the Rochester Embayment

in Lake Ontario, to the overall problem of mathematical modeling of eutrophication is addressed.

if) Completed.

(^') The project has indicated the substantial difficulty of

calibrating the large scale three-dimensional model to time

variable data on eutrophication. The importance of hydrodynamic transport in horizontal direction is found

not to be as significant as transport in the vertical direction. Near-shore versus open-lake effects in large lakes are of significant importance in eutrophication of the

(/i) On the Verification of a Three-Dimensional Phytoplankton Model of Lake Ontario, EPii-6nO/9-76-OI6, ORD, EPA

Washington, DC, pp. 568-572, 1976.

Verification Analysis of Lake Ontario and Rochester Embayment Three-Dimen.sional Eutrophication Models, ( in final preparation). 077-10942-870-36 MODELING OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN GREAT LAKES FOOD CHAINS

(h) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Large Lakes

Research Station, Grosse He, Mich, 48138.

(< ) Dr. Robert V. Thomann.

id) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Project is directed towards preliminary construction and

evaluation of models of toxic substances transport in the aquatic ecosystem of selected areas of the Great Lakes. Initial emphasis is placed on PCB in heavy metals in Saginaw Bay and PCB in Lake Michigan. In addition, a model of

the Great Lakes system in its entirety is to be constructed and mass balance calculations for key toxic substances in the water column sediments and aquatic food chain will be

(h) Size Dependent Model of Hazardous Substances in Aquatic Food Chain, EPA-600/3-78-036, Apr. 1978.

MARTIN MARIETTA CORPORATION, Martin Marietta

Laboratories, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, Md.

21227. Dr. Albert C. Westwood, Director of MML.

078-08069-010-26 AERODYNAMICS-BOUNDARY LAYER

(h) Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Office of Naval

Research. U ) Dr. K. C Wang.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

((') Development of numerical methods for exact calculations of steady three-dimensional and unsteady, two-dimensional

laminar boundary layers and to examine thereby the nature of such viscous flows, and in particular to study laminar flow near separation.

(^) Calculation of three-dimensional laminar boundary layer has been extended to cases involving reversed flow. Ideas developed for three-dimensional steady case are found

directly applicable to two-dimensional unsteady case. Separation patterns in general three-dimensional flow have been studied, including typical inclined bodies of revolution, finite wings at incidence and corners between inter- secting bodies.

( h ) Aspects of "Multi-Time Initial-Value Problem" Originating from Boundary Layer Equations, K C Wang, Pliys. of

Fluids 18, 8, pp. 951-955, 1975. Boundary Layer Over a Blunt Body at Low Incidence with Circumferential Reversed Flow, K C Wang, J Fluid Mech. 11, I. pp. 49-75, 1975. Concentrated Vortex on the Nose of an Inclined Body of Revolution, T Hsich, K. C. Wang, AlAA J. 14, 5, pp. 698-

700, 1976. 56
Separation of Three-Dimensional Flow, K. C. Wang, I'roc. Lockhced-Ca. Co. Viscous Flow Symp.. LG77ER0044,

Boundary Layer Over Spinning Blunt Body of Revolution

at Incidence Including Magnus Forces, K. C. Wang, Proc. Roy. Soc. U>nd,m A. 363, 357-380, 1978. 078-08695-870-«0 PLUME RISE AND DISPERSION MODELS FOR STACK

EMISSIONS

(h) Maryland Department of Natural Resources,

(c ) Dr. J. C. Weil.

{.d) Theoretical laboratory, and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Development of simple analytical models for predicting

the rise and dispersion of heated stack emissions in flat and complex terrain and testing of the models with both

field and wind tunnel data.

(g) For the fiat terrain situation, recent expressions for plume

rise under neutral and convective atmospheric conditions were favorably tested with lidar measurements of a stack plume, and free convection scaling was shown to apply to buoyant stack plumes dispersing in convective mixing

layers. For the complex terrain situation, a mathematical model was developed to predict the trajectory and spread

of a buoyant stack plume in fiow over arbitrarily shaped

two-dimensional hill. The model is being verified with both

field and wind tunnel data. (h) Stack Plume Characterization and Model Assessment with Lidar Data, J. C. Weil, J. L. Altman, presented NATOICCMS 9th Inll. Tech. Mig. Air Pollution Modeling and lis Application. Toronto, Canada, Aug. 28-31, 1978. Assessment of Plume Rise and Dispersion Models Using

Lidar Data, J. C. Weil. Maryland Power Plant Siting Pro- gram Report PPSP-MP-24. Feb. 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, Institute for Physical Science and Technology, College Park, Md. 20742. Dr. J. Silver- man, Director. 079-08072-130-50 TWO-PHASE FLOW OF A MIXTURE OF A FLUID AND

SMALL SOLID PARTICLES

(fc) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Dr. S. I. Pai. Research Professor.

(d) Theoretical studies of two-phase fiow with application to lunar and planetary problems.

(e) The application of two-phase fiow theory of a mixture of a

gas and small solid particles to volcanic flow and to impact

crater has been carried out. (g) The effects of lift force on ejecta transport have been stu- died With lift force, the ejecta trajectories differ greatly from those without lift nor in vacuum when the lift effect

is large, the trajectory may form loop. Some applications of the lift effect on impact crater have been discussed.

(/i) Similar Explosive Eruptions of Lunar and Terrestrial Volcanoes, S. I. Pai. Y. Hsu. John A. O Keefe, Proc. 9th Lunar

and Planetary Science Conf. 2, pp. 1485-1508, 1978. Per- gamon Press, New York.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory

for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Cambridge,

Mass. 02139. Donald R. F. Harleman, Laboratory

Director. Requests for reprints and reports should be addressed to Professor Donald R. F. Harleman, Laboratory Director, Room 48-311, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge,

Mass. 02139.

081 •08084-820-00 ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION OF SUBSURFACE WATER

QUALITY

(c ) Professor J. L. Wilson.

(c/) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Several aspects of mass transport in porous media arc being explored using mathematical mtidels and laboratory experiments. The emphasis is on phenomena which arc of importance in describing and forecasting groundwater

quality. Mathematical methods of describing longitudinal dispersion in general nonuniform and unsteady flows are being studied. Also included are mixing phenomena in un- saturated flows and the convective and dispersive mixing

process near pumping wells. (g) Exact and approximate solutions for a two-dimensional plume of contaminated groundwater in a uniform fiow

field are derived. A graphical procedure, designed to ease

visualization of the plume, is described to the study of a plume of hexavalent chromium contamination on Li>ng

(/i) Two-Dimensional Plume in Uniform Groundwater Flow, J. L. Wilson, P. J. Miller, J. Hvd. Div.. ASCE, 104(4). 503-

514, Apr. 1978. 081-08724-430-54 POROUS BREAKWATERS

(/>) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research (Master's and Engineer's theses).

(e) Determination of the reflection and transmission characteristics of porous rubble-mound breakwaters.

(g) A simple yet accurate analytical approach to the deter- mination of the reflection and transmission of relatively long waves normally incident on a porous rubble mound

breakwater. An explicit analytical, totally predictive model

for the reflection from and transmission through crib-style breakwaters has been developed. For trapezoidal break- waters the energy dissipation taking place on the seaward

slope is evaluated by a combined theoretical and experi- mental approach and is used in conjunction with the

results for the reflection and transmission characteristics of

a crib-style breakwater to predict the wave reflection from and transmission through trapezoidal, porous breakwaters.

In the present effort an improved theoretical model for the interaction of an incident wave and a porous trapezoidal breakwater has been obtained and an experimental in- vestigation is now in progress.

(/i) Reflection and Transmission Characteristics of Porous

Trapezoidal Breakwaters, P. Shusang, SM Thesis, Dept of

Civil Engrg, MIT, Jan. 1978. Wave Transmission Through I'rapezoidal Breakwaters, O.

S. Madsen, P. Shusang, S. A. Hanson, Proc. 16th Conf. Coastal Engrg.. ASCE. Aug. 1978. 081-08729-400-00 NUMERICAL MODEL FOR INTERACTING WATER QUALI- TY PARAMETERS IN ESTUARIES

(h) Ford Professorship.

((•) Professors D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) An estuary consisting of channels and junctions is modeled

mathematically by a network of one-dimensional channels. A finite element model is used for solution of the equations of motion and mass transfer with tidal advection and

dispersion included for each branch of the network. These

equations are solved, subject to interactions among

branches and boundary conditions on the network as a whole, to provide time-dependent concentration distribu- tions for nonconservative water quality parameters. Current research is on the development of a predictive model

for interacting water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, and nutrients under transient tidal, fresh water inflow and variable waste loading conditions. 57
(«) Seven components of the total nitrogen cycle have been

included in the model due to their relevance to the study

of eutrophic processes in river and estuarine environments. Of the inorganic forms of nitrogen the model includes NH4+-N, NOr-N and NO:,--N. The organic forms of nitrogen arc phytoplankton-N, zooplankton-N, particulate organic-N (PON) and dissolved organic-N (DON). Simulation runs have been made for the Potomac estuary. (/MA Comparison of Water Quality Models of the Aerobic

Nitrogen Cycle, D R. F. Harleman, Res. Memo. RM-7H-34,

Intl. Inst, for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, July 1978. 081-08734-440-73 DYNAMICS OF SHALLOW COOLING PONDS

(/)) Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, and NUS Cor-

(r) Professor D. R. F. Harleman; Dr. G. H. Jirka and Dr. M.

Watanabe.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Development of a predictive model for the cooling characteristics of shallow, artificially diked cooling ponds; analysis of specific ponds of this type within the CECO system; development of a user's manual; establishment of design

criteria to control pond behavior and maximize cooling efi^P, Completed.

(g) Schematic laboratory experiments and analysis of field data have demonstrated the importance of the velocity

field on the cooling efficiency. Both lateral circulations in the form of eddies and longitudinal dispersion have signifi- cant effects. Criteria have been developed which predict

the degree of stratification in a pond as a function of site, shape, loading and mixing. Transient mathematical models

have been developed for the lateral circulation and the

dispersive effects and applied to the laboratory experi- ments and prototype tests. Design modifications on several

existing ponds have been investigated.

(/i) Design and Optimization of Recirculating Cooling Ponds, E.

E. Adams, G. H. Jirka, A. Koussis, D. R. F. Harleman,

Conf. on Waste Heat Management and Utilization, Univ. of Miami, Dec. 1978. 081-09797-410-44 LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

(/>) Sea Grant Office, NOAA.

(t ) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research (Master's and

Doctoral theses).

(f) Development of an analytical model capable of predicting

the rate and distribution of longshore sediment transport. (g) Louguet-Higgins' solution for the wave induced longshore

current on an infinite, plane beach is adopted in a slightly modified form. Simple correction factors are derived to account for; ( I ) finite magnitude of the longshore current, (2) finite angle of incidence, and (3) nonlinear wave effects. The current model is calibrated against the experi- mental data of Galvin and Eagleson to determine values of bottom friction factor and mixing parameter. With the longshore current and bottom friction known a sediment

transport relationship, established in previous research, is adopted and longshore sediment transport rates including

the variation with distance from shore are calculated. Cal- culated longshore sediment transport rates are compared

with tlcld and laboratory measurements to assess the accuracy of the theoretical model.

(/i) A Longshore Current Model, O. S. Madsen. D W. Ostendorf, S. S. Reyman, Proc. of Coastal Zone 7H. ASCE B, p. 2332-2341, Mar. 1978. Longshore Sediment Transport Data: A Review, M. N. Greer, O. S Madsen, Proc. 16th Conf. Coastal Engrg.. ASCE. Aug. 1978.

081-09799-870-73 CIRCULATION AND DISPERSION STUDIES AT THE PIL- GRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION, ROCKY POINT, MASSACHUSETTS

ih) Boston Edison Company.

(< ) Professor B. R. Pearce.

(d) Theoretical (Master's thesis). (f) Mathematical modeling of near and far field convective and dispersive processes in coastal areas. Supplemented by

field measurements of physical parameters.

(/) Completed.

(g) Calculation of the dispersion of winter flounder from Duxbury Bay into Cape Cod Bay. Assessment of the increased cooling water throughout the proposed addition to the Pil- grim Nuclear Power Station and its affect on the resident flounder population in Duxbury Bay.

(/i) Circulation and Dispersion Studies at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, J. Pagenkopf, G. Christodoulou, B. R. Pearce, J. J. Connor, Tech. Rept. 210, Ralph M. Parsons

Lab. for Water Res. and Hydrodynamics, Dept. Civil Engrg., MIT, Feb. 1976. Simulation of Larvae Dispersion and Entrainment Near a Coastal Power Station, T S. Chau, B. R. Pearce, Tech.

Rept. No. 224, Ralph M. Parsons Lab. for Water

Resources and Hydrodynamics, Dept. of Civil Engrg., MIT, July 1977. 081-09800-450-44 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CURRENT MODELING

(h) National Weather Service.

(c) Professor B. R. Pearce.

id) Basic and applied research.

(e) Project involves examination of a model which uses a weighted residual scheme incorporating a depth-varying

vertical eddy viscosity to calculate the three-dimensional

current structure in coastal areas. Model results will be compared with velocity data from laboratory experiments and field tests, in order to calibrate the model and to obtain an estimate of the vertical variation of the eddy

viscosity. (g) The model has been developed and compared with simple

analytic solutions for flow in a channel and in a sea of infinite lateral extent. The cases of constant vertical eddy

viscosity and linear vertical eddy viscosity were examined. Model results were found to compare very well with the

analytic solutions for the linear eddy viscosity model, but not quite as well for the solution using a constant eddy

viscosity. The reason for the discrepancy in the latter case can be traced to the nature of the formulation chosen.

(/i) A Revised Three-Dimensional Numerical Model to Calculate Currents with a Depth-Varying Vertical Eddy Viscosity, B. R. Pearce, S. M. Nelson, C. K. Cooper,Ralph M.

Parsons Lab. for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg.. MIT. A Three-Dimensional Numerical Model to Calculate Currents. C. K Cooper, S. M. Nelson, B. R. Pearce, Proc.

1 6th Intl. Coastal Engrg. Conf, Hamburg, Sept. 1978. 081-09807-870-73 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF DEEP COOLING LAKES WITH

SIDE ARM CONVECTION

(h) Virginia Electric Power Company.

(c ) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Dr. E. E. Adams and Dr. S. Bloss. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research (Master's and Doctoral theses). (f) Basic study of the buoyancy driven vertical circulation of cooling water into long shallow side arms of cooling ponds; development of a transient cooling pond model for heat distribution in shallow cooling ponds with lateral and

vertical restrictions; development of a two-layered finite element model for solution of the mass heat and momentum conservation equations. Specific application of this in- vestigation is the North Anna Cooling Lake in Virginia. 58
Long-term predictions of cooling pond behavior under

natural and various thermal loading conditions are being made, and compared with pre- and post-operational field measurements.

(g) An experimental schematic study of the side arm circulation has been conducted, investigating different boundary

conditions at the side arm entrance, bottom slopes and

lateral constrictions. An analytical model of the side arm

circulation has been developed. A segmented transient cooling pond model has been for- mulated for the North Anna Cooling Lake taking account

of the distinct geometric features. A two-layered finite element model for the heat and

velocity distributions in the upper layer of a cooling pond

has been developed and verified with laboratory data. Long-term meteorological data has been obtained through

multiple correlation with several meteorological stations and subsequent synthetic data generation. Predictions for long-term pond performance have been given. The existing M.I.T. Deep Reservoir Model has been

modified to include the vertical heat transport processes which are generated by the wind shear effect at the water

(/i) Analysis of Cooling Effectiveness and Transient Long-Term

Simulation of a Cooling Lake with Application to the North Anna Power Station, G Jirka, D. Brocard, K. Octavio, M.

Watanabe, D. Harleman, Ralph Parsons Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 232. Dec. 1977 ( supplemantary data report issued Nov. 1977).

Analysis of Possible Design Modification in the Waste Heat Treatment Facility for the North Anna Power Station, R. M. Parsons Lab., unpublished report, June 1977. Transient Simulation of Cooling Lake Performance Under

Heat Loading from the North Anna Power Station, D. Har- leman. G. Jirka. D. Brocard, K. Octavio, Proc. Conf. Waste Heat Management and UiiUzation, Univ. of Miami, Dec.

1978. 081-09808-870-54 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS

ib) Ford Professorship and National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Professor N. Tang.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Develop a method for prediction of the dynamic behavior

of aerobic waste stabilization ponds under transient loading and meteorological conditions. A mathematical model

has been formulated for use in the design of new ponds as well as for the analysis and improvement of existing facilities. The model applies the "element cycle" method to track the transformation of nutrients into their various or- ganic and inorganic forms.

{g) Application of the model at two existing treatment sites has indicated the capability of the model structure to adequately simulate the stabilization pond environment.

Calibration and verification runs have established values and ranges for the rate coefficients. The coupling of the hydraulic transport and biogeochemical processes is demonstrated. It is concluded that the optimal design consists of a fully mixed pond followed by a baffied pond A

stabilization pond can be designed to meet secondary

treatment objectives which, in terms of oxygen demand

and nutrient removals (nitrogen and phosphoros). are generally greater than conventional secondary treatment

plants.

(/i) A Dynamic Nutrient Cycle Model for Waste Stabilization Ponds. R. A. Fcrrara. Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engrg.. May 1978. 081-09809-430-52 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

(/>) U.S. Department of Energy. Division of Solar Technology.

(< ) Dr. E. E. Adams and Professor D. R. F. Harleman.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

((') Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants have been proposed as a method of generating electrical power

using the thermal energy difference between the warm

upper layer and the cold lower layer of tropical oceans. The external fiuid mechanics associated with the plants' evaporator and condenser flows are being studied experi- mentally and analytically to ascertain whether these plants can fully utilize the available energy potential or whether

local recirculations take place which would reduce the plant efficiency. In addition, potential environmental ef- fects associated with the water movement and change in temperature are being addressed.

(g) A 1:300 scale model of an OTEC plant has been built in a

large thermally stratified, laboratory basin. Discharge and

intake configurations, temperatures and flow rates can be

varied to simulate different prototype designs. Measure- ments of temperature, dye concentration and velocity are used to document the flow field and assess recirculation. To date, experiments have been conducted in the absence

of a current. These indicate that no significant recirculation should occur for plants up to about 400 MW. Future

testing will simulate ocean currents by towing the model

plant. Mathematical models based on the integral ap- proach are being developed to compare with the experi-

( h ) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants: Experimental and Analytical Study of Mixing and Recirculation, G. H.

Jirka. R. P. Johnson. D. J. Fry. D. R. F. Harleman. R M.

Parsons Tech. Rept. No. 231. Sept. 1977. Evaluation of Mixing and Recirculation in Generic OTEC

Discharge Designs, D. J. Fry. E. E. Adams. G. Jirka. presented Vth OTEC Conf., Miami Fla.. Feb. 1978. 081-09810-870-52 WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER

INDUSTRY: ISSUES OF ENERGY CONSERVATIONS AND

STATION OPERATION UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS

(h) U.S. Dept. of Energy. Division of Environmental Control Technology.

(c ) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Dr. E. E. Adams. Dr. L. Glicksman (Mechanical Engineering) Professor K. D. Stol- zenbach, and Dr. R. Barbera.

(d) Theoretical research and assessments; applied research.

(e) Assessment of environmental impacts and energy conservation in waste heat management; Evaluation of the long- term and short-term tradeoff issues which arise from the choice of different cooling systems. Evaluation of regional

effects and meteorological and hydrological transients. In- vestigation of long-term simulation methodologies of

transient cooling system behavior. Development of control technologies for supplementary

cooling systems: Investigation of real-time control strate- gies which can be used to switch between different cooling modes such as to maximize system efficiency while meeting environmental constraints. Case study of the Browns

Ferry Nuclear Power Plant as a typical river site offering

alternative once-through cooling and cooling tower modes. Development of a probabilistic river temperature model

and control algorithm; evaluation of monitoring require- ments, regulatory constraints, tower performance characteristics and switching rules.

(/) Completed.

(g) ( 1 )Procedures for the design of river diffusers, shallow cooling ponds, natural and mechanical draft wet towers and mechanical draft towers have been developed. The

operational and construction costs have been compared

for a hypothetical study site. (2) Deterministic and

stochastic models have been developed to estimate dif- ferences between upstream and near site natural river temperatures near Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant. Results

indicate that (a)the mixed cooling system results in a 10 percent capacity loss compared with the totally closed system, (b) the cooling tower-related capacity loss is ex- tremely sensitive to the specified limit on induced tem- 59
peruture increases and (c) about one-third of the capacity

loss incurred using a mixed-mode system is the result of

natural temperature variations which arc interpreted as plant-induced effects by the monitoring system.

(/)) Modeling of Natural River Temperature Fluctuations, S. A. Frcudbcrg, S. M Thesis, Dept. of C. E., Sept. 1977. An Environmental and Economic Comparison of Cooling System Designs for Steam-Electric Power Plants, K. F Najjar, S. M. Thesis, Dept. of C. E., Sept. 1978. Waste Heat Management in the Electric Power Industry:

Issues of Energy Conservation and Station Operation Under

Environmental Constraints, D R. F Harleman, U.S. DOE

Environmental Control Symp., Nov. 28-30, 1978. Washington, DC.

081 •09813-870-54 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF WESTERN STRIP MIN- ING

{h) National Science Foundation Energy Traineeships and the MIT Energy Laboratory,

(c ) Professors J. L. Wilson.

(d) Applied research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) A number of important issues relating to the impact of western strip mining on groundwater resources are evaluated. These include the effects of aquifer destruction on

available water supply, base flow reduction, aquifer renovation, water chemical quality, and alternative water

supplies and water uses.

(/) Complete.

(g) A finite element model was used to investigate the in- fiuence of strip mining features, commonly found in the Northern Great Plains Coal Region, on groundwater

hydrology. The features examined were: reclaimed mine

geometry, relative transmissivity between the reclaimed

spoil and the surrounding unmined coal bed aquifer, anisotropy, the gravity sorted rubble layer, coal wedges

left between tranch cuts, and the position and size of an

operational mine in the regional flow system.

(/i) Influence of Strip Mines on Regional Groundwater Flow, J. L. Wilson, D. A. Hamilton, J. Hyd. Div.; ASCE 104, 9, 1004-101 1, Sept. 1978.

Influence of Western Strip Mines on Groundwater

Aquifers, J. Wilson, D. A. Hamilton, Proc. ASCE Energy- Groundwater Symp., Apr. 1978; also Pre-print No. 3288, ASCE Spring Convention, Apr. 1978. 081-09814-070-54 DISPERSIVE MIXING OF NEGATIVELY BUOYANT

PLUMES IN POROUS MEDIA

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor J. L. Wilson.

id) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research (Master's thesis). (e) Theoretical and experimental investigation of plumes of denser water which sink as they travel downstream, and

which result from the introduction of liquids of a higher

density into ambient aquifer flows. The analysis will incor- porate the effects of density difference between ambient and aquifer flows, and will account for the effects of hydrodynamic dispersion on the mixing. 081-09819-810-54 HYDROLOGIC ESTIMATION FROM GEOMORPHOLOGY

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Peter S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) In the size, shape and topology of the stream channel net- work, the landform carries the distinctive signature of the integrated effects of geologically recent fluvial processes. This project seeks to establish relationships between these

features and the current climatic and hydrologic regimes

with a view toward their use in reducing the uncertainty of hydrologic estimation in the absence of hydrologic data.

(g) Hourly and daily precipitation data from stations in six dif- ferent climates arc analyzed for independence of rainfall events and to find the parameters of fitted probability density functions. 081-09820-810-00 THE DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL WATER YIELD

ib) M I T. Sloan Basic Research Fund.

(( ) Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Probability densities are derived for the separate components of the one-dimensional water balance from the observed probability densities of the climatic variables using the physics of the processes. The expOected values of these distributions are used to define the average annual water balance and to gain insight into the dynamic

coupling climate, soil and vegetation.

(J) Completed.

(g) A rational method of climate classification is derived. Derivation of the yield-frequency relation gives, through

fitting with observed streamflow-frequency, a method for large-scale parameterization of land surface according to

soil type and vegetal density,

(/i) Climate, Soil and the Water Balance-A Framework for Their Analytical Coupling. P S. Eagleson, lOlh John R. Freeman Mem. Lectures of the Boston Soc . of Civil Engrs. SectionlASCE.

Climate, Soil and Vegetation, Part 1. Introduction to Water

Balance Dynamics; Part 2. The Distribution of Annual

Precipitation Derived from Observed Storm Sequences;

Part 3. A Simplified Model of Soil Moisture Movement in the Liquid Phase; Part 4. The Expected Value of Annual

Evapotranspiration; Part 5. A Derived Distribution of Storm Surface Runoff; Part 6. Dynamics of the Annual Water Balance; Part 7. A Derived Distribution of Annual Water Yield; P. S. Eagleson, Water Resources Research 14,

5, Oct. 1978. 081-09821-810-54 SHORT TERM RAINFALL PREDICTION FOR THE REAL

TIME CONTROL OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

(<)) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professors R. L. Bras and D H Marks

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Real-time decisions for the operation of flood control systems in urban areas depend upon knowledge of the current state and a prediction of future inputs. Due to the

relatively fast response of an urban drainage system pre- diction of future flows requires a short-term prediction of

rainfall. This work will develop a methodology to continuously update and forecast estimates of rain-fall using data from a telemetered network.

(/) Completed.

(g) A multivariate nonstationary model has been developed. Parameter estimation and forecasting procedure was tested with real data.

(/i) Short Term Rainfall Prediction: A Nonstationary Multivariate Stochastic Model, E R. Johnson, R. L Bras, MIT,

R. M. Parsons Lab. of Water Resources and Hydrology,

Tech. Rept. 233, Apr. 1978. 081-09822-300-44 ON-LINE RIVER DISCHARGE FORECASTING USING FIL- TERING AND ESTIMATION THEORY

{h) National Weather Service. NCAA, U.S. Department of Commerce.

(( ) Professor R. L. Bras.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An on-line procedure of estimation and forecast is being developed using the Kalman Filter as the analytical tool to process real time information of rainfall and runoff. The

National Weather Service River Forecasting Model is used. 60
(^') Necessary modificalions of the National Weather Service MdJcI have been accomplished. The model is solved in a

state-space formulation allowing feedback and forecast. Accuracy of obtained forecast is being evaluated. Excellent results have been obtained.

Ill) Short Term Forecasting of Rainfall and Runoff, R. L. Bras, presented 1. 1. A S. A. Workshop on Recent Developments in Real Time Fonxaslinn/Omirol of Water Resource systems. Oct. IX-20, 1976. A Study of Collinearity and Parameter Stability in Rainfall- Runoff Models: Ridge Regression and Kalman Filtering, P. K. Kitanidis. R. L. Bras, Proc. Amer. Geopliys. Union Chap- man Ciinf. Applications of Kalman Filtering to Hydrologv.

Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pittsburgh, May 1978. Error Identification in Conceptual Hydrologic Models, P. K. Kitanidis, R. L. Bras, Proc. Amer. Geophysical Union Chapman Conf. Applications Kalman Filtering to Hydrology,

Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pittsburgh, May 1978. Real Time Forecasting of River Flows, P. K. Kitanidis, R.

L. Bras, MIT. R. M. Parsims Lah. for Water Resources and

Hydrodynamics. Tech. Repl. No. 235. June 1978. 081-09825-870-36 CHEMICAL MODELING OF METALLIC WASTE DISPOSAL

(h) Environmental Protection Agency,

(t ) Prt)fcssor F. M. M. Morel.

(d) Applied research.

(f ) The ultimate goal is to develop a predictive model for the

fate and impact of trace metal pollutants in natural waters.

(/) Completed.

(g) A compact and more efficient computer program for chemical equilibrium calculations has been designed and

implemented. Experimental data on adsorption of trace metal on hydrous iron oxide in waters of various salinities have been obtained. Adsorption submodels in accord with

these experimental results have been developed.

(/i) Adsorption of Trace Metals by Hydrous Ferric Oxide in Seawater, K. C. Swallow, Ph.D. Thesis. Dept. Chemistry,

Mass. Inst. Tech., Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 1978. MINEQL-II: A computer Program for the Calculation of Chemical Equilibrium Composition of Aqueous Systems, J. L. Zachary, F. M. M. Morel, 1978. Ralph M. Parsons Lab.

for Water Resources and Environmental Engrg., Dept. of

civil Engrg, Mass. Inst. Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 081-09826-870-54 NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND GROWTH OF PHYTOPLANK- TON UNDER UNSTEADY CONDITIONS

(h) NSF-Engineering.

(c) Professors S. W. Chisholm and F. M. M. Morel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Experimental examination of the characteristics of nutrient uptake and growth in nutrient limited phytoplankton cul- tures under transient conditions. A simulation model has been developed to attempt to satisfactorily describe (with

three state variables) the dynamics of nutrient uptake and

growth of a phytoplankton limited by one nutrient.

Ig) Initial efforts have focused on a theoretical treatment of

three models for the steady state growth of phytoplankton

limited by one nutrient. Mathematical analysis of the three models (often presented as alternative models in current

literature) proves them equivalent, which forces the conclusion that each model is an equally valid-or equally in- valid-statement of algal growth at steady state. Experimental and theoretical research has examined the validity of

these models under conditions of unsteady phytoplankton

growth.

(/)) A Comparison of Two Methods for Measuring Phosphate Uptake by Monochrysis lutheri Grown in Continuous Culture, D. E. Burmaster, S. W. Chisholm. Submitted to J

E.xp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. The Unsteady Continuous Culture of Phosphate-Limited Monochrysis lutheri: Experimental and Theoretical Analysis. D. E. Burmaster. Submitted to J. E.xp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.

Steady and Unsteady Continuous Culture of Monochrysis

lutheri Under Phosphate Limitation, D. E. Burmaster. MIT.

Ph D Thesis. 081-09827-870-54 THE PHASING OF CELL DIVISION IN MARINE DIATOMS: CHARACTERISTICS, MECHANISMS, AND SIC- NIFICANCE

(/>) NSF-Biological Oceanography.

(( ) Professor S. W. Chisholm.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

ie) Identify and describe those aspects of phytoplankton growth and physiology that are influenced by daily light/dark cycles. The specific characteristics and control mechanisms of the timing of cell division in individual species will be examined as well as the potential ecological

significance of the phenomenon. Inherent in these objectives is the evaluation of the possible impact that the inclu- sion of rhythmic processes could have on current models

dealing with phytoplankton growth.

ig) The timing of cell division in a marine diatom Thalassiosira

fluviatilis is restricted when the cells are grown in a 24- hour light/dark cycle and is regulated by photoperiod and

growth rate. Evidence suggests that individual species may

show distinctive patterns and that cell size distribution in populations may be an important factor in regulating these

patterns. Several hypotheses concerning the phasing mechanism and the adaptive significance of the phenomenon are being considered and tested. 081-10943-420-20 SURFACE WATER WAVES

(h) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Professor C. C. Mei.

(d) Theoretical (Master's and Doctoral theses). (e) Hydrodynamic aspect of wave energy extraction. Fluid dynamics near the cut-off frequencies. Ships motion in shallow water. Harbor oscillations Mass transport in waves.

(g) A variety of water wave problems is investigated in this project. Wave energy extraction from floating devices are studied for the theoretical efficiency, means of optimization, responses and mooring forces, etc. Techniques

(analytical and numerical) are developed for waterwave

diffraction and applied to ocean structures, islands, har- bors, etc. Nonlinear behavior of water waves.

(h) Numerical Methods in Water-Wave Diffraction and Radiation 10, C. C. Mei, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mechanics. 1978.

Effects of Two-Dimensional Topography on Mass Transport Near the Sea Bottom, J. Lamoure. C. C. Mei, J. Fluid Mechanics. 1977. Nonlinear Oscillations in a Narrow Bay, S. R. Rogers, C.

C. Mei, J. Fluid Mech.. 1978. Leakage of Groundwater Through a Slot in a Sheet Pile, C.

C. Mei. J. Hydraulic Research 15, 3, 253-259. 081-10944-520-54 SHIP MOTIONS AND WATER WAVES

(( ) Professor C. C. Mei (and Professors J. N. Newman and R. W. Yeung, Ocean Engineering Department)

(d) Theoretical (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Ship waves in narrow and shallow canals, critical phenomena in water waves, such as breaking, critical frequency or critical speed. Diffraction of Stokes Waves.

Other water wave problems.

(g) A. variety of theoretical problems are studied. Examples

are nonlinear transient waves near certain critical frequencies. Ships moving near critical speed in shallow water and

analytical theory of diffraction and radiation by slender

islands or floating bodies. Numerical theory of finite ele- ments or finite differences are employed.

(/i) Flow Around a Slender Body in Shallow Water, C C Mei,

J. Fluid Mechanics. Dec. 1976. Numerical Methods in Water Wave Diffraction and Radiation, C. C. Mei, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mechanics 10. 1978. 61
Some Theoretical Properties of a Hybrid Element Method

for Water Waves, J. A. Aranha, C C Mci, D. K. P. Yuc.

submitted tor publication. 081-10945-420-44

) NOAA-Sea Grant.

) Professor C. C. Mci and (Prof. A. D. Engineering Department).

) Theoretical, experimental and applied.

) The efficiency of Sailer's cam, wave

. Effects of random \ ty f the a

forces on induced

'avcs and nonrigidiINTERACTION

(^') By using a hybrid finite element technique recently developed, hydrodynamic forces are calculated for a float- ing cam whose wave-induced rolling can be used to drive a generator Efficiency, response, and forces arc studied for various geometrical parameters. Loss of efficiency due to lack of rigidity in support is investigated. Effects of ran- dom waves are computed. This information is basic for estimating the potential of a given design and provides the upper limit of exlractable energy which can be strivcd for

in designing the generator,

(/i) A Hybrid-Element Method for Three-Dimensional Water Wave Scattering, D K Yue, H S. Chen, C. C. Mei, Intl. J Numerical Method in Engrg., \911.

Characteristics of Salter's Device for Extracting Energy from Ocean Waves, A. E. Mynctt, D. Serman, C. C. Mei,

to appear in Applied Ocean Research, 1979. 081-10946-390-54 STRUCTURE-FLUID EARTHQUAKES

(b) National Science Foundation (RANN).

(c ) Professor C. C. Mei.

id) Theoretical (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Dam-reservoir interactions and structure-ocean interactions due to earthquakes of high frequency. The effects of

fluid compressibility and the structural elasticity are emphasized. A hybrid element method is developed for ef- fective computation.

(g) In this project the structural response is investigated when

the ground motion at the base of the structure is forescribed. Hydrodynamic forces are primary factors to be considered. Ground impedance is however not considered. Effective analytical and numerical methods are developed to study storage tanks, ocean structures or

( /i ) Exact and Hybrid Element Solutions for Vibrating Structures Seated on the Sea Bottom, C. C Mei, M A. Foda, P. Tong, to appear in Applied Ocean Research, 1979. 081-10947-390-00 INTERACTION OF ELASTIC WAVES AND FLUID WAVES

) To study elastodynamic

space involving rigid in

) The effects of ground impedance are studied in problems

of interest to earthquake engineering. Typical cases are dam-reservoir interactions and ocean storage tanks. The

response of an engineering structure is studied by including the dynamic reactions not only of water but also of the ground. Analytical and finite element techniques are developed for diffraction and radiation of waves.

) Some Identities in the Elastodynamics With Rigid Inclusions, C. C. Mei, to appear in J. Acoustical Soc. of Amer..

1978. Resonant Scattering of SH Waves by Overground Structures, C. C. Mei, submitted for publication. Grazing Incidence of Short Elastic Waves on a Slender

Cavity, C. C. Mei, to appear in Wave Motion, 1978.

08 1-1 0948-41 0-44 ENGINEERING MODEL OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS

{h) Sea Grant-Nearshore Sediment Transport Study (NSTS).

(t ) Professor O. S. Madsen,

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic and applied research, (Master's and Doctoral theses).

((') A simple predictive model for the velocity field in the ncarshorc zone resulting from the combined action of

winds, waves and tides will be developed. The relative im- portance of the various forcing functions will be deter- mined from a preliminary linearized model. The im- portance of accounting for the random nature and the

directional characteristics of the incident waves will be in- vestigated. A simple procedure to account for the nonlinear interaction of the wind, wave and tidal velocity

field, in terms of the resulting bed shear stress, will be

established. Preliminary results will be used to guide the design of a large scale field experiment which is part of

the NSTS. The resulting simple engineering model for the velocity field will be compared with the results obtained from the large scale field experiments and may form the

basis for the development of an analytical model of sedi- ment transport processes in the nearshore zone. 081-10949-420-44 A FIELD INVESTIGA-

(/)) Sea Grant Office-NOAA, Joint MIT-WHOI Research and

Doherty Professorship,

(c ) Professor O. S. Madsen (MIT); Dr. W. D. Grant (WHOI).

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research (Engineer's and Doctoral theses).

(e) The project is a joint project between MIT and Woods

Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The major funding for the project is from Sea Grant; however, funds for instrumentation costs are provided by Joint MIT-WHOI

Research Seed Funds. Reliable biaxial electromagnetic

current meters and digital wave staffs for use inside and

outside the surf zone in moderate wave conditions (breaker heights of the order 2 ft.) have been developed.

Field deployment of 4 current meters and 4 wave gages was carried out at Fortune Rock Beach in Maine. Further

field experiments are planned. The measurements will be compared with the simple model for wave induced

longshore currents developed in the "Longshore Sediment

Transport" project. A physically realistic parameterization

of bottom friction factor, the lateral shear and a generally

valid model for wave induced longshore currents should

result from this comparison. 081-10950-220-00

(c) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Master's and Doctoral theses). (e) Development of a sediment transport relationship which is based on hydrodynamic principles. (g) Based on available experimental data on lift and drag coefficients the entraining forces acting on a particle on the bed-fiuid interface are evaluated for turbulent, unidirectional fiow. Statistical properties of the turbulent flow are assumed and Shields Criterion is derived as it applies to a particle in the bed as well as to a particle resting on top of the bed. For flow intensities greater than the threshold of movement expressions for the number of

grains moving and their mean velocity is evaluated leading

to a bed load transport formula. Based on the bed load formula concentration profiles are determined and used to evaluate the suspended load. Published experimental data

are used to tune the model. 081-10951-420-44 WAVE ATTENUATION BY BOTTOM FRICTION

62
(J) Theoretical; applied research.

(<-) From available data on the geometry of bed forms

(ripples) generated on the sea floor by waves an empirical

relationship between sediment characteristics, wave

characteristics and ripple geometry will he sought. This

empirical relationship will employ nondimensional parameters of physical significance to the problem of wave-sedi- ment interaction. Employing the empirical relationship for ripple geometry the resulting dissipation of wave energy through bottom friction will be evaluated. Results will be compared with results obtained by the conventional procedure which does not account for the wave-sediment

interaction but assumes a constant friction factor. 08 1-1 0952-220-00 BEDFORMS IN UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW

(c ) Professor O. S. Madsen.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Doctoral theses).

(e) Analysis of the mechanics of the development of bedforms on a moveable bed in unidirectional flow with emphasis on

ripple formation.

(/?) The perturbation of the flow over a wavy boundary is analyzed based on a hydrodynamic model consisting of a viscous sublayer, a turbulent wall layer and inviscid outer

flow region. The shear stress variation associated with the flow perturbations is evaluated from the hydrodynamic model using a turbulent eddy viscosity based on the mean

bottom shear stress. The lag distance between crests of bottom bed forms and the points of maximum bottom

shear is determined and show excellent agreement with published experimental data. The Meyer, Peter and Muller bedload formula is used to determine the stability of the wavy bed and growth rates of unstable bed forms are determined. Comparison of predicted ripple characteristics with experimental observations, available in the literature,

will be performed. 081-10953-430-88 WAVE AND CURRENT STUDIES FOR OFFSHORE OIL DEVELOPMENT IN VENEZUELA

(h) Institute Technologico Venezolano Del Petroleo, Caracas.

(c) Professor B. R. Pearce.

(d) Basic and applied research (Master's thesis). (e) Assessment of design parameters for offshore oil towers making use of wave and current measurements and numerical models to hind-case extreme wind wave conditions.

(g) A parametric wind-sea model for the coastal region combining the effects on nonlinear energy exchange between

wind-sea and swell is being developed. The importance of an accurate description of the wind field in conjunction

with the wave model to describe the complex air-to-sea energy transfer mechanisms requires the development of a boundary-layer wind model. Hindcasted storms are compared to existing field data to assess the accuracy of the models and then to establish a statistical base of wave data

to be used as design criteria for offshore towers. A second

phase of the project will include the application of a current model and the analysis of storm tide data. 081-10954-880-00 THE EFFECTS OF UNCERTAIN INPUT DATA ON RESER- VOIR ECOSYSTEM MODELS

(( ) Professor K. D. Stolzenbach.

(d) Theoretical and applied research (Doctoral thesis). (e) A reservoir ecosystem model is applied to an existing reservoir for which field data is available. The sensitivity of the model results to the model structure and to the input data characteristics is being investigated.

(/) Completed.

(/?) The sensitivity analysis indicates a strong coupling between

the structural assumptions of the model algorithms and the

effect of input data on model results. Particularly important is the compatibility of spatial and temporal scales of

variability between the model structure, the input data, and the desired application of the results.

(/i) Effects of Data Variability and Model Structure in Reservoir Ecosystem Simulation, R. B. Brown, MIT Pli.n. Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engrg., June 1978. 081-10955-870-44 ANALYSIS OF OFFSHORE BRINE DISPOSAL

(h) Environmental Assessment Division, NCAA, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce,

(t ) Professor K. S. Stolzenbach.

(d) Applied research (Master's thesis). (f ) Study alternative locations and designs for offshore

disposal of brine associated with the storage of oil in salt domes. The research will analyze a number of specific proposed sites and will include the prediction of the in- duced salinity distribution, the specification of discharge

design parameters, and the design of post-operational monitoring surveys.

(g) Empirical information on negatively buoyant jets has been

used to specify the designs of submerged diffusers. An

analytical model of intermediate field buoyant spreading of

the dense effluent has been developed and incorporated in the diffuser design. A transient far field pollutant transport model has been applied to predict the time-varying in- duced concentration distribution.

(/i) Design Criteria for Submerged Discharges of Dense Effluent, S. S. Tong, M.S. Thesis, MIT, Dept. of Civil Engrg., June 1978. 081-10956-870-44 EVALUATION OF MIXING ZONE CHARACTERISTICS AS- SOCIATED WITH OFFSHORE POLLUTANT DISPOSAL

(h) Environmental Assessment Division, NCAA, U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce.

(c) Professor K. D. Stolzenbach.

(d) Basic and applied research (Master's thesis). (e) A transient pollutant transport model is used to investigate the sensitivity of offshore mixing zones to; (i) the characteristics of the pollutant and the discharge structure, (ii) site specific oceanographic parameters, and (iii) the defini- tion of the mixing zone in terms of critical pollutant concentrations and exposure times.

(/) Completed.

(g) A second order autoregressive scheme has been used to characterize the nontidal time series of ocean currents. A

generalized dimensionless framework for considering the induced concentrations has been developed.

(/i) Dispersion Zone Characteristics of Ocean Discharges, D. R. Gaboury, M.S. Thesis. MIT, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Mar.

1978. 081-10957-880-00 NUTRIENT TRANSPORT BY SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FLOW IN THE SALT MARSH ECOSYTEM

(b) MIT-WHOI Joint Program, Sea Grant-pending.

(c) Professor Harold Hemond, Professor Keith Stolzenbach, in cooperation with Dr. John Teal, Sr. Scientist, WHOI.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Study of free-surface and subsurface fiow phenomena in the salt marsh system, with emphasis on the role of water

in nutrient exchanges with the estuary and the ground- water system.

(g) Instrumentation has been designed and built to measure

infiltration rates as a function of time on the salt marsh

surface. An infiltration study of the Great Sippewisset Marsh is currently underway. 081-10958-690-00 HEAT COLLECTION AND WITHDRAWAL IN SOLAR

PONDS

(h) Ford Professorship.

(c ) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Dr. S. Bloss. (d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Design and operation of a laboratory solar pond to in- vestigate the influence of heat losses, the shape of the sta- 63
bilizing salinity gradient and the method of heat removal from the bottom layer on the efficiency of the pond.

(xM A solar pond is an inexpensive means to collect solar and

atmospheric radiative energy to provide low-temperature

heat for space-heating. Calculations have been carried out

using a one-dimensional mathematical model to determine

the governing parameters and their limiting values (i.e., depth of pond, bottom temperature, heat tluxes available

at the bottom, etc.), which arc necessary for the design of

the laboratory pond and the subsequent applicability of

laboratory results to field projects. 081-10959-870-00 EUTROPHICATION MODELS FOR LAKES: ANALYSIS OF HYDROTHERMAL-BIOCHEMiCAL COUPLING

(h) Ford Professorship.

(I ) Professor D. R. F. Harlcrnan.

id) Analytical; basic research (Ph.D. thesis). (e) To provide a basic understanding of the coupling between

hdyrothcrmal and biochemical components of lake eutrophication models. To improve the predictive capability of coupled eutrophication models by developing new

component models and couplings designed to eliminate the influence of hydrothermal process modeling on nutrient cycle transformation rates.

(;?) Current work includes the coupling of a wind mixing hydrothermal model and various biochemical models for the phosphorus cycle Model will be tested against lake water quality data.

(/i) Summary Report of the II ASA Workshop on Geophysical and Ecological Modeling of Deep Lakes and Reservoirs, S. E. Jdrgensen, D. R. F. Harleman, H'P-7S-24. Iml. hut. for Applied Systems Analysis. Laxcnburg, Austria, July 1978. 081-10960-340-52 WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE ELECTRIC POWER IN- DUSTRY: ISSUES OF WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER QUALITY IN ALTERNATIVE CLOSED CYCLE

COOLING SYSTEMS

(/)) U.S. Dept. of Energy, Division of Environmental Control Technology.

(< ) Professor D. R. F. Harieman, Dr E. E. Adams, Dr. R. J. Barbera, Prof. M. Golay (Nuclear Engineering) and Dr. L. Glicksman (Mechanical Engineering).

id) Theoretical research and assessments; applied research.

(f) Examine the use of cooling ponds and lakes as closed

cycle cooling system alternatives to conventional forced or

natural draft evaporative towers so as to increase the possibility of siting generating stations in water short areas. The implementation of these alternatives will require a careful analysis of water consumption in relation to water

rights and consequent effects on water quality. The

research will be interdisciplinary and will involve four

parts: the first deals with the central water management is- sues of closed cycle cooling mode alternatives. The

remaining three parts identify technical areas in which

supporting research is needed in order to implement these

alternatives. These include; (2) hydrothermal performance and water quality alterations of cooling ponds, lakes and

reservoirs, ( 3 ) research on a unique wet/dry surface for cooling towers, and (4) cooling tower drift reduction 081-10961-340-00 EVALUATION OF SUBMERGED DIFFUSERS FOR SHAL- LOW COASTAL ZONES

(/') Electric Power Pri>gram of the MIT Energy Laboratory.

(< ) Dr E. E. Adams and Professor D. R. F. Harleman.

d) Theoretical and expe imcntal; applied research (Masters

<-) Submerged diffusers are often used t 1 dilute condenser

cooling water from C( astal pov

the ambient current ^is pred V alongshore and

reversing, a staged di which r ozzles are directed

essentially offshore) i d becau and ability to intercept cri ssHow, Experimental and

analytical studies of the near field of staged diffusers were made. The results were used to develop time-temperature

relationships for entrained organisms. Comparisons of

these relationships with corresponding ones for other dif- fuser types were carried out. ig) Previous analysis has treated the staged diffuser as a line source of momentum in stagnant water. This analysis has been extended to study interaction among individual jets by solving for the jet trajectories as they respond to the flow field set up by adjacent jets and the ambient current.

In addition, a potential flow model has been developed to determine the external flow field (and thus the origin of any passive organisms entrained in the plume) for cases of constant water depth and a linearly sloping bottom. 081-10962-340-75 EFFECTS OF PUMPED-STORAGE OPERATION ON RESER- VOIR STRATIFICATION

(h) Charies T. Main of New York, Inc. and Power Authority

of State of N.Y

(c ) Professor D. R. F. Harieman, Dr. E. E. Adams, and Dr.

Siegfried Bloss. (d) Applied research.

(c) Pumped storage power plants operate by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir during off- peak hours in electrical demand and then releasing the water for hydroelectric generation during peak hours. The

effects of this cyclic operation on the annual temperature

regimes of lower reservoirs is studied mathematically using the MIT Deep Reservoir Model. The proposed Prattsville Pumped Storage project in eastern New York is used as a

(g) An analysis was made of the natural seasonal stratification cycle in the reservoir. Model predictions were found to compare well with field measurements. Calculations were

then made for pumped-storage conditions. For these conditions the models suggest that the lower reservoir will still stratify, but the total heat content will be increased and

the thermocline will be deeper. The model was also applied to the lower reservoir of a nearby existing pumped

storage project. Calculated temperature profiles were shown to provide good agreement with measured data, and

most significantly, to reproduce the observed well-mixed

character of the reservoir.

(Ii) Combined Use of Physical and Mathematical Models in Evaluating the Effects of Pumped Storage Operation on the Thermal Structure of a Reservoir, D. N Brocard, E. E. Adams, S. Bloss, presented Intl. S\mp. on Environmental

Effects of Hydraulic Engrg. Works. Knoxvillc, Tenn., Sept. 12-14, 1978. 081-10963-860-00 DEMAND MODELING IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING

(c ) Professor David H. Marks.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Demand modeling based on disaggregation assumptions is investigated to further understand water sector demand

response to economic policies, conservation strategies, and

water use technology changes.

(g) Development stage. 081-10964-870-80 PLANNING FOR NONPOINT SOURCE WATER QUALITY

IMPACTS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

(h) Rockefeller Foundation-MIT Environmental Impact As- sessment Project.

(( ) Professor D. H. Marks.

(J) Applied research.

(<) Methodologies for integrating quantitative modeling and

cost effective control measure evaluation for runoff related water quality problems in developing areas. ig) Development and implementation of a normative model of nonpoint source pollution control planning Work will be 64
aclJrcssed toward integrating the increasingly more

detailed levels of planning necessary to respond to the questions of where nonpoint source pollution occurs, where and to what extent it should be controlled, and how

the specific controls should be designed. Information

transfers between levels of planning and the specific activities undertaken at each level will be specified. The normative model will be compared to present U.S. planning

practices to identify specific changes which should be made to make nonpoint source planning more effective and efficient.

ill) Planning Methods for Regional Nonpoint Source Pollution Control. R. R. Noss. M.S. r/it-.vi.v. MIT. Jan. 1978. Implementation of Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. T. P. Lustig, Ph.D. Tliesi.s. MIT. Mar.

1978. 081-10965-860-52 MLLTIOBJECTIVE PLANNING FOR ENERGY/WATER

RESOLRCE TRADEOFFS IN THE YELLOWSTONE

RIVER BASIN. WYOMING AND MONTANA

(h) U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA).

(c ) Professor D. H. Marks,

(c/) Applied research.

(e) A model to assist in the evaluation of alternative water

supply strategies for energy facilities in arid areas is under

development. The various institutional factors are linked

to hydrologic considerations in a manner to permit multiobjective optimization. A case study is performed on the Powder River near Gillette. Wyoming in the Yellowstone

River Basin.

{/;) Model development.

( h ) Water Supply for Western Energy Development: A

Planning Methodology and Institutional Evaluation. J H

Gerstic, SMCE Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engrg.. MIT. 1978. A Procedure for Water Rights Evaluation with Applications

to Western Energy Development. J H Gerstle. R J Barhera. D. H. Marks. AWRA Mall. Conf.. Orlando. Fla.. Nov.

1978. A Water Rights Transfer Model with Consideration of Hydrologic and Institutional Factors, J. H Gerstle. D. H

Marks. R. J. Barbera. presented ASCE Water Resource Sysiems Specially Conf.. Houston. Tex.. Feb, 1979. 081-10966-870-80 COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING FOR HAZARDOUS AND

TOXIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MASSACHUSETTS

ih] Ford Foundation.

I< ) Professor D. H. Marks.

((J) Applied research (Master's thesis). (c) Study of the present pattern of generation and disposal of hazardous wastes in Massachusetts. Determination of criti- cal problems in the development of a management plan and assessment of appropriate planning methods for dealing with these (systems analysis, decision analysis, heuristic approaches, planning processes, etc.).

(^f) Types, quantities and effects of potentially hazardous

wastes examined. Appropriate legislation and relevant or- ganizations identified and investigated. Detailed case study on metal-finishing industries carried out to provide base

data for evaluation of planning approaches, and to identify problem areas.

(/i) Working Paper No. I: Problem Identification. D. Hanrahan. J. Rhodes.. Ralph M. Parsons Lab. for Water

Resources and Hydrodvnamics. Dept. of Civil Engrg., MIT. May 1978. Working Paper No. 2: Progress Report on First Case

Study. D. Hanrahan. J. Rhodes. C. McHugh. D. H. Marks.

Ralph M. Parsons Lab. Dept. of Civil Engrg., MIT. July 1978. MIT. July 1978.

081-10967-840-56 NILE DELTA IRRIGATION PLANNING EGYPTIAN WATER

MASTER PLAN

(/)) U.S. AID-MIT Technology Adaptation Program

(c ) Professor D. H. Marks. Dr. D. S. Grossman.

id) Applied research.

ic) Models to aid in the long range plan for expansion of

agricultural development in the Nile Delta. Aspects to be studied arc changes in the supply and drainage networks, reclamation of new lands and groundwater use.

{f>) Model development.

( li ) Water Irrigation Distribution Planning in the Nile River

Delta, F. Ramos. D. H. Marks, presented ASCE Specially Conf on Waler Resource Systems. Houston, Tex., Feb. 1978. 081-10968-840-56 MULTI-LEVEL AGRICULTURAL PLANNING EGYPTIAN WATER MASTER PLAN

(h) U.S. AID-MIT Technology Adaptation Program.

(c) Professor D. H. Marks, Dr. D. S. Grossman.

(d) Applied research.

(f ) The multi-level approach to drainage planning in Egypt is analyzed. The project focuses on mathematical models as tools to aid decisions at each planning level as well as the interactions that take place between levels during the design process.

(/;) Model development.

(/i) Multi-Level Planning for Agricultural Drainage in the Nile Valley, K. M. Strzepek, D. H. Marks, presented .^SCE Specialty Conf ,>n Water Resource Systems. Houston, Tex., Feb. 1978. 081-10969-350-56 HIGH ASWAN DAM OPERATIONAL STUDY EGYPTIAN WATER MASTER PLAN

(h) U.S. AID-MIT Technology Adaptation Program.

(( ) Professor D. H. Marks, Dr. D. S. Grossman.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Operational questions at the High Aswan Dam will be stu- died using simulation and omptimization models. Conflicts between the use of water for irrigation supply, electric power generation, and flood control will be modeled to aid decision makers in their resolution.

(/?) Model develpment.

ill) \ Guide for the Use of the MIT River Basin Simulation Model, K. M. Strzepek, R. L. Lenton, D H Marks. Technology Adaptation Program, Report MIT. Oct 1978. 081-10970-880-54 DYNAMIC LAND-SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR CLIMATE MODELING

(h) National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The flux of heat and of water mass through the interface of an atmospherc-soil-vegetal system is modeled onedimensionally. The model is tested for sensitivity and

frequency response in order to define a hierarchy of dynamic land surface boundary conditions for use in the comparable set of climate modeling problems. 081-10971-810-50 INFERENCE OF EFFECTIVE SOIL PROPERTIES FROM

OBSERVED VEGETAL CANOPY DENSITY

(h) NASA (Goddard Space Flight Center).

(( ) Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical/experimental; basic research.

(f) An equilibrium hopothesis for the density of natural vegetation will be evaluated with respect to its utility in in- ferring the areal average effective soil parameters of catchments. This has the potential for improving the land surface boundary condition in numerical climate models 65
through the intn)duction of more realistic soil moisture dynamics. 081-10972-820-44 SEA WATER INTRUSION !N OFFSHORE ISLANDS

(h) Sea Grant Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency.

<c ) Professor J. L. Wilson.

(d) Applied research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) A finite element model is being developed to study sea water intrusion under offshore islands and along irregular

coastlines. The model is based on a two-dimensional plan view of intrusion, assuming a sharp interface between fresh and saltwater. Special boundary condition problems are being investigated, especially in the vicinity of the fresh- water outlet to the sea and near the toe of the saltwater

(g) The model has been formulated and is currently being en- coded and tested.

(/i) Comments on A Mathematical Model of Stratified Groundwater Flow, by N. Rofait, Hvdrologu Sciences Bulletin 23,

2, Sept. 1978, A. Sa da Costa, J. I. Wilson.

Derivation of Governing Equations for a Two-Layer Model

of Saltwater intrusion, A. Sa da Costa, J. L. Wilson, Working Paper 1, Sea Water Intrusion in Offshore Islands, OSP

85454, MIT Dept. of Civil Engrg., Sept. 1978. 081-10973-820-56 NILE DELTA GROUNDWATER STUDY

(fo) Agency for International Development through MIT-Cairo

University Joint Technological Planning Program,

(t ) Professor J. L. Wilson.

(d) Applied research (Master's and Doctoral theses).

(e) Numerical and analytical models for the prediction of piezometric heat and seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta

aquifer of Egypt are prime objectives of this research. The

models will be used to evaluate aquifer safe yield, cyclic storage capability and the interaction with irrigation and

drainage.

(g) An existing numerical model of aquifer hydraulics, AQUIFRM, has been improved and applied to analysis of

the Delta Aquifer. Also several simple analytical models of

sea water intrusion were developed and applied. These

models are being used to make a preliminary evaluation of

aquifer response to various management schemes for drainage control, water storage and water supply. A new

finite-element sea water intrusion model currently under

development, will be applied to the continuing evaluation of this aquifer. 081-10974-820-56 A UNIFIED APPROACH TO GROUNDWATER MODELING

(h) Agency for International Development through the MITCairo University Joint Technological Planning Program.

(c) Professor J. L. Wilson.

(</) Theoretical; basic and applied research (Master's and

Doctoral theses).

(e) Assessment of existing parameter and state estimation methods for groundwater flow models. First order sensitivity analysis of estimators. Development of state-space forms of the model and explicit and implicit solutions convenient for parameter estimation, sensitivity analysis, groundwater management applications, etc. (g) A comprehensive review of the state of the art revealed a

lack of unification and unsatisfactory performance of applied methods. A new and unified approach in a Bayesian framework has been developed and applied. The results obtained indicate that since in most real-world cases the estimation of state and parameters takes place from effectively small samples, and in some cases from nonuniform

data, it is necessary to use prior information about the

state and parameters, combined in an optimal way with in- formation obtained from the data.

(/i) Steady State vs. Transient Parameter Estimation in Groundwater Systems, J. L. Wilson, M. Dettinger, Proc.

ASCE Hydraulics l)iv Specially Conf. Verification of Math. and Physical Models in Hydraulic Engrg., Aug. 1978.

State and Parameter Estimation in Groundwater Models, J. L. Wilson. P. Kitanidis, M. Dettinger. Proc. AGU Chapman

Conf. Applications of Kalman Filter to Hydrology. Hydraulics and Water Resources, May 1978. 081-1097S-810-33 THE DESIGN OF OPTIMUM DATA COLLECTION NET- WORKS TO ESTIMATE THE TIME AVERAGED AREAL MEAN OF PRECIPITATION IN PUERTO RICO

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology, Dept. of the

Interior through the Water Resources Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico.

(( ) Professor R. L. Bras. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Development of the theoretical framework to evaluate the accuracy of raingage networks used to estimate the time averaged areal mean of precipitation. Estimation theory concepts are used.

(/) Completed.

(g) A methodology and associated computer program is available to evaluate the accuracy of any given network in terms of a number of stations, location, length of observa-

(/i) Time Averaged Areal Mean of Precipitation: Estimation and Network Design, R L Bras, R Colon, Water

Resources Research 14, 5, Oct. 1978. Time Averaged Areal Mean of Precipitation: Estimation and Network Design, R. L. Bras, R. Colon, Univ. of Puerto

Rico, Water Research Inst.. Feb. 1977. Network Design for Precipitation Areal Average Estimation,

R. L. Bras, presented Intl. Seminar in Hydrology and Water

Resources, Simon Bolivar Univ., Caracas, Venezuela, Mar.

1978. Sampling Network Design in Hydrology and Water Quality: A Review of Linear Estimation Theory Applications, R. L. Bras, Proc. Amer. Geophys. Union Chapman Conf. Applications of Kalman Filter Hydrology, Hydraulics and Water

Resources, Pittsburgh, May 1978. 081-10976-810-54 SEARCH OF THEORETICAL MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS USING DERIVED DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUES

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor R. L. Bras.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) This work will attempt to derive theoretical probability density distributions for hydrologic parameters like the volume of water above a certain threshold discharge rate resulting from runoff. The obtained p.d.f. should be based on easily available physical basin characteristics and applicable to any region without extensive availability of

ig) The theoretical p.d.f. for the volume of water above a given threshold in urban areas where overland fiow dominates has been derived using the kinematic wave

equations as a physical model. A similar approach is being

carried on with unit hydrograph concepts with model

parameters related to basin characteristics. (h) Derived Distribution of Water Volume Above a Given

Threshold Discharge, S Chan, R L Bras, T.R No. 234, R. M. Parsons Lab. of Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, MIT, May 1978.

Theoretical Models of Hydrologic Parameters Using Derived Distribution Techniques, R. L. Bras, S. Chan,,

Proc. Intl. Symp. Risk and Reliability in Water Re.sources, Univ. of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, June 1978. Urban Storm Water Management: Distribution of Flood Volumes, S. Chan, R. L. Bras, Water Resources Research,

1978. 66
081-10977-300-56 STOCHASTIC MODELS OF NILE INFLOWS TO LAKE

NASSER

(/)) Agency of International Development through the MIT

Technology Adaptation Program.

(< ) Professor R. L. Bras and Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Applied and theoretical research.

(i-) Stochastic models of river flows into Lake Nasser were

developed and implemented. These are being used in frequency analysis studies and in reservoir and irrigation systems operation studies. Forecasting models of river tlow. leading to better control of water works are being

studied. The water balance of swampy regions of the White Nile is also a topic of research. The goal is to obtain improved understanding of the changes in the

statistics of their water yield resulting from proposed

drainage and reclamation projects. (K) Three different stochastic models which preserve historical

statistics of the Nile River have been implemented at MIT

and Cairo University. The next phase of the study will use

these models in systems simulation work. During the next few years detailed physical modeling of the White Nile re- gion in the Sudan will be attempted. All work will be leading to an on-line real time streamflow forecasting capability for Egypt. A preliminary water balance has been per- formed for one catchment tributary to the Bahr El Ghazal

river basin in the White Nile.

(/i) Theory and Applications of the Multivariate Broken Line, Disaggregation and Monthly Autoregressive Stream Flow

Generators to the Nile River, K. Curry. R L. Bras, Techm,l„gy Adapialian Pn-gram Repl. No. 78-5, MIT, Sept. 1978. 081-10978-840-00 ON-LINE CONTROL OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

(c ) Professor R. L. Bras. (d) Theoretical, applied research.

(f) Estimation, forecasting and derived distribution techniques

arc used to account for the stochastic behavior of rainfall and runoff and their effect on soil moisture This information is used to obtain optimal irrigation schedules and maximize crop yield. 081-10979-340-00 ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION TECHNIQUES IN SHORT TERM FORECAST OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDI- TIONS IMPORTANT TO POWER PLANT OPERATION

(h) MIT Energy Laboratory.

(< ) Professor R. L. Bras and Professor K D. Stolzenbach.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

( t' ) Estimation techniques are to be used to improve existing, localized, forecasts of meteorological variables that affect power plant operation through influences in cooling systems behavior.

(g) A program implementing the philosophy of regression using Group Method of Data Handling is being developed. The technique will be used to obtain weather prediction models to be compared with existing National Weather

Services methodologies. 081-10980-6S0-OO PROBABILISTIC METHODS OF MINERAL EXPLORATION

(< ) Professor R. L. Bras and D. Veneziano.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Methodologies for spatial sampling and estimation of mineral reserves are being studied. Sampling goals are to define exploitable regions and estimate total reserves

within the region as accurately and reliably as possible. 081-10981-810-00 OPTIMAL ESTIMATION OF MEAN AREAL PRECIPITA- TION IN AREAS OF OROGRAPHIC INFLUENCES

(I ) Professor R. L. Bras. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Modern statistical methodologies for estimating random

fields from point observations are being used to design ra- ingage networks that will maximize information content in areas of strong orographic influence. Universal krcging, or optimal linear least square estimator, is the technique util- 081-10982-870-44 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INITIATION, DEVELOPMENT AND SPREADING OF NEW ENGLAND RED TIDES

(h) Sea Grant Office-NOAA, International Copper Research

Association,

(c ) Professor F. M. M. Morel.

(d) Fundamental and applied research.

(f ) The role of trace metal chelation, particularly that of copper in controlling and triggering blooms of the toxic

dinoflagellate, Gonvaulax tamarensis, is being systematically investigated. In addition, particular aspects of the or- ganism's life cycle are being examined to determine how

revival of the dormant, benthic stage (cyst) functions in the bloom initiation process.

(g) Concentrations of cupric ion that are toxic to the red tide organism have been determined in laboratory batch cul- tures and compared with results for other algal species. Natural populations of dormant cysts have been ger- minated under various chemical and physical conditions and the critical parameters for the inducement of germina-

(/)) Chemical and Biological Characteristics Affecting the Initia- tion, Development, and Distribution of Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms in New England, D. M. Anderson, Dec. 1977. Ph.D. Thesis, Ralph M. Parsons Lab. for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, The Potential Importance of Benthic Cysts of Gonyauta.x

tamarensis and Oonyaula.x e.xcavaia in Initiating Toxic

Dinoflagellate Blooms in the Cape Cod Region, D M. Anderson, D. Wall, J. Phycology, 1978. The Seeding of Two Red Tide Blooms by the Germination

of Benthic Oonyaula.x tamarensis Hypnocysts, D. M. Anderson, F. M. M. Morel, Esluarine and Coastal Marine

Sciences, 1978. 081-10983-870-54 MODELING OF LAKE RESPONSE TO NUTRIENT LOADINGS

(h) NSF Fellowship.

(c) Professor F. M. M. Morel.

id) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

ie) This project has examined models that predict trophic

state for given phosphorus loadings and models of process which control the distribution of phosphorus in lakes.

(/) Completed.

(g) A stepwise discriminant analysis of 128 P. limited lake has given insight into the meaning of loading diagrams and

into the necessary functionalities for phosphorous removal

terms. On this basis, a simple steady state lake model has been proposed whose prediction reliability is shown to be comparable to that of models requiring a posteriori evaluation of phosphorus loss. An algorithm for the computation

of vertical mixing across the thermocline has been

developed, as has a model for the adsorption of phosphate on iron and aluminium oxides.

(/i) The Modeling of Lake Responses to Phosphorus Loadings:

Empirical, Chemical, and Hydrodynamic Aspects, J. G,

Yeasted, Feb. 1978. Ph.D. Thesis, Ralph M. Parsons Lab.

for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. On the Interfacing of Chemical, Physical and Biological Water Quality Models, F M M. Morel, J G. Yeasted, in: Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environment, I H.

Suffet, ed., Wiley-lnterscience, 1977. Empirical Insights into Lake Response to Nutrient Loadings, with Application to Models of Phosphorus in 67
Lakes. J. G. Ycaslcd, M. M. Morel, Lnvinmmctmil

S, u iH and Tcchiu>l„ny 12, 195, Feb. 1978. 081-10984-870-54 TRACE METAL AND PHYTOPLANTON INTERACTIONS

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Professor F. M. M. Morel.

(</) Fundamental research.

(<•) The interactions between trace metals and various species

ot freshwater and marine phytoplankton arc being studied

systematically. The availability and/or toxicity of some

metals such as iron, copper or zinc arc presumed to be im- portant factors in contr*)lling algal growth and determining

the dominant plankton species. The role that organic

ligands-cithcr exuded by the cells or from external sources-play in controlling the biological availability and

toxicity of trace metals is being assessed. The effect of metal toxicity on nutrient (N, P, Si) uptake and cell divi- sion are investigated as the principal mechanisms by which

metals inhibit the growth of various species and influence phytoplankton speciation and ecology.

(«) Large differences in the sensitivity of various species of phytoplankton to cupric ion activity have been demonstrated. A particular response of some marine diatoms to

toxicity has been observed as an adaptive lag phase (with no apparent conditioning of the medium). A strong an- tagonism between cupric ion activity and silicic acid concentration has been demonstrated and is being characterized. The production of significant quantities of copper and iron complexing metabolites by freshwater blue green

algae has been quantified by potentiometric techniques. The availability and toxicity of several metals for a variety of phytoplankton species have been quantified. In particular, it has been demonstrated that growth rate can be

limited by the availability of zinc which is controlled by

(/)) Potentiometric Determination of Copper Complexation by

Extracellular Organic Compounds from Phytoplankton, D. M. McKnight, May 1978. Masters „f Science Thesis, Ralph M. Parsons Lab. for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. Growth Limitation of a Coastal Diatom by Low Zinc ion

Activity, M. A. Anderson, F. M. M. Morel, R. R. L. Guillard. Nature, 1978. AQUIL: A Chemically Defined Phytoplankton Culture Medium for Trace Metal Studies, F M. M. Morel, J. G.

Rueter, D. M. Anderson, R. R. L. Guillard, J. Phvcol„gv,

1978. Chemical Aspects of Trace Metal Toxicity to Phytoplankton, F. M. M. Morel, N. M. L. Morel, D. M. Anderson, D. M. McKnight, J. G. Rueter, Jr., in; The Stale of Marine

Environmental Research, 1978.

Potentiometric Determination of Copper Complexation by

Phytoplankton Exudate.s, K. C. Swallow, D. M. McKnight,

J. C. Westall, N. M. L. Morel, F. M. M. Morel, Limnology and Oceanography, 1978. Copper Toxicity to Skeletonema costatitm (Bacillariophyceae), N. M. L. Morel, J. G. Rueter, F. M.

M. Morel, y. Phycology. 1978. 081-10985-880-54 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER WETLANDS

{h) National Science Foundation-Pending.

(< ) Professor H. F. Hemond.

(«/) Experimental and theoretical.

(<) Investigation of the hydrological, chemical and biological phenomena which determine the physical structure, chemical environment, and biological communities of freshwater

wetlands. Present focus is on the input/output fluxes and

internal transformations of the nitrogen budget.

ig) Recent work indicates that I5v tracer studies are an appropriate tool for elucidating internal nitrogen transformations. Nitrogen deposition rates in an ombrotropic bog are

sufficiently high to suggest that direct absorption of at- mospheric NH.i may be a significant process in some bogs.

(/() Biogeochemistry of Thorcau's Bog. Concord, Massachusetts,

H. F. Hemond, Ecological Monographs.. 1978. 081-10986-870-00 ACCUMULATION OF SILICON BY NON-SILICIFIED MARINE ALGAE

(h) Edgcrttin Assistant Professorship.

(<) Profes,sor W. W. Chisholm (MIT) and Dr. R. R. L. Guillard (WHOl).

(d) Basic research and experimental.

<f ) Nonsilicon-requiring species were examined for their abili- ty to accumulate significant amounts of silicic-acid from

artificial culturing media. This phenomenon has never been described, and could play a key role in the competition between diatoms (which require silicon) and other phytoplankton groups in areas of the oceans where silicon

is in short supply.

(/) Completed.

(g) Many species were found to accumulate amounts of silicon comparable to those found in diatoms. Uptake by one species, Platymonas sp. was examined in detail and found to be related to the growth rate and the Si(OH)4 concentration in the medium.

(h) Marine Alga Platymonas sp. Accumulate Silicon Without

Apparent Requirement, J. A. Fuhrman, S. W. Chisholm,

R. R. L. Guillard, Nature 272:244-246. 1978. 081-10987-690-70 BIOCONVERSION: HPID-RICH ALGAE AS A RENEWABLE

SOURCE OF CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS

(h) Exxon Research and Engineering Company,

(c ) Professor S. W. Chisholm.

(d) Experimental and applied.

(e) Laboratory examination of conditions stimulating lipid metabolism in algae and extraction of these products for subsequent conversion to petro-fuels. Experiments will be performed to determine optimal environmental conditions

for lipid production, and feasible conditions for large scale operations. Nutrients and physical conditions are being in- (g) Some phytoplankton species can produce up to 80 percent

lipid (dry weight basis) when subjected to certain growth

conditions. Factors such as light, nutrients and temperature can either enhance or hinder this production. A syste- matic investigation of these factors is underway to define

feasible and optimum conditions that would maximize lipid production on a mass-culture scale. The lipid product is a

highly reduced mixture of long chain organics and thus

similar to petroleum and refmable by conventional methods. 081-10988-890-00 SILICIC ACID POOL SIZES AND THE GROWTH OF MARINE DIATOMS

(h) Edgerton Assistant Professorship.

(( ) Professor S. W. Chisholm.

(d) Basic research and experimental.

(e) All diatoms require silicon for growth. Silicic acid is taken up by the cells and polymerized into a rigid frustule made

of amorphous silicon. The mechanism of polymerization is unknown. This study focuses on the size of the dissolved

silicic acid pool inside the cells which reflects an inter- mediary step between transport and deposition. The pool

sizes are being studied under various growth conditions to

try to elucidate any regulatory role this pool might play in the growth of these species. (g) The size of the soluble intracellular pool of silicic acid in the marine diatom Thalassiosira fluviatilis has been found

to vary with growth conditions and degree of silicon star- vation. Preliminary results suggest that it can represent up

to 30 percent of the total silicon per cell in some cases. This contrasts with the established notion that the dis- solved pool represents only a small fraction of the total cellular silicon 68
UNIVERSITY Of MASSACHUSEHS, School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass. 01003. Dr. Russel C. Jones, Dean.

082-11706-430-00 RESPONSE OF LABORATORY BREAKWATERS

(( ) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Paul A. Palo, Deparlmcnt of

Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (f) Experiments conducted in a wind-wave flume to measure wave attenuation downstream of a resonant harbor subjected to wind-generated wave spectra.

(/) Completed.

(^) Fifty percent reduction in wave energy was observed in some cases; an approximate design chart for resonant breakwaters is presented and a resonator response function developed.

(/)) Analysis of an Exposed Reef Edge Harbor and Resonant Breakwater for an Ocean Thermal Power Plant at Palmyra,

P. A. Palo, M.S. Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engrg.. Univ. MasResponse of Laboratory Resonant Breakwaters, P. A. Palo, C. E. Carver, Jr., Pn,c. ASCE Coastal Sinulures 79 Conference l,pp. 174-193, Mar. 14-16, 1977. 082-1 1707-220-54 BED LOAD MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Dr. Peter J. Murphy, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) Develop an experimental technique for the measurement

of bed load discharge in rivers. The technique is used to

evaluate bed load formulas and to study the basic dif- ference between bed load and suspended load in the re- gion near the stream bed.

(g) To date the technique has been developed and tested im shallow streams. Bed load formulas are currently being

evaluated. A new definition of bed load has bee;n proposed.

(/i) Compartmented Sediment Trap, P J Murphy, M. F. Amin, J. Hydraulics Division, ASCE 105, HY5, pp. 489-

500, May 1979. 082-11708-440-80 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN A LAKE

(h) The Engineering Foundation.

(( ) Dr. Peter J. Murphy, Department of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) Develop a measurement technique for the vertical heat

flux due to turbulent mixing. A hot-film anemometer and a

resistance thermometer are used to examine small scale turbulence that is typical of this heat transfer process.

(/) Completed.

(g) The equipment developed permitted the detection and measurement of wT". The averaging of the basic signal was insufficient due to the need for spacial resolution.

(/i) Turbulence Measurements in a Lake, B. Brumley, P. J. Murphy, Proc. 5lh Biennial Sxmp. Turbulence, Rolla, Missouri, 1977. MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED, Research and Developnnent Division, 968 Albany-Shaker Road,

Latham, N.Y. 12110. C. Boyajian, Vice President and

General Manager, Research and Development Division. 083-10S74-1 30-52 PARTICLE SEPARATION FROM GAS STREAM BY CEN- TRIFUGING

(h) DOE-Division of Fossil Energy Research,

(f) J, T. McCabe, Project Manager.

(</) A theoretical study to determine the feasibility of particle separation from a gas by a concept called a Cyclocentrifuge.

((') Determine the effectiveness and economic advantage ot employing centrifuges for gas particulate clean-up in processes relating to coal conversion and utilization. A

theoretical aerodynamic analysis was made covering the blading characteristics required to impart the necessary

swirl to the air to separate out dust particles in a reasonable path length, achieving zero exit swirl velocity.

(,/) Phase I-Feasibility Study and Phase ll-Mi>del testing and

demonstration have been completed. Phase

Ill-Gasification Pilot Plant testing not yet started.

(^') Gas cleanup was determined to be an area in which the

special characteristics of modified centrifuge offered

technical and economic advantages over existing ap- proaches. A new concept, called a Cyclocentrifugc, was

evolved during the study which combined the best gas cleanup features of cyclones and centrifuges in a compact

design capable of separating tme particulate matter from

hot gas at large fiow rates. A design example showed the Cyclocentrifugc to be capable of achieving a purity of I ppm of solids with a nominal maximum particle diameter

of one micron when processing low Btu fuel from a coal

gasifier.

(/i) MTI Tech. Repl. MTl 77R34, available Tech. Info. Center,

Special Asst. for Reproduction and Processing, U.S. ERDA, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830

083-10575-630-20 RESEARCH PROGRAM ON HELIUM FLOW IN CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINES

(h) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Thomas J. Ivsan, Project Engineer.

(d) An experimental program to determine the factt>rs affect- ing the performance of axial flow compressor stages using helium gas as contrasted to air. The study includes the performance of suitable helium gas lubricated bearings.

(e) Project is concerned with two facets of component

development for a closed-cycle gas turbine powerplant. One task is to experimentally evaluate a high-reaction

axial compressor using helium gas to determine the effects of gas characteristics different from air. The second task is to analytically and experimentally evaluate support of the rotor on bearings lubricated by the helium.

(f) Analysis and test facility preparation has been completed, and single stage axial compressor tests are underway.

(g) The project will evaluate hcliurn gas flow through both sin- gle and multistage axial compressors. The end objective is to determine axial compressor characteristics with helium

gas and to supplement the compressor design procedure

by test results. The gas bearing development will address

those problems incurred in the: design of gas film bearings

for the gas turbine powerplant, i.e., shock and vibrations conditions under test evaluations which will extend steady

state design theory by includin.g dynamic effects. 083-10989-690-22 MATERIALS STUDY FOR HIGH PRESSURE SEAWATER

HYDRAULIC TOOL MOTORS

Civil Engineering Laboratoiry. Naval Construction Battalion Center, Port Hueneme, Calif.

(( ) Standley Gray, Program Manager; Bharat Bhushan, Senior Engineering Scientist.

(.d) An experimental materials-seawater lubrication study of simulated critical load pointu in seawater powered hydraulic motor designs suitable foir underwater tools. (f) A comprehensive materials study was made for compact

positive displacement hydraulic motors suitable for un- derwater tools using pressurized seawater to both power

and lubricate the motor. A.s part of the study and using a baseline motor size of 5.8 HP input, the designs of three motor types-gear, vane an(i piston were analyzed to deter- mine material operating conditions which should be used

in simulated material tests in synthetic seawater. A litera- ture survey, corrosion tests and wear tests of selected 69
m.ilcrial comhinutions under reciprocating and cimtinuDus

sliding mntions were performed at conditions up to 20i')() psi loading and ISOO tpm velocity. Recommendations wc.'c made ot best material combinations and motor types.

( / ) The program was completed in April 1978.

(,i;) Particularly successful material combinations from the

testing were Torlon 4301 ( Polyamide-imidc with tillers) versus Inco 625 and high purity alumina versus plasma

sprayed tungsten carbide. In an overall assessment of motor types the dt)ublc entry vane motor received top ranking and was recommended for development because

tif internal load balancing, self adjustment potential for wear and material compatibility, followed by the double

rt)w, axial piston multi-lobe cam design as second choice.

( /i ) Materials Study for High Pressure Seawater Hydraulic Tool Motors, B. Bhushan, S Gray, Final Report <m Coiunicl N6S3n5-77-C-noni , Civil Engrg. Lab., Naval Construction

Battalion Center, Port Hucneme, Calif. Investigation of Material Combinations Under High Load

and Speed in Synthetic Seawater, B. Bhushan, S. Gray, ASLE I'repnni N„. 7,S-LC-SC-I . Oct. 24, 1978. 083-10990-620-45 RESEARCH ON PROPULSION BEARINGS AND SEALS FOR

HIGH PERFORMANCE MERCHANT SHIPS

(/>) Office of Advanced Ship Development Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D C. 20230.

(c ) Leo W. Winn, Program Manager.

(t/) This project is classified as a combination of field in- vestigation, experimental and applied research. It encompasses also the design and development of advanced stern tube bearings and seals. This program is directed toward

accomplishing research on and developing new and im- proved propulsion shaft bearings and seals (emphasizing

oil/water lubricated stern tube bearings and seals) for high performance merchant ships. In the first phase of this pro- gram which was completed on September 27, 1978, the

state of art within the stern tube bearing and seal areas was established, the problems associated with the seals and

bearings were defined and their economical value deter- mined. Computer codes were generated and/or adopted to permit the design of n<;w and improved components. At

the end of Phase I layouts were made which defined the

test vehicles and instrumentations to be employed in the forthcoming design and test verification work. Phase II of

this program which forms the subject of the series of monthly reports commencing with No. 22 has begun on

October 1, 1978. This phases consists of six parts; Part

1 -Evaluation of Seal and Bearing Materials, Part 2-Fabrication and Assembly of Seal Test Vehicle. Part 3-Fabricati<>n and Assennbly of Bearing Test Vehicle, Part 4-Tcsting and Evaluation of Seals. Part 5-Testing and

Evaluation of Bearings, and Part 6-Reports. The work outlined for Phase II is to be accomplished over a period of two years through October 1, 1980

(,^') Up to date results are summarized in the following reports (h) which can be obtained from the Office of Advanced

Ship Development, Washiifigton. D C.

ill) Rearing and Seal Materials for Stern Tube Applications-Asses.sment of the SI ate-of-the-Art, S F Murrav. W

V Smith. Rcpuri ,V,< MA-RD-920-770W. June 1977. Design and Operation of Stern Tube Bearings: An Assess- ment of the State-of-the-A.rt. O Pinkus. Report So. MARn-920-7S()l(). Sept. 1977 . Analysis and Design of Advanced Stern-Tube Bearing

Systems. O. Pinkus. Report ,V... MA-RD-920-79()<)9. Nov.

1978. Design and Operation of Stern-Tube Seals: An Assessment

of the State-of-the-Art, L Winn. O Pinkus. Rep.iri So. MA-RD-92()-79<)l3. Dec. 1978

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich. 48824. Dr. William C. Taylor, Chairman.

084-08777-210-54 THE EFFECT OF RELEASED GASES ON HYDRAULIC

TRANSIENTS

(/)) National Science Foundation.

(c ) David C. Wiggert. Assoc. Professor. id) Experimental and applied numerical research including Master's thesis. (f) Investigation of hydraulic transient response with gas released from liquid in a long pipeline. Includes experi- mental study with gaseous cavitation in a pipe loop, and

numerical modeling of two-component transient flow.

(/) Completed.

(g) Experimental and analytical work completed. Significant gas release is encountered with initial dissolved gas contents ranging from 2 to 200 percent by volume. Numerical

analysis based on the method of characteristics satisfactorily predicts the transient phenomenon.

(/i) The Effect on Released Gases on Hydraulic Transients. D.

C. Wiggert, M J. Sundquist, Final Report for NSF

Research Grant ESC, 74-06653, (Aug. 1977) NTIS Acc. No. PB 272899/AS.

Fixed-Grid Characteristics for Pipeline Transients, D. C. Wiggert, M. J. Sundquist, J. Hyd. Div.. ASCE 103, HVI2

(Dec. 1977). The Effect of Gaseous Cavitation on Fluid Transients, D C. Wiggert, M. J. Sundquist, Proc. Joint Symp. on Design and

Operation of Fluid Machinery 1, Fort Collins, Colo., June

1978. 084-10991-340-82 FIELD STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FLUID TRANSIENTS IN LARGE SCALE COOLING WATER SYSTEMS

(h) Georgia Institute of Technology and Electric Power

Research Institute.

(c ) David C. Wiggert, Associate Professor.

(d) Applied research including field investigations and

theoretical analysis. (e) The study includes acquisition of transient pressure and

fiow data from an existing full-scale cooling water system,

in order to develop substantial and accurate design and

analysis methodology. Specific tasks include monitoring of

an extensive series of field tests conducted on a once- through cooling system; subsequent analysis of data to as- sess effects of gas release, column separation, air injection,

etc.. on the system pressure response; and develop a computer analysis model which incorporates recent state-of- the-art techniques.

(ji;) Field testing to begin Spring 1979.

UNINfERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Aerospace Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Professor R. M. Howe, Department Chairman.

085-10992-030-20 AN INVESTIGATION OF WALL PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS ON CYLINDERS ALIGNED WITH THE FLOW

(/)) Office of Naval Research.

(< ) Professor William W. Willmarth.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(<) Fluctuating pressure measurements on the cylinder sur-

(.i;) Development of pressure transducer to measure integrated surface pressure around circumference of cylinder.

(/)) Sensor has been developed; not published at present. 70
085-10993-010-54 STRLCTLRE OF TLRBLLENCE IN BOUNDARY LAYERS NEAR THE WALL

ih) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Professor William W. Willmarth.

{d) Experimental, basic research. Doctoral thesis

(t-) Measurements of velocity fluctuations in air using small hot wires and in water using a high spatial resolution laser

(/i) The Influence of the Flow Velocity on a Kovasznay Type

Vorticity Probe. E. G. Kastrinakis. H. Eckelmann, W. W.

Willmarth. Accepted for publication in Review Sciertlifu Insirumenis (aboul July 1979). Nonsteady Vorticity Measurements: Survey and New

Results. W. W. Willmarth, Proc. Dynamic FAm Conf . Johns Hopkins Univ.. Baltimore, Md.. Sept. 18-21, 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Deportment of Chemical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Professor J. S. Schultz. 086-09818-130-00 ACOUSTIC EMULSIFICATION (I) (d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) A technique has been developed to study the phenomenon

of acoustic emulsification in which oil is dispersed as a

fine suspension into water at 20 kHz. The acoustic emulsification process takes place in two stages. In the first stage, large oil droplets are formed from eruption of sur- face waves at the oil-water interface. In the second stage acoustic cavitation causes these large drops to break up

into smaller drops. The criterion of instability for the initial stage of emulsifi- cation has been derived from a linearized stability analysis of the oil-water interface under acoustic excitation. The

characteristic droplet diameter produced by the instability

is related to the induced capillarj' wavelength at the inter- face. The theoretical threshold amplitude of vibration necessary for the instability of the interfacial waves and

the ultrasonic transducer amplitude are virtually the same.

In addition the size of the large droplets present in the suspension systems at short irradiation times agree closely with the predicted droplet diameters.

It is known that intense cavitational Shockwaves can be generated in the water medium under the influence of an

ultrasonic field. In conjunction with the liquid-liquid emulsification phenomenon, a theoretical model for the defor- mation and break-up of an oil droplet was examined on

the basis of the droplet being exposed to a cavitation shock. A relation from the model is expressed in terms of two dimensionless quantities, the Ohnesorge number and

the critical Weber number ratio. These values, are then

plotted and compared with the ones obtained from the stu- dies on the liquid droplet exposed to shock impact from a gas stream, and the remarkable agreement leads one to the conclusion that large oil droplets originally formed from

the oil-water interface as a result of the instability were

disintegrated into smaller ones by the cavitation force until a critical size, characteristic of the oil-water system is reached.

(/i) On the Mechanism of Acoustic Emulsification-The Instability of the Oil Water Interface to Form the Initial Droplets. H. S. Foglcr, M. K. Li, J. Fluid Mechanics 88. 449 ( 1978). On the Mechanism of Acoustic Emulsification-Breakup of Large Primary Drops in a Water Medium. H S Fogler, M.

K. Li. J. Fluid Mechanics 88. 5 1 3 ( 1978).

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, College of Engineering, De- partment of Civil Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109.

Dr. E. F. Brater, Professor of Civil Engineering. 087-08850-410-60 A STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION PROCEDURES

ib) Michigan Department of Natural Resources and NCAA

Sea Grant Program.

(< ) Dr. E. F. Brater. (d) Laboratory and t'lcld in\ estigation. (c) The effectiveness and durability of various shore protection procedures are being investigated.

(jk') The effectiveness of various shore protection procedures have been compared with unprotected conditions.

(/!) Laboratory Investigation of Shore Erosion Processes, (with David Ponce-Compos), Proc. I5lh Intl. Conf. Coasral Eng..

.•).VC£ IV. pp. 1493-1511. 1976. Coastal Engineering and Erosion Protection, (with C. D. Ponce-Campos). Tech. Repl. No. 59. Mich Sea Grant

Progr.. Jan. 1978. Some Observations on Low Cost Shore Protection. Presented Ann. Convention. .4SCE. Oct. 1978. 087-08853-210-54 TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH OPEN AND CLOSED CONDUITS

(< ) Professor E. B. Wylie.

(f) Study of unsteady fluid flow in pipes and liquid flow in open channels.

(/i) Control of Transients in Series Channel with Gates, W. E. Bodley. E. B. Wvlie. J. H\d. Div.. ASCE 104, HYIO. Oct. 1978. 087-09994-420-00 FORCES DUE TO WAVES AND CURRENTS ON RUBBLE COVERING PIPES BURIED IN OCEAN OR LAKE BOT- TOMS

(h) University Research Funds,

(c ) Professor E. F. Brater.

(d) For Doctoral thesis. (e) The development of design criteria for cover layers ex- posed to waves and currents.

(/) Completed.

(g) Drag and inertial coefficients are related to dimensionless parameters to aid in the design of cover layers.

(/i) Thesis; The Stability of Protective Cover Layers for Embedded Underwater Structures, Univ. of Mich.. Tech. paper being prepared. 087-09995-390-54 NONLINEAR SHEAR WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOILS

(h) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor E. B. Wylie.

{d) Theoretical, applied research. layered soils

(/i) Nonlinear Soil Dynamics by Method of Characteristics. E.

B. Wylie, R. Henke, Proc. U.S. Natl. Conf. Earthquake

Engrg.. Stanford, Calif, Aug. 1979. 087-11424-050-54 TWO-DIMENSIONAL JETS IN STRATIFIED AND FLOWING

AMBIENT FLUID

ih) National Science Foundation (Research Initiation Grant). U ) Steven J. Wright.

(c/) Experimental and theoretical basic research for Doctoral

thesis. (f ) Examination of influence of linear density stratification or uniform crossflow velocity on the behavior of slot buoyant

jet. ig) Experiments to measure maximum rise in stratified fluid and associated dilution have been conducted. 71
087-11425-810-44 ESTIMATING RUNOFF FROM UNCAGED DRAINAGE

BASINS

(h) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, NCAA.

(( ) Dr E. F. Brater. (d) Basic research.

(< ) Analysis of rainfall, temperature and runoff to develop a model for predicting monthly runoff into the Great Lakes. 087-1 1426-000-00 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUID TRANSIENTS

(c ) Professor E. B. Wylie.

{d) Theoretical; applied research.

(h) Multi-Dimensional Fluid Transients by Latticework, E. B. Wylie, V. L. Streeter, Svmp. Fluid Transients and Acoustics

in the Power Industry, ASME, Dec. 1978. 087-11427-210-54 AIR RELEASE AND COLUMN SEPARATION IN PIPING SYSTEMS

ih) National Science Foundation, sub-contracted through Colorado State University. 0I04( c )Professor E. B. Wylie.

id) Experimental, theoretical.

(e) Evaluation of experimental data from both large and small

(/!) Column Separation in Horizontal Pipelines, E. B Wylie, V

L. Streeter, Proc. Joint S\mp. on Design and Operation of

Fluid Machinerw ASME', ASCE, lAHR, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, June 1978. 087-11428-820-54 RESPONSE OF NONLINEAR SATURATED SOILS TO

SEISMIC DISTURBANCES

ih) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor E. B. Wylie.

id) Theoretical; applied research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Study of liquefaction of soils during earthquakes.

(/i) Characteristic Method for Pressure Waves in Saturated

Soils, C. P. Liou, E. B Wylie, Proc. ASCE/EMD Specialty Cont., N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, N.C., May 1977. Numerical Model for Liquefaction, C. P. Liou, V. L

Streeter, F. E. Richart, Jr., J. Geotechnical Eng. Div.. ASCE 103, GT6, June 1977. 087-11429-690-70 NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF FUEL

INJECTION SYSTEM

(/)) Bendix Research Lab, Southfield, Mich,

(c ) E. B Wylie, S. J. Wright.

(d) Experimental and numerical applied research.

(<-) Examination of transient response in fuel rail due to injec- tor operation. Attempts to model unsteady friction effects

for laminar and turbulent flow. (g) Incomplete results at present.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. Frederick G. Hammitt,

Professor-in-Charge (reports on all projects available by

writing to laboratory). 088-06147-230-54 BUBBLE NUCLEATION, GROWTH AND COLLAPSE PHENOMENA

(/>) Office of Naval Research and Industry.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for various Ph D theses.

(£-) Study of the details of inception, growth and collapse of vapor and gas bubbles in liquids. This has included the

development of methods for measuring entrained gas microbubble spectra in water and correlating with cavitation nuclcation pressure thresholds. Effects of fast neutron

irradiation and strong magnetic fields have been included along with variation of temperature, pressure, settling- time, total gas content, etc. Present work emphasizes

acoustic bubble collapse measurements and correlation with measured erosion rates. New automated multi-channel analyzer system for this purpose is now available. 088-08123-230-70 CAVITATION EROSION TESTING

(h) ONR and Industry.

(e) Measurement of chemical vs. mechanical effects in cavitation erosion as well as other details of erosion process. 088-08779-130-54 WET STEAM FLOWS

(/?) National Science Foundation.

id) Experimental and theoretical Ph.D. theses research.

ie) Experimental and theoretical investigation of low pressure wet steam flows (pertinent to low pressure end of large steam turbines) across blading profiles. Includes measure- ment of liquid film thicknesses on profiles, and downstream droplet size, velocity and population distributions, as well as theoretical studies of liquid film stability under high-velocity steam tlows. Downstream liquid parti- cle size and velocity distributions can be used as input for our droplet impact erosion work described in the previous

project description. Effects of film orientation with respect

to gravity and fiuid properties as viscosity and surface ten- sion to be next evaluated.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Naval

Architecture and Marine Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109. T. Francis Ogilvie, Chairman.

089-09869-520-54 SHIP MANEUVERING IN SHALLOW WATERS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professors R. Beck and T. Francis Ogilvie. (d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) An experimental and analytical study of ship operations in restricted waters is being made. Effects of vessel draft, size and ship interaction are under investigation. (g) A method for predicting the forces and moments acting on

a vessel due to the hydrodynamic interaction between vessels in passing situations is compared with experiments. Also experimental results on single ship maneuvering show

speed effects in shallow water are more pronounced at the low speed limit. (h) Hydrodynamic Interactions Between Ships in Shallow Water. T. W. Yung, Report 201. Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marme Engrg., June 1978.

Investigation Into Ship Maneuverability in Shallow Water

by Free-Running Model Tests, M. Fujino, N. Daoud, Report 203, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg.,

Sept. 1978. 089-10994-520-20 SHIP CONTROL IN SHALLOW WATER

(h) Office of Naval Research.

(( ) Professor M. G. Parsons.

(d) Theoretical, Doctoral thesis. (e) The control of a surface ship along a prescribed straightline path, subject to disturbances caused by another

passing ship is considered.

(/) Completed.

ig) The effects of vessel speed and water depth on design are studied in detail. 72
(/;) Optimal Stochastic Path Control of Surface Ships in Shal- low Water, M. Parsons, H. T. Cuong. Report IH9. Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Aug. 1977. 089-10995-520-22 FORWARD SPEED EFFECTS ON THE ROLL MOTION OF

SHIPS

(/j) General Hydromechanics Research Program, Naval Sea

Systems Command.

(< > A. Trocsch, Assistant Research Scientist. id) Theoretical, basic research. ((-)Thc added mass and damping coefficients for sway, roll and yaw are formulated for a ship with forward speed.

(/) Completed.

[g) Numerical results show a significant change in the motion

coupling coefficients.

(/i) Forward Speed Effects on the Sway. Roll, and Yaw Motion

Coefficients, A. Troesch, Report 20fi, Dept. of Naval

Architecture and Marine Engrg., Nov. 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Department of Aerospace

Engineering and Mechanics, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455.

Professor P. R. Setiina, Department Head.

091-07488-000-54 HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY

(h) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor Daniel D. Joseph,

(t/) Theoretical; basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses,

(e) Theoretical research on the stability of a broad class of Huid motions.

(g) The implications of energy analysis for the stability of classical motions (Couette and Poiseuille flows in annuli,

pipes, channels, etc., and variations on the Benard

problem) are emphasized. A global theory of stability is sought in which linear theory, energy theory and the theory of branching solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations play unique and complementary roles. Also developed are aspects of near-linear perturbation theories.

( h ) Slow Motion and Viscometric Motion: Stability and Bifurcation of the Rest State of a Simple Fluid, D D Joseph,

Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 56, 1974.

Stability of Bifurcating Time-Periodic and Steady Solutions

of Arbitrary Amplitude, D D Joseph, D A Nield, Arclx. Rational Mech. Anal. 58, p. 369, 1975. Global Extensions of Hopf's SUbility Theorems, D D.

Joseph, in Proc. Mathematical Theory of Turbulence, Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Ed. R. Temam),

1975. The Bifurcation of T-Periodic Solutions into nT-Periodic

Solutions and Tori, D. D. Joseph, in Proc. Intl. Workshop

on Synergetics at Schloss Elmau. Bavaria (Ed. H. Haken),

Springer- Verlag, 1977.

Factorization Theorems, Stability and Repeated Bifurcation, D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 66, pp. 99-1 18, 1977.

Bifurcation and Stability of nT-Periodic Solutions Branching from T-Periodic Solutions at Point of Resonance,

D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 66, pp. 135-172,

1977. 091-07489-020-54 THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON TURBULENCE

(h) National Science Foundation.

((•) Professor T. S. Lundgren.

{d) Theoretical basic research; M.S., Ph.D. theses.

(f) Appropriate closure hypotheses are sought for hydrodynamic turbulence

(/) Completed.

(/?) The work centered on the statistical mechanics of two

^ dimensional vortices as a model for two-dimensional tur- bulence. A second area of interest was turbulent diffusion.

(/i) Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Vortices, T. S. Lundgren, V. B. Pointin, J. Stat. Phvs 17 ( 1977). Equation of State of a Vortex Fluid, V B. Pointin, T. S. Lundgren, Physical Review A 13, pp. 1274-1275 ( 1976).

Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Vortices in a Bounded Container, V B. Pointin, T S Lundgren, Phys.

Fluids 19, pp. 1459-1470 ( 1976). NonGaussian Probability Distributions for a Vortex Fluid, T. S. Lundgren, Y. B. Pointin, Phys. Fluids 20, pp. 356- 363 ( 1977). Turbulent Self-Diffusion, T S. Lundgren, Y B Pointin, Phys. Fluids 19, pp. 355-358 (1976). 091-08859-120-14 STUDIES IN THE VISCOMETRY OF SLOW MOTIONS OF RHEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX LIQUIDS

(h) U.S. Army Research Office.

(c) Professors D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; M.S., Ph.D. theses. (e) Experimental and mathematical studies of the mechanics

of flow of rheologically complex liquids are being carried

out. The immediate aim is to enrich the science and

technology of viscometry by developing sets of standard experiments, founded on sound mathematical analysis, which will lead to reliable viscometric data characterizing

the slow motion of rheologically complex fluids. There is also interest in certain mathematical studies of the mechanical foundations of rheology and in the evolution of new methods of analysis. (g) The following projects are active: (I) The rotating rod

viscometer. (2) The Tilted Trough Viscometer. (3) Hele- Shaw flows. (4) Free surface viscometers driven by ther- mal convection. (5) Torsion flow viscometry.

(h) The Rotating Rod Viscometer, G S Beavers, D. D. Joseph,

J. of Fluid Mech. 69, p. 475, 1975. Slow Motion and Viscometric Motion. Part V: The Free Surface on a Simple Fluid Flowing Down a Tilted Trough,

L. Sturges, D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 59, 4,

p. 358, 1975. The Free Surface on a Simple Fluid Between Cylinders Undergoing Torsional Oscillations, Part I, D D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 62, p. 323, 1976. The Free Surface on a Simple Fluid Between Oscillating Planes, Part III, L. Sturges, D. D. Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 64, p. 245, 1977. Perturbations of the Test State of a Simple Fluid: The

Weissenberg Effect Induced by Torsional Oscillation of a Rod, D. D. Joseph, Proc. Vllth Intl. Congr Rheology, Free Surface Problems in Rheological Fluid Mechanics, G.

S. Beavers, D. D. Joseph, Rheologica Acta 16, p. 169, 1977. Free Surface Problems Induced by the Motion of Viscoelastic Liquids. G S Beavers, D D Joseph, Proc. ASME Symp. Viscoelastic Fluids, Yale, 1977. Novel Weissenberg Effects, D. D. Joseph, G. S. Beavers, J. Fluid Mech. 81, p. 265, 1977. Rotating Simple Fluids, D D Joseph, Arch. Rational Mech.

Anal. 66, pp. 31 1-344, 1977. 091-08860-000-70 ROTATING FLOWS

(h) Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division,

(c ) Professors A. S. Berman, T. S. Lundgren.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; M.S., Ph.D.

(e) Study of spin up with and without density stratification and free surfaces. (h) Two-Fluid Spin-Up in a Centrifuge, A. S Berman, J. Bradford, T. S. Lundgren, J. Fluid Mech. 84, pp. 4 11-431, 1978. 73
091-10573-070-54 FLUID FLOW THROUGH DEFORMABLE POROUS MEDIA

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(, ) Professor Gordon S. Beavers.

((/) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research; M.S., Ph.D. theses.

(<•) The project aims to formulate and test mathematical models which will be capable of predicting the flow through dcformablc porous media, and which can be used

for incompressible and compressible flows through many

types of deformable media for geometries involving more

than one principal flow direction.

(a") a model, based on the Forchhcimer extension of the Darcy Law for flows through incompressible media, has been developed to describe the one-dimensional flow of an

incompressible fluid through a deformable porous material. Mass flow rate predictions of the model agree well with

(/i) Compressible Gas Flow Through a Porous Material, G. S. Beavers, E. M Sparrow. Inll. J. Heal and Mass Transfer

14, II. pp. 1855-1857. 1971 Experiments on the Resistance Law for NonOarcy Compressible Gas Flows in Porous Media, J. Fluids Engrg., Trans ASME 96, Series I. 4, pp. 353-357, 1974. Flow Through a Deformable Porous Material, G. S. Beavers, T. A. Wilson, B. A Masha, J. Appl. Mech. 42,

Trans. ASME 97, Series E, pp. 598-602, 1975. Flow Through Permeable Beds Consisting of Layers of Dif- ferent Size Spheres, G. S Beavers, E M Sparrow. L

Goldstein. P. Bahrami. AlCliE J. 22, pp. 194-196, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory (see ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAUUC LABORA- TORY listing).

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Aerospace

Engineering, Mississippi State, Miss. 39762.

092-10137-000-26 DEVELOPMENT OF PARTIAL CHANNEL FLOW FOR AR- BITRARY INPUT VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS USING BOUNDARY-FITTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS

(h) U.S. Army Research Office.

(t ) Professor Leslie R. Hester. Principal Investigator; Profes- sor Joe F, Thompson, Project Director.

(.d) Theoretical, basic research. Ph.D. thesis. (f) Work consists of applying a technique of automatic nu- merical generation of a curvilinear coordinate system

(boundary-fitted coordinate systems) in the finite dif- ference solution of the time dependent, two-dimensional

Navier-Stokes equations for laminar as partial channel

flow. The partial channel configurations of primary interst are those associated with fluid amplifiers or fluidic devices

in which a nozzle or main flow issues into a region sur- rounded by both solid and fluid boundaries and is finally

split into two channel flows which have solid boundaries. The configurations are of such small size and complex

shapes that conventional experimental and analytical methods will not provide details of the flow field. Knowledge of the flow field is necessary in order to fully evaluate and optimize the configurations with respect to

their steady state and dynamic performance. Since the end

result of the boundary-fitted coordinate system is a rectan- gular grid with a square mesh upon which the numerical computation, both to generate the coordinate system and

subsequently to solve the partial differential equations are performed, complex boundary shapes do not present a

serious difficulty. ig) A computer code has been developed that utilizes the boundary-fitted coordinate systems technique to provide

field solutions in the primative variables for partial channel

configurations with arbitrary shaped boundaries. The partial channel configuration can consist of a nozzle section, a main body section, two output sections and up to six main

body ports All sections can be of arbitrary shape. Velocity and pressure field solutions have been obtained for the case of symmetrical boundary conditions on the ports at a nozzle Reynolds Number of 500 based on nozzle width. The case of asymmetrical boundary conditions on the ports has been run, but because of problems associated with compatible boundary conditions on the ports, satisfactory resuls were not obtained,

(/i) Development of Partial Channel Flow for Arbitrary Input

Velocity Distribution Using Boundary-Fitted Coordinate

Systems, ASME Sxmp. NonSteadx Fluid Dynamics, BK No. HOG I IN, pp. 53-61, Dec. 1978. Recent Developments in the Use of Boundary-Fitted Coordinate Systems for Computational Mechanics, J. F. Thompson, Z. U. A. Warsi, C. W. Mastin, L. R. Hester, Sih U.S.

Nail. Congress of Applied Mechanics, Los Angeles, 1978.

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Drawer CE, Mississippi State, Miss. 39762.

Dr. R. M. Scholtes, Head.

093-11714-870-33 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STREAMFLOWS AS APPLIED TO HYDROGRAPH CONTROLLED RELEASE OF LAGOON EFFLUENTS

(b) Mississippi Water Resources Research Institute. Mississippi State University,

(c ) Dr. Victor L. Zitta. (d) Theoretical applied research.

(£>) The high initial and operating costs of alternative waste

treatment processes dictate the retention of lagoons as a waste management alternative. Controlled release seems to be the most promising of the methods proposed to retain lagoons while maintaining the integrity of in-stream water

quality standards. The controlled release method proposed

in this study is to release during the rising portion of short term flow events. This implies a stochastic analysis of ru- noff events to determine the individual and joint probabilities of events to be expected during critical low flow conditions.

(/) Completion report due October I. 1979. 093-11715-810-33 A SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF WATERSHED RU- NOFF

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology,

(c ) Dr. Vijay P. Singh. Associate Professor.

(d) Theoretical and applied.

(e) Kinematic wave models have been developed to study watershed surface runoff. A comparison of models has been made to develop objective criteria for their selection. To all watershed models precipitation forms input. An in- vestigation of this input was carried out.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Studies on Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: 7. A Nonlinear Hydrologic Cascade, S Buapeng, V P. Singh, WRRI Report No. 087, p. 68, New Mexico Water Resources Research Inst., New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, New

Mexico, 1977. Studies on Rainfall -Runoff Modeling: 8. Comparison of Models, V. P. Singh. WRRI Report No. 91, p. 82, New

Mexico Water Resources Research Inst., New Mexico

State Univ., Las Cruces, New Mexico, 1977.

Criterion to Choose Step Length for Some Numerical Methods Used in Hydrology, V P. Singh. J. Hydrology 33,

pp. 287-299. 1977.

Sensitivity of Some Runoff Models to Errors in Rainfall-Excess, V. P. Singh. J. Hydrology 33, pp. 301-388. 1977. 74
Effect of Rainfall-Excess Determination on Runoff Computation, V. P. Singh. S. Buapcng, Wulcr Resources Bullclin

13. 3. pp. 499-514. 1977. Some Statistical Relationships Between Rainfall and Runoff,

V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, J. Hydr,>U>gy 34. pp. 251-268.

1977. Estimation of Parameters of a Uniformly Nonlinear Surface Runoff Model. V. P. Singh, N„rdU Hydn,l,>i;\- 8, pp. 33-45,

1977. Converging Overland Flow for Urban Runoff, V P. Singh.

K. L. Shclburnc, Proc. Intl. Symp. Urban Hydrology.

Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington. Ky., pp. 1 19-124, July 1977. Estimation of Parameters of Converging Overland Flow

Model, V. P. Singh, K. L. Shelburnc, Nordic H\drologv 8, pp. 193-210, 1977. Comparison of Two Mathematical Models of Surface Runoff, V. P. Singh. Intl. A.ssoc. of Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 21, 2, pp. 285-299, 1976. Use of Topographic Information in Modeling Watershed

Runoff Response, V. P. Singh, K. L. Shclburne. Proc. Intl. Omf. on Water Resources Engrg. 2. Asian Inst, of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 923-948, Jan. 1978. Some Statistical Relationships Between Rainfall and Runoff-A Reply, V. P. Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, J. Hvdrologv 38,

pp. 383-386, 1978. A Statistical Analysis of Rainfall-Runoff Relationship, V. P

Singh, Y. K. Birsoy, Proc. Intl. Symp. on Risk and Reliability in Water Resources 1, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, pp. 345-363, Aug. 1978. Role of Computers in Transfer of Water Resource

Technology, V. P. Singh. Water Knowledge Transfer 1, edited by Neil Grigg, pp. 540-556. Water Resources Publi- cation, Fort Collins, Colo., 1978. A Linear Dynamic Model for Prediction of Surface Runoff.

V. P. Singh, Modeling Hydrologic Processes, edited by H. J. Morel-Seytoux, et al.. Water Resources Publications, Fort

Collins, Colo., 1979. A Uniformly Nonlinear Model for Surface Runoff Prediction, V. P. Singh, Modeling Hydrologic Process, edited by

H. J. Morel-Seytoux. et al.. Water Resources Publication, Fort Collins, Colo., 1979. A Nonlinear Hydrologic Cascade. V P. Singh, S. Buapeng,

Proc. 3rd World Congress on Water Resources 6. Mexico

City, Mexico, pp. 2633-2647. Apr. 1979. A Uniformly Nonlinear Hydrologic Cascade, V. P Singh, J. Irrigation and Power. \919. Use of Watershed Topography to Determine Converging Overland Flow Parameters, V. P Singh, K L. Shelburne,

C/vi7 Engineering, The Institution of Engineers, 1979. A Systematic Evaluation of Urban Runoff Models. V. P. Singh, Technical Report MSSU-EIRS-CE79-3 , 75 p.. Engineering and Industrial Research Station, Mississippi State Univ., Missis.sippi State, Miss., i979. A Statistical Comparison of Urban Runoff Models. V. P. Singh, P. H. Blinco. presented I4lh Amer. Water Resources

Assoc. Ann. Mtg., Disney Land, Orlando, Fla., Nov. 1978. A Coupled Runoff-Chloride Model for Urban Areas, A. J. H. Tay, V. P. Singh, Proc. Intl. Symp. Urban Stormwater Management, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., July 1978. 093-11716-810-54 A HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF SURFACE RUNOFF

(h) National Science Ft)undation.

(c ) Dr. Vijay P. Singh. Associate Professor.

(«/) Theoretical and applied.

(e) This project is aimed at developing a general, unified framework for the study of runoff process. Stochastic models of space-time varying rainfall are being developed from the vantage point of runoff modeling. Results of this study will augment current hydrologic knowledge of the runoff process.

(/i) A Mathematical Model of a Reservoir, B. Sherman. V. P. Singh, Proc. Intl. Conf Matlicmaiual Modeling. St. Louis, Mo., Aug. -.Sept. /y77.

Stochastic Simulation of Droughts. D R. Dawdy, V K. Gupta, V. P. Singh. Proc. Hilutcral U S.-Argciiiinu Workshop on Droughts, Argentina, 1978.

Irrigation Hydraulics: Some Observations, V P. Singh,

Proc. 3rd World Congress on Water Resources I, Mexico

City. Mexico, pp 37 1-385. 1979. Kinematic Modeling of Watershed Runoff: I. Equilibrium Hydrograph, V. P. Singh, K. Mahmood. Proc. 3rd World

Congress on Water Resources 4. Mexico City. Mexico, pp. 2052-2073. Apr. 1979. Kinematic Modeling of Watershed Runoff: 2. Partial Equilibrium Hydrograph, V. P. Singh. K. Mahmt)od. Proc. 3rd World Congress on Water Resources 4, Mexico City, Mexico, pp. 2074-2086, Apr. 1979. Kinematic Modeling of Watershed Runoff: 3. A Simultane- ous Treatment of Infiltration, V. P. Singh. K. Mahmood,

Proc. 3rd Congress on Water Resources 4, Mexico City, Mexico, pp. 1087-2101. Apr. 1979. Kinematic Modeling of Watershed Runoff: 4. Application to Natural Watersheds, V. P. Singh, K. Mahmood. Proc. 3rd World Congress on Water Resources 4, Mexico City. Mexico, pp. 2101-21 17. Apr. 1979. Computer Modeling in Water Resources. V. P. Singh, K. Mahmood, Proc. 1978 Summer Computer Simulation Cmf., Newport Beach. Calif., June 1978. Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport in Hydraulic

Structures. K. Mahmood, V. P. Singh, Proc. I97S Summer

Computer Simulation Conf., Newport Beach, Calif., June

1978. Mathematical Modeling of Watershed Runoff, V. P. Singh.

Proc. Intl. Conf. Water Resmirces Engrg. 2. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok. Thailand, pp. 703-726, Jan. 1978. A Kinematic Model for Surface Irrigation. B. Sherman. V.

P. Singh, Water Resources Research 14. 2, pp. 357-363,

1978. 093-11717-810-54 FREE BOUNDARY PROBLEMS IN WATER RESOURCE EN- GINEERING

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Vijay P. Singh, Associate Professor.

(d) Theoretical and applied.

(e) This project deals with a mathematical treatment of free boundary problems in surface runoff, soil erosion by

water, and surface irrigation, as well as application of the techniques to natural environments.

(g) Explicit analytical solutions have been obtained for some

of the free boundary problems arising in surface runoff, surface irrigation, and watershed sediment yield. Progress

report due Mar. 198 I

.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, Civil Engineering Department, Columbia, Mo. 65211. John T. O'Connor, Department Chairman.

094-10999-260-52 HYDRAULIC CAPSULE PIPELINING (HCP)

(h) U.S. Department of Energy, EM-78-S-02-4935.

(c) Dr. Henry Liu, Professor.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied research. Master's and Doctoral theses.

(e) Assess the feasibility of HCP (hydraulic capsule pipeline)

for freight transport over long distances, and to design a small system for demonstration. Main technical problems

studied are capsule pumping and injection. 75
if;) The study indicates that HCP is technically and economically feasible for a number of applications. It also uses less energy than other modes of freight transport, and is pollution free. The most immediate application seems to be for coal transport over distances in the range 50-300 miles. The most promising method of pumping seems to be by

using linear motors, although jet pump also may play an

important role. Best ways to inject and handle capsules

also have been tentatively identified

(/i) The Fluid Mechanics of Capsule Pipelining, H. Liu, Spec. Conf. of the EiiKr. Mech. Dir., ASCE, 7 pages. May 1977. Electromagnetic Capsule Pumps. H Liu, J. E. Rathke, Inil. Symp. on Freighi Pipeline, Washington, DC, Dec. 1976. Conserving Energy and Protecting Environment by Using

Freight Pipeline-A Technology Assessment, 4th Ann. UMR- DNR Conf. on Energy. Rolla, Mo., 9 pages, Oct. 1977. Transporting Coal in Containers Through Pipeline-A Feasibility Study, H Liu, 5th Ann. VMR-DNR Conf. on Energy,

Rolla, Mo., 9 pages, Oct. I I, 1978. 094-11000-300-33 PREDICTING LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IN NATURAL

STREAMS

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, A- 103 MO.

(t ) Dr. Henry Liu, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, basic research. Master's thesis.

.(<') Conventional ways to predict longitudinal (one-dimensional) dispersion of pollutants in natural streams are often

grossly inaccurate. The purpose of the study is to develop

a new method to improve the accuracy of prediction.

(J) Completed.

{g) The ordinary Fickian model for dispersion is modified by

using a time-dependent dispersion coefficient and a timescale much greater than Fischer time-scale. With such a model, it was found that longitudinal dispersion in natural streams can be predicted with much better accuracy than

hitherto considered possible. The result is useful for pre- dicting pollution of river caused by accidental spills.

(/i) Predicting Dispersion Coefficient of Streams, H. Liu, J. Env. Engr. Div., ASCE, Proc. Paper 12724, pp. 59-69, Feb.

1977.

Predicting Longitudinal Dispersion of Pollutants in Rivers, H. Liu, J. E. Dieter, 25th .Ann. Hyd. Spec. Conf.. ASCE,

Aug. 1977.

Pollution Forecast in Streams, H D. Cheng, M.S. Thesis. Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 92 pages, July 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA, Department of Geology, Columbia, Mo. 65211. James H. Stitt, Chair- man.

095-10063-300-00 CHANNEL INCISION CHRONOLOGY AND

PALEOHYDRAULICS OF THE DEARBORN RIVER, MON- TANA

(/>) Research Council of the Graduate School, University of Missouri-Columbia.

(<•) Asst. Professor Michael G. Foley.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(<•) The present lower course of the Dearborn River is deeply

inci.sed into bedrock, but was apparently established by

diversion by a late Pincdale glacial advance. A relict braided outwash channel formerly occupied by the Dear- born River, and now occupied by Flat Creek, an underfit stream, was a sluiceway at the time of diversion. A diver- sion chronology established by detailed mapping, and

paleofiow characteristics determined by hydraulic analysis of the abandoned channel allow a quantitative rate of bedrock channel incision and adjustment to be deter- mined. This chronology is being used to calibrate a model

for bedrock incision by streams.

(/i) Toward a Deterministic Model of Bedrock Incision by

Streams, M. G Foley, (.Ahs.): Geol. Soc. .4m. Abstracts 095-10064-300-00 INCISION MECHANISM AND HYDRAULICS OF THE

SALINE RIVER, ARKANSAS

(c ) Asst. Professor Michael G. Foley.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied research. Master's

thesis. (e) The Saline River displays a bead-on-a-string pattern re- lated to its riffic-and-pool morphology. Reconnaissance in- dicates that some of the riffle-and-pool morphology is in- cised in bedrock, and therefore does not indicate direct control by alluvial sediment transport, as does riffle-and- pool morphology of an alluvial stream channel. Field mapping and hydraulic studies will be used to investigate the relation between bedrock channel geometry and alluvial transport processes.

(/) Suspended. 095-10065-820-33 HYDROGEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL DELINEATION OF

BURIED GLACIAL RIVER VALLEY AQUIFERS IN NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology (U.S.D.I.).

(c ) Asst. Professor John M. Sharp, Jr. (d) Field investigation, applied research. Master's thesis. (e) Examine the hydrogeology of buried glacial river valley (or preglacial valley) aquifers; delineate these aquifers; determine their lateral and vertical extent; and to compare

geoelectric, gravity, and seismic refraction geophysical methods for groundwater exploration in this particular hydrogeologic setting. We plan to quantitatively estimate:

1) aquifer hydraulic conductivity and storativity, 2) areas of groundwater recharge and discharge, 3) the hydrologic budget, and 4) groundwater salinities. We shall also deter- mine the direction and rates of groundwater fiow and the existence of any hydrostratigraphic units. Long-range goals are to determine the aquifer's potential water yield and to provide information for regional planning. A clearly subsidiary objective is to provide data to assist in the reconstruction of Missouri's Pleistocene ( Ice-age) history. (g) Gravity grid surveing has proven to be an effective reconnaissance tool when coupled with well log data. The need

for better elevation control was documented and supplied by barometric altimetry and secondary bench marks. Seismic refraction has demonstrated effective in determining depth to bedrock, but electrical resistivity has been in- effective because of saline water encroachment from

bedrock.

( h ) Applicability of Gravity and Seismic Methods for Delineat- ing Northwest Missouri's Buried River Valley Aquifers, O.

Malvik, R F. Burmester, J. M. Sharp, Jr., Missouri Acad.

Sci. Trans., 1979. Hydrogeology and Delineation of Buried River Valley Aquifers in Northwestern Missouri, J. M. Sharp, Jr., Missouri Water Resources Research Center (NTIS PB-278-

035), 65 p , 1977. Geophysical Exploration for Buried River Valley Aquifers

in the Dissected Till Plains, J. M. Sharp, Jr., R. F. Burmester, O. Malvik, Geol. Soc. Amer., Ahs. with Programs

(North-Central Sec.) 10, 6, p. 284, 1978. Geophysical Delineation of Buried River Valley Aquifers in Northwestern Missouri, O. Malvik, R. F. Burmester, J. M.

Sharp, Jr , Am Oeophys. Union. Midwest Mtg., p. H-1,

1977. 095-10066-300-33 HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MISSOURI RIVER VALLEY FLOOD PLAIN ALLUVIAL AQUIFER

(<) Asst. Professor John M. Sharp, Jr. id) Field investigation, basic and applied research. Master's

thesis 76
(<•) Examine quantitatively the hvdrolDgic and geologic

characteristics of the Missouri River tlood plain alluvial aquifer. This includes quantification of the aquifers

anisotropy and inhomogencity , its storativity and hydraulic

conductivity, and its hydrostratigraphy A subsidiary objective is to develop a generalized digital model for groundwater movement m the flood plain. The long-range goal is to employ the above information and model to the selection of utilizatiim criteria for waste disposal and water

supply in the Missouri River flood plain.

H) A scries of finite difference computer models have been

developed to simulate observed fluctuations in hydrogeologic conditions. Our conclusions are as follows:

I ) The flood plain shows greater hydrogeologic variability than was previously assumed: 2) influence of local streams and springs can lead long-term perturbations in ""normal"

flood plain hydrogeology; 3) many of the assumptions commonly made in bank storage models arc erroneous: 4) flood plain groundwater systems may be separated into

U>cal and regional systems: 5 ) hydraulic jetting of wells has proven to be an economical method for installation of piezometers; 6) the flood plain is a major untapped groundwater resource which will be increasingly developed

for supplemental irrigation, industrial, and domestic use: and 7) hydrogeologic information is vital to the proper

land use selection in flood plains. Furthermore, an initial quantification of aquifer anisotropy has been made. Sites most suitable for water supply and waste disposal have been evaluated and criteria established,

/i) Hydraulic Properties of the Missouri River Alluvial Aquifer. T. L. Foreman. J. M. Sharp, Jr., Geol. Sue. Amcr..

Ahs. with Pr„grams ( N,>rih-Cenlral Sec), 1979

Alluvial Hydrogeology of the Lower Missouri River Valley. N. G. Grannemann, J. M. Sharp, Jr., J. H\dn>lofi\. in Limitations of Bank-Storage Model .Assumptions, j. M.

Sharp. Jr., J Hydrology 35. 1/2, p. 3 1-47, 1977. Major River Valley Flood Plains Hydrogeology, J. M

Sharp, Jr., N. G. Grannemann, Ceol. Soc. Amer.. Ahs. with Programs { Norlh-Central Soc.) 9, 5. p. 650-651, 1977. Hydrogeologic Characteristics of the Missouri River Valley Flood Plain, J. M Sharp, Jr . Missouri Water Resources Research Center {NTIS PB-26I-355). 60 p., 1976. SO 1001-810-60 SSOURI'S INSTREAM FLOW

, Office of Administration, State of Missouri.

I Asst. Professor John M. Sharp, Jr.

) Applied research. Master's thesis.

I Investigation on a watershed by watershed scale of low

flows versus current and projected water demands. The

study seeks to identify specific watersheds in Missouri which are in danger of overdraft. Data is presently col- lected by a wide range of local state and federal agencies. We intend to collect this data: focus it on instream flow requirements: and delineate areas of future study.

-11 002-650-84

1 (DELING THE EFFECTS OF COMPACTION DIS- QUILIBRIL'M AND AQUATHERMAL PRESSURING IN CCUMLLATING SEDIMENTS

' Asst. Professor John M. Sharp, Jr. American Chemical Society (Petroleum Research Fund).

Theoretical investigation, basic and applied research, at

least one thesis (either Master's or Doctoral).

Project involves computer modeling the effects of sedi- ment loading and aquathermal pressuring in determining

pressures and temperatures in accumulating sediments. The cause of excess pressures in thick sedimentary sequences has long been a cause of controversy. In this research we focus on the two most promising candidates

' and are attempting to evaluate their simultaneous effects. The results of this project could be important in studies of sediment diagensis. geothcrmal energy, and the formation

of petroleum and economic mineral deposits.

(g) Preliminary results tie aquathermal pressuring closely to sediment compressibility. A simple computer subroutine

has been developed to calculate the isobaric expansivity and isothermal comprcssibilitv of water in the range of 20- 250 °C and 1-6000 kb

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI—COLUMBIA, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Columbia, Mo. 65201. Paul W. Braisted, Department Chairrnan. 096-09831-050-54 HETEROGENEOUS JET MIXING STUDY USING LASER ANEMOMETER

(/j) National Science Foundation ENG-74- 10074.

(c ) Dr. John B. Miles. Professor.

(d) Experimental: basic research; Master's and Doctoral

(f ) Investigate both the overall and the detailed nature of the heterogeneous turbulent mixing region formed by the in- teraction of two parallel streams (one air. the other Freon)

initially separated by a thin dividing plate. Instantaneous

local velocities are measured (2 components) by a laser anemometer system. Local concentration is measured by an aspirating probe in conjunction with a hot wire anemometer. All data is recorded on an FM tape recorder

for subsequent evaluation in terms of power spectrums,

time averages, and various correlations.

(/) Project has been completed. Dissertation of James L. Brown is being prepared for submission to appropriate

journals.

ig) An experimental investigation of the two stream turbulent mixing layer has been conducted. Studied were three

velocity ratio homogeneous cases, </> „ = 0, 0.3, and 0.6, for

air mixing with air. Also studied were two velocity ratio heterogeneous cases, <t>„ = 0.3 and 0.6 with air as the fast stream and freon- 1 2 as the slow stream. The fast stream in

all cases was air at a nominal velocity of 14 mps. A

Reynolds number, u,\/i^. of 1.8 10'* to 3.2 10^ was typi- cal of the cases considered. Velocity measurements were

accomplished for all cases considered. Several velocity in- struments were employed in this study. These instruments included a pitot tube, a hot wire anemometer, and a 2-D, 2-Color laser Doppler anemometer. Molar concentration

of freon- 12 was measured using a hot-wire based aspirat- ing probe. Experimental mean velocity, U. and mean concentration, c', profiles in the similarity region are presented

for mixing layer cases mentioned abt)vc. Turbule nce i ntensities (u'r„„. vV„„ and cV„„), Reynold stresses (u'v',rV

and c'v' ), associated spectrums, auto- and cross-correlations are obtained. A spreading rate parameter, tr, is presented for each case. Velocity spectrums are also obtained for the near region initial instability. Flow visualiza- tion photographs were obtained through the injection of smoke into one or the other of the two streams. These

flow visualization studies lend added support of and insight into the coherent structures governing the mixing layer. A

flow pattern for these structures is evolved which explains considerable experimental observations. Certain conclusions as to the behavior of the turbulent mixing layer can

be made based upon the results of the current study. These conclusions include: ( 1 ) The analytical solutions of Baker & Weinstein based upon Prandtl's second mixing

length hypothesis accurately predict the velocity profiles for both the homogeneous and heterogeneous mixing

layers. (2) The growth rate of a turbulent mixing layer with laminar boundary layers at the splitter plate and

undisturbed initial conditions is best described by Sabin's

relationship: cr /cr „ = (1 - (>„)/( 1 -I- <(>o) with cr „ = ILS (a best fit value). The o- vs <(>„ relation of Sabin is felt to be valid

for both the homogeneous and heterogeneous turbulent mixing layers as long as laminar boundary layers exist at the splitter plate and the initial conditions are undisturbed. However, if the turbulent mixing layer is disturbed, par- 77
ticularly the near region, then a faster growth rate (lower

or) will be experienced. (3) A value of 1.0 for the turbulent Schmidt number was found to best fit the experimental heterogeneous velocity and concentration profiles to their analytical counterparts. (4) The effect of a density dif- ference in the two streams of a subsonic turbulent mixing

layer on the o- vs <\>o relation is found to be statistically in- significant. (5) The laminar instability as described by Michalkc predominates in the near region of the mixing

layer of the present study. (6) The importance of the initial conditions near the splitter plate on the growth rate and characterisitcs of the resultant turbulent mixing layer are emphasized in this study. (7) Evidence of the large scale coherent structures as dominating the turbulent mixing layer is displayed in the velocity and concentration spectrums and correlations obtained in the present study. (8) Further evidence of the mixing layer structures is presented in the form of flow visualization photographs,

(/i) Heterogeneous Turbulent Mixing Layer Investigations

Utilizing a 2-D 2-Color Laser Doppler Anemometer and a Concentration Probe, J. L. Brown, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia. 096-11003-140-50 NUCLEATE BOILING AT ZERO-GRAVITY

(b) NASA-Ames Research Center.

(c) Dr. John B. Miles, Professor.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Doctoral thesis. (e) Boiling from preselected nucleation sites on heated copper

surfaces is being studied in a near zero-gravity situation. The boiling surfaces are the smoothed and polished ends

of one-inch diameter cylinders which have different arrays of small holes drilled into them to provide preferred sites for nucleate boiling. The low gravity environment is pro- vided by flying the experiment in a Learjet aircraft which

performs a parabolic trajectory during actual data acquisition. Some boiling surfaces are maintained at constant

heat flux. Principal instrumentation includes time-varying temperatures and heat fluxes plus high speed motion pic- tures of bubble growth and departure.

(/) Phase 1 has been completed. Some experimental problems

encountered in Phase I are being modified in preparation

for a second round of experiments.

(g) A NASA Learjet was used to produce a low gravity en- vironment for a series of nucleate pool boiling experi- ments. Surface temperature and heat flux measurements, and high-speed microphotography of bubble phenomena,

were made on 9 prepared boiling surfaces. The surfaces were polished copper disks, 25 mm in diameter, with vari- able artificial nucleation site densities from 0.2 to 32

sites/cm-. Both Ig and low g data were obtained for comparison. In every case, the boiling heat transfer coefficient was observed to increase to a new, apparently steady value

for the entire 15-20 second duration of the low-gravity

period. The mean increase in the heat transfer coefficient was 34 percent. Rapid movement of the surfaces of the

large vapor masses which were observed is indicative of considerable turbulent liquid motion apparently induced

by the bubble growth and coalescence. In no case was a decreased heat transfer coefficient observed, which would

be indicative of film boiling.

(/i) Nucleate Pool Boiling of Water on Arrays of Artificial Sites

in Normal and Reduced Gravity Environments, B. W.

Webbon, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Missouri-Columbia.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI—ROLLA, School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rolla, Mo. 65401.

Professor Gary K. Patterson. 097-07502-120-00 MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEX MODULUS IN POLYMERS

(c ) Dr. Gary K. Patterson.

(d) Evperimental; basic; Masters thesis.

(c) Development and testing of an instrument for measure- ment of complex shear modulus in polymer solutions and

soft solids. The instrument is also applicable to greases and

other complex suspensions. (^;)Two modes of operation have proven feasible; (I) for dilute to concentrated polymer .solutions and greases, vibration of a thin plate in effectively infinite solution; and

(2) for soft solids vibration of a very rigid plate clamped

between two relatively thin samples of polymer. Tests of instrument effectiveness are continuing. 097-07503-020-00 EFFECTS OF MIXING ON CHEMICAL REACTIONS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Drs. G. K. Patterson and S. B. Hanna.

id) Theoretical and experimental; basic; Masters and Doctoral

(e) Segregation and concentration distributions of reactants and products are measured in mixed reactors to determine how well they can be modeled by various methods. Extension to complex reactions is being done.

ig) Measurements of second-order very fast reaction in coaxial jet flows and model results compare closely. Some

measurements done in mixing tank using fluorescent product method. Modeling using analytical closure for complex reactions has produced promising results.

( h ) Turbulence Level Significance of the Coalescence-Dispersion Parameter, Chem. Eng. Sci. 32, 1349 ( 1977).

Effect of Imperfect Mixing on the Performance and Control

of Batch and Semi-Batch Reactors, (with R. C. Waggoner),

ISA Trans. 14, 331 ( 1975). Applications of Random Coalescence-Dispersion, Proc. 4th

Intl. Symp. on Chem. Reactor Eng., Heidelberg, Apr. 1976. Measurement and Numerical Modeling of Turbulent Scalar Mixing and Reaction in Co-Axial Jets, (with W. C. Lee and

S. J. Calvin), Symp. on Turh. Shear Flow, Penn. State Univ., Apr. 1977. Modeling Complex Chemical Reactions in Flows with Turbulent Diffusive Mixing, 70th Ann. AlChE Mtg., Nov.

1977. Methods for Computing Yield for Turbulently Mixed Complex Reactions, AlChE Ann. Mtg., Miami Beach, Dec.

1978. Closure Approximations for Complex Multiple Reactions, 2nd Symp. on Turh. Shear Flow, London, July 1979. 097-11007-250-50 FLOW OF SMALL PARTICLES IN AIR BOUNDARY

LAYERS

(fo) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c ) Drs. G. K. Patterson. R. B. Getting and R. Anderson.

id) Experimental; basic; Masters thesis. (e) Visual studies by holography and high speed movies of

particle motions in a boundary layer developing on a long

flat plate in a large wind tunnel are being done to show why drag reduction sometimes occurs. Various types of

particles under differing charge conditions are being used.

(g ) System for studies just completed. 097-11008-250-00 FIBER SUSPENSION FLOWS

(c ) Dr. G. K. Patterson.

(d) Experimental; basic. (e) Studies of the flow characteristics of fiber suspensions, in- cluding paper pulps, to determine effects of flocculation on dray characteristics and fiber dispersion. (g) Apparent drag reduction in pipe flow, which appears at a now rate where turbulence should commence and disap- pears at a higher flow rate, is probably cuased by nonuniform distribution of fiber concentration. Visual studies using high speed movies are planned. 78
UNIVERSITY Of AAISSOURI—ROUA, Department of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. 65401. Joseph H. Senne, Department Chairman.

098-06287-810-00 MODIFIED STATION-YEAR METHOD FOR FLOOD

FREQUENCIES

(< ) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh.

(cl) Design.

(f) Determination of flood peaks for small drainage areas in Missouri based on physiographic data.

(/) Completed. 098-07504-200-00 EFFECTS OF RAINDROP IMPACT ON OVERLAND FLOW

(c ) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Experimental.

(f) Work is being performed in the laborator>' to determine

the effect of raindrop impact as a contributing factor in the resistance to flow for short overland flow conditions.

(/) Completed. 098-07505-350-88 TIME SEQUENCED DAM FAILURES

(h) National Defense Education Act.

(c ) Dr. T. E. Harbaugh.

{d) Experimental.

(f) Determination of the influence of a controlled breaking of

a dam upon the ensuing downstream flood wave,

(/i) Ph.D. Dissertation completed. 098-07506-220-33 EVALUATION OF A SINGLE LAYER OF GRADED GRAVEL

AS A PROTECTIVE FILTER ON EMBANKMENT SLOPES

(h) Office of Water Resources Research,

(c ) C. D. Muir, Assoc. Professor.

id) Experimental.

(c) Determine the effect of thickness and gradation on the

ability of a single graded filter layer to prevent the migration of finer particles through the layer.

(It) Master's Thesis completed. 098-07507-200-OO

4 .SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIALLY VARIED UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS

(c ) Dr T. E. Harbaugh.

id) Theoretical.

I f ) Computer solutions of the spatially varied fiow equations

arc being performed for various boundary, finite dif- ference, mesh sizes, and inputs to determine the sensitivity of the equations to a variety of parameters.

(In Ph D Dissertation (G. T. Stevens, Jr.) completed. 098-08862-220-13 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION VERSUS SEDIMENT IN THE

' MISSOURI RIVER

I (/>) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(< ) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research.

(e) An attempt was made to fit experimentally developed sedi- ment transport equations to the Missouri River.

(/) Completed.

(Ii) Completed Master's Thesis. A. Mauzy. 398-08863-300-13 THE MISSOURI RIVER COMPUTERIZED DATA BANK

(h) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(I ) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research.

(e) Collection and storage of all available velocity and sedi- ment data that is needed in the development of a typical

Missouri River velocity and sediment concentration

profile. These profiles then can be utilized in a sediment

transport relationship for the Missouri River.

(J) Completed. 098-08864-8 10-00 UNIT HYDROGRAPH FOR OZARK SECTION OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI

(( ) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design.

(e) Development of a synthetic unit hydrograph for the Ozark

section of Missouri and Arkansas using readily available physiographic data.

(/i) Master's Thesis completed, Melvin Schaefer. 098-08865-310-00 A MULTIPLE-PLAN EVALUATION MODEL FOR SMALL UNGAGED WATERSHEDS

(c ) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design.

(e) A computer model for simulation of the effect of alternative measures for fiood damage reduction. The goal is to optimize the value of an objective function which will maximize the amount of net benefits returned by the project.

(It) Completed Master's Thesis, J. R. Dexter. 098-08866-810-00 A COMPARISON OF THREE URBAN HYDROLOGY

MODELS

(c) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Design, Master's thesis. (e) A comparison of three models used for the calculation of urban stormwater runoff is presented. Simulation results are based on the capability of these models to reproduce

observed peak discharges, time to peak and the direct ru- noff volume.

(/i) Completed Master's Thesis, R. F. Astrack. 098-O8867-8 10-00 A STATISTICAL HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION MODEL

(t ) Dr. G. T. Stevens, Jr. (d) Applied research, design.

(e) A simulation model for small watersheds using probabilistic models derived from short term rainfall-runoff records are developed. The model is used to generate a

synthetic fiood series which is compared to the observed

flood series.

(/i) Completed Master's Thesis, R. L. Wycoff. 098-08868-350-00 RESERVOIR DESIGN: SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

(c ) Dr. G. T. Stevens.

(d) Design, applied research.

(e) A computerized simulation model using hydrologic routing techniques is developed to aid in the analysis of small dams to reduce the possibility of inadequate spillway design. Simulation equation derived from the continuity equation to describe reservoir storage and outflow. Newton's iteration technique is utilized to solve the simulation

equations. The resulting model determines an optimum

size auxiliary spillway having a minimum crest length for a range of spillway elevations.

(/i) Completed Master's Thesis, L. W. Mays. 098-08869-880-13 MISSOURI RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY

(h) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers,

(c ) Dr. P. R. Munger.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Study was conducted to obtain baseline information which

could be used in preparation of an operation and main- 79
Icnaiicc environmental impact statement by the Corps. The investigation consisted of a literature review and

selected field studies of the aquatic ecosystems and natural

(/) Completed,

^ 098-08870-880-13 A BASE LINE STUDY OP THE MISSOURI RIVER

(/)) Dept. of the Army, Kansas City Dist., Corps of Engineers.

(( ) Dr. P. R. Munger

(J) Field investigation.

((') To increase the understanding of the interrelationships which exist between the activities conducted by the Corps

of Engineers in, on, and in the vicinity of, the Missouri River and the environment of the region traversed.

(/) Completed. 098-08871-870-00 ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT OF AREAS I, II, III, AND IV, ARKANSAS RIVER CHLORINE CONTROL PROJECT, OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS

(< ) Dr. Ju-Chang Huang.

(d) Field investigation.

(<') Collect background information of environmental

resources, including geological feature, hydraulic and

hydrological characteristics, water quality, socio-economical conditions, aquatic and terrestrial biology, etc., of the four study areas associated with the Arkansas River Chloride Control Project. Assessments of potential en- vironment impacts which will be incurred as a result of the chloride control project implementation will be made in this investigation.

if) Completed. 098-10011-300-13 LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY

STUDY (T-1)

ih) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En-

(c ) Paul R. Munger.

(d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) To compile available data on revetments and dikes, geolo- gy and hydrology, morphology, and levees, over a large reach of the Mississippi River. To indicate, where possible, relationships between the changes that have taken place in the river over time and the above factors. To inspect field information and to indicate insufficiencies and data gaps

that presently exist.

(/) Completed. 098-10012-300-13 LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY

STUDY (S-7)

(/)) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En-

(c) Jerome A. Westphal.

(<rf) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) To document changes which occurred in the Middle Mississippi River along with the associated human activity which infiuenced changes. River elements were examined

for changes in top-bank width, cross sectional area at selected locations, invert profile, and river length along the thalweg. Human activities were examined in conjunction

with changes in river channel elements. These included

construction of dikes, levees, revetments, and bank clearing. All comparisons and anaysis reflected conditions from

the earliest recorded description through 1974.

(/) Completed

098-10013-700-13

ST. LOUIS DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (S-3)

(/)) Department of the Army, St. Louis District. Corps of Engineers.

(( ) Glendon T. Stevens, Jr.

(cl) Field investigation and applied research.

(<-) Comparison of velocity measuring equipment and

discharge calculating techniques; to determine if there is a

difference between present day and those previously used

(,/ ) Completed. 098-11009-300-13

ST. LOUIS DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (S-9)

(/>) Department of the Army. St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers.

(( ) Jerome A. Westphal.

((/) Applied research.

(c) Formulation of course of action which will ultimately lead

to quantitative understanding of impact of land use practices and river control structures on flows of the Middle

Mississippi River.

(/) Completed. 098-11010-300-13

ST. LOUIS DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY (LL-1)

(h) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En-

(t ) Glendon T. Stevens, Jr.

(cl) Experimental.

(e) Investigation of problems associated with ice conditions and recommendation of possible sources for maintaining

navigable channels during the winter season.

(/) Completed.

098-1 101 1-860-13 MERAMEC RIVER BASIN WATER SUPPLY STUDY

(h) Department of the Army, St. Louis District, Corps of En-

(c ) Paul R. Munger.

(d) Applied research.

(f ) Assessment of water supply resources of basin and deter- mination of demands at 10-year intervals for 100 years to determine alternatives for providing anticipated water

(/) Completed.

(h) Completed Master's Thesis, Glendon Stevens III. 098-11012-300-13 NEW ORLEANS DISTRICT POTAMOLOGY STUDY

(h) Department of the Army. Ne-v Orleans District, Corps of Engineers

(c ) Jerome A. Westphal.

(d) Applied research

(e) Documentation of historical morphological characteristics of Lower Mississippi River and Atchafalaya River to make

comparisons of these at selected time periods. Master's thesis pending. 098-11013-870-60 AN ENGINEERING STUDY OF THE ST. FRANCOIS COUN- TY TAILINGS/LANDFILL IN RELATION TO AS- SOCIATED THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

(/)) Missouri Department of Natural Resources,

(c ) Jerome A. Westphal.

id) Field investigation.

(f) To undertake field investigation and develop favorable en- gineering alternatives for stabilizing tailings pile resulting from iron mining in southeast Missouri. 098-1 1014-820-36 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT FOR THE STATE OF MISSOURI

(h) U S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(( ) Jerome A Westphal.

id) Applied research. 80
(<•) To detail the potential for groundwater pollution resulting from surface impoundment of wastewater and hazardous

liquid waste in the State of Missouri. 098-11 01 5-860-36 IDENTIFYING NONCOMML'NITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MISSOURI

(/>) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

(c ) Gordon E. Weiss.

(d) Field investigation and operation.

(e) Identification of all noncommunity water supplies-potential future study of water quality related

thereto. 098-11016-210-75 SURGE ANALYSIS FOR A WELL FIELD NETWORK

(h) Camp. Dresser and McKee.

(c ) Charles D. Morris.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Development of a computer program to analyze pipe net- works for the effects of hydraulic transients and control equipment. MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bozeman, Mont.

59715. Professor W. E. Larsen, Department Head.

099-11017-840-00 REFINEMENT OF PUMP IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

(b) Montana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Professor C. C Bowman

(d) Field investigation of existing systems and applied

research.

(e) Field investigations are being made to determine the areas of design which contribute to high head losses. Once the areas are isolated recommendations will be made for correction. Publications will be used to help minimize poor

designs and the conservation of energy by better designs.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-UNCOLN, Department of Mechanical Engineerir>g, Lincoln, Nebr. 68588. Alex- ander R. Peters, Professor and Chairman.

101-11019-140-54 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FORCED, FREE, AND COMBINED CONVECTION IN A ROTATING

SPHERICAL ANNULUS

(h) National Science Foundation, Heat Transfer Program.

(c) Dr. Rodney W. Douglass. Asst. Professor.

(d) Experimental; basic research; Master's thesis. (e) Research consists of an experimental investigation of the convective motion and heat transfer within a spherical an- nulus formed by two concentric spheres rotating coaxially with constant, but not necessarily equal, angular velocities. The spherical surfaces are maintained at constant, but unequal, temperatures and a uniform gravitational field acts parallel to the axis of rotation. Conditions ranging from natural convection (stationary spheres) to forced convection and combined natural-forced convection

(rotating spheres) are investigated. The geometry allows

the important convective processes including natural and

forced convection, secondary flows, creeping fiow characteristics, boundary layer flow characteristics, and rotating flow characteristics. Results include flow visualization and

total heat transfer rate data.

101-11020-140-00 MIXED CONVECTION IN A ROTATING SPHERICAL AN- NULUS

(t ) Dr. Rodney W. Douglass. Asst. Professor Robert Dallman. Research Engineer, TSB, EG&G, Idaho. Inc . P C Box

1625, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; Master's thesis (f ) The steady combined convection of a Boussincsq tluid en- closed between two concentric rotating spheres is analyti- cally investigated. The spheres rotate at constant rates and

are maintained at uniform, but unequal temperatures A

uniform gravity field acts parallel to the rotation axis. The

governing equations are solved using two approximate

methods; a perturbation method valid for small Reynolds numbers and a partial spectral expansion method. The partial spectral expansion method provides solutions for Reynolds numbers nearly two orders of magnitude larger than those for the perturbation method.

(/) Completed.

(j?) Results include streamline, angular velocity and temperature distributions. The effects of the various dimensionless parameters on the flow field and on the heat transfer rates are discussed. Plots of local and total heat transfer rates as well as the torque required to rotate the spheres are shown. The general nature of the flow field is shown to de- pend on the angular velocity ratio, the Reynolds number,

the Prandtl number, and the Grashof number (presented

in the ratio Gr/Re^). Increasing any or all of these parameters causes enhanced convective heat transfer and an in- crease in the torque. The secondary flow field is strongly dependent on the ratio Gr/Re^, approaching the single- eddy pattern of natural convection as Gr/Re- becomes

large. It is shown that the total heat transfer rate and the torque required to rotate the spheres are both independent

of the sign of the Grashof number. 101-11021-000-00 VISCOUS FLOW IN OSCILLATORY SPHERICAL ANNULI

(c) Dr. Rodney W Douglass, Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; neither. (e) Theoretical results are presented describing viscous im- compressible flow in spherical annuli. The solution is found from a regular perturbation expansion. The

character of the flow depends strongly upon the dimensionless frequency of oscillation and the amplitude ratio of

the oscillations of the bounding spherical surfaces. The

secondary fiow can be either "inwardly" or "outwardly"

centrifuging. depending on the parameter values.

if) Completed.

(/i) Viscous Flow in Oscillatory Spherical Annuli, B R Munson, R. W. Douglass, Physics of Fluids 22, 2, pp 205-208,

Feb. 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA RENO, Max C. Fleischmann Col- lege of Agriculture, Division of Plant Soil and Water

Science, Reno, Nevada 89557. Dewavne E. Gilbert, Chairman.

102-11018-840-00 OUTFLOW, QUANTITY AND QUALITY FROM SUBSUR- FACE DRAINS

(c ) Dr. J. C. Guitjens, Professor, Irrigation Engineering.

(<i) Field investigation; applied/basic; M.S. thesis. (e) 1.5 acre fields will be flood and sprinkler irrigated at three water allotment levels. One level will consist of adequate

irrigation to satisfy unrestricted evapotranspiration; the other two levels will consist of smaller irrigation amounts.

Quality and quantity of drainage outflow from a system of subsurface drains will be monitored to evaluate the in- fluence of an integrated water management program.

Scheduling of water deliveries to the fields will be based on predicted weekly evapotranspiration and actual weekly

water balances of three lysimeters 81
104-06186-360-00 UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS, School of Engineering

(Civil Engineering), New Orleans, La. 70122. Dr. K. L. McManis, Coordinator.

103-11022-070-00 FLOW OF FLUIDS IN GRANULAR BEDS

(/)) Office of Research and Development, UNO.

(< ) Dr. A'Alim A. Hannoura and Dr. Kenneth L. McManis.

{(J) Experimental study of flow in granular beds.

((') The effect of grain friction on the flow resistance is considered in order to develop a dimensionless Moody dia- gram type plot for flow in granular beds. 103-11023-430-87 WAVE MOTION IN ROCKFILL

(/>) National Research Council of Canada.

(t ) Dr. A'Alim A. Hannoura and John A. McCorquodale

(Univ. of Windsor, Ont., Canada).

id) Experimental and numerical studies of wave motion in rockfill embankments.

(f ) Numerical methods were applied to develop a numerical model for wave motion in layered rubble-mound breakwaters. Experimental studies were carried to estimate the

effect of internal breaking on the wave transmission, vir- tual mass coefficiency and instantaneous pressure on the

u/s slope of the breakwater due to wave impact.

if) Completed.

(g) A Finite Difference-Finite Element Model was developed

to simulate the internal wave motion in layered breakwaters, assuming impervious core.

(/i) Air-Water Flow in Coarse Granular Media, J. H\d Div.. ASC/ 104, HY7, pp. 1001-1010, July 1978. Unsteady Flow in Porous Media Solved by Combined Fine Element Method of Characteristics Model, Proc. lull. Conf.

Applicalion of Finite Element Method in Water Resources, London, England, July 1978.

Virtual Mass of Coarse Granular Media, J Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div.. ASCE 104, WW2, pp. 191-200, May 1978. Hydraulic Conductivity of Rockfill, J. Intl. Assoc. for Hyd. Res ,IAHR 2, pp. 123-137, 1978.

THE CITY COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW

YORK, School of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, New York, N.Y.

10031. Professor Notman C. Jen, Laboratoi^ Director. 104-06185-220-00 CHANGES IN INITIATION OF SEDIMENT MOTION DUE TO FLOW OBSTRUCTION BY PIERS OR SILLS

(< ) Dr. Walter Rand.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research; Master's

thesis. (f) If hydrodynamic forces acting on an erodible bed reach

values at which sediment motion is impending, a critical or threshold condition is reached. A structure (a pier or sill),

if placed in the channel will change flow conditions, and

erosion will develop The principles of sediment transportation mechanics are used, and experiments with sediment

beds of impending motion arc conducted, to determine the erosion characteristics as functions of the geometry of the

structure, and of the degree of obstruction. Using impending motion conditions as a reference, similarity laws for the erosion pattern will be developed.

(,/ ) This work has been discontinued.

ig) Preliminary experiments with a rectangular channel in- dicate that the erosion length downstream of sills is a function of the Froude number, provided the impending moA FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF STILLING

BASINS

(I ) Dr. Walter Rand.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; development, design.

(c) Adopting a generalized concept, a spillway-stilling basin complex can be considered as consisting of an entrance

structure, a main basin and an after-basin. The present knowledge on flow under gates and over drop structures,

spillways, sills, steps, and baffles is applied to development

of a design method in which the design of each structural element is determined individually to achieve the best

possible solution for a particular set of conditions. The

method would be an extension of current design methods

for hydraulic jump stilling basins applicable to cases such

as very low tail water, intermittent operation, and rocky channels where the current methods do not offer straightforward solutions. Models are used for verification as the design is evolved.

(/) The project has been completed and all apparatus disas- sembled.

ig) The approach has been used to analyze some of the current design methods. The agreements found and the in- terpretations of the current methods indicate that further progress is possible These analyses are published in (h).

(/i) Discussion of The Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins, W.

Rand, ASCE Proc. 84, Paper 1616, Apr. 1958. Discussion of Straight Drop Spillway Stilling Basin, J. Hyd.

Div.. ASCE 92, HYl, Jan. 1966. 104-07055-870-00 WATER POLLUTION-DISPERSION AND TRANSPORT

PROCESS ALONG A COAST

(c I Professor Norman C. Jen and Dr. F. F. Yeh.

(d) Experimental; applied research; for Master's thesis. (f ) By simulating an actual condition along a coast, the processes of dispersion and transport of dissolved and/or

other particles are considered to be important for water

pollution problems. The waves, winds and current can be introduced separately or combined together. The test tank

is 20 ft by 10 ft and 2 ft in depth.

(f) The work was completed. The thesis was accepted. The

apparatus has been disassembled. 104-08164-870-00 HOT TURBULENT DISCHARGE INTO UNIFORM OR DENSITY STRATIFIED ENVIRONMENT

(c ) Professor Norman C. Jen and Andrew H. Wojtkowski.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research; Ph.D. thes-

(f ) The process of thermal discharges into uniform or density

stratified environment is being simulated. The data of temperature, velocity and turbulence intensity distribution are taken for various flow conditions and discharge nozzle lo- cations. Parallel to the experimental research numerical and analytical work is being conducted. Investigation has an immediate application to water thermal pollution problems.

(/) The project has been completed and the dissertation has been accepted. NEW YORK OCEAN SCIENCE LABORATORY of Affiliated Colleges and Universities, Incorporated, Edgemere Road, Montauk, N Y. 11954. John C. Baiardi, President and

Director. 105-11024-450-60 OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE PECONIC BAY SYSTEM

(h) New York State.

(< ) Dr. Rudolph Hollman.

id) Field investigation/applied research. 82
<-) A study of the watc r budget, ci and physical prorn -^'Lilllc' a'nd Grcat'^ System compris- Peeonie Ba v's"and F'

') 'prcliminar\" rcsuhs ndicate th i ^the bal nce^ of^waters in the bay system is a result ''stiaT

npi^x^ntc4t^on

griiundwaler seepag e. A two-d time dependent

Imite element mod

bays. 1 IS being o this system of

105-1 1025-450-60 OCEANOGRAPHY OF EASTERN LONG ISLAND AND BLOCK ISLAND SOUND

(h) New York State.

(t ) Dr. Rudolph Hollman.

(d) Field investigation, experimental, applied research.

(f ) Study involves seasonal, diurnal, and tidal variations of

physical parameters in Block Island Sound and eastern Long Island Sound and their response to atmospheric forcing, the mixing and exchange characteristics of these waters, and general circulation of these waters. This study

is coupled to a mathematical model of the circulation and

dispersion of the area. An auxiliary study of meteorological parameters including wind speed and direction, pressure, temperature, humidity, evaporation, and solar radiation is also being carried out. (g) Analysis to date indicates a mean daily rate of heat gained

by these waters between the end of February and the end

of August to be 0.089 cal/cm^-day. Maximum rate of heat

loss to the water occurs between January and February

(approximately 0.18 cal/cm''-day ) with a secondary max- imum in heat loss occurring between October and November (0.12 cal/cm''-day ). Turbulent conductivity

coefficients based on a Fourier analysis of annual temperature data at 5 levels in the water of Block Island Sound in- dicate a fairly low level of turbulent activity.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK, Aerodynamics

Laboratories, Route 110, Faimingdale, N.Y. 11735.

Professor M. H. Bloom, Director. 106-09893-740-50 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

ihi National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Air Force

Office of Scientific Research.

(c ) Professor Stanley G. Rubin.

(d) Basic theoretical research; Masters theses.

(f) In order to increase computational efficiency for viscous flow calculations, higher-order polynomial (spline) methods have been applied to laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows, as well as the incompressible Navier- Stokes equations. The laminar flow in a rectangular inlet has been critically examined in order to accurately deter- mine the secondary motion and demonstrate a predicted Reynolds number independence principle. Ui) Laminar Flow in Rectangular Channels. Part I-Entry Analysis. Part II-Numerical Solution for a Square Channel, S. G. Rubin. P. K Khosla, S. Saari, J Computers and Fluids

5, 3, pp. 151-173, Sept. 1977. Polynomial Interpolation Methods for Viscous Flow Calculations, S. G. Rubin, P. K Khosla, J Comp. Pliyr.Us 24, pp. 217-244, 1977. Turbulent Boundary Layers With and Without Mass Injection, S. G. Rubin, P K. Khosla, Computers and Fluids 5, pp. 241-259, Dec. 1977. 106-09894-630-52 VORTEX AUGMENTOR CONCEPT FOR WIND ENERGY

CONVERSION

ih) U.S. Dept. of Energy and the Solar Energy Research InI (€•) Professor P. M. Sforza.

(d) Expei imcntal, theoretical, and field investigation, applied research and design.

(f) Resear ch design, and development on aerodynamic

devices which can concentrate and augment natural winds

is beini' performed. The keystone element is the generation ana' control of discrete vortices of high power density by the appropriate interaction of suitably designed aerodyna mic surfaces with natural winds of low power

density. Properly configured turbines are utilized to trans- form the energy in this compacted vortex field to useful

shaft work. This idea is termed the Vortex Augmcntor

Concept ( VAC, patent pending).

(g) Concept has now proceeded to the field test stage. An ex- tensive ficild test facility for wind engineering studies has been erected and tied into a computer system for data

acquisit'ion and processing. A fully instrumented prototype

of the Vortex Augmcntor Concept (patented and patents

pending;) is currently being tested at the field test station.

(/i) An Experimental Facility for Wind Engineering Research,

P. M. 5;rorza, et al., AIAA lOtli Aerodynamic Testing Conf.. AIAA Paper .\o. 7S-HI3. Apr. 1978. Wind Power Distribution, Control, and Conversion in Vortex AugmentOTS, P. M. Sforza, W. Stasi, in Fluid Engineering in Advanced Energy Systems, C H. Marston (editor) ASME, 1978. Wind Turbine Generator Wakes, P. M, Sforza, et al., AIAA

17tli Aerospace Sciences Mtg., AIAA Paper No. 79-0113,

Jan. l')79. 106-09895-700-50 LASER DI.\GNOSTICS

ih) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Naval Research, National Science Foundation,

(c ) Profes sor S. Lederman.

(d) Basic <;xperimental research. Masters and Ph.D. theses. (e) The d'svelopment of nonintrusive diagnostic techniques in fiow fields is the aim of this work. The techniques in- vestig:ited are the spontaneous Raman diagnostics for concentrEition and temperature measurements. Laser Doppler Anemometry for velocity and turbulence measurements,

Brillouin scattering for fiow field fluctuation measure- ments. Laser Doppler Anemometry for velocity and turbu- lence measurements, Brillouin scattering for fiow field fluctuation measurements, and Coherent Anti-Stokes Ramain Scattering for concentration and temperature measurements in situations where the spontaneous Raman may

not be applicable. The aforementioned diagnostic techniques are applied to coaxial turbulent jets, flames and

combustion, both high and low pressure.

(/)) Experimental Techniques Applicable to Turbulent Flows, S. Lederman, AIAA Paper 77-213, AIAA I5tli Aerospace

Sciences' Mtg., Los Angeles, Calif.. Jan. 1977. 106-09896-7.20-60 STRATIFIED' FLOW AND RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL

WIND-TUMNEL FACILITIES

(h) New York State Science and Technology Foundation, Advance Re search Projects Agency. New York City Fire Department.

(< ) Professor. M. H. Bloom.

id) Experimental research of basic and applied nature.

(f) Development and calibration of a thermally stratified wind-tunnel of 4 x 5 ft cross-section to provide simulation

of atmospheric boundary layers and of the ocean ther- mocline. In the unstratified mode the wind-tunnel serves as a conventional low-speed facility. Research involved turbulent wake behavior in stratified ocean regions, flow around

urban buiilding systems relevant to internal fume control within hig,h-rise buildings, and internal flows in high rise buildings for fire control. 106-C9897-01()-50 WING-BODY AERODYNAMICS

(/>) Air Force Office of Scientific Research,

(i ) Professor S. G. Rubin 83
(J) Basic and applied theoretical and experimental re search.

(<') Boundary layer interactions and secondary motii in due to wing-tail assemblies have been examined with a viscous

slender body theory. Effects of different georrietries and

small incidence angles are considered in order to predict

possible separation and vortex phenomena nea r edges and

ct>rncrs. Wing-body interference effects are e valuated by

vortex lattice techniques. Large angles of attack are to be

considered by using a modified finite-step rricthod. Span

loadings arc to be evaluated at subsonic speeds. The ef- fects of high lift devices, rotary motion, inte.rference and

multipanel wings are under investigation,

(/i) Boundary Layer Induced Crossflow Due to >Ving-Body In- terference, S. G. Rubin, J. M. Lyons, Pnn . I 7tit Aerospace

Sciences Mig., AlAA Paper No. 79-0140. Nevk- Orleans, La.. Jan. 15-17, 1979.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK, l>epcirtment of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 11201. Henry F. Soehngen, Professor and Department Head.

107-09947-820-80 AUGMENTATION OF LOW STREAMIFLOWS FROM GROUNDWATER

(h) Delaware River Basin Commission.

(c) Dr. Alvin S Goodman, Professor. 1 (d) Theoretical, applied research.

(<?) Estimate of potential for low flow augmentatiion in the Delaware River Basin by development and operation of groundwater reservoirs in zones of stratified drift which

are contiguous with surface streams. Employs groundwater

finite-difference mathematical modeling to tesu pumping

arrangements and strategy for operation. Inciludes cost estimates and review of potential environmental and in- stitutional issues.

(/) Completed, October 1978.

(g) Maximum potential yield was estimated at 1730 cfs. In- vestment cost $2.9 million for average augmentation of 9.0

cfs over 90 days in moderately high yield areas. Review

did not reveal any serious general environmental or institu- tional problems. Program of continued studies was recom- mended

(/)) Groundwater Pumping for Streamflow Augmentat ion, A S. Goodman, M. L. Thatcher, R. R. Zavesky, Proc. ASCE WRPM Specially Cimf. on Water Systems 1979, Houston,

Feb. 25-28, 1979. Emergency Water Supplies from Groundwater in Humid

Regions, S. Bagchi, A. S. Goodman, accepted f or publication. Am. Water Resources Assn. Augmentation of Low Streamflows from Groundwater, A.

S. Goodman, M. L. Thatcher, R. R Zavesky, Polytechnic

Inst. N. Y., Oct. 1978. Water Supplies from Groundwater for Thermal Power

Plants, A. S. Goodman, S. Bagchi, M. P. Broinstein, Symp.

Hydraulics and Water Resources and Management Divisions of ASCE, Pittsburgh, Apr. 1978. Copy of thesis will be available throufjh University Microfilms. 107-09948-870-40 CORRELATION OF MATHEMATICAL MC^DELS FOR WATER TEMPERATURE WITH AERIAL INFRARED WATER TEMPERATURE SURVEYS

ih) New York State Energy Research and Development

Authority.

(t) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor (Principal Investiga- tor-Dr. Joseph C. Cataldo, Cooper Union, New York

10003).

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) In Phases I. II and III, a technique was developed and

tested to predict subsurface temperatures from surface

isotherms obtained from overflight IR measurements. A

model was also developed and tested to determine a three- dimensional plume structure by using only discharge parameters. Current Phase IV work includes a user's manual, use of phcnomcnological model, orientation pro- gram for utilization and application, and detailed study of thermal fronts. ig) Models developed in Phases I, II and III were tested successfully, with average accuracy of predictions within 0.25 °C with standard deviation of 0.50 °C. (h) Studies of Thermal Electric Power Plant Heated

Discharges-Phase Ill-Development and Testing of Three- Dimensional Plume Models and Investigation of Thermal

Fronts, J. C. Cataldo, A. S. Goodman, Polytechnic Inst, of N.Y.. Aug. 1978. A Three-Dimensional Thermal Plume Model, J. C. Cataldo,

R. R. Zavensky, A. S. Goodman, Hydraulic Div. Specialty Conf.. ASCE, Univ. of Maryland, Aug. 9-11, 1978.

Prediction of Temperature Due to Heated Discharges, J. C. Cataldo, R. R. Zavesky, A. S. Goodman, J. Power Div., ASCE, Apr. 1978. 107-09949-340-60 MULTIFARIOUS WATER INTAKE STRUCTURE-PHASE

II-RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN

(h) New York State Energy Research and Development

Authority.

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research and design.

(e) Revised layout and further studies of intake structures for thermal power plant to improve biological performance.

This phase includes recommendations for physical and

biological testing.

(J) Completed, August 1978.

(g) Approximate construction and installation cost would be $9.50 to $15 per kilowatt. Savings would be 67-80 percent

if use of MWIS would permit open-cycle instead of closed- cycle cooling systems. Total hydraulic, biological and field testing program would cost $145,000 to $410,000 not in- cluding Polytechnic engineering.

(/i) Development of a Water Intake Structure to Reduce Adverse Effects on Aquatic Ecology, A. S. Goodman, M. L. Thatcher, U. Kanik, Intl. Symp. Environmental Effects of

Hydraulic Works, Knoxville, tenn., Sept. 12-14, 1978.

Studies of Multifarious Power Plant Water Intake Struc- ture-Phase II-Research and Development Plan, A. S. Goodman, Polytechnic Inst, of N.Y., Aug. 1978.

1 07-09950-8 10-0O PREDICTION OF FLOOD DISCHARGES FROM WETLANDS

(< ) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research; for Doctoral thesis. (e) Formulation and testing of a mathematical model using

correlation techniques, to predict flood discharges from

wetland areas, considering effects of future land develop- 107-11061-870-00 USE OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TO DESCRIBE THE VARI- ANCE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN WITHIN A TIDAL RIVER

(c) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor. Cd) Theoretical; applied research; for Doctoral thesis. (e) Model has been developed to access the impact of diverse waste discharges upon the marine environment. The

receiving water system is described in terms of its frequen- cy transfer characteristics which are based on flow, dispersion, geometry and reaction kinetics. The waste inputs are characiterized singly by means of the distribution of their variance with frequency obtained by using the techniques

of spectral analysis as well as collectively in terms of cross- spectral relations. Special attention is given to the effects of combined sewer overflows upon the receiving water

variance of dissolved oxygen. 84
(ji;) Model predictions arc compared with in situ monitor data

in the Delaware River. Model results are also compared

with those of recently derived analytical solutions. 107-11062-450-65 REVIEW OF HISTORICAL, HYDRAULIC AND SALINITY DATA OF GREAT SOUTH BAY, LONG ISLAND, N.Y. AND

ANALYSES OF THE BAY's SALINITY RESPONSE WITH

FOCUS ON TIDAL INLET GEOMETRY AND HYDRODYNAMICS

ih) Suffolk County Dept. of Environmental Control.

(r) Dr. M. Llewellyn Thatcher, Associate Research Professor

(or Dr. Rudolph Hollman, N.Y. Ocean Science Laboratory). id) Theoretical; applied research.

(f) Compilation of data base covering salinity, tidal range, and

other parameters. Statistical analyses to evaluate various hypotheses of salinity response to factors such as tidal range, stream discharge, storm runoff, and inlet configurations. Numerical hydraulic model applied to evaluate the hydraulic response of the bay to historical geometry

changes m the inlet, which are translated into the salinity response for the bay. 107-11063-340-60 HYDROELECTRIC POWER INVENTORY AND RELATED

RESEARCH PROGRAM

(h) N.Y. State Energy Research and Development Authority,

(c ) Dr. Alvin S. Goodman, Professor.

(d) Field and office investigation; applied research.

(e) Development and maintenance of Hydroelectric Power

Data Base. Identification and analyses of procedures for project development. Evaluation of prospects for development. Studies of N.Y. State Barge Canal System for multi- purpose use with focus on hydropower.

{g) 468 sites with dams and 286 sites currently without dams

have combined potential capacity of 3000 Megawatt.

(/i) Small Hydropower Projects in New York State, A S. Goodman, M. L. Thatcher, R. S. Brown, Preprint 3549 ASCE Omvention. Boston, Apr. 2-6, 1979. An Assessment of Hydropower Restoration and Expansion

in New York State, R. S Brown, A. S Goodman,

Polytechnic Inst, of N.Y., Aug. 1978.

Status of Small Hydropower Studies in New York State, R.

S. Brown, R. Napoli, A. S. Goodman, M. L. Thatcher, in Low Head Hydro. J. S. Gladwell, C. C. Warnick, Editors, Univ. of Idaho, Sept. 1978.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Depart- ment of Chemical Engineering, Buffalo, N.Y. 14260. Dr.

J J. Ulbrecht, Professor and Department Chairman.

108-1 1601-120-00 FLUID MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS

(( ) Jaromir J. Ulbrecht, Principal Investigator.

(e) Laser-Doppler anemometry is used to investigate three

clas.ses of laminar non-viscometric fiows of rheologically complex liquids; the fiow in helical coils, the converging

drag flow, and the fiow around a spinning disc. 108-11602-120-00 BUBBLE FORMATION AND COALESCENCE IN RHEOLOGICALLY COMPLEX MEDIA

It ) Jaromir J Ulbrecht, Principal Investigator.

le) The role of viscoelasticity and variable viscosity on the growth and detachment of gas bubbles from a nozzle is studied both theoretically and experimentally.

108-11603-130-00 FLUID AND PARTICLE MECHANICS OF LIQUID DISPER- SIONS

(<; ) Jaromir J. Ulbracht and Pieter Stroeve.

(f ) A fast image analyzing computer is used to investigate the behavior of individual liquid particles under well-defined 108-11604-130-00 FLUID MECHANICS OF INJECTION AND EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING PROCESSES

(t ) Michael E. Ryan.

(e) The governing equations of motion are solved both in closed-form under certain simplifying assumptions as well

as numerically for two types of flow. Experimental data

are obtained both for thermoplastics as well as for ther- 108-11605-020-00 MODELING OF LAMINAR FLOWS IN MOTIONLESS MIX- ERS

(c) Jaromir J. Ulbrecht, Principal Investigator.

(e) A network model of fiow was developed for one sandwich

of a motionless (static) mixer. It allows to predict both temporal as well as spatial distribution functions.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering, Buffalo, N.Y. 14214. Profes- sor W. W. Recker, Acting Chairman.

109-O9966-4 10-44 PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF STRAWBERRY

ISLAND

(h) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce.

(c) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

(d) Field investigation, applied research. Masters thesis. (e) Determine if protective measures are necessary to preserve Strawberry Island _from loss by erosive activity and to ex- amine various alternative protective devices as to their ef- fectiveness and cost. 109-09967-420-44 EFFECT OF AN OFFSHORE BARRIER UPON THE WAVEHEIGHT DISTRIBUTION IN A HARBOR

(b) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce.

(c) Dr. Volker W. Harms, Asst. Professor. (d) Theoretical, applied research. Masters thesis. (e) The boundary value problem associated with the diffrac- tion of water waves will be solved by a technique based upon the method of Green Functions that is applicable to cylindrical structures of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry. 109-09968-860-33 OPTIMAL OPERATION RULES FOR MULTI-RESERVOIR WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS

(b) Office Water Research and Technology, Dept. of the In- (c) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) To formulate, refine, and demonstrate methodologies for determining optimal operation rules for multiple purpose,

multireservoir systems with stochastic inflows.

(/i) Water Resources Modeling and Optimization Based on

Conservation and Flooding Pools, Discussion, D. D. Meredith, Water Resources Bulletin, AWRA 14, 6, pp. 1510-1511, Dec. 1978. 85
109-09969-440-44 OPERATING RLLES FOR REGULATION OF GREAT

LAKES WATER LEVELS

(/)) Sea Grant Program, NOAA. Dept. of Commerce.

(( ) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

iJ) Iheoretical, applied research.

(<-) Develop a methodology for determining optimal regulation

rules for Lake Ontario. I09.09970-410-44 HYDRAULIC AND SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS OF SAL- MON RIVER INLET

(h) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce,

(i ) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

(d) Theoretical with field investigation, applied research.

(f) To ascertain the relative importance of river flows, waves, and longshore currents in determining the sediment budget and morphology of the spit, inlet and lower Salmon River

channel. 109-11026-870-70 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR INDUSTRIAL STORM- WATER DETENTION BASINS

{h) Koppers Company, Inc.

(c ) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research for design.

(e) Determine procedure for design slormwater detention

basins for industrial plant sites based on rainfall frequency and stormwaier treatment rates. 109-11027-860-00 ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER DISTRIBU- TION SYSTEMS

(c ) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Master's thesis,

(t-) Develop procedure for determining optimum pipe diameters for a given water distribution network. 109-11028-870-00 EFFECT OF PRIMARY SETTLING TANK EFFICIENCY ON

THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

(c ) Dale D. Meredith, Professor.

(d) Theoretical, applied. Master's thesis. (e) To determine the effect of the primary settling tank effi- ciency on the design of activated sludge wastewater treat- ment plant design. 109-11029-050-00 DYNAMICS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL BUOYANT SURFACE

JET OVER SLOPING BOTTOM

(t ) B. Safaie. (d) Experimental and basic.

(e) Obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of buoyant

surface jets with the existence of solid sloping boundary

through a systematic set of experiments. The results will be used to develop design guidelines for thermal

discharges and development of theoretical model. 109-11030-440-44 ICE TRANSPORT BY WIND AND WAVES IN THE GREAT

LAKES

(h) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce.

(t ) Ralph R. Rumer, Professor.

(.d) Theoretical and experimental applied research,

(e) Project aims at elucidating the physics of ice transport processes; inventorying available data and establishment of data base for application of theory, and the development

of ice transport forecasting methods for application to the Great Lakes.

(/j) Dynamics of Ice Transport in Large Lakes, R Rumcr, R. Crissman, A. Wake. Contract No. 03-6-022-352636, GLERL, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Effect of Surface Meltwater Accumulation on the Dissipation of Lake Ice, A Wake, R. Rumcr, Water Resources

Resecircli. in press. Modeling Ice Dissipation in Eastern Lake Erie, R. Rumer,

P. Vu, J. Great Lakes Research 4(2), pp. 194-200, 1978. 109-11031-430-44 DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FLOATING

TIRE BREAKWATER

(h) Sea Grant Program, NOAA, Dept. of Commerce,

(c ) Volker W. Harms, Asst. Professor. id) Theoretical and experimental, applied research.

ie) Develop design criteria for floating tire breakwater for use

as energy dissipators as low-cost wave-protection struc-

(/i ) Preliminary Report on the Application of Floating-Tire- Breakwater Design Data, V. W Harms, T. J. Bender, Water Resources and Environmental Engrg. Research Rept. No. 7H-I, Dept. of Civil Engrg., State Univ. of N.Y. at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., 55 pages, Apr. 1978. Data and Procedures for the Design of Floating Tire Breakwater, V. W. Harms, Water Resources and Environmental

Engrg. Research Rept. No. 79-1, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

State Univ. of N Y. at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., 115 pages,

Jan. 1979.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO, Depart- ment of Engineering Science, Aerospace Engineering and

Nuclear Engineering, Buffalo, N. Y. 14214. Dr. Richard

P. Shaw, Professor. 111-11032-450-00 TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN OCEANS AND LAKES

(e) Report on various research projects. (d) Proceedings of symposium.

(f) Completed.

(/i) Plenum Press, 1977, Coordinating Ed. R. J. Gibbs. 111-11033-470-20 "FEBIE"-A COMBINED FINITE ELEMENT-BOUNDARY IN- TEGRAL EQUATION APPROACH

(h) ONR.

(d) Theoretical, basic research application to harbor resonance of new method combining finite elements and boundary integral equations.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Numerical results good for simple case. Future develop-

(/i) Presented Intl. Symp. on Innovative Numerical Analysis in Applied Engineering Science, Paris, France, May 1977, pp.

1. 97-1. 10 i, CETIM, Senlis France. Also Computers and

Fluids 6, pp. 153-160, 1978. 111-11034-420-20 LONG WAVES OBLIQUELY INCIDENT ON A CONTINEN- TAL SLOPE AND SHELF WITH A PARTIALLY REFLECTING COASTLINE

(h) ONR.

id) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Analytical solution for long water waves over linear bot- tom topography.

(g) A number of solutions have been obtained for long water wave refraction and reflection from continental shelfs and

slopes of linear depth dependence.

(/i) Presented lUGG Tsunami Svmposium, Ensenada, Mexico, Mar. 1977, Manuscript Report Series No. 48, Dept. of

Fisheries and Environment, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 122-130,

1978. An expanded version appears in Marine Geodesy 2,

( 1 ), pp 1-14, 1979. 86
in -11035-420.20 LONG WAVES ON LINEARLY VARYING BOTTOM

TOPOGRAPHY

(h) ONR.

((•) W. Neu.

(</) Theoretical, basic research.

(<) Analytical solution for long water waves over linear bot- tom topography.

(g) Reflection and refraction of long water waves by linearly varying underwater valleys and ridges have been studied

analytically.

(/i) Presented Inll. Symp. Long Waves in Oceans. June 6-8, 1978. Ottawa, Canada. Proc. I.S.L.W.O.. (in press). 111.11036-450-54 THE INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION...AND BEYOND.

(h) NSF.

(c ) R. P. Shaw or C. A. Collins, IDOE, NSF.

(d) Descriptive.

(e) Summary of IDOE goals and accomplishments.

(f) Completed.

(g) Summary.

(h) Marine Geodesy 2, (2), pp. 189-195, 1979.

NORTH CAROUh4A STATE UNIVERSITY AT RALEIGH, School

of Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace

Engineering, Raleigh, N.C. 27607. Professor J. C. Williams III, Associate Department Head.

112.11037.870-60 OCEAN OUTFALL FEASIBILITY STUDY

(fe) Coastal Plains Regional Commission and N.C. Department

of Administration.

(c) F. Y. Sorrell. (d) Analytical and numerical study of pollutant transport in North Carolina coastal waters.

(.g) Predicted values for pollutant concentration for various discharge locations and rates. Some field data on

nearshore currents were obtained and used in the calcula- 112.11038-870-44 METHODOLOGY TO PREDICT MIXING AND DISPERSION FROM OCEAN OUTFALLS

(b) NOAA-Sea Grant Program.

(c) F. Y. Sorrell. (d) Analytical and numerical study of rhethods to discharge wastewater in North Carolina coastal waters. Study centers

• on discharge method, likely discharge parameters and outj fall configuration. Discharge plume location, size and ef- fluent concentration are described by a predictive model.

(/) Completed.

112-11039-410-44 MEASUREMENT OF NEARSHORE PHYSICAL PROCESSES

(ft) NOAA-Sea Grant Program,

(c) F. Y. Sorrell.

(.d) Field study of suitable instrumentation to develop a sensor

array in the coastal zone. Objective is to measure

nearshore transport processes.

'MRTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY, School of Arts and

Sciences, Department of Geography, Earth Science and

Conservation, Marquette, Mich. 49855. Jarl Roine, Associate Professor and Head.

113-06053.440-00 DRIFT BOTTLE STUDY OF THE SURFACE CURRENTS OF LAKE SUPERIOR

(c ) Dr. John D. Hughes. Professor.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the surface current pattern of Lake Superior

as it exists during each of the four seasons of the year.

(/) Suspended.

(g) 617 returns from 4845 drifters released (Dec. 1969). One

preliminary qualitative paper published in Michigan Academician. Winter 1970.

(/;) Drift Bottle Study of the Surface Currents of Lake Superior, Michigan Academician III, 4. Spring 1971. Reprints

available from above address. OAKLAND UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering, Rochester, Mich. 48063. Dr. M. S. Ghausi, Dean of Engineering.

114-11040-130-54 AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF

TRANSIENT AND UNSTABLE FLOW PHENOMENA IN TWO-PHASE CONDENSING FLOW SYSTEMS

{h) National Science Foundation, Engineering Division, Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Section, Heat

Transfer Program.

(r) Dr. G. L. Wedekind, Professor of Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Preliminary experimental data indicates that small changes

in the inlet vapor flowrate momentarily cause a very large transient surge in the outlet flow rate of the subcooled

liquid. Also, under certain operating conditions, the con- densing flow system has been observed to develop unstable now oscillations, where the amplitude of these oscillations tends to grow, reaching a type of limit-cycle. Amplitudes

exceeding the mean flowrate have been observed, resulting

in flow reversals. The major objectives of the proposed

research are to experimentally and theoretically study

these transient and instability phenomena, including the ef- fects of compressibility, in an effort to identify the princi- ple physical mechanisms governing them, with the ultimate hope of being able to formulate theoretical models which

have the capability of both describing the phenomena, and

predicting the influence of various system parameters.

(g) Experimental data have been obtained which indicate that the effects of compressibility of the vapor can considerably

alter the transient flow surges which have been observed. These compressibility effects are coupled to the flow re- sistance in the outlet subcooled liquid.

(/i) An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into Thermally Governed Transient Flow Surges in Two-Phase Condensing Flow, G. L. Wedekind, B L. Bhatt. ./. Heat

Transfer 99, A, pp. 561-567. Nov. 1977. A System Mean Void Fraction Model for Predicting Vari- ous Transient Phenomena Associated with Two-Phase

Evaporating and Condensing Flows, G. L. Wedekind, B. L. Bhatt. B. T. Beck, I nil. J. Multiphase Flow 4, pp. 97-1 14. 1978. Transient and Frequency Response Characteristics of TwoPhase Condensing Flows; With and Without Compressibility, 2nd Multi-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Symp.

Workshop, Miami Beach, Fla., Apr. 16-18, 1979.

87
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, P.O. Box X, Oak

Ridge, Term. 37830. Dr. Herman Postma, Director. 115-10021-340-55 NOISE DIAGNOSTICS FOR SAFETY ASSESSMENT

(h) Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(( ) D. N. Fry, Instrumentation and Controls Division, Bldg. 3500, ORNL, P.O. Box X, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830.

(d) Experimental: measurement and diagnostics of the fluc- tuating component (noise) from neutron detectors in nuclear reactors.

(e) Provide specialized engineering services (analytical, ex- perimental, and technical review) to NRC in the areas of reactor surveillance, diagnostics, and loose-parts monitoring, making available the broad interdisciplinary skills, ex- development experience, and advance experimental and

analytical capabilities of the Laboratory. These services

will aid NRC in evaluating the performance of specific nuclear power plants now in operation and assessing the adequacy of existing noise monitoring and diagnostic techniques; and reviewing and upgrading surveillance in- strumentation designs and diagnostic procedures currently

in the planning stage. As deemed desirable by NRC, we

will perform diagnostic measurements in operating nuclear power plants suspected of anomalous behavior and/or

review measurement performed by others; and demonstrate analytical methods by which observable quantities may be related to unobservable physical properties of in- terest within the nuclear steam supply system.

(g) Neutron noise specialists Dwayne Fry and Bob Kryter and

their groups, composed of Instrumentation and Controls

Division staff and consultants and students from the University of Tennessee, provided measurement and consulting services to the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation which resulted in increased power production of BWR-4 reactors. When flow-induced, internal vibrations developed in eleven BWR-4 reactors, NRC requested that ORNL provide technical assistance in diagnosing the problem, determining its safety implications and determining a safe operational power level for each reactor. This

generic problem involved excessive vibrations of the in- strument tubes that run the length of the core. These tubes were impacting nearby channel boxes, sometimes hard enough and frequently enough to wear holes in the ad- jacent fuel channel boxes. Since the integrity of the channel boxes must be maintained because of LOCA safety

restrictions, NRC had to decide whether to shut down the reactors completely or to allow their operation at reduced power levels. By measuring the frequency spectrum of the fluctuating component (noise) of the signals from neutron

detectors already installed inside these detector tubes, we

and our colleagues from industry and the affected utilities determined not only which instrument tubes were vibrating but also which ones were impacting the adjacent fuel channel boxes. With this information at hand, the decision could be made to allow continued operation of these eleven reactors at a power level just below the value where channel box impacting occurred until a more

thorough corrective action (changing the coolant flow pat- tern in the core) could be engineered and accomplished. The full impact of our contribution is hard to estimate, but

in one particular plant our measurements showed that the reactor could be safely operated at a power level 20 per- cent higher than the value initially fixed by NRC when the

vibration problem was first discovered. This single instance could have more than paid for the cost of research and development associated with ORNL's participation in this Our involvement is not yet completed. We are now monitoring the performance of reactors that have been

modified by the manufacturer and are helping NRC obtain

noise signature libraries for LWR primary system sensors

so that better historical data will be available if problems

of this type reappear.

( li ) Summary of ORNL Investigation of In-Core Vibrations in BWR-4S, D. N. Fry, R. C. Kryter, M. V. Mathis, J. E. Mott, J. C. Robinson, ORNL/NUREG/TM-IOI ( 1977). Inference of Core Barrel Motion from Neutron Noise Spectral Density, J. C. Robinson, F. Shahrokhi, R. C. Kryter, ORNL/NUREG/TM-IOO \ Determination of Void Fraction Profile in a BWR Channel

Using Neutron Noise Analysis, M. A. Atta, D. N. Fry, J. E. Mott, submitted as Tech. Note to Nucl. Sci. Eng. ( 1977).

j Bandwidth-Related Errors in the Inference of PWR Barrel Motion from Ex-Core Neutron Detector Signals, J. C. Robinson, R. C. Kryter, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc. 24, I, pp. , 413-415, Nov. 1976.

U.S. Experience with In-Service Monitoring of Core Barrel I Motion in PWRs Using Ex-Core Neutron Detectors, R. C. | Kryter, J. C. Robinson, J. A. Thie, submitted for presenta-

| tion Intl. Conf. on Vibration in Nuclear Plant. May 9-11, 1978, Keswick, England. 115-10022-340-55 PWR-BLOWDOWN HEAT TRANSFER SEPARATE EFFECTS PROGRAM

(h) Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(() D. G. Thomas.

(d) Experimental and analytical applied research.

ie) The ORNL Pressurized-Water Reactor Slowdown Heat

Transfer (PWR-BDHT) Program is an experimental

separate-effects study of the relations among the principal variables that can alter the rate of blowdown, the presence ! of flow reversal and rereversal, time delay to critical heat

flux, the rate at which dryout progresses, and similar timerelated functions that are important to LOCA analysis. Pri- mary test results are obtained from the Thermal-Hydraulic

Test Facility (THTF), a large nonnuclear pressurized- water loop that incoporates a 49-rod electrically heated

bundle. Supporting experiments are carried out in several additional test loops-the Forced Convection Test Facility (FCTF), a small high-pressure facility in which single heater rods can be tested in annular geometry; an air- water loop which is used to evaluate two-phase flow-mea- ' suring instrumentation; a transient steam-water loop which

is also used to evaluate two-phase flow-measuring instru- mentation; and a low-temperature water mockup of the THTF heater rod bundle, containing a large number of

pressure taps and conductivity probes to quantify THTF

bundle hydraulics using COBRA.

(g) Supporting two-phase flow instrumentation studies have ] shown that accurate reduction of two-phase flow data

| requires drag disk calibration and use of a two-velocity model; that increased gamma densitometer stability can be achieved by replacing scintillation detectors with high- 1 pressure ionization chambers; that the signal-to-noise ratio of drag disks is substantially increased by replacing the

disk with a full flow screen; and that the effective THTF ; turbine meter time constant may be markedly reduced by

' replacing the variable reluctance pickoff probes with an | eddy current pickoff probe. Evaluation of mixing coefficients, p. for air-water flow in the THTF water mockup in- \ dicates that at the lowest mass flow rates, values of ji were up to 10 times greater than the single-phase value, with

the maximum occurring at the transition from bubbly to |

' slug tlow. At the highest flow rates the value of the two- I | phase mixing coefficient was only slightly greater than the ! single-phase value in the limited range for which data were

obtained. Thirty-one powered rod blowdowns have been conducted

in the THTF through March 1979. The first of these tests was made with powers up to 122 kW/rod and outlet sub- cooling of 20 °F ( 1 1 °C) on all 49 rods. Subsequent tests have been made with inactive (zero-power) rods at dif- ferent locations. Depressurization rates and core inlet and

outlet mass flow fates are similar to the values predicted

for a cold leg offset guillotine break obtained from SAR's

for different vendor PWR s.
In general, RELAP predictions of the thermal-hydraulic hchavior of the coolant during transients was quite good. RELAP predicted the appearance of pressurizcr fluid at vertical outlet spool piece; made an excellent prediction of

the depressurization curve; made a very good prediction of

fluid density for the first I 2 sec of the transient but missed

later events because of limitations on handling energy

fronts; and did a reasonably good job of predicting both

volumetric and mass flows. At a power of 122 kW/rod and an outlet subcooling of ~

22 °F (~ 12 °C), mean time to critical heat flux (CHF)

was ~ 0.7 sec with a range of 0.2 to 3.2 sec. Decreasing

the rod power and increasing the outlet subcooling in- creased the time to CHF somewhat. Some preliminary cal- culations of the transient heat transfer coefficient have been completed. In one case, the steady-state value of the heat transfer coefficient, h, was ~ 44,000 Btu/hr ft^ °F; shortly after the occurrence of the CHF the value of h decreased to ~ 400 Btu/hr ft^ °F and remained there until ~ 2 sec into the transient. From 2 until 1 2 sec into the

transient the value of h was near ~ 100 Btu/hr ft^ For the remainder of the transient the value of h oscillated between 2 and 100 Btu/hr ft^ °F.

(/i) The following reports are available from NTIS, U.S. Dept.

of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161.

Project Description, ORNL PWR Blowdown Heat Transfer

Separate Effects Program-Thermal Hydraulic Test Facility (THTF), ORNLINVREGITM-2. Feb. 1976. RELAP4/MOD5, A Computer Program for Transient Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Reactors and Related Systems Users Manual, ANCRINUREGI 1 33 5 . Sept

1976. PWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Separate-Effects Program

Data Evaluation Report-Heat Transfer for THTF Series 100, W. G. Craddick, et al., ORNLINUREG-45 . Sept. 1978. ORTCAL-A Code for THTF Heater Rod Thermocouple

Calibration, L J. Ott, R. A. Hedrick, ORNLINUREG-5 1

,

Nov. 1978. ORINC-A One-Dimensional Implicit Approach to the In- verse Heat Conduction Problem, L J. Ott, R A Hedrick, ()R.MLI.\'UREG-23,Nov. 1977. PWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Separate-Effects Program

Data Evaluation Report-System Response for Thermal

Hydraulic Test Facility Test Series 100, R. A. Hedrick, et

al., ()RNLINUREG-19, Nov. 1977. PWR Blowdown Heat Transfer Separate-Effects Progam

Data Evaluation Report-THTF Test Series II, C B. Mullins. et al. (to be published). RLPSFLIJX, RELAP with Surface Flux Modifications, S. B. Cliff ORNLINUREGICSD-S. Sept. 1978. COBRA III-l, An IBM-Compatible Version, D. M Lister,

et al , <)RNLINUREGICSD-9 (to be published). PINSIM-MODl: A Nuclear Fuel Pin/Electric Fuel Pin Simulator Transient Analysis Code, R. C. Hagar, R. A. Hedrick (to be published). 115-11262-720-52 CORE FLOW TEST LOOP (CFTL)

ih) Division of Reactor Research and Technology, U.S. Department of Energy. Work being carried out in cooperation with General Atomic Company, GCFR Program.

(c ) Uri Gat, Program Manager. ORNL, 9102-2, P.O. Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830, (615-574-0559; FTS 624-0559).

id) Experimental; applied analysis; performance evaluation; design conformation.

(e) The Core Flow Test Loop (CFTL) is a structural, thermalflow helium loop to evaluate the performance of electri- cally simulated prototypes of fuel, control, and blanket elements of the Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GCFR). The

loop will circulate helium at proposed GCFR operating

temperatures (maximum gas temperature of 600 "C ) and

pressures (9 MPa). Test bundles will be representative of

central segments of both fuel elements and control ele- ments. The GCFR blanket bundle will be represented fully both in size and power generation. The single-ended (both

electrical connccti>rs on one end) electrically heated fuel rod simulators (frs) have a prototypical 20 percent cold worked stainless steel outer sheath (7.46 mm OD) artifi- cially roughened over part of its length to represent the heat transfer enhancement required in the GCFR. The

tribological effects at the roughened surface-grid spacer in- terface and the structural interaction between the frs and

structural members will be evaluated. The blanket rod

simulators (brs) are larger in diameter ( 12.8 mm) and are

spiral wire wrapped for spacing. Steady state as well as normal shutdown, emergency shutdown, and depressurization sequences will be simulated in the loop. Temperatures

and pressures data will be collected and evaluated. Structural evaluations will use x-radiography in conjunction

with internal bundle markers during operation, and

detailed post-test measurements. Results will be used in design modification and in the confirmation of design and

of the computational methods used for bundle design and performance certification prior to construction of the GCFR demonstration facility. (/) Scheduled beginning of operation, December 1981; proto- type helium circulator undergoing tests, software for data

acquisition system (DAS) under development.

(h) System Design Description for the GCFR-Core Flow Test Loop, A G Grindell, W. R. Huntley, ORNLIGCRIF77/26, Dec. 13, 1977. Quality Assurance Program Plan for the Core Flow Test Loop, W. R. Huntley, Q-H 590-ET-OO I -S-O. Oct. 31, 1978. Breakdown Voltage at the Electric Terminals of GCFR- CFTL Fuel Rod Simulators in Helium, Nitrogen, and Air, W. R. Huntley, T. B. Conley, to be issued as an ORNL- TM in third quarter FY 1979. Thermal and Structural Analysis of the Pressure Boundary

Flange for the Core Flow Test Loop, J P. Sanders, J. C

Conklin, J. A. M. Boulet, K. W. Childs, Paper No. 24, 4ili Specialist Mig. GCFR Heal Transfer, Karlsruhe, FRG (Oct. 18-20, 1977). Testing Plans of GCFR Core Elements in the CFTL, U. Gat, presented NEA 4th Specialist Mtg. GCFR Heal

Transfer, Karlsruhe, Oct. 19-20, 1977. Also see GCFR Program Annual Progress Reports, Oak

Ridge National Laboratory. 115-11263-340-52 THERMAL-HYDRAULIC OUT-OF-REACTOR SAFETY

(THORS) PROGRAM

(b) Division of Reactor Research and Technology, Depart- ment of Energy.

(( ) Dr. M. H. Fontana, Manager, Breeder Reactor Safety Pro- gram, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830.

(d) Experimental and analytical investigation, applied

research.

(e) Determine the thermal-hydraulic response of simulated sodium-cooled fast reactor subassemblies at normal and

off-normal operating conditions, to determine the characteristics of sodium boiling in a reactor core at low-fiow and/or natural-convection conditions, and to develop models to give a better understanding of sodium boiling. Experimental results are obtained using the ThermalHydraulic Out-of-Reactor Safety (THORS) Facility and

the Sodium Boiling Test (SBT) Facility. These results are correlated and analyzed using standard codes (SAS, COBRA, SABRE), ORNL-developed codes (ORSLAP, LONAC, SIMBO), and other codes being developed in this task and elsewhere. The THORS Facility is an engineering-scale forced-convection sodium loop for thermalhydraulic testing of simulated (electrically heated) reactor subassemblies at normal and off-normal operating condi- 89
tions. Flow capability is 600 gpm and power capability is 2 MW. The loop piping can withstand 1300 °F sodium continuously and 1650 °F intermittently. Transient power and

flow automatic control systems, ample instrumentation, and a fast-response data acquisition system (DAS) allow

investigation of simulated reactor transients culminating in sodium boiling and dryout at temperatures exceeding 1800

°F. Using 19-pin short and full-length bundles, the steadystate thermal-hydraulic effects of core-inlet blockages and

heated-zone blockages have been determined. Transient and steady-state boiling tests (with and without blockages) have been conducted. Surface dryout has been attained at three conditions of flow and power. The SBT Facility is a single-channel sodium loop used to study free and lowflow forced convection dynamics of continuous sodium

boiling. It consists of a vertical radiantly-heated tube simulating a single core subchannel, a large downcomer, upper and lower plena, and an electromagnetic pump. Profuse

instrumentation, including an elaborate test-section void detection system (connected to the THORS Facility DAS),

allows detailed determination of sodium voiding characteristics during transient and steady-state boiling. The

Phase 1 test program to study steady-state free-convection

boiling has been completed.

(f) A 19-pin full-length bundle has been installed in the THORS Facility and a comprehensive test program including steady-state single-phase thermal-hydraulic tests and

transient boiling tests v/as begun in March 1979. Modifications are being planned for the SBT Facility in preparation

for the Phase 2 test program.

(g) Early results showed that an inlet blockage covering 24

subchannels (about the size of a half-dollar) produced

barely discernible temperature rises at nominal operating

conditions. A six-channel central blockage well downstream in the heat generating region did not produce

excessively high temperatures. Steady-state boiling induced downstream of the six-channel central blockage was stable and had no tendency to propagate axially or radially. Quasi steady-state boiling in an unblocked bundle at rela- tively low flows was more stable than was anticipated. This

stability is thought to be due primarily to boiling in- coherence caused by thermal inertia of the bundle hous-

(h) Publications 1/1/77-3/1/79 (ORNL/TM's can be obtained from the Department of Energy Technical Information

Center, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830. Edge Blockages in 19-Pin Sodium-Cooled Bundles, J. T. Han, M. H. Fontana, P. A. Gnadt, J. L. Wantland, Trans. Am. Nucl. Sac. 26, 335 (1977). Blockages in LMFBR Fuel Assemblies, J. T. Han, M. H. Fontana, Symp. Thermal and Hydraulic Aspects of Nuclear

Reactor Safety 2, Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors, ASME, 1977. Dynamic Boiling Tests in a 19-Pin Simulated LMFBR Fuel Assembly, J. L. Wantland, N. E. Clapp, M. H. Fontana, P. A. Gnadt, N. Hanus, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 27, 567

( 1977). Maximum Wake Temperature and Nusselt Number Behind

Blockages in Sodium-Cooled Bundles, J. T. Han, M. H. Fontana, J. L. Wantland, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 27, 564

(1977).

Calculated vs Experimental Temperature Distribution Behind a Six Channel Blockage, J. F. Dearing, Trans. Am.

Nucl. Soc. 27, 566 (1977). A Model to Correlate Residence Time Measurements Be- hind Blockages, J. T. Han, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 27, 565

(1977). SAS 3A Simulations for a 19-Pin Dryout Experiment, J. T. Han, E. T. Tomlinson, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 28, 438

( 1978). A Simple Transient Analysis of the THORS Bundle 6A

Boiling Test Results, P. W. Garrison, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 28, 440 (1978).

Progress in Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Safety Research and Development-An Overview of the Issues, M

H. Fontana, Progress In Nuclear Energy 3, 199 (1978).

Radiation Heat Transfer in a 19-Pin Sodium Voided Bundle, M. Machbitz, B. Budiman, Y. Y. Roberts, S. M. Scn- kan (MIT), J. T. Han (ORNL), Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 30, 416 ( 1978). Maximum Sodium Temperature Correlation for Six-Channel FBR Subassembly Blockages, N Hanus, J. T. Han, M.

H. Fontana, J. L. Wantland, Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 30, 417

( 1978). Temperature Distributions in 19-Rod Simulated LMFBR

Fuel Assemblies During Operation to Sodium Boiling With

and Without Inert Gas Injection (Out-of-Reactor Tests for ANL SLSF PI Experiment)-Record of Experimental Data

for Fuel Failure Mockup Bundle SD, J. L. Wantland, M H. Fontana, P. A. Gnadt, N. Hanus, R. E. McPherson, C. M.

Smith, ORNLITM-55H0, Feb. 1977. Temperature Distribution in the Duct Wall of 19-Rod

Simulated Fuel Assemblies, D. G. Linz, J L. Wantland. ORNLITM-5763, Apr. \917.

Effect of Duct Configuration on Peripheral Flow in 19-Rod

Simulated LMFBR Fuel Assemblies, C. M. Smith, J. L. Wantland, ORNL/TM-5827, May 1977.

Fabrication of an Improved Tube-to-Pipe Header Heat Exchanger for the Fuel Failure Mockup (FFM) Facility, J.

J. Prislinger, R. H. Jones, ORNLITM-5733, May 1977. ORSLAP-A Digital Computer Program for Dynamic Simulation of a Multinode Sodium Loop During Transients, R. A. Hedrick, J. S. White, ORNL/TM-5322 , June 1977. Local Sodium Boiling in a Partially Blocked Simulated Subassembly (THORS Bundle 3B), N Hanus, P A Gnadt, M.

H. Fontana, J. L. Wantland, ORNLITM-5862 , June 1977. Dynamic Tests to Determine Heat Transfer and Flow in Simulated LMFBR Fuel Bundles, W H Sides, T. W. Kerlin, D. N. Dry, ORNL/TM-4829, Aug. 1977. Blockages in LMFBR Fuel Assemblies-A Review of Experi- mental and Theoretical Studies, J. T. Han, ORNL/TM5839, Sept. 1977.

State of the Art of Fuel Pin Simulators for LMFBR Out-of- Reactor Safety Tests-Status Report, W. E. Baucum, R. E. MacPherson, D. L. Clark, R W. McCulloch, ORNL/TM5S89, Sept. 1977. Steady-State Sodium Tests in a 19-Pin Full-Length Simulated LMFBR Fuel Assembly-Record of Steady-State Experimental Data for THORS Bundle 6A, J L. Wantland,

N. E. Clapp, M. H. Fontana, P. A. Gnadt, N. Hanus, R. H. Thornton, ORNL/TM-6I06, Mar. 1978. LONAC: A Computer Program to Investigate Systems Dynamics Under Conditions of Low Forced Flow and Natural Convection, R. J. Ribando, ORNL/TM-6228, Apr.

1978. A Fluid Mechanics Model to Estimate the Leakage of In- compressible Fluids Through Labyrinth Seals, J. T. Han, ORNLITM-63 73, Aug. 1978. SIMBO-A Simple Boiling Model of the Response of a Simulated Sodium-Cooled Breeder Reactor Subassembly to an

Undercooling Transient, P. W. Garrison, ORNL/TM-6343

,

Sept. 1978. Electron-Beam Welding of Fuel Pin Simulators to a Tubesheet, P. A, Gnadt, J. F. King, ORNL/TM-6600, Dec.

1978. Sodium Boiling in a Full-Length 19-Pin Simulated Fuel As- sembly (THORS Bundle 6A). R J Ribando, et al., ORNLITM-6553, }7xx\. 1979. Steady-State Sodium Tests in a 19-Pin Internally GuardHeated Simulated LMFBR Fuel Assembly with a Six-Channel Internal Blockage-Record of Experimental Data for THORS Bundle 3C, N. Hanus, W. R. Nelson, et al . ORNL/TM-6498. Feb. 1979. Grain Growth Control in Pt-8 Percent W by Powder-Metallurgy Processing, D. E Harasyn, R K. Williams, ORNL/TM-66l5,Feb. 1979. 90
The Data Management System for the Thermal-Hydraulic

()ut-of-Reactor Safety Facility Computer-Controlled Data

Acquisition System Configuration for Bundle 3C Operation,

N. E. C\:ipp. ()R\UTM-6745 . Feb. 1979. 115-11264-890-52 LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

(LTTES)-AQLTFER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

(h) Department of Energy, Division of Energy Storage

Systems.

(c ) David M. Essenberg. Engineering Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tcnn. 37830.

(d) Field; analytical; systems evaluation.

(f) Objectives of the Low-Temperature Thermal Energy

Storage (LTTES) Program are ( 1 ) to develop sensible and

latent heat storage technologies capable of effectively ac- cepting, storing, and discharging thermal energy supplied

at temperatures up to 250 °C, and (2) to define the potential of these technologies in the conservation of energy and

natural resources. Of particular interest is the long-term

(seasonal) storage of waste heat, solar thermal, utility cogenerated heat, and environmentally derived energies

for application to building heating and cooling; aquifers

storing hot or cold waters have been identified as a primary means for accomplishing these goals. Aquifers are sub- surface geologic strata (principally gravel or sand layers) within which significant quantities of water exist and fiow. Studies to explore the feasibility of aquifer storage include

field studies to determine aquifer storage potential, to identify problems and develop solutions, and to validate predictive computer models, as well as computational support on charge-discharge strategies, numbers and locations of wells, aquifer fiuid dynamics, and geochemistry. This is a national effort managed by ORNL with substantial

university, government agency, and industrial participa-

(/) Active with management of demonstrations and supporting R&D being transferred to Battelle Pacific Northwest

Laboratories.

(g) Field tests are being carried out with aquifers at two sites: one near Mobile, Ala., for hotwater storage; and the other

at College Station, Tex., for the generation and storage of

cold water. Initial injection difficulties in the hot wafer ex- periment were ascribed to plugging by fines transported in from the water source or deflocculation of the in situ clays; subsequent injection, storage, withdrawal cycles drawing water from a different source and operating with

periodic backwashing gave more optimistic results. Inter- ference tests have located several barrier boundaries and

suggest transmissivities to be higher than previously esti- mated. Above 80 percent heat recovery is indicated from

the second storage cycle. Injections in the first cycle of the cold water test proceeded at anticipated How rates, though

it was necessary to clean the input filters frequently. In the Texas temperature climate of winter 1978-79. it was not

possible to chill significant quantities of water environmentally to temperatures below 9 °C.

(/i) Proceedings of 2nd Annual Thermal Energy Storage Contractors' Information Exchange Meeting, Oak Ridge Nail. Lah. Repl. CONF-770955: Program Overview. H. W. Hoff- man. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, p. 3; Subsurface Waste Heat Storage, J. C. Warm.an, F. J. Moltz, Water Resources Research Institute. Auburn Univ., p. 24; TES in Underground Aquifers. C. F. Tsang, Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory, p. 91; Storage of Cold Water in Groundwater Aquifers. D. L. Reddell, Texas A&M Research Foundation, p. 152. Proceedings of Thermal Energy Storage in Aquifers Workshop, Lawrence Berkeh Laboratory Rept., CONF7805140. Dec. 1978. 115-11265-130-55 ADVANCED TWO-PHASE INSTRUMENTATION PROGRAM

Ih) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c ) K. G. Turnage, Principal Investigator, M.S. 7, Building 9204-1, P.O. Box Y, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830.

(d) Experimental and analytical applied research.

(f ) Objective of the Advanced Two-Phase Instrumentation Program is the application of advanced instrument science

to improve accuracy and precision of transient two-phase

fiow measurements required in reactor safety research. The program is pursuing two general tasks: hardware development and the application of instrument signal correlation and noise analysis to two-phase fiow measurements. Hardware development includes the design, fabrication, testing and evaluation of improved instrumented

spool pieces for transient, two-phase flow measurements in primary piping. Feasibility studies of novel instruments such as vortex shedding meters for application in two- phase fiow measurements are being conducted. The noise

analysis studies presently center on the application of ad- vanced analysis techniques for determining velocity and

void fraction of two-phase flows under conditions thought

to be typical of a nuclear reactor reflood. Both local im- pedance probes and full-flow instruments are being used in these experiments.

(g) Testing of the first generation fiuidic device from Harry Diamond Laboratories was completed. The device, although found to yield a meaningful relationship between

voltage and momentum, was insufficiently compensated

for temperature variations in the fluid. Testing of the Auburn meter in horizontal and vertical flow was completed. The device was found to agree well with gamma densitometer readings when no upstream obstructions existed. Two-phase flow testing of advanced spool piece 1 in air- water was completed. Data from horizontal, downflow and

upflow mass flux measurements of acceptable accuracy in most flow regimes. Steady-state steam water experiments

with full-flow drag targets and improved turbine monitor

electronics are being performed to verify the mass flow model's accuracy. Local conductivity probes purchased from Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL) were tested

in air-water two-phase flow. The probes were found to yield useful measurements of local velocity and void fraction. Air-water scoping tests with an enhanced vortex shedding flowmeter were completed. The probe's output

signal appears to contain useful velocity information, particularly at very high and very low void fractions.

(/)) An Experimental Study of Flow Monitoring Instruments in Air-Water, Two-Phase Downflow, J. D. Sheppard, et al.. Paper SN1-7-27. Proc. CREST Specialists Meeting on Trans. Two-Phase Flow. (CONF-7608 1 0) Toronto, Canada

( 1976). Quarterly Progress Report on Advanced Two-Phase Instru- mentation Program for November- December 1976, J D. Sheppard, et al., ORNLI NVREGITM-93 . (Mar. 1977). Quarterly Progress Report on the Advanced Two-Phase In- strumentation Program for January-March 1977, J. D. Sheppard, et al., ORNL/NUREG/TM-1 19. (July 1977). Advanced Two-Phase Instrumentation Program Quarterly

Progress Report for April-June 1977, W. H. Leavell, et al., ORNL/NUREG/TM-140. (Dec. 1977). Advanced Two-Phase Instrumentation Program Quarterly

Progress Report for July-September 1977, P. A. Jallouk, et

al., ORNLINUREGITM-183. (Apr. 1978). Advanced Two-Phase Instrumentation Program Quarterly

Progress Report for October-December 1977, P A. Jal- louk, J. E. Hardy, ORNLI NUREGITM-227. (Sept. 1978). Quarterly Progress Report on the Advanced Two-Phase In- strumentation Program for January-March 1978, K. G. Turnage, et al., ORNLINUREGITM-250. (Oct. 1978). Quarterly Progress Report on the Advanced Two-Phase In- strumentation Program for April-June 1978, K. G. Turnage, et al., ORNLINUREGITM-279. (Jan. 1979). (Quarterly progress reports may be obtained from National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22I6I.) 91
115-11266-720-55 INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT LOOP

(/)) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(( ) D. O. Thomas, Program Manager, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 9204-1. MS-7, Y-12 Plant, Oak

Ridge, Tenn. 37830.

(< ) Experimental applied research.

((•) The Instrument Development Loop (IDL) Program is part of the 2D/3D Refill and Rcflood Experimental and

Research Prt>gram. The objective of this program is the development and calibration of instruments for the Upper

Plenum Test Facility (UPTF) core-upper plenum interface. Testing will be done in both air/water and steam/water

loops. The air/water flow visualization loop will have a

full-scale representation of a three-bundle vertical section of the UPTF while the steam/water loop will have a full- scale representation of a one-bundle vertical section of the UPTF

CD Initiated 10/1/78.

(f;) Loops designed and under construction. OCEANIC HYDRODYNAMICS, INCORPORATED, 107 Meadowlark Drive, Salisbury, Md. 21801. Dr. Larry

Bliven, Director of Physical Sciences. 116-11041-450-50 MEASUREMENT OF OCEANIC SURFACE FINE STRUC- TURE

(h) NASA Wallops Flight Center.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f) Laboratory investigations of oceanic surface phenomena

are being conducted at the NASA Wallops Flight Center

wind-wave-current tank. Major new instrumentation consists of a dual axis laser anemometer which is capable of measuring wave induced turbulence. The primary objective of this project is to relate the wave induced eddy

viscosity coefficient to the surface wave conditions Wave

induced turbulence is an important process in the redis- tribution of momentum and heat in the upper ocean. Thus

this research is relevant to analyses of surface layer Ekman

currents, thermocline erosion, and meterological phenomena.

116-11042-410-88 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY WAVES AND CURRENT

(/?) Center for Marine Sciences, North Carolina State University. id) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(f ) Sediment transport in lakes and the coastal zone is a function of wave as well as current conditions but most trans- port theories and data sets consider only currents as the transport mechanism. Therefore laboratory experiments of bed load sediment transport and the associated topo- graphic features due to combined wave and current conditions were measured in the North Carolina State University hydraulics laboratory. Transport rates were measured by monitoring the motion of fiuorescently dyed sediment and

topographic features by a sonar probe. Spectra and probability density distributions of the ripples were computed.

Capacitance wave height and hot film anemometer measurements quantified the fiow field. (/) Completed.

(j?) Experimental data for bed load transport due to waves and

currents support Bagnold's sediment transport theory which states that the immersed weight sediment transport

rate is linearly related to the stream power available at the top of the bottom boundary layer The proportionality constant is approximately 1 .0 indicating that the work

done by the fluid in the boundary layer is efficiently employed to transport sediment. Hino proposed that the constant of proportionality relating the power spectral density

to the ripple number is a function of only the angle of

repose for the equilibrium range of the spectra of fully developed bed forms. For local equilibrium conditions, however, the data demonstrate that the constant of proportionality is also a function of the flow field and the decay is more rapidly than the minus three power low.

(/i) Sediment Transport Phenomena Generated by a Combined Wave and Steady Flow Condition, L Bliven, Ph.D. T/io/s, N. C. State Univ., Raleigh, N.C., 1977. An Experimental Investigtion of Some Combined Flow Sediment Transport Phenomena, L. Bliven, N. E. Huang,

G. S. Janowitz, Report No. 77-3. Center for Marine and

Coastal Studies, N.C. State Univ., Raleigh, N.C., 1977. Sediment Transport Phenomena Generated by Combined Wave and Steady Flow Conditions. L Bliven, N. E. Huang,

G. S. Janowitz, presented Fall Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geopliy.sUal Union 57, 12, 1976. 116-11043-870-36 POLLUTION FROM RURAL RUNOFF

(/>) Conducted by North Carolina State University with major

funding by EPA.

(c ) Dr. F. J. Humenick, In Charge, Extension Department of

Biological and Agricultural Engr., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. 27650, or Dr. Larry Bliven. (d) Field experiment; basic and applied research.

(e) Investigation conducted by interdisciplinary team of in- vestigators representing four departments at NCSU. The

purpose of this project was to investigate methods to quantifying areawide water quality from rural nonpoint sources. River basins often have a large number of rural nonpoint

sources, i.e., subbasins, so complete spatial and temporal coverage of streams draining these sources is impractical. Fortunately, statistical theory provides valid techniques to estimate the mean and variance from randomly selected measurements. Either grab sampling or automated sampling can be employed in a statistical assessment. Field data obtained during a two-year period by both sampling methods were employed to demonstrate the relative merit of the two sampling alternatives and numerous substudies were conducted to investigate particular topics of concern. Because each state is required by law to evaluate the im- pact of rural nonpoint sources on water quality, the project results are pertinent to state water quality planning

agencies. Two-day technology transfer workshops, which

received national attention, were held in Raleigh, Atlanta, and Washington to instruct the scientific and technical community in the implementation of statistical methods to conduct area-wide water quality assessments and review

the water quality data generated during this investigation of the Chowan River Basin. Nutrient loads and concentration timing are relevant to estuary and coastal zone biological modeling.

(/) Completed.

(g) The areawide annual water yield obtained by simple time

stratified grab sampling was approximately equal to the

historical average, but the precision of the site estimates was low because distributions of tlow measurements at the

sites were highly skewed. Therefore, the potential of daily

rainfall predictions as a stratification method to provide in- creased precision at a given sampling frequency or budget was demonstrated. Point-in-time comparisons of grab and automated sampling demonstrated that sampling

techniques themselves impacted measured water quality concentrations. Dominant water quality variations among

the forested and agricultural Piedmont plus poorly and

well drained Coastal Plain areas were recorded by both grab and automated sampling.

(/)) Monitoring Areawide Rural Water Quality, L. Bliven, F. Humenik, F. Koehler, M. Overcash, ASCE, J. Envir. Engr.

Div. 104, EE6, 1978. Rural Nonpoint Source Water Quality in a Southeastern Watershed, F Humenik, L. Bliven, M. Overcash, F. Kodhler, J Water Pollution Control Federation, in press. Sampling Methods to Measure Nonpoint Source Impact on Water Quality, L. Bliven, F Koehler, F Humenik, M.

Overcash, ASAE Paper 77-4047. Raleigh, N C, June 1977. 92
Nutrient Yield Assessment by Different Sampling Strategies, M. Ovcrcash, L Bliven. F. Kodhlcr, J. Gilliam, F. Humcnik. Watershed Research in Eastern North America. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, Smithsonian Inst., Edgewater, Md., 1:365-383, 1977. An Analysis of Rural Nonpoint Source Water Quality, L. Bliven, F. Humenik, F. Kochler, M. Ovcrcash, presented ASAE, Winter Meeting, Chicago, III., 1978.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering Department, Ohio Agricultural Research and Developnnent

Center, 2073 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210. G. L. Nelson, Chairman.

117-01 65W-89(M)0 STABILIZATION OF STEEP LAND SLOPES

ig) Soil slippage measurements were continued on a bench

terrace which first failed in March 1973. Little movement

occurred in 1974, but additional slippage was observed in May 1975. In the next two years to May 1977 vertical movement in the slip area was less than 0.5 foot, but the

failure rim moved an average of about 3.5 feet. These

changes were much less than in the previous two years. Observations were continued on two pasture areas drained by 2-inch diameter corrugated plastic tubing installed in 1972. Although considerable flow took place, standing water was observed directly over the drains. Relative horzontal position of bench marks was unchanged and vertical movement was negligible during 1974-1977.

{€) For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 9, 8.0363. n7-0382W-840-00 DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

AND CROP PRODUCTION

(g) The tile drainage field experiment was in corn, soybeans, and oats (split plot) since 1976. Average corn yields in 1978 were 7589 kgs/ha for surface drainage only, 8781

kgs/ha for tile drainage only, and 9283 kgs/ha for combination of tile and surface drainage. These are more than 30 percent higher than the 10-year average, partly due to higher nitrogen fertilization. Soybean yields were 2688, 3226, and 3360 kgs/ha, respectively. They were nearly the same as the 3-year average. Oat yields were 2688, 3405, and 3620 kgs/ha, respectively. These were all more than 85 percent higher than the 4-year average. Average annual sediment losses for the 9-year period (1969-1977) were 2678 and 1676 kgs/ha for surface runoff and tile fiow, respectively. Corresponding losses frir NO3-N for the same

period were 16 and 25 kgs/ha; for P, 2.2 and 1.2 kgs/ha; and for K, 32 and 24 kgs/ha. Lysimeter plots were in corn

in 1978 with yields varying from 8655 to 11,164 kgs/ha among the four soil types. Yields were nearly the same for the two water table levels.

(/?) Shallow Subsurface Drainage-Field Performance; N. R. Fausey, R. D. Brehm, Trans. Am. Soc. Agr. Eng. 19, 6, 1082-1084, 1976. Age Effects on Surface and Subsurface Drain Flow, G. O. Schwab, 3rd Natl. Drainage S\mp. Proc. ASAE, pp. 10-13, 1977.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy,

Columbus, Ohio 43210. Professor George S. Taylor. 118-10609-820-54 SIMULATING HEAT AND WATER FLOW DURING SOIL FREEZING AND THAWING

(h) National Science Foundation.

(d) Simulation; applied research.

(<') A numerical analysis study of simultaneous heat and water

flow during freczc-thaw in soil. Flow cases arc analyzed

for various heat and water fluxes at the ground surface and ft)r different initial water contents and temperature

distributions. The simulation yields water and ice contents, temperature and water table elevations at various times. Frost heaving is simulated by expanding the soil matrix for large ice contents. The entire operation is programmed on

an electronic computer. Fulfillment of the project objectives will yield information on the physical process of

freezing and thawing and improve predictions of frost heaving for different soils. (g) Evaluations have been made of water redistribution in soils during freezc-thaw and of water table recession during

freezing. The agreement between simulated and experi- mental data has been demonstrated.

(/)) A Model for Coupled Heat and Moisture Transfer During

Soil Freezing, G. S. Taylor, J. N. Luthin, Canadian

GeotechnicalJournal 15, 4, 548-555. OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Jacques L. Zakin, Department Chairman.

11 9-0755 1-01 0-54 A VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF THE LAMINAR-TURBU- LENT TRANSITION

(c) Robert S. Brodkey.

(d) Experimental; basic; Doctoral theses.

(e) An experimental study into the basic mechanism of the entire laminar turbulent transition for both boundary layer and pipe flow, to elucidate clearly the steps that occur in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and to clarify which, if any, theories apply for the various steps known

(J) Suspended until student assigned to project. 119-07552-020-54 TURBULENT MOTION AND MIXING

(c) Robert S. Brodkey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic; Doctoral theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical approach to the basic in- teractions of turbulence and the mixing of a scalar quantity such as mass. Mixing of heat or mass in a turbulent field can in principle be determined from a knowledge of the

existing turbulence in the system and the molecular properties of the material being mixed. The object is to ac- complish this prediction.

(j?) A number of papers have been published by the investigators of this work. We have been able to accomplish the prediction for pipe flow in a mixing tank, and for a reactor

configuration. Furthermore, we have been successful in ex- tending the analysis to the prediction of the effect on

chemical kinetics. Our current efforts involve modeling

transfer at a solid boundary using the concepts of coherent

(h) Schliern Measurements of Fine Scale Mixing, S. Zakanycz, Kozprawy Inznierskie 24, 469, 1976. Turbulent Motion, Mixing and Kinetics, Proc. Levich

Birthday Conf.. p. 289, 1978. 119-07553-250-54 A VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF DRAG REDUCTION AND DRAG REDUCTION IN NONAQUEOUS SOAP SOLUTIONS

(c ) Harry C. Hershey.

(d) Experimental; basic; Doctoral theses.

(e) Experimental study into the basic mechanism of drag

reduction in pipe fiow using high molecular weight polymer or soap solutions and into the laminar and turbulent behavior of soap solutions. Flow in the wall region of

a drag reducing fiuid is being compared visually to the fiow of a pure solvent. The technique involves high speed 93
phcitogruphy of colloidal-size particles. A parallel in- vestigation is studying the laminar and turbulent behavior

of various aluminum soaps in nonaqueous solvents. 119-08216-010-54 VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

(c ) Robert S. Brodkey.

((/) Experimental; basic; Doctoral theses.

ic) An experimental study into the basic mechanism of boundary layer flow with emphasis on the interaction of the inner and outer regions. Stereoscopic viewing of the flow has been accomplished and currently simultaneous anemometry measurements by hot-film and laser methods

are being investigated.

(/i) Mass Transfer at the Wall as a Result of Coherent Structures in a Turbulently Flowing Fluid, K. N. McKelvey, H

C. Hershcy, S. G. Nychas, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Trans. 21, p. 593, 1978. Pattern Recognized Structures in Bounded Turbulent Shear

Flows, J. M. Wallace, H. Eckelmann, J Fluid Mech. 83, p. 673, 1977.

Vorticity and Turbulence Production in Pattern Recognized Turbulent Flow Structures, S. G. Nychas, J. M Wallace,

H. Eckelmann, Phys. Fluids Sup. 10, 5225, 1977. A Stereoscopic Visual Study of Coherent Structures in Turbulent Shear Flow, A. K. Praturi, J. Fluid Mech. 89, p. 251, 1978. Flow Visualization and Simultaneous Anemometry Studies

of Turbulent Shear Flows, Workshop on Coherent Structure of Turbulent Boundary Lavers, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem,

Pa., 1978.

Pattern Recognition, A Means for Detection of Coherent

Structures in Bounded Turbulent Shear Flows, H. Eckel- mann, J. M. Wallace, Proc. Dynamic Flow Conf., p. 161, 1978. 119-09835-130-00 TURBULENT MOTION AND MIXING OF SOLIDS

(t ) Robert S. Brodkey.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic; Doctoral theses.

(f) A cross-correlation technique has been developed to measure the turbulent statistics of solid particle motions in a turbulent field. A mixing tank was used to develop the complex now field. Stereoscopic visualizations were used

to aid in establishing the nature of the fiow field. (g) The cross-correlation technique can be used to establish the distribution of velocity vectors of solid particle motions in a complex three-dimensional fiow field. Stereo- scopic flow visualization can aid in understanding the nature of the fiow field. 119-10075-370-54 TRANSPORT OF CRUDE OIL AS OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS

(h) NSF.

(c ) Dr. J. L. Zakin.

id) Experimental, applied research, M.S. thesis. (t')Thc use of concentrated oil-in-water emulsions as a technique for transporting high viscosity and/or high pour

point crudes is being compared with conventional heating

techniques. Experimental results for turbulent fiow of concentrated emulsions is being obtained and a feasibility study will be made.

(g) The variables of oil concentration, oil viscosity, pumping

temperature and tube diameter, were investigated. At- tempts to correlate turbulent pressure losses with the Dodge-Metzner correlation showed predicted pressure

losses were generally high.

( h ) Reduction of Drag in the Turbulent Transport of Solid and

Liquid Suspensions in Water, J. L. Zakin, M. E. Borg- meyer, G. K. Patterson, presented Intl. Symp. on Freight

Pipelines, Washington, 1976, to be published in Proceedings.

Transport of Crude Oil as Oil-In-Water Emulsions, J. L. Zakin. R. Pinaire, M. E. Borgmeyer, presented ASME

Fluids Engrg. Mig.. New Haven, 1977, J. Fluids Engrg.

101, 100 ( 1979). The Rheology of Oil-In-Water Emulsions, M. E. Borg- meyer, M.S. Thesis. Univ. Missouri-Rolla. 1975.

Pipeline Transport of Concentrated Oil-In-Water Emulsions, R. Pinaire, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, 1977. 119-11044-250-00 MECHANICAL DEGRADATION OF HIGH POLYMERS IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS

(c) Dr. Jacques L. Zakin.

(d) Experimental, basic research, M.S. thesis. Ph.D. thesis. (e) The use of high polymers as drag reducing additives is limited by their tendency to break down under mechanical

shear. In order to select the most resistant polymer

systems to breakdown, the variables affecting mechanical

degradation are being studied. These include molecular

weight, molecular weight distribution, polymer type and

structure, polymer-solvent interactions and level of shear. (g) Increases in molecular weight gave increases in rate of

degradation; increases in concentration gave decreases in rate of degradation in thermodynamically ""good" sol- vents but had little effect in "poor" solvents; rate of degradation was far greater and threshold molecular

weight for degradation was dependent primarily on the shear sensitive high molecular weight species present.

(/>) Mechanical Degradation of High Molecular Weight

Polymers in Dilute Solutions, J. P. S. Yu, J. L. Zakin, G. K. Patterson, J. Appl. Poly. Sci., in press. Mechanical Degradation of Dilute Solutions of Polystyrene,

J. L. Zakin, D. L. Hunston, Drag Reduction: Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. Drag Reduction, p. 41, (BHRA Fluid Engineering, Bedford, England, 1977).

Effect of Solvent Nature on the Mechanical Degradation of High Polymer Solutions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 11, 1763

(1978). Mechanical Degradation in Dilute Polystyrene Solutions, D.

L. Hunston, J. L. Zakin, Polymer Sci. Eng., in press. Mechanical Degradation of Polymers in Dilute Solutions, J. D. Culter, Ph D Thesis, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, 1976. A Study of Mechanical Degradation of High Molecular Weight Polymer in Dilute Solutions Under Controlled Hydrodynamic Shear, J. F. S. Yu, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of

Missouri-Rolla, 1977. 119-11045-250-00 DRAG REDUCTION WITH POLYMER ADDITIVES

(r) Dr. Jacques L. Zakin.

(</) Experimental, basic research, M.S. thesis. (e) The effects of polymer molecular structure, molecular

weight distribution and polymer-solvent interactions on

drag reduction. OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering, Corvallis, Oreg. 97331. W. L. Schroeder, Office of the Dean.

121-11046-340-52 A RESOURCE SURVEY OF LOW-HEAD HYDROELECTRIC

POTENTIAL-PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION

(.h) U.S. energy Research and Development Administration,

(t ) Peter C Klingeman, Oregon Water Resources Research

Institute, Oregon State University. (d) Theoretical; applied research; for contractor and for thes- (e) Investigate the potential for low-head hydroelectric energy development for Oregon. To focus primarily on presently undeveloped sites but to include the possibility of adding 94
low-head turbines to water projects not normally as- sociated with hydroelectric development (e.g., drops in large irrigation canals). Produce a document that will detme for Oregon the potential For electrical energy

production using low-head hydroelectric energy technology. For purposes of this research "low-head" will mean

heads in the range of 3 m to 20 m and involve average an- nual energy potentials exceeding 200 kw (0.2 MW).

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University

Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. Barnes W. McCormick, Depart- ment Head.

122-10043-550-50 FLOW PHENOMENA IN AXIAL FLOW INDUCERS

{h) National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

(c) Dr B. Lakshminarayana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) To gain sufficient knowledge and understanding of the flow in axial flow inducers to permit a systematic improve- ment in the flow, based on such knowledge and understanding. The flow measurements carried out so far in- clude detailed hot-wire survey of the rotor passage result- ing in quantitative knowledge of the three-dimensional mean velocity, as well as the turbulence flow field. In addition, solution of the flow field, based on viscous equations

of motion in rotating coordinates, has been obtained.

ig) See Item (e).

(/i) On the Shear Pumping Effect in Rocket Pump Inducers. B

Lakshminarayana, Pumps-Anahsis, Design and Application

1, Worthington Pump Inc., p. 4968, 1978. An Experimental Study of Three Dimensional Boundary

Layer and Turbulence Characteristics Inside a Rotating Channel, J Engineering for Power 100, 4, p. 676-690,

1978.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, University Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. Joseph R. Reed,

Associate Professor. 123-08223-200-00 UNIFORM FLOW RESISTANCE IN OPEN CHANNELS

(c) Dr. J. R. Reed.

id) Applied research; experimental; Master's thesis. (e) The effect of shape on the Manning equation has been stu- died in a variably sloped plywood flume. A transition was

used to connect rectangular and trapezoidal sections of the flume, and at any given time the two shapes had identical

subcritical flows and slopes. Study was continued with the

entire flume rectangular. A distant objective of this study

is to attempt a correlation between resistance coefficients and turbulence measurements.

(/) Suspended.

(g) The Manning n values were significantly different for the rectangular and trapezoidal sections under the same flow

conditions. In addition, the n values varied with flow in the rectangular section, but remained relatively constant in the trapezoidal section. Results with the entire flume rectangular show the n values dependent on slope as well as the Reynolds number.

(/)) Variability of Resistance Coefficients in Rectangular Channel Flow, R. A. Etzel, M.S. Thesis. Penn. State Univ., May

1978. 123-08928-200-00 EVALUATION OF FRICTION SLOPE AVERAGING

TECHNIQUES FOR VARIED CHANNEL FLOW

(h) U.S. Army graduate fellowship.

(( ) Dr, J. R. Reed.

(d) Analytical; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) The first phase of this study was aimed at evaluating seven

different energy gradient averaging techniques which are now used in practice in step solutions of gradually varied flow profiles. One of the techniques tested was that used

in HEC-2. Computer results of step computations in prismatic channels were compared against mathematically

accurate solutions using numerical quadrature for increasingly shorter steps in a given channel reach. Both M and S

profiles were analyzed. A second phase undertook development of 30 new friction slope models based on

patterns observed in the original seven techniques.

(g) All seven techniques in the first phase showed a conver- gence to the true length as the number of steps increased from I to 50. However, each technique remained consistently separated from all the others in the quality of its estimate for a given profile throughout the range of steps. Each profile type studied had its own best friction slope model. Overall, two models fared well: one reported in a textbook by Vennard, and another used by the U.S.G.S. There was an indication that two of the formulas always were the upper and lower bounds of the estimates, and in- deed some mathematical proof was possible. In the second

phase, preliminary evaluation of the 30 new formulas showed promise that one or more might be better than the

original seven. (h) New Manning Energy Gradient Models for Backwater

Computations, P. V. Anderson, M. Engr. Paper, Penn.

State Univ., Mar. 1978. 123-10084-220-60 SEDIMENT FLOW PREDICTION AT HIGHWAY CON- STRUCTION SITES

(b) Pennsylvania Department of Transportation with the Federal Highway Administration.

(c) Dr. Arthur C. Miller. Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field investigation; developmental; Master's theses. (e) Develop a method to predict sediment erosion from

Pennsylvania highway construction sites which are instru- mented by U.S.G.S.

(g) Final report of findings is being prepared for sponsor.

(/i) Rainfall Factors That Affect Erosion, A. C. Miller. D. A.

Daily, Transportation Research Record, 642, pp. 57-61,

1978.

Soil Properties That Affect Erosion, A. C. Miller, W J. Veon, Transportation Research Record, 642, pp. 68-72,

1978. 123-10085-710-00 DETECTION OF SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS BY REMOTE

SENSING

(c ) Dr. David F. Kiblcr, Assoc. Professor, and Dr. Gert Aron.

(d) Experimental; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) The feasibility of using multi-spectral scanner data to detect soil moisture changes on natural watersheds and spray

irrigation plots is being studied.

if) Suspended.

ig) Preliminary results show more promise for irrigated plots than for natural watersheds. 123-10086-300-60 MODEL STUDY OF LOYALSOCK CREEK

(h) Pensylvania Department of Transportation.

(c ) Drs. Arthur C. Miller and Ronald A. Chadderton, Asst. Professors,

(rf) Experimental; design; Master's thesis. (e) A model of a meander immediately upstream from a state highway has been tested as an aid in the design of channel

stabilization devices.

if) Completed.

(.g) Recommendations have been made recently to the spon-

(h) Loyalsock Creek Study, A. C. Miller, R. A. Chadderton, S. Brown, Proc. 26th Ann. Hydraulics Div. Specialty Con/., ASCE, Univ. of Maryland. Aug. 1978. 95
123-11051-810-05 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES IN THE SCS RU- NOFF EQUATIONS

ih) U S D A. graduate assistantship.

(< ) Dr. Arthur C. Miller and Dr. W. J. Gburek of the USDA

Northeast Watershed Research Center.

(J) Field investigation; developmental; Master's thesis. U') Investigate potential correlations between rainfall intensity distribution and curve number and between initial abstraction and potential maximum retention as they affect the SCS runoff equations. PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineeririg, University Park, Pa. 16802. Dr. Donald R. Olson, Department

Chairman.

124-08930-630-50 UNSTEADY BLADE PRESSURES

(h) NASA, Lewis Research Center, and Naval Sea Systems Command,

(c ) Professor Robert E. Henderson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, M.S. thes-

(e) An instrumented blade is being developed to permit the measurement of unsteady pressure distribution on the

rotor of an axial flow fan operated in a spatially varying

inlet flow. A series of miniature pressure transducers are located along the blade chord to give the instantaneous

pressure. The measurements will be compared with availa- ble unsteady cascade theories to demonstrate the effects of

stagger angle, solidity and reduced frequency on the un- steady blade pressure distribution and lift. (/) Completed.

(g) Results show major influence on unsteady stator pressure

distributions to be the blade row solidity.

(/i) Investigation of the Unsteady Pressure Distribution on the Blades of an Axial Flow Fan, R E Henderson, G. F. Franke, Final Report, Mar. 1978. Unsteady Stator Response to Upstream Rotor Wakes, G. F. Franke, R. E. Henderson, 5ih AlAA Aeroacoustic Conf., Paper No. 79-05 79, Mar. 1979. 124-08931-060-70 WALL PLUMES

(h) U S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Center for Fire Research.

(c ) Professor G. M. Faeth.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; M.S. and Ph.D. thesis research.

(e) The investigation considers the properties of laminar and

turbulent thermal plumes along upright surfaces. Parameters of interest include mean velocity and temperature

profiles, turbulence quantities, and heat transfer rates to the wall. Both combusting and noncombusting plumes are considered for two-dimensional fiow conditions.

(/) Completed.

(;?) Measurements of profiles of mean velocities, temperatures, and compositons as well as turbulence quantities were

completed in both combusting and noncombusting plumes

along vertical surface. Convective and radiative heat fluxes

to the wall and radiative heat fiux to the ambiance, as well

as fuel burning rates, were also measured. Both laminar and turbulent fiow were considered. These results were

correlated by means of integral theories, as well as local similarity analysis, applied to turbulent flows.

(/i) Investigation of the Laminar Overfire Region Along

Upright Surfaces, T. Ahmad, G. M. Faeth, J. Heal Transfer 100, pp. I 12-1 19, Feb. 1978. Laminar Combustion of Vertical Free-Standing Fuel Surfaces, E. G. Groff, G. M. Faeth, Comhuslion and Flame 32,

pp. 139-150, 1978.

Structure of a Turbulent Thermal Plume Rising Along an

Isothermal Wall, T Ahmad, E G Groff, G. M Faeth, ./ Heat Transfer, in press. Turbulent Wall Fires, T. Ahmad, G. M. Faeth, I7ih Symp.

(Intl.) Comhuslion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh,

in press. Investigation of the Combustion Region of Fire-Induced Plumes Along Upright Surfaces, T. Ahmad, Ph.D. Thesis, Penn. State Univ , University Park, Pa., Aug. 1978.

Fire Induced Plume Along a Vertical Wall: Part I. The

Turbulent Weakly Buoyant Region, T. Ahmad, E. G. Groff, G. M. Faeth; Part IIL The Turbulent combusting Plume, T. Ahmad, G. M. Faeth, Final Report, NBS Contract No. 5- 9020. Mar. 1978. 124-10020-290-50 SPRAY COMBUSTION

(h) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

ic) Professor G. M. Faeth.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; M.S. and Ph.D. thesis (e) The investigation considers the properties of liquid fuel combustion as a spray in a stagnant environment. Parameters of interest include profiles of mean quantities in both combusting and noncombusting sprays with axial sym-

(g) Profiles of mean velocity, temperature composition and drop size distribution as well as turbulent fluctuations and

Reynolds stress have been measured in an evaporating

spray. These results were compared with a theoretical model based on the locally homogeneous fiow approximation and a second-order turbulence model. The results in- dicate that the locally homogeneous flow model provides a

useful qualitative picture of the spray. However, models which allow for finite interphase transport rates are required for quantitative accuracy for most practical

( /i ) Combustion of Liquid Sprays at High Pressures, A. J. Shearer, G. M. Faeth, NASA CR-I352I0, Mar. 1977. Evaluation of a Locally Homogeneous Model of Spray

Evaporation and Combustion, A. J. Shearer, H. Tamura,

and G. M. Faeth, AlAA Paper No. 78-1042, July 1978. An Evaluation of a Locally Homogeneous Flow Model of Spray Evaporation, Ph.D. Thesis, Penn. State University, University Park, Pa., July 1979. 124-11052-190-45 PLUME IMPINGEMENT ON CEILINGS

(h) U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Stan- dards, Center for Fire Research.

(c) Professor G. M. Faeth.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; Ph.D. thesis research.

(e) Investigation considers the impingement of turbulent plumes and fires on the underside of a horizontal ceiling. Stratified flow effects are considered as well. (g) Convective heat transfer rates to the ceiling, and flame

lengths along the ceiling were measured and correlated by means of integral models. Profiles of mean quantites have been measured in the flows.

(/)) An Investigation of Fire Impingement on a Horizontal Ceiling, H-Z. You, G. M. Faeth, Annual Report, NBS Contract No. 7-9020, Oct. 1978.

Fire Impingement on a Ceiling, H-Z You, G. M Faeth, 1978 Tech. Mig., Eastern Section of the Comhuslion Inslitule, Miami, Fla., Nov. 1978. 124-11053-160-54 THE TRANSMISSION OF FLOW GENERATED NOISE THROUGH PIPE WALLS AT ACOUSTIC-PIPE COIN- CIDENCE

(/)) National Science Foundation, Washington, D C.

(< ) Dr. Gerhard Reethof, Professor of Mechanical Engineer- 96
(</) Theoretical and experimental; applied research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(r ) At coincidence acoustic transmission loss of pipes with in- ternal pressure t'lelds drtips by about 40 dB. Thus, noise trom valves and other sources is readily transmitted through the pipe; a serious industrial noise problem. The

dispersion relations for both the accoustic and the pipe

wall vibratory modes were developed. Coincidence occurs when phase velocity of matched modes are equal.

{fl) The theoretical and experimental results on the mechanisms of coincidence and the coincidence frequencies arc in good agreement and ideas are being developed

to reduce the effects of this phenomenon on the reduction

(Ji) Coincidence of Higher-Order Modes-A Mechanism of the Excitation of Cylindrical Shell Vibrations via Internal Sound. J. L. Walter, Ph.D. Thesis. Penn. State Univ., July 1979. Valve Noise Induced Pipe Vibrations Excited by Internal Higher-Order Acoustic Modes. J L. Walter, N.S. Report, Penn State Univ., June 1977. The Transmission of Flow Generated Noise Through Pipe Walls-Experimental Verification, J. L. Walter, G. Reethof, PnK. .\„ise-Con 1979 Conf.. Purdue Univ., 1979. The Coincidence of Higher-Order Acoustic Modes in Pipes with the Pipe Vibrational Modes, Proc. 1978 Inter-Noise

Conf.. San Francisco. Calif., 1978. 124-11054-690-84 NON-CONDENSIBLE GASES IN REFRIGERANT CONDENSERS

i.h) American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.

(c ) Professor Ralph L. Webb.

id) Theoretical and experimental, applied research, Ph.D. the-

(e) This research will determine the effect of noncondensible

gases for shell-side condensation in large refrigeration machines. Experiments are being conducted on a 250 ton water chiller. Noncondensible gases (COj) will be injected

in the condenser and their effect on condenser per- formance will be measured. The distribution of noncondensible gases along the condenser length will also be determined by withdrawing gas samples. A numerical cal- culation model is also being developed to predict the ef- fect of non-condensible gases. The theoretical predictions

will be compared with the test data to permit generalization of the experimental results.

(/) In progress. Experiments to begin Summer 1979. Computer program partially completed. 124-11055-190-54 EXTENDED SURFACE FOR AGUMENTATION OF FILM CONDENSATION

(/j) National Science Foundation.

(<) Professor Ralph L. Webb.

{d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, M.S. and

Ph.D. theses. (e) A new surface geometery is being developed for condensation on horizontal tubes. The surface geometry consists of an array of square spine fins. A simplified analytical model

has been developed which predicts 50 percent savings of

fin material, relative to presently used commercial surfaces. The surface geometry will be applied to a horizontal tube yielding experimental data. Further work will be per- formed in a refined analytical model and additional data taken with different fiuids.

(/) In progress. Theoretical predictions complete.

124-11 056-2 10-O0 HELICAL RIB ROUGHNESS

(( ) Professor Ralph L. Webb.

(d) Experimental, M.S. thesis research.

(e) The investigation considers the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of flow through the inside of tubes roughened by a helical, repeated-rib, two-dimensional geometry. The effect of rib helix angle will be determined and an optimum helix angle will be defined.

{/) Measurements for three different helix angles, 70°, 49°, 30° respectively. Correlations of the friction and heat

transfer data are being derived and an optimum per- formance helix angle has been defined. 124-11057-210-52 INTERNALLY FINNNED TUBES

(h) Department of Energy,

(c ) Professor Ralph L. Webb.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, M.S. thesis research.

(e) The investigation is a study of friction and heat transfer correlations on internally finned tubes. A variety of fin heights and spacings will be tested to determine the effects of geometry of the geometrical parameters. Developed

correlations will be compared to existing correlations in an attempt to improve the state-of-the-art.

(/) In progress. 124-11058-140-52 OFFSET STRIP FINS

(h) Department of Energy, Division of Engineering, Mathematical and Geo-Sciences.

(c) Professor Ralph L. Webb.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, M.S. and Ph.D. thesis research.

(e) The offset strip fin is a high performance surface geometry

used in compact heat exchangers. Presently, an un- derstanding does not exist to allow prediction of its heat

transfer and friction characteristics as a function of its geometric parameters. This work will seek to develop a generalized understanding of the friction characteristics of

this basic fin type. The experimental portion of the pro- gram will be performed with a 10:1 scale up in a water

(/) Work to be initiated September 1, 1979.

124-1 10S9-870-36 SIMPLIFIED STACK SAMPLING SYSTEM

(b) EPA, Environmental Science Research Laboratory.

(c) Professor Robert Jennir>gs Heinsohn.

(rf) Experimental and theoretical, applied research and design, M.S. thesis. (e) A simplified stack sampling system is being designed which

will simultaneously withdraw and dilute a sample of a process gas with dry atmospheric air. After the sample gas stream has been cooled and diluted, the small particles are captured for analysis. The particles are believed to be

representative of those that a plume ultimately adds to the atmosphere.

(/i) A Comparison of the Particulate Matter Obtained Using a Dilution Sampling System and a Method 5 Sampling

System, R. J. Heinsohn, G. i. Wehrman, J. S Davis, G W

Anderson, Paper No. 77-12.1, Proc. Ann. Mtg. Air Pollution Control Assoc., ( 1977).

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Institute for Science and Engineering, Applied Research Laboratory, P.O. Box

30, State College, Pa. 16801. J. C. Johnson, Laboratory

Director. 125-03807-230-50 THERMODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON CAVITATION

ih) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(( ) Dr J Will and Dr Michael L. Billet. (d) Experimental and theoretical. 97
(<•) Investigations arc carried out in the high speed cavitation tunnel empU)ying various working fluids. At the present

lime, the primary fluid is Frcon 113. Thermodynamic efI'ecls arc investigated for both developed and limited cavitation over a range of temperatures and velocities Analytical investigations are also being conducted.

(/') Completed.

(;!,') The experimental data for developed cavitation obtained

in this investigation and by other investigations was correlated in terms of an entrainment theory.

(/i) Correlations of Thermodynamic Effects for Developed

Cavitation, M L Billet, J. W Holl, D. S Weir, Proc

Svmp. P„lvplmsc Flow in Turhomacliinerv . ASME, pp. 271-

2X9, Dec. 197X 12S-0B235-230-21 THE SCALING OF TRAILING VORTEX CAVITATION

(/)) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center, Naval Sea Systems Command.

((•) Dr. M. L. Billet and Dr. J. W. Holl. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(f) Study various forms of limited cavitation in vortex flows,

i.e., vaporous and non-vaporous cavitation; determine the factors which control the C,.„„„ of the vortex and its scal-

(/i) Secondary Flow Generated Vortex Cavitation, M. L Billet, PriK . I2lh Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics V, 1978. An Approximate Method for the Solution of the Direct Problems of an Open Rotor, M. L Billet, Applied Research Laboratory, Report No. 7H-I6I , May 1978. Secondary Flow Vorticity in the Passage of a Rotor, M. L.

Billet, Applied Research Laboratory, Report No. 77-243, Aug. 1977.

Cavitation Results for a Secondary Flow Generated Trailing Vortex, M. L. Billet, Report No. 76-234, Aug. 1976. Flow Measurements Behind a Rotor Operating in a Boundary Layer, M L. Billet, Report No. 76-260, Oct. 1976. 125-08236-230-22 THE EFFECT OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ON CAVITATION

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(( ) Dr. J. William Holl and Dr. Michael L. Billet. (d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Determine the effect of polymer additives on cavitation in a shear flow and on streamlined bodies.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Influence of Gas Content and Polyethylene Oxide Additive Upon Confined Jet Cavitation in Water, C. B. Baker, J W

Holl, R. E A. Arndt, Proc ASME Cavitation and

Polyphase Flow Forum, 1976. A Note of the Inhibition of Cavitation in Dilute Polymer

Solution, R E. A. Arndt, M. L Billet, J W Holl, C B

Baker. Pr,>c. ASME Cavitation and Polyphase Flow Forum.

125-08916-230-22 SCALING LAWS FOR CAVITATION DAMAGE

(/») Applied Research Laboratory E&F Program, Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl and Mr. David R. Stinebring.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Problem concerns the determination of scaling laws for cavitation damage in a flow system. Initial tests are con- cerned with effect of velocity on cavitation damage on

ogive nosed bodies.

(/() Two Aspects of Cavitation Damage in the Incubation Zone:

Scaling by Energy Considerations and Leading Edge Damage, D. R. Stinebring, J. W. Holl, R. E. A Arndt,

Joint Symposium on Design and Operation of Fluid Machinery II, Fort Collins, Colo., June 1978.

125-08917-630-20 INVESTIGATION OF UN.STEADV FORCES AND MOMENTS

ON AN AXIAL FLOW FAN ROTOR BLADE

(/)) Office of Naval Research (Project SQUID), Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Mr Edgar P. Bruce.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. thesis.

((') Measure and analyze the unsteady normal force and

pitching moment on the mid-span segment of a blade of an

axial flow fan rotor operating in a flow whose axial velocity component varies sinusoidally in the circumferential direction. The program variables are blade camber, reduced frequency, blade space-to-chord ratio, blade stagger angle, and blade mean angle of attack. Theoretically, extend Henderson's unsteady cascade lift analysis to include the unsteady pitching moment. The ex- perimental results will be used to provide design information and to assess the validity of available theoretical models.

(j?) Test results are being reduced and analyzed at reduced

frequencies from 0.2 to 5.0. Theoretical model develop- ment is nearing completion.

( h ) Design and Evaluation of Screens to Produce Multi-Cycle

Sinusoidal Velocity Profile, E. P Bruce, AIAA Paper 74- 623, July 1974. The ARL Axial Flow Research Fan, E P. Bruce, ASME

Paper 74-FE-27, May 1974.

Axial Flow Rotor Unsteady Response to Circumferential In- flow Distortions, E. P. Bruce, R. E. Henderson, Project SQUID Tech. Rept. PSU-I3-P, Sept. 1975. 125-08920-160-21 RADIATED SOUND DUE TO ROTOR OPERATING IN A TURBULENT INFLOW

(h) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(( ) Dr. B. Lakshminarayana and Dr. Donald E. Thompson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research; M.S. thes-

(e) Measurements of turbomachinery rotor radiated sound

spectra were correlated with aerodynamic measurements

of the inlet turbulence, guidevane wake and secondary

flow strengths for various guidevane configurations. Inlet turbulence data indicates that the major effect of flow contraction appears to be the elongation of turbulent eddies. These eddies then dominate the blade passing

frequencies. Decreasing eddy size by use of a grid revealed secondary flow strength to be the second major noise

(/) Final reporting stage. (h) Noise Due to Interaction of Boundary Layer Turbulence

with a Compressor or a Propulsor Rotor, N Moiseev, B. Lakshminarayana, D. E. Thompson, AIAA J. Aire. 15, 1, 1978. i 125-08923-550-22 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROPULSORS FOR SUBMERGED VEHICLES AND HIGH SPEED SURFACE

SHIPS

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(( ) Dr. R E. Henderson and Mr. W. S. Gearhart.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f ) A continuing program is being conducted to develop

propulsors having specific performance goals with respect

to noise, cavitation, weight and efficiency. Single and

counterrotating propellers, ducted propellers, pumpjets, and waterjet propulsion devices are considered. Propulsor

design, fabrication and experimental evaluations are con- ducted to determine the steady state propulsive and cavitation performance. Theoretical studies included propulsor

trade-off evaluations, blade design and axisymmetric flow

field predictions.

( /i ) Computer-Assisted Design of Pump Impellers, M. C. Brophy, M.S. Report. Penn. State Univ., Mar. 1978. 98
Performance of Ducted Propellers Fitted to Surface Craft, W. S. Gcarhart, R. E. Henderson. Prot . I.Sih Amcr. Towinn

Tank Cimf. I. Aug. 1977. 125-08924-550-22 ROTOR RESPONSE TO INLET DISTORTIONS

(h) NASA. Lewis Research Center; Naval Sea Systems Com-

(c ) Dr. R. E. Henderson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. thesis. (e) The unsteady response of an axial-flow rotor to various

inlet velocity distortions is studied by the investigation of

the flow at the inlet and exit of the blades. The influences of rotor geometry-solidity, stagger angle, camber-are in- vestigated. Detailed surveys of the flow field are con- ducted and the results compared with theoretical predic-

(/) Completed.

(g) Results show that blade row solidity, stagger angle and

intra-blade phase angle have predominant effect on distor- tion attenuation. {h) The Response of Turbomachine Blades to Low Frequency

Inlet Distortions. J. H Horlock. E M. Greitzer, R. E. Henderson, ASME Trans., J. Engrg. Power 99, 2, Apr. 1977. The Effects of Design and Operating Variables on the Response of an Axial Flow Fan to Inlet Flow Distortions, A. M. Yocum, M S. Thesis. Penn. Stale Univ., Aug. 1978. The Unsteady Response of an Axial Flow Turbomachinery

Rotor to Inlet Flow Distortions, L. C Barr, M S Thesis, Penn. State Univ., Mar. 1979. The Effects of Some Design Parameters of an Isolated Rotor on Inlet Flow Distortions, A M. Yocum, R. E. Henderson, ASME Paper 79-C,T-93 , 1979. The Unsteady Design of Axial-Flow Turbomachines, R. E. Henderson, ASCE-IAHRIAIHR-ASME Symposium on Fluid Machinery II, June 1978. 125-08926-030-22 MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON MODELS IN A WATER

TUNNEL

ih) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Mr. W. R. Hall, and Mr. Fred E. Smith,

(d) Experimental; some basic and applied aspects.

(e) The prediction of the powering performance, i.e., speed and power requirements for submerged vehicles from

water tunnel tests has always suffered from the need to make tunnel interference corrections and a large Reynolds number extrapolation. Currently, testing techniques to obtain powering predictions from water tunnel tests have been developed and compared with tow tank tests and

prototype tests. Agreement between sources has been

satisfactory.

1 25-08927-030-22 TUNNEL WALL INTERFERENCE FOR BODIES OF

REVOLUTION

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(( ) Mr. William R. Hall and Mr. Fred E. Smith.

<d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Body forces measured with large model-to-tunnel diameter

ratio bodies require substantial corrections to predict vehicle performance under free-field condition. This investigation is intended to develop better corrections for various model configurations. (g) New test programs using various body shapes have been

developed. Hardware design in progress.

(/i) Horizontal Buoyancy Effects on the Pressure Distribution of an Axisymmetric Body Operating in a Cylindrical Duct, G.

C. Lauchle, ARL TM, File No. 78-170, June 1978. 125-10045-630-31 RESEARCH INTO PREVENTION OF DRAFT-TUBE SURGING IN HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND PUMP-TURBINES

(h) Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.

(( ) Walter S. Gcarhart.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(<-) Evaluate a technique intended to prevent the occurrence

of draft tube swirl in hydroclastic turbines and pump-turbines. The results of this program will be used to deter- mine the feasibility of applying this method in preventing

draft tube surging and to what range and type of tur- bomachine it is most applicable.

( li ) Analysis of the Flow Through Turbine Wicket Gates with an Application to the Prediction of Draft Tube Surge, A

M. Yocum, Proc. Joint S\mp Design and Operation of Fluid Machinery 1, Fort Collins, Colo., 1978. Studies of a Method to Prevent Draft Tube Surge in PumpTurbines, T Seybcrl, W. S. Gearhart, H. T Falvey, ASCE- lAHRIAIHR-ASME Joint Sompo.sium I, Fi>rt collins, Colo., 1978. 125-10047-230-22 APPLICATION OF LDA SYSTEM TO MEASURE CAVITA- TION NUCLEI

(/>) Naval Sea Systems Command,

(t ) Dr. M L. Billet. (d) Experimental.

(<-) A method has been developed to measure the size and dis- tribution of possible cavitation nuclei and is currently being used in several water tunnels. 125-11048-230-22 CAVITATION AND CAVITATION NOISE SCALING

(,h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c ) Dr. M. L. Billet and Dr. D. E. Thompson.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Study of various types of cavitation that occur of hydrofoil and the resulting radiated noise.

(/i) Initial Investigation of Stationary Hydrofoil Cavitation and

Cavitation Noise Scaling, M. L Billet, D. E. Thompson,

Applied Research Laboratory, Report No. 77-327, Dec.

1977. Blade Surface Cavitation Noise, M. L. Billet, D. E. Thompson, Proc. Joint Symp. Design and Operation of Fluid Machinery II, pp. 523-.S42, 1978. 125-11049-030-22 HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN OF SUBMERGED BODIES

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c ) Dr. G. H. Hoffman.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(e) Advanced numerical methods are being developed for the prediction of fiow fields about submerged vehicles, including the effects of a propulsive device. Studies are also being made of drag minimization and turbulence model

improvement.

(/)) A Method for Calculating the Flowfield in the Tail Region

of a Body of Revolution, G. H. Hoffman, ARL TM 78-211,

July 1978. A Simplified Method for Predicting Body Temperature Dis- tribution in the Preliminary Design of Heated Underwater

Bodies, J. J. Eisenhuth, G. H. Hoffman, ARL TM 79-02,

Jan. 1979. The Laminar Velocity Profile in a Flat Plate Boundary

Layer with Surface Roughness, G. H. Hoffman, J. L. Lumley, ARL TM 77-150, May 1977. Horizontal Bouyancy effects on the Pressure Distribution of a Body in a Duct, G. C Lauchle. AIAA J. Hxdronautics, Apr. 1979. 125-11050-160-22 FLOW NOISE IN A TRANSITION REGION

(/>) Naval Sea Systems Command,

(t ) Dr. G. C. Lauchle.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research. 99
characteristics of the laminar to turbulent

transition region are being investigated on a fundamental

level to develop a theory for the resulting self- and

radiated noise.

) On the Radiated Noise Due to Boundary-Layer Transition, G C. Lauchlc. ARL TM 7H-2()4. July 1978

Acoustic Efficiency of Boundary-Layer Transition, G. C. Lauchlc, ARL TM 7,S-2S5. Nov 197K.

UNIVERSITY OF PIHSBURGH, School of Engineering, De- partment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Pitt- sburgh, Pa. 15261. Dr. George E. Klinzing, Associate

Professor and Graduate Coordinator.

126-11047-260-54 ELECTROSTATICS IN PNEUMATIC TRANSPORT

(h) NSF.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(c) Investigate the fundamentals of charge transfer between

the particles and the tube wall. This charge is measured

and related to the parameters of the solids and fluid flowing.

127-11060-200-54

(/)) National Science Foundation. i (r) Dr. Chao-Lin Chiu, Professor of Civil Engineering. ! (</) Analytical, with field and laboratory data.

((') Investigate the role and effect of secondary currents on

the sediment concentration at various points and regions within transverse cross sections of open channel flow and on the cross sectional average of sediment concentration.

(,(;) Secondary currents in a triangular, rectangular, and alluvial channel have been completed which show significantly different patterns. These results will be included in the next phase of the project to compute sediment conccntra-

(/i) Secondary Currents Under Turbulence in Open Channels

of Various Geometrical Shapes. C -L Chiu. D E Hsiung,

R. C H. Lin. Proc. XVIII Ciir. lull. Assoc. Hxdraiilic Research. Cagliari. Italy. Sept. 10-15. 1979.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF NEW YORK (see New York, Polytechnic Institute of listing). UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, Department of Civil Engineering, Water Resources Program, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15261. Professor Chao-Lin Chiu, Program Chairman.

127-08935-300-54 SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NATURAL STREAMS AND

RIVERS

(/)) National Science Foundation.

{.d) Analytical, with field data

(f) Develop a technique and procedure for computing secon- dary currents in natural streams and rivers, and use the technique ti> study the characteristics, development, and

sensitivity of secondary currents to various factors affect- ing them.

(J') Completed.

(^;) A technique for computing secondary currents has been

developed with which the three-dimensional structure of now in streams and rivers can be computed, simulated, and analyzed. Such a result enables investigating many

other transport processes in streams and rivers which are inherently three-dimensit>nal

(/i) Three-Dimensional Open Channel Flow, C -L Chiu. D E

Hsiung. H. C. Lin. J. Hydraulics Div.. ASCE 104. HY8.

Aug. 1978. 127-09845-200-00 APPLICATIONS OF KALMAN FILTERING THEORY IN ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC PROCESSES

(d) Analytical, experimental.

(() Modern estimation theory using Kalman filters is being

tested for its effectiveness in estimation of parameters and

variables of hydraulic systems, such as the open channel

fiow. stream temperature fluctuation, and sediment trans- it) Kalman filter has been applied to estimating Manning's re- sistance coefficient and flow profiles in open channels, and

(/i) Kalman Filter in Open Channel Flow Estimation. C.-L. Chiu. E Isu, J Hydraulics Dn . ASCL 104. HY8. Aug

1978. Stream Temperature Estimation Using Kalman Filter. C.-L

Chiu. E. Isu. J. Hydraulics D/i .. ASCE 104. HY9. 1978

Applications of Kalman Filter to Hydrology. Hydraulics and Water Resources, a book edited by Chao-Lin Chiu.

published by Stochastic Hydraulics Program. Dept. of Civil Engrg.. Univ of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh. Pa. 15261.

PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Engineering, Portland, Oreg. 97207. Professor H. Erzurumlu, Head.

128-11710-430-20 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CABLE SYSTEMS WITH CHANGING LENGTHS

(h) Office of Naval Research. Ocean Technology Division.

(< ) Dr. Herman Migliore. Asst. Professor. Mechanical Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; applied and basic research.

((•) Investigation of the dynamic behavior of cable systems which change length in time, as in the payout/reel-in case. Equations of motion are solved in a continuous fashion using numerical techniques. Method of Weighted Residual. Analytic results are based on experimentally determined

material and hydrodynamic properties and are compared

to laboratory-sized test results. (^) Material damping has been incorporated in analytic model. Comparison of analytic results to laboratory data shows good agreement for the case of low-stiffness cable. Progress is being made on developing an optimized solution procedure and increasing the versatility of the solution to other cables and cable configurations.

( li ) Dynamic Treatment of Cable Systems Which Change

Length With Time, H Migliore. H Zwihel. I'r„c. 6ih Canadian Con/^rcss of Applied Mechanics, pp. 383-384. May

1977. Current Methods for Analyzing Dynamic Cable Response,

H. Migliore. R. Webster. The Shock and Vibration Digest

II. 6. pp. 3-16. June 79.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Dr. G. W. Isaacs. Department Head.

1 29-03808-830-05 PREDICTING RUNOFF AND GROSS EROSION FROM FAR- MLAND AND DISTURBED AREAS

(/-) USDA. Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research; Agricultural Experiment Station. Purdue

Universitv.

(i I Dr. G. R Foster. 100
(</) Experimental invcsiigatinn: basic and applied research. (((The relationships ot rainfall, sciil. tdpographic, land-use, and management parameters to runoff and soil erosion are evaluated from field-pli>t and laboratory data, and the meehanies of soil erosion by water are studied as a basis

for mathematically simulating the soil erosion process.

(fi) The effect of concave slopes and strips of grass and crop

residue on deposition of soil aggregates and primary parti- cles by overland flow was studied on field plots under

simulated rainfall. The influence of a nonerodiblc layer on

rill erosion rates and eroded rill width was described by a

theoctlcally based model which was validated with field data. A comprehensive model for nonpoint source pollution analyses was developed to evaluate the influence of

soil, management practices, topography and structures on

the amount and composition sediment leaving farm fields. A new guideline manual. Agricultural Handbook 537, for the Universal Soil Loss Equation was published.

(/i) An Erosion Equation Derived from Basic Erosion Principles. G R. Foster, L. D Mever, C. A Onstad, Traits. Amer. Sac. Agric. Engrs. 20. 4, pp. 678-682. 1977. A Runoff Erosion Factor and Variable Slope Length Ex- ponents for Soil Loss Estimates, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer,

C. A. Onstad, Trans. Amer. Sue. Agric. Engrs. 20, 4, pp. 683-687, 1977. Estimating Deposition and Sediment Yield from Overland

Flow Processes, W. H. Neibling, G. R. Foster, Proc. Inlt. Symp. Urban H\dr/>li>/^\ . Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Lniv of Kentucky, pp. 75-86, 1977.

Soil Erosion and Sedimentation by Water-An Overview, G.

R. Foster, L. D. Meyer. Prac. Natl. Symp. Soil Erosion and

Sedimentation by Water, Amer. See. Agric. Engrs., pp. 1- 13. 1977. Deposition of Non-Uniform Sediment by Overland Flow on Concave Slopes, S. S. Davis. M.S. Thesis. Purdue Univ., 1978.

Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses, W. H. Wischmeier, D.

D. Smith. Science and Education Administration, USDA,

Agriculture Handbook 537, 58 p., 1978. Sediment Yield from Farm Fields. The USEE and On Farm

208 Plan Implementation. G. R. Foster, in: Universal .'ioil Los.', Equation: Past, Present and Future, Amer. Soc. of Agronomy, in press. 129-07S84-820-«1 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LAND AND WATER

RESOURCES

(t ) Dr. E. J. Monke.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation, applied

research.

(f) Study the effect of drainage practices on cropping management, crop response, and water, sediment and

nutrient yields; to investigate factors affecting soil erosion and crusting; to measure and predict sediment and related chemical pollution from agricultural lands; and to study

the dynamics of water and pollutant movement in soil.

I

I Collection and analysis of runoff, sediment yield and

nutrient loss data from a 4900 ha agricultural watershed

have been continued. A computer model was developed to identify source areas of the sediment and related chemical

pollutants based on the output data, soils and topographic

information, and land use. Several smaller, single practice watersheds have been instrument within the large watershed to verify the model results and to provide

baseline information for effects of land use in runoff water

quality. Battery powered sampling instrumentation was

also developed and tested. Discharge of sediment from tile outfalls draining heavy lakebed soils in the Maumee Basin

has been previously noted. Subsequently discharge from a

1 7 ha subsurface drainage system in Hoytvillc silty clay was monitored. After an initial flush which did not always

occur, sediment concentrations tended to remain uniform

irrespective of discharge rates. A computer model was

calibrated and verified using this discharge data. A comparison laboratory experiment employing intermittent

wetting and drying of soil columns showed that Hoytvillc

silty clay (a lake-bed associated soil, 44 percent clay) and

Latty silty clay (a lakebed soil. 48 percent clay) discharged approximately 6 and 8 times, respectively, the weight of sediment as discharged from a column of Blount

soil loam (a glacial till soil. 30 percent clay). While the sediment discharge from Blount was thought to cause minimal water quality deterioration, that from Latty and

Hoytvillc consisting of colloidal size particles might. Furthermore, this sediment discharge was not reduced

using protective envelope materials around the openings from the columns.

(/>) Soil Water Modeling II: On Sensitivity to Finite Difference Grid Spacing, C R Amerman. E. J. Monke. Trans. Amer.

.Soc. Agric. Engrs. 20, 1, pp. 478-484, 1977. The ANSWERS Model: A Planning Tool for Watershed

Research, D. B. Beasley, E J. Monke, L. F. Huggins, Amer. .Soc. Agric. Engrs., Paper No. 77-2532, 1977.

Tile Drainage Studies, E. J. Monke, A B. Bottcher. Environmental Impact of Land Use on Water Quality-Final Report on the Black Creek Project, EPA-9()5/9-77-0()7-B,

pp. 142-151, 1977. Modeling, L. F. Huggins. D. B. Beasley. A. B. Bottcher, E.

J. Monke, Environmental Impact of Land Use on Water

Quality-Final Report on the Black Creek Project, EPA905/9-77-077-6, pp. 177-211. 1977. Sources of Sediment and Related Pollutants-Comparison of Subwatersheds, E J Monke, D W. Nelson, A. B. Bottcher, L. E. Sommers, Environmental Impact of Land

Use on Water Quality-Final Report on the Black Creek Project, EPA-905/9-77-077-B. pp. 252-272, 1977. Sediment and Nutrient Contributions to the Maumee River from an Agricultural Watershed, D. W. Nelson, E. J. Monke, A. B. Bottcher, L. E. Sommers, Proc. lOth Ann.

Waste Mgr. Conf., Cornell Univ., 1978. Sediment Contributions to the Maumee River. What Level

of Sediment Control is Feasible?, E. J. Monke, R. Z. Wheaton, Proc. Conf. on Voluntary and Regulatory Approaches for N,mpoinl Source Pollution Control, EPA905/9-78-001, pp. 170-178, 1978. Modeling Sediment Yields from Agricultural Watersheds.

L. F. Huggins, D. B. Beasley, E. J. Monke. Proc. 33rd Ann. Meeting Soil Cons. Soc Amer., 1978. Subsurface Drainage Model with Associated Sediment

Transport, A. B. Bottcher, E. J. Monke. L. F. Huggins. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs.. Paper No. 7H-2502, 1978. 129-07585-810-33 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROLOGY OF SMALL WATERSHEDS

(c ) Dr. L. F. Huggins.

(d) Experimental, basic, applied, design.

(6") Develop an analytical method to accurately describe the hydrologic response of natural watersheds to real or

hypothetical storms independent of gaged records for a watershed.

(g^ Emphasis is being placed on the development of a dis- tributed parameter watershed model which is capable of

simulating both the hydrology and nonpoint source pollution process at all points throughout a complex area. Extensive automated sampling of hydrometeorology conditions in small watersheds varying from 20 ha to 7000 ha is being conducted. Runoff samples are being collected and

analyzed for sediment and chemical content.

(/I) The ALERT System, L. F. Huggins, S. J. Mahler, Environ- mental Impact of Land Use on Water Quality-Final Report

,>n the Black Creek Project, EPA-905/9-77-007-B, pp. 76-

84, 1977. Modeling, L. F Huggins, D B Beasley. A B Bottcher, E.

J. Monke, Environmental Impact of Land use on Water

Quality-Final Report ,m the Black Creek Project, EPA905/9-77-007-B. pp. 177-211, 1977. 101
The ANSWERS Model: A Planning Tool for Watershed

Research. D. B. Bcasley, E. J. Monkc, L. F. Muggins,

.4mcr S,n^ Axnc. Eiif^rs., Paper No. 77-2532. [917. ANSWERS Model-A Financially Savings Procedure, L F

Muggins, D. B. Bcaslcy, Proc. Conf. on Volimlary and

Ri'liiilatory Approaches for Nonpoini Source Pollulion Control, EPA-y05/y-78-()()l, pp. 158-169, 1978. ANSWERS: A Hydrologic/Water Quality Simulator for Watershed Research, D B. Bcaslcy, L. F Muggins, Proc. Winter SimutalUm Conf.. Soc. of Computer .Simulation, pp. 506-515, 1978. Modeling Sediment Yields from Agricultural Watersheds,

L. F. Muggins, D. B. Beasley, E. J. Monke, Proc. 33rd Ann.

Mtg. Soil Cons. .Soc. Amer.. 1978. Subsurface Drainage Model with Associated Sediment

Transport, A B. Bottcher, E. J Monke, L. F. Muggins, Amer. Soc. Agric. Engrs., Paper No. 78-2502, 1978.

129-1 1498-870-36 MONITORING AND MODELING OF AGRICULTURAL

NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

(t) Dr D. B. Beasley.

(d) Experimental, field investigation, basic research, applied

research, design, development.

(e) Develop measurement and evaluation techniques for as- sessing primarily agricultural nonpoint source pollutional problems and for quantifying the effects of various solu- tions to those problems.

(g) Continued development of a distributed parameter

hydrologic/water quality model is proceeding. Currently, hydrology and sediment related parameters are being

simulated spatially. In addition, continuous records of hydrologic and water quality parameters are being col- lected in an effort to better understand the naturally oc- curring processes and to provide a basis for verification of

this or other models.

(/i) Data Handling and Evaluation and Sediment Delivery Analysis on the Maumee River, L. E. Sommers, D. W. Nelson,

E. J. Monke, D. B Beasley, A B Bottcher, D Kaminsky, EPA-905/9-75-006, Environmental Impact of Land Use on

Water Quality (Progress Report), pp. 63-154, Region V, USEPA, Chicago, 1975. Sediment Contributions to the Maumee River, E. J. Monke,

D. B. Beasley, A. B. Bottcher, EPA-905/9-75-007, Proc. Nonpoint Pollution Seminar, pp. 71-85, Region V, USEPA,

Chicago, 1975. Simulation of the Environmental Impact of Land Use on Water Quality, "The Black Creek Model," D. B. Beasley, EPA-905/9-76-005, Proc. Best Management Practices for Nonpoini Source Pollution Control, pp. 274-280, Region V, USEPA, Chicago, 1976. ANSWERS: A Mathematical Model for Simulating the Effects of Land Use and Management on Water Quality, D

B. Beasley, Ph D Thesis, Purdue Univ., 266 p., 1977. ANSWERS: A Hydrologic/Water Quality Simulator for Watershed Research, D. B. Beasley, L. F. Muggins, Proc. Winter Simulation Conf., Society of Computer Simulation,

pp. 506-515, 1978. ANSWERS Model, A Financial Savings Procedure, L. F. Muggins, D. B. Beasley, EPA-905/9-78-00 1 , Proc. Conf

Voluntary and Regulatory .Approaches for Nonpoint Source

Pollution Control, pp. 158-169, Region V, USEPA,

Chicago, 1978. APIS-Arkansas Planning Information System, W. R. Draper, D. B. Beasley, T. A Dillaha, III, R. W Skeith, Publication No. 59, Water Resources Research Center, Univ. of Arkansas, 105 p., 1978.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering, West Lafayette, Ind., 47907. A. H. Lefebvre, Professor and Head.

130-09841-440-33 LABORATORY SIMULATION OF MIXING IN THERMALLY

STRATIFIED, HEATED LAKES, RESERVOIRS AND

PONDS

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology,

(c ) Professor R. Viskanta.

(d) Experimental and analytical applied research.

(f) Obtain basic understanding of the internal mixing and

energy transport processes in thermally stratified, shallow

natural waterbodies. This is accomplished by performing

laboratory experiments under carefully controlled environ- ment simulating as closely as possible the conditions exist- ing in quiescent natural waters such as lakes, reservoirs and ponds. Solar heating and cooling by convection, evaporation as well as radiation are simulated. Internal mixing processes are being visualized using an optical (shadowgraph) technique and the flow field is measured

using tracer techniques. The unsteady temperature dis- tribution during heating or cooling of water is determined

optically employing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This

is a unique instrument requiring no probes for temperature

determination. Mathematical models are being developed

to predict buoyancy driven convective fiow and energy

transfer resulting from heating by radiation and cooling at the air-water interface to gain understanding of the basic physical processes and to develop modeling capability for complex natural hydraulic systems.

(g) A simple thermal model has been used to predict the dynamics of a mixed layer during cooling of a nonuniformly stratified water from the free surface and found

to be in good agreement with experimental data. It was

determined that the thermal structure in stratified water cooled from above is quite complex and can be separated

into several regimes: 1) the skin layer, 2) the thermal boundary layer, 3) the convective (mixed) layer, 4) the in- terfacial entrainment region, and 5) the stable region.

(/i) Interferometric Observations of the Temperature Structure

in Water Cooled or Heated from Above, R. Viskanta, M.

Behnia, A. Karalis, .Advances in Water Resources 1, pp. 57-

69, 1979.

Effects of a Barrier on Temperature Structure and Mixing Thermally Stratified Water Cooled from Above, R Viskanta, A. Karalis, M. Behnia, Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics 11, pp. 229-239, 1978. Free Convection in Thermally Stratified Water Cooled from

Above, M. Behnia, R. Viskanta, Intl. J. Heat Mass Transfer

22, 1979. Mixed Layer Growth and Heat Transfer in a Stratified Fluid Heated From Below, M Behnia, R. Viskanta, ASME

Paper 79-HT, IHlh Natl. Heat Transfer Conf., Aug. 6-8, 1979, San Diego, Calif. 130-1 1064-020-00 INVESTIGATION OF COHERENT STRUCTURES IN TUR- BULENT CHANNEL FLOW

(() Professor W. G. Tiederman.

(d) Experimental; basic research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Identify efficient, effective and reliable methods for detect- ing wall layer bursts with velocity sensors. These bursts are discrete eruptions of fiuid away from the wall region. Visualization of hydrogen bubble time lines and simultane- ous laser velocimeter signals will be used to test various

burst detector schemes. The purpose is to provide analysts constructing turbulence models with information about the I'undamental motions in the wall region that transport mo- mentum and energy and produce most of the turbulent

kinetic energy.

102
PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Nuclear Engineering, West Lafayette. Ind. 47907. Paul S. Lykoudis, Professor and Head.

131-10087-110-54 THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SINGLE-PHASE AND TWO-PHASE LIQUID METAL

FLOWS IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

(e) The Magneto-Fluid-Mechanic Facility at Purdue University

consists of isothermal and heat transfer loops in which the

liquid medium is mercury. 300 gallons per minute are pumped through test sections simulating turbulent channel

flow. An electromagnet with pole faces 12" X 50" provides

a magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla at a gap of 3 inches. These

loops arc in the process of being modifed so that they can accomodate a vertical test-section in which a mixture of mercury-nitrogen will be circulated. The first experiments

will be conducted in the bubbly regime and detailed local How measurements will be made with hot-film anemomctry and resistivity probes. Local void fractions,

velocities, and slip profiles will be obtained at different cross sections. Pressure drops will also be measured. The

work is relevant to liquid metal MHD power generators. Nucleate boiling in liquid metals is being studied in an ex- perimental apparatus consisting of a horizontal heated sur- face in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field. The

boiler has a capability of 300 kw/m^ heat flux. Platinum

resistance thermometers are used for the bulk and surface temperature measurements Experiments are being con- ducted with mercury as the working medium (both with and without wetting aditives). This work is relevant for proposed blankets of fusion reactors. Improved thermal mixing in piping components is important in development

of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor systems. During

transients sodium streams at temperatures differing up to 400 °F will be mixed in a tee. Due to poor thermal mixing

in the tee, large temperature fiuctuations will be seen by

the walls of the tee resulting in increased probability of

failure due to mechanical stresses or thermal fatigue. An

experiment is being conducted using water as the working medium in an attempt to understand the phenomena. Work will proceed to the use of mercury as the medium to study effects of the Prandtl number.

{/?) Hot-film anemometer measurements have been made for bubbles rising in a vertical column of water and the results confirm the data reported in the literature. We arc in the process of proceeding with experiments in mercurynitrogen and then experiments in a magnetic field. Experi- ments with the liquid metal boiler have been made for boiler pressures of 760 mm Hg, 200 mm Hg and 50 mm

Hg in magnetic fields up to 1.26 Tesla. There is a signifi- cant effect on boiling heat transfer when a magnetic field

is applied. The superheat necessary to maintain nucleate

boiling is increased and at 1.26 Tesla, the heat transfer is reduced by 20 percent at 760 mm Hg and by 30 percent

at 50 mm Hg. Work continues on a theoretical analysis of bubble growth in a magnetic field. Improved mixing in a piping tee has been obtained through the use of multiple- hole jet plates installed in the inlet legs of the tee. Temperature fiuctuations in the tee decrease directly with decreasing available fiow area in the inlet.

(/i) Turbulence Measurements in Mercury Under the Influence

of a Magnetic Field, C. B. Reed, P. S. Lykoudis, 5//i Biennial Symp. Turbulence. Univ. Missouri at Rolla, Oct. 1977. The Effect of a Transverse Magnetic Field on Shear Turbulence, C. B. Reed, P. S. Lykoudis, J. Fluid Mechanics 89,

I. pp. 147-171, 1978. Turbulence Memory in Self-Preserving Wakes, P. M.

Bcvilaqua, P. S. Lykoudis. J. Fluid Mechanics 89, 3. pp. 589-606, 1978.

131 •10089-340-55 PROPAGATION OF THERMAL EXPLOSIONS

{h) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(< ) Professor T. G. Thcofanous.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research. Doctoral and

Masters.

(e) Identify the physical processes that govern the triggering and propagation of thermal (vapor) explosions. Towards

this end, shock-wave induced fragmentation in liquid/liquid and multiphase systems, as well as shock wave

propagation and pressure feedback mechanism are studied.

(g) Taylor instability dominated breakup of drops in liquid/liquid systems appears as a relevant mechanism of fragmentation in propagating thermal explosions with molten metals. A formulation for calculating energy exchange

during this process is proposed. Additional considerations

relevant to the question of criteria for buildup and

sustenance of explosions are presented.

(/7) Fragmentation of Drops, T. G. Theofanous, P. D. Patel,

Specialists' Workshop on Predictive Analysis of Material Dynamics in LMFBRs Safety Experiments, Los Alamos,

N.M., Mar. 13-15, 1979. The Role of Hydrodynamic Fragmentation in Fuel Coolant

Interactions, T. G. Theofanous, M. Saito, T. Efthimiadis, 4th CSNl Specialists" Mtg. Fuel Coolant Interactions in Nuclear Reactor Safety, Bournemouth, England, Apr. 2-5, 1979. 131-10091-110-54 TURBULENT STRUCTURE IN NONISOTHERMAL LIQUID METAL

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c) Professor Alexander Sesonske.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) To measure the statistical turbulent behavior of the

velocity and temperature fields in mercury pipe flow; to use turbulent structure parameters, including turbulent heat flux, and to verify and develop heat transport predictive models. Turbulence measurements were made, using

hot-film anemometry, in a flexible heat transfer facility provided with various test section flow and temperature

traversing arrangements.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Turbulent structure measurements were made at Re=10'' and with a constant wall heat flux of 23 kW/m'^ Heat and momentum transport parameters were investigated using

cross-spectral and auto-correlation techniques. Scale behavior was studied.

(/i) Turbulent Structure Measurements and Thermal Transport Modeling in Liquid Metals, L. L. Eyler, Ph.D. Thesis, May

1978. Available University Microfilms. 131-11433-340-52 THE TERMINATION PHASE OF CORE DISRUPTIVE AC- CIDENTS IN LMFBRs

(h) Argonne National Laboratory (Dept. of Energy).

(() Professor T. G. Theofanous.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic. Doctoral and Masters.

(e) Investigate the fundamentals of transient interactions between a high pressure flashing liquid discharge and a

volatile liquid pool. Of particular interest are hydrodynamic instabilities that lead to entrainment and associated energy transfer processes.

(g) The most significant finding of this work is that the presence of entrainment during bubble growth was found

significantly less than expected on the basis of the current

literature. A small amount of entrainment is seen as the impact is approached and a new entrainment mechanism is suggested. Additional study of this region will be required

to predict the extent of entramment and quantify its im- pace on energy release.

(/)) The Termination Phase of Core Disruptive Accidents in LMFBRs, M. Saito, T. G. Theofanous, Specialists' Workshop on Predictive Analysis of Material Dynamics in 103
l.MFIiR Safciv Expcrimcnls, Los Alamos, N.M., Mar. 3- The Termination Phase »f Core Disruptive Accidents in I.MFBRs, T G Thcotanous, M. Saito. D. Christopher, J. Hccchcr. .?r</ (Jiuiricrly Pr,>f>ress Repl.. PNE-7H-13H.

THE RAND CORPORATION, Engineering and Applied

Sciences Department, 1 700 Main Street, Santa Monica,

Calif. 90406. Dr E. C. Gritton, Department Head.

{ Publications may be purchased.

)

132-08952-400-33 DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL

FOR ESTUARIES AND COASTAL SEAS

(/)) Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and

Technology,

(i ) Dr. J. J. Leendertse.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research and

development.

(f) Develop a finite difference model which can be used to compute the flow in estuaries and coastal sea systems with

anisotropic densities. The model is intended to be used in engineering and scientific investigations of estuaries with complicated bathymetry and flow patterns.

(/) Completed.

(^,') A three-dimensional finite difference model has been

developed which contains an equation of continuity, equations describing conservation of momentum, salt, heat, subgridscale turbulent energy, and an equation of state. In the model vertical accelerations, but not the vertical velocites and transports, are neglected. The vertical exchange coefficients are computed from the subgridscale turbulent energy intensity. Numerical experiments using San Francisco Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Long Island Sound, Lake Michigan, and Bay of Georgia were performed.

( /i ) A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume IV, Turbulent Energy Computation, J J. Leendertse. S. K Liu. The Rand Corporation R-2 1 H7-OWRT, May 1977. A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume V, Turbulent Energy Program, S K Liu, A. B

Nelson. The Rand Corporation R-2IH8-OWRT, May 1977. 132-09908-010-18 LAMINAR FLOW HYDRODYNAMICS

(/)) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

(t ) Dr. E. C. Gritton.

Id) Theoretical; basic and applied.

(<') With the purpose of obtaining extended regions of laminar

flow and accompanying low hydrodynamic drag, this is an

investigation of the effects of pressure gradient, heat

transfer, and other means of boundary-layer control on the development, stability, and transition of water boundary

(«) Analytical and numerical studies have been made of water boundary layers with combined pressure gradient and heat

transfer. The results provide the basis for predicting the ef- fects of flow geometry and heat transfer on hydrodynamic

(/i) The Buoyancy and Variable Viscosity Effects on a Water

Laminar Boundary Layer Along a Heated Longitudinal Horizontal Cylinder, L S Vao, I. Catton, The Rand Corporation, R-I966-ARPA. Feb. 1977.

e": Stability Theory and Boundary-Layer Transition, S A

Bcrger, J. Aroesty. The Rand Corporation, R-1S9S-ARPA,

Feb. 1977. Entry Flow in a Heated Tube, L. S. Yao, The Rand Corporation R-2I1I-ARPA, June 1977; also published in J

Fluid Mechanics 88, 3. pp 465-483. 1978 The Effects of Unsteady Potential Flow on Heated Laminar

Boundary Layers in Water: Flow Properties and Stability, W. S. King, J. Aroesty. L. S. Yao. W. Matyskiela, The Rand Corporation R-2I64-ARPA, Nov. 1977.

Approximate Methods for Calculating the Properties of Heated Laminar Boundary Layers in Water, G. M. Harpole, S. A. Bcrger, J Aroesty, The Rand Corporation R- 2I65-ARPA. Jan, 1978. to be published in J Applied Mechanics, Trans ASME.

Simple Relations for the Stability of Heated Laminar Boundary Layers in Water: Modified Dunn-Lin Method, J. Aroesty, W. S. King, G. M. Harpolc, W. Matyskiela, A. R. Wazzan, C. Gasley. Jr., The Rand Corporation R-220V- ARPA. Mar. 1978; accepted for publication in Physics of

Fluids. The Combined Effects of Pressure Gradient and Heating on

the Stability and Transition of Boundary Layers in Water,

A. R. Wazzan, C. Gazley, Jr., The Rand Corp,>ralion R- 2175-ARPA, Mar. 1978; also published in Proc. 2nd Intl. Conf. Drag Reduction, Aug. 31, 1977-Sept 2, 1977, (Paper

E-3). The Combined Effects of Pressure Gradient and Heating on

the Stability of Freon 114 Boundary Layers, A. R. Wazzan,

C. Gazley, Jr., H. Taghavi, W.-C. Hsu, Physics of Fluid.s 21, 12, pp. 2141-2147, Dec. 1978. Tollmien-Schlichting Waves and Transition-Part I. Heated and Adiabatic Wedge Flows with Application to Bodies of Revolution, A. R. Wazzan, C Gazley, Jr., A. M. O. Smith,

Progress m Aerospace Sciences 18, pp. 35 1-392, 1979. 132-09909-870-52 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS OF LARGE POWER-GENERATING FACILITIES

(h) Department of Energy,

(c ) Dr. L. Randall Koenig.

(d) Theoretical: applied research.

(e) Investigate the possibility that rejection to the atmosphere

of large amounts of waste heat can induce the develop- ment of large-scale convective cloudiness and precipitation. Two approaches are used, the study of natural and

industrial analogs, and development of hydrodynamical at- mospheric models.

(g) Conditions under which cooling tower plumes glaciate and

cause snowfall have been defined through field observations of others. Numerical simulation of plume microphysical process provides predictions of snowfall amount. Numerical model of atmospheric convective cloudiness and

precipitation has been checked against observations of anomalous cloudiness spawned by a refinery. Model for ef- fects for large heat rejection to the atmosphere continues under development.

(h) Differences in Atmospheric Convection Caused by Waste

Energy Rejected in the Forms of Sensible and Latent Heats,

L. R. Koenig, F. W. Murray, P. M. Tag, Atmospheric Environment 12, pp. 10 13-1019, 1978. Numerical Simulation of an Industrial Cumulus and Comparison with Observations, F W Murray, L. R. Koenig, P. M. Tag, J. Applied Meteorology 17, pp. 655-660. 1978.

Self-Precipitation of Snow from Cooling Towers, Preprint Volume: Conference on Cloud Physics and Atmospheric

Electricity, July 31-Aug. 4. 1978. Issaquah. Washington,

published by the Amer. Meteorological Soc, pp. 426-429,

1978. 132-09910-270-40 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR STUDYING SICKLE CELL

DISEASE

ih) National Institutes of Health

(t ) Dr. William S. King.

(d) Theoretical.

(f) Develop mathematical models and computer simulations

to examine the interplay among the fluid mechanics of the microcirculatory system, blood chemistry, oxygen trans- port phenomena, and red cell sickling. Particular emphases

are placed on modeling the blockage of capillaries by

sickled red blood cells. The ultimate goal is to simulate mathematically a vascular occlusive crisis. 104
(k) Analytical models have been developed to study the physieochemical aspect of the sickling process as well as the kinetics of sickling. These models are being incor- porated into our capillary flow models.

( li ) Therapeutic Implications of Physieochemical Phenomena

Involved in Sickle Cell Disease, J. C DcHaven, The Rand

Corporulion R-1974-HEW. Apr. 1976

Hematological Compensation During Treatment of Sickle- Cell Anemia: A Simple Mathematical Model, The Rand

Carp„rali„n R-I952-HEW. Dec. 1976. A Mathematical Model of the Effect of Oxygen Consumption on the Resistance to Flow of Sickle Cell Blood in Capillaries, D. O. Loman, J. F. Gross, MatliemalUal Biosciences 37, pp. 63-79, 1977.

Diffusion and Transport in the Capillaries in Sickle Cell Disease, S. A. Berger, W. S. King. Pmc. I97H Advances in Biiien/^ineering. ASME, pp. 142-146, 1978. 132-11065-450-44 MODELING OF TIDES AND CIRCULATIONS OF THE BER- ING SEA

(h) Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and At- mospheric Administration.

(c ) Drs. J. J. Lecndertse, S. K. Liu. (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research and

development.

(e) The primary purpose of the study is to develop two three- dimensional finite difference models covering the areas of

Bristol Bay, St. George Basin, and Norton Sound, Alaska. These models, after adjustment and verification, will serve

as a basis for predicting oil spill trajectories and for risk analyses. The ice movements within these coastal waters

are also being studied.

(/) Continuing.

(/?) The model covering the areas of Bristol Bay and St. George Basin has been verified using field data corrected by NCAA. The computed current field from predicted

tides at the open boundaries agrees with the observed

values in the modeled areas.

( /i ) A Three-Dimensional Model for Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume VI, Bristol Bay Simulations, S K Liu, J J. Lecndertse, The Rand Corporation R-2405-NOAA. Apr. 1979. Three-Dimensional Subgridscale Energy Model of Eastern Bering Sea, S. K. Liu, J. J. Leendertse, Proc. I6th Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., ASCE. 1979. 132-11066-400-30 THE SIMSYS/WAQUA SYSTEM FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF ESTUARIES AND COASTAL SEAS

(h) Data Processing Division, Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat, and

the Water Resources Division, United States Geological

(c) Dr. ir. J. J. Leendertse.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research and

development.

(e) Development of a reliable, broadly applicable and

economically useful two-dimensional modeling system to simulate fiows and water-quality conditions in estuaries and coastal seas. Finite difference approximations of the equations of motion, continuity equations, and mass

balance equations are used. The model can be operated

with all terms, except the viscosity term, as second-order

terms. The system permits many time-varying discharges, open boundary representation by Fourier components or time series of water levels or velocities, coupling through an equation of state between salinity and pressure and

time- and spatially-varying air pressure and wind inputs. Graphical representation of fiow fields, constituent dis- tribution fields and time-varying model results can be obtained which are suitable for reproduction in agency re- ports. (g) Different versions of the system are in operational use by

sponsors and by Rand.

132-11067-400-87 MODEL STUDY OF THE EASTERN SCHELDT AND AD- JACENT COASTAL WATERS

ih) Delta Service of the Netherlands Rijkswaterstaat.

(( ) Dr. ir. J. J. Leendertse.

(</) Experimental and applied research.

((') Model investigation to determine the impact on water

levels, currents and water quality of the construction and

operation of a storm surge barrier across the Eastern Scheldt and the effect of secondary closure dams in this estuary. Two groups of two-dimensional finite difference models are used. The Randdelta II model (grid size XOOm,

dim. 147 X 107 points) covers, in addition to the Eastern and Western Scheldt, a large offshore area. This model computes boundary conditions for models of subsections of the system with grid sizes of SOOm and 4()()m. The

models have the capability of reproducing tides, storm

surges, current, salinity and water-quality parameter dis- tributions resulting from many discharges into the system and different barrier operating strategies. ih) Adjustment and Verification of the Randdelta II Model. A. Langerak. M. A. M. De Ras. J. J. Leendertse. Proc. I6ih

Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg.. ASCE. 19 79. A Tidal Survey for a Model of an Offshore Area, W J van de Ree. J. Voogt, J. J. Leendertse, Proc. I6ih Inil. Conf. Coastal Engrg., ASCE, 1979.

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Troy, N. Y. 12181. Dr. Richard

C. DiPrima, Department Chairman.

133-06772-000-20 VISCOUS FLOW STABILITY

(h) Office of Naval Research.

(c ) Professor R. C. DiPrima.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Various effects, particularly stability, are studied in an ef- fort to achieve basic understanding of fiuid flows which

have importance in applications. (g) A notable result is a unified treatment of the instability mechanisms associated with Benjamin-Feir and with Eckhaus. A corrected and extended form of the latter result has been found for the general case of complex

eigenvalues and complex coefficients in the slowly-changing (in space and time) amplitude of the fundamental.

Progress has been made in the study of effects of axial fiow, of ends, and of rapid inner cylinder rotation on the Taylor instability problem. Also see 133-06773-000-14.

(/i) The Effects of Eccentricity on Torque and Load in Taylor- Vortex Flow, P. M. Eagles, J. T. Stuart, R. C. DiPrima, J Fluid Mechanics 87, pp. 209-231, 1978. The Eckhaus and Benjamin-Feir Resonance Mechanism, J T. Stuart, R C. DiPrima, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 362, pp. 27- 41. 1978.

Effect of a Coriolis Force on the Stability of Plane Poiseuille Flow, J. E. Flaherty, R. C. DiPrima, Physics of Fluids 21.

pp. 718-726, 1978. Asymptotic Methods for a General Finite Width Gas Slider Bearing, J. A. Schmitt, R. c. DiPrima, J. Lubrication Technology 100, pp. 254-260, 1978. Amplification Rates and Torques for Taylor-Vortex Flow

between Rotating Cylinders, R C DiPrima, P M Eagles, Physics Fluids 20, pp. 171-175, 1977. The Force on a Small Sphere in Slow Viscous Flow, D. A. Drew, J Fluid Mechanics 88, pp 39 3-400, 1978. Lubrication Flow of a Particle-Fluid Mixture, D. A. Drew,

J. of Applied Mechanics 46, pp. 21 1-213, 1979. 133-06773-000-14 ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS

(h) U.S. Army Research Office. 105
(r) Professors R. C. DiPrima, L. A. Scgel.

(</) Theoretical; basic research.

(<•) Investigation of nonlinear mathematical problems arising

in lluid mechanics (particularly stability problems) and in physical chemistry.

(f!) Work has centered on ( I ) deepening the study of Taylor

vortex flow, (2) examination of Stokeslcts in bounded

domains, (3) elucidating certain basic phenomena in nonlinear stability to problems in elcctrophysics that arise in connection with electrodialysis (a method of desalination). Also see 1 33-06772-(K)()-2().

( h ) Amplification Rates and Torques for Taylor-Vortex Flows between Rotating Cylinders, R C. DiPrima, P M Eagles, Physics „f Fluids 20, pp. 171-175, 1977. Nonlinear Dynamic Theory for a Double-Diffusive Convection Model, L A. Rubenfeld, W. L. Siegmann, SIAM J. of Applied Math. 32. pp. 87 1-894, 1977. Asymptotic Methods for a General Finite Width Gas Slider Bearing, J. A. Schmitt, R. C. DiPrima, J Luhruaiion

Teclm„h,fi\ 100, pp 254-260, 1978

Effect of a Coriolis Force on the Stability of Plane Poiseuille Flow, J. E. Flaherty, R. C. DiPrima, Physics of Fluids 21,

pp. 718-726, 1978

Stokes Flow Due to a Stokeslet in a Pipe, N Liron, R

Shahar, J. Fluid Mechanics 86, pp. 727-744. 1978. The Eckhaus and Benjamin-Feir Resonance Mechanism, J T. Stuart, R C. DiPrima, Proc. R Soc. Land. A362, pp. 27-41, 1978. The Effects of Eccentricity on Torque and Load in Taylor- Vortex Flow, P. M. Eagles, J. T. Stuart, R. C. DiPrima, J. Fluid Mechanics 87, pp. 209-231, 1978. An Introduction to Continuum Theory, L. A. Segel, Modern Modeling of Continuum Phenomena. Lectures in Applied Mathematics 16, 1977, Amer. Mathematical Soc,

Providence, R.I.

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences, Rochester, N.Y. 14627. Professor Alfred Clark, Jr., Chairman.

134-09960-450-00 ROSSBY WAVES ON A MULTIPLE BETA-PLANE

(() John H. Thomas, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical investigation; basic research.

(f) A multiple beta-plane is introduced to simulate the variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude. The problem

of reflection and refraction of plane Rossby waves at a discontinuity in beta has been solved. The multiple beta plane leads to Rossby waves trapped in a band about the equator, as is the case on the full sphere. Related laboratory experiments are planned.

(/i) Refraction of Rossby Waves on a Multiple Beta-Plane, J. H. Thomas, R A. Lux, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans

2, pp. 41 1-426 ( 1978).'

1 34-09965-000-54 FLOW IN PARTIALLY-FILLED CYLINDERS

(/)) National Science Foundation.

(t ) Roger F. Cans, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research, thesis.

(<') A continuing effort to understand stability and nonlinear phenomena observable in a partially-filled cylinder with its rotation axis horizontal. Interest is presently focused on

the dynamics near the interface, and how these are in- fluenced by interfacial phenomena

(^,') A steady-state, nonlmear. viscous analysis of the flow has been completed. Careful measurement's of the flow at the air-water interface have been made. Additional analyses and experiments on nonideal free surfaces are in progress.

( /i) On Steady-State Flow in a Partially-Filled Rotating

Cylinder, R. F. Cans, J Fluid Mech. 82. 4 1 5 ( 1977).

Flow Measurements in a Partially-Filled Rotating Cylinder,

R. F. Gans, S. Yalisove, Bull. Am. Ph\s. Soc. 23, 989

( 1978). An Experimental Study of Steady Flow in a Partially Filled Rotating Cylinder, R D. Whiting Dissertation. Dept. of Mech. and Aerospace Sciences, Univ. of Rochester

( 1978). On the Flow Around a Buoyant Cylinder Within a Rapidly

Rotating Cylindrical Container, R. F. Gans, J. Fluid Mech.,

(in press). 134-1 1068-270-40 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FLOW IN CONSTRICTED

PIPES

(h) Basic Research Support Grants, N.I.H.

(c ) R. F. Gans.

(</) Experimental, basic research.

((') Laser Doppler anemometer study of flow in an exponential

constriction to assess theoretical and numerical results in the literature.

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, The State University of New Jer- sey, College of Engineering, Department of AAechanical,

Industrial and Aerospace Engineering, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. Dr. C. F. Chen, Department Chairman.

135-07616-090-00 SEPARATED FLOWS

(( ) Professor R. H. Page and Assoc. Professor C. E. G. Pr- zirembel.

(rf) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Basic research in separated flows is being carried out to determine a much more fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms.

ig) Special experimental research facilities have been

developed and theoretical models of various separated or separating flows have been formulated.

(/i) Rear Stagnation Point Location in a Subsonic Near-Wake,

R. A. Merz, R H Page, C. E. G. Przirembel, J. Spacecraft and Rockets 13, 5, pp. 319-320, May 1976. Techniques for Visualization of Separated Flows, R. H. Page, C. E G Przirembel, Proc. Intl. Symp. Flow

Visualization. Tokyo, pp. 235-240, Oct. 1977. The Turbulent Flow Through a Sudden Enlargement at Subsonic Speeds, S Kangovi, R. H. Page, Proc. 6th Australian Hydraulics and Fhiid Mechanics Conf. Univ. of Adelaide. Australia, Dec. 1977. Subsonic Axisymmetric Near-Wake Studies, R. A. Merz. R.

H. Page, C. E G Przirembel, AIAA J 16, 7, pp. 656-662.

1978. The Effect of Base Bleed/Suction on the Subsonic Near- Wake of a Bluff Body, C E. G. Przirembel, Proc. ASME

S\mp. Aerodynamics of Transportation. 1979 ASME Fluids Engrg. Div. Conf., Niagara Falls, N.Y.. June 1979. 135-07618-720-80 EMIL BUEHLER WIND TUNNEL

(/)) Emil Buehler Foundation.

(< ) Professor R. H. Page,

(t/) Design; development.

((') Design, operation, and development, of a supersonic varia- ble Mach number wind tunnel and auxiliary apparatus for teaching and research programs. A variable Mach number

wind tunnel (up to Mach 4.0) has been used extensively

since it was first operated on April 21. 1964. It is used for teaching and research programs.

(«) improvements in the tunnel s operation have been continu-

(/i) Aerothermodynamic Base Heating, Y. Inouc, R. H. Page,

Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics 59. AIAA. New

York, N.Y., 1978. 106
An Approximate Analysis of the Supersonic Turbulent Base

Heat Transfer with Special Regard to the Effect of the Boundary Layer Thickness, Y. Inouc. R. H. Page (in Japanese). Natl. Aemspace Lab.. Tokyo. .\AL TR-497.

Apr. 1^77.

Effects of Thick Boundary Layers on Supersonic Turbulent

Base Heat Transfer. Y. Inoue. R H Page. l>n,c. 6ih Canadian G>nf;re.ss ,>f Applied Mechanics. Univ. Britisli Columbia, pp. .'567-568. May 1977. Subsonic Turbulent Ba.se Drag, R. H. Page. Pmc. I4ili Southeaslern Sent. Tliermal Sciences, N.C. State Univ., pp. 348-363. Apr. 1978. 135-07619-600-00 FLLTDICS RESEARCH

(( ) Professor R. H. Page.

id) Theoretical and experimental investigations.

ie) Theoretical analyses of separating and reattaching flows

are being carried out and verified with specially designed

experiments.

!.!•) Basic fiuid mechanics of separation and reattachment of

fluidic devices has been formulated. 135-08950-290-15 ANALYSIS OF RESONANCE TUBES

(/>) Rutgers Research Council.

(( ) Associate Professor C. E. G. Przirembel.

[d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

((') The flow fields associated with two-dimensional and ax- isymmctric resonance tubes arc being investigated. The

test parameters, which are being varied in the experimental program, are the nozzle jet stagnation pressure, the separation distance between the nozzle and the resonance

tube entrance, and the relative length of the resonance

tube. Time-dependent and time-averaged pressures and

temperatures are being obtained in the resonance tube. Color Schlieren, Schlieren and shadowgraph fiow visualiza- tion techniques, in conjunction with high speed motion

picture techniques, arc used in observing and analyzing the

jet and resonance tube flow fields.

( h ) Thermodynamic Characteristics of a Blunt, Two-Dimensional Resonance Tube, C E G. Przirembel. L S. Fletcher,

E. E. Wolf, AIAA J. 15. 7, p. 905. July 1977.

Visual Studies of Resonance Tube Phenomenon, C. E. G.

Przirembel, R. H. Page. D. E. Wolf, Proc. Intl. Symp. Flow

Visualizaiion. Tokyo. Japan, p. 205. Oct. 1977. Aerothermodynamic Characteristics of a Resonance Tube

Driven by a Subsonic Jet, C. E. G. Przirembel. L. S. Fletcher. AIAA J. 16, 2. p. 184. Feb. 1978. Aerothermodynamic Aspects of an Axisymmetric Resonance

Tube, C. E. G. Przirembel. G. R. Andre, AIAA Paper No.

7li-H59, 2nd AIAA/ASME Thermoplnsics and Heal Transfer Omf.. Palo Alto, Calif., May 1978. Transient Analysis of the Aerothermodynamic Characteristics of a Resonance Tube. C E G Przirembel. D E

Wolf, G. R. Andre. AIAA Paper No. 79-1050. 14, h AIAA

Tliermophysics Conf.. Orlando. Fla., June 1979. 135-10127-020-54 DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION

(ft) National Science Foundation.

(I ) Professor C. F. Chen.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(f) Investigate the stability of double-diffusive convection in an inclined fluid layer and to assess the effect of doublediffusive effects in thermal dispersion.

{g) In an inclined fiuid layer with density stratification, heating from above is less stable than heating from beUiw. This and other interesting results are reported in the following

(/i) Stability of Time Dependent Double-Diffusive Convection in an Inclined Slot. C F Chen. R D Sandford. J. Fluid

Mecli. 83. pp. 83-96. 1977.

Double-Diffusive Instability in a Density Stratified Fluid Along a Heated Inclined Wall. C F Chen. / Hea, Trans

100. pp. 653-658. 1978.

Double-Diffusive Convective Instability of an Inclined Fluid Layer, R. C. Paliwal. Ph.D. Thesis. Dept ot Mechanical.

Industrial, and Aerospace Engrg.. Rutgers Univ.. Mar.

1979. 135-10129-010-26 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION FROM A SLENDER BODY AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK

(h) Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFSC).

(< ) Assoc. Professor C. E. G. Przirembel.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The three-dimensii>nal boundary layer separation process and the roll-up of the associated free-shear layer, which

characterize the fiow field in the vicinity of a slender body

at moderate to high angles of attack, are being in- vestigated. The improved understanding of these fiow

characteristics will assist in the rational modification of existing numerical calculations of aerodynamic forces and moments for slender bodies at high angles of attack.

(/!) Aerodynamics of Slender Bodies at High Angles of Attack,

C. E. G. Prziremble. D. E. Shercda. J. Spacecraft and

Rockets 16. l,p. 10, Jan. -Feb. 1979. Boundary Layer Separation from a Slender Body at High

Angles of Attack. C E. G Przirembel, D. T G. Wen,

Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engrg. Dept.. Rutgers Univ. RU-TR 151 MIAE-F, AFOSR-TR-79-0022, Oct. 1978. 135-10130-060-54 COUETTE INSTABILITY OF STRATIFIED FLUIDS

(h) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor C. F. Chen.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Investigate couette instability of stably stratified fiuid between two concentric rotating cylinders both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments have been carried out

for T) = 0.925 case where t) is the radius ratio. Work is going on for t) = 0.5 case. Linear stability analysis for asymmetric disturbances will be carried out. (g) For the small gap case, the critical conditions for the

stratified fiuid are not too different from those for the homogeneous case. For r\ = 0.5 density stratification ef- fects are much more pronounced. 135-11069-020-54 TURBULENCE MODELS AND LARGE SCALE STRUC- TURES IN TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

(h) National Science Foundation.

((•) Asst. Professor D. D. Knight.

id) Theoretical.

<.e) The two-dimensional unsteady turbulent mixing layer is in- vestigated theoretically using a model for the fine scale turbulence. Specific areas of interest are the dynamics of

large scale ("coherent") structure growth and amalgamation, entrainment, and energy transfer between large and

(/?) Preliminary results indicate quantitative agreement with

the observed mean growth rate of the mixing layer and the

self-similarity of the mean velocity profile. The results dis- play the observed phenomena of "pairing" of large-scale structures in qualitative agreement with experiment.

(/i) Numerical Investigation of Large Scale Structures in the Turbulent Mixing Layer. D D. Knight, P. G. Saffman. .V//i U.S. Natl. Congress Theoretical and .Applied Mechanics. June 1978. 135-11070-540-27 HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT INLETS WITH STRONG

VISCOUS-INVISCID INTERACTIONS

(/>) U.S. Air Force.

(( ) Asst. Professor D. D. Knight. 107
(d) Theoretical.

((') A computer code is developed to solve the flowfield in high speed inlets with strong viscous-inviscid interactions. The full Navier-Stokes equations arc employed with an al- gebraic eddy viscosity model.

()>) Substantial improvements in efTicicncy have been achieved through a variety of numerical techniques.

(/j) Numerical Simulation of Realistic High Speed Inlets Using

the Navier-Stokes Equations, AIAA J. 15, pp 1583-1589,

Nov. 1977.

135-1 1071-030-54 UNSTEADY DROPLET MOTION

(h) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor S. Temkin.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Determine the effects of unsteadiness on the drag coeffi- cient for small spheres. Our earlier work showed that when the free stream velocity around the sphere

decelerates in time, the drag on the sphere increases. To

observe both acceleration and deceleration, we have built a facility which produces N-waves. This is being used to

set uniform streams of small (80-200 /^m ) droplets into (g) Preliminary results obtained with non-deforming droplets show that, as before, the drag is larger than the steady when the relative fluid velocity decelerates, and is smaller than the steady when it accelerates.

(/i) Droplet Drag in Shock-Induced Flowfields, S. Temkin, S. S. Kim, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. 22, 1292 ( 1977). Droplet Motion Induced By N Waves, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer.

64, Suppl. I, 513 ( 1978). 135-11072-090-00 CONVECTION IN SPHERICAL SHELLS

(c) Asst. Professor A. Zebib.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Natural convection in an infinite Prandtl number fluid sub- jected to a spherically symmetric gravity field in a spherical shell is considered. Two models of heating are in- vestigated. In the first, thermal energy is produced in the core, and in the second, thermal energy is also uniformly generated within the fiuid. Heat transfer characteristics and resulting cellular motion of stable, finite amplitude convection are determined.

(g) A class of axisymmetric convective motion was shown to be the stable form of convection for modestly supercritical Rayleigh numbers in a relatively thick spherical shell heated from below. However, at onset of convection the preferred convective motion is three-dimensional.

ill) Infinite Prandtl Number Thermal Convection in a Spherical

Shell, A. Zebib, G. Schubert, J. M. Strauss. Submitted for publication in J. Fluid Mech.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of

California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093.

136-10394-420-44 STEADY STREAMING AROUND CIRCULAR BODIES UNDER LINEAR SURFACE WAVES

(h) NOAA, Sea Grant.

(c ) Dr. Douglas L Inman or Scott Jenkins (graduate student).

id) Experimental and theoretical, basic research with design

considerations approached.

(e) Measurements of the forces resulting from laboratory scale waves on submerged spheres and cylinders. Measurements

of the drift currents produced around these bodies with unseparated fiow. Theoretical descriptions for these steady currents are being developed through successive approxi- mations to the wave boundary layer equations.

(g) The streaming gives rise to Kutta-Joukowski forces which

reduce the resultant of the wave pressure. The streaming

has been described approximately by boundary layer

theory for a fiow regime limited to unseparated motion. Long chain polymer surfaced bodies exhibit reduced

streaming.

( /i ) Forces on a Sphere Under Linear Progressive Waves, Jenkins and Inman, Proc. ISlli liul. Coiif. on Coastal Eiiarg.. ASCE i. 1976

136-1 1638-410-44 MODELING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ON BEACHES

(h) NOAA Sea Grant.

(< ) Dr. James A. Bailard. (d) Theoretical basic research.

(e) Investigation of a bed load and suspended load sediment

transport dynamics on planar sloping beaches using energetics principles. (g) High arch moments of the near bottom velocity distribu- tion and nonlinear interactions between steady and oscilla- tory currents, are found to play important roles in the sediment transport dynamics on beaches.

(/i) An Energetics Based Model for the Transport of Bedload Sediment over a Planar Sloping Beach, J. A. Bailard, J. Geophysical Research, in review. 136-11639-220-22 INNOVATIVE SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

(/>) U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command; NOAA Sea

Grant, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experi- ment Station.

(c ) Dr. Douglas L Inman, Dr William Van Dorn, Dr. James

A. Bailard. {d) Combined experimental, theoretical and field applied

research.

(e) Development of innovative systems to reduce the cost of dredging fine and coarse sediments from harbors. Systems

studies include jet arrays, curtain barriers, crater-sinks,

fiuidization sand bypassing and porous sand fences. (g) Scaling laws verified, predictive models developed, proto- types successfully tested.

(/i) Coastal Wetlands Management: A Systems Approach to Opening and Maintenance of Lagoon Inlets Using Sand

Fiuidization, D. L. Inman, J. A. Bailard, University of

California Sea Gram Annual Report, in press. The Evaluation of Sediment Management Procedures, Phase III, Final Report 1976-1977, W. G Van Dorn. D. L. Inman, S. S. McElmury, University of Calif., Scripps Inst, of Oceanography, ( 1978). Coastal Wetlands Management: A Systems Approach to Opening and Maintenance of Lagoon Inlets Using Sand

Fiuidization, D L. Inman, R E. Flick. University of

California Sea Grant Annital Report, 1978. The Evaluation of Sediment Management Procedures, Phase II Final Report, 1975-1976: University of California, W G. Van Dorn. D. L. Inman, R. W. Harris, S. S. McElmury, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Reference Series 77-10. 107 pp., ( 1977). Study and Evaluation of Remedial Sand Bypassing

Procedures, R. W Harris, D. L. Inman, J A Bailard, R. Oda, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experi- ment Station. Vicksburg. Miss., Contract Report Hl)76-I

.

128 pp., 1976. The Evaluation of Sediment Management Procedures, Phase I Final Report, 1974-1975: University of California, W. G Van Dorn, D. L Inman, R. W Harris, .Scripps In- stitution of Oceanography, Reference .Series 75-32. 82 pp., (1975).

108
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROUNA, Belle W. Baruch In- stitute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, Columbia, S C. 29208. Dr. F. John Vemberg, Director. 137-11073-400-54 MATERIAL FLUXES THROUGH A TIDAL SALT MARSH

ESTUARY: AN ECOSYSTEM STUDY IN OUTWELLING

(/>) Natii>nal Science Fi)undatit)n.

(( ) Field investigation; ba.sic research.

((•) Obtain seasonal data on flux rates of materials between

North Inlet Estuary and Atlantic Ocean. Synoptic sampling

over a ten-day period by a crew of about ninety field in- vestigators. Objective; to provide evidence for outwelling

or inwelling phenomenon in estuarine system.

(^) See publications below.

(/i) Material Fluxes Through the North Inlet Marsh System:

Short Term Temporal Fluctuations of Fungi and Related Parameters, T. H. Chrzanowski, L. H. Stevenson,

Mycologia. (in press). Material Fluxes Through the North Inlet Marsh System:

Characterization of a Large Creek in Terms of Adenosine

5'-Triphosphate, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., (in press). Low-Frequency Response of Estuarine Sea Level to NonLocal Forcing, B. Kjerfve, J E Greer. L R Grout. In; Estuarine Inleraciion.s, M. L. Wiley (ed.). Academic Press, pp. 497-513, 1978.

UNIVERSITY Of SOUTH CAROUNA, Department of Civil Engineering, Columbia, S.C. 29208. J. D. Waugh, Dean,

College of Engineering.

138-11718-870-27 REVIEW OF TOXIC SPILL MODELING

(h) U.S. Air Force, Research and Development Directorate, Air Force Engineering Services Center, Tyndall Air Force

Base, Fla. 32403.

I (( ) Dr. Barry A. Benedict, Associate Professor.

i id) Theoretical; applied research.

' (e-)This work is intended to provide a review of available models to assess the impact of possible spills of pollutants. Emphasis was placed on analytical solutions and on as- sessing the ability to use the models with a minimum of

user background. This work was not intended to develop new models, but rather to evaluate existing ones.

' (/) Completed.

i;?) A number of analytical models are identified for possible use The key factor in enabling use by a nonexpert is the inclusion of a maximum amount of advection in the equation and solutions to minimize the effects which must be accounted for by the diffusion coefficients. It is recom-

. mended that, at the least, models for rivers include lateral

I variation of velocity and estuary models include tidal

I velocity variation. \{h) Review of Toxic Spill Modeling, B. A. Benedict, Gomplettion Report. See item b above.

Discussion of Convective-Dispersion in Perennial Streams, by Anand Prakash, B A Benedict, J. Environmental Engrg Div . ASCE 104, EE2, pp. 378-380, Apr. 1978.

Analytical Models for Toxic Spills, B. A Benedict, Proc. I97H Natl. Conf. Control of Hazardous Material Spills, pp. 439-443, Apr. 1978. Source Condition Influence on Toxic Spill Behavior, B. A. Benedict. Proc. 1978 ASCE Natl. Conf. Environmental

Engrg., ASCE. N.Y., pp. 271-278, July 1978.

Effects of Averaging on Solutions to the Convective Diffu- * sion Equation, B. A. Benedict. Proc. Hth U.S. Natl. Con-

* /jrt'.v.v of Applied Mechanics, (Abstract), p. 57. Effects of Equation Averaging on Model Verification, Verification of Mathematical and Physical Models in Hydraulic Engineering, Proc. ASCE Specially Cimf.. pp. 483-491. Aug. 1978.

138-11 71 9-860-26 APPLICATION OF A NEAR-FIELD WATER QUALITY MODEL

l.h) U.S. Air Force, Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

Air Force Systems Command, Boiling AFB, D C.

(c ) Dr. Barry A. Benedict, Associate Professor.

(.d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) This work was intended to further investigate behavior of

a previously developed two-dimensional jet integral model

describing near-field water quality dynamics and to make

recommendations for use of the model and future dcvelop-

(/) Completed.

(g) The model was shown to be a good predictor of behavior when fitted to thermal discharge data. No data on BOD- DO existed for near-field verification. Model limitations in- clude its two-dimensionality, failure to account for boundary impingement, and decreasing accuracy as ambient

diffusion becomes more significant. The model can be

used to link to several diffusion models', and such linkages are discussed.

(/i) Application of a Near-Field Water Quality Model, B. A. Benedict, Completion Report to AFOSR. See item b. A Near-Field Model for Dissolved Oxygen and Other Water

Quality Parameters, B. A Benedict, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Mathematical Modeling, Aug. 1977, St. Louis, Mo.

Modeling Dissolved Oxygen in the Near Field, B. A.

Benedict, Proc. 25th Hydraulics Specialty Conf. College

Station, Tex , pp. 144-151, Aug. 1977.

Effect of Discharge Mode on BOD and DO, B. A. Benedict,

Proc. ASCE Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf., San Francisco,

Calif., Aug. 1979. 138-11720-870-73 DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF NEAR-FIELD THER- MAL MODELS FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(/>) Middle South Services, Inc., New Orleans, La.

(c) Dr. Barry A. Benedict, Associate Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The project was to review available near field models for

their applicability to sites in the lower 800 plus miles of

the Mississippi for existing or proposed thermal discharges. A justification for selection of a set of these models and a computer package and users manual were to be prepared.

(g) Five models were selected and prepared in documented

form in a computer package. A surface integral model,

finite source diffusion model, and stream tube diffusion model were included, along with models for single and

multiport submerged discharges. (h) Selection of Models to Describe Near-Field Temperature on

the Mississippi, B. A. Benedict. Completion Report. Users Manual for Middle South Services Near-Field Ther- mal Discharges Model Systems, B. A. Benedict. CompleSOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Brookings, S.D. 57007. Profes- sor Dennis L. Moe, Department Head.

139-11074-810-00 NONPARAMETRIC THEORY OF INFILTRATION DURING

RAINFALL ON LAYERED SOILS FOR WATER

RESOURCES PLANNING

(() Shu-Tung Chu. Assoc. Professor. (d) Theoretical, field investigation; applied research.

(e) The recent developments in the analysis of infiltration during variable rain were based upon the Green and Ampt

equation. A limitation associated with the Green and Ampt approach is the assumption of a homogeneous soil profile and a uniform soil moisture distribution. Attempts

to evaluate the existing analysis by field measurements are 109
priihihiloiJ hccausc under field conditions, the soil is not lioniogcncous. The purpose ot this project is to extend the

existing techniques to a layered soil profile and to evaluate

the theoretical results by field measurements.

(,!,') Analogy is being established between the Green and Ampt

equation and the infiltration capacity curve. By replacing

tlie various forms of the Green and Ampt equation with

the associated forms of infiltration capacity curve, the existing analysis is extended to the layered soil profiles. A

numerical procedure is developed to model infiltration, during variable rain. (h) Infiltration During Variable Rain on Layered Soils, S -T Chu, R A. Young, Puin-r No. 79-2041, Amer. Soc. of

Agricultural Engineers.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research, School

of Engineering, University Parle, Los Angeles, Calif.

9()()()7. Professor E. Kent Springer, Foundation Director. 140-00049-860-73 FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

RESEARCH

(/') Sustaining membership of Local, State and Federal health and water agencies as well as Provincial health and water

agencies in the U.S. and Canada.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigations; basic and

applied research; sponsored and theses (M.S. Engr., and

Ph.D.).

((') Evaluation of various backflow prevention devices under

both laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory contains parallel circuits for all pipe sizes up through 16 inch with capabilities of 4500 gpm at 300 ft head. A parallel system permits the calibration of all normal sizes of water

meters. The laboratory is equipped for the training and

certification of backflow device testers. This same training and certification program is also available to areas removed from the laboratory by arrangement.

(^;) Standarized laboratory and field evaluation procedures as well as minimum design and operating specifications have been established for back-fiow prevention due to cross- connections. Greatly expanded recognition of the cross- connection control problem by Local, State, Federal and

Provincial agencies as well as manufacturers has brought

this work of protecting the potable water supply into sharp

focus A major contribution of this program has been the development of the five-day short course and the one-day

seminars given both at the Foundation and at agency sites to aid water and health agencies to cope with this cross- connection control problem.

(/i) Manual of Cross-Connection Control, 5th Edition. Specifications for Back-Flow Prevention Devices, 74. Cross Talk, a quarterly publication of development news

pertaining to cross-connection ciintrol. List of Approved Backflow Prevention Devices. Published

several times per year as changes in the "List"" occur. SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Civil and

AAechanical Engineering, Dallas, Tex. 75275. Dr. Michael

A. Collins, Professor. 141-09930-210-33 SOLUTION OF LARGE SCALE PIPE NETWORKS BY IM- PROVED MATHEMATICAL APPROACHES

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology, United States Department of the Interior. {d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

[e) Kuhn-Tucker theory is used to show there exist two

mathematical programming models whose solution is piCv-isely the solution to the classical pipe network analysis

problem. Approximate solutions to this classical hydraulic problem have traditionally been obtained by direct itera- tive solution of the governing nonlinear network equations. However, i>ne of the mathematical programming models

has a special structure well suited to nonlinear optimization techniques. Three optimization algorithms are coded

and used to examine the computational efficiency of solv- ing the pipe network analysis problem using the mathematical programming approach. Extension of the theory to open channel networks is also explored.

{./) Completed.

(i;) Three different optimization algorithms are used to solve four pipe network analysis prt)blcms. A state of the art Ncwton-Raphson code is also used to provide a comparison between these three optimization techniques and

traditional solution methods. Computational experience

with a pipe network of 452 nodes and 530 elements show

that solutions with less then 2 percent error are obtained

in approximately 50 seconds CPU time on a CDC Cyber

( /j ) Solving the Pipe Network Analysis Problem Using Optimization Techniques, M. A. Collins, et. al., Manaf;c'menl

Science 24, 7, 747-760, Mar. 1978. Operating Points in Complex Pump Networks, M. A. Collins, et al., J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE Proc. 105, HY3, 229-

244, Mar. 1979.

Discussion of Extended Period Simulation of Water

Systems-Part B by Rao, et al., M. A Collins, et al , J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE Proc. 103, HYI2, 1496-1500, 1977. Analysis of Hydraulic Networks Using Minimization Principles, M. A. Collins, et. al., Proc. XVIHth Congress of lite Intl. As.soc. Hydraulic Research, Baden-Baden, Federal Republic of Germany, Aug. 15-19, 1977.

Solution of Large Scale Pipe Networks By Improved Mathematical Approaches, M. A. Collins, et al.. Tech. Completion

Repi. lEOR 770I6-WR7700I , School Engrg. and Applied

Science. Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas, Tex. 75275,

161 pp., Aug. 1978. 141-11075-200-13 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF U.S. CORPS OF ENGINEERS UNSTEADY MODEL INPUT PARAMETERS

(b) Vicksburg District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

{d) Experimental; applied research.

(f ) A finite difference model for solving the St. Venant equations for unsteady flow in open channels is to be utilized to numerically evaluate the sensitivity of computed fiow parameters to model input parameters. The results of the

sensitivity analysis are to be presented so as to be of use to U.S. Corps of Engineers personnel in defining cost effective data collection programs.

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 6220 Culebra Road,

P. O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Tex. 78284. H. Nor- man Abramson, Vice President, Engineering Sciences. 142-09300-110-70 STUDIES OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) MOTIONS

IN PARTIALLY FULL TANKS

{h) Methane Tanker Service.

(c ) Dr. Robert L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

id) Experimental; applied research.

((') Experimental determination of wave-impact pressures on

tank walls. Scale-model studies using liquids with various physical properties, realistic tank geometries, and lank motions were conducted to determine correlating equations for wall pressures in full-scale tanks. {h) SwRI Contractor Reports. 110
142-09301^20-70 SQUEEZE FILM DAMPERS FOR HIGH-SPEED ROTATING MACHINERY

(h) l.'nii)n Carbide Nuclear Company.

(<•) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.'

(</) Analytical; applied research and development.

(f) Analytical investigation of hydrodynamic squeeze film dampers for flexible, high-speed rotors. 142-09304-050-15 CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH-SPEED COMBUSTING JETS

(h) U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratorv-

(() Dr. F. T. Dixige, Staff Engineer.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of combusting jets issuing from tanks of compressed LPG.

(g) Using literature results and original analyses, predictions of

the flow characteristics of highly-underexpandcd two- phase jets of reacting LPG are being made. The heat

transfer to insulated steel plates, placed at various

distances from the jet orifice, are computed, with the eventual aim of reducing the "torching" hazard in LPG

tank car derailments.

(h) SwRI Contractor Reports. 142-09306-640-00 SHOCK PHYSICS AND REACTIVE FLOWS

(/>) SwRl Internal Research Panel.

(c ) Dr. R. E. White, Senior Research Engineer.

(c/) Theoretical; applied research.

(f) Explore various techniques of predicting shock or blast- wave interactions with structures or other flow fields. 142-10354-130-70 SCALE MODELING STUDIES OF BWR SLOWDOWN FLUID PHYSICS

ih) General Electric Nuclear Energy Systems Division.

(c ) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research.

(e) Formulate scale-modeling laws and interpret results of

tests of massive air/steam injection into water pools. 142-10355-050-50 LIQUID JET IMPINGEMENT ON CLOSELY-WOVEN

SCREENS

(hi NASA-Lewis Research Center, (o Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

Id) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Develop math model of through-put of incompressible jet impinging on a screen.

(g) Good correlation with test data has been achieved; final report is in preparation.

(/i) Flow of Liquid Jets Through Closely Woven Screens, AIAA

J. Spacecraft and Rackets 15, Jul -Aug. 1978, pp. 213-218. 142-10356-650-70 SLOSH DYNAMICS OF OIL PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

(h) AMOCO.

(c ) Dr. F. T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Determine susceptibility of conventional 3-phasc separators, glycol de-gassers, etc., to performance degradation by

slosh effects encountered on flexible off-shore platforms.

(/) Completed.

(g) Design modifications have been suggested.

(It) SwRI Contractor Reports. 142-10357-540-50 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS OF BELLOWS

(h) NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center,

(t ) Mr. J. E. Johnson, Senior Engineer.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

((•) Extend previous research to cover bellow sizes used in the Space Shuttle 142-10358-520-45 BULK CARRIER OPERATIONS SAFETY ENHANCEMENT

PROJECT

(h) U.S. Maritime Administration.

(< ) Dr. R. L. Bass, Manager. Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

(J) Analytical, experimental and field investigation; applied

research.

(f) An experimental study using scale modeling techniques was conducted to establish improved methods for gas free- ing and inerting ship tanks. A test program to confirm the laboratory scale results is underway on a large super-

(g) Scale studies established the proper criteria for laboratory

scale simulation of ship tank ventilatii>n operations. A

parametric study investigated the effects of tank internal structure, inlet/outlet configurations and location, bli>wer fiow rate and gas density on the gas exchange process. Comprehensive experiments were performed on six ship tank models that represent extremes in tank geometry for U.S. designed and constructed ships. Design and operational information, and techniques to improve the efficien- cy of gas exchange processes were developed fri>m the test

lit) Phase II Final Report, issued Oct. 1978. 142-11076-590-48 INVESTIGATION OF HAZARDS POSED BY CHEMICAL

VAPORS RELEASED IN MARINE OPERATIONS

ih) U.S. Coast Guard.

(c) Dr. Robert L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

(d) Analytical, experimental and field investigation; applied

research.

(f) A background study identified operational procedures that expose dock and ship personnel to chemical vapors. Analytical models were developed to predict the time and

spatial vapors on-deck during loading, and the ventilation of cargo tanks prior to man-entry. Vapor concentration measurements were made on two chemical tankerships before and during cargo loading.

(g) Good correlation of analytical model predictions and test data has been achieved; final report is in preparation. 142-11077-740-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERALIZED FLUID MECHANICS COMPUTATIONAL CODE

(h) SwRI Internal Research Panel.

(c ) Dr. R E. White. Senior Research Engineer.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(f) A finite difference computer code is being developed to predict turbulent recirculating fiows with heat and mass

transfer and buoyancy effects. Laboratory experiments are being performed to provide data for the validation of computed results. (p) Only preliminary results. 142-11078-290-70 INTERACTION OF PULSATING AND EXPANDING SUB- MERGED BUBBLES

(/)) General Electric Nuclear Energy Systems Division. U ) Dr. F. T. Dodge. Staff Engineer'. (d) Analytical and experimental; applied research

(f) Develop math model of the interaction of a submerged

pulsating bubble and a submerged bubble whose volume

increases continuously; verify mode! experimentally

(/) Completed.

(g) Conditions for resonance to occur have been determined, and loads on nearby structures have been estimated.

(//) SwRI Contractor Report; paper is in preparation. Ill
142-11079-590-48 RKVISION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF

VENTINC RATE MODEL

(/.) U S. C-.>asl Guard.

(, I Dr. F T. Dodge, Staff Engineer.

Ul) Analytical and experimental; applied research.

(<1 Revise math/computer model which predicts the venting

rate of volatile liquids from punctured ship tanks; verify model experimentally.

(f^) Model has been revised; experimental verification is un-

(li) Interim Report detailing revised model has been issued. 142-1 1080-520-48 EVALUATION OF LIQUID DYNAMIC LOADS IN SLACK CARGO TANKS (SR-251)

(/)) Ship Structures Committee/U.S. Coast Guard.

(( ) Dr. Robert L. Bass, Manager, Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

(J) Analytical and experimental; applied research.

((•) An evaluation and compilation of currently available slosh- ing data. Additional experimental studies to establish impulsive pressure waveform characteristics. Analytical ef- forts to provide slosh load design criteria for LNG ship tanks 142-11081-030-70 TRANSIENT HVDRODVNAMIC LOADS ON SIMPLE GEOMETRIES

(/.) General Electric Company.

(< ) Mr J. E. Johnson, Senior Engineer.

(J) Experimental; applied research.

(<') An experimental study was conducted to establish lift and

drag loads on I-beams and cylinders positioned transversely to transient flow whose accleration was in excess of 300

ft/sec^.

(/') Completed.

(fi) Acceleration drag loads were correlated with analytical model.

142-1 1082-030-00 INVESTIGATION OF LOADS ON SUBMERGED STRUC- TURES CAUSED BY ACCELERATING FLOWS

( /> ) SwRI Internal Research Panel.

(( ) Mr J E. Johnson, Senior Engineer.

(t7) Experimental; applied research.

(i l Extension of previous studies. Flow accelerations will ex- ceed 500 ft/sec- in a new facility.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Applied Earth

Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Stanford, Calif. 94305.

Professtir Irwin Remson.

143-08979-810-54 HYDROLOGIC MODELS FOR LAND-USE MANAGEMENT

(/>) National Science Foundation

(( ) Cooperative project with Department of Geology.

((/) Theoretical research with field applications; applied

research; M S and Ph D theses.

(<) DeveU>pment of deterministic and optimization computer

models of subsurface hydrology for use in studying and managing watershed hydrology.

if!) List of papers available on request. 143-10473-820-54 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF IN- FLUENT STREAMS AND RECHARGE OF UNDERLYING

AQUIFERS (See also Stanford Civil Engineering Department,

144-10409.)

(/)) National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professors Joseph B. Franzini and Irwin Remson

(cooperative project with Department of Civil Engineering). (J) Theoretical research with laboratory and field applications; applied research; M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

( (' ) Use of theoretical models and laboratory and field data to study the behavior of influent streams.

(//) List of papers available on request. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif. 94305. Professor R. L. Street, Depart- ment Chairman.

144-10407-010-54 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF TUR- BULENT BOUNDARY LAYER GROWING ON A DEFORMABLE AIR-WATER INTERFACE

(/)) National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professor E. Y. Hsu.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral theses. (c) This research project concentrates on defining more

precisely the similarities and differences in the structure of turbulence in the boundary layer over rigid and wave-perturbed surfaces. (h) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to 144-10409-820-54 HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC BEHAVIOR OF IN- FLUENT STREAMS AND RECHARGE OF UNDERLYING

AQUIFERS

(h) Engineering Division, National Science Foundation.

(( ) Professor Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil Engineering, and Professor Irwin Remson, Dept. of Applied Earth

Science.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for Doctoral

(e) Initially the kinematic wave equation for flow in a very wide channel on a constant slope will be linked numerically to the one-dimensional Richard's equation for unsteady, unsaturated flow in soils. In later work the in- vestigation will be extended to include variation in channel

slope, width and depth, variation of the characteristics of

the underlying strata, and the effect of lateral spreading of

the seepage water.

(g) List of papers available on request. 144-10410-860-36 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE BY DIRECT INJECTION OF RECLAIMED WATER

ih) EPA, Robert S. Kerr, Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, Okla.

(( ) Professor P. L. McCarty, Principal Investigator. (d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigations; basic and applied research; for Doctoral dissertations.

(<') To identify processes responsible for water quality changes

during groundwater recharge with reclaimed water; to for- mulate mathematical models to describe the transformations; and to simulate with numerical methods the move- ment of water and transport of pollutants in the ground- water environment, verifying the models with data acquired in the field.

ill) List of reports and publications is available. 144-1041 1-530-21 FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF THREE-DIMEN- SIONAL FLOW ABOUT FULLY CAVITATING HYDROFOILS

(/>) Naval Ship Research and Development Center,

(c ) Professor R. L. Street

id) Theoretical, numerical computation, basic research for Doctoral theses. 112
(<•) Develop a numerical finite element computational method

for the solution of three-dimensional, irrotational. steady and fully-ca\ itating tlow past arbitrary hydrofoils or iither bodies A fulK nonlinear computation method, as is being developed, will have application in the design of hydrt)foils and propellors.

( i;) Numerical finite element model for fully-cavitating, pure

drag flows has been completed and tested. Preliminary lift- ing tlow results have been obtained. 144-10413-140-54 HEAT TRANSFER AT A MOBILE BOUNDARY

(h) Engineering Division (Heat Transfer Program). National Science Foundation.

(< ) Professor R. L Street. id) Experimental, numerical and theoretical, basic research

for Doctoral theses.

(f) The work is focused on the transport processes occurring

at a gas-liquid interface under the action of a turbulent gas

flow. We seek experimental determination of. and

theoretical bases for, the heat transfer in the liquid layer and the partitioning of the sensible and latent heat and

mass transfers across the interface under various condi-

(«) Simple theory for coupled heat, mass and momentum

transfer has been developed for turbulent flows on each

side of a rough, mobile boundary. Numerical, coupled model for laminar flows also completed.

144-1 1083-820-33 DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REACTION SUBMODELS FOR USE IN GROUNDWATER

TRANSPORT SIMULATION

{h) OtTicc of Water Resources Technology, Department of the

Interior.

(< ) Professor R. L. Street. (J) Experimental, numerical, theoretical and field investigation

as basic research for Doctoral theses.

((') Chemical and biological reaction submodels are being developed for reclaimed water transport through porous

hydraulic media. Integration of these in groundwater and

pollutant transport codes is planned.

tn) Useful results for ion-exchange involving two species with

different valences have been obtained.

144-1 1084-B70-SS EVALUATION OF RETENTION AND MIGRATION DATA FROM NATURAL AND INADVERTENT REPOSITORIES-NRC-0478266

(h) Professor Paul Kruger.

id) Analytical and experimental, applied research.

(e) To prepare a stochastic model of migration of radioactive wastes from data extracted from literature and experimental studies of nuclear materials migration from existing un- derground repositories.

(/?) Progress reports available. 144-11085-060-54 MIXING PROCESSES IN THE SIMULATION MODELING

OF IRREGULARLY-SHAPED WATER BODIES

(h) Engineering Division. National Science Foundation,

(c ) Professors Joseph B. Franzini, E. Y. Hsu and Robert L. Street. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for Doctoral

theses.

(f) Work is being done in several areas including; 1 ) Simulation of turbulent stratified flows in large water bodies

using finite elements. 2) Analytic investigation of SubGrid-Scale turbulence in stratified flows. 3 ) Laboratory ex- periments on circulation in stratified rectangular cavities whose upper boundary is subjected to shear stress induced

by a moving belt. 4) Experimcnal investigation of the ef- fect of venical distortion on the hydrodynamics of large

stratified water bodies using specially designed variabledistortion facility.

( /i ) Complete list of reports and papers available on request to correspondents.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSI- TY OF MINNESOTA, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 55414. Dr. Roger E. A. Arndt,

Director.

Inquiries concerning Projects 0X996. 10601 through 10604 and other projects as yet unnumbered should be addressed

to Roger E. A. Arndt, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. 55414.

Inquiries regarding Projects 00111, 01168, 07677. and 10592 which arc conducted by the Science and Education

Administration, Agricultural Research (see also project re- ports from U.S. Government laboratories; U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research; North Central Region Project No. 01723) should be addressed to Fred W. Blaisdell, Research Leader, Hydraulics of Structures Research, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, at the above address.

Inquiries concerning Project 00194 should be addressed to John V. Skinner, Engineer in Charge, Federal Inter-Agen- cy Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory at the above address 145-00111-350-05 CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY

(h) Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expt. Sta. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for develop- ment and design.

(f ) Recent work has been a model test of a closed tall two- way drop inlet with a crest section twice as long as the drop inlet and a structural transverse wall at the drop inlet midlength. The effect of these deviations from current design standards was determined and modifications sug- gested. Flow-induced vibrations were also investigated.

if) Suspended.

(;?)The theory of closed conduit spillways has been

developed, verified, and published. Results of tests on many forms of the closed conduit spillway entrance have been published. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes may

flow completely full even though the outlet discharges

freely. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting of

the results have been developed. The use of air as the model fluid has been verified by comparing test results with those obtained using water as the model fluid. The

two-way drop inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex device causes the spillway to act as a self-regulating siphon when

the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation. The height of the anti-vortex plate above the drop inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness of the plate as an anti-vortcx device. For one form of the inlet, tests have been made to determine the crest loss coefficient, the barrel entrance

loss coefficient, the pressures on the plate and the drop

inlet, the general performance of the inlet, minimum and maximum permissible plate heights, and the headdischarge relationship for plate control. Variables have been the length of the drop inlet, the barrel slope, the height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate, and the sidewall thickness. Tests of low-stage orifices in the two- way drop inlet have shown that improper location and im- proper proportioning of the orifices can prevent priming of

the spillway. The proper location and size of the orifices have been determined. To supplement the experiments,

potential flow methods have been used to determine the 113
thcorclical cocllicicni of energy loss at the crest (if the two-way drop inlet Six shapes ot elhow between the two- way drop inlet and the transition were tested. The elbows were evaluated on the basis of high minimum relative pres- sures and the presence of adverse pressure gradients. The

theoretical free streamline elbow had small areas of adverse pressure gradient. The best elbow is an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes of 2D and ID. (D is the

barrel diameter ) An elbow made up to two 45-dcgrce cir- cular segments of radii D/2 and 3D/2 also has generally

satisfactory hydraulic characteristics. Seven transitions between the half-square crown, half-circular invert cross section at the elbow exit and the circular barrel were

tested. The best transition is warped and ID long. (Sec 1968 issue for dctails,-cd. ) The entrance loss coefficients arc low and identical within the limits of experimental

precision for all elbow-transition combinations. Tests on

the hood drop inlet have shown that the hood barrel en- trance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined. Undesirable per- formance of an operating spillway was traced to air-en- training hydraulic jumps in the barrel, inadequate size and

debris-plugged air vents, and delayed venting from under

the cover plate skirts that extended below the spillway

crest. Adequate venting corrected the undesirable per- formance. This was achieved by removing a manhole

cover in the cover plate. The manhole opening required an

antivortcx device and a trashrack. The point of termination of the transverse wall near the base of the drop inlet affects the flow in the two drop inlet shafts. Initial designs of the transverse wall resulted in unequal water levels in the two drop inlet shafts prior to priming, and caused sub- mergence of the upstream and downstream crests at dif- ferent respective stages. To eliminate this effect, the trans- verse wall should termmate ID above the beginning of the elbow curvature, or the bottom of the transverse wall should be curved downstream,

(/i) The following reports are available from the address given Hydraulic Model Investigation of a Two-Way Drop Inlet for Floodwater Retarding Structure No. 3, Banklick Creek

Watershed, Boone and Kenton Counties, Kentucky, ARSNC-63. 20 pages, Aug. 1978

Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XVI: Elbows and Transitions for the Two-Way Drop Inlet, AAT-NC-l,

44 pages, Feb. 1979. Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part XVII: The Two-Way Drop Inlet With a Semicylindrical Bottom, 28

pages, Apr. 1979. 145-00194-700-10 A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS (Inter- Agency Sedimentation Project in cooperation with St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory)

(/>) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data: personnel of the U.S. Army

Corps of Engrs. and the U.S. Geological Survey are actively engaged on the project. id) Experimental; applied research and development.

(f ) Develop equipment and procedures to facilitate both the

collection and analysis of sediment transported by natural streams. The project develops sampling equipment to meet

special requirements then, as a service to all governmental

organizations and to educational institutions, stocks,

calibrates, and repairs sampling and analyzing equipment. Major equipment items stocked for resale include a single stage sampler, 4-, 22-, and 62-pound depth integrating samplers, 100-, 200-, and 3(K)-pound electrically operated

point-integrating samplers, and an intermittent pumpingtype sampler. For the collection of bed material the project stocks piston-type hand operated samplers, 30-, and

lOO-pound scoop-type samplers. For particle size analysis the project can supply bottom-withdrawal tubes and visual- accumulation sedimentation tubes complete with recorders. The project's long-range objective is to develop an

instrument to automatically record the concentration i>f suspended sediment transported bv natural streams. Testing of bed-load samplers is scheduled to begin in 1978.

(ji;)To facilitate field sampling, the project is continuing to design light-weight suspended-sediment samplers that collect large-volume samples for sediment and chemical analysis. As part of a cooperative effort, the project has completed the first phase of experimental studv to calibrate six different styles of Helley-Smith bedload samplers. A tlume with a cross-section of 9 feet by 6 feet was

lined with 6 mm gravel and the samplers were tested at four different transport rates. The maximum rate was 0.6

Ib/sec/ft. At all discharges, dunes comprised the dominant

bed form. Currently, data is being reduced and preparations are being made for the second test which will be conducted with 2 mm material.

( /i) A Study of Methods Used in Measurement and Analysis of Sediment Loads in Streams, Report U. An lin e.slif^alion of u Device for Mcusurinfi the Bulk Dcnsily of Wuicr-Sedimeiv

Mixtures, J. P. Beverage, J. V. Skinner. 35 pages, Aug.

1974. A catalog and numerous progress and letter reports are

available upon request. Contact the District Engineer. St. Paul District, Corps of Engrs., 1135 U.S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul, Minn. 55101. 145-01168-350-05 A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS

(h) Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric. in cooperation with Minnesota

Agric. Expt. Sta. and St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Labora-

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design.

(f) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts are being made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various field conditions. Rectangular cantilever outlets with a deflector at the exit to throw the water away from the structure and move the scour hole further downstream arc also scheduled for in- vestigation. (g) The shapes of all the holes scoured at the exit of cantil- evered pipe outlets have been described mathematically by

a single family of ellipses. The equation is valid for all rates of water fiow, all lengths of time of scour, all sizes of bed material, and all heights of pipe above or below the downstream water surface. Mathematical modeling of the scour hole parameters continues. The tests are still active. 145-07677-220-05 SCOUR AND PROTECTION AGAINST SCOUR AT STRUC- TURES

(h) Science and Education Administration. Agricultural Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Sta. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

i.d) Experimental; generalized applied research for develop- ment and design.

(f) Laboratory studies to determine for the box inlet drop

spillway, the straight drop spillway, and the SAF stilling basin, the size and shape of the scour in sand beds and the

size and placement of riprap to protect against scour.

ij') Suspended. 145-08996-210-54 THE MECHANICS OF TURBULENCE IN STEADY HELICAL

PIPE FLOW

(/?) National Science Foundation

id) Experimental, basic. (c) Experimental work was conducted in a 12-inch diameter

helical pipe using air as the fluid and hot-film anemometer

equipment was used to measure turbulent fluctuations and

shear stress in the fiow (see g).

(/) Completed in so far as possible at this time. 114
li.in liiclor. mean and turhulcnt velocities, antl Reynolds

stresses in fully developed How through a helically corru- gated pipe The data for turbulence quantities, especially, are new. The helical corrugations induce a stri>ng rotational compi^nenl in the mean flow near the wall but this decreases rapidly toward the pipe axis. Turbulence intensities and axial shear are generally smaller in this How than

in nonrotating pipe How and the reduction is attributed to rotation. Reynolds stress measurements extrapolated to the Both show that pipe friction factor is less^'in helically cor- rugated pipe than in normally corrugated pipe, other fac- tors being the same. The axial component of the mean

nt>w is well fitted by the two-dimensional semi-logarithmic

law-i>f-thc-wall for rough pipes. It is also fitted by the defect law but the numerical parameters of the latter behave

as in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer, indicat- ing less shear stress (smaller eddy viscosity) than in nonrotating pipe fiows. This is consistent with reduced friction factor.

ill) Turbulence in Flow Through Helically Corrugated Pipe, E

Silberman, submitted to the J. Fluid Mechanics. 145-10592-350-05 FLOW-INDLCED VIBRATIONS IN TWO-WAY DROP IN- LETS

(b) Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, U.S. Dept. of Agric, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agric. Expmt. Sta. and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboiatory.

(d) Experimental; basic and generalized applied research for development and design.

((') Determine if fluctuating hydrodynamic forces generated by

flows in two-way drop inlets are sufficiently intense to cause destructive structural vibration or if they merely produce acoustical noise. Develop a generalized analytical model and computer program for qualitatively and quantitatively predicting the vibration of models or prototypes. Develop means of minimizing or eliminating objectionable

pulsating forces and/or flow-generated noise in these struc- 145-10601-350-75 GURI PROJECT FINAL PHASE: HYDRAULIC MODEL

FABRICATION

ih) Harza Engineering Company.

id) Design and construction.

(e-) Provide expertise in the form of assistance and supervision

of local personnel in the construction of the Guri model

(Venezuela) involving machine ship work; steel fabrications and piping work; carpentry work; and concrete and

(/) Work being done by St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory is completed.

in) Work on project is still underway. 145-10602-870-75 RECIRCULATING CONDENSER WATER FOR A COOLING TOWER

(/>) Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates.

(</) Experimental; design.

ie) The collecting basin beneath a circular plan form, natural

draft cooling tower will also be used as a storage basin for cooling water. An investigation was made of the relation- ship between water depth in the basin and in the pump

bay as influenced by connecting channel design for given tower support pedestals (some of which must stand in the basin outlet) and pumping rates.

(/) Complete.

(/;) Channel configuration and pedestal streamlining are being designed to meet storage and pumping criteria.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies For A Cooling Tower Circulating Water System, Callaway Plant Unit-Union Electric Company, E. Silberman. W. O. Dahlin, Si. Aiulu,n\ Falh

Hydraulic Lab. Projcci Repi. 167. Apr. 1977.

Hydraulic Model Studies of the Intake Water Pump Bays

for the Callaway County Nuclear Power Plant, J. F Ripken. K. J. Anderson, .SV. Aiulumy Falls Hydraulic Lab. E.xt. Memo No. 140. Jan. 1977. 145-10603-390-75 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS STUDY OF THE CULVER-GOOD- MAN TUNNEL

(b) Lozicr Engineers.

(d) Theoretical, applied research.

(<') Construct a mathematical model of the Culver-Goodman

and Cross-lrondcquoit Tunnels. Rochester, N.Y.. flow system and run it for various operating conditions.

(^) The transient two-phase flow model developed for the Culver-Goodman Tunnel is being expanded and applied to a larger system including Cross-Irondequoit Tunnel. The

model is being used for the purpose of optimum design and control of the system.

( h ) Hydraulic Transient Analysis for the Culver-Goodman Tunnel, Rochester, New York, C. S. Song. T. M Ring, A. C.

H. Young. K. S. G. Leung. St. Anilumy Falls Hydraulic

Lab. Project Repi. No. 157, Dec. 1975. Two-Phase Flow Hydraulic Transient Model for Storm

Sewer Systems, C. S. Song, 2nd Intl. Conf. Pressure Surges, London, Sept. 1976.

Interfacial Boundary Condition in Transient Flows, C. C. S. Song, Advances in Civil Engrg. Through Engrg. Mechanics, 2nd Ann. Conf., Engrg. Mech. Dir., ASCE, May 1977.

Verification of Transient Mixed-Flow Model, C. C. S. Song, ASCE 26th Ann. Hydraulic Div. Specialty Conf., College

Park, Md., Aug. 1978. 145-10604-860-36 WATER TEMPERATURE STUDIES AT THE MONTICELLO

FIELD STATION

(h) Environmental Protection Agency.

(d) Project involves field measurements, theoretical analysis, and development of a numerical model for temperature

prediction in a narrow channel.

(e) Study conducted to provide information on the temperature characteristics encountered in the Monticello Field Channels. The channels are used for ecological experi-

(s) A numerical model for water temperature distribution in the MPS channels has been developed. Convective and

evaporative heat transfer through the water surface, as well as longitudinal dispersion were studied. A wind speed

function and a longitudinal dispersion value were derived by analysis of weather and water temperature and weather

(/i) Operational Water Temperature Characteristics in Channel

No. I of the USEPA Monticello Ecological Research Station, H. Stefan, M. Hahn, J. Gulliver, .SV. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. E.xt. Memo 151. Jan. 1978.

Physical Characteristics of the Experimental Field Channels

at the USEPA Ecological Research Station, in Monticello, Minnesota, H Stefan. J. Gulliver. M. Hahn, .St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Lab. Ext. Memo 156. Apr. 1978. 145-11086-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE CULVER-GOOD- MAN TUNNEL EXIT CONDUIT

(h) Harza Engineering Company and Lozier Engineers, Inc. id) Experimental; applied research.

(f ) The model consisted of the dropshaft, exit conduit to the storage tunnel and a section of the tunnel. Hydraulic

characteristics were investigated with the inlet pipe in line with the sump and exit conduit and turned 30 degrees, and

exit conduit slopes of 12.5 and 25 percent. Particular at- tention was focused on air entrainment in the upper elbow and vertical dropshaft, energy dissipation and air release in the sump at the bottom of the dropshaft, air venting back

to the ground surface, and flow conditions in the exit conduit and storage tunnel. 115
145-11087-340-75 hydraulic: model studies ov the culver-(;()<)d- man control strlctijre

(/>) Har/a Hnginooring Company and Lozicr Engineers, Ine.

((/) hxperimentah applied researcin. (<) I he model ol the diversion struelure eonsisls ot an inlet tunnel and upper distribution ehamher with an overtlow

weir and sluiees leading to a lower drop ehamher and exit tunnel. Low Hows are diverted through the sluices to the drop chamber. As the inflow increases, the sluices are used ti> limit the tlow into the drop chamber with the ex- cess gi>ing over the weir in the distribution chamber. Flow

conditions are being investigated in the distribution chamber, sluices, and drop chamber with emphasis

focused on vorticity, air entrainment and release, and amount of air entering the exit conduit. 145-11088-160-75 TESTS OF SOUND SUPPRESSION WATER SYSTEMS

(/)) Reynolds, Smith and Hills Architects-Engrs-Planners (NASA subcontract).

(J) Experimental, applied research.

(<') For the purpose of noise suppression, NASA space shuttle launchings will require delivery of 2()(),()0() gals, of water

in 20 seconds from an elevated storage tank to a spray nozzle system surrounding the rt>ekct engines. Previous model studies were made of a bellmouth outlet of the bot- tom of the tank. A change in the tlow requirements necessitated a recvaluation of the recommended outlet. A 1 to

I 1 .4 model of the tank and part of the flow system was

studied, and a different outlet shape was selected and

tested for hydraulic performance.

(/) Completed.

(«) A rounded outlet lip with a radius of about 0.12 times the diameter of the outlet pipe provided a flow free of visible vorticity and cavitation choking. The stage-time curve during falling head was essentially the same as for the previ- ously tested bellmouth, except that the flow time for sound

suppression was increased by about 66 seconds due to the increased water volume available with the outlet lip at a

ill) Model Studies of a Revised Outlet for the Elevated Water Tank of a Sound Suppression Water System, J. Wetzel, J. Ferguson, J. Ripken, Si. Anilumy Falls Hydraulic Lah. E.\- ternal Mcmi> 160. Nov. 1978 145-11089-720-30 CONSTRUCTION OF A BEDLOAD SAMPLER CALIBRA- TION FACILITY

(/)) U.S. Geological Survey.

(il) Experimental, design.

(.'» Construct a tlume in the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory for the purpose of testing bedload samplers.

(/) Completed.

(«) A facility was constructed to permit calibration of full scale bedload samplers with coarse bed materials. The existing 9 ft wide main channel of the Laboratory was fitted with sediment traps, a system for continuously measuring

the rate of bedload transport, and a sediment recirculating system. The facility is capable of handling sediment with

D.,,, of up to 64 mm and transport rates of up to 5 Ib/ft- sec. Tests are being conducted by USGS personnel. 145-11090-350-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SAN LORENZO SPILL- WAY

(/)) Harza Engineering Co.

(</) Experimental; applied W) The San Lorenzo project is located in El Salvadi>r about 50 kilometers upstream of the mouth of the Lempa River.

It includes construction of a 46 m high dam. a 180 MW

powerhouse, and a 25.000 cms capacity spillway. The objective of the model studies was to observe the hydraulic

characteristics of the tlow in the approach, the spillway.

and the tailrace Two undistorted. Froudc scaled models

with a movable bed tailrace were constructed. A 1:50

scale section model consisting of two spillway bays was

used to evaluate stilling basin elevations, and a 1:100 scale comprehensive model was used to observe overall tlow

characteristics of the structure.

(./ ) Completed.

(n) A satisfactory stilling basin configuration was established

in the section model, and data were collected to determine

spillway rating curves, water surface profiles, static and

transient pressures on the spillway and in the stilling basin, and erosion patterns in the tailrace. The comprehensive model confirmed the overall design.

( li ) Model Studies of the San Lorenzo Spillway Executive

Hydroelectric Commission. Lempa River. El Salvador, Central America, J. M. Wetzel. W. O. Dahlin, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. No. 173. June 1978. 145-11091-250-21 EFFECT OF DRAG REDUCING POLYMER ADDITIVES ON

SURFACE-PRESSURE-FLUCTUATIONS ON BODIES OF REVOLUTION WITH ROUGH SURFACE MOVING THROUGH WATER

(/)) Naval Ship Research and Development Center.

(d) Experimental; basic. (f) Assess the magnitude of the surface pressure fluctuations on a body moving in water and in water with polymer additive under nearly zero pressure gradient conditions. Measurements were made using a single transducer in the sur- face of an axisymmetric body. The body rose by buoyancy

in a slandpipc filled with water or water and polymer additive; the standpipe diameter is 5 times the body diameter and its length is 1 20 body diameters. Both smooth and

grit-roughcncd body surfaces were used.

(J) Completed in so far as funds permitted.

(fi) Mean square pressure fluctuation amplitudes were measured as a function of frequency, nondimensionalized,

plotted, and compared with some results obtained by

others in both water and air. It was found that the addition of roughness to a smooth surface increases the amplitude

at the peak of the spectrum and at all lower frequencies. Polymer additive in the water has just the opposite effect on a rough-surfaced body, decreasing the amplitude at the peak and at all lower frequencies, the reduction increasing monotonically with drag reduction. There was little or no

effect at high frequencies attributable to either roughness

or polymer additive, but it must be noted that the trans- ducer used was too large to obtain a true measure of amplitude at the highest frequencies. The peak of the spec- trum in water appears to have a somewhat higher amplitude than it does in air.

(/i) An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Drag Reducing Polymer Additives on Surface Pressure Fluctuations on

Bodies of Revolution with Rough Surfaces Moving Through

Water, E. Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Rept. No. 172. May 1978. 145-11092-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF A CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM FOR SHERBURNE COUNTY GENERATING PLANTS-UNITS 3 AND 4

(/>) Northern States Power Company and Black and Veatch

id) Experimental.

(<) A new form of bypass for routing circulating cooling water around a cooling tower during cold start-up had been

designed for the proposed power plant. Questions existed with regard to the effectiveness of energy dissipation in the by-pass and the resulting stability of tlow. A new design of pump sump had been proposed for the two 5,000 HP

pumps used to recirculate the cooling water. Questions existed on the quality of tlow entering the pump suction from the sump. Symmetry and uniformity of velocity were examined together with the presence of vortices.

(j) Completed. 116
(jf) Minor revisions were made in ihe cold water by-pass unit but the proposed pump sump proved adequate without

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies of the Circulating Water System

for the Sherburne County Generating Plant-Units 3 and 4,

J. F. Ripken. T. Mcndell. Si. Anilumv Fulls Hydraulic Lah.

Projcci Ri-pl. No. 169, Jan. 1978. 145-11093-300-88 CONFLUENCE OF MISSISSIPPI AND CHIPPEWA RIVERS, PHYSICAL MODELING

(h) Great River Environmental Action Team.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Chippewa River carries a large quantity of sediment into the Mississippi River. This sediment deposits at the confluence and forms a delta. The sediment in the delta is carried further downstream and deposited in the Mississippi River during the spring flood period. This is why

dredging is required almost every year to keep the river open for traffic. This research project is part of the GREAT study effort to fmd means to reduce the dredging

requirement.

(g) The physical model has been constructed and calibrated. The model fairly well simulated the events in 1977-1978.

Several experimental runs were also made to provide data

for the calibration of mathematical model being developed

separately. Other runs were also conducted to study the sediment transport mechanism.

(/i) Report in preparation 145-11094-300-34 ANNUAL ALLOTMENT PROGRAM-A STUDY OF LOW

FLOW WATER CIRCULATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER DOWNSTREAM FROM ST. PAUL

(h) U.S. Department of the Interior.

(.d) Analytical (numerical) study, with some basic and some

applied features; for Ph.D. thesis. ie) A comprehensive computational model for the water cir- culation and mass transport in Pool No. 2 of the Mississippi River (downstream from Minneapolis-St. Paul) under

low flow conditions, including effects of wind is being developed.

(g) Preliminary results show that the circulation under low

flow is highly variable in time and that the mass transport

part of the model matches field (dye) observations well. The sensitivity of the model to various input parameters is being investigated.

(/i) Report in preparation. 145-11095-870-75 MATHEMATICAL MODEL STUDIES OF IRONDEQUOIT TUNNEL-PUMP STATION-CULVER-GOODMAN TUNNEL

SYSTEM FOR INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

ih) O Brien and Gere Engineers,

(t/) Theoretical; applied research.

ie) The transient mixed-flow model developed for Lozier Engineers is being used to study the hydraulic characteristics and the optimum control method for athe Cross-lron- dequoit Tunnel and the pumping station of the sewer

system in Rochester, N Y.

(g) It appears possible to store substantial amounts of storm

water in the main sewer lines for later treatment by

properly controlling the inflow and outflow from the 145-11096-340-70 ANALYTICAL AND HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF

THE COOLING WATER INTAKE SYSTEM FOR THE CONSUMER POWER COMPANY'S JAMES H. CAMPBELL

PLANT UNIT NO. 3

(h) Johnson Division of UOP, Inc. (d) Mostly experimental study of novel cooling water intake

design. Some computer simulations; a design oriented applied research project.

(<-) A cooling water intake system consisting of a very large number of cylindrical screens has been investigated. The

system operates at unusually low withdrawal velocities to avoid fish impingement and uses small screen openings to reduce entrainment. Studies of single and multiple screens were conducted to determine internal and external tlow

fields, to measure hcadloss characteristics, and to achieve balanced withdrawal. Six different physical models were

used to study (a) screens, (b) individual intake risers, (c) multiple intake risers, (d) manifold intake headers, (e) collector well structure, and (f) valve. (^) The results of the study are described in the reports listed below. Hydraulic characteristics of .several elements of the system were established and related to overall system per- formance.

(/i) Headloss Characteristics of Six Profile-Wire Screen Panels, H, Stefan and A. Fu, .SV. Aiulum\- halls Hxdraulk Lah. Project Repi. No. 175. Sept. 1978.

Collector Well Study for the Cooling Water Intake System

of the James H. Campl>ell Electric Power Generating Plant, Unit No. 3, H. Stefan, A. Fu, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

Project Rept. No. 176. Nov. 1978. Experimental Studies of Cylindrical, Fully-Submerged Water Intake Screens for the James H. Campbell Electric Power Generating Plant, Unit No. 3, H. Stefan, W. Dahlin,

J. Ripken. A. Wood, T. Winterstein, .SV. Aniliony Falls Hydraulic Lah. Project Repl. No. 177, Dec. 1978. Cooling Water Intake Manifold (Header) Study for the James H. Campbell Electric Power Generating Plant, Unit No. 3, H. Stefan, C. Shanmugham, S. Dhamotharan, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lah. Project Rept. No. 17S, Jan. 1979. Mathematical Study of a Cooling Water Intake for the James H. Campbell Electric Power Generating Plant, Unit No. 3, J. Killen, H. Stefan, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lahoratory E.xternal Memo. No. 161 , Dec. 1978. Motion picture (color, silent). Laboratory Studies of the James H. Campbell Cooling Water Intake. 145-1 1097-870-75 MATHEMATICAL AND HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES

(h) Black and Veatch Engineers.

(d) Theoretical; applied research with some field measure-

(e) A transient mixed-flow model is being developed for the purpose of analyzing the hydraulic characteristics of the sewer system in St. Louis. Data concerning the physical dimensions, rainfall, and depth of fiow were taken in the

field. These data were used for the development and

calibration of the model. 145-11098-340-75 MODEL STUDIES, CLAY BOSWELL PLANT INTAKE, MIN- NESOTA POWER AND LIGHT

(h) Ebasco Services, Inc. (d) Experimental; applied.

(e) An existing stream electric power plant was to be ex- panded by the addition of another generating unit. The existing cooling water intake was to be modified by the replacement of existing makeup water pumps with pumps

of larger capacity, which are placed in a sump of complex

form. It was expected that the new pumps might ex- perience adverse suction side flows and might in turn produce adverse suction effects in existing large circulating water pumps. Hydraulic model studies of the sump-pump

arrangement were carried out at a 1:8.4 scale to establish the presence of any adverse flows and to determine cor-

(/) Completed.

(g) Tests under low water conditions and with both Froude

and near-full scale velocities revealed no air sucking or

serious votexing problems at the pump suction. Changes in the vertical and horizontal position of the new makeup

water pumps in the sump were recommended together 117
with the addition iif an upstream vertical screen to correct upstream flow disturbance and to homogenize the di>wnslream turbulence structure

( /; ) Hydraulic Model Studies for Modifications of the Cooling Water Intake for Unit No. 4-Clay Boswell Plant of the Minnesota Power and Light Company, J. Wetzel, J. Ripken, Si. Anihonv Falls Hvdniiitk Lcih. Project Repl. No.

171. Apr. 197X. 145-11099-860-36 STUDY OF OXYGEN PRODUCTION, LOSS, EXCHANGE, AND TRANSPORT RATE IN MERS FIELD CHANNELS

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(J) Field and analytical .study; computer simulation; thesis project. (c) The diurnal oxygen cycles in a 500 m long experimental

field channel are measured and analyzed to establish plant community photosynthesis and respiration rates. Oxygen

transport models of differing degrees of sophistication are being applied. The oxygen dynamics will be used by other

investigators to determine the response of plant communities to various toxic materials.

(S) Graphical methods and a computer model have been

developed to route oxygen through the system. The useful- ness of the models is being evaluated.

( /i ) In preparation. 145-11100-870-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE VAN LARE OVER- FLOW TREATMENT FACILITIES

(/j) O'Brien and Gere Engineering and Pure Water District, Monroe County, N.Y.

(</) Experimental; applied.

(f ) A physical model of the flow distribution structure designed for Rochester, N.Y. was constructed and tested.

(/) Completed.

{^) The designed structure performed satisfactorily.

( li ) Model Study of the Van Lare Overflow Distribution Structure, C. S. Song, J. M. Killcn, Si. Anihonv Falls Hvdraulic

Lab. Project Repl. No. 174, July 1978. 145-11101-050-26 INVESTIGATION OF COHERENT STRUCTURE IN THE

ACOUSTIC FIELD OF LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER JETS

ib) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

id) Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. thesis. (f ) This is a phase of a cooperative program with Professor W. K. George at SUNY-Buffalo and Professor H. Nagib at ITT. The objective is to determine whether or not there is a relationship between sound radiation and coherent struc- ture in jet turbulence. Experiments are carried out at low Reynolds number where orderly structure has been ob- served in the past. Measurements of the acoustic field will be compared with theoretical estimates of the acoustic

radiation from the large eddy structure as deduced from

turbulence measurements using the Lumley orthogonal decomposition scheme. Flow visualization, using special techniques, is used to establish a relationship between or- derly deduced in the measurement program and that deduced in a more qualitative manner. (Does what we see

really exist?)

(^>) A special aeroacoustic test facility has been designed and

constructed. Special emphasis has been placed on properly modeling the entrainment flow and allowing for recirculation through the test facility. Development of a specialized data reduction system capable of handling multi-channel information at 100 kHz is 50 percent completed.

( h ) Peak Strouhal Frequency of Subsonic Jet Noise as a Function of Reynolds Number, K. Yamamoto, R. Arndt, sub- mitted for publication in the AIAA Journal, Asymmetry of a Circular Jet Observed in Near and Far

Fields, K. Yamamoto, R. Arndt, submitted for publication

in the AIAA Journal.

145-11102-030-54 MEAN AND FLUCTUATING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON

CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH LARGE ROUGHNESS

(b) National Science Foundation.

id) Experimental and analytical; basic research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses.

((') Project seeks to extend work done under a previous NSF

Grant on the problem of wind loading or circular cylinders and by parabolic cooling towers, with particular emphasis on flows around circular cylinders because of their relative simplicity and fundamental importance. Specifically, the project seeks to: 1 ) Extend the theoretical understanding

of the flow phenomena and obtain quantitative results using up-to-date boundary layer calculation procedures, and develop an interaction model to couple the boundarylayer and wake behavior with the external potential flow. 2) Make additional measurements on the boundary layer on a circular cylinder with large roughness and study the fluctuating wind loads on models with rough surfaces.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory, Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. 07030. Dr. John

P. Breslin, Director. 146-08980-520-21 ADDED MASS AND DAMPING OF THE HEAVING SUR- FACE-EFFECT SHIP IN UNIFORM TRANSLATION

(b) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c) Dr. C. H. Kim and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Chief, Fluid Dynamics

Division.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) The analysis is directed at the problem of finding the ef- fect of the presence of the water wave upon the bubble

(or cushion) pressure in the plenum of a surface-effect ship as it is forced in simple harmonic heaving motion

while translating at constant speed over an otherwise calm

(/) Completed.

(g) The analysis presents a practical method for evaluating the added mass and damping coefficients of a heaving surfaceeffect ship in uniform translation. The theoretical added

mass and damping coefficients and the heave response show fair agreement with the corresponding experimental

values. Comparisons of the coupled aerohydrodynamic and

uncoupled analytical results with experimental data prove

the uncoupled theory, dominant for a long time, that neglects the free surface is an oversimplified procedure. The analysis also provides means of estimating the wave

elevation of the free surface, escape area at the stern and

the volume induced by a heaving air-cushion vehicle in uniform translation.

(/i) Added Mass and Damping of the Heaving Surface-Effect Ship in Uniform Translation, C. H. Kim, S. Tsakonas, Davidson Lab. Repl. SIT-DL-7fi-9-2040. Waves Generated by a Uniformly Moving Oscillatory Surface-Effect Ship, Davidson Lah. Letter Repl 1874. 146-10036-550-21 MODIFICATION OF THEORY FOR PROPELLER STEADY AND UNSTEADY LOADING TO ACCOUNT FOR SHIP WAKE AND MEAN PROPELLER LOADING

(b) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(( ) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Dr. J. P. Breslin and Ms. W. R. Jacobs.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(e) To modify the existing analysis and corresponding program

for the evaluation of the propeller steady and unsteady

loading and resultant hydrodyanmic forces to account for the ship mean wake and mean propeller induction.

(/) Completed; report in preparation. 118
(«) Analysis is based on an iterative priicedure which, in addition to taking into account the ship wake and propeller in- duction, incorporates the ni>nlincar kinematic and dynamic

conditions existing on the blade. Thus a theory has been

developed which is valid tor a moderately loaded

propeller. Numerical results for a heavily loaded propeller show good agrecement with experiments under the same

conditions.

(/i) Analy.sis of Moderately Loaded Propeller, Davidson Lah.

Rep/. 2H63. in preparation. 146-10037-630-21 A THEORY AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR VIBRATO- RY FORCES OF PUMP-JETS

ih) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c ) Dr. S. Tsakonas. Ms. W. R. Jacobs and Mr. P. Liao.

id) Theoretical; applied.

[e) To develop a theory and corresponding program for the evaluation of the steady and time-dependent loading dis- tribution on all lifting surfaces of a pump-jet propulsive

unit and the corresponding hydrodynamic forces and moments exerted on the system. The kinematic boundary

conditions which exist on both lifting surfaces (propeller and rudder) lead to a pair of integral equations whose kernels have high order singularity of "Hadamarad" type. 151-10038-520-45 PROPELLER-INDUCED VIBRATORY HULL FORCES

(h) Office of Maritime Technology-Maritime Administration,

(c ) Mr D. Valentine and Dr. S. Tsakonas.

(d) Theoretical, applied.

(t-) Develop a theoretical approach and corresponding computer program to evaluate the propeller-induced vibratory forces on a hull. The Hess-Smith program (of McDonnellDouglas Co.) is utilized in conjunction with the propeller- induced velocity field program ( Davidson Laboratory of SIT) to evaluate the source strengths representing the hull

in the presence of the propeller. Then by application of

the extended Lagally Theorem, the hydrodynamic forces and moments are determined.

(/) Completed.

(^) The vertical component of the hull forces compared very

well with the experiments.

( It ) Theoretical Procedure for Calculating the Propeller-In- duced Hull Forces, Davidson Lah. Repl. SIT-DL-7S-I979.

( in preparation ). 146-10039-420-54 WAVE AND HORIZONTAL SHEAR FLOW INTERACTION

ih) National Science Foundation-Engineering Division.

(< ) Professor T. V. Davies. Dr. S. Tsakonas. Dr. C. H. Kim

and H. T. Chen.

(d) Theoretical; applied.

(f ) Develop a theory for treating the interaction of deep-water

gravity waves with horizontal shear fiow (current) beyond

the transient flow domain of the initial interaction between wave system and current. A simplified mathematical model

is introduced based on the following assumptions: i) current distortion during the interaction is ignored, ii) the wave length or wave number remains constant. The analysis leads to an integral equation for the unknown amplitude of the resulting surface pressure distribution, the solution ofwhich is obtained by means of Fourier integral transforms.

(/) Completed.

(;») Systematic caluclatit)ns performed for a variety of current

distributions reveal the importance of the symmetry and

shape of the distribution, the width of the back-flow domain as well as the wave length in "quieting down"

(i.e., attenuating) the resulting fiow field after the wavecurrent interaction.

(/i) Wave and Shear Flow Interaction, Davidson Lah. Repi. SIT-DL-7S-l9fiO. Apr. 1978.

146-11103-550-21 BLADE LOADING DISTRIBUTION ON PROPELLERS OPERATING IN INCLINED INFLOWS

ih) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

(c ) Mr. Daniel T. Valentine and Dr. S. Tsakonas.

(d) Theoretical: applied.

((') Develop a theory and computational procedure for evaluating the blade loading distribution on a propeller operating in a nonuniform, inclined inflow, the calculations to be compared with existing experimental data. The

theory is an extension of the existing unsteady lifting sur- face theory developed for an axial inflow and takes into account the effect of the distortions of the helicoidal sheets shed by the propeller in an inclined flow. The

theory is for lightly loaded propellers. The theoretical procedure was coded in FORTRAN to be run on a CDC

6600 computer.

(J) Completed.

(g) The effect of flow inclination on the blade bending moments is demonstrated to be significant. The across-thedisk component of the oncoming flow is the primary contributior to the shaft frequency harmonic of the blade bending moment. The effect, however, of the helical wake

distortion due to shaft inclination adds very little to the amplitude of the shaft frequency blade bending moment.

This is because it is about 90 degrees out of phase with

the primary contributor. This result is shown to be plausi- ble on physical grounds. The inclined shaft analysis results

in an integral equation which relates the first shaft frequency loading with those of zero (time average) and

second blade frequencies.

(/i) Linearized Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory of a Lightly Loaded Propeller in an Inclined Flow. D. T. Valentine, Davidson Lah. Repl. SIT-DL-79-2064 , in preparation. 146-11104-550-21 VERIFICATION AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PROPELLER-INDUCED HULL PRESSURES AND FORCES

(h) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c ) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Mr. P. Liao and Ms. W. R. Jacobs.

id) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Establish a reliable procedure for prediction of the mean

and blade-frequency pressures induced by a ship propeller on any point of an arbitrary hull form in the presence of a

free surface, then to determine the hydrodynamic forces at zero and blade frequency. The verification of the program

will be established by a comparison with an extensive set of measurements made in Norway. The program with the McDonnell-Douglas program .nodified to accept the

velocity potential function for the propeller-induced ef- fects instead of the corresponding velocity field. The effect of the free surface will be taken into account by considering a double body (the hull and its refiection) and

propeller in a fully submerged state. 146-11105-520-22 FORCE AND MOMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUR- FACE-EFFECT SHIP (SES)

ih) Surface Effect Ships Project Office.

(c) Mr. Gerard Fridsma, Chief, Marine Craft Dynamics Divi- (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Calm water, constant speed tests were conducted on a SES

model whose seals and sidewalls were separately isolated from the SES structure so as to measure the forces and mmoments developed on these component parts. Runs

were made free-to-heave and either free-to-trim or fixed

trim. Three bow seal configurations were tested; parameters were speed, displacement, LCG position, seal stop height and air fiow rate.

(,/) Completed. 119
( h I The Contribution of Seals and Sidewalls to the Force and Moment Characteristics of a SES, R Van Dyck. G Frid- sma. Davuhon Lah. Rcpi SIT-DL-79- 1 K^, I , Apr. 1979. 146-11106-520-21 ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE QUADRATIC FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR LATERAL DRIFTING FORCE AND MOMENT

ih) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(c ) Dr. C. H. Kim and Mr. J. F. Dalzell.

(t/) Analytical; applied.

(f) Develop and verify a method for computation of the quadratic frequency response function for the lateral drift- ing force and moment.

{g) A near-field method has been developed for calculating

the second-order lateral drifting force and moment.

Analytical and experimental estimates of the mean drifting force were found to be in good agreement. The quadratic frequency response function and the slowly varying drift- ing force and moment will be computed in the time domain.

146-11107-550-21 PROPELLER-RUDDER INTERACTION WITH TRANSVERSE

PROPELLER-RUDDER CLEARANCE

(h) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center.

(t ) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Ms W. R. Jacobs and Mr. P. Liao.

id) Theoretical; applied.

(e) The existing analysis and program for the propeller-rudder

interaction has been updated incorporating all the im- provements concerned with the propeller loading distribution, including that associated with the fact that the rudder

is immersed in the race of the propeller. The analysis and

corresponding computer program will be extended to in- corporate transverse propeller-rudder clearance. This new

propeller-rudder arrangement facilitates considerable removal of the propeller shaft for repairs without the need

to "unship" the rudder. 146-1 11 08-SS0-21 EFFECT OF RADIAL SHEAR ON THE EFFECTIVE WAKE

INTO THE PROPELLER OF FULLY SUBMERGED

BODIES

(h) David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development

Center

(() Mr. Daniel T. Valentine, Research Engineer, and Dr. T. R. Goodman, Senior Research Scientist. id) Theoretical; applied.

(e) Develop a propeller theory to compute the propeller-in- duced velocity field, taking into account in a rational way,

the effect of a frictional wake impinging on the propeller such as actually occurs behind a submarine. The effect of

the propeller-induced velocity field on the flow around the

hull will be determined by computing the velocity profile

just ahead of the propeller. It is expected that the im- portance, if any, of the effect of the shear in the propeller

inflow on its radial distribution of loading can be assessed from the results.

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineerasig. College Station, Tex. 77843. Dr. John B. Herbich,

Professor and Head, Coastal, Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

147-09047-420-13 EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF

GRAVITY WAVES

(/>) Texas A&M University and U.S. Army Engineers Water- ways Experiment Station.

(< ) Dr J. B. Herbich and Dr. L. Z Hales, Ocean Engineering

id) Experimental and analytical research.

(f) Changes occur in the characteristics <if surface waves

propagated in a region of streaming water. The velocity

field of the wave motion interacts with the velocity dis- tribution of the current pattern. The effect of the nonuniform current on the rate of energy propagation through

the inlet was investigated by combining the results of the experiments with previously developed theoretical work. It was found that under certain specific conditions both flood and ebb currents enabled the waves to propagate more

energy through the inlet than in the absence of a current

as a result of the interaction of the two velocity fields.

(./) Completed.

(/i) Effects of a Steady Nonuniform Current on the Characteristics of Surface Gravity Waves, L Z. Hales, J B Herbich, Misc. Paper H-74-11. U.S. Army Engr. Waterways

Exp. Station, Dec 1974. The Influence of Tidal Inlet Currents on the Propagation of Wave-Energy into Estuaries-Physical Model Indications, L. Z. Hales, J. B. Herbich, Inll. Symp. River Mechanics. Intl. Assoc. for Hydraulic Research, pp. CI 5- 1-1 2, Bangkok,

Thailand, 1973. Tidal Inlet Current-Ocean Wave Interaction, L. Z Hales,

J. B. Herbich, Pn,c. I3rh Coastal Engrg. Conf.. Chapter 36,

pp. 669-688, Vancouver. B.C., Canada, 1972. 147-09048-590-22 THREE-DIMENSIONAL RESPONSE OF DEEP WATER

LINES IN STEADY STATE FLOWS

(h) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(f ) A systematic study of cable parameters in relation to deep

water mooring applications under three-dimensional steady

state loading conditions has been made. Included in this study are both negatively and neutrally buoyant cables in water depths from 5 to 25 thousand feet. A finite element model cable was used to predict three-dimensional configuration, cable reactions and internal stress distribution

in the cable under directional hydrodynamic loading conditions.

if) Completed.

(g) A systematic study of various hydrodynamic cable loading models indicated that the choice of loading criteria is rather arbitrary. Results are presented which perm.it direct evaluation of three-dimensional cable configurations and

reactions for cables of arbitrary geometry, diameter and

weight in currents up to one knot.

( It ) Three-Dimensional Response of Deep Water Mooring Lines

in Steady State Flows, R. F. Dominguez, G E. Owens,

Texas A&M Univ. Repi. COE-157, Dec. 1972. 147-09049-590-00 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON CABLES SUBJECT TO FREQUENCY VARIED MOTION

(c ) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Ocean Engineering Program.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The dependency of hydrodynamic forces under unsteady,

oscillatory conditions is studied with respect to the behavior of a highly flexible cable subjected to forced motion in a fluid. Experimental investigation is supplemented

with the use of a finite element model of a cable structure. ig) Results to date show that significant errors arc possible by

using classical descriptions based on the steady state derived added mass and drag coefficients for part of the

cyclic loading history.

(It) Hydrodynamic Forces on Cables Subject to Frequency

Varied Motion, R W Haas, R F. Dominguez. Presented

I61I1 Cong. Inil Assoc. Hydraul. Res., San Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 1975. 120
147-09050-220-44 SCOUR AROUND OFFSHORE PIPELINES

(/') National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(< ) Dr. J. B. Hcrbich, Ocean Engineering Program.

id) Master-s theses.

( <• ) Determine through physical modeling, the effect of storm waves on buried pipelines approaching and crossing the

shoreline. Scour depth and scour patterns have been eval- uated in a two-dimensional wave tank and future tests will be conducted in a wave basin to evaluate three-dimensional effects. Analysis of two-dimensional data indicates

relationships between scour depth and wave height; scour

length and wave length; and wave height and wave

length/water depth for a range of wave steepness values. Estimates of burial depth have been made and are being

verified experimentally. Rock cover is also considered in an effort to reduce burial depth. Forces on partially buried

pipelines are measured in a laboratory wave channel.

(in Factors Innuencing Equilibrium of a Model Sand Beach, D.

C. Smith IV, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-77.203 , Texas A&M Univ., 1976. Scour Around Model Pipelines Due to Wave Action, J B. Hcrbich, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1976. Wave-Induced Scour Around Offshore Pipelines, J. B. Herbich, Off-shore Technol,>gx Conf., OTC 2968, Houston,

Tex.. 1977. 147-09051-420-44 WAVE INDUCED PRESSURE FIELDS AROUND A BURIED

PIPELINE

[h) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Sea Grant Program,

(t ) Dr. Richard F. Dominguez, Ocean Engineering Program,

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(c) Numerical computer models using both the finite dif- ference and finite element technique were developed to simulate the interaction of a two-dimensional wave system

with a submerged pipeline and its surroundins soil media. Both computer models were validated by comparison with

existing analytical and experimental results defining the pressure distribution in the soil media without a pipeline. Models are being used to study possible liquification

failure phenomena and to establish rational criteria for designing offshore pipelines.

( /i ) Numerical Solutions for Determining Wave-Induced Pres- sure Distributions Around Buried Pipelines, N. W. Lai, R.

F. Dominguez, Texas A&M Univ., Sea Grant Rept. TAMUSG-75-204, Dec. 1974. 147-09054-370-47 PAVEMENT AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR

MINIMIZING HIGHWAY HYDROPLANING

(h) Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and

Development.

(< ) Professors B. M. Callaway, G. G. Hayes, Dr. D. L. Ivey, Dr. W. D. Ledbetter, Dr. R. M. Olsen, Dr. H. E. Ross, Jr., Dr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Dr. Don Woods, Civil Engineering Department.

(d) Study of literature and reanalysis of previous Texas A&M

University data on water films, hydroplaning, skid re- sistance. Use of computer program HVOSM to study vehicle control. Investigation of surface drainage criteria of the various State Highway Departments.

(<') A study involving required texture for portland cement

concrete pavement surfaces to minimize hydroplaning;

partial and full dynamic hydroplaning of vehicle tires; required texture and cross-slope combinations for asphalt concrete surfaces; the relationship of pavement cross slope

to vehicle control; the hydraulic flow phenomena of thin films of water on pavement surfaces and under tires; and

deficiencies in existing surface drainage design methodology for sag vertical curves.

(/) Project completed.

(/!) Pavement and Geometric Design Criteria for Minimizing

Hydroplaning, Phase II, Final Report, Federal Highway

Admin., Office of Res. and Dev., Washington, D C. 20590,

Jan. 1979. Technical Summary of Phase I and II Report, Dec. 1978. 147-09056-030-00 THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON THE DYNAMICS OF A SUBMERGED SPHERICAL SHELL

(( ) Dr. Jack V K. Lou, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Theoretical; basic. (e) The axisymmctric vibrations of a spherical shell immersed

in a compressible, viscous fluid are studied. The dynamic

response of the shell is determined by the classical normal mode method while a boundary layer approximation is employed for the fluid medium.

(H) It is found that for free oscillation, fluid viscosity may

produce noticeable effects on the damping components of

the complex natural frequencies and is particularly important for the non-radiating modes. For forced vibrations, the present study reveals that the contribution of viscous

effect is of small order, except in the vicinity of peak shell responses.

(/i) The Effect of Viscosity on the Dynamics of a Submerged

Spherical Shell, T.-C. Su, Y. K. Lou, presented Vibrations

Conf., ASME, Sept. 17-19, 1975. 147-10579-330-10 PREDICTION OF THE BEHAVIOR OF DEEP-DRAFT VES- SELS IN RESTRICTED WATERWAYS

(h) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Deep-draft navigation channel analysis, design and review

is based on empirically-derived ratios of the design vessel's dimensions. Because of the radical changes in vessel operational purposes and characteristics, these ratios can no longer be safely or economically applied. The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model which

will provide the engineer with a comprehensive tool in the design and review of deep-draft navigation channels. The

model will estimate values of squat, bank suction forces and moments, equilibrium drift and rudder angles and

heights of ship-generated waves for varied channel configurations, ship positions and ship velocities.

( It ) Mathematical Models for the Design, Operation and Economic Analysis of Deep-Draft Navigational Channels, E. T. Gates, J. B. Herbich, SI-3, Proc. 24th Intl. Congress, PIANC, Leningrad, U.S. S R., Sept. 1977. The Squat Phenomenon and Related Effects of Channel Geometry, E. T. Gates, J. B. Herbich, Proc. 25th Ann.

Hydraulics Div. Specialty Conf., ASCE. Aug. 1977. A Mathematical Model for the Review or Design of DeepDraft Navigation Channels with Respect to Vessel Drift and Rudder Angles, E. T Gates, J B Herbich, Proc. Symp.

Aspects of Navigability of Constraint Waterways Including Harbor Entrances, lAHR, Delft, The Netherlands, Apr.

1978. 147-10580-330-00 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT INDUCED BY SHIPS IN RESTRICTED WATERWAYS

(c ) Dr. J. B. Herbich,

id) Applied research,

(e) A numerical model utilizing the momentum theory of the propeller and Shields' diagram is being developed to study sediment movement induced by a ship's propeller in a

restricted waterway. The velocity distribution downstream

of the propeller is simulated by the Gaussian normal dis- tribution function and the shear velocity and shear stress were obtained using Sternberg's formulas.

(/;) Sediment Movement Induced by Ships in Restricted Waterways, Y. C. Liou, J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-76-209. Texas A&M Univ., 1976. 121
Veliicity Distribution and Sediment Motion Induced by

Ship's Propeller in Ship Channels. Y C Liou. J B Hcrhich, I'nn. 25lh Ann. HyJraiilUs Div. Sin-cially Conf,

iSCL. Aug. 1*^77 147-10581-230-00 INFLUENCE OF THE SUPRAMOLECLLAR MARINE EN- VIRONMENT ON PITTING CORROSION

(< ) Dr. D. B. Harris, B. M. Callaway, Materials Division, and

Dr. J. B. Herbich, Ocean Engineering Program.

(J) Theoretical research.

((') Process of corrosion pit nuclcation in the marine environ- ment is being investigated.

(/) Completed.

(«) Rupture of the passive film is described in terms of its sensitivity to attack by negatively hydrated ions. A corollary is suggested which describes the inhibiting effect of various

positively hydrated ions. The role of marine microorganisms is being evaluated as it relates to those enviri>nmental modifications that may contribute to pit nuclcation.

(/i) Influence of the Supramolecular Marine Environment on

Pitting Corrosion, D B Harris, B. M Callaway, J B. Herbich. TAMU-SG-76-21 I , Texas A&M Univ., 1476. 147-10582-490-44 OFFSHORE MINING TECHNOLOGY

(h) Marine Board, Assembly of Engineering, National Research Council and NCAA,

(t ) Dr. J. B. Herbich, Ocean Engineering Program.

id) Applied research, planning.

(f ) The study was to identify, assess and evaluate the technological needs for mining of hard minerals in both

territorial and international waters. Of particular interest

in this part of the study was the evaluation of sand, gravel and shell mining.

(g) Present methods of recovering sand, gravel and shell have been reviewed and recommendations will be made to im- prove efficiency and lessen the environmental impact.

(/7) Recovery of Sand, Gravel and Shell From the Ocean, a

brief summary of Technology Development Projects Sponsored by NCAA, CDS Repi. No. 191, Center for Dredging

Studies. Texas A&M Univ., Mar. 1976. Technological Gaps and Environmental Effects, J. B. Herbich, Paper El, Pnic. Intl. .'iymp. Dredginf> Technology, BHRA and TAMU, Nov. 1977. Technological Gaps in Deep Ocean Mining, J. B. Herbich,

J. E. Flipsc, OCEANS '78, MTS-IEEE. 4rh Ann. Conf. Ocean Challenge, Washington, DC, Sept. 1978. 147-10583-330-44 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE TEXAS GULF IN- TRACOASTAL WATERWAY

(/)) Sea Grant.

(c ) Dr. Wesley P. James, Civil, Coastal, Hydraulic and Ocean

Engineering Group.

(d) Applied research.

((') Study provides baseline environmental information from

literature reviews and a field sampling program. It gives a basic understanding of the environmental aspects of in- tracoastal waterway transportation system including evaluation of activities directly associated with waterway

and the potential of the waterway to transport pollutants from one area of the coast to another.

(/) Project completed January 1977.

ig) Poor water quality in the channel was generally associated with fresh water inflows. A model was developed to evaluate the flow between Galveston Bay and Sabine Lake.

Satellite imagery of the Lower Laguna Madre was used to evaluate flow patterns in bays. High shoaling rates were

located where the prevailing flow patterns crossed the channel

( li I Environmental Considerations Relating to Operation and

Maintenance of the Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, W.

P. James, S. Giesler, R. DeOtle, M Inouc, Texas A&M

University, Sea Grant College. Nov 1977. 147-10584-810-33 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIG- NITE RESERVES ON WATER RESOURCES OF EAST TEXAS

(h) Office of Water Resources Research.

(< ) Dr. Wesley P. James. Coastal. Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

(d) Applied research

(e) Project was concerned with identifying potential adverse

effects of lignite strip mining and lignite utilization on the hydrology and water quality of the area. Both field and

desk studies were conducted to evaluate the potential im- pact of lignite development on water resources of the area. Field studies included ( 1 ) monthly water sampling for a one-year period of streams, lakes and wells near the strip- mined areas at Fairfield and Rockdale and at control sta- tions located away from the lignite development; (2) leaching studies of the lignite and overburden at Fairfield and Rockdale; (3) precipitation samples collected under

the airborne waste plume from the lignite-fueled electric generating plant at Fairfield; and (4) a limited trace ele- ment enrichment study in the soils around the plant at Fairfield.

(/) Project completed August 1976.

(g) Strip mining can change the hydrologic characteristics of

the area and full development of the near-surface lignite reserves in east and east central Texas could have a signifi- cant Impact on the groundwater resources of the region.

(/i) Potential Impact of the Development of Lignite Reserves on Water Resources of East Texas, W. P. James. J. F. Slowey. R L. Garrett, C. Ortiz, J. Bright, T. King, Texas Water

Resources Inst., Texas A&M Univ., Aug. 1976. 147-10585-800-33 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James, Coastal. Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The environmental effects of channelization and surface impoundments are discussed for twelve physiographic re- gions of Texas as delineated on black and white satellite (LANDSAT-1 ) mosaic of band 7. With the aid of LANDSAT- 1 imagery, representative or typical transects were

chosen within each region. Profiles of each site were constructed from topographic maps and environmental data were accumulated for each site and related to low altitude

aerial photography and enlarged LANDSAT-1 false color composites.

(/) Project completed July 1976.

(g) Each diagrammatic transect, with accompanying data and

photographs, provides significant information for input of environmental amenities on a local and regional scale into preliminary water resources development studies. The

utilization of the transects provides a visual display of

available information, aids in the identification and inventory of resources, assists in the identification of data gaps and provides a planning tool for additional data acquisi- (h) Environmental Evaluation of Water Resources Develop- ment, W P. James, C. E. Woods, R E. Blanz, Texas Water Resources inst., Texas A&M Univ., July 1976. 147-10586-330-44 SHOALING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GULF IN- TRACOASTAL WATERWAY IN TEXAS

(t ) Dr. Wesley P. James. Coastal. Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

(d) Applied research. 122
((•) Mainlcnanco dredging records were used to compute

average shoaling rates in SOOO-foot reaches for the entire Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. Environmental data

pertinent to the waterway were gathered from published and unpublished sources. Computed shoaling rates and

selected environmental features were plotted on Comp<isite Factors Maps. Similar reaches were grouped and ex- amined using analysis of variance techniques to determine

the effect of selected environmental factors on shoaling

rates. A model was also developed to predict shoaling rate

in a reach with known environmental factors.

(/) Project completed May 1976.

(g) The average shoaling rate over the entire waterway was

found to be 10.5 inches per year. Shoaling in open bay

areas was found to be an average of 3 inches per year

greater than in land-cut areas. The combination of dredged material mounds, or fetch greater than 5 miles, with water depths less than 6 feet (surrounding bay depth)

increased average shoaling rates 5 inches per year. The

placement of dredged material in mounds on the windward

side of the waterway increased the average shoaling rate of open bay areas by 7 inches per year. In bay areas with

long fetches and depths less than three feet, it was found

that windward placement of dredged material was actually advantageous. Hurricanes did not appear to have a drastic impact on shoaling rates, however, localized effects were

noted in several areas.

(/i) Shoaling Characteristics of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway

in Texas, J. M. Atturio, D. R. Basco, W. P. James, Civil Engrg. Dept., Coastal and Ocean Engrg. Div., TAMU-SG76-207. CDS Report N„. 1 H7. May 1976. 147-10587.870-43 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF BRINE

DISPOSAL

(h) Federal Energy Administration.

(c) Dr. Wesley P. James, Coastal, Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

(d) Applied research.

(f ) Pursuant to the requirements of the Energy Policy and

Conservation Act of 1975, the Federal Energy Administration proposes to implement the Strategic Petroleum

Reserve. One hundred fifty million barrels of oil are to be

stored by December 22, 1978, in the Early Storage

Reserve, and at least 500 MMB are to be stored by December 22, 1982, under the full program. Among the storage options studied, the most attractive from an economic and environmental standpoint is storage in solu- tion-mined salt cavities near existing petroleum distribu- tion facilities along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Water quality is one of the most critical among the sensitive environ- mental issues and large quantities of raw water will be

required and large quantities of brine will be produced in the construction and operation modes of solution-mined

caverns. Disposal of brine into the sea is an alternative being considered for seven of the sites. (/) Project will be completed September 1, 1977.

(g) Workshop was held to identify environmental concerns of

brine disposal. These included interference with migration of marine organisms into estuaries, damage to shrimp lar- vae caused by high jet velocity at diffuser, oil in brine during refill operations, and water quality at the boundary of

the mixing zone. Bioassays were recommended along with preconstruction and operational monitoring of the disposal

area. Laboratory model tests were conducted of the jet on

the diffuser to determine the influence of nozzle diameter,

jet velocity and riser height on the resulting brine concentration at the ocean bottom.

(/i) Proceeding of Strategic Petroleum Reserve Workshop-Environmental Considerations of Brine Disposal Near Freeport, Texas, Texas .A&M Univ.. Sea Grant. Apr.

1977. Wind Direction. Wind Speed, and Dry Bulb Air Temperature for Beaumont/Port Arthur, Texas, 1969 through 1973, Texas A&M Univ.. Sea Grant, Aug. 1977.

Dilution of a Dense, Vertical Jet in A Stagnant Homogeneous Fluid, Texas A&M Univ.. Sea Grant, Jan. 1979.

147-10588-330-00 MAJOR PORT IMPROVEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR THE

TEXAS COAST

(c ) Dr. J B. Herbich. J. W. Bcrriman, Ocean Engineering Pro- gram.

{.d) Applied research.

((') With the advent in recent years of very large commercial

craft (VLCC) and ultra large commercial craft (ULCC).

the U S ports have fallen behind many other maritime

countries in providing suitable docking facilities. (^) Ship channel design criteria have been reviewed in terms

of minimum width and depth requirements for various size vessels. Improved channel designs are considered for the ports of Port Arthur, Galveston, Freeport and Corpus

Christi. Texas.

(/i) Major Port Improvement Alternatives for the Texas Coast,

J. W. Bcrriman. J. B. Herbich, TAMU-SG-77-205 , . Major Port Improvement Alternative, J. W. Bcrriman, J. B

Herbich, Pr,K. 25lh Ann. Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf.. ASCE. Aug. 1977. Port Improvement Design Criteria, J. W. Bcrriman, J. B. Herbich, Paper WW4, J. Walerwax. Port, Coastal and Ocean Div., ASCE. Nov. 1977. 147-10589-430-00 BENEFICIAL USES OF DREDGED MATERIALS

(/)) Center for Dredging Studies.

(c ) Dr. J. B. Herbich and Mr. B. S. Hubbard, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Applied research, documentation.

(e) A review of an international list of publications was made

to gather examples of locations where dredged material was put to a productive use. Mail questionnaires revealed about 143 sites where dredged material, as a by-product of maintenance of capital dredging, was put to productive

use. The classifications were commercial, industrial, recreational, wildlife habitats, agricultural, hydraulic control, transportation, future and research, and miscellanc-

(g) Analysis of results to-date indicate the commercial and in- dustrial uses to be the most prevalent. Maintenance

dredging generated the material for most of the sites. Sound planning for the disposal of material generated from

each dredging project has become a necessary considcra-

(li) Productive Land Use of Dredged Material Containment

Areas: International Literature Review, B S Hubbard, j. B. Herbich. CDS Report No. 199, Center for Dredging Studies. TEES, Texas A&M Univ., 1977. Productive Land Use of Dredged Material Containment

Areas, B. S. Hubbard, J. B. Herbich, Proc. 25th Ann.

Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf., ASCE, Aug. 1977. Productive Land Use of Dredged Material, B S. Hubbard,

J. B. Herbich, Paper Fl, Proc. 2nd Intl. Symp. Dredging

Technology, BHRA and TAMU, Nov. 1977. 147-10590-590-00 APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD TO TOWED CABLE DYNAMICS

(( ) Dr. Y. K. Lou, J. Ketchman, Ocean Engineering Program.

id) Basic, theoretical.

(c) Project deals with towing an object through a fiuid by means of a cable. For a slender, neutrally buoyant tow- body, the planar configuration of the towed system is determined for steady motion and for time-dependent maneuvers of the towing vehicle. A formulation of the

finite element method that applies to towed cable dynamics is presented including bending deformation and stretch of the elements, and nodal forces caused by acceleration,

distributed weight, and hydrodynamic loading. Although

based on established forms for fluid drag, the treatment and expressions for nodal hydrodynamic loading forces arc new. The resultant system of equations for the unknown

nodal displacements is solved by step-by-step integration in 123
time using a scheme that ehminates troublesome longitu- dinal oscillations. Lumped and distributed systems are compared with respect to the treatment of mass and hydrodynamic loading and the effects of bending stiffness are illustrated.

(/) Completed.

(Id Application of the Finite Element Method to Towed Cable Dynamics, J. Ketchman, Y. K. Lou, Proc. Ocean 1975

Conf.. pp. 98-107, Sept. 1975. 147-10591-350-75 MODEL TESTS OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, COLETO CREEK DAM, NEAR VICTORIA, TEXAS

ih) Forrest and Cotton, Dallas, Tex.

(c) Dr John B. Herbich and Dr. R. E. Schiller, Jr., Professors of Civil and Ocean Engineering.

(d) Experimental.

(t ) The testing program involved testing of a two-dimensional model (three bays of a total of seven) on a l/50-scale of

the spillway, tainter gates and low Froude number stilling basin to establish the design of piers, length of stilling basin and placement of blocks in the stilling basin. A

three-dimensional model ( I / 100-scale ) was then tested at flow rates up to a prototype value of 306,000 cfs to establish proper design of the approaches to the spillway. The three-dimensional model (except the spillway and

stilling basin) was constructed of fiberglas over hardware

cloth.

(,/) Experimental work completed.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Study of Coleto Creek Dam, J. B. Herbich, R E. Schiller, Jr., B. Hubbard, W. Y. Chow, Repl. No. COE-I9H. Texas A&M University, Sept. 1978. 147-11109-410-44 EROSION OF DREDGED MATERIAL ISLANDS DUE TO

WAVES AND CURRENTS

(/)) NCAA, Sea Grant Program.

(t ) Dr John B. Herbich, Center for Dredging Studies. id) Experimental and analytical.

(<-) Develop empirical capability of predicting the erosion

rates of cohesionless dredged material islands for wave and wind environment similar to that of the Upper Laguna

Madre, Texas. The field and the historical data for a

selected dredge material island (Crane Island) were employed in conducting the preliminary movable-bed model

study. The degree of reliability of the preliminary model

studies was established by comparing their results with the prototype results. A general model study was conducted to investigate the separate effect of various factors such as different water depths, island spacing, island orientation and presence of small magnitude current on the island erosion rates. The increase in the water depth cuased an in- crease in the island erosion rates. Once the eroded material settled down on the bottom, it experienced very little disturbance. The island migration rate and hence the channel silting rate under the higher water depths (0.72 ft and

0.80 ft) were found to be insignificant. The island erosion

rates decreased with decreasing spacing. The islands having spacing of 50 ft and built parallel to the incident wave

crests (0 orientation) offered the most economical solution

in terms of the long-term maintenance dredging. The

islands were also tested for two more orientations, 45° and

90° with respect to the incident waves. The overall erosion

of the islands was affected only slightly by different orientations. The islands built at 0° orientation offered slightly more resistance to wave erosion than the islands at 45° or 90° orientation. Some of the model tests were repeated for combined action of waves and current. A current of 0.5

ft/sec ( I ft/sec in prototype ) was super-imposed on the in- cident waves. The horizontal dispersion of the sediment

material and hence the channel silting rates increased sig- nificantly. A method for evaluating bottom shear stress under combined action of waves and currents has been

(./') Physical mixlel study completed.

147-11110-410-00 BULKING FACTORS FOR TEXAS COASTAL DREDGED

MATERIAL

(h) Center for Dredging Studies.

(( ) Dr. John B. Herbich, Center for Dredging Studies, Dr. Wayne Dunlap, Gcotcchnical Group.

{e) Laboratory determination of bulking factors for 27 dif- ferent soil samples representing a variety of consolidated sandy and silty clays typical to the Texas coastal area. The

laboratory methodology is similar to that recommended by

Lacasse, et al., 1977, but includes the use of a special impeller to simulate the dredging process in preparing soil slurries. Sedimentation tests are conducted in 1000 ml

graduated cylinders and observed for periods ranging from

5 to 30 days. The effects of varying cylinder size and

water salinity are also investigated. The results indicate

that bulking factors decrease with increasing water salinity, and that significant flocculation of soil particles occurs at water salinities as low as 13 percent. The results also in- dicate that bulking factors tend to increase with increasing h/d ratios, where h is the height of slurry initially placed in the cylinder, and d is the cylinder diameter. Equations

derived from the data are presented, and relate bulking

factors to such soil variables as containment area average

void ratio, percent silt and clay, in situ water content, and

Atterberg limits. Use of these equations to predict the laboratory observed bulking factors results in an accuracy

ranging from 0 1 8 percent to 0 30 percent. 147-11111-220-00 SCOUR AROUND A GROUP OF PILES DUE TO OSCILLA- TORY WAVE MOTION

(/>) Ocean Engineering Program.

(t ) Dr. John B. Herbich, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Scour caused by three different arrays and two different

pile diameters of pile groups was studied in a two-dimensional wave flume using natural sands. Through dimensional analysis the influential parameters are developed and the data collected were studied to determine the functional relationships between the parameters. The primary

objective of the study was to determine the parameters

that control the ultimate scour depth of a pile group due

to oscillatory wave motion.

(/i) Scour Around a Group of Piles, W Y. Chow, J. B. Herbich, Paper OTC 3308, Offshore Technology Conferenece, Houston, 1978. 147-11112-860-50 INVENTORY OF SURFACE WATER USING LANDSAT DATA

(/?) NASA.

(( ) Dr. John B. Herbich, Coastal, Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering Group.

(</) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Specific objectives of this investigation were: ( 1 ) To define and document a procedure by which LANDSAT multispectral scanner data can be used to detect, identify, and

estimate the areal extent of individual bodies of surface

water. (2) Using this procedure and a data set corresponding to a study site within which the size and location of all bodies of surface water greater than 0.81 hectare are known, determine the level of accuracy to shich one can

detect and identify and estimate the areal extent of each body of surface water. A detailed procedure for using LANDSAT multispectral scanner data to detect, identify, and estimate the areal extent of individual bodies of surface water was defined, documented, and then used to process the selected LANDSAT data. The LANDSAT data chosen for this investigation represented a situation wherein classes of natural surface 124
cover (wet. cJark-black. hare soils) provided a significant amount of contusion during the spectral-separability phase

of classiUcation. The study site selected tor this investigation covered approximately 132.001) hectares in east-central Texas and contained 100 bodies of surface water that ranged in size from O.X.^ hectare to 17.48 hectares. The classification results. using the recommeded

procedure. ci>ntained no areas in the study site which had been identified as water which were actually nonwater. The identification results also showed that 58 percent of

the 69 water bodies ranging in size from 0.81 hectare to 2.02 hectares and 33.3 percent of the 15 water bodies ranging in size from 2.03 hextarcs to 4.04 hectares were

misclassificd as nonwater. However, the identification

results showed that all 16 water bodies 4.05 hextarcs or

greater were correctly identified as water. Analysis of the estimates of the areal extent of each of the 55 water bodies correctly identified a.s water showed the

folU>wing: (a) A high correlation (R=0.97) between the

actual surface area and the estimated surface area, (b) A

least-squares, linear regression of the actual surface area on the estimated area which accounts for 94 percent of

the variation in the actual surface area present in the study

site, (c) Estimates of the areal extent of bodies of surface water ranging in size from 0.81 hectare to 2.02 hectares contained a positive bias. However, the areal estimates for bodies of water ranging in size from 2.03 hectares to 17.48 hectares were unbiased. A comparison of the actual shape of the individual bodies

of water in the study site with the classification results showed a potential increase in both the accuracy of

identification of water bodies ranging in size from 0.81 hectare of 4.04 hectares and in the precision of the areal estimates if satellite-acquired, spectral data with a higher

spatial resolution and a higher signal-to-noise ratio were

available.

It is concluded that agencies and operational organizations

at the federal, state, and local levels could routinely utilize LANDSAT multispectral scanner data to compile a

baseline inventory of the surface water in a selected geographic region and periodically update these inventories to provide a monitoring capability. However, it should be pointed out that the data

preprocessing, and the data processing steps, in this in- vestigation were accomplished using a collection of soft- ware programs that were developed for use in a research and development environment. For an operational or- ganization to routinely use the recommended procedure,

these software programs would need to be reconfigured to operate in a more cost-effective manner. 147-11113-430-00 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SUBMERGED SHELLS

(t ) Dr. Y. K. Lou. Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Theoretical, applied.

(<) Develop a numerical technique and compute programs

suitable for the dvnamic analysis of submerged elastic

shells. (g) A method is developed for the evaluation of the displace- ments and the surface pressure which are induced by the harmonic excitation of a shell of revolution submerged in an acoustic medium. The method utilizes a source distribution approach for the acoustic medium and a finite ele- ment for the shell structure. Compatibility conditions on

the fiuid-shell interface allow the unknown source

strengths and the radiated pressure to be expressed in terms of the unknown shell displacements. By coupling the radiated pressure with the equations of motion of the shell, the displacements can be determined by Gaussian elimination. The radiation pressure can thus be determined accordingly. Numerical results for spherical shells with vari- ous loading conditions are obtained and compared with exact solutions.

(/() Dynamic Analysis of Shells of Revolution Submerged In An

Acoustic Medium By the Finite Element Method, C. K. Ng,

Y. K. Lou, Texas A&M Universitv, COL Rcpon N„. 215. June 1978. 147-11114-430-00 NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF SUBMERGED SPHERICAL SHELLS

(c ) Drs. T. C. Su and Y. K. Lou, Ocean Engineering Program.

(</) Theoretical, basic. W) Free vibrations of a spherical shell submerged in a fiuid medium are investigated. It is found that no undamped

natural frequency of the submerged shell can exist even if the surrounding fiuid is assumed inviscid. In this case the damping is solely due to the compressibility of the fiuid. However, for the intermediate modes, the damping components of the complex frequencies are extremely small,

thus, an almost steady-state, undamped free oscillation is possible for these modes and a pronounced resonance may

be observed for the forced vibrations. The effect of fiuid viscosity on the complex natural frequencies has also been

examined. It is found that for small viscosities, the viscosity has essentially no effect on the real component of the natural frequencies.

(J) Completed.

(/)) Free Oscillations of Submerged Spherical Shells. Y K Lou.

T. C. Su, J. Acoiisiics Soc. 63(5). pp. 1402-1408, May

1978. 147-11115-870-44 EVALUATION OF BRINE DISPOSAL FROM THE BRYAN MOUND SITE OF THE STRATEGIC PETROLEUM

RESERVE PROGRAM

(h) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(t ) R. E. Randall, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis. (f ) The Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program is sttiring oil in large salt dome caverns located along the Gulf of Mexico

coast. When the oil is pupmped into the caverns, the dis- placed brine is planned to be discharged into the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of the present study is to collect in- formation on the present environmental conditions in the coastal waters near Freeport, Texas which is one of the prime storage locations. This study was begun in Sep- tember, 1977 and the areas of investigation arc physical oceanography, nekton and benthic environment, water and

sediment quality, and the development of a method for tracking a brine plume.

(/)) Evaluation of Brine Disposal from the Bryan Mound Site of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program, Pn>f;rcss Reports. R W. Hann. Jr., R. E. Randall, et. al., Dec. 1977, July 1978, and Feb. 1979. 147-11116-210-00 DYNAMICS OF A CANTILEVER PIPE CONVEYING FLUID

(() Dr. Y. K. Lou. Ocean Engineering Program.

(</) Experimental, applied.

(f ) Investigate the effect of internal pipe flow on the dynamic

behavior of a cantilever pipe.

(J) Suspended.

(g) An experimental study is conducted to investigate the ef- fects of internal fiow rate and the depth of immersion on

the dynamic response of a cantilever pipe discharging a

fiuid. It is found that the internal fiow rate and the sur- rounding fluid have a significant effect on the natural frequencies of the system. Therefore, depending on the

relative magnitude of the forcing frequency, an increase in flow rate may not necessarily result in a larger system

response. Conversely, an increase in the length of pipe im- mersion does not necessarily decrease the dynamic

response of the system. It is also observed that with in- creasing fiow rate, an auspicious increase in the response 125
to the higher harmonics is noted, indicating an increased

fluid couphng of the system.

( li ) The Effect of Internal-Flow On The Dynamic Responses of A Cantilever Pipe, R B Shilhng, III, Y. K Lou. Energy

Technology Conf. and Exhibition, Houston, Tex., Nov. $-9. 197X. 147-11117-420-00 LOCAL SCOUR CAUSED BY WAVES AROUND VERTICAL CYLINDERS

(h) Texas Engineering Experiment Station.

(( ) Dr. J. B. Hcrbich.

(d) Experimental, M.S. thesis and research reports.

(c) A two-dimensional wave flume is used in evaluating scour around vertical piles due to wave action. The variables in- clude the wave characteristics, different pile arrays and the spacing between piles. The experimental data are used to develop functional relationships between different parame-

(/i) Scour Around a Group of Piles, W. Y. Chow, J. B. Hcrbich, OTC 330H, Proc, Offshore Technology Conf., 1978. 147-11118-430-00 WAVE RUNUP ON PILES AND PILE GROUPS

(h) Texas Engineering Experiment Station.

(( ) Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Experimental, M.S. thesis. (e) A wave which interacts with a vertical pile experiences a transformation, resulting in a water level increase in front of the pile which is generally known as runup or uprush. Concurrently, a cavity known as drawdown or downrush is formed behind the pile. Wave flow patterns around single

piles have been investigated previously but apparently no

studies were conducted on pile groups in the past. The purpose of the study was to observe the flow pattern caused by waves around thin single piles, around pile groups and inclined piles. A thin pile was defined when its diameter is much less than a wavelength. Previous studies on wider piles were reviewed to gain a complete un- derstanding of runup. Wave runup on piles, in addition to being of general in- terest, has several practical applications. For example, the runup must be taken into account when determinig the ap- propriate deck clearances on pile-supported piers and

offshore platforms, to avoid the large forces which could

result from waves striking the piers' deck or platform's lower deck. Runup and drawdown can also have signifi- cant effects on the wave forces encoutered by piles. Another application of the results of runup studies is its use as a device to record wave direction for the purpose of

evaluating directional wave spectra, or for study of sedi- ment transport. The results of the study show that the relationship between

runup and velocity head can be used for piles with scatter- ing parameters as small as 0.0105. However, just below

this value, runup decreases rapidly as a function of the

scattering parameter. The results also indicate that despite the interaction between cylinders in pile groups, the crest velocity head is a good measure of the magnitude of runup. No significant increase in runup is caused by the interaction of the three

piles. The conclusions of this study would hold equally

true for pile groups of more than three. Design curves are presented for estimates of runup

Dimensionless peak water level above still water level at pile for orientation angle x is plotted as a function of 7rD/L for different values of U-72gP. (D-pile diameter. L =

wave length, U = peak horizontal water particle velocity and P= incident crest height).

147-11119-420-44 WAVE DATA BANK FOR TEXAS

(/)) National Occanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Department of Commerce.

(< ) Dr. J. B. Hcrbich. Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Experimental, field investigation, basic research.

(f) The fact that little information is available relating to wave

characteristics tor the Texas coast has plagued all those in- volved with planning and utilization of the coastal environ- ment. This project will continue a wave monitoring pro- gram aimed at development of a long-term predictive tool. This will be accomplished by using conditions with "waverider buoys" and pressure type meters at selected lo- cations off the Texas coast. Wave recorders of approxi- mately 1 5 minutes in length are recorded in real-time at four-hour intervals. During data processing, either Fourier Transform or Fast Fourier Transform computer algorithms

are used, resulting in an energy density spectrum. Comparison of wave height climates for different seasons, years

of locations is accomplished using statistical models for the prediction of long-term wave characteristics. 147-11120-330-75 BEHAVIOR OF DEEP-DRAFT VESSELS IN THE

PROPOSED, DEEPENED GALVESTON SHIP CHANNEL

(h) Espey-Huston Consulting Engineers.

(c ) Dr. J. B. Herbich, Ocean Engineering Program.

(d) Applied research, development.

(e) Investigate the effect of squat, bank suction, and drift on

the performance of an oil-tanker traversing the proposed

deep-draft channel at Galveston. A computer simulation model developed in 147-10579-330-10 was adapted for the proposed channel. The model predicts the behavior of

a deep-draft vessel in a restricted waterway by employing

both theoretical and empirical relationships. The operational characteristics were investigated for various changes

in channel geometry (squat and bank suction) and en- vironmental forces (wind and currents). The effects of each of the above conditions were combined to determine

the total operational characteristics. The ship-generated waves as well as the required distance to stop the vessel were also investigated for each of the conditions. 147-11121-300-65 STUDY OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SAN LUIS PASS AND EROSION POTENTIAL OF EASTERN PART OF THE PASS

(h) County of Galveston, Texas.

(( ) Dr. J. B. Herbich.

(d) Field investigation, design.

(e) Field measurements will be made to provide additional in- formation for the development of characteristics of San

Luis Pass. Mathematical model will be employed to predict future changes in the Pass characteristics. Measures to protect bridge abutments will be recommended.

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station Tex. 77843. Dr. J. R. Runkles, Institute Director. 148-0386W-820-33 SIMULATION OF POLLUTANT MOVEMENT IN GROUND- WATER AQUIFERS

(/j) OWRT.

(t ) Dr. Donald Reddell.

(e) See WRRC 10, 4.0056.

(/) Completed. 148-0387W-870-33 TREATMENT OF WOOD PRESERVING WASTEWATER

(/>! OWRT.

126
I. ) Dr Tom Reynolds.

(< I Sec WRRC 10, 5.()6<SX. if) Completed. 148-0390W-840-33 ESTIMATION OF THE ECONOMIC DEMAND FOR IRRIGA- TION ON THE HIGH PLAINS AND RIO GRANDE PLAIN

RE(;iONS OF TEXAS

(/)) OWRT

(I ) Dr. Bruce Beattie.

(<') Estimate and aggregate crop production function for the High Plains and Rio Grande Plains region of Texas using

least-squares regression techniques; derive the marginal

value productivity of irrigation water from the fitted prixluction functions; derive irrigation water demand functions of water "price." product price, and prices of other

inputs; and derive price elasticities of water demand with

respect to own (water) "price," product price and prices of other inputs, e.g.. energy, fertilizer and labor.

(/) In press.

1 48-039 1W-870-33 DESIGN AND DEMONSTRATION OF A NON-CONVENTIONAL DENITRIFICATION SYSTEM

(/>) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Robert Sweazv. Texas Tech University. Lubbock, Tex. 79409.

ie) Investigate the feasibility of denitrifying sewage effluent by

a nonconventional method and demonstrate the system and optimize the process design. The nitrification process, conversion of ammonia to nitrate, will be stopped at the

nitrite step, and then denitrification will be promoted.

(/) Completed. 148-0392W-800-33 LEGAL ASPECTS OF LAND USE REGULATION OF LAKE

SHORELANDS BY STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

FOR THE PROTECTION OF LAKES

(h) OWRT

(t ) Dr. Corwin Johnson, University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712.

(/) Completed. 148-0393W-840-33 THE IMPACT OF ENERGY SHORTAGE ON IRRIGATION

IN THE HIGH PLAINS AND TRANS PECOS REGIONS OF

TEXAS

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Ronald Lacewell.

(t-) Estimate the impact of natural gas curtailment of a given duration in selected periods of time on crop yields and net returns in the High Plains region; estimate the impact of

natural gas price increases in the High Plains and Trans

Pecos regions on irrigated acreage and groundwater use, cropping patterns and output levels, and net income to the producer; evaluate the net benefits of increasing pumping

efficiency on the High Plains under selected levels of natural gas prices; and evaluate the net benefits of improving

soil and water management practices in the Trans Pecos under selected levels of natural gas prices.

(/) Completed. 148-0394W-800-33 OPTIMAL USE OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE W ATER TO REDUCE LAND SUBSIDENCE

(/>) OWRT

(< ) Dr. Donald Reddcll.

((-) Develop a three-dimensional model for evaluating pressure

distributions in a multi-aquifer-aquitard system; develop a pressure-dependent model to determine amount of land subsidence from pumping and develop an optimization model.

(/) In press.

148-0395W-820-33 HEAT TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS

Ih) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Donald Reddell.

(e) Develop a computer simulation of the simultaneous move- ment of mass and energy (heat) in a groundwater aquifer with fluid density and viscosity variations; verify the numerical model with laboratory and field hot water injec- tion systems; and evaluate the feasibility of storing hot water in groundwater aquifers.

(/) In press. 148-0396W-8 10-33 EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF TEXAS LIGNITE DEVELOPMENT ON TEXAS WATER RESOURCES

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. C. C. Mathewson.

(e) Determine the water utilization of existing steam-turbine power plants as a function of power generation; determine

the water used during the mining and transport of lignite and for the reclamation of strip mined areas in terms of

acre-foot of lignite mined; determine the surface water and groundwater resources available for energy development

throughout the lignite area in Texas; and determine the impact of lignite development on the water resources in the lignite area.

(/) In press. 148-0397W-840-33 NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR MAXIMIZING

IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY AND INCREASING RAIN- FALL UTILIZATION

(/>) OWRT.

(c) Dr. William Lyle.

(e) Maximizing overall water use efficiency in agricultural production: maximize irrigation efficiency, including both

application and distribution efficiency and obtain greater retention and utilization of rainfall, thereby, decreasing ir- rigation demand. 148-0398W.880-33 PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO WATER IN TEXAS LAKES AND STREAMS: AN ANALYSIS

(b) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Otis Templer, Texas Tech University. Lubbock. Tex. 79409.

(e) Review existing Texas land and water law relating to public access, and to examine the institutional or legal constraints inherent in the law which affect public use of

the water, beds and banks of streams and lakes; suggest

the most feasible and desirable modifications or alternatives to the present legal syste.n to help lessen the conflicts between the public and landowners on streams and lakes; develop case studies of several representative Texas

streams and lakes to illustrate the problems of public ac- cess and the impediments to access and recreational use; investigate the development of a classification system

identifying those streams and thus subject to public use; and inform water and land resource decision-makers, the recreation-seeking public and property owners along streams and lakes of the findings of this study in order to better define the respective rights and duties of the various

factions and interest groups.

(/) Completed. 148-0399W-8 10-33 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING EFFECTS OF UR- BANIZATION ON WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Larry Mays. University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712.

(e) Develop a model for analyzing the effects of urbanization on urban water systems, in particular, storm drainage

(/) Completed. 127
148-0404W-820-33 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE (;R()UNDWATER management to halt land SUB- SIDENCE

(/)) OWRT.

(< ) Dr. Lonnic Jones.

(<) Assess existing institutions within the area with regard to

their eft'eetiveness in managing conjunetive groundwater

and surfaec water uses; exarninc groundwater management

systems in other regions to determine their applicabihty to problems within the study area and develop alternative comprehensive water management schemes which might

be used to control land surface subsidence through conjunctive gn>undwater and surface water use.

(/) Completed. 148-0406W-800-33 ANALYSIS OF PRIORITY WATER RESOURCES FOR THE SOUTHERN PLAINS REGION

(/>) OWRT.

(I ) Dr. J. R. Runkles

(t ) Develop a detailed description of the major research ac- complishments in the region, identify and describe the major research accomplishments in terms of potential for technology transfer within the region; develop priority pro- grams for technology transfer within the region and submit

proposals to OWRT for technology transfer programs to be conducted by the Southern Plains Region.

(/) Completed. 148-0409W-820-33 UTILITY ANALYSIS FOR THE URBAN GROWTH INSIDE THE RECHARGE ZONES OF GROUNDWATER

RESOURCES IN SAN ANTONIO AREA

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. C. S. Shih, University of Texas at San Antonio, San

Antonio, Tex. 78285.

(e) Develop an integrated approach based on decision and

utility theory, factor analysis, and the socio-economic analysis techniques for the optimal decision analysis of managerial and planning alternatives toward the maximum

land utilization and protection of the high-quality groundwater for San Antonio area; review the institutional and

the organizational constraints and to identify the possible remedy of correction methods for the Edwards Aquifer;

project the socio-economic impacts and the tradeoffs as- sociated with the different alternative course of actions for the protection of the Edwards underground reservoir; sur- vey the preference ratings of the general public as well as the governing agencies concerning the groundwater pollution vs. the curtail of urban development; identify the best recharge or replenish method for the augmentation of the capacity of the groundwater reservoirs; apply the developed methodology and to analyze the present utiliza- tion practice and to compare it with the optimum policies

for the Edwards Aquifer in San Antonio, Texas and

generalize the developed procedures to become readily adaptable for other metropolitan areas in Texas or the nation.

(/) Completed. 148-0410W-810-33 WATERSHED IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL DEVELOP- MENT IN THE GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL

PARK, TEXAS

(/.) OWRT.

(< ) Dr. Ernest Fish, Dr. Marvin Dvoracek, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. 79409.

(<') Study the relationships among soils, vegetation, parent

materials, climate, geomorphic surfaces, topography, and

current land use in the Guadalupe Mountains National Park of Southwest Texas, and to relate these factors to the surface and groundwater hydrology, erosion, sedimentation, and chemical water quality; establish, as closely as

possible, the changes that have occurred in the past in re- gard to climate, vegetation, erosion, and surface and groundwater hydrology, and to relate these to the land use

history including grazing, road construction, fire, and human culture and to study the changes in vegetatittn, sedimentation, erosion, and surface and groundwater

quality and yield that will occur as this area becomes in- creasingly developed for recreational land use.

1 48-0411 W-860-33 RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION: FACTORS GOVERNING

PRIMARY PRODUCTION

(/)) OWRT.

(( ) Dr. Owen Lind, Baylor University, Waco, Tex. 76703.

((') Determine the relative importance of environmental varia- bles in governing the rate of phytoplankton production in reservoirs; and to provide a quantitative factorial analysis

essential for proper reservoir management to retard undesirable cultural eutrophication. 148-11147-840-33 IMPROVED WATER AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT THROUGH HIGH-FREQUENCY IRRIGATION

(b) OWRT

(c ) Dr. Terry Howell.

(f) Develop high-frequency irrigation management practices

that will conserve water, nutrients, and energy. The high- frequency irrigation systems under study will be sprinkler and trickle (or drip) systems. The specific objectives are

as follows: to quantitatively determine plant nutrient requirements for specific crops grown under high-frequen- cy irrigation, under optimum soil-water matric potential control; and to evaluate the impact of high-frequency ir- rigation on water quality and water and energy consump148-11148-810-33 DESIGN OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS FOR DOWNSTREAM FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT

(h) OWRT.

(( ) Mr. Leo Beard, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78758.

(f ) Develop procedures and criteria for designing storage and

drainage facilities in urban areas to accomplish specified objectives of preventing increase of downstream flooding and/or regulating storm runoff for treatment purposes, as well as providing adequate storm drainage, to assure the

integrity of flood plain management and insurance measures for areas within and downstream of urban develop-

(/) Completed. 148-11149-840-33 AUTOMATION OF PIVOT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO MORE EFFICIENTLY UTILIZE RAINFALL AND IRRIGATION WATER

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Charles W. Wendt.

(f) Develop an automated pivot sprinkler irrigation system which will turn on and off according to the water needs of crops and will turn off during periods of high wind speeds;

test the hypothesis that crops grown under automated

pivot sprinkler irrigation systems will require less irrigation water than crops grown under manually operated pivot sprinkler irrigation systems; and test the hypothesis that energy requirements of automated pivot sprinkler irriga- tion systems will require less energy for operation than manually operated pivot sprinkler irrigation systems. 148-11150-840-33 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY AND POTENTIAL OF NEW

TECHNOLOGY AND IMPROVED MANAGEMENT FOR

IRRIGATION IN TEXAS

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Ronald Lacewell. 128
((•) Apply models developed and availability for the High

Plains and Trans-Pccos to analyze economic implications of new technology. Evaluate mobile trickle distribution systems, new crop varieties, night sprinlcling of cotton with

saline water and effectively designed irrigation wells; modify models available to consider a risk component of yield and price to evaluate and develop optimum irrigation farm management plans for selected levels of risk; and develop

drought-agricultural production relationships by production region in Texas and link into models available to esti- mate the impact on irrigation as well as develop plans to minimize negative social effect of drought. 148-11151-860-33 NETWORK FLOW OPTIMIZATION FOR WATER

RESOURCES PLANNING WITH UNCERTAINTIES IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND

ih) OWRT.

(t ) Dr. Paul Jensen, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.

{e) Develop computational procedures for determining the optimal flow distribution in a water system. These procedures

are to deal with the situation in which inflows and out- flows are not known with certainty. Rather flow plans are

to be determined which maximize expected benefit less cost when only probability distributions of inflows and out- flows are available. 148-11152-860-33 SURVEY AND CONTROL OF SYNTHETIC ORGANICS IN TEXAS WATER SUPPLIES

(h) OWRT.

(c) Dr. Bill Batchelor.

(e) Evaluate the significance of synthetic organic compounds

in selected water supplies and to investigate the effective- ness of conventional and nonconventional treatment technology for their control. To achieve this, the following

will be pursued; develop and test analytical procedures to characterize contamination by synthetic organics; analyze

selected water systems for organic contamination; identify water supplies with specific problems of organic contamination; and conduct laboratory treatability studies to determine the effectiveness of various treatment processes

in removing synthetic organics or their precursors. 148-11153-070-33 CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN HYDROGEOLOGIC

SYSTEMS

(h) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. Donald Reddell.

(e) Develop procedures and instrumentation necessary to eval- uate dispersivity of unsaturated porous media under field conditions; develop procedures and instrumentation for evaluating dispersivity of saturated porous media under

field conditions; and using the dispersivity measurements

measured in objectives 1 and 2 in numerical models

developed by prior research, compare the predicted contaminant transport and distribution at two field sites with

the measured distribution. 148-11154-800-33 ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ENHANCED (TERTIARY) OIL RECOVERY IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS REGION OF THE U.S.

(/>) OWRT.

(c ) Dr. C. S. Shih, University of Texas at San Antonio, San

Antonio, Texas 78285.

(e) Develop an integrated and practical quantitative analysis procedure based on Bayesian statistics, regression analysis, long range planning methodologies, and resources allocation modeling, coupled with petroleum technology

forecasting, for the projection of water resource require- ments to support our future enhanced oil recovery operations in the Southern Plains Region; study the technological and financial constraints and to assess potential application of different enhanced oil recovery operations in the Southern Plains Region; project the distribution of enhanced oil operations in the Southern Plains Region and

to assess the economic trade-offs associated with different enhanced oil recovery operations versus high quality water

resources requirements; optimize the allocation of water

resources for competitive demands in the water limiting areas for enhanced oil rect>very operations; identify the

potential pollution effects upon both the surface and groundwater resources in the region due to the enhanced

oil recovery operations; apply the developed methodoU>gy

and to analyze the water resource requirements associated with the enhanced oil recovery operations for each subre- gion and to generalize the developed analytical procedures

to readily become a utilizable method f<ir future analyses

in other oil producting regions in the United States. 148-1 11 55-860-33 FEASIBILITY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE PRACTICALI- TY OF USING POTABLE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES

AS A SOURCE OF CONDENSER COOLING WATER FOR POWER GENERATING FACILITIES

(h) OWRT

(t ) Dr. R. H. Ramsey, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

79409.

(f ) Determine the probable ranges of temperature gradients

existing in the water treatment and municipal distribution systems under different cooling water temperature

regimes; determine the effects of elevated water treatment

processes; determine the effects on energy consumption when the waste heat remaining in the cooling water is util- ized in normal municipal uses; determine the environmental impacts associated with the approach and determine

public acceptance of elevated water temperatures in domestic water supplies. 148-11156-870-33 IMPACT OF DISCHARGE FROM POSSUM KINGDOM

RESERVOIR (TEXAS) ON GENIC ADAPTATION IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS

(h) OWRT.

((•) Dr. Earl Zimmerman, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas 76201.

(e) Evaluate the impact of hydroelectric generation-related discharge from Possum Kingdom Reservoir in North-Central Texas.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, Center for Research in Water Resources, 10,100 Burnet Road, Austin, Tex. 78758. Leo R. Beard, Director. 149-09921-800-33 WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT FOR IN- CREASED POWER PRODUCTION

(h) Department of the Interior-Office of Water Research and

Technology.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Masters thesis. Doctoral dis- (f ) Develop technology for determining the optimum integration of a large hydroelectric power system into a predominantly thermal power system, thus producing maximum

usable energy and peaking capability. Consideration is given to the seasonal variation of trade-offs with other water resource system functions such as fiood control, water supply, recreation, and low-fiow regulation. The particular objective is to develop, in coordination with the Corps of Engineers, the Southwestern Power Administration, and the Federal Power Commission, specific operation criteria for 13 major reservoirs and II hydropower

plants in the Arkansas, Red, White, and Osage River

Basins that would maximize the generation of power consistent with other system functions and environmental considerations.

(J) Completed. 129
I /i I Optimization Model for the Evaluation of Flood-Control

Benefits of Multipurpose Multireservoir Systems, D. T. Ford, ( citicr for Research in Water Resources Tech. Rept

.

Series Nn. I5.S. June 1978. Price: $9.00.

Integrated Operation of Water Resource and Electric Power Systems, S. D. Cluure-Pereira, Ceiiler for Research

in Water Resources Tech. Rept. Series No. 159. Aug. 1978.

Price; $8.75. Evaluation of Hydroelectric Energy Benefits for a Preponderantly Thermal Power System, J. E. Castillo. Center for Research in Water Resources Tech. Rept. Scries No. I4,S. July 1977. Price: $4.00. 149-09922-810-07 WATER YIELD. FLOOD CONTROL AND SEDIMENTATION

EFFECTS OF TRINITY RIVER BASIN SCS STRUCTURE

ih) U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service,

(c/) Applied research, thesis. (() Investigators are developing procedures for evaluating the various effects of flood water retarding structures at key

locations throughout the Trinity River Basin, emphasizing

the effects on the operation of Corps of Engineers reservoirs. Specific objectives are to: review literature and past work relative to such determinations; to develop, test, and

apply a computer model for evaluating the combined ef- fects of seepage, evaporation, and transpiration at retard- ing structures on monthly streamflows at any downstream

point, including points downstream of Corps of Engineers

reservoirs under various modes of operation of those reservoirs; to develop, test, and apply a computer model for evaluating the effects of seepage at retarding structures and in downstream channels on aquifers; to develop, test, and apply a computer model for evaluating the effects of

retarding structures on scour and sediment deposition in downstream channels and reservoirs.

(/') C<impleted. 149-11122-870-68 BEFORE AND AFTER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF THERMAL DISCHARGE INTO LAKE LYNDON B. JOHN- SON

[h) Lower Colorado River Authority.

(< ) Phil S Schmidt. Assoc. Professor of Mechanical Engineering. id) Field investigation; applied research.

({') This study has been made to obtain reliable temperature, water quality, and biological data "before" and "after" the Lower Colorado River Authority's construction of a generating station on Lake Lyndon B. Johnson. Researchers are also endeavoring to develop, calibrate, and verify computer models by which estimates can be made of the ecological effects of future generating units at

this site. The project has been coordinated with quarterly

net surveys of the fish population by the Texas Parks and

Wildlife Department.

(/) Completed.

149-11123-880-60 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION RESERVOIR ECOLOGI- CAL MODEL

(/)) Texas Water Development Board.

id) Field work, applied research.

(<') This research was part of a group of studies, sponsored by

the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB). that were

initiated in response to the Texas Water Code which mandates "the maintenance of a proper ecological environ- ment of the bays and estuaries of Texas and the health of

related living marine resources." Implementation of this policy required a knowledge of bay and estuary ecosystems so the TWDB established studies to investigate

the effects of freshwater infli>ws on the bays and estuaries

<if Texas. Such studies on the Lavaca Bay, San Antonio

Bay. and Nueces Bay systems were completed, and attention was directed to two of the remaining hay systems, the

Trinity and Colorado River deltas. Studies in the Trinity River and Colorado River delta systems were performed to determine nutrient exchange rates from the marshes of both systems, to investigate the sources and effects of

toxic materials in the lower Trinity River and delta, and to provide analytical services for associated studies. Investigators also assisted TWDB personnel in calculating nutrient loadings for each of the bay systems studied in this and

previous related projects.

(/) Completed.

149-1 1124-300-10 DETERMINATION OF SKEW COEFFICIENTS FOR SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION AREA

(h) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(d) Theoretical; design.

()>) Investigators developed a prediction equation and an

isoline map that can be used for estimating skew coeffi- cients in the statistical analyses of annual peak streamflow

within the Southwestern Division of the Corps of En-

(/) Completed. 149-11125-800-38 DEVELOP AND DEMONSTRATE PROCEDURES FOR NA- TIONAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER FOR ENERGY AND OTHER USES

(h) U.S. Water Resources Council.

id) Theoretical; design.

(g) Investigators for this project developed hydrologic procedures, analyses, and data bases for use in the Water

Resources Council's (WRC) Water for Energy program.

Information gathered by CRWR researchers assisted WRC

in defining the present supply of the nation's surface water

resources at the aggregated subarea level of geographic

detail. Studies also established a surface water data base

that describes present modified flows and water accounting units in which water utilization for energy development

is of concern in WRC subregions. The regionalized flow- duration-frequency curves and annual monthly frequency

of exceedence curves that were formulated by this project aided WRC in site-specific assessment of water availability for energy development and associated water resources

uses. Much of the work on this project was in cooperation

with the U S. Geological Survey.

(/) Completed.

149-1 1 126-860-60 EXPANSION OF LAKECO RESERVOIR MODEL

(h) Texas Department of Water Resources.

(t ) Neal E. Armstrong, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(f) Researchers are expanding the predominantly biological reservoir model LAKECO to include physico-chemical

reactions. The interrelationship between chemical and

biological variables in reservoirs and lakes is a significant one, but there is yet no reservoir model that combines the

biological cycle with a broad range of physical chemical

reactions. Current reservoirs and lake models have concentrated on simulating biological variables like algae and

important associated inorganic quality parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, pH. and temperature. These variables provide a general view of the trophic

state, aesthetic quality, and life support capability of the impoundments. However, water quality and its use for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes is largely determined by its chemical characteristics. Some of these include alkalinity, hardness, iron, sulfates, silica, and

fluorides. The LAKECO model, developed by Water

Resources Engineers (WRE) for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center is being ex- panded to include more chemical reactions. The six chemical variables selected to be included in the model

are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), sulfate (So^). and fluoride ( Fl). Significant reactions that are like- 130
ly 1(1 occur such as complcxatidn, precipitation, release and adsorption onto sediments and adsorption onto

precipitates will he incorporated. In addition, alkalinity and total dissolved solids ( TDS ) will be converted to nonconservative substances, and oxidation reduction equilibria

will be included. 149-11127-730-33 EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRO- GRAMS

(h) OtTice of Water Research and Technology.

id) Theoretical; applied research; for thesis (M.S.).

(f) Investigators evaluated the effectiveness of various technology transfer techniques used by The Center for Research in Water Resources and, on the basis of recommendations from a large number and variety of active or- ganizations, formed conclusions concerning the most effective general means or combination of means for transfer of water resources technology between the academic and

practicing communities. Such conclusions can be used as guidance for the administration of future research and

technology transfer programs that would be particularly relevant to water resources technology. CRWR Technical Report Number 140 is a publication that arose from the

studies for this project.

if) Completed.

149-11128-810-13 HYDROLOGIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR TULSA, OKLAHOMA

(/>) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(J) Theoretical; applied research.

(<') Recorded runoff data from urbanized areas with terrain and hydrologic characteristics similar to the Tulsa area were collected. Investigators used this information to develop a method to adjust the natural flood flows so that they reflect urban development in the watershed surrounding Tulsa. Oklahoma. Among the data studied runoff hydrographs and information about drainage basin characteristics such as size, streambed length and slope, percent and type of watershed development, stream modification, amount of impervious areas, amount of storm sewers, and

land use of underdeveloped portions. The collected data represented watersheds with varying amounts of urban development. Various rainfall-runoff were investigated, and the model selected for maximum utility was calibrated

for all areas studied and applied to an urban watershed in the Tulsa metropolitan area for demonstration purposes.

( /) Completed.

(/i) An Lrban Runoff Model for Tulsa. Oklahoma, L. R Beard,

S. Chang,, Cenler for Research in Water Resources Tech.

Rcpi. Series .Wo. 160. Aug. 1978. Price $7.75. 149-11129-800-10 HYDROLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE

ON WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

(/>) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute of Water

Resources.

(J) Theoretical; applied research.

((') Researchers arc assessing the hydrological and project operation and maintenance implications of potential cli- matic change on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers water

resources development and management program. The

research is part of a federal program to study climatic

fluctuations and their implications and will aid the President in establishing a comprehensive, interagency planning process and public involvement. Several agencies

are participating in the study and are developing their own

programs and research needs. The Corps of Engineers,

with its national involvement in water resources develop- ment, needs to make an initial assessment of the potential

effects of climatic change on its current and future policy and planning considerations. Appropriate areas of research

also need to be suggested. To assist the Corps of Engineers

with this project, investigators are assessing the reliability

of currently employed tools for hydrologic analysis and

forecasting such as deterministic, stochastic, and probabilistic analytical techniques. Researchers are evaluating methods with consideration to perceptible, longer term changes in climate and its variability. They also are as- sessing the effects and relative impacts of potential climate changes with respect to the range of functional areas of water management and water resources development

within the authority of the Corps of Engineers. 149-11130-340-10 HYDRO-POWER POTENTIAL STUDY

ih) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering

Center.

i.d) Theoretical; applied research.

(f ) Researchers are aiding the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with a national assessment of potential hydroelectric power. HEC

has been assigned the major analytic work required to develop a rapid and inexpensive method of reliably evaluating the potential of hydroelectric power in terms of energy and to create computer base data files. Investigators are assisting HEC in developing the necessary technology to complete their work. The Center had developed a model for assessing hydroelectric power

potential in a river basin that can be modified to HEC s needs and proposed solution procedures. Also, CRWR

recently obtained a processed file of daily streamflow

records throughout the U.S. from the U.S. Geological Survey. The CRWR hydropower model is being adapted to accept input in the format used in computer program HEC

5-C, to conform to site-selection criteria adopted by HEC,

and to provide output needed in the HEC study. Monthly

streamflow data and brief documentation are being derived from the daily-streamflow file for about 5.000 sta- tions, and procedures are being developed and applied for establishing the period of most severe droght at each sta- 149-11132-490-54 METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE ALTERNATIVE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT POLICIES: APPLICA- TION IN THE TEXAS COASTAL ZONE

(/>) National Science Foundation-Research Applied to National Needs.

(c ) Joseph F. Malina, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(.d) Theoretical; applied research.

(f ) Competing demands for natural resources in the Texas

Gulf Coast region caused by increased residential, commercial, and industrial growth require formulation of ra- tional planning guidelines. To fulfill this need, a multi- disciplinary team of researchers has, for the past five years, been developing a methodology and operation

criteria that will permit the State of Texas to determine

environmental and economic impacts of alternative management policies now and in the future.

(/) Completed. 149-11133-860-60 A PRE-IMPOUNDMENT INVESTIGATION OF WATER

QUALITY CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH INUNDATION OF THE PALMETTO BEND RESERVOIR

ih) Texas Department of Water Resources.

(( ) Ncal Armstrong, Professor of Civil Engineering.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine the probable water quality changes (especially dissolved oxygen and nutrients) that will occur in the Pal- metto Bend Reservoir during and immediately after iniitial inundation. To achieve this objective, researchers will: ( I ) determine decomposition rates of terrestrial vegetation (both short and tall) immediately following inundation; (2) determine nutrient exchange rates for carbon, nitr<5gen, and phosphorus from the soil and decaying vegetation to be inundated and the corresponding increase or decrease

in nutrients and dissolved oxygen in the overlying water; 131
(3) determine suspended solids, earbim, nitrogen, and phosphorus coneentrations in the Navidad River (the inun- dating water) in the reservoir area; (4) determine key

ecologieal parameters for subsequent monitoring and modehng; and (5) prepare a report containing the results and conclusions of the study. The decomposition rates of various types of vegetation and

the nutrient exchange rates from the reservoir vegetation and soils will be determined by studying samples of dif- ferent plant types taken from the area during fall, winter, and spring. These samples have been placed in reactors, housed in the CRWR environmental chamber, where temperatures are regulated to correspond to actual field tem- Thc samples have been inundated with water which has been modified chemically to simulate the Navidad River water which is being pumped slowly through the reactors

to yield a residence time of about that expected in the

reservoir. Samples arc taken from the reactor influent and

effluent for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen analyses. Nutrient exchange rates are being calculated in units of kg ha~'d"' using existing computer pro- grams and techniques. Decomposition rates are being estimated by suspending, in nylon net containers, leaves and stems of various plants found in the reservoir area. The biomass will be pre- weighed and then suspended in the net containers in an aquarium seeded with water and soil from the reservoir

area. Twenty replicates of each plant type will be used so

that containers may be withdrawn periodically, weighed, and examined microscopically. Decreases in weight will determine the decomposition rate that can be expected

after inundation. Model reservoirs with facilities for temperature stratifica- tion and multi-depth sampling will also be used to deter- mine vegetation decompostion rates and carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus exchange rates. Samples of soil with the

larger types of vegetation will be removed intact from

selected areas within the reservoir area, returned to the laboratory, and placed in the model reservoir in as undisturbed state as possible. The model reservoirs will be inundated with chemically modified water and a flow-through rate established to provide a residence time approximately equal to that expected

in the reservoir. Samples will be taken from various depths

of the model reservoirs and analyzed for dissolved oxygen,

temperature, pH, suspended and volatile solids, carbon,

nitrogen, and phosphorus. These data will be used to determine overall changes in water quality above the inun- dated terrestrial vegetation and to calculate exchange rates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from the soil and

vegetation. Samples from the Navidad River will be taken at points in, downstream, and upstream of the reservoir area by Dr. Ernst Davis of the University of Texas School of Public Health in Houston and analyzed in the CRWR laobratory

for total organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and total suspended and volatile suspended solids. Results of these analyses will be used to determine the water quality of the Navidad River and the nutrient flux into the reservoir using data gathered by Dr. Davis on the vegetation types

in the inundation area. Dr. Davis is doing a complementary study on the same area with a grant from the Texas Department of Water Resources.

Project investigators will select key ecological parameters

for future monitoring and modeling. This will be accomplished by consideration of those variables included in stream and reservoir ecoU>gical models and those variables which should be monitored to follow the changes in water

quality and organic populations that determine the extent

to which the reservoir meets its intended uses.

149-11134-800-54 PROVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT FOR WORKING GROUP IN WATER

RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Walter L. Moi>re, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical: applied research.

(<') Water resources technologv is a topic of active cooperation between the United States and the U.S.S.R. at the government level. In this project the state of technology in the United States and the U.S.S.R. in four specific areas was monitored. These are: (a) water resources planning and management; (b) automation of on-farm application of water: (c) the use of plastic in concrete for water

resources construction; and (d) the construction of water

resources facilities in extremely cold weather. This project

also supported a secretariat which served the committee

responsible for the overall management of the water

resources research cooperation between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

(/) Completed

149-11135-800-33 SOCIAL IMPACTS OF WATER RESOURCES PROJECTS

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(.d) Theoretical: applied research.

(f) Investigators are forming practical guidelines to aid in as- sessing the future environmental, social, and economic im- pacts that issue from public work projects. They will then

suggest a method by which such effects can be integrated

into the planning process of similar projects. There is a need to define the potential impacts of public works within the constraints of certain relevant factors and

variables so that society can make rational decisions concerning the implementation of such projects. Some of the various future costs and benefits of public works are maintenance costs, increased resources development costs, in- creased or decreased environmental management costs, demolition or reconstruction costs, direct benefits for which the project is designed, and indirect benefits and

costs that will occur as a result of the project. Before the public commits itself to a public works project, such costs and benefits need consideration. The possibility of future changes in societal values and in technology should also be recognized and incorporated into the evaluations relating to a planned project. A water resource project that has been in existence for several years is being used as a vehicle to formulate a framework for properly assessing the

role of social impacts in the water resource planning

process. Affected parties arc being interviewed, and infor- mation will be reviewed by experts in sociology, economics, law, and other disciplines to develop a procedure for identifying and evaluating the social impacts

of the project. 149-11136-860-75 STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF THE ALTERATION OF FRESHWATER INFLOWS INTO MATAGORDA BAY

AREA. TEXAS

(/?) Espey, Huston and Associates.

(c ) Neal E. Armstrong, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(f) Investigators are studying the effect of the alteration of freshwater infiow into the Matagorda Bay area of Texas. Like many other principal Texas embaymcnts the Matagorda Bay system has management problems. Municipal and industrial developments impose some stress on

the bay, and the use of water upstream in the drainage

basin competes with the requirements for sustaining the bay's ecosystem. Other activities may also cause problems. They include: reservoir development in the upper and

lower Colorado River Basin; diversion of water from the 132
C-<)lonid() River tor such uses as cooling the South Texas

Nuclear Planl, lignite mining, irrigation, and other uses; and the construction ol the Palmetto Bend reservoir on

the Navidad River. In addition to these changes, the development ol more industries on the bay periphery and

the rivers draining to the hay will cause even further changes which will need study. 149-11137-390-54 THE VALUE OF DATA IN RELATION TO UNCERTAINTY AND RISK

(h) National Science Foundation.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(t-) Investigators will be developing a theoretical basis for judging the value of increased amounts of data in natural

disaster management. As in almost all developmental

planning, there is a risk that the actions taken will be

either inadequate or too conservative in relation to sub- sequent events that could not have been predicted or

forecasted accurately. In assessing the risk related to natural phenomena such as earthquakes, flood, winds, and tor- nados, information of the frequency and magnitudes of

past observed events is used. Since past events arc never

perfectly representative of future ones, there is some uncertainty as to the exact risk associated with any particular managmcnt plan. This uncertainty varies inversely with the amount of data used in the estimate. By increasing the data base, uncertainty can be reduced, but risk cannot. This study will attempt to establish generalized criteria for the value of additional data while considering that reducing uncertainty is reducing only one component of the

overall risk. The large amount of high-quality streamflow

data available for the United States will be used as a pri- mary data base for this study. However, the basic princi- ples developed would also apply to other disaster-related phenomena such as earthquakes, tsunamis, tornadoes, and

hurricane winds. The study's results will also be applicable

to nonstructural as well as structural management projects.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, College of Engineering. Department of Civil Engineering, Austin, Tex. 78712. Joseph F. Malina, Jr., Department Chairman.

151-11138-820-00 STOCHASTIC MODELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

(h) Bureau of Engineering Research. The University of Texas

(< ) Randall J. Charbeneau, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering. (d) Theoretical; basic research; Master's or Doctoral theses. to Much of the current research in groundwater hydraulics

deals with prediction of groundwater flow by deterministic numerical simulation models. To ascertain the role of parameter uncertainty a stochastic Monte Carlo method is being used Special emphasis is placed on determining the uncertainty in the time of travel, with possible application

to dispersion of contaminants. 151-11139-820-00 MODELING GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS AND CON- TAMINANT TRANSPORT

(h) Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas

at Austin.

(<•) Randall J. Charbeneau. Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(ci) Theoretical; applied research; Doctoral thesis.

((-) Finite element models for groundwater flow and contaminant transport arc being developed. Special emphasis is on

flows near wells, dispersion phenomena and the fate of

151-11140-810-00 STATE VARIABLE MODELING FOR URBAN WATER

RESOURCE SYSTEMS

(h) Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas

at Austin.

(< ) Larry W. Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(e) This research was directed at developing models for deter- mining the effects of urbanization on urban water resource

systems. Because urban water resource systems consi.st of many complex interrelated subsystems, the objective of

this research was to independently investigate the application of state variable modeling to several of the urban

subsystems. State variable models for linear and nonlinear hydrologic systems analysis were developed. In order to determine if and when existing drainage facilities will become inadequate, a sewer network flow routing model

based upon state variable modeling was also developed.

(,/) Completed. 151-11141-810-33 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING EFFECTS OF UR- BANIZATION ON WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS

(c ) Larry W, Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

((') Project focused on the development of a model for analyzing the effect of urbanization on urban water systems, with emphasis on storm drainage systems, becuase of the time

variant nature of the hydrology of these systems, the model is based upon the state variable concept of system

synthesis, which will enable planners to determine when

existing and new urban drainage systems will become in- adequate after future urbanization in the particular area. The information provided through this research will also help planners and managers to reduce the cost of urban

drainage systems. The need for such a study is evidenced

by the new and dynamic hydrologic conditions in areas of

rapid urbanization.

if) Completed. 151-11142-870-10 DEVELOPMENT OFA MODEL FOR ANALYZING STORM

SEWER SYSTEMS

(h) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory.

(c ) Larry W. Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(e) Develop an algorithm and a computer program for analyzing large storm sewer systems on military installations. Several objectives in developing such a model include the

following; develop schemes to compute inflows into systems, develop a routing scheme to describe flows through the system, incorporate all design assumptions and

constraints. One of the primary concerns in developing such a model is the capability or methodology of

representing an arbitrary multi-level branching sewer

system. The program is capable of taking an arbitray list of

inputs and translating these into an ordered system or net-

(/) Completed. 151-11143-370-00 OPTIMAL RISK BASED DESIGN OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE CULVERTS

(/j) Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas

at Austin.

(( ) Larry W. Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(e) Overall objective of this research is to develop an optimal

risk-based procedure for the design of highway drainage

culverts. Engineering designs are inevitably subject to uncertainties and the design of highway drainage culverts is no exception. These uncertainties, which have related

risks, arise in almost every aspect involved in culvert design. They include risks due to hydraulic, hydrologic, construction and cost uncertainties. Unfortunately, tradi- tional design methods use deterministic appproaches which do not account for these uncertainties and related risks. 133
Ihc ohjcctivc lit this research is to develop a procedure

tor the tlesign ot culverts in which the trade-off hetween

installation ci>sts and expected damages can be properly

( / ) Completed

151-11144-800-54 OPTIMAL RISK RASED DESIGN OF WATER RESOLRCES

EN(;iNEERING PROJECTS

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(< ) Larry W. Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(<) In the design of water resources engineering projects there

are many uncertainties due to the basic randomness in tlood and rainfall frequencies. These uncertainties can be

classified in four general types, hydrologic, hydraulic,

structural, and economic. This research is a theoretical ef- fort to establish a scientific basis for systematically analyzing and incorporating the uncertainties into the evaluation of the overall risk for the optimal design of water

resources engineering projects. Theoretical consideration

is given to how this overall risk can be incorporated into 151-11145-860-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR PLANNING OPTIMAL WATER REUSE

(/)) Texas Department of Water Resources.

{< ) Larry W. Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

((') Research is focused on developing a water reuse planning model to determine the optimum reuse of wastewaters on

a regional basis, minimizing the cost of water supply. Wastewaters from all use sectors along with fresh water,

are considered as candidate sources or origins of water for other elements within the use sector and also for elements

of other use sectors. Another aspect of this research is to determine the best degree of treatment, based upon

growth patterns. During the first stage of the research, the scope will be to develop a model for a single period

planning. The application of this model will be demonstrated using information for a region in the state of Texas. For the second stage of the research the scope will be to expand the single period model into a model for a multi- period planning by a capacity expansion approach. 151-11146-800-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR WATER AND ENERGY

SYSTEMS

(h) University Research Institute.

(c ) Larry W. Mays, Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering.

(c) Develop a basic screening model for analyzing the interre- lated water and energy systems. The model is for the pur- pose of quantification and optimization of water supplies

for energy conversion processes, considering other competing uses such as agriculture. This pahse has been to develop a general mathematical model for the optimization

of a single period planning considering three interacting subsystems: the water, the power, and the coal, gas, and

oil subsystems. The model is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem for which the generalized reduced

gradient method is used to solve the model. A future phase of the work will be to expand the model for a multi- planning period in the framework of a capacity expansion

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Utah Water Research Laboratory and Utah Center for Water Resources Research, Logan, Utah 84322. Dr. L. Douglas James, Director.

1 52-041 8W-8 10-00 SORPTIVITY: A FEASIBLE CONCEPT FOR INFILTRATION ESTIMATION ON SMALL RANGE AND WATERSHEDS?

(/) Completed.

in) Indexing of infiltration curves by model coefficients allows

tor infiltrometer data from different researchers to he pooled and provides a basis for simulation modeling of in- filtration and runoff on small watersheds.

(//) The Philip Equation: A Feasible Model for Infiltration Estimation on Small Rangeland Watersheds?, R. A. Jaynes, G. F. Gifi\>rd, Watershed Science Unit. Utah State University, IJMC 52, 149 pages.

1 52-041 9W-840-00 IMPACT OF WATER AND SOILS WITH HIGH SOURCESINK POTENTIALS ON IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog II, 2.04 IK.

1 52-042 1W-440-00 A MATHEMATICAL HYDRODYNAMIC CIRCULATION MODEL OF GREAT SALT LAKE FOR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 4.0041.

1 52-0423W-840-00 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES TO IDENTIFY AND PREDICT THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON THE SALINITY OF AGRICULTURAL RETURN FLOWS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog II, 5.1436. 152-0424W-800-00 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS AND THE IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES AND SALINITY

For summary, sec Water Resources Research Catalog II, 6.0048.

1 52-0425W-800-00 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR HYDROPOWER AND GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT

(/) Completed.

(g) The report proposes a heat exchanger system design which

is capable of utilizing warm and highly mineralized waters, and recommends that the design be constructed and tested on a demonstration basis.

(/i) An Energy Accounting Evaluation of Several Alternatives

for Hydropower and Geothermal Development, J. C. Batty,

J. P. Riley, W. J. Grenncy, D. A. Bell, PRJER-03I-I , Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah 84322. For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 11, 6.0124. 152-0426W-800-00 DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE PLANNING METHODOLOGY FOR DISPLAYING EFFECTS AND

ESTABLISHING PUBLIC PREFERENCE AMONG MULTI- OBJECTIVE WATER RESOURCE PLANS

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog II, 6.0125. 152-0427W-870-00 A STUDY OF THE OVERALL ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY

CONVERSION PROCESSES

(f) Completed.

(^) A mixed integer program was structured to identify the

least cost combinations of recycling and treatment alternatives that can be used to control the liquid, solid, and gas waste streams produced from a 7 50-megawatt coal fired steam electric power plant. 134
(/i) Cost Minimization for Coal Conversion Pollution Control: A Mixed Integer Programming Model, M F. Torpy. A B. Bishop, R. Narayanan, UWRL water Resources PUmmii)-

series l>-7^l<)()l. lllah Water Research Laboratory, UMC

X2, Logan, L'tah X4322. 152-0428W-860-00 INNOVATIONS IN DESIGN OF RURAL DOMESTIC WATER

SUPPLY SYSTEMS

{/) Completed.

(g) Peak instantanet>us How rates in a Utah rural system were measured continui)usly during two summers on three dead- end lines serving various members of customers.

(/i) Rural Domestic Water System Peak Flows and Design In- novations, T. C. Hughes, Y. Kono, R. V. Canfield, PRJER030-3, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan. Utah 84322. 152-0429W-860-00 THE IMPACT OF ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON UTAH WATER ALLOCATIONS

(f) Completed.

(g) This research used a linear programming model of the

agricultural and energy sectors of Utah to examine the economically efficient allocation of water between agricul- ture and energy.

(/i) The Impact of Energy Resource Development on Water

Resource Allocations, J E Keith. K. S Turna, S. Padunchai, R. Narayanan. Waer Resources Planning Series P-78105, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University. UMC 82. Logan, Utah 84322. 152-09076-890-33 FEASIBILITY OF STATE WATER-USE FEES FOR FINANCING WATER DEVELOPMENT AND COST SHARING

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology,

(c ) Dr. Daniel H. Hoggan.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation, applied research.

(e) As a result of decreasing appropriations of federal funds

for water projects in recent years, state and local govern- ments are feeling the pressure to finance a larger share of

the costs. One innovative approach to obtaining state funds for water development which appears to have

promise is the application of state water-use fees to many

or all of the major uses of water. This research project will analyze various use-fee arrangements to determine fund

generating potential and feasibility. (/) Completed

(/?) Water user fees imposed by a state on major water uses is a possible new alternative source of state water develop- ment funds.

(/i) A Study of Feasibility of State Water User Fees for Financing Water Development, D. H Hoggan, O. W. Asplund, J. C. Andersen, D. G. Houston, PRWC,l62-2, Utah Water

Reserch Laboratory. Utah State University. UMC 82. Logan, Utah 84322. 152-09078-860-33 OPTIMIZING CROP PRODUCTION THROUGH CONTROL

OF WATER AND SALINITY LEVELS IN THE SOIL

ih) U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Water Resources and

Technology.

(f ) Dr. J. Paul Riley, Professor (project coordinator).

(.d) Theoretical and experimental;applied research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses. (e) Field studies are being conducted to examine the response

of crops (in terms of dry matter and grain yield) to root

stresses applied at different stages of crop growth. Root

stresses are induced through both salinity concentrations

in the soil moisture solutions and by soil moisture deficiencies. A model will be developed for general application of

the results.

if) Completed.

()•) The research deals with both domestic and international water pri>blems involving crop productiand, namely, the influence of available soil moisture on soil salinity on plant

yields.

( h ) Optimizing Crop Production through Control of Water and

Salinity Levels in the SoiL 1. Steward, et al . PRW(;i51-I.

Utah Water Research Laboratory. Utah State University. UMC 82. Logan. Utah 84322. 152-10149-870-73 USE OF WARM AND/OR SALINE EFFLUENT WATERS FROM ELECTRICAL GENERATING POWER PLANTS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION

(h) Utah Power & Light Company.

(( ) Jay M. Bagley.

id) Field investigation, operation.

((') Explore management techniques for solving some of the prt)blcms of power generation and food production simul- taneously or in combination.

{^f) Discontinued (sec 152-10169-840-3 3). 152-10150-810-60 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS

(h) State of Utah

(<) E. Joe Middlebrooks.

(d) Field investigation, development.

(f) Describe and define the impact of recreational devcU>p- ment on mountain watersheds in a quantitative sense.

(/) Completed. 152-10151-210-70 TESTING A MCNALLY 24" BUTTERFLY VALVE

(h) McNally Pittsburg Mfg. Corporation.

(c ) Calvin G. Clyde.

(d) Experiment, operation.

(f ) Test of a large butterfly valve will verify its performance

prior to its acceptance by the buyer.

(/) Completed

(g) Results sent to sponsor.

( h ) Torque and Discharge Calibration of a 24-Inch Diameter

McNally/Pittsburgh Valve, J P. Tullis, June 1977. 152-10152-890-06 STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL

IN PHOSPHATE MINES IN RELATIONSHIP TO OP- TIMUM DESIGN OF SPOIL DUMPS

{h) U.S. Forest Service.

(<) Roland W. Jeppson.

(rf) Experimental, design.

(<?) Engineering and nutrient properties will be determined from each separately identifiable geologic formation constituting the overburden material of the phosphate mines

in Southeast Idaho by laboratory tests. (/) Completed.

(f>) The engineering properties of waste spoil from phosphate mines in .southeastern Idaho were determined through field and laboratory testing. Based on these properties, the slope stability and settlement characteristics of phosphate

spoil dumps were determined.

(/i) Engineering Properties and Slope Stability Settlement Analysis Related to Phosphate Mine Spoil Dumps in Southeast- ern Idaho, Hydraulics and Hydrology Series H-7S/0I, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University. UMC

82. Logan. Utah 84322. 152-10153-480-60 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CLOUD SEEDING POTENTIAL IN WINTER OROGRAPHIC STORMS

(h) State of Utah.

(c) Geoffrey E. Hill. (d) Field investigation, operation. 135
(<•) C'luud seeding material is injected into winter clouds by

aircrall upwind of a target area, wherein an instrumented

aircraft detects resulting changes

( / ) C ompleted.

( i;) The work on obtaining precipitation measurements suita- ble for objective computer processing methods, on making

quantitative measurements of supercooled water routinely, on making vertical air motion measurements, and on

releasing seeding material from aircraft and measuring in- cloud responses represents primarily a physically based ap- proach to research on cloud seeding efforts.

( It ) Research on Increased Precipitation by Cloud Seeding: Development Phase, Atmospheric water Resources A-78/03. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC X2, Logan, Utah 84322. 152-10154-480-60 CLIMATOLOGY OF HAILSTORMS IN UTAH-THE HAIL SUPPRESSION POTENTIAL BY CLOUD SEEDING

(/') State of Utah/Division of Water Resources.

(t ) Kenneth G. Hubbard.

((/) Experimental, development.

(t ) Identify and analyze the climatology of Utah hailstorms as

a means of determining the potential for hail suppression through the use of cloud seeding.

(./') Completed.

if;) Hail damage in Utah was examined for individual counties and the entire state. A survey of informal observers was

taken and the resulting data base was analyzed. Data from

the National Weather Service was also examined. County

hail damage figures average four to five percent of production and ranking of counties according to dollar damage

occurs in only four of the 29 counties. In many cases, the highest dollar damage occurred in the counties of greatest production which leads to the overall conclusion that the areas of highest dollar damage should receive the greatest concentration of hail suppression effort.

ill) Climatology of Hailstorms in Utah-The Hail Suppression

Potential by Cloud Seeding, K G Hubbard, Final Report. Apr 1977, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC S2, Logan, Utah 84322. 152-10155-480-06 COOPERATIVE DATA SYSTEM

(/') USDA/Wasatch National Forest Service.

(( ) Duanc G Chadwick.

iJ) Field investigation, data collection.

(< ) Gather data on wind energy and related parameters. 152-10156-860-60 EVALUATION OF CONSTRAINING ELEMENTS IN MAKING WATER USE CHANGES

(/'I State of Utah/Division of Water Rights.

ic) Jay M. Bagley.

iJ) Theoretical, development.

(<•) A guide, based on a systematic consideration of the factors involved in any change from one water use to another, will be developed for administrators who make decisions about

water change use applications. 152-10157-870-36 SEPARATION OF ALGAE CELLS FROM WASTEWATER

LAGOON EFFLUENTS

(/>) Environmental Protectu)n Agency.

(i I E. J Middlebrooks.

((/) Experimental, development.

(<) Develop a practical, reliable, c»>st-effcctive method for the removal and disposal of algae cells from waste stabilization lagoon effluents.

(/ ) Completed

{In Evaluation of Existing Intermittent Sand Filtration of Wastewater Lagi>ons, J S Russell. E. J Middlebrooks, U.

S. Environmental Protection Agency.

152-10158-860-60 THE BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SPECIFIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS PRODUCED BY

OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENT

ih) State of Utah.

(( ) V. Dean Adams.

iJ) Experimental, operation.

(() Evaluate the biological role of specific organic compounds

and the effects of salinity on the stream biota in the Colorado River Basin. 152-10159-860-60 HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF CON- SERVATION MEASURES ON UTAH RIVER BASINS

ih) State of Utah.

ic) Eugene K. Israelsen. id) Experimental, operation.

ie) Estimate the distribution of water quantity and quality in time and space resulting from implemented conservation measures in Utah river basins. 152-10160-820-60 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR

UTAH: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

ih) State of Utah,

(c ) John E. Keith. id) Theoretical, development.

ie) Economic analysis of the current groundwater use restric- tion and of various legal-institutional controls. 152-10161-870-60 MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR LIVESTOCK WASTE

RUNOFF CONTROL IN UTAH

ih) State of Utah.

ic) James H. Reynolds.

id) Experimental, operation.

ie) Identify and quantify the impact of animal fecdiot runoff on the water quality of Cache Valley, specifically; and of

the State of Utah in general. 152-10162-870-60 RESIDUAL HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY A WASTE- WATER GROWN ALGAE-INTERMITTENT SAND FIL- TRATION SYSTEM

ih) State of Utah.

(( ) Daniel S. Filip. id) Field investigation, operation.

(f) Feasibility of using phytoplanktonic algae to incorporate heavy metals from wastewater for subsequent removal by

intermittent sand filtration.

if) Completed.

ig) The technical feasibility of removing certain heavy metals from waste water using algae growing in the lagoons was

established. ih) Residual Heavy Metal Removal by an Algae-Intermittent Sand Filtration System, D. S. Filip, WA40II, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 82. Logan, Utah 84322. 152-10164-480-60 EXPERIMENTAL WEATHER MODIFICATION

ih) State of Utah/Division of Water Resources.

ic) Geoffrey E. Hill. id) Field investigation, development.

ie) What meteorological conditions are most suitable for in- creasing precipitation by cloud seeding. Precipitation amounts received during seeded storms are compared (by

use of a numerical prediction model) with amounts ex- pected if seeding were not done.

(/) Completed. 136
152-10165-860-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE MAP

FOR UTAH

I/.) Slate of Utah/Division ot Water Rights.

(, ) A. Loon Hubcr.

id) txperimcntal, design.

( < ) Develiip a better understanding of eonsumptive water use and will prepare maps whieh present the information in an

easily usable form.

(/) Completed. 152-10166-870-33 OVERLAND FLOW AND SPRAY IRRIGATION TO UP- GRADE WASTEWATER LAGOON EFFLUENT

(/>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(( ) Daniel S. Filip.

I J) Field investigation, operation.

(<-) Compare and evaluate overland flow and spray irrigation as final upgrading processes for municipal wastewater

lagoon effluent.

(/) Completed.

ig) Overland flow could be used as a nitrification-dentrification process if land costs were sufficiently low. The slow

rate system can be an excellent tertiary treatment method

if the groundwater is protected and no subsurface water

collection and discharge is required. (h) Evaluation and Comparison of Overland Flow and Slow

Rate Systems to Upgrade Secondary Wastewater Lagoon

Effluent, M. C. Kemp, D. S. Filip, D B. George. Water

Quality Series VWRL Q-7HI02. Utah Water Research

Laboratory. Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan, Utah

X4322. 152-10167-810-33 HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OF GRAZING SYSTEMS ON IN- FILTRATION AND RUNOFF: DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL

ih) Office of Water Research and Technology. U ) Gerald F. Gifford.

id) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Synthesizing from literature all available information re- garding impacts of grazing on infiltration and runoff.

(/) Completed.

(^') Background, development, usage, cautions, and future

{It) Hydrologic Impact of Grazing Systems on Infiltration and

Runoff: Development of a Model, G. F. Gifford, R. H

Hawkins, Hydrology and Hydraulics Series UWRL/H-79/Ol.

Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan, Utah 84322. 152-10168-630-33 A COST-EFFECTIVE SOLAR-POWERED WATER PUMP

Ih) Office of Water Research and Technology

(( ) Duanc G. Chadwick.

(d) Experimental, operation.

(<-) Perfect a prototvpe solar-powered water pump now in existence which will be cost effective for use on small farms

having a nearby groundwater or surface water supply that requires moderate lifting. 152-10169-840-33 POTENTIAL FOR USING WASTE WATER FROM ELECTRI- CAL POWER PLANTS FOR IRRIGATION

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(< ) R. John Hanks.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Possibility of using wastewater from electrical power plants

in a productive way-as an irrigation water supply.

(/) Completed

(/?) Based on two years of field data collected, it appears feasi- ble to use the saline wastewater from the plant for irriga- tion for several years. When excessive soil salinity will develop is not predictable from present knowledge.

(//) Potential for Using Saline Waste Water from Electrical Power Plants for Irrigation, R. J Hanks. R F Nielson. R.

L. Cartec. S. E. Ging. P. McNeil. L. S. Willardson. Utah

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 504. Utah State University. UMC 48. Logan. Utah X4322. 152-10170-860-33 A CHEMICAL MODEL OF HEAVY METALS IN THE GREAT SALT LAKE

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c ) J. J. Jurinak.

(d) Basic research, theoretical.

((') Formulation and validation of a thermodynamic model to define the natural physico-chemical processes that control

the solubility of heavy metals in Great Salt Lake brine.

(,/) Completed.

(g) The model was applied to predict the solubility of copper.

lead, cadmium and zinc in samples taken from the north arm of the Great Salt Lake, Utah,

(/i) A Chemical Model of Heavy Metals in the Great Salt Lake,

A. E. Van Luik. J. J. Jurinak. Utah Agricultural Experi- ment Station Research Report 34. Utah State University. UMC 48, Logan. Utah 84322. 152-10171-860-33 ESTIMATING THE UNCERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH

PREDICTED SALINITY LEVELS IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN

(/)) OftTcc of Water Research and Technology.

(<;•) William J. Grenney.

(d) Basic research, theoretical.

(e) Estimate the statistical uncertainty associated with predicting future salinity levels in the Upper Colorado River

Basin.

(/) Completed.

(g) This report demonstrates the feasibility of applying

stochastic techniques to linear water quality models.

ih) Stochastic Analysis for Water Quality, R. F. Malone. D S Bowles, W. J. Grenney, M. P. Windham, Water Qualit\ Series Q-79101. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan, Utah 84322. 152-10172-870-33 INVESTIGATIONS OF VIRUS REMOVAL FROM WATER

WITH AN EVALUATION OF A NEW VIRUS DETECTION PROCEDURE

Office of Water Research and Technology,

(c ) Rex S. Spendlove.

((/) Experimental, development.

(f ) Evaluate virus removal and inactivation capability of sand

filters used in water treatment. Determine the chlorination

inactivation rates of two model viruses in water of selected

quality. Determine in situ kinetics for virus inactivation in sewage lagoons and fresh water sources. Evaluate the fluorescent virus precipitin lest for use in routine screening

of water and wastewater for enteric viruses. Determine the potential use of reovirus as a standard in water studies. 152-10173-860-33 VULNERABILITY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS TO DROUGHTS

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology,

(t ) David S. Bowles.

(t/) Experimental, development.

((') A drought severity index will be developed to describe the

state of a drought as it affects beneficial uses of water. This index will be useful as a basis for 1 ) assessing the

relative vulnerability to drought of water supply systems:

2) prioritizing the use of funds for reducing drought vul- nerability of different water management alternatives; and

3) allocating water to drought susceptible communities 137
152-10174-860-33 152-1 1557-860-33 SALINITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE COLORADO RIVER

(/») Otticc ot Water Research and Techntildgy (regional pro- ject-Colorado State University, BLM. University ot Calitornia-Riverside. University of Arizona).

(< ) Jay C Andersen.

(J) Experimental, design.

(f) Designed to aid local, state and federal agencies in ameliorating the salinity problem of the Colorado River.

(,/) Completed.

(;?) Control costs were estimated with a physical model

developed to predict the response of soil, water, and crop

factors Input-output models were used to estimate indirect economic impacts.

(/i) Salinity Management Options for the Colorado River, J. C. Andersen, et al, Waler Resources Planninf- Series P-7SI03. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan. Utah 84322. 152-10175-800-33 OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS USING INTERACTIVE INTEGER PROGRAMMING-SIMULATION MODELS

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology,

(c ) William J. Grenney.

(d) Theoretical, design.

(e) Develop and apply integer optimization and simulation modeling to two important dimensions of water resources management problems.

(/) Completed.

(.g) A systems analysis methodology is presented for identify- ing the least cost combination of municipal water supply

facilities and operating rules. ih) An Integer Programming Methodology for Municipal/Regional Water Supply Planning, T. C. Hughes, P. E. Pugner, C. G. clyde, PRWGI98-2, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan, Utah 84322. 152-10176-800-33 STOCHASTIC MODELING OF WATER SURFACE ELEVATIONS FOR TERMINAL LAKES

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology/State of Utah,

(c ) L. Douglas James.

id) Experimental, design.

(f ) A technique for establishing the frequency distribution of

terminal lake stages at different time horizones will be developed.

(/) Completed.

(j?) Data on damages to 21 cost centers were collected, and a damage simulation model was developed to use them to estimate average annual damages under current conditions and benefits from lake level control efforts. Average an- nual damages to the mineral industry, railroads, highway,

wetlands, and other properties were estimated to be currently $1,550,000.

(/i) Estimation of Water Surface Elevation Probabilities and

Associated Damages for the Great Salt Lake. L. D. James,

D. S. Bowles, W R James, R V Canfield, Water

Resources Planning Series P-79103 Utah Water Research

Laboratorv, Utah State University, UMC 82, Logan, Utah

84322. 152-10177-860-33 IDENTIFICATION OF PRESUMPTIVE CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS RELEASED TO WATER SUPPLIES BY OIL SHALE

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology/State of Utah.

(t ) V. Dean Adams.

id) Field investigation, operation.

((') Determine the potential mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards posed by the development of oil shale in Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado.

WATER REQUIREMENTS AND POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF GAS PRODUCTION FROM LIGNITE SHALE AND OTHER CARBON SOURCES

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(< ) Daniel S. Filip. [d) Experimental, basic research, thesis. (() Lignite shale is very plentiful in the State of Utah, but it has not been processed because of its relatively low car- bon content. Gasification may be used to extract much of

this, now unused, energy, but the water research require- ments and pollution potential from this steam-requiring process must first be determined to insure prudent development of this resource in the near future. 152-11558-860-33 CALCIUM CARBONATE PRECIPITATION IN STREAMS AS CONTROLLED BY PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) Donald B. Porcella. (d) Experimental, basic research, thesis. (f ) Understanding of CaCO;, precipitation in streams may lead

to management alternatives by controlling salinity in irriga- tion waters in the Colorado River Basin. This would result

in considerable cost savings to agriculture in the Colorado

River Basin, up to $250,0()() per extra mg/1 of total dis- solved solids to irrigators in Imperial Valley. 152-11559-860-33 SALT RELEASE FROM SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS: A SIMU- LATION MODEL

{h) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(c) J. J. Jurinak.

(d) Theoretical, basic research. ((')This project will develop a simulation model of the physico-chemical processes involved in salt release from

transported suspended sediments. The importance of this diffuse source of salinity in the total salt load of a stream

has not been addressed. In the Upper Colorado River

Basin, this question must be resolved before salinity control measures can be evaluated. 152-1 1560-810-33 MANAGEMENT OF THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM IN AREAS SUBJECT TO COAL MINING ACTIVITES

{h) Office of Water Research and Technology/Utah Division of Water Resources.

(< ) J. Paul Riley. (d) Theoretical, basic research

(e) The project will identify and define the potential benefits

in terms of water supply quantities and water quality

(salinity and sediment loads) from coal mining activities. The research efforts will be directed towards examining

those mining techniques and management practices which

will create various possible hydrologic opportunities. 152-11561-340-33 AN EVALUATION OF TRADE OFFS AMONG WATER USE, AIR QUALITY, AND ECONOMIC COSTS IN POWER

PLANT SITING

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(< ) John E. Keith.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) This project will examine the effects on economic costs and water allocations of power plant siting alternatives necessitated by air quality standards. Water planners will benefit from this study in that the trade-offs between air quality and other uses can be examined

152-1 1562-800-33 OPERATING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MULTI-PURPOSE WATER DISTRICTS AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL IN- 138
STITUTIONS IN THE FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OK LAND AND WATER POLICY AND PROGRAMS

IN L'RBANIZIN(J AREAS

(/.) OtTicc of Walcr Research and Technology UWRL.

(. ) Jay M. Bagley.

iJ) Theoretical, basic research.

(<•) The interaction of older and more predominant w ucr

supply institutions and other institutions responsible for comprehensive land and water planning and management

needs to be analyzed in terms of how well activities and

pi>licies harmonize. Specific recommendations for legisla- tive/administrative changes will lead to improved operating

effectiveness. 152-11563-800-33 ENERGY ACCOUNTING AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING MAN-MADE WATER RECREATION

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology/USDI.

(( ) J. Clair Batty. {J) Theoretical, basic research.

(<-) The research will study the extent to which energy ac- counting can effectively complement or supplement economic benefit/cost analysis in assessing management al- ternatives for man-made water recreation facilities. The

study will specifically attempt to address the question: Would supplementing the nation's system of any large water recreation facilities by many smaller facilities closer

to population centers result in significant reductions of energy use? 152-11564-860-33 IN-CHANNEL SALT-SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN

(y>) Office of Water Research and fcchnology/UWRL.

(c ) David S. Bowles.

id) Theoretical, basic research.

ie) This research is designed to yield mathematical relation- ships that will describe 1 ) the interaction between dis- solved salts and constituent salt associated with the suspended sediments. 2 ) the rate of formation of ef- tlorcscence. and 3 ) the salinty contributions from the channel beds and banks. 152-11565-310-33 ESTIMATION OF FLOODS WHEN RUNOFF ORIGINATES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES

(/>) OWRT/Departmcnt of Computer Science, USU.

(<•) Ronald V. Cantleld.

iJ) Theoretical, basic research.

( (• ) Flood control requires precise knowledge of the distribution of flood height The problem of determining this dis- tribution when the runoff originates from nonhomogeneous sources has never been solved. Runoff may be due to spring rains, snowmelt. hurricanes, tropical storms, etc.. each of which mav have a different distribution of flood

height. 152-11566-870-33 ASPEN TO CONIFER SUCCESSION: A PROCESS AG- GRAVATING THE SALT POLLUTION PROBLEM IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN

(/.) OWRT/Dcpartmenl of Range Science. USU.

(• ) Gerald F. Gifford.

(J) Field investigation, applied research. (oThis project will provide land managers and practicing

field hydrologists some guidelines for adjusting measured

tleld infiltration rates to account for differences in drop

size, raindrop fall velocities, soil texture, slope, and compaction effect t<i enhance the widespread utility of data gathered with a variety of rainfall simulators under

something other than ideal conditions.

152-11567-840-33 PREDICTING CROP PRODUCTION AS A FUNCTION OF DROUGHT AND SALINITY STRESS UNDER IRRIGATION

(/>) OWRT/States of Utah, Colorado, California, and Arizona.

(( ) J. Paul Riley. (J) Field investigation, basic research.

(() This research will formulate and test models for predicting production functions of cnips under drought and salinity stress when irrigation is limited. Thus, these models can be used to predict drought and salinity effects on crop

production at other locations and times than when the research was done. 152-11568-850-33 DEFINING STREAM FISH MICROHABITAT REQUIRE- MENTS FOR WATER PROJECT PLANNING

(/>) OWRT/Department of Wildlife Resources, USU.

(( ) William T. Helm.

(d) Field investigation, basic research.

ie) This project will compare actual brown trout distribution

in streams with the microhabitat features of the streams, as a test of the validity of the grouping of habitat features. Validation should permit use of this newly developed

quantitative description of trout habitat in planning and

designing water-related projects to preserve or restore valuable environmental features necessary for good trout populations. 152-11569-860-33 THE EFFECT OF RISK OF DROUGHT ON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND WATER ALLOCATIONS: A PRO- GRAMMING MODEL FOR UTAH

(/)) OWRT/Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, USU.

(c ) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) This project will examine the effects of water variability, including drought episodes, on the economically efficient water allocations. The results should provide water plan- ners and administrators with information on probable water demands and optimal water allocations as energy development occurs. 152-11570-860-33 EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF WATER BETWEEN

AGRICULTURE AND ENERGY THROUGH OPTIMUM

TECHNIQUES OF WATER USE AND CONSERVATION

(/)) OWRT/UWRL.

(<) R. Narayanan.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(f) Water conservation and efficient use practices in agricul- ture releases water which can be used to meet growing de- mand from the energy sector. The net benefits from better water-use technologies are estimated in several hundred

million dollars in only the upper Colorado River Basin. The study will provide a basis for allocation decisions under conditions of uncertainty through efficient water 152-11571-860-33 USE OF SALINE WATER IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

(/)) OWRT/UWRL

(c ) C. Earl Israelsen. id) Theoretical, development.

((') Most of the energy reserves of the West arc located in semi-arid areas where water supplies are already overappropriated. However, there are often large quantities of

saline or brackish water located in the proximity of these energy reserves. This study will explore possible ways of converting these sources of low quality water from en-

\iri>nmental liabilities to economic assets. 139
152-11572-800-33 INDKX ( ONSTRUt TION FOR ( ON.IIINC TIVF, WATF.R AND

LAND MAINA<;FMKNT: A PROCESS TESTED ON A HH.H MOUNTAIN WATERSHED

(/.) OWR I/UWRI.

(, ) I. Dnuylas .l.imcs

(</) Kickl invcstigalion. opcriition.

(<) The pl.in uf the projoct is Id iiUcgrato CDiiccpts trom the well-beiny) sciences with economic criteria in planninj; land and related water use lor high mountain watersheds

( /( ) Prociidinus of a Workshop on Indux Construction for Use

in Hish Mountain Watershed Management. L D James.

F.ditor. (Iriu-nil Srnrs I HVRU(;-79/() I . Utah Water

Research l.ahoralorv. Utah State Universitv. IJMC H2. Logan, Utah S4322. 152-11573-800-60 REEXAMINATION OF THE RELATION AND ROLE BETWEEN STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES CONCERNED

WITH WATER SUPPLY AND WITH WATER QUALITY

PLANNING

(/)) State ot Utah.

(( ) Jay M Baglev.

(</) Theoretical, development

(<•) This research will develop a set of recommendations ef- fecting integration/coordinati<in of water resources and

water quality planniiTg and management programs in the Utah state government. 152-11574-860-60 CRITERIA FOR ACHIEVING AN EQUITABLE BALANCE BETWEEN UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM WATER

RIGHTS ON WATER SAVED BY INCREASED WATER

USE EFFICIENCY

(/)) State of Utah

(< ) R. Narayanan

(t/) Theoretical, basic research.

(<-) Alternative policy implication of equity considerations in allocating water conserved among users will be analyzed to provide trade-offs between economic efficiency and dis- tributi(mal goals 152-11575-870-60 USE OF GRANULAR MEDIA FILTERS FOR REMOVAL OF

ENTERIC VIRUSES FROM SECONDARY WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS

(/>) State of Utah

(( ) Dennis B George.

(</) Experimental, applied research.

(<•) The research is concerned with determining the ability of

152-11576-860-60 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SHIFTS IN WATER USE FROM AGRICULTURE TO COOLING FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ON SALINITY OF THE COLORADO RIVER

(/>) State of Utah

(< ) Jav M. Bagle\

(</) Theoretical, basic research

((•) This study will examine the salinity implicatii)ns from

water use options jhat involve shifting water from agricul152-1 1577-810-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A HVDROLOGIC DATA BANK FOR UTAH

(/') State of Utah

(< ) A Leon Huber

((/) Experimental, development

(() Operating procetlures anil system program specifications

will become the basis for a comprehensive data base system of which computer algorithms will be

acquiretl/developed to manipulte numerical type hydrolog152-11578-860-60 OVERCOMIN(; INSTITUTIONAL IMPEDIMENTS TO MORE

EFFICIENT WATER USE

(/.) State of Utah

(( ) Jav M. Baglcv

(</) Theoretical, basic research.

(() This research will investigate the institutional implications of making w;iter supply system improvements in a selected

river basin-the Weber River Basin-in Utah

152-1 1579-820-60 MINIMIZIN(; GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION ALONG

BASIN MARGINS IN THE ARID WEST-PHASE !: ALLU- VIAL FANS. BACKGROUND SURVEY. AND SYSTEM

DEFINITION

(/)) State of Utah.

(< ) Calvin G. Clyde.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(<-) The problems of recharge and contamination of basin-margin aquifers will be identified and study sites selected as a prelude to later phases

152-1 1580-860-60 ASSESSMENT OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AS PRODUCED BY CHLORINATION IN UTAH AND NA- TIONAL WATER AND WASTEWATER OZONATION AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHLORINATION

(/>) State of Utah.

(< ) V Dean Adams.

{J) Experimental, applied research.

(<') This research will evaluate selected public drinking water

supplies in Utah as to the levels of chlorinated organics

with particular emphasis on the trihalomethanes (THM).

152-11581-870-60 EVALUATION OF SLOPED ROCK-GRASS FILTRATION AND COMPARISON WITH OVERLAND FLOW AS A TREATMENT FOR WASTEWATER EFFLUENT

(/>) State of Utah

(< ) Daniel S Filip. (J) Field investigation, operation.

(<) The cost effectiveness and increased efficiency of sloped

rock-grass filtration will be reflected by routine analysis

for solids, oxygen demands, and nutrient levels at all phases of treatment. 152-11582-390-60 FEASIBILITY OF USING GLAUBERS SALT FOR EFFI- CIENTLY STORING SOLAR ENERGY

(/>) State of Utah.

(( ) Duane G Chadwick

(</) Experimental, basic research. (cjThis research involves laboratory and prototype models

using Glauber's salt and other enteric materials lor storing

solar energy more efficiently and economically than is presently possible using rocks or water. 152-1158^60-40 THE IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON WATER USE. COMMUNITY WATER MANAGEMENT AND WATER

RIGHTS

(/.) State of Utah

(< ) J Paul Rilev

(</) Theoretical, basic research

(<) This study will make a detailed analysis of how water needs and uses change with urbanization lor the purpose 140
of pri>viiling information useful in planning and formulating water management policy. 152-11584.860-31 THE IN-CHANNEL PROCESSES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO

THE SALINITY OF THE PRICE RIVER, UTAH

Ih) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation,

(c ) J. Paul Riley. (d) Field experiment, basic research.

(e) This project is providing an increased understanding of both natural and man-induced processes which contribute

to the salinity of the Colorado River. 152-1 1585-870-60 IMPACTS OF WATER QUALITY DISCHARGE PERMIT PROGRAMS ON WATER RIGHTS ADMINISTRATION

(h) Utah Division of Water Rights.

(< ) Jay M. Baglcy.

id) Theoretical, operation.

(/) Completed. 152-11586-870-36 ASSESSMENT OF THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF APPLYING DOMESTIC WASTEWATERS TO THE LAND

(h) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(t ) James H. Reynolds.

(J) Field experiment, operation.

(e) This study was conducted to determine the long-term ef- fects of applying wastewater to the land.

(/) Completed.

152-11587-210-88 COLLECTING AND EVALUATING PROTOTYPE DATA IN A PIPELINE SYSTEM

(h) Colorado State University,

(c ) J. Paul Tullis. (d) Experimental, operation.

(e) This research is designed to obtain information on how

rapidly and under what conditions air comes out of solu- tion and its influence on over-pressurization. 152-11588-350-75 MODEL TESTING OF SPILLWAY FOR NORTH POWDER

RIVER PROJECT

(h) CH2M Hill. (c ) Calvin G. Clyde.

id) Experiment, design.

(e) Model testing to evaluate various design alternatives and

provide data so as to help make the completed project as

safe, economical and efficient as possible.

(f) Completed.

152-11 589-1 30-82 INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT FOR MEASURING

TWO-PHASE MASS FLOW

(h) Electrical Power Research Institute.

((•) J. Paul Tullis. (d) Experimental, development.

(f ) This research will develop a meter which will measure mass flow when a mixture of air and water Hows through a

pipeline. 152-11590-220-88 EROSION CONTROL DURING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

(/») Transportation Research Board

(<) C. Earl Israelsen. id) Experiment, development.

</) Completed.

(g) This research provides a way of predicting the quantities of erosion that may be anticipated from construction activities and of determining the magnitude of the control ef- fort that needs to be applied to minimize erosion effects.

( /i ) Manual of Ero.sion Control Principles and Practices, C. H. Israelsen, Hvdnuilus and //v,/r.,/,.,i,M Sriu:-. H,p„ri //-

7fil()t)2. Utah Water Research Laboratory. Utah Slate University. UMC S2, Logan, Utah X4.122 152-11591-710-00 SOLID STATE DKJITAL RECORDIN(; DEVICE FOR REAL

TIME DATA COLLECTION

(() Duard S. Woffinden.

(d) Experiment, design.

((•) The development of a digital recording systcin which will record data on a real time basis as it is collected and then

play it back directly into a computer without any manual

steps. 152-11592-440-00 GREAT SALT LAKE POTENTIAL AS A COLLECTOR OF SOLAR ENERGY

(< ) J. Paul Riley. (d) Theoretical, basic research.

(<') This research will begin the exploratory investigation into the energy producing potential of the Great Salt Lake

needed to define the studies required to determine the

feasibility of extracting solar energy. 152-11593-860-60 UTAH'S 1977 DROUGHT

(h) Utah Divisi<)n of Water Resources.

(c ) Trevor C. Hughes.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(c) Document the impact of the drought, describe the drought

relief measures, and to assess which proved effective and

(_f) Completed.

{g) Drought impacts upon several sectors of the economy plus the extensive responses of all levels of government in the form of drought relief programs are described and quantified.

(//) Utah's 1977 Drought, T. C. Hughes, C Bigler, J. Olds. R.

Griffin. E. A. Richardson. L. D. James. N. Stenquist. J. Harvey. Water Resources PhmniiiK Series UWRL/r-7S/()7. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Uta State University. UMC S2. Logan, Utah 84322. 152-11594-810-310 DESIGN IMPROVED SEEDING CRITERIA

(/>) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation/Utah Division of Water

Resources,

(c ) Geoffrey E. Hill. (d) Field investigation, design.

(e) Development of improved seeding criteria and evaluation procedures will lead to improved and reliable technology

for increasing the water supply by snowpack augmenta- 152-11595-860-36 SAFE DRINKING WATER SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT AS- SESSMENT

ih) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

(< ) Donald B. Porcella.

id) Experiment, basic research.

(f) Thc project will inventory water storage systems and

aquifers to estimate the potential for contamination of the

aquifers. 152-11596-630-88 TESTING A 24-INCH SWING CHECK VALVE AS PER WESTINGHOUSE INQUIRY

(/>) Colorado State Univcrsitv.

(c) }. Paul Tullis. id) Experimental, operation.

(e) The valve will be tested to determine what range the valve causes loud snapping noises 141
152-1 1597-340-73 A RKSOI RC E SURVEY OK HYDROELECTRIC POWER

POTENTIAL IN UTAH

(/>) Utah Power and Light Cmnpanv.

I, ) C-alvin C. Clyde.

(</) Theoretical, basic research.

(<) This project will survey and summarize the hydroelectric

152-1 1598-310-38 AGENCY PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINATION OF PRO- JECT DESIGN FLOOD

(/>) U S. Water Resources Council.

(, 1 L. Douglas James.

!</) Theoretical, development.

(, ) Ot't'icials trom U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Soil Conservation Service, Bureau ot Reclamation, and the Tennessee

Valley Authority were interviewed to determine how project design Hoods for reservoirs and levees are actuallv

selected. 152-11599-630-05 LOW COST INSTANTANEOUS PUMP EFFICIENCY MONI- TOR

(/') U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS

(< ) Calvin G. Clyde

((/) Experiment, development.

(<) This effort will develop low cost instrumentation which

will enable well owners, consultants, and others to monitor when maintenance is needed.

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF AAARINE SCIENCE, COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Department of Physical Oceanography and Hydraulics, Gloucester Point, Va. 23062, Dr. C. S. Fang, Department Head.

153-09165-400-60 COOPERATIVE STATE AGENCIES (CSA) ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MODELING PROGRAM

(/>! Virginia State Water Control Board, Richmond, Virginia

(i ) A. Y. Kuo, Senior Marine Scientist. id) Experimental, including field investigation and numerical

modeling; applied research.

(<) A sequence of water quality models is being developed for Virginia estuaries for use by planning agencies as a management aid. The James, York, Rappahannock, and

several smaller estuaries are included. The project com- menced with one-dimensional salinity intrusion and dis- si>lved oxygen models of the major estuaries but has ex- panded to encompass dynamic modeling, modeling of nitrogenous BOD and two-dimensional and two-layer

mi>deling Also planned are ecosystem models including

the nutrient cycle and the growth of phytoplankton

tfi) Field studies indicate that low oxygen conditions and high

algal populations occur on a U>calized and seasonal basis, indicating the need for modeling to assess the impact of development on critical conditions. Estuarine stratification and water quality are clearlv infiuenced bv the annual

hydrolog.c cycle.

'

( /i 1 A Water Quality Study of the Eastern Branch of the Elizabeth River. G C Ho, A Y Kuo. B J Neilson. 17M.S SKAMSOL .V,. 126. 1477 Hydrography and Hydrodynamics uf Virginia Estuaries. XL

Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Pian- katank E.stuary. H S Chen. P V. Hyer. A Y Kuo. C S Fang. I'IMS SKAMSOL .\',> 124. \977. A Water Quality Study of Buchanan Creek, A Small Tributary of the Lynnhaven Bay System. G C Ho. A Y Kuo. R J Neilson. I'IMS SRAMSOh .\<>. 127. 1477.

Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. XIV. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Chickahominy Estuary. H S Chen. A Y Kuo. C S Fang.

C. Cerco, 17M.V SRAMSOli N<i. 155. 1979. Mathematical Model Studies of the Ecosystem in the Upper

Tidal James. A. Rosenhaum, A. Y. Kuo, C S Fang. C. Cerco, VIMS SRAMSOE So. 155. 1979. 153-09875-720-50 EOLE BUOY DATA PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION

(/') National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( Langley Research Center).

(< ) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. id) Experimental, field investigation, applied research.

(<') Examine data from drifting buoys which were released near Chesapeake Light and other locations on the Virginia continental shelf and tracked by the French EOLE satellite. The relations between the buoy tracker, weather conditions, and hydrographic structure are being examined.

(,/) Completed.

(/i) The Use of the EOLE Satellite Systems to Observe Continental Shelf Circulation. E P. Ruzecki, et. al. Offshore

Tech. Conf. May 1977.

Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS)-NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) EOLE BUOY Program. C. S. Welch, AIAA Tech. Comm. Marine .Syslem.-! and Technohgie.-. Sym[> Free Drifiin>> Buoys. 1974. 153-09876-450-00 ON THE IMPORTANCE OF NORFOLK CANYON AND CON- TINENTAL SHELF WATER CIRCULATIONS

(c ) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist.

((') This study is intended to determine the importance of sub- marine canyons as an avenue of exchange for waters between the continental shelf and continental slope areas.

(/i) Ph.D. Di.s.seriaiion. Evon P. Ruzecki, University of Virginia.

1 53-09877-450-34 OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF BENCHMARK STU- DIES-PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

(/)) U.S. Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Manage-

(i ) E. P. Ruzecki, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and micronutrients (nitrites, nitrates, and phosphates) at approximately 50 stations will be used to identify water masses in the study area. Data will be presented as crossshelf sections of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen

and density ( sigma-t ) and also as T-S plots for each station or group of stations.

1 53-09882-400-60 CHINCOTEAGUE BAY SYSTEM HYDROGRAPHICAL AND WATER QUALITY SURVEY STUDY

(/)) Maryland Department of Natural Resources; Virginia State Water Control Board; Virginia Institute of Marine Science.

(< ) C S. Fang. Department Head. Senior Marine Scientist. id) Field investigation, design.

((') A joint project involving the states of Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware has been undertaken to quantify the existing water quality of and the non-point pollution sources into the Chinco'teaguc-Sinepuxent-lsle of Wight-Assawoman

Bay complex. VIMS has reviewed and analyzed existing physical, biological, and chemical data, to design a detailed sampling program of the coastal basin. VIMS has developed two mathematical models; one to calculate the nonpoint wasteload. the other is to simulate the circulation of the Bav.

(,/) Completed.

(i;) The nonpoint source model can quantify the loading ac- cording to the land use plan. The hydrodynamic model 142
can predict the hydrographical changes in the Chin-

(/() Index of Existing Data Sources for Chincoteague Sunepuxent. Assawoman and Littli- Assa woman Bays. P. V. Hyer. J JacobsDn. C. S. Fang. Repi>rt to: Maryland Department of National Resources. Nov. 1975.

intensive Hydrographical and Water Quality Survey of the Chincoteague/Sunepuxent/Assawoman Bay Systems, C. S. Fang. J. P Jacobson. A. Rosenbaum, P. V. Hyer. VIMS

Special Scientific Rcpuri \„. <S2, June 1977.

Intensive Hydrographical and Water Quality Survey of the Chincoteague Sunepuxent; Assawoman Bay Systems. Vol.

III. Nonpoint Source Pollution Studies in the Chincoteague Bay System. I /,V/.S SRAMSOE \<>. <S6. A Mathematical model of Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. J Vaccaro and J Jacobson. VIMS SRAMSOE No. 121. 153-09887-870-68 DAM NECK CURRENT ANALYSIS

(/)) Hampton Riiads Sanitation District Commission through Malcolm Pirnic Engineers,

(c ) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist,

(t/) Experimental, applied research

(t-l An analysis of current meter data gathered by EG&G during summer and fall 1973 offshore from Virginia Beach.

Va., is being performed. The object of the analysis is the determination of current parameters of interest in design and construction of a sewage treatment plant outfall dif- fuscr. Those discussed include mean current, tidal ellipses for the M^ tide, currents during winter storms, definition of the winter storm season and currents during hurricanes.

(/) Completed.

(^') Current records and meteorological records have been

searched and interpreted to estimate some current related

factors in the vicinity of Dam Neck, Virginia. The current data consists of approximately 30 day current meter

records taken in summer 1973 and drogued buoy tracks recorded in autumn, 1972. Estimated quantities include vector averaged current, maximum anticipated current as- sociated with winter storms, tidal current ellipses, the seasons during which winter storms can be expected, and

the keys to the end and beginning of the winter (stormy)

season in any given year

(/i) Dam Neck Current Analysis Study, C. S Welch, K P

Kilcy. VIMS SRAMSOE So. 151. 1971. 153-09888-450-34 ANALYSIS OF THE GLLF STREAM INTERACTION IN THE

SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT

(h) Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management),

Environmental Research Technology, Inc. (ERT).

(<•) Chris Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist.

(t/) Theoretical, applied research, data interpretation.

(<•) The strength of interaction between the Gulf Stream and

the continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and Cape

Canaveral is being investigated. The technique of in- vestigation involves remote sensing data and analysis of hvdrographic data. A report containing the estimates will be submitted to BLM via ERT.

(/) Draft report completed and being reviewed.

(^) Satellite image data were found to be an inct)mplcte source because of cloud cover and limited depth penetration. The Blake Plateau was found to be a singificant data

gap. Spinoff eddies and longshore intrusions were sug- gested as separate shelf-Gulf Stream interactions important on an event scale. A several times per year oscillation was

found in Raleigh Bay. This oscillation, found in previous

studies is yet to be understood

(/i)The Use of Remote Sensing in Studying the Physical Oceanography and Meteorology of the South Atlantic OCS

Area. J. c. Haves, P. Kirshen, J. Bowley. C. Welch, B. Bernard, Offshore Teclin,,lo^\ Conference. 1978.

( Parts of ) Summary and Analysis of Physical Oceanographic and Meteorological Information on the Continental

Shelf and Blake Plateau from Cape Hatteras to Cape Canveral. Draft report to: Bureau of Land Management

(through) Environmental Research and Technology. Inc. L'navailahle pending acceptance 153-11157-370-60 JAMES RIVER HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY FOR THE

PROPOSED THIRD CROSSING OF THE BRDIGE-TUN- NEL AT HAMPTON ROADS

(/7) Commonwealth of Virginia Highway Department. Virginia

Institute of Marine Science.

(< ) C. S. Fang. Department Head. Senior Marine Scientist.

i.d) Experimental, development.

((-) An analysis of the expected changes to the physical and

geological environment and stability of the Hampton

Roads region, near the Newport News point, is being produced based on the existing data and the results of two

hydraulic model studies. The model studies include hydrographic, confetti and gilsonite test runs of the James River Model at the Waterways Experimental Station of the Army

Corps of Engineers in Vicksburg, Mississippi.

( h ) James River Hydraulic Model Study with Respect to the Proposed Third Bridge-Tunnel Causeway in Hampton

Roads, C. S. Fang, C. S. Welch, T. Brooks, R. J. Byrne, Report to: Commonwealth of Virginia Highwav Depart- ment, Mar. 1979. 153-11158-400-68 HYDRODYNAMIC AND BIOGEOCHEMIMCAL WATER

QUALITY MODELINGS

(h) Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency; Virginia State Water Control Board; Virginia Institute of Marine Science.

(( ) H S. Chen, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Applied research.

(f) A finite-element circulation and phytoplankton ecosystem model was developed, calibrated and verified for the lower

tidal James River (from the mouth to the confluence with

the Chickahominy ). This model was used to analyze vari- ous proposals for point and nonpoint pollution abatement

for the Hampton Roads 208 study. ig) A depth-average two-dimensional hydrographical and

biogeochemical water quality model has been developed. The biogeochemical water quality includes ten constituents; namely, salinity, coliform bacteria, phytoplankton, organic-N, ammonia-N, nitrite-nitrate-N, organic-P,

inorganic-P, CBOD and DO deficit. The model is applied

to simulate the water elevation, circulation and water

quality in the lower James River, Hampton Roads.

( h ) Hydrodynamic and Biogeochemical Water Quality Models

of Hampton Roads, H S Chen, VIMS SRAMSOE No. 147. 1978 Mathematical Simulation of Flow Circulation and

Biogeochemical Water Quality, H. S. Chen, Abstract presented at Virginia Academy of Science. 56th Ann.

Mtg., May 1978. A Mathematical Model for Water Quality Analysis. H S. Chen, Proc. 26ih .Ann. Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf. A.SCE. Aug. 1978.

1 53-1 1 1 59-400-60 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WATER QUALITY IN A NETWORK WATERWAYS SYSTEM

(/>) Virginia State Water Control Board; Virginia Institute of Marine Science.

(( ) H. S. Chen, Assoc. Marine Scientist.

(<-) A study to develop a hydrodynamic and water quality model in a network waterways system. The system not only includes the effects of physical and bitichemical causes but also accepts the input of point and nonpoint

waste sources. The model is then applied to a real 143
153-11160-450-58 A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT FLOOD

LEVELS IN CHESAPEAKE BAY DUE TO STORM SURGE

(/))Thc Federal Insurance Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development

(r) J. M. Zeigler, Asst Director.

id) Applied research

(c) Develop a rational storm surge model tor bay-ocean

waters and apply to Chesapeake Bay. Flood-level frequen- cy in the hay is determined through joint probability analysis to assess 'the insurance rate.

if) Completed.

(^) A depth-averaged two-dimensional finite-clement storm

surge model consisting of a hydrodynamic model and a hurricane model has been developed. The model is applied

to predict storm surge level in the Chesapeake Bay. Water

circulation is a byproduct. Joint probability analysis is then employed to combine storm surge tides and astronomical

tides to calculate flood-level frequency in the bay.

(/i) Volume I. Storm Surge Height-Frequency Analysis and Model Prediction for Chesapeake Bay. J D Boon. C S Welch, H S. Chen, R. J. Lukens, C. S Fang, J. M. Zeigler, yiMS SRAMSOE No. IH9 (Draft), June 1978. Volume II. A Finite Element Storm Surge Analysis and Its Application to a Bay-Ocean System, H S Chen, VIMS SRAMSOE No. 189 (Draft). June 1978

153-1 11 61 -870-60 MODELING KEPONE TRANSPORT IN THE JAMES ESTUA- RY OF VIRGINIA

(/)) Commonwealth of Virginia.

(c ) A. Y. Kuo, Sr. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, theoretical, applied research.

((') Kepone is a highly persistent, toxic pesticide, which con- taminates the entire James Estuary of Virginia as a result of carelessness in production and in waste disposal. To

help assess the mitigation feasibility and evaluate mitigation alternative, a model of physical transport of kepone is being developed. Field studies found that the major portion of kepone in the water body is adsorbed to the sedi- ment particles. Therefore the kepone transport is modeled

as a two-phase process: the dissolved phase and adsorbed

phase. 153-11162-400-00 THE EFFECT OF WIND ON CURRENTS IN A MODERATELY STRATIFIED ESTUARY

(r) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. id) Data analysis, basic research. Master's thesis, K. Kiley (College of William and Mary).

(e) Current meter and meteorological records from the VIMS

data bank are being used to assess the relation between

wind and current in the York River, a moderately

stratified estuary. The observed relations are being compared to various theories. 153-11163-870-60 ELIZABETH RIVER WATER QUALITY MODEL

(h) Virginia State Water Control Board.

(c) C. F. Cerco. Asst. Marine Scientist id) Field study, applied research.

((') Formulation of a real-time ecosystem model of the Elizabeth River System, located on the southside of Hampton Roads, Virginia has been completed. The model predicts time-varying longitudinal variations in salinity, or- ganic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, or- ganic phosphorous, ortho-phosphorous, chlorophyll, CBOD, dissolved oxygen and coliform bacteria. Both point and nonpoint source pollutants may be included as inputs.

if) Completed.

ig) The Elizabeth River drains the urban areas of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Chesapeake, Virginia. The model shows

the most significant deficit to the D. O. budget is benthal

oxygen demand The model also shows that density in- duced circulation due to variable salinity stratification greatly affects water quality in the river system. 153-11164-870-60 SALT MARSHES AS NON-POINT SOURCES OF BIOCHEMI- CAL OXYGEN DEMAND

(/') Virginia State Water Control Board,

(c ) C F. Cerco. Asst Marine Scientist. id) Field study, applied research. Master s thesis. J. Swcencv

(College of William and Mary).

(t-) A study is being conducted into the existence and extent of the nitrification phenomena in the portion of the upper

tidal James River extending from Richmond to Hopewell,

Virginia Water quality surveys are being employed in conjunction with a real-time nitrogen model of the river to determine the best form of bacterial kinetics which may be used to model nitrification in the river. (g) Bacterial surveys show that nitrifying bacteria exist in both

the water column and sediments of the James River. 153-11165-860-60 WATER QUALITY IN A SMALL TIDAL CREEK

(/j) Virginia State Water Control Board,

(c ) C. F. Cerco, Asst. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research.

(t') A study is being conducted to determine the natural conditions in the creek. A water quality model is formulated

to simulate the water quality in the creek and to determine

the impact of the efficiency of the treatment facility with regard to the natural condition. 153-11166-860-60 ECOSYSTEM MODEL OF THE YORK ESTUARY

(h) Virginia State Water control Board; Environmental Protection Agency (through) Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency.

(( ) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) A ten-component ecosystem model was constructed,

calibrated and verified for the York River. The model components were: salinity, fecal coliform, three species of

nitrogen, two species of phosphorous, chlorophyll, car- bonaceous BOD and dissolved oxygen. The model had two

layers to include the effect of the great depth of parts of

the York. The calibration data were collected in two in- tensive surveys in June and July, 1976. The model was

verified according to a low water slack run of September

13, 1976.

if) Completed.

(g) The York was found to be oligotrophic and light-limited, owing to the high turbidity of the water. Secondarily, phytoplankton growth is nitrogen-limited. Dissolved ox- ygen exceeded five ppm, except in the deep layers (greater than 12 m) at the downstream end, which were depleted

of oxygen. The bulk of the nitrogen occurred in the or- ganic form, while phosphorous was about evenly split between organic and inorganic. In the process of tuning

the model, a sensitivity matrix was drawn up, summarizing

the response of each component to each input constant. On a percentage response basis, nitrate plus nitrite was

found to be the most sensitive component, owing to its

(/i) Water Quahty Model of the York River, Virginia, P. V. Hyer. VIMS SRAMSOE No. 146. Nov. 1977. Ecosystem Model of the York River, Virginia, P. V. Hyer. Paper presented to Virginia Academy of Science. May

1978.

Verification of a York River Ecosystem Model, P. V. Hyer. Paper presented to ASCE Specialty Conf. VerifUalion of Mailiematuat and Physical Models in Hydraulic Engrg.. Aug. 9-1 1. 1978. 144
153-1 1 167-860-«0 WATER QLALITY MODELING AND PROJECTIONS FOR

THE BACK AND POQUOSON RIVERS, V IRGINIA

(/)) Virginia State Water Control Board; Environmental Protection Agency (through) Hampton Roads Water Oualitv Agency.

(< ) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist. id) Field investigation, applied research.

(<-) Branched one-dimensional phytoplankton ecosystem models were calibrated for the Back and Poquoson Rivers, then used to test proposed plans for abatement of nonpoint pollution for the Hampton Roads 208 study. Field data for calibration and verification were collected in the summer of 1975.

(/) Completed. Water quality in these rivers was generally good; however,

coliform levels often exceeded standards and were notably

high immediately following rainstorms.

(/i) Water Quality Models of Back and Poquoson Rivers, Virginia, P. V. Hver. A. Y. Kuo. B. J Neilson, VIMS SRAM- SOE .V». 144. June 1977. 153-11168-400-60 ECOSYSTEM MODELS FOR THE RAPPAHANNOCK

ESTUARY

(h) Virginia Stale Water Control Board.

(< ) P. V. Hyer, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (J) Field investigation, applied research.

( t- ) Ten-component ecosystem models are being constructed,

calibrated and verified for the Rappahannock. One model

will cover the reach from Fredericksburg to Port Royal; another will cover the entire estuary to the mouth. The

model components are; fecal coliform, three species of

nitrogen, two species of phosphorus, chlorophyll, car- bonaceous BOD and dissolved oxygen. The second model

includes salinity also. Calibration and verification data were collected in the summers of 1977 and 1978.

(S) The reach of the Rappahannock upstream of Port Royal is capable of achieving phytoplankton bloom conditions. This

part of the river seems to be dominated by point sources, whereas farther downstream, point sources are few and far between.

153-1 1699-400-OO OBSERVATION OF THE SUDDEN DESTRATIFICATION IN THE YORK RIVER

(c ) C. S. Welch, Assoc. Marine Scientist. (d) Field investigation, basic research. Master's thesis, F. Hol- dcn (College of William and Mary),

(f ) An experiment was planned and carried out to observe the sudden destratification in the York River predicted to occur in August, 1978 by L. Haas.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering, Departnnent of Civil Engineering, Blacksburg, Va. 24061. Dr. R. D. Walker, Depart- ment Head.

154-09170-860-33 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF STREAMFLOW AND WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE CHOWAN RIVER

(/>) Office of Water Research and Technology.

(<) D. N. Contractor. Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Two computer programs have been developed. The first is an implicit fiow-routing model for the Chowan River

system. This program can take into account lunar and

wind tides. The second is a program which solves for the concentration of the following water quality parameters; BOD. COD. phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and four

nitrogen parameters (organic, ammonia, nitrite-nitrate, algal). The four nitrogen parameters arc solved for simul- taneously. The results from the computer program have been compared with measured field data and reasonable agreement was obtained. (^;)The results of the computer simulation show that algal concentrations can become very high in the summer

months when the temperatures are high and the nt>ws arc

low. The relative contribution of each major source of

nutrients to the algal concentration has also been ob-

(/i) Nitrification Rates in the Chowan River Basin of Virginia, C. T. Spangler. Ill, M.S. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., VPl &

SU, Dec. 1975. Low Temperature Nitrification Kinetics in the Chowan

River Basin of Virginia, V. A. Miller, M.S. Thesis, Dcpt

Civil Engrg., VPI & SU, July 1976. Optimization of River Cross-Section for Use in Flood Routing Model. C. Tiyamani, M.S. Thesis, Dept. Civil Engrg., VPI & SU, Mar. 1977. Mathematical Modeling of Streamflow and Water Quality

in the Upper Reaches of the Chowan River, D. N. Contractor, P. H. King. Bulletin 119, Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Blacksburg, Va., 1979. Simulation of Algal Growth in the Chowan River, D. N. Contractor, Proc. 26 ih Ann. ASCE Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf., Verification of Mathematical and Physical Models

in Hydraulic Engrg., Univ. Maryland, College Park, Md.,

pp. 253-264, Aug. 1978.

1 54-O9906-20O-OO DETERMINATION OF MANNING'S COEFFICIENT FOR OVERLAND FLOW USING A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

(f ) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) Manning's coefficient "n" for open channel fiows with

vegetative growth are available in the technical literature. However, when routing rainfall excess over a watershed

area, the appropriate "n" values to be used as a function

of land use are not available. This study is directed at obtaining these values using an optimization technique

together with a finite element model of overland fiow. The

South River watershed near Waynesboro, Va., is used as a

test area. For a given rainfall, the program first calculates

the rainfall excess and then routes the excess over the land and then in the stream. Comparisons are made between

the computed and measured streamflows at Waynesboro. The error between these two curves is systematically reduced by the optimization technique. The optimized "n"

values will be tested for validity using other storms. 154-11169-810-05 SPATIAL REPRESENTATION AND HYDROLOGIC MODELING

(h) Hydrograph Laboratory, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville Agri. Research Center, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

(( ) D. N. Contractor, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; Ph.D. thesis. (e) A finite element model of overland flow and stream flow has been developed to simulate the runoff from a watershed due to a given rainfall. This model has been

tested in many watersheds and for many storms and has

given satisfactory results. This model will be used to study

the quantity of soil sampling data that is necessary to properly model the runoff. It is apparent that the cost of data collection and computer simulation increases rapidly

as the quantity of data increases, thus, it is desirable to be

able to use a minimum quantity of data necessary for a given level of accuracy of output of the model. This study

is an attempt at defining that minimum quantity of soil sampling data. 145
154-11170-830-33 AIMM.K ATION OF UNITE ELEMENT MODEL TO PREl)K I SEDIMENT LOADS FROM AGRICLLTLRAL WATERSHEDS

(/.) Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Ottice of Water Research and Technology.

(, ) D. N C\)ntractor, Assoc. Professor.

(</) I heorelical; apphed research.

(() This study will combine an existing finite element storm hydrograph model with relationships tor sediment detachment and transport and route the resulting sediment

concentrations through the stream. The model uses a dis- tributed parameter analysis that accounts tor spatial and

temporal variations of those factors relevant to the processes of soil loss and sediment transport. This ap- proach provides the modeling framework to meet a critical need in the implementation of erosion control measures.

(X') Preliminary runs of the sediment model show that the sedi- ment ei>ncentration graph is roughly similar to the Uow

hydrograph. This behavior has been observed before and is to be expected. The model will be verified against measured sediment concentrations from different watersheds.

( /i ) A Finite Element Hydrologic Model to Determine the Effect

of Land Management Practices on Erosion and Sedimentation in a Watershed. B B Ross, V O Shanholtz, D N

Contractor, Paper N,>: 7X-2507, Winwr Mi^.. Amer. Soc.

Afiric . Eii^r., Chicago. 111.. Dec. X-20. 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, Chemical Engineering Depart- ment, Charlottesville, Va. 22901. Dr. J. L. Hudson,

Chairman.

155-10015-120-00 VISCOELASTIC FLUID BEHAVIOR

(( ) Dr. L. U. Lillclcht, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical for Doctoral theses.

(() Investigation of the kinematics and the stress fields near

the stagnation point with polyisobutylcne solutions flowing

in T-shaped and in expanding/contracting channels.

(/ ) Temporarily suspended.

(j,') Velocity field was determined by Lascr-Doppler- Anemometry and the normal stress differences by flow

birefringence. These data were used to evaluate a number

of constitutive equations. A "stagnant" zone of finite thickness was detected near the stagnation point.

(/() Kinematics of Plane Stagnation Flow, A Berker. L U Lil- leleht, Indiisiriut and Engineering Cliemisiry Fundamentals,

15:4. 425-430. 1977. VOUGHT CORPORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

CENTER, P.O. Box 226144, Dallas, Tex. 75266. Dr. F. W. Fenter, Vice-President, Vought Corporation Research and Advanced Technology.

156-09925-250-20 COMPLIANT WALL DRAG REDUCTION

(/)) Office of Naval Research.

(< ) Dr C. H. Haight. Manager. Aerodynamic and Propulsion Research.

(</) Experimental; basic research.

(<) Evaluate systematically the effects of compliant membrane/substrate properties on turbulent skin friction. This

is directed towards the achievement of a practical means

for reducing drag on hvdrodvnamic vehicles.

(/ ) Completed.

(.i;) Rotating disk and water channel tests of candidate compliant surfaces have been completed Results ha\e priv vided parameter data to eliminate significant ranges of

ill) Hydrodynamic Drag Measurements on Compliant Surface

Disks. T. D. Reed, G. R Hough. Report No. li-9U00IHCR77. June 197S. 156-11171-250-20 ACTIVELY-DRIVEN COMPLIANT WALL

(/>) Office of Naval Research.

(< ) Dr. C. H. Haight, Manager. Aerodynamic and Propulsion Research.

(d) Experimental; basic research

(f) Investigate the hydrodynamic drag reduction potential of

actively-driven compliant surfaces in turbulent flow.

Identify promising driving systems and carry out water

ig) Various active driver concepts have been assessed. Initial studies of a magnetically driven membrane/ferrofluid have been undertaken to identify kev parameters and determine

feasibility. WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albroolc Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environ- mental Engineering, Pullman, Wash. 99164. Professor John A. Roberson, Laboratory Head.

157-09196-340-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF ROCK TRAPS-HELMS PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT

(/)) Pacific Gas and Electric Company,

(i ) Claud C. Lomax, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(f) Study determined the coefficients of two surge tank ori- fices and the effectiveness of the tunnel rock traps.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies of Surge Tank Orifices and Tunnel Rock Trap. C. L. Lomax, A. F. Babb, Teeli. Repi. HY5/77. Minimum Reynolds Number for Physical Model Similarity, A. F. Babb, J. Amorocho, C. C. Lomax. ASCE Hydraidies

Div. Con/.. Aug. 9-11, 1978. 157-10132-300-34 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE YAKIMA

RIVER FOR ANADROMOUS FISHERIES

ih) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries

(<) Howard D. Copp, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

id) Field investigation, applied research, development.

(f) Determine stream fiowrates that are conducive to spawning and rearing by Pacific salmon species in the Yakima River, Washington. Systematic measurement of

velocities and depths at various fiowrates have been made

over a period of I 8 months. Comparing these with known

spawning and rearing habitat of the species, preferred spawning and rearing discharges have been identified at eight locations along the 200 mile river and/or sites on

tributaries to the Yakima River.

ig) Existing fiow regimes arc conducive to spawning and rear- ing at most locations studied. In some instances, regulated low fiows may have to be increased. Riverbed erosion and

deposition would hinder egg survival in certain locations. Future man-induced effects should be implememted with

the spawning characteristics firmly in mind.

( // ) Hydraulic Characteristics of the Yakima River for Anadromous Fish Spawning. H D Copp, J. N Rundquist,

Tecli. Rept HY-2177. 1 12 pages, 1977. 157-10134-300-88 LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION OF THE UMATILLA RIVER FOR ANADROMOUS FISH SPECIES

(/)) Cimfedcrated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. U ) Howard D. Copp, Professor & Hydraulic Engineer.

id) Experimental, theoretical, applied research 146
(<•) Hydrologic water balances were developed tor several watersheds comprising the Umatilla basin above

Pendleton. Oregon. Historical runoll patterns were

developed and were compared with those required for spawning and rearing by anadromous t"ish. IJngaged

slreamtlows were predicted on the basis of geomorphie

parameters developed b\ other researchers. These compared quite favorably with intermittent measurements made on those streams. Water availability fi>r augmenting

low summer flows and an examination o( streamflow regulation possibilities were completed,

(/i) Geomorphology, Hydrology, and Streamflow Management

in Upper Umatilla River Basin, Oregon. H. D. Copp, Tech.

Repi. HY-4/77. 49 pp.. Sept. 30. 1977. 157-11172-870-75 WASTE HEAT EFFLUENT DISPERSAL FROM A SUB- MERGED MULTI-PORT DIFFUSER

ih) Ebasco Services, Inc., New York; Washington Public Power Supply System. Richland, Washington.

(c) Howard D. Copp. Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental: applied research; operations.

(e) Dispersion of heated effluent from a multi-port diffuscr submerged in the Chchalis River. Washington, was ex- amined on a 1:12 scale hydraulic model under a variety of low flow regime stream conditions and diffuscr tlowrates and temperatures. Dispersion mechanics were studied in the model through measurement of stream temperatures

via a bank of 230 thermistor units. Experimental measure- ments were made with a steady downstream river flow regime as well as under a number of different tidal conditions. The intent was to determine whether the planned

diffuser operation would meet the state of Washington

water quality standards. Relationships between momentum

flux ratios and densimetric Froude number and the arcal extent of various dilution factors were developed. These

were then interpreted in view of water quality standards in a possible mixing zone. Parts of this study will be presented to the State of Washington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council in a hearing by that group to study a modification request for operating permits for two thermal

nuclear electric energy deselopment plants. (h) Thermal Hydraulic Model Studies of the Diffuser Per- formance, Washington Public Power Supply System, Nuclear Power Project Nos. 3 and 5. Chehatis River. Washington, H. D. Copp. Tech. Repi. HY-2/7H. 97 pp.. Dec. 1978. (This is a popularized version of a technical re- port yet to be prepared. This report was prepared specifi- cally for the Site Evaluation Council.

)

157-11173-210-00 FLOW IN ROUGH CONDUITS

(c ) John A. Roberson, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental and theoretical: basic research for Ph.D. the-

(e") Previous basic research has developed the method for predicting the resistance to flow in artificially roughened conduits and in rock bedded streams. This research is primarily focused on developing the method to analytically predict the resistance in commercially rough conduits.

(g) The method developed allows flow resistances to be pre- dicted from traces of roughness profiles of the conduit. The method is applicable to partially rough or fully rough

pipe and it has revealed new concepts about flow in rough 157-11174-030-54 EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE ON THE PRESSURE DIS- TRIBUTION AND VIBRATION OF ANGULAR BODIES

(h) National Science Foundation.

(t ) John A. Roberson. Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(</) Experimental and theoretical: basic research for M.S. thes-

(e) Investigate the effect of free-stream turbulence on the pressure distribution, drag and vibration of angular bodies.

(/) Completed.

in) Results show that the pressure distribution is markedly in- lluenced by free-stream turbulence and that the extremes

of pressure are attenuated by decreasing height to width

ratio of the body It was also found that the level i>f turbu- lence intensity and damping ratio ha\c ilistinct .ind unpredictable effects on the aeroelastic \ ihr.it loii of squ.irc and

H-sections if the onset velocity is less than ihc reson.int ih) Pressure Distribution on Model Buildings at ,Small Angles

of Attack in Turbulent Flow, J A Roberson. C T Crowe.

I'nn. 3ni U.S. Null. Conf. Wind Lnf-ri;. Kescarcli. Feb. I97X. Univ. of Florida. Gainesville. The Aeroelastic Vibration of the Square and H-,Shaped Sections in Turbulent Cross Flows, J lee. M S //i< v;v, Dept

of Mech. Engrg.. Washington State IJniv . Pullman. Wash..

197X. 157-11175-010-54 A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW

OVER A VERY ROUGH SURFACE

(h) Partially supported by National Science Foundation.

(c) John A. Roberson. Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

id) Experimental and numerical modeling: basic research for M.S. thesis, (e) Considering the local drag of roughness elements with

elevation as well as the resistance of the boundary on which the elements are placed, a numerical model was

developed to predict the velocity distribution over a boundary on which tall roughness elements are placed. The

velocity distribution is given above the tops of the ele- ments as well. Also this model predicts the shear stress produced by the boundary.

(^') The numerical results compare very well with experimental results.

( /i ) The Velocity Distribution Below the Tops of Uniform Roughness Elements, D K. Carlton. M.S T/kv/v. Dept. of

Civil and Environmental Engrg.. Washington State Univ.. Pullman, Wash. 99164. 1979. 157-11176-340-52 A RESOURCE SURVEY OF LOW-HEAD HYDROELECTRIC

POTENTIAL IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION

(h) U.S. Dept. of Energy, Sponsor: Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, Prime Contractor: Washington Water

Research Center, Subcontractor.

(< ) Claud C. Lomax, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(f) Project will determine the potential energy available in natural streams, at dams not currently used for power

generation, and at irrigation structures. The data will be analyzed and summarized to show the potential MW and GWH developments at various exceedance flow. This will be done for all Washington streams wherever the average annual flow exceeds 35 cfs and the power available ex- ceeds 200 kW.

(/i) A combined report for the states of Idaho. Montana.

Oregon, and Washington is being prepared bv the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Report on the Washington data are planned as independent projects. 157-11177-030-54 EFFECT OF TURBULENCE ON THE PRESSURE DISTRIBU- TION IN THE VICINITY OF ROUNDED CORNERS OF

PRISMATIC BODIES

(h) Partially funded by National Science Foundation

(< ) John A. Roberson, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The pressure in the vicinity of rounded corners of

prismatic bodies was measured for different intensities of

free-stream turbulence and different degrees of rounding.

(/) Suspended.

Experimental results show that high levels of turbulence

intensity produces a much lower pressure coefficient in the

vicinity of the rounded corner than for low levels of turbu- 147
I /( I FrL-ssurc Distribution on Model Buildings at Small Angles

of Attack in Turbulent Flow. J A. Robcrson, C T. Crowe.

/V... . .?/-</ //.\. ,V<///. 0>„l. Wind Ln^rf-. Rcsain h. Feb.

I'>7S. Univ. of Florida. Gainesville. 157-11178-400-33

C IRC LLATION IN RAKER BAY

(/') Ollice ot Water Research and Technology.

(< ) John A. Roberson. Professor and Hydraulic Engineer: Howard D. Copp, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

iJ) Theoretical; applied research.

((') A two-dimensional model is being developed to predict the

velocity distribution in Baker Bay (Baker Bay is near the mouth of the Columbia River). The object of the model is to assist in the development of measures to alleviate sedi- mentation problems of the navigation channels in Baker

Bay

(.<;) The initial model has been developed. 157-11179-850-60 DEVELOPMENT OF A MACHINE FOR THE RESTORATION OF SALMON STREAMS

(/>) Washington State Department of Fisheries; National Marine Fisheries Service; State of Washington Water

Research Center.

(< ) Walter C. Mih. Assoc. Professor.

(d) Experimental; M.S. thesis project.

((-) Increased fine sediment from logging, construction and

farming activities continues to cause a loss of salmonid spawning habitat by reducing intragravcl water flow necessary for egg incubation. A detailed review of gravel cleaning methods reveals that the best alternative is the use of

high velocity water jets coupled with suction system to dislodge and remove the silt. Optimum jet diameter, jet velocity, and suction hood configuration have been deter- mined from laboratory testing results. (K) A prototype machine is being designed and built.

(/il A Review of Restoration of Stream Gravel for Spawning

and Rearing of Salmon Species, W C Mih, Amer. Fisheries

S,>i. 3, No l,pp. I 6- IK, Jan. 1978

Hydraulic Restoration of Stream Gravel for Spawning and

Rearing of Salmon Species. W C Mih, Tecit Repi. HY3I7H. State of Washmgton Water Research Center, Pull- man. Wash. '^9164. 157-11180-320-00 DESIGN OF RIGHT-ANGLE BENDS IN BAFFLED CHUTES

(< ) David T. Higgins, Associate Professor.

(</) Experimental; applied research.

(<•) Centrifugal How effects lead to a nonuniform flow distribu- tion in the reach of the baffled chute downstream of the bend. This causes more scour than that found below

straight chutes. A series of tests in a 1:12 model seeks ways to minimize the additional scour. 157-11181-300-00 ANALYSIS OF BASIN CHARACTERISTICS. STREAM FLOW

AND CHANNEL GEOMETRY OF THE ST. MARIES

RIVER BASIN IN NORTHERN IDAHO

(< ) John F. Orsborn. Chairman and Professor. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering.

(</) Experimental field work to confirm theoretical and

parameteric analysis: basic research: M.S. thesis project.

(<•) A geomorphic. hydrologic and hydraulic analysis of the in- terrelationships between basin geomorphic characteristics (area, stream length, and basin relief), average precipitation, average annual flows, flood flows, low flows, channel

width, depth and velocity, and substrate size is being con- ducted to develop a new parameteric-process model for ungaged flow prediction and p<itential impact analysis.

(,1;) Preliminary correlations of basm. flow, and channel

characteristics have been developed.

157-11182-350-75 MAQARIN SPILLWAY PROJECT

(/>) Harza Engineering Company.

(< ) Alan F Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(</) Experimental: applied research; development.

(<-) Hydraulic model investigation of a twin-tunnel spillway conveying water from a gated crest structure to a downstream flip bucket. Special attention will be given to the development of aeration devices to prevent the occur-

(./) Initial phase. 157-11183-870-00 HYDRAULICS OF INLETS TO SETTLING BASINS

(< ) Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; applied research; M.S. thesis project.

((') Study to determine the effect of various geometries on the uniformity of flow entering a settling basin. 157-11184-450-00 THE EFFECT OF RESERVOIR FLUCTUATIONS ON CIRCU- LATION IN RECREATIONAL EMBAYMENTS

(c ) Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; applied research; M.S. thesis project.

(f ) Use of a physical model of a generalized embayment configuration to measure flow exchange bctwen the embay- ment and the reservoir, and to examine the effects of embayment size, opening size and location, and presence of second opening of flow exchange and circulation patterns. 157-11185-200-00 THE PREDICTION OF ENERGY LOSSES IN SUB-CRITICAL OPEN-CHANNEL EXPANSIONS

(() Alan F. Babb, Professor and Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; applied research; M.S. thesis project, (f ) A study to adapt diffuscr theory to the prediction of losses

in open channel expansions.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, College of Fisheries, Fisheries Institute, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Robert L. Burgner, Institute Director.

1 58-06834-850-45 CHUM SALMON SPAWNING CHANNEL

(/)) National Marine Fisheries Service (Anadromous Fish Act

(c ) Dr. E. O. Salo. (d) Experimental field investigation; applied and basic research: two Ph.D. and two Masters theses projects are being supported.

(<') An experimental stream and hatchery have been built at the University of Washington's field station on Big Beef

Creek, Hood Canal. These facilities are being used to ex- amine the affects of sexual selection on overall mating pat- terns in chum salmon; evaluate parental affects on progeny

viability and growth; determine the possibility of maximizing fry production in spawning channels by controlled su- perimposition of adults; assess the practicality of improving spawning beds by the addition of various amounts of

gravel: delineate the behavioral responses of female sal- mon to different gravel compositions: and examine the ethological isolating mechanisms used by Pacific salmon to prevent genetic introgrcssion.

(,1;) Overall mating patterns in chum salmon populations varied depending on the amount of male intrasexual competition. Moreover, females showed preferences for large and socially dominant partners. It was found that egg size af- fected fry size at emergence but paternal age and size at maturity did not influence progeny growth or viability during a rearing experiment that lasted 14 weeks. Data in- 148
ilicalcd lhal successive groups ot chum salmon could util- ize the same spawning areas if previously deposiled eggs were allowed lo hecome immune lo mechanical shock.

Hgg-to-lry survival was ^improved in areas^ containing high placed over them bel'ore spawning occurred. Moreover,

female chum salmon exhibited preferences for spawning

gravels with low concentrations of sand. The investigations dealing with ethologicai isolating mechanisms in salmon

have indicated that both visual and olfactory information may play roles in species identification,

(/i) Annual reports of work are available for the years 1972

through 1977. One Ph.D. Dissertation and three Master

Theses have been completed. Moreover, one additional Ph.D. Dissertation and two more Masters Theses will be

available by January 1980. 158-11208-850-73 SKAGIT RIVER FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS

(/)) Seattle Citv Light.

(< ) Dr. Robert L. Burgner. Director, FRI.

id) Field investigation; applied research; one Ph D thesis project and three Master's theses projects were supported.

((') Establish ecological baseline data for the aquatic environ- ment of the Skagit River between Newhalcm and Concrete

and c<intribute information relevant to three Seattle City

Light projects: High Ross Dam. Copper Creek Dam, and

relicensmg of the Skagit Project. The results provide a

basis to assess the present and predicted reservoir-related

effects of the Skagit Project on the downstream fishery resources of the Skagit River.

(/) Completed.

(g) Exposure to desiccation during flow fluctuations reduced

the periphyton standing crop and the density of benthic in- sects in the Skagit along the stream margins. The degree

of reduction during periods of hydroelectric peaking was

related to the amount of time the substrates were exposed

during dewatering, with the least amount of reduction on

deeper, less frequently exposed substrates. Community composition of aquatic insects in shoreline areas of the Skagit was also affected by flow nuctuation. Species susceptible to stranding or intolerant to exposure

to desiccation were eliminated or reduced in the marginal

areas of the river. The resulting community composition was dissimilar to composition in deeper, unexposed areas

of the Skagit and to composition in the unregulated Sauk

and Cascade rivers. Crustacean zooplankton survived passage through the hydropower dams on the Skagit, as evidenced by the large number of unbroken, viable specimens collected in the

tailrace stations and in the Skagit River below Gorge Dam.

Feeding on zooplankton by salmonid fry appeared

sporadic and opportunistic. Zooplankton was available to salmonid fry as far downriver as the Concrete Station, about 37 river miles downstream of Gorge Powerhouse.

Incubation studies were conducted using eggs from Skagit River chinook. pink, chum, and coho salmon to determine

the temperature unit (TU) requirements to hatching and

yolk absorption for these species and to assess the effects of the present temperature pattern on salmonid egg incu- bation and timing of fry emergence. Eggs were incubated

in the mainstcm Skagit River and at sites warmer and

cooler than the Skagit. The developmental rate and TU requirements to hatching and yolk absorption for Skagit chinook salmon were shown to be influenced by mean incubation temperature and egg size. The relationship with egg size was that the

larger and heavier eggs required more TU's to yolk absorption than did the smaller and lighter eggs. Egg size and

fry size were shown to be related; the larger the egg. the

larger the resulting fry. For eggs of similar size from a sin- gle female chinook. the TU requirements were shown to be highly correlated to mean temperature during the incubation period. Confounding effects are possible when both

factors vary simultaneously. The observed effects of mean

incubation temperature suggest that the developmental

rate was altered by a compensating mechanism so that at higher temperature more TU's were required and at lower temperature fewer TU's were required. Such a mechanism

would presumably imprt)ve fish survival by tending to maintain their emergence at a specific time of year when

environmental conditions are more favorable. The mean number of TU's required to mean hatching was

981. 953, 816, and 777. for Skagit chinook, pink, chum,

and coho salmon, respectively, incubated in the Skagit

River, whereas 1930. 1692, 1561, and 1298, respectively, were required lo mean yolk absorption. Salmonid fry were collected regularly in the Skagit River and in the unregulated Sauk and Cascade rivers through

April 1978. Size, condition, and diet were determined for captured fry. For chinook, rainbow-stcelhcad, and coho fry in our study

area, there generally was an initial period after first emergence with little increase or even decline in mean length, weight, and condition factor. Within each species, the size and condition at all sites were similar during this period. This initial level period is thought to be partly due to continual emergence of fry from the gravel through this After the initial level period, there was a tendency for chinook, coho, and rainbow-steelhead fry from the unregulated Sauk River to be larger and to have higher condition

factors than fry from the unregulated Cascade River and

the regulated Skagit River during the same week in 1975 and 1976, except for rainbow-steelhead and coho fry in

fall and winter. Fry from the Skagit River tended to be

smallest and have the lowest condition factor. Aquatic insects were the most important component by number in chinook, pink, chum, coho, and rainbow-steel- head fry diets in the Skagit, Sauk, and Cascade rivers. In general, chironomids and Ephemeroptera nymphs were the two most important groups of aquatic insects. Water level fluctuations caused by fluctuations in power

generation at Gorge Dam can result in the stranding of sal- mon fry in the upper Skagit River. Of the many factors in- volved in stranding, the rate of flow reduction (ramping

rate ) and the level of minimum flow were suspected as being most important. Analyses of these factors indicated

a correlation between stranding mortality and both ramping rate and the level of minimum flow. Quarterly sampling was conducted in the mainstem Skagit

for fishes other than salmon and adult steelhead trout. Mountain whitefish was the most abundant species captured, composing about 89 percent of the catch, followed by largescale sucker at 6 percent, Dolly Varden char at 3 percent, and rainbow-steelhead trout at 2 percent. Other species captured incidentally during our sampling

were; Brook trout, thrccspinc stickleback, sculpin, brook

lamprey, and longnose dace. There was a noted absence of

cutthroat trout in Skagit tributaries within the study area,

(/i) Assessment of the Reservoir-Related Effects of the Skagit

Project on Downstream Fishery Resources of the Skagit

River. Washington, J P Graybill, R L Burgner, J C

Gislason, P. E. Huffman, K. H. Wyman, R. G. Gibbons, K. W. Kurko, O. J. Stober, T. W. Fagnan, A. P. Steyman, D. M. Eggcrs, Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. Washington, Final Rept. FRI-UW-7905. 602 pp., 1979. The Effect of Dam-Related Temperature Changes on the Early Life History of Chinook Salmon in the Skagit River.

R. G. Gibbons, M.S. Tlu-.sis. Univ. Washington, 63 pp.. 1977.

Investigations on the Amount of Potential Spawning Area

Available to Chinook. Pink, and Chum Salmon in the Upper Skagit River. Washington. K. W Kurko, M.S. Tlic.s-

/.v. Univ. Washington. 76 pp.. 1977. 149
The Effects of Flow Fluctuation on Benthic Insects in the Skagit River, J. C. GIslason, I'li D. Thesis, Univ. WashingIon ( in preparation ). The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Availability,

Diet, Size, and Condition of Skagit River Juvenile Sal- monids, P E Huffman, M.S. Tlicsi.s. Univ. Washington (in preparation). Information about the above pubhcations can be obtained

from: Ms. Dorothy Beall. Fisheries Publications Office, Fisheries Research Institute WH-IO, University of Washington, Seattle. Wash. 98195. 158-11209-850-60 EFFECTS OF LOGGING STUDY, CLEARWATER RIVER SYSTEM

(h) Washington state Department Natural Resources,

(c ) Dr. E. O. Salo and C. i. Cederholm.

(d) Field and laboratory investigation; applied research: one

Ph.D. and eight Masters theses projects are either completed or underway.

(e) We have determined that sedimentation caused by construction, use and maintenance of logging roads is a sig- nificant cause for increases in the levels of "fine particles

(less than 0.85 mm diameter) in substrates of streams used by salmon for spawning and rearing. Studies are on the ef- fects of sediments on coho salmon, and steelhead and

cutthroat trout habitats. The change in salmonid population size, recruitment, and production is correlated to changes in habitat and with ocean and rivers fishery harvest. (g) Fluctuations in abundance of juvenile salmon and trout may be caused by a combination of over-harvest and poor

logging practices. Approximately one thousand gravel samples from areas used by salmon and trout for spawning

have been analyzed in the past six years. Statistically sig- nificant positive correlations exist between miles of logging road versus the amount of spawning gravel siltation. Laboratory stream studies indicate that juvenile coho sal- mon may not avoid water with suspended sediment levels several times greater than what occurs in nature. Static bioassay experiments indicate a wide seasonal range of tolerance levels. Removal of debris from streams had little effect on numbers and biomass of trout immediately after alteration and

prior to winter. Subsequently large reductions did occur

over the first winter but these losses were short term. Studies are continuing on the impacts of logging and as- sociated practices on the fisheries habitat and resources of

the Clearwater River. 158-11210-850-31 BANKS LAKE FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS

(h) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Pacific Northwest Regional

Office and Columbia Basin Irrigation Project.

(c ) Dr. O J Stober.

(d) Basic and applied research, design, operation and develop-

(e) A net barrier l,34i m in length was developed to screen

adult kokanee from the main irrigation canal intake in Banks Lake, the equalizing reservoir for the Columbia

Basin Project. The net barrier was operated during two

years. A comprehensive evaluation of the population in- cluded canal entrainment sampling estimation of the spawning population in the reservoir, sport catch, and

behavior of screened individuals. The impact of reservoir drawdown on kokanee egg and fry survival was evaluated by trapping emergent fry at depth intervals in the spawning areas. Rule curves were developed to allow fry emergence.

(g) Annual canal entrainment of kokanee declined from 60-67

percent before to 18-3 percent after installation. An esti- mated 35,381 adults were retained in the reservoir during

1978. A creel census estimated anglers caught 46,427 kokanee in 1978. The catch per angler hour was 0.250

while all other species declined to 0.042. The net barrier was successful in retaining kokanee for the sport catch and spawning in the lake. Spawners concentrate along talus shoreline areas at depths between 1 .5 and 4.6 m below full pool. Drawdown was found to reduce year class strength due to the dessicatit)n of eggs and fry. Drawdown should be limited to 5.18 cm/day during the fry emergence period

to allow survival. (h) Development and Evaluation of a Net Barrier to Reduce

Entrainment Loss of Kokanee from Banks Lake, Q. J. Stober, R W. Ryler, C. E. Pctrosky, R. Johnson, C. F. Cowman, J Wilcock, R. E. Nakatani. Final Repori April 21. 1977 t„ March 31, 1979 to U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 243 pp. Operational Effects of Irrigation and Pumped Storage on

the Ecology of Banks Lake, Washington, Q. J. Stober, R. W. Tyler, J. A. Knutzen, D. Gaudet, C. E. Petrosky, R. E. Nakatani, Final Report June 1973 to Sept. 1977 to U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 297 pp. 158-11211-850-33 CEDAR RIVER FISHERY INVESTIGATIONS

(h) State of Washington Water Research Center; Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of In- terior, City of Seattle Water Department and Washington

State Department of Fisheries.

(c ) Dr. Q. J. Stober.

(d) Basic and applied.

(e) The factors controlling reproduction and early develop- ment of sockeye salmon are being investigated including augmented low flows, uncontrolled floods and density-de- pendent mortality. Estimation of fry survival and production in the river under several environmental regimes will determine the water and fisheries management require- ments resulting in optimum production.

(g) Low fiows during the spawning season were augmented as the season progressed to maximize the use of the area

available to spawners. Higher egg deposition efficiencies occurred on reaches where spawning area accumulated

with an increase in discharge. Substrate scouring due to a flood (249.3 m'^/s) reduced egg/alevin densities by 50.6 and 96.6 percent on two reach types sampled. The

presmolt-to-spawner ratio ranged from 5.8 following the flood to 20.2 following augmented low flow and no flood. Fry production during two years was 1 .76 x 10" and 22.8 x

10" representing survival rates of 0.81 and 8.1 percent during flood and nonflood years. A sustained loss of spawning habitat due to the loss of spawning gravel was

found to persist following major flooding. These results should help to establish an efficient escapement goal for the Cedar River sockeye and find application on salmon

streams affected by hydroelectric spawning area to benefit

fish production.

(/i) Effects of Discharge in the Cedar River on Sockeye Salmon

Spawning Area, Q. J. Stober, J. P. Graybill, Final Report to City ofSeattle Water Department. FRI-UW-7407. 39 pp., 1974. Instream Flow and the Reproductive Efficiency of Sockeye Salmon, O J Stober, R E. Narita, A. H. Hamalainen. Completion Report for Matching Grant Project, OWRT

Proj. B-065-WASH, OWRT Agreement 14-31-0001-6132, Washington Water Research Center, Seattle Water Dept. and METRO, Univ. Washington, Fisheries Research In- stitute, FRI-UW-7H08. 124 pp., 197 8. Prespawning Mortality and the Reproductive Efficiency of Cedar River Sockeye Salmon, O J Stober. S Crumley. R.

L. McComas, Supplememtal Completion Report for Matching Grant Project, OWRT Proj. B-065-WASH. OWRT Agreement No. 14-31-0001-6132, Washington Water Research Center, Seattle, Water Dept. and METRO, Univ. Washington, Fisheries Research Insitute. FRI-UW-7809. 53 pp.. 1978.

150
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle. Wash. 98195. Professor Neil M. Hawkins. Department Chairman.

159-10182-410-00 TIDAL INLET STUDIES

(( ) Professor E. P. Richcy or Professor R. E. Necc.

(t/) Field investigation, basic research; Master's thesis.

(<•) Field studies of the hydraulics of two half-tidal inlets on

Puget Sound, Washington. Attention focused on stability of inlets across gravel beaches.

(It) Hydraulics of Two Small Gravellv Tidal Inlets, D. Simpson,

M.S. Thesis, completed. Changes in Beach Equilibrium Caused by a Backwater at a Small Tidal Inlet. A. Murray. M.S. Thesis, in process. 159-10183-470-13 MIXING AND FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUAL- ICUM SMALL BOAT BASIN

(/>) Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District,

(t ) Professor E. P. Richey.

{(1) Experimental, applied research; Master's thesis, (f ) Design of basin with regard to optimization of tidal flush- ing action and internal mixing.

(_/") Completed.

(/i) Squalicum Small Boat Basin: Flushing Characteristics by

Hydraulic Model. E P Richey, N. H Smith, C. W. Harris Hydraulics Lah. Tech. Repi. N„. 55. Dec. 1977. 159-10189-810-00 ANALYSIS OF EXTREME HYDROLOGIC EVENTS

(/>) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

the Interior; Seattle Water Department; State of Washington Department of Ecology.

(( ) Professor S. J. Surges.

(d) Theoretical numerical analysis.

(f) A linear programming formulation was used to determine

the maximum (or minimum) probability associated with a given magnitude event subject to satisfying moments and a unimodal spline approximated density function. Extensive Monte Carlo studies are being conducted to determine the importance of uncertainty in small sample moments. Populations coefficient of variation and skews 0.6, 1.14; and

1.0, 2,0 respectively have been examined. Confidence bounds obtained by the method are comparable to those corresponding to the base distribution from which samples

(/i) A Linear Programming Approach to Estimating Probability Bounds for Extreme Flood Events. J. O Noetzelman, M.S.

Thesis. 1976. A Non-Parametric Approach to the Analysis of Extreme

Hydrologic Events, D. P. Lettenmaier, S. J. Surges, Proc.

Inll. Symp. Risk and Reliability in Water Resources. Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, pp. 853-872, 1978. 159-10193-810-33 IMPROVING RESERVOIR OPERATION THROUGH

FORECASTING INTRASEASONAL SNOWMELT RUNOFF

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology; City of Seattle; State of Washington Department of Ecology.

(< ) Professor S. J. Surges.

id) Theoretical basic and applied research.

(f ) The worth of a forecast is estimated by using a change

constrained linear programming formulation of reservoir operation. Economic returns from forecasts having differ- ing refinements arc estimated. A model for obtaining conditional monthly flow distributions given a total seasonal runoff forecast was developed to provide relevant conditional distributions for the chance constrained model. Two

types of total seasonal snowmelt runoff volume forecasts were used to determine which had greatest utility. A relatively simple model which extended the basic Tangborn

model to choose when to incorporate snow course data

proved to be quite effective. Attempts to calibrate and use

the detailed snowmelt model used by the Sacramento Office of the National Weather Service were less successful. (Further work is being done with this model.)

(/) Completed.

(/i) Worth of Snow Course Data in Forecasting Snowmelt Runoff, D. P. Lettenmaier, Proc. WorkshopI Mtg. Modelinf; of Snow Cover Runoff. U.S. Army CRREL, Hanover, N.H.,

Sept. 1978. Incorporation of Forecasted Total Seasonal Runoff Volumes

Into Reservoir Management Strategies, K. Hoshi, S. J. Surges, Proc. Inll. Symp. Risk and Reliahiliiy in Water

Resources, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada, pp. 853-

872. 1978. Incorporation of Forecasted Seasonal Runoff Volumes Into Reservoir Management, S. J. Surges, K. Hoshi, Tech. Rept. 58, Nov. 1978. Forecasting Seasonal Snowmelt Runoff: A Summary of Experience With Two Models Applied to Three Cascade

Mountain, Washington Drainages, D. P. Lettenmaier, T. J. Waddle, Tech. Rept. No. 59, 1978. 159-11186-470-13 FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL BOAT BASINS

IN TIDAL WATERS

(h) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland

District. (c) Professor E. P. Richey.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Evaluation of flushing characteristics of a small boat basin located on an estuary.

{/) Completed.

(/i) Yaquina Bay Marina: Circulation and Exchange Characteristics, E. P. Richey, N. K. Skjelbreia, Technical Report No. 56, Jan. 1978. 159-11187-470-13 FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL BOAT BASINS

IN TIDAL WATERS

{b) Washington State Department of Fisheries. (c) Professor E. P. Richey or Professor R. E. Nece.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Evaluation of flushing characteristics by hydraulic model

and field studies of Flounder Say to provide input to water

quality studies by Department of Fisheries to assess im- portance to fish and shellfish.

(/) In progress. 159-11188-430-00 FLOATING TIE BREAKWATER MODEL TESTS

(c) Professor R. E. Nece.

(d) Experimental; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Laboratory study to investigate scale effects on model test results of wave attenuation characteristics of floating tire breakwaters. Data from models of scale ratios 1:5 and

1:18 are compared with available prototype data; all data composed in the Study are obtained with similar break- water configurations tested for monochromatic waves

under two-dimensional conditions in wave tanks.

(/) Completed.

(/i) An Investigation into the Scaling Confidence of Floating Tire Breakwater Model Tests, W. L. Nelson, M.S. Thesis, 1978. 159-11189-350-65 TOLT RIVER DAM-HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES

(/)) City of Seattle Engineering Department.

(t ) Professor E. P. Richey or Professor R. E. Nece.

(d) Experimental; applied research-design.

(f) Physical model study to investigate the hydraulic capacity

of a morning glory spillway and ring gate and to in- vestigate the hydraulic behavior of the ring gate to deter- mine the potential for flow problems which may be 151
LTcaled by lack of air vents, nappe instability, or other in- ier;iL'tions between the water and other features of the ring gale-spillway structure as they exist at the prototype. 159-11190-470-36 EFFKCTS OF PLANFORM GEOMETRY ON TIDAL FLUSHIN(; AND MIXING IN MARINAS

(/,) U S l-:nvironmcntal Protection Agency.

(< ) Professor R E. Nece or Professor E. P. Richey.

(<7) Experimental; basic and applied research. Master's thesis.

{ ('

) Laboratory study to determine, by quantitative measurements, the effects of particular geometry parameters upon

both the overall (gross) water exchange rale and the spatial variability in local exchange rate due to tidal flushing

in small-boat basins. Per-cycle exchange rates arc deter- mined by a photographic technique using a photo-den- 159-11191-300-60 CALIBRATION OF EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN A RIVER FOR INSTREAM FLOW ANALYSIS

(/)) State of Washington Water Research Center,

(< ) Professor R, E, Nece,

id) Field investigation; applied research; Master's thesis,

(<-) Specific objective is to certify and calibrate three varia- tions of an analytical procedure which has been proposed

f<ir the prediction of velocity distributions in natural streams for flows at which velocities have not been measured Data used in the verification and calibration pniccdures will be obtained from detailed field experi- ments at appropriate sites on rivers in western Washington

Stale. 159-11192-800-33 WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM OPERATION AND DESIGN FOR DROUGHT CONDITIONS

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

the Interior; Seattle Water Department; State of Washington Department of Ecology,

(c) Professor S, J, Burges,

((/) Theoretical basic and applied research,

d') Determine (1) how the risk associated with alternate operating policies for use during conditions of supply

shortfalls can be assessed; (2) how long-range meteorological forecasts can be incorporated into system operation under drought conditions; and (3) how drought indices can be used to determine when a facility should switch to alternate policies developed under ( 1 ) and when operation should revert to the normal (no supply shortfall) policy. 159-11193-470-65 FLUSHING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL BOAT BASINS

IN TIDAL WATERS

(b) Port of Olympia, Olympia, Washington.

(< ) Professor E. P. Richey or Professor R, E, Nece,

(J) Experimental, applied and basic research; Master's thesis,

(<•) Evaluation of flushing characteristics by hydraulic model

of alternative marina designs; development of simplified, one-dimensional dispersion model,

(/) Completed,

(/i) Flushing and Mixing Characteristics East Bay Small Boat

Basin, E, P. Richey, R, E, Nece, C, W. Harris H\dnii,lus Lahoraiory Tech. Rcpi N„. 50. July 1977. Olympias East Bay Small Boat Basin: Comparative

Hydraulic Model Techniques for Evaluating Tidal Flushing,

K. David Moss, M S Thesis. 1978. 159-11194-810-33 THE FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING A CONTINUOUS

SIMULATION HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR URBAN

DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

(/)) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

(< ) Professor S, J, Burges,

(J) Applied Research,

(<•) See (g),

(,/ ) Completed,

(;;,') Attention has been focused recently on management of urban runoff as one means of protecting water quality. Ex- perience gained during Area-wide Waste Management

planning in King and Snohomish Counties (Washington)

has shown that analytical methods currently in use arc generally inadequate for comprehensive and reliable watershed analysis. The modeling needs and desires of

several potential model users in the two Counties, and

their perceptions of models, arc identified through per- sonal interviews. The literature is reviewed for the perceptions of professional modelers; these are compared with those of the potential users. Inconsistencies are noted and

resolved. Criteria for evaluating continuous simulation ' models for local use arc developed. Variations of the Stan- 1 ford Watershed Model (SWM) are the only models having

| the desired characteristics and are evaluated as a group in ; detail. It is concluded that the SWM can provide better in- formation than more commonly used methods. The prima- { ry model limitations are its demands for data, particularly i rainfall records, and the cost associated with data develop- 1 ment and handling. A system of data development in con- \ junction with establishment of watershed planning priorities is suggested. The recommendations for use of the Continuous Simulation approach are not limited to the two

( h ) Hydrologic Modeling and Data Requirements for Analysis

of Urban Streamflow Management Alternatives, G, J, Kemp, S, J, Burges, Technical Report 57. Nov, 1978, 1 159-11195-810-00 CLIMATE CHANGE: DETECTION AND ITS IMPACT ON

HYDROLOGIC DESIGN

(c ) Professor S. J, Burges,

(d) Theoretical basic research,

(f ) See (g).

(J) Completed.

(j; ) Controversy regarding origins of the so-called Hurst phenomenon has continued since the first appearance of

Hurst's work. There appears to be at least two general mechanisms which might generate geophysical time series displaying the Hurst phenomenon. The first is nonstationarity of process mean level, perhaps owing to dynamic

characteristics of the entire earth geophysical system. The

second generating mechanism is a stationary model struc- ture such as the Box Jenkins models with parameters such

that saubstantial low-frequency effects arc present. A series of Monte Carlo tests have been performed which show

that it will generally be very difficult to distinguish between the two generating mechanisms on the basis of geophysical records of lengths usually available. The Monte Carlo experiments are augmented by analysis of

several series of tree ring growth indices ranging in length from 506 to 1164 years. Analysis of these sequences for nonstationarity in mean level showed that the sequences were entirely compatible with stationary Bob-Jenkins models earlier fit to the data by Hipel ( 1975). However, a similar analysis of the variance of the time series showed

that there was evidence of nonstationarity in the variances

of the records such that the time series were not compatible with the constant variance assumption of the stationary Box-Jenkins models. Finally, several reservoir simulations were made by using the sequent peak algorithm for type A

( nonstationary mean) and type B (constant mean) models which had been found to be statistically indistinguishable

in the Monte Carlo experiments. The results showed that so long as nonstationarity in mean level was modest and demand levels were not too high the models give very

similar results; however, at high demand levels or large nonstationarity in process mean, substantial differences in storage requirements may result,

(/i) Climate Change: Detection and Its Impact on Hydrologic

Design, D, P, Lettenmaicr, S, J, Burges, Water Resources Research 14, 4, pp, 679-687, 1978, 152
159-11196-810-33 disaggregation method in stochastic hydrolo-

(;y

ih) Parlly supptirlcd by OtTice of Water Research and

Technology. L'.S. Dept. of the Interior,

(t ) ProfessorV. J. Surges.

id) Theoretical basic research and applied research.

(f) A disaggregation model, which differs from those developed by Valencia and Schaakc (VS) and Mejia and

Rou-scllc (MR) (referred to as the HB model), was

developed specifically to preserve correlations between

seasons joining water years in addition to the properties preserved by the basic V'S model. The HB mcxicl simul- taneously di.saggregates two consecutive skewed seasonal

flows that follow three-parameter log-normal distributions (3PLN). Mixtures of skewed and nonskewed seasonal flow- volumes are approximated by 3PLN distributions for op>erational convenience. Practical considerations concerning use of these models for multisite flow disaggregation

are reviewed together with computational space require- ments and limitations on model computability. A HB

3PLN model for single-site fiow disaggregation is used in an example application where comparisons are made with

the MR model. Comparisons have been made using disag- gregation models with skewed and unskewed monthly (or seasonal) flow volumes to examine the importance of modeling skew . The impacts of long-term memory ( Hurst

effect) are demonstrated as are limitations of a simple Thomas-Fiering Model.

{/) Completed.

( /i ) Disaggregation of Streamflow Volumes, K. Hoshi. S J. Burges. J. Hxdraulics Div., ASCE 105, HY4. pp. 27-42,

1979. The Impact of Seasonal Flow Characteristics and Demand

Patterns on Required Reservoir Storage. K. Hoshi. S. J. Burges. J. Hydrology 37. pp. 24 1-260. 1978. Reservoir Design Capacities for Various Seasonal Operational Hydrology Models. K. Hoshi. S. J. Burges. I. Yamaoka, Proc. Japan Soc. Civil Engr.. No. 273, pp. 121-

134, 1978. 159-11197-860-«0 USE OF SURFACE AND CYCLIC GROUNDWATER

STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

(b) State of Washington Water Research Center.

(<r) Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Research .Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical basic research.

(e) Monte Carlo study of hypothetical single surface reservoir and aquifer storage to be operated to meet a range of

fixed physical water demands. Objective is to develop best mixes of surface and subsurface storage using a minimum

expected supply cost criterion. 159-11198-810-55 USE OF THE THEORY OF REGIONALIZED VARIABLES IN HYDROLOGIC NETWORK DESIGN

(fc) U S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c) Dennis P. Lettenmaier. Research Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical basic research (M.S.).

(e) Theoretical study of alternate estimation methods based on the theory of regionalized variables. Application to design of water quality sampling program for assessment of environmental impact of power plants sited on lakes and

reservoirs is being investigated. 159-11199-740-00 DETERMINATION OF BIAS CORRECTION FACTORS FOR

USE IN ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE

LOG PEARSON TYPE III PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

(( ) Dennis P. Lettenmaier. Research Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical applied.

U-) Bias correction factors tor application in estimation of the parameters of the Log Pearson Tvpc III probabilitv dis- tribution, commonly used in U.S. Flood studies, arc esti- mated via Monte Carlo methods.

(,/') Completed.

(I?) Bias correction factors of both greater and less than one were observed, in contrast to factors greater than unity found for other distributions commonlv used in flood studies. 159-1 1200-740-55 APPLICATION OF INTERVENTION ANALYSIS TO

AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

(h) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

(c ) Dennis P. Lettenmaier. Research Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical applied.

(f ) A method for applying intervention analysis, a time series technique for assessing changes in the mean of an autoregressive integrated moving average process is developed for the case when some observations are missing.

(/) Completed.

(g) Satisfactory results were obtained using the method for several mean functions with residual lag one autoregressi\ c noise for up to one-half of the data missing.

(/i) Assessment of Environmental Impacts, Part II: Data Collection, D. P. Lettenmaier. K. W, Hipel, A. I. McLeod. En- vinmmenial Mtinugfmeni 2. No. 6. pp. 537-554. 1978. 159-11201-740-54 ESTIMATION OF MASS BALANCE ERRORS USING FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dennis P. Lettenmaier. Research Asst. Professor.

(d) Theoretical applied.

(e) A method of estimating the error variance in the components of seasonal or annual lake nutrient budgets is developed which makes use of first order analysis. In- dividual terms in the mass balance are taken to be derived from field measurements with associated estimation error. The effect of the individual errors on the residual mass

balance error is also determined. The variance of the

residual error is used as the basis for comparing alternate sample networks.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Use of First Order Analysis in Estimating Mass Balance Errors and Planning Sampling Activities. D. P. Lettenmaier.

J. E. Richcv. Chapter 3 in Theoreiicat Systems Ecology. (E. Halfon. ed.). .Academic Press. N.Y.. 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Dr. Morris E. Childs, Chairman.

161-10072-700-40 FLUID DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS UTILIZING PULSED ULTRASONIC DOPPLER TECHNIQUES

(h) National Institute of Health (NIH).

(c ) Research Asst. Professor Fred K. Forster.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research including Ph.D. dissertation.

(£) Analytical modeling of ultrasonic Doppler system and

basic fluid dynamic experiments are utilized to develop a better understanding of velocity measurements mode with pulsed ultrasonic methods, in particular pulsatile and tur- bulent flow. To date turbulent pipe flow and grid turbu- lence have been studied. The aim of this work is quantitative noninvasive measurements of blood flow charac-

(g) Results are being applied clinically to detect flow disturbances due to atherosclerotic occlusions in arteries. (/i)The Applications and Limitations of Doppler Spectral Broadening for the Detection of Cardiovascular Disorders.

F. K. Forster. Uhrasound oi Medicine 3B. pp. 1223-1226. 153
Measurement of Fluid Turbulence Based on Pulsed Ul- trasound Techniques, J L Garbini, /'/;./). Disscruilion, Dcpt Mechanical Engrg . Univ. of Washington. Available trom University Microfilms, Ann Arbor Michigan. Doppler Principles and Techniques, D. W. Baker, F. K. Forstcr, R Daigle, Ultrasound: lis AppliccilUm in Medicine and I'ar, I. \',,L 3 of Melluids and Phenomena:

Their Arphcaiinns in Science and Technolof^y , Francis Fry,

ed., Elsevier Publishing Co , pp. Ui 1-2X7, 1978. Quantitative Flow Measurement LItilizing a Time Interval Histogram of Doppler Shifted Ultrasound, Ultrasound in Medicine. 4, D. White and E. A. Lyons, eds.. Plenum

Press, pp. 349-353, 1978.

Fluid Flow Measurement with Doppler Ultrasound, F. K. Forster. Engineering Ediicalion 69, No. 1, p. 44, 1978

( abstract ). Blood Flow Imaging Using a Discretetime Frequency

Analyzer, M. A. Brandestini, F. K. Forster, I97H Ul- trasonics Symp. Proc. {IEEE Cat. 7HCH 1344-1 SU). pp. 348-352, 1978. Numerical Method for Analyzing a New Time Domain

Frequency Analyzer for Ultrasonic Doppler Signals, F. K. Forster, M. A. Brandestini, I97H Advances in Bioengineerinf>, R. C. Eberhart and A. H. Burstein, eds., ASMe, pp. 113-1 15, 1978

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Oceanogrophy, Seattle, Wash. 98195. Dr. D. James Baker, Jr., Department Chairman.

162-07779-060-26 SHEAR FLOW EFFECTS IN CONSTANT DENSITY AND

STRATIFIED FLUIDS

(/>) Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

(( ) Professor William O. Criminale, Jr. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

((') Studies include interaction of shear flow and internal waves; initial value problems at the thermocline and Ekman layer; turbulence in stratified media; wave breaking; large scale boundary layers, boundary layer stability. (g) Linearized analysis for all of the above (e).

ill) On Breaking of Internal Gravity Waves, Paper No. 5, Proc. /ml .Svmp. of Stratified Fh>w, Novosibirsk, USSR, Aug.

1972. On the Asymptotic Structure of Turbulent Transfer Coefficients, Zeitschrift fur Angewandie Mathemalik and

Mechanik 55, 291-289, 1975 Resonant Interaction of Internal Waves in Linear Shear

Flow, K. F. Jones, M.S. Thesis, Geophysics Group, Univ.

of Washington, 1974.

Fluctuations and Structure Within the Oceanic Boundary

Layer Below the Arctic Ice Cover, W O. Criminale, Jr , G

F. Spooner. AIDJEX Bulletin. No. 30, 29-43, Nov. 1975 Wave Breakdown in Stratified Shear Flows, M. T Landahl, W O Criminale, Jr., J Fluid Mechanics 79, 3, 481-477,

1977. Mass Driven Fluctuations within the Ekman Boundary

Layer Bottom Turbulence, (J. C. J. Nihoul, ed.).

Instabilities in a Rotating Fluid with Constant Shear, W O

Criminale. Jr.. T. F. Gross, submitted to J. Geophysical

Research. 162-11202-450-54 STUDIES IN MARINE HYDRODYNAMICS

(/>) National Science Foundation

(< ) Professor M. Rattray, Jr.

(</) Theoretical, basic research.

(<•) A sequence of studies on basic dyamics of oceans and

estuaries: the effect upon baroclinicity of an ocean by the extent to which its western boundary current flows over a

region of limited depth and the impact of this effect upon

the heat balance of the ocean; processes that govern the deep ocean circulation, with emphasis on the cause for the amount of compensation which occurs and on the presence of localized strong currents; comparison of computed geostrophic velocity distributions by two methods,

diagnostic circulation ( Rattray-Dworski ) and /3-spiral method ( Schott-Stommcl ); the effect of variable depth

over an estuarine cross-section on the distributions of current, salinity and other tracers; the processes which control the longitudinal fluxes of salt and other properties; the

effect of channel curvature in setting up residual currents (due to tidal pumping) and other secondary circulations; the role these processes play in the overall salt balance of

the estuary.

(/i) The Effect of Bathymetry on the Steady Baroclinic Ocean

Circulation, (with J. G. Dworski), Ocean Modelling 12, Aug. 1978. The Effect of Bathymetry on the Steady Baroclinic Ocean

Circulation, (with J. G. Dworski), Dynamics of At- mospheres and Oceans 2, 4, pp. 321-329, Aug. 1978.

Distribution of a Nonconservative Constituent in an Estuary

with Application to the Numerical Simulation of Dissolved

Silica in the San Francisco Bay, (with C. B. Officer), Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 8, (in press) 1979.

Salt Flux and Mixing in the Columbia River Estuary, (with

F. H. Hughes), submitted to: Estuarine and Coastal Marine

Science. Mar. 1979. 162-11203-410-44 INVESTIGATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT

(h) Office of Sea Grant, NOAA, U.S. Department of Com-

(c) Professor Richard W. Sternberg.

(d) Field investigation, basic research. Doctoral dissertation, (c) The overall objectives of the research carried out by the Sediment Dynamics Group at the University of Washington are twofold. First, it is our intent to make a significant contribution to the National Sediment Transport Study (NSTS) program plan. These data will be acquired during

a joint large-scale experiment with Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Naval Postgraduate School to be conducted at Santa Barbara, California in 1979. Secondly we intend to assist other NSTS participants in the data

processing and analysis that is necessary to accomplish the major NSTS program goal which is to develop a general model for the prediction of sediment transport along

straight beaches.

(g) The instrument development is near completion. Initial field data have been collected and analysis is underway.

( /( ) Sediment Transport Measurement in the Nearshore Environment: A Review of the State of the Art, J. P. Downing, Jr., .Sea Grant Publication No. 62. pp. 58-83,

Univ. California, Sea Grant College Program, Inst, of Marine Resources, Univ. of California, La Jolla, IMR

Reference 7H-I02. 162-1 1204-410-54 SHELF SEDIMENT DYNAMICS PROGRAM: PRELIMINARY

PHASE

(/>) National Science Foundation, IDOE Office.

(< ) Professor Richard W. Sternberg.

(J) Theoretical, experimental, and field phases of research arc proposed.

(<) As an outgrowth of the Shelf Sediment Dynamics Workshop

held at Vail, Colorado, 1976, under the primary sponsorship of IDOE, a long-range study of continental shelf sedi- ment dynamics has been proposed. The scientific goals of

the proposed program include the theoretical and quantitative investigation of modern sedimentary processes,

quantification of depositional facies development with applications for interpreting the sedimentary record, and the recent geological history of continental shelves. The goals of the program not only possess intrinsic scientific value 154
hul I isd have vital applications tor the practical matters ot rcsou ree and environmental management. A quantitative

;ippr laeh in he form ot" an integrated model is proposed. The

pone nts: ( 1 ) shelf sedimentology and stratigraphy. (2)

physi cal iicea nography. ( ) sediment transport mechanics. ediment organism interactions. (5) near-bottom flow

(4^

s modv. 1^ a^e"^ IT ultifold. Each ci>mponcnt is an important

rch effo t in its own right and will produce indcpcndent scientific results pertaining to shelf sedimentary

processes. In addition, the interaction of components will broaden the scope of the study-providing results applicable to the geological record.

(A') A scientific proposal based on the inputs of participatory

scientists is being prepared and will request a 1980 starting date. 162-1 120S-220-S4 MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RIVER MEANDERS

{h) National Science Foundation.

(t ) Professor J. Dungan Smith and Professor Thomas Dunne,

(t/) Theoretical, field; basic research.

(f ) Studies include examination of a meander in a small river using measurements of a precision usually attained in laboratories but hitherto not attempted under natural conditions; investigation of general helicoidal flow in light of

available fluid mechanical theories; examination of the near bottom velocity field as it is affected by large scale channel topography and bed forms; measurement of the sediment transport rates relation to the boundary shear

stress field, investigation of the relationship between sedi- ment transport and channel morphology and finally construction of a theoretical model that will encompass these

facets of the flow in bends and provide a means of predicing sediment transport fields in rivers.

(;?) Bcdforms strongly dictate the path of sediment through a bend. The asymmetrical distribution of boundary shear

stress in a meander causes sand waves to become aligned obliquely to the fiow which induces a troughwise current capable of transporting significant amounts of sediment. In the upstream part of the bend there is net cross stream

transport of sediment towards the inside bank which contributes to the development and maintenance of the pool. The near bottom fiow pattern imposes a cross-iso bath zig- zag trajectory on the sediment grains and is responsible for sorting the bed material.

(/i) Flow and Sediment Transport in a Meandering River, (with W. E. Dietrich and T. Dunne). 7. Geology. 1979 (in press). 162-11206-010-54 TIME DEPENDENT TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN TIDAL FLOWS

(/>) National Science Foundation.

(r) Research Asst. Professor Arthur R. M. Nowell.

(J) Field; basic research.

(f) Studies include measurements of the velocity and

Reynolds stress fields with small impellor meters to lest the assumption of a uniform stress layer; evaluation of

stress from the energy dissipation rate; turbulence and

high frequency velocity fluctuation measurements.

(g) Preliminary investigations at the field site (Skagit Bay)

were undertaken in December 1978. Detailed profiles of bed topography at and around the site were constructed, and the large scale structure of the fiow was examined.

This will provide the necessary morphological and fiuid dynamic setting for the comprehensive measurement pro- gram. 162-11207-400-54 TURBULENT MIXING IN ESTUARINE WATERS

(h) National Science Foundation.

((•) Professor J. Dungan Smith.

IJ) Theoretical, field investigation; basic research.

(() Project is concerned with the mixing processes in highly

stratified estuaries. Work on the Duwamish River involves

analysis of mean vorticity. turbulent kinetic energy, and

salinity data procured in March 1977. The Knight Inlet study involves examination of turbulence and nonlinear in- ternal waves produced over a sill. Emphasis is presently being placed on examining these processes as they are made evident in a comprehensive set of data procured in August 1977 and on an extensive experiment which

focuses on the mechanics of an internal hydraulic jump

produced at the sill and on the resulting turbulence field.

(^;) it has been found that internal hydraulic processes, including the production and dissipation of nonlinear internal waves, are of critical importance. Entrainment of scawater

into the surface layer of the Duwamish River has been

found to occur impulsively during the ebb. At this time the reach of the estuary in which the mixing occurs ap- proaches the critical internal Froude number and the in- ternal wave field grows in amplitude until it produces suffi- cient turbulence to destabilize the pycnocline. causing the surface layer to rise rapdily in salinity and deepen. Internal hydraulic processes in Knight Inlet are of a different character in that the primary mixing events occur at an

inner sill around which several types of flow instabilities

(/i) Time Dependent Mixing in a Salt Wedge Estuary, (with E. N. Partch). Esiuarinc and Coastal Marine Science 6, No. I. pp. 3-19. 1978. Nonlinear Internal Waves in a Fjord, (with D Farmer), Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords, edited by J. C. J. Nihoul. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.. pp. 79-106. 1978, Turbulent Mixing in a Salt Wedge Estuary, (with G. B. Gardner). Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords, edited by J. C. J. Nihoul. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co.. pp. 79-

106. 1978. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS, 8001 Forbes Place,

Springfield, Va. 22151.

163-1 1212-810-68 HYDROLOGIC MODELING STUDY FOR SOUTHEAST

MICHIGAN

(h) Southeast Michigan Council of Governments.

(c ) Dr. L. A. Roesner, P. E.. and Mr. J. W. Ridgway.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(f) A single event runoff model was developed capable of simulating both conservative and nonconscrvative pollutants. The model, which generates runoff from up to 12 land uses plus the attendant pollution load, was applied to the Rouge River which encompasses much of the Detroit Metropolitan area. The calibrated simulation included in- stream reservoirs, double trap'jzoidal channels and a combined sewer area. The calibration ranged from fair to excellent.

(/) Completed.

(g) The study and associated modeling effort clarified and

better defined the water quality problems in Southeast Michigan. In addition, several planning directives resulted

directly from this modeling effort. WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, Crescent Beach Road, Glen Cove, N. Y. 11 542. Dr. Jacques B. Hadler, Director of Research.

164-11213-520-45 DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL MEANS OF AS- SESSING AND OPTIMIZING FOR REDUCING WAVE

PRODUCTION POWER OF SHIPS

(/)) U.S. Department of Commerce Maritime Administration

University Research Program.

(() Professor Lawrence W. Ward.

id) Experimental; basic research. 155
(r) Improve and use as a working tool, an experimental method tor optimizing the resistance of commercial ship type hull torm at speeds where wavemaking is important. The method will combine an established wave-survey ex- perimental technique with an on-line computer data analysis to accomplish the desired result. The approach is therefore a combined experimental and analytical one. The

exact type of hull to start with to be investigated in the model experiments will be one already optimized using the

linear theory. Next hull form variations will be studied based on analysis of these results. An experimental deter- mination would be carried out with respect to some stan- dard protuberance placed at different locations, horizontally and vertically, along the hull to predict the optimum

size and location of such further hull form changes. A

protuberance is considered to be a bulge on the port and

starboard side of the hull, each with a shape similar to half

a bow bulb; thus, a bow bulb is included in this definition

as a protuberance located at the stem, where the hull form

has zero width.

(^») In process, no specific results as of yet. 164-11214-520-84 PREDICTING RESISTANCE INCREASE FROM SURFACE ROUGHNESS

(/>) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(( ) Professor N. A. Hamlin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research and development.

(f) Estimation of potential flow and boundary layer characteristics on a surface ship. Determination of effect on re- sistance of drags resulting from arbitrary roughnesses, arbitrarily distributed. Estimation of effect of resistance in- crease on propeller horsepower and RPM. Emphasis on

methodology, using available published information.

(g) Correlations between two- and three-dimensional potential flows past bodies of revolution have been determined as an aid to estimating potential flow past ship forms on the

basis of two-dimensional flows. 164-11215-520-45 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR HULL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS

(h) Subcontracted to Webb Institute Center for Maritime Studies by Santa Fe Corp., sponsored by Mar Ad.

(c ) Professor J. B. Hadler, Director of Research.

(d) Theoretical and field; applied research and development.

(c) Goal of project is to determine economic effect on

merchant ship performance of bottom roughness and fouling, and its growth with time, thereby enabling a ship operator to optimize dry docking intervals, and bottom

cleaning and coating techniques.

(g) Increases in roughness allowance AC, and wake fraction have been determined for two break bulk merchant ships by analysis of log book data covering several dry docking and recoating cycles. Methodology assumes ship operating

at constant power and in fair weather during several days

of ocean leg of each voyage. It is also assumed that tur- bine performance charts may be applied during these periods to find shaft horsepower.

WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Bellingham, Wash.

98225. Dr. Thomas A. Teiich. 165-11216-410-60 PUGET SOUND SHORE EROSION PROTECTION STUDY

(6) Department of Ecology, State of Washington.

(c ) T. A. Terich.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(f ) The study explains some of the basic dynamics of

shoreline processes in Puget Sound and illustrates some of

the structural and non-structural techniques private property owners may use to combat shoreline erosion. In addition, an explanation is given of local, state, and federal agencies that have jurisdiction over the shoreline and per- mit programs administered hv each.

(./ ) Completed.

(/i) Puget Sound Erosion Protection Study. T. A Terich. Dept. of Ecology. State of Washington, 7K-1 1, pp. 55 ( 1978). WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, Oceanic Divi- sion, P.O. Box 1488, Annapolis, Md. 21404.

166-08399-700-00 GAUSSIAN INTEGRATION APPLIED TO ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUE OF VOLUMETRIC FLOW MEASUREMENT

(< ) R. L. Hackmann-Manager, Applied Technology/M/S

9R30.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research.

(e) Evaluate the accuracy with which volumetric flow can be determined by summing appropriately weighted measure- ments derived from transit times of ultrasonic pulses. Transducers are arranged so that the measurements

establish mean flow velocity over parallel paths lying in a plane at a known angle to the axis of the conveyance. Path

spacings and weighting factors are selected according to the Gaussian technique of numerical integration. A part of

the investigation includes the calculation of integration er- rors for various velocity distributions in pipes of circular or rectangular cross-section. Experiments have been con- ducted to verify the integration error for fully developed

turbulent flow in a straight pipe, and to evaluate the errors encountered in installations involving substantial hydraulic complexity which cannot be predicted with high accuracy. The experiments employed a weigh tank facility as a flow measurement standard. Experiments extend to the evaluation of single acoustic path flow measurement techniques

as well as multi-path techniques.

(g) The experimental results show that overall accuracy of 0.1 percent in the measurement of fully-developed flow in straight pipe is achievable when the predicted small error

in Gaussian integration is corrected. Tests in the outlet piping of a heat exchanger model indicate an error slightly greater than one percent at the least favorable orientation of the measurement plane. Choosing a better orientation and/or correcting the residual systematic error makes

possible overall accuracy well within one percent in this

(/i) Ultrasonic Flowmeter Nucleus of Unique Leak Detection System, E. S. Chaney, B. L. Johnston, Pipeline and Gas

Journal. Oct. 1976.

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical

Engineering and Mechanics, Morgantown, W. Va. 26506.

Dr. E. F. Byars, Department Chairman.

167-10016-700-54 PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE

(h) National Science Foundation,

(c ) R. A. Bajura.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; M.S. and

Ph.D. theses. (t-jThe flow and pressure fields in the neighborhood of a standard flow metering orifice were studied experimentally

to determine the details of the flow field in both steady and pulsatile flow conditions. Weigh tank calibrations of water flow rates through the orifice under pulsatile flow were performed for the purpose of determining the flow metering error. An analytical model of the flow through

the orifice was developed for flow metering purposes.

( /) Completed.

(g) Steady flow methods predict more discharge through the

orifice than actually occurs under pulsatile flow condi- 156
I // 1 Pulsatile Flow Through An Orifice-Final Report, R. A.

Uuiura. ct al.. .V7/,V Accession Number PB292I94IAS,

167-10017-060-33 INFLUENCE OF PLMPED STORAGE FLOWS ON THER- MAL STRATIFICATION IN RESERVOIRS

(/)) OttUc of Water Research and Technology.

(< ) R. A. Bajura and S. H. Schwartz.

(J) Experimental, M.S. theses.

(<•) Determine procedures for distortion modeling of pumped

storage reservoir systems and determine the influence of

the discharge and withdrawal cycles on thermal stratifica- tion and mixing.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Influence of Pumped Storage Flows on Thermal Stratifica- tion in Reservoirs, V Singh. R. A. Bajura, S. H. Schwartz,

Final Repun. Mech. Engrg. Dept.. West Virginia Univ.,

IS»79 (to be submitted to NTIS). 167-10019-210-60 PULVERIZED COAL TRANSPORT MANIFOLD DESIGN

.STUDY

(/j) State of West Virginia.

(<•) R. A. Bajura.

(t/) Theoretical. M.S. thesis. (<) Determine design methods for the prediction of flow dis- tribution in manifold systems transporting pulverized coal

in water slurries or air/coal suspensions.

(/) Completed.

( /i ) Analytical Study of Manifold Flow Distribution Systems for Pulverized Coal Slurries, M. Kabariti. R. A Bajura, T. Kubo. Mechanical Engrg., West Virginia Univ.. 1977.

167-1 1216-750-10 EFFECTS OF GEOMETRIC SCALE DISTORTION ON THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED BUOYANT JETS

(/>) U S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.

(< ) R. A Bajura.

{d) Experimental and analytical, Ph.D. thesis.

((') Develop correlations and procedures to enable accurate

thermal-hydraulic studies to he conducted in experimental models using different length scales for horizontal and vertical directions.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor T. Green.

168-10026-220-50 VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT DUE TO FINGERING PROCESSES

(/)) NASA

id) Experimental, field work; basic research; Masters thesis.

((') Sediment fingering, analogous to sail fingering in the ocean, is being studied in both the laboratory and in small

lakes during spring runoff 168-11217-340-50 OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANICS OF THERMAL FRONTS IN CONDENSER COOLING WATER

DISCHARGES

(/)) NASA.

(< ) Professor John A. Hoopes.

(c/) Experimental, theoretical: basic research; Doctoral thesis.

((•) Thermal fronts which occur in heated water discharges

into water bodies are manifested by alternating bands of warm and cool water (3-4 °C differences) which extend

o\er the discharge depth and propagate into the ambient

water body. Laboratory experiments are being conducted

to generate and measure the characteristics of these fronts;

point measurements of temperature and velocity with probes and surface temperature measruemcnts with a ther- mal scannner are being made. Correlation and spectral analysis methods are being used to determine front characteristics. Hydrodynamic stability methods arc used to study

the initiation and growth of the fronts; a onc-dimcnsional wave model is used to simulate the fully-dcvclopcd front propagation. 168-11218-860-68 RATE OF NITROGEN RELEASE FROM NITROGEN SUPER- SATURATED RIVER FLOWS

(c ) Professors John A. Hoopes and Lawrence B. Polkowski

(d) Experimental; basic research; Master's project.

(f ) Laboratory studies in a mixing tank and a flume arc being conducted to determine the rate at which water, super- saturated with nitrogen gas, returns to equilibrium. The ef- fects of turbulence level and flow velocity and depth on

the rate process will be determined. 168-11219-810-70 MONITORING AND MODELING OF HYDROLOGY OF NEPCO LAKE WATERSHED

(h) Nekoosa Edwards Paper Company (NEPCO), Nekoosa,

Wisconsin,

(t ) Professor John A. Hoopes.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, operation; Master's

projects.

(e-) The surface and groundwater hydrology of the 175 mi^ NEPCO Lake Watershed in the central sand plains area were monitored for several years. The U.S. Army corps SSARR hydrologic model was modified and adapted to the watershed for predicting flows to NEPCO Lake at the watershed outlet.

(/) Completed.

(g) Monitoring data included stream and irrigation ditch flows

at various locations in the watershed, water table elevations and aquifer properties, precipitation, and lake stage. The SSARR model was modified to include irrigation and

a more refined evapo-transpiration model, was calibrated and tested using monitoring data, and was used to assess the effects of land use changes on surface and ground- water flows to NEPCO Lake. 168-11220-810-50 WATER AND SOIL RUNOFF FROM HYDROLOGIC SOURCE AREAS IN A WATERSHED

(t ) Professor John A. Hoopes.

(d) Field; apllied research; Master's project.

(e) Remote sensing (aerial photography) in conjunction with ground data (sampling, soil surveys, topography and land use) was used to delineate water and sediment runoff from

a subbasin of the Pheasant Branch watershed.

(/) Completed.

{g) Precipitation, overland flow, soil moisture and sediment

yield data for several storms along with basin physiography were collected on a 36 acre watershed, which is largely

agricultural. The data were compared with soil and water

loss estimates using a numerical model and SCS methods. Color aerial photographs were examined to delineate hydrologic source areas. 168-11221-200-54 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AND VERTICAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT IN FLOW THROUGH AQUATIC PLANTS

(/>) NSF-IBP

(c ) Professor John A. Hoopes.

(d) Experimental, field work; basic research; Master's project. (f ) Measurements were made of the vertical distribution of

the horizontal velocity and of the vertical turbulent diffu- sion coefficient, using a thermal velometer and salt (or dye) tracers, in flow through a laboratory fiume with rooted macrophytes extending over the fiow depth and in the littoral zone of a small lake having rooted macrophytes. 157
(V) RcMills sitowcil thai the presence of aquatic plants in- creased turbulence levels, compared to a How without

plants (other How conditions heing the same), and lead to

.1 more unilorm vertical distribution of horizontal velocity .md an increased vertical diffusion coefficient. 168-11222-200-60 OPTIMAL CRO.SS-SECTION SPACING IN GRADUALLY

VARIED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW COMPUTATION

(/>) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

(( ) Professor P. L. Monkmeyer

((/) Theoretical; applied research; Master's thesis. {() The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal spacing of cross-sections in the computation of gradually

varied tlow in open channncls. Specifically, a general rela- tion is being sought between cross-section spacing and per- cent erri>r in predicted water surface elevations, with particular emphasis on the effect of the method used to deter- mine the average friction slope. 168-11223-420-44 AN ELECTRONIC MODEL OF HARBOR WAVES

(/)) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Grant Program; American Society of Civil Engineers.

(< 1 Professor P. L. Monkmeyer.

((/) Theoretical and experimental; applied research; Ph.D. and

Master's theses.

((•) This study deals with the development of an electronic model of water waves as they enter a harbor and are reflected within it The purpose of the model is to provide

a means to predict wave heights throughout a proposed

harbor or modification of an existing harbor. The elec- tronic model, which simulates the Helmholtz equation, is programmed on a hybrid computer.

( /i ) An Electronic Model of Harbor Waves, M. M. Sternfcid, L.

J. Pratt, P. L. Monkmeyer, VerifUaiion <if MatlicmaiUul and Physical Models in Hydraulic Enf-inccrinf;. Proc. 26ih Ann. Hydraulics Div Specially Conf.. Univ. of Maryland, ASCE. pp. 574-582, 1978. 168-11224-820-65 A STUDY OF GROUNDWATER DRAWDOWNS IN DANE

COUNTY, WISCONSIN

(/>) City of Madison, Wisconsin.

(( I Professor P. L. M<inkmeyer.

id) Computer model and field data; applied research; Master's

thesis.

(<•) A computer model which predicts drawdowns due to pumping in Dane County was recently developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The purpose of the present project is: to document this model; to add such features as may give it versatility; to apply the model to various pumping schemes, proposed and actual; and to explore the

sensitivity of the model to various input parameters. 168-11225-430-54 HYDRODYNAMIC UPLIFT AND OTHER WAVE-INDUCED

SEEPAGE EFFECTS ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

(/>! National Science Foundation.

(< ) Professor P. L. Monkmeyer.

Ul) Theoretical and experimental; applied research; Ph D. and

Master s theses.

( < ) In this project a systematic analytical study of the seepage

tlow field under and around such basic offshore structures

as buried pipelines, cylindrical tanks and impervious breakwaters is under way. Darcy's Law and potential

thei>ry are being used, to determine pressures, and these in turn are integrated over the structure surface to obtain the hydrodynamics (uplift) force on the structure. The

analytic solutions will be verified by an experimental proif>) For a single, vertical, circular cylinder resting on a seabed

of sand of infinite thickness, a theory based on potential

tlow has been developed to describe seepage pressure,

uplift force and overturning moment. Normalized force and moment are presented as a function of "ka" where "a" is the cylinder radius and "k " is the wave number

Pressure distributions generated by a computer program

are in good agreement with laboratory experiments.

168-1 1226-410-36 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF ASHLAND COUNTY

SHORE PROTECTION DEMONSTRATION

(/>) 1,1. S Environmental Protection Agency, Red Clay Project.

(( ) Professor P. L. Monkmeyer.

(</) Field study; applied research and monitoring; M.S. thesis.

((•) A program has been developed to monitor new shore protection procedures at Madigan Beach and Madeline Island,

in Ashland County. Wisconsin on Lake Superior. For two

years, prior to the recent installation of Longard tubes at Madigan Beach and a rock revetment at Madeline Island, baseline data has been obtained and analyzed The data

collection and analysis program has included determination of near-shore bathymetry, beach and near-shi>re sedi- ment sampling, aerial photography to establish bluff reces- sion rates, a wave climate study, and a review of the proposed shore protection plans. With the installation of

the shore protection works in 1977. the actual monitoring

of the effectivenss of these protection measures was in- itiated in the summer of 1978.

(./) Completed.

( li ) Shore Protection Demonstration Project on Lake Superior,

J. A. Shands, P. L. Monkmeyer, T. B. Edil, Pr„c. C,>asial Zone 7H Conf.. San Francisco, Calif., spons.ired by ASCE,

pp. 1954-1972, 1978. Demonstration of Shoreline Protection on Lake Superior, T.

Edil, P. L. Monkmeyer, Voluntary and Refiulatory .Ap- proaches For Non-Point Source Pollution Control. Great Lakes Natl. Program Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, 111., pp. 134-157, 1978. Evaluation of Shore Protection Demonstrations at Madigan

Beach and Madeline Island, Wisconsin, T. B. Edil, P. L. Monkmeyer, N. M Becker, J. A. Shands, P. R. Wolf,

Final Red Clay Project Report. Environmental Protection Agency, Superior, Wise. 1978. 168-11227-810-87 ESTIMATION OF SURFACE DEPRESSION STORAGE

(/)) Government of Assam. India.

(< ) Professor P. L. Monkmeyer.

(d) Theoretical and field measurements; applied research; Master's thesis.

((') For a particular rainfall event, a portion of the rain can be expected to collect in surface depressions on the land. In this study a procedure is developed to estimate the volume

of the surface depressions of a given plot of land. The

pn>cedure requires no field measurements, but rather relies on photographs taken from a point directly above the land area of interest. The photographs are analyzed on a stereoplotter to identify the relief, and the surface roughness is described mathematically with the aid of Fourier analysis. The results may then be used to compute

the available surface depression storage and to aid in the prediction of the onset of runoff.

( / ) Completed. 168-11228-870-36 SEEPAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SUBSURFACE WASTE

DISPOSAL SYSTEM

(/)) U.S. Environmental Protection Agencv and State of Wisconsin.

(<) Professor P L Monkmeyer.

id) Theoretical and laboratory experimental; applied research; Master's thesis.

(£') In this study the seepage characteristics of a small-scale, on-site liquid-waste disposal system are examined. The artificial groundwater mound forming below a liquid-waste 158
disposal trench has been analyzed hoth mathematically and experimentally. Predictions ot the shape of the mound

and the conditions required to provide adequate aeration have been determined tor steady and unsteady release of

the liquid waste. A design procedure for choosing the spacing of drainage ditches or tiles has also been

developed.

( / ) Completed.

168-11 229-81 0-00 ESTIMATING WITHIN-YEAR STORAGE REQUIREMENTS

FOR UNGAGED DRAINAGE BASINS

(I ) Dr. Kenneth W. Potter, Asst. Professor.

(</) Basic research.

(f) This project deals with the problem of estimating within- year storage-yield requirements for ungaged drainage

basins. One approach will consist of developing relation- ships between storage-yield curves and selected cli- matological, physiographic, and geomorphic variables. The

second approach will be based on developing stochastic models of weekly strcamflow during the critical period of each year. The parameters of these mtidels will be then re- lated to selected basin variables.

UNIVERSITY Of WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Madison, Wis. 53706. Mary P. Anderson, Asst. Professor. 169-09870-820-33 GROUNDWATER-LAKE INTERACTION

(h) Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Dept. of

the Interior. (d) Field and theoretical, applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Investigate the importance of groundwater in the water budget of seepage lakes. A representative lake in northwest Wisconsin has been instrumented. Field data

will provide input to a model of the groundwater flow system in the vicinity of the lake.

(/) Completed.

ig) It was demonstrated by means of field studies and computer simulations that fluctuations in water level in a seepage lake in northwestern Wisconsin were caused by

fluctuations in precipitation rather than by changes in the groundwater flow system.

(/i) Hydrogeology and Computer Model of the Bass Lake Area.

St. Croix County, Wisconsin, M B Rinaldo-Lce, M.S. TheUniv. of Wisconsin-Madison. Dept. of Geology and

Geophysics, 99 p. (Will also be published as a report by

the Water Resources Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Wise ) 169-09871-820-36 HEAT TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER

(/>) EPA.

(d) Field and theoretical; applied and development; Ph.D. the-

(e) Seepage of heated water from a cooling lake and move- ment of the heat through the groundwater system are being monitored at a site in south central Wisconsin. Field data will provide input for a mathematical model.

(/) Completed.

(g) The zone of thermally altered groundwater is confined to a

relatively small area hydraulically downgradient from the cooling lake. Results from a predictive simulation suggest

that when a second 5()()mw generating unit begins opera- uon in 1978, groundwater temperatures will increase less than 5 °C at distances greater than 1 5 m from the cooling

lake. {In Impact of a Power Plant on the Groundwater System of a Wetland, C. B. Andrews, M. P. Anderson, Ground Wuicr

16. 2, 105-1 1 I, 1978.

Thermal Alteration of Groundwater Caused by Seepage from a Cooling Lake. C B Andrews. M P Anderson, miur R,'v„„r<<-v RiSiunh 15. 1979 (in press). The Impact of the Use of Heat Pumps on (iroundwater Temperatures, C B. Andrews. Cnmnd W<iicr 16. fi, pp.

4.-17-443, 1978. The Simulation of Groundwater Temperatures in ShaHow

Aquifers, C. B. Andrews, /'//./). Tlwsis. 1978. Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Dept. of GeoUigy and Geophysics. Impacts of Coal-Fired Power Plants on Local Groundwater

Systems-Wisconsin Power Plant Impact Study, C. B. Andrews, M. P. Anderson. Report to LI'.A, in review. 169-09872-820-36 GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MENOMONEE RIVER BASIN

(h) EPA in cooperation with the International Joint Commis-

(d) Field, applied; M.S. thesis. (e) Groundwater conditions adjacent to the Menomonee River

in southeast Wisconsin are being studied with regard to groundwater tlow and water quality. Purpose is to assess the nature and amount of pollutants transported to the Menomtincc River by groundwater

(J) Completed.

(}•) The major contaminants present in the groundwater are

chloride, sulfate, ammonium and bacteria. The amount of

pollutants discharged to surface water by groundwater

systems is small relative to the amount contributed by sur- face runoff.

(/i) Effects of Urbanization on Groundwater Quality-A Case

Study. C. E. Eiscn, M. P. Anderson, Ground Water, sub- mitted Mar. 1979 (in review).

Final Report of the Menomonee River Pilot Watershed Project, M. P. Anderson, C. E. Eisen, R. N. Hoffer, Volume

5-Groundwciler Hydrology, Report to EPA, in press 169-1 1230-820-54 MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF GROUND- WATER-SURFACE WATER INTERACTION

(b) NSF.

(() M. P. Anderson.

(d) Theoretical investigation-applied research; M.S. thesis. (e) Mathematical models are applied to study groundwater

flow systems in the vicinity of four lakes and two streams

in Wisconsin for which field data are available Purpose is to investigate anomalies observed in the field. 169-11231-820-60 EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER

QUALITY

(h) Wisconsin State Geological and Natural History Survey.

(c) M. P. Anderson.

(d) Field investigation; applied research; M.S. thesis.

(e-) A watershed in the Milwaukee area has been instrumented

with 35 observation wells. Groundwater samples are col- lected six times per year in order to determine the effects of land use on water quality. (g) Sulfate, chloride and bacteria arc the major products of urbanization which affect groundwater quality 169-11232-820-00 LINKED MODEL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW THROUGH

THE SUBSURFACE

(c ) M. P. Anderson.

Id) Theoretical investigation-applied research; M.S. thesis. (c) Several one-dimensional column models of the unsaturated zone are linked to a two-dimensional groundwater tlow model. The value of the model will be demonstrated by

application to several field situations for which limited data are available. A users manual will be prepared. Model is intended primarily for use by regulatory agencies and consulting firms. 159
171 -11 234-860-44 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, AAarine Studies

Center, 1225 W, DayU>n Street, Mudison, Wis. 53706.

171-10029-440-54 STUDIES OF THE KEWEENAW CURRENT IN LAKE SU- PERIOR

(/>) Nati<inal Science Foundation

(< ) Professor T. Green.

iJ) Field work; basic research; Masters. Doct.^ral theses.

(i )Thc strong Keweenaw current along the south shore of Lake Superior has been measured using airborne thermal scanning and photogrammctry, hydrography, and moored

current meters. Particular attention is now being paid to flow visualization, thermal fronts associated with the current, and upwelling.

(/) Data analysis ongoing; follow-up experiments now being

planned.

(X') See (h).

( /i ) The Spatial Variability of Coastal Surface Water Temperature During Upwelling, Scarpace and Green, J. Physical (hc-unoaraphy, (in press). A Thermal Scanning Study of Coastal Upwelling on the Great Lakes, Scarpace, Green, and Madding, J Remote

Scii\iii>i of the Environment (in press). 171-10032-870-33 HIGH-FREQUENCY TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS IN A THERMAL PLUME

ih) OWRT, Sea Grant.

(< ) Professor T. Green.

(d) Field work; basic research; Masters thesis. (<) Temperature fluctuations have been measured at seven

points in the vertical in a power-plant thermal plume. The

results are being interpreted in terms of boundary-layer entrainment mechanisms.

(/') Nearly completed. 171-10033-440-44 CURRENT MEASUREMENTS IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN COASTAL ZONE

(/') OWRT, Sea Grant. ( ) Professor T Green.

((/) Field work; basic research; Doctoral thesis.

((') Thirteen current meters were moored in the coastal zone

of south-eastern Lake Michigan in the spring and summer

of 1976. The data will be processed to measure coherence

and phase propagation along the shore.

( / ) Nearly completed. 171-10034-330-10 FLOW IN THE KEWEENAW WATERWAY, IN LAKE SU- PERIOR

(/>) OWRT, Sea Grant.

(( ) Professor T. Green.

(</) Field work; basic research; Masters thesis.

(, ) Flow in the Keweenaw Waterway is related to forcing by

runoff, by Lake Superior water-level variations, and by atI / ) Nearly com'pleted. 171-1 1233-700-20 THERMAL SCANNER DESIGN AND USE

(/') Office of Naval Research.

(( ) Professors F. Scarpace and T. Green.

iJ) Field work; basic research.

(i l Thermal scanners arc being designed (and existing ones

modified) for use aboard a Navy P3 aircraft, in studying

REMOTE SENSING OF LAND COVER TO DETERMINE IM- PACT OF LAND DEVELOPMENT ON WATER QUALITY

ih) NCAA

(i ) Professor F. Scarpace.

(d) Experimental; applied research; Doctoral.

ie) Land cover information is being extracted from digitized high altitude imagery and Landsat imagery for use in a sediment run-off model in urban and rural areas of the Green Bay watershed. 171-11235-420-44 LONG WAVE INTERACTIONS

(/)) NCAA (Sea Grant).

(c ) Professor T. Green.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral thesis, (f ) The interaction of long, standing waves is studied experi- mentally, and theoretically with a two-timc-scalc perturba-

(/) Completed.

(Il) Nonlinear Interaction of Long, Standing Waves, S. W.

Kang, Ph.D. DisserialUm.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON, Department of Mathematics, Madison, Wis. 53706. Professor Joshua Chover, Department Chairman.

1 72-08400-420-54 WATER WAVES IN LAKES AND OCEANS

(h) National Science Foundation.

(c ) Professors R. E. Meyer and M. C. Shen.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research

(e) Physical oceanography research. (h) Resonant Refraction by Round Islands, R. E. Meyer, Proc. I5ih Intl. Conf. Coastal Engrg., ASCE, Chapt. 50, pp. 866-

879, 1976. Surface Wave Reflection by Underwater Ridges, R E. Meyer, J Phys. (heanogr. 9, pp. 150-157, 1979. Some Recent Developments in Asymptotic Method for Tsu- nami Wave Propagation, M. C. Shen, Tsunami Research Symp., Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin 15. pp. 19- 27, 1974. Uniform Ray theory of Surface, Internal and Acoustic Wave Propagation in a Rotating Ocean or Atmosphere, M.

C. Shen, J. B. Keller, SIAM J App. Math. 28, pp. 857-875,

1975. WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, Woods

Hole, Mass. 02543. Dr. John H. Steele, Director.

1 73-07786-450-20 DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN THE DEEP SEA

(h) Office of Naval Research; National Science Foundation.

(< ) Dr. W. J. Schmitz, Jr., and Dr. N. P. Fofonoff.

(d) Field investigations. (f')Timc scries observations in the deep ocean support

theoretical work on the nature of dynamic processes in the

sea. Several experiments are usually in progress simultaneously.

(g) Several recent experiments have yielded the following in- formation: ( 1 ) data from an array of current meters in the deep Gulf Stream recirculation region suggests that this recirculation is driven by the oceanic eddy field; (2) Gulf Stream rings have been identified as possible sources for enhanced fine-structure activity near Bermuda through the generation of internal waves by eddy interaction with the

island slope and subsequent mixing by the internal wave

field; (3) a new current was found near 4,000 in depth

along the western foot of the Bermuda Rise. 160
(In Some Evidence f<ir Boundary Mixing in the Deep Ocean, L

Armi. 7. Ccphys. Rrs. 83, 1971-1974, 1S»7X. Mixed Layer Velocities Induced by Internal Waves, E

D'Asaro. J. Cn-ophys. Res. 83. C5. :437-243X. 1978. Mean Lpwelling Velocities on the Oregon Continental Shelf During Summer 1973. H. L. Brydcn. Euuanne and Coastal Marine Svieiuc- 7. 3 1 1-327. 1978.

Kddies. Islands and Mixing, T B Hogg. E J Katz. J. (icplivs- Res. 83, 2921-2938. 1978. The Anatomy of the Antarctic Polar Front in the Drake

Pas.sage. T M. Joyce, W. Zenk, J. M. Toole, J. C,e„phys.

Res. 83, CI 2, 6093-61 13, 1978. Large Cyclonic Rings from the Northeast Sargasso Sea, M.

S. McCartney, L. V. Worthington, W. J. Schmitz. Jr.. J. Gophys. Res. 83. C2. 901-914, 1978. The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, The MODE group. Deep-Sea Res. 25, 10. 859-9 10, 1978. The IWEX Spectrum. P Mfillcr, D. J Olbers, J Willebrand, J. Geophys. Res. 83, C 1 . 479-500. 1978. Observations of the Vertical Structure of Low Frequency

Fluctuations in the Western North Atlantic. W. J. Schmitz.

Jr.. J. Mar. Res. 36. 2. 295-310, 1978. Observations of Energetic Low Frequency Current Fluctuations in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. W. J Schmitz.

Jr.. N. G. Hogg. J. Mar. Res. 36, 4. 725-734. 1978. RepU lo Comments by Chris Garrett on Some Evidence

for Boundary Mixing in the Deep Ocean, L Armi. J. Gcnphys. Res.. 1979.

Effects of Variations in Eddy Diffusivity on Horizontal and

Vertical Property Distributions in the Oceans. L. Armi, J. Mar. Res. Poleward Heat Flux and Conversion of Available Potential Energy in Drake Passage. H L Bryden, J. Mar. Res.. 1979. An Equatorial Transect of the Indian Ocean, C. C. Eriksen.

J. Mar. Res . 1979.

Internal Wave Variability During the Internal Wave Experiment. C. J. Frankignoul, T M. Joyce, J. Geapliys. Res., 1979. Tidally-Generated Internal Wave Packets in Massachusetts

Bay, U.S.A.; Preliminary Physical and Biological Results, L R Haury. M. G. Briscoe, W H. Orr. .\amre. 1979.

Island Trapped Waves: Theory and Observations from Around Bermuda. N. G Hogg. J. Pliys. (>ceaiu>^r . 1979. A Dynamical Interpretation of Low Frequency Motions Near Very Rough Topography-The Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. N. G. Hogg. W. J. Schmitz. Jr.. J. Mar. Res.. 1979.

.An Example of Eddy-Induced Ocean Circulation, W. R. Holland. P B. Rhines. Dyn. Oceans and Atoms. On the Mediterranean Outflow in the North Atlantic: Pai^

I. 2-D Advective Diffusive Model with a Mid-Ocean Ridge,

T. M. Joyce. J Mar. Res

Vertical Coherence of the Internal Wave Field from Towed

Sensors, E. J. Katz. M G. Briscoe. J. Pliys. Ocean. 9. 3, 1979. Equatorial Current Observations I, Moored Current Measurements, J. R. Luyten. Deep-Sea Res. Recent Observations in the Equatorial Indian Ocean, J R. Luyten. in Mon.<:oon Dynamics. J M Lighthill. Editor. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1979. Ocean Eddies and Climate, P B. Rhines. in Proc. Helsinki WMO Mtg. on Ocean Models and Climate. 1979. A Theoretical Discussion of Eddy-Driven Mean Flows. P. B

Rhines, W. R. Holland, Dynam. of Oceans and .4tmos . 1979, Geostrophic Turbulence, P B Rhines, .4nn Re\ . Fluid Mech 11, 401-441, 1979. Eddy-Driven Circulation of the Ocean: A Vorticity Transport Theory, P B. Rhines, J Mar. Res. Observations of Interaction Between the Internal Wavcfield and Low Frequency Flows in the North Atlantic, B. Ruddick. T. M. Joyce, J. Pliys. Oceanog.. 1979.

Weakly Depth-Dependent Segments of the North Atlantic Circulation, W. J. Schmitz. Jr., ./ Mar. Res.. 1979.

1 73-09224-440-44 COASTAL CIRCULATION IN THE GREAT LAKES

(/>) NCAA. Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory.

(c ) Dr. Gabriel T. Csanady.

(d) Analysis of field data, theoretical work.

((-) Data collected during the International Field Year on the Great Lakes are analyzed and interpreted in terms of the concepts of fluid mechanics.

) Concentrated bands of relatively fast currents are produced by storms near the shore of large lakes within what is now known as the "coastal boundary layer." The

physical properties of the coastal currents depend not only on the size and shape of the lake basin, but also signifi- cantly on the density distribution of the water and the rotation of the earth.

(/i) Mean Circulation in Shallow Seas, G T Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 30. pp. 5389-5399, 1976. The Coastal Jet Conceptual Model in the Dynamics of Shal- low Seas, G T. Csanady, The .Sea 6, pp. 1 17-144, 1977.

Intermittent "Full" Upwelling in Lake Ontario, G T

Csanady. y. Geophys. Res. 82, 3, pp. 397-419, 1977. On the Cyclonic Mean Circulation of Large Lakes, G. T. Csanady. Proc. Nail. Acad. .Sci. USA 74, 6. pp. 2204-2208.

1977. The Arrested Topographic Wave, G T Csanady. J. Pliys. Oceanogr. 8, 1, pp. 4 7-62, 1978. 173-09225-450-52 COASTAL BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSECT

(h) Department of Energy,

(c ) Dr. Gabriel T. Csanady.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations.

(e) Current, temperature and salinity measurements in the

coastal zone (0-12 km from shore) south of Long Island are used to elucidate flow structure in the coastal bounda-

(g) The transient and the long-term circulation over continental shelves is determined by impulses received from winds and tides as well as by the density distribution of the water. An important part of the transient shelf-wide flow

pattern is the coastal boundary layer where storms produce concentrated bands of currents. Time-averaged

flow is, by contrast, controlled by density variations con- sequent upon fresh water runoff near shore and by the pressure field of large oceanic gyres. Nearshore Currents off Long Island, J. T. Scott. G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 30, pp. 5401-5409. 1976. Turbulent Interface Layers, G. T. Csanady, J. Geophys.

Res. 83, C5, pp. 2329-2342, 1978. Wind Effects on Surface to Bottom Fronts, G T Csanady,

J Geophys. Res. 83, C9, pp 4633-4640, 1978. The Birth and Death of a Warm Core Ring, G T Csanady,

J. Geophys. Res. 84, C2, pp 777-780, 1979. 173-09226-450-20 OCEANIC VARIABILITY AND DYNAMICS

(h) Office of Naval Research; National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Thomas B. Sanford.

(<7) Theoretical and field investigations. (f) Most of the effort concentrates on the measurement and

interpretation of motionally induced electric fields arising with water moving through the geomagnetic field. Theoretical studies and field observations are combined to define the spatial and temporal structure of fiow in shallow channels and in the deep ocean.

(^') A better understanding of the physics of induction in broad shallow channels has been achieved. Thus un- derstanding allows, under certain circumstances, the trans- port of a stream to be electrically mcinitored. In the deep

revealed new data on the vertical structure of horizontal 161
currents. Much of the depth-dependent variability is contributed hy incrtial currents,

(/i) A Velocity Profiler Based on Acoustic Doppler Principles,

R. G Drever. T B. Sant'ord. Wonds Hole (hcaiu>Kn,plm

Insi. Tech. Rcpt. WHOI 76-96, 3S» pp.. 1976

Design Concepts for a Shallow Water Velocity Profiler and

a Discussion of a Profiler Based on the Principles of Geomagnetic Induction. T B Sant'ord, Bcrichl aits dcm Institut fur Meereskunde an der Universit'dt Kiel. Nr. 30, 27

pp., 1977 Measurements by Geomagnetic Induction of Volume Transport in a Salt Marsh Drainage Channel, T. B. Sanford, Limnology and Ocean,>graphy 22, 6, 1082-1089, 1977. The North Atlantic Fine and Microstructure Cruise KNORR 52 and EASTWARD 75-12, T. B. Sanford, N G

Hogg, Woods Hole Oceanographic hul. Tech. Repi WHOI

77-11. 88 pp., 1977. A Velocity Profiler Based on the Principles of Geomagnetic

Induction, T B Sanford, R G Drever, H Dunlap, Deep

Sea Research 25, 183-210, 1978 Deep Ocean Velocity Profiles from Electromagnetic and

Acoustic Doppler Measurements, T. B. Sanford, R. G Drever, J. H. Dunlap, in; Proc Working Com/. Current Measurements, Univ. of Delaware, 11-13 Jan. 1978, W. E. Woodw/ard, Editor, NOAA, 137-151, 1978. Eddies, Islands and Mixing, N G Hogg, E J Katz, T B

Sanford, J. Geophys. Res. 83, C6, 2921-2938, 1978. Performance of An Absolute Velocity Profiler Based on

Acoustic Doppler and Electromagnetic Principles, J. H. Dunlap, T. B. Sanford, R. G. Drever, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Tech. Rept. WHOI 78-28, pp. 60, 1978.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Research

Laboratories, 30 Shrewsbury Street, Holder), Mass. 01520. George E. Hecker, Director, Research Laboratories. 174-11236-850-73 MODEL STUDIES OF THE PROPOSED VERNON DAM FISH PASSAGE FACILITY

(/)) New England Power Company.

(d) Experimental design.

ie) Hydraulic models were constructed to investigate the operating characteristics of the fishway right entrance weir makeup flow diffusion chamber and the fishway exit control section including the fish exit. The two models were

each constructed to a scale of 1 to 10. The object of the

studies was to provide a fishway which would maximize

fish passage while minimizing construction and operating

costs. The exit control section was evaluated by measuring

water required for operation, water surface drop between

pools, velocities, flow patterns, and power dissipation. The

right entrance weir makeup flow diffusion chamber was

designed to produce a uniform velocity over the entire dif-

(/) Study to be completed. Spring 1979 174-11237-340-73 DISCHARGE STRUCTURE TESTING FOR A PUMPED

STORAGE POWER PLANT, BAD CREEK PROJECT

Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina.

(d) Experimental design.

(f ) A 1 to 56 scale model of a section of the lower reservoir of the discharge structure for a proposed 1000 MW

pumped storage power plant was constructed to evaluate

plant operation. The velocity distribution, head loss, and

vortexing tendencies of the discharge structure were evalu- ated and modifications made to improve performance. Ef- fects on flow patterns and erosion potential were in- vestigated in the lower reservoir.

(/) Study to be completed spring 1979

174-11238-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL INVESTIGATION OF THE EXISTING DILUTION WATER PUMP INTAKE, NORTHPORT POWER STATION

(/') Ebasco Services, Inc.. Long Island Lighting Company.

id) Experimental design

((') A 1 to 9 scale model of the dilution pump intake was constructed to study flow patterns within the pumpwell to determine if operational difficulties such as shroud damage, cavitation, and rubbing of the impeller were

caused by flow patterns approaching the pump.

(/) Completed.

tg) Undesirable flow patterns and surface vortices were

present in the model throughout the operating range. A

curtain wall upstream of the pump, a splitter wall under

the pump bell, and the streamlining of existing structural members of the pumpwell eliminated all surface velocities and undesirable flow patterns in the model.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Investigation of the Existing Dilution Water Pump Intake, Northport Power Station, D. K. White, J. Larsen, ARL Rept No. 22-79/M7IF, Feb. 1979. 174-1 1239-210-65 PROBABLE CAUSE INVESTIGATION OF THE FAILURE OF

A FORCE MAIN

(h) Town of South Windsor, Connecticut.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(f ) A 3000 foot, 10-inch diameter polyvinyl chloride pressure

pipeline and a pumping station were put into service in 1973 to lift sewage into a gravity main. After experiencing approximately 60 breaks, the PVC line was replaced with

ductile iron pipe in 1976. The investigation evaluated

plans and specifications, pipe specimens, pipe installation, construction inspection records, and pressure fluctuation during operation.

if) Completed.

(g) The failure of the 10-inch PVC force main was the result of several contributing factors. ( 1 ) Plans and specifications did not adequately specify the system check valves nor had the specified PVC pipe been proven for use in a surging pressure application. (2) The quality of workmanship

in placing the pipe was poor. ( 3 ) Acceptance pressure

testing was not according to specifications and sections of main were not tested. (4) Pressure transients generated by pump shutdown and subsequent valve closures contributed

to the fatigue failure of the PVC pipe.

( h ) Probable Cause Investigation of the Failure of a Force Main in the Town of South Windsor, Connecticut, D K

White, M. Padmanabhan, J. Larsen, .4RL Rept No.

I I078IM362F. Feb. 1978. 174-11240-870-75 WASTEWATER DIVERSION STRUCTURE, 69TH STREET TREATMENT PLANT

(/>) Lockwood, Andrews & Newman, Inc., Houston, Texas.

(d) Experimental for design

(f) A 1/9 uniform scale model was constructed of a sewage

diversion structure designed to divert influent into three

outfall lines. Structure head loss, gate ratings, and mixing

of influent within the structure were measured.

(/) Completed.

(g) Diversion structure head losses were measured to deter- mine the effect on the hydraulic gradeline in the upstream

gravity mains. The coefficient of discharge of each of the three gates was measured to enable the computation of

flow in the prototype outfall lines as a function of diver- sion structure water level and gate position. Dye dilution tracer techniques were utilized to determine the degree of mixing of the influent within the diversion structure.

(/i) Wastewater Diversion Structure, 69th Street Treatment

Plant. D K. White, J. Larsen, ARL Rept. No. 146- 77/M342AF. Oct. 1977. 162
174-11241-870-75 174-11244-340-73 INVESTIGATION OF FLOW PATTERNS IN A MODEL

SPIRAL-FLOW TYPE GRIT CHAMBER

(/>) Lockw.nid. Andrews & Nownam, Inc., Houston. Texas,

(t/) E.xpcrimcntal tor design.

((•) A 1/15 uniform scale model was constructed of a 50 mgd

spiral-flow aerated type grit chamber. The study in- vestigated flow patterns, retention time, and grit removal

(/) Completed.

(fi) The entrance to the grit chamber was streamlined to eliminate areas of backflow and reduce the maximum

velocities. Internal baffles were modified to strengthen the

spiral flow pattern and improve grit removal.

( h ) Investigation of Flow Patterns in a Model Spiral-Flow Type

Grit Chamber, J. Larscn, D. K. White, N E. Billings, ARL

Rcpi. \',.. H3-7SIM342BF. Sept. 1978. 174-11242-340-73 INTAKE STRUCTURE TESTING FOR A PUMPED

STORAGE PLANT

(/?) Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina,

(t/) Experimental design.

(f) A 1/58 scale hydraulic model was constructed of the upper reservoir to evaluate the plant intake for potential

vortices, vibrations, and head losses during generation. Velocity distributions and head losses in the pumping mode were also investigated.

(/) Essentially completed.

(j?) The original solid roofed radial flow intake had unacccptably strong vortices. The intake was lowered and

revised. It was determined that solid roofed or uncovered

intakes would perform without vortices when there was

sufficient submergence, and relatively low uniform ap- proach and entrance velocities. The uncovered intake had

the least cost and. therefore, will be included in the final design. To minimize the potential of vortices, large beams

were installed 70 ft over the intake to dissipate swirling

174-1 1243-340-73 VELOCITIES PRODUCED BY A SMALL HYDROELECTRIC

PLANT

i.h) American Electric Power Service Corporation, Ohio

id) Experimental design.

(c) Two hydraulic models of 1/45 scale (powerhouse model)

and 1/150 scale (overall model) were constructed to eval- uate the flow patterns approaching and leaving a new

powerhouse to be constructed at the Racine Locks and Dam on the Ohio River. The primary objective of the powerhouse model was to optimize the fiow pattern ap- proaching the turbines by minimizing approach angle and

non-uniformity of the velocity distribution. Other objectives included testing for vortices and determining riprap requirements. The overall model evaluated the effect of

the proposed powerhouse on fiow patterns at the nearby Racine Locks. The Army Corps of Engineers specified that there should be no significant changes.

(/) Completed.

(«) The powerhouse model indicated that flow approaching

the intake would be at an angle of approximately 45° compared to an allowable maximum of 1 5°. A guide pier reduced the angle. The overall model indicated that the flow pattern produced by the proposed powerhouse in the approach downstream of the dam varied with river fiow and the topography in the tailrace. An optimum topog- raphy was determined such that at low flows, when the powerhouse affected the patterns at the lock, conditions were essentially unmodified.

CLIFTY CREEK STATION-SEDIMENTATION IN INTAKE FOREBAY

(h) Indiana-Kentucky Electric Power Corporation, Piketon. Ohio; American Electric Power Service Corporation. New

York. N,Y.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/30 scale model of the intake forebay and adjacent

river area was constructed for the Clifty Creek Station in Madison. Indiana. The model was constructed using concrete on packed sand with elevated wooden templates. Intake and discharge structures were constructed from

plywood. The model was used to determine the mechanisms currently leading to sedimentation in the prototype structure. The intake forebay design was then

revised in an attempt to alleviate conditions leading to sedimentation for any ambient river elevation.

(/) Study complete, report in progress.

(g) No free surface fiow design was found which maintained

correct fiow patterns and velocities for all river stages. The

final solution could be timed to give good results for any

given river stage. 174-11245-340-73 JAMESPORT NUCLEAR POWER STATION-DIFFUSER MODEL

(h) Long Island Lighting Company. Hicksville. New York.

{d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model of a portion of the coastline near

Jamesport. New York on Long Island was constructed. A

diffuser of varying nozzle orientation and length was tested

in order to minimize the overall length. The model was

130 ft by 85 ft in extent, and was constructed using

fiberglass coated, I /4 inch plywood on raised templates. Surface and vertical structure of the plume were measured

using 480 thermocouple probes in transient cross-flow

conditions.

(/) Tests in progress. 174-11246-340-73 BRUNNER ISLAND STATION-DISCHARGE CANAL STUDY

(h) Pennsylvania Power & Light. Allentown. Pa. (d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/15 scale model of the discharge canal of the Brunner

Island Steam Electric Station in York Haven, Pennsylvania, was constructed in order to investigate various remedial schemes for conducting full mixing of two co- flowing discharge streams. The model was constructed

using fiberglass or plywood. Fine topographic details were modeled in concrete. Temperatures in the canal were measured using 1 30 thermocouple probes.

(/) Tests in progress. 174-1 1247-340-73 CAMPBELL ELECTRIC GENERATING STA- TION-SUBMERGED INTAKE STUDY

(/>) Commonwealth Associates, Inc., Jackson. Michigan; Consumers Power Company, Jackson, Michigan.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A model study for offshore submerged intakes for the J. H. Campbell plant on Lake Michigan was conducted. A

1/65 undistorted model from previously reported study was used to optimize the placement of from 1 to 3 sub- merged intakes directly offshore of a staged diffuser discharge. The critical quantity in the study was the recir- culation temperature rise in the intakes due to the discharge plume Temperatures in the model were measured using 370 thermocouple probes. The model was constructed using fiberglass covered, 1/4 inch plywood on

elevated templates.

(/) Study complete, report on file. (^) It was found that locating the intakes 3500 ft offshore, or 1500 ft offshore of the diffuser, produced adequate results

in terms of minimizing intake recirculation temperatures. 163
I he intakes were localctl in 36 It ol water, while the depth

at the dilTuser varied between 21) and 2X 11.

I /( ) Minimization <>f Recirculation in Submerged Intakes Located Offshore of a Diffuser Discharge, J T. Kirby, Jr., n N Uroeard. AHL Rc,,i. Nn. J 5-7.SI MI .S2CF. 174-1 1248-850-70 DEVELOPMENT OF FISH PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS AT POWER PLANT INTAKES

(/') Kmpire State Electric Energy Research Corporation, Schenectady, New York.

(</) Experimental tor development.

(<) Previous studies have shown that juvenile fish can be

separated from the circulating water of electric generating

stations. An angled screen or a behavioral barrier system may be used \o divert fish from the intake fiow to a bypass and return them to their natural habitat. The current stu- dies arc designed to evaluate the efficiency of the systems

for various species and over a wide range of water temperatures. Preliminary evaluations of fine mesh angled

screens for the diversion of larvae were conducted. A

peripheral jet pump and a centrifugal fish pump were eval- uated for use in a fish transportation system. Further stu- dies of the fine mesh screens and pumps are scheduled

with larvae stages of different species for the 1979-80

scasi>ns. In addition, laboratory impingement survival stu- dies will be conducted. 174-11249-340-60 PRATTSVILLE PUMPED STORAGE MODEL

(/)) Power Authroity of the State of New York; Charles T. Main International.

id) Experimental for evaluation.

((') Hydrothermal model study of lower reservoir of pumped

storage project to determine the effect of the pumped

storage operations on natural temperature stratification and reservoir turbidity. Several dredging configurations were also considered to minimize the induced flow veloci-

(./) Completed.

(X) The pumped storage operation tends to destroy the natural

stratification by turbulent jet mixing during generating modes and by mixing, in the upper reservoir, of waters of

different temperatures withdrawn during pumping modes.

Induced fiow velocities can be reduced by selective dredging.

(/i) Effect of Pumped Storage Operation on Reservoir Temperature and Turbidity-Prattsville Pumped Storage Project, D. N Brocard, R. G. Nvquist. ARL Rcpi. Na. 134-79,

Sept. 197X 174-11250-340-73 MERCER HEATED DISCHARGE

(/)) Public Service Electric and Gas Company of New Jersey.

(</) Analytical for evaluation.

((-) Mathematical model of thermal plume produced by sur- face discharge in the Delaware River of waste heat from Mercer Generating Station. The modeling approach used

in this study included a transient one-dimensional model to account for the effects of tides on background temperature rises and a three-dimensional nearfield model for the prediction of temperatures in the plume. This model, of

the integral type, included the treatment of the jet impingement on the shore opposite the discharge.

(/) Completed.

(.If) Results were presented in terms of surface and subsurface temperature rise isotherms for use by power company to establish compliance with existing environmental rcgula-

( /i ) Mathematical Model of Heated Surface Discharge in Confined Tidal Estuary. Mercer Generating Station, D. N. Brocard. S. K. Hsu. ARL Rcpr. ,\<>. 6,V-7,V. Mar I97X

174-1 1251-340-73 PALISADES DIFFUSER

(</) Mathematical modeling.

(<•) Development and application of mathematical model for "staged" diffuser in shallow water. Staged diffusers are characterized by a small angle between discharge nozzles and diffuser axis and produce a net momentum in the offshore direction. The model used is of the integral type

in that it considers integrated equations in a sectitm of the plume. The difYuser is simulated as a continuous source of

(f>) The model was verified with several model study measure- ments and was applied to design a diffuser for the waste

heat discharge from the Palisades nuclear generating sta- tion, which is located on Lake Michigan. 174-11252-340-73 NORTH ANNA NUCLEAR STATION-CONTAINMENT

RECIRCULATION SUMP MODEL STUDY

ih) Virginia Electric and Power company, Richmond, Virginia. (J) Experimental.

(c) To establish that the pumps in the Emergency Core Cooling System which draw water from the containment sump

would operate satisfactorily without being affected by any

adverse fiow conditions such as air-entraining vortices existing in the sump. A hydraulic model to the geometric

scale of 1:3 was tested at the various operating conditions of fiow combinations, submergence and near and farfield obstructions to the approach fiow.

(J) Tests completed.

(g) For certain test conditions, strong vortices entraining air were present for the original design. Vortex suppressing devices were installed and the modified sump performed

satisfactorily.

( li ) Hydraulic Model Studies of the Reactor Containment Sump-North Anna Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, M Pad- manabhan, ARL Rept. No. 1 23-771 M250CF.

174-11253-340-73 McGUIRE NUCLEAR POWER STATION-CONTAINMENT

RECIRCULATION SUMP MODEL STUDY

(/)) Duke Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina.

((/) Experimental.

(c) To establish that the pumps in the Emergency Core Cooling system which draw water from the containment sump

would operate satisfactorily without being affected by any

adverse fiow conditions in the sump such as air-cntrain- ment due to brcakflow jet impingement and air drawing

vortices. A hydraulic model to the geometric scale of 1;3 was tested at the various operating conditions.

(.f) Tests completed.

(^>) Because of the sump location near the break fiow jet impingement area, high air entrainment was noted for the

original design due to high velocity jets. Sump was

redesigned locating outside the region of jet impingement

and a satisfactory performance was noted. No air-entrain- ing vortices occurred for the revised design.

( h ) Asse<>sment of Flow Characteristics Within a Reactor Containment Recirculation Sump Using a Scale Model, M. Pad- manabhan, ARL Repi. No. 29-7S/M20,SJF. May 1978. 174-1 1254-340-73 DONALD C. COOK NUCLEAR POWER STA- TION-CONTAINMENT RECIRCULATION SUMP MODEL

STUDY

(/)) American Electric Power Service Corporation, New York.

(J) Experimental.

((') To establish that the pumps in the Emergency Core Cooling system which draw water from the containment sump

would operate satisfactorily without being affected by any

adverse flow conditions in the sump such as air-entrain- ment due to brcakflow jet impingement and air drawing

vortices. A hydraulic model to the geometric scale of 1:2.5

is being tested. 164
(/) TcMs in progress.

(«) Tests .in vortex identifiealion indicated no air entraining

vortices Minor changes suggested to reduce swirl intensities and air entrapment on top covers. Tests are being con- ducted to study jet impingement pn>blems. 174-11255-340-73 SEABROOK NUCLEAR POWER STATION-CONTAINMENT

RECIRCULATION SUMP MODEL STUDY

(h) Yankee Atomic Electric Company, Public Service Company of New Hampshire.

{(J) Experimental.

(<) To establish that the pumps in the Emergency Core Cooling System which draw water from the containment sump

would operate satisfactorily without being affected by any

adverse flow conditions such as air-entraining vortices existing in the sump. A hydraulic model to the geometric

scale of 1:4 is being tested at various operating conditions

of flow combinations, submergence and near and fart'icld obstructions to the approach flow.

if) Tests in progress.

ig) Preliminary tests indicated that the sump would perform

satisfactorily. 174-11256-340-73 HOPE CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STA- TION-CONDENSER WATERBOX MODEL

(h) Public Service Electric and Gas Company, New Jersey; Bechtcl Power Corporation; Southwestern Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental.

(f) A high content of abrasive silt in the circulating water in- creases the potential for rapid condenser tube erosion. If the inlet waterbox design produces regions of high velocity within the waterbox, this could result in accelerated erosion, as well as decreased condenser efficiencies and in- creased loss. A hydraulic model, constructed to a geometric scale ratio of 1:7.8, was used to determine flow patterns, velocity distribution, and losses within an inlet waterbox. The potential for erosive wear was evaluated on

the basis of particle impingement angles and velocities. Using this criterion, the original design and a variety of

revisions were investigated in the model.

(/) Tests completed.

(/?) No major revisions in the design were found necessary,

(/i) Velocity Distributions, Turbulence Intensities, and Head

Losses in a Two-Pass Condenser Model, P. A. March, ARL

Repl. i\o. 9-7HIM35HAF, Apr. 1978. 174-11257-340-73 McGUIRE NUCLEAR POWER STATION-COMBINED BEND

IN SUCTION PIPING

ih) Duke Power Company, Charlotte. North Carolina.

{<!) Experimental.

((') A 1:2 model of the combined bend suction pipe layout was tested to study the flow pattern at the outlet and to derive modifications to improve it to be uniform enough

for a satisfactory performance of the double suction centrifugal type service water pump.

(/) Tests completed.

iK) Tests indicated the original layout produced a fiow im- balance of about 8 percent at the outlet. A mitercd vaned

elbt)w with special vane arrangement derived from tests was used to replace the last short radius curved bend and

the fiow imbalance was reduced to about I percent.

ih) An Investigation of Flow Distribution and Swirl Due to a Combined Bend. M Padmanabhan. ARL Repi. No. 12- 79/M20SMF. Dec. 1978.

174-1 1258-340-73 SEABROOK NUCLEAR POWER STATION-TRANSIENT

ANALYSIS OF COOLING WATER SYSTEM

(/)) Yankee Atomic Electric Company: Public Service Company of New Hampshire.

(</) Analytical.

(<•) A computer model of the cooling water system has been

formulated to study the transient water levels due to vari- ous operational procedures such as pump start-up. pump

shut-down, power failure and back-llush heat treatment in different structures of the cooling water system. A

separate waterhammer analysis to study transient pressures

in the condenser waterbox and portions ol pipes ne.ir it is being undertaken. The study would also provide operational data so as to minimi/e the effects due to transients.

(/) Study in progress.

165

PROJECT REPORTS FROM U.S. GOVERNMENT LABORATORIES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND EDU- CATION ADMINISTRATION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH NORTH CENTRAL REGION, 2000 West Pioneer Parkway.

Peoria, 111. 61615. E. R. Glover, Regional Administrator.

300-01723-350-00 HYDRAULICS OF WATER CONTROL STRUCTURES AND CHANNELS

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Project Nos. 001 1 1, 01 168. 07677. and 10592.

(h) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agric. Expml. Station; and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(( ) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdcll. Research Leader, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab., 3rd Ave. S. E. at Mississippi River, Minneapolis. Minn. 55414.

(</) Experimental; applied research for development and

(<) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water

arc earned out. Cooperation with and coordination of the

tests at the Stillwater. Oklahoma, Water Conservation

Structures Laboratory is maintained. Model tests of the Marsh Creek Dam principal spillway. Contra Costa County. California, have been completed. Present research is a generalized investigation of the scour at cantilevered pipe

outlets. The objective is to develop criteria for the design of plunge pool energy dissipators for any pipe size, discharge, and bed material. (In The following reports arc available from the address listed Hydraulic Model Investigation of a Two-Way Drop Inlet for Floodwater Retarding Structure No. 3, Banklick Creek

Watershed. Boone and Kenton Counties. Kentucky, ARS-

\C-63. 20 pages. Aug. 1978. Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways. Part XVI: Elbows and Transitions for the Two-Way Drop Inlet. AAT-NC-1

.

44 pages, Feb. I 979. Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways. Part XVII: The Two-Way Drop Inlet With a Semicylindrical Bottom. 28

pages, Apr. 1 979. 300-04275-830-00 MECHANICS AND CONTROL OF EROSION BY WATER

(/)) Cooperative with Purdue Univcrsitv Agricultural Expmt.

Station.

(< ) W. C. Moldenhauer. Agronomy Dept., Life Science Bldg., Purdue Univ.. Lafayette. Ind 47907.

(J) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic, applied and de\ clopmental research.

((') Field, laboratory, and analytical studies of soil detachment

and transport by rainfall and runoff; effects of plant covers, crop residues, tillage methods, and soil treatments on erosion and runoff; hvdraulics of eroding runoff and

rainfall; and mathematical models of the soil erosion process as a basis for improved methods of erosion predic-

(^') A model was developed to estimate both amount and composition of sediment coming from agricultural fields. The

model, based on fundamental concepts for detachment,

transport, and deposition and readily available parameter

values, requires no calibration. The watershed is represented by overland flow, concentrated flow, and im- poundment elements. The user can analyze the influence of a broad range of management practices including ter- races, waterways, conservation tillage, buffer strips, strip cropping, impoundments and topographic features like concave slopes, field boundaries, and flow concentrations. The model operates cheaply for either single storms or 20

or more years of record. Deposition studies on field plots caused by concave slopes and strips of mulch and sod showed how these features affect amount of deposition and composition of the sediment load. Strips of mulch and

sod in heavy covers can remove up to 75 percent of the sediment for strips as narrow as 6 ft. These data are being used to validate deposition relationships for erosion models. A new rainfall simulator having a wide range of

controllable intensities and very short delay times between

spray applications was developed that is a significant im- provement over current rainfall simulators for the study of

rainfall pattern on infiltration and erosion on plots as long

as 150 ft. (/i) Universal Soil Loss Equation (USEE), Runoff Erosivity Factor. Slope Length Exponent and Slope Steepness Exponent

for Individual Storms, F. Lombardi, Ph.D. The.sis, Purdue

University, 1979.

Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning, W. H. Wischmeier, D D Smith USDA

Science and Education Administration, .Af>rUutture Handhank 537, pp. 58, 1978. Control of Nonpoint Water Pollution from Agriculture, M.

H. Frcre, D. A. Woolhiser, J. H. Caro, B. A. Stewart. W.

H. Wischmeier, J. Sail and Water Con.wrvaiian 32 260-264.

1977. An Erosion Equation Derived from Basic Erosion Principles, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer, C. A. Onstad, Tran.i. Amer. S<ic. of Agric. Engineer's 2(){4 ):67,S-6,S2 . 1977. A Runoff Erosivity Factor and Variable Slope Length Ex- ponents for Soil Loss Estimates, G. R. Foster, L. D. Meyer,

C. A. Onstad, Tran.x. Amer. Soc . of Agric. Engineers

2(){4):6,S3-6S7. 1977. Measuring the Amounts of Crop Residue Remaining After

Tillage. L. L. Sloncker. W. C. Moldenhauer. 7 Soil and

Water Conservation 32.231-236. 1977.

Soil Erosion and Sedimentation by Water-An Overview. G.

R. Foster, L. D. Meyer. In: Pr,>c. Matl. Symp. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation h\ Water. Amer Soc. Agric. Engineers, Chicago. III.. Dec 1 2-1.1, 1977. 300-09272-810-00 PREDICTING THE WATER BALANCE AND RUNOFF FROM WATERSHEDS IN THE NORTH APPALACHIAN REGION

(/>) Cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691.

(< ) C. R. Amerman, .Acting Location/Research Leader. USDA-SEA-AR, North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio 4.381 2. id) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(<•) Watershed and lysi meter studies on water yielded from

agricultural lands under different management practices 167
anil modeling ol flow components th'-' hydrologic cycle.

( A numerical solution to the unsaturated soil moisture tlow equation allows for vertical infiltration and tor excess

precipitation that tlows into noncapillary holes to move in- ternally The practical applicability of using snowfall measurements obtained from a dual-gage arrangement of an

unshielded and a shielded recording gage to compute actual snowfall has been verified, giving value within 5 per- cent of that reaching the ground at protected wooded

sites. Pastures used for winter feeding experienced a 5-6

fold increase in surface runoff over that predicted for no

land-use change. Also, surface runoff was 6-18 times

greater and yearly peaks 10-18 times greater on the winter

feeding areas as compared to summer pastures. (/DSoil Crusting. W M Edwards, In: USDA-SEA-AR.

Rcsccirch Pn.f-rcss and Needs-Omservaii.m Tillu^c. ARSNC-57, pages 35-42, Oct. 1977, Runoff Controlling Hydraulic Properties of Erosion

Susceptible Grey-Brown Podzolic Soils in Germany, W.

Ehlcrs, W. M. Edwards, R. R. van dcr Ploeg, Pnn . Workshop on Assessment of Erosion in USA and Europe. Univ of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, Mar. 1978.

Infiltrometer Using Simulated Rainfall for Infiltrometer Research, W R. Hamon, In; C. R. Amcrman (ed.), Proc. Infihrulion Research Planning Workshop. I Stale of the Art Reports. ARM-NC-4. Apr. 1979. Hydrology and Chemical Quality of Flow from Small

Pastured Watersheds. I. Hydrology, R. W VanKeuren, J L McGuinncss. F W. Chichester, J. Environmental Qtialiiv .S(2 ). 1979. 300-09273-870-00 FIELD DETERMINATION OF NUTRIENTS AND SEDI- MENTS FROM NON-POINT SOURCES

(/)) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment

Station, St. Paul. Minn. 55108.

(( ) R. A. Young and C. A. Onstad, Agric. Engineers, North

Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minn.

56267.

id) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research.

((') Assess the impact of man on nutrient enrichment of lakes and streams. Develop hydrologic and nutrient budget for agricultural and non-agricultural watersheds. Relate water

quality and sediment yield to watershed land use practices Model agricultural chemical transport.

(^;) Hydrological, soil, and water quality conditions were monitored and data collected for three years on a forested watershed which was then closed out in the spring of 1977. This data and data from an agricultural watershed

are to be used to try and verify an erosion model based on

fundamental principles. Soil surveys, farm plans, and

animal, cropping, and other land use practices have been

determined for an agricultural watershed. Mt>nitoring and

data collection is continuing on the watershed. This watershed became operational in 1975. about the start of

the 1975-76 drought. There were no runoff events in 1976

because of the severe drought conditions, and in 1977

because the soil profile was being recharged after the drought. The first significant runoff events were in 1978

Thus, at least one more year of monitoring is necessary for

a needed minimum of two years of measurements. The

fourth and final year of study of the effect of applying dif- ferent rates of liquid manure to frozen ground in midwinter on soil loss, runoff, and nutrient losses was

completed. The runoff plots which were used in the first three years of the study were closed out in 1977. However, four different rates of manure-0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.0 inches-were applied to four small watersheds. 2 to 4 acres

in size for the second successive year. As with all of the preceding years, amounts of runoff and nutrient losses from snow'melt varied inversely with the amount of manure applied Results from summer rainstorms for 1978

have not yet been analyzed.

ill) Animal Waste Utilization on Crop and Pastureland: A

Manual for Evaluating Agronomic and Environmental

Aspects. C. B. Gilberston, et al Cooperative Manual

between EPA and SEA. In print. Effectiveness of Nonstructural Feedlot Discharge Control

Practices, R. A. Young, T. Huntrods, W. Anderson. Unpublished. Paper S,>. 7S-2572. ASAE Winter Mtg.. Chicago, 111., Dec. 18-20. 1978. 300-10561-220-00 PREDICTING EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

(/)) Cooperative with Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul. Minn 55 108. (i)C. A. Onstad and R. A. Young, Agricultural Engineers, North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minn. 56267.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Models have been developed to estimate erosion and sedi- ment yield from ungaged agricultural basins. Simulation timeframes range from single storms to average annual amounts. Spatial distribution of sediment sources within

the basin arc also predicted. Plot experiments, indoor and

outdoor, arc being conducted to provide quantificatittn of sediment characteristics deemed pertinent for the trans- port of agricultural chemicals. Data are also being col- lected from agricultural basins to relate water quality and

sediment yield to land use practices.

(^') Sediment yield models incorporating hydrologic and

hydraulic flow properties have been designed for single storms and annual amounts. Several models that can be

applied to relatively large watersheds (greater than 30,000

ha) and that are based on data generally available were

developed and tested. The models estimate both average end of slope erosion and basin yield with various manage- ment practices being simulated within the segments that comprise the watershed. Soil susceptibility to rilling was examined in terms of some soil characteristics, principally the degree of aggregation of the soil, aggregate stability, organic matter content, and particle size distribution. Highly aggregated soils with relatively water-stable ag- gregates were less susceptible to intcrrill erision or erosion by raindrop than more poorly aggregated soils. However,

soil low in organic matter was much more susceptible to erosion by runoff and thus, tended to rill more readily. Known amounts of rainfall energy were applied to land having a history of contrt^lled wheel traffic Field and

laboratory measurements were made on soil and sediment samples from the wheel track and nontracked areas to determine basic cause and effect relationships between

wheel traffic, soil compaction, and erosicm. Root and

shoot growth and decay of corn and soybeans from plant- ing time, throughout the growing season, and into the next

planting season are being compared to determine the in- fluence of soybeans on soil physical properties that may

relate to soil erodibilitv. Microbial activitv is also being

closely examined

ill) Characterization of Rill and Interrill Eroded Soil, R A

Young, C. A. Onstad. Trans. ASAE 2V{6):1 1 26-1 1 30

.

1978. Sediment Yield Modeling for 208 Planning, C A Onstad.

R. A. Young. M. A. Otterby. R. F. Holt. Chap. 4 of USEE

published by ASA. 1978 Wheel Traffic Considerations In Erosion Research, W. B

Voorhees, R. A. Young. L Lyies. Paper No. 7H-2()f<3. ASAE .Ann Mtg.. Logan. Utah. June 1978 Assessment of Upland Erosion and Sedimentation from

Agricultural Nonpoint Sources in Minnesota, M. A. Otterby. C A. Onstad Unpublished report Submitted to Minnesota Soil and Water Conservation Board and Minnesota

Pollution Control Agency. 1978. 168
300-11392-810-34 HYDROLOGY A^^D WATER QUALITY OF WATERSHEDS

SLBJECTED TO SL RFACE MINING

(/)) U S Department of Interior. Bureau of Mines.

(< ) W R. Hamon and J. V. Bonta. Research Hydraulic Engineers. rSDA-SE.A.-AR. North Appalachian Experimental Watershed. Coshocton. Ohio 4,-^8 12. Id I Experimental, theoretical and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(<-) Investigation of the hydrologic and water quality conditions occurring before, during, and after surface mining.

ifi) Data were collected on soils, vegetation, geology, runoff and water quality from a control watershed and from three other watersheds, two of which were mined in 1977, and

reclaimed during 1978. Water quality parameters for un- mined conditions were as low or lower than the EPA

recommended maximum allowable concentration in drinking water. The average concentration of suspended solids

in the least disturbed areas ranged from 50 ppm for base

flow to about 1 50 ppm for storm runoff. The application of artificial rainfall on reclaimed surface mine lands showed that by crimping straw into a bare, compacted topsoil the water intake was increased by one-third, and with

the stablishment of vegetation, the intake rate was doubled

for the first inch of rainfall, but was less than the intake of

a freshly disked soil. Ui) Research on the Hydrology and Water Quality of Watersheds Subjected to Surface Mining-Phase 1: Premining Hydrologic and Water Quality Conditions. (Summary

Report). U S. Department of Interior. Bureau of Mines Report. (Available through NTIS. ) G. E. Mcintosh, W R Hamon (eds.). Feb. 1979. 300-11393-870-36 DEFINITION OF ANIMAL WASTE CONTRIBUTIONS TO

NONPOINT SURFACE RUNOFF

(h) Partially supported by EPA and Cooperative with Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 (c)John W. Doran, Soil Scientist. 116 Keim. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Ncbr. 685.83. id) Experimental, field investigation; basic and applied

(e) Objectives arc to determine the effect of livestock grazing on the physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality of runoff water. The pasture watershed, over 100 acres, is grazed by 35 to 45 cow-calf pairs. Small, fenced areas are used to establish a background level for runoff water

quality without cattle grazing. Automatic sampling devices

collect runoff samples at programmed intervals and flumes measure runoff during an event.

(/?) Runoff water quality from the cow-calf pasture has been

generally comparable with runoff from other agricultural nonpoint sources. Concentrations of NO^.'-N. NH^-N, and

soluble P range from 0.5 to 2.8. 0.2 to 3.0, and 0.8 to 3.2

mg/liter. respectively. The concentrations of soluble and

particulate forms of N, P, and C were significantly higher

in runoff from the ungrazcd control than from the ad- jacent grazed pasture, but runoff from both was within

water-quality standards. Stocking rate had a direct in- fluence on the NO:,--N, souble P, TOC, COD, and Cl~

concentrations in rainfall runoff Grazing cattle also contributed significantly to fecal coliform counts, while wildlife contributed to fecal coliform and fecal streptococci counts in runoff water. The bacteriological counts for in- dicator organisms in runoff from both grazed and ungrazed

pasture exceeded recommended recreational water-quality standards over 90 percent of the time. Concentrations of microbial indicators, NHi^-N, NOa'-N, COD, TOC, and

after early peak (low. Concentrations of soluble phosphorus do not appear to be markedly intluenccd by

time and volume of discharge. Much of the total nitrogen

is in the organic form and appears to be associated with

plant material since runoff samples contained little or no

sediment The results of this 3-year research study

emphasize the need to assess the applicability ot point- source water-quality standards before use in e\aluation of

( /i ) Bacteriological Quality of Runoff Water from Pasture Land. J. W Doran." D. M Linn. Ahsir.. Am,T. .S,« . Microhi,,!.. Ann. M,^.. p. N 23. I97X.

Bacteriological Quality of Runoff Water from Pasturetand,

J. W. Doran. D. M. Linn, Applied and Envinni. Mun>hi„l.

37. May 1979. Chemical Water Quality from Grazing Land in the Midwest, J. S. Schepers. N. P. Swanson. Af-ron. AInir-. p, 35 (Presented at Amer. Soc. Agron. Mtg.. Chicago. Ill . Dec

1978.) 1978.

Invited presentation. Agricultural Runoff in the Midwest, Annual Water Pollution Control Federation Convention, Anaheim, Calif, J. S. Schepers. D. R. Andersen. G. E. Schuman. E. J. Vavricka, H D. Wittmuss. 1978

300- 11 394-870-00 LIVESTOCK FEEDLOT HYDROLOGY AND FACILITIES FOR CONTROL AND UTILIZATION OF RUNOFF AND TRANSPORTED SOLIDS

(/)) Cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment

Station. Lincoln. Nebr. 68583.

(c ) Norris P. Swanson. Research Leader, USDA-SEA-AR, Room 5, Agricultural Engineering, University of Nebraska,

Lincoln, Nebr. 68583.

id) Experimental field study, applied research for development and design.

((') Direct discharge and utilization on land of feedlot runoff

effluent instead of to a holding pond for later distribution can save both investments and management problems for feeders. Runoff from a three-acre beef feedlot discharges through solids traps onto a one-half mile long, low

gradient, grassed waterway in a serpentine or switchback

configuration. Instrumentation permits collection of data on the efficiency of the solids traps and the effectiveness of the waterway to infiltrate, dilute, filter, or otherwise reduce the pollution potential of the feedlot runoff.

(/) Data collection completed September 30. 1978.

iH) Runoff data collected from above-normal rainfall in the summer and fall of 1977 continued to demonstrate the ef- fectiveness of the solids trap and waterway combination

for direct disposal and utilization of feedlot runoff The

solids traps have proven to be 70 to 80 percent efficient in removal of settleable solids. Winter snowmelt, the most

stringent test of such a system, had a decrease of total solids content from 0.93 percent entering to 0.04 percent

at a point less than three-fourth the length of the water- way. Infiltration eliminated possible discharge from the waterway by this event. The COD decreased from 3,070

mg/liter to 118 mg/liter during the same event. 300-11395-870-36 WATER QUALITY AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE MIDWEST

(/)) Partially supported by EPA and Cooperative with Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Lincoln. Nebr. 68583.

(< ) J. S. Schepers, Soil Scientist. 1 13 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. 68583.

(.d) Experimental, field investigation; basic and applied

research.

((') Objectives are to evaluate water quality of runoff from

cropland under a variety of Best Management practices as part of the Maple Creek Model Implementation Project

( MIP).

(.i;) Funding for water-q ualitv evaluation became available Julv

1, 1978. Ten sampling sites (flumes) will be instrumented. Rain gauges and automatic water-sampling equipment ar- rived in September. Instrumentation of one sample site on

land having steep-back terraces with an underground tile outlet was completed in the tail of I 978. No runoff has oc- curred following installation Seven other sample sites have been selected and are scheduled for instrumentation in the 169
spring ol l')7^) Base tlow samples collected in the lull averaged i).^2. 2.20. and ().()X^mg/l ot NH/-N, NO:,--N. and soluble P, respectively. 300-1 1396-870-36 NONI'OINT POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL CROPLANDS

{!>) Partially supported by EPA. Old West Commission, and

C\)operativc with Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. 685X.V

(< ) J. S. Schepers, Soil Scientist, 1 13 Keim Hall, University ot Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. 6S583.

(</) Experimental, field investigation; basic and applied

research.

((•) Objectives arc to determine the contribution of agricultural crop production to the bit)logical, chemical and

physical aspects ot' water quality. Automatic sampling

devices collect runoff from a 2()()() ha watershed during ru- noff events. Water quality is related to amount and duration runoff events. Water quality is related to amount and

duration of rainfall, cropping sequence, and fertilizer and

pesticide application.

(Af) Precipitation for 1978 totaled 82 cm, which is 20 cm

above the U>ng-tcrm average for the area and resulted in 20 individual runoff events. The chemical water quality remained within the accepted water-quality standards in spite of two high-intensity storms. One runoff event more

than tripled the previous high rate of runoff discharge and

resulted in a threefold increase in sediment concentration

at peak tlow (35,000 mg solids/ 1 ). Runoff collected after planting of corn and sorghum contained up to 50 and 1 1 /ig/l of Atrazinc and Ramrod, respectively. Other herbi- cides and pesticides were detected in concentrations less than 3.0 pig/'- Data from several individual events have been statistically analyzed to develop functional relation- ships between the various chemical and hydrologic parameters. Water quality of runoff during a moderatesized event could be predicted with r values of at least 0.85 for NO:,-N, soluble P, sediment N and P, COD, and

total solids in terms of the flow rate and time during the event. Predictions of water quality during very large events

in terms of time and flow rate were not as reliable until

total solids concentration was incorporated into the model.

( /i ) Water Quality Study from Agricultural Lands, Project Completion Report, Grant No. 10570002, D. R. Andersen, Dept Civil Engrg , Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln. Nebr. 6X5X3. 300-11397-830-00 BASINS FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION CONTROL ON

CROPLAND WITH STEEP, IRREGULAR TOPOGRAPHY

(/)) Cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment

Station, Lincoln, Nebr. 68583.

(( ) Norris P. Swanson, Research Leader, USDA-SEA-AR. Room 5. Agricultural Engineering. Universitv of Nebraska. Lmcoln. Nebr. 68583.

(J) Experimental field study, applied research for development

and design.

(<) Small land areas often contribute major sediment production within a watershed. Particularly where conservation

practices are lacking and undulating topography and

slopes are such that terraces cannot be installed and

farmed with reasonable effort. Basins impound runoff and

control discharge thrt)ugh riser inlets and underground

pipe. Bedloads and suspended sediments are deposited on

the inundated area Field type of row-crop farming on

steep irregular slopes (Missouri Valley deep loess) were

selected on two farms. One small, untreated watershed on

each field was instrumented with a tlume and an auto- mated, programmed sampler to measure runoff and soil

loss. Basins with selected designs and spacings on the sub- watersheds permit evaluation of soil movement and loss, runoff, and the effect on soil water, crop production, and managment.

(x) High-intensity rainfall produced periods of runoff with soil losses of 20 tons per acre inch of runoff from row-cropped

areas without conservation measures. Runoff discharges from recently installed basins had greatly reduced solids content. Samples of discharge taken after inundation of

soil surfaces in the basins had even lower solids contents. The farmer had no machine operation problems in his first experience with the "discontinuous terraces." 300-11398-820-00 INVESIGATIONS IN WATERSHED SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY

(( )C. R. Amerman, Research Leader, Watershed Research

Unit, 207 Business Loop 70 East, Columbia. Mo. 65201.

(J) Experimental, applied.

((') Determine mechanisms by which subsurface water is recharged, moves in the subsurface, and is discharged to the surface. Estimate and predict subsurface tlow paths, flow velocities, and rates of recharge and discharge. In- vestigate quantitative effects of subsurface flows upon

stream flow and water yield. 300-11399-810-00 PREDICTING STREAM FLOW FROM LOESSIAL WATERSHEDS IN IOWA AND MISSOURI

(( ) A. T. Hjelmfelt, Jr., Hydraulic Engineer, Watershed

Research Unit, 207 Business Loop 70 East, Columbia, Mo.

65201.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(f) Develop techniques and models to predict water move- ment in and stream flow from small watersheds. Evaluate

factors that determine stream flow characteristics on loessial watersheds in order to enhance agricultural produc-

(/i) Influence of Infiltration on Overland Flow, A. T. Hjelmfelt,

Jr., J. of Hydrology 36:179-185, 1978. 300-11400-810-00 BEHAVIOR AND MOVEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS IN DEEP LOESS SOILS

(( ) R E. Burwell, Watershed Research Unit, 207 Business Loop 70 East, Columbia, Mo. 65201.

{d) Experimental, applied.

(e) To determine the effect of mulch tillage on chemical

losses in surface runoff; the enrichment of nitrogen and

phosphorus in sediment; and the subsurface movement of

nitrate in the soil.

( h ) Seasonal Runoff Losses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from

Missouri Valley Loess Watersheds. E. E. Alberts, G. E. Schuman, R. E. Burwell, J Environ. Qiial. 7(2):203-20S.

1978. 300-1 1401-810-00 PREDICTING STREAM FLOW FROM CLAYPAN WATERSHEDS IN MISSOURI

(( ) L. A. Kramer, Watershed Research Unit, 207 Business Loop 70 East, Columbia, Mo. 65201.

(d) Experimental, applied.

{e) Evaluate factors that determine stream flow quantity

characteristics on claypan soil watersheds. Predict water movement in and stream flow from agricultural watersheds. Evaluate the management and utilization of stream flow for agricultural production. 300-11402-810-00 MOVEMENT OF CHEMICALS FROM CROPLAND AS AF- FECTED BY AGRONOMIC PRACTICES FOR CLAYPAN

SOILS

(< ) R. E. Burwell. Watershed Research Unit. 207 Business Loop 70 East. Columbia, Mo. 6520 1. id) Applied.

{e) Establish a permanent record of information collected from 40 plots on a claypan soil near Kingdom City 170
dormcrly McCrcdic). Missouri, from 1441 through 1»J77 lor evaluating ihc elTccts of managmcnt on runoff, erosion, water quality and crop production.

ill) Fertilizing Corn Adequately with Less Nitrogen. F D

Whilaker. H. G. Heinemann, R. E. Burwell. J. S,,il and

W.iicr CiisiTv. .?.?( / ).2.V-.?2. I97X. 300-11403-860-00 .SEDIMENTATION AND EUTROPHICATION IN SMALL

RESERVOIRS

(( ) David L. Rausch. Watershed Research Unit. 207 Business Loop 70 Ea-st, Columbia. Mo. 65201.

(</) Experimental, field, applied.

((•) Determine quantities of sediment and nutrients trapped in small reservoirs on a storm basis, how these quantities can

be reduced, and the effect of a bottom-withdrawal spillway on water quality in the reservoir and downstream.

(/i) Optimizing Water Quality Using Small Reservoirs, H G. Heinemann. D. L. Rausch. Proc. 32iid Ann. Mif^. SCSA. Richmond, Va.. pp. X5-92 ( \ 300-11404-830-00 IDENTIFICATION OF PROCESSES OF SHEET-RILL EROSION AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT FROM FARM

FIELDS

(<•) R F. Picst. Watershed Research Unit. 207 Business Loop

70 East. Columbia. Mo. 65201.

(J) Experimental, applied.

(<) Quantify erosion rates and determine the kinematics of

soil detachment, transport, and deposition on agricultural

fields. Modify or refme the Universal Soil Loss Equation

to better fit measured storm soil losses on research plots and transects. Define prediction accuracies of resulting sediment yield model. 300-11405-830-00 EFFECT OF SURFACE RUNOFF ON GULLY GROWTH IN THE MISSOURI BASIN DEEP LOESS REGION

(<•) R. F. Picst, Watershed Research Unit, 207 Business Loop

70 East. Columbia. Mo. 65201.

(J) Experimental, applied.

(<') Define threshold runoff levels that cause gully erosion; develop practical procedures for estimating future rates of

gully development so that optimum controls can be ef- fected. 300-11406-830-00 IMPROVED GULLY BANK STABILITY TO CONTROL AND

REDUCE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION

(< ) R. F. Picst, Watershed Research Unit. 207 Business Loop

70 East. Columbia, Mo. 65201.

id) Experimental, field, applied.

((') Define the probability of gully bank failure resulting from

changes in soil strength and imposed stresses. Develop

procedures to control the variables that cause gully bank

instability and thereby reduce erosion rates from fields. 300-11407-830-00 PREDICTING CHANNEL PROFILES AND SOIL TRANS- PORT FROM RECONSTRUCTED SEQUENCES OF CHANNEL EROSION

ic) R F Picst. Watershed Research Unit. 207 Business Loop

70 East. Columbia. Mo. 65201.

id) Field, applied.

(<) Use the time-space sequency of channel erosion in the Missouri Basin loess hills region to predict future channel

degradation and to effect optimum channel controls.

300-1 1408-830-00 DEVELOP IMPROVED SEDIMENT YIELD PREDICTION METHODS FOR CONTEMPORARY SEDIMENT DESIGN PROBLEMS

(< ) R. F. Piest, Watershed Research Unit, 207 Business Loop

70 East, Columbia, Mo. 65201.

(d) Field, applied.

(c) Develop an interim or shortcut procedure for estimating average annual sediment yields of a watershed-based upon

best utilization of existing records. 300-1 1409-810-00 IMPROVING RUNOFF AND WATER EROSION CONTROL

FOR CORN AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

ic) R. E. Burwell, Watershed Research Unit, 207 Business Loop 70 East, Columbia, Mo. 6520 1. (d) Experimental, applied.

(f) Determine the seasonal and long-term effects of recurring

tillage and crop residue management practices for corn and soybeans cropped c<intinuously, in rotation, and in multi-cropping with winter wheat or rye on runoff, erosion, and crop yields for claypan soils. Determine the combined effect of no-till planting and double-spaced terraces on runoff and erosion.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND EDU- CATION ADMINISTRATION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH NORTHEASTERN REGION, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

301-09276-810-00 PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF LAND USE ON WATERSHED HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY IN THE NORTHEAST

(/)) Cooperative with The Pennsylvania State University, Agricultural Experiment Station,

(t ) Dr. Harry B. Pionkc, Soil Scientist, Northeast Watershed

Research Center, 110 Research Building A, University Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research,

(f ) The hydrologic and water quality processes and parameters critical to the analysis and resolution of land use-water resource problems in the Northeast are being

identified and evaluated. The research results are being

formalized so that they arc directly available as a planning

or management tool. The study sites that arc part of the program include research agricultural watersheds, strip- mines, porous asphalt and drainage plots.

(/?) A simple physically based watershed model has been

developed to simulate the electrical conductivity variations of streamflow. The model identifies and estimates the im- pact of the dominant hydrologic and chemical interactions controlling water quality variations at the outlet of a small watershed during the storm. Field-based hydrologic measurements were demonstrated as potentially useful for ac- curately estimating chemical transport in perched ground- water systems. Water movement through perched water ta- bles in soil and fractured rock zones were traced successfully by chemical tracers. The principal sources of baseflow and dissolved chemicals found in upland streams

of the Northeastern U.S. appear to be these perched groundwater zones. New concepts useful for improving the modeling of snow accumulation, melt and drainage from

the snowpack as a function of elevation have been

established. Data from mountain network precipitation gages and snow courses shows increased intensity of concurrent hourly precipitation with elevation. Increased duration accounts for a minor part of the elevation effect. For the first time, it has been demonstrated in the field that due to air entrapment, considerable air pressure is 171
built up in soils having a flow-restricting subsurface layer. These I'indings show that relieving soil air pressure will decrease runofl and erosion hazards from stiils with sub- surface flow restrictions such as fragipan i>r high water ta- bles. Porous asphalt has been demonstrated in the field as an effective method of reducing runoff and increasing groundwater recharge. There was no runoff from the plot during IMTK despite several intense rainstorms with 70-80

percent of the long-term precipitation being recharged. Severe freeze-thaw conditions did not physically damage

the porous asphalt plot.

(It) Modeling Storm Hydrograph Water Quality-A Partial Area

Approach, W J. Gburck, I'h.f). Thesis in Civil Engineering. Pennsylvania State University, 224 pp., 1978. Use of Neutron Activatible Tracers for Simulating Water

and Chemical Flow Through Porous Media, F G Haascr, W. A. Jester, W R. Hcald, A. S. Rogowski, H. B. Pionke,

J. B. Urban, Institute for Research on Land and Water

Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, 306 pp., 1978.

Influence of Subsurface Drainage on Soil Air and Infiltra- tion: In Sand, A R Jarrctt, J. R. Hoover, C L. Davis, ASAE Paper 7H-2039, 1978. Evaluating the Effect of Increased Concentrations of CO.^ on Infiltration Rate, A R. Jarrett. J. R. Hoover, ASAE

Paper 77-2254, The Role of Elevation in Modeling Spatial Distribution of Precipitation, Snow Accumulation and Melt, and Water

Input, R. L. Hendrick, S L Dingman, Proc. Workshop on

Modeling of Sn,>w Oner Runoff, Hanover, N.H., Sept. 1978. AGU, AMS, Corps of Engrs., and NWS.

Annual and Season Precipitation and Streamflow as a Function of Elevation in New Hampshire and Vermont, S. L. Dingman, R. L. Hendrick, Proc. Workshop on Modeling

of Snow Cover Runoff, Hanover, N.H., Sept. 1978. AGU,

AMS, Corps of Engrs., and NWS.

Effect of Elevation on Snowfall and Rainfall-Final Results from the Mt. Mansfield Network, R L. Hendrick, D, B. Heath, Proc. 197H Eastern Sn,>w Conference. Hanover,

• N.H., Feb. 2-3, 1978. Storm Water Detention and Groundwater Recharge Using Porous Asphalt-Experimental Site, J G. Urban, W. J Gburck, Pnu . Inil. Svmp. Urban Storm Runoff. Lexington, Ky., July 23-26, 1979 Storm Water Detention and Groundwater Recharge Using Porous Asphalt-Initial Results, W J Gburck, J B. Urban,

Proc. IntI Symp Urban Storm Runoff. Lexington, Ky., July 23-26, 1979 301-10622-810-00 PREDICTING THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT ON RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD

(h) Cooperative with the University of Maryland, College

Park, Maryland and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and

State University, Blacksburg, Va.

(c ) Dr. E. T. Engman, Chief, Hydrology Laboratory, Plant Physiology Institute, Northeastern Region, SEA-AR, Bcltsville, Md. 20705.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(f) The mission of the USDA-SEA Hydrology Laboratory is to conduct research on methodology for predicting and

evaluating water yield from large areas in the United

States and to work directly with the USDA Soil Conservation Service and other action agencies in the development

and transfer of current research results for their immediate

use. The Hydrology Laboratory functions as a national laboratory by extending and modifying the research results from local and regional studies to broader geographical

areas. Research emphasis is placed on determining the ef- fects of land use, climate variability and hydrologic variability on water yield from large areas. An interdisciplinary approach to the problem is being used and relies heavily on mathematical modeling, sensitivity analysis and remote

sensing.

(g) Using data from small watersheds and plots, a procedure

has been developed for estimating the effect of conservation tillage practices on SCS runoff curve numbers. Using

the ami)unt of residue on the ground or the percent of the surface covered with residue, one can estimate how much

the SCS runoff curve number decreases as residue in- creases. A general relationship was developed to relate the accuracy of percent of impervious area value estimated from Landsat data to the size of the area under investigation. These results showed that Landsat procedures provide estimates of acceptable accuracy for watersheds over one square mile in size. A new reservoir sediment trap-ef- ficiency curve has been developed that estimates less storage requirement for sediment than the trap-efficiency curve extensively used for the past 25 years. Rainfall properties related to flash floods have been characterized. It was observed that the smallest time increments of max- imum rainfall are imbedded in the next longer time interval. However, the various short-duration increments from

a particular storm rarely have identical frequencies. A

method has been developed to independently estimate the S-parameter to the Green and Ampt equation. Statistical estimation of Green and Ampt infiltration equation parameters was obtained frt)m infiltrometer runs where the moisture movement is measured during simulated rain. A

subsidence function expressed as an exponential of a parameter combining relative size of storage area, peak in- flow and other channel and flow factors was developed to economically estimate the subsidence of peak flow in situations where large storage areas occur. A procedure

has been developed for estimating 5 -minute increments of

rainfall from clock-hour amounts. It was determined that the clock 5-minute amounts are approximately 20 percent

less than the period containing the maximum rainfall. Given the position and magnitude of the largest 5-minute amount, a triangular distribution has been proposed as the

best fit of the 12 5-minute increments in an hour. (/i)The Hydrograph Laboratory maintains current bibliogra- phies and abstracts of papers published since the inception of the Laboratory in 1961. These are available upon

request at no cost.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND EDU- CATION ADMINISTRATION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SOUTHERN REGION, P.O. Box 53326, New Orleans, La. 70153. Dr. E. L. Kendrick, Regional Administrator. 302-7002-390-00 DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES AND WATERFLOW MEASURING DEVICES

See U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Research, North Central Region, Project 300-01723-350-00.

(h) Cooperative with the Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(t ) Dr. W. R. Gwinn, Research Leader, Water Conservation

Structures Laboratory, P.O. Box 55 1, Stillwater, Okla. 74074.

(d) Experimental, applied research for development and

(f ) The laboratory conducts hydraulic research to develop

basic knowledge for structures and channels used in the measurement, conveyance, storage, and disposal of surplus runoff water. A mathematical model of the earth emergency spillway breaching phenomenon is under study. This model will be descriptive of the relationship of breaching

time and hydrograph of flow over the spillway with spill- way profile and soil characteristics as parameters. A structural low-drop spillway using a baffle to dissipate energy and control grade in channels is currently under study. A

generalized investigation of the riprap requirements for a SAP stilling basin is under study. The head-discharge rela- tionship of sheet pile (Z section) drop structures of the 172
T;iyU)r Creek Watershed near Ft. Pierce. Florida arc being determined usinj; 1 :f> models of two sites. These sites are

the principal runoff measuring stations for water quality

studies on the watershed.

(.If) A computational procedure for evaluation of vegetal lining

in terms of effective tractive force was incorporated in the mathematical model of emergency spillway breaching phenomenon.

ill) Manning n and the Overland Flow Equation, W O. Rce, F. L. Wimberley. F. R. Crow, ASAL Trans. 20, 1. pp. 89-95,

1977. How Accurate are Shop-Made Orifice Plates, W O. Rce. ASAE Trans. 20, 2, pp. 298-300. 1977. Annual Grasses for Temporary Protection of Earth Spill- ways. W. O. Rce, F. R. Crow, W. W Huffme, ASAE

Trans. 20, 5, pp. 934-939, 1977. Evaluating Components of the USDAHL Hydrology Model

Applied to Grassland Watersheds. F R Crow. W. O Ree,

S. B. Loesch. M. D. Paine. ASAE Trans. 20, 4, pp. 692-

696. 1977. Land Forming for Border Irrigation. D M Temple. ASAE

Trans. 21. 5. pp. 907-912. 1978. 302-09286-810-00 PREDICTING RLNOFF AND STREAMFLOW FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHEAST

(fc) Cooperative with the Univ. of Georgia Agric. Exp. Sta.. Univ. of Florida Agric. Exp. Sta., Soil Conservation Service, and the South Florida Water Management District.

(<•) Loris E. Asmusscn. Geologist. Southeast Watershed

Research Program, USDA-Science and Education Administration, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Ga. 30604.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Determine statistics of rainfall and runoff, develop methods to estimate design values of runoff and stream- flow for basin development. Build models to predict hydrologic response of watersheds with improved agricultural management. Watershed processes will be conceptualized in mathematical models, each specific to a prediction problem. Models will be verified and improved

through field research on agricultural watersheds in the Coastal Plains of the humid Southeast, but centered in Little River. Tifton. Georgia and Taylor Creek, Okeechobee,

Florida. Basin precipitation, streamflow, groundwater, and

climate data will be processed by mathematical-statistical techniques to develop base data and model components. Mapping techniques will be developed to incorporate

physical, geological, and management practice characteristics in the models.

If!) A three-component watershed retention function was

restructured to partition storm-event rainfall into surface, interflow and base flow, and upper and lower zone

storage. An algorithm to predict the effects of farm ponds

on the event hydrograph was incorporated into the Southeast Watershed Impact Modeling System (SWIMS). A computerized recursive technique, developed through

the use of generating functions, for transforming mcteorologic input and state probabilities was adapted and

applied for computing probability distribution of annual

direct runoff and sediment yield from a 24-sq. mi. watershed near Ahoshie. N.C Techniques were developed

to estimate runoff curve numbers based on Landsat data

as potential inputs to hydrologic models. Studies on

remote sensing for determination of soil moisture by air- borne microwave sensors were initiated, cooperatively with

U.S. Hydrology Laboratorv and NASA/GSFC For the 5- year period, 1972-1976, mean annual runoff rate from Little River complex cover agricultural watersheds ranged from 12.4 to 17.6 area-in/year. Mean annual runoff rate

for the period was 1.15 cfs/mi-. Generally, runoff was concentrated in the first 5 months of the year with 75 percent

of the total area runoff occurring January-May. For a

small, single cover watershed. Station Z. total runoff was

partitioned 20 percent surface and 80 percent subsurface now (1969-1977). Subsurface flow averaged 120 days/yr..

while surface flow averaged 1-1/2 days/yr A report shi>w- ing engineering design data on seasonal variations in ex- treme rainfall amounts, quarterly-extreme rainfall-deficient periods, and seasonal occurrence of selected rainfall amounts for the Coastal Plain and Flatwoods of Georgia

has been finalized. Analyses of long-term hydrologic and

water quality data from Taylor Creek, Okeechobee County, Florida were completed and a comprehensive report has been prepared for publication as a USDA Technical

Bulletin. Thermal images by aircraft overflight at 4,500

feet and 9,000 feet were used with ground-based

evapotranspiration measurements to predict components

of evapotranspiration from two 1 mi.- areas of Taylor Creek Watershed,

(/i) Calculation of Temporally and Areally Distributed Rainfall, Closure, J. D Dean. W. M Snyder. I'nn. ASCE.

104(IR4):456. 1978. A Unifying Set of Probability Transforms for Stochastic Hydrology. W M Snyder, W C Mills. W G. Knisel. Jr., Water Resour. Bull. I4( I).fi3-9.S. 1978. Transformation of Hydrologic System Input Probability

Distributions for Planning and Design. W. C. Mills, D. R. Davis. Proc. Am. Geoplxys. Union, 59(4):272, 1978.

Fully Computerized Smoothed Data and Gradients Using

Sliding Polynomials, W. M. Snyder. Pnx.. I4tli Amer.

Water Resources Conf.. Lake Buena Vista. Fla., 1978. Flood Peak Regionalization Using Mixed-Mode Estimation

of the Parameters of the Log-Normal Distribution, M. L. Shrader, W M. Snyder. W J. Rawls, R. H. McCuen, Proc.

I4il, Ann. Water Resources Conf.. Lake Buena Vista, Fla., 1978. (Abstract).

Interfacing a Physically-Based Model With a Parametric Model to Predict Runoff from Ungaged Streams, F. W.

Bond. D. L. Chery. Jr., E S. Simpson, Proc. Natl. AWRA

0"i/.. Tucson, Ariz . Oct. 31 -Nov. 3. 1977. p. 2. Methods of Estimating Evaporation and Evapotranspiration, W. G. Knisel. FAO Conservation Guide 2, Chap. 7, pp. 67-71. FAO, Rome. 1977. A Shallow Subsurface Flow Model, W. J. Rawls, L. E. Asmussen. EOS-AGV Abstract. Spring Meeting. 1978. Water Quality of Streams on the Upper Taylor Creek Watershed Okeechobee County, Florida, E H. Stewart. L. H. Allen, Jr., D. V. Calvert, Soil and Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 37:117-120. 1978 302-09287-860-00 DEVELOP METHODS FOR EVALUATING, PREDICTING. AND REDUCING POLLUTION OF SOIL, WATER, AND

AIR BY AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS

(h) Cooperative with Univ. of Georgia Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Florida Agric. Exp. Stat., Soil Conservation Service, and

the Central & Southern Florida Flood Conservation Dis-

(c ) Loris E. Asmusscn, Geologist. USDA-SEA, Athens, Ga.. Southeast Watershed Research Program, P.O. Box 5677.

Athens, Ga. 30604.

{d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Develop methods for evaluating, predicting, and reducing

pollution of soil and water by mineral matter and chemicals and model the movement of agricultural minerals and

chemicals from and within agricultural land. Concentration and load of chemicals and minerals will be related to hydrologic parameters, cultural practices, and land-physical descriptions.

ig) A cooperative study with the University of Georgia has been initiated to focus on processes of nutrient cycling on

agricultural watersheds in the Coastal Plain. Investigations

will include watershed input-output nutrient budgets,

agricultural nutrient contributions, and the role of alluvial vegetation as a filtering mechanism for nutrients migrating toward stream systems. For a small single cover cropped

area (0.34 ha), the subsurface flow component was found 173
to he ihc primary mechanism tor nitrate and nitrite- nitrogen tr.msport. For 19(i9-lS»76 less than 1 percent of the N-loss from the area occurred in surface runoff. For a complex cover Coastal Plain watershed. 16.8 km-, observed runoff loads of NO .+.NO -N and ortho-P were only

1.2 percent and 3.0 percent of the estimated rainfall and

man-applied amounts. Regression analyses were performed on log transforms of chemical ( NO ,-l-NO.,-N. ortho-P. CI) concentrations and load vs. flow rate for all Little River watersheds. Chemical rating curves were developed for use

in predicting chemical loads in runoff from Coastal Plain mixed cover agricultural watersheds. Results of field stu- dies on atrazine movement for two application rates ( 2 24 and 4.48 kg/ha) show that atrazine concentrations in the

soil decreased rapidly in the first 1 5 days after application.

Initial levels were =-'800 figA and 1400 ugA in the top 10 cm of soil. No atrazine was detected at this depth for the 4.4K kg/ha rate. The initial concentration in the surface runoff was =1200 p,g/l for the 4.48 kg/ha rate and <400

/i.g/1 for the 2.24 kg/ha rate. Total atrazine loss was 2.2 and 1.1 percent of the applied amount in 1974 and 1975,

for the 2.24 kg/ha rate, while losses were 3.4 and 1.6 per- cent in 1974 and 1975, for the 4.48 kg/ha rate. Probabilistic forecasts of annual sediment yield were computed

for a 62 km- watershed near Ahoskic, N.C., by using a ci>mputcrizcd recursive technique. Sediment yield probability distributions were obtained both for present watershed conditions with conventional tillage and for possible future conversion to minimum tillage. Sediment

rating curves were developed by use of regression analyses of sediment concentrations and load data vs. flow data for subwatcrsheds on Little River. Sediment delivery ratios (SDR) were computed for Station K, a 16.8 km- mixed

cover agriculture watershed. Annual SDR's were 6.6 and

8.7 percent for 1975 and 1976. Water quality studies on

Taylor Creek watershed show orthophosphate-P unit loads were greatest from intensive dairy land use areas followed by beef pasture areas, and least from a beef-citrus area. Discharge of ortho-P appeared to result from a storm

flushing action. Nitratc-N unit loads were influenced by

land use similarly to ortho-P loads. Chloride concentrations and loads were greatest from a citrus-producing area

utilizing saline artesian irrigation waters.

( /; ) Quality of Agricultural Runoff Water in the Coastal Plain

of the Southeast, (Abstract). L. E Asmussen, Proc. Agric. Sonp.nni Polluii.m Cmf., Gainesville, Fla., Feb. 1979. 302-09290-220-00 EFFECTS OF BED FORMS ON THE SUSPENSION AND BEDLOAD TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT

(c ) Joe C Willis, Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss.

.3X655.

((/) An analytical and experimental investigation of the stochastic properties of bed forms and the bed material

discharge.

(() Statistical descriptions of bed forms along with measure- ment of the total sand load were obtained for different Hows and temperatures in a laboratory test channel. These

data were analyzed according to a theoretical derivation of

the bed load from bed-form spectra.

(/) Completed.

(.i;) The spectral method for calculating the bed load was applied to Hume data and the probability density function of

the bed surface was used to define a lower suspension

reference for sediment suspension models. An analysis of continuous concentration records defined the stochastic properties of the bed material discharge in a laboratory

flume.

(/;) Sediment Discharge of Alluvial Streams Calculated from Bed-Form Statistics. J. C Willis, J F. Kennedy, IIHR Repi. So. 202. 200 p.. 1977. Sediment Transport in Migrating Bed Forms. J C Willis,

J F Kennedy, Pr„c. ASCE HyJraiilUs Div. Spi-cially Con/.. pp 551-560. 1978.

Statistical Analysis of Concentration Records, J C Willis. G. C. Bolton. ASCi: .1 Hydr Div l()4, HY II. pp. 1-15. Jan. 1979 302-09292-200-00 TIME AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY

SHEAR STRESS IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

(/>) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(, ) C. V. Alonso. Research Hydraulic Engineer. USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157. Oxford. Miss. 38655.

((/) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f) Computer-aided experimental studies to determine the

spatial distribution of instantaneous shear stress exerted by

turbulent flows on open-channel boundaries. These boundary stresses are being measured in an 18-meter recirculat- ing flume using hot-film anemometry techniques. The anemometer signals are digitized in a real-time mode, and

subsequently subject to time-series analysis in order to evaluate the stochastic properties of the boundary unit tractive forces. ig) Over fifty runs were made to measure the statistical mo- ment of instantaneous shear stresses along the wetted perimeter of a rectangular open-channel flow with an

aspect ratio of 4.4 and a Reynolds number of 170,000. The distribution of relative intensity of the stress fiuctuations was found to follow trends similar to those exhibited by the relative mean shear. The coefficients of skewness and kurtosis exhibited marked quasiperiodic spatial varia- tions along the wetted perimeter. The measured probability density functions were positively skewed, with instan- taneous standardized stress values ranging from -2.5 to 10.0 times the standard deviation. These density functions were well fitted only by the two-parameter gamma density

function.

( h ) Some Stochastic Properties of Turbulent Tractive Forces in Open-Channel Flows. K. F. Wylie, C. V. Alonso, N. L. Coleman, R. Darden, Pr,>c. 5th Biennial Sxmp. on Turbulence. Univ of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 1977. 302-09293-220-00 LOCAL FLOW AND FORCES EXERTED ON A STREAMBED PARTICLE

(c ) N. L. Coleman, Geologist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1 157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

id) Experimental, basic and applied research.

(e) Laboratory experiments to determine lift and drag coeffi- cient functions for particles on a streambcd. Measure- ments of drag and lift forces, flow velocities, and other

relevant variables are being made during experiments in a

(./) Competed.

(^j) The drag coefficient function for a particle on a streambcd was defined for a range of flows from viscous to ct)mplctely turbulent. Attempts at making reliable lift force measurements were not successful, and were discontinued. In addition to the drag force data obtained in this project, valuable measurements were made of velocity profiles in both viscous and turbulent flows over rough surfaces. These will be the subject of forthcoming reports.

(/i) A Streambed Particle Model-Study Facility Using Hydroxy

Ethylcellulose Solutions as a Fluid. N L Coleman, W. M.

Ellis. Repori ARS-S-147. 8 pp , Sept. 1976. Model Study of the Drag Coefficient of a Streambed Particle, N. L. Coleman, W. M. Ellis, Proc. 3rd Federal In- teragency Sedimentation Conf.. Denver, Colo., pp. 4-1 to 4-

5. Mar. 1976. Extension of the Drag Coefficient Function for a Stationary Sphere on a Boundary of Similar Spheres. N. L Coleman,

La Hotiillc Blanche 4, pp. 325-328, 1977. Bed Particle Reynolds Modeling for Fluid Drag, N. L. Coleman. J. Hydraulic Research 17, 2, June 1979. 174
3D2-09295-300-00 STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY

(/>) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, Mississippi State L'niversity and the Soil Conservation Service.

(<•) Dr. Earl H. Gr'issinger. Soil Scientist and Dr W C. Little. Research Hvdraulic Engineer. LSDA Sedimentation

Laboratory. P.O. Bo.x 1 157, Oxford. Miss. 3X655

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied

(f ) Using multivariate statistical techniques, identify the soil physiochcmical properties that arc significant channel

erodibility parameters and statistically relate eroding shear

stress to the soil parameters.

(/) Completed.

(/f) Field erodibility studies, using a portable flume, were continued. Analysis of the data at hand indicates the stability of fine grained materials of low plasticity indices cannot be adequately described by the D-„, value. Sample morphology, clay content, and infiltration (wetting) characteristics infiuenced the measured erosion rates. In general, the measured erosion rates varied inversely with sample clay content. The rates were excessive for samples which had

visible, but small scale, sand lensing or other zones of relative weakness and for samples of low hydraulic conductivity which were initially tested at low antecedent water content. The pin hole test appears to have potential as a "quick" measure of erodibility for materials of this type. 302-09296-220-00 SEDIMENT PROPERTIES THAT AFFECT AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL TRANSPORT

(h) Cooperative with USDA-SEA-AR Sediment Yield and Soil Erosion Research Units, Oxford, Miss.; USDA-SEA-AR

Soil and Water Pollution Research Unit, Baton Rouge,

La.; USDA Forest Hydrology Laboratory, Oxford, Miss.; and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment

Station.

(c) L. L. McDowell and J. D. Schreiber, Soil Scientists, USDA

Sedimentation Laboratorv, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford, Miss. 38655.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations; basic and applied

(e) Determine quantity and forms of farm chemicals trans- ported in surface runoff from upland and Delta croplands; evaluate relative significance of solution-and sediment- phase chemical transport; evaluate minimum tillage practices for reducing chemical losses from farmlands; deter- mine physical and chemical properties of sediments that

affect chemical transport; develop sediment-water-chemical relationships needed for predicting the transport of farm chemicals.

(/?) Progress was made in three areas of farm chemical trans- port research: I ) estimating soluble phosphorus (PO.,-P) in runoff from croplands; 2) evaluating organic carbon concentrations and yields in runoff from conservation tillage practices; and 3 ) evaluating toxaphene washoff from plant canopy as a function of rainfall intensity and amount. Predicting soluble POj-P concentrations in runoff from

croplands on a storm basis must consider a number of complex, interacting P inputs, including soil (sediment),

fertilizers, crop residues, and possibly leaching of P from

growing crops. Using a simple approach to this problem,

equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC) values deter- mined from soil P sorption isotherms provided a good esti- mate of the annual mean soluble ortho-P concentrations measured in runoff from Mississippi Delta watersheds, but

single storm runoff P concentrations varied appreciably from this mean. On Mississippi upland soils. EPC values predicted the annual mean P concentration within a factor of 2 to 4, even when P was released from crop residues. In north Mississippi, no-till practices significantly reduced the

total sediment plus solution losses of P and organic carbon (TOC) in runoff. Concentrations of solution and sediment TOC were greater from pine-forested watersheds than from conventional till and no-till corn, with a greater pro- portion of the TOC transported in the aqueous phase. Annual average BOD.-, concentrations in runoff from ci )nventional and no-till c irn were low (20 and IX mg/l. r espectivelv). BOD-, losses were lower from no-till because of the lower runoff volum e. Thus, no-till was effective in reducinu the carbonace )us loading to surface waters. Using

simulated rainfall. toxaphene concentrations in washoff from a mature cott )n canopy were independent of rainfall intensitv when 2.4 <. m of rain was applied at 1.27. 2 5 1 . and 10.2 cm,hr. T. xaphene washoff was small, amo unting

to only 2 percent i f the 2.2 kg/ha applied. This in tion greatly simpli ies modeling the movement o aphene from plant canopy to soil during natural rainfall y greatly within events and fri>m

( // ) Callahan Reservoir L Sediment and Nutrient Trap Efficiency. D. L. Rausch. J. D. Schreiber. Trans. Amcr. Soc. Af-r. Engrs. 20:2!il-2f<4. ]911. Callahan Reservoir II. Inflow and Outflow Suspended Sedi- ment Phosphorus Relationships, J. D. Schreiber. D. L. Rausch. L. L. McDowell. Trans. Anu-r .S„c. A,i;ri. Euf^r. 20:2X5-290. . Aqueous and Sediment-Phase Phosphorus Yields from Five Southern Pine Watersheds. P D Duffy, J D. Schreiber. D.

C. McClurkin, L. L McDowell, J. Environ. Qual 7:45-49.

1S»78. Suspended Sediment-Phosphorus Relationships for the In- flow and Outflow of a Flood Detention Reservoir, J. D. Schreiber. D. L. Rausch. 7 Environ. Qual 8, 1479 302-09297-220-00 SEDIMENT DEPOSITION

{h) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi, the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, the Great River Environmental Action Team

I, the Vicksburg, District. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Jackson. Mississippi and St. Paul Minnesota.

(c ) Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist; F. E. Dendy, Hydraulic Engineer: J. C. Ritchie, Soil Scientist: F. R. Schiebe, Hydraulic Engineer; C. M. Cooper. Biologist: J. May. Chemist; USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P.O. Box 1157, Oxford.

Miss. 38655.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field studies; basic and applied research.

(f) Evaluate watershed, reservoir, hydrologic, hydraulic, chemical, and microbiological parameters which affect, or

are affected, by the rates, amounts, character and areal distribution of sediment in reservoirs, lakes, streams, estuaries and valleys. Study the biochemical, physiochcmical. and geohydrological aspects of sediment-water systems in lakes, impoundments, and estuaries and relate these to management techniques. Design, develop, test, evaluate, modify, and adapt techniques, methods and instrumentation to characterize significant variables in sediment-water

systems in field and laboratory. Compile and analyze exist- ing reservoir sedimentation data including trap efficiency percentages directly by infiow and outflow measurements

and indirectly using nuclear and remote sensing techniques. Sedimentation rates and ages are determined

by nuclear means and remote sensing techniques are applied to re-evaluation of sedimentation data. Data collection automation and mathematical modeling by digital computer of sedimentation rates and parameters arc essential. ig) For a number of years the trap efficiencies of small

(agricultural) reservoirs have been measured and

published. These data indicate that most structures trap 80

to 95 percent of the inflowing sediment with virtually all the sand-sized material being trapped. The locatit)n and

distribution of sediment deposits within the reservoirs varies widely. For those reservoirs which arc normally dry between runoff events, the efficiency of sediment trapping

is greater than where a conservation pool exists. During

this report period studies at two small SCS sediment detention structures were terminated. Samples had been 175
ilcpDsits. Computations arc completed but data analysis is siill incomplete. In cooperation with other research units

in the Sedimentation Laboratory, a small sedimentation

detention reservoir located within the Goodwin Creek

watershed ( S»()X-2()X()X ) was selected for study. The objective is to study the behavior of fine silt and clay particles

in reservoirs. Laboratory model studies are also continuing. Sediment basins, serving as in-stream sediment traps, are being evaluated for the SCS on Chicod Creek, North

Carolina. We continued in the use of the Cs-137 method

to determine sediment deposition rates, recent sediment

deposition rates, recent sediment age and field erosion

rates. In a statistical study wc determined that although

different individual variables were impiirtant in explaining

the variation of Cs-137 in soils and sediments three basic factors interact to explain most of the data variation. These are: ( I ) a rainfall-erosion factor, (2) a site for ab- sorption of Cs-137, and (3) a measure of input of radioactivity into the watershed. Sedimentation rates were deter- mined in two Wisconsin flowage reservoirs. Pigeon River Lake (Waupaca Co.) and Apple River Lake (Polk Co.). The Pigeon River Lake data indicated an increase in recent years of channel erosion whereas the Apple River Lake data showed considerable recent upland erosion. A

similar study was conducted on Wolf Lake, Yazoo Co.,

Mississippi where sediment accumulation rates have ex- ceeded 5.0 cm/year in the upper reaches. In the middle

lake the rate was down to 2.5 cm/year in the upper

reaches. In the middle lake the rate was down to 2.5 cm/year and at the lower end near 1 .0 cm/year. These

sediments were mostly clays (up to 80% < 2/ji). We have concluded the sedimentation rate studies on the Upper

Mississippi River in cooperation with GREAT-I. Final re- ports were submitted on Pool 8 and Lake Pepin; these re- ports are being prepared as journal manuscripts. The

hydrological, chemical, and biological assessment of Bear Creek Watershed and Lake Chicot continued. Automatic

data collection was continued throughout the year. These

data are in the process of being summarized and evaluated. Conversion of concentration data to chemical loading is underway. The biological data indicated that in 1978, as in 1977. that the quality of water (in both watersheds) was poor and primary and secondary production was low. At Lake Chicot, primary production on the lower lake did not commence until the turbidity decreased

in late summer. With the normal turnover of the lake

shortly thereafter total production was a fraction of that in the upper lake. Measurements of precipitation, runoff, sediment and chemicals from single cover (cotton) watershed were continued. Precipitation was 6 inches below average. The runoff was some 19.5 inches with a sediment yield average of 2.6 T/ac/yr. Some 80 percent of

the runoff and 96 percent of the sediment yield occurred

in January, April, July, and November. The maximum

sediment concentration was 0.3 T/ac/inch of runoff in April. Runoff was twice as great in July but the sediment

loss was only 0.14 T/ac/inch. Concentrations of P, N, and

pesticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons) varied widely during storms and between storms. Randomly selected soil samples showed residual concentrations of toxaphene ranging from 21 to 2270 ng/g and DDT from non-detected to 476

ng/g Neither pesticide had been applied for several years

but significant amounts appear in storm runoff.

( It ) Abundance and Production of Littoral and Profundal

Benthic Fauna in a Flood Control Reservoir, C M. Cooper, Fnn Ann. Mln Mississippi Chop. Amer. Fisheries Soc. pp. 25-33, 1977. Impingement of Gizzard and Threadflin Shad at a TVA

Power Plant, C. K. Bernet. C. M. Cooper, Proc Ann. Mlg.

Mississippi Chap, of iln- Amcr. Fisheries Soc. pp. 34-43.

1977. The Influence of Turbidity on Planktonic and Benthic Organisms, J. W. Burris. C. M. Cooper. Proc. 1977 Missis.sip- pi IValer Resources Conf.. 87-96. 1977. Sediment Deposition in Three North Mississippi Reservoirs, F E. Dendy. W. A. Champion. Proc Mississippi Water

Resources C<mf.. Apr. 1977. Jackson, Miss. 77-86. 1977.

Physical and Chemical Parameters Affecting Transport of 137,, in Arid Watersheds, J. R. McHenry, J. C. Ritchie, Water Re.'iources Research 13:923-927, . Adsorption and Release of Cadmium by Sediment, J. R. McHenry, R. Chang, J. Mississippi Acad. Sci. 22:1-7. 1977. Estimating the Suspended Sediment Load in Reservoirs, Water Resources Bull. 12:81-92. 1976.

Estimating Field Erosion Losses from Fallout Cesium- 1 37 Measurements, J. R McHenry, J. C. Ritchie, Proc. Symp.

on Erosion and Solid Mailer Transport in Inland Waters,

Paris, July 1977; lAHS Puhl. No. 122:26-33, \971. Nitrogen Carbon and Phosphorus in Soils and Sediments of Some Small Watersheds in the Eastern United States, J C.

Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J. Missi.'isippi .Acad. Sci. 22:7-14.

\911. The Distribution of Cs-137 in some Watersheds in the East- ern United States, J C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, Health

Physics 32:101-105. 1977. A Rapid Method for Determining Recent Deposition Rates

of Freshwater Sediments, J. C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry. In; Golterman H. L. (ed ), Inleraclion Between .Sediment and

Freshwater. W. Junk B. V. Publisher, The Hague, The

Netherlands, pp. 203-207, 1977. Estimating Suspended Sediment Loads from Measurements

of Reflected Solar Radiation, J C Ritchie, F. R. Schiebe,

J. R McHenry. In: Golterman H. L. (ed). Interaction Between Sediment and Freshwater. W. Junk B. V.

Publisher, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp. 466-471,

1977. Sediment Deposition in U.S. Reservoirs: Summary of Data Reported Through 1975, F. E. Dendy, W A. Champion, USDA /Wi.vc. Pub. 1362. 1978. Measurements of Velocity from Excurrent Siphons of Freshwater Clams, R E. Price, F. R. Schiebe, The Nautilus

92, 2, pp. 67-69, 1978. Water Quality Sensor Use in the USDA, F. R. Schiebe, O. W. Sansom, Proc Automatic In Situ Water Quality Sensor Workshop, EPA-600/9-78-034, USEPA-Environmental

Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nev., 1978. Control of Water Residence Time in Small Reservoirs, F. R. Schiebe, F. E. Dendy, Trans. ASAE 21, 4, pp. 666-670,

1978.

Prediction of Post-Construction Density Structure of Lake

Chicot. S. Dhamotharan, H. Stefan, F. R. Schiebe, Proc.

Intl. Symp. Environmental Effects of Hydraulic Engrg. Works, Knoxville, Tenn., 1978. Fishes and Water Quahty Conditions in Six-Mile Lake, Bear Creek Drainage, Mississippi, C. M. Cooper, L. A. Knight, Proc. Mississippi Chapter. American Fisheries

.Society 2:27-36. 1978.

Biological Consequences of Abnormally High Water in a Flood Control Reservoir, C. M. Cooper, F. R. Schiebe,

Proc. Intl. Symp. Environmental Effects of Hydraulic Engrg. Works. Sept. 12-14, 1978.

Fallout Cesium- 137 in Cultivated and Noncultivated North

Central United States Watersheds, J C. Ritchie, J. R. McHenry, J. Environmental Qual. 7:40-44. 1978. Redistribution of Cs-137 Due to Erosional Processes in a Wisconsin Watershed, J. R. McHenry, J, C Ritchie, G B

Bubenzer. In: Environmental Chemistry and Cycling

Processes. Symposium, Proc, (D. C. Adriano and I. L. Brisbin, Jr. eds. ) Apr. 1976, DOE CONF-760429, pp. 495-

503, 1978. The Vertical Distribution of Suspended Sediment in Reservoirs, J C Ritchie. J. R. McHenry, F. R. Schiebe, J. Water

Pollution Control Fed. 50:734-73>i, 1978. 176
302-09298-830-00 SOI Rt K AND MA(;MTLDE OF SEDIMENT FROM SMALL

WATERSHEDS

(/>) Cooperative with Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Ex- periment Station, the Soil Conservation Service, and the

(< ) CaKin K. \futchler. Research Leader. USDA Sedimentation Laboratory. P.O. Box 1 157. Oxford. Miss. 3K655.

((/) Experimental, applied and basic research.

(i ) Develop methods for describing and controlling the movement of water and sediment from upland, field, and channel sources to a watershed outlet. The field facilities are 1 ) Pigeon Roost Creek Watershed in North Mississippi, consisting of ten subwalcrsheds covering 117 square miles; 2)

six flatland watersheds in the Mississippi Delta, a divided one <if 8 3 acres, a natural Delta watershed of 640 acres, two 7-acre graded field segments and two 5-acre ungraded

fields: 3 ) erosion plots sited on the North Mississippi Branch Experiment Station; and 4) a rainulator and computer facilities shared with other research units at the Laboratory. Primary objectives of the research are to document runoff and sediment yield from watersheds under changing cover and agricultural usage; to determine

delivery ratios and other sediment yield prediction methods; to develop methods for controlling erosion from

farm fields and other watershed sediment sources; to in- vestigate hydraulic and hydrologic effects of channel

dredging; to investigate vegetative methods of controlling streambank erosion. Calculations made using rainfall data from a network of 30

raingagcs indicated that previously published R-factor

values for northern Mississippi and possibly other parts of

the mid-South are too low. Erosion plot results from simulated rainfall indicated that erosion is proportional to slope-length to the 0.03 power for dry conditions and 0.15 power for wet conditions on 0.2 percent slopes. These

values are less than the 0.2 power presently used in the LSLE

(It) Basin Sediment Yield Modeling Using Hydrological Variables. C A. Onstad. A J.Bowie. Proc s\mp. Erosion and

Solid Mailer Transport in Inland Waiers. lAHS-AISH Pub. So. 122. p. 191-202. 1977.

Predicting Sediment Yields. C A Onstad, C. K. Muchler.

A. J. Bowie. Proc. .\ail. Symp. S,>il Erosion and Sedimentation hy Water. Amer. Soc. of Agr. Engr. Pub. No. 4-77. p. 43-5X. 1977.

Statistical Analysis of Effect of Rainfall Characteristics and

Runoff Parameters on Soil Loss from a Bare Fallow Plot. K C. McGregor, M S Thesis. North Carolina State Univ . Raleigh. N.C. 302-10630-220-00 COMPLTER SIMULATION OF LOCALIZED SCOUR AROUND OBSTRUCTIONS IN ERODIBLE-BED CHANNELS

(/)) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi.

(c ) C. V. Alonso. Research Hvdraulic Engineer. USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory. P.O. Box 1157. Oxford. Miss. 3K655.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f) Development of a three-dimensional finite-clement model

to calculate the erosive fiow pattern around bridge piers, spur dikes, and similar ob.structions in alluvial channels. The purpose of the model is to predict the evolution in time of the scour around structures so that they can be

designed against undermining and failure. (gi A Finite Element Model has been developed which is based on the method of weighted residuals and uses variational functionals derived from the shallow-water approxi- mations of both the mass conservation and momentum

balance equations for sediment-laden water. These functionals are supplemented with equations for the bed

material transport rate, bottom shear, and effective

stresses on vertical planes. A system of hexahedral ele- ments has been designed that allows quadratic interpolation functions for the velocity field and linear interpolation functions for the pressure field, to ensure uniform accura-

( h ) Finite Element Modeling of Flow Around an Open Channel

Obstruction, C. V. Alonso. S. Y. Wang. Pnn. 2nd Inil. Conf. Finite Elements in Water Resources. Imperial College. London. July I97S. 302-10631-810-00 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR ROUTING WATER AND

SEDIMENT IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS AND AS- SOCIATED STREAM-CHANNEL SYSTEMS

(b) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(< ) C. V. Alonso and D. G. DeCoursey, Research Hydraulic

Engineers. USDA Sedimentation Laboratory. P.O. Box

1 157. Oxford. Miss. 38655.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

((') Develop a continuous simulation watershed model that will include water and sediment components. The model will be oriented towards providing planners with an adequate

tool to assess alternative watershed management practices. Computational mtideling techniques will be used to simulate the physical processes by which water and sediment move from the upland areas down to the channels draining

the watersheds. The processes to be modeled include rainfall interception, runoff, infiltration and groundwater movement, evapotranspiration. sediment production due to raindrop impact, sheet erosion and streamflow entrain- mcnt. and movement of water and sediment through the channel system.

(S) A hydrology-erosion model has been developed that simulates the movement of water and sediment as a time and

space distributed process. Its applicability is restricted, so

far. to watersheds where the streamtlows are ephemeral, and the subsurface fiow and groundwater movement are not significant. The infiltration process is simulated by

using the efficient two-parameter model developed by Smith and Parlange (Water Resources Research. June

1978). Water and sediment are routed using numerical scheme based on an analytical solution to the kinematic- wave approximation of the equations of motion. The sedi- ment transport capacity of runoff and streamtlows is computed using several transport formulas incorporated in the models. These formulas were selected from a number of

transport theories that were examined with reference to flume and field data. The formulation of this single event model has been completed, and a user s manual on the computer program is being prepared. The model has been

successfully tested on several field applications.

(/i) Field Test of a Distributed Sediment Yield Model. C. V. Alonso. D. G. DeCoursey. S. N. Prasad, A. J. Bowie. Proc. 26th Ann. Hydraulics Dir. Specialty Conf.. University of Maryland, pp. 671-678, Aug. 1978. 302-10632-830-00 SOIL EROSION PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS

(b) Cooperative with the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

(< ) L. D Meyer. Agricultural Engineer, and M. J M.

Romkens, Soil Scientist, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory,

P.O. Box I 157, Oxford. Miss. 38655

(d) Analytical, experimental, and field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Investigate basic principles and processes of soil detachment, transport, and deposition by rainfall and

upland runoff. Study water movement across and into the

soil as it affects erosion and runoff rates. Evaluate erosion,

runoff, and sediment characteristics for typical land uses. Develop improved methods of predicting soil erosion and

infiltration rales. Design improved equipment to conduct

soil erosion research. Identify soil characteristics that in- fiuencc soil erosion and infiltration. Develop better management practices for controlling upland soil erosion by water. 177
(v) Row sidcslopo orixJibilily and sediment size distribution were evaluated lor 10 soils at 4 rain intensities. Several

soils were studied with and without eotton canopy, and one st)il was studied at 4 crop stages. Erodibility and sedi- ment si/e distribution varied considerably from soil to soil, and sediment Irom some soils was often much larger than

their primary particles due to aggregation. A study was

started to evaluate the transportability of different sizes of sediment along crop row furrows for different tlow rates and furrow steepnesses with and without rainfall. Soil and

herbicide losses were measured for seedbed conditions of 4 soybean cropping systems. Hydraulic conductivity measurements of a fragipan soil showed a very slowly drying

soil profile due to restricted internal drainage. St>il-water changes in a cotton field were governed by the interplay of

rainfall effects and evapotranspiration in the 0 to I 5-inch

root zone and by crop transpiration demand in the deeper

root 7\mc. Varii>us properties of soil surface seals were

tested as inputs into infiltration models. Seal conductivity showed the greatest effect on water intake.

(/i) Cover, Slope, and Rain Intensity Affect Interriil Erosion, W. C. Harmon, L. D. Meyer, Pn,c. MS Water Res.mnes

Cnf., MS Resources Research Inst., MS State Univ., MS

State, MS 8:9-16, I97X.

Soil Erosion Control on Construction Sites with Portland Cement, M. J. M. Romkcns, C. B. Johnson, D. W. Nelson,

J .S«/7 and Waier C«,iservuii,m 33:232-235, 1^>78. The Agricultural Research Service National Research Pro- gram in Soil Erosion by Water, A R Robinson, L. D. Meyer In ,S<'/7 Erosion: Prediction and Control, Soil Conserv. Soc of Amer , p. 90-96, 1976.

Erodibility of Selected Clay Subsoils in Relation to Physical and Chemical Properties, M J M Romkcns, C B Roth,

D. W. Nelson, S,<il Sci^ .V,n . Amer. J. 41 954-960. 1977. 302-10634-810-00 MODELING STORM RAINFALL PATTERNS IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS

(( ) Dr. A D. Nicks, Agricultural Engineer, USDA, Science and Education Administration, P.O. Box 400, Chickasha,

Okla. 73018.

(J) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(R) A storm severity index for classifying the runoff producing

potential of thunderstorms was developed using intensity data. Sixteen years of records at 20 stations at Chickasha, 20 years at Guthrie, and 26 years at Cherokee, Okla., were analyzed. The severity index and its frequency were

calculated. The most severe storm event (1 in 1500

storms) would produce runoff 5 times greater than the amount of rainfall infiltrated into the soil. The most severe

intensity occurs in the 1st quartile of storm duration. 302-10635-810-00 PREDICTING SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM LARGE

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

(c ) p. B. Allen. Hydraulic Engineer and N. H. Welch, Soil Scientist, USDA, Science and Education Administration,

P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Develop a sediment prediction model capable of predicting sediment yield from large (20 to 200 square miles)

agricultural watersheds in the Southern Plains. The model

will be able to predict storm sediment yield under different basm management patterns by particle sizes, and from

reasonable available input data.

(,.,') Evaluation of the WASEG runoff and sediment yield model (under development at Colorado Slate University) was started using data from a 7.7 ha watershed. Because

predicted runoff rates and volumes were very low. the in- filtration routine was replaced with an empirical relation of infiltration vs. soil moisture. This improved runoff prediction accuracy. The standard error of estimate improved

to 0.336 where the variance of the measured data was

0.369 With the exception of the added empirical infiltra- tion routine, the runoff portion of the model is fullv deterministic, however, the seiliment prediction portion requires

calibration of two parameters. This calibration has not been done, however runs were made with values deter- mined by CSU for two U.S. Forest Service watersheds in Northern Arizona. Sediment predictions were about 100

times too high, indicating that these are very sensitive parameters ;ind suggests that predicted sediment yields will rarely approach the accuracy of runoff predictions.

ill) The Modified Chickasha Sediment Sampler, P. B Allen. N. H Welch. E. D. Rhoades. C. D Edens. G E. Miller. USDA. AHS-S-I()7. 13 pages. 302-10636-810-00 PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT YIELDS FROM SMALL

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN

PLAINS

(< ) N. H. Welch, Soil Scientist, and P. B Allen. Hydraulic Engineer, USDA, Science and Education Administration,

P.O. Box 400, Chickasha, Okla. 730 18. (d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(e) Utilize hydrologic data collected from several small unit source watersheds representing various land uses and other sediment source areas to predict sediment yield from small

agricultural watersheds. The watersheds include cropland,

rangeland, and gullied areas ranging in size from I 2 to 45

acres for the cropland and rangeland, and less than 10 acres for the gullied area. The cropland areas arc in alluvial soils and consist of dryland and irrigated row crops and

dryland winter wheat. The rangeland areas are in good to excellent and poor to fair range condition. Techniques

developed on the small watersheds will be used with data

fri)m a 35-square-mile subdivided watershed to predict sediment yield from larger and more complex watersheds. The purpose of the work is to develop procedures to predict the amount, rate, source, and character of sediment

yield from agricultural watersheds.

(^') Sediment yield estimates by the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) and erosion estimates by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were compared with measured yields from 1 2 watersheds for an 1 1 year period. The MUSLE underestimated average yields on the cropland watersheds, where slopes are less than I percent by a factor of 1.7 to 3.2 and overestimated average yields on the rangeland watersheds by a factor of 2.6 and 7.3. The USLE erosion estimates on the cropland watersheds were 1.8 to 6.0 times higher than measured yields and were 3.2 to 45.5 times higher on the rangeland

watersheds.

(/i) Sediment Yield Characteristics from Unit Source Watersheds, pp. 125-129. In: Present and Prt>r.pecli\e Teclinologv for Prediclinn Sedirr\enl Yield and Sources. E. D. Rhoades, N. H. Welch. G. A. Coleman. ARS-S-40. 285

pages, 1975. The Modified Chickasha Sediment Sampler, P. B Allen, N. H. Welch, E. D. Rhoades, C. D Edens, G. E. Miller, ARSS-107. 13 pages, 197 6. 302-10637-870-00 CHEMICAL TRANSPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS

(( ) Dr. R. G. Menzcl, USDA, Science and Education Administration, 801 Wilson Street, Durant, Okla. 74701.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(<') Chemical content of water and sediment from various watersheds at Chickasha as well as data in the literature

will be used to evaluate existing chemical transport models. Tracers and various chemical analyses will be used

to measure and characterize leaching, base flow, and groundwater movement. Additional data indicated by the models will be collected to further verify and improve the models. Purpose of the work is to test, modify or develop models for predicting various chemical pollutants in sur- face runoff, base flow, groundwater, and sediment from

agricultural watersheds.

{g) Simplified relations were developed for predicting ( I ) en- richment of nutrients transported with sediment, and (2) 178
leadline .It nitrate. The enrichment ratio decreases

logarithmically with increasing amount of sediment tor a wide range of soil types and land uses. Nitrate leaching is predicted from the N mineralization potential, temperalure, and moisture of the soil, combined with computed movement of water in the soil. These relations will provide

a basis for predicting water quality effects of "best management practices.""

(/i) Models for Predicting Water Pollution from Agricultural Watershed.s, M. H Frere. Pn,c. IFIP Coufcreme. North

Holland Publishing Co. ( 1 97S ). Nitrogen Forms and Cycling in Relation to Water Quality,

R. G. Menzel. Pn,c. XaiL Coiij. Manage. Xilra^cii Irrtfiuli-d Afirk .. pp. 33-52. Lniv. California. Riverside (1978).

Oxidative Release of Potentially Mineralizable Soil Nitrogen by Acid Permanganate Extraction, G. Stanford. S. J. Smith.

S,,il Sci. 126.210-2 1 f< ( 1978). 302-10638-810-00 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC MODELS FOR WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS

(c ) Dr A. D Nicks. Agricultural Engineer, and G. A. Gander.

Mathematician. USDA, Science and Education Administration. P.O. Box 400. Chicka-sha. Okla. 73018.

(t/) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(<-) Various existing continuous simulation models will be

tested with data for Southern Great Plains watersheds

ranging in size from 10 to 250.000 acres and containing

various soils and land uses. The responses of the models to a range of climatic conditions will be tested by using 10 to

I 5 years of recorded observations. The sensitivity of vari- ous model parameters to the climatic and physiographic

characteristics of the region and the criteria for selecting values of model parameters will be determined, as well as evaluating the accuracy of the simulated results. Modifications of the models will be coordinated with the testing and development of chemical and sediment transport models to assure compatibility. The purpose of the work is to evaluate and develop continuous simulation models for predicting the water resources of large Southern Great

Plains watersheds with mixed and changing land use, and

for predicting water movement associated with chemical and sediment transport.

In) The SCS curve number model for field size areas has been

tested on watersheds at Guthrie and Chickasha. Okla. The

model accurately predicts the long-term mean runoff and

extreme events. There is no significant difference between

event frequency curves for observed and predicted

</i) Development and Evaluation of Environmental Model

Parameters: A Case Study Using the USDAHL Hydrologic Model on Watersheds in the Southern Plains, A. D Nicks. G. A. Gander. M. H. Frere. In Casebook on ihe Pruakal

Use of Data from E.xperimeniol Walersheds. Section 3.4, Environmental Monitoring Unesco. Paris. France. 1979. 302-1 0«39-860-00 INCREASING THE BENEFICIAL USE OF STREAMFLOW

(. ) R R. Schoof. Hydraulic Engineer. USDA. Science and

Education Administration. P.O. Box 400. Chickasha. Okla. 73018.

(J) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(<') Transmission loss from selected storm runoff events and

base flow will be determined for streams with tandem gaging stations. The effect of dredging two channels on trans- mission losses will be investigated with before and after measurements. Water will be released from selected Hoodwater retarding reservoirs during the irrigation season to determine all losses between the reservoirs and irrigated

fields Water budget records will be collected at four fioodwater retarding reservoirs and the effect of storage and extensive releases of water from reservoirs for irriga- tion on the reservoir onsite water loss will be determined. The purpose of the work is to evaluate transmission losses

from now in both natural and dredged channels with storm

fiows and with irrigation water releases, and to evaluate

the impacts of using water stored in fioodwater retarding

reservoirs for supplemental irrigation in the Southern

Plains.

(,!,') There are three primary factors which limit the use of water from SCS fioodwater retarding structures for irriga- tion. ( I ) The initial cost of sprinkling equipment or land

leveling and the high cost of labor. (2) The irrigable land

usually lies some distance downstream Thus much of the water may be lost during transmission down the channel.

(3) Many of the permanent impoundments are small and would supply water for only very small projects. In 1977

only 486 acrc-fccl of water from fioodwater retarding im- poundments in Grady and Caddo Counties. Oklahoma,

were used for irrigation. Peanuts was the principal crop ir- rigated. SCS impoundments within these two counties have

potential permanent storage exceeding 13.000 acre-feet. 302-10640-820-00 EVALUATION OF ALLUVIAL AND TERRACE DEPOSITS FOR AQUIFER PERFORMANCE AND WATER SUPPLY

CAPABILITY

(/>) Cooperative with the Geology Department. Oklahoma

State University, Stillwater, and the Oklahoma Water

Resources Board. Oklahoma City. (<) Dr. D. C. Kent. Geologist. Oklahoma State Univ.. Still- water. Oklahoma 74074. and J. W. Naney, Geologist, USDA, Science and Education Administration, P.O. Box

400. Chickasha. Oklahoma 73018.

(d) Field studies and analysis; basic and applied research.

(<') A USGS model of groundwater fiow has been tested using data from the Tillman Terrace Deposits in Southwestern Oklahoma. The data included precipitation, streamflow. groundwater levels, and hydrogeologic properties of the Terrace Deposits. Preliminary estimates of groundwater

conditions in these terrace deposits and in the alluvium of

the Washita River, within the SEA-AR. study reach, have been made for 1993 using the model. The model results for the Tillman Terrace deposits were used by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board to establish ground- water rights for that subbasin as prescribed by Oklahoma

Groundwater Law.

if) Completed.

(;?) A USGS m<idcl (Trescott-Pinder) has been calibrated with SEA-AR data on the Washita River and with OWRB data

in the Tillman Terrace deposits and used to establish groundwater rights in the Tillman Terrace deposits, based upon model results to the year 1933.

[h) Results of Computer Modeling of Alluvium and Terrace

Deposits in Western Tillman County and along the Washita

River, Southwestern Oklahoma for Water Supply Capability, D. C. Kent, i W. Nancy. Repi. Oklahoma Water

Resources B,>ard. 52 pp.. 1978. Memo Report. 302-11410-220-10 FLUME STUDIES OF TOTAL BED MATERIAL TRANSPORT

(/j) Cooperative with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(( ) J. C. Willis, Research Hydraulic Engineer. USDA Sedi- mentation Laboratory. P.O Box 1157. Oxford, Miss. 38655.

id) A theoretical and experimental investigation in a largc- scalcd fiume of the mechanics and stochastic descriptions of bed-material discharge.

(f) The experimental investigation of the total sediment

discharge, suspension distributions, and bed form characteristics for equilibrium, controlled fiows up to 160 cfs will be used to test and/or modify relationships that have been

developed for small flume studies. The main goal is to provide transport design criteria that may he applied to natural streams or rectification projects.

(f;) The 250-fi outdoor test channel at the USDA Sedimentation Laboratory is being instrumented for the study. Data

acquisition and analysis programs have been developed and tested for preliminary tests in a small test channel. 179
302-11411-300-10 kner<;y dissipation in alluvial channels

(/)) Cooperative with line University of Mississippi and the U.S. Armv Corps ol Engineers.

(. ) N. l' C-oleman. Geologist. USDA Sedimentation Lahoratory. P.O. Box 1 1.S7. Oxford. Miss. .1X655.

(</) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(!•) Unsteadv nonuniform flows are generated in a computer

controlled laboratory tlume for the conditions of ( 1 ) constant discharge, changing depth; (2) constant depth, changing discharges; ( 3 ) depth and discharge changing. The purpose is to attempt to derive a universal law for al- luvial channel resistance in transient flows from the experi- mental results, using appropriate similitude parameters and

a proper time-scaling factor. 302-11412-300-13 RELATIONS BETWEEN CHANNEL STABILITY AND VAL- LEY STRATIGRAPHY

(/>) Cooperative with the University of Mississippi. Mississippi State University and the Vicksburg District Corp of Engineers.

(< ) Dr Earl H. Grissinger. Soil Scientist, and Dr. W. C. Little. Research Hydraulic Engineer. USDA Sedimentation

Laboratory. P.O. Box I 157. Oxford. Miss. 38655.

(tV) Field and laboratory investigations, basic and applied

((') By field investigation, determine the mode and magnitude

of channel instability for each stratigraphic unit: determine

the distribution of the several stratigraphic units; and. by

laboratory and field determination, determine significant relations between failure mode and material properties.

(/') Two modes of bank failure have been observed; and each

mt>de is associated with an individual stratigraphic unit. Block failure is characteristic of an old, highly weathered

paleosol typified by polygonal structure. Massive failure, resulting from tension crack development parallel with the channel, is the characteristic failure mode for a younger,

relatively unwcathered paleosol. Radiocarbon ages of wood-rich stratigraphic units indicates a well defined marker bed for the time interval from 9.500 to 12.500 before present (BP); and a less frequently encountered marked bed dating from 4.500 to 6,000 BP. Most of the additional wood dates arc younger than 2.500 BP.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND EDU- CATION ADMINISTRATION, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH WESTERN REGION, 1333 Broadway, Suite 400. Oakland,

Calif. 94612. H. C. Cox, Regional Administrator. 303-05209-840-00 DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

(( ) A S Humphervs. Agr. Engr., USDA-SEA/AR. Snake

River Conservation Research Center. Route I. Box 186. Kimberly. Idaho 83341.

(</) Experimental, field investigations; applied research and development

(f) Develop improved surface systems for the control and application of irrigation water. Devices, structures and

techniques for manual, semiautomatic and automatic application of irrigation water will be developed to enable more efficient use of farm water supplies and reduce soil erosion and sedimentation. Structures and devices are

tested in the laboratory and the field to determine their hydraulic characteristics and to evaluate the design, per- formance and adaptability to field conditions. Complete

systems will be field tested to evaluate their water and

labor requirements and ability to control erosion.

(.V) Automatic, low pressure irrigation valves and the as- sociated controls for surface irrigation have been

developed in 4-. 6-. X- and 10- inch sizes These are used

in gated pipe and buried lateral irrigation distribution svstems. Commercial prototvpes of the valves in 8- and

I'o-inch sizes are being field tested. The valves are controlled by battery-pt>wered electronic timers and remotely

by experimental microprocessor and commercial control- cutback irrigation has been developed. Preliminary head

loss data for energy dissipating orifices in gated pipe have been iibtained. A buried lateral multiset irrigation distribu- and in conserving irrigation water,

(/i) Controlling Sediment in Surface Runoff. A S Humphervs.

Irrifi. Akc I2{ I ):22, 24. Sept. 1977 The Continuing Fight with Sediment, A. S. Humpherys.

Irriy. A>>c 12(3) 73. .SI. Nov. -Dec. 1977

Cast-In-Place 2-Foot Concrete Trapezoidal Flow-Measuring

Flumes. A. S Humpherys. J. A. Bondurant. USD.4 Tech.

Bull. No. 1566. 43 p . Nov. 1977.

Float Valves Improve Pipeline Systems. A. S. Humpherys.

Irrifi. .Am- I2i.7):l2. 15. Apr. 1978. Improving Farm Irrigation Systems by Automation, A. S. Humpherys. Proc. Inil. Comm. on Irri^. and Drain . lOlli Connres^i. Athens. Greece. Question 35. R 5, pp. 35.90-

35.98. May 1978. Automating Furrow Irrigation Systems, A. S Humpherys.

Irrif;. .-if-e I3{5):5H. 59. Feb. 1979.

Selecting a Buried Gravity Irrigation System, R V.

Worstell. Tn,n.<^. .4S.4E. (in press). 303-07001-810-05 SIMULATION OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

(/>) Cooperative with Colorado State University.

(< ) Dr. David A. Woolhiser. Research Hydraulic Engineer, USDA-SEA. Engineering Research Center, CSU Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, Colo. 80523.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied.

d') Develop procedures for numerically simulating the surface runoff hydrograph of small watersheds and objective techniques for transforming complex watersheds into simple combinations of overland fli>w planes and channels for numerical solution.

(ft) Data from the CSU-SEA Experimental Rainfall-Runoff

Facility were used in a study of the effects of spatial variability on watershed response. A method was developed to replace complex roughness patterns by an equivalent uniform surface by matching equilibrium surface storage. Maximum likelihood methods were used to directly esti- mate Fourier scries coefficients describing the seasonal

variability of parameters for a stochastic daily precipitation model. A comprehensive, parameter-efficient model for in- filtration has been developed from simplifying assumptions on basic soil water physics. The model uses two parameters plus the soil water content (a variable), and responds

to all practical patterns of rainfall input. The effects of

spatial variability of infiltration parameters were examined

using Monte CarK> simulation.

(/i) Control of Nonpoint Water Pollution from Agriculture: Some Concepts. M H Frere. D A. Woolhiser. J H Caro.

B. A. Stewart. W. H Wischmeier. J. Soil and Water Conservation 32, 6. pp. 260-264. Nov. -Dec 1977 Probable Effect of Summer Weather Modification on Runoff. C. L. Hansen. D. A. Woolhiser. J. IR Division. I'roe.

r</ .4 .set 104, IRI.p. 1-1 I. Mar. 1978.

Simplifications of Watershed Geometry Affecting Simulation of Surface Runoff, L J Lane. D A. Woolhiser. J. Hydrolof-y 35, 1/2, pp 173-190, Oct. 1977. A Distributed Kinematic Model of Upland Watersheds. E W. Rovey. D. A. Woolhiser. Hvdrolo^v Paper 93. Colorado

State Univ.. Fort Collins, Colo . July 1977. Discussion of Infiltration Formula Based on SCS Curve Number, by Gert Atron, Arthur C. Miller, Jr., David F. Lakatos. R. E. Smith. K. G. Eggert. (.-f-SC t Proe. Paper No. 13427. Dec. 1977). J IR Division. Proe. oj .ASCE. No.

IR4. Dec. pp. 464-466. 1978. 180
Optimal Prediction of Ponding. R E Smith, J -Y Parlangc,

7>(»i.v. ASA/i 2<t. 3. pp. 44 3-496, 1977. A Parameter-Efficient Hydrologic Infiltration Model, R. E. Smith, J.-Y. Parlange. Water Rt'.u.urcc.'. Research 14. 3. June. pp. 533-53X, 1978.

Effects of Surface Roughness and Its Spatial Distribution on

Runoff Hydrographs, Y -H Wu. V. Yevjcvich, D A

Woolhiscr, Cilorada Stale Univ. Hydr„l„f-y Paper No. 96. 47 pp.. Oct. 1978. 303-09315-810-00 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC, BIOLOGIC, AND PHYSICAL FACTORS ON RANGELAND WATERSHED HYDROLOGY

(h) Soil Conservation Service and Bureau of Land Manage-

(c) L. M. Cox. Hydrologist. Northwest Watershed Research

Center, 1175 South Orchard. Patti Plaza, Suite 16. Boise, Idaho 83705.

(c/) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Develop, lest, and apply methods for measuring and predicting snow water distribution for continuous and discon- tinuous (drift) snowpack areas; test and improve snowmelt

computation procedures for long-term and short-term (approaching real time) forecast periods. Provide

precipitation inputs compatible with watershed modeling

requirements. Develop and test watershed models for ru- noff prediction and stream channel tlow conveyance consistent with needs for predicting environmental impact of rangeland management on water quality and supply.

(g) Instrumentation for sensing snow water equivalent and

hydrometeorological parameters utilized in the SNOTEL

system have been evaluated. Improved water supply

forecasting procedures are being tested. A snow fence in- stalled at a drift site is being evaluated for increasing the snow water supply. Increased flow in a spring fed from the

drift area has been observed. Progress is being made on

testing a water quality model applicable to predicting water temperature, dissoved oxygen, and BOD in rangeland streams. A stochastic rainfall-runoff model was used

to determine the effect of a weather modifica'ion program

on summer runoff in western South Dakota. The Wyoming

shield precipitation gage is very effective in windy range-

(h) Probable Effect of Summer Weather Modification on Runoff, C. L. Hanson, D. A. Woolhiser. J Irrig. and Drainage Div . ASAE. I04(IRI ). pp. 1-1 I, 1978. A Method for Determining Sensible Heat Transfer to Late- Lying Snowdrifts, L. M. Cox, J. F Zuzel, Proc. 44th Ann.

Mtg.. Wstern Snow Conf.. Apr. 20-22, pp. 23-28, 1976. Snowdrift Management Through Fences, L. M. Cox,

Western Livestock J., Sept., 1977. A Review of Operational Water Supply Forecasting Techniques in Areas of Seasonal Snowcover, J. F. Zuzel, L. M. Cox, Proc. Western Snow Conf., pp. 69-77, 1978. The Care and Feeding of Snow Pillows, L M Cox, L. D.

Bartee, A. G. Crook. P. E. Fames, J. L. Smith, Proc. Western Snow Conf.. pp 40-47, 1978. Ablation of an Isolated Snowdrift, J. F. Zuzel. L. M. Cox.

Proc. Workshop Mtg. Modeling of Snowcover Runoff. Sept. 26-29. Hanover, N.H ; in press. 1978. 303-09316-810-00 INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGIC AND SOIL FACTORS ON RAN- GELAND WATERSHED HYDROLOGY

(h) Bureau of Land Management.

(t ) D. L. Brakensiek. Hydr. Engr., Northwest Watershed

Research Center, 1175 South Orchard, Patti Plaza, Suite

1 16, Boise, Idaho 83705.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Investigate the accretion and disposition of soil water under rangeland conditions by infiltration and by soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration; determine the in- fluences of rangeland soil and vegetation management on

runoff water quality parameters; and develop process

models for infiltration, soil water movement, vegetation growth and production, evapotranspiration, and streamfiow water quality. {g) Parameters of the Green and Ampt infiltration equations

are being estimated from soil moisture characteristics. The USDAHL-74 watershed modc\ was tested on a small ran- geland watershed. Soil water changes were adequately

mi>deled; however, the small amounts of runoff were modeled less accurately. A baseline value of 30 fecal coliform cone/ 100 ml has been established for open range

streamtlow. The reduction of streamfiow fecal coliform by development of upland water sources has been quantified.

( h ) Effect of Grazing Intensity and Range Condition on Hydrology of Western South Dakota Ranges. C. L. Hanson.

A. R. Kuhlman. J. K. Lewis. So. Dakota Agr. E.xp. Bull. 647. 54 pp.. 1978.

Bacterial Variations in Streams from a Southwest Idaho Rangeland Watershed. G. R. Stephenson. L V Street, J. Environ. Quality, 7(1), pp. 150-156. 1978. Estimating the Effective Capillary Pressure in the Green

and Ampt Infiltration Equation, D L. Brakensiek. Water

Resour. Res 13(3). pp. 680-682. 1977. Parameter Estimation of the Green and Ampt Infiltration Equation, D. L. Brakensiek. Water Resour. Res. 13(6). pp. 1009-1012. 1977. 303-09318-830-00 EFFECT OF RUNOFF, PRECIPITATION, CLIMATE, SOIL, VEGETATION, LAND USE AND LAND FORM ON SEDI- MENT YIELD

(h) Bureau of Land Management.

(() C. W, Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer, Northwest Watershed

Research Center, 1175 South Orchard, Suite 116. Patti Plaza, Boise, Idaho 83705.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Determine bedload and suspended sediment characteristics and transport rates in rangeland watershed streams under

a wide range of conditions. Determine relationships between erosion, sediment yield, runoff, rainfall, snowmelt,

cover, land use. and topographic and physiographic features. Evaluate factors in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

applicable to rangelands. Improve sediment sampling equipment and methods for debris-laden streamfiow. Study

the effectiveness of irrigation systems in reducing downstream sediment loads. (g) Helley-Smith bedload samplers were used to determine sediment particle-size and transport rates under a wide

range in streamflow on the Reynolds Creek Watershed.

Relationships between watershed sediment yield and ru- noff were determined for some areas. Sediment loads downstream from irrigated areas were greatly reduced by

diverting natural streamfiow, which caused deposition on

irrigated lands. Five runoff and sediment measuring sta- tions were constructed and instrumented near Boise, Idaho, to study watersheds under a rotation grazing system.

(h) Helley-Smith Bedload Samplers, C. W. Johnson, R. L. En- gleman, J. P. Smith. C. L. Hanson. Proc. ASCE. J Hvdraul.

Div.. I03(HYI0):I2 17-1221 . 1977. Sediment Characteristics and Transport from Northwest Rangeland Watersheds, C W. Johnson. J P Smith, Trans, of ASAE. 2I(6).1 157-1162: II6H. 1978. Reducing Stream Sediment Loads by Irrigation Diversions, C. W. Johnson, J. P. Smith. Paper No. 7S-20/iS. ASAE

Summer Mig., Logan. Utah. 1978. (Accepted for publication in Trans, of ASAE, Oct. 1978). 303-09320-830-00 CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF

EROSION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST DRYLAND

GRAIN GROWING REGION

(h) Cooperative with Washington State University Agricultural Experiment Station. University of Idaho Agricultural Ex- periment Station and Soil Conservation Service. 181
(, ) n. K McCool and R I. Papcndick, USDA, SEA-AR, 219

Smith Agricultural Engineering Building, Washington State Unviersity, Pullman, Wash. 99164.

((/) l-:xperimenlal, and field investigation; basic, applied, and

developmental research

(<) Use field studies to determine the quantitative effects of

climatic influence, physiographic features, soil physical conditions, and agricultural land treatment on water- caused soil erosion. Develop from these data empirical models for sht>rt-term use in predicting soil loss on

Northwest soils. Develop and test, in laboratory and field, combined hydrologic/erosion-sedimentation models to determine their usefulness in assessing the effect on soil erosion and water quality of proposed cultural treatments and mechanical systems.

(«) A first-generation adaptation of the Wischmcicr-Smith or Universal Soil Loss Equation has been developed from

field soil loss data. The adaptation includes slope length and steepness relationships different from those used in the midwest as well as a rainfall and runoff factor that in- cludes the effects of runoff from snowmelt and from rain on thawing soil. The adapted equation is being used by the

Soil Conservation Service in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Research to improve the relationships is continuing. A

study of Pullman, Washington and Corvallis, Oregon rain- drop size and intensity data for developing a low intensity

rainfall simulator was completed. Even though the Northwest rainfall intensities are much lower, the drop

size/intensity relationships are quite similar to those developed by Laws and Parsons in 1941. However, the

kinetic energy/intensity relationships were somewhat dif- ferent, apparently due to a difference in the skew between

the Northwest and the Washington, D.C. drop size dis- tribution.

( li ) Effect of Slope Length and Steepness on Rill Erosion in the

Pacific Northwest Wheat Region, D K McCool, R. I. Papendick. Presented 1977 Summer Meeting, ASAE. Copy

of paper can be obtained from first author. Raindrop Characteristics in the Pacific Northwest, D. K. McCool, M. J. Robinette, J. T. King, M. Molnau, J. L. Young. Presented 7979 Summer Meeting, ASAE. Copy of paper can be obtained from first author. 303-1 0623-31 0-00 RUNOFF QUANTITY AND QUALITY FROM PASTURE AND CROPLAND WATERSHEDS IN THE PALOUSE REGION OF WASHINGTON AND IDAHO

(/)) Partially supported by EPA and cooperative with the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Washington State University and the University of Idaho,

(t ) K. E. Saxton or D. K. McCool, USDA, SEA-AR, Smith

Agricultural Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. 99164.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Several small agricultural watersheds are being studied to determine the hydrology, sedimentation, and water quality

as related to agricultural land management. Runoff from a well-managed grazed watershed and an adjacent ungrazed check watershed is being studied for sediment, chemical, and biological characteristics. Similar data from two meadow watersheds will also determine water quality from

ungrazed areas. Runoff, sedimentation, and chemical

quality are being determined from three cropland watersheds approximately 2, 9, and 27 square miles in

size. Crops are primarily winter wheat in rotation with

spring wheat, barley, and peas. Tillage ranges from conventional plow-disk to heavy stubble mulch.

(f!) Preliminary results from the fertilized pastured grass watersheds show low concentrations of sediment and

chemicals. Bacteria concentrations vary considerably annually and within runoff events depending upon the presence of cattle, temperatures, and overland fiow rates.

(/i) Survival of Fecal Coliforms and Fecal Streptococci on a

Pacific Northwest Pasture Watershed, M D. Jawson, L. F.

Elliot, D. F. Fortier. K E. Saxton. Presented Amer. Society of AgnmomistS Ann. Mig., Chicago, 111., Dec. 1978. Copics available from Mr. Jawson, USDA-SEA-AR, 215 Johnson Hall, Washington State University, Pullman. Wash. 99164. 303-10624-870-00 NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR RANGELAND

WINTER LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS

(h) Cooperative with University of Idaho Agricultural Experi- ment Station.

(< ) G. R. Stephenson, Geologist, USDA, SEA-AR, 1175 South Orchard, Patti Plaza, Suite 1 16, Boise, Idaho 83705.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Evaluate alternative management practices, and develop

guidelines, for the control of waterbornc pollutants from

cow-calf wintering operations. Six plots have been

established on a private cattle ranch in Owyhee County,

Idaho. The plots are being used for three treatments with two replications of the cattle stocking rates: ( I ) no cattle, (2) 10 head/hectare, and (3) 40 head/hectare. The actual number of mature cattle wintered on the plots from January 13 through April 2, 1978, was 0, 0, 6, 8, 26, and 29

head, respectively. Approximately 60 cows calved during

this period. Six additional research plots have been

established. The plots are on the same ranch and involve three ground cover treatments (hay crop) with two repli- cations. Cattle will be placed on all plots during the 1978- 79 winter. (S) Samples of runoff water were taken during three irrigation events and a rain event on April 25 and 26, which added

5.3 cm of water. The effects of this rainfall event were in- cluded with the first irrigation event. Nutrient levels from

first irrigation showed ratios of 1:2:5.5 for the no cattle, 10 head/hectare, and 40 head/hectare fields, respectively. Fecal coliform bacteria counts averaged zero for the no

cattle field, 3972 counts/ 100 ml for the 10 head/ha field and 9449 counts/ 1 00 ml for the 40 head/ha field. Data

processing has not been completed for the last two irriga-

(/i) Evaluation of Rangeland Management Practices for Im- proved Water Quality, G. R. Stephenson, J. E. Dixon

Presented /979 ASAE Winter Mlg., New Orleans, La. 303-10625-810-00 DEVELOP METHODS TO PREDICT PRECIPITATION AND RUNOFF FOR BETTER USE AND PROTECTION OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES OF SOUTHWESTERN RAN- GELANDS

(( ) Herbert B. Osborn, Supr. Hydrologic Engr., USDA, SEA- AR, Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705.

(d) Experimental project based on rainfall and runoff data from semi-arid rangelands in Arizona and New Mexico.

(e) Determine statistics of convective rainfall and runoff on

experimental watersheds. Develop methods to estimate

rainfall patterns and runoff in ephemeral stream channels. Develop models to simulate hydrologic responses of watersheds to predict changes from rangeland restoration or management practices. (g) Previously developed rainfall occurrence and depth-area models for Arizona and New Mexico were combined into one functional simulation model. The models were

developed from SEA-AR and NWS rainfall and cli- matological data. Analysis of rainfall records from dense USDA, SEA-AR raingage networks in Arizona and New

Mexico indicated that relationships published by NWS

(NOAA Atlas 2) for estimating peak discharges from ungaged basins should be modified in regions where runoff

is dominated by airmass thunderstorm rainfall. Data analysis from these dense networks also indicated that lOO-yr. storm rainfall did not increase with elevation and, therefore, indicated that flood peak estimates for small mountain watersheds could be based on valley rainfall records. Results of a partial area response analysis of watershed ru- noff indicated that, on the average, 40 to 60 percent of

the watershed areas were contributing runoff at the watershed outlet. A continuous simulation model was 182
ilcvclDpcd to evaluate nonpoint source pollution for the

field scale. This model uses as the hydn>logic input either the SCS curve number system or the Green and Ampt in- nitration relation. Two procedures were developed to esti- mate transmission losses. One procedure uses geomorphic

relations of stream order, drainage area, and alluvium volume to estimate loss potential. The other procedure

uses a SCS curve number hydrologic model for estimating

losses in cmphmeral streams. The geomorphic approach

appears more practical because of the simplicity of measuring input variables. A parameter using geomt>rphic vari- ables was developed to predict hydrograph characteristics

for scmiarid basins of the Southwest. This parameter ex- pressing basin shape and size proved to be as accurate as the other existing prediction equations tested, and was

simpler and faster to derive,

(/i) Effects of Rainfall Intensity on Runoff Curve Numbers, R

H. Hawkins. H\drolu^x and WaWr Resources of Arizona and

the Soulliwesi. Proc. AAS-AWHA, H:53-64. I97H.

Effectiveness of Sealing Southeastern Arizona Stock Ponds With Soda Ash, H. B. Osborn. J. R Simanton. R. B. Koehler, Hydr<,lof;y and Water Resources of Arizona and the Southwest. Proc. AAS-AWRA, H:73-7H, 1978. Geomorphic Parameters Predict Hydrograph Characteristics in the Southwest, J B Murphcy, D E Wallace, L.

J. Lane, Water Res. Bull., AWRA 13(1 ):25-3S. 1977. Geomorphic Features Affecting Transmission Loss Potential on Semiarid Watersheds, D. E. Wallace, L. J. Lane. Hydrology and Water Re.untrce.s of Arizona and the Southwest. Proc. AAS-AWRA. H.I 57-164. 1978. Hydrologic Effects of Rangeland Renovation. J R. Simanton. H. B Osborn, K. G. Rcnard. In Proc. I si Intl. Rangeland Congress, pp. 331-334, Aug. 1978.

Point-to-Area Rainfall Simulation, H. B. Osborn. Proc. I3th

Agri. and Forest Meteorology Conference. Lafayette. Ind.. pp. 5 1-52. Apr. 1977.

Potential of Convective Cloud Seeding in the Southwest, H

B. Osborn, L. J. Lane, Trans. ASAE. 21(1 1):97-100. 1978. Nonpoint-Source Pollutants to Determine Runoff Source

Areas, L. J. Lane, H. L. Morton, D. E. Wallace, R. E. Wilson, R. D. Martin. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the S(nithwest. Proc. AAS-AWRA. 7:89-102,

Simplification of Watershed Geometry Affecting Simulation

of Surface Runoff, L. J. Lane, D. A. Woolhiser, J. Hydrol.. 35 173-190. 1977. Simulation of Summer Runoff Occurrence in Arizona and New Mexico, H. B. Osborn, D. R. Davis, Hydrology and

Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. AAS- AWRA. 7:153-163. 1977. 303-10626-810-00 SEDIMENT SOURCES, TRANSPORT AND PROPERTIES IN SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS

(i ) Kenneth G. Renard, Supr. Hydraulic Engr., USDA-SEAAR, Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705.

(d) Experimental project to improve water erosion predicting and control on semi-arid rangelands.

(e) Develop improved methods to predict water and erosion and control to preserve and increase productivity of land

(g) Partial area runoff analysis was used to infer sediment

source areas. This analysis included three modeling

procedures: a regression model, a lumped linear model, and a distributed kinematic cascade model. A sediment

yield model derived from a complex erosion simulation model was tested using data from a small watershed in southeastern Arizona. Results suggest that the model is comparable to the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Rainfall simulator tests indicated that erosion rates from a semiarid rangeland might be transport limited because more soil was detached bv raindrop impact than was transported in overland flow.' Sediment yields from small scmiarid

watersheds were several times greater from gullied than from ungullied watersheds and as much as 10 times

greater from brush-covered than grass-covered watersheds. Sediment yields from a brush to grass converted semiarid watershed were reduced 90 percent after conversion.

( /i ) A Sediment Yield Equation from an Erosion Simulation Model, E. D. Shirley. L. J. Lane. Hydrology and Water

Re.'tources in Arizona and the Southwest, Proc. AAS-AWRA.

,S:9()-96. 1978.

Effects of Brush to Grass Conversion on the Hydrology and

Erosion of a Semiarid Southwestern Rangeland Watershed,

J. R. Simanton, H. B. Osborn. K. G. Renard. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the .S<nilliwest. Proc. AAS-AWRA. 7:249-256.

Erosion Research and Mathematical Modeling, K. G. Renard. In Erosion: Research Techniqtws. Erodihility, and

.Sediment Delivery, T. J. Toy. editor GEO Books, Norwich.

England, p. 31-44. 1977.

Field Test of a Distributed Watershed Erosion/Sedimentation Model, R. E Smith In .S«(7 Erosion:

Predicti.ni and Control Special Puh. 21, Soil Cons. Soc. of Amer.. p. 201-209. 1977.

Partial Area Response on Small Semiarid Watershed, L. J Lane. M. H. Diskin. D. E. Wallace. R. M. Dixon, AWRA,

Water Res. Bull.. 1 4(5 ): 1 1 43-1 1 5.S. Oct. 1978.

Past, Present, and Future Water Resources Research in Arid and Semiarid Areas of the Southwestern United

States, K. G. Renard. In 1977 Hydndogy .Symposium. The

Institution of Engineers, Australia, p. 1-29, 1977. Sediment Yields of Small Rangeland Watersheds, H B

Osborn, J. R. Simanton, K. G. Renard. In Proc. 1st Intl. Rangeland Congress. 329-330, Aug. 1978.

Stochastic Aspects of Watershed Sediment Yield, D. A

Woolhiser, K. G. Renard, Proc. Specialty Coiif. on Verifica- tion of Mathematical and Physical Models in Hydraulic Engineering. College Park, Maryland, p. 561-567, Aug. 9-1 I, 1978. Systems for Evaluating Nonpoint Source Pollution-An Overview, W. G. Knisel, Jr., Proc. Workshop on Environ- mental Problems in Agricidture. Laxenburg, Austria, June

27-30, 1978. In Collaboration Papers Scries, International

Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. The Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center, K. G. Rcnard. Agri. Eng.. 59(9):I9-21. 1978. 303-10627-810-00 INCREASED WATER-USE EFFICIENCY IN SEMI-ARID RE- GIONS FOR GREATER AND STABLER FORAGE

(c ) Robert M. Dixon, Soil Scientist, USDA, SEA-AR,

Southwest Rangeland Watershed Research Center, Tucson, Ariz. 85705.

(d) Experimental project to determine principles and practices

for controlling point infiltration and onsite runoff. (e) Develop principle and practices for controlling infiltration and runoff leading to improved forage production.

(g) The air-earth interface concept for rainwater infiltration control in cropland was found to apply equally well to ran- gelands. This concept states that the microroughness and

macroporosity of the soil surface control infiltration with

the rough macroporous surface absorbing most of the rain- water from intense storms and the smooth microporous

surface shedding most of this water. Managing rangelands

for high infiltration rates can greatly improve forage production, enhance wildlife habitats, and control nonpoint-source pollution. A new tillage implement, the land

imprinter, has been developed for applying the air-earth interface concept. This implement is designed to manipulate the microroughness and macroporosity of the soil sur- face. The land imprinter has several intrinsic advantages

relative to conventional tillage implements, including its ability to ( 1 ) safely increase depression storage by forming

relatively stable closed angular pockets without inverting

the soil surface. (2) increase rather than decrease effective surface mulch by concentrating all above-ground plant 183
malcrial at the soil surlacc, and (3) iniJcnl and emboss the

soil surface with geometric patterns that give better ct)ntrol over infiltration, runotl. and erosion. Et'tective control of rainwater mfiltration can greatly increase and stabilize the biomass productivity of many agricultural land areas. Water harvesting systems using parafix wax and asphaltfiberglass catchment aprons were used to increase forage

yield and available livestock drinking water.

( /i ) A Land Imprinter for Revegvtation of Barren Land Areas Through Infiltration Control, R M Dixon, J. R. Simanton,

Hvdr„l„fi\ and Wnicr Rcu>,<ncs „( Arizona and llw

Soiilliwcsl. I'r„i. AAS-AWRA. 7.79-HH, Air-Earth Interface Concept for Wide-Range Control of Infiltration, R. M Dixon. Ann. Mi>-. ASAE, Raleigh, N.C., Paper N,>. 70-2062, 33 pp., 1977. Land Imprinter. R M Dixon, U.S Patent Application

Serial No. X66,()79, 1978. Simple Time-Power Functions for Rainwater Infiltration and Runoff, R M Dixon. J. R. Simanton. L. J. Lane.

Hydrulofiy and Water Resources of Arizona and the

SotdliHc.sl, Pr.K. AAS-AWRA, H:79-}<9, I 978. A Microroughness Meter for Evaluating Rainwater Infiltra- tion, J. R. Simanton, R. M. Dixon. I. McGowan, Hydrol„ny and Water Resources in Arizona and the S,>iitliwest . I'roc. AAS-AWRA, pp. 171-174, 1978. Water Infiltration Control in Rangelands, R M Dixon In Proc. 1st Inll Ranneland Conf^re.ss, pp. 322-325. 1978 Rangeland Forage Rehabilitation by Water Harvesting. G

W. Frasier. H. A Schrciber In Proc. lu Intl. Rangeland

Congress, pp. 295-198, 1978. 303-11413-840-00 FIELD TESTING LOW ENERGY, LOW LABOR. AND EFFI- CIENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

(( ) A. S. Humphreys. Agricultural Engineer. USDA-SEA/AR.

Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route I , Box

186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

{d) Experimental, field investigations; applied research and devel- opment.

(<) A complete automated research/demonstration irrigation system with three different subsystems was installed in a farmer cooperator's 63-acre field during 1977. The

subsystems include two automatic cutback gated pipe systems, a buried lateral multiset system and two check

areas irrigated conventionally with siphon tubes from a

lined ditch. Different types of automated irrigation valves, timer-controllers, soil moisture sensors and other equip- ment will be evaluated under field conditions. The objectives are to obtain data on design criteria, installation and

operating procedures, costs, energy use, operating labor, erosion control, and irrigation efficiency of field scale, au- tomated, energy conserving surface irrigation systems.

(j?) Data obtained to date are preliminary. Total seasonal water applied during 1977 and 1978 was 32 percent and

58 percent less with the automated subsystems than was

applied on the check areas using the farmer's normal ir- rigation practices. 303-1 1414-840-00 THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION PRACTICES ON SALT OUTFLOW AND DRAINAGE WATER QUALITY FROM NEW AND OLD IRRIGATED LANDS

(c ) David L. Carter, Supervisory Soil Scientist. Snake River Conservation Research Center. Route 1. Box 186. Kimberly. Idaho 83341.

id) Experimental field investigation; basic and applied

(i') Specific irrigation treatments were applied to land not previously irrigated and to land irrigated for 70 years. The

quantity of salt in the soil was measured by soil sampling

before and after each irrigation season. The salt outflow was determined by difference, accounting for the salt in the irrigation water. The study was conducted for two

years. The purpose of the research was to measure the quantity of residual soluble salts expected in outflows of

subsurface drainage water as new lands are irrigated, aiul to determine the quantity of water that must pass through

the soil to remove residual salt. The information provided can be used to predict environmental impact of irrigating new land and the effects of irrigation on the salt oultlow in subsurface drainage water

(/ ) Completed. The total quantity of residual salt removed from previously nonirrigated soil, 5 m deep, was 70 metric tons/ha. About

30 metric tons/ha was removed by the first 14 cm of

leachate. After 30 cm of water/m depth of soil had passed from the soil as leachate, regardless of the number of seasons required for that amount of leaching, residual salts were essentially removed. Subsequent salt outflow from

the soil was directly related to the quantity of water

leaching through the soil, indicating that more minerals

dissolved with more leaching.

(/i) Salt Outflows from New and Old Irrigated Lands. D L

Carter. C. W. Robbins. .Soil .Sci. .Soc. Amer. J. 42:632.

1978. 303-11415-830-00 CONTROLLING EROSION AND SEDIMENT LOSS FROM

IRRIGATED LANDS WITH A BURIED PIPE TAILWATER CONTROL SYSTEM

(< ) D. L. Carter. Supervisory Soil Scientist. Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Kimberly, Idaho 83341.

id) Experimental field investigation; applied research.

ie) Buried pipe with inlets at intervals replaces the con\entional tailwater ditch aU^ng the bottom of irrigated fields. Small earthen checks are formed immediately on the downslopc side of each pipe inlet to fi>rm small sediment

basins. The elevation of the inlet to the buried pipe controls the water depth and the depth of sedimentatii>n in the basins. Fields that have been severely eroded along the lower ends can be restored to natural slope.

if;) The buried pipe tailwater control system removes about 80

percent of the sediment eroding from furrows. As the sedi- ment settles and fills the small sediment basins, erosion at the lower ends of fields is greatly reduced. The new system

allows cultivation and weed control practices on parts of

fields while other parts are being irrigated because the tail- water is in the buried pipe and the lower end of the field is not wet during all water sets as is the case with conventional irrigation. The buried pipe tailwater control system

is a new erosion control alternative for irrigated land. 303-11416-810-34 SOIL-VEGETATION-HYDROLOGIC STUDIES-MONTANA

ih) U.S. Department of Interior. Bureau of Land Management.

(< ) Earl L. Ncff. Hydraulic Engineer, Northern Plains Soil and Water Research Center, P.O. Box 1109, Sidney, Mont.

59270.

id) Experimental, applied research.

ie) The objective of this project is to evaluate the effects of contour furrowing saline-sodic rangelands soils on vegetation response, surface runoff, erosion, and soil water

recharge. The rangelands are in southeastern Montana in the Pierre Shale plains and Badlands resource area. Six- teen 0.8-hcctare watersheds were established in 19<S7. Eight were contour furrowed and eight were left in the natural range condition. Each watershed was instrumented

with recording raingages. a water measuring flume with continuous water level recorder, and soil water measuring

access tubes. Ten watersheds were instrumented with auto- matic, pumping type sediment samplers. Vegetation yield

is measured on each watershed by annual random sampling.

(/) Scheduled for termination in FY 1981.

if-) Annual vegetation yields average 2-3 times more from contour furrowed than from non -furrowed watersheds.

storage life of about 25 years. Contour furrows increase overwinter soil water recharge about 160 percent which

accounts for about 75 percent of the variance in vegcta- 184
tiiin yield the following growing season. Contour furrows

( /) ) Impniving Precipitation-Use Efficiency on Rangeland by

Surface Modification. J. R. Wight. F. H. Siddoway. J. Soil and Wau r Cnscrv. 2 7(4 ): ! 71)- 1 74 . 1972. Water Storage Capacity of Contour Furrows in Montana,

E. L. NctT. J. Ranf;c Mcmafic. 26(4 ).29,S-3n 1 . 1973. Improvement of Panspot (Solonetzic) Range Sites by Contour Furrowing. R. J. Soiseth. J. R. Wight. J K. Aasc. J. Ran^c Mainline. 27(2). 1974. Runoff and Reservoir Quality for Livestock Use in Southeastern Montana. R. J. Soiseth. J. Range Manage.

2}<(5):344-34S. 1975. Snow Management on Eastern Montana Rangelands, J. R. Wight. E. L. Neff. F. H. Siddoway. In Snow Management

on the Great Plains Symposium. Great Plains Agric. Council

Puh. 73. Univ. of Nebraska. Lincoln, p. 138-143. 1975. Land Surface Modifications and Their Effects on Range

and Forest Watersheds, J. R. Wight. In Proc. 5ih Workshop

of the United States/Australia Rangelands Panel: Watershed Management on Range and Forest Lands. Utah State University. Logan, p. 165-174. 1976. Overwinter Soil Water Recharge and Herbage Production

as Influenced by Contour Furrowing on Eastern Montana

Rangelands. E. L Neff. J. R Wight. J. Range Manage.

3(H3):I93-I95. . How Much Rain Does a Rain Gage Gage?. E. L. Neff. J. Hydrology 35:213-220. . Vegetation Response to Contour Furrowing, J. R. Wight. E.

L. Neff. R. J. Soiseth. J. Range Manage. 3 1 (2 ):97-l 0 1

197K. Maximizing Forage Production on Fine-Textured. Sodic-Affected Range Sites in the Northern Great Plains, J. R. Wight. E. L. Neff. R. J. Soiseth. Rangeman s J. 5(2) 42-

44. 1978. 303-1 1417-840-88 ON FARM CONVENTIONAL AND POTENTIAL IRRIGA- TION EFFICIENCY

(h) Cooperative with the Imperial Irrigation District, El Centro, Calif

(< ) L F Hcrmsmeicr. Agric. Eng., Imperial Valley Conservation Research Center, 415 1 Highway 86, Brawley, Calif. 92227.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Present irrigation practices on 9 Imperial Valley fields are being measured and analyzed. The water entering the

field, the amount stored for crop use. the surface runoff and the drain flow are measured. Computed consumptive

use is compared with irrigation amounts. Uniformity of applicatii>n and leaching amounts are determined for selected irrigations. The purpose is to develop improved methods to increase surface irrigation efficiencies. At

present the 500.000 acres of irrigated land in the Imperial Valley receive about 2.800.000 acre-feet of irrigation water per year and of this amount approximately

1 .000.()()() acre-feet or 36 percent fiows to the Salton Sea. The low efficiency is generally due to the poor operation and management of farm irrigation water.

(g) Measured irrigation efficiencies in farm irrigated fields ranged from 45 to 90 percent. 303-11418-840-00 IRRIGATION ADVANCE AND RECESSION MODELING

(h) Cooperative with the University of California. Davis.

(< )J A. Replogle. U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory. USDA. SEA-AR. 4331 East Broadway. Phoenix. Ariz. 85040.

id) Theoretical.

(<•) Developing irrigation advance and recession computer

models that can accommodate various combinations of

fiow-application rates and times; hypothetical field conditions, including infiltration, field roughness. sKipe. length.

furrow, and border shapes; and tailwatcr runoff. The pur- pose is to develop means to optimize irrigation efficiencies on sloping fields (g) The advance and recession modeling has been developed on three levels of mathematical endeavor. A complete hydrodynmaic model is used as the accuracy standard for the lesser models. The most suitable compromise model,

the zero-inertia model, ignores inertial terms in the basic equations, but copies the complete model to within I percent. Work on suitable furrow modeling continues.

(h) Hydrodynamics of Border Irrigation-Complete Model, N

D. Katopodes. T. Strelkoff, J. Irrig. and Drain. Div.. 103:309-324. ASCE. \971.

Border-Irrigation Hydraulics with Zero Inertia, T. Strelkoff. N. D. Katopodes. J Irrig. and Drain.

Div. .103:325-342. ASCE. 1977 303-11419-700-00 PREDICTING HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITI- CAL-DEPTH FLUMES OF SIMPLE AND COMPLEX

CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES

(c ) J. A. Replogle. Research Hydraulic Engineer. U.S. Water

Conservation Laboratory, USDA, SEA-AR. 4331 East Broadway. Phoenix. Ariz. 85040.

(d) Theoretical; applied research, field studies. (e) Develop and apply mathematical modeling techniques for predicting the stage-discharge relations of fiumes designed

for irrigation and strcamflow measurements. The mathematical model is being used to evaluate dimensional rela- tionships and the effects of dimensional deviations on

discharge ratings. Standard sizes and shapes for irrigation canals are being developed.

(g) Mathematical model has been completed. Laboratory

verification on several sizes and shapes has been

completed. A broad-crested-weir style has been analyti- cally studied and selected as the best shape for irrigation use. from the standpoint of low cost and accuracy.

(/i) Critical-Flow Flumes with Complex Cross-Section, J. A. Replogle. In Irrigation and Drainage in an Age of Competition for Resources. Irrig. and Drain. Div.. Amer. Soc. of

Civil Eng.. pp. 366-388. 1975. Compensating for Construction Errors in Critical-Flow Flumes and Broad Crested Weirs. J. A Replogle. In Flow Measurement in Open Channels and Closed Conduits 1, National Bureau of Standards. Spec. Pub. 484. pp. 201-218,

1977. Flumes and Broadcrested Weirs-Mathematical Modeling and Laboratory Ratings, J. A. Replogle. In Flow Measure- ment of Fluids (H H. Dijstelbergen and E. A. Spencer,

Editors). North Holland Pub. Co.. Amsterdam, New York.

Oxford, pp. 321-328. 1978. 303-11420-820-65 GROUNDWATER RECHARGE FOR CONJUNCTIVE MANAGEMENT OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER

STORAGE

(h) Cooperative with the City and County of Fresno. Calif. (c) W. C. Bianchi. Soil Scientist. Water Management

Research, 4816 E. Shields Ave,. Fresno, Calif. 93726.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied research and

development.

((-) To describe recharge site selection procedures, develop

construction techniques, improve operation and maintenance of facilities, and provide new methods for effi- ciently and economically using the storage capabilities of groundwater reservoirs for storage of high quality water.

(/?) Conducting studies on (1) water movement through

stratified alluvium to the water table as related to the building and dissipation of groundwater storage, (2) the protection and regeneration of the percolation capacity of

surface soils and exposed aquifers clogged with suspended

matter found in surface waters. ( 3 ) design and construction of facilities (wells, shafts, collectors, filter systems) to by-pass perching layers and so maximize the recharge per

unit of occupied area, (4) contrt>l of water quality con- 185
sistciu with groundwater use. and (5) the physical-chemieal interactions that can control surface soil, layer, and

aquiter permeability.

(//) Environmental Aspects of Water Spreading for Groundwater Recharge. H. I. Nightingale. W. C. Bianchi. ty.SO.-1 IWhniccI liullclin No. /56,S. pp. l-.^l, Oct. 1977.

Artificial Groundwater Recharge. W. C Bianchi. Chapter

6. in Sialc uf ilu- An. Irrif-uium. Dniiiui^i- and Flood Control 1:331-355. 147S. Publication of International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. (Reprints available on

request.) A Case History to Evaluate the Performance of WaterSpreading Projects. W. C. Bianchi, H. I. Nightingale. R. L. McCormick, J. Anwr. Wciicr IVork.s Assoc. 70{3 ): I 76-1 ,S(). 197X. Fresno. Calif.. Subsurface Drain Collector-Deep Well Recharge System. W. C. Bianchi, H. I. Nightingale, R. L. McCormick. 7. Amer. Water Works /1.m<h . 70(,S):427-435,

iS»7K. Geological Relationships to Groundwater Recharge in the San Joaquin Valley, D. Cchrs, in Groundwuier .Symposium, Rn harf>e and Ref;ulalion. Univ. of Calif. Coop. Extension, Fresno, Calif., 7 p., 197S. 303-11421-820-65 AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN GROUNDWATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

(/>) Cooperative with the City and County of Fresno, Calif.

(i ) H. 1. Nightingale, Soil Scientist, Water Management

Research, 4816 E. Shields Ave., Fresno, Calif. 93726.

id) Experimental, field investigations, applied research and

development.

(c) To preserve the quality of groundwater, evaluate sources

pollutants and develop techniques to control pollutants entry and residence in the groundwater body.

(^) Field studies analytical methods, and data interpretation techniques will be developed and evaluated to define the geological and soil-plant-water relationships that control

the entry and subsurface movement of agricultural and

urban-generated groundwater pollutants. These obscrvatitins will be related to management of pollutant entry through altered cultural practices with regard to cropping

pattern, irrigation and fertilizer application techniques, and

on-farm water, fertilizer, and energy conservation. Develop

criteria for the use of interception and spot dilution- recharge technology to prevent and/or minimize the source area inputs. Research will be conducted at selected recharge sites, on cooperator waste disposal facilities, and on irrigated field plots of various soils and subsurface

geology.

( /i ) Groundwater Recharge Rates from Thermometry. H. I. Nightingale. Gnmndwater 1314) 340-344. 1975. Lead. Zinc, and Copper in Soils of Urban Storm-Runoff

Retention Basins. H. 1. Nightingale, J. Amer. Water Works

Assoc. 67{,S):443-446. 1975. Groundwater Chemical Quality Management by Artificial Recharge. H. I. Nightingale, W. C. Bianchi, Groundwater

I5( I ) 15-21, Jan. -Feb. 1977. Groundwater Turbidity Resulting from Artificial Recharge.

H. I. Nightingale, W. C. Bianchi. Groundwater 1 5(2). 146-

155, Mar -Apr. 1977.

Establishing a 21 -Year Statistical Data Base for the Groundwater Chemical Quality in the Fresno. California Area. In-house Report, USDA-SEA-AR. Water Manage- ment Research, Fresno, Calif., pp 1-280. Jan. 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, IN- TERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION, Ogden. Utah 84401. Roger R. Bay, Station Director. 304-06969-810-00 SNOWPACK HYDROLOGY

(< ) Mr. Harold F. Haupt. Project Leader. Forestry Sciences Laboratory. 1221 South Main. Moscow. Idaho 83X4.3. id) Field investigation, basic and applied research.

(<-) Snowpack is being studied in northern Idaho for the applied objectise of regulating yield and timing of streamflow. The particular research reported here pertains to impri>ved instrumentation fi>r measuring winter precipitation and estimated potential water yield as affected by slope exposure and early site recovery.

(./) Completed.

(>i) The hydrologic response of small clearcuts on north and

south slopes in northern Idaho was investigated. On north

slope, substantial gains (27 to 35 cm) in potential water

yield per year accrued from removal of transpiring sur- faces associated with plant cover, elimination of snow in- terception by a closed-canopied forest, perhaps some air- borne movement of snow from the south (windward) to north (lee) slope, and slow reoccupation of the soil mantle

by invading plant species. In contrast, on south slope there appeared to be no long-term gain in potential water yield resultant from timber cutting. Small differences in esti- mated yield between forest and small clearcut were

evident in some years; in other years, none. Site factors with compensating effect were the cause. In the southslope forest, water losses from interception were light because of the open-canopied structure of the timber, whereas in the small clearcut, water gains from reduced

transpiration were more than used up by invading shrub

species. We conclude that managing for increased water

yield may be a valid consideration in the decision to log north but not south slopes similar to those studied. A simple technique has been found to install soil moisture

access tubes in stony or bouldcry forest soils with a minimum of site disturbance. The hole for the access tube

is made by driving a pointed, machine-tooled driving rod

to the depth required with a specially constructed 15 kg

king tube hammer. Under good soil conditions, 14 to 16 access tubes can be installed in a day, but when the soil is excessively bouldery, the number is reduced to five to seven. This method has the advantage of requiring substantially less capital outlay, causing less disturbance to surroundings and providing easier access to remote study

areas than methods using large heavy equipment, .-iuch as tractor-borne hydraulic rams or jack hammers.

(/() Installation of Neutron Probe Access Tubes in Stony and

Bouldery Forest Soils. R G Cline, B L Jeffers. Soil Sci. 120, pp. 71-72. 1975.

Potential Water Yield Response Following Clearcut Harvesting on North and South Slopes in Northern Idaho. R. G. Cline. H. F. Haupt, G. S. Campbell, Res. Paper INT191. Intermountain Fi>rest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA. 16 pages, 1977. 304-09323-830-00 TREE PLANTING FOR EROSION CONTROL ON GRANITIC ROADFILLS IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH

(( ) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street. Boise, Idaho 83706.

(t/) Field investigations, applied research.

(<) Road erosion on road fill slopes is a major concern following road construction in the Idaho Batholith. The objectives of the present study were threefold, to measure the reduction in surface erosion following tree planting (pondcrosa pine) with and without straw mulch; to provide information on tree survival and growth as affected by mulches, fertilizer, and tree spacing; and to define some

of the basic soil erosion processes that are acting on

granitic n>adfills The study consists of 30 l/20()-acre plots 186
located on a large roadfill. tour years of data are presently

available lor the analvsis.

(/) Completed.

(X') Tree sur\ival averaged about 97 percent for four years.

Fertilizer increased tree height growth up to 95 percent

during the year of peak effect. Tree planting, coupled with straw mulch and erosion netting, reduced surface erosion about 95 percent. Trees, alone, provided surprisingly large reductions in erosion, ranging from 32 to 51 percent. Daily erosion rates average higher during summer periods

as compared to winter periods because of higher energy

inputs. Dry creep is an important erosion process that ac- counts for about 20 percent of the total erosion occurring during summer periods. (A) De«p-Rooted Plants for Erosion Control on Granitic Road

Fills in the Idaho Batholith. W E. Mcgahan, Res. Paper INT-161. Intcrmountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Forest Service, USDA, 22 pages. 1974. 304-09324.830-00 EFFECTS OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON

STREAM CHANNELS ON FORESTED WATERSHEDS IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH

(c ) Dr. Walter F. Megahan. Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street. Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) First- and second-order drainages in forested areas have

the potential for storing considerable sediment because of

large volumes of debris in the channel {rocks, logs. etc.). Sediment storage information is required if realistic sedi- ment yield simulation models for forested lands are to be

developed. The design includes a detailed network of channel cross sections on seven study watersheds. Nu- merous data are collected to characterize channel condi-

(g) Four years of data are available for analysis. Sediment

storage during a low-flow year amounted to approximately 80 cubic feet per 100 lineal feet of channel (channel

widths average about 3-feet wide). During a high-flow

year, sediment storage dropped to approximately 40 cubic

feet per 100 feet of channel.

(/i) Sediment Storage in Channels Draining Small Forested Watersheds in the Mountains of Central Idaho, W. F. Megahan. R. A. Nowlin, Pnn. 3rd Fed. huerageiicy Sedi- meniation Omf.. Denver, Colo., pp. 4-115 to 4-126, Mar.

1976. 304-O932S-810-OO EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT LOGGING AND ROAD CON- STRUCTION ON SUBSURFACE FLOW IN THE IDAHO BATHOLITH

(c) Dr. Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader. Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

ie) Coarse-textured, relatively shallow soils; steep slopes; granitic bedrock with relatively low hydraulic conductivity; and large volume water inputs from snowmelt and/or large cyclonic storms are all conducive to the generation of sub- surface flow. Road construction often incises the subsurface flow level, transforming subsurface to surface flow. This may interrupt the hydrologic function of the watershed containing the road, and has ecologic implications as well. Two micro-watersheds of 0.8 and 2.4 acres

in size have been instrumented. Instrumentation includes a

climatic station; snow lysimetcrs; a network of snow

stakes, soil moisture access tubes and piezometers; and

surface and subsurface flow measuring apparatus.

Ig) No overland flow has been measured on either study watershed at any time. Subsurface flows occurred only during periods of large volume water inputs to the soils, and was restricted to the spring snowmelt periods. Max- imum instantaneous peak flows have exceeded 20 cubic

feet per second per square mile. Flows varied slightly between watersheds, but were vastly different between

years. Yearly differences were related to ami>unts and

rates of intlow. A comparison of nearby perennial watersheds suggests that the weathered and fractured

granitic bedrock is more hydrologically active than previ- ously thought. Interception of overland tlow by roads is considerably greater than the flow generated by overland

flow from the road surface itself. (J ) Data analysis in progress.

(/i) Subsurface Flow Interception by a Logging Road in Mountains of Central Idaho, W. F. Mcgahan. Proc Symp.

Waier.sheds in Tnmsition. Amer. Water Resources Assoc. and Colorado State Univ.. Proc. Series So. 14. pp. 350-

356, 1972. 304-09326-810-00 THE EFFECT OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON STREAMFLOW. SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, AND WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE SILVER CREEK STUDY

AREA, IDAHO BATHOLITH

(< ) Dr. Walter F. Megahan. Project Leader. Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 316 E. Myrtle

Street. Boise, Idaho 83706.

(J) Long-term laboratory and fleld investigation; applied research that will lead to prescriptions (practical applications) for land use management. Computer modeling of various land disturbances associated with logging and their

off-site (downstream) effects is emphasized.

(e) Seven research watersheds treated in the southwestern Idaho Batholith have been monitored for a calibration period up to 15 years, including streamflow-quantity and

regimen, sediment yield, water and sediment chemistry, and climate. Logging activities will commence in 1975 on

a rigid, predetermined schedule to isolate single and multiple downstream effects of different logging systems

(skyline and helicopter), ditTering cutting intensities (clcarcut and select cut), and different attendant disturbances (roads vs. no roads; various slash disposal systems, etc.). The purpose of this project is to quantify

off-site disturbances from advanced logging systems for fu- ture prediction. Accumulated baseline data on the undisturbed watersheds,

including streamflow quantity and regimen; sediment

production; water and sediment chemistrv; and climatic

data. 304-09327-390-00 SLOPE STABILITY OF PHOSPHATE MINE SPOIL DUMPS

IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO

(/>) Conducted in cooperation with College of Engineering. Utah State University. Logan. Utah.

(<) Mr. Paul E. Packer, Project Leader, Forestry Sciences

Laboratory, 860 North 12th East. Logan, Utah 84321.

id) Field and laboratory investigation, design and developmental research.

(c) With the development of large earth-moving equipment

during the past decade, surface mining has increased very

rapidly. Larger depths of overburden are being removed

from above the ore mined. This overburden must be

placed in spoil dumps, resulting in manmade fills, often in- volving considerably more cubic yardage than in large earth All dams. The overburden removal may result in steep cuts to depths of hundreds of feet. In addition, earthen roads with widths comparable to super highways must be built for the heavy equipment to haul out the ore. All of these involve, in some form or another, the design, engineering, and placement of fills. Often these fills are given such cursory attention in the planning and construction phases that serious problems result from mass failures, massive erosion with heavy sediment loads carried by the

runoff, and barren landscapes on which vegetation does

not reestablish itself for many years-if at all. Recognizing the existing conditions and potential future problems associated with slope stability of overburdened

spoil dumps created during phosphate surface mining in southeastern Idaho, a study was undertaken to dcflne and 187
ilcliiicatc, in general terms, the design and construction

criteria for building spoil dumps in the steep terrain of the phosphate mines in southeastern Idaht) which will be sta- ble against massive structural failure and result in («) In summary, the internal friction angle of the materials

tested indicates mass failure of the dump created from the overburden should not be subject to massive failure if placed on slopes of three to one or less, even under relatively adverse pore pressure conditions. If no pore pres- sures are permitted to develop, the dump fills might even

he stable if placed on steeper slopes up to 1 .5 to I . While

the structural strength of the material is good (i.e., internal

friction angles of 35° and above), it has low permeability

and, ct)nscqucntly. is subject to high pore pressure if placed while at or near complete saturation. It will require about a year for pore pressures created in this manner to he dissipated. The material contains relatively large amounts of silt-size grains, and, ciinsequently, is susceptible to surface erosion. The material is also of the composition making it susceptible to frost action. With frost action loosening the surface

material, its erodibility will be particularly great during the time of snowmcit and highest rainfall. The potential for

large amounts of erosion during this season is great. Consequently, the slopes of the dump fills should be constructed taking into account the establishment of vegetation and minimization of erosion, as well as stabilizing against mass failure. Flatter slopes will generally be dic- tated by these latter considerations,

(/i) Slope Stability of Overburden Spoil Dumps from Surface Phosphate Mines in Southeastern Idaho, R. W Jeppson, R. W. Hill, C. E. Israelson, Utah Water Res. Lah. Rept. RPWG 140-1, 69 pages, April 1974. 304-10645-820-00 THE EFFECT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON PIEZOMETRIC HEAD IN A TYPICAL IDAHO BATHOLITH SLOPE

(t ) Dr. Walter F Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station, 316 E. Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

id) Field investigation, applied research.

(f) A steep, forested slope has been instrumented with a series of piezometers. Two other stations are equipped with nuclear snow water, precipitation, and soil moisture

sensing devices and with hygrothermographs. Piezometers were installed in three transects of 18 piezometers each, 2 years prior to road construction and logging. Transects are located up and down the slope and extend for a total distance of about 120 feet. After 2 years of undisturbed measures a road will be constructed through the middle of

the transects and the area will be logged. Piezometer

transects are located to evaluate the effects of treatment on piezometric head. Measurements will be continued

after the disturbance for a 2 to 3-year period.

(X') An extremely low snowfall during the winter of 1976-77

resulted in no subsurface flow during the spring runoff

period. Measurements in the undisturbed state will be continued for another year. 304-11422-810-00 THE EFFECT OF LOGGING AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON STREAMFLOW. SEDIMENT PRODUCTION. AND WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE HORSE CREEK STUDY AREA OF NORTH CENTRAL IDAHO

(< ) Dr Walter F. Megahan, Project Leader, Intermountain

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 316 East Myrtle

Street, Boise, Idaho 83706.

id] Long-term laboratory and field investigation; applied research that will lead to prescriptions ( practical applications) for land use management. Effects of timber harvest on strcamflow rates, especially peak flows, and the result- ing impacts on stream channel conditions is emphasized.

((-) Seventeen study watersheds are being monitored for streamtlow and sediment yields in cooperatit)n with the Nezpercc National Forest. Ten watersheds averaging about 250 acres in size are located on south facing (high energy)

slopes to evaluate the effects of timber harvest and road

construction on peak flow rates and sediment yields. Five

additional, similar sized watersheds, provide a comparative

evaluation of timber harvest and road construction practices on north (low energy) slopes. Two additional study watersheds provide a comparison of the downstream in- tegrated effects of small watershed treatments on

watershed responses within a 4,100 acre watershed. Each

of the three groups of study watersheds include at least one undisturbed drainage that will serve as a climatic control during the life of the study. Road construction began

in 1978 and will continue in 1979. Logging activities will begin two years after road construction. Additional onsite studies provide information regarding road erosion and its control and the magnitude of channel sediment storage and associated impacts on aquatic habitat conditions.

if) Continuing.

(g) Accumulated data includes continuous gauged streamflow. sediment yields in debris basins, instantaneous sediment measurements, water chemistry at selected intervals, measurement of aquatic environment conditions, onsite erosion, and climatic data.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, NORTH CENTRAL FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, 1992

Folwell Avenue. St. Paul, Minn. 55108.

305-09332-870-00 LAND TREATMENT OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND

SLUDGE ON FORESTS AND ASSOCIATED LANDS

(h) Some aspects of project are in cooperation with Michigan Department of Natural Resources.

(c ) Dean H. Urie. USDA, Forest Service. North Central

Forest Experiment Station. Stephen Nisbet Building. 1407

S. Harrison Road, East Lansing, Mich. 48823.

(d) Field investigations, basic and applied research.

(g) Application rates have been developed for applying sewage effluent and sludge to several Michigan forest types which allow for maintaining potable quality groundwater. Surface applied sludges have been shown to form a

slowly decomposing organic layer from which nutrients slowly mineralize to provide long-term plant nutrient sources. Metals are also temporarily held in this residual. Phosphorus added through wastewater irrigation is held in unavailable forms in the surface layers of soil. Vegetative covers were successfully established on acid coal-mine

spoil after heavy applications of sludge, however leave tis- sues were high in metals. Hybrid cottonwoods have incor- porated about 100 lbs/year of nitrogen under sewage ir- rigation over a 5-year period. Silver maple and an orchard

grass-crown vetch mixture provided the best cover on

sludge amended mine spoil. Boron toxicity symptoms on

pine needles have been the only adverse trace element ef- fect noted from sewage treatment on forest lands.

(/i) The Effects of Sediment from a Gas-Oil Well Drilling Accident on Trout in the Williamsburg, Michigan Area, G. R. Alexander, E. A. Hansen. Mich Dept. of Natl. Res,>unes

Fisheries Res. Report No. I SSI. 15 p., 1977. Survival and Early Growth of Selected Trees on Wastewater Application Sites, J H Coolcy, USDA Forest Service Res Note NC-231, 4 p., 1978.

Irrigation of Forest Plantations with Sewage Lagoon Effluents. D. H. Urie. J. H. Cooley, A. R. Harris, in: Proc.

Intl. Symp.. Land Treatment of Wastewater, U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers, pp. 207-213, 1978. Municipal and Industrial Sludge Fertilization of Forests and

Wildlife Openings, D H Urie, A R Harris, J H Cooley,

In: Pr,ic. Isi Ann. Conf Apphed Research and Practice on

Municipal Waste, Madison, Wis., pp. 467-479, 1978. 188
Sludge Treated Coal Mine Spoils Increase Heavy Metals in Cover Crops. F D. NkBridc. C. Chavongsaksongkram. D. H. I ric. ( SDA y,,rcsl Service Rts. \<ilc \C-22I. 4 p.. IV77. (Groundwater Pollution Aspects of Land Disposal of Sewage

from Remote Recreation Areas. N. Johnson. D. H. Uric. (;r,„indwau r 14. 6. 403-4 10. 1976.

Relationship of Trout Abundance to Stream Flow in Midwestern Streams. R. J White. E. A Hansen. G. R. Alexander. In; Insinam Flow Seeds Prot . Symp. II, p. 595-615.

West. Div.. Am. Fisheries and Power Div.. ASCE. 1976. Groundwater Differences on Pine and Hardwood Forests of the Udell Experimental Forest in Michigan, D. H. Uric. USDA Forest Service Res. Paper SC 145. 12 p.. 1978. Nutrient Assimilation in Trees Irrigated with Sewage Oxidation Pond Effluent. J H Coolcy. In: Proc. Cenlral Hard- wood Conf . Purdue Univ.. p. 328-340. 1978. Evaluation of Several Methods of Applying Sewage Effluent

to Forested SoiU in the Winter, A. R. Harris. USDA Forest

Service Res. Paper NC-162. 8 p.. 1978. 305-11423-810-00 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA

(c ) E. S. Vcrry. USDA. Forest ScrNicc. North Central Forest Experiment Station. Grand Rapids. Minn. 55744.

(J) Experimental and Field investigations; basic and applied

(e) Use basic hydrologic studies to develop management practices that will maintain or improve the quality and quantity of water yields from northern forest lands. Forest cultural practices (including timber harvesting, fertilization, use of

herbicides, and prescribed burning) are studied to deter- mine their effect on the water resources of northern conifer-hardwood forests. Of special concern will be the complex associations of uplands and bogs common to these forests. Methods will be developed for sampling and

analyzing both surface and subsurface flows from treated

areas, shallow water impoundments developed for wildlife habitat will be monitored and water level management

guidelines developed to maximize desired habitat and

minimize any adverse effects on water quality. The uses of

natural peatland and peat materials in the treatment of sewage are being studied as possible solutions to the problem of inadequate and expensive sewage treatment

facilities for communities, campgrounds and administrative

(g) Fertilization of a young aspen stand with 150 to 450 lbs. of nitrogen per acre resulted in increased growth in height and basal area. This fertilization caused temporary in- creases of NO:,-N concentrations in a stream draining the area of up to 70 mg/1. but NO.,-N increases were not detected in a bog which receives runoff from the treated area and from which the stream flows. The fate of 2.4-D

applied to an organic soil site is similar to data reported in the literature for mineral soils. .Adsorption onto organic

soils was weak. The rate of leaching depended upon 2.4-D

formulation, soil pH. and soil type. Decomposition of a second application of 2.4-D occurred several times more

rapidly than the first application due to adaptation of soil microorganisms. Growth and survival of .iliiiis rugosa ( Du

Roi) Sprcng. and Sali.x Spp. L. were determined for two

growing seasons with continuous flooding at different depths. Growth was at least four times greater when the water table was below the root crown than when it was 15 cm above the root crown Mortality showed a similar rela- tionvhip and was greatest for .4. riigosa.

ill I Precipitation Nutrients in the Open and Under Two Forests

in Minnesota. E S Verrv. D. R, Timmons. Can. J. For. Res 7. pp 112-119. 1977' Nutrient Transport in Surface and Interflow from an

Aspen-Birch Forest. D R Timmons. E. S Verry. R. E. Burwell. R. F. Holt. J. Environ. Oval. 6, pp. 188-192.

1977.

Hydrologic Response and Nutrient Concentrations Following Spring Burns in an Oak-Hickory Forest. M. D. Knighton. Soil Set. Soc. Amer. J. 41, pp. 627-632. 1977. Peatland and Water in the Northern Lake States, D H.

Boclter. E. S. Verry. LSDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SCSI . 12 pages. 1977.

Soil Changes after Hay Meadow Abandonment in Southwestern Wisconsin, M D Knighton. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap .VC-/46. 6 pages. 1978. Two Years Neces-sary for Successful Natural Seeding in Nonbrushy Black Spruce Bogs, E S Verry. A. E. Filing. USDA For. Serv. Res. Sole MC-229. 3 pages. 1978.

Soil Water Depletion after Four Years of Forest Regrowth

in Southwestern Wisconsin. R. S. Sartz. M. D. Knighton. USDA For. Serv. Res. Sole SC-230. 3 pages. 1978. Estimating Infiltration Rates for a Loessal Silt Loam Using

Soil Properties. M. D. Knighton. USDA For. Serv. Res.

.\oie SC-233. 4 pages. 1978.

Predicting Wind-Caused Mortality in Strip-Cut Stands of Peatland Black Spruce, A. E. Elling. E. S Vcrry. Forestry Chron.. pp. 249-252. Oct. 1978. The Quiet Crisis, Wetlands and Water, E. S. Verry. J. Freshwater 2, pp. 36-37. 1978. Some Harvest Options and Their Consequences for the Aspen, Birch, and Associated Conifer Forest Types of the Lake States, L. F. Ohmann. H. O. Batzer. R. R. Buech. D. C. Lothner. D. A. Perala. A. L. Schippcr. Jr.. E. S. Verry, USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SC-4f<. 34 pages. 1978.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, 370 Reed

Road. Broomall, Pa. 19008. David B. Thorud, Director. 306-0242W-8 10-00 MAINTAINING WATER QUALITY AND INCREASING SUMMER STREAMFLOW IN NEW ENGLAND HARD- WOOD ECOSYSTEMS (Durham, N.H.) See Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 3.0334. 306-0243W-8 10-00 PROTECTING WATER QUALITY AND IMPROVING WATER YIELDS FROM FORESTED LAND IN THE CEN- TRAL APPALACHIANS (Parsons, W. Va.) Sec Water Resources Research Catalog 8, 3.0357. 306-09333-890-00 REDUCTION IN SURFACE-MINING DAMAGES TO FOREST RESOURCES BY IMPROVING MINING PROCEDURES AND REHABILITATION MEASURES (Berea, Ky.)

(d) Field investigations, basic and applied research.

(S) Measurements of sediment accumulation in debris basins below surface-mined lands in eastern Kentucky show

highest sediment yield during the first 6 months after mining. The erosion rate diminishes to fairly low levels within

3 years. Methods of mining and handling spoil affect sedi- ment yield, as does the speed with which vegetative cover

is established. Samples collected weekly from six first- order streams in eastern Kentucky over seven water years were analyzed. Results indicate that baseline water quality can be adequately defined by sampling every 2 weeks for

1 year. Regression analyses indicated that specific con- ductance can be used to estimate the concentrations of dissovcd solids and of dissociated ions such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. Eight years of strcamflow data show the effects of strip mining on chemical quality of water in six first-order streams in Breathitt County. Kentucky. Data indicate that strip mining causes large in- creases in the concentration of most major dissolved constituents in the runoff waters, the concentration of most of

these reaching a maximum some time after mining has 189
ceased, then holding steady tor several years. Data from

experimental sites in Breathitt County, Kentucky and

Raleigh County, West Virginia, showed that during a major rainstorm on 4 April 1*^77 streamtlow from surface- mined watersheds peaked lower than that from adjacent or nearby unmined watersheds. Research has shown that sur- face mining results in increases in storm peak flows during and immediately after mining hut that peaks may be sig- nificantly lower after reclamation is completed. Impoundments on surface mine lands can be effective in controlling runoff and erosion provided the ponds arc properly constructed.

(/i) Sampling for Water Quality. W. R. Curtis, in Null. Bur. of

Stand. Spec. Puhl. 464. Methods and Stand, for Environ.

Mea.t., I'roc. of the Sih IMR S\mp., Gaithersburg, Md., pp. 237-244, Sept. 20-24, 1976.

Effect of Strip Mining on Water Quality in Small Streams

in Ea.stern Kentucky, K. L Dyer, W. R. Curtis, U.S. Dept. Aurk . For. Serv. Re.s. Pap. NE-3 72, I 3 pp. , 1977. Surface Mining and the Flood of April 1977, W. R. Curtis, U.S. Dept. A^ric. For. Serv. Re.s Note NE-24H, 4 pp., 1977.

Effects of Surface Mining on Hydrology, Erosion, and Sedi- mentation in Eastern Kentucky, W R. Curtis, 4th Ky. Coal

Refuse Dispo.sal and Util. Semin.. Pine Mountain State Resort Park, Pineville, Ky. (Sponsored by Univ. of Kentucky Coll. of Eng. ) June 6-7, 1 978. 306-09334-810-00 AMENITIES DERIVED FROM TREES, AND MULTIPLE-USE MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL WATERSHEDS

(University Park, Pa.)

(c ) Edward S. Corbett, Principal Hydrologist, Armsby Building, Room 309, University Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) The forested watersheds of Megalopolis arc a major water- producing area. A recent survey of Northeastern Municipal Watersheds showed that two million acres of forest land are controlled and managed primarily for municipal water supplies. Major problem areas are water quality control, recreational use of municipal watersheds, and water

yield improvement. Studies underway include the effects of vegetation type conversions on water quality and quantity; nutrient budgets; relative water use by overstory and

undcrstory vegetation; partial area hydrology; developing a fundamental understanding of hydrologic system linkages

to assist in optimizing management objectives; developing

guidelines for integrating uses such as production of quality water, recreation, aesthetics, timber and wildlife on municipal watersheds; and the disposal of waste water in woodlands. A substantial portion of the research is con- ducted in conjunction with municipal and state agencies,

universities and the Consortium for Urban Research.

(g) Data from forested experimental watersheds in the eastern United States indicate that leaching of nutrients after timber harvesting, especially clearcutting, tends to increase from south to north, while increases in streamwater temperature and sediment loadings tend to decrease. Concentrations of nutrients in streamwater arc highest where

revegetation of cutover areas is delayed. Also, increased streamwater temperature caused by exposing stream channels may influence water quality by affecting a wide range

of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Soil erosion losses from harvesting operations can be kept to ac- ceptable levels by following available land-management

guidelines. Buffer strips, in which only light selection cutting is allowed, will help minimize sedimentation as well

as nutrient leaching and stream temperature increases.

(/i) Timber Harvesting Practices and Water Quality in the Eastern United States, E. S Corbett. J. A. Lvnch. W E. Sopper, J. For. 76, 8, 484-488. 1978.

Potential Urban Runoff Disposal in Urban Forests, H. G.

Halvcrson. Am. Water Res.nir. Assoc 1977 Conf.. Tucson.

Arizona, p. 15 (Abs. only I. 1977.

Precipitation and Runoff Water Quality From an Urban

Parking Lot and Implications for Tree (Jrowth, C H

Pham. H G Halvcrson. G. M. Heislcr. f/..V. Dept. Af-ric. For. .Serv. Res. Note \E-2.''.i. 6 pp.. 1978. Water Resources at the Forest Urban Interface PIEFR-PA2, W. E. Sopper, J. A. Lynch. E. S. Corbett (eds. ). U S D. A.. For. Serv., Northeast. For. Exp. Stn.. 47 p., 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT

STATION, P.O. Box 3141, Portland, Oreg. 97208. Robert

F. Tarrant, Director. 307-04757-810-00 SOIL STABILITY AND WATER QUALITY OF MANAGED

FOREST IN EASTERN OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(( ) Dr. G. O. Klock. Project Leader.

(</) Field investigations; basic and applied research.

(f ) Generate information necessary to develop prescriptions which maintain or enhance soil stability and water quality

in the mid-Columbia River basin forests of eastern Oregon

and Washington. Studies related to erosion reduction in- clude (a) a study of vegetative recovery and succession

after forest harvest in order to assess the role of various

plant species in watershed stability, (b) evaluating mass

wasting and soil erosion effects of roading, harvest and

residue treatments, ( c jcharacterizing nutrient distribution and cycling mechanisms and rates in order to determine

effects of harvest on total site nutrient economy, and (d) determining ways to revcgetate sites where severe erosion

is in progress by evaluating moisture, temperature and

nutrient requirements of various plant species. Studies re- lated to water quality are concerned primarily with the ef- fects of site disturbance such as road building and timber

harvest on non-point source pollution. Non-point pollutants under study include sediment concentration, turbidity, and certain microbiological and chemical water quality. (g) Survival and vigor of 14 common species of shrubs were

evaluated for potential erosion control on disturbed sites in eastern Washington. Blue elderberry, bush penstemon,

wild rose, and servicebcrry had the highest survival rates. Vigor of blue elderberry and penstemon was good, but

vigor of wild rose and servicebcrry was only fair to poor. Defoliation by Douglas-fir tussock moths of up to 2.'> per- cent of the trees on three watersheds in the Blue Mountains of Oregon resulted in only minor changes in water

quantity and quality. Placing black plactic mulch around

each forest seedling when it was planted resulted in im- proved survival on relatively droughty sites, but because

the extra effort doubled the planting time, the economic

benefits are doubtful. Thermal regimes at several high elevation (1730 m) sites are examined following prescribed burn or mechanical removal of shading vegetation. Moderate increases in air temperature maxima at sensor height of 0.5 m were noted at treated locations while soil temperature maxima at 0.01 m increased by 8 °C on the grass slopes and by 26 °C in the burned snag

patch. Double mass plots of accumulated degree hours il- lustrate the changing relationship between sites and in- dicate future trends as sited become re vegetated. Chemistry of water flowing from three watersheds in North Central Watersheds, which were burned over by wildfire and

later treated for erosion control, changed dramatically during the first three years following the fire. Concentrations

of nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, and four common cations increased significantly above pre-fire levels, but values were still within accepted concentrations for municipal water use. Soil fumigation was tried as a method to im- prove survival and growth rate of planted seedlings in an

area where standard planting procedures have been unsuccessful. After five growing seasons, survival of Douglas-fir seedlings in the fumigated plot was 90 percent compared

to 2 2 percent in the adjacent untreated plot. Height 190
grnwlh was 251) percent greater in the fumigated plot. Rea-M>ns for the improved conditions after fumigation have

not heen determined, but increased nutrient availabihty through enhanced mycorrhiza associations is one hypothesis which needs testing. An extensive study evaluated the inllucnce ol defohation on the environmental components

of light, heat, moisture, and plant nutrient distribution within a mixed stand of grand t'lr and Douglas-fir. Marked

changes were observed and quantified for all parameters measured. Computer analysis with prognostic models in- dicated that partial defoliation mav lead to increased stand

productivity within 20 years after defoliation. The computer results compare favorably with analyses of actual stand g''*''wth patterns following tussock moth defoliation removal can have serious impacts on the future site productivity of eastern Cascade soils. Early research

results indicate that residue treatments can remove up to 2S percent of the total nitrogen. 61 percent of the ex- tractable phosphorus, and 37 percent of the extractable

III) Mecks Table Research Natural Area-Reference Sampling and Habitat Classification, A R. Tiedemann. G. O. Klock, LSDFA Forcsi Scrv. Res. Pap. PXW-223. 19 pages, illus. 1977. Climatic and Hydrologic Characteristics of Four Small Watersheds in the Blue Mountains and Some Impacts of Forest Management on These Characteristics, J. D. Hclvcy.

C. Johnson, A. R. Tiedemann, W. B. Fowler. G. O. Klock,

PriK . Seminar on Inlef-rulinn uf Forest Resource.': Management in the Blue Mountains. Oregon State Univ. Ext. Scrv., and Blue Mountains Chapt. SAP. pp. 32-34, 1977. Calibration of the Entiat Experimental Watersheds, J. D. Helvey. W. B. Fowler, G. O. Klock, A. R. Tiedemann, USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. PNW-42. 18 pages. 1977. An Evaluation of the Impacts of Forest Defoliation by

Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth on Future Site Productivity, G.

O. Klock. B. McNeal. Final Report. V.SD.4 Douglas-Fir

Tussock Moth Res. and Dev. Prog.. 1 98 pages. 1977. Some Implications of Factors in Soil Formation on Silvicul- tural Practices. G. O. Klock. Proc. 50th .Ann. Mig.

.\orilnvest Sci. .Assoc. (.Abstract), p. 23. 1977. Some Early Effects of Conifer Defoliation on Microclimate, G O. Klock. C. Huang. Amer. .9«c. .Agnm. (Abstract), p. IKI. 1977.

Distribution and Characteristics of Soils Developed on Tephra Peak, Washington, J E. Foss. G O Klock, M. S. Patterson. Amer. Soc. Agron. (Abstract), p. 169. 1977.

Effects of Mesquite Trees on Vegetation and Soils in the Desert Gra.ssland. A. R. Tiedemann. J. O. Klemmcdson. J. Ran. Management 30, pp. 361-367. 1977. Changes in the Thermal Regime After Prescribed Burning and Select Tree Removal (Grass Camp, 1975), W. B

Fowler. J. D. Helvey. U.SDA Forest .Service Res. Paper

P.\'W-234. 17 pages, illus . 1978.

Effects of Defoliation by Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth on Timing and Quantity of Streamflow, J D Helvey. USDA

Forest .Service Res .\'ote P.\\y-326. 13 pages. 1978. Stream Chemistry and Watershed Nutrient Economy Fol- lowing Wildfire and Fertilization in Eastern Washington, .-X R. Tiedemann, J. D Helvey. T. D. Anderson. J. Envir.

(Juality 7. 4. pp. .5 SO-."! 88 . 1978.

Effects of Defoliation on Sap Velocity in Grand Fir. W

Lopushinsky. G. O. Klock, Proc. Msi Ann. Mtg. .Worth^vest Sci A.s.soc. (Abstract), p. 3.5. 1978. An Approach to Indexing Sediment Delivery Characteristics

of Forest Land. G. O Klock. G E Warrington. R. S. Beasley. Amer .Soc. Agron. (Abstract), p. 190. 1978.

Effects of Conifer Defoliation on Levels of Extractable

Nutrients in Forest Floors and Underlying Soil. R. M.

Smith. B. L. McNeal, G. O. Klock. Amer. .Soc. Agron.

(Abstract), p. 193. 1978.

Plant and Soil Response to a Commercial Algal Inoculant, A. R. Tiedemann. W. Lopushinsky. H. J. Larsen. 5V//i Ann. Mtg. Pac. Div. SAF (Abstract). Univ. Wash.. Seattle. June. 1978.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT

STATION, P.O. Box 245, 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley,

Calif. 94701. Robert Z. Callaham, Director. 308-04996-810-00 ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY, CONIFER ZONE

(/)) Cooperative with U S. Bureau Reclamation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Univ. Califor-

(c ) Dr. James L. Smith, Project Leader. Environmental

Hydrology, Conifer Zone.

(cJ) Experimental; field investigation; basic and applied

(e) Determine the relationships which exist between the cli- mate and the snowpacks of the Sierra Nevada, and how

these relationships arc affected by the presence or absence

of forest cover, so that the effect of forest cultural practices upon snow metamorphism and melt may be predicted

in advance of application of such practices. Present studies emphasize study of snow density changes, water holding

capacities, snow metamporphism and melt rates under a

variety of meteorological and cover conditions, and the ef- fect of these changes upon timing of delivery of water to streams. Determine effect of evaporation suppressants upon reduction of water losses from snowpacks under a

variety of aspect-cover conditions. Determine effect of weather modification upon snowpacks of Central Sierra Nevada of California.

(g) Study of snowpacks under open and forested conditions shows that forest cover or its lack drastically affects both water holding capacity of snowpacks and delivery rate and

pattern to the streams, either via the soil under the pack

or through the snow, downslope over ice lenses. A manual

is being prepared which land managers may use to plan

harvests to accomplish desired objectives. Analysis of snowpacks and simulation of potential snowpacks resulting from weather modification indicate that in the "warm"' Sierra Nevada snow augmentation will only

increase time snow remains on the land from 0 to 14 days. (/i)Snowpack Evaporation Reduction- It's Possible, but Is It Practical?, J. A. Baldwin, J. L. Smith, Conf. <m Sierra Nevada Meteorol.. South Lake Tahoe. Calif. June 19-20. 1978, Preprints, 116-12IP., illus.. Am. Meteorol. Soc,

Boston, Mass.. 1978.

Solar Insolation as a Forest Management Factor-A Review

of Principles and Application, H. G. Halverson. J. L. Smith,

(in press), 1978. An Ecological Description of the American River Basin, G.

L. Huntingt.m. J. L. Smith. 1-16P., In The Sierra Ecohigy

Project I, Off Atmos. Resour. Manage., Div. Res., Bur. Reclam.. U.S. Dept. Inter . Denver, Colo., 1978.

Historical Climatology and Snowpack Response at CSSL, J. L. Smith. Conf. on Sierra .\evoda Meteorol.. South Lake

Tahoe, Calif, June 19-21, 1978. Preprints, 111-115P.,

illus.. Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.. 1978. An Evaluation of Some Possible Effects of Weather Modification Upon Vegetation in the American River Basin of California, J L Smith, N. Caine, R. L Dix. G. L. Huntington. J. Major, C. P. P. Reid, A. Sherrell, H. Stein- hoff 6-6 1 P., In The Sierra Ecology Project 1, illus.. Off

Atmos. Resour. Manage.. Div. Res., Bur. Reclam., U.S. Dept. Inter.. Denver, Colo.. 1978. An Evaluation of Some Possible Effects of Weather Modification Upon Forest Insects and Diseases in the American

River Basin of California. J. L Smith. G T Ferrell. T. W. 191
K.icrbcr. J. R Parameter. R F Seharpl. M D Srago. 17-

. illus . Ill //„• Su-rni lu,,l,.t;y l>n,„; i 1. Off. Atm.is. Resour Manage, Div Re^ , Bur Reelam.. US Dept

Inter . Denver. C".-!..,. An Kvaluation <>f Some Possible Effects of Weather Modification IJpon Deer and Their Habitat in the American River

of California. (i2-49F' . illus . In Tlir .S/.-mi ti .-/,<i;v /V- </<< / I. Off. Atmos. Resi.ur.. Manage.. Div Res.. Bur Reclam . IJ.S Dept Inter.. Denver. Colo., ISI7X. Estimating Snowpack Density from Albedo Measurement, J L. Smith. H G. Halversnn. (in press). Coherent Microwave Backscatter of Natural Snowpacks, W.

I. Linlor. D. J. Angelakos. F. D. Clapp. J. L. Smith. 9P..

illus.. Natl. Aeronaut, and Space Adm. and AMES Res. Cent.. Moffett Field. Calif., (in press). Measurement of Liquid-Phase Water in Snow, W. I. Linlor,

J. L. Smith, F. D Clapp, (in press). 308-04998-810-00 PARAMETERS AFFECTING MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS ON UNSTABLE LANDS

(/)) Cooperative with California Div of Forestrv and Humboldt State University.

(( ) Dr. Raymond M. Rice, Project Leader. Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 1700 Bavview

Drive. Areata, Calif. 95521.

(</) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied (i')The lJnit"s mission is to gain an understanding of the

hydri>logical and biological processes of the ecosystems of

the north coast and Klamath Mountains of northern

California and southern Oregon; and to develop information needed for integrated resource management consistent with protecting the resources and environment on

unstable lands. Studies underway arc aimed at developing methods for evaluating potential watershed damages from

logging and road building, appraising the impact of logging and road building on anadromous fish habitats, and

developing strategies for optimum monitoring of various nonpoint source pollutants.

(.1,') Analysis of 1.^ years of flood peaks from two experimental watersheds has confirmed that logging has a negligible ef- fect on important flood events. Roads had been constructed in one of the watersheds and it had been selectively harvested over a 3-year period. The road construction was associated with no discernible change in flood runoff. During and following logging there were dramatic in- creases (over 300 percent) in small, mainly early season peaks but no change in large winter runoff events. Sedi- ment discharge during the same period increased markedly. Road construction was associated with an 80 per- cent increase in sedimentation and logging was associated with a 275 percent increase. Preliminary investigations suggest that subsurface hvdrology of logged areas may be chemically disturbed as a" result of timber harvest. Phenolic compounds, which are some of the early decay products

of wood, have been shown in laboratory tests to disperse

clays. If operable in the field, this phenomenon might

cause reduced hvdraulic conductivitv at critical lavers in the s..il profile. (In Landslides and the Weathering of Granitic Rocks, P B

Durgin. Rev in En^. Col . 3:127-131. illus , 1977 An Apparatus to Measure the Crosscut Shearing Strength

of Roots, R R Ziemer. Canadian J Forestry Research.

.V( / ) 142-144. 197S. A Statistical Approach to Instrument Calibration, R R. Ziemer. D. Strauss. USDA. Forest Service. EM-7 1 0(1- 1 1

.

29 p.. I97X.

R«iot Strength Changes After Logging in Southeast Alaska, R R Ziemer. D. N. Swanston. iSD.A Fares, .Service Research .Vole PS\V-3(>6. 10 p.. 1977.

308-09335-810-00 FOREST AND WATERSHED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH IN HAWAII AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLAND AREAS

(/') Cooperative with Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and Universitv of Hawaii.

(. ) Roger G. Skolmen. Project Leader. Timber and Watershed Management Research in Hawaii

(</) Experimental; field investigations; basic ;ind applied research

(< ) Research on effects of land use on watershed hydrology;

effects of vegetation types on soil hydrology; stream sedi- ment relationships to watershed vegetation cover; and

water infiltration measurement systems.

(.i;) A paper soon to be published describes the suspended

sediment yield of typical forested watersheds on Oahu,

with some comparisons with an agricultural watershed. Annual yields range from approximately 100 to 1000

tons/sq. mi /yr.. depending on the magnitude of 2 or 3 storms annually which produce the bulk of the sediment

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT

STATION, 240 W. Prospect Street, Fort Collins, Colo. 80526.

309-02658-810-00 WATER YIELD AND QUALITY IN THE BLACK HILLS AND

REVEGETATING MINE SPOILS ON THE HIGH PLAINS

(/7) Environmental Protection Agency.

(( ) Ardcll J. Bjugstad. Project Leader. Forest Research

Laboratory. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology- (d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(<') Determine geologic, geomorphic. and forest factors that influence or relate to quantity and timing of the water

yield and reclamation of surface mine spoils.

( h ) The Impact on Air Quality of Coal Consuming Facilities, T.

E. Amundson. Masiers Thesis. Dept. Meeh. Engrg.. North Dakota State Univ.. Fargo, N.D.. 94 pp.. 1977. The Climatology of Localized Radiation Inversions and Associated Fumigation Potentials in Western North Dakota, J. M. Crawford. Masters Thesis. Dept. Soils-Climatology. North Dakota State Univ.. Fargo. N.D.. 9(S pp.. I97h.

Effects of Surface Mining Upon Shallow Aquifers in the Eastern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, R. W. Davis. P A. Rechard. Waier Resources .Series \o. 6 7, Water Resources Research Inst., Univ. Wyoming. Laramie, Wy.v. 1977

Additional Observations of the Green Area Effect in the Black Hills of South Dakota, S J Haggard. B L Davis. Ai- mospheric Einironmeni 11:549-552. X'ill

.

Aquatic Habitat of Coal and Bentonite Clay Strip Mine

Ponds in the Northern Great Plains, C L. Hawkes. In ^/'- siracis of Papers. Inil Congress for Enerf;\ and the Ecosystem: Economies. Ecoloi;y and Planning of Coal Resource Development. June 12-16. 1978. Univ. North Dakota. Grand Forks. N.D.. 1978

Potential Use of Native Shrubs of Strip Mine Reclamation, K E. Kissell. Masiers Thesis. Dept. of Botany. North Dakota State Univ.. Fargo. N.D.. 77 pp.. 1977. Reestablishment of Wooded Waterways and Associated Upland Shrub Communities in Surface Coal Mine Areas of the Northwestern Great Plains. H K. Orr In: Proc. 5th Symp. on .Surface Mining and Reclamation. .\C4IB()R Coal Conference and £>/.,. I\ . 235-243 pp.. 1977.

Effects of Cadmium. Lead. Zinc and Molybdenum on Germination and Growth of Selected Grass Species, S J Rothcnberger. /'/i /). Dissertaiion. Dept. Botany, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, N.D.. 89 pp.. 1978. 192
Toxic Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on Selected Grass Specie's. S. J. Rolhcnborgcr. D. S. Galitz. Pr„c. Sortli Dtikoui

A, ad. Sci. 31:26. 1977.

Effects of Cd. Zn. Pb and Mo on Germination and Growth

of Selected Grasses. S. J. Rinhenbcrgcr. D. S. Galitz. /'//. l'/iysi,iL 5Vy)9y. 1977.

Plant Community and Growth Analysis in the Vicinity of Stanton. North Dakota. S. J. Roihcnbergor. G. E. Larson. W T Barker. D. S. Galitz. I'nu . \„nh Dcikma AcaJ. Sci. 311:39. 1976. Nongame Bird Habitat A.s.sociated with Haul Roads and

Surface Mining for Bentonite Clay. T. A Shaid, R. L. Lindcr. S,>iilh Dakota C,»,pera!ive Wildlife Research Unit Quarterly Report 15:10-12. 1978. Aquatic Biota and Abiota of Selected Streams on Thunder

Basin National Grassland. Wyoming. T. A Wcschc. W F. McTcrnan. Water Resources Research Inst., Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie. Wyo.. 204 pp.. 1977. Aquatic Biota and Abiota of Selected Streams on Thunder

Basin National Grassland. Wyoming. Part HI, T. A. Wesche. B. L. Weand. G. W. Roscniicb. L. S. Johnson, Water Resources Research Inst.. Univ of Wyoming.

Laramie. Wyo.. 153 pp.. 1978. Mixing Overburden to Stimulate Soil Conditions ARCO

Black Thunder Mine. T. Yamamoto. In Ah.uract.'s of Paper.-:

Intl. Congr. Energy and the Ecosy.stem: Economic!. Ecology, and Planning of Coal Resource Development. June 1 2- 16, 1978, Univ. of North Dakota. Grand Forks. N.D..

1978. 309-03S69-8 10-00 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH. LARAMIE. WYOMING

(A>) Bureau of Land Management; Wyoming Highway Depart-

(c) Ronald D. Tabler, Project Leader.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

ie) Water yield characteristics of big-sagebrush lands are being studied on plots and gaged watersheds, and

hydrologic effects of control measures are being deter- mined. Methods for increasing snow accumulation in wind- swept areas are also being developed and tested.

(/i) Soil Water Withdrawal and Root Characteristics of Big Sagebrush. D L. Sturgcs. Amer. Midland Naturalist 98. 2:257-274, 1977. Snow Accumulation and Melt in Sprayed and Undisturbed

Big Sage-Brush Vegetation. D L Sturges. USDA For. Serv. Res. Sote RM-34H. 6 pages. 1977.

Soil Moisture Response to Spraying Big Sagebrush: A

Seven-Year Study and Literature Interpretation, D. L

Sturges, L'SDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-I.S.S. 12 pages, 1977. Extending Service Intervals for Drum-Type Meteorological

In.struments, K. G. Bird. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM350. 3 pages, 1977.

Visibility in Blowing Snow and Applications in Traffic Operations. R. D. Tabler. Transp Res. Circ. 193:9-12.

1978. 309-09338-810-00 MULTI-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF SUBALPINE CONIFEROUS FORESTS. FORT COLLINS. COLORADO

(c ) Robert R. Alexander. Project Leader.

id) Experimental, field investigations, basic and applied

(f ) Develop systems for integrating available and newly

developed information into decision-making tools for land management and planning, and predict the effects of vegetation manipulation on water yield and quality.

ill) The Front Range Pine Type: A 40-Year Photographic Record of Plant Recovery on an Abused Watershed. H. L. Garv. P. O Curric. USDA For. Serv.. Gen. Tech. Rep.. RM-46. 17 p.. 1977.

Effects of Snowdrifts on Mountain Shrub Communities. In XIII lull. Congr. of Game Biol. 13:414-419. Mar. 11-l.S. 1977. Atlanta, Ga.. Wildl. Soc. Wildl. Manage. Inst . Washington. DC. 1977, Operation and Design of Evapotranspiration Waste

Disposal Systems. V R, Hasfathcr. D. H. Foster. Eiscii- lunvcr Con.soriuim Bull. 6. 21 p.. 197X. Aquatic Biota of the Trout Creek. Manitou Experimental

Forest. Colorado. R. A Short. J. V. Ward. H. L. Gary. P. O. Currie. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-54. 13 p.. 1978. Grazing and Logging Effects on Soil Surface Changes in Central Colorado's Ponderosa Pine Type. P O. Currie. H

L. Gary. J. Soil and Water Cons. 33:176-178. 1978. Range Cattle Impacts on Stream Water Quality in the Colorado Front Range. S. R. Johnson, H L Gary, S L. Ponce. VSDA For. Serv.. Res. Sole RM-359. 8 p.. 1978. 309-10648-810-00 SNOWDRIFT MANAGEMENT AND AVALANCHE HAZARD

EVALUATION

ih) Colorado State University.

ic) M. Martinelli, Jr.. Project Leader.

id) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

ie) Determine methods for predicting and controlling the transport and deposition of the snow by winds in order to modify natural drift patterns for managerial or safety purposes. Improve the evaluation and forecasting of avalanche hazard to reduce the danger from snow avalanches in winter recreation areas, mountain highways, mining operations and mountain home sites.

(^;) A numerical hydrological model of avalanche motion has been developed for the prediction of avalanche velocity, runout distance, and impact force. The same model had been used to study the placement of jet roofs on ridges to eliminate cornice development. A simulation model to predict avalanche hazard based on weather, snow and terrain factors has been developed and is being tested. Guidelines have been developed for the location and construction of avalanche control structures in the lower track and runout

zone. A chronicle has been prepared of historic snow

avalanches in the Front Range and Central Mountains of Colorado.

ih) \ System that Measures Blowing Snow. R. A. Schmidt, USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-194. 80 pages. 1977 Numerical Simulation of Snow Avalanche Flow. T E Lang.

K. L. Dawson, M. Martinelli, Jr., USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-205. 5 \ pages, 1979. Numerical Simulation of Jet Roof Geometry for Snow Cornice Control. K. L. Dawson. T. E. Lang, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper RM-206. 19 pages. 1979.

Acoustic Emission Preceding Avalanches. R. A. Sommerfeld. Symp. .Applied Glaciology. Cambridge. England. Sept. 12-17. 1976. Proc J. of Glacio. 19. 8 1 , pp. 399-410. 1977. The Modeling and Measurement of the Deformation of a Sloping Snowpack, T. E. Lang, R. A. Sommerfeld, Syinp. on .Applied Glaciology. Cambridge. England. Sept. 12-17. \916. Proc. J. of Glacio. 19. 8 1. pp. 153-164, 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIAAENT STATION, P O. Box

2570, AsheviUe. N. C. 28802. Eldon W. Ross, Director. 310-0247W-810-00 WATER, SOIL, AND AQUATIC RESPONSES TO MANAGE- MENT OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN-PIEDMONT

FORESTS

(/)) Cooperative with the University of Georgia. Clemson

University. Georgia Institute of Technology. Duke Universitv. Virginia Polvtcchnic Institute and State Univcrsitv. Western Carolina University. Colorado State University. Oak Rdige National Laboratory. Man and the Biosphere 193
Program, Tennessee Valley Authority, N C. Department of

N.itural Resources and Community Development,

(r) James E. Douglass, Project Leader, USDA Forest Service, Coweeta Hydrologie Laboratory, P.O. Box 601, Franklin, N.C, 2X7.-^4,

(<yi Field investigation; applied research.

(<) Investigations to document and explain water and aquatic resource responses to intensive management of southern Appalachian and Piedmont forests, and to identify management practices which protect these resources. Hydrologie research is aimed at quantifying sediment,

nutrient, and chemical losses resulting from timber harvesting, mechanical site preparation, burning, pesticide applications, and road construction. A second objective focuses on identifying the biological, chemical, and physical interactions which determine productivity of trout streams. Water yield, sediment production, and stream

chemistry are monitored thn>ugh a network of 1 3 per- manently gaged watersheds (9- to 7A()-ha) in the southern

Appalachians. An additional 25 temporarily gaged, small watersheds (I- to 2-ha) are being utilized for short-term

studies in the Piedmont of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

ifi) Highlead cable logging of a steep Appalachian watershed

disturbed 2 to 5 percent less mineral soil than careful tractor logging. A heavy layer of 8-cm gravel reduced erosion from a bare-soil road surface by a factor of 200. KG clear- ing with and without disking to prepare Piedmont sites for planting pine increased erosion rates by factors of 10 or more compared with undisturbed forests. A conceptual framework of elemental cycles was successfully applied to analyses of the nitrogen cycle in deciduous hardwoods and

loblolly pine. Precipitation inputs and streamflow outputs

of nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium

were compared for two deciduous forest watersheds in the Appalachian region and a coniferous forest watershed in the Pacific Northwest. While nitrogen inputs varied nearly

tenfold, nitrogen discharge was uniformly small. Cation

discharge was more variable than input and strongly re- lated to bedrock type. A 4-ycar study of five small trout streams indicated that the cover variables were consistentlly better predictors of trout biomass than water

type or current velocity. Measurement of naturally occurring populations of enteric bacteria in mountain streams

fluctuated seasonally and diurnally, and were correlated with stream turbidity and temperature.

( /i ) Site Preparation Alternatives: Quantifying Their Effects on

Soil and Water Resources, J E. Douglass, Proc. Site Prep. W„rkslu>p. East., Raleigh, N.C, pp. 43-45, Nov. 1977.

State of the Art in Managing Water Resources on Forest Land, J E Douglass, Pn,c. Wts,. N.C, Res. Re.sour.

Miiiuif-e. Conf . Asheville. N.C , pp. 56-60. Sept. 1977.

Forest Service Studies of Soil and Nutrient Losses Caused

hy Roads, Logging, Mechanical Site Preparation and

Prescribed Burning in the Southeast, J. E. Douglass, L. W.

Swift. Jr., Walershed Res in East Norllt Am. A Work.shop

i,> Compare Results. Edgewater. Md.. pp. 489-503, Feb.- Mar. 1977. Factors Affecting Regional Trout Stream Productivity, T J Harshbarger. Proc. Soiilheusi. Trout Resoiir. Ecol. ond

Mitiiufje. Symp., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. Va., Oct. 1975. pp. I 1-27, 1978. Nutrient Budgets of Appalachian and Cascade Region

Watersheds: A Comparison, G S Henderson. W T

Swank, J. B, Waide, C. C. Grier, F,>r. .Set. 24, 3. pp. 385-

397, 1978.

Predicting Stormflow and Peakflow From Small Basins in Humid Areas by the R-lndex Method, J. D. Hewlett. G. B Cunnmgham. C. A Troendle. Water Resoiir. Bull. 13, 2. pp. 23 1-253. 1977. The Effect of Rainfall Intensity on Storm Flow and Peak

Discharge from Forest Land, J D. Hewlett. J C Fortson. G B. Cunningham. IVaier Re.sour. Rcs. 13, 2, pp. 259-266.

1977.

Baseline Levels and Seasonal Variations of Enteric Bacteria

in Uligotrophic Streams, M. R Mc Swain, Waierslied Res.

in East. North Am.: A Workshop to Compare Restills H, Edgewater, Md., pp. 555-578, 1977.

Fluctuations in Naturally Occurring Populations of Enteric Bacteria in Oligotrophic Streams of Western North

Carolina, M R McSwain, W. T. Swank. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. SE-I5S. 12 pages. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., 1977. An Overview of Nutrient Cycling Research at Coweeta

Hydrologie Laboratory, C. D. Monk, D. A. Crossley, Jr., R. L Todd, W. T. Swank. J. B. Waide, J. R. Webster.

Watershed Res in East. North Am.: A Workshop to Compare Results I, Edgewater. Md., pp. 35-50. 1977. Consequences of Harvesting and Site Preparation in the Piedmont, W L. Nutter. J. E. Douglass. Proc.: A Symp. on

Princ. of Maintaining Prod, on Prep. Sites, Miss. State, Miss., pp. 65-72, 1978.

Nutrient Budgets for Undisturbed and Manipulated Hard- wood Forest Ecosystems in the Mountains of North

Carolina, W. T. Swank, J. E. Douglass, Watershed Res. in East. North Am.: A Workshop lo Compare Results \, Edgewater, Md., pp. 343-364. 1977. Simulation of Potential Effects of Forest Utilization on the Nitrogen Cycle in Different Southeastern Ecosystems, J. W.

Waide. W. T. Swank, Watershed Res. in East. North Am.: A Workshop to Compare Results H, Edgewater. Md.. pp. 767-789. 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION, T- 102 10

Postal Services Building, 701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans, La. 701 13. Laurence E. Lassen, Director. 311-06973-810-00 MULTI-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS IN THE

OZARK-OUACHITA HIGHLANDS

(/») Cooperative with the University of Arkansas.

(< ) Dr. Edwin R. Lawson. Project Leader, U.S. Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. 830 Fairview St.. Fayetteville. Arkansas 72701.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

ie) To formulate forest management alternatives to enhance

values of water, timber and related forest resources. Hydrologie research is aimed at determining the effects of

various silvicultural measures on streamflow and water

quality. Measurement of hydrologie responses from partial and complete vegetation removal on three small watersheds in the Ouachita Mountains has been

completed. Hydrologie responses to planting pine and

natural regeneration on these watersheds are now being

studied. Calibration of three watersheds in the Springfield Plateau has been completed and two silvicultural treat- ments have been applied. Calibration of four watersheds in the Boston Mountains is continuing. Nine additional watersheds are being used to determine the effects of

clearcut and selection silvicultural systems on several resources. Soil water, surface runoff, sediment losses and

nutrient losses via runoff are being monitored.

(f>) Results indicate significant increases in soil water and ru- noff following partial and complete vegetation removal from the Ouachita Watersheds. Sediment losses increased immediately after timber removal, but returned to pretreatment levels in three years. Herbicide residues in runoff were detected in only one of three years and they were minimal and of short duration. Diameter growth of

shortleaf pine was significantly increased as a result of un- derstory removal and thinning the pine ovcrstory. Soil water deficits in northern Arkansas were significantly dif- ferent on forested and clearcut areas, but were no dif- ferent on northwest and southeast aspects. Growing season

deficits on forested areas were over four times those on 194
cut •">-'''"• Spring deficits wore very similar under botli

( h ) Hvdrologic Characteristics of Mixed Hardwood Catchments

in the Ozark Plateau. T L Rogorson, /V.-< C ciiira! Hard-

».».«/ l-.in si C'liJ .pp. 327-3.13. 1*^76. 311-06974-810-00 HYDROI.OGIC EVALUATION OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

ALTERNATIVES FOR THE SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAIN PINERY

(< ) Stanley J. IJrsic. Project Leader. U.S. Forest Service.

Forest' Hydrology Laboratory. P.O. Box 941. Oxford. Miss.

3.Sfi.S.S. (</) Field investigation: applied research.

( i;) On pinc-torested catchments, annual inputs From precipitation exceeded losses ot all major dissolved nutrients in stormtlows. Log skidding compacted soils sufficiently to tempiirarily increase overland fiows and erosion. X to 12 years were required for natural recovery. From 5 pine

forested catchments not recently disturbed, phosphorus

(P) in solution in stormfiows averaged 0.1)27 mg/1. closely approaching maximum allowable recommended by Council on Environmental Quality. Sediment-associated P

ranged from 274 to 1.067 /xg/g of sediment and accounted

for two-thirds of total annual P yields (solution plus sedi- ment). Sediment from planted loblolly pine forests did not

differ significantly from that from natural shortleaf pine

forests Annual sediment concentrations from unstocked

forest lands and those supportmg poor-quality hardwoods

averaged four times concentrations from pine forests.

( /i ) Potential Effects of Forest Management Practices on Stormflows Sources and Water Quality, R S. Bcasley. I'roc. Miss. Water Rcs.Htr. Cnnf.. pp. 111-117. Miss. State Univ., 1976. Contribution of Subsurface Flow from the Upper Slopes of Forested Watersheds to Channel Flow, R S. Beaslcy, Soil

Sii. S,>c. Am. J. 40: 955-957. 1976.

Soil Compaction After Tree-Length Skidding in Northern

Mississippi, B. P. Dickcrson. .S<-// .Sc;. .Soc Am. J. 40: 965- 9M. 1976.

Multiple Use in the Southern Coastal Plains in the United

States. J. T. May, J. L. Buckncr, S. J. Ursic. Ga. For Res.

CoiiiH . Rep. 35. 23 pp.. 1976.

Influences of Spacing on Growth of Loblolly Pines Planted on Eroded Sites. D C McClurkin. U S. Dept. Agric. for Serv. Res. Note SO-209, 4 pp.. South. For. Exp. Stn., 1976.

Dissolved Nutrient Losses in Storm Runoff from Five Southern Pine Watersheds, J D Schreibcr, P. D. Duffy, D. C McClurkm.y. E>niro„. Qital. 5(2). 201-205. 1976. Water Quality and Southern Forests-Where We Presently

.Stand. S. J. Ursic, For. Farmer 36(2): 17. 35, 1976. Problems in Applying Public Law 92-500. In Fore.ury for America s Future: 143-146. Proc. SAF 1976 Natl. Convention. New Orleans. La.. 1977

Fertilization to Accelerate Loblolly Pine Foliage Growth for Erosion Control. P D Duffy. U.S. Dept. Af^ric. For. Serv. Res. .Vote S()-230. 4 pp.. South. For. Exp. Stn.. 1977. Etephon Advances Loblolly Pine Needle Cast. C G.

Griffing. S. J. Ursic. For. .Sci. 23: 351-354. \911. Water Quality Impacts of Harvesting and Regeneration

Practices. S. J. Ursic. In I'roc. -20^" Symp.. Non-Point

Sources of Pollution from Forested Land. pp. 223-232.

South. 111. Univ.. Carbondale. 1977. Aqueous- and Sediment-Phase Phosphorus Yields from Five Southern Pine Watersheds. P D Duffy. J D Schreibcr. D

C. McClurkin. 1 L McDowell. J. Environ. Qiuil. 7{ I ): 45-50. 197S.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, COASTAL ENGINEERING

RESEARCH CENTER, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Kingman

Building, Fort Belvoir. Va. 22060. Andre Szuwalski,

Coordinator, Coastal Engineering Int'ormatitm Analysis Center.

312-02193-490-00 COASTAL CONSTRUCnON-DEVELOP FUNCTIONAL/ STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

(< ) R. A Jachowski. Chief. Coastal Design Criteria Branch.

Engineering Development Division.

((/) Applied research and engineering design development.

(<) Development of functional and structural design criteria is directed at summarizing for design application, information obtained through research by the Corps and others, compiling and synthesizing it. and finally translating it into a form directlv usable by coastal engineers, and in a sense,

is the end product of all CERC s research.

(X') The following projects have been completed and the final reports are being prepared for publication: An Annotated

Bibliography on Detached Breakwaters and Artificial Headlands: An Annotated Bibliography of Patents (1967- 1976) Related to Coastal Engineering; Wave Runup on Roughened Slopes. The following Coastal Engineering Manual (Special Reports) have been completed and the

final manuscripts arc being prepared for publication: Coastal Hydraulic Models: Tides and Tidal Datums in the United States: Tsunami Engineering: Marsh Creation Along the Coasts of the Continental United States. Work

continues on the preparation of other reports in the Coastal Engineering Manual Series.

(//) U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Shore Protection Manual, 3rd Edition, Vols. I, II, III. Stock No. OOS-022-01 13-1, U.S. Govern- ment Prinfing Office, Washington, DC. 1977. Dune Building and Stabilization With Vegetation, W W.

Woodhouse. Jr., Special Report No. 3. Stock No. ()()8-()22- 00124-7, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC, Sept. 1978. Revised Wave Runup Curves for Smooth Slopes, P. N.

Stoa, Coastal En^^ineeriufi Technical Aid. No. 7H-2. U.S. Army coastal Engineering Research center. Ft. Belvoir. Va. 22060, July 1978.

Reanalysis of Wave Runup on Structures and Beaches, P. N. Stoa, Tech. Paper No. 7<S-2. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Ft. Belvoir, Va. 22060, Mar.

1978.

Acceleration and Impact of Structures Moved by Tsunamis

or Flash Floods, F. E. Camfield, Coastal Engineerinff Technical Aid. No. 7H-1. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Ft. Belvoir, Va. 22060, Feb. 1978. Wind-Wave Propagation Over Flooded, Vegetated Land, F. E. Camfield. Technical Paper. No. 77-12. U.S. Army

Coastal Engineering Research Center, Ft. Belvoir, Va. 22060, Oct. 1977. A Method for Estimating Wind-Wave Growth and Decay in Shallow Water With High Values of Bottom Friction, F E. Camfield, Coastal Enfiineenn^ Technical Aid. No. 77-6. Oct. 1977. 312-02195-430-00 EVALUATION OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES

(<)J. R. Weggel, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering Development Division. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

((') Evaluation of Shore Protection Structures is directed at providing improved functional design criteria for coastal projects through analysis of the behavior of selected proto- type structures which have been built. Current design

practice depends on many empirical relationships and

coefficients that are generally based on insufficient data. By evaluating structure performance, techniques which

have been obtained through empirical or analytical efforts can be confirmed, and the accuracy of coefficients deter- mined. Data arc collected before, during and after construction of shore structures, including repetitive surveys. 195
material sampling, littoral forces (to the extent possible), and the techniques and materials of construction. Analysis of these data is aided by the use of electronic data

processing techniques.

(y) Data processing continued for the following locations: North Carolina Beaches-beach behavior and beach lill performance; Murrells Inlet, N.C -weir jetty performance;

Little River, S.C.-wcir jetty performance; Lorain. Ohio. Lakeview Park-beach fill behind three detached breakwaters; Texas coast inlets and Lake Michigan-southeast

shore. 312-06995-880-00 COASTAL ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

(< ) E. J. Pullen. Chief, Ecology Branch. Research Division.

(</) Field investigations; applied research.

(c) Eight work units representing ecological problem areas are under study. Four are ccinccrned with coastal vegetation and four with marine animals,

(f!) The work units arc listed as follows: Forcdunc Ecology: To define and evaluate the impacts of forcdunc construction upon the biotic communities of the beach and landward areas of barrier islands including ad- jacent shallow water areas of lagoons and sounds. Bank Erosion Control With Vegetation: To provide a natural, inexpensive, efficient method of bank erosion protection by use of living plants in areas of relatively low wave

energy. Ecological Effects of Beach Nourishment; To define and

quantify the ecological effects of beach nourishment

operations in southern California, Atlantic and Florida Gulf coastal areas and the Great Lakes and make that in- formation available for planning and management pur- poses; to provide beach nourishment guidelines that adequately consider the effects of initial oblenlion (i.e., dredging) of beach fill material, and the effect of sand emplacement on the living resources of the operations area such as clam beds of commercial or recreational value and

other animals in the sandy bottom or attached to nearby

hard surfaces. Longterm ecological effects of sand emplacement and borrow pit creation are considered in this work unit. Coastal Engineering Uses of Submerged Plants: To assess

existing propagation and planting techniques for sub- merged plants such as eelgrass, turtlegrass and widgeon

grass and determine the feasibility of planting such grass beds to stabilize disturbed bottom, attenuate wave energy

(short period waves), create habitat for animals important

to the food chain and trap sediment before it enters navigation channels and harbors.

Effects of Channel Deepening and Jetties on Fish and

Shellfish Migration; Determine how widening and deepening inlet channels and building jetties affect the migration

of commercial and sport species of marine fish and shellfish in and out of coastal estuaries. Ecological Effects of Rubble Structures: To define and

quantify the ecological effects of rubble groins, jetties, and

breakwaters in four U.S. coastal areas and the Great

Lakes.

Effects of Construction and Operation of Field Research

Facility: To define, quantify and document the ecological

effects of the construction and initial operation of the CERC research pier on the biota of Currituck Banks. N.C.

Productivity of Western Salt Marshes: To obtain secondary

productivity information for Pacific Coast marshes, and compare the information with east coast marsh productivity

(/i) Preliminary Analysis of Urban Waste, New York

Metropolitan Region. M G. Gross, Technical Rcpi. .Vo. 5, Marine Science Research Center. State Univcrsitv of New

York, Stonv Brook. Mar. \^H). 35 pp.. NTIS AD No. 746959.

Effects of Suspended and Deposited Sediments on Estuarine Organisms, J. A Shcrk. Jr.. J. M. O'Connor. ChcsaiH-akc BloloMUol Luh„rai,>r\ licfcrciicc No. 71-40. Natural Resources Institute. Univ. of Maryland. College Park. Md..

1971. ^\ pp. and Appendices. The Effects of Waste Disposal in the New \ork Bight, National Marine Fisheries Service. Sandy Hook Laboratory.

Highlands. N.J.. Nine sections. NTIS AD Nos. 7.395.3 1 to 739539; Summary Final Report (AD No. 743936). May

1972.

Ecological Effects of Offshore Construction, G. A. Rounsefcll, J. Marine .Science 2. 1. 1972. S9 pp. and Appendices. Marsh Building with Dredged Spoil in North Carolina, W.

W. Woodhousc, Jr., E. D. Seneca, S. W. Broome. Biilleiin No. 445. Agricultural Experiment Station, N. C. State University, Raleigh, 29 pp. (also Reprint 2-72. U.S. Army,

Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research center, Washington. DC. NTIS AD No. 755178.

Ecological Effects of Offshore Dredging and Beach Nourish- ment: A Review, J. R. Thompson. MP 1-73. U.S. Army,

Ct>rps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Washington. DC. Jan. 1973. NTIS AD No. 756366

Ecological Monitoring of Beach Erosion Control Projects, Broward County, Florida, and Adjacent Areas, W. R. Courtenay. Jr., et al.. TM-41. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort

Belvoir. Va.. Feb. 1974. NTIS AD N. 77S733. A Glossary of Ecological Terms for Coastal Engineers, A.

K. Hurmc. MP 2-74. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.. Mar. 1974, NTIS AD No. 777764.

Engineering and Ecological Evaluation of Artificial-Island Design, Rincon Island, Punta Gorda, California, J. M.

Keith. R. E. Skjei. TM-43. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir. Va., Mar. 1974. NTIS AD No. 778740.

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Nearshore Zone of Sandy Key, Florida, Prior to Beach

Resoration. C. H. Saloman. Final Report. National Marine

Fisheries Service. Panama City, Fla., 1974. Establishment of Vegetation for Shoreline Stabilization in Galveston Bay, J D Dodd, J W. Webb, MP 6-75. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research

Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Apr. 1975, NTIS AD No.

A()12839.

Effects of Engineering Activities on the Ecology of Pismo

Clams. J. Nybakkcn, M. Stephenson, MP ,S-75. U.S. Army,

Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center,

Fort Belvoir, Va., Sept. 1975, NTIS AD No. A016948. Summary of CERC Research on Uses of Vegetation for Erosion Control, P. L. Knutson, Proc. Great Lake.'^ Vef^eta- lion Workshop. Great Lakes Basin Commission and USDA

Soil Conservation Service, Dec. 1976. pp. 31-36. Lethal Effects of Suspended Sediments on Estuarine Fish, J. M. O Connor. D. A. Neumann. J. A. Sherk. Jr.. TP 76-20. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir. Va . Apr. 1976. NTIS AD

No. A037377,

Effects of Dredging and Disposal on Some Benthos at Monterey Bay, California, J S Oliver. P N, Slattcry. TP 76-15.

U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir. Va.. Oct. 1976, NTIS AD

No. A()32684. Propagation and Use of Spartina alierniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement. W W. Woodhousc. Jr . E D Seneca,

S. W. Broome. TR 76-2. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir. Va.. Aug. 1976. NTIS AD No. A()3()423. Monitoring of Foredunes on Padre Island, Texas, B. E. Dahl. J. P Goen. MR 77-H. U.S. Army, Corps of En- 196
gincors. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort

Belvoir. \ a . July 1477. NTIS AD No. A()4,1875. Planting Guidelines for Marsh Development and Bank Stabilization. P. L. Knutson. CETA 77-3. U.S. Army. Corps of

Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort

Befvoir. \ a.. Aug. IV77. NTIS AD No. A()46547.

Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization. P. L Knutson. Ct^TA '^-4. U S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engmcermg Research Center. Fort Belvoir. Va..

Sept. I 4:"^. NTIS AD No. A()4ftl7(). Designing for Bank Erosion Control with Vegetation, P. L. Knutson. Pr,K. Sili Symp. Wuierway. Port. Coastal and

Ocean Division. ASCE. Nov. 1977. pp. 716-733 (also Reprint 7S-2. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir. Va.. Feb. 1978). NTIS AD No. AOS 1571. Beach Fauna Study of the CERC Field Research Facility. Duck. North Carolina. J F Matta. MR 77-6. U.S. Army.

Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center,

Fort Belvoir. Va.. Apr. 1977. NTIS AD No. A04()573. The Stabilization of Clatsop Plains, Oregon, A. L. Meyer.

A. L. Chester. Shore and Beach 45, 4. Oct. 1977. pp. 34-

41. Sublethal Effects of Suspended Sediment on Estuarine Fish,

J. M. O'Connor. D. A. Neumann. J. A. Shcrk. Jr.. TP 77-

3. U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir. Va.. Feb. 1977. NTIS AD

No. A()4()646. Ecological Effects of An Artificial Island, G. F. Johnson. L. A. deWit. Dames and Moore. Los Angeles. Calif, (draft report available; fmal report in preparation. 1978).

Ecological Effects of An Artificial Island, G. F Johnson, et

al.. Proc. Technical. Environmental. Socioeconomic and

Regulatorx Aspects of Coastal Zone Planning and Management 4, ASCE. Mar. 1978

Planting Guidelines for Dune Creation and Stabilization, P. L. Knutson. Proc. Symp. Technical. Environmental. Socioeconomic and Regulatory Aspects of Coastal Zime

Planning and Management 2, ASCE. Mar. 1978. pp. 762-

779.

Shoreline Plant Establishment and Use of a Wave-Stilling

Device, J W. Webb. J. D Dodd. MR 78-1. U.S. Army.

Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Fort Belvoir. Va.. Jan. 1978. Annotated Bibliography of CERC Coastal Ecology

Research, E. J. Pullcn. ct al.. MR 7H-2. U.S. Army. Corps

of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort

Belvoir. Va.. May 1978. Dune Building and Stabilization With Vegetation, W W.

Woodhouse. Jr.. Special Report No. 3. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort

Belvoir. Va.. Sept. 1978.

Effects of Beach Replenishment on the Nearshore Sand

Fauna at Imperial Beach. California, T. Parr, et al.. MR

L'.S Army. Corps of Engineers. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir. Va.. Dec. 1978. 312-09733-410-00 BEACH PROFILE STUDIES

(< ) Allen DeWall. Coastal Processes Branch. Research Divi- (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(<» Develop criteria for the design of protective sand beaches, and a predictive model that will provide early warning of

potentially dangerous beach depletion. The primary source

of data is repetitive surveys of beach profile lines at selected coastal localities. This profile data is correlated sand conditions, to the extent that they are known, and

with engineering works, such as beach tills and groins. ig) Results to date include two reports which are the first in a

series on beach changes at various localities along the U.S.

r 'suks^ t t'"re etiv ve^bea^h survc vs col lec ted'^at ^I'^n'tervals ranaing rom daily to monthlv for up to 10 years. The data have be zed for short-term (i.e.. storm and

changes and long-term year-to-year) changes of

the shor n the beach and in the

(/i) Size Analysis of Sand Samples From Southern New Jersey Beaches. M. D. Ramsev. C. J. Galvin. V S. .Armv Coastal Engineering Re.uarch Center MR 77-3. Mar. 1977.

Littoral Environment Observations and Beach Changes

Along the Southeast Florida Coast. A. E. Dewall. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center TP 77-10. Oct. 1977. Beach and Nearshore Processes in Southeastern Florida. A.

E. Dewall. J. J. Richtcr. Coastal Sediments 77 Conference, Nov. 1977.

Spatial and Temporal Changes in New Jersey Beaches. C.

H. Everts. M. T. Czcrniak. Coastal .Sediments 77 Conference. Nov. 1977. Geometry of Profiles Across Inner-Continental Shelves of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States, C. H.

Everts. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center TP

78-4. July 1978. Beach Changes at Westhampton Beach, N.Y., 1962-1973.

A. E Dewall. unpublished manuscript. July 1978. 312-09735-470-00 ALASKA HARBOR RESEARCH (SEDIMENTATION IN HIGH TIDE RANGE AREAS) U ) Dr. Craig Everts. Chief, Geotcchnical Engineering Branch, Engineering Development Division. id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Prediction of shoaling rates for Alaskan harbors prior to

their construction, the application of this knowledge to sit- ing harbors in areas of least shoaling, and improved

guidelines for harbor design. Field data from Nushagak

Bay. Kcnai and Knik Arm. Alaska, have been collected. Included are data on sediment concentration, sediment

size distribution and density; water salinity and temperature; water current velocity, wave characteristics, ice tidal elevations, estuary bathymetry, tidal flat topography, tidal

flat sediment characteristics and time changes in tidal flat surface elevation. Shoaling rates have been measured in a sedimentation test facility and in a prototype Alaskan half- tide harbor. The resulting data are being analyzed and

techniques to predict shoaling rates have been developed.

Guidelines for harbor design are now available. Work on

harbor siting continues.

{g) Results to date include a better understanding of the factors contributing to shoaling and design of certain en- closed harbors.

(/i) Shelf-Maintaining Navigation Channels for Certain Enclosed Harbors, C H. Everts. Proc. 4th Intl. Conf. Port and

Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditiims. St. John's Newfoundland. Sept. 1977. pp. 382-393. 312-09736-410-00 SEAWARD LIMIT OF EFFECTIVE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

(< ) R. J. Hallermeier. Coastal Processes Branch. Research

Division.

((7) Experimental, theoretical and field investigations; basic and applied research.

((') To define, in operational terms, a zone seaward of which

wave-induced sediment transport can be considered

negligible for coastal engineering purposes. The seaward and landward edges of this zone will be established using laboratory results on sediment-hydraulic interactions in un- broken waves, and checked against field results. (g) Tests in a water tunnel at the National Bureau of Stan- dards investigated sand motion initiation and bed form development with three quartz sands and a range of proto- type flow periods. The Shields criterion for steady-flow motion initiation was found to need modification in oscil- 197
latory How A simple relationship was reported tor the maximum number of wave eyeles required tor tully-grown sand ripples. Further otTiee evaluation estahlished a laek ot scale effect and of intluenccs of other ignored variables in a calculated maximum water depth for nearshi>re erosion. These results justify certain uses of the limit depth in designing laboratory and field projects

( h ) Sediment Suspension and Turbulence in an Oscillating Flume. T. C. MacDonald. Tcchnuul I'opcr No. 77-4. U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. 1477. XO pp Sand Ripple Growth in an Oscillatory-Flow Water Tunnel,

K. E. B. Lofquist, Tcchniccil Paper No. 7,V-5, U.S. Army

Coastal Engineering Research Center, 197X. 101 pp. Uses For a Calculated Limit Depth to Beach Erosion, R. J. Hallcrmcier. Proc 16th lull. Cou.stat Enxiiwering Conference. Chapter S8, Hamburg, Germany, 1978, 20 pp. 312-09742-440-00 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM GREAT LAKES WATER LEVEL CHANGES

(< ) William A. Birkemeicr, Coastal Processes Branch, Research Division.

(d) Field and office investigation; applied research.

(< ) Evaluation of beach effects, especially bluff recession

resulting from the current high lake levels, and the prediction of probable beach changes that will occur during fu- ture episodes of high lake levels. Field surveys of 17

profile lines along the eastern coast of Lake Michigan were made at four-week intervals between 1970 and 1974. These data have been correlated with environmental factors such as lake level, wave conditions and foreshore and

backshorc sand samples. In addition semiannual aerial photographs of 5 miles of the Berrien County, Michigan

shoreline arc being studied to evaluate the temporal and

alongshore variations in the shore and bluff lines between

1970 and 1974.

{^') Results to date include several reports that point out that

bluff recession is highly variable along the shoreline and

that the largest changes occur during late fall and early

spring.

( /; ) Bluff and Shore Erosion, Including the Effects of Lake

Level and Structures, in Berrien County, Michigan 1970-

1974. W. A Birkcmeier, in prep.. CERC. 1 13 p 312-09744-410-00 CHECKLIST FOR LONGSHORE TRANSPORT PREDICTION

(< ) Philip Vitale, Hydraulic Engineer, Research Division.

(J) Experimental; development.

((') Develop a checklist for computing longshore transport

rates to be used by engineers in Corps Districts and Divisions. Laboratory, field and office procedures will be used

to evaluate existing methods for the prediction of longshore transport rates. Laboratory and field procedures

will be used to test critical questions and office studies will be used to document and evaluate methods. Particular items include documentation of the existing longshore energy flux method; laboratory tests to ciimpare energy

tlux with longshore force as a predictor of transport rates; evaluation of the relative importance of suspended sedi- ment in contributing to total longshore transport rate; preparation of a recommended check list for longshore

transport rate prediction. Each of these four items would

be accompanied bv a report documenting the results obtained.

(^') The field measurements of suspended sediment, report TP

77-5, presents suspended sediment concentrations for vari- ous wave characteristics and sediment properties. Concentrations up to 4 parts per thousand were found. The fric- tion factor over sand beds in a water tunnel was empirically expressed as a function of bottom water particle dis- placement, grain size, and ripple height.

( /; ) Suspended Sediment in the Littoral Zone at Ventnor, New

.lersey. and Nags Head. North Carolina, J. C. Fairchild,

Coc.Uiil EnKineennn Research Center TP 77-5, May 1977.

312-09746-410-00 BEACH FILL SEDIMENT CRITERIA

(( ) R. D. Hobson. Geotechnical Engineering Branch.

(J) Applied research involving theoretical and field investiga-

((') Provide guidelines for District use in scheduling optimum

available material for beach fills and to determine ami>unt

of material required. To obtain and analyze field and model data in order to improve the characterization of lit- toral materials as guidance for specifying, in BEC studies those materials which will provide a more stable beach

considering slope, wave, and current regime of a particular coastal sector. Information will be summarized in form of

charts and tables suitable for engineers in planning, design, construction, and maintenance of beaches. To attain objectives, investigation includes collection of data related to temporal and spatial changes in beach and offshore

profiles, as well as beach and offshore sediment characteristics; additionally, temporal modifications to the profile and sediment at beach nourishment/fill/bypass operations

will be monitored. Data obtained will be analyzed and in- formation incorporated into conceptual and mathematical models for interaction to subsequent field data collection programs. Field data from the Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, and

Great Lakes will be obtained. Because a large number of sediment samples will need to be analyzed investigation of temporal and spatial variability of sediment textural properties will be examined in order to assess sampling error, measurement error, information loss through data

processing so as to improve the quality of sediment textural data collected by and stored at CERC and used as prime data base for this work unit. (H^ Mathematical models have been developed to predict average requirements and renourishmcnt needs by comparing composite granulometric properties of native beach and borrow source sediments. Effects of sediment handling techniques or model predictions arc also being in- vestigated. Field studies, including monitoring the per- formance of selected projects, arc being conducted to test 312-09747-710-00 COASTAL IMAGERY DATA BANK

(i ) A. Szuwalski, Coordinator. Coastal Engineering Information Analysis Center, Technical Information Division.

(d) Field investigation, operational development.

((-) Proposed project is to index available controlled aerial photography of coastal and estuarine areas of the United

States.

(j?) The indexing as described in (e) above is done on a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District area basis. Indexing for the following Engineer Districts is complete; NAB. SAN.

NPS, NPP, SPN, SAJ, NAG, SAW, NAP, NCB, NCE, NCC, NCS, NAN, SAM, and LMN.

312-09751-410-00 GENERAL INVESTIGATION OF TIDAL INLETS

(I ) R. M Sorensen. Chief. Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division.

(</) Experimental; theoretical, and field; applied research and

development.

(t ) Determine the effects of wave action, tidal flow, and re- lated forces on inlet stability and on the hydraulic, geometric, and sedimentary characteristics of tidal inlets; to develop the knowledge necessary for design of effective navigation improvements and new inlets; to evaluate the water transfer and flushing capability of tidal inlets; and to define the processes controlling inlet stability.

(/') Completed. An office study was being conducted to classify inlets on

the basis of their get>metry, hydraulics, and stability. The

hydraulic characteristics of a number of idealized inlet configurations were defined. An evaluation of physical and

mathematical modeling capabilities for prediction of inlet hydraulics was conducted, as well as an evaluation of the 198
sialc-»)t-lhc-ari of inlet movable bed modeling. Field data from a number ot inlets was collected and analyzed to dctme the significant processes controlling the dynamics

and hydraulics <i! tidal inlets,

(/i) The reports listed below have been published and arc

available from NTIS:

Compari.son of Numerical and Physical Hydraulic Models, Masonboro Inlet, North Carolina, D. L. Harris. B. R. Bodinc. (7/7/ Report 6. June 1977. Fixed-Bed Hydraulic Model Results Appendix 1. R A

Sager. W. C. Seabergh, GITI Rep,>ri 6. June 1977. Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamics (WRE) Appendix

2, Volume 1, F. D. Masch, R. J. Brandcs, J. D. Reagan. cm Report 6. June 1977. Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamics (WRE) Appendix

2, Volume 2, F. D. Masch. R J. Brandes, J. D. Reagan. GITI Report 6. June 1977 Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamics (Tracor) Appendix

3. R. J. Chen. L. A. Hembrec. Jr.. GITI Report 6. June

1977.

Simplified Numerical (Lumped Parameter) Simulation Appendix 4, C. J. Huval. G. L. Wintergcrst. GITI Report 6. June 1977. Hydraulics and Dynamics of New Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; A Case History 1972-73, E. W Behrens, R. L. Watson, C. Mason. GITI Report <V. Jan. 1977. Laboratory Investigation of Tidal Inlets on Sandy Coasts,

R. E. Mayor-Mora. GITI Report II. Apr. 1977. A Case History of Port Mansfield Channel, Texas, J. M.

Kieslich. GITI Report 12. May 1977. Hydraulics and Stability of Tidal Inlets, F. F. EscofHer. GITI Report 13. Aug. 1977. A Spatially Integrated Numerical Model of Inlet Hydraulics, W. N. Seelig. D. L. Harris. GITI Report 14. Nov.

1977.

Physical Model Simulation of the Hydraulics of Masonboro

Inlet, North Carolina, R A. Sager. W. C Seabergh. GITI

Report 15, No. 1977. Hydraulics and Dynamics of North Inlet, South Carolina, 1975-76. D. Nummcdal, S. M. Humphries. GITI Report

16, Sept. 1978. 312-09752-410-00 CHANNEL ISLANDS LONGSHORE TRANSPORT STUDY

(c) J. R. Wcggel. Chief. Evaluation Branch, Engineering Development Division. id) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Data including repetitive surveys, sand samples and wave

climatology are collected at the Channel Islands Sand Trap

area. The purpose is to determine an empirical relation- ship between longshore energy flux and longshore material

transport.

(j?) A preliminary analysis of the recently acquired data in- dicated that (transport versus energy flux) points plot above the existing (Shore Protection Manual) relationship. This relationship is a reasonable approximation to the actual relationship. A new integrated survey system technique was tested at the study site. This system computes horizontal positioning of the survey vessel, sounding

depth and transmits the data via radio to a shore based ofTice. At the shore based office the incoming data is processed in real time by a mini-computer and stored on

magnetic tape for processing immediately upon completion

of the survey. This system allows the survey vessel to be guided along a preselected course by plotting the position of the vessel on a scope which is located in the shore based office. 312-O97S6-420-OO STORM SURGE CALCULATIONS

(c ) J. M. Hubertz. Oceanography Branch. Research Division. (d) Theoretical and experimental applied research.

(<) A two-dimensional vertically integrated explicit numerical model to predict tidal and/or surge water levels and currents in a coastal region has been developed. The model

allows for Hooding and recession, the use of subgrid scale exposed or submerged barriers and the use of subgrid

scale channels. In the storm surge mode, the model is driven by a hurricane wind field model which allows for modification of wind speed due to land effects. The model

is being used to aid in the design of various projects near

(/) Completed.

(fi) Applied to Corpus Christi Bay area to predict changes in water level due to proposed modifications of dredged

( /( ) Development of Surge II Program With Application to the Sabine-Calcasieu Area for Hurricane Carla and Design

Hurricanes, R. O. Reid, et. al . CERC TP No. 77-13. 1977. 312-09761-410-00 INNER CONTINENTAL SHELF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS

(c ) S. J. Williams. Geotechnical Engineering Branch.

(J) Applied research involving field investigations.

(e) To determine the characteristics and distribution of

materials comprising the sea floor and subbottom of U.S. inner continental shelves and Great Lakes in the zone shoreward of approximately the 120 foot (35 meter) depth contour for purposes of identifying materials or deposits

suitable for beach fill or periodic nourishment, other

needs, and relationships of sediment characteristics to re- gional geomorphology. To attain objectives, investigations include collection of high resolution seismic data and

nominal 20-foot (6 meter) long cores of the subbottom

material. These data are analyzed to determine sediment

characteristics and areal extent of sand suitable for beach

restoration or periodic nourishment purposes; collected data are also analyzed to better understand the sediment and regional geomorphology of the coastal segment under

study. Because constraints for obtaining borrow material

for beach fill purposes located inland or in backshore

coastal zones are becoming more rigid, there is a need to perform the ICONS study along the entire Atlantic, Gulf,

Pacific, and Great Lakes coastal regions. To date, about 30 percent of these areas have been surveyed, the data analyzed and reports prepared.

(g) Studies of the U.S. inner continental shelf, conducted to date along most of the Atlantic coast and along the coast of southern California, have delineated nearly 12 billion cubic meters of sand suitable for beach restoration projects. Additional field programs are planned for the remainder of southern California in 1979 and 1980.

( /i ) Geologic Effects of Ocean Dumping on the New York Bight Inner Shelf. S. J. Williams, (heun Dumping and Murine

Pollution, edited by H. D. Palmer and M. Grant Gross, pp. 51-72. Sand Resources of Southeastern Lake Michigan. E. P. Meisburger, S. J. Williams, D. P. Prins, CERC technical publication in press ( 1979). Sediment Distribution. Sand Resources, and Geologic Character of the Inner Continental Shelf off Galveston County. Texas, S. J. Williams, D. A. Prins. E. P. Meisburger. CERC technical publication in press ( 1979). Sand and Gravel Resources and Geologic Character of Lake Erie-Conneaut. Ohio to Erie. Pennsylvania. S. J. Williams. E. P. Meisburger. D. A. Prins. CERC technical publication in preparation ( 1980). Late Quaternary Peat Deposits on the Atlantic Inner Shelf

of the United States, M. E. Field. E. P. Meisburger. E. A.

Stanley. S. J. Williams. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, in press ( 1979). Sand Resources on the Inner Continental Shelf of the Cape

Fear Region. North Carolina. E P Meisburger. CERC

Mescellaneous Report No. 77-1 1 . Nov 1977. 20 p. Reconnaissance Geology of the Inner Continental Shelf, Cape Fear Region. North Carolina. E. P. Meisburger, CERC technical publication in press ( 1979). 199
Sediment Distribution, .Sand and Gravel Resources, and

(k-ologic Character of Long Island Sound, S J Williams.

C f-.RC technical publication in preparation ( !9S()). Sand Resources on the Inner Continental Shelf of the Cape May Region, New Jersey, E. P. Mcisburgcr, S. J. Williams, CELRC technical publication in preparation ( 1980).

.Sediments, Shallow Subbottom Structure, and Sand

Resources of the Inner Continental Shelf, Central Delmarva

Peninsula. M. E. Field, CERC technical publication in press ( 1979). 312-09762-410-00 DATA COLLECTION OF LITTORAL MATERIALS AND

FORCES

(< ) J. R. Wcggel, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering Development Division. iJ) Field investigation; applied research.

((') Volunteer personnel use Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) techniques to measure basic forces and response elements in the ncarshorc beach zone. At each site daily observations are made of breaking wave height, period, and direction, type or character of breakers, longshore

current velocity, wind speed and direction, foreshore

slope, and rip current and cusp spacing. Monthly sand samples are analyzed to provide beach sediment characteristics. Dry beach profiles are made weekly. Where

possible, a multitude of sites arc established in cooperative

efforts (between State and local agencies and the local Corps of Engineers District Office), which continue daily data collection for several years. Computer compatible formated data are processed, collated and studied for long- term characteristics and trends. In addition to LEO other data collection efforts for the Texas Gulf Coast, Lake

Michigan, northern and southern coast of California, and

coast of Hawaii, Corps of Engineers District have been in- volved in procurancc of profile data, sand samples, wave

data, and aerial photography. Objective is to procure and

develop data that will be of use in planning and designing

coastal projects.

(^') Cooperative LEO data collection efforts have been or are continued in the following coastal regions: southern

California, (8 sites, active), northern California (25 sites, inactive), Michigan (9 sites, active), Wisconsin, Indiana,

Illinois (15 sites, inactive), Oregon (21 sites, active), Washington (4 sites, active), Florida (8 sites, active), Pennsylvania (2 sites, active), Georgia (11 sites, active). South Carolina (7 sites, active), Minnesota ( 1 site, active), Massachusetts (2 sites, active), and Texas (3 sites, active

pilot program). Individual research efforts are not discouraged and volunteer efforts have been or are continued in Massachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Texas, Southern California, Pennsylvania, and Hawaii. Other data collection in Texas, Lake Michigan, northern and southern California, and Hawaii have been terminated and final reports are in preparation by Corps District Offices following completion of data analysis.

(/;) Visual Surf Observations/Marineland Experiment, C. Schneider, Proc. Cxasml Sediments '77 II, ASCE, 1977, p. 1086-1 100. 312-10649-420-00 SURF ZONE WAVE STATISTICS

(t ) Michael G. Mattic, Physicist, Coastal Oceanography

Branch, Research Division.

(J) Field investigation, applied research.

((") An array of wave gages will be installed along the pier portion of the Field Research Facility at Duck, and wave

records will be obtained from these. Photography and

radar imagery will be used to obtain two-dimensional geometry of the wave field. Data collected will be analyzed statistically to determine wave statistics at the gaging points, the change in these statistics along the pier, and the relation of these statistics to a gage in deeper

water at the end of the pier. Data will be used to evaluate

theoretical concepts of the modification of waves in shallow water, and their transformation into surf and through

the surf zone. This work will provide a description of the

statistics in the surf zone and the relation of these statistics to those normally available for engineering design. 312-10650-700-00 RADAR IMAGING OF WAVES

(c ) Michael G. Mattie, Coastal Oceanography Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigation, development.

(<') The project will determine and develop the optimum

procedure for collecting wave direction information using a commercially available, shore based marine radar. The

PPI scope shows an image of the waves, which is photog- raphed for later interpretation to provide wave direction and length information. The radar system is automated so

that climatology of wave direction can be obtained. Auto- mated image analysis techniques, which arc based on

digital and optical Fourier Transforms, are also being developed. The video radar return is being examined to determine if an empirical relation between wave height and radar return amplitude can be found.

(j?) A prototype automated radar system has been built and

successfully operated in the field, providing useful wave

direction information. Comparisons of data collected during the West Coast Experiment in March 1977 show

agreement between the wave direction measurements of

the CERC radar system and those obtained by several dif- ferent measurement techniques, including aerial photos, pressure array, and SAR. The radar system has been in- stalled at the CERC Field Research Facility at Duck, N.C. where it has provided useful data in support of coastal stu- dies and SEASAT validation tests. Digital two-dimensional

Fourier Transforms have been obtained for selected radar images providing more information on the nature of the

coastal wave field than is easily available through manual

analysis.

(/i) The Use of Imaging Radar in Studying Ocean Waves, M.

G. Mattie, D. L. Harris, Proc I6lh Coastal Engrg. Conf.. ASCE, Sept. 1978. Ocean Wave Detection and Direction Measurements with Microwave Radars, P. G. Teleki, R. A Shuckman, W. E. Brown, W. McLeish, D. Ross, M. Mattie, Proc. Oceans '78, Marine Technology Society, Sept. 1978. A System For Using Radar to Record Wave Direction, M.

G. Mattie, D. L. Harris, CERC technical report in press, 1979. 312-10651-420-00 WAVE DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN

(c) E. F. Thompson, Coastal Oceanography Branch, Research

Division. id) Investigation of field data; applied research.

(?) Field wave measurements will be used to tabulate occur- rences of hazardous individual wave conditions during a

variety of sea states and to develop general characteristics and probabilities of hazardous conditions. New analysis procedures which can identify two or more distinct wave

trains without presenting the full complexity of the wave

spectrum and which provide more information about wave

shape than can be obtained from wave spectra will be

developed. The usefulness of the developed procedures

will be evaluated. Variation of wave characteristics with water depths will be determined with field wave data.

(S) High energy wave spectra and summaries of all spectra have been generated for up to I year of data from each of

1 1 coastal gages. Summaries include mean spectra for common combinations of significant height and peak spectral period. Parameters summarized include number of major spectral peaks, spectral peakedness parameter, and

third and fourth moments of the normalized distribution function of sea surface elevations. Multiple peaked spectra

are common at all locations 200
312-10652-420-00 CRKAT LAKKS WAVE HINDCASTING TECHNIQUES

I, ) I-:. K. Thomps.m. Coastal Oceanography Branch. Research

Division.

(</) Field investigation; apphed research.

(i ) Because wind wave generation in the Great Lakes is complicated by restricted letches, shallow water, and variable wind field structure due to air-water temperature dif- t'erences. existing wave hindcasting techniques can be

properly evaluated ^^""J moditled only by comparing their To provide data for evaluating existing hindcasting techniques, pressure and buoy wave gages have been

operated in the Great Lakes.

(r) Wave gage data have been collected in lakes Erie and

Michigan during tall 1975-6. The data, in both digital and

pen and ink strip chart form, have been analzyed. They

are now being used to evaluate significant wave height, period, and energy spectrum produced by two operational numerical Great Lakes wave models. The models were

developed at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi- ment Station and the National Weather Service Techniques Development Laboratory.

(/i) An Evaluation of Two Great Lakes Wave Models, E F Thompson, Teclinual Rc-pori No. 7H-I . U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, Oct 197X 312-10653-720-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD RESEARCH FACILITY AT

DLCK, NORTH CAROLINA

(( ) C. Hare, Acting Chief, Research Support Division.

(d) Field investigations of coastal phenomena.

(t-) The Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) currently under construction at Duck, North Carolina, will include a 3, 300 foot section of

the barrier island, a 1.800 foot concrete pier spanning the dunes, beach and surf zone out to a 20 foot (MSL) water

depth, a laboratory building, and an instrumented research

vehicle to operate on the pier. The facility will provide a permanent field base of operations for carrying out physical and biological studies of an oceanfront site and

nearshorc area as well as nearby sounds, bays, and barrier

islands. The facility will also allow a means of correlating small scale coastal engineering laboratory test results with

actual prototype results. Continuous data on coastal phenomena (such as waves, currents, tides, and beach

changes) will be monitored across the full width of the

surf zone during all weather conditions including severe

storms. The ensuing information will result in improved methods for predicting storm damage and in improved

designs for restoration and protection of eroded beaches and fragile coastal areas. (g) The 1800 foot concrete pier is in operation and an active environmental data collection program is underway. Completion of the laboratories is anticipated by end of

1979: and the research vehicle during 1980. 312-10654-430-00 OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS FOR SHORE STABILIZATION

({) R. M. Sorenscn, Chief Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division.

(</) Experimental, applied research.

(<) This study will investigate the use of relatively low crested segmented offshore breakwaters for shore stabilization. The purpose is t<i determine the influence of crest elevation and width of breakwaters as well as their position and

spacing on wave characteristics in the lee in order to eval- uate the potential of offshore breakwaters to reduce shore

erosion. Two- and three-dimensional wave tank tests will be conducted. The three-dimensional tests will also in- vestigate current patterns, and segmented breakwater location and spacing factors. ig) A literature review and laboratory testing program of measuring wave transmission and reflection of breakwaters has been completed.

(/i) Effect of Breakwaters on Waves: Laboratory Tests of Wave

Transmission by Overtopping. W. N Seelig. /V«, ISfV. OhisuiI Sinu nin-s 79 Confcrciwc. Mar. 1979 312-10655-410-00 NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF SHORELINE EVOLUTION

(< ) J. R. Weggel. Chief Evaluation Branch. Engmcering Development Division.

(</) Theoretical, basic research.

(<) The study was initiated in CY 76 to investigate the feasibility of developing a numerical model that would predict

the response of a shoreline to changes in wave energy act- ing on it. Initial conclusions are that an approximate model suitable for use in planning studies can be devek)ped that will provide estimates of the effects of vari- ous coastal structures on adjacent shorelines. A detailed

literature survey of publications relating to mathematical

prediction of shoreline evaluation is planned. Contract ef- fort has resulted in a preliminary model that is being ex- panded and tested. (k) Current efforts are being directed toward the development

of a numerical computer model based on equations for longshore sediment transport and the mass balance equation for the sediment. The eventual product will be a computer program that will permit preconstruction estimates

of the effects of proposed coastal structures, the interaction among several coastal structures along a shoreline and method for estimating the damages attributable to the construction of a given navigation project. 312-10656-430-00 WEIR JETTY STUDY

(c ) J. R. Wcggcl, Chief, Evaluation Branch, Engineering Development Division.

((/) Experimental, applied research, development.

(<) The three-phase research program will include two series of laboratory experiments and a field measurement pro- gram. A scries of movable-bed laboratory tests will en- deavor to quantify the distribution of sediment transport across a weir jetty for various wave and tidal How conditions. A second series of tests with a fixed-bed model will establish the hydraulic conditions that can be expected at a weir jetty in different tidal environments and for dif- ferent geometric configurations. The field measurement

program will measure the distribution of sediment trans- port over a full-scale weir section by mounting sediment

traps at various locations along a weir section to determine

the transport rate at that section. (^) Expected output from the program will permit designers to use the empirical data in an integration procedure to eval- uate proposed weir jetty designs and to establish weir crest elevation, orientation and length. 312-11439-420-00 WAVE TRANSFORMATION STUDY

U ) J. M. Hubcrtz. Oceanography Branch. Research Division. (d) Theoretical and experimental applied research with field data collection.

((') Two-dimensional numerical models which predict the transformation of a wave field due to various processes are being investigated. Field data is being collected from a research pier and at offshore points for comparison to model results. Resulting models will be used to predict wave conditions near the coast for design purposes.

(^') Some field measurements of wave conditions are available. 312-11440-420-00 MEASUREMENT OF WAVE TRANSFORMATION IN SHAL- LOW WATER

(< ) M. G. Mattie, Coastal Oceanographv Branch. Research

Division.

(</) Field investigation, applied research.

(f) An array of wave gages has been installed along the pier portion of the Field Research Facility at Duck. N.C.. and 201
wave records are obtained from these. Photography and

radar imagery are used to obtain twii-dimensional geometry of the wave field. Data collected will be analyzed statistically lo determine wave statistics at the gaging points, the change in these statistics along the pier, and the relation of those statistics to a gage in deeper

water at the end of the pier. Data will be used to evaluate

theoretical concepts of the modification of waves in shal- low water, and their transformation into surf and through

the surf zone. This work will provide a description of the

statistics in the surf zone and the relation of these statistics to those normally available for engineering design.

(^') The gage system has been installed and a large quantity of wave data from several locations through the surf zone and for a variety of wave conditions has been collected. Preliminary analyses show spectra which have significant temporal variability as well as a complicated transformation as the waves approach the shore. 312-11441-410-00 INLET HYDRAULICS MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION

(< ) R. M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The purpose of this study is to determine the hydraulic

characteristics of a tidal inlet and define spatial and temporal variations in the hydraulic roughness of the inlet channels over a tidal cycle. Data to be collected includes water levels and velocity measurements and hydrographic

surveys at an inlet to be chosen. The results will be used

to improve the predictive capabilities of numerical models

of tidal inlet hydraulics.

(g) Planning for field investigation and literature review are in progress. 312-11442-430-00 RUBBLE STRUCTURES IN THE SURF ZONE

(<; ) R M. Sorensen, Chief, Coastal Structures Branch, Research Division. (d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The objective is to produce design criteria for the stability of one and two armor layer, low crested structures sub- jected to breaking waves in the surf zone. Test of rubble mound structures constructed on a sand base will be con- ducted at prototype scale using CERC's Large Wave Tank.

Tests will be made to determine the extent of toe scour due to breaking waves, determine the stability of a bedding armor layer used to prevent toe scour during construction, determine the stability of a typical jetty toe design in the presence of breaking waves and to determine

the stability of a low profile structure subject to non-over- topping and overtopping breaking waves.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DIVISION HYDRAUUC

LABORATORY, NORTH PACIFIC DIVISION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Bonneville, Oreg. 97008. Peter M. Smith,

Director. 313-05070-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Dworshak Dam, on the North Fork of Clearwater River

will furnish 400,000 kW of power from three units (initial installation) and, ultimately, 1,060.000 kW from six units. The spillway consists of two 50-foot wide bays, with crest

at elevation 1545, a chute, and a 114-foot wide, 271 -foot long stilling basin at elevation 931. Three 9- by 12.5-foot regulating outlets, upstream from the tainter valves, and

11 by 17 feet downstream from valves, discharge on the

spillway chute. Total capacity of the spillway and regulating outlets is 221,()()() cfs at pool elevation 1604.9. Approximately 1.6 miles of river channel and pertinent over- bank topography were reproduced in a I:5()-scale model

to study the cofferdam and diversion tunnel. A section of forebay, the spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, powerhouse, tailrace, and exit channel were reproduced to determine hydraulic characteristics of these elements.

(J ) Tests completed; final repjirt in preparation.

(^r) See 1970 issue. 313-05071-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

ih) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla,

(t/) Experimental; for design.

(c) Lower Granite Dam, at Snake River mile 107.5, is 37.2

miles upstream from Little Goose Dam. The 8-bay spill- way, with 50- by 60.5-foot control gates (tainter) and the 498-foot wide, 167-foot long nonbaffled stilling basin arc designed for a maximum discharge of 850,000 cfs. The 6- unit powerhouse will have a capacity of 810,000 kW; initial installation 405,000 kW from three units. The 86- by

675-foot navigation lock will have a maximum single lift of

105 feet. Fish facilities include a powerhouse collection system, three pumps for additional attraction flow (2550

cfs) and one 2()-foot wide fish ladder with floor slope of 1 on 10. A l:10()-scale general model reproduced the riverbed and pertinent overbank topography between Snake River miles 106.1 and 108.9 and successive phases

of construction. Construction stages, powerhouse tailrace

limits and depths, navigation lock approaches, flow conditions affecting fish passage, and project operations were to be studied in the model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The first-step cofferdam and diversion channel were

satisfactory after the channel entrance was modified and

rock groins to aid fish migrations were added. Embankment and excavation limits for construction phases were

determined. The effects of several stages of erosion downstream from the original stilling basin were in- vestigated, and an improved basin design was developed

with estimated maximum erosion in the tailrace. Satisfac- tory energy dissipation was obtained with the stilling basin

raised 4 ft and a 9-ft end sill (originally 11 ft high). An

undesirable eddy existed between the north fishway en- trance and the navigation lock wall. Several combinations

of walls, fills, and training wall extensions were tried in ef- forts to develop satisfactory conditions at the north fish- way entrance. Development of modifications to reduce

nitrogen supersaturation caused by spillway discharges was

begun. Preliminary results indicate that 12.5-ft wide

horizontal deflectors on the spillway ogee will produce sta- ble "skimming flow" in the stilling basin for river flows up

to the 10-year flood, and required energy dissipation will occur at high flows; see also 313-07 120. 313-05315-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF REGULATING OUTLETS FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER

RIVER, IDAHO

(/>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

id) Experimental; for design.

(f) See 313-05070 for description of project. The three regulating outlets, with intakes at elevation 1350, will operate under heads of from 95 feet at minimum pool elevation 1445 to 254.9 feet at maximum pool elevation 1604.9. Total outlet capacity will be 40,000 cfs at pool elevation 1604.9. Pressures, flow conditions, and discharge relation- ships were observed in a l:25-scale sectional model that reproduced a portion of the forebay, the right conduit, and

a section of the spillway chute. The purpose of the study was to check the adequacy of the original design and to develop revisions if necessary.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(j?) Four designs for a bellmouthed intake were studied. Sec 1970 issue for details. 202
3 13-053 17-330-1

3

MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OAK POINT TO

VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON

(/>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist.. Portland,

(t/) Experimental; for design.

((') The project will increase the navigation channel width from 500 feet to 600 feet and the depth from 35 to 40

feet between Columbia River miles 52 to 109 and from

the mouth of Willamette River to Portland, Oregon. Project depths and widths will be maintained by a system of

pile dikes and by dredging. Five separate movable-bed models with 1:300 horizontal and 1:100 vertical scales will be required to cover improvements in the Columbia River. The models will be used initially to check plans for constructing and maintaining the 40-foot channel. Later the models will be used to check operation and maintenance

activities and new construction. The first two models in- clude river miles 53 to 65 and 64 to 78. respectively. Work on the remaining three models has not begun.

if) Scheduled tests of river miles 53 to 78 completed; fmal re- port in preparation.

(«) Shoaling indexes, based on results with an uncontrolled

40-foot deep navigation channel, were determined for each improvement plan tested in the models. Satisfactory plans are being developed for all problem reaches covered

by both models. Alternative proposals, which would be more acceptable to local interests in the Longvicw-Rainier

area (mile 66), were tested and the benents of these plans were determined. 313-07107-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SECOND POWERHOUSE FOR BON- NEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(/>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist.. Portland,

(t/) Experimental; for design.

(c) The existing project includes an 1 8-bay spillway with verti- cal gales lifted by 350-ton gantry cranes, a powerhouse

with total rated capacity of 518.000 kW from 10 main

units and one station service unit, a navigation lock with

net clear dimensions of 76 by 500 feet, and fish facilities on each side of the river. Head on the project varies between 30 and 70 feet. From four to ten additional units are proposed to utilize increased storage and peaking

operations at upriver projects. A 1 : 1 00-scale fixed-bed model reproduces the existing structures, riverbed, and

pertinent ovcrbank topography between river miles 142.2 and 146.8. A remote controlled towboat and tow are used

to evaluate the effect of additional power units on navigation. The purpose of the study is to confirm the site chosen for the second powerhouse and to study flow conditions affecting fish passage, navigation, and head on the

(jf) Three structures and excavation plans were investigated. Tests of the recommended plan (with present lock and

provision for a future lock on the Oregon shore and an

eight-unit powerhouse on the Washington shore) were

continued. Tests indicated that 1 2-ft-long horizontal

deflectors at elev. 14 between piers on the spillway ogee

will produce stable "skimming fiow" in the stilling basin

for normal tailwater levels with the present 10-unit powerhouse and spillway fiows between 1,000 and 16.000 cfs per bay. This should reduce levels of dissolved nitrogen downstream from the spillway. Spillway operating schedules were developed to provide good conditions for upstream passage of fish. This information was used in 1974 to evaluate the effects on fish passage of prototype

deflectors in bays 13, 14. and 15 of the 1 8-bay spillway. Placement of construction spoil on the fioodplain downstream caused an acceptable rise in tailwater of 3 ft at the dam with the maximum probable flood. Alignment

of forcbay and tailrace channel banks for the new powerhouse for best fish passage was developed. Dispersion of

turbidity created by channel excavation was observed.

313-07109-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF INCREASED POOL ELEVATIONS AT SPILLWAY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM, COLUMBIA

RIVER, WASHINGTON

ih) U.S. Army Engr. Dist.. Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing project, located 51 miles below Grand Coulee Dam and 545 miles from the mouth of Columbia River, in- cludes an excavated channel leading to an intake for 27

penstocks, a 20-unit powerhouse (initial installation 16 Francis turbines), and a spillway with nineteen 40-ft-wide bays surmounted by 9-ft-wide piers and 56.2-ft-high tainter

gates. The spillway ogee was designed for a head of 41.6 ft on the crest, or 75 percent of the computed maximum

total head of 55.4 ft at the project design flow of 1.250.000 cfs. Construction of a third powerhouse at Grand Coulee Dam will require additional storage and power units at Chief Joseph to use the increased fiow. Present plans include raising the Chief Joseph pool from

existing elevations 946 to maximum elevations 970, or up

to 1.7 times the design head. Preliminary data on surge

characteristics at the spillway were obtained in an existing spillway model that contained a standard high dam crest and piers with elliptical noses. The most suitable modifications ( 1 3-foot thick piers. 36-foot wide bays, gate radius 55 feel, gate trunnions at elevation 920 and 61.83 feet from existing crest axis) were studied in a 1 :43.35-scale model. Water-surface elevations at the outlet of a 4-foot diameter relief tunnel in the right training wall were deter- mined for uniform and varied operations of spillway gates during spillway flows of 50.000 to 550,000 cfs (powerhouse discharge 250.000 cfs).

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The tests indicated that the original crest and stilling basin would be satisfactory. Surging of flow on higher, narrower

spillway gates was severe at large partial gate openings. This unstable periodic surge resulted from the combined

effects of structural geometry, large heads, and gate openings required to release desired fiows. Surging in the narrow bays was reduced from a maximum of 10.8 feet (pool elevation 961.2 and gates open 35 feet) to 2.8 feet by suppressors that extended 4 feet from the side of each

pier above the maximum nappe at free fiow. Closing the

right spillway gate allowed the relief tunnel to drain until the river discharge exceeded 800,000 cfs. A vertical deflector projecting 2 feet from the training wall just up- stream from the relief tunnel outlet would reduce water

levels in the tunnel and allow uniform spillway operation

for most discharges. 313-07110-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF CONDUIT ENTRANCES FOR DWORSHAK DAM, IDAHO, AND LIBBY DAM, MON- TANA

{h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla and Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Normal reservoir outflows at Dworshak and Libby Dams

will discharge on the respective spillway chutes through

conduits that operate under heads up to 250 feet on the regulating valves (tainter). Although conduit dimensions upstream from the valves differ (9 by 12.5 feet at Dworshak and 10 by 17 feet at Libby), the same type of bellmouthed intake will be used at both dams. The tentatively adopted "no-skew" intakes that were developed during the Dworshak conduit model study extended upstream beyond the face of the dam. This would have complicated

design and use of unwatering bulkheads. A regulating conduit with streamlined entrance and a portion of forebay were reproduced in a l:20-scale model for measurements

of discharges, pressures, and other data. The purpose of

the study was to develop revisions that could be used at Dworshak, Libby. or other projects.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Three designs for short, skewed, bellmouthed entrances

for the Dworshak and Libby conduits were tested. Satisfactory plans for both entrances were developed. 203
(In Skewed Entrance for High-Head Conduits, Engineer lichnkal Lcilcr No. I 1 1-2-41, Dept. of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engrs., Washington, DC, May 1968. 313-07111-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF FISHWAY DIFFUSER FOR DWORSHAK

DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO

(/)) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

{(J) Experimental; for design.

((•) Sec 3 13-05070 for description of project. Adult fish will be attracted into a collection channel leading to a holding pool from which they will be transported to a hatchery, to the reservoir, or to another stream. Water for operation of

the fish facilities will be pumped from tailwater, and dis- tributed by means of six diffusion chambers into the col- lection system holding pool, and hopper pool. A typical diffusion chamber and portions of the adjoining supply conduit and collection channel were reproduced in a I .IO- scale model. Flow in the conduit varied from 100 to 480

cfs. diffuscr discharge was 60 cfs, and a differential head

of 2.5 feet existed between the supply conduit and collection channel. The purposes of the study were to check the adequacy of a typical diffusion chamber and to develop

revisions if required.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-07112-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF HATCHERY JET HEADER FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER

RIVER, IDAHO

ih) U.S. Army Engr. Dist , Walla Walla,

(t/) Experimental; for design

(e) See 313-05070 for description of project. A new type of

rearing pond, developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, will be adapted for use at the Dworshak fish hatchery. Circulation in each pond will be provided by two

jet headers that discharge between 70 and 400 gpm (0.17

to 0.89 cfs). One header, constructed full-scale of alu- minum pipe, was attached to an existing water supply,

tank, and weir box. The purpose of the study was to deter- mine head-discharge relations and jet velocities for 1-1/4 and I -inch nozzles.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-07114-850-13 MODEL STUDY OF REVISIONS FOR FISH LADDERS AT JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design. (<')John Day Dam is on the Columbia River 25 miles up- stream from The Dalles, Oregon. The 5900-foot-long dam

provides 76 miles of slack water for navigation to McNary Dam and 500,000 acre-feet of fiood storage. The dam has

a 20-bay spillway (2,250,000 cfs), 20-unit powerhouse

(16-135,000 kW units installed). 113-foot single lift navigation lock, and two fish ladders. Based on tests in a previous model (3578 in 1970 issue of HRUSC) an 18- pool submerged orifice regulating section was developed

for the north fish ladder. The design incorporated a

horizontal counting station between the fixed weir and

regulating sections. A similar type of regulating section was used in the south fish ladder; a vcrtical-board-type counting station was located in the sloping portion of the

ladder. Difficulties with passage of fish (especially shad)

led to studies of vertical-slot regulating sections for both

the north and south ladders. A l:10-scale model was used

for tests of 23 pools of the north fish ladder and then the

exit, regulating section, auxiliary water diffusion chamber,

fish counting station, and eight pools downstream from the counting station. The model was used to check proposed

revisions and to develop modifications to them. Similar

tests were made for the south ladder where the design dif- fered from the north ladder

(,/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) A new, very effective design of vertical-slot regulating section incorporating twice the usual number of pools with a maximum water surface drop of 6 in. per pool was

developed. After full-scale test of six pools with fish in the National Marine Fisheries Service Laboratory, North Bonneville, Wash., the south ladder at John Day was modified

to this design. After a full season of very successful fish passage, the north ladder al.so was revised. 313-07117-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LIBBY DAM. KOOTENAI RIVER. MONTANA

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. id) Experimental; for design.

(f) Libby Dam, at Kootenai River mile 219, 17 miles up- stream from Libby, Montana, will include a spillway with two 48-ft wide bays with crests at elevation 2405, three

10- by 17-ft regulating outlets, and a powerhouse for eight Francis units (ultimate installation 840,000 kW). Three powerhouse units (total capacity 3 15,000 kW) will be in- stalled initially. At maximum pool elevation 2459, spillway capacity will be 145,000 cfs and total capacity of regulat- ing outlets will be 61,000 cfs. The 116- by 300-ft stilling basin, at elevation 2073, is designed for a maximum spill- way discharge of 50,000 cfs. A l:50-scale model

reproduced a portion of the forcbay, all hydraulic ele- ments of the spillway and powerhouse, and 1600 ft of exit channel. The initial purpose of the model was to check the adequacy of the spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, and excavated outlet channels. The scope of the study was

increased to include tests of diversion plans and fiow conditions with a powerhouse selective withdrawal structure.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) The model tests showed that the original spillway abut- ments, center pier, chute, and stilling basin were not

satisfactory. During development tests, the bulkhead slots and upstream projections of pier and abutments were

eliminated and the circular abutments were changed to el- liptical. The center pier was narrowed from 24 to 20 ft, and both sides of the pier were tapered. A tapered extension of the center pier was used to reduce undesirable

rooster tail in flow down the chute. The original stilling basin was 120 ft wide and 172.8 ft long at elevation 2074. and the basin walls were at elevation 2127. The adopted

basin is 1 16 ft wide, 300 ft long, at elevation 2073, and

the sidewalls are at elevation 2142. Sizes of rock needed

for riprap in exit areas were determined. Six diversion plans were studied before an acceptable plan was selected. Several types of deflectors to prevent debris from lodging

against the legs of a contractor's tower were investigated

for flows greater than 50,000 cfs during second-stage construction. The adopted plan consisted of two concrete

piers 15 ft high and 87 ft long. Each pier acted as a

deflector and later would become part of the mass

concrete monolith. Tests of the selective withdrawal struc- tures indicated that overflow bulkheads on the face of the intake must be submerged about 20 feet to supply the tur- bine unit flow of 5800 cfs at pool elevation 2459. The pier nose shapes were revised and a floating skimmer device was developed to prevent vortex action and air entrain- ment at intakes of the selective withdrawal structure. Scheduled studies with fiow into a single powerhouse unit from a density-stratified reservoir have been completed. on Selective Withdrawal System, Libby Dam, Kootenai River, Montana, A G Nissila, P. M. Smith, Div. H\dr. Lah. Tech.

Rept. No. 125-2. Dec. 1975. 313-07118-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS FOR LOST CREEK

DAM, ROUGE RIVER, OREGON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

id) Experimental; for design.

((') Lost Creek Dam on the Rouge River will provide 315,000

acre-feet of usable storage for fiood control and other uses and 49,000 kW of electric power. A multiple-use intake 204
tt)wcr with openings at four levels will lead to a 15-foot diameter penstock and to a 12.5-foot diameter regulating

outlet. A 6- by 1 2-foot bypass will permit reservoir

releases through the penstock when the intake tower is un- watercd. The spillway will include three 45-foot bays. Design discharges are as follows: outlets works 9860 cfs at minimum pool elevation 1812, and 11,460 at maximum

pool elevation 1872; bypass 2000 cfs; spillway 158.000 cfs. A 1 ;40-scale model reproduced a portion of forebay, the multiport intake tower, regulating outlet intake valve section, conduit and chute, stilling basin, penstock intake and

curve, powerhouse, and a section of downstream channel. Flow conditions and pressures in the tower bypass system were studied in a separate 1:40 scale model. The purposes

of the study were to investigate flow conditions and pres- sures in the intake tower, regulating outlet, and penstock;

to measure discharges through the regulating valves and

bypass intake; and to check performance of energy dis- sipator, tailrace, and downstream channel.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Flow conditions and pressures at the intakes of both models were satisfactory. An 80 ft long section of chute

walls of original design was overtopped as much as 3 ft during the chute design discharge of 12,000 cfs. The

stilling basin was adequate from a hydraulic standpoint. However, the air entrainment and resulting nitrogen supersaturation downstream from this type of basin were not ac- ceptable. Tests indicated that an alternative design with

revised chute and a 30-degree, 50-ft radius fiip bucket would be satisfactory. Wave suppressors 4 ft wide by 8 ft long were required on the chute walls to prevent overtopping. 313-07120-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER GRANITE

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05071 for description of project. The 1:42.47-

scale model included a 3-bay section of the 8-bay spillway,

stilling basin, and approach channels. The study was ex- panded to include the hydraulic characteristics of horizontal deflectors with and without dentates on the spillway ogee These devices may reduce nitrogen supersaturation by causing air entrained by small to moderate spillway discharges to remain near the water surface in the stilling basin. The purposes of the model are to check designs for the spillway crest, piers and abutments, chute, stilling basin, excavated channel, deflectors on the spillway ogee, and to develop revisions if required.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) No revisions of the original crest and piers were required. Discharge rating curves for both free and gated flows were

obtained. Satisfactory agreement was not obtained between tailwater-jump curves measured in the spillway model and in the general model (study 5071 ). Return flow

into the stilling basin from the powerhouse tailrace and ex- pansion of flow along the lower lock guard wall were

responsible for the differences. The final design for the

stilling basin will be based on tests in the general model.

Tests in the spillway and general models indicate that a

12.5-foot wide horizontal deflector at elevation 630 (crest elevation 681) will produce desired stable, shallowly

aerated, "skimming flow" in the stilling basin for spillway discharge 10,000 cfs per bay. Skimming action was im- proved by adding three rows of 1.8- by 2.6-ft dentates to ogee and deflector. Pressures on the deflector were positive.. Cavitation may develop on the dentates. Use of

deflectors and dentates does not reduce the energy dis- sipating capability of the stilling basin at high flows. 313-07121-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK FOR LOWER

GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr, Dist., Walla Walla.

{d) Experimental for design.

(f) See 313-05071 for description of project. In the unusual

hydraulic system, a central junction chamber connects

both longitudinal culverts to eight symmetrically-located

longitudinal port manifolds (four upstream and four downstream) in the floor of the lock. There are six pairs of ports in each manifold. A l:25-scale model reproduced

a portion of the forebay and floating guide wall, the hydraulic system, the lock chamber, and portions of exit areas and downstream approach. The purposes of the in- vestigation were to check the adequacy of the proposed

design and to develop modifications if required.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) See 1970 issue. 313-08442-850-13 FISH HATCHERY AERATOR AND DEAERATOR TESTS

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

ie) Filtered water, aerated, deaerated, and temperature regulated, will be recirculated through systems of headers and

nozzles into rearing and holding ponds of several fish hatcheries that are being installed by the Corps of Engineers. Each pair of nozzles is designed to discharge 250 gpm ( 125 gpm per nozzle). One bank of 28 pairs of aerator nozzles (total discharge 7000 gpm) will be supplied by

a 16-inch header pipe. Another bank of 16 nozzles (4000 gpm) will be supplied by a 12-inch header. Two banks of deaerators will be supplied by 6- and 8-inch headers

(respective discharges 750 and 1000 gpm) Equal pres- sures are desired in both sets of headers. The purpose of

the investigation was to calibrate aerator and deaerator systems of commercial black iron and PVC plastic pipe.

if) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Pressures, discharges, and air demands were measured for four sizes of aerator pipe. Pressures and discharges were

determined for four sizes of deaerator pipe. 313-08443-350-13 MODEL TESTS OF RELIEF PANEL FOR SELECTIVE WITHDRAWAL GATES AT DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH

FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO

(b) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05070 for description of project. Selector gates of

the multi-level power intakes will have 90 pressure relief panels per power intake to protect the gates against failure from internal waterhammer or excessive differential pres- sures caused by misoperation of the gates or power units. The panels will consist of butterfly valves mounted on tor- sion bars. A l:5-scale model was used to determine torque on the shaft of a I - by 4-foot panel and discharge for vari- ous openings under differential heads of 3 to 20 feet. The

data were needed to verify and supplement design compu-

(/) Tests completed.

(g) Torque and discharge were measured for panel openings

of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 45 degrees and heads of approxi- mately 3 to 20 feet. Torque decreased with panel opening

until a negative value was reached at an opening of 47

degrees. The maximum torque, 1 869 foot-pounds, was measured at a differential head of 18.37 feet and a panel opening of 10 degrees. 313-08444-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR LOWER GRANITE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(fc) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-05071 for description of project. A l:40-scale model reproduced a proposed powerhouse skeleton unit and sections of approach and exit channel. The study was

to determine the maximum discharge as limited structurally that could be released through a unit without entraining air and causing or increasing nitrogen supersaturation of flow passing the project, and the best method of

controlling the discharge. 205
(/ ) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(X') Initially, the operating gates were tested as flow controls. Then the gates in combination with stoplogs in the gale and intake slots were investigated. From these studies, a bulkhead with slots or converging tubes was developed for prototype tests in a similar unit at Little Goose Dam during the spring freshet in 1971. Slots in the top seven rows were 4 inches high; the lower eight slots were 6 inches

high (area 95 sq. ft.). The slot tubes converged on slopes of I on 4.27 and I on 4.78, respectively. The skeleton unit discharged 21,200 cfs (discharge coefficient 0.932) under 99 feel of head between forcbay and tailwater. Positive pressures were measured within the converging tubes and

on the piers at the operating gate slots. Flow conditions

within the skeleton bay were turbulent but satisfactory. Full-height, 12-inch deflectors attached to the left faces of

intake piers reduced upwelling in the left downstream

corner of the bay. Measurements at Little Goose Dam

showed no increase in nitrogen supersaturation in flow downstream from a bulkhead skeleton unit. Discharges were measured and flow conditions were determined with and without slotted bulkheads upstream from partially- completed units with scroll case and wicket gates installed. 313-08445-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR

ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist.. Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(t ) Ice Harbor Dam is located on the Snake River 9.7 miles upstream from the Columbia River. Principal features in- clude a six-unit powerhouse, an eight-bay spillway, a 103-

foot single lift navigation lock, and two fish ladders. The

study was made to develp a satisfactory design for slotted bulkheads which would allow passage of the maximum

fiow through a skeleton unit without entraining air. Entrained air would cause or increase nitrogen supersaturation of fiow passing the project. A 1 :40-scale model

reproduced an existing powerhouse skeleton unit and sections of approach and exit channel.

if) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(j?) The original bulkhead design, which was based on the design developed in the Lower Granite skeleton unit model (313-08444), was not satisfactory when tested in the Ice Harbor model because of submergence differences. An alternative plan with three 8-inch, four 6-inch, and five 4-inch slots (bottom to top, area 84.5 sq. ft ), provided

satisfactory control of turbulence and aeration and a discharge of 19,200 cfs per unit. Nearly unrestricted movement of operating gates when activating or deactivating the skeleton unit was possible. 313-08446-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF ORIFICE BULKHEADS FOR POWER- HOUSE SKELETON UNITS AT JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(/)) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

id) Experimental; for design.

(f) The purpose of the study was to develop a design for ori- fices in bulkheads to control discharges through skeleton powerhouse units without air entrainment that would in- crease nitrogen supersaturation below the dam. These

skeleton units differ from those tested for other projects in that more concrete was added to the turbine bays. A final stage skeleton unit and sections of approach and discharge channels were tested in a 1 :40-scale model.

(/) Completed; final report in preparation.

(H) Modifications tested included a temporary roof over the turbine bay, a partition on the intake roofs, and slotted bulkheads in the intake bays. Tests were made on four

plans with a bulkhead in all three intakes and on seven

plans with a bulkhead in the center intake only (no fiow through the other intakes). Although conditions with the temporary roof and three bulkheads were acceptable,

these modifications would be very costly. With a single bulkhead, heads on interior walls, pressures on the bulk313-08447-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Develop spillway fiow defiectors that will produce stable "skimming flow" in the stilling basin, reduce deep air penetration and nitrogen supersaturation, and still allow good energy dissipation at high discharges. A three-bay

section of upstream approach, spillway, stilling basin, and downstream channel were reproduced in a 1 :42.47-scale model.

(/) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Air pentration, flow directions and flow stability in the

stilling basin were observed with and without deflectors on

the spillway chute. Without deflectors, flows of 5,175 to 15,000 cfs per bay carried large amounts of entrained air to the invert of the stilling basin. Three lengths of deflectors (15, 12.5, and 10 ft) were tested for discharges of 2,560 to 106,250 cfs per bay. The best design, a !2.5-ft deflector at elevation 434, provided stable skimming flow

for river discharges to 251,000 cfs (15,000 cfs per bay

with flow through six powerhouse units). These deflectors did not reduce stilling basin capacity at higher flows. Three rows of 1.8-ft-wide by 2.6-ft-high dentates located on and just upstream from the deflectors further reduced

air penetration and stabilized flow in the stilling basin. Tests in one prototype bay in 1972 indicated that the deflector did reduce nitrogen supersaturation, but areas of concrete just downstream from the dentates were severely damaged by cavitation and debris. Additional tests, without dentates, were made in a general spillway model

(see separate report). 313-09341-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER. WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-08445 for description of project. The purpose of

the study was to develop deflectors on the spillway ogee to reduce deep air entrainment in the stilling basin and

nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spillway. A

three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were reproduced in a 1 :40-scale model.

if) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Spillway discharges of 17,500 cfs or less per bay (river discharge 250,000 cfs or less) were of primary concern

because these flows occur during the most important runs of fish. The best overall reduction in depth and quantity of

air penetration was obtained with 12.5-ft-wide by 50-ft- long deflectors at elevation 336. With these deflectors, surging occurred in the stilling basin for spillway flows of 13,000 to 25,000 cfs per bay. Additional tests will be made in a l:50-scale general spillway model. 313-09342-350-00 MODEL STUDY TO REDUCE NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION, LIBBY REREGULATING DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(ft) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-09345 for location of project. The study was made to develop a spillway structure that would reduce

dissolved nitrogen in supersaturated water flowing over it to approximately 100 percent saturation.

if) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) In a full-scale test facility dissolved nitrogen was removed

from supersaturated water as it was highly aerated and

agitated while passing down a baffled chute. Three shapes and two sizes of baffles and two chute slopes were tested. A special baffle shape was developed. In a 25.11-sca!e model a spillway with tainter gates, a stilling area, and a chute with the special baffles was developed. The spillway would pass 8,500 cfs per 50-foot bay with the hydraulics 206
licvclopcd in ihc lest facility and pass a probable max- imum llootl now of 42.()()() cfs per bay satisfactorily. Pres- sures on the baffles were measured to determine hydraulic

loading. 313-09344-350-13 MODEL STUDY TO REDUCE NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION, LIBBY DAM. KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(/)) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle,

(t/) Experimental; for design.

(<-) Sec 313-07117 for description of project. The purpose of

the study was to develop flow deflectors or other devices on the sluices and spillway that will allow discharge through the stilling basin with a minimum of air entrain- mcnt and nitrogen supersaturalion downstream from the

project. The spillway, regulating outlets, stilling basin, and

portitins of the forebay and tailracc were reproduced in a

1 :5()-scalc model.

(/) Completed; final report in preparation.

(/;) Flip buckets and deflectors below the sluice outlets and

slotted bulkheads in the sluice intakes were investigated

singly and in combination. Flow conditions with three

short lO-dcgrce deflectors were good for a sluice flow of

I ().()()() cfs and unsatisfactory at discharges higher than

20,()()() cfs. None of the plans was adequate for the initial period of no power flow. The tests were discontinued. 313-09345-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF LIBBY REREGULATING DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(/>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. id) Experimental; for design.

ie) Flow conditions at the dam during construction and after completion arc to be studied in a l;80-scalc model. The

model reproduces the Kootenai River channel and pertient overbank topography for one upstream and two miles downstream for the dam site. All pertinent interim and permanent structures will be reproduced. The project design and probable maximum flood discharges for the project are 42,000 and 210,000 cfs The dam will be near

Libby, Montana, 1 I miles below the existing Libby Dam.

(g) Shoofiy on left bank at construction site had negligible ef- fect on river flow. Proposed excavation of approach and

tailracc channel of combined powerhouse-spillway could

be reduced. Length of proposed downstream training walls has been reduced. 313-09346-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF FALSE WEIR AND FISH LADDER, CHARLES RIVER, MASSACHUSETTS

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Division, New England.

(e) To check the adequacy of proposed designs for the false weir and slot-type fishway and to develop improved

designs if necessary. A 1 :4-scale model reproduced the

false weir, inflow pipe and part of the first pool downstream from the false weir. A 1 :8-scale model in- cluded the false weir, 29-pool fish ladder, diffusion chambers for attraction flow, and a section of downstream ap- proach.

(J) Completed

(j?) The ladder developed in the model study has 29 pools that arc connected by vertical slots that provide fish passage between the entrance and a false weir with exit chute to the upstream basin. Velocities in the slots ranged from 1.1 to 7.2 fps. No upwelling that might attract or trap fish oc- curred along walls or in corners. Velocities over the false weir were between 4.1 and 4.9 fps, downstream discharge

of the weir was 14 to 15 cfs. and discharge to the chute was 1.23 to 2.48 cfs. Attraction flow from the entrance

penetrated 50 to 60 ft into tailwater.

(/)) Fish Ladder for Charles River Dam, Charles River, Massachusetts. Dh. H\dr. Lah.. Tech. Repi. No. 1 57-1. Dec.

1977.

313-09347-350-00 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS FOR ELK CREEK

DAM, ROUGE RIVER BASIN. OREGON

ill) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland,

(c/) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project will be located on Elk Crock, 1.7 miles up- stream from the Rouge River and 27 miles north of Medford, Oregon. The dam will be a 23 8-foot-high rockfill em- bankment with a concrete gravity spillway and a twin-conduit outlet tunnel with a fiip bucket dissipator. The tunnel

is to pass a discharge of 7,200 cfs. The outflow of the tlip bucket, the size of the plunge pool, and an adult fish col- lection facility entrance were studied in a 1 :40-scalc model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation. Tests were

terminated when design of the project was deferred because of environment problems.

(^') The outflow of the flip bucket was satisfactory, and the plunge pool was a minimum size for satisfactory velocities along the excavated sides. The proposed fish collection en- trance at the side of flip bucket was not satisfactory; reverse flow occurred in the approach path with some modes of outlet operation. Preliminary tests indicated an entrance in the upstream corner of the plunge pool would

be satisfactory; however, testing was terminated before a complete study was made. 313-09348-350-00 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF CHIEF JOSEPH DAM. COLUMBIA RIVER. WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(f) See 313-07109 for description of project. The study was made to determine the effects of spillway deflectors and

ultimate 27-unit powerhouse on fiow conditions in the tail- race. A section of forebay, the 19-bay spillway with piers and gates for the pool raised 10 ft to elevation 956 (bays 36 ft wide instead of as-built 40-ft bays), downstream side of 27-unit powerhouse, and tailracc to the mouth of Foster Creek were reproduced in a l:72-scale model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Velocities, wave heights, water-surface elevations, and

overall fiow conditions were observed with uniform and

nonuniform spillway gate openings. River discharges of 190,000 to 1,200,000 cfs and operation of 0, 9, 18, and 27 powerhouse units were studied. With 12.5-ft-wide deflectors at elevation 77 5 (see separate report), wave rideup along the banks and wave heights at the powerhouse

created by the deflectors was reduced by nonuniform

openings of the spillway gates. 313-09349-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR CHIEF JOSEPH DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER. WASHINGTON

ih) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. {d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-07109 for description of project. The purpose of

the study was to develop a flow deflector to produce sta- ble "skimming flow" instead of plunging flow in the stilling basin, thereby reducing nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spillway. A four-bay, 1 ;43.35-scalc

sectional model reproduced the existing stilling basin, exit channel, and spillway agee. The piers and gates were for the raised pool, elevation 956, with 36-ft-wide bays, rather than with as-built 40-ft bays.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) A 12.5-ft-wide deflector at elevation 775 on the spillway chute provided the best overall performance. Skimming

flow existed up to 14,000 cfs per bay with tailwater for 27-

unit powerhouse operation, 10,000 cfs with I 8-unit operation, and 6,500 cfs per bay with the powerhouse closed. Either surging or plunging flow occurred above these

limits. Surging flow may increase wave action along the downstream side of the powerhouse. Deflectors on piers adjacent to ends of spillway were required to minimize 207
overtopping ot training walls. Tests of the entire structure were made in a l:72-scale model (see separate report). 313-09350-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR LITTLE

r.OOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER. WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(J) Experimental; for design.

((') Deflectors on the spillway just below tailwatcr were

developed Ui reduce deep air entrainment in the outflow and nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spill- way. A three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were reproduced in a 1 :42.47-scale model.

(/) Test completed; final report in preparation.

{f() Four deflector widths and three elevations were studied, and the width and location that performed best with discharges from 4,700 to 106,250 cfs per bay was selected. Effects of the deflector on flow conditions downstream

from the dam, especially on adult fish passage, were stu- died in a l:50-scalc general spillway model (see separate

report). 313-09351-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR MC- NARY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla

{J) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing project, located about 2.5 miles upstream from Umatilla, Oregon, includes a 22-bay spillway, a 14- unit powerhouse, an 86-ft by 675-ft navigation lock with maximum single lift of 92 ft, and facilities to pass migratory fish upstream over the dam. Flow under or between

upper and lower halves of the vertical-lift spillway gates

carries entrained air deep into the stilling basin. This

results in excessive amounts of dissolved gases (chiefly nitrogen) that are harmful to fish downstream from the

project. The purpose of the tests was to develop a means

of spilling flood waters without increasing nitrogen supersaturation. A 1 :40-scale model reproduced a three-bay

section of the forebay, spillway, stilling basin downstream

from bays 1 to 19, and exit channel.

(/) Completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Air penetration, fiow stability, and current directions in the stilling basin, and pressures were determined with and

without deflectors. Flow was passed underneath or between upper and lower sections of the gates. Spillway discharges of 13,500 cfs and less per 50-ft bay were of pri- mary concern. Without deflectors, flow for either method

of gate operation plunged to the floor of the stilling basin; highly aerated water was distributed uniformly throughout

the basin. With 12.5-ft-long horizontal deflectors at elevation 256 and discharge beneath the gates, stable "skimming flow" (with air bubbles confined to the top

layer of water) occurred for an 8-ft range in tailwater elevations (257 to 265). Deflectors 20 ft long at elevation 256 were required when flow was passed between gate

sections. Additional tests, with deflectors on the spillway chute, will be made in a general spillway model. 313-09352-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET FOR MOOSE CREEK DAM, CHENA RIVER LAKES PROJECT. ALASKA

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Alaska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Moose Creek Dam, to be located on the Chena River about 17 miles east of Fairbanks. Alaska, will have an

average height of about 30 ft and will have an overall length of 7.1 miles. The earthfill dam will divert Chena

River flood waters into the Tanana River and provide non- damaging flows in the existing Chena River channel. A

proposed outlet channel with riprapped bottom 80 ft wide and riprapped side slopes of IV on 2H will divert the river from its natural channel upstream of the dam, through the

outlet structure, and back to the river downstream from

the dam. The outlet works was sized to pass river flows up

to 9, ()()() cfs, small recreation boats, and fish underneath

four 25- by 1 8-ft vertical-lift gates. Two fishways and a

fish ladder are proposed for use when velocities through open gate bays exceed 2.5 fps and when flows are being

regulated. The purposes of the model study arc to check

hydraulic performance of the proposed design and to develi>p revisions if required.

(/') Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(fi) A shallow stilling basin with baffles and a sloping end sill were developed in single-bay, l;20-scalc model. The four- bay outlet structure with fishways and a t'lsh ladder en- trance was studied in a 1 :40-scale model. The outlet and

fishways were satisfactory. The outlet piers were shortened

at the downstream end. The upstream approach channel to the outlet was lengthened to produce adequate hydraulic drop between the natural river and the outlet with ungated 313-10658-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER. WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(c) Lower Monumental Dam is located on the Snake River at mile 41.6 about 32 miles from Ice Harbor Dam. Principal features include a six-unit powerhouse, a 103-foot single

lift navigation lock, an eight-bay spillway, and two fish lad- ders. The spillway was studied in a 1 :50-scale general model of the project to determine the effects of flow

deflectors on flow conditions at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

ig) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction

of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in five, six, and eight bays of the spillway. An

optimum spillway operation schedule was developed. 313-10659-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF MCNARY

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

[h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) See 313-09351 for description of project. The spillway was

studied in a l:50-scale general model of the project to determine the effects of flow deflectors on flow conditions

at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

ig) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction

of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in all but the end bays of the spillway. An op- timum spillway operation schedule was developed. 313-10660-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Walla Walla

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway was studied in a l;50-scale general model of

the project to determine the effects of flow deflectors on

flow conditions at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for

fish passage.

(J) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(g) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction

of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with flow

deflectors in all but the end bays of the spillway. Poor fish passage conditions occurred when flow was spilled uniformly from all bays. An optimum spillway operation schedule of nonuniform spills was developed. 208
313-10661-350-13 GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY OF ICE HAR- BOR DAM. SNAKE RIVER. WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr Dist., Walla Walla,

(t/) Experimental; for design.

((') See 3 13-0X445 tor description of project. The spillway was

studied in a 1 ;50-scale general model of the project to determine the effects of flow deflectors on flow conditions

at adjacent fishway entrances and to develop an operation schedule for optimum conditions for fish passage.

if) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(>;) Satisfactory flow conditions for fish passage and reduction

of nitrogen supersaturation were obtained with fiow

deflectors in six, eight, or ten bays of the spillway. An op- timum spilluay operation schedule of nonuniform spills was developed. 313-10662-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY DEFLECTORS FOR JOHN DAY DAM, SNAKE RIVER. WASHINGTON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

id) Experimental; for design.

(f) Sec 313-07114 for description of project. Deflectors on

the spillway just below tailwater were developed to reduce deep air entrainment in the outflow and nitrogen supersaturation downstream from the spillway. A three-bay section of upstream approach, spillway, and exit channel were

reproduced in a 41.14-scale model.

(f) Test completed; final report in preparation.

(fi) Three deflector widths and four elevations were studied with two configurations of downstream topography, and

the optimum width and elevation were selected for discharges of 3,000 to 19,300 cfs per bay. Effects of the deflector on flow conditions downstream from the dam,

especially on adult fish passage, will be studied in a l;50- scale general spillway model. 313-10663-850-13 TEST OF FISH SCREENS

{b) U.S. Army Engr. Div , North Pacific, Hydro-Electric Design Branch,

(d) Experimental; for design.

(f ) Rotating fish screens are utilized in intakes of powerhouses on the Columbia and Snake Rivers to divert fingerling fish into an intake gate well where they are channeled around

the turbines to the tailracc. Little hydraulic data were

available for the steel mesh screen in use, and none was

available for new plastic meshes being proposed for use. Hydraulic characteristics of flow through four types of mesh with various arrangements of perforated metal plate behind them were observed in a 14.6- by 16-inch water

(/) Completed.

(^») With steel mesh and three plastic mesh screens and vari- ous arrangements of perforated metal plates behind them

the head drop across the screens and the pull-away force of a simulated fingerling were determined for four ap- proach velocities. The pull-away forces were for compara-

(li) Fish Screen Tests, Lower Granite Lock and Dam. Memo.

Repi. No. /, Div. Hydr. Lab., Feb. 23, 1976. 313-10664-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS. BONNEVILLE DAM. COLUMBIA RIVER. OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(/>) U.S. Army Engr. Dist.. Portland.

id) Experimental; for design.

((') See 313-07107 for description of the project and the model. The study was made to determine the effect of a new navigation lock location, enlargement of certain nar- row reaches of channel, and a new moorage location on

the ability of tows and barges to navigate at Bonneville Dam

(./") C(^mplcted.

(a) Two new navigation lock sites on the Oregon shore near

the existing lock have been found satisfactory for navigation. Excavation of a portion of Bradford Island in the forebay enlarges the entrance to the forcbay and greatly improves tow maneuverability. A new moorage in the forebay coupled with excavation of a portion of Bradft>rd

Island greatly aids navigation with the existing lock. A

proposed spur dike extending upstream from the ex- cavated section of the island did not improve fish passage

conditions.

(/j) Bonneville New Lock. Memo. Repl. No. 12, June 21, 1976, No. 13. Apr. 6. 1977. and No. 14. March 17, 1978, Div. Hydr. Lab. 313-10666-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LIBBY REREGULATING DAM, KOOTENAI RIVER, MONTANA

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Seattle. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The dam will be a rockfill embankment across the river with a combined powerhouse-spillway structure on the left bank. Approach and tailrace channels will be excavated. Power units with 20 to 50 feet of head will be bulb tur- bines. Preliminary study of the spillway shape and pier was made in a one-bay. l:50-scale model. Detailed study of the

final spillway, power flow passage, and diversion sluice made in a three-bay. 1 :35.33-scale model.

(g) Characteristics of two spillway shapes and a variety of

piers were determined in the I ;50-scale model. Approach

and tailrace configuration and flow conditions, diversion

sluice rating, spillway rating and pressures, and power flow

characteristics and pressures of proposed design deter- mined in I ;35.33-scale model. 313-10667-210-13 CALIBRATION OF PIT ORIFICES AND SERVICE LOOP

FOR DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEMS IN ALASKA

ib) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Alaska.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Pairs of pit orifices 3/4. I. and 1-1/4 inch in diameter in- serted in a 6-inch water main and connected to 25-foot- long service loops of the same size as the pit orifice were

tested to determine the head loss in the main due to the

orifice, the head drop through the loop, and the water

velocity in the loop with various velocities in the main. The data were to be used in determining head loss and

heat exchange.

(f) Completed.

(g) Head loss in the 6-inch main, head drop through the 25-

foot loop, and velocities in the loop were determined for three pit orifice and loop sizes with 2- and 4-fps velocities

in the main.

(/i) Pit Orifice and Service Loop Ratings, Memo. Rept. No. I, Div. Hydr. Lab., July 15, 1977 313-11434-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET FOR APPLEGATE DAM. AP- PLEGATE RIVER, OREGON

(/)) U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Portland.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Applegate Dam will be a rockfill embankment approxi- mately 245 feet high with a regulating outlet tunnel beneath the embankment and a two-bay spillway in the

right abutment. The outlet with oval tunnel, two-stage hydraulic-jump stilling basins, fish barrier, and fish collection facility to be examined and improved in a l:25-scale model.

(^») Deflectors were added to splitter wall from valves to damp

rooster tail formation at upstream end of tunnel. Walls at

fish barrier between stilling basin raised to contain flow. Other features of design were satisfactory. 209
313-11435-350-13 MODEL STLDY OF DIVERSION CHANNEL FOR MOOSE

CREEK DAM. CHENA RIVER, ALASKA

(/>) U.S. Army Engr Dist.. Alaska.

((/) Experimental; for design.

((') See .113-()S)352 for description of project. The 20()()-foot wide, 9()0()-foot long channel to divert Hood flow to the Tanana River has twin highway bridges and a railroad bridge crossing it and a control sill at the downstream end. The channel was modeled at a scale of 1:100 horizontal to

1 :25 vertical for study of flow in the channel and improve- ment of flow through the bridges. Scour and rock protection requirements at the bridge piers were studied in a l;15-scale movable bed model. The control sill was

developed in a I:l2-scale movable bed flume model.

(/) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(^) Improved design of training dikes at the bridges were

developed. Fifty percent blockage of bridge openings did not cause overtopping of the dam with the maximum

probable flood, which permitted bridge piers to be designed to withstand the project design flood without en- dangering the dam. Bases of bridge piers near the abut- ments required rock protection; piers away from the abut- ments were not endangered by local scour except when

retaining large amounts of debris. A control sill requiring no rock protection except at the abutments was

developed. 313-11436-850-13 GAS EQUILIBRATION OF WATER SUPPLY OF FISH TRANSPORT BARGE

(/>) U.S. Army Engr. Div., North Pacific. (J) Experimental; for design

ie) Migrant fingerling fish from the Snake and Columbia

Rivers are being transported by barge around the dams on

the rivers to lower the loss of fish. The barges circulate

fresh river water through the holding chambers. The water can be supersaturated with dissolved gas and harmful to the fish. A section of 12-inch supply manifold was assembled in a test stand to determine the equilibration capability of the system and to develop an alternate system if needed. Equilibration of flow through packed columns

(vertical pipes filled with plastic rings) was tested.

(j?) Splash plates 1 foot from manifold outlets were effective

in reducing nitrogen saturation of 130 and 140 percent to 109 and 113 percent. A 1 0-inch-diameter packed column

with 4 feet of plastic rings reduced I 30 percent saturation

to 102 percent.

( It ) Fish Transportation Barge Water Supply Nitrogen Supersaturation Reduction, Memo Rept. No. I, Div. Hydr. Lab., May 16, 1978. 313-11437-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR APPLEGATE DAM. APPLEGATE RIVER, OREGON

(h) U.S. Army Engr. Dist , Portland

(J) Experimental; for design.

(c) Applegate Dam will be a rockfill embankment approxi- mately 245 feet high with a regulating outlet tunnel beneath the embankment and a two-bay spillway in the

right abutment. A portion of reservoir, approach channel,

spillway with chute and double fiip buckets, and 2200 feet of downstream river channel are modeled at a scale of

1 :30 for study of spillway fiow and effectiveness of the fiip buckets as energy dissipators.

ifi) Approach channel excavation was reduced. Flow in the approach and at the bridge to the outlet control tower was

satisfactory. Flow and waves at the downstream toe of the embankment were satisfactory with all fiood discharges. 313-11438-340-13 MODEL STUDY OF ICE AND TRASH CHUTE FOR BON- NEVILLE SECOND POWERHOUSE, COLUMBIA RIVER. OREGON AND WASHINGTON

(/)) U S. Army Engr. Dist.. Portland.

(J) Experimental; for design.

(<) See 3 13-07107 for description of project. The ice and

trash chute was modeled at a scale of 1:20 for study of withdrawal of flow for emergency auxiliary water supply

for fish facilities and for passage of trash. («) Flow withdrawn through a proposed side wall intake for

fish facility water supply would be satisfactory. Trash

passage will be studied.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT

STATION. CORPS OF ENGINEERS, P.O Box 631. Vicksburg, Miss. 39181. F. R. Brown, Engineer. Technical Director. These project summaries arc abridged from more detailed descriptions appearing in the FY 1979 Civil Works Annual

Research and Development Summary, Vols. I and 2, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C. 20314. 314-06849-400-13 MODEL STUDY OF CHESAPEAKE BAY

(/)) Baltimore District, North Atlantic Division,

(c ) David Bastian, Estuaries Branch.

((') The Estuaries Branch has been given the responsibility for

assisting the Baltimore District in the design, construction,

verification, and testing of a hydraulic model of the Ches- apeake Bay. The model will be utilized to assist in formulating and recommending solutions to priority problems

relative to the water resources of the Chesapeake Bay and

tributaries. A fixed-bed, comprehensive model of the Chesapeake Bay and tributaries with linear scale ratios of

1:100 vertically, and 1:1000 horizontally, has been constructed. The model has the capability of reproducing

tides, current velocities, salinities, hurricane surges, and

freshwater inflows. (g) Model dedicated May 1976. Adjustment and verification completed. Project testing initiated. 314-09667-330-13 LOCK AND DAM 26, MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) L. J. Shows.

(c) Determine whether the existing structure should be modernized by adding an additional lock or whether a new

structure should be provided. A model study was con- ducted which encompassed the reach between river miles 199.0 and 205.7 on the Mississippi River. The model was

built to an undistorted scale of 1:120. The model is of the fixed-bed type reproducing locks and dam structures and

adjacent overbank area between the levees.

(j?) A draft of the final report has been prepared and a copy was forwarded to the District for review and comments.

Publication of the final report will be undertaken upon

receipt of the District's comments and authorization of funds for publication. Additional testing may be required

after Congressional authorization of the project is ob- 314-09670-300-13 MISSISSIPPI RIVER PASSES-40-FT CHANNEL

(/)) Lower Mississippi Valley Division

(c) H. A. Benson.

((.') Investigate plans for the reduction of shoaling in the exist- ing 40-ft channel. A fixed-bed model reproduces the Mississippi River downstream from 14 miles above Head of

Passes, including South and Southwest Passes and portions of Pass a Loutre and Cubits Gap. and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Model scales are 1:100 vertically and

1 :500 horizontally. (g) Hydraulic adjustment of the model and shoaling verifica- tion of the Head of Passes area have been completed. Base

shoaling tests and tests of dredging methods have been 210
completed. Tests of plans to reduce shoaling at Head of

Passes with the existing channel depth have also been

completed. Interim reports of all studies of the Head of

Passes have been furnished the district. Tests to assure proper reproduction of hydraulic phenomena and salinity intrusion in Southwest Pass have been completed. Tests to obtain a shoaling verification of Southwest Pass below Head of Passes have been completed. Additional plan

shoaling and hydraulic tests in Southwest Pass are currently undcrwa\. 314^671.330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ALEXANDRIA REACH, RED RIVER

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) L. J. Shows.

(e) Determine the modification required to bridges in the reach and the type and location of regulating structures required to develop a satisfactory navigation channel

through the reach. An undistorted fixed-bed model was

constructed to a scale of 1:100. model to prototype. The

model encompasses about four miles of the river channel

including the five bridges through the reach as well as ad- jacent overbank areas between levees. (g) All originally scheduled tests have been completed and the

results, in preliminary form, furnished the District. Authorized testing has been completed and preparation of

a draft of the final report has been undertaken. 314-09672-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF EMERGENCY BULKHEAD CLOSURE,

MISSISSIPPI RIVER GULF OUTLET LOCK

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c) G. A. Pickering.

(e) Study the emergency closure for the 150- by 1200-ft lock. A l:50-scale model will be used to reproduce the entire chamber and an appropriate length of canal at each end. The bulkheads will be reproduced accurately to scale, size, shape, and weight. One pair of miter gates may be accurately reproduced to scale so that the possibility of their use for emergency closure can be tested. (This was not in- cluded in model estimate of the proposal.) Model tests will be concerned with determining loads acting on the closure during emergency placement. The problem will be unusual due to the width of the lock being 40 ft greater than clo- sures previously studied. 3144>9673-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM FOR MISSISSIPPI RIVER-GULF OUTLET LOCK

(b) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(c) G. A. Pickering.

(e) Objective is to develop a filling and emptying system for use by both ship and barge traffic. The designs for intakes,

outlets, port manifold, and valves must be adequate under normal and reverse head conditions indigenous to the proposed site. The model reproduces the entire filling and emptying system, the lock chamber, and portions of the approaches at a scale of l;25. Usual instrumentation was

provided. The efficiency of the manifolds operating under

reverse head conditions could not be computed but were

checked. In addition, the magnitude of surges and velocities which can be expected were determined. The tests in- cluded a range of probable conditions and valve operating

schedules.

(/) Completed.

(g) All testing was suspended after sufficient data on the side port system Type 15 (recommended) were furnished during a conference at WES on 13 February 1975. All tests of

the side port system are complete unless additional tests are requested.

(/i) Filling and Emptying System, New Ship Lock. Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet, Louisiana. TR H-78-I6. Sept. 1978.

314-09674-350-13 MODEL STUDY OF MERAMEC PARK RESERVOIR OUT- LET WORKS

(/>) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) N. R. Oswalt.

(f) To develop an adequate stilling basin design and deter- mine the size and extent of stone protection required for the exit channel. The scale of the model was changed to conform with the change in conduit size ( 22-ft wide reduced to 14-ft wide)

specified by the District. Tests were conducted in a 1:25.5- scale model in which a 160-ft-wide and 260-ft-long ap- proach area, the intake structure, transition, conduit,

stilling basin, and 650 ft of exit channel were reproduced.

(g) A 36-ft-long horizontal apron downstream from the exit portal reduced the influence of the waves in the conduit by permitting fiow to spread as it emerged from the conduit. Eddies that formed in the stilling basin during low

fiows were eliminated by providing a 1 on 16 sidewall

fiare. A satisfactory stilling basin was developed and the

size and extent of exit channel riprap protection was deter- mined. All tests have been completed.

( h ) Outlet Structure for Meramec Lake. Meramec River. Missouri. Technical Report H-78-1 5. Oct. 1978 314-09677-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING IN SAWYER BEND AND ENTRANCE TO CHAIN OF ROCKS CANAL (MISSISSIPPI RIVER)

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) J. E. Foster.

ie) Investigate various plans to eliminate shoaling in Sawyer Bend and improve shoaling conditions in the lower en- trance to Chain of Rocks Canal. A movable-bed model

with scale ratios of 1:250 horizontally and 1:100 vertically reproducing the Mississippi River from about river mile 169.0 to 190.8 was used for the study.

(/?) Plans have been developed to eliminate shoaling in Sawyer Bend and reduce shoaling in the entrance to Chain of Rocks Canal. Tests indicated Phase 1 of the construction program would be effective in improving shoaling in Sawyer Bend.

(/i) Shoaling Conditions in Sawyer Bend and Lower Entrance

to Chain of Rocks Canal, Mississippi River, Technical Report H-lB-l, June 1978. 314-09680-350-00 OLD RIVER DIVERSION MODEL STUDY, FIXED BED

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(r) T J. Pokrefke.

(e) Objective is to provide hydraulic data required to develop

plans for repairs to the existing low sill structure; to deter- mine the effects of various methods of gate operation at the low sill structure on current velocities, current

directions, and stages; to develop the hydraulic design of rock weirs or other structures that might be required to in- sure the safety of the existing low sill structure: to provide

hydraulic data that might be required for site selection and

design of a new low sill structure; to determine the effects of plans developed in the movable-bed model on hydraulic conditions at the existing low sill structure and for a possi- ble new low sill structure; and to provide hydraulic data

useful for the design of the proposed four-gated auxiliary structure. Initially the study was conducted on a 1:120-

scale, fixed-bed model extending from river mile 3 13.0 to 318.5. Subsequently, the model was extended downstream

to mile 306.0 and revised to the December 1974 condi-

(g^ Tests requested by the District on the existing structures and channel with the August 1973 conditions have been

completed. Tests of proposed rock weirs and of a series of

piling in the oufiow channel to control the distribution of

fiow through the existing structures and to insure the continued security of the low sill structure have been 211
completed Intlow channel improvement tests have been

completed. Tests have been completed on a barge barrier

to reduce the possibility ot loose barges entering the in- tlow channel. Tests to provide data tor the pr<.)posed Operation and Maintenance Manual are completed. Tests on the overbank structure modifications have been completed Testing ot the four-gated auxiliary structure

lia\e been undertaken 314-09687-470-13 NEWBLIRYPORT HARBOR MODEL STLDY

(/.) New England Division

(< I N J Brogdon. Jr.

(<•) Investigate proposed plans and/or modifications to existing

pri)jects in an effort to determine their effects on channel

shoaling in the harbor entrance, small boat navigation, erosion of Plum Island Point, existing salinity conditions, and water quality. A combination fixed-bed and movablebed model has been constructed, which includes a portion of the Atlantic Ocean, Ncwburyport Harbor, and the Merrimack River to head of tide. Linear scales arc I MOO verti- cally and 1:300 horizontally. The model is equipped to reproduce tides, tidal currents, wave action, density currents, and freshwater inflows.

(fj) The current testing program has been completed. 314-09717-300-13 MODEL STUDY OF SUCK BEND, CHATTAHOOCHEE

RIVER

(< ) J. E. Glover.

((•) Objective is to develop a satisfactory plan for the elimination or reduction of shoaling in the area. The study was

conducted on a 1:72 scale movable-bed model extending from river mile 72.9 to about mile 74.4.

(X'l A plan which would reduce shoaling and provide a

satisfactory navigation channel through the reach has been

(/i) Final Report published June 1978. 314-09719-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ALICEVILLE LOCK AND DAM, TEN- NESSEE-TOMBIGBEE WATERWAY

(< ) L. J. Shows.

((') Study navigation conditions in the lock approach and current conditions in the diversion canal during construction of the lock and dam. The model is of the fixed-bed type constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:100, reproducing about three miles of the Tombigbee River Channel near

Pickensville, Alabama. Lock and Dam diversion canal and

adjacent overhand areas. (X ) Satisfactory navigation conditions can be developed in both the upstream and downstream lock approaches at the proposed site.

(/i) Final Report published April 1978. 314-09722-330-13 MODEL STUDY OF ABERDEEN LOCK AND DAM

(/>) Mobile District

(< ) L J Shows

(() Develop plans which will provide good navigation conditions in the lock approaches and minimize the adverse ef- fects of the large left overbank How on tows moving

through the navigation channel during high stages. The

model is of the fixed-bed type, constructed to an

undistorted scale ratio of 1:1 20. and reproduces a short reach of the Tombigbee River upstream and downstream

of the dam. the approach channel to the lock, the lock and dam structure, and the adjacent overbank areas.

(.i; ) Satisfactory navigation conditions can be developed in both the upstream and downstream lock approach at the proposed location. The effects of the cofferdam on flood tlow stages would be minor and the effects on current

velocities would be local.

ill) Final Report published June 1978.

314-10742-320-00 EFFECTS OF WATER FLOW ON RIPRAP IN FLOOD CHANNELS

(< ) S. T. Maynard, N. R. Oswalt.

((-) To develop adequate criteria for design of stable riprap

linings for flood channels to reduce costly maintenance and repair along fiood control channels. Riprap protection along flood control channels continues to fail and require high annual maintenance and repair costs. Facilities required for systematic tests of a variety of stone sizes greater than 1-2 inches are not available. A large discharge capacity channel research facility is scheduled

for construction during FY 79-81 which will permit syste- matic tests and collection of appropriate data needed to develop adequate criteria for design of stable riprap protection in straight and curved reaches of channels. During

the interim, research is being conducted in existing facili- ties to address the effects of side slope, gradation, and

gradually varied fiow on riprap stability in straight fiood channels. Existing facilities will also be used to determine

the effects of curved reaches on riprap stability.

(/;) Guidance based on the Froude number concept for sizing riprap on various side slopes in straight channels was

published in Miscellaneous Paper H-78-7. Tests to deter- mine the effects of gradation on riprap stability in straight channels were initiated. Guidance developed to date was

presented to various offices of the Corps during a short course, "Hydraulic Design of Open Channels," during FY

78. 314-10743-330-00 RELATIONSHIP OF BENDS AND CHANNEL WIDTHS FOR

PUSH TOWING

(t ) L. J. Shows.

(f ) To develop criteria which would establish a basis for reasonable design for navigation channel width in bends on inland waterways. With a known tow size and the max- imum deflection angle (angle between the tow and a tan- gent to the curve at the stern of the tow) assumed by the tow in navigating a particular bend, the required channel

width can be easily computed. However, the deflection angle is dependent on many factors, some of the most

critical of these are: (I) radius of curvature, (2) degrees

of curvature traveled by tow, (3) tow draft, width, and

length, (4) speed of tow in relation to currents, (5)

direction and velocities of currents, (6) direction of travel of tow (upstream or downstream), (7) tow flanking or

drifting around the bend, (8) alignment and position of tow entering bend, (9) relationship of navigable channel

limits to the bank lines (particularly the concave bank). An undistorted semi-fixed bed hydraulic model reproducing typical river bends to a scale ratio of 1 : 1 20 and remote

control model towboats will be used in model tests to establish the relationship between bend radii and tow

defiection angles. The model will be operated with a constant flow condition in the bendways with different radii. The model towboat representing the different tow sizes

will be operated through the model and the channel sec- tion wil be altered to provide a minimum channel which would be considered safe for a particular size tow.

(j?) Results of the research study showing maximum deflection angles required for tow sizes 35 by 685 ft, 70 by 685 ft and 105 by 600 ft in bendways with radii ranging from 1500-3000 ft, were published in Engineer Technical Letter No. I 1 10-2-225 dated July 1977. Testing of the 4000 ft to 10,000 ft radii with tow sizes 35 by 685 ft, 70 by 685 ft, 105 by 600 ft and 105 by 1200 ft was accomplished. 314-10744-330-00 IMPROVED CRITERIA FOR LOCK DESIGN

(t ) G. A. Pickering, J. H. Abies, Jr. (f ) To disseminate the existing state-of-the-art and to provide improved criteria for design of the several types of lock

filling and emptying systems. In the past, designs have been accomplished largely by empirical methods based on 212
results of hydraulic model studios of specific structures, (iuidance I'o'r design of each of the several types of lock

lillinj: and emptying systems is needed. Comprehensive

model tests are being conducted on different types of

filling and emptying systems ti> obtain data over a wide

range of conditions. Analysis of tests and other available data will result in improved generalized design informa-

( !,') Research has been conducted in various specific models to obtain data for developing generalized and improved

criteria for lock filling and emptying systems. Results of some of these tests and recommended design procedures

for a sidewall port filling and emptying system were

published in Miscellaneous Paper H-75-7, "Lock Design,

Sidewall Port Filling and Emptying System, " in July 1975. EM 1110-2-1610, "Hydraulic Design of Lock Culvert Valves." was published during August 1975. This manual

will result in improved operating conditions for lock

valves Generalized data were obtained with various lifts from a specific model study of a I lO-ft wide by 6()0-ft long lock with a longitudinal floor culvert system. These

data were analyzed

3 14-1 0746-3 SO-OO GENERAL SPILLWAY TESTS

(. ) J. L. Grace, Jr . S. T. Maynard.

(<) To obtain additional basic knowledge and improved

criteria for design of spillway crest shapes and stilling basin sidcwalls. This information will provide an improved

universal design procedure for both low and high overflow

spillways. Dat \ required for generalized description of the discharge coefficients, pressures, water surface profiles and

pier contraction coefficients of low and high spillways with simple elliptical upstream quadrants that are recom- mended for CE projects are not sufficient for preparing

required hydraulic design charts. Systematic model tests

will be conducted to supplement the design procedure recommended for low spillways in MP H-73-5, "Spillway

Crest Design." Discharge coefficients, pressures, water sur- face profiles, and pier effects will be determined for vari- ous approach depths, upstream slopes, and heads on the spillways with and without crest piers.

(;,') Pressures on spillways with four different shapes of the up- stream quadrant were published in Research Report H-70-

I Currently recommended guidance for design of low and

high spillways with simple elliptical upstream quadrants

(without surface discontinuities) was published in Miscel- laneous Paper H-73-5, "Spillway Crest Design." The lack of pertinent data for preparation of appropriate guidance. Hydraulic Design Criteria Charts and updating of EM

I I 10-2-1603 "Hydraulic Design of Spillways" was recognized and a program of systematic tests to obtain the ur- gently needed information was formulated. The experi- mental facilities have been constructed to permit generalized tests and improved techniques for recording, analyzing and displaying results in a timely and effective manner.

Tests of crests with p/H^ = 0.5 have been completed and

tests of crests with p/H,, = 0.25 are in progress. 314-10747-330-00 LOCK CULVERT VALVE VENTILATION

(< ) G. A. Pickering, D. B. Murray.

(<•) To obtain satisfactory air venting at lock culvert valves by means of an expansion immediately downstream of the

valve with resulting negative pressures sufficient for venting and reducing cavitation potential in lieu of expensive

lowering of the culverts to reduce the potential for cavitation. Many tests have been conducted in efforts to raise the minimum pressure gradient immediately below a valve

to eliminate cavitation tendencies, but no tests have been

conducted toward lowering this gradient. The result of the proposed expansion of the roof may result in negative

pressures on the roof of the culvert adequate to assure

satisfactory venting at a cost of only a few tenths of a minute in filling time. A 1 :25-scalc model is being used for the study. Various degrees of expansion will be tested to

determine the effect on the pressure gradient immediately downstream from the valves. This information will offer an

inexpensive method of reducing and/or eliminating cavitatii>n at lock culvert valves as well as imprt)ving the quality

(f>) Test facility was constructed and testing was initiated with

a square culvert (no expansion) to obtain base data for use in determining the effect of various expansions. 314-10749-410-00 EDLCTOR SYSTEMS FOR SANDTRAP BYPASSING d ) E. C. McNair, Jr., W. B. Fcnwick.

(<') To develop effective systems for bypassing sand at tidal inlets and other obstructions to littoral transport. Bypassing

of sand and channel maintenance of tidal inlets arc generally difficult and expensive operations. More efficient methods arc required to properly maintain these inlets located along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, gulf coast.

Pacific Ocean, and Great Lakes. An evaluation of existing and proposed bypassing arrangements has identified the jet pump eductor as having great potential in sand bypassing

applications and can be assembled into a reliable, lowcost, easy-to-operate system. The jet pump eductor, though used primarily as a suction booster on dredge pumps, can be arranged in a pumping system in such a manner that the jet pump becomes the primary solids-han- dling component in the system. However, little information was available from the literature or from the dredging in- dustry on the criteria for system design or on deployment

and operational techniques. Therefore, a research program

employing laboratory and field studies was designed and

implemented. Laboratory investigations are providing in- formation on basic system behavior which can be trans- lated into design concepts. Preliminary deployment and

operational procedures have been evaluated in the laboratory setting. Field studies are underway to finalize the initial concepts and to test the ruggedness and performance

of the systems as a whole. The field studies are being per- formed at a series of sites beginning with mild wave and

tidal conditions and progressing through severe wind and

tidal conditions. The major coasts of the United States are included as test sites.

(/?) Extensive laboratory and field experiments have been per- formed. Tests at sites on the Florida gulf coast, the Atlantic coast at Rudee Inlet, Virginia, and the Pacific coast at Santa Cruz Harbor, California, have shown the jet pump

system to be an effective approach to sand bypassing at the smaller harbors and tidal inlets. Design information has been acquired from laboratory tests and operational methodology has been developed from the field experiments. 314-10757-870-00 ROLE OF LAGOONS IN SMALL-SCALE WASTE TREAT- MENT SYSTEMS

(c) A. J. Green, N. R. Francingucs.

(e) Recognizing the potential of lagoons as a low cost, low maintenance, technologically simple means of wastewater

treatment, it is the objective of this work unit to dis- seminate current technical information specifically useful to the Corp's problems in the field and to develop and dis- seminate improved design and operational methods so that the treatment effectiveness of lagoons can keep pace with

increasingly stringent Federal and State requirements. Research will be conducted to investigate those areas of lagoon behavior that have specific application to Corps

problems. These research areas were identified in the FY

77 survey report "The Role of Sewage Lagoons at Corps

of Engineers Recreation Areas" and include: controlled discharge from seasonally loaded lagoons in mild winter

areas: in pond chemical coagulation for algae sedimentation; inlet and outlet devices, structures and techniques;

liners; sludge accumulation in recreation area lagoons and

use of flora and fauna for upgrading lagoon performance. A constant review of the literature on lagoon design, per- formance, and research will be maintained, and pertinent information will be passed on to the field in conjunction 213
with research results or in separate circulars. This review

will include continuous coordination of activity with the U.S. EPA and other Federal and nonfederal agencies having an interest in lagoons. In addition to one or more an- nual Engineering Circulars or Technical Letters to he published by OCE for the dissemination of results from activities described above, all significant findings will be in- corporated in a final technical report and/or lagoon design and operation manual or chapter in existing manuals. Particular attention will be paid during all aspects of this work

unit to determine cost information and money saving in- novations consistent with meeting Federal and State discharge and/or water quality standards. 314-10759-330-00 CHANNEL DIMENSIONS AND ALIGNMENT FOR SAFE AND EFFICIENT NAVIGATION

(c ) G A. Pickering, H. O Turner

(e) To determine the minimum dimensions of navigation channels compatible with the assurance of safe operating conditions. A study of existing navigation channels indicates a wide range of dimensions, many of which are not at- tributable to differing sizes of using vessels or local operating conditions. Many channels appear to be excessively

large, thus causing excessively high construction and maintenance costs, while other channels are so small that they

incur a disproportionate number of accidents or require such low speeds and careful operation as to inhibit ship movements. Either situation is undesirable and the increas- ing use of very large ships will cause these basic design dif- ferences to become even more serious. It is imperative

that rational maintenance procedures be established in order that channel dimensions and maintenance dredging can be minimized while still maintaining safe and efficient navigation conditions. There are several items that in- fluence design and maintenance of navigation channels. Some of these are ship dimensions, ship power to weight

ratio, rudder and propeller assemblies, type of traffic, ship speed, pilot ability and weather conditions. Curves will be developed to define channel dimensions in terms of these pertinent variables. The data will be published in a comprehensive research report. The research program will be carried out primarily as a

physical model study utilizing free running model ships. The tests required to develop the channel design curves

will be conducted with several different types and sizes of

ships (tanker, mariner and container) constructed to a

scale of 1;100. A series of tests will be conducted with two

larger model ships (1:25 and l:50-scale) to determine model scale effects and permit adjustment of the results of

tests with l:100-scale ships to assure that prototype ship maneuverability is reproduced. Five measurements will be taken during each ship passage; one of the measurements

will be qualitative (good or bad) and the other four will be

quantitative. The qualitative measurement will be considered bad if the vessel strikes the model banks or bottom

during a test run and good if it does not. The quantitative measurements will be the ship speed, rudder angle, ship heading and lateral deviation of the ship's center of gravity from the intended course. Each run will provide a point of

either "safe" or "unsafe" navigation which will be used to

establish improved guidance for design and maintenance

of deep draft nagivation channel dimensions and align- 314-10760-350-00 PIPING AND RAINFALL EROSION IN DISPERSIVE CLAY EMBANKMENTS

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division.

(( ) E B. Perry.

(e) To study piping and rainfall erosion in dispersive clay embankments such as Grenada Dam, Mississippi. Pinhole erosion tests will be conducted to study the erodibility of embankment slopes. Pinhole tests, using reservoir water as the eroding fluid, will be conducted on undisturbed foun- dation material to determine the susceptibility to dispersive clay piping.

if;) The laboratory testing program has been completed. The

final report was submitted to LMVD in July ap- proval for publication is pending. 314-11518-440-00 RESERVOIR HYDRODYNAMICS

(( ) J. L. Mahloch.

((-) Objective is to develop, evaluate, improve and verify methods for describing and predicting the hydrodynamics

of reservoirs to provide a basis for improved understanding

of water quality and ecological variables affecting environ- mental quality objectives. The problem is to predict the ef- fects of reservoir hydrodynamics on the water quality and

ecology. Since the movement of water in reservoirs dictates the movement of water quality ci>nstituents, prediction and evaluation of water quality and environmental ef- fects depend on an accurate understanding of reservoir hydrodynamics. Physical and mathematical modeling

techniques arc the only way to describe reservoir hydrodynamics. Appropriate techniques need to be ci>m- pared and verified relative to field data and conditions. Literature reviews, laboratory experiments, physical and

mathematical models, field experiments and observations, and analytical studies arc being used to develop and verify new and improved methods of describing reservoir hydrodynamics so that water quality and ecological

characteristics can be better evaluated. Specifically, the following tasks are being addressed under this work unit;

( 1 ) Develop and verify techniques for describing reservoir inflow mixing processes. (2) Develop and verify techniques for describing internal reservoir mixing

processes. (3) Improve and verify physical hydrodynamic

modeling techniques for reservoirs. (4) Improve and verify multi-dimensional hydrodynamic mathematical models. (5) Develop and verify techniques for describing pump-back

mixing processes in reservoirs. (6) Develop criteria and

techniques for predicting the behavior of fine sediment in reservoirs. (7) Develop criteria and techniques for forecasting the development of reservoir deltas. (g) Techniques for describing the reservoir inflow and internal mixing were identified and efforts to test and evaluate

these techniques were initiated. Physical hydrodynamic

models were used to simulate and initiate studies of inter- nal density currents. The capability of two existing multi- dimensional mathematical models for simulating and pre- dicting reservoir hydrodynamics was evaluated and found

to need improvement and additional development. 314-11519-330-00 NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL

MAINTENANCE

(< ) W A. Thomas.

(<") Objectives are to develop numerical prediction techniques

for assessing the impact of changes in sediment loads, water discharges, flow hydraulics, dredging frequency, channel size, or disposal techniques on the quantity of sediment being dredged and frequency of the dredging

operation. When the navigation depth exceeds the equilibrium depth between the sediment load/grain size and flow hydraulics, there might be more economical al- ternatives for providing the necessary depth than those

presently being used. Investigations are hampered by a lack of an analytical technique for understanding the system. The computer code "Mathematical Model of

Estuarial Sediment Transport" developed by Ariathurai, MacArthur. and Krone for the Dredged Material Research Program will be enhanced to become a general purpose sediment transport model capable of analyzing noncohesive as well as cohesive sediment problems. The program

will be documented and guidelines prepared to aid field office personnel in applying it. It will be made available

for field offices to use. A companion program. "A Finite 214
Element Model Un Lower Granite Reservoir." developed

lor Walla Walla District. CE. bv King and Norton and sub- sequentlv enhanced via man\ applications will be linked with the WES version (STLDH) ot Ariathurai s horizontal model via an existing data management system (DMS). The hydraulic parameters (velocity vectors and depth) will be calculated and passed to STLDH where sediment trans- port calculations will be made and resulting bed elevation changes returned to the hvdraulic codes via DMS. This weakU linked computational model will be useful in all well-mixed flow fields which have consistent velocity directions from the water surface to the bed. Throughout

this research period, the performance of STUDH will be

related to and compared with the work of others. Particularly, alternative transport functions for the behavior of cohesive sediments will be sought and promising

techniques will be added to STUDH as options. Sediment

models HEC6 and the Florida model will be revised and

tested for comparison with STUDH.

314-11520-860-00 SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY AND EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL

(t ) Dr. J. L. Mahloch.

(*') Objective is to evaluate existing simplified and empirical techniques for predicting lake water quality and eutrophicalion potential to determine their applicability to reservoirs and provide a basis for adaptation and improvement

fi>r CE reservoir applications. Models proposed for use in managing impoundment water quality range from the rela- tively simple, empirical models of Vollenweider. Dillon, and Carlson to the more complex, theoretical models such

as WORRS. While the more complex models can probably

be applied ti> a wider range of questions, the simplicity and relatively low data requirements of empirical models

During the planning phases of many projects, including proposed projects or operational changes in an existing project, the time, funding, and data base required to properly implement a complex model may not exist. During the planning phase, it would be desirable to have simple models with low data requirements and computational

requirements that could be used to screen various project

alternatives and select those alternatives appropriate for more detailed study. For example, if several sites are feasi- ble from engineering studies, simplified eutrophication procedures could be used to investigate water quality and

reduce the number of possibilities for further consideration A major problem with most simplified techniques is that they have been developed on generally small and

restricted data bascs-primarily natural lakes in the northern temperate zone. The generality and transferability of these models have not been investigated or demonstrated. In several instances, the parameters in these models have been subjectively determined such as the placement of the permissible and dangerous lines on Vol- lenweider loading plots. A comprehensive survey will be conducted to determine

empirical techniques with predictive value considered ap- propriate and technically feasible for adaptation to reser- voirs Approaches such as those developed for natural

lakes by Vollenweider. Dillon. Brczonik, and others will be

in\estigated Those techniques showing promise will be

evaluated in detail and improvements made for application

to reservoirs Considerations when making improvements

will include the inherent differences between natural lakes and reservoirs (i.e.. residence time, hydrodynamics, in- flow outnow. loading characteristics. etc.). New

techniques will be developed to address problems where

existing procedures are not available but are needed. Im- proved and developed techniques will be applied and

verified.

314-1 1521-860-00 TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING ANNUAL LOADINGS TO

RESERVOIRS

(( ) Dr. J. L. Mahloch.

(() Objective is to evaluate loading prediction techniques for

total sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, such

as Midwest Research Institute, EPA's National Eutrophication survey (Omernik's Report), regression equations, flow

weighting, average flow and concentration, and flow inter- \al methods, with respect to ease and generality of appli- cation, consistency of results, data requirements, and

technical expertise required. Nonpoint source runoff

results in loadings of chemical constituents and suspended

solids that directly affect reservoir water quality and management operations. Field offices are asked to predict

the impact of changes in watershed activites on the water

quality of inflows to existing and proposed impoundments.

Existing techniques must be evaluated to determine their capability for predicting loadings to impoundments and

predicting changes in loadings produced by land-use changes in the watershed. After evaluation, recommendations can be made concerning appropriate predictive techniques, associated data requirements, and methods of data analysis and interpretation. Data currently available

at WES from the Caddo River drainage basin and from the Sandusky River basin will be used with all methods to cal- culate loadings. The calculated annual loadings from each method will be compared. A comparison of the methods

will be presented in the form of a matrix with the techniques subjectively ranked on the relevant features presented in the objectives.

ig) A survey of CE field offices determined the techniques used for predicting annual loadings to CE reservoirs. An

interagency workshop was held with U.S. Forest Service, U.S. EPA. USDA-SEA. and USGS to discuss and recom- mend other existing techniques that might have potential

in prediction of annual loadings to reservoirs. Loading

computations for suspended solids, total nitrogen, and

total phosphorous were made using techniques such as Midwest Research Institute, EPA's National Eutrophication Survey (Omernik's Report), regression equations, flow

weighting, average flow and concentration, and flow interval methods. Two existing sets of data were used in the computations, one from the Caddo River drainage basin and one from the Sandusky River basin. 314-11522-700-00 INTEGRATED HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY SYSTEMS

(c ) E. D. Hart

{e) Objective is to develop effective and efficient hydrographic survey methods, systems and equipment. The

findings will be used by Corps districts in continually determining bottom profiles and the location of shoals and

other hinderances to navigation. Because of the great amount of surveying required, the district must utilize the most efficient, accurate, automated equipment available. The increasing waterways traffic and smaller district sur- vey units demand that surveys be conducted accurately in the least possible time. This requires continuous updating

of equipment and methods. Approch is to monitor district needs and problems in hydrographic surveying; continually search for and evaluate existing and new systems and

equipment; provide results to districts; oversee develop- ment of new systems and equipment as required.

(g) A literature search and canvass of manufacturers" equip- ment and district needs have been made and will continue. A lack of small boat survey equipment was detected and

corrected through equipment development and district evaluation. Corps-wide conferences were initiated and are continuing to provide manufacturer-Corps contact. A final report on positioning equipment and capabilities was

published and distributed. Other equipment development,

based on indicated district needs includes a doppler

velocity meter and sweep scanning equipment. Assistance

to districts on a continuing basis is provided as requested. 215
3 J4-? 1523-330-00 MATH MODELS AND SHIP SIMULATOR STUDIES FOR

navigation channel design and operational

(;liidance

(, ) C J Huval.

(<) Objective is ti> develop and use a mathematical model and

a ship handling simulator to develop guidance concerning

the et't'ects of pilot response on navigation channel design

criteria and furnish operational information. Present channel design is inadequate and does not consider dynamic

ship-channel interaction or the human piloted ship in setting safe and economical channel dimensions. In the physical model tests, time is scaled with the result that events occur much more rapidly during the model test than in prototype ship movements. The effect of this time

scale distortion on pilot response is an open question in the scientific community. The research effort is directed to the implementation of an available mathematical model

for calculating ship motion and the development of a research ship simulator. The study will complement and

extend the physical model effort conducted under 3 14-

l()759-33()-()(). The mathematical model will be used to calculate ship motion in deep water and various channel

configurations being tested with the physical ship models. The detail specifications for a research ship simulator will be formulated and the procurement of the necessary hard- ware and software will be undertaken. Following delivery of the simulator, studies will be conducted to determine

the effects of such factors as time scale distortion, varying

navigation aids and pilot response to ship transients on

navigation channel design. The emphasis in this work unit

will be to bring the man into the ship control loop and to ascertain the effect of the pilot's ability on safe and effi- cient navigation channels.

(^') A preliminary study on the applicability of math models

and ship simulators to channel design has been completed

as a part of 314-10759-330-00. This study has revealed

that studies involving the piloted ship in undistorted time

are required to evaluate human aspect of proper navigation channel design. 314-11524-350-00 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GRANULAR FILTERS FOR EMBANKMENT DAMS

(( ) W. C. Sherman, Jr., (<) Objective is to conduct laboratory filter tests on various

soil-filter combinations to develop improved filter criteria for intact and cracked core materials used in earth and

rockfill dam construction. Evaluate field performance of

filters currently employed in embankment dam construction Laboratory tests will be conducted in four different phases In the first phase, laboratory filter tests will be conducted on uniform and graded cohesionless materials

to check the adequacy of the existing CE criteria. In particular, it will be determined whether the requirement for parallel gradiations is necessary and whether supplementary stability ratios are necessary in the case of widely graded base or filter materials. The second phase will in- v.ilve tests to establish criteria for filter materials. The

second phase will involve tests to establish criteria for

filter requirements for nonplastic base materials. In the

third phase, tests will be performed to establish criteria for

filter requirements for cracked cores of cohesive material. The fourth phase will involve laboratory experimental stu- dios of internal stability of filter materials. The studies will be preceded by a review of past laboratt)ry filter research. Various agencies and CE offices will be contaced regarding design and construction experiences with filters of

earth and rockfill dam construction. Field performance

data will be evaluated. 314-11525-350-00 FLOW OF WATER THROUGH ROCK MASSES

(< ) W O Miller

d') The objective is to determine accurate and reliable permeability measurement techniques and seepage analysis methods applicable to predicting seepage patterns, gradients, rates, and uplift pressures in fissured rock masses for evaluating and controlling leakage through dam

abutments and foundations, and providing stability evaluation parameters. This research is a continuation of previ- ous studies in which a detailed review was made of permeability measurement methods, seepage characteristics, and analyses applicable to rock masses. This continued research plan is based largely on the results, conclusions, and recommendations presented in the final re- port, "Determination of Rock Mass Permeabilitv,"' by Timothy W. Zeigler, TR S-76-2, January 1976, V.S'. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg. Miss. The research program involves test equipment develop- ment, controlled laboratory and field testing, field observations, and theoretical analyses to accomplish the following Task I: Development and/or modification of water and air pressure test equipment, test procedures, and interpretation methods for measuring permeability, and evaluating seepage and uplift pressures in fissured rock masses. Task II: Determine the applications and limitations of water and air pressure tests and the interrelation of measured permeability parameters, rock type, fissure characteristics, seepage, and uplift. Task III: Determine the applications and limitations of the frequently used continuum (i.e., continuous porous medi- um) and the recently developed discontinuum (i.e., discontinuous fissured

' medium ) analysis methods for evaluating and/or predicting seepage and uplift conditions

in rock masses. 314-11526-360-00 IMPROVED OUTLET WORKS TRAJECTORIES

(( ) G. A. Pickering.

(f) Objective is to develop the most efficient trajectory shape

for given fiares of sidewalls in outlet works transitions. With low and intermediate flows in outlet works stilling basins, problems are being encountered with eddies formed in the basin that cause severe abrasive damage to the basin apron and elements. These problems result from

the inability to maintain a stable hydraulic jump in the

transition between the conduit and stilling basin. Problems

are also being encountered with flow distribution in transi- tions with high discharges, especially with flow from

oblong conduits. Tests will be conducted with various shapes of conduits to determine the optimum shape of

trajectory for various tlare ratios to insure eood pressure conditions and distribution of flow into the stilling basin. The tests facility will consist of circular, rectangular, and

oblong conduits connected to a hcadbay. Flow into the conduit will be regulated by one or both slide gates, with

the capability for various heads on the gates and Froude numbers of flow in the conduits.

{ff) The experimental facilities were designed and constructed during FY 78. Tests have been conducted with circular conduits to measure the under nappe profile of the jet as it leaves the conduit for various heads or discharges. Construction of the rectangular and oblong tests sections were

completed. 314-11527-360-00 GENERAL OUTLET WORKS STILLING BASIN TESTS

(c ) G. A. Pickering.

(f) Objective is to develop practical guidance for design of

outlet works stilling basins and downstream protection. Many reservoir outlet works stilling basins operate through

a range of discharge where the tailwater elevation is well above that required for the formation of a hydraulic jump. The resulting submerged jump conditions frequently cause

flow to concentrate downstream of the stilling basin and

results in severe scour downstream from the structure. Extensive channel armoring is then required to maintain the 216
structural integrity of the exit area and the stilling basin Concurrent with the development of optimum trajectory shapes in 3 1 4- 1 1 526-36()-()(), systematic physical model

tests will be conducted to determine the interrelated and

neccssay hydraulic and geometric characteristics required

to provide satisfactory performance in outlet works stilling basins and adjacent exit channels for a wide range of Froudc numbers of flow and tailwater elevations. Construction of a l:16-scale model of an existing outlet control structure experiencing severe flow concentration and scour in the downstream exit channel was initiated during FY 78. After field inspection of this problem, it was

decided that this is a fairly typical prototype that operates

daily and provides good opportunity for comparison and

correlation between model and prototype. Tests to define

velocities at various positions within and downstream of

highly submerged stilling basins were initiated in an exist- ing fiume. The results indicate that tailwater depths

greater than 1.1 times the theoretical sequent depth

required to create a hydraulic jump concentrate rather than diffuse fiow. 314-1 1528-700-00 IMPROVED RIVER VALLEY CROSS-SECTION DATA COL- LECTION PROCEDURES

(c) B O. Benn

(e) The objective of this study is to investigate methods for reducing the cost of acquiring and using geometric data in hydraulic studies. The results will provide more uniform

guidance for sp)ecific cross-section data requirements as a function of basin characteristics and products desired from

hydraulic h\drologic simulation procedures, and recommendations for data handling techniques that will streamline the acquisition and handling of cross-section data for Corps studies. Stream hydrology/hydraulics calculations

are of major importance in the Corps District's activities. The trend to more streamlined and standardized data

acquisition and calculation procedures can allow this function to be accomplished in a, more cost effective manner. The acquisition and preparation of cross-section data is one of the most costly aspects of hydrology/hydraulics studies. Any procedures which could result in a substantial reduction in the direct costs of obtaining cross-section data and reductions in costs associated with subsequent

data manipulations should be investigated. Criteria for the selection of cross-section locations can be improved on the

basis of fiow simulation accuracy requirements, computer

model restraints, and basin geometry. These criteria can

then be used to develop guidelines for establishing minimal

cross-section density, optimal location, length, and align- ment. Also, improved and expanded use of automated data handling procedures can be implemented. As an absolute minimum, software packages for transforming conventional field survey data to a form suitable for direct input

to hydraulic models and suitable formats for recording conventional field survey data for this purpose can be developed. A brief survey of current Corps District cross- section data acquisition and handling practices will be made. The survey will focus on criteria used to design field data collection programs, locating sites for cross-section measurements, field data acquisition procedures, data handling techniques and associated times and costs for these

times. Guidelines will be established to determine minimum cross-section density and accuracy requirements through the use of sensitivity analyses with the program HEC-2. A desk-top study will be made to recommend au- tomated data handling techniques that will streamline the

acquisition and handling of cross-section data. Recommendations will be made concerning the advantages and disad- vantages of the Corps" current cross-section data acquisition handling techniques and the potential of alternative systems for collecting and handling those data. Recommendations for the field evaluation of selected airborne- and ground-data collection systems will also be set forth.

1529-330-00

(i ) G. A. Pickenng.

(t-) Objective is to provide information as to the effect of sub- mergence and vessel draft on recommended operations of low and high lift types of lock filling and emptying systems and provide guidance for optimal elevation of lock gate

sills. Locks are generally the bottleneck in a navigation

system. Submergence (distance between lock floor and the bottom of the vessel ). draft and clearance of the bottom of

the vessel over lock gate sills have a definite effect on safe and efficient entry and exit of lock chambers, tilling and emptying operations, and acceptable hawser forces. If the time required for the passage of each tow can be reduced

by faster entry and exit, the individual lock, as well as the system capacity will be increased. l:2()-scalc models of

three typical high-lift locks, two typical low-lift locks and

several representative tows and towboats will be used to determine the interrelated effects of submergence, vessel

draft, and drag forces encountered in entering and exiting operations required for safe and efficient lockage along in- land watcrwavs. Chamber widths of 84 ft and 1 10 ft and

lengths of 6()() ft and 1200 ft will be investigated. 314-1 1530-330-00 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF GROINS AND DIKES

(t ) T. J. Pokrefke.

(e) Objective is to develop design criteria for use in selecting the stone spur dike characteristics needed for a particular application to constrict or stabilize a low-water navigation channel for maximum efficiency and minimum environ- mental effect. A study of existing dike designs indicates a wide variance in the design parameters used. These

parameters are based primarily on the experience of the engineer, because no general design criteria have been

developed. Some stone dike design parameters, such as

side slope and crest width, are relatively consistent while parameters such as dike spacing, dike height, angle in rela- tion to the direction of flow, and crest profile are not consistent. The approach to this study includes: (a) a review

of published literature and USAE Division and District ex- periences and current practices concerning the design of

stone spur dikes; (b) model test spur dike parameters which include height, spacing, angle in relation to the direction of fiow, and crest profile; and (c) publish design guidance in the form of Engineer Technical Letters and

Engineer Manuals.

(^) The literature survey was completed. A symposium was

held at WES in March 1978 to review the current field practices on the design of stone spur dikes. 314-11531-330-00

) G. A. Pickering.

) Objective is to develop effective criteria for maintenance

of entrance channels to assure safe navigation conditions. Coastal channels have generally been designed by "rule-of- thumb" estimates because there are no experimentally or

theoretically based procedures to guide these efforts. This

frequently results in ovcrsizing of channels relative to the

traffic requirements, plus additional maintenance of the channel. Improved design and maintenance requires a much better understanding of the effect of environmental

factors such as wind, waves and current on vessel behavior. Analytical and physical model studies will be used to develop criteria for design and maintenance of en- trance channels. The test facility being used in 314-10759- 330-00 will be used for the study. Tests will be conducted

with simulated wind and waves of various magnitudes from

a number of directions to determine what effect this has on the maneuverability of ships of different sizes at a number of different speeds. These data will be used to determine the size of entrance channels required for safe and efficient navigation. 217
(v) A wave generator was designed and constructed in FY 78. 314-1 1532-300-13 COMPOSITION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(/)) New Orleans District.

(( ) M. P. Keown.

((') The objective of this work is twofold, i.e., to: (a) characterize the suspended-sediment regime of the Mississippi River in consideration of land-use practices and completion of river control structures, and (b) investigate changes

that have occurred in the composition of the riverbed

material since 1930. The approach is divided into three phases as follows: Phase I . Locate pertinent records related to the suspended-sediment regime and bed-material composition

of the Mississippi River and for those tributaries and dis- tributaries that influence the regime and composition (completed April 1978). Phase 2. Collate the information located in Phase I into a

qualitative description of the suspended-sediment regime and bed-material composition of the Mississippi River. Quantitative descriptions will be developed for reaches where sufficient data are available (to be completed July 1979). Phase 3. Prepare documentation on the work conducted

during Phases I and 2 (to be completed October 1979). 314-11533-310-13 AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESS- MENT

(/>) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) V. E. LaGarde.

it') The objective of this study is to provide area flooded as a function of river stage for the Lower Mississippi Valley to be used in the LMVD Flood Damage Estimation System. The area flooded-river stage calculations will be performed

as a function of water resource unit and land use.

{>;) Four Districts (New Orleans, Vicksburg, Memphis, and St. Louis) within LMVD provided USGS topographic base maps with Water Resource Units (WRU) delineated. Per- sonnel at WES and LMVD interpreted land-use classes (cleared, forested, urban, water, and other) from color in- frared aerial photographs enlarged from a scale of 1:120,000 to 1:62,500. Contour data, WRU boundaries and land-use data were digitized and placed into the master computer-based information file. Analyses were performed to produce acres flooded versus stage for each 314-11534-310-00 WOLF RIVER EXPANDED FLOODPLAIN INFORMATION

STUDY

(< ) J. K. StoU.

(f) Objectives are to develop more generally applicable and improved analytical systems for conducting hydrologic, economic, and environmental studies of large river basins; to simulate flow regimes of selected recurrence interval floods on the Wolf River and its major tributaries for both

present (1976) and anticipated future (2025) land-use

conditions; to estimate economic damages and certain en- vironmental consequences of selected recurrence interval floods on the Wolf River and major tributaries for present and future land-use conditions; to investigate the effects of

selected variables on flow regimes. The river basin will be

divided into "subbasins," which delineate the watershed

area of major tributaries to the Wolf, and into "minibasins," which delineate watershed areas of secondary and tertiary tributaries and/or small areas (i.e., I to 10 mi sq with narrowly varying hydrologic characteristics. Two computerized data bases will be developed-a 200 m

gridded base for the entire basin containing slope, soils, and hydrologic-related land-use categories and a 50 m

base encompassing all floodplain areas containing elevation and economic land-use categories. All basin data are

to be supplied by the Memphis Engineer District, Soil Conservation Service, and other governmental agencies. Software will be developed to extract necessary information from the 200 m data base and a cross-section data

base to drive hydraulic {HEC-2) and hydrologic (HEC-I)

computer models. In turn, output from these models and

information extracted from the 50 m data base and a point

structure data base will be used to drive WES models

developed for the computation of flood depths and economic damages. Sensitivity studies will be conducted on some subbasins to establish the effects of selected vari- ables (e.g., roughness coefficients, runoff coefficients, land

u.se, hypothetical storm type, etc.) on flow regimes. The

study results will be documented in report form; user manual type documents will be prepared to assist future users of the analytical system. 314-11535-310-13 TENSAS RIVER STUDY

(h) Vicksburg District,

(c ) H. Struve.

(f ) The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) To determine for the years 1941, 1951, 1956, I960, 1964, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, and 1978 the total acreage

of forested and nonforested areas in three Parishes (East Carol, Madison, and Tensas) of the Tensas River Basin. (2) To determine for the years 1941, 1951, 1956, 1960,

1964, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, and 1978 the area of

forested and nonforested lands associated with each onefoot elevation change in five reaches of the Tensas River Forested and nonforested areas are to be delineated from ASCS photography for the years 1941 thru 1969 and from

Landsat for the years 1972 thru 1978. Primary elevation data are to be obtained from USGS topographic maps. The elevation and land-use data are then to be digitized

for analysis by the computer. The computer analysis will provide the mensuration data required to satisfy the objectives of this study. 314-11536-710-13 REMOTE SENSING METHODOLOGY FOR SEEPAGE DE- TECTION

(h) New Orleans District, (c) W. K. Dornbusch.

(e) Objective is to develop an expedient detection capability

for seepage along the Mississippi River levee system. Methodology for seepage detection to be developed over a multiyear period and incorporated in a technical report as

a final product for dissemination to district offices where

seepage is a serious problem during floods. (g) A remote sensing package was flown over selected portions of the Mississippi River levee in the New Orleans

District (on the east bank between Burnside and St. Gabriel) during fiood stages in 1975. The missions were

flown by the Earth Resources Laboratory/NASA at times during flood stages on the river determined to be optimum

by the WES. Both camera and scanner (IR) data were

taken. The photography was manually interpreted to identify problem areas. The scanner data will provide

input to the development of a completely computerized methodology which will expediently identify areas of seepage and thereby permit elimination of manual in- terpretaiton and ground surveillance during flood periods. Ground truth will be taken by WES personnel to permit

quantitative correlation with the remotely sensed data. While data from future missions will be required to finalize a methodology no future missions are scheduled within the NOD due to financial and logistical constraints. Remaining

funds will be directed to the preparation of a final report based on the analysis of mission data from the NOD and VED study areas. Future missions in VED are dependent upon the occurrence of a spring flood fulfilling research requirements. No effort has been directed towards the project since the spring 1975 flood. 218
314-11537-300-13 SAFETY OF MAIN-LINE MISSISSIPPI RIVER LEVEES

(/.) Li.wcr Mississippi Vallev Division.

(< ) V. H. Torrey III. (<•) Objective is to complete a study initiated by LMVD in October 1969 to establish criteria for evaluating the safety of

Mississippi River main-line levees based on current soil mechanics practice. Completed work will be reviewed on

studies of (a) past levee slides, (b) stability of typical Icvcc

sections and foundations composed of various soil strata determined from selected borings, and (c) adequacy of

levee scctii>ns and needed changes in design criteria. Criteria for identifying potentially unstable reaches of existing levees will be developed. 314-11538-310-13 ARTIFICIAL FLOOD WAVES IN YAZOO BASIN

ih) Vicksburg District. (<) W. A. Thomas.

(<') Objective is to use existing mathematical models to calculate maximum flood depth, rate of flood wave movement,

duration of flooding and width of flooded area for artificial floods from Arkabutla, Enid, and Grenada Reservoirs. Cross sections will be coded to develop a numerical model

of the Yazoo Basin from Greenwood, Miss., to the up- stream end of Arkabutla Reservoir including both Enid and Grenada Reservoirs. Calculations will then be made to define the outflow hydrograph and to route the flood wave

downstream for different failure conditions at each project. Three initial reservoir conditions will be evaluated at each project. (g) Enid Reservoir to Greenwood geometry has been digitized and debugged. Base flow is being established at near-bankfull discharge prior to executing the artificial flooding 314-11539-300-13 CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC LOOP EFFECT ON MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) C J. Huval.

(f ) Objective is to implement a dynamic stage-discharge nu- merical mixicl for unsteady discharge calculations. The

model will then be applied to the 1973 fiood using the Vicksburg, Helena, and Baton Rouge gaging stations. The

model result will be used to compute the dynamic loop ef- fect for the project design flood flowline on the Mississippi River. River geometrical and flood data were obtained for the three gaging stations. The model was modified to allow

variable Manning's n values on rising and falling hydrographs. The model was then calibrated to the 1973 flood data at the gaging stations. Two design fiood hydrographs were then used to study the dynamic loop magnitude at the three representative river stations. ig) The computations have been completed and a draft report prepared. Review comments have been received from the sp<msor and the report forwarded for publication. 314-11540-300-13 LEVEE WAVE WASH PROTECTION BY TREES

(r) D. D. Davidson.

(f) Objective is to determine the wave attenuation effective- ness of a selected tree scheme for protection of river levees. Two-dimensional fiume tests will be conducted for various tree band widths of a selected pattern and spacing

of trees to determine the wave attenuation effectiveness of

the entire scheme. The study includes testing two tree diamters at still-water levels representing both the tree trunk section and the tree branch sections. (g) All tests have been completed and Vicksburg District has approved the final report for publication. Preparation of

the final report is in progress.

314-1 1541-440-13 LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN HURRICANE BARRIER STUDY

(/>) Lower Mississippi Valley District,

(c ) R. W. Whalin.

(c) Objective is to evaluate the effect of the Lake Pontchartrain and vicinity hurricane protection plan on the tidal prism, circulation, hurricane surge levels, and water quality in Lake Pontchartrain. Prototype tide, velocity and wind

data will be acquired to verify a numerical tidal circulation model of the Lake Pontchartrain and vicinity. Prototype water quality data (temperature, conductivity, and dis- solved oxygen) also will be collected. Physical models will be used to quantify volume transport through and head

losses across the Seabrook and Chef Menteur structures. A

numerical hurricane surge and coastal flooding model will be used to evaluate effects of barrier plans on hurricane

surge flooding.

(«) Prototype tide, velocity, and wind data necessary for veri- fying the physical models of Seabrook and Chef Menteur

have been collected and analyzed. Prototype data necessary for vcrifiction of the numerical tidal circulation model

also have been collected and arc being analyzed at the present time. Meteorological data used as input to the hur- ricane surge model are being evaluated and work has been

initiated on the numerical hurricane surge model. Work on

the formulation of the numerical tidal circulation model is well underway. Construction of the physical models of the Seabrook and Chef Menteur structures is completed and model verification has been initiated. 314-1 1542-300-13 EFFECTS OF OVERBANK VEGETATION-MISSISSIPPI

BASIN MODEL

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Division,

(c ) J. E. Foster.

(e) Objective is to investigate the effects on flood heights of

increasing and decreasing the vegetation on the overbank

areas between the levees and the channel. Tests were con- ducted on the St. Louis to Cairo Reach of the Mississippi Basin Model, a fixed-bed model of the Mississippi River and its tributaries to a horizontal scale of 1:2()()() and a

vertical scale of 1;100.

(^') Tests have been completed. Data is being prepared for in- 314-1 1543-750-13 MODEL-PROTOTYPE COMPARISON STUDY, MISSISSIPPI RIVER

(h) Lower Mississippi Valley Div.

(( ) L. J. Shows.

(c) Objective is to conduct a model-prototype comparison

study to determine the degree of agreement between model predictions and prototype performance. The study

is being conducted using prototype data collected at eight

different reaches along the lower Mississippi River to compare to results obtained during model tests of the same

reaches with the dike systems in place.

(g) Report in preparation. 314-11544-220-00 MOVEMENTS OF DREDGED MATERIAL

ic) Objective is to develop techniques for determining the spatial and temporal distribution of dredged material discharged into various hydrologic regimes. Through field investigations determine critical erosion velocity, shear

stress, and modes of sediment transport for four sediment

(/) Comp'lcte.

ill) Flume Experiments on Sand, Silt, and Clay Mixtures from

the Offshore Dredged Material Disposal Site, Galveston, Texas, TR-D-7S-34. June 1978. 219
314-11545-870-13 NORFORK LAKE TEMPERATURE STUDY

(t ) B. Loftis.

((') Objective is to simulate the effects on water temperature

within and released from Norfork Lake with two hydropower alternatives: one additional conventional unit, or two additional pumpback units. A mathematical model

adapted from the Marysville Lake Study is being used to predict water temperatures. Three years of data were used

to calibrate and verify the model. Alternative conditions

will be modeled and resulting temperatures determined.

(«) Calibration of the numerical model is complete.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY,

CENTER FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY, FLUID ENGINEERING DIVISION, Washington, D.C. 20234. Dr. G. E. Mattingly, Division Chief. 315-07243-060-20 MEASUREMENT OF LEE WAVE DRAG ON SPHERES

(h) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c ) Mr Karl Lofquist, Physicist, and Dr. L. P. Purtell.

(</) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Measurement of difference in drag between sphere moving

in linearly stratified salt water and in fresh water.

(/) Experiments completed. Report in preparation. 315-08652-700-00 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENTS

(c) G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied. (cjTo develop liquid velocity measurement standards and

provide flow measurement support to Government and in- dustry. To evaluate and improve flow measuring instru- ments and procedures needed in water pollution control and devise means for transferring flow measurement capability from laboratories to field users. To investigate turbu- lence effects on bucket-type current meters. To evaluate

the performance of rotating element current meters at velocities lower than those at which they are routinely calibrated and under conditions encountered in velocity- area traversing of small conduits for flowrate determination. To evaluate procedures for field calibration of measuring flumes, weirs and other devices by current meter

traverses and by other methods, and to identify and quantify errors caused by improper installation of those instru- (g) A low-turbulence 24-inch diameter water tunnel has been

completed, with velocity range from 0.1 to 20 ft per second. A three-dimensional numerical model for Parshall fiumc flow was developed.

(/i) A Numerical-Experimental Study of Parshall Flumes, R W.

Davis. S Deutsch, to appear in J Hyd. Res.. lAHR.

315-09731-020-52 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE

(( ) P S Klebanoff, NBS, and F N Frenkiel. DTNSRDC. Carderock. Md.

id) Experimental, and analytical, basic research.

{e) To develop and devise measurement techniques incor- porating analog and digital methods for the measurement

of the statistical properties of turbulence, and to provide

significantly new data which will extend our knowledge of

turbulent processes. The microstructure of turbulence will be investigated using hot-wire instrumentation and high- speed computing methods. Analog recordings of turbulent data are made on multi-channel magnetic tape for a turbulent field established in the NBS wind tunnel. The analog

data is digitized and analyzed at DTNSRDC. Both isotropic and anisotropic turbulent fields will be studied with special emphasis being given to the How downstream of a tur- bulence producing grid and in a turbulent boundary layer. However, apart from the forementioned investigation, which is carried out in collaboration with NSRDC. there

is, in addition, an investigation of the relatively unexplored

turbulence structure of low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers which will be studied using laser

(fi) Higher-order moments of the gradient of the longitudinal

velocity lluctuation were measured at higher free stream

turbulence levels. The higher free stream turbulence was

created by fluttering aluminum tags attached to a I -inch mesh grid. The results obtained at the higher free stream

turbulence were in good agreement with those obtained at lower turbulence levels. Measurements of the higher-order moments of the gradient of the longitudinal velocity fluc- tuation in a turbulent field downstream of a grid in the .1-ft water tunnel at DTNSRDC were completed. These also showed the same behavior of the higher-order moments.

Further measurements were made using a probe to measure simultaneously the three components of turbulent

velocity fiuctuations. Higher-order moments of gradients of transverse velocity fluctuations have been obtained. Measurements of mean velocity distributions and skin fric- tion coefficients have been made down to a Reynolds number based on momentum thickness of 450. It is planned to investigate whether a characteristic turbulent boundary layer can be obtained at a still lower Reynolds

(h) On The Lognormality of The Small-Scale Structure of Turbulence. F. N. Frenkiel, P. S. Klebanoff, Boundary Layer

Meteor.,1. 8, 2, p. 173, 1975. Grid Turbulence in Air and Water, F N. Frenkiel, P S. Klebanoff, T. Huang, Physics of Fluids 22, 9, p. 1606,

Sept. 1979. The Turbulent Boundary Layer at Low Reynolds Number,

L. P. Purtell, P. S. Klebanoff, F. T Buckley, Paper (in preparation). L. P. Purtell's Ph.D. Thesis, University Microfilms International Catalog No. 79-06663. 315-09732-250-50 DRAG REDUCTION

(h) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Langlcy Research Center; Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics Program.

ic) Drs. P. S. Klebanoff and J. M. McMichael.

(d) Experimental and analytical, basic and applied research.

(e) Determine the feasibility of obtaining drag reduction by

the use of compliant boundaries. The investigation will be conducted on a specially designed flat plate in the 5-ft x 7-

ft test section of the NBS dual-test section wind tunnel. The compliant surface under investigation consists of a I mil thick aluminized mylar film stretched over a 3/16-inch

thick, 40 ppi, open-cell polyurethane foam substrate. Parameters that are varied are the lateral and longitudinal tensions of the film, and the free-stream velocity. Overall surface drag is determined by a specially designed balance. A similar investigation is also being carried out in water

using the NBS water tunnel that has a test section, 2 feet

in diameter and 10 feet long. The investigation in water

also requires that provision be made for obtaining overall surface drag by a direct method, albeit it must be of dif- ferent design than that in air. (g) The investigation of the compliant surface in air is nearing completion. This study involved a direct comparison of the

overall surface drag of the compliant surface with that for a rigid reference surface. The measurements carried out

with the rigid reference surface consisted of overall skin

friction over a range of air speeds, detailed mean velocity and turbulence intensity distributions within the boundary

layer, and a detailed evaluation of the "gap" effect. The

latter arises from having a floating panel mounted within a much larger plate. These detailed measurements were made to demonstrate not only internal consistency but the accuracy of the methods. Overall skin friction drag mea- 220
suromcnls were also carried out for the compliant surface over a range of air speeds for varying lateral and longitu- dinal tensions of the membrane. The surface motions of

the membrane were also monitored. The primary results of

this phase of the investigation were presented at the Symposium on Viscous Drag Reduction belt November 7, 8, 1979. at Dallas. Texas. >he NBS water tunnel has been made operational and its performance has been evaluated.

It is a facility well suited for a compliant surface investigation. The boundary layer plates and reference surface have been constructed and await installation in the tunnel. A

method for measuring overall skin friction drag has been

designed and constructed. This method consists of a flex- ure balance and is different from the air-pressure balance

designed for the wind tunnel investigation. A traversing mechanism to permit measurement of the pressure dis- tribution along the plate and boundary layer characteristics has been designed and construction drawings are

in progress. Various compliant surfaces are being looked

into to determine their suitability for testing.

(/)) An Experimental Investigation of Drag Reduction by a Compliant Surface, J. M. McMichael, P. S. Klebanoff. N

E. Mease (paper in preparation). 315-10780-410-11 OBSERVATIONS OF OSCILLATORY SAND RIPPLES

(/j) Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(/>) K. E. Lofquist. Physicist. (d) Experimental.

(f) Observation of the initiation, growth and final stable forms

of oscillatory sand ripples in relation to given wave and

bed parameters.

if) Completed

(/f) Previous results that the size of two-dimensional equilibri- um ripples is proportional to the amplitude of the water

flow were confirmed and extended. New results were obtained regarding the development and growth of ripples and the variability of their final forms.

(/i) Observations of Oscillatory Sand Ripples in a Water Tunnel. K. E. Lofquist. CERC Tecli. Paper TP 78-5, Aug.

1978. 315-10789-750-00 MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR DYNAMIC VOLUME

MEASUREMENTS

(c ) Dr. R. W. Davis.

(</) Theoretical.

(<•) The objective of this project is to improve dynamic

volume measurement capabilities by providing a basic un- derstanding of the performance of closed-conduit measuring devices. The most important immediate objectives are

tt) determine the effects of swirling fiow on various types of measuring devices and to design an optimum upstream

fiow conditioner to improve the devices' reliability. The current almost complete lack of knowledge concerning the internal workings of dynamic volume measuring

devices is causing severe measurement uncertainty problems in American industry. Flow meter manufacturers and oil and gas pipeline users are among those who are concerned about this and who will benefit from this study. The NBS goal of dynamic volume measurement assurance

will be aided by this project. Improvements in measure- ment accuracy related to fluid volume transfer will lead to more equitable usage and pricing in such areas of national concern as energy (e.g.. natural gas prices). Our approach here is to use mathematical modeling (in conjunction with carefully planned validation experiments conducted under (315-10793) in order to completely

analyze the fiowfields inside closed-conduit dynamic

volume measuring devices operating under realistic conditions. Effects of changes in the operating environment of

these devices (particularly the poorly understood target meter) will be assessed, with specific attention given to

swirl effects. An attempt will he made to design an axially

symmetric upstream flow conditioner which will minimize

the effects of environmental changes on the measuring

device. We currently have several computer codes with proven reliability available. These will be used and

modified as required. New codes will be added as necessaryif!) Using support from a related project, a turbulence modeling code (TEACH) developed at Imperial College. London, England, was obtained, modified and validated. This code was used to simulate turbulent flows through orifice meters operating under realistic conditions. Currently work is proceeding on successors to the TEACH

code. These utilize higher-order differencing schemes in order to provide and enhance accuracy at high Reynolds

numbers. The unsteady flow around vortex-shedding meters is presently being studied. Also various techniques, in- cluding fundamental solution methods, are being tested on

a new model problem of swirling pipe fiow which contains

a moving shear layer.

(/)) Numerical Solutions for Turbulent Swirling Flow Through

Target Flowmeters, R. W. Davis, E. F. Moore, G E. Mattingly, R. W. Miller. Paper 7H-WAIFM-4, presented ASME Winter Annual Meeting, San Francisco. Calif., 1978. Numerical Modeling of Swirling Laminar Orifice Flow, R. W. Davis, E. F. Moore, presented IMEKO Symposium on Flow Measurement and Control in Industry, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 1979.

3 15-1 0790-700-27 EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR MODELING A UVT

(/)) U S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson.

(( ) Dr. G. E. Mattingly.

(d) Applied, theoretical.

(f) Design, construct, and perform an experiment to produce

the required data to validate a mathematical model of a

particular Universal Venturi Tube (UVT) in conjunction

with conventional calibration data. The essential feature of

the validation is to document any flow characteristics in the meter which would improve the performance of criti- cal density and temperature instrumentation located downstream of the UVT.

The UVT meter will be one of four such meters used to measure fiow in the USAF's new Compressor Research

Facility being built at the Wright Patterson Air Force

Base. The planned experiment will establish traceability to NBS for the flow measurement made at this facility. An extensive calibration will be done for a scaled model of

the particular meter. In addition, for three flows spanning

the range of the meter, detailed velocity profile and pres- sure distribution measurements will be made and compared to results obtained by mathematically modeling this flow field.

(;?) A scaled model of the particular meter is presently under

test at NBS. Auxiliary equipment needed for the velocity and pressure measurements has been designed and is being

built. 315-10791-700-00 INTERLABORATORY FLOW METER TEST

(t ) Dr. G. E. Mattingly.

[d) Applied; experimental.

(f) As a preliminary step in establishing Flow Measurement

Assurance Programs (MAPs). an interlaboratory flow meter test program has been conducted using small, momentum-type meters in water flows. Five laboratories, in- cluding NBS, voluntarily participated in setting up a test procedure which was designed to quantify interlaboratory agreement, or indicate the nature of variability that may

exist among laboratories.

(^') Several rounds of tests have been conducted with the

results appropriately reported to the participants. Anonymity of participants, testing details, and the results 221
have been preserved as per the agreement desired by the participants until unanimous agreement is reached for making these items known. Limited expansion of the initial group of participants has incorporated one additional American laboratory and one foreign national laboratory,

(/i) By agreement with participants, the report on the test and

the results shall be limited to distribution only among the

participants. 315-10792-700-00 AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST FLOWMETER

(< ) Dr. B. Robertson.

(</) Applied; experimental and theoretical.

(c) Develop and evaluate an essentially nonintrusive flowmeter for use along with existing real-time pollutant concentration detectors for measuring pollutant emissions from

automobile tailpipes in real time. The flowmeter will be used on automobile production lines and in local testing stations to verify compliance with EPA regulations. It will also be used for engine testing. At present there is no

flowmeter that can measure exhaust gas flow. The flowmeter uses a new long wavelength acoustic principle which

requires a loudspeaker and two microphones just inside a

pipe. Electronic circuitry is used to produce the ap- propriate frequencies at the loudspeaker and to process

the microphone signals to obtain an output proportional to the volume flow rate of the exhaust.

(«) A preliminary version of the flowmeter was constructed and tested. The results suggested modifications which have been incorporated in a new design. Preliminary evaluation

of the new technique indicates that it will be successful. Seven printed circuit boards required for a prototype flow- meter have been completed, wired together, and tested.

(/j) Effect of Arbitrary Temperature and Flow Profiles on the Speed of Sound in a Pipe, J. Acousi. Soc. Am., Oct. 1977. Synchronous Marker for Measuring Phase in the Presence

of Noise, B. Robertson, J. E. Potzick, Rev. Sci. Instrum.

48, pp. 1 290-1294, 1977. 315-10793-750-00 LDV MEASUREMENTS OF VELOCITIES AND TWO POINT CORRELATIONS

(( ) Dr. B. Robertson.

(</) Applied; experimental.

((') Laser Doppler velocimeter measurements of the velocity

profiles of water flowing through various flowmeters and

pipeline elements for comparison with the predictions of

the mathematical model (see 315-10789). The results will be useful in designing new flowmeters and pipeline ele- ments and in improving existing ones in order to obtain more accurate flow measurements under adverse conditions. Hydrogen bubbles released in isolated bursts from a wire across the flow will be used for flow visualization prior to the LDV measurements. The bubbles are elec- trochemically generated by applying 600 volt pulses to the

wire. Future plans include other flowmeters and other

pipeline elements and also two point correlation measure- ments using a dual LDV and a dual-channel signal processr. A new two-probe LDV system has been designed that will be able to measure the cross correlation of the turbulent

velocities in two independently movable 1 mm- x 4 mm

315-10794-700-00 BULK MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR FUEL

( ( ) Dr. J. A. Simpson,

(t/) Experimental, applied.

(() Develop and disseminate measurement methodology for bulk measurements in nuclear fuel plants, validate measurement procedures for in-plant flow meters and evaluate

the usefulness of reference standards to enhance the safeguard system.

Acountability of special nuclear materials, often called Safeguards, has attracted the attention of all levels of Government. It impacts on proliferation, possible terrorism and on the ft)rm of the future world-wide nuclear industry.

It appears that energy demands of the future will require

the completion of the fuel cycle and the resultant increase

in production of special, i.e., weapon quality, nuclear

material. The measurement of bulk quantities is central to any system of physical accountability. Existing measurement technology will be adapted and combined with well-established Measurement Assurance

techniques to validate the measurement systems in .v/n/ as they are realized in industry. Selected commercial components will be evaluated and knowledge of their characteristics combined with appropriate measurement

methodology to enhance measurement methods as used in the field. 315-10795-700-00 SAFEGUARD: BULK MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY

(c ) Dr. J. A. Simpson.

(d) Experimental, applied.

(e) A well-characterized measurement methodology for bulk measurements, adequate for the control of special nuclear

materials, will be developed.

Accountability of special nuclear materials, often called Safeguards, has attracted the attention of all levels of Government. It impacts on proliferation, possible terrorism and on the form of the future world-wide nuclear industry.

It appears that energy demands of the future will require

the completion of the fuel cycle and the resultant increase

in production of special, i.e., weapon quality, nuclear

material. The measurement of bulk quantities is central to any system of physical accountability. Current bulk measurement methods, based on over-simplified concepts and equipment designed according to NBS

HB44, has been time consuming and only marginally adequate. The approach is to assemble selected commercially available components into systems which optimize

the performance of the components, thereby improving

bulk measurement capabilities. The activities include ( I ) density and temperature corrections for fluid volume

determination via simulated process tanks, (2) dynamic volume measurements, and (3) mobile meter testing facili- ty (g) Planning and early design stages were completed for special purpose equipment that will be acquired to conduct

experiments. 315-10796-700-00 FLUID MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

(( ) P. S. Klebanoff.

(d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental.

(c) To improve the technical base for fiuid mechanical measurements, and provide the technical data and the ex- tended measurement services required by the nation's technology. Flow processes involving the measurement of air and

water velocity play important roles in such areas of national concern as health and safety, energy and the en- vironment. Public awareness has focused on problems as- sociated with the discharge of pollutants into the at- mosphere, and the nation's water resources, the occur- rence of water shortages, and the air flow to be maintained in connection with industrial ventilation. As a result more stringent requirements have developed for the accuracy of air and water velocity measurements, and im- proved measurement methods for steady and turbulent

fiows. All surface water flows in nature and most waste- water flows occur as open-channel flows, yet many charac- 222
tcristics of these flows need to be better defined. Improved

water flow measurements arc therefore needed not only

for water measurement and control, but also to further the understanding of the flow process itself. Regulations con- cerned with health and safety have also imposed require- ments for extending the range and precision of air velocity measurements. Concomitantly, all flows important to the environment, and many aspects of the nation's technology

are turbulent, imposing a need for a competence in turbu- lence measurement, and an understanding of the effect of turbulence on fluid mechanical instrumentation. By theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation achieve an improved understanding of the performance of aerodynamic and hydraulic instrumentation. This incor- porates developing methods for describing the properties of free-surface flows, with emphasis on partly full circular channels, developing capabilities for improved low velocity measurements in air and water, investigating the effect of turbulence on the performance of anemometers and water

current meters, and by analog and high speed digital computing techniques improve instrumentation and methods

for turbulence measurements.

(/?) Progress was hampered by the fiscal situation and although work on some aspects had to be delayed, substantive progress was made in a number of areas. A survey of

available information on fiow in part-full circular pipes was completed. The publication, '"Hydraulic Research in the United States and Canada. 1976," was prepared and

edited. A modification to the NBS laser velocimeter was

completed which decreased the standard deviation of the

individual particle velocities in the averaging process by a

factor of five. A calibration capability for the dynamic response of anemometers has been established. The experimental phase of an investigation concerned with the nonlinear

spectral characteristics of a helicoid anemometer has been

completed. The first draft of a report describing the NBS

Unsteady Flow Facility has also been completed,

(/i) The Dynamic Response of Helicoid Anemometers, J M

McMichael. P S. Klebanoff. NBSIR 75-772. Nov. 1975. 315-10797-700-34 ANEMOMETER PERFORMANCE AT LOW VELOCITIES

(h) Bureau of Mines,

(c) L. P. Purtell. id) Applied research.

(e) Evaluate the behavior of anemometers considered for mine use at low-fiow velocities. The Federal Coal Mine.

Health and Safety Act of 1969 (Public Law 91-973. December 30, 1969) authorizes the Secretary of the Interi- or to establish flow velocity requirements for mine ventilation, and to designate appropriate instrumentation for such measurments. The Mine Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) of the Department of Interior, established

in 1972, has the responsibility for establishing and enforcing the regulatory standards for appropriate mine ventila- tion procedures. A major difficulty, in the past, in establishing fiow velocity standards was the lack of a capability to evaluate the performance and applicability of existing and new instrumentation for the measurement of

very low air velocities. The development of the NBS LowVelocity Airflow Facility has provided this capability and

enabled NBS to respond to the need of the Bureau of Mines and MESA.

Using the low-velocity facility, and the recently developed

laser velocimeter, an experimental evaluation will be con- ducted of the behavior of standard and prototype air speed measuring instruments as a function of previously characterized low-velocity air fiows. Particular emphasis will be

given to the speed range 10 ft/min to 600 ft/min. The in- struments will be supplied by the Bureau of Mines. Also to meet the needs of the Department of the Air Force, the

feasibility of designing a scaled-down version of the NBS

Low-Velocity Airflow Facility will be investigated.

(g) Six instruments that may serve as possible transfer stan- dards have been evaluated. These instruments consisted of four anemometers of the vane type, a vortex shedding anemometer, and a vane deflection anemometer. A draft of a typical instrument evaluation report has been

prepared and is presently being iterated with the Bureau of Mines as to the final format. It is planned to continue with

the evaluation of other types of instrumentation for mine

315-10798-010-27 BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL

(h) Arnold Engineering Development Center.

(c ) P. S. Klebanoff.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To improve the performance of compressible flow wind

tunnels as laboratory instruments for obtaining reliable test and design data. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in boundary

layers is one of the important problems in fluid mechanics, and an important design parameter for aeronautical and

aerospace vehicles. The present state of affairs is such that no reliable design data on transition can be obtained from model tests in compressible flow wind tunnels. This has

raised significant questions as to the adequacy of compressible flow tunnels for such measurements. With the many millions of dollars invested in such facilities such a

limitation is naturally of great concern, but more important is the lack of adequate design data. Apart from the

fact that transition test results in the laboratory cannot be

extrapolated to flight conditions, the present situation is such as to prevent the proper study and development of laminar flow control methods for reducing drag and heating on vehicle components, and inhibits fundamental

research on boundary layer stability and transition. A

number of major technical meetings, both national and in- ternational, have been held on the subject, and a study group has been established with the sponsorship of the Air

Force. The result has been that improving the per- formance of ground based facilities has become a high pri- ority objective. Two aspects of the problem are being investigated. One

which has been under investigation for a number of years

is to determine the feasibility of laminarizing boundary

layers in the test sections of compressible fiow tunnels by

using suction. This aspect utilizes the NBS Mach 2. 3-inch by 4-inch tunnel. The other is the effectiveness of boundary layer "trips." Involved herein is a fundamental study, at incompressible flow speeds, of the behavior of three- dimensional roughness elements in inducing transition. (g) Using an adjustable-tapered-rodded sidewall. laminar boundary flow has been achieved over practically the entire sidewall at a stagnation pressure of one atmosphere

corresponding to a Reynolds number per inch of 0.3 X

10*. At stagnation pressures above one atmosphere the degree of laminarization begins to deteriorate apparently due to increased sensitivity to surface irregularities. An ad- justable-rodded nozzle block that minimizes these irregularities has been designed and constructed. Apart from the

fact that it has been designed to minimize surface irregularities, the NBS design of the nozzle block represents a new departure from traditional nozzle block design. In

tests carried out to date, laminarization of the boundary

layer and the rodded nozzle block has been achieved up to the Mach 2 test chambers. In connection with that aspect concurrent with the study of roughness elements, all aspects of the experimental setup have been completed. A

4-1/2 foot by 12-foot flat plate has been aligned in the wind tunnel. A false wall was mounted on the wind tunnel

wall opposite the working side of the plate and adjusted to give zero pressure gradient along the plate. Transversing equipment has been constructed and installed and all ap- propriate instrumentation, including hot-wire and mean- 223
velocity probes, have been assembled. The necessary background measurements of the boundary layer as- sociated with the transition on the flat plate without roughness arc Hearing c<)mplction. 315-1 1724-41 0-n OBSERVATIONS OF DRAG ON NATURALLY RIPPLED SAND BEDS UNDER OSCILLATORY FLOWS

(/)) Coastal Engineering Research center.

(( ) Mr. Karl Lofquist, Physicist, (J) Experimental; basic research.

(f) Measurement of combined skin and profile drag on naturally rippled sand beds in an oscillatory-flow water tunnel. The drag is obtained as function of time and from which

rates of average energy dissipation are computed.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY,

CENTER FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY, THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES DIVISION,

Boulder, Colo. 80303. J. Hord, Acting Division Chief. 316-07005-110-00 CRYOGENIC FLOWMETERING

(/)) Joint NBS-AGA Pipeline Research Committee,

(c ) Mr. J. A. Brennan, Mechanical Engineer,

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(c) Determine performance of flowmeters under controlled cryogenic conditions, investigate new flow measurement

methods, provide transfer standard calibrations, determine flowmeter performance in LNG.

(.i;) The facility is operational and is being modified to include room temperature gas flow capability.

(/i) Transfer Standards in Cryogenic Flow Measurement, J. A. Brennan, C. H. Kneebone, E. Kenkins, Flow Measurement

of Fluids, Proc . FLOMEKO 1978, Sept. 1 1-15, 1978. On a New Method of Gas Flow Measurement Using Cryogenic Techniques, D. B. Mann, J A. Brennan, Flow Measuremenl in Open Channels and Closed Conduits 2, pp. 8X1-893, NBS Spec. Puh. 484, Oct. 1977.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, GREAT LAKES EN- VIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, 2300 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Dr. Eugene J. Aubert, Director. 317-10668-440-00 WATER MOVEMENTS AND TEMPERATURE

(c ) Dr. D. B. Rao.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(t ) Develop improved climatological information on the dis- tribution and variability of currents and temperatures and

to study their dependence on meteorological and

hydrological forces. Develop and test improved numerical hydrodynamic

models that can simulate and predict the temperature and

current distributions in the Lakes. Develop and test improved models to simulate and predict

the transport and diffusion of pollutants and to participate

in coupling these models to aquatic ecology and water

quality models. A hierarchy of such numerical models of

different complexities will be developed and tested for use

as tools in water resources planning. Improve the understanding of physical processes occurring

in the lake by analyzing data and the results from the nu-

( h ) Comparison of Airborne Radiation Thermometer and Buoy

Temperature Measurements, R. L. Pickett, S Bcrmick, IFYCL Bull. 14.76, 1975. IFYGL-An Unusually Cold Year, J. L. Grumblatt, IFYGL

Bull. 18.59-62, 1976. Observed Resultant Circulation of Lake Ontario, R. L.

Pickett, S. Bermick, Limnol. and (heanogr. 22:1071-1076,

\911. Calculating Useful Products from an Oceanographic Data

Base, D. B. Rao. Marine Sciences Directorate Manuscript

Report Series No. 45, Ottawa, Ont: Marine Sciences

Directorate, 1977. Free Internal Oscillations in a Narrow, Rotating Rectangular Basin, D. B. Rao, Symposium on Modeling of Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes. Department of

Fisheries and the Environment, Ottawa. Manuscript Report

Series No. 43:391-398, 1977. Wind-Driven Circulation of Saginaw Bay, J. H. Say lor, L.

J. Danek, In 1976 Proc. I5tli Coastal Engrg. Conf., pp. 3262-3275. Honolulu: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1977. Winter Currents in Lake Huron, J. H Saylor, G. S. Miller, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL OLERL-15, 1977. An Objective Analysis Scheme for Lake Currents, D J. Schwab, IFYGL Bull. 19:50-52, 1977.

Internal Free Oscillations in Lake Ontario, D. J. Schwab,

Limnol. and Oceanogr. 22:700-708, 1977. Nonlinearity of Wind-Driven Currents, J. R. Bennett. In Symposium on Modeling of Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes. Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Ottawa. Manuscript Report Series No. 43 :9I -98, 1977. A Three-Dimensional Model of Lake Ontario's Summer

Circulation. I. Comparison with Observations, J. R. Bennett, y. Phys. Oceanogr. 7.591-601, 1977. A Model of Lake Ontario's Circulation, J. R. Bennett, IFYGL Bull. 21:38-43, 1977. A Simple Model of Lake Ontario's Coastal Boundary

Layer, J. R. Bennett, E. J. Lindstrom, J. Phys. Oceanogr.

7:620-625, 1977. Measurements of the Summer Currents in Saginaw Bay, Michigan, L. J. Danek, J. H. Saylor, J. Great Lakes Res. 3:65-71, 1977. Great Lakes Water Temperatures, 1966-1975, J. L. Grumblatt, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL GLERL-ll-1, 1977. Simulation Study of the North Pacific Ocean, J. C. K. Huang. In Symposium on Modeling of Transport Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes. Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Ottawa. Manuscript Report Series No. 43-21-34, \ A General Circulation Model for Lakes, J. C. K. Huang, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-16, . The Observed Winter Circulation of Lake Ontario, R. L. Pickett, J. Phy. Oceanogr. 7:152-156, \911. One- and Two-Gyre Circulation in Homogeneous Lakes, R.

L. Pickett, D. B. Rao, IFYGL Bull. 19:45-49, 1977. A Three-Dimensional Model of Lake Ontario's Summer

Circulation. II. A Diagnostic Study, J R. Bennett, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 8:1095-1 103, 1978. Response of the NCAR General Circulation Model to North

Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies, J C K. Huang, J. Almos. Sciences 35 :l 164- 1 1 79. 1978. Numerical Simulation Studies of Oceanic Anomalies in the North Pacific Basin. I: The Ocean Model and the Long- Term Mean State, J. Phy. Oceanogr. 8:756-778. Water Movements Panel, J. H. Saylor, F. M. Boyce, IFYGL Bull. (Special), No. 22, Proc. IFYGL Wrap-Up

Workshop, Oct. 2-5, 1977, pp. 69-84, 1978. Numerical Simulation Studies for Oceanic Anomalies in the North Pacific Basin. II: Seasonally Varying Motions and

Structures, J. C. K. Huang. J. Phy. Oceanogr. 9:37-56, 1979. 224
317-10669-440-00 SURFACE WAVES AND WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS

(. ) Dr O B Rao

(</) Rxpcrimcntal and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(<•) Improve climatological information on the distribution and

variability of surface waves, wind set-ups, surges, and

Develop improved theoretical and empirical models for the above phenomena for prediction purposes. Develop models for the atmospheric boundary layer above

the Lakes to provide the necessary input into the above

prediction models. lmpro\e understanding of the physical processes invt)lved so thai numerical models can be improved.

( li ) Baroclinic and Barotropic Edge Waves on a Continental

Shelf. D. L. Cutchin D. B. Rao. Special Repori No. 30. prepared by the Dept. of Energetics and Center for Great Lakes Studies, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

1976 IFYGL Shipboard Visual Wave Observations vs. Wave

Measurements, P. C. Liu. T A Kcssenich. J. Great Lakes

Res 2:33-42. 1976. A Supplementary Note and Figure Added to Paper Free

Oscillations and Tides of Lakes Michigan and Superior by

C. H. Mortimer. E. J. Fee. C H Mortimer. D. B. Rao. D.

J. Schwab. PhiL Trans. R Sue (Land.) Ser. A. 2HI:5H-M.

1976.

Gravitational Oscillations of Lake Huron, Saginaw Bay, Georgian Bay, and the North Channel, D J. Schwab. D. B

Rao. J Ceuphy.s Res. .S2 :2 J 05-2 1 1 6. 1977.

Application of Empirical Fetch-Limited Spectral Formulas

to Great Lakes Waves, P. C. Liu, In 1976 Prac. ISih

Cnasial En^ra. Con/., pp. 113-118, Honolulu: American

Society of Civil Engineers, 1977. Higher Order Spectra and Stationarity of Wind Waves, P

C. Liu, 5ih Conf. ProhahiUiy and Slalislics. Las Vegas: American Meteorological Society, 1977. A Summary of IFYGL Surface Wave Studies. P C Liu, IFYOL Bull. 21 :44-4H, Surface Wave Data Recorded in Lake Michigan During 1973 and 1975-77. C. B. Doughty. T. A. Kessenich. P C

Liu. \()AA Technical Memorandum ERL C,LERL-I9.

I97X, A Numerical Procedure for Computing Resonant Periods of Natural Water Bodies, D B. Rao, Manuscript Report Series

V,, 4.V, Symp. on Tsunamis. Dept. of Fisheries and the Environment. Ottawa, pp. 159-163. 1978. Simulation and Forecasting of Lake Erie Storm Surges, D.

J. Schwab. Monlhlx Weather Review. 1 0 . 1 476- 1 4.S7 . 1978. 317-10670-810-00 HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES

(c ) Or F. H. Ouinn.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(f) Develop a hydrologic data base of sufficient quality for both scientific and water resource studies of the Great

Lakes. Parameters to be included are precipitation, runoff, ground water, evaporation, connecting channel flows, changes in lake storage, and beginning-of-month lake

levels. Develop improved numerical models to predict and simulate the water levels and flows through the Great Lakes

system Models to be developed include hydrologic response models of the entire system, hydraulic transient models for the connecting channels, water supply prediction models, and watershed hydrologic models. Develop improved understanding of the hydrologic

processes of the Great Lakes Basin as they relate to objec- Provide a Great Lakes advisory service on water supply parameters, water levels, and flows,

(/i) Lake Erie Terrestrial Radiation, J. A. Derecki, Water

Resources Research 1 2t 5 ):979-9S4. Oct. 1976.

Heat Storage and Advection in Lake Erie, J. .A. Derecki, Water Resources Re.u-arch 1 2(6): 1 1 4-11 50. Dec. 1976. Description of the Method Used by the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory to Determine Flows in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers for the River Flow Subcommittee, J. A Derecki, GLERL Open File Repori No.

J 56. 1978. Analysis of the Effect on Lake Ontario Water Levels of Maintaining Year-Round Safe Navigation Depths in the St. Lawrence River. A. J. Ptitok. GLERL Open File Report

N,>. 136. 1978. Lake St. Clair Hydrologic Transfer Factors. F H Ouinn, NOAA Tech. Memo ERL-GLERL 10. July 1976. Pressure Effects on Great Lakes Vertical Control. F H. Ouinn, J. of the Surveyinij and Mappinf- Division. ASCE.

I02(SUI). Proc. Paper 12605. pp. 3 1-37, Dec. 1976.

Detroit and St. Clair River Transient Models, F H Ouinn,

J. C. Hagman, NOAA Tech. Memo ERL GLERL-14. June

1977.

Analysis of Lake Superior Regulation Plan "1955 Modified Rule of 1949" for the Period 1860-1900. F H Oumn, GLERL Open File Repori N,,. 125. Jan. 1978. Lake Superior Regulation Effects. F H Ouinn. Water

Resinirces Bulletin 1 4(5 ): 1 1 29-1 1 42 . Oct. 1978. Hydrologic Response Model of the North American Great

Lakes. F. H. Ouinn. J. Hydrolofjy 37:295-307, 1978. Evaporation Synthesis Panel. F. H Ouinn, G den Hartog, IFYGL Bulletin 22:59-68. 1978. Great Lakes Beginning-of-Month Water Levels and Monthly Rates of Change of Storage, F. H. Ouinn, J A. Derecki, R. N Kelley, J. Great Lakes Research 5(1). 1979. On the Relative Accuracy of Connecting Channel Discharge Data with Application to Great Lakes Studies, F. H. Ouinn,

J. Great Lakes Research 5( I ). 1979.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, OFFICE OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC SERVICES, NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE, Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Dr. Robert

A. Clark, Associate Director, National Weather Service (Hydrology).

318-10671-300-00 RIVER MECHANICS RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOWS

(c) Dr. Danny L. Fread, Research Hydrologist, Hydrologic Research Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical and field; applied research.

(e) Investigations are conducted to develop improved operational forecast mathematical models of one-dimensional unsteady fiow in rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries. Models

are developed which simulate the effects of: I ) upstream and downstream wave propagations, 2) short circuiting of flows in flood plains with meandering rivers, 3) streamaquifer interactions. 4) dam-break flood waves, 5) variable hydraulic resistance to flow, 6) fiow interactions in river systems, 7) sediment transport. 8) ice jams, and 9) trans- port and dispersion of oil and chemical spills. The models' computational efficiency, numerical accuracy, simulation accuracy, calibration requirements, and data input require- ments are investigated in an effort to develop models having optimal characteristics.

(f>) An efficient and flexible implicit finite difference solution of the one-dimensional equations of unsteady flow has been developed to form the basis of an operational model

for predicting stages and discharges in rivers and estuaries. The model has powerful data handling features and has been successfully tested on the Ohio-Mississippi Rivers and

the lower Columbia River. An efficient automatic calibration algorithm has been developed to calibrate the variable flow resistance of the one-dimensional unsteady fiow model. The model has special algorithms for efficient 225
simulation of tlows in river systems, flood plains with meandering rivers, and flows through locks and dams. A

special liam-break flood forecasting model has been

developed and tested. The model generates the dam-break

flood hydnigraph and simulates the propagation of the flood wave through a downstream valley which can have

additional dams located along the course of the valley,

(/i) The Development and Testing of a Dam-Break Flood

Forecasting Model, D L Fread, Proc. Dam-Break Flood Modeling Workshop. U.S. Water Resources Council, Oct. 1977, NTIS PB-275437.

Calibration Technique for I-D Unsteady Flow Models, D

L Frcad, G F Smith, J Hvdraulks Div., ASCE 104, HY7

(July 1978). NWS Operational Dynamic Wave Model, D. L Fread,

VerifUalion of Mathematical and Physical Models in Hydraulic Engineering, Proc. 26th Ann. Hydraulics Div

Specialty Conference, ASCE, Univ. Md., Aug. 1978.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Argonne National Laboratory (see Argonne National Laboratory listing).

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Bonneville Power Administration, P.O. Box 3621, Portland, Oreg. 97208.

Martin J. Lavelle, Head, Power Capabilities Section, Power Resources Branch, Power Management Division. 319-11443-340-00 RIVER AND RESERVOIR THERMAL EFFECTS FROM

COMBINED HYDRO-THERMAL GENERATION

(( ) William L. Morse, Mathematician, Power Capabilities Sec-

(d) Theoretical, basic, and applied research.

(e) A stochastic thermal conservation equation is formulated and solved as a random nonlinear Volterra integral equation. Solutions from a fairly new method, due to J. B. Keller (New York University), are compared with those obtained deterministically and by statistical simulation. This random integral equation model provides water

resource planners with a more economic forecasting tool

in which to determine stream temperatures in probability during critical climatic or river flow conditions.

(f) Suspended.

( h ) The Dishonest Method in Stream Temperature Modeling, Water Resources Research, 14( I ), 45-51, 1978

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLA- MATION, DIVISION OF RESEARCH, Attention 1530, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225. Howard J. Cohan, Division Chief. (Address all inquiries to Attn: 1530.) 321-06321-340-00 DRAFT TUBE SURGES

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(f ) Surging flow in draft tubes of Francis turbines causes rough operation resulting in unbalanced loads on the tur- bine runner and often produces power swings. The surging

is produced by excess angular momentum in the flow entering the draft tube. The purpose of the project is to in- vestigate the basic nature of surging, to correlate model

and field test data, and investigate means of reducing the magnitude and range of the surging. (g) A 229-mm scale model of Grand Coulee units 22, 23, and

24 has been tested to evaluate the unstable ranges of tur- bine operation. The swirl-momentum method for predicting the surging range of operation is being modified to obtain better agreement with test results. A computer simulation employing the method of cascades is being used to obtain the direction of tlow leaving the wicket gates and

should provide a more accurate wicket gate momentum

parameter. Air injection tests have been completed on the model turbine and will be used to defme operational ranges where air injection can reduce surging. Model and

prototype data are presently being evaluated to determine

the degree of conformance,

(/i) Report in preparation. 321-07022-340-00 GRAND COULEE PUMP-TURBINE INTAKE AND TRANSI- TION

(d) Experimental; for modification.

(e) Laboratory studies are continuing to determine the benefits which could be derived by lowering the floor of

the Banks Lake Feeder Canal.

(J) Completed.

(^;)The conduit exits, designed and built for pumped flow

only, must be modified to operate satisfactorily as inlet- outlet structures for the pump-turbinc concept. A satisfac- tory design developed by model study included reshaping 78 feet of the conduit exits, and adding one vortex-sup- pressing wing wall.

( /i ) Report in preparation. 321-07028-350-00 AUBURN SPILLWAY GATE STUDY

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1;24 scale model was used to study the rectangular bell- mouth entrance, downstream seal fixed-wheel gate, gate frame, and the conduit through the dam.

if) Completed.

(g) The entrance shape produced positive pressures throughout its length. An elliptical frame which protruded

into the flow downstream from the gate slots was

developed to prevent cavitation damage in the frame area. An aeration offset downstream from the gate frame was

developed to allow the jet to be aerated on all surfaces before reaching the sloping conduit. A slope was established

for the downstream conduit to prevent filling of the bot- tom aeration offset for all heads and gate openings en- countered. Hydraulic downpull data was obtained for the gate to place seal contact blockouts to eliminate areas of

unstable vertical forces.

( /i ) Report in preparation. 321-07030-320-00 CANAL AUTOMATION

id) Experimental development; applied research.

(e) Continue the development of controls for automatic flow

regulation of canal systems.

(g) The EL-FLO plus RESET method of automatic downstream control continues to operate two canal systems in California. Equipment reliability has not been

very satisfactory to date. Work continues to modify equip- ment to improve reliability. The development of prototype equipment for the "set-operate-variable-rest" method for the diversion dam outlet works continues. Prototype equipment is being field tested and performance has been

satisfactory. Work has been started to apply microprocessor-based equipment for the automatic control of check

gates and outlet works. The development of the "HarderSmith Predictor Method" (HSPM) for automatic downstream control of canal check gates continues. The HSPM is a highly responsive control system. A research contract with the University of California at Berkeley with Professor J. A. Harder as principal investigator has been completed with the exception of the final report. The

practicality of the HSPM has yet to be verified. A study was completed and a report written for an automatic up- stream control system utilizing the proportional plus pro- portional reset (P-t-PR) mode of control for the bypass

drain check gates of the Yuma Desalting Plant. The appli- cation of the P-fPR control system can automatically 226
transfer all degrees of drainage inflow changes from up- stream to downstream and return the water levels (upstream of canal check structures) back to desired tar- get levels within a reasonable period of time,

(/i) Study of Electronic Filter Level Offset (EL-FLO) plus RESET Equipment for Automatic Downstream Control of Canals. C P Buyalski. E. A. Scrfozo, REC-ERC-79-3 (in preparation I and Study of an Automatic Upstream Control System for Canals. C P. Buyalski, C,R-7H-4. Aug. 1977. 321-07035-350-00 ALBURN DAM SPILLWAYS

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:72 model is used to study flow conditions in the chutes, stilling basins, and river channel. The service spill- way is located on the left abutment and discharges into a hydraulic jump stilling basin. The emergency spillway on

the right abutment terminates in a flip bucket. Each spill- way discharges up to 160,000 cfs through controlled ori- fices located up to 150 feet below the maximum water surface. The model is also being used to determine optimum

sequencing of the orifices.

(/) Completed.

(^) Tests confirmed that the hydraulic jump energy dissipator

for the service spillway was satisfactory. Testing was continued to develop alternate means for distributing the flow from the service spillway. Efforts have been directed toward terminating the chute about midway between the

orifice spillway and the river channel. A fiip-type bucket was developed to deflect the flow into an excavated

plunge pool ir the river channel.

( /i ) Report in preparation. 321-09380-340-00 TWIN LAKES PUMPED STORAGE PROJECT

(J) Experimental: design.

(f-) Two models were used to determine the effect of the pumping and generating fiow on a natural lake used as the afterbay during the generating cycle and forebay for the pumping cycle. A distorted model (1:100 - ertical - 1:600

horizontal) was made of the recipient lake and a con- nected companion lake which was thermally stratified and

the effect of several weeks of plant operation on the

stratification was determined. The second model was

undistorted on a 1:100 scale and contained the pumpinggencrating plant and a section of the recipient lake. This model was to determine the best configuration for the channel between the plant and lake to prevent the fiow from disturbing glacial flow deposits on the bottom of the

lake.

(/) Completed.

(;;) .An alinemcnt for a channel between the pumping-generating plant and the lake was developed that withdrew water Uom middepth in the lake during the pumping cycle and

infiuenced the inflowing jet during the generating cycle so

that it had less tendency to move along the bottom of the

lake. Flow was well distributed across the channel as it entered the lake during the generating cycle. During the pumping cycle the fiow entered the channel along the left bank of the lake but was evenly distributed by the time it reached the plant. The glacial fiour deposits on the bottom

of the lake should not be disturbed by plant operation. This configuration had only minor influence on temperatures and stratification in the lower lake.

(/i) Report in preparation. 321-09382-350-00 STEWART MOUNTAIN DAM SPILLWAY

(t/) Experimental: design.

(<•) A 1 :72 model is used to evaluate the influence of high tail- water caused by a proposed downstream dam and to eval- uate various problems that have resulted due to recent

spillway releases. The spillway has a 265-foot-wide. radial gate controlled crest. The spillway chute contains a su- perelevated horizontal curve. The spillway docs not have a

stilling basm structure. In addition to the hydraulic effects of the high tailwater, training wall overtopping that results under specific operating conditions, spillway discharge

capacity, and downstream channel modifications are being

studied.

(g) Very high tailwater eliminates the influence of the chute

superelevation and results in severe training wall overtopping. 321-09383-360-00 LOW FROUDE NUMBER STILLING BASINS

{d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Studies were done to develop a generalized hydraulic jump

stilling basin for Froude numbers between 2.5 and 4.5. The design was very effective and incorporated chute

blocks, baffle piers, and a dentated sill. Dimensionless

ratios were developed for basin length, size, and location of the appurtenances in the stilling basin. These data will supplement the USBR Monograph No. 25. Hydraulic

Design of Spillways and Energy Dissipators.

(/) Completed.

( /) ) Low Froude Number Stilling Basin for Spillway Flows. R.

L. George. Report REC-ERC-78-S. Aug. 1978. 321-09384-390-00 ICE RESEARCH

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) To improve designs and to reduce expenses of operating and maintaining water resource projects in cold regions. Present areas of investigations include frost action, ice jam

observations, coatings to reduce ice adhesion, and development of a supercooled water temperature measuring device.

(/?) The temperature measuring device has been developed and is being tested prior to planned field applications,

(/i) Winter Ice Jam Observations on the Gunnison River, P H.

Burgi. Report REC-ERC-79-4 . Feb. 1979. 321-09385-210-00 HORIZONTAL MULTUET SLEEVE VALVE

{d) Basic research; development.

(e) The multijet sleeve valve has potential for use in pressure systems of municipal and industrial water supply lines for dissipation of pressure heads up to 500 feet. The investigation involves sizing the multijet ports and stilling chamber

and determining the discharge coefficients for the valve and stilling chamber.

(/) Completed.

ig) A multijet sleeve has been developed where a combination

of nozzles and slots are used to efficiently pass the design

flow.

( /i ) Hydraulic Tests and Development of Multijet Sleeve Valves, P H Burgi. REC-ERC-77-14.

321-09388-850-00 McCLUSKY CANAL FISH SCREEN

(d) Experimental; design.

(f ) Two full-scale section models are being and will be used to study the performance of a fish screen structure designed

to stop the passage of fish, fish eggs, and fish larvae. The

prototype structure will filter a discharge of 1950 ft^/s. One model is being studied in the laboratory where screen

filtration capability, rubber seal effectiveness, and struc- ture size optimization are being considered. A cursory

evaluation of self-cleaning properties and of potential cleaning devices is also being conducted. Live and

preserved fish eggs and larvae are being used in the laboratory tests. The other model will be tested at a field

site near the canal. These tests will primarily evaluate operations and maintenance problems including screen

cleaning, biological fouling, debris handling, and corrosion. Various screen materials will be used in these tests.

(^;) A 70-mesh or finer woven screen is required to meet fil- tration requirements. Hydraulic tests have yielded a rela- 227
tionship between required screen area, discharge, and 321-09390-220-00 CONTROL OF TURBIDITY AT CONSTRUCTION SITES

((/) Experimental; applied research.

(<) A study team was assembled to review current metht>ds and techniques currently used for control of turbidity at construction sites. Research projects will be conducted in areas related to turbidity control where information is lacking.

(g) Ongoing research and factual information concerning tur- bidity and presently used methods of measurement and

control of turbidity were assembled. A report is being prepared which will be made available to planners,

designers, construction engineers, and other field construc-

(/i) Control of Turbidity at Construction Sites, USBR, Dec.

1977. 321-09391-840-00 FLOW INTO INTERCEPTOR DRAINS ON SLOPING LAND NOT INSTALLED PERPENDICULAR TO THE WATER

TABLE GRADIENT

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(c) Field experience has shown that agricultural drains in- stalled on an angle not perpendicular to the water table gradient are not effective when installed according to

criteria for drains on level land. A 60-foot long, 2-foot wide, 2-1/2 foot-deep sand tank whose slope can be adjusted up to 12 percent will be used to determine adjust- ments in drain spacing that are necessary.

(g) Tests with drains at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 90° angles to hydraulic gradient with gradient slopes up to 10 percent have been tested.

(/i) Report in preparation. 321-09393-350-00 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF PALMETTO BEND DAM

SPILLWAY

id) Experimental; for design.

(c) Hydraulic model studies aided in the design of the inlet channel to the spillway, the stilling basin, and the channel downstream from the spillway.

(J) Completed.

(a) Tests with a 1;I00 scale overall model resulted in verifica- tion and slight changes to the initial design. The inlet channel was widened and a bend of the inlet channel

placed further upstream. To improve flow entering the left side of the spillway a dike was placed upstream from the dam along the left side of the inlet channel. Length of the

stilling basin was reduced by 30 feet and elevation of the

floor raised 5 feet. Also it was found beneficial to add

floor blocks and a dentated end sill to the stilling basin. Water flowed from the stilling basin onto a flood plain. Embankments were placed on each side of the stilling basin downstream for a 400-foot distance to channelize water leaving the spillway. The embankments prevented

excessive circulation eddies near each end of the stilling basin. Because of the low Froude number stilling basin a

I ;30 scale sectional model was used to finalize the design of the floor blocks and dentated end sill. (/i) Hydraulic Model for Palmetto Bend Dam Spillway, E. R.

Zeigler. GR-7S-S. Nov. 1978. 321-09394-840-00 DRAIN ENVELOPE STUDIES

id) Applied research.

(<') A corrugated plastic drain tube, surrounded by a gravel envelope, was hydraulically tested and test results compared to an electrical analogy study. Present gravel en- velope head loss design criteria arc based on test results of

the electrical analogy study, which did not simulate turbulent flow.

(J) Completed.

(k) Turbulent flow occurred for the hydraulic tests, but for discharges greater than normally occur with field drains. Flow through the gravel envelope for the hydraulic tests was 30 times greater than indicated by the electrical analogy study. This difference was caused by non- homogeneity of the gravel envelope medium in the hydraulic tests. The gravel did not completely till corrugations of the plastic drain tubing and large particles formed

stratifications in the envelope. Water more readily flowed

thrt)ugh the less dense portion of the gravel envelope than current through the uniformly resistive conductor of the

electrical analogy tests.

( li ) Hydraulic and Electrical Analogy Tests of Gravel Envelopes

for Subsurface Drains, E R. Zeigler, GR-7,H-7, May 1978. 321-10672-210-00 CORRUGATED PLASTIC DRAIN TUBING

(d) Applied research.

(f) Friction, grade deviation, and limited sedimentation tests were made using an 1 8-m (60-ft) length, 100-mm (4-in) diameter, nonperforated corrugated plastic drain tube. Four bends, 2.4 m (8 ft) long, with one- and two-tube diameter offsets above and below grade, formed the grade

deviations; and a fine uniform 0.2-mm mean diameter sand was used for the sedimentation tests. {/) Completed.

(g) Manning's "n" varied from 0.015 to 0.016 for full-tube flow and from 0.015 to 0.018 for free-surface flow. Only

with bends above grade, and for conditions of free-surface flow, was the hydraulic gradeline seriously affected. The

hydraulic gradeline raised upstream from the bend, ap- proximately the amount of the bend offset. The sediment

did not prevent waterflow through a two-diameter offset bend below grade, with a 0.001 slope of the straight tubing.

( /) ) Hydraulic Laboratory Manning's n and Grade Deviation Study for 4-inch Diameter Nonperforated Corrugated

Plastic Drain Tubing, E. R. Zeigler, REC-ERC-7<S-2 , Feb. 1978. 321-10674-350-00 ABRASIVE MATERIALS IN STILLING BASINS

(d) Applied research.

(f) Some stilling basins have required expensive repairs because of abrasive materials circulating with the water. These materials entered the basins in different ways; water

circulation at the downstream end of the basin draws rock

into the basin, rock and debris thrown in by spectators, and/or debris left by the contractor. Hydraulic model stu- dies may show design changes that will provide better flushing and lessen the tendency for material to be drawn

from downstream into the basin. A survey was made of the Review and Maintenance records that were kept for Bureau of Reclamation stilling basins to determine which

structures have abrasion problems. Another objective of

the study was to determine whether the material entered by man or flowing water, if by flowing water from what

source, the location and extent of damage, and operating

conditions causing the damage.

(/) Completed.

(g) One type stilling basin susceptible to abrasion problems is the combined basin, where the spillway and outlet works

discharge into the same basin. Much of the time only the

outlets operate and the valves release singular jet flows

into the basin. Large eddy patterns can form, causing rocks to roll around the basin floor and in some instances

the eddy extends past the basin and the return flow brings rocks into the basin. Hollow-jet valve outlet works basins can experience abrasion damage. The Bureau's two largest basins had severe surging near the bottom at the end of

the basin. Rocks were hydraulically carried into the basin and the violent energy dissipation action "ball milled" the rocks against the concrete, exposing the steel reinforcing

bars. Outlet works type II basins with high-head slide gate controlled inflows were another category of basins which

experienced abrasion. Information from the surveyed 228
records could not prove that rocks were hydraulically pulled into the basin, but this is a possibility. The records

did show rocks had been thrown in by the public. However, rocks once in the basin remained and damaged the basin floor. In most instances these basins operated at less than 70 percent of the maximum design discharge. The

study recommended that hydraulic model tests should be made for this category of basins, and careful attention paid

to discharge conditions less than maximum.

321-10675-350-00 CURECANTI DROP PIPE, SPIRAL FLOW INTAKE. AND

STILLING BASIN

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:22.5-scale model was made of the 142-m-high drop

structure to develop a spiral flow intake to force the flow

to cling on the wall of the 2286-mm-diameter vertical pipe and to provide satisfactory stilling basin.

(/?) The intake dropped the flow at 55° and converged at 15° on both sides to form a tangential slot 0.305 metres wide. The flow remains spiral for about 40 metres. The remaining fall is straight but the flow clings to the wall. The

stilling basin was about 5 metres deep and long. A wave

suppressor was needed to dampen wave action. (h) Report in preparation. 321-10676-350-00 BLANCO DIVERSION DAM

(d) Experimental for rehabilitation design.

(e) A 1 : 1 6-sediment model was used to develop a sediment

excluding system to prevent coarse sediment from abrading the diversion tunnel and to make sluicing operations

less obtrusive downstream. A large portion of the sediment

gradation was scaled to account for armoring.

(f) Completed.

(g) A trapping system requiring more frequent sluicing of

smaller quantities of sediment was developed. The

trapping system reduced tunnel sediment intake by about

(h) Report in preparation. 321-10677-350-00 KLANG GATES DAM

(d) Experimental for design of modification to enlarge reser- voir capacity.

(e) A l:36-scale model was used to determine if the spillway and stilling basin would still be adequate after adding four

top-seal radial gates to increase the maximum reservoir elevation about 7 metres.

(/) Completed.

(g) Pressure measurements indicated no excessively low pressures. Calibrations were provided for the gates which were

located just downstream of the ogee crest. Optimum gate operations for one- and two-gate combinations for low

discharges were determined.

(/i) Report in preparation. 321-10678-320-00 HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF STEEP CANAL LATERALS

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Small, unreinforced, concrete-lined, trapezoidal cross-section canal laterals with maximum flow velocities less than

5 m/s and with maximum discharges less than I mVs are often used on irrigation projects. The grades of these

laterals of concern tend to follow the ground surface and,

thus, flow velocities vary. Both subcritical and supercritical flows may occur in the same lateral reach. Studies are being conducted to evaluate wave heights developed by

undular hydraulic jumps and by grade changes and to eval- uate uplift pressures that develop under the lining, at lin- ing breaks, and offsets. (g) For a lateral with 1-1/2 to I side slopes and for specific in- stantaneous grade changes a relationship between fiow

velocity at the toe of the grade change, discharge, and

resulting wave height has been developed.

321-10679-860-00 DESTRATIFICATION DIFFUSER EFFICIENCY TESTS

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(f ) A 2 lO-metrc-long compressed air line diffuser is being operated at a 3 x lO^m ' reservoir. Total energy input from

the diffuser, reservoir dissolved oxygen levels, reservoir temperature distributions, and other physical, chemical, and biological properties of the reservoir are being closely monitored. Historical records of reservoir temperature and DO profiles prior to diffuser operation are available. The

objective of the study is to develop relationships between

destratification and reoxygenation efficiencies and unit air flow rate from the line diffuser. Two seasons of field data have been collected.

(j?) Field operation and data reduction continue. 321-10681-350-00 POT HOOK MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY

Id) Experimental; design.

(e) A l:24-scale hydraulic model was used to develop a morning glory spillway design. The maximum discharge for the spillway will be 145 m'Vs. Approach flow conditions to the spillway crest, vortex suppression, pressures on the crest,

shaft, and vertical bends, tunnel defiectors. air demand,

and approach flow conditions to the stilling basin were

evaluated.

(/) Completed.

(g) Tests developed vortex suppression piers that yielded good

tunnel flow conditions while maintaining a satisfactory coefficient of discharge for the crest.

ill) Report in preparation. 32 1-1 0683-350-00 PACHECO

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A l;l 1.54 hydraulic model of the high pressure slide gate and stilling basin was constructed and tested to develop a

satisfactory design for these components of the Pacheco

tunnel. The discharge of the tunnel could vary from less than 1.1 m-'/s (40 ft''/s) to 13.6 m-'/s (480 ft-'/s). The max- imum head on the slide gate was 73.8 m (242 ft) of water. The effect of the high velocity discharge from the slide gate was studied.

(/) Completed.

(j?) The control structure of the Pacheco tunnel is a 1 .52-m X

2.14-m (5-ftx7-ft) high pressure slide gate with a stilling basin immediately downstream. The initial design per- formed satisfactorily except for subatmospheric pressures downstream from the control gate and on the energy dis- sipator baffle piers. The subatmospheric pressures oc- curred only for heads above 67.1 m (220 ft) of water and

gate openings between 3 and 8 percent. An elliptical section 152 mm (6 in) wide was placed on both sidewalls donwstream from the gate slot, which raised the pressures downstream from the gate. Also, the bypass was enlarged

to a 508-mm (20-m) pipe so that the gate would not be

required to operate at gate openings less than 5 percent open. The potential cavitation pressures measured on the

original round-top baffle pier were minimized by using a modified flattop baffle pier, which resulted in pressures only slightly below atmospheric.

(/i) Hydraulic Model Studies for the Pacheco Tunnel Energy

Dissipator. R. L. George, Report C,R-IH-76, Sept. 1976. 321-10684-350-00 CHOKE CANYON

(</) Experimental, applied research.

(f ) A l;80-scale model was used to study the stilling basin and

the approach channel to the spillway. The spillway will be about 112 metres wide and will have a maximum

discharge of 7100 m '/s. A stilling basin was designed ac- cording to the criteria developed for low Froude number

stilling basin and is being tested in the model.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Report in preparation. 229
321-10685-340-00 321-11444-300-00 PENSTOCK ENTRANCE RESEARCH

(J) Experimental; applied research.

(<-) Hyiiraulic model studies are being conducted to aid in the development of design criteria for economical, efficient

(/) Suspended. 321-10686-390-00 CLAMSHELL GATE

{d) Experimental; development. W) Studies are being made to develop a gate for both free and submerged releases which is free of cavitation damage

within the valve body. The clamshell concept arose from

the need to eliminate gate slots or elaborate shaping while providing a well directed jet with a large discharge coeffi- (^) Tests have been completed on the gate for free releases. Some preliminary tests have been performed on the gate discharging submerged. An energy dissipator to stabilize the flow will be added to the tailbox to increase the range

of discharges at larger gate openings. Tests with small partial openings have been completed for heads up to about

30 meters. 321-10688-820-00 GRAVEL PACKS AND WELL SCREENS FOR WATER

WELLS

(i/) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A 4.88-m ( 16-ft) deep, full-scale, simulated water well has been constructed in the hydraulic laboratory to test gravel packs and well screens. Forty-five piezometers were in- stalled on five levels to measure pressures inside the well screen in the gravel pack and in the base aquifer material. A full-scale pump and piping system recirculates water from a sump, through the aquifer and gravel pack, into the

well. Discharge is measured with a magnetic flowmeter. A

mini (MAC) computer system is used to obtain data

rapidly and store it on magnetic tape. {^) One hundred seven steady pumping, plant surging, and

surge block surging tests have been completed with discharges of approximately 1.0 to 10.0 L/s. 321-10689-370-47 BICYCLE SAFE GRATE INLETS

(b) Federal Highway Administration,

(c ) P. H. Burgi, Code 1531.

iJ) Experimental; development.

(c) Slotted drain grate inlets are currently being studied. Hydraulic tests for selected conditions have been

completed. A general hydraulic design method covering a range of possible slot installations is being developed. 321-10692-360-00 BAFFLED SPILLWAY ENERGY DISSIPATOR

id) Experimental; for design.

(f) Laboratory studies were performed to develop a baffled spillway to be used when conventional energy dissipators might not be appropriate due to marginal siting conditions.

(/) Completed.

ifi) Test determined that the design criteria used for the canal drop type baffled aprons with a limiting unit discharge of

5.6 m'/s per metre of width (60 ft-'/s per foot of width) could be extrapolated to a spillway use with a unit discharge of 28 m-'/s (300 ft^s or greater. Construction

difficulties and physical size of the structure seem to be

the only limiting conditions.

(/i) A Baffled Apron as a Spillway Energy Dissipator, T. J. Rhone. J. Hxdraulks Division. ASCE 103, HYI2, Dec.

1977.

EFFECTS OF HYDRAULICS ON BANK STABILITY CAUSED BY THE GRAND COULEE THIRD POWERPLANT EXTENSION OPERATION

(d) Experimental research and analysis for project modifica-

(f) A 1:120 model is being used to determine boundary shear and size of material that will move during powerplant

operation. Transient tests simulating unit operations and

load rejections are being made.

(g) Transient tests indicate that compensation flows to prevent

large floodwaves can cause gravity waves near the dam

and the design of the bank should be based on wave

design methods. Analysis and field data are required to determine how far downstream shear and velocity design methods alone are adequate.

(/i) Report in preparation. 321-11445-350-00 MCPHEE DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY

(d) Experimental, design.

(f) A l:36-scale model is being used to develop a design for the approach channel, chute spillway and combination

stilling basin-flip bucket for McPhee Dam. The approach

channel will be cut in the right abutment of the dam. The

chute spillway will be 18 meters wide and 228 meters

long. Energy will be dissipated in a hydraulic jump stilling basin for flows up to the 100-year flood (377 m^/s). Larger flows (up to 938 m^/s) will be flipped into the downstream channel with a flip bucket at the end of the

stilling basin.

(f) Testing is underway. 321-11446-340-52 LOW-HEAD HYDROPOWER, STANDARDIZATION OF FLOW PASSAGE DESIGN

(h) Department of Energy.

(d) Applied research.

(e) \ literature search has been done to determine the present

state-of-the-art in flow passage design and standardization of flow passages for low-head hydroelectric structures. The

purpose of the research is to determine if it is possible to reduce costs of low-head structures by standardizing the design of flow passages. Additional work has been

proposed to study the effect of changing intake and draft tube configurations on hydraulic efficiency.

(/i) Report in preparation. 321-1 1447-130-00 AIR-WATER FLOWS IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A state-of-the-art literature review was conducted of air- water flow conditions in hydraulic structures. The types of

structures considered include open channels, closed conduits, vertical shafts, gates and valves discharging into closed conduits, pipelines, and penstocks. When possible, the divergent results were unified through a common

(/) Completed.

(g) Design guidelines were developed for a wide range of air vent applications. A method for predicting the mean air concentration in open channel flow is given, computer

programs to predict air flow rates during emergency gate closures on penstocks and to predict the water surface

profiles and air concentration on spillways and chutes were developed.

(/i) Mean Air Concentration of Self-Aerated Flows, H. T. Fal- vey. Tech. Note. J. Hydraulics Division, ASCE 105, HY-1.

Jan. 1979. pp. 91-95. (Two reports and a paper in preparation.

)

321-1 1448-350-00 GATE STROKING

(d) Theoretical; applied research. 230
(<-) Gate stroking is a continuous or a scries of discontinuous

face variation in a canal. The tcc^hniquc was conceived by

Pn>tcssor E. B Wylic at the University of Michigan. The

present study investigates the application of the technique

to an aqueduct system which Includes transitions, inverted

siphons, tunnels, check gates, and trapezoidal canal sections. A computer listing and description are included in the report.

(/) Completed

{/•) The method proved to be a very successful method for remotely-controlled operation of large aqueducts,

(/i) Gate Stroking, H. T Falvcy. REC-tRC-79-7. 1479. 321-11449-350-00 RIDGWAY DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS

((') A 1:30.46 hydraulic model is to be used to develop the morning glory spillway and upper outlet works design. Flow from the upper outlet works is released into the spill- way tunnel from gates located in the tunnel crown. Approach flow conditions to the spillway crest, vortex suppression, pressures on upper tunnel and spillway flow sur- faces, tunnel dcfelclor, air demand, tunnel and stilling basin flow conditions, the passage of upper outlet works

releases through the tunnel, and the influence of spillway

stilling basin and lower outlet works stilling basin on each

other will be studied.

<f) Active, model under construction. 321-11450-320-00 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF CANAL RADIAL CHECK

GATES

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Detailed studies arc being made on a 1:6 scale radial gate model to obtain a better definition of flow characteristics such as the coefficient of discharge. There is a need to develop criteria and methods for improving the accuracy

of now measurement through canal check radial gates. These criteria can then be applied to the manual and/or automtic fiow regulation of canal systems including mathematical simulation models. The investigation includes the infiuence of the gate lip with or without gate seals and the

variation of the radius to pinion height ratio. The laboratory study will be verified with field data. The

results of the study will develop algorithms for the coeffi- cient of discharge for use by canal operators and for mathematical models. Later, the program will be expanded

to include the study of hydraulic transient wave siphons. 321-11451-840-00 DRAIN ENVELOPES-PHASE II (d) Applied research.

((') A 0.8-m wide. 3.7-m long, by 2.4-m deep sand tank was

constructed to simulate fiow conditions for a full-sized subsurface agricultural drain. A 1 00-mm-diameter corru- gated plastic drain tube is surrounded by a 100-mm-thick

gravel envelope and a 1 . 1 -m-radius. simulated soil base

material. Measurement will be made of the drain discharge and piczometric heads from 143 piezometers located in the soil and gravel envelope for different water table elevations and drain tubing depths. The data will provide a

basis for comparing efficiency of other envelopes.

(^) Some initial tests were made and difficulties encountered

with varying permeability of the simulated soil base

material surrounding the drain. Before extensive testing can be done this problem must be solved. 321-11452-840-00 FILTER BED FOR A SMALL PUMPING PLANT

id) Design.

(e) A filter bed. placed in the bottom of a river, may be the intake supply for a pumping plant (0.85 m''/s). The objective is to prevent fine sediment, larger than 74 microns, from entering and damaging the pumps and sprinkler

heads in the irrigation system. Preliminary tests are being made with a 0.2 m'- filter surface area and 0.3-m depth to obtain design information. Filter medium particle size, discharge and head losses during filtering, and required backfiushing discharges are needed by the designer to ef- fectively evaluate design needs. 321-11453-350-00 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF AN ENERGY DISSIPA- TOR FOR SUGAR PINE DAM SPILLWAY

(d) Experimental, design.

(c) The spillway discharges down a steep chute into a stilling basin located in a narrow canyon. The energy must be dis- sipated in a confined space and the fiow turned about 27°

to the left to follow the canyon. Environmental considerations and the limited available space precluded the use of

a flip bucket to divert the high energy fiow away from the

(/) Completed.

(g) An energy dissipator was developed that included chute

blocks at the toe of the chute to separate the incoming jet; curved directional vanes between curved sidewalls; trape- zoidal baffie blocks at strategic locations along the vanes and right wall; and a high vertical sill at the end of the

basin. Pressure measurements on the chute blocks, baffle blocks, and curved walls indicated subatmospheric pres- sures at the maximum discharge only at the upstream end

of the left wall near the floor. High impact pressures were

noted on the surfaces of the blocks that intercepted the

flow. Sloping of the upstream ends of the curved vanes was necessary to defied debris that might pass down the chute. At maximum discharge there was severe bank erosion in the channel downstream from the energy dissipa-

( /i ) Report in preparation. 321-11454-720-00 LOW-AMBIENT-PRESSURE CHAMBER

(t/) Experimental, basic and applied research.

(f ) Cavitation damage is a continuing problem at fiow surface

irregularities, vertical bends in spillway tunnels, and control gates discharging submerged. Field and laboratory stu- dies have been conducted to investigate means of reducing

cavitation damage at these problem areas. For each case, questions regarding the effect of the free water surface on

the cavitation have arisen. Model tests which duplicate both gravity and cavitation effects require the use of a reduced pressure test environment. Therefore, a low-ambicnt-pressure test facility is being constructed for cavitation testing with free surface fiows. It can also be used for investigations in which the cavitation occurs far from the

) Construction of a low-ambient test facility is almost complete. The working section is 3.7 m long. 3.0 m high, and 1.2 m wide. The maximum flow rate is 0.3 m-'/s. The maximum recirculating pump head which can be developed is 24 meters. The pressure in the chamber can

be reduced to 15 kPa absolute. 321-11455-350-00 TRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES BAFFLED APRON SPILL- WAY

(/>) Soil Conservation Service. Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(f) A 1:30 model was built of the 6.l()-m-wide emerging spill- way for the 27.4-m-high dam. The height of the blocks was sized for two-thirds of the maximum discharge of 710

m-'/s. The chute and entrance was sized for the maximum

discharge. This design procedure worked well for the complete range of discharges. A discharge rating was

developed for the ungated fiow and the scour downstream

from the model was determined. The entrance was

modified by inserting a row of blocks between the en- trance and the second row of blocks to limit high velocities on the chute.

(/) Completed. 231
(/i) Truth or Consequences Baffled Apron Spillway, R. L

George. Kcpuri C,R-7^-2. Apr. 1979.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION, 12201 Sunrise Valley

Drive, Reston, Va. 22092. George E. Williams, Chief, Planning Section. 322-0371 W-300-00 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC

PROCESSES IN RIVERS, ESTUARIES, AND EMBAY- MENTS

(( ) R. A. Ballzcr. (d) Basic and applied research.

{e) Technical solutions to the problem of investigating and managing waste movement and disposal in regulated

rivers, estuaries, and embayments require qualitative and

quantitative assessment of the interactions between waste

constituents undergoing dynamic transport. Mathematical,

numerical, computer-simulation models offer one very powerful solution. Because water is both the vehicle by which the waste constituents are transported and the media in which the constituent interactions occur, the temporal and spatial variations of the flow appreciably govern the interactions both qualitatively and quantitatively. Design of the desired simulation models depends in large measure upon accurate mathematical/numerical

representation of the hydrodynamics of the transient flow

process.

(/?) Finite difference modeling: A new one-dimensional, implicit-solution, flow-simulation model was introduced and

operationally tested using data from several field locations. This model offers advantages and provides features not found in other currently available models. For example,

the model can be very efficiently employed to simulate

transient flows in a complex network of interconnected waterways, as well as in a single reach of channel. Among

other features, it provides variable weighting of the spatial derivatives in space and time; a functional representation of the energy dissipation factor, N; an accomodation for directional, wind-drag effects; direct access to the time-de- pendent boundary-condition, input/output data files (DAD 10); and a wide range of graphical output capabilities. Its most distinctive and perhaps unique feature is the use of a transformation process by which the size of the

coefficient matrices is very substantially reduced, thus af- fording significant savings in computational time and computational storage requirements. The two-dimensional.

Port Royal sound, flow/transport simulation model was

fully implemented and a very successful initial simulation completed. Improvements in the numerical integration scheme used in the model eliminated previously encountered numerical instability and permitted a substantial reduction in computational time. The feasibility of creating

a two-dimensional flow/transport simulation model of the MTF floodway facility was successfully demonstrated. Two

useable models of the floodway at different scales are now

under development. Finite element modeling: Previous work on the development of a one-dimensional flow model

demonstrated clearly the futility of this effort vis-a-vis the

existing finite-difference models. All one-dimensional ef- forts along this course were halted. However, development

(by D. Lynch) of a two-dimensional modeling method

utilizing an explicit, finite-element technique appears to offer advantages not found using the implicit scheme

generally being pursued by most other researchers. Simulation modeling system: The time-series, data-processing,

storage-and-retrieval system for use with one-, two-, and

three-dimensional models was made operational and is being used by several field offices. The system was ex- panded to handle the various types of unformatted data-2

byte. 4 byte, 8 byte, and paired data-commonly encountered in modeling. The capability to handle either English or Metric data at several different recording intervals was

added. The semi-automated system for generating the initial condition data needed with two- and three-dimensional models was further developed and tested during implementation of the Port Royal Sound model. 322-0372W-090-00 HYDRODYNAMIC STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT

(CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION) OF THERMAL. PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN TURBULENT SUR- FACE WATER

(I ) N Votsukura

((/) Basic and applied research.

(f) Understanding and modeling of turbulent transport (convective diffusion) is the foundation for quantitative description and prediction of distribution of thermal,

physical, and chemical constituents in streams, lakes, and

estuaries. Need for the constituent model is rapidly in- creasing because of nationally felt pressure for optimum

allocation of surface water resources as well as for controlling water pollution. Specially urgent is the develop- ment of thermal models bacause of potential pollution ex- pected from a large-scale nuclear power generation.

(g) Summarized the transverse mixing data from various sources and analyzed them by the nondimensionalized Yotsukura-Sayre streamtube mixing equation with good

results. The transverse mixing coefficient has a well- defined narrow range of variation even for large rivers such as the Amazon and the Mackenzie. The revised Yot- sukura-Cobb formula was completed for estimating mixing

distance in rivers and tributaries. Completed the mathematical description of thermal boundary conditions in an

unsteady sediment-laden flow with moving boundaries.

{It) Thermal Loading of Natural Streams, A. P. Jackman, N. Yolsukura. U.S. Oeol. Survey Prof. Paper 991, 39 p.. 1977. Derivation of Solute-Transport Equations for a Turbulent

Natural-Channel Flow. N. Votsukura. V S. Oeol. Survey, J. Research 5. 3. pp. 277-284. 1977. 322-0373W-220-00 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND HILLSLOPE MORPHOLOGY

(c ) G. P. Williams.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The bankfull discharge of a stream marks the condition of

incipient flooding. Engineers, geomorphologists and others need to be able to predict bankfull discharge at a site, but

at present there is no reliable way to do this. The problem,

therefore, is to find a dependable way to determine bankfull discharge.

(g) Undertook and completed special environmental study on

Platte River channel changes. 322-045SW-300-00 CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY IN RELATION TO BEDLOAD AND HILLSLOPE PROCESS

(< ) L. B. Leopold.

id) Basic and applied research.

(c) Little is known about the amount or source of bcdioad. Bedload may be an important part of the total sediment

load moved by streams.

(g) Excellent data during flood flow May-June 1976. New

data on distribution of velocity with depth in relation to sediment motion. New data on slope of water surface. 322-0461 W-220-00 BEDLOAD TRANSPORT RESEARCH

(c ) W. W. Emmett.

((') Of all processes operating in river channels, and especially of those of practical concern to engineers and others in- terested in river channel behavior, perhaps the least knowledge is available regarding the the hydraulic and mechanics of bedload transport. Before continuing ad- vances in river channel behavior can be made, some un- derstanding of the behavior of bedload sediment must be 232
(fi) Field calibration of the sediment-trapping characteristics of the Hclley-Smith bcdioad sampler have been completed.

Principal data collection at the conveyor-belt bedload-trap

facility have been completed. Analysis of these data are ongoing and draft reports underway. Preliminary field stu- dies undertaken to facilitate transfer of information from

sitc-spccific field areas to arcal application with emphasis

to energy-resource areas and with application to watershed and channel flow/scdimcnt modeling concepts.

(Ii) 1976 Bedload Measurememts, East Fork River, Wyoming,

L. B. Leopold, W. W. Emmet, Proc. Nul. Acad, of Sciences

74. 7, pp. 2644-2648, 1977. A Comparison of Observed Sediment-Transport Rates With

Rates Computed Using Existing Formulas: In Geomorphology in Arid Regions (D. O. Doehring, ed.), Pr,K . Sill Ann. Geomorphology Symp.. State Univ. of N.Y., Binghamton, N.Y., pp. 187-188. Sept. 23-24, 1977. 322-O4«2W-220-OO RATES AND PROCESSES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN NATURAL AND DISTURBED FORESTED DRAINAGE BASINS IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION OF THE PACIFIC COAST

(h) Conducted for Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian

Affairs and National Park Service,

(c ) R. J. Janda.

(e) Most of the timber harvested annually from the DouglasFir region is taken from virgin forests by clearcutting. Logging and associated road construction significantly in- crease strean. sediment loads, and considerable controversy exists concerning the magnitude and persistence of the impact of present silvicultural practices. Crucial management and legislative decisions concerning forest practices are being made in an atmosphere of considerable

public pressure and controversy. Better understanding of

the geomorphic processes operating in this region will provide a more rational basis for pending decisions, and per- mit objective assessment of the effectiveness of practices proposed to mitigate sedimentation impacts.

ig) Analysis of land surface changes over a three year period

at 99-pin clusters of erosion-deposition pins indicates that deposition is as prevalent as erosion on both natural hill- slopes and hillslopes that have been severely disrupted by

recent timber harvest and suggests that in forested terrain small scale surficial erosion processes, like rill erosion and

sheetwash, are ineffective in providing sediment to through-fiowing streams. The effectiveness of these processes is limited by the storage and buttressing pro- vided by roots, standing trees, and stumps, as well as natural and logging-induced coarse woody debris on the forest

floor. Water and suspended-sediment discharge have since 1973 been periodically determined at 6 sites along Redwood Creek and at 26 sites along tributaries showing a wide range of basin characteristics Intensive study including synoptic observations throughout nine storm events and generation of a synthesized record for the WY1975

and WY1976 storm seasons, suggests that some recently harvested basins yield more than I 7 times as much sedi- ment as comparable uncut basins; similarly some basins harvested more than a decade ago still yield about two

times as much sediment as comparable uncut basins. Linear regressions were developed to describe suspended- sediment transport relations and an analysis of covariance was used to compare individual regressions. Recently har- vested tributaries operate at statistically significant higher

levels than unharvested basins. Tributary regressions have

statistically significant steeper slopes than mainstem

regressions, and thereby help explain the tributary scour- mainstem aggradation observed on aerial photographs and

at monumented cross sections following major floods. Under the drought conditions that prevailed during FY 1977, relatively little change in land surface configuration was detected at 10 monumented landslides and 140 monumented channel cross sections except at the streamside toes of particularly active slides and along the leading edge of the apparent wave of aggradation along Redwood

Creek. The direction and downstream pattern of channel changes were erratic, with scour being only slightly more

prevalent than aggradation. Compilation of data concerning amounts of storm precipitation, antecendent moisture

conditions including snow accumulations at higher al- titudes, and observed stages on Northwestern California Rivers indicate that under similar basin conditions the major storms of 1861 and 1890 probably would have produced flood peaks and volumes quite comparable to or even larger than those associated with the major floods

that occurcd in 1953, 1955, 1965, 1972, and 1975. However, the more recent floods appear to have triggered far more streamside landslides and far more extensive channel

aggradation than the late 19th century floods. Probably,

the capacity of the basin to resist flood-induced erosion was reduced by recent changes in land use. (h) Oral Statement and Written Responses to Questions by Dr.

R. J. Janda: Hearing Concerning Forest Management and Redwood National Park Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, U.S. House of Representatives, Part 2, Feb 9, 1977, R. J. Janda, pp. 53-

57, 69-72, 1977. Preliminary Photo-Interpretative Map of Vegetation and Ground Surface Conditions in the Redwood Creek

Drainage Basin, Humboldt County, Calif., D. R Harden,

U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Repl., 1 p., 1977. Statement Prepared Consistent with Assistant Secretary of the Interior Robert L. Herbst's October 5, 1977 Testimony

at a Hearing of the Senate Subcommittee on Parks and

Recreation Concerning Senate Bill 1976, A Bill to Amend

the Act of October 12, 1968, Establishing Redwood National Park in California, R J Janda, 1977. 322-1 0«93-860-00 OPERATIONAL MODELS OF SURFACE-WATER SYSTEMS

(c) M. E. Jennings.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The lack of operational models of surface-water systems

that can be used in water-resources investigations. (g) Digital computer programs and a data management

scheme forcompilation and analysis of urban stormwater

flow and quality data from Miami, Florida, were

developed. Urban stormwater field investigations were also pursued in Houston, Texas and Madison, Wisconsin. A

streamflow-aquifer interaction model and an analysis of

flow and sediment transport in the Atchafalaya river, Louisiana were completed. Thermal and dissolved oxygen

modeling studies in the Chattahoochee river, Georgia were

virtually completed. Documentation of status of surface water modeling in USGS was also completed. Approximately 30 percent of staff time was involved in field consultation and training.

(/i) Streamflow Routing with Losses to Bank Storage or Wells,

L. F. Land, NTIS Repi. PB27I-535, 1977. Downstream-Upstream Reservoir Routing, M. E. Jennings, NTIS Repi. (noi presently numbered ). 1977. Urban Stormwater Investigations in Progress by the U.S. Geological Survey, H H. Barnes, Jr., M. E Jennings, in Proc. Workshop on 208 Water Quality Surveys. Non-Point

Source Data Acquisition and Interpretation, City of Chicago, 1977. Simulation Studies of Flow and Sediment Transport Using a Mathematical Model, Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana, M E Jennings, L. F. Land, U.S. Geol. Surve\ Water

Re.sources Inv. No. 77-/4, 55 p., 1977.

Discussion of Water Yield Model Using SCS Curve Numbers, M. Jennings, ASCE 103, 10, pp. 1243-44, 1977. 322-10694-300-00 CHANGES IN VALLEY MORPHOLOGY, COON CREEK, WISCONSIN

(t ) S. W. Trimble.

(d) Basic and applied research. 233
(e) Studies of stream and valley morphology, including the

collection of detailed hydrologic and sediment data, were made during the period 1934-40 as part of investigations by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture related to soil conservation. The morphology has changed considerably since 1940. evidently as a result of changes in land use that altered the hydrologic regime.

(fi) Rcsurveycd 20 ranges (transverse profiles) in Coon Creek

Basm, Wisconsin, as an aid in establishing rates of sedi- ment accumulation. Also excavated several sediment-dating markers (buried roads, building foundations, and

bridge piers). Rcsurveycd sediment accumulation in 5 reservoirs in the Coon Creek Basin, and in Lake Marinuka

in the nearby Beaver Creek watershed. 322-10695-860-00 MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROGEOLOGIC

SYSTEMS

(c ) R. L. Cooley.

id) Basic and applied research.

(e) Satisfactory formulations and solutions of equations ap- proximately describing ( 1 ) movement of fluids and components contained in fluids through consolidated and un- consolidated rocks, and (2) interactions of the fluids and

rocks accompanying fluid movement, are needed for proper understanding and management of groundwater

resources. Such formulations and solutions of equations

that apply for general field situations where the flow system is complex and hydrologic data are inexact are not,

in general, available. (g) A study was completed of nonlinear regression as applied

to estimate the hydrogeologic parameters ( transmissivity of

hydraulic conductivity), recharge, discharge, and boundary

fluxes for steady-state groundwater flow models of two

field areas. Statistical techniques were used to estimate the degree of nonlinearity of the models, goodness of fit of the models to the field data, and the reliability of predictions

to be made with the models. A new field application of the nonlinear regression procedures was initiated and is nearly completed. This is a cross-sectional problem where the

principal components of the permeability tensors for several layers are to be estimated. Two other methods of parameter estimation were to have been applied by col- leagues, but this aspect of the study is as yet incomplete.

Prior information in the form of measured values of the parameters and estimates of their variances have been in- corporated into the nonlinear regression model and testing on field examples is underway. The statistical procedures

for estimating reliability and significance of the model are being revised to incorporate the new methods. A satu- rated-unsaturated fiow model written several years ago is being revised extensively to generalize the areas of possi- ble application and to incorporate more refined numerical

solution procedures than used previously.

(/i) A Method for Estimating Parameters and Assessing Reliability for Models of Steady-State Groundwater Flow I. Theory and Numerical Properties, Water Resources Res. 13,

2, pp. 318-324, 1977. 322-10696-400-00 HYDRODYNAMIC AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF

CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN A TIDAL ESTUARY

(c ) R. T. Cheng.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(f ) The ecosystem of a tide-affected estuary consists of an ex- tremely complicated balance of natural processes. Some of

the basic characteristics of such a system, for example the San Francisco Bay, are not well understood. Comprehensive description of the hydrodynamics and the related transport processes is still lacking. Better understanding of

the effects of interactions among natural processes and human activities on this system requires advances in basic science and in its application to applied problems. Circulation in a tidal estuary is in response to tides, inflow of

fresh water, wind, and gravity and density stratification.

Topography of the estuary basin, air-water interaction, tur- bulent mixing, viscous resistance at the bottom, and rotational effects of the earth, together with the above-mentioned driving forces, constitute a very complicated

balance that conserves mass, momentum and energy in the

if^) A current meter comparison test which consisted of seven

current meters, one tide gauge, and one wind anemometer

has been conducted in South San Francisco Bay. Through

these field experiments, we have established better working experience and working knowledge of these types of instruments in an estuarine environment. A finite element

estuarine hydrodynamic model is developed. Improve- ments are made specifically with regards to the treatment

of lateral boundary conditions. Numerical experiments in- dicate that the model preserves various conservative properties accurately. Efforts are made in understanding the plankton population dynamics in an estuary. New productivity models are developed to assist analyzing the plankton data collected from San Francisco Bay in the last few

(/;) Transient Three-Dimensional Circulation of Lakes, R. T. Cheng, Proc . ASCE 103, EMI, pp. 17-34, 1977. Survey of Numerical Models for Wind-Driven Lake Circulation, ASCE 1977 Fall Convention, R. T. Cheng, Preprint Paper No. 305H, 30 p., 1977. Laboratory Evaluation of Four Types of Current Meters,

R. T Cheng, V. R. Schneider, Abstract, AGU, EOS 58, II,

1 p., 1977.

Field and Modeling Studies of the San francisco Bay

Estuarine System, Abstract, T. J. Conomos, D. H. Peter- son, R. T Cheng, to be presented at Coastal Zone '78, 1 p., 1978. An Improved Model to Describe the Effects of Temperature and Irradiance on Algal Growth, J. E. Cloern, Abstract

presented, EPA Symp. on Rate Constants, Coefficients, and

Kinetics Formulations in Surface Water Modeling, Concord,

Calif., Feb. 23-25, 1977. Phytoplankton of the San Francisco Bay Estuary: The State

of Our Current Understanding, J. E. Cloern, abstract presented at Pacific Section Meeting, Am. Soc. of Limno. and Oceano., San Francisco, Calif., June 12-16, 1977. Computational Schemes for Heat Transfer in Temperate

Lakes, R. A Walters, G. F. Carey, D. F. Winter, Proc. Applications of Computer Methods in Engineering, pp. 1135- 322-10697-300-00 INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT AND OTHER VARIABLES ON

ACTIVE-CHANNEL GEOMETRY

(() W. R. Osterkamp.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(<") Recent studies have been made to estimate fiow characteristics from channel-geometry data. Even for regional

studies, however, large standard errors in discharge-width

regressions commonly occur. Current work indicates the discharge-width relation is infiuenced strongly by sediment and other variables, but present data are inadequate to refine existing regression equations. Information on the ef- fect of particle size on channel shape, which can change in response to land use and hydraulic structures, is desirable

for practical purposes. Knowledge of how sediment in- fluences channel shape and stability can permit ancticipation and correction of undesirable effects of man's activi- (g) Field work has been completed and laboratory analyses

are nearly complete. Preliminary results demonstrate the

effect that sediment exerts on the geometry of alluvial stream channels. The effect of sediment on gradient- discharge relations has also been demonstrated by analysis of data collected for this project.

(/i) Variation of Alluvial-Channel Width With Discharge and

Character of Sediment, W R Osterkamp Abstracts, lOth

Intl. Congr. Sedimeniologx. Jerusalem, Israel, pp. 491-492,

1978. 234
Gradient. Discharge, and Particle-Size Relations of Alluvial Channels in Kansas, with Observations on Braiding, W. R. Ostcrkamp, Amer. J. Science. 20 p., 1978. 322-10698-880-00 SEDIMENT YIELD OF STREAMS DRAINING THE

PICEANCE BASIN, NORTHWESTERN COLORADO

(h) Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management. U ) V. C. Norman.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Mining and associated activities have been shown to have

a dramatic impact on the sediment yield of streams draining mined areas. In other areas, mining has been shown to increase sediment yield, alter channel geometry and channel morphology, and reduce the conveyance of streams. Prototype oil-shale development in the Piceance Basin will involve the mining, processing, and disposal of over 150,000 tons of oil shale per day. Handling and disposal of such large quantities of spent shale may greatly increase

the sediment load in streams.

(g) Sediment records have been collected at the sites in the Piceance Basin for two full water years. Sediment yields from many of the basins are influenced by manmade struc- tures such as irrigation diversions and stock ponds. Thus

far, the highest measured sediment yields are a factor of about 10 less than the sediment yields predicted by the

Pacific Southwest Interagency Committee method.

322-1 0699-300-O0 SEDIMENT MOVEMENT AND CHANNEL CHANGES IN RIVERS

(c) R. H. Meade.

{d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Sediment moves through river systems in response to specific events and changing conditions in drainage basins. These events and conditions are both natural (fioods, cli- mate changes) and artificially-induced (accelerated erosion, reservoirs, diversions, channelizations). The response

often takes place over periods measurable in decades or

longer. The morphology of the river channels changes as sediment moves through the system.

(g) Daily sediment loads measured on Amazon River ranged from near 10^ tonnes per day at Iquitos. Peru, to 3 X 10* tonnes per day at Obidos, Brazil. Effects of reser- voirs on downstream sediment loads in Bighorn River are mixed, one reservoir definitely reduced loads downstream,

another shows no discernible effect on sediment loads 200 km downstream after 12 years.

(/i) Particle Size of Sediments Collected From the Bed of the Amazon River and Its Tributaries, June and July 1976, C.

F. Nordin, R. H. Meade, H. A. Mahoney, B. M. Delaney,

U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Repi. 77-400, 22 p., 1977. 322-10700-820-00 DIGITAL MODELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

(c) S. P. Larson.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Prediction of the movement of contaminants in a hydrogeologic environment requires knowledge of the

velocity distribution of the transporting fiuid. Many

techniques have been established and implemented for solving groundwater flow problems and corresponding

velocity distributions in two dimensions. Solutions to three-dimensional problems of practical interest have been

infrequent because of problem size and computational work required. The determination of fiuid velocity dis- tributions in three dimensions would provide the necessary

first step toward investigation of the movement of contaminants in three-dimensional groundwater problems.

{g) Computer code was developed that applies the method of

slice-successive overrelaxation to the solution of three- dimensional groundwater flow problems. Preliminary

results indicate that problems exhibiting a high degree of numerical connection in the vertical plane can be solved more effectively by this method. A computer program was

also developed to implement current U.S. Geological Sur- vey techniques of model parameter estimati<in. The pro- gram is designed to be a companion to the two-dimensional finite-difference model program that is used extensively by WRD hydrologists.

( It ) Comparison of Iterative Methods of Solving Two-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Equations, P C. Trcscott, S. P. Larson, U.S. Geol. Survey Water Resources Resecirch 13, I, pp. 125-136, 1977. Optimization Techniques Applied to Groundwater Develop- ment, S. P. Larson, T. Maddock, S. S. Papadopulos. Memoirs Xlllllt 0>nf;re.ss of lull. ,4.v.v<« . of Hydroneolofiisl XIII, Part I, Birmingham, England, pp. E57-E66, 1977. Simulation of Wastewater Injection into a Coastal Aquifer System near Kahalui, Maui, Hawaii, S. P. Larson, S. S. Papadopulos, H. H. Cooper, W. L. Burnham, Proc. ASCE

25ih Ann. Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf. Hydraulics in the Coastal Zone, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., Aug. 10-12, pp. 107-1 16, 1977.

Solution of Water Table and Anisotropic Flow Problems

Using the Strongly Implicit Procedure, S. P. Larson, P. Trescott, U.S. Geol. Survey Research J. 5, 6, pp. 8 15-821, 1977. Aquifer Storage of Heated Water: Part II-Numerical Simulation of Field Results, S. S. Papadopulos, S P. Larson, Groundwater 16, 4, pp. 242-248, 1978. 322-10703-220-00 MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

(c) D. W. Hubbell.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) In alluvial streams, for every different hydrologic condition, the bed configuration, sediment transport, and

hydraulic characteristics mutually change to achieve a

quasi-equilibrium. The changes affect the ability of the stream to convey given quantities of water, accommodate

navigation, transport and dilute solid and solute wastes, support aquatic biota, and perform similar functions. As

yet, no positive means exist for predicting definitely the condition various variables, particularly bed configuration,

will achieve for a given set of hydrologic conditions. As a

result, optimum utilization and management of a waterway

usually cannot be assured and, often, modifications designed to enhance the utility of a waterway are ineffective or have adverse effects. (a) Equipment intended to facilitate the collection and handling of bedload samples from the forthcoming sampler

calibration program to be conducted at the SAP hydraulic

laboratory, Univ. of Minn., was designed and constructed. Computer programs to compile and process data from the

calibration experiments were written and partially debugged, and data analysis techniques were partially established. A field experiment with the Helley-Smith sampler showed that the standard 0.2 mm mesh sample bag

readily clogged and produced low sampling efficiencies under conditions of a fiat bed, high transport rate, and bed

material approximately 90 percent finer than 0.4 mm.

(/i) Discussion of Applicability of Unit Stream Power Equation,

D. W. Hubbell, ASCE Proc. 103, HY4, pp. 455-457, 1977. 322-11456-300-47 ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS IN HEAVILY VEGETATED FLOOD PLAINS

{h) Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Adminis-

(c) G. J. Arcement, Jr. (d) Basic and applied research.

(e) There is increasing interest and activity in the areas of

fiood plain zoning and of HUD type 15 fiood-insurance

studies. Hydraulic computations of fiow for such studies involve roughness coefficients, often in heavily vegetated

fiood plains, which are quite different from coefficients in low-water channels. The selection of roughness coeffi- 235
cicnls for tlood plains remains chiefly an art, particularly where Manning's n can be as high as 0.20 in dense

growths. Specific guidelines are needed to select roughness

coefficients for heavily vegetated Hood plains so that n-

(f!) Literature research on roughness coefficients in heavily vegetated tlinid plains was begun. 322-11457-300-60 COMPUTATION AND REGIONALIZATION OF TIME OF CONCENTRATION AND STORAGE COEFFICIENT VALUES FOR IIIINOIS STREAMS

(h) Illinois Department of Transportation, Division of Water

Resources.

(c) B. J. Pruch, Jr

(.d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Hydrographs for Illinois streams are often needed as input

to various hydrologic models used to route fiood fiows, determine reservoir storage needs, check spillway design, and in other studies. Presently T and K values used in preparing the input hydrographs at ungaged sites are esti- mated by apportioning methods from values developed at nearby gaged sites. This procedure is time-consuming and

tedious.

(g) The Corp of Engineers' HEC-1 hydrologic computer model was utilized to determine T and K values at 12 sites with drainage areas greater than 10 square miles. The cal- culations for T and K were done using the HEC-1 model

in the Cyber 175 system at the University of Illinois. 322-11458-300-00 RESERVOIR-SYSTEM AND STREAMFLOW MODELING IN THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN

(c) J. O. Shearman.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Streamfiow from approximately 25 percent of the basin is subject to regulation by reservoirs. Effects of current

reservoir operation (and possible alternative operation schemes) on the flow regime and water quality are not

fully understood. Therefore, water managers responsible

for scheduling reservoir releases are sometimes uncertain

as to the overall impact of their decisions. Also, the validity of flood-frequency estimates are sometimes questionable. (g) Work plan formulated but not completely documented.

Water-quantity data inventory essentially completed. Began setting up data files on the computer. 322-11459-740-00 MODELING PRINCIPLES

(c ) J. P. Bennett.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The development of models of hydrologic systems requires

the description of individual processes in mathematical

terms and the solution of sets of complex equations in dif- ferential form. Research is needed on application of mathematical theory to systems modeling.

(g) Conducted extensive planning for field data collection ef- forts to describe sediment movement in the Potomac

estuary. Acquired, designed, and constructed field equip- ment to further this effort. Collected and analyzed field data showing the distribution of near-surface suspended

sediment in the Potomac estuary. Collected and analyzed

field data describing the vertical distribution of velocity and suspended sediment in the estuary. Began processing

cross-section descriptions and conducting computer runs of a one-dimensional branched Potomac estuary model. 322-11460-870-00 HYDROLOGIC INTERPRETATIONS BASED ON HEAT- FLUX ANALYSES AND THE APPLICATION OF REMOTELY SENSED INFORMATION

(( ) E. J. Pluhowski.

(d) Basic and applied research.

((') Aside from thermal loading stemming from powerplant

operatit)ns, little has been done to assess man's influence on the thermal patterns of natural streams. Near stream environmental changes due to man's activities may adversely impact stream ect>logy by altering stream temperatures. In addition to stream-temperature problems, evaluation of remote sensing instrumentation as a method of detecting sources of thermal pollution, sedimentation, and

erosion in large water bodies as well as current circulation has obvious application to a wide variety of hydrologic

(g) Cooling water discharge at the rate of 30 MVsec and

fiowing as a surface jet orthogonal to the shoreline produced a thermal plume in Lake Ontario that extended

1 km offshore and was 2 km in width in Aguust 1978. The

thermal plume created by the power plant located 19 miles northeast of Rochester, N.V., changes shape rapidly

in response to wind speed and direction. It is anticipated

that the 10 °C rise in temperature above ambient lake

levels created by the heated power plant discharge will be

detectable by the HCMM satellite.

(/i) Impact of Sewerage Systems on Stream Base Flow and Groundwater Recharge on Long Island, New York, E. J. Pluhowski, G. A. Spinello, U.S. Ceol. Survey J. Research 6,

2, 9 p.. 1978. 322-11461-820-00 ANALYSIS OF GROUND-WATER SYSTEMS

(( ) S. S. Papadopulos.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(f ) Management of groundwater resources requires the deter- mination of the effects of various development schemes on

groundwater systems. Evaluation of the hydraulic properties of groundwater systems and understanding of the fac- tors affecting their replenishment and quality are

prerequisites for this determination. Existing techniques

for groundwater system evaluation are often based on as- sumptions that do not properly represent field conditions. Improvement of these techniques and development of new

more rigorous ones are required to meet future increased

uses of groundwater systems.

(g) The evaluation of alternative sources of additional water

supply for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, undertaken as a special assignment last year, was completed and an administrative report was prepared for the U.S.-Saudi Arabian Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation. Parameter

identification techniques were adapted to the evaluation of

layered confining beds through use of an analytical model, and the method was applied to data from an aquifer test at the Osceola National Forest, Florida. In cooperation with other projects ( 1 ) numerical energy transport models were

evaluated by simulating a field experiment of heat storage

in an aquifer; (2) nonlinear programming techniques were

adapted to the determination of the optimum yield of an unconfined aquifer under a given set of constraints, and

(3) numerical and analytical models were combined to predict the effect of wastewater injection in the saline part of a coastal aquifer system.

(/i) Alternative Sources for Additional Water Supply for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, S. S. Papadopulos, United States- Saudi .Arabian Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation, Administrative Report, Dept. of Interior Geol. Survey in cooperation with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Min. of Agr. and Wat., Wat. Resources Div. Dept., 150 p., 1977. Optimization Techniques Applied to Groundwater Develop- ment, S. P. Larson, T. Maddock, S. S. Papadopulos, Memoirs Xlllth Congress of the Intl. Assoc. of Hydrogeologisis XIII. Part i, pp. E57-E66, Birmingham, England, 24- 30 July 1977. Simulation of Wastewater Injection into a Coastal Aquifer System Near Kahului, Maui, Hawaii, S. P. Larson, S. S. Papadopulos, H. H. Cooper, Jr., Proc. ASCE 25th Ann.

Hydraulic Div. Specially Conf. 1977. 236
322-11462-070-00 INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY TRANSPORT AND AS- SOCIATED MASS TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA IN- VOLVING BOTH SINGLE AND MULTIPHASE FLOW

CONDITIONS

(< ) J. W. Mercer.

(d) Basic and applied research.

((') The subsurface is used for a variety of applications that in- volve energy transport. Some of these are associated with energy development, for example, geothermal energy and

heat storage. Others arc associated with residuals manage- ment including radioactive waste disposal and waste heat

injection. Many of these processes are directly related to associated mass transport problems and some involve multiphase flow. Although various studies have considered

subsets of the above problems, a comprehensive methodology is needed to examine heat and mass trans- port in porous media involving both single and multiphase

flow conditions.

ig) Final results have been obtained from applying the vertical equilibrium model to the Wairakcl, New Zealand field. Simulation was performed over the period 1953 to 2000

with the following conclusions: ( 1 ) Preexploitation results indicate that the field had a steam cap; (2) by 1963 the steam cap had increased to include some lower parts of

the reservoir, and (3) the limiting factor on production de- pends on the transient mass leakage, most of which comes

from the lower confining bed. 322-11463-390-00 ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL AND THERMAL WATER- ROCK INTERACTIONS IN FRACTURED HYDROGEOLOGIC SYSTEMS

(c ) C. R. Faust.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Management of hydrogeologic systems for diverse pur- poses such as water supply, waste disposal, heat storage, and geothermal energy requires quantitative methods for determining the effects of water-rock interactions on the behavior of the system. Emphasis in quantifying these ef- fects has been directed to porous media. Application of porous media models to fractured hydrogeologic systems is not always reliable. Furthermore, available techniques

devised for fractured media are, in general, impractical and have not been sufficiently tleld-tcsted. There is a need

to evaluate the available techniques and to devise more re- liable and practical methods for analyzing fractured hydrogeologic systems.

(g) Completed development and application of modeling

techniques for hydrothermal systems. Reviewed literature on groundwater fiow in fractured aquifers. Began field study at W. Thornton, N.H. to provide basis for testing various quantitative methods designed for fractured

aquifers. Developed computer programs for available

analytical solutions for double-porosity aquifers. Developed computer program for finite-element model of

double-porosity media. Note, double-porosity is a concept

used to describe certain types of fractured aquifers. Started preliminary evaluation of fluid flow and heat trans- port in high-level radioactive waste repositories.

(It) Geothermal Reservoir Simulation I: Mathematical Models

for Liquid- and Vapor Hydrothermal Systems, C R. Faust,

J. W. Mercer, Water Resources Research, 9 p.. 1978. Geothermal Reservoir Simulation II: Numerical Solution Techniques for Liquid- and Vapor-Dominated Hydrother- mal Systems, C. R. Faust, J. W. Mercer, Waier Resources

Research. 1 1 p., 1978. 322-11464-300-60 COMPARISON OF METHODS USED TO COMPUTE FLOOD BACKWATER THROUGH A BRIDGE

(h) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

(<) D. A. Stedfast. (d) Basic and applied research.

(<) Many Hood profiles are being determined on Wisconsin

streams as a result of HUD flood-insurance studies and

water-resource and flood-plain-use planning efforts by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR).

These studies arc being conducted by many different Federal, state, and local agencies and private consultants using different computer programs and methods. Because

so many different methods are in u.se, information is needed to show how computed results compare.

(g) Field surveys for three cross sections and photographs of

the study area were obtained. Water surface profiles were computed by various methods and compared to observe

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, AMES RESEARCH CENTER, Moffett Field, Calif. 94035. Mr. C. A. Syvertson, Director. 323-10704-810-00 REMOTE SENSING FOR SNOW AND ICE MAPPING, AND

IN-SITU SOIL MOISTURE

(h) Cooperative with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station; U.S. Geologic Survey; State of California Snow

Surveys Branch; and University of California.

(i ) Dr. William I. Linlor, Airborne Missions and Applications

Division, MS 242-4.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Important factors in forecasting water runoff rate from snowpacks include the wetness state of the snow and the melting speed (i.e., net heat input rate to the snow). Per- colation of meltwater through the snow as well as rainfall affect the wetness state. No automated instrumentation is presently available for measuring snowpack wetness. The

present work is investigating methods for wetness deter- mination, using microwave attenuation and phase shifts between a source and receivers. Natural snowpacks at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory (Donner Summit) are employed. Radar backscatter measurements are also in progress to determine the electromagnetic characteristics of snowpacks, including the effects of layering, dielectric constant, and wetness. The information is to be applied in surface systems to provide assessment of watershed

resources on a time-progressive basis, operated automatically, with data transmission via microwave links, or satellites. The microwave techniques are also intended for use

in airborne and satellite-based systems.

(g) The effect of water on the dielectric constant and attenuation of snow has been measured in the frequency range of

4.0 to 12.0 GHz. The snow condition ranged from dry to completely saturated snow. A microwave system based on

a network analyzer was employed to obtain the attenuation and phase shift for snow samples.

(/i) Coherent Microwave Backscatter of Natural Snowpacks, W.

I. Linlor, D. J. Angelakos, F. D. Clapp, J. L. Smith, Report UCB/ERL M77/75, Electronics Research Laboratory,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 15 Nov. 1977.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER, Langley Station, Hainpton, Va. 23665. Donald P. Hearth, Director. 324-09395-420-00 WAVE REFRACTION MODELING OF THE BALTIMORE CANYON CONTINENTAL SHELF REGION AND MODEL

VERIFICATION WITH REMOTE SENSING DATA

(( ) Dr. Charles H. Whitlock. Marine Environments Branch,

Mail Stop 272.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research. 237
(< ) A t'lrst-ordor wave refraction model for the mid-Atlantic

continental shelf region between 37.5° and 40° N latitudes

is being developed, and remote sensing data arc being taken in the region to provide data for verifying the model. Ocean waves are monitored from the edge of the

ct)ntincntal shelf until they reach the shoreline to evaluate how the waves arc modified by continental shelf bathymetry. This particular region was selected because it fits as a subgrid to a planned National Weather Service ocean wave forecasting system and can be used for coastal wave experiment under the planned SEASAT satellite. A

major goal of the research effort is cost reduction of computatioTiai activities through use of improved computer

technology.

(/i) Finite Amplitude Wave Refraction, C. E. Grosch, W. J. Comery, Institute of Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va., Tech. Re'pl . No. 34 (Final report prepared under NASI-1 1707), Jan. 1977. Minimum-Resource Computer Program for Automatic

Generation of Ocean Wave Ray or Crest Diagrams in Shoaling Waters, L R Poole, S. R. LeCroy, W D. Morris, NASA TM-74076. Dec. 1977. 324-09396-710-00 REMOTE SENSING OF COASTAL WATERS

(h) Joint Langley and Old Dominion University Project.

(c ) Dr. Charles H. Whitlock, Marine Environments Branch,

Mail Stop 272.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied research.

((?) Major effort has been to monitor suspended sediment (as a natural water tracer) and chlorophyll (as an indicator of water quality). Analysis techniques have been developed

for measuring pollutants in water. Future efforts will be

directed at automatic analysis of remotely sensed data, through the development of spectral signatures of pollutants, for monitoring -water quality in the Coastal Zones.

(/) Completed.

(h) Mapping of Chlorophyll a Distributions in Coastal Zones,

Dr. R. W. Johnson, Phologrammetric Engrg. and Remote

Sen.sing 44, 5, pp. 617-624, May 1978.

Multispectral Analysis of Ocean Dumped Materials, Dr. R. W. Johnson, Proc. 1 1 ih Intl. Symp. Remote Sensing of Environment. Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 25-29, 1977. Quantitative Analysis of Aircraft Multispectral-Scanner Data and Mapping of Water-Quality Parameters in the James River in Virginia, R W. Johnson, G S. Bahn, NASA

TP-mil , Dec. 1977. 324-11465-710-00 MARINE SPECTRAL SIGNATURE AND OPTICAL PHYSICS RESEARCH FOR REMOTE SENSING OF COASTAL AND

INLAND WATERS

(c ) Dr. Charles H. Whitlock, Marine Environments Branch,

Mail Stop 272.

(d) Laboratory, theoretical, and field investigations.

(e) Determine both spectral signatures and the causes of the signatures for various marine pollutants and natural constituents in turbid waters. Measurements of inherent

reflectance, attenuation coefficient, absorption coefficient, and volume scattering function (O = 0.375 to 160°) are being made at wavelengths of 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm,

550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, and 800 nm. Both

remote-sensing penetration depth and apparent remotesensing penetration depth are also being measured over

the same wavelength range. The underwater optical parameters are input to a number of optical models and

their output compared with measured reflectance values and penetration depths over the 400-800 nm wavelength

range. Tests are being conducted in the Langley Marine

Upwelled Spectral Signature Laboratory and from a specially equipped NASA boat.

(g) Results from previous laboratory reflectance tests and field experiments indicate a variety of spectral signatures occur

as a result of different marine constituents. In most casaes, remote-sensing signals icrease with increasing concentration with various degrees of nonlinearity. Reasons for nonlinearity and lack of signal response are not established,

(/i) An Estimate of the Influence of Sediment Concentration and Type of Remote-Sensing Penetration Depth for Various

Coastal Waters, C H. Whitlock, NASA TM X-73906,

1976. Laboratory Measurements of Reflectance Spectra of Dilute Primary-Treated Sewage Sludge, J. W. Usry, W. G. Witte, C. H. Whitlock, E. A. Gurganus, NASA TP-I03S, . Laboratory Measurements of Upwelled Radiance and

Reflectance Spectra of Calvert, Ball, Jordan, and Feldspar

Soil Sediments, C. H. Whitlock. J W Usry, W. G. Witte.

E. A. Gurganus, NASA TP-1039. \977. Laboratory and Field Measurements of Upwelled Radiance and Reflectance Spectra of Suspended James River Sedi- ments Near Hopewell Virginia, C H. Whitlock, W. G.

Witte, E. A. Gurganus, J. W. Usry, NASA TP-1292, 1978. Penetration Depth at Green Wavelengths in Turbid Waters,

C. H. Whitlock, W G. Witte, J. W. Usry, E. A. Gurganus.

Pliotogrammeiric Engineering and Remote Sensing 44, 1 I

.

pp. 1405-1410, Nov. 1978. Laboratory Measurements of Radiance and Reflectance Spectra of a Dilute Biosolid Industrial Waste Product, J. W.

Usry, W. G. Witte, C. H. Whitlock. E. A. Gurganus, NASA

TP-I40I. 1979.

Investigation of the Effects of Background Water on Upwelled Reflectance Spectra and Analysis Techniques for Dilute Primary-Treated Sewage Sludge, C. H. Whitlock, J. W Usry, W. G. Witte, F. H. Farmer, E. A. Gurganus, NASA TP-1446, 1979. 324-11466-710-00 REMOTE AIRBORNE FLUOROSENSOR

(r) Remote Airborne Fluorosensor Team, Marine Environ- ments Branch, Mail Stop 272.

(d) Experimental/field investigation and classed as applied

research.

(e) Chlorophyll a in vivo fluorescence peaks at 685 nm, and

the magnitude of this fluorescence is dependent on the excitation wavelength and the color group to which the phytoplankton belongs. No single excitation wavelength can efficiently excite phytoplankton belonging to all four color groups. The major effort of this research is to develop a Lidar system operating at different wavelengths

to excite and measure the fluorescence of chlorophyll a in phytoplankton. These data are used to determine the concentration and diversity of the phytoplankton population. Laboratory and field experiments have been conducted

using the Lidar system.

(g) Laboratory tests have been conducted and reported. A

field test was conducted at Narrangansett Bay and the

results reported. Laboratory and field experiments have shown that the Lidar system can detect fluorescence of

chlorophyll a. (h) Multiwavelength Laser Introduced Fluorescence of Algae In Vivo: A New Remote Sensing Technique, P. E. Mumola, O.

Jarrett, Jr , C. A. Brown, Jr. Presented 2nd Joint Conf. Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, Washington, D. C. Dec. 10-12, 1973. Laboratory Studies of In Vivo Fluorescence of Phytoplankton, C. A Brown, Jr , Dr. F H Farmer, O, Jarrett, Jr., W.

Staton. Presented 4th Joint Conf. Sensing of Environmental

Pollutants, New Orleans, La., Nov. 6-11, 1977. 324-1 1467-710-00 REMOTE SENSING OF OCEAN DUMPED MATERIALS

(h) Joint Langley, NOAA/NOS, EPA, University of Delaware

(c) Craig W. Ohlhorst, Marine Environments Branch. Mail Stop 272.

(d) Experiment field investigation, applied research.

(f) Major effort has been to determine the applicability of remote-sensing systems for location, identification, and 238
mapping of ocean dumped wastes in order to develop

monitoring systems for agencies responsible for pollution

control. Future efforts will be directed at using the dumped materials to study surface water movements in the ocean dumped areas. Concurrent laboratory studies have been undertaken to determine what waste characteristics are mainly responsible for the spectral signatures of the waste material and and how changes in these important

characteristics affect the spectral signatures.

(g) All ocean dumped materials studied in field experiments,

to date, created a color change in the water they mixed

with which enabled the waste material to be detected by

aircraft platforms. Ocean dump monitoring by aircraft remote sensors is thus feasible. Satellite monitoring is less feasible due to the fact that all the wastes studied (except

acid wastes from the manufacture of titanium dioxide) dis- appeared as surface features within I to 8 hours after being dumped. Acid waste and sewage sludge have been

quantified in terms of iron concentration and total suspended solids, respectively. (h) \ Summary of the Test Procedures and Operational Details

of a Delaware River and an Ocean Dumping Pollution Monitoring Experiment Conducted Aug. 28, 1975, W. D. Hypes, C. H. Ohlhorst, \ASA TM X-74005, 1977.

Quantitative Mapping by Remote Sensing of an Ocean Acid Waste Dump, C W Ohlhorst, NASA TP-1275. Oct. 1978.

Quantitative Mapping of Particulate Iron in an Ocean Dump Using Remotely Sensed Data, C. W. Ohlhorst, G. S. Bahn. Presented Amer. Soc. of Photogrammetry. Washington, D. C, Feb. 26-Mar. 3. 1978. Monitoring the Temporal Dispersion of a Sewage Sludge Plume in the New York Bight by Remote Sensing, R. W.

Johnson, R. M. Glasgow, I. W. Duedall, J. R. Proni, Pmc.

Amer. Soc. of Pliotogrammeir\\ Washington, D.C., Feb. 26- Mar. 3, 1978. Remote Sensing and Laboratory Techniques for Monitoring Ocean Dumping, C W. Ohlhorst, R W. Johnson, E. R. Meyer. Presented Amer. Geophysical Union Fall Mtg., San

Francisco, Calif., Dec. 5-9, 1977.

Multisp«ctral Analysis of Ocean Dumped Materials, R. W.

Johnson, Proc. 1 1 ih Inll. Symp. Remote Sensing of Environment. Ann Arbor, Mich., Apr. 25-29, 1977. Quantitative Mapping of Suspended Solids in Waste-Water

Sludge Plumes in the New York Bight Apex, R W Johnson, I. W. Duedall, R. M. Glasgow, J R. Proni, T. A. Nelsen, J. Water Pollution Control Federation, pp. 2063-2073,

Oct. 1977. Remote Sensing Operations (Multispectral Scanner and

Photographic) in the New York Bight, R. W. Johnson, J. B. Hall, Jr., NASA TM X-73993. Feb. 1977.

Quantitative Mapping of Chlorophyll a Distributions in CoasUI Zones by Remote Sensing, R. W. Johnson, Proc. 43rd Ann. Mtg. Amer. Soc. of Phoiogrammetry, Washington, D.C., Feb. 27-Mar. 5, 1977.

Identification and Mapping of Pollution Features in the Coastal Zones, R W Johnson. Presented 1977 IEEE Region 3 Conference and E.xhibit, Williamsburg, Va., Apr. 4-

6, 1977. Mapping the Hudson River Plume and an Acid Waste Plume by Remote Sensing in the New York Bight Apex, R. W. Johnson. In Results from the Natiimal Aeronautics and

Space Administration Remote Sensing E.xperiments in the New York Bight. J. B. Hall, Jr., A. O. Pearson, NASA TM

X-74032. Apr. 1977.

Location, Identification, and Mapping of Sewage Sludge and Acid Waste Plumes in the Atlantic Coastal Zones, R

W. Johnson, C. W, Ohlhorst. J. W. Usry, Proc. 4th Joint Conf. Sensing of Environmental Pollutants. New Orleans.

La.. Nov. 6-11, 1977. Laboratory Measurements of Radiance and Reflectance Spectra of Dilute Secondary-Treated Sewage Sludge, W. G.

Witte, J. W. Usry, C. H. Whitlock, E. A. Gurganus, NASA

TP-1089. Dec. 1977.

Remotely Sensed and Laboratory Spectral Signatures of an Ocean-Dumped Acid Waste, B W Lewis, V. G Collins. NASA TN D-S466. Ju\y 1977. Laboratory Measurements of Radiance and Reflectance Spectra of Dilute Primary-Treated Sewage Sludge. J W.

Usry, W. G. Wittc. C. H. Whitlock, E. A Gurganus, NASA

TP-'l03H. \911. Laboratory Measurements of Radiance and Reflectance Spectra of a Dilute Biosolid Industrial Waste Product, J W.

Usry. W. G. Wittc. C. H. Whitlock. E. A. Gurganus, NA.^A

TP-1401. 1979

Investigation of the Effects of Background Water on Upwelled Reflectance Spectra and Analysis Techniques for Dilute Primary-Treated Sewage Sludge, C. H. Whitlock, J. W. Usry, W. G. Witte, F. H. Farmer, E. A. Gurganus. NASA TP-1446. 1979.

Relation of Laboratory and Remotely Sensed Spectral Signatures of Ocean-Dumped Acid Waste, B. W. Lewis.

Conf. Proc. 4th Joint Conf. Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, New Orleans. La.. Nov. 6-1 1. 1977. Application of Remote Sensing to Marine Pollution and Oceanography Studies, R. W. Johnson. Presented 2nd

Working Conf. Oceunographic Data Systems, Woods Hole.

Mass.. Sept. 26-28. 1978.

Effect of Sun Elevation upon Remote Sensing of Ocean

Color Over an Acid Waste Dump Site, W. E. Bressette. Presented 7th Ann. Remote Sensing of Earth Resources

Conf., TuUahoma. Tenn.. Mar. 29-3 1. 1978.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION,

LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER, Cleveland, Ohio 44135. Warner L. Stewart, Director of Aeronautics.

325-07040-630-00 COMPENDIUM ON THE DESIGN OF TURBOPUMPS AND

RELATED MACHINERY

(() Cavour H. Hauser, MS 5-9. Head. Single Stage Compressor Section. Fluid System Components Division. (d) Exposition of theoretical and applied research.

(e) Compile pertinent information on turbopumps developed

by NASA, the various contract research and development

programs, and in-house research. This information will be

correlated, and considered in proper perspective to provide a coherent presentation of the important principles of turbomachinery design. The Compendium will be

published as a NASA Special Publication.

(/) Editing of the Compendium is nearing completion. 325-11468-630-00 SMALL PUMPS FOR LIQUID OXYGEN AND LIQUID HYDROGEN

(c) R. E. Connelly, M.S. 501-7, Project Manager, Lewis Research Center.

(d) Design and development.

(e) Purpose is to develop technology for small liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen pumps for rocket engines. These projects are active; three-stage centrifugal pump for liquid hydrogen, driven by a gas turbine, which operates at 95000 RPM and delivers 6 lbs/sec at 4500 psi; single stage

centrifugal pump for liquid oxygen driven by a partial emission gas turbine which operates at 70000 RPM and

delivers 36 lbs/sec at 4300 psi; and electric motor driven

positive displacement pump (vane pump) for either liquid oxygen or liquid hydrogen which operates at 8000 RPM

for hydrogen and 3000 RPM for oxygen. Flow rates arc 2.67 gpm for oxygen and 7.80 gpm for hydrogen, pressure

rise is 200 to 300 psi. if) The centrifugal pumps are in test and the vane pump is being fabricated. 239
325-11469-130-00 MARANCONI BUBBLE MOTION IN ZERO GRAVITY

(, ) Riihcrl L Thompson. Aerospace Engineer; Professor Kenneth J DeWitt, University of Toledo.

(J) Theoretical, experimental applied research.

(< )The Marangoni phenomenon is proposed as the primary mechanism for the movement of a gas bubble in a nonisothermal liquid in a low gravity environment. An axisymmetirc mathematical model consisting of the Navier-Stokcs and thermal energy equations together with the ap- propriate boundary conditions for both media is being developed. Singular perturbation theory is used to solve

this boundary-value problem, with the expansion parameter being the Marangoni number. The zeroth first and

second order approximations for the velocity, temperature and pressure distributions in the liquid and in the bubble, and the deformation and terminal velocity of the bubble

arc determined. This study has application to a fundamental understanding of materials processing, fluid storage and

transfer operations, and boiling heat transfer in space.

(/) Reduced gravity experiments completed. Analysis including inertial, viscous, thermal and surface tension effects continuing. Experimental zero gravity data for a nitrogen bubble sub- jected to a linear temperature gradient in ethylene glycol, ethanol and silicon oil were obtained. For small Marangoni numbers comparison of the analytical results for a bubble

terminal velocity showed good agreement with the experi- mental measurements. A NASA TM X is being prepared

for publication. 325-1 1470-130-00 ATOMIZATION OF WATER JETS AND SHEETS IN AXIAL AND SWIRLING AIRFLOWS

(c ) Robert D. Ingebo, MS 60-6, Aerospace Engineer

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) Axial and swirling airflows were used to break up water

jets and sheets into sprays of droplets to determine the

overall effects of orifice diameter, weight flow of air, and

the use of an air swirler on fineness of atomization as characterized by mean drop size. A scanning radiometer was used to determine the mean drop diameter of each

spray. Swirling airflows were produced with an axial combustor, 70° blade angle, air swirler. Water jets were in- jected axially upstream, axially downstream and cross stream into the airflow. In addition, pressure atomizing

fuel nozzles which produced a sheet and ligament type of breakup were investigated. Increasing the weight flow rate of air or the use of an air swirler markedly reduced the spray mean drop size.

(,/) Experimental tests in atmospheric pressure airstreams are completed. Tests in high pressure and high velocity airstreams are continuing.

(/i) NASA TM-79043. 24ih Ann. Inll. Gas Turbine Conf.. Mar.

11-15, 1979.

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, WALLOPS FLIGHT CENTER, Wallops Island, Va. 23337.

Dr. Robert L. Krieger, Director. 326-10707-460-00 MICROSCALE AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS AS APPLIED TO REMOTE SENSING OF THE OCEAN

(( ) Dr. Norden E. Huang. Directorate of Applied Science.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research: ongoing joint work with Johns Hopkins University for Doctoral thesis.

(<-) A new wind, wave, and current interaction tank with

several unique features has been completed at Wallops

Flight Center. The test section dimensions are 18.29 m

(60 ft) in length, 0.91 m (3 ft) in width, and 1.22 m (4 ft) in height and filled to a depth of 0.76 m (2.5 ft). Currents

are reversible and variable up to 0.5 1 m/sec and wind

speeds of up tti 25 m/sec are available. The major measuring device consists of a laser probe for slope measure- ments utilizing a new concept for its receiving antenna, producing data accurate to 1° of surface slope for slopes up to 48° and a frequency response beyond 100 Hz. This new device is used in conjunction with an improved

capacitance height probe and anemometry equipment to produce wind, wave, and current interaction data which is then processed to yield frequency spectra, auto- and cross- correlations, and probability densities. The processing equipment is managed and controlled by an electronic programmable system controller with computing, scaling, and plotting capabilities. Results are applied to the problems of remote sensing of the ocean.

(^') An important new parameter has been identified. Termed

the significant slope, S, it is defined as S = (O*"/^. where

4 is the displacement from mean water level, and \„ is the wavelength of the energy-containing wave, the wave of frequency n,„ where n„ is the frequency of the maximum

of the wave height frequency spectrum. The equilibrium range coefficient for wind generated waves has been found

theoretically, in closed form, to be a function of S. Laboratory and field data confirm this result. Additionally, the energy dissipation rate, the skewness of the wave

height probability distribution, the deepening of the ocean

surface mixed layer, a new model for the ocean surface

drift current, and other results have been found to be re- lated to S, the significant slope. Preliminary results from GEOS-3 satellite data, laboratory, and field data have all agreed remarkably well with the theoretical solution for skewness as a function of S for wave height distributions. The present results thus indicate that using these latest theoretical expressions and a radar altimeter operating from space, the following products may be routinely produced; frequency spectra of surface waves, surface drift current, mixed layer depth, drag coefficient for wind

stress, rate of wave attenuation, oceanic turbulence

generation, and the eddy viscosity.

(/!) The Dispersion Relation for a Non-Linear Random Gravity Wave Field, N. E. Huang, C.-C. Tung, J. Fluid Mec/i. 75,

pp. 337-345, 1976. A New Wind, Wave, and Current Interaction Research

Facility, S R. Long, R. V. Snyder, N. E. Huang, J. vanOvereem, presented Spring Ann. Mtg. Amer.

Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 58, 6,

p. 41 1, 1977. Measurement of the Gulf Stream by GEOS-3 Radar Al- timeter, C D Leitao, C G Parra, N. E. Huang, presented

Spring Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer.

Geophysical Union 58, 6, p. 368. 1977.

Detailed Measurements of a Gulf Stream Meander Off Onslow Bay, C G Parra, C D Leitao, N. E Huang, R J. Perchal, presented Spring Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophpysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 58, 6, p. 369,

1977. A New Model for Surface Drift Current Inducted by Wind

and Waves, N E. Huang, presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer.

Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 58,

12, p. 1 167, 1977. The Influence of the Directional Energy Distribution on the Nonlinear Dispersion Relation in a Randomly Gravity Wave

Field, N. E. Huang, C.-C. Tung, J. Phys. Oceano. 7, 3, pp. 403-414, 1977. Application of a Radiation-Type Boundary Condition to the Wave, Porous Bed Problem, C R McClain, N E Huang,

L. J Pietrafesa, J. Phys. Ocean,,. 7, 6, pp. 823-835, 1977. A Laboratory Study of the Wave Height Probability Dis- tribution of Wind Generated Waves, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang. Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 58, 12. p. 1167, 1977. A Laboratory Study of the Surface Drag Coefficient, S. R. Long, N. E. Huang, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union 59, 4,

p. 291, 1978. 240
Generalized Ekman Equations and Modeling of Surface Layer Drift Currents. N. E. Huang. Trans. Amer. Geophysi- cJ i m„n 59. 4. p. 291. 1978. Remote Sensing of Gulf Stream Using GEOS-3 Radar Altimeter. C. D. Lcitao. N. E. Huang. C. G. Parra. \'ASA

Tech. Paper 1209. 1978. Large-scale Gulf Stream Frontal Study Using GEOS-3

Radar Altimeter Data. N. E Huang. C. D. Leitao. C. G.

Parra, J. Geophys. Res. 83. C9. pp. 4673-4682, 1978. On Surface Drift Currents in the Ocean, N. E. Huang.

Presented 2nd Conf. Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and

Stability of the Amer. Meteorological Soc, Bull. Amer.

Meteorological Society 59, 7, p. 887. 1978. On the Relationships Between Mean Wind Velocity, Wind

Stress, and Wave Development, S. R Long, N E. Huang

Presented 2nd Conf. Atmospheric and Oceanic Waves and

Stability of the Amer. Meteorological Soc, Bull. Amer.

Meteorological Society 59, 7. p. 888, 1978. Ocean Surface Measurement Using Elevations from GEOS3 Altimeter, C. D. Leitao, N E. Huang, C. G. Parra, J

Spacecraft and Rockets 15, 6, pp. 362-367. 1978. On the Value of the Equilibrium Range Constant for Wind

Generated Gravity Waves, N E Huang Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer.

Geophysical Union. 59, 12. p. 1099, 1978. Surface Current Measurements Off Delaware Coast, M

Games, T. Ichiye, M. Inove, N. E. Huang. Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer.

Geophysical Union 59, 12, p. 1 102, 1978. A Study of the Wave Height Probability Distribution Function of Wind Generated Waves, S. R Long, N. E. Huang.

Presented Fall Ann. Mtg. Amer. Geophysical Union.

Trans Amer. Geophysical Union 59, 12, p. 1099. 1978. On Surface Drift Currents in the Ocean, N. E. Huang, J. Fluid Mec/i. 91. pp 201-218, 1979. On the Variation of the Equilibrium Range Coefficient for Wind Generated Gravity Wave Field, N. E. Huang, S. R

Long Submitted to J Fluid Mech.. 1979. A Study of the Wave Height Probability Distribution and

Statistics of Wind Generated Waves, N E Huang, S. R

Long. Submitted to J. Fluid Mech.. 1979. A Simple Model of Ocean Surface Drift Current, N, E. Huang. Submitted to J Fluid Mech.. 1979. NAVAL CONSTRUCTION BATTALION CENTER, CIVIL EN- GINEERING LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY,

Port Hueneme, Calif. 93043. H. L. Gill, Head, Ocean

Engineering Department.

327-08498-430-22 TRANSPORTABLE BREAKWATERS

(/j) Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

(c ) Director, Foundation Engineering Division, Code L42.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied

research, development.

(f ) A continuing survey of new developments and occasional

analyses of particular concepts for breakwaters are un- dertaken to identify and evaluate concepts having potential application in a "transportable"' or "portable" break-

(g) An extensive survey of reports and published papers was

conducted and reported. Analyses of flexible blankets, tethered floats, and offset surfaces have been made.

Laboratory experiments have yielded data on wave generation and wave transmission for an inclined, hinged plate and on wave transmission and moving forces for a sloping

float (inclined pontoon) breakwater module. Development

has begun on a mathematical model of the dynamics of a

sloping float.

(/i) The Behavior of an Inclined Pontoon Breakwater in Water

Waves, F. Raichlen. J. -J. Lee. Civil Engrg. Lah. Rept. on

P.O. .\o. N62SH3I78 M R522. 43 pages. May 1978.

Experiments on an Inclined Pontoon Breakwater in Water

Waves, F. Raichlen, Civil Engrg. Lah Report on P. O. No. N625H3I7S M R668. 65 pages, Nov, 1978. The reports arc

available at NTIS and the Civil Engrg. Lab. 327-09410-430-22 DYNAMICS OF FLEXIBLE CABLES IN THE OCEAN

(h) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(( ) Dallas Meggitt, Ocean Structures Division, Code L44.

(d) Theoretical, laboratory, field studies; applied research.

(f) Development of the capability to predict and control dynamic responses of cable/buoy arrays in the deep ocean. The research has been divided into large-displacement low-frequency dynamics, and small-amplitude high- frequency dynamics (strumm.ing). Mathematical models

have been developed and tested through laboratory experi- ments. The models are also being validated with field ex- periments.

(g) Predictive models for the frequency, amplitude and in- creased drag of strumming cables have been developed and limited comparisons to at-sea measurements have been made. A study of strumming-suppression devices has been started to determine the fluid mechanic mechanisms

by which these devices work. An extensive series of

laboratory and at-sea experiments have provided a large data base for comparison with computer prediction of

large-scale dynamic behavior of cable structures.

(/i) Vortex-Excited Vibrations of Marine Cables, O. M. Griffin,

J. H. Patterson, R. A. Skop, S. E. Ramberg, D. J. Meggitt,

Proc. ASCE J. Waterway. Port. Coastal and Ocean Division (submitted for publication. 1979). Comparisons Between Small-Scale Cable Dynamics Experi- mental Results and Simulations Using SEADVN and SNAPLG Computer Models, P A Palo, Ov/7 Engineering Laboratory Tech. Memo. M-44-79-5 (Jan. 1979). A Survey of Recent Investigations into the Nature of Cable Strumming, Its Mechanisms and Suppression, J. E. Kline.

J. J. Nelligan, J. S. Diggs, MAR. Inc Tech. Rep. 210 (July 1978). 327-09411-220-22 CONTROL OF SEDIMENTATION IN NAVY HARBORS

(h) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c) R. J. Malloy, Foundation Engineering Division, Code L42.

(d) Applied experimental research.

(e) Several conceptual alternatives to conventional dredging

are being investigated through laboratory and field experi- ments, to obtain environmentally cleaner and less expensive techniques/equipment to control sedimentation in Navy harbors.

(g) A water jet array was 100 percent successful in preventing sedimentation on the 30 m x 30 in array, but elaborate network of PVC pipe on bottom of berth is subject to damage by ships deploying anchors when mooring. A

water jet array positioned along the base of a quay wall was 70 percent effective in preventing sedimentation 50

feet out from the wall. Piping is out of way. so damage is unlikely.

( h ) The Evaluation of Sediment Management Procedures Phase

I, W G. Van Dorn, D. L. Inman, R W Harris, Final Report 1974-1975 SIO Reference Series 75-32. 1975. The Evaluation of Sediment Management Procedures Phase

II, W. G Van Dorn, D. L Inman, R. W. Harris, S. S. McElmury, Final Report 1975-1976 SIO Reference 77-/0, 1977. The Evaluation of Sediment Management Procedures Phase

III, W G. Van Dorn, D. L. Inman, S. S. McElmury, Final Report 1976-1977 SIO Reference 78-lH. 1975. 327-10710-870-22 VACUUM WASTEWATER TRANSFER SYSTEMS

(h) Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

(t ) E P. Skillman. Environmental Protection Division, Code

L54. 241
iJ) Rxpcrimcntal, theoretical and t'ield Investigation; applied

research, development

(< ) Develop design criteria tor wastewater collec- tion/transportation systems employing a single vacuum

transport main in the collection of wastewaters from multiple sources (toilets, kitchens, laundry, showers).

(/) Completed.

(f!) The transport efficiency of a vacuum system (i.e.. gallons

i>f wastewater transferred per unit of energy input) is a function of air-to-watcr ratio. The design head for a vacuum transport system must include the total head that

results from the cummulativc positive sloping portions of

the line and pipe line velocity and friction heads. Vortexing has been found to produce about a 40 percent decrease in vacuum wastewater transfer rate.

( h ) Characteristics of Vacuum Wastewater Transfer Systems,

E. P. Skillman, ASME Publication 76-ENAS-43. July 1976. 327-11471-420-22 WAVE FORCES ON OCEAN STRUCTURES

ih) Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

(c ) Thomas M. Ward, Code L44. Ocean Structures Division.

(d) Development of the capability for reliable estimates of wave forces and the effect of waves on ocean structures.

(f ) Improved analytical techniques will be formulated, experi- mental data correlated, and comparisons between pre- dicted and measured parameters will be made.

(/) Project is being formulated. 327-11472-430-22 SEAWATER HYDRAULIC TOOL SYSTEMS

(b) Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

(c ) Standley A. Black, Research Mechanical Engineer, Civil Engineering Laboratory, NCBC Code L43, Port Hueneme,

Calif. 93043.

(d) Theoretical, research and development.

(e) Develop medium pressure (1500 psi) hydraulic tool systems for underwater diver use which use seawater in place of oil as the working fluid. The present effort is directed towards the development of a balanced vane motor capable of producing approximately 5 H.P. output.

In addition an axial ball piston motor is being fabricated

for evaluation.

(g) A study of the materials lubrication/corrosion/wear, problems of small positive displacement hydraulic motors

using seawater as the lubricant and working fluid was

completed. The study recommended development of a balanced (double entry) vane motor. An experimental vane motor is presently being designed and fabricated. In addition a copy of an experimental piston motor, designed and fabricated by the National Engineering Laboratory,

East Kilbride, Scotland is being purchased for CEL's test and evaluation.

U.S. NAVAL CX:EAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY, Department of the Navy, NSTL Station, Miss. 39529.

328-10788-420-00 WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION STUDIES IN A LARGE- SCALE OUTDOOR SIMULATION FACILITY

(c ) Ming-Yang Su. Address same as above.

(d) Basic theoretical and experimental study.

(e) Investigate the influence of the steady nonuniform currents, either with or without curvature, on the wave

propagation and its power spectra density. The experimental facility is an outdoor flood plain simulation facility with

a dimension of 300" wide, 4500' long and 3" deep. The

waves with a crest length of 50" are generated mechanically.

(/) The wave-maker has been completed and a wave probe

fabricated.

(X") Completed a series of experiments which gave the first ex- perimental ci)nfirmation of the twi)-dimensional, non-linear wave-wave interactions among surface gravity waves.

( /i ) Papers on The Measurement of Directional Wave Spectra and Their Transfer Rate, are in preparation. NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER, Department of the Navy, San Diego, Calif. 92152.

329-07219-550-22 PROPULSOR DESIGN

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(< ) D. M. Nelson, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6342.

(.d) Theoretical, experimental, applied research.

(f) Develop advanced theoretical methods for the design of underwater propulsors, program them for high speed computers, and apply them to the design of hardware which may be experimentally verified. Work to date has concentrated on the development of a lifting-surface design method for counter-rotating propellers operating on an ax- isymmetric body.

(g) Recently three sets of counterrotating propellers ranging in application from a small lightweight torpedo to a sub- marine have been designed, fabricated, and tested. The

blade geometry of these designs varied from moderately skewed to highly skewed. Towing basin propulsion tests and water tunnel cavitation tests were performed on all the designs to completely document performance. The

propellers performed close to design expectations exhibit- ing high efficiency and excellent cavitation performance.

(/i) Development and Application of a Lifting-Surface Design Method for Counterrotating Propellers, D. M. Nelson, NUC TP 326, Nov 1972. A Computer Program Package for Designing WakeAdapted Counterrotating Propellers: A User's Manual, D. M. Nelson, NUC TP 494, Dec 1975. 329-09450-250-20 WATER JET PHOTOGRAPHY

{h) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. J. W. Hoyt, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6301.

id) Experimental basic research.

(e) The effects of shape parameters on the performance of

water-jet nozzles discharging in air were investigated using a camera specially adapted for jet photography. The boundary-layer developing on the exit surface of the nozzle is shown to account for the jet appearance revealed by high speed photography. Optimum nozzles seem to have the boundary-layer transition to turbulence inside the nozzle;

transition outside the nozzle being accompanied by spray formation and early jet disruption. The effect of polymer

additives seems to be earlier transition and a thinner tur- bulent boundary layer inside the nozzle which improves jet performance. Also, instabilities occurring in high Reynolds number water jets discharging in air have been made visi- ble. These instabilities include the axisymmetric mode ac- companying the transition from laminar to turbulent flow

at the nozzle exit, spray formation as a culmination of the axisymmetric disturbances, and further downstream, heli- cal disturbances which result in the entire jet assuming a

helical form. The final disruption of the jet is due to amplification of the helical waves. It is further shown that the amplification of the helical disturbances is due in part to aerodynamic form drag, since jets discharging into sur- rounding air moving at the same speed as the jet remain

relatively stable, compared with the case when the jet is discharged into stagnant air. (g) See (e).

(/)) Turbulence Structure in a Water Jet Discharging in Air, J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, Physics „f Fluids 20, p. 5253, 1977.

Effect of Nozzle Shape and Polymer Additives on Water Jet Appearance, J. W. Hoyt, J. J. Taylor, accepted for publication J. Fluids Engineering. 242
Waves on Water Jets, J. W. Hnyt, J. J. Taylor, J. Fluid Mn hank s 83, p. 119. 1977.

Elliptical Water Jets, J. W. Hoyl. J J Taylor. AlAA Journut 16, p. 85. 1478. 329-10771-010-00 BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL BY SUCTION

(h) Naval Ocean Systems Center. Naval Sea Systems Command.

(t ) Dr. C. E. Bassett, Naval Ocean Systems Center. Code 631.

(d) Experimental basic and applied research.

((') Tests are conducted on various 3()-inch long. 2-inch

diameter, sting-mounted, porous-shelled models in the NOSC water tunnel at Reynolds numbers up to 10 x 1()«. Porous materials tested are stainless steel, titanium, polyethylene and Kynar. Also tests are conducted on the

effect of suspended ocean type particulates and flow parameters on porous material clogging and boundary

layer stability. The objective is to obtain basic information on boundary layer suction for underwater vehicles. (g) Laminar flow has been maintained up to 9 x 10"* Reynolds number on porous stainless steel models.

(/i) Boundary Layer Development for BLCS Ocean Pipe Flow

Experiment, D. M. Ladd, NOSC TN 146. May 1977. Boundary Layer Control by Suction of a Porous Body of Revolution, P. J. Harvey, NOSC TN IHI, June 1977. BLCS Porous Materials, J. C. Logan, NOSC TN 352, Oct. 1977. The Effect of Material and Flow Parameters and Suspended

Particulates on the Clogging Rate of Porous Materials, R.

L. Bedore. NOSC TN 453. Mar. 1978. BLCS Porous Materials, J. C Logan, NOSC TN 352. Oct.

1977. The Effect of Material and Flow Parameters and Suspended

Particulates on the Clogging Rate of Porous Materials, R.

L. Bedore. NOSC TN 453. Mar. 1978. BLCS Porous Materials' Tests, J C. Logan. NOSC TN

540. Oct. 1978. Water Tunnel Tests of Porous Materials for BLCS Applications, P. J Harvey, D. M. Ladd. NOSC TN 570, Oct. 1978. 329-10773-010-22 ROUGHNESS/TRANSITION EXPERIMENTS

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c ) Dr. M. M. Reischman, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code

6342.

id) Experimental applied research.

(e) The objective is to measure and evaluate the effects of surface roughness and particulate size and concentration on a thermally stabilized boundary layer. Transition measurements have been made on a 9:1 ellipsoid of revolution

in the NOSC, low-turbulence water tunnel utilizing a TSI 1090 laser Doppler anemometer. The model is heated

using hot water circulation within the model. Analytical ef- forts include the utilization of the transition analysis pro- gram system (TAPS) computer code to both verify the ex- perimental data and evaluate methods of surface roughness simulation.

ig) Extensive data has been taken with cold 9:1 ellipsoid with

a 120 ^m finish. The results agree with the theoretical

analysis and TAPS calculations. Also, data taken for the hot ellipsoid with several overheats agree with results of TAPS calculations. Experiments were performed for both

hot and cold cases with the addition of a low concentration of 25 (j.m particles and no significant effects were observed. An infrared radiation test was performed to observe the transient behavior of the heated body with the use of the constant wall temperature and constant heat

flux inserts designed for the model. These tests confirmed

both the design technique and the validity of the model

surface temperature characteristics.

329-10774-050-20 JET CAVITATION

(h) Office of Naval Research. U ) Dr. J. W. Hoyt, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code 6301.

(d) Experimental basic research. W) Using a specially designed camera adapted for photog- raphy of water jets, a study was made of the effect of polymer additives on underwater jet cavitation. The drag- reducing additive, polyacrylamide, at a concentration of

25 parts per million, greatly decreased the cavitation in- ception index (i.e., it was more difficult to cause cavitation), but more interestingly from the fiow visualization standpoint, greatly changed the appearance of the cavitation bubbles. Whereas the bubble appearance in pure water resembled ragged groups of small bubbles with the

overall impression of sharpness and roughness, the cavitation bubbles in polymer solution are larger, rounded, and

of completely different appearance. Similar results were

obtained with the drag-reduction polymer, poly(ethylene

oxide). By contrast, the non-drag-reducing polymer, CARBOPOL, did not affect either inception or appearance of

the cavitation bubbles; both being similar to water.

(g) See (e).

( /i ) A Photographic Study of Inception and Cavitation in Jet Flow, J. W. Hoyt. J. J. Taylor, to be presented, /nil. Svmp.

Caviialion Inception, ASME Winter Ann. Mtg., N.Y.. Dec.

1979. Vortex Cavitation in Polymer Solutions, J W. Hoyt. ASME

Cavitation and Polyphase Flow Forum, p. 17, 1978. 329-11483-130-00 BUBBLE SIZE EXPERIMENTS

(h) Naval Ocean Systems Center, IR&IED Program.

(t ) Dr. M. M. Reischman, Naval Ocean Systems Center, Code

6342.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research.

(e) The objective of the research was to conduct lab-scale ex- perimental research on sizes and distribution of bubbles generated by gas flow exiting into water fiow as a function of gas fiow rate, water fiow rate, ejector geometry, and up- stream turbulence. The goal of the research is to deter- mine gas ejection configurations and parameters for future naval vehicles that limit bubble sizes to those of minimal

acoustic interference.

(/) Completed.

(/?) Experiments were conducted on a flat plate apparatus in the NOSC. low-turbulence, high-speed water tunnel. Data was collected photographically and reduced via subsequent

digital image processing and computer analysis. Results in- dicate that the ratio of gas fiow to freestream water

velocity is the primary variable affecting the mean bubble

diameter. The air ejection hole diameter has minimal ef- fect on the mean diamter but weakly infiuences the width

of the bubble distribution. Boundary layer thickness and

hole angle also have no distinct effects. It was also shown

that the data reduction method, video digitization, has broad applicability in the extraction of numerical results from fiow visualization data.

(/i) Numerical Hydromechanics Data From Digital Image Arrays, N H. Hughes, M. M Reischman, J. M Holzmann,

Proc. SPIE, 155, p. 191-98, Aug. 1978. 329-11484-010-00 TRANSITION FLOW NOISE

(h) Naval Material Command, NOSC IR&IED

(() T. S. Mautner, Naval Ocean systems Center, Code 6342.

(d) Basic experimental research.

(e) The objective is to measure the transducer response produced by the wall pressure fluctuations associated with

the turbulent spot phase of boundary layer transition. Ex- perimental results will establish the variation of fiow noise

as a function of turbulent spot location. Wall pressure

fluctuations will be measured by microphones mounted in a fiat plate apparatus in the UCSD wind tunnel. The

microphones will measure the boundary layer noise at 243
various locations with respect to the origin of the artifi- cially generated turbulent spots as they travel in an other- wise laminar boundary layer.

(f-) Preliminary results show that the ensemble mean (i.e.,

I ()()() events) of the turbulent spot pressure field has peak

pressures from X-2() times greater than the laminar boundary layer values. Also, the peak pressures correspond to the passage of the leading and trailing edges of the spot

velocity field and the convection velocities of the pressure and velocity (at the wall) field arc nearly identical.

U.S. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, Washington, D C. 20375. E. E. Henifin, CAPT, USN, Commander.

331-07065-420-22 MICROWAVE SCATTERING FROM WIND WAVES

(c ) Dr. W. J. Plant, Dr. G. R. Valenzuela, W. C. Keller, Code

8344.

(d) Field studies of modulated microwave backscatter from

the sea surface are performed. Influences of air flow, sur- face contaminants, and air-sea temperature differences on

the backscatter are examined.

(/i) Studies of Backscattered Sea Return, with a CW, Dual- Frequency X-Band Radar, W. J. Plant, IEEE Trans, on Am. & Prop. AP-21, I, 28 ( 1977). Growtli and Equilibrium of Short Gravity Waves in a Wind-Wave Tank, W. J. Plant, J. W. Wright, J. Fluid Mech. 82, 4, 767 (1977). Modulation of Coherent Microwave Backscatter by Shoaling Waves, J. Geophys. Res. 83, C3, 1347 (1978). 331-07067-420-00 SEA SPECTRA ANALYSIS

(c ) Denzil Stilwell, Jr., Code 7924.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations of optical techniques for the measurement of statistical descriptors of

the ocean surface.

(e) This program provides ocean wave information by coherent optical analysis of ocean surface images.

(g) Present efforts are exploiting non-photographic methods to obtain near real time spectral analysis capability.

(/i ) Determination of Ocean Surface Descriptors Using Sea Photo Analysis Techniques, R O Pilon, NRL Rept. 7574,

July 1973.

Directional Spectra of Surface Waves from Photographs, D.

Stilwell, Jr., R. O. Pilon, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 9, pp. 1277-

1284, Mar. 1974. 331-08524-250-00 STABILITY OF LAMINAR PIPE FLOWS OF

VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS

(c ) R. J. Hansen, Code 8444.

(d) Theoretical basic research.

(e) A spectral method has been developed to study the stabili- ty of fully-developed pipe flows of rheologically complex

fluids. Chebyshev polynomials have been utilized in the development of the method.

if) Completed.

(g) Computations performed using the method have

established that liquid viscoelasticity (represented by the convected derivative terms in the Oldroyd constitutive equation) destabilizes a laminar pipe fiow. This result is consistent with experimental work on the "early turbu- lence" phenomenon in pipe flows of viscoelastic liquids.

(/i) Numerical Study of the Hydrodynamic Stability of Pipe Flows of Newtonian and Viscoelastic Fluids by a Chebyshev

Expansion Function Method, R. J. Hansen, M D Kelleher,

Proc. I SI I ml. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Laminar and

Turbulent Flows, pp. 923-934 ( 1978).

331-09418-010-22 TURBULENT STRUCTURE OF GEOPHYSICAL BOUNDARY

LAYERS

(/j) Department of the Navy.

(( ) Mr. Clifford Gordon, Code 8345

(d) Field studies of the benthic boundary layer in an estuary including measurements of Reynolds stress, turbulent

kinetic energy and velocity profiles. (e) Establish whether the findings of contemporary wind tunnel and laboratory boundary layer investigations are

directly applicable to the large scale turbulent structure of

geophysical boundary layers. The most specific interest is in the scaling behavior of the bursting phenomenon.

(g) Direct measurements have shown that most of the vertical transport of horizontal momentum in a marine boundary

layer occurs intermittently; 90 percent of the transport takes place in about 30 percent of the time.

( /) ) Sediment Entrainment and Suspension in a Turbulent Tidal Flow, C. M. Gordon, Marine Geology 18, pp. 57-64, 1975. Turbulent Structure in a Benthic Boundary Layer, C. M.

Gordon, J. Witting, Bottom Turbulence, Elsevier Oceanographic Series 19, pp. 59-81, 1977. 331-09420-250-00 INTERACTION OF A SHEAR FLOW WITH A COMPLIANT BOUNDARY

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) R. J. Hansen.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) The effects of surface compliance on boundary layer flows

is examined experimentally and theoretically. Of particular

interest are alterations in skin friction drag due to surface compliance and deformations in the surface caused by the

fluid. (g) An experimental study of the flow over a compliant region of a flat plate has been completed. Three major classes of

surface waves generated by the flow are identified in terms

of their origin and propagation velocities. The nondimensional onset velocity for two of the three types of waves is identical to that previously observed in rotating disk ex- periments. The third type of wave, associated with irregularities in the coating topography, has a lower onset

velocity. A high-aspect-ratio rectangular channel has been

constructed to conduct detailed studies of the effects of

various types of flexible surfaces on skin friction drag. 331-10711-030-20 FLOW-INDUCED MOTIONS OF FLEXIBLE CABLES AND

CYLINDERS ALIGNED WITH THE MEAN FLOW

DIRECTION

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) C. C. Ni and R. J. Hansen, Code 8444, Bldg. 3-4. (d) Basic and applied experimental research.

(e) A large, blowdown water channel with a 14.8 m long, 19 cm i.d. transparent test section is used in this work. Flow

velocities in the test section of up to 9 m/sec can be real- ized. A rigid rod of the same diameter as the flexible test specimen is mounted on the axis of the test section for the

first twenty hydraulic diameters to produce a fully developed annular flow. The front end of the test specimen is attached to the downstream end of this rod, and the downstream extremity of the test piece may be

either free to move or fixed. The lateral, flow-induced motions of the flexible cable or cylinder are monitored optically. (g) Flow-induced lateral motions on the order of one cylinder diameter in amplitude are observed in 1.6 cm diameter

flexible cables and cylinders. The motions can be

described as a limited band stationary, random process of predominantly low frequency content (under 20 Hz). The

measured drag coefficient of a flexible cylinder with a free downstream end is lower thant that predicted by previous

theoretical studies of turbulent, annular flows. 244
(/i) An Experimental Study of the Flow-Induced Motions of a

Flexible Cylinder in Axial Flow, C. C. Ni, R. J. Hansen, J. Fluids Engrg.. Trans. ASME 100, pp. 389-394 (1978). Flow-induced Transverse Motions of a Flexible Cable

Aligned with the Flow Direction, Proc. Oceans '78 4ih Ann. Comhined Conf. of M.T.S. and IEE E., pp. 287-290

( 1978). 331-11494-420-00 LANGRANGIAN WIND AND CURRENT VECTORS VERY

CLOSE TO A SHORT-FETCH WIND-SWEPT SURFACE

(c) Allen H. Schooley, Ocean Sciences Division.

(g) Drag or wind stress, used in aeronautics and drag or wind

stress, used in oceanography, are essentially equivalent under short fetch conditions where the wind velocity, substantially exceeds the water velocity. Lilcewise, lift and wave height are related under the same conditions. An

average short fetch wind wave of 10 m sec"' shows the properties of increasing drag and lift from the trough to the skewed down-wind pealc. Immediately after the peak

the drag and lift drop to a low value corresponding to a region of aerodynamic stall. Recovery is rapid and the process is repeated for the next wave. In spite of the

similarities, short fetch water waves are not well designed

air foils. They are somewhat like flying an airfoil backwards. 331-11495-420-20 WAVE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Steven E. Ramberg, Owen M. Griffm, Code 8441.

(d) Applied experimental and theoretical research.

(e) The wave forces on horizontal, vertical and inclined cylin- ders are studied in the so-called Morison regime where

both drag and inertial forces are important. Of particular

interest are the sensitivities of the usual prediction methods to procedural variations and to common

hydrodynamic assumptions. Consistent methods and in some instances alternate approaches are sought in order to improve the resolution of a typical wave force orediction.

(g) A number of sources of uncertainty in wave force prediction have been identiHed and discussed. Several sources have been attributed to common variations and to com- mon errors in the methods of computing empirical force

transfer coefficients, while other sources have been traced

to hydrodynamic oversimplifications. The hydrodynamic

errors have been shown to stem from an inadequate ac- counting for the eccentricity of water particle orbits under

waves, the orientation of the orbits with respect to the

cylinder, and the variation of flow over the length of a

cylinder. Consideration of these effects has led to a modified form of the Morison equation for horizontal

cylinders and has indicated techniques for improving

cylinder force predictions on cylinders mounted vertically

in waves. Comparisons with laboratory data and previous

results have been performed with favorable results. Impli- cations for inclined cylinders and short-crested seas have been discussed. (h) Some Errors and Uncertainties in Wave Force Computations, S. E. Ramberg, J. M. Niedzwecki, Offshore Technolo- gy Conf Paper 3597 (May 1979). 331-11496-420-20 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OCEAN SURFACE WAVES

(<>) Office of Naval Research

(c) E. Wade Miner, Code 8441.

(d) Basic research in numerical fluid mechanics.

(e) Research is being conducted to develop techniques for the numerical simulation of progressive free-surface waves. The present computer code, SPLISH, uses a finite-dif- ference method and a triangular mesh to solve the governing partial differential equations which are in a Lagrangian

formulation. Computational resources are conserved by

limiting the domain to one wave-length and by imposing

periodic side boundary conditions. The long range goal of

the research is the calculation of wave effects on ocean

(j?) Good simulations for two-dimensional wave flow (e.g., a constant-depth wave channel) have been achieved. Simulated wave periods and particle trajectories agree well with

classical non-linear wave theory. Simulations have also been achieved with good results for wave flow over a half- cylinder mounted on the channel bottom. Data from the simulations for the wave-induced pressure fluctuations over the half-cylinder appear promising. (/i)A Finite-Difference Method for Calculating Free Surface Waves, E. W. Miner, M. J. Fritts, O M. Griffin, Proc. I.u

Intl. Conf. Numerical Melliods in Laminar and Turbulent Flow, pp. 597-608, Swansea, U.K., July 17-21, 1978.

DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPAAENT CENTER, Department of the Navy, Headquaiters. Bethesda, Md. 20084. Captain Myron V. Ricketts, USN,

Commander; Dr. Alan Powell Technical Director. ANNAPOUS LABORATORY, SHIP AAATERIALS ENGINEER- ING DEPARTMENT, Annapolis, Md. 21402.

332-10713-520-22 MATERIALS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SHIPS

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) A. Rufolo, Non-Metallics Division and J. J. Kelly, Planning and Analysis Office. (d) Experimental; applied research and development.

(e) Development of coatings and overlay materials which can

provide corrosion, erosion and antifouling protection; of

structural materials which can resist erosion, primarily that produced by cavitation; of fabric reinforced rubber for

seals and skirts of surface effect ships (SES) and surface

effect vehicles (SEV). Cavitation studies are performed on

(I) a rotating disk apparatus, (2) vibratory equipment, and (3) a high speed Venturi nozzle. Dynamic per- formance studies on fabric reinforced rubber are carried out on a rotating drum impactor. Field trials have included experimental applications on Navy hydrofoils and air- cushion vehicles (ACV).

(g) Materials with high resistance to cavitation erosion have been evaluated and catalogued. Skirt/seal operational life, demonstrated to be a critical problem, has been increased through the discriminating selection of the components of

fabric-reinforced rubbers. Basic studies continue on the dynamic behavior of skirt/seal materials. 332-11473-690-00 SYNTHETIC TRIARYL PHOSPHATES AS FIRE RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUIDS

(b) Naval Ship Engineering Center.

(c) Mr. C. L. Brown, Lubrication, Friction, and Wear Branch.

(d) Applied research and development.

{e) Investigations are in progress to determine the suitability of synthetically prepared triaryl phosphate fluids as replacements for Specification MIL-H-I9457B triaryl phosphates which are derived from natural products. The MIL-H-19457B fluids are currently used in Navy surface

ship hydraulic systems where fire resistant fluids are required. However, the fluid is considered potentially more

active physiologically than is desirable. Therefore a less physiologically active replacement fluid is desired. Two

types of synthetic fluids are being investigated; the isopropylated triaryl phosphates and the tertiary butylated

triaryl phosphates. Physical and chemical measurements

and performance evaluations are in progress to determine

their suitability. ig) The tertiary butylated triaryl phosphate type is considered more promising than the isopropyl phosphate type fluid because of its superior fire resistance. The adequacy of the

lubricating ability of the tertiary butylated fluid is under

investigation. 245
332-11474-690-22 SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS FOR NAVY HYDRAULIC

SYSTEMS

(/)) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(< ) Mr. C. L. Brown and Dr. R. W. McQuaid, Lubrication,

Friction, and Wear Branch.

(d) Applied research and development.

(f) The project is aimed at developing synthetic hydrocarbon

base hydraulic fluids as replacements for four petroleum

base fluids now in naval applications, MIL-L-17331 (MS

2I90-TEP), MIL-L-17672 (MS 2075-TH and MS 2110- TH) and MIL-F-17111. The replacement fluids are required because the petroleum industry is finding it in- creasingly difficult to maintain constancy of base fluids as required under the current military specifications. Two

types of synthetic fluids (poly alpha olefins and dialkyl benzenes) are being evaluated as possible substitute base

fluids. Performance improving additives will be incor- porated into the fluids to provide finished fluid per- formance that will be equivalent to the respective current petroleum-base fluids. Bench scale and full-scale per- formance evaluations will be conducted. The most successful fluid formulations will be subjected to evaluation in Fleet hydraulic systems.

(g) New project-no significant results. 332-11475-690-00 VALVE STICKING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC

FLUIDS

(h) Naval Ship Engineering Center.

(c) Mr. C. L. Brown, Lubrication, Friction, and Wear Branch,

(rf) Applied research and development.

(e) The project is aimed at evaluating valve sticking ten- dencies of Navy petroleum-base hydraulic fluids and

providing remedial action. Chemical analyses and physical performance experiments have been conducted to deter- mine the cause of valve sticking which actually occurred

in a ship hydraulic system. This included the design and

construction of a laboratory rig to measure valve actuation

forces using actual system valves. ig) Two components of one manufacturer's fluid have been

identified as able to cause valve sticking when used in combination with each other. A method for measuring

valve sticking tendencies has been incorporated in military specification MIL-L-17331 for the hydraulic fluid. The

valve sticking tendencies of other classes of hydraulic

fluids are being explored.

DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOP- MENT CENTER, Department of the Navy, Headquarters,

Bethesda, Md. 20084. CARDEROCK LABORATORY, SHIP PERFORMANCE DEPART- MENT, Bethesda, Md. 20084.

333-09431-550-22 BLADE LOADING OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPEL- LERS

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(t ) Robert J. Boswell, Propulsor Technology.

id) Experimental; development.

(e) A combined experimental and analytical program is under- way to develop improved techniques for predicting blade loading of controllable-pitch propellers over a complete

range of operating conditions. This is necessary in order to improve the design technology and structural reliability of

controllable pitch propellers. The six components of blade

loading were measured behind a single screw hull and two

twin-screw hulls simulating the following conditions; steady ahead, crash astern (deceleration), crash ahead

(acceleration), and ship motions. Dependent upon the conditions simulated, the time average, transient, and unsteady portions of each component of blade loading were

determined. Additional experiments under idealized flow conditions were conducted in an attempt to isolate the reasons for discrepancy between theory and experiments

as described in paragraph (g).

( i;) The experimental results behind the model hulls showed

that waves and hull pitching substantially increase the un- steady loading, and that unsteady loading during simulated

crash ahead and crash astern operation was smaller than

the unsteady loading for full power steady ahead operation. Experiments in idealized flows showed that available theories give adequate prediction of unsteady loads in axial wakes but substantially underprcdict unsteady loads

in tangential wakes.

(/() Experimental Unsteady and Time Average Loads on the Blades of the CP Propeller on a Model of the DD-963 Class Destroyer for Simulated Modes of Operation, S D Jessup,

R. J. Boswell. J. J. Nelka, DTNSRDC Repori 77-0110. Defense Documentation center ADA-048385, Dec. 1977. Experimental Time Average and Unsteady Loads on the Blades of a CP Propeller Behind a Model of the DD-963

Class Destroyer, R. J. Boswell, S. D. Jessup. J J. Nelka,

Propellers '78 Symposium. Soc. Naval Architects and

Marine Engrs. Publication S-6, Virginia Beach, Va., pp. 7/1-7/28, 24-25 May 1978. ^ Experimental Determination of Periodic Propeller Blade Loads in a Towing Tank, R. J. Boswell, S. D. Jessup, Proc.

I Sill Amer. Towing Tank Conf. 1, U.S. Naval Academy,

Annapolis, Md., pp. 263-270, Aug. 1977. 333-09432-550-22 PROPELLER BLADE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(<:) Robert J. Boswell, Propulsor Technology.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Provide experimental measurements of the pressure dis- tribution on models of controllable pitch (CP) propellers. Measurements have been made at 40 locations on two

propellers in uniform flow and in inclined flow over a range of advance coefficients. This information is required

in order to evaluate the theoretical methods being developed for predicting the hydrodynamic performance

of propellers, and in order to improve the design technolo- gy and structural reliability of CP propellers. (g) Preliminary analysis of the results indicates that in inclined flow the unsteady pressure differential between back-to- back points on the opposite surfaces of the blade is larger than predicted by available theories. 333-09437-010-00 STRUCTURE OF BOUNDARY LAYERS AND TURBULENCE

WITH APPLICATION TO DRAG REDUCTION, NOISE GENERATION, AND WAKE DETECTION

(c) Dr. T. T. Huang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental work, basic research.

(e) Measure the structure of hydrodynamic turbulence by hotfilm anenometers and Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)

in boundary layers, wakes, and jets, with emphasis on data

relevant to drag reduction, transition, noise generation,

cavitation, wake detection and diffusion. (g) Hot-film measurements and detailed computation of the structure of high Reynolds number turbulence behind a

grid in a water tunnel have been completed. Hot-wire measurements of turbulence structure on thick axisymmetric boundary layer. Pressure fluctuation in the regions of

flow transition have been measured. Analytical investiga- tion of the influence of viscous effects on a model/fullscale cavitation scaling has been made. Hot-wire measure- ments of turbulence structure on thick axisymmetric boundary layer have been completed.

(It) Stern Boundary-Layer Flow on Axisymmetric Bodies, T. T. Huang, et al., I2tli Svmp. Naval Hydrodynamics, Washington, DC, 5-9 June, 1978. Calculation of Potential Flow/Boundary Layer Interaction on Axisymmetric Bodies, H. T Wang, T. T Huang, Symp. 246
Turhuk-ni Boundary Layers. Niagara Falls, N.Y., 18-20 June 1979. 333-09441-550-00 PROPELLER-HLLL INTERACTION

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c ) T. T. Huang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental and theoretical work; applied research.

(e) Development of theoretical and computational methods to predict the effect of a propeller on thrust deduction and wake fraction. Experiments to determine propeller-induced boundary-layer velocity perturbations will be made with a laser-Doppler velocimeter.

(g) Theoretical and experimental work for axisymmetric

bodies has been completed.

(/i) Propeller/Stern/Boundary-Layer Interaction on Axisymmetric Bodies: Theory and Experiment, T. T. Huang, H. T. Wang, N. Santelli, N. C. Groves, DTNSRDC Rept. 76- 0113. Dec. 1976.

Interaction of Afterbody Boundary Layer and Propeller, T. T. Huang, B. D. Cox, presented Symp. Hydrodynamics of Ship and Offshore Propulsion Systems. H0vik, Oslo, Norway, 20-25 Mar. 1977 (sponsored by Det norske Veritas). 3-3-09442-030-00 FLOW TRANSITION AND TURBULENCE STIMULATION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command..

(c) J. H. McCarthy, J. Power, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Experimental work primarily; applied research.

(e) Determination of the locations of flow transition and

laminar separation on axisymmetric models at Reynolds numbers of up to 4 x 10'. Determination of effective tur- bulence-stimulation techniques and development of im- proved methods for predicting prototype drag from model

drag measurements.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experiments on nine bodies have been completed. 333-09444-520-70 NUMERICAL HYDROMECHANICS OF NAVAL VEHICLES

(h) Office of Naval Research and Naval Sea Systems Com-

(c) Dr. Nils Salvesen, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Numerical and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop direct numerical methods for the prediction of

those free-surface performance characteristics of Naval

ships and advanced vehicles which cannot be satisfactorily predicted by conventional methods. Attention will be focused on the following problem areas: nonlinear ship wave resistance, large amplitude ship motion, and nonlinear local flow problems.

(h) Added Mass of a Rectangular Cylinder in a Rectangular

Canal, K. J. Bai, J Hydnmauiics 11, 2, 1977. Zero-Frequency Hydrodynamic Coefficients of Vertical Axisymmetric Bodies at a Free Surface, K J Bai, J. Hydronautics 11, 2, 1977. The Added Mass of Two-Dimensional Cylinders Heaving in Water of Finite Depth, K. J. Bai, J. Fluid Mechanics 81,

1977. A Localized Finite-Element Method for Steady, Three- Dimensional Ship-Wave Problems, 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 1977. Sway Added-Mass of Cylinders in a Canal Using Dual Ex- tremum Principles, K J Bai, J. Ship Research 21, 4, 1977. A Localized Finite-Element Method for Two-Dimensional

Steady Potential Flows with a Free Surface, K. J. Bai, J. Ship Research 22, 4. 1978. Blockage and Blockage Correction with a Free Surface, K.

J. Bai, submitted to J Fluid Mechanics, 1978. A Note of Blockage Corrections, K. J. Bai, DTNSRDC Report 7HIHI. 1978. Computations of Three-Dimensional Ship Motion with For- ward Speed, M. S. Chang, 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics. Univ. California, Berkeley, 1977.

Large Amplitude Transient Motion of Two-Dimensional

Floating Bodies, R. B Chapman, submitted to J. Ship

Research. 1978. Boundary-Fitted Coordinate Systems for Domains Containing Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Bodies, R. M. Coleman, DTNSRDC Report 78/085. 1978.

Finite-Difference Computations Using Boundary-Fitted Coordinate Systems for Free-Surface Potential Flows Generated by Submerged Bodies, H. J. Haussling, R. M.

Coleman, 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics.

Univ. California, Berkeley, 1977. Waves and Wave Resistance for Air-Cushion Vehicles with Time-Dependent Cushion Pressures, H. J. Haussling, R. J. Van Eseltine, J Ship Research 22, 3, 1978. Nonlinear Water Waves Generated by an Accelerated Cir- cular Cylinder, H. J Haussling, R M. Coleman, J. Fluid Mechanics. 1977. Numerical Solutions of Transient Three-Dimensional Ship- Wave Problems, S Ohring, J. Telste, 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics. Univ. California, Berkeley,

1977. Non-Linear Aspects of Subcritical Shallow-Water Flow Past Two-Dimensional Obstructions, N. Salvesen, C. von Kerczek, J Ship Research 22, 4, 1978. Ship Motions in Large Waves, N. Salvesen, Symp. Applied Mathematics, dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. R. Timman,

Delft University, The Netherlands, 1978. Nonlinear Free-Surface Effects-The Dependence on Froude Number, C. von Kerczek, N. Salvesen, 2nd Inll. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Univ. of California, Berkeley, 1977. 333-10716-030-22 BODIES ON OR NEAR A FREE-SURFACE

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) Dr. Ming-Shung Chang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Numerical and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Develop techniques to improve the predictions of ships' characteristics when operating on or near a free surface. Special problems of interest are the wave resistance of

ships and three-dimensional effects on the prediction of

ship motions in a seaway.

(g) See (h).

(/>) Computations of Three-Dimensional Ship-Motions with For- ward Speed, M. S. Chang, 2nd Intl. Conf. Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, Univ. California, Berkeley, 1977. 333-10727-030-22 DYNAMICS OF BUOY-CABLE-BODY SYSTEMS

(b) Naval Air Development Center.

(c) Dr. Henry T. Wang, Hydrodynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical/numerical; applied research.

(e) A FORTRAN IV computer program has been developed

for the time domain analysis of the two-dimensional dynamic motions of general buoy-cable-body systems. A

variety of shapes are used to model the surface buoy and

intermediate bodies. The cable is modeled by a series of

finite elements.

(/) Completed.

(g) The computer program has been extended to include a more general formulation for the surface buoy. Techniques

for efficient use of the program have been developed.

(h) Technique for Efficient Time-Domain Analysis of Complete

Buoy-Cable Systems, H T. Wang, ASME Paper 78- WAIOCE-6, Dec. 1978. 333-11476-520-22 AIR CUSHION CRAFT ADDED DRAG IN WAVES

(b) Naval Material Command.

(<r) Michael B. Wilson, High Performance Craft Powering

Branch.

(d) Experimental and engineering analysis; applied research. 247
(f) Review the state-of-the-art technology for determining added drag experienced by marine air cushion craft operating in waves. A main purpose of this effort is to establish what is known about ACV and SES added drag, experimentally and theoretically, and what problems exist with present methods of estimating added drag for design and with designing model experiments to measure useful drag data.

(g) A considerable amount of model added drag exists in the

available literature, large uncorrelated with full-scale test

results. Current methods of estimating added drag in waves are essentially empirical. There are mixed indications of how various elements of the vehicle subsystems

should be scaled, particularly cushion stiffness properties and skirt materials. Lack of Froude-scaled frequency

response is demonstrated for several characteristics of the

lift support system, skirt/seal system, and air distribution

characteristics. Available theoretical approaches to added

drag are limited to simplified versions of the complete

problem, and offer little direct help for estimation pur- 333-11477-550-00 AIR EMISSION FOR REDUCTION OF PROPELLER

CAVITATION EROSION

(c ) M. L. Miller, Propulsor Technology Branch.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This was a preliminary experiment to determine if cavita- tion erosion of marine propellers could be eliminated or reduced by emitting air from points upstream of the propeller so that it would flow into the cavities on the blades and reduce the impact intensity of the collapsing

cavities. A manganese bronze propeller was subjected to a severe cavitating condition in the cavitation tunnel using a

thick strut ahead of the propeller to produce a wake which

resulted in an unsteady cavitation pattern on the propeller

blades. Air jets were attached to the strut so that air could be introduced into the flow. Sequences of high-speed photographs were used to record the growth and collapse of the cavities. Soft aluminum discs were inserted in one

blade to reduce the time required for the experiment.

(/) Discontinued.

(g) With no air, the aluminum insert was severely eroded in 10 minutes. More than five hours were required to erode a manganese bronze insert to approximately the same

degree. With the maximum amount of air available only a very slight amount of erosion was observed. A smaller volume of air or injecting the air at other than the op- timum location resulted in less reduction of the erosion. This demonstrated that air injected into the flow ahead of

a propeller can significantly reduce the amount of cavita- 333-11478-520-22 HYDRODYNAMIC BASIS FOR ROLL MOTION STABILIZA- TION

(b) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c) G. G. Cox, Surface Ship Dynamics Branch.

(d) Theoretical, applied research, design.

(e) A hydrodynamic technology base for designing and

evaluating roll motion stabilizers for naval ships is developed.

(/) Completed.

(g) Procedures for designing and evaluating bilge keels, antiroll fins and antiroll tanks arc developed and validated. Fin controller characteristics can likewise be developed by implementation of numerical techniques now within the

state-of-the-art

(/i) Hydrodynamic Design Basis for Navy Ship Roll Motion Stabilization, G. G. Cox. A. R. Lloyd, Trans. Soc. Naval

Architects and Marine Engrg. 85, pp. 5 1-93, 1977.

333-11479-530-22 HYDROFOIL WAVEMAKING DRAG AT LOW FROUDE NUMBERS

ih) Naval Sea Systems Command, Advanced Naval Vehicles Concept Evaluation (ANVCE) Project, and Naval Material Command.

(t ) Michael B. Wilson, High Performance Craft Powering

Branch.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Determination of the wavemaking resistance characteristics of a submerged hydrofoil in the low Froude number regime important for possible very large chord lift- ing foil applications. Towing basin experiments have been performed using a

faired fiat plate hydrofoil of aspect ratio 4 at seven sub- mergence depths and chord Froude numbers ranging from

0.5 to 3.5. The wave drag was deduced by subtracting the measured drag at the deepest submergence. To provide a developing capability for analytical prediction of hydrofoil performance, the lifting line theory by T. Y. Wu has been implemented in computer calculations for the wave drag and lift correction at any Froude number and submergence.

(h) Low Froude Number Hydrodynamic Performance of a Flat Plate Hydrofoil, M. B. Wilson, J. R. Kelley, DTNSRDC Deparimenial Report SPD-743-OI, Dec. 1976.

Lifting Line Calculations for Hydrofoil Performance at Arbitrary Froude Number and Submergence, Part 1: Foxed Shape Elliptical Circulation Distribution, M. B. Wilson, DTNSRDC Departmental Report DTNSRDC/SPD-0839-01

,

June 1978. 333-11480-520-22 MINIMUM FREEBOARD OF CONVENTIONAL SURFACE

SHIPS

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(c ) N. K. Bales, Surface Ship Dynamics Branch.

id) Theoretical, applied research, design.

(e) A procedure which yields required freeboard to minimize

adverse effects of deck wetness while also minimizing at- tendant increases in structural weight and construction

cost is developed. Performance limits associated with the

ship's underwater body and the wave environment have been derived

(J) Completed.

(g) Results have been synthesized into a design procedure.

( h ) Minimum Freeboard Requirements for Dry Foredecks: A

Design Procedure, N. K. Bales, Proc. SNAME STAR '79 Symposium, Houston, Apr. 1979. 333-11481-520-22 OPERATIONAL SHIP DYNAMICS

(h) Naval Sea Systems Command.

(<:) S. L. Bales, Surface Ship Dynamics.

(d) Applied research, development, operation.

(e) The use of hull dynamics (seakeeping) in ship operations

is investigated. A methodology for providing guidance to avoid excessive ship motions and related events, such as keel slamming and bow wetness, is developed. Heavy

weather operating conditions as well as ship performance

criteria for avoiding structural damage and personnel per- formance degradation are identified based on operational experience with a typical surface ship.

(/) Completed.

(g) A hard copy catalog of heavy weather ship operator guidance is developed. Alternative seakeeping methodology implementation techniques are described.

(/i) Development of a Heavy Weather Operator Guidance

Catalog for FF-1052, Class Ships, S. L. Bales, E. W. Foley, DTNSRDC Report SPD-0773-02. 1979. Ship Seakeeping Operator Guidance Simulation, S. L. Bales, E. N. Comstock, R. T. Van Eseltine, E. W. Foley, Proc. Summer Simulation Conf., Toronto, July 1979. 248
333.11482-550-22 TIP VORTEX CAVITATION

i/j) Naval Material Command and Naval Sea Systems Com-

(( ) W. G. Souders, Special Systems Branch, and G. P. Platzer, Prnpulsor Technology.

{(J) Experimental; applied research.

((-) An extensive literature study pertaining to the tip vortex

viscous roll-up phenomenon and its alleviation has been

recently concluded. Those alleviation concepts which ap- peared applicable to the marine propeller were highlighted and appropriate experimental investigations were recom- mended. The follow-on experimental program will evaluate

the effectiveness (tip vortex cavitation and performance)

of several of the recommended concepts, e.g., the bulbous

tip (a selective increase in the wing lip thickness), a linear mass injection directly into the vortex core tip roughening, and the perforated tip. Initially, the work will be per- formed on a fixed, planar-lifting surface of elliptical plan form; adaptation to a propeller blade will come at a later

(f) The initial experimental stage is scheduled to start in the

late Spring 1979.

(g) No results available at this time. (h) Tip Vortex Cavitation Abatement with Application to Marine Propellers, G P Platzer. W G. Souders, DTNSRDC Rep„ri 79/052 (in preparation).

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, DATA SERVICES BRANCH, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902. Mr. Claude H. Smith, Branch Chief.

334-0261 W-8 10-00 PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED

For summary, see Water Resources Research Catalog 6, 2.1304. Hydrologic measurements discontinued June 1978.

Forest Management activities continuing. 334-00765-810-00 EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

{e) To provide data for estimating reservoir losses and derive

a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Basin, together with standard meteorological readings.

(/i) Results published in monthly and annual bulletins. Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin (Project 00768). 334-00768-810-00 PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN

id) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Precipitation data from a network of about 390 gages in- cluding 1 10 owned by other agencies is collected and

published for purposes of operating the TVA reservoir system for flood control, power, navigation, recreation, water supply and quality. Information is also used for planning, design, storm studies, and to fill requests. {h) Monthly and annual bulletins. Precipitation in Tennessee

River Basin. 334-O0769-860-OO RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES

{d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Collection of basic water temperature information at selected sites in reservoirs and streams for use in power

plant siting, aquatic or biological investigations, industrial plant siting, or other studies. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in selected reservoirs are deter- mined by soundings, and by continuous recording gages in selected natural streams. Periodic observations are made

at gaging stations.

334-00771-350-00 GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DRAINS

(d) Field investigations; design.

(f ) Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured

as check on tightness and stability. 334-00785-350-00 SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS

(d) Field investigation; design and operation.

{e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded,

volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine

deposition by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs.

(/i) Sedimentation in TVA Reservoirs, Rept. No. 0-6693. TVA,

Feb. 1968.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, WATER SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT BRANCH, Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

E. Ely Driver, Branch Chief. 335-07080-340-00 RACCOON MOUNTAIN-HYDRAULIC TRANSIENT STU- DIES

(d) Field investigations.

(e) Measurements of water hammer and surges during initial operation and acceptance testing of the pump/turbines.

Transient flows, pressures, surge magnitude, gate openings,

shaft torque, etc., will be measured and recorded simul- taneously during simulated load rejection and pump power

failure. 335-08570-860-00 FORT PATRICK HENRY REOXYGENATION STUDIES

(d) Field investigation; experimental.

(e) Tests on the performance of small oxygen bubble reaeration technique for increasing the dissolved oxygen in tur- bine discharges. At a pilot setup at Fort Patrick Henry Dam, measurements were made of oxygenation uptake ef- ficiency as a function of water flow rate, oxygen flow rate, placement of the oxygen bubble generators and their pore

size. Flows up to 4400 cfs were used. Calculations of cost of a full scale system and its sensitivity to variations in the design were made.

(/) Completed.

ig) Laboratory and field investigations yielded design data for the small oxygen bubble technique for turbine discharge reoxygenation. At least for this specific site, performance and cost data were compiled.

(/i) Evaluation of Small-Pore Diffuser Technique for Reoxygenation of TVA Releases at Fort Patrick Henry Dam, T. G. Fain, TVA Division of Water Resources Report No. Wm28-l-32-100. Oct. 1978. 335-08575-800-00 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

METHODS

(c) Walter O. Wunderlich, Supervisor, Water Management

Methods Staff. (d) Theoretical; development.

(g) A weekly planning model has been developed that can

find end-of-week storage levels for eighteen reservoirs and

weekly average discharges for 42 reservoirs. The solution technique is dynamic programming. It minimizes a system performance index that includes consideration of navigation, flood control, power generation, recreation and water

quality. A report is available. An enhanced stochastic weekly planning model and hourly models are under 249
development. Some applications to planning problems

have been made,

(/i) Weekly Multi-Purpose Planning Model for the TVA Reservoir System, TVA WMMS Report A-l 1 , 211 p., 1977. Write to (c). 335-10735-340-00 SEQUOYAH AND WATTS BAR NUCLEAR PLANTS-RHR SUMP VORTEX STUDIES

(rf) Experimental model study for design.

(e) Prior to licensing the efficacy of the Residual Heat Removal system must be demonstrated. This is accomplished with the use of 1:4 scale model of the containment

structure and the RHR sump. Approach flow geometries

are developed which result in no air-entraining vortices at

if) Sequoyah model: completed. Watts Bar model: active. (g) Modifications to the sump and approach flow geometry

were made for the Sequoyah design to prevent the formation of air-drawing vortices at the sump. The hydraulic ef- ficacy of anti-vortex devices was demonstrated. As a

result, the Watts Bar RHR sumps were relocated and model tests of their efficacy were initiated. (h) An internal TVA report covering the results of the Sequoyah model tests was issued to the Division of Engineering Design. 335-10736-330-00 PICKWICK LANDING NAVIGATION LOCK STUDY

(d) Experimental model study for design.

(e) A new navigation lock is to be added at the Pickwick Landing Dam. The new lock will be 1 10 x 1000 feet long

with a maximum lift of about 65 feet. This will be the lon- gest lock on the Tennessee River and it will be designed

with TVA's multi-port filling and emptying system. The

1:25 scale model of the upstream approach, the lock chamber, and the downstream approach will be used to check the adequacy of the filling and emptying system. Transient pressures, surges, waves, and hawser forces will be measured. The object of the study is to minimize lock

filling and emptying times and also the water turbulence and hawser forces.

(/) Completed.

(g) Hydraulic features of the multiport lock filling and emptying system were examined and best values were developed

for the critical parameters, e.g., the total mulitport area to culvert cross-section area ratio, the length multiport region

to lock chamber length ratio, and the valve opening time

to lock filling time ratio. Special anti-vortex hoods were

developed for the intakes, valve cavitation potential was

evaluated, and airtight bulkhead slot fillers were devised to prevent air entrainment. Culvert pressures, lock chamber

hawser forces and wave amplitudes, and discharge velocities, wave heights and hawser forces in the downstream

channel were measured.

(h) Several internal TVA reports were issued covering the

results of these tests. 335-10737-850-00 SURVIVAL OF LARVAL FISH IMPINGED ON FINE MESH

SCREENS

(d) Experimental biological laboratory and field study-basic

research.

(e) Basic data is sought on the feasibility of screening larval

fish from a pump intake to mitigate adverse impact on the

fish population. Measurements were made in the laboratory of the degree of entrainment and mortality of fish impinged on fine mesh screens by flow normal to the screen

for different time intervals and approach velocities. Screens with openings from 0.5-2 mm were tested under

velocities from 0.5-2 fps with larval fish sized from 4-8 mm for impingement times of up to 8 minutes. Several fish species were tested. Also panels of fine mesh screens were mounted on an existing condenser cooling water intake for a coal fired steam generating plant equipped with standard

vertical traveling screens, and the size and numbers of impinged larval fish were analyzed and compared to the laboratory tests. (/) Completed.

(g) Results differed widely for different species of larvae, but

in general high survival of larvae was obtained when the screen openings were about 1 mm or less and the ap- proach water velocities were 1 fps or less and the fish remained impinged less than 4 minutes.

(/i) Investigations on the Protection of Fish Larvae at Water In- takes Using Fine Mesh Screening, D. A. Tomljanovich, et

al., TVA Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development Technical Note B-22, Feb. 1977. 335-10738-850-00 MODIFICATIONS OF VERTICAL TRAVELING SCREENS TO IMPINGE AND RELEASE UNHARMED LARVAL FISH

(d) Experimental, biological, laboratory tests for design.

(e) A laboratory apparatus has been constructed by means of which the vertical motion of traveling screen baskets can

be simulated. The test basket with fine mesh screening

material is made to move through a stream of water, through the air and through a circular, emptying motion. The mortality of larval fish will be studied for different species, different screen mesh sizes, varying approach

velocities and simulated screen traveling times. The effects of stress points like impingement, removal from the stream, washing off the screen, and dumping into a return

sluice will be studied separately. Modifications to the screening system will be made to obtain improved larval

fish mortality.

(g) Flat and semi-circular screen-baskets with and without

water-holding fish-buckets were tested with polyester screens with 0.5 mm openings and varying approach

velocities. Large variation in larvae survival was obtained depending on the species, age, and size. In general, results indicated that larvae could be impinged, removed with the

traveling screen from the water, washed off the screen sur- face into wet buckets, and tipped or flushed from the buckets into sluices for return to the natural environment

with high degree of survival. (h) Biological Evaluation of Fish Handling Components of a Water Intake Screen Designed to Protect Larval Fish, D. A. Tomljanovich, J. H. Heuer, TVA Division of Forestry,

Fisheries and Wildlife Development, 1979. 335-10740-870-00 THERMAL DISPERSION AND FLUID DYNAMICS MODELING

(b) Environmental Protection Agency.

(c) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Computer models are being developed for analyzing the

effects of thermal discharges from steam plants on temperatures and velocities in the receiving body of water. A

three-dimensional, unsteady model provides relatively fine scale resolution within approximately a 1 0-kiloineter reach

of the river. A two-dimensional, unsteady model which

also includes natural heating and cooling effects as well as thermal discharges is used to analyze entire reservoirs or

long reaches of rivers. (g) The three-dimensional model has been used in the analysis of intake and discharge flow fields of several steam-electric generating plants. The two-dimensional model has been applied to the thermal analysis of an embayment on which a proposed nuclear plant would be situated. Other

applications in progress include simulations of a deep

storage reservoir and the GRH flume at the U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers' Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg, Miss.

(/i) Analysis of the Thermal Effluent from the Gallatin Steam

Plant During Low River Flows, W R. Waldrop, F. B. Tatom, Tech. Rept. No. 33-30, June 1976. 250
33S-1 0775-850-00 INTAKE AVOIDANCE TESTS WITH LARVAL FISH

(J) Experimental biological laboratory tests-basic research.

(f) A test flume is used to study the capability of larval fish of

different species to avoid impingement on a slotted, wedge-wire screen when the approach velocity is parallel to the screen surface and flow is provided by passing the

screen. Screens arc tested in both the horizontal and verti- cal positions, with different slot widths and for different bypass flow ratios. (g) Tests with both horizontal and vertical, flat, fixed wedgewire screens with approach fiow parallel to the screen sur- face showed good screen avoidance for several species of

larval fish as long as the velocity through the screen was

about 0.5 fps and the by-pass fiow velocity was 1 fps or

larger. Large variations were obtained for different species of larvae.

( /) ) A Study on the Protection of Fish Larvae at Water Intakes Using Wedge-Wire Screening, J. H. Heuer, et a!., TVA

Division of Foreslr\. Fisheries, and Wildlife Development

Technical Note B-26. Aug. 1978. 335-11485-330-00 PICKWICK LANDING LOCK APPROACH NAIVIGATION MODEL

(d) Experimental model study for design development.

(e) A 1:90 scale topographic model of the downstream ap- proach to the new main lock at Pickwick Landing Dam

has been constructed and is undergoing tests. The fiow

patterns in the lock approach resulting from hydroturbine and spillway discharges have been verified in the model by

velocity measurement in the field for high and low fiow

rates. A radio controlled scale model tow is used to evaluate the navigation conditions in the lock approach. The

purpose of the investigations was to minimize excavation and at the same time assure adequate navigation condi- 400-11486-350-00 PLUGGING TEST ON FIXED INTAKE SCREENS WITH SMALL OPENINGS

(d) Experimental field investigation.

(e) Site specific test on the plugging potential and backwashing ability of fixed vertical and horizontal screens with openings of 1 mm and less placed in a river with flow

parallel to the screen surface.

(/) Completed.

(g) Tests revealed that site specific detritus, algae and weeds

could quickly plug the fixed screens with openings of about I mm and through fiow velocity of about 1 fps, but

also that backwash water propelled with compressed air at velocities of about 3-5 fps could clean the screens in a few

seconds. Backwashing intervals as short as one-half hour were needed at times.

(/i) Two internal TVA reports have been issued describing the

tests and the results. 335-11487-340-00 BELLEFONTE NUCLEAR PLANT-RHR SUMP VORTEX

STUDY

(</) Experimental, applied research, laboratory study for design.

(e) \ 1:10 scale model of the containment sturcture and the two residual heat removing system sumps is under construction. The purpose of the model is to ascertain adequate hydraulic performance of the sump, e.g., to develop the approach flow geometry and needed anti-vor- tex devices so that a low headloss sump fiow results free of

air-entraining vortices.

{fi Under construction.

335-1 1488-860-00 FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF RESERVOIR HVDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES

(< ) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tcnn. 3782S.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Instrumentation and procedures have been developed for performing field studies of the many factors affecting the dispersion phenomenon in reservoirs. Dye diffusion studies have been undertaken to determine the horizontal and vertical dispersion coefficients. The impact of reservoir ther- mal stratification on the dispersion process has been in- vestigated with some success. The significant influence of wind on the vertical mixing and hence the location of the thermocline has stimulated the planning of field experi- ments for investigating the wind-induced mixing process. A

study of the thermal and hydrodynamic coupling of the main-channel segment of a reservoir with its overbanks and embayments will also be conducted to provide a better understanding of the temperature structure of the 335-11489-890-00 AN AIR BUBBLE CONTROL TECHNIQUE IN HORIZONTAL

AQUIFERS FOR COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE

(c) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(d) Development with experimental verification. (e) As the electric power industry increases its reliance on

large nuclear and coal-fired power stations, the need for peaking plants to meet the short-term load fluctuations in- creases. One concept is to store energy generated during

periods of low demand for use during periods of high de- mand. A promising method is to store this energy as compressed air underground in aquifers. The concept of using

structural domes to control compressed air stored in aquifers is a straightforward extension of practices of the natural gas industry. This project will develop and test a method of controlling the movement of an air bubble in an

aquifer which lacks a structural dome. The numerical models which are being developed will be tested by simulating the behavior of an air bubble in a laboratory aquifer with known properties. 335-11490-820-00 COMPUTATION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW AND WATER

QUALITY NEAR WASTE DISPOSAL PONDS

(c ) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(d) Applied research for environmental analysis. (e) Perform various levels of screening, testing and validation of currently available aquifer flow and mass transport models. Modification and further model development will be undertaken as necessary for model application to trans- port problems in the TVA region. A series of models having a range of complexity and capability will be the product of the study. 335-11491-340-00 REAL-TIME COMPUTATION AND PREDICTION OF POWER PLANT EFFECTS ON RIVER TEMPERATURES

(r) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(d) Applied research; for operation.

(e) Power plant effects on river temperatures are determined

by measurements of plant and river parameters and computations using models of discharge system performance.

Central to this method are models of diffuser performance

developed using physical model and field data and models

of unsteady river flows. Measured data for computation of

plant effects are dam discharges, river temperature after discharge mixing, discharge flow and discharge temperature. Predictive models of plant effects on river temperature are also being developed, relying on predictions of

plant operation, river flows and meteorology.

(/i) A Technique for Determining the Optimum Mode of Cooling at the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, W. L Harper, W.

R. Waldrop, TVA Division of Water Management, Water 251
SvMcm.s Dcvvlopmcni Brainli Report No. 63-53, Nov.

1975. An Operatinnal Procedure for Predicting the Most

Economical Use of Condenser Cooling Modes, W. L. Harper. W, R. Waldrop, I'roc. Wasw Heal Mcmanemenl

unci Ulilizcition Con/.. Miami Beach, Fla.. May 1977. Assessment of Water Temperature Monitoring at the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, C. D Ungate. TVA Division of Water Management, Water Systems Development Braneli Report No. WM2H- 1 -67-1 0 1 , Aug. 1978. 33S-11492-340-00 MODELING OF THERMAL DISCHARGE DIFFUSERS

(c ) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigations, applied research and design.

(e) The performance of multiport diffuscr systems for the discharge of thermal effluents from steam-electric generating plants is studied theoretically, experimentally and in the field. Buoyant and momentum length scales are developed which may be used to describe diffuser per- formance over a wide range of operating conditions. Designs which take advantage of site-specific characteristics have been developed for sevral nuclear plants. A

generic study of the performance of diffuscrs of finite length in the momentum-buoyant transition is being conducted, which will elucidate the role of several nondimensional parameters in governing diffuser performance.

(g) Generally useful nondimensional formulations for predicting diffuser performance have been developed. Diffuser designs for several power plants have been completed.

(/i) Submerged Multiport Diffuser Analysis and Design for Bellefonte Nuclear Plant, C W. Almquist, C. D Ungate, Report No. WM28-l-fiS-003, TVA, Water Systems Develop- ment Branch, Norris, Tenn., 1977. Submerged Multiport Diffuser Analysis and Design for

Hartsville Nuclear Plant, C W. Almquist, Report No. WM2S-I-S9-I00, TVA. Water Systems Development

Branch, Norris, Tenn., 1978. Model Study and Analysis of Sequoyah Nuclear Plant Sub- merged Multiport Diffuser, L. N. McCold, Report No. WM2S-I-45-103, TVA, Water Systems Development

Branch, Norris, Tenn., 1979.

Field and Model Results for Multiport Diffuser Plume, C. W. Almquist, C. D. Ungate, W. R. Waldrop, Verification of Mathematical and Physical Models in Hydraulic Engineering, Proc. 26lh Ann. Hydraulics Div. Specially Conf. ASCE,

1978. 335-11493-860-00 SYSTEM-WIDE WATER TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS OF THE TENNESSEE AND CUMBERLAND RIVERS

(c) W. R. Waldrop, P.O. Drawer E, Norris, Tenn. 37828.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e-) A system-wide model of water temperatures based on heat balance formulations with both Langrangian and Eulerian

fiow coordinates is being developed. Currently available one-dimensional flow routing techniques are being combined with new formulations for overbank and embayment, flow patterns, vertical heating and wind mixing

processes. Hourly scale heat balance, flow and mixing mechanisms are used in portions of the temperature model

where diurnal fluctuations are important. The model

system will include several spatial and temporal scales, de- pending on the hydrography and hydraulic characteristics of the river reach or reservoir segment. Applications of the

results include assessing the far-field thermal impacts of dam releases and power plant discharges; interpreting

biological sampling data, and separating natural temperature variability from thermal discharge monitoring data.

252
PROJECT REPORTS FROM CANADIAN LABORATORIES

ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES UMITED, 5259 Dorchester Road, Niagara Falls, Ontario L2E 6W1, Canada. Dr. I. K. Hill, Head, Hydraulic Department.

400-1 0496-350-87 KPONG DIVERSION MODEL

(/>) Volta River Authority, Ghana,

(c ) Mr. G. H. Michcll.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Model study to verify the hydraulic adequacy of the diver- sion channel, including head losses, local velocities in areas requiring erosion protection, and to select the channel geometry resulting in minimum excavation. Erosion

protection was specified based on velocity tests. if) Study complete, report submitted to client. 400-11267-340-73

ST. MARY'S HYDRAULIC HEAD RACE MODEL

ih) Great Lakes Power Corporation Limited,

(c ) Mr. L. H. Anderson.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Model study to define hydraulic parameters, and finalize approach channel geometry and ice handling facilities for a low-head, bulk turbines plant. The confined nature of

the site required a complex assymetrical approach. 400-11268-390-70 ICE MANAGEMENT WITHIN BRIDPORT INLET

(/>) Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta,

(t ) Mr. R. G. Tanner.

(d) Develop design criteria and determine concept feasibility. (f) Study to identify the ice management problems at Bridport

Inlet, which is the proposed northern terminal for the Arctic Pilot Project, to recommend the potential solutions and

to select the most feasible solution for implementation. A

comprehensive study of ice conditions, based on cli- matologic and ocenanographic data, and of ice manage- ment problems which were compared with the practical

results from other operators.

(/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. A conceptual system was recommended for more detailed

investigation. 400-11269-340-70 SUBMERGED JET OF THERMAL DISCHARGE MODEL

<h) Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta.

(( ) Mr. R. G. Tanner.

(J) Experimental, for obtaining basin design criteria. (f) The study model is an insulated fiume with transparent

side walls, with a recirculating cold water fiow and chilled

air circulation over the water, equipped with extensive temperature measurement and ice thickness measurement

capability. The study is concerned with heat transfer from

the underflow to the ice cover at various velocities and

water temperatures, and to demonstrate the effect of sub- merged jets on the ice thickness. 400-11270-390-73 WOLSUNG PUMP INTAKE MODEL

(/>) Korea Electric Company.

(r) Mr. R. W. McKay.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) Model study to test flow conditions in an approach channel including forebay and pump bays, under different pump and passage operations, and to test modification proposed to avoid vortex formation and limit swirl. The

original geometry was modified to improve entrance conditions and eliminate air entraining vent.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-1 1271-870-70 THOMAS HILL PRECIPITATOR MODEL

{h) C. E. Walther Inc.

(< ) Dr. S. Bhan.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) A model of an electrostatic precipitator was constructed

including appropriate ductwork in order to study the air- flow characteristics through the model and to design the flow control device needed for an acceptable flow distribu- tion and pressure drop. 400-11272-870-70 GREEN RIVER STACK MODEL

(h) American Air Filter.

(c ) Dr. S. Bhan.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) A model of a duct system was built to study the gas flow

conditions. The tests were made using warm air to heat

flux gases above their dew point.

(f) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-11273-870-70 MILL CREEK FOUR SCRUBBER MODEL

(/>) American Air Filter.

(c ) Dr. S. Bhan.

id) Experimental for design purposes.

(e) A model of a sulfur dioxide scrubber was built to study the

airflow conditions. The study defined the conditions ex- pected during operation.

(/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-11274-870-75 AMOCO PRECIPITATOR MODEL

(/)) Fruco Engineers,

(c ) Dr. S. Bhan.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(f ) A model of an electrostatic precipitator was constructed

including appropriate ductwork in order to study the air- flow characteristics through the model and to design the flow control device needed for an acceptable flow distribu- tion and pressure drop. 400-11275-390-75 PHILIPPINE PUMP INTAKE MODEL

(h) Burns and Roe Incorporated.

(<) Mr. R. E. Mayer, Acres American Inc., Consulting Engineers, Liberty Bank Building, Main at Court, Buffalo, N.V. 14202.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes. 253
(<-) The pump intake model consisted of a l:l2-scalc plastic model of an intake for two pump bays, including accessories for water supply and measurements. The study defined

the intake geometry and flow parameters within the intake and pump suction bell under the requirement of an evenly

distributed flow to each pump.

(/) Study complete. Report submitted to client. 400-n276-400-10 CHESAPEAKE BAY HYDRAULIC MODEL

(h) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Dr. J. W. Hayden, Acres American Inc , Consulting Engineers, Buffalo, N.Y. 14202.

(d) Experimental, for a comprehensive study of water utiliza- tion and control in Chesapeake Bay basin.

(f ) The Chesapeake hydraulic model is the biggest estuary model used for applied research. The model has an area of

3.26 ha protected by a shelter of about 6 ha. The study

objective is to obtain the basic data required for the Ches- apeake Bay development, taking account of water supply, navigation, fisheries and recreation, and for control of

fioods, noxious weeds, water pollution and water quality. Among the main research questions are the natural regime

of salinity, currents, movements of the saltwater-freshwater

interface, as well as the effects of various existing and pro- jected plants and water uses such as navigation, un- derwater outfalls, nuclear and fuel power plants, and port

facilities. The model construction and calibration is complete and the proposed studies in progress. 400-11277-870-70 HARVARD UNIVERSITY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITA- TOR

(h) Beico Pollution Control Corporation.

(c) Dr. S. Bhan.

(d) Experimental, for design purposes.

(e) The airflow model consisted of a l:16-scale model of a

precipitator with associated transition pieces connected to an induced draft fan flow. Tests were made on the gas

flow distribution, in the entire treatment zone, to minimize

pressure drops and to locate and minimize potential areas of dust deposits. The study confirmed basin design adequacy and recommended some modifications.

(/) Study complete Report submitted to client.

ALBERTA RESEARCH COUNCIL, TRANSPORTATION AND

SURFACE WATER ENGINEERING DIVISION, 303 Civil- Electrical Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G7. Dr. S. Beltaos, Research Officer. (Note: The Council coordinates the Alberta Cooperative Research Program in Transportation and

Surface Water Engineering. Major participants in this program, in addition to Council, are two Provincial Government Departments-Alberta Environment and Al- berta Transportation-and the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta.

)

401-07886-370-96 ICE FORCES ON BRIDGE PIERS

(/>) Alberta Transportation.

(£) A. W. Lipsett. (d) Field and theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurement of dynamic forces during spring break-up on

two instrumental piers in different rivers; supplemementary

pier vibration tests to determine dynamic response characteristics such as stiffness, natural frequency and damping.

(g) Measurements over twelve seasons have indicated max- imum instantaneous apparent pressures of up to 2.4 MPa

on a vertical cylindrical pier and up to 1.2 MPa on a pier inclined 23° from the vertical. It has become evident that use of an apparent pressure for an inclined pier is not appropriate; an alternative method of analysis has been formulated to account for ice failure modes other than crushing. Recently, an analysis of the dynamic response of piers to typical ice loading histories was initiated. To determine

the dynamic pier response characteristics that are necessary for this type of analysis, a field program for pier vibration tests was instigated,

(/i) Mode of Failure and the Analysis of Ice Loads on Bridge

Piers, R. Gerard, Pn,c . lAHR S\mp. Ice Prohlcns. I\irt I, pp. 335-348, Lulca, Sweden, Aug. 1978. 401-10761-300-96 ICE THICKNESS DOCUMENTATION

(/>) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment,

(t ) P. F. Doyle.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Ice thickness measurements arc being carried out at selected sites in an effort to determine ice thicknesses which can be generated by different proces.ses in a river such as clear ice, snow ice, aufeis and frazil ice formation.

(g) The results to date have indicated that ice flows much

thicker than "usual" may occur at spring breakup due to the latter two processes. The possibility of such formations occurring upstream of a bridge site must be assessed during design. 401-10762-300-96 FREEZE UP AND BREAKUP OF RIVER ICE

(h) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation,

(c ) S. Beltaos, P. F. Doyle.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Observations of ice freeze up and breakup phenomena at selected river sites in Alberta; emphasis on documentation

of ice jam characteristics.

(/?) About ten ice jams have been documented to date and the data are being analyzed within the frameworks of available theoretical models; despite the many uncertainties in- volved in analyzing field data on ice jams, the results have, so far, been encouraging. In addition to quantitative documentations, qualitative descriptions of freeze up and

breakup processes have been obtained at selected river

sites over the past few years.

(/i) Field Investigations of River Ice Jams, S. Beltaos, Proc. lAHR Symp. Ice Problems, Part 2, pp. 335-371, Lulea, Sweden, Aug. 1978. [Discussion of Equilibrium Thickness of Ice Jams, by J. C.

Tatinclaux, S. Beltaos, Proc. ASCE. J. Hydraulics Div. 104, HY4, pp. 578-581, Apr. 1978. 1978 Breakup in the Vicinity of Fort McMurray and In- vestigation of Two Athabasca River Ice Jams, P. F. Doyle, Transportation and Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. SWE-78-05, 1978. 401-10763-350-00 HYDRAULICS OF RIVER STRUCTURES

(h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment,

(t ) S. Beltaos, P. F. Doyle.

(d) Field and experimental investigation; applied research.

(e) Flow and scour measurements at bridges and river training works during flood conditions. To supplement field findings, laboratory experiments are occasionally carried

(g) Data have been collected at several sites over the past decade but have yet to be analyzed. 401-10764-350-96 RIVER MORPHOLOGY

(ft) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation.

(£ ) S. Beltaos, P. F. Doyle.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

{e) Hydraulic and geomorphic characteristics of Alberta rivers are being documented under a continuing, long term, field program. Where possible, the effects of changes in river regime are investigated in detail. 254
(f!) Data have been i>btaincd in a number of rivers in Alberta and some analysis has been earried i>ut. 401-10765-200-96 MIXING PROCESSES IN NATURAL STREAMS

(/>) Alberta Environment.

(<•) S. Bcltaos, A. W. Lipsett.

(</) Field and theoretical investigation; applied research.

(f) Tracer tests in representative river types of Alberta for evaluating transverse and longitudinal mixing characteristics under both open-water and icc-covcred conditions. Development of analytical and numerical techniques

for pertinent engineering predictions.

(g) Transverse mixing coefficients and longitudinal dispersion parameters have been evaluated at several river reaches. An explicit numerical algorithm, free of numerical diffu- sion, has been developed to simulate transient, two-dimensional mixing in rivers; comparisons with pertinent published data have been favorable. A critical re-examination of longitudinal dispersion data in rivers has resulted in a generalized dispersion model that seems capable of

describing the available findings satisfactorily. This model

is based on the postulate that the characteristic irregularity of natural streams has a single fundamental effect: to re- tard the onset of the "Fickian" dispersion process relative to prismatic channels of similar average dimensions and

hydraulics; data analysis has confirmed this postulate; "retardation factors" of three to thirty times have been

found. As part of this project, the Division participated in the Athabasca Blackfiy Abatement Program; this program

aims at an overall assessment of aquatic insecticide appli- cations as a means of controlling blackfiy larval populations, with special emphasis on the Athabasca River in Alberta.

(/i) Transverse Mixing in Natural Streams, S. Beltaos, Transportation and Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Repi. SWE-78-OI , 1978. An Interpretation of Longitudinal Dispersion Data in Rivers, S. Beltaos, Transportation and Surface Water

Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. SWE-7H-03. 1978. Triburary Mixing Characteristics Using Water Quality Parameters, A. W. Lipsett, S. Beltaos, Transportation and

Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, In- ternal Rept. SWE-7H-04, 1978. Mixing Processes in Natural Streams, S. Beltaos, Proc.

Transpiiri Processes and River Modeling Workshop, Burlington, pp. 1-23, Nov. 1978. A Field Study of Longitudinal Dispersion, S. Beltaos, T. J. Day, Canadian J. of Civil Engrg. 5. 4, pp. 572-585, 1978. 401-10766-300-96 FIELD INVESTIGATION OF A FRAZIL ICE HANGING DAM

(h) Alberta Environment, Alberta Transportation,

(f) S. Beltaos.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(f) A large accumulation of frazil ice under the ice cover was

detected during the 1974-75 winter season in the Smoky

River, some 40 km above its confiuence with Peace River.

Field investigations are in progress to elucidate the mechancis of formation and spring breakup, to evaluate

effects on spring breakup in the Smoky and Peace Rivers and to assess the possible action against hydraulic struc- tures of such frazil ice accumulations.

(g) Measurements revealed a local depression of the river bed

with a maximum depth of 1 7 m below winter water levels, located immediately downstream of a rapids reach. At full size the hanging dam is 300 m long and has a maximum

thickness of 15 m. In situ measurements of shear strength

indicated that the frazil ice accumulation becomes

stronger with height above the bottom of the accumulation. The shear strength is typically between 10 and 100 kPa and varies somewhat from season to season. Formation of the hanging dam is being monitored using a time

lapse photography apparatus. Continuing spring breakup

observations suggest that the dam may cause ice jamming

extending up to 5 km upstream and a consequent local water level rise of up to 4 m above pre-breakup levels. 401-10767-300-96 DOCUMENTATION AND PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF

PAST ICE BREAKUP WATER LEVELS

(h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(c) R. Gerard, E. W. Karpuk.

(d) Field and theoretical investigation; applied research.

(f ) Information on past breakup water levels at several sites in Alberta has been collected and a method of analysis developed to determine estimates of the probability dis- tributions of annual peak breakup water levels at these

sites. Such information is required in the design for ice action on bridge piers, and in assessing fiood frequencies at locations prone to ice jams.

(/) Completed.

(g) A method of analyzing such historical data has been

developed. Its application to information collected at one

site has shown that the fiood frequency curve is dominated

by ice breakup water levels and not by summer fiood

(It) Probability Analysis of Historical Data on Ice Jam Floods,

R. Gerard, E. W. Karpuk, ASCE, J. Hydraulics Div.. in 401-10768-310-96 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF NORTHERN ALBERTA FLOODS

(h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment,

(c ) R. Gerard.

(d) Field and theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) Hydrometric records for some 60 catchments in Northern

Alberta have been analyzed to determine the snowmelt

fiood and rain fiood for each year of record. The dif- ferences between these fiood populations have been as- sessed and indices of the populations related (i) catchment

characteristics, and (ii) channel geometry using weighted

regression analysis, have been determined.

(/) Completed; report is in progress.

(g) Analysis indicated that snowmelt and rainfall fioods do

form distinct populations. The use of weighted regression has allowed the inclusion of very short records in the analysis and explicit consideration of interstation correlation associated with both genuine and "lack of fit" errors. The

separate regressions on catchment characteristics and on

channel geometry allow two almost independent estimates

of an index fiood for an ungauged catchment. 401-10769-310-96 PEAK RUNOFF FROM SMALL CATCHMENTS

(h) Alberta Transportation, Alberta Environment.

(c) P. F. Doyle.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

ie) Monitoring peak runoff due to snowmelt and rainfall at 43 gauged culvert sites in north-central Alberta. Investigation of culvert behaviour and confirmation of synthetic rating curves for these culverts under various fiow conditions. Geomorphic channel characteristics are being measured in the hope of relating them to index fioods of corresponding

catchments.

(g) Peak runoff data collected during 1973-77 have been

processed and partially analyzed. To date, no significant difference in magnitude between spring and summer ru- noff has been detected. Work is in progress to develop a

suitable regression equation for estimating design fioods, using readily available basin parameters and meteorological data.

(/i) Peak Runoff from Small Rural Watersheds in North-Central Alberta, P. F. Doyle, Transportation and Surface Water Engrg. Div., Alberta Research Council, Internal Rept. SWE-78-02, 1978. 255
401-11278-220-96 ELBOW RIVER SEDIMENT TRANSPORT STUDY

(/>) In cooperation with Department of Geography, University

ot Alberta, for Alberta Environment and Alberta Transportation.

(< ) H Hudson, M. C. Brown.

iJ) Field investigation; applied research; for a Ph.D. thesis. (c) The primary goal of this project is to collect and assess data on the spatial and temporal variation in the type and

rate of sediment transport in a complex, intermediate size, watershed.

(fi) In 1978, sediment load was sampled throughout the runoff season in the main river and active tributaries. Samples

were obtained so as to characterize sediment load during

three types of hydrologic events-spring melt, frontal rain- storms and local thundershowers. An effort was made to document both bed and suspended sediment loads and

their variation across the stream; simultaneous depth and

velocity data were also taken to enable correlation of sedi- ment transport rates with corresponding hydraulic parameters. 401-11279-390-96 LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF FLOATING ICE SHEETS

(/)) Alberta Transportation,

(c ) S. Beltaos, A. W. Lipsett. id) Field and theoretical investigation; applied research.

(<?) Field tests and analytical studies are carried out to in- vestigate the creep characteristics of floating ice sheets subjected to long term loads and to determine the causes

of failure under such loading conditions; and the response

of floating ice sheets to moving loads and determine safe (g) Under stationary loads, the load bearing capacity of ice sheets is complicated by creep effects and thence by the loading history; conventional stress criteria of failure do

not apply in this case. A search for a failure criterion that

is independent of time and loading history revealed that the concept of a critical strain energy per unit volume of

the material was successful in describing the results of prototype tests by both the Division and other investigators. To predict the response of a floating ice sheet to an

arbitrary loading history a semi-empirical method has been

formulated; this method is based on an empirical analysis of observed deflection-time curves for tests approximating

the simplest loading history, that is, a constant load applied instantaneously. Using an empirical equation describing these curves and the principle of linear superposition,

the deflection time curve for any loading history can be

determined. Experimental documentation of the response

of ice sheets to moving loads has been hampered by a lack of convenient methods for measuring deflection-time

variations due to moving loads. A simple method, involv- ing integration of the output of a sensitive slope trans- ducer, has been developed and utilized to carry out field studies. To date, the results have provided strong support

for a theory developed earlier by others.

(/;) A Strain Energy Criterion for Failure of Floating Ice Sheets, S. Beltaos, Canadian J. Civil Engrg. 5, 3, pp. 352-

361, 1978. An Empirical Analysis of the Creep of Floating Ice Sheets,

S. Beltaos, A. W. Lipsett, Natl. Research Council of Canada Workshop on the Bearing Capacity of Ice Covers, Winnipeg, Oct. 1978.

Field Studies on the Response of Floating Ice Sheets to Moving Loads, S. Beltaos, Nail. Research Council of Canada Workshop on the Bearing Capacity of Ice Covers, Winnipeg, Oct. 1978.

UNiVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Department of Civil Engineering, Edmonton T6G 2G7, Alberta, Canada. Dr. N. Rajaratnam, Professor of Civil Engineering. 402-10282-300-90 ANALYTICAL RIVER MECHANICS

(b) National Sciences and Engineering Research Council Grant

((•) Dr. Gary Parker.

(d) Theoretical; basic. (e) Work on self-formed stable river width is complete. Research continues on the following topics: continuum

mechanics treatment of bed and suspended load; turbidity currents; the equations of motion of migrating river bends.

(g) A model has been presented for determining self-formed channel geometry for silt-sand, and gravel streams. For the gravel case, rational regime relations and dimensionless

hydraulic relations have been derived. A fundamental

derivation of the Ashida-Michiue bed load equation from

the equations of motion describing two-phase flow has been obtained.

(/i) Self-Formed Straight Rivers with Equilibrium Banks and

Mobile Bed, Part 1, The Sand-Silt River, G. Parker, J. Fluid Mech. 89, 1, pp. 109-125. Self-Formed Straight Rivers with Equilibrium Banks and

Mobile Bed, Part 2, The Gravel River, G. Parker, J. Fluid Mech. 89, 2, pp. 127-146. 402-10284-410-90 HYDRAULICS OF GROYNES

(h) NSERC of Canada.

(c) N. Rajaratnam, Professor.

(d) Basic and experimental.

(e) To understand the structure of the turbulent flow near

groyne-like structures and to develop methods to predict flow pattern and erosion.

(g) A report is under preparation. 402-11280-300-90 MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS OF ICE JAMS

(h) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. R. Gerard.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) The dynamics of ice jam formation and failure are being

studied to get an indication of the maximum water level an

ice jam can cause. Initially the investigation is concentrating on surges formed during ice jam formation and failure, and on the conditions for the formation of grounded ice jams and their characteristics. (g) Initial analytical investigations have indicated that rapid and large increases in water level can be caused by surges formed during ice jam formation and failure. This is consistent with reports of such increases contained in histori- cal records on ice breakup water levels. 402-11281-300-99 ICE SCARS AND ICE BREAKUP WATER LEVELS

(h) Boreal Institute for Northern Studies.

(( ) Dr. R. Gerard.

{d) Field and analytical; applied research.

(e) A knowledge of ice breakup water levels is required for the design of river engineering structures and flood protection in cold regions. There are few measurements of these water levels, but a good record has been left in the ice scars on trees caused by high ice levels. The intent of this project is to evaluate the reliability of these ice scars as in- dicators of the maximum ice breakup water levels that have occurred and to determine how this water level 'record' can best be analyzed statistically.

(.g) The investigation to date has shown that ice scars are a re- liable indicator of past breakup water levels and that a meaningful statistical analysis is possible. 256
402-11282-300-90 D<)CL MENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF ICE BREAKUP WATER LEVELS IN ALBERTA

National Research Council of Canada.

(< ) Dr. R Gerard

(J) Field and analytical; applied.

(<) Historical information on past breakup water levels at set- tled locations can he found from archives, resident inter- views, etc. This type of information is being collected for selected sites in 'Alberta to allow an assessment of the probability distributions of these water levels and their magnitude relative to those caused by summer floods. As

opportunity permits observations arc also made of breakup

(«) A technique for analyzing this type of data has been

developed and the records from one site on a large river have been analyzed. At this site ice breakup water levels arc far more significant than those caused by summer

noods.

(/i) Probability .Analysis of Historical Flood Data. R. Gerard. E. Karpuk. / Hydraulics Division. ASCE. (in press). Preliminary Observations of Spring Ice Jams in Alberta, R. Gerard. Phk. 3rd Inil. Symp. Ice Problems. lAHR.

Hanover. N.H.. U.S. A., pp. 261-277. 1975. 402-11 283-21 0-OO VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION AND SECONDARY FLOW IN NONCIRCULAR CONDUITS

(t ) Dr. R. Gerard.

(«/) Theoretical and experimental; basic. ie) Most conduits encountered in Civil Engineering are noncircular (rivers, canals). A knowledge of the velocity dis- tribution in such conduits is required when assessing head

losses, pollutant mi.xing. sediment transport and heat

transfer. A finite element algorithm has been developed

that shows some promise of giving reasonably good esti- mates of the velocity distribution (including secondary

flows) but it has yet to be evaluated for a variety of conduit shapes and roughness. This is the intent of this in- vestigation.

Ill) Turbulent Flow in Very Noncircular Conduits, R. Gerard, W. D. Baines. J Hydraulics Division. ASCE 103, HY8, pp. 829-842, Aug. 1977.

Finite Element Solution for Flow in Noncircular Conduits.

R. Gerard. J. Hydraulics Division, ASCE 100, HY3. pp. 425-441, Mar. 1974. Secondary Flow in Noncircular conduits, R. Gerard. J. Hydraulics Divisum. ASCE 104. HY5. pp. 755-773, May

1978. 402-11284-370-96 ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC ICE LOADS ON BRIDGE PIERS

(h) Alberta Cooperative Research Program in Transportation and Surface Water Engineering.

(( ) Dr. R. Gerard.

id) Analytical, applied.

ie) Field measurements of ice loads on bridge piers, collected under the above program, are being analyzed to determine

simple expressions to allow the determination of effective

ice pressures for bridge design.

if!) Results to date have indicated that a simple analysis is possible that gives results more in keeping with the field measurements than the Current Canadian Bridge Code

recommendations. The rcults have also pointed out the

possible importance of the dynamic response characteristics of the pier.

(/i) Mode of Failure and the Analysis of Ice Loads on Bridge

Piers, R. Gerard. 4ih S\mp. he Problems. lAHR. Lulea. Sweden, pp. 335-348. 1978. 402-11285-810-96 LOW FLOWS IN NORTHEA.ST ALBERTA

(/)) Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program.

(c) Dr. R. Gerard.

id) Analytical, applied.

(f) Measurements of the low flows in northeastern Alberta are being analyzed using statistical techniques to determine

the causes of the spatial and temporal variations of the low

flows in this region.

(^') Records for most streams in the area cover a short period and this investigation is therefore only a prelimiary one. However, it has been shown that reasonable correiations

exist between the low flows and the catchment characteristics; that the low flows on the larger streams have sig- nificant serial correlation, and that, at least for the one

stream investigated in some detail, the low flow seems to respond to the precipitation of three years previous. 402-1 1286-810-00 MAXIMUM WATERSHED RESPONSE TO A MAXIMUM

PRECIPITATION INPUT

(< ) Dr. J. P. Verschuren.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Doctoral thesis. (f) Watershed parameters describing the state of the watershed are varied to obtain the largest possible peak

discharge for a given input. The maximum probable

precipitation will then be used to obtain the maximum

probable peak discharge based on maximum response.

(/i) A Method to Determine Flood Hydrographs for Ungauged

Watersheds. M. Bristol. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ of Alberta, 1975, The Determination of Extreme Discharges for Gauged and Ungauged Watersheds in North Western Canada. J P. Verschuren, Proc Canadian Hydrology Symp. . 77. 1977. 402-1 1287-810-00 AN ASSESSMENT OF INTERFLOW IN WATERSHED

RESPONSE

(c) Dr. J. P. Verschuren.

id) Theoretical, basic research. Doctoral thesis. (c) A model of the interflow process was developed based on

the concept that a flow impeding layer was present in the

soil profile, causing formation of a saturated layer. Steep

gradients then cause formation of interflow. A sensitivity study of the model parameters was conducted and the model was validated using data from a small mountainous

watershed. The importance of interflow relative to other

fiow processes was assessed. 402-11288-810-90 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SUBSURFACE FLOW IN A WATERSHED

(/?) Canadian Forestry Service.

(c ) Dr. J. P. Verschuren, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Doctoral thesis. (f ) Determine the changes in water yield from a forested area due to different logging practices using a distributed simulation model based on finite elements. 402-11289-810-96 AN ANALYSIS OF MAXIMUM PROBABLE PRECIPITIA- TION IN ALBERTA

(b) Alberta Environment.

(< ) Dr. J. P. Verschuren.

(d) Theoretical, applied research. Doctoral thesis. (e) All major storms that have occurred in Alberta are used to determine the regional pattern, the amounts of precipitation, extent of the storm and frequency of occurrence. The maximum probable precipitation will then be computed on

a regional basis. 402-1 1290-300-90 CHANNELS FORMED IN SEDIMENT

(b) NRC of Canada.

(t ) A. W. Peterson. Professor.

id) Applied research.

ie) Modification of the mobile flow formula (Peterson, 1975, 1978 and Technical Notes 1977, 1978) to combine fiume 257
results with the data tor various phases of tlow tor sand and gravel rivers. The resuhs of this study should aid in understanding the self adjustment of slope and depth in all types of natural mobile boundary channels. 402-1 1291-220-90 STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ABUTMENT GEOMETRY ON

SCOUR IN ERODIBLE CHANNELS

(h) NRC of Canada.

(c ) A. W. Peterson, Professor.

(d) Applied research.

(e) This project is in progress and should determine an im- proved relationship for clear water and dirty water scour

at bridge abutments, 402-11292-300-90 RIP-RAP PROTECTION FOR MEANDERING CHANNELS

(h) NRC of Canada.

(c ) A. W. Peterson, Professor.

(d) Applied research.

(f) This project is in its initial stages; the meander flume is being tested and calibrated. The project objective is to develop improved relationships for rip-rap design in river engineering applications such as bridge pier protection, bed and bank protection at bridge and pipeline crossings, and protection for river training works. 402-11293-300-90 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DEGRADATION IN RIVERS

(h) NRC of Canada.

(c ) A. W. Peterson, Professor.

id) Applied research.

(e) Computer simulation of degradation in rivers. 402-1 1294-220-00 FLOW VISUALIZATION

(c ) A. W. Peterson, Professor.

(d) Applied research.

(e) This project has been initiated to aid in the understanding

of the mechanics of flows over mobile boundaries. A

progress report (Karahan and Peterson, 1978) outlines the application of birefringents to flow visualization. Work is in progress using other visualization techniques.

(/i) The Visualization of Separation Zone on the Lee Side of Dune Shaped Bed Forms Using Streaming Birefringents, M

E. Karahan, A. W. Peterson, Repi. No. HY-I97H-VI, Dept.

Civil Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, 1978. 402-11295-700-00 HYDRAULIC LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION

(c ) A. W. Peterson, Professor.

(d) Applied research.

(f ) Development of a micro processor control system to aid in data collection for hydraulic model testing.

(/() An Application of Microcomputers in the Control, Measurement and Analysis of Hydraulic Testing, A. W Peterson. B. A. Nwachukwu, R G. Gitzel. C5CE Specialty Conf., Toronto, May 1978. The Bed Level Detector, A. W. Peterson, Publ. No. HY1978-EI. Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, 1978. 402-11296-870-00 STORAGE OF RUNOFF-COMPUTER SIMULATION STORM WATER RUNOFF

{() A. W. Peterson, Professor.

(d) Applied research.

{e) Computer simulation to study storage requirements for storm runoff,

(/i) Storage Requirements for Peak Runoff Control, A. W,

Peterson. P. H. Bouthillier. Proc. Intl. Symp. Urban Storm

Water Management, Lexington, Ky., July 1978.

402-11297-700-90 LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER STUDIES

(h) NRC of Canada,

(c ) A W, Peterson, Professor,

(d) Applied research,

(f) The LDA provides an instantaneous velocity measurement

at a very small point in space without interfering with the

flow. The two systems presently available measure one and two components of the velocity vector, respectively. Currently the LDA is in the development stage, but it has been used to measure velocity profiles in a contained oil slick. Future projects include measurements in sand-water

suspensions and flow characteristics of curved open channels. 402-1 1298-300-90 QUANTITATIVE FLUVIOLOGY

(h) University on NRC Grant.

(c ) Dr. T. Blench.

{d) Basic and applied research.

(f ) To aid the development of a formal quantitative inductive science of the self-adjustment of channels that form at

least part of their boundaries in sediment. Steps are to collect and assess data; analyze and coordinate them in terms

of an adequate "statement of case;" reduce the results to readily intelligible form, usually graphical; publicize the

data, the results and their applications; and cooperate with other agencies.

(/i) Sediment Transport Formulas (Discussion), J. Hydraulics

Division, Proc. ASCE 98, HYl, Paper 8620, pp. 284-289,

Jan. 1972. A Critical Review of Sediment Transport Experiments, R. H. Cooper, A. W. Peterson, T. Blench, J. Hydraulics Division, Proc. ASCE 98, HY5, Paper 8873, pp. 827-843, May

1972. Regime Problems of Rivers Formed in Sediment, T. Blench, Chapter 5 of River Mechanics III, Shen, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Colorado State Univ., 1973. Comprehensive Graphs of Regime Data, T. Blench, A. W.

Peterson, R. H. Cooper, Research Symp. River Mechanics, Bangkok, Thailand, Jan. 9-12, 1973. General Report on River Bed Form, T. Blench, ihid, 1973. Factors Controlling Size, Form and Slope of Stream Channels, T. Blench, Proc. 9th Hydrology Symp.. Natl. Res. Council, May 1973, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 1973. Regime Data, Volume I, Flume Data and Regime Basics, T. Blench, D. B. Simons, Commissioned by Intl. Comm. on

Irrigation and Drainage, 48th Nyaya Marg, Chankyapuri, New Delhi-21, India, 1974. Graphic Coordination of Mobile-Bed Channel Data, T. Blench, R. H Cooper, A. W, Peterson, Hydrology Review,

Indian Natl, Comm, IHD/IHP, Council of Science and In- dustrial Research, Rafi Marq, New Delhi 1-110001, India, Oct, 1975. Observations of Natural and Man-Made River Spurs, T, Blench, V, J, Galay, E, K, Yaremko, 3rd Ann. ,Symp. Waterv^avs, Harbors and Coastal Engrg. Div., ASCE. Aug,

10-12, 1976. 402-1 1299-220-90 EROSION BELOW CULVERTS

(b) NSERC of Canada and Alberta Department of Environ- ment,

(c ) N, Rajaratnam, Professor,

id) Basic and experimental.

(c) To study erosion below culverts by treating the outflow from the culvert as a wall jet. (g) The effect of tailwater depth and channel width has been

studied. Report is under preparation. 258
402- n 300-220-90 EROSION BY CIRCULAR WALL JETS IN CROSS-FLOW

(/.» NSERC (It Canada.

(< 1 \ Rajaratnam. Professor.

(cl) Basic and experimental.

(f) To study enision caused by circular wall jets discharged normal to the river flow, with relevance to diffuser designs

tor effluent disposal in rivers. 402-1 1301-300-90 HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS WITH FLOOD-PLAINS

ih) NSERC of Canada.

(t ) N. Rajaratnam. Professor.

(</) Basic and experimental.

(f) To predict the interaction between main channel and

fliHxl-pIain flows and to develop a method to predict rat- ing curves.

(g) Exploratory studies have been completed for straight and

cur\ed main channels with straight flood-plains. (/n Interaction Between Main Channel and Flood-Plain Flows,

\. Rajaratnam. R. Ahmadi. Pr,K. ASCE. J. Hyd. Div.. May

1979. .A Doctoral Dissertation on the .same subject by Mr. R Ahmadi is being completed. 402-11302-300-90 GRAVEL RIVER MECHANICS

ib \ NSERC. Canada; Alberta Department of the Environment;

E.P..A.. United States,

(t ) Dr. Gary Parker.

id) Experimental and field investigation; applied.

(«') Formulation of a resistance relation for gravel bars in order to expedite prediction of stream flow velocity and

depth at bclow-flood stages at salmonid spawning grounds. Experimental scale mixlcl of an active braided gravel stream in order to study patterns of channel shifting and

bar formation. Scour holes at anabranch confluneces are being studied to provide criteria for the design of pipeline

(g) Bar resistance in single-channel gravel streams is often

negligible at stages high enough to activate the bed pave- ment. .At progressively lower stages the bar, or pool-andriffle. pattern begins to emerge and play a significant role

in determining resistance. This has been described in terms

of an empirical relation reminiscent of the Einstein-Bar- barossa cur\c. Preliminary model studies suggest that natural braided gravel-bed streams can often be modeled

adequately via Froude and geometric similarity in a laboratorv flume containing sediment with a median size of 1 mm.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVtRONAAE^4T SERVICE, Canadian Cli- mate Centre, Hydrometeorology Division, CCAH, 4905

Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada. W. I. Pugsley, Division Chief.

403-1 1303-480-00 LAKE TO LAND COMPARISON OF WIND. TEMPERATURE

AND HUMIDITY ON LAKE ONTARIO DURING THE IN- TERNATIONAL FIELD YEAR FOR THE GREAT LAKES

(IFYGL)

(. ) D. W. Phillips. Head. Developmental Climatological Systems Section-CCAS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research

(t ) The study was to rc-e\aluate earlier studies of differences of air temperature, humidity and wind data observed over

land and over Lake Ontario. IFYGL archives of data from bums and ships and data for land stations, the Atmospheric Environment Service and the National Weather Ser\ice were the principal sources of data.

(/) Completed.

(,!,') The results of this study arc similar to those obtained by

previous investigators but the values arc less erratic and

the standard deviations are smaller compared to earlier works. Testing of the findings on others of the Great Lakes appears to he warranted.

( // ) Lake to Land Comparison of Wind. Temperature and Humidity on Lake Ontario During IFYGL. D. W Phillips, J. G, Irbe. Inicnwl Aimnsplu-ru Emironmciu Service Piihl. CLI-2-77. 403-1 1304-810-00 COMPUTER ENHANCED SNOW COVER ANALYSIS OF

SATELLITE DATA

(c ) W. D. Hogg. Head. Hydrometeorological Service-CCAH.

id) Development and applied research.

((') A semi-automated technique for using digital satellite data

to map snow cover in a heavily forested area is described. The technique requires manual determination of a critical surface emission temperature separating snow covered and non-snow covered terrain using computer enhancement

procedures and a colour graphics display. Once the critical temperature is identified, the digital infrared satellite data

are analysed by a mini-computer to produce a snow cover map and estimates of snow cover arcal extent for each

sub-basin of interest. These values are used to update a hydrologic flow forecast model.

( h ) Computer Enhanced Snow Cover Analysis of Satellite Data, W. D. Hogg. A. J. Hanssen. Proc. Canadian Hydrology Symp. CHS 79. Cold Climate Hydrology. 8 pages. May

1979. Paper available from author. 403-11305-810-00 SNOWCOVER MEASUREMENT

(c ) Dr. B. E. Goodison, Mr. V. R. Turner. Dr. E. Langham.

id) Field, applied, experimental. W) Studies on snow sampler and cutter re-design, standardization and metrication in North America; development of ef- fective and accurate cutter for snow samplers; comparison

of ground based methods of measuring snowpack water

equivalent including portable gamma spectrometer; evaluation of SAR radar for discrimination of snowpack conditions; comparability of snowfall and snow course measurc-

(/>) Accuracy of Snow Samplers for Measuring Shallow Snowpack: An Update. B. E. Goodison. Proc. Eastern Snow

Conf. 35. Hanover. New Hampshire (in press). 1978. Comparability of Snowfall and Snow Cover in a Southern

Ontario Basin, B. E Goodison. Proc Modeling of Snow

Cover Runoff. CRREL. Hanover. N.H., Sept 26-29. 1978

(in press). Snowfall and Snow Cover in Southern Ontario, B. E. Goodison. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of Toronto. Toronto. Ontario. 403 pp.. 1977. 403-11306-700-00 SNOWFALL MEASUREMENT IN CANADA

(< ) Dr. B. E. Goodison. Mr. E. 1. Mukammal. Mr. V. Turner, Mr D. J McKay.

id) Field, applied, experimental.

ie) Studies of the accuracy of Canadian snow gauge measurements, comparisons with other national gauges, testing of

artificial shielding of recording gauges, development of

solid Nipher-type shields for recording gauges, develop- ment and testing of digital precipitation gauge wind tunnel experiments of flow around snow gauges.

ih) Wind Tunnel Evaluation of Flow Around Snow Gauges. V.

R. Turner, presented I I th Ann. Canadian Meteorological

.Soc. Congress. Winnipeg. Manitoba. June 1-3. 1977. Canadian Snowfall Measurements: Some Implications for the Collection and Analysis of Data from Remote Stations, B E. Goodison. D J. McKay. Proc. Western Snow Conf. 45, Otter Rock. Oreg.. 48-57. Apr. 18-20. 1978. Canadian Snow Gauge Measurements: Accuracy, Implications, Alternatives, Needs, B. E. Goodison. Proc. 7th Symp. 259
Applied Prairie Hvdrolonw Water Studies Institute, Saskatoon, pp. 7-15, May 9-11. 1978. Accuracy of Canadian vSnow Gauge Measurements, B E. Goodison, J. Applied Mele<>n>l,>ny 17, 10, 1542-154X,

197K.

BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY, Atlantic Oceanographic Laborator/, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada. Director/General: Cedric R. Mann.

404-07852-460-00 AIR-SEA INTERACTION

(c ) S. D. Smith, Air-Sca Interaction Group.

(d) Applied and basic research. Experimental and field in- vestigation.

(/i) Wind stress, heat exchange, evaporation and carbon dioxide exchange at sea surface by eddy correlation methods. Wave generation measurements using wave-following pres- sure and wind sensors. Participation in JASIN. POLYNYA

Study (with lOS Patricia Bay).

(/i) Ocean Waves, F. W. Dobson. Ocean Sciences Reviews

1975/76, Bedford Inst, of Oceanography. Dartmouth, N.S.. Canada, pp. 3-14. 1977. Eddy Fluxes of Momentum and Heat Measured Over the

Atlantic Ocean in Gale Force Winds, S. D. Smith. Turhulent Fluxes through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics, and

Prediction, Eds., A Favre, K. Hassclmann, pp. 35-50, Plenum, 1978. Eddy Correlation Measurements of Sea-Air CO, Flux, E. P

Jones, S. D. Smith, IBID, pp. 137-150, Plenum, 1978. Wave-Pressure Correlation Measurements Over Growing

Sea Waves With a Wave Follower and Fixed-Height Pres- sure Sensors, F. W. Dobson, J. A. Elliott, IBID, pp. 421-

432. The Bight of Abaco Pressure Experiment, R. L. Snyder, R

B. Long, F. W. Dobson, J. A. Elliott, IBID, pp. 433-444. A Comparison of the Air-Sea Interaction Flux Measure- ment Systems of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography and

University of B.C., S. D. Smith, R. J. Anderson, E. G. Banke, E. P. Jones. S. Pond, W. Large, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Internal Report BI-R-76-17, 1976.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1W5, Canada. Dr. R. G. Campanella, Department

Head.

405-10225-630-90 INFLUENCE OF WATER HAMMER ON TURBINE GOVERNING

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. E. Ruus.

(d) Theoretical; applied research. Doctoral thesis. (e) The influence of water hammer on turbine governing is considered at present by using rigid water column theory. This gives reasonably good results for relatively slow changes in turbine output, i.e., where the water hammer

effect is small. The aim of this study is to incorporate the water hammer analysis according to the elastic water column theory into the turbine governing analysis, which would then yield satisfactory results even for rapid changes

in output of turbines served by long penstocks.

(/) Completed.

ig) The elasticity of water and penstock wall increases the maximum deviation of the speed of the turbine. The main

influence of the elasticity, however, appears in the reduction of stability, in particular at the high head power

405-10229-810-96 EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON STORM RUNOFF

{h) British Columbia Water Resources Service,

(( ) Dr. S. O. Russell. (d) Applied research.

(<) Urbanization affects the response of a basin to storm rainfall. Rainfall and runoff are being measured from two ad- jacent basins-one from the university complex which can

be considered as urban, and one from an adjacent completely undeveloped basin. 405-10230-370-90 CULVERT DESIGN STUDY

(/)) National Research Council,

(c ) Dr. S. O. Russell. (d) Applied research.

{e) Culvert design depends on many uncertain factors. Decision theory was used to determine an optimal design for a

test case considering flow uncertainties, possible damage

and culvert hydraulics.

(/) Completed.

(g) The design return period for major cultcrs should be based on the local circumstances rather than on a blanket policy such as the 50 year flood. However, the expected total cost of a culvert is not too sensitive to the design flood return period.

(/;) Optimal Culvert Size Selection, P. A. Ncudorf, M.A.Sc.

Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, U.B.C. 1977. 405-10232-300-96 FLOOD PROBLEMS IN GRAVEL RIVERS

(h) B. C. Disaster Relief Fund,

(c ) Dr. M. C. Quick.

id) Applied research.

(e) Gravel rivers in flood frequently undergo drastic changes

in their channel positions. Damaging flooding can result. The current research aim is to develop reasonable un- derstanding of the necessary channel width and available sediment storage so that a gravel river can be kept stable within a predetermined channel.

(g) Sediment routing coupled with a hydrologic flow model

has been developed. 405-10233-300-90 INTERACTION OF SEDIMENT AND RIVER FLOWS

(c) Dr. M. C. Quick.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Sediment bedforms and river channel cross-section and

planform are studied as a sediment-flow interaction. (g) Meandering processes have been modeled numerically

using vorticity concepts. Bedforms are being studied

analytically and experimentally, the emphasis being a basic sediment and flow processes. (h) Mechanics of Streamflow Meandering, M. C. Quick. J. Hydraulics D;> .. ASCE 100, HY6. pp. 741-753. June 1974. 405-10234-810-96 FLOOD FORECASTING

(/)) British Columbia Disaster Relief Fund,

(c ) Dr. M. C. Quick. Professor.

(.d) Applied research.

(e) Two sets of computer models, a watershed model and a channel/reservoir routing model have been developed. The

present emphasis concerns interpretation of local meteorological data in terms of basin wide behaviour for mountainous catchments. Snowmelt is a major contribution to these floods. ig) An improved method of snowmelt calculation from temperature data has been developed. Orographic precipitation influences have been modeled using a stability factor based on adiabatic lapse rates.

(/i) Daily and Seasonal Forecasting with a Water Budget

Model, M. C. Quick. A. Pipes. Proc. Intl. Symp. on the 260
R„l,- ,.f Sfinw and h e in H\droloK\ . UNESCO, WMO. and NRC. Canada. Banff, pp. 10 1 7- 1 ()'34. Sept. 1972. Nonlinear Channel Routing by Computer. M. C. Quick, A.

Pipes. J. Hydraulics Div.. ASCE 101. HY6, pp. 651-665. June 1 975. A Combined Snowmcit and Rainfall Runoff Model. M. C. Quick. A. Pipes. Canadian J. Civil Eni-rf-. 3. 3, pp. 449-

460. Sept. 1976. LBC Watershed Model, M. C. Quick. A Pipes. Hydr„l„i>ical Sciences Bidletin XXII. 1. 3 1977. LBC Watershed and Flow Manuals. M. C. Quick, A. Pipes, Dept. of Civil Engrg.. UBC, 1976. 405-1 1315-210-90 A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EQUAL-PERCENTAGE. THE UNIFORM. AND THE OPTIMUM CLOSURES OF A VALVE AT THE DOWNSTREAM END OF A SIMPLE

PIPELINE

(/>) National Research Council of Canada,

(t ) Dr E. Ruus.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e-) The required minimum time of closure, to keep the max- imum pressure rise in the pipe within a prescribed limit is calculated. Closures from full and partial gate openings are considered. The required time of closure is plotted in terms of pipeline constant, pressure rise and pipe wall fric- tion. Results of a valve closure according to an equal per- centage law are compared with those resulting from

uniform and optimum closures.

{g) Preliminary results show that a closure according to the equal percentage law requires a shorter time than that ac- cording to the uniform closure. This time is still substantially longer than that required by an optimum closure of

the valve. Pipe wall friction has an appreciable influence on the required time of closure. 405-11316-810-90 USE OF GOES SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHS FOR ESTI- MATING PRECIPITATION

(/>) National Research Council,

(c ) Dr. S. O. Russell,

(rf) Applied research.

(;?) GOES imagery has been used for estimating rainfall from

tropical convective storms. The procedure is being ex- tended to frontal and convective storms over British Columbia for use in flood forecasting. 405-11317-210-90 PRESSURE RISE DUE TO WATER-COLUMN SEPARATION AND CLOSURE OF A CHECK VALVE FOLLOWING A TOTAL PUMP FAILURE

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. E. Ruus.

id) Theoretical; applied rescarch.

(f ) For a simple pump discharge line with a high point, max- imum pressure rises due to the rejoining of the separated water columns and the closure of the check valves are cal- culated and plotted in nondimensional form. Pipeline constant, the inertia of the motor and the pump, pipe wall

friction, as well as the location and elevation of the high

point are considered, with a pump of specific speed equal

to 7600 working under a rated head 40.0 feet. (^) A large value ot pipeline constant combined with a low pump inertia results in high pressure rise due to extensive water column separation at high points approaching the

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Calgar>', Alberta. Canada T2N 1N4. P. G. Glockner, Department Head.

406-07319-740-90 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF FLOW FIELDS

{h) National Research Council.

(() Dr. D. H. Norrie.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(f) Develop finite element methods for flow fields of potential, viscous and other types. Current emphasis is on pul- sating flow through dense matrix. Least square finite ele- ment application to convective and diffusive flows under

consideration. Results have been obtained for potential, viscous,

viscoplastic, and compressible flows, within specific ranges. Good agreement has been found with available

(/i) Finite Element Solution for Visco-Plastic Torsion. G. de

Vries, D. H. Norrie. J Strain Energy, (in press) 1979. Application of Pseudo-Functional Finite Element Method to Non-Linear Problems. D H Norrie. G. dc Vries, Ch. 3. Vol. 1. Finite Elements in Fl.,^^- Prnhlems, R. H. Gallagher,

et al. (eds), John Wiley, pp. 56-65. 1975. Recent Advances in Finite Element Methods Applied to Fluid Dynamics. D. H. Norrie, G dc Vries, Ch. 21 in Vol.

3, Finite Elements in Flow Problems. R. H. Gallagher, et

al. (eds), John Wiley, 1978. CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS, Notional Water

Research Institute, Hydraulics Research Division, P.O. Box

5050, Burlington, Ontaino, L7R 4A6, Canada. T. M.

Dick, Division Chief. 407-09509-200-00 TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

(c ) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Investigate the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on

the different fiow variables. (g) The dependence of the dispersion coefficient on friction factor and width-depth ratio in rectangular channels has been investigated. Effect of a cross-section shape and

variation of dispersion coefficient across the channel arc being studied.

(/i) Transverse Dispersion in Rectangular Channels, Y L. Lau,

B. G. Krishnappan, J. Hyd. Div., ASCE, HYIO, Oct. 1977. Transverse Dispersion in Trapezoidal Channels, Y. L. Lau,

B. G. Krishnappan, Proc. XVI Congress on Hydraulics and

Hydraidic Constructions, Torino, Italy, Sept. 1978. 407-09510-870-00 CRITERIA FOR OIL SLICK CONTAINMENT IN FLOWING WATER USING BOOMS

(c) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Obtain criteria for oil spill containment and to produce

realistic estimates of volume of oil containable under given flow conditions, conditions under which no containment is possible and feasibility of diverting oil slicks using booms

under such conditions.

(/) Completed.

(g) Experiments were used to confirm the condition of no

containment suggested by Wilkinson. In addition, a new

criterion was discovered. Measurements of slick profiles enabled interfacial friction factors to be evaluated. Guidelines were established for the diversion of oil slicks as a function of boom angle and a densimctric Froude number.

(/i) Booms Used for Oil Slick Control, Y.L. Lau, J.Env. Eng.

Div.. ASCE, Apr. 1979. 261
407-09512-870-00 ENERC.Y LOSSES AT SEWER PIPE JUNCTIONS

(< ) Mr. J. Marsalck.

(</) Experimental; applied research.

(() Energy losses at sewer pipe junctions are observed for various types of junctions.

(^') Experiments have been completed,

(/i) A final report is under preparation. 407-09515-300-00 RESISTANCE OF BEAUHARNOIS CANAL UNDER WINTER

CONDITIONS

(( ) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Field, basic, applied.

(«') Study the Chezy c of Beauharnois Canal as season changes; try to relate the Chezy c with ice and other meteorological parameters.

(/) Scheduled to be completed in 1979.

Eight years' data have been compiled and are being

analyzed. 407-09517-390-00 FORMATION OF FRAZIL ICE IN WATER WITH SURFACE WAVES

(c ) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Theoretical, basic. (c) Study the heat flux and the formation of ice in water when

subject to sinusoidal surface waves of various amplitude and frequency.

(/) Temporarily suspended. 407-10292-220-00 A HYDROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR BED LOAD

DISCHARGE

(/>) Water Survey of Canada.

(( ) Mr Peter Engel, Environmental Hydraulics Section, Hydraulics Research Division, National Water Research

Institute. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research, development.

(e) Theoretical development of a simple method to compute

bed load transport rate from spatial and temporal survey

of bed-form movement in large rivers.

(/i) Determination of Bed Load from Measurement of Dune

Profiles-An Interim Report, P Engel, Hydraulics Research

Division. NWRl. Unpublished report, 1977. Estimation of Bed Load from Bottom Profiles, P. Engel, Hydraulics Research Division, NWRl. Unpublished report, 1978. Modification to Hydrographic Method to Compute Bed Load from Dune Profiles in Open-Channel Flow, P. Engel,

Y. L. Lau, Hydraulics Research Division, NWRl, Technical Noie 7S-I0, 1978. Preliminary Tests of the Hydrographic Method to Compute

Bed Load Using Flume Data, P. Engel, Hydraulics Research Division. NWRl, Technical Note 78-13, 1978. A Bed-Load Equation Using Average Departures About the Mean Bed Elevation and Dune Speed, P. Engel, Hydraulics Research Division, NWRl, Technical Note 78-16, 1978. 407-10296-300-00 MATHEMATICAL RIVER RESPONSE MODEL

(c) Dr. B. G. Krishnappan.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(f) A mathematical model to predict hydraulic parameters of

a stream for time-dependent tlow rate and sediment input

rate has been developed and is being tested for laboratory and field conditions.

(g) The laboratory testing has been completed and a favourable agreement between the model predictions and the laboratory measurements was obtained.

(/)) Mathematical Modeling of Flows in Natural Streams, B. G. Krishnappan. Presented 4th Canadian Hxdrotechnical Conference, Vancouver, May 1 979.

(/i) Mathematical Modeling of Sediment-Laden Flows in Natural Streams, B. G. Krishnappan, N. Snider. Inland Waters

Directorate, Scientific Series No. 81, 1977. 407- 10297-300-00 BASIC STUDY ON MEANDER FORMATION

(( ) Dr. B. G. Krishnappan and Dr. T. M. Dick.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

ie) This study is undertaken to systematically conduct experi- ments and gather basic data which could shed some light on the basic mechanism of meander formation.

(^) Some modifications to the original experimental set up are being implemented. 407-10298-870-00 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ICE-OIL BOOM

(() Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Applied; development.

(e) Develop a boom to be used in ice infested, flowing waters. The purposes of the boom are: (a) defiecting drift ice floes to one side, (b) permitting oil to flow to the ice free area behind the boom through openings in the boom, and (c) deflecting the oil to the shore for recovery. A first generation boom has been developed and tested. The testing showed that the boom is very promising. Further laboratory experiments are being performed and a second-generation boom is being designed,

(/i) Work so far is summarized in two papers; An Ice-Oil Boom; From Tseng's Folly to Tsang's Boom,

Can. Research 11, p. 41, June 1978. Development of a Novel Ice-Oil Boom For Flowing Waters, G. Tsang, N. Vanderkooy, Proc. 1979 Oil Spill Conference, Los Angeles, Mar. 1979. 407-10299-700-00 DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAZIL ICE INSTRUMENT

(c) Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Development.

(e) To develop an instrument to measure point concentration

of frazil ice.

(/?) Based on the experimental instrument that was constructed and tested on the feasibility of the concept, a prototype instrument has been constructed and tested. Some electronic modifications are necessary to bring the instrument into operational state and this is presently being done. 407-10300-330-00 EFFECT OF SHIP PASSAGE ON UNCONSOLIDATED COVER

(c) Mr. R. Carson, Dr. G. Tsang.

(d) Applied.

(e) To study the effect of ship passage on the formation of ice jam in a fragmented ice cover.

(/) Completed.

(g) Laboratory experiments showed that the passage of a ship through an unconsolidated ice cover can cause an un- derwater ice dam to form; the criteria for such an ice dam

initiation is very much affected by the condition of the ice cover; for a given ice cover, a ship moving downstream is more likely to produce an ice jam than one moving up- stream; and both high and low ship speeds are not favourable for ice dam formation. Somewhere in between

there is a ship speed range at which ice dams are most

likely to form.

( h ) Effect of Ship Passage Through an Unconsolidated Ice Cover, R. Carson, Hydraulics Research Division. Unpublished report. May 1978. 407-10302-870-99 RECOVERY OF SPILLED OIL IN RIVERS FROM CUT

SLOTS IN THE ICE COVER

(/)) Prairie Region Oil Spill Containment and Recovery Advisory Committee. 262
(«•) Dr. E. C. Chen. Dr. G. Tsang. Mr. R. Carson.

(J) Applied.

(<-) To study the feasibility and the best way of recovering

spilled oil from slots cut in the ice cover of rivers.

(/) Completed

Ig) The study showed that oil can be recovered from under

river ice. .A field experiment was carried out in Edmonton

in the spring of 1978. The field experiment showed that 99

percent of the spilled oil was recovered. Besides cut slots on the ice cover, imbedded barriers and slot-barrier combinations were also studied. A new technology thus has been developed as a consequence of the study for recovering oil spilled under river ice cover.

(/i) Recovery of Oil Spilled Under River Ice Cover. G. Tsang. 7979 Oil Spill Conference, Los Angeles, Mar. 1979. 407-1 0304-300-90 ICE JAM FLOOD RISK MAPPING

(h) Atlantic Region. Inland Waters Directorate. Department of

Fisheries and the Environment,

(c) Mr. R. Carson.

(</) Applied.

(e) To map the sites of probable fiooding due to ice jamming

in the Salmon River, Nova Scotia.

(/) Completed.

ig) Probable flood levels were estimated based on historical flood records available,

(/j) Effect of Ice Jams on Flooding in Truro, N.S., R Carson,

Hydraulics Research Division. Unpublished report, 1978. 407-11307-700-00 PERFORMANCE OF THE PRICE CURRENT METER

(c) Mr. Peter Engle, Environmental Hydraulics Section, Hydraulics Research Division, National Water Research

Institute. {d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Tests conducted in a towing tank to evaluate the effect of seven independent variables on the rate of rotation of the meter. The results will provide information on the behaviour of the meter applicable to a wide range of field conditions likely to be encountered.

(g) An outline of experiments was prepared to implement a

detailed study of the performance of the Price current meter. Through dimensional analysis, together with ex- amination of available literature, seven dimensionless inde- pendent variables have been identified for study, resulting

in a total of seven experiments. In the first experiment,

criteria to determine the waiting time between successive tows in a towing tank were established. A Price meter with standard suspension was towed and the waiting times

varied. The study showed that disturbance of the water

prior to a calibration run does not affect the minimum

waiting time significantly. For the Price meter, the waiting time varies inversely as the square root of the towing

speed. In the second experiment, the performance of the Price meter when placed at a horizontal angle to the

direction of fiow was investigated. Tests were conducted

to study the performance of the Price 622AA current meter when placed at a horizontal angle to the direction of

flow. Results indicate that the behaviour of the meter is unsymmetrical for misalignment to the left and the right. In this respect, the Price meter should not be allowed to deviate from true alignment with the fiow by more than

10° to the left and 15° to the right so as not to exceed er- rors due to alignment by one percent. The effect of the

tail fin in increasing errors is insignificant for misaligned meters and can be neglected for practical purposes.

ill) An Experimental Outline to Study the Performance of the Price Current Meter, P. Engel. Hydraulics Research Division, NWRI. Unpublished report, 1977. Determination of Waiting Times Between Successive Runs when Calibrating Price 622AA Type Current Meters in a Towing Tank, P Engel. C. DeZeeuw. Hydraulics Research

Division. NWRI. Technical Note S„. 77-/7, 1977.

The Effect of Horizontal Alignment on the Performance of Price 622AA Current Meter. P Engel. C DcZecuw,

Hydraulics Research Division. NWRI. Unpublished report, 1978. 407-11308-200-00 TURBULENCE MODEL FOR MASS TRANSFER IN OPEN CHANNELS

{.d) Theoretical; experimental; applied research.

((') To establish a numerical model for mass transfer in openchannel fiows using a model to describe the turbulence

properties. 407-11309-300-00 MODELING DISPERSION IN ICE-COVERED RIVERS

(( ) Dr. Y. L. Lau.

id) Theoretical; experimental applied research,

(e) To investigate the effect of ice covers on dispersion in rivers using a turbulence model. 407-11310-300-00 BOTTOM ROUGHNESS IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS

(c ) Mr. Peter Engel, Environmental Hydraulics Section, Hydraulics Research Division, National Water Research

id) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Experiments were conducted to measure the total friction factor as a function of artificial bed-form geometry, grain

size and fiow conditions. Results are compared with data from literature and some observations are made regarding

present practices of computing friction factors when dunes form on the mobile stream bed. (h) Friction Factor for Flow over Duned Beds. P Engel, Y. L. Lau, Hydraulics Research Division, NWRI Proceedings,

Transparl Processes and River Modeling Workshop, Nov. 20 and 21, 1978, NWRI, Canada Centre for Inland Waters,

Burlington, Ont. 407-11311-370-90 ROAD DRAINAGE INLET CAPACITY

(/>) Ministry of Transportation and Communications.

(f) Mr. J. Marsalek.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(c) Prototypes of selected inlet structures were tested in the laboratory. Inlet capacities were measured for various pavement spreads, grades, and crossfalls.

(/i) A progress report is under review. 407-11312-470-90 COBOURG HARBOUR MODEL STUDY

<,h) Small Craft Harbours Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada).

(c ) Dr. M. G. Skafel. {d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:72 scale model of Cobourg Harbour, Lake Ontario is being used to evaluate different schemes to reduce wave

agitation inside the harbour. 407-11313-410-00 LITTORAL DRIFT AND EROSION MODEL

(( ) Dr. M. G. Skafel and Mr. J. P. Coakley.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Waves, currents and sediment transport are being measured on a sand beach to provide data for modeling sedi- ment transport in the littoral zone.

263
CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Montreal, Quebec H3G IMS, Canada. A. S. Ramamurthy.

408-11318-700-90 LATERAL WEIR FLOW MODEL

(/>) National Research Council.

(< ) A. S. Ramamurthy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; Doctoral dissertation

( completed ). ((') The hydrodynamic theory of flow through a lateral conduit

outlet was used to develop the Lateral weir flow model. Experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical predictions.

{/) Completed.

(/i) D.Enf-. Thesis, 1978.

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, Institute of Oceanography,

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1. Dr. Peter J, Wangersky, Director. 409-09518-420-00 SURF ZONE AND NEARSHORE HYDRODYNAMICS

(c ) A. J. Bowen and D. A. Huntley.

(rf) Theoretical and field experimental; basic research.

(e) Develop theories of nearshore wave/motion and steady

currents, and test theories by field experiments. Investigation of surf beat, edge waves and turbulent stresses on bot- tom sediment

(f-) See papers.

(/i) Simple Models of Nearshore Sedimentation: Beach Profiles and Offshore Bars, A J Bowen, Proc. Conf. on Coastlines of Canada. Halifax. I97H, Geological Survey of Canada (in Edge Waves and Surf Beat. A. J. Bowen, R. T. Guza, J. Ceophys. Res. 83, 1913-1920, 1978.

Infragravity Waves in Storm Conditions, R A. Holman, D

A. Huntley, A. J. Bowen, Pr,>c. I6ilt Coastal Engrg. Conf

.

Hamburg. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers

(in press). Edge Waves on a Crescentic Bar System, D. A Huntley,

Proc. Conf. on Coastlines of Halifa.x. 197H, Geological Sur- vey of Canada (in press). Beach Cusps and Edge Waves, D. A. Huntley, A. J Bowen. Proc. I6tli Coastal Engrg. Conf., Hamburg. New

York: American Society of Civil Engineers (in press). Velocity and Stress Measurements in a Tidal Inlet, D. A. Huntley. D. Nummedal, Proc. 16th Coastal Engrg. Conf., Hamburg. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers

(in press). ENVIRONMENT CANADA, Notional Hydrology Research

Institute, 10th Floor, Place Vincent Massey, Ottawa

Kl A OE7, Ontario, Canada.

411-11314-810-00 CLIMATOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF AREAL

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND LAKE EVAPORATION

(c ) F. I. Morton, Research Scientist.

(rf) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(f ) The project involves progressive development of computer

models to estimate areal evapotranspiration and lake evaporation from routine observations of temperature, humidity and sunshine duration anywhere in the world with no need for locally optimized coefficients. Both the areal evapotranspiration and lake evaporation models arc based on the concept of a complementary relationship between

actual and potential evaporation. This concept permits the

areal evapotranspiration to be estimated from its effects on

the temperature and humidity of the overpassing air (as reflected in the potential evaporation estimates) thereby avoiding the complexities of the soil-plant system: and per- mits the lake evaporation to be estimated from observations made in the land environment by taking into account

the modification of the air as it passes from the land over

the lake As in all modeling exercises the basic concept must be associated with other assumptions and poorly defined empiricisms. However the lack of locally optimized coefficients permits the detection and correction of erroneous assumptions and relationships by progressive

testing over an ever-widening range of environments.

(.g) The most recent version of the areal evaporation model

has been tested by comparing the model estimates averaged over periods of 5 years or more with the cor- responding water budget estimates for 122 river basins in Canada, Ireland, Kenya and the southern United States. The most recent version of the lake evaporation model has been tested by comparing annual model estimates with the corresponding water budget estimates for seven lakes representative of widely differing environments in Canada

and the United States.

(/i) Estimating Evapotranspiration from Potential Evaporation:

Practicality of an Iconoclastic Approach, F. I. Morton, J. Hydrology 38, pp. 1-32, July 1978. Climatological Estimates of Lake Evaporation. F. I. Morton, Water Resources Research 15, 1 , pp. 64-76, Feb. 1979. GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, Department of Fisheries and

Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay; Ocean

and Aquatic Sciences, Pacific Region, 9860 West

Saanich Road, Sidney, B.C. Canada, V8L 4B2. R. W.

Stewart, Director-General. 412-11319-060-00 SALT WEDGE IN LOWER FRASER RIVER

(( ) Mr. A. B. Ages.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Hydrodynamics of the salt wedge in the Fraser River based on extensive ongoing field program. 412-11320-870-00 OIL SPILL PREDICTION

(c ) Mr. A. B. Ages.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(c) Field evaluation of oil spill model based on surface wind

velocities, tidal currents and spreading velocities. 412-11321-300-00 NUMERICAL MODEL OF FRASER RIVER PLUME IN STRAIT OF GEORGIA. B.C.

(c ) Dr. P. B. Crean.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Boundary information from an earlier large-scale barotropic model is being used to provide tidal forces and interface

stresses for a buoyant, spreading upper layer model of the Fraser River discharge. 412-11322-410-00 NUMERICAL AND HYDRAULIC MODELING OF TIDAL FLOW OVER SILLS

(c ) Dr. D. Farmer. Dr. T. S. Murty.

i,d) Theoretical, laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

{e) Numerical and hydraulic models are being used to in- vestigate non-linear hydraulic jumps and consequent mixing in stratified fiow over sills in coastal inlets.

264
LASALLE HYDRAUUC LABORATORY LTD., 0250 St. Patrick

Street, Lasalle. Quebec, Canada HSR 1R8. F. E. Parkinson, Eng., Vice President. 413-09548-870-90 INFLUENCE OF THE SUBMERGENCE OF A HYDROFOIL DEFLECTOR ON ITS EFFICIENCY

(h) Canadian Coa.st Guard, Department of Transport.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(f) As part of a general study on the use of deflectors for the diversion of accidental oil spills, determination of the

overall efficiency with respect to the hydraulic draft. Study

carried out on a laboratory testing channel.

(f) Completed.

(/;) Report submitted to the Canadian Coast Guard. It was

possible to relate numerically the efficiency and the sub- mergence. 413-10251-350-73 EASTMAIN SPILLWAY-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(h) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lalonde. Girouard, Letendre, and As.sociates. Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

id) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on a 1/100 scale model of a spillway located in a

diversion canal and designed to carry a peak outflow of 211,000 cfs with a maximum head of 65 feet. Special at- tention was given to potential scouring of the riverbank and to flow conditions during winter.

if) Completed. 413-10257-350-73 CANIAPISCAU DIVERSION TUNNEL AND SPILL- WAY-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(h) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lemieux, Monti, Nadon,

Roy, Inc., Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model including a spillway and its tailrace canal (peak flow 130,000 cfs) and a diversion tunnel (peak flow 110,000 cfs). The main characteristic of the project is the superimposed arrangement of the spillway and canal on top of the diversion tunnel with the tailrace canal of the tunnel serving as a dissipating basin for the spillway flow. The model was used to investigate flow conditions mainly in the tailrace canal of the diversion tunnel and in the intake canal of the spillway. Calibration of both

structures was made and flow conditions during winter

(/) Completed. 413-10258-350-73 EASTMAIN, OPINACA, LA GRANDE (E.O.L.) CONTROL

STRUCTURE-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(h) James Bay Energy Corporation; Lalonde, Girouard, Letendre and Associates, Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(<) A 1/100 scale model study of a three-gated control struc- ture designed for a peak flow of 70,000 cfs. The study in- cludes the investigation of various flow conditions and

calibration of the structure. Excavation in the downstream

reach as required by winter ice flow conditions was also being studied.

(/) Completed. 413-10260-520-90 MOORING FORCES OF LARGE VESSELS BERTHED AT OFFSHORE TERMINALS

(h) Canadian coast Guard, Department of Transports.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(f ) On a 1/100 scale model duplicating the Come-by-Chance

terminal conditions, VLCC models, the largest being 412.000 DWT. were used to study the dynamics of mooring line forces generated as a result of combinations of wave conditions, lines-pretensioning, line-elongation

characteristics, nylon-tail addition to steel lines, vessel loading, and mooring arrangements. With the view of developing practical guidelines for the general user, the program was expanded in a later phase to environmental

conditions beyond those expected at the site of Come-by- Chance terminal.

(/) Completed.

(f;) Final report submitted to the Canadian Coast Guard. 413-10265-340-73 LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION

(h) Manitoba Hydro through Crippen Acres Engineering, Con-

(d) Experimental design.

(e) 1/500 horizontal and 1/150 vertical scale ice model stu- dies. The Limestone Generating Station is to be built in a reach of the Nelson River subject to severe ice jamming.

During the winter, under existing conditions the staging of

the ice cover causes a rise in water level of about 15 meters above the open water conditions. The object of the model study was to determine winter water levels and stability of the ice cover under different diversion conditions.

(f) Completed.

(^') Ice and water levels were defined for fully developed

winter staging conditions with modified river flows caused

by upstream powerhouse operations. Two stages of coffer- dam construction were considered, and the past two winters have given valid confirmation of the model predic- 413-10270-350-87

SIDI SAAD DAM

(h) Ministry of Development, Tunisia, SNC, Consultants.

(d) Experimental design.

(f ) 1/100 scale model study of hydraulic design of the spillway and energy dissipation downstream.

if) Completed.

(g) An economical spillway arrangement using two stages was

developed. The first stage was a trajectory bucket

discharging into a concrete lined stilling basin, and the second stage was an aerated weir spilling into a gabion

protected channel downstream. 413-11654-340-73 FORKED RIVER NUCLEAR PLANT

(h) Jersey Central Light and Power Co -Burns and Roe, Consultants. id) Analytical, mathematical model study.

(e) Brief theoretical study to assess the likelihood of ice jam

conditions occurring at the service water intake. 413-11655-340-73 HOPE CREEK GENERATING PLANT

ih) Public Services Electric and Gas Co.-Bechtel, Consultants.

(d) Experimental, design.

(f) A 1/5 scale model was used to study fiow supply conditions to the service water pumps. Eight pumps will be pro- vided in each intake, and sluices between bays will allow supply to pumps from the adjacent bays. A sparger system was provided to re-suspend silt so it will go through the pumps.

if) Report in preparation.

(f;) A modification to the sumps in the form of a perforated screen wall was developed to ensure proper flow to the pumps; i.e., elimination of vortices. Detailed changes to the sparger system nozzle layout, number and discharge were made to improve sediment removal characteristics. 413-11656-340-73 RIO VINTO ESTE INTAKE

(h) Bolivian National Electricity Authority-Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd.-Consultant.

(d) Experimental, design. 265
(<-) Expansion of the Santa Isahclla Plant will include construction of an additional water intake on the Rio Vinto

Este The model at scale 1/12 was built at the San Andreas University, La Paz, to study sediment excluder concepts for this intake.

(/) Completed.

(fj) Consulting services provided to complete testing program

by developing modified intake structures that effectively removed the sand and gravel. 413-11657-350-87 MADA RIVER MULTIPURPOSE DEVELOPMENT

Ih) Lower Bcnuc River Development Authori- ty-Nigcria-ShawMont Nigeria Ltd.

(li) Experimental, design.

(t) The dam to be built at Tcdc for flood control and as an ir- rigation reservoir also includes a powerhouse and cascade

spillway excavated into the left abutment. A comprehensive model at 1/100 scale was used to study operations of

the spillway and powerhouse as well as the single stage diversion arrangement.

(/) Completed.

(ft) Modifications were developed for the downstream per- manent cofferdam layout to eliminate deposition of

material in the tailrace channel, as well as for the diver- sion channel control section to improve discharge capacity. Minor changes were required in the power intake tower

to eliminate vortices. The cascade spillway as designed worked very efficiently. 413-11658-340-87 LA VOHITRA HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

(h) Madagascar National Electricity Authority-Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd-Consultants.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) Development of the Grand Rogez site will include construction of a diversion weir and water intake to supply

the powerhouse. Problems were mainly associated with heavy sediment transport by the stream. A 1/50 scale model, using both sand and sawdust to simulate sediment, was used to study the structures. A separate study at scale 1/20 was carried out to develop a sand trap in the power

(/) Completed.

(g) Weir, intake and spillway gate modifications were

developed to exclude most of the sediment. Part of the

river valley was used as a natural sediment trap. 413-11659-340-87 KENERING HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

ih) National Electricity Board, States of Malaya-Shawinigan

Engineering Co. Ltd.-Consultants.

(d) Experimental, design.

(c) A comprehensive model at 1/100 scale was used to study

the construction phases during diversion, as well as the

spillway and powerhouse operation.

(f) Completed.

(^) A raised level trajectory bucket spillway was developed which provided acceptable scour and deposit characteristics downstream. There may still remain some

problems with tailwater levels if maximum floods occur, but it was not judged advantageous to provide remedial

works. Corrective dredging could be necessary in such

cases. The power intakes were modified to eliminate vortices. Modifications to the spillway gate operating procedures were recommended to protect the cofferdams

during diversion. 413-11660-340-87 BERSIA HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

(h) National Electricity Board. State of Malaya-Shawinigan

Engineering Co. Ltd.-Consultant.

(d) Experimental, design.

(<•) A 1/100 scale comprehensive mudei was used to study the spillway and powerhouse operation as well as the three stages of diversion.

C/) Completed

(>>) With the original design scour and subsequent deposit downstream of the spillway seriously encroached on tail- race fiow from the powerhouse. A shorter spillway struc- ture was developed with efficient trajectory buckets that controlled the sc<iur and deposit. Modifications to the up- stream face of the dam eliminated vortices above the power intakes. Cofferdam alignments were modified, and

gate operating procedures specified during diversion tests in order to avoid scour of the left bank or timber crib 413-1 1661-340-73 HOPE CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION

(h) Public Services Electric and Gas Co.

(d) Analytical, mathematical model study.

(<') Using potential ice generation values resulting from the

parallel study at Salem Plant, calculations were carried out

to define the possibility of ice jams' forming at the service water intakes.

(f) Completed. An ice jam is possible, so modifications to the proposed

hot water recirculating system were suggested. 413-11662-340-73 SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT

ih) Public Services Electric and Gas Co.

(d) Analytical, mathematical model study.

(e) Theoretical analysis of ice generation potential in the Delaware River, and its possible accumulation at the cooling water intake.

(/) Completed.

(g) Under extreme meteorological conditions which have al- ready been experienced at the plant site, the formation of

a significant ice jam is possible. Corrective measures in the form of ice booms and hot water injections were recom- mended.

413-11663-870-36 SWIRL CONCENTRATOR AS STORMWATER REGULATOR

(h) American Public Works Association as research agent for the Environmental Protection Agency.

(d) Experimental, research and development.

(e) Earlier development studies had been done on a 1/12 scale model. The present tests were done on a 1/6 scale model,

giving the opportunity to check sediment recovery scale- up principles, and to extend the range of structure shapes.

(J) In progress. (;?)Some inconsistency in the sediment scale-up procedure seems apparent. Additional testing has provided the new

relations necessary so field predictions should be more ac- curate. Field testing of a pilot installation at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, is being monitored for further comparisons. 413-1 1664-340-73 SURRY NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION-UNITS I AND 2 (h) Virginia Electric Power Co.

id) Experimental, design.

(e) 1/2 scale model used to study recirculation spray pumps

for both units that were installed in deep cylindrical casings. Excess bottom clearance and asymmetric supply to the casing combined to form strong bottom vortices.

(/) Completed.

(g) Flow control assemblies to be fixed onto the pump bell- mouths were developed. They consisted of a combined

skirt and cross-vane arrangement, that effectively im- porved the fiow. at the same time as significantly reducing

headlosses in the casing.

ill) Report submitted to Vepco. 266
413-11665-340-73 BEAVER VALLEY NUCLEAR PLANT-UNIT 1 (/)) Duqucsnc Light Co.-lngcrsi)ll-Rand Pump Co -Supplier.

iJ) Experimental, design.

(<-) 1/2 scale model used to study casing installation of low head injecti(.)n pumps. Bottom vortexing and pre-rotation were identified as problem sources.

(/) Completed. A manifold fli>w distributor incorporating turning vanes was developed and recommended,

(/i) Report submitted to Duquesne.

413-11666-340-73 NORTH ANNA NUCLEAR PLANT-UNITS 3 AND 4

(h) Virginia Electric Power Company-Gingham-Willamcttc Pump Co.-Supplier.

id) Experimental, design.

<4') 1/2 scale model to study layout of recirculation spray pumps in a restricted casing. Bottom vortices were found

that would impair pump performance.

(f) Completed.

(^) First phase studies developed a combination skirt and

cross-vanc assembly to be fixed under the pump bell- mouth. It corrected the flow well, but had restricted clearance tolerances. The manufacturer did full scale pilot

tests, proving with uncanny precision the tolerance requirements predicted on the model. Their suggested modified split under-platc was later tested and found to be

satisfactory.

(/i) Report in preparation. 413-11667-340-73 NORTH ANNA NUCLEAR PLANT-UNIT 1 (h) Virginia Electric Power Company-Ingersoll-Rand Pump

Co-Supplier.

(d) Experimental, design modification.

(c) 1/2 scale model used to study casing enclosed recirculation spray pumps which had not performed as required in preliminary field tests. Severe vortexing of the bottom of

the casing was found to be the problem. Later tests were

also carried out on the low head injection pumps.

(/) Completed.

(«) A manifold flow distributor incorporating turning vanes was developed on the model for the recirculating pumps.

Subsequent installation in the plant, and testing over 600

hours of continuous operation confirmed the model predictions. The low head safety injection pumps, in a slightly different casing arrangement, were found to be acceptable. 413-11668-340-73 WANSLEY GENERATING STATION

(/>) Georgia Power Co -Southern Services Ltd.-Consultants. Ingersoll-Rand Pump Co.. Suppliers.

(d) Experimental, operations improvement.

(e) 180.000 gpm circulating water pumps were not performing

as required, and the curved supply tunnels to the sumps

were suspected as being responsible. A 1/10 scale model

was used to check the flow characteristics and to develop

remedial works.

(/) Completed.

Multiple vortex centres were eliminated by installing a mask wall with an oval opening in front of the bellmouth.

( /i ) Recommended modifications and report submitted to Georgia Power. 413-11669-300-73 BURNTWOOD RIVER AT THOMPSON. MANITOBA

(/>) Manitoba Hydro.

(d) Analytical, mathematical model study.

(<-) Diversion of Churchill River water into the Nelson River through the Burntwood will raise its winter discharges sig- nificantly. Studies were carried out to define the ice cover

formation mechanics near the town of Thompson to ensure safety of its water supply intake and winter recreational activities on the ice. (J) Completed.

(i;) Water levels were just acceptable for continued operation

of the water supply pumphouse. Rough cover surface and

internal instability would make recreation on the stretch of

river in front of the town unsafe, s») an alternate area was

suggested. 413-11670-340-87 DADIN KAWA DAM

(h) Upper Benue river Development Authori- ty-Nigeria-ShawMont Nigeria Ltd.-consultants.

(</) Experimental, design.

(e) 1/50 scale comprehensive model of dam, spillway and

powerhouse. The prime concern was development of a

spillway with adequate energy dissipating ability so its scour and deposits would not hinder powerhouse operations. A tenacious vortex over the power intake required considerable study.

if) Completed.

(^') A simple, efficient trajectory bucket spillway was

developed, along with a prc-excavatcd plunge pool. A

large dcficctor wall in the reservoir was found necessary to eliminate the power intake vortex.

(/;) Report submitted to ShawMont.

413-1 1671-330-87 JEBBA NAVIGATION LOCK

(h) National Electric Power Authority-Nigeria-Montrcal Engineering Co. Ltd.-Consultants.

(d) Experimental, design.

(e) 1/25 scale model study of 30 meter lift lock with chamber

dimensions of 12.2 x 200 meters. Combination of analytical and physical model studies used to develop chamber

filling and emptying system.

(/) Completed.

(g) A bottom culvert with perforated slab distribution system was devloped which allows smooth filling and emptying

operations in under 15 minutes.

(/i) Report submitted to MECO.

413-11672-340-73 LG-4 POWER INTAKE

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation and Rousseau, Sauve, Warren, Inc. -Consulting Engineers.

(d) Model investigation; design.

(e) 1/80 scale model of forebay and intakes. Even with practically ideal approach fiow conditions and a suitable intake designing (LG4 intake format is similar to the intakes for LG2 and LG3, which were extensively model tested), satisfactory inflow conditions free from vortices or other disturbances were obtained only after the following altera- tions had been made: a) complete closure of the fiow passage left between the individual intakes in the original design; b) addition of a streamline -shaped wall at each of

the two extreme intakes, with extra width given to the in- take canal to account for the two above end walls.

if) Completed. 413-11673-060-73 LA GRANDE ESTUARY (SALT WATER INTRUSION STUDY)

(b) James Bay Energy Corporation and Vezina, Fortier and

Associates, Consulting Engineers.

(d) Model investigation, applied research.

(f ) The study was conducted on the existing estuary model

which reproduced to linear scales of 1 :6()0 horizontally and 1;15() vertically a portion of James Bay and the La Grande River to the head of tide, at mile 21. The model

was first operated to establish the salinity regime for exist- ing conditions, and then to establish the regime following

closure of the LG2 diversion tunnels, when the reservoir

started being filled. As a practical result, closure time was 267
delayed Irom Oetober to December until the ice cover had formed (the tests having shown that the ice cover would maintain salt intrusion below mile 12, as op- posed to clear water tests in which the entire estuary was

(/) Completed.

(H) Field operation in the winter of 1978-79 confirmed the model predictions. 413-11674-870-70 BAYWAY REFINERY SECONDARY WATER TREATMENT

FACILITY (MODEL TESTING RECYCLE SLUDGE PUMPING STATION)

(/>) Exxon Company, U.S A. - .

. , ((/) Model investigation; design.

((') A 1/6 scale model was used to ensure uniform and vortexfrcc approach flows to the pumps.

(/) Completed. 413-11675-870-70 BAYWAY REFINERY (MODEL TESTING OF THE FILTER FEED SUMP FOR THE POST-BIOX FILTRATION PROJECT)

ih) Exxon Company, U.S.A. and Williams Brothers Process

Services, Inc., Consultants.

(d) Model investigation; design.

((?) The arrangement was studied on a 1/6 scale model.

Detailed modifications were developed inside-the sump to ensure uniform water supply to each pump.

(/) Completed. 413-11676-340-73 INDIAN RIVER STATION-UNIT 4 (INTAKE SUMP MODEL

TESTS)

(h) Delmarva Power and Light Co., U.S.A.; Ingersoll-Rand Co. (Cameron Pump Division); Gilbert/Commonwealth

Engineers and Consultants.

(f) The 1/10 scale model reproduced a section of the cooling tower basin and the intake sump (the forebay, the inlet channels and the pumps). Pump approach flows were eval- uated with the proposed intake design, which needed no

(/) Completed. 413-11677-350-73 SUBMERGED INTAKE AND ROCK PLUG BLAST, ADDI- TIONAL POWER. MANIC-5

ib) Hydro-Quebec and ABBDL, Consultants.

(</) Model investigation; design.

(e) The 1/60 hydraulic model reproduces a portion of the up- stream reservoir and Daniel Johnson Dam; the inlet, sump

and air shaft arrangement; the intake tunnel and structure; a portion of the supply tunnel. Main objectives of the in- vestigation are: a) to determine the shape and size of the sump required to catch the rock from the plug when it is blasted; b) to evaluate the hydraulic functioning of the in- take design as a whole, so that intake conditions will promote the best possible operation.

(/) Tests under way. 413-11678-520-90 SQUAT OF LARGE VESSELS IN SHALLOW WATER

(/)) Canadian Coast Guard, Department of Transport.

(<7) Experimental, applied research.

(«') 1/100 scale model study on the squat of tankers up to 227,000 D.W.T. running in shallow water. Use of radio- controlled self-powered model vessels, their vertical dis- placements being assessed by a laser beam/T V. trans- mitter system.

(/) Suspended.

(/?) Report submitted to the Canadian Coast Guard.

413-1 1679-470-90 DEVELOPMENT OF TERMINAL FACILITIES-MONTREAL HARBOUR

(h) Canadian Coast Guard, National Harbour Board, Depart- ment of Transport,

(d) Experimental.

(f) Study on an existing St. Lawrence River model (1/600

horizontal, 1/150 vertical). Impact of a proposed develop- ment in the Montreal Harbour with regard to water levels, current speeds, ice control and accessibility of the development.

(/) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to the Canadian Coast guard. 413-11680-470-90 GROS CACOUNA HARBOUR, SHIP MANOEVRING TESTS

(/j) Canadian Coast Guard, Department of Transport.

(d) Experimental.

ie) Construction and calibration of a 1/150 scale model of the Gros Cacouna Harbour and neighbouring reach of the St. Lawrence River allowing to reproduce waves, wind, tidal level variations and tidal currents. Use of the radio-controlled model of a 110,000 D.W.T. bulk cargo carrier to study the harbour accessibility (approach channel design and manoeuvering techniques, simulation of tug-boat

assistance).

(J) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to the Canadian Coast Guard. 413-11681-470-90 GROS CACOUNA HARBOUR, BROKEN ICE MOTION IN THE HARBOUR BASIN

(b) Canadian Coast Guard, Department of Transport.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Motion of the broken ice in and out of the harbour basin under the action of tidal currents, waves and wind. Deter- mination of the rate of variation of the ice coverage in time as a function of wind direction. Study carried out on

an 1/150 scale model of the Gros Cacouna Harbour and

neighbouring reach of the St. Lawrence River, model ice made of polythene floats monitored by overhead T.V.

(/) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to the Canadian Coast Guard. 413-11682-340-73 LG-4 SPILLWAY-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(b) James Bay Energy CoiTJOration; Rousseau, Sauve, Warren

Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; design.

(f) A 1/125 scale model study of the spillway and its dissipa- tion basin design to carry a peak flow of 7600 m'/s (268000 cfs). Investigation was made of the river-bed scour and resulting high levels downstream the powerhouse under various spillway flows and remedial measures were defined.

(/) Completed. 413-11683-860-97 CITY OF MONTREAL NEW WATER INTAKE

(/j) City of Montreal; Water Distribution Division. {d) Experimental; design.

(f ) Increased water demand called for a second water intake located in the St. Lawrence River about 2000 feet from

shore in currents up to 4 to 6 ft. /sec. A 1/48 scale model

of the 300 foot long structure was built to achieve proper

flow distribution between four built-in chambers each one

having a set of 10 ports. Design capacity was 660 MGD.

(/) Completed. 413-11684-860-97 CITY OF MONTREAL PUMPING STATION

(/)) City of Montreal; Water Distribution Division. 268
td) Experimental; operation. Study on a 112 scale model of a 96 inch temporary diversion conduit to allow chlorinated water to by-pass the main reservoir and adequately supply the pump sump.

Required pumping capacity and satisfactory operation conditions were obtained by running the diversion circuit under partial vacuum.

(/) Completed. 413-11685-340-73 BRISAY WATER INTAKE AND CONTROL STRUC- TLRE-JAMES BAY PROJECT

(h) James Bay Energy Corporation; Asselin, Bcnoit. Boucher, Ducharme. Lapointc. Consulting Engineers, Montreal.

id) Experimental; design

(i-) Study on a 1/60 scale model of an approach canal to the powerhouse water intakes and to a control structure made

of five conduits disposed on two levels. Special care was

paid to ice entrainmcnt through the conduits and to the

dissipation basin downstream.

UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.

414-11711-350-73 GREAT FALLS DAM RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT

(h) Manitoba Hydro.

(( ) Mr. E. K. Ovcrgaard and Mr. P. D. Y. Wang, Civil Depart- ment. Generation Projects Division, Manitoba Hydro. Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 2P4.

id) Design and operation project.

(e) A two-dimensional 1:48 scale model and a three-dimen-

.sional 1:64 scale model were used to determine the design requirements of spillway alternatives to be built downstream of the old dam and the amount of destruction and excavation to be performed. The maximum design discharge is 155,000 cfs and rigid control of water levels is (/) Telts completed June. 1978.

(/i) Manitoba Hydro internal report. 414-11712-220-90 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT OF SHALE SEDIMENT

(/>) National Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada.

(d) Experimental and applied research

(e-) An experimental investigation on a bed-load formula for shale sediments will be attempted using hydraulic flumes. Bed-load field data from the Wilson Creek experimental

watershed, in west Manitoba will be used to calibrate the laboratory results. Tests on the threshold conditions, settling velocities of particles, and rate of sediment transport

will he conducted.

if) This research project is planned to last three years and was started in May. 1979. 414-11 71 3-220-00 SNOW DRIFTING MODELS

(d) Field and laboratory applied research.

(<') The technique of using hydraulic flumes and fine sand to model snow drifting patterns has been tested. A model in- stalled in an agricultural field has been used to correlate

the results of flume tests. Scale effects, sand type, and

wind direction effects have been investigated in this simu-

(/) The study was conducted during one year as an un- dergraduate thesis project.

McGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering and

Applied Mechanics, 8 1 7 Sherbrcx^ke Street West, Montreal, PO, Canada H3A 2K6.

415-1 1608-400-90 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A HYBRID MODEL OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL ESTUARY

(h) NRC.

(( ) Professor L. D. Spraggs.

id) Experimental and analytical. (f) Development of procedures for coupling mathematical and

physical models.

( /') Project just beginning. 415-1 1609-860-90 WATER QUALITY MODELING

ih) NRC. McGill University,

(c ) Professor L. D. Spraggs.

(d) Analytical.

(f) Development of mathematical models for simulating winter conditions in reservoirs subject to thermal loading. Comparison of finite element and finite difference methods.

(/) Results expected beginning 1979. 415-1 1610-290-90 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING

ih) NRC.

(i ) Professor L. D. Spraggs.

id) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Refinement of finite difference numerical models and comparison with data from laboratory physical models.

ig) Comparison of channel flow over stepped boundaries is underway. Effect of discretization on physical models and

mathematical models is being studied. 415-11611-260-90 FLOW OF BULK SOLIDS

(h) National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Professor S. B. Savage.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research (Master's and

Doctoral theses).

(f) Work is directed towards the development of ci>nstitutive equations that can be used for the analysis of bulk solids fiow encountered in materials handling engineering, mineral and powder processing, as well as geophysical problems such as avalanches, debris Hows and drift of

(g) A number of experimental rigs have been devised to generate simple viscomctric fiows and thus acquire experi- mental information that can guide the development of

realistic constitutive equations. These consist of flows in vertical and inclined open channels, various Couettc flow apparatuses, and an annular shear cell. VeK>city and stress distributions have been measured for variiius kinds of particles as functions of shear rate and particle concentration.

Constitutive equations based upon these experiments have been devised and applied to the analysis of various tlows.

( /i ) Experiments on Shear Flows of Cohesionless Granular

Materials. S. B. Savage. Pn>c. LI S -Japan Seminar an Con- tinuum-Met lianical and Stalisiieal ApprDuelu'S in lite Mechanics of Granular Materials. Gakujutsu Bunken Fu- kyukai, Tokyo. Japan, pp. 241-254. 1978. Gravity Flow of Cohesionless Granular Materials in WedgeShaped Hoppers. S. B. Savage. M. Saved. ASME Applied Mechanics Summer Conference. June IX. 1979. Niagara

Falls, N.Y., Mechanics Applied lo the Transport of Bulk

Materials. AMD 31. Gravity Flow of Cohesionless Granular Materials in Chutes and Channels. S. B. Savage, J. Fluid Mechanics 92, I, 1979. 269
415-11612-870-90 HYDRODYNAMIC TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANT

(/i) National Research Council of Canada.

(, ) Dr. V. H Chu, Associate Professor.

(</) Experimental and theoretical (Ph.D. thesis). (() Study of turbulent mixing and spreading characteristics of buoyant discharges

(,!,') A number of model experiments were conducted to in- vestigate the turbulent entrainment and spreading characteristics of gravity-stratified shear layers in both two and

three dimensit)ns. Flow visualization study was carried out by shadowgraph technique and quantitative measurements

of velocity and density, including turbulent fluctuations, obtained with hot-film and electro-conductivity probes,

respectively. The results were correlated by a set of scales derived from the concept of a "point source approximation." Based on experimental observations, a theoretical model was introduced. In this model, the growth and col- lapse of the three-dimensional shear layer have been

described along radial streamlines. This approach is dif- ferent from most one-dimensional models which require

similarity assumptions of velocity and density distributions

in both horizontal and vertical directions. Current work in- volves the study of low densimctric Froudc number

discharges and cross current effects.

(It) Turbulent Gravity-Stratified Shear Flows. R E Baddour, V H. Chu, Tech. Rcpi. No. 7H-3 (FML). Dept of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics, McGill University. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Sept. 1978. Surface Thermal Plumes from Power Plants, V. H. Chu, R.

E. Baddour, Canadian Water Re.'ioiines A.s.<i<>c. Cimf. on Environmenial .Aspects of Industrial Coi>linf> in Northern Cli- mates, Edmonton, Canada, May 1978.

Unified Presentation of Buoyant Surface Jets in Three

Dimensions, R E. Baddour, V. H. Chu, 26th Ann. Hydraulics Div. Specialty Conf.. Univ. of Maryland, U.S.A., pp. 811-818, Aug. 1978. Development of Turbulent Mixing Layers at High Exit Richardson Number, R E Baddour, V H Chu, XVllth

Coni-ress of ,he lAHR I, Baden-Baden, Fed. Rep. of Ger- many, pp. 317-324, Aug. 1977. 415-11613-870-90 THE SPREADING OF OIL ON THE SURFACE OF WATER

(/)) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

(c ) Professor R. G. Cox.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(() A study is made of the mechanisms responsible for the spreading of oil on a water surface.

(.t;) The basic equations governing the spreading of oil on a quiescent water surface were obtained for situations in which gravity and capillary forces cause spreading while

viscous forces within the oil, inertia forces and boundary

layer drag due to the water retard spreading. The spreading of very thin layers resulting from surface tension

gradients due to layer thickness variatit)ns were also ex- amined. Various similarity solutions have been obtained

for simplified cases where particular forces dominate. These have been compared with experiment.

(/j) The Motion of Oil-Slicks on a Calm Sea, N. D Di Pietro,

M.f/i.i;. r/ic.w.v. 1975.

Similarity Solutions for the Spreading of Oil Slicks, M A

Foda. M.Ena. Thesis. 1977. The Spreading of a Very Viscous Liquid on a Water Surface, D. B. Ahn. M.Enf-. Thesis. 1978. The Hydrodynamics of the Spreading of One Liquid on the Surface of Another, N D Di Pietro. C Huh. R. G Cox. J. Fluid Mech. 84, pp. 529-549. 1978

McGILL UNIVERSITY, Marine Sciences Centre, 3600

University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8.

Dr. Grant Ingram, Chairman.

416-11606-860-90

(/.) National Research Council of Canada: Department of Education. Province of Quebec.

(( ) Bruno d Anglejan. Assoc. Professor. (d) Field investigation; basic research; graduate student theses.

((•) A study of the variability of suspended matter concentration throughout the St. Lawrence estuary. Emphasis has been placed on trying to relate the changes of tidal currents, stratification and bottom topography to the observed

changes. Simultaneously observed current and suspended

matter profiles have been employed to investigate short period fluctuations in concentration resulting from advcction and resuspension. Recently, a bcnthic tower has been

constructed to obtain detailed near bottom profiles of suspended matter current and attenuance.

(//) Time Depth Variations in Tidal Flux of Suspended Matter

in the St. Lawrence Estuary, B. d'Anglejan, R. G. Ingram,

Estuarine and Coastal Mar. Sci. 4, pp. 401-416, 1976. On the Importance of Cross Channel Suspended Matter

Flux in the Upper St. Lawrence Estuary, R. G. Ingram. B. d'Anglejan, Environment Canada MS No. 43. pp 149-159,

1977. 416-1 1607-400-90 CIRCULATION AND MIXING IN ESTUARIES

(/)) National Research Council of Canada; Department of Education. Quebec; Hydro-Quebec; James Bay Energy

Corp.

(c ) R. Grant Ingram, Assoc. Professor. {d) Basic research employing a large amount of field investigation. Graduate theses on some of the material have been

completed.

((') To obtain an understanding of the relevant dynamical

processes, long-term current meter moorings, and STD

and current meter profiling were employed. Emphasis has been placed on three major estuaries in Quebec: St. Lawrence, Great Whale and Rupert Bay, All of the studies have been part of major interdisciplinary experiments.

(/t) Time Depth Variations in Tidal Flux of Suspended Matter

in the St. Lawrence Estuary, B. d Anglejan, R. G. Ingram,

Estuarine and Coastal Mar. Sc. 4, 401-416, 1976.

Characteristics of a Tidal-Induced Estuarine Front, R. G. Ingram, y. Geophys. Res. 81, 1951-1959, 1976. On the Importance of Cross Channel Suspended Matter

Flux in the Upper St. Lawrence Estuary, R. G. Ingram, B. d'Anglejan, Proc. Symp. on Modeling of Transp. Mech. in Oceans and Lakes. Burlington, Ont., Environment Canada MS No. 43. 149-159, 1977

Nutrient Distribution in the St. Lawrence Estuary, P Greisman. R. G. Ingram. J. Fish. Res. Bd Canada 34, II. 21 17-2123. 1977.

Internal Wave Observations Off He Verte, R. G. Ingram, J. Mar. Res.. 10 pp. (in press), 1978.

MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada AIB 3X5.

417-10305-050-90 BUOYANT WALL JETS APPLIED TO OCEAN OUTFALLS

and Engineering Research Council of

ate Professor and B. D. Vyas, Post-Doc-

(/>) Natural Scienc Canada,

(c ) J. J. Sharp, Ass

toral Fellow

((/) Experimental and thei
(<-) Study of various mathematical models of ocean outfalls and development of a mathematical model for dilution achieved by an axisvmmetric buoyant wall jet. and comparison v>.ith experimental results.

(/') Studies on two-dimensional buoyant wall jets continued.

(,i;)The research results could be utilized for an efficient design of ocean outfalls. The buoyant wall jets arc found

to have higher dilution capacity than the free jets discharged at the same Froude number and depth to diameter muo.

(/i) The Buoyant Wall Jet, J J Sharp. Pr„c. ICE 63, 2. Sept. 1977. Ocean Outfalls and Buoyant Wall Jets, J. J. Sharp, 3rd CSCE Ailanik Region Hydroteclmiccd Con/.. Feb. 1978. Submerged Discharges into Lakes, J. J Sharp. Conf. on Environmental Aspects of Industrial Cooling in Northern Cli- mates. Edmonton. May 1978. 417-10307-210-90 RESPONSE OF A SUBMERGED COMPOSITE PIPE

(/j) National Research Council of Canada.

(t ) Dr. D. B. Muggeridgc. Associate Professor.

(J) Experimental and thcorctical-M. Eng.

(f) Vibration characteristics of anisotropic cylindrical shells in a fluid medium have been investigated theoretically and

confirmed experimentally. Numerical results are given for the following cases: A shell in air. a shell containing a

fluid; a shell immersed m a fluid, and a shell containing a

fluid that is immersed in a fluid. if) Completed.

ig) The presence of a fluid decreases the natural frequency of

vibration by almost an order of magnitude.

Results for a shell immersed in a fluid and a shell containing a fluid arc almost identical. Even lower frequencies occur when a shell containing a

fluid is submerged. The natural frequency of a shell, that is partially sub- merged, decreases rapidly until the shell is approximately one quarter submerged. Thereafter the natural frequency

is relatively insensitive ti> further submergence.

(h) Dynamics of a Fluid Conveying Fiber-Reinforced Shell, D.

B. Muggeridgc. T. J Buckley, AIAA J . to be published June 1979.

Flexural Vibration of Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells in a

Fluid Medium, D B. Muggeridgc. T. J. Buckley. AIAA J.. to be published Oct. 1979 417-10308-430-90 WAVE FORCES ON MARINE STRUCTURES

(/)) National Research Council of Canada.

(t ) Dr. D. B. Muggeridgc. Associate Professor.

(t/) Experimental and theoretical. M. Eng. thesis. (f ) A 60 m X 4.5 m X 3 m wave tank has been commissioned

and calibrated. The transfer function for the board has been established for regular and random waves and reflec- tion coefficients of the beach have been measured. Drag,

lift, and inertia coefficients have been obtained for a rigid PVC circular cylinder for Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers between 8(10)' and 2(10)'' and 0.7 and

12 respectively.

(/i) Calibration of a 60 m Wave Tank and a Study of the Response of a Circular Cylinder to Sinusoidal Waves, CM. Chen. M.En^ Thesis, available from the Ocean Engineering Information Centre. 417-10309-840-90 SEASONAL FLOW IN CHANNELS DRAINING PEATLANDS

(/>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of

(< ) J. Waterhouse. Assoc. Professor.

(d) Field investigatii>n. design.

(<-) Seasonal changes in groundwater level, in soil moisture, in peat characteristics and in the drainage channel conditions

contribute to flow variations Data obtained from field

work will be used to predict channel flows, special attention being paid to freezing conditions 417-10310-140-90 HEAT, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN THE

MELTING OF ICE IN SALINE WATER

(/>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c ) N. W. Wilson, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied

(e) The boundary layer regions near an ice wall melting into

saline water are being investigated to provide information concerning combined free and forced convection. Geometries considered include a horizontal ice sheet with flow above or below the sheet, and a vertical ice sheet. Will provide information pertaining to characteristics of

iceberg and sheet ice melting in saline water.

(g) Enhancement of melting rates occur in the horizontal case because of buoyancy forces. Additionally, at combined

convection conditions, small recirculating zones occur

within the boundary layers. 417-11323-240-90 HYDROELASTIC RESPONSE OF A VISCOELASTIC PLATE

VIBRATING IN A FLUID

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Dr. M. Booton. Assistant Professor

(d) Experimental, theoretical and applied research. W) This research program consists of ( 1 ) analysis of a cantil- ever plate vibrating in a fluid, utilizing various viscoelastic models for the structural material; (2) experiments with

cantilever plates vibrating in water in order to determine damping characteristics. (g) Response of beam-type structures vibrating in air obtained

so far. Oi) None in this particular area. 417-11324-210-90 CIRCULAR PIPE FLOW

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada.

(( ) Dr. J. D. Malcolm, Associate Professor.

(J) Theoretical, design.

(f ) Linear graph theory is applied to steady flow pipe design problems with up to four unknowns providing alternative

strategies for solution of simultaneous equations which

(f) Completed.

(/i) A Graphical Calculation Method for Pipe Problems, J. D. Malcolm. 3rd CSCE Atlantic Region Hvdrotechnical Conf.. Feb. 1978. 417-11325-240-90 SEISMIC RESPONSE OF ELEVATED LIQUID STORAGE

TANKS

(/>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Dr D V Reddy. Professor.

id) Theoretical rescarch-M.Eng.

ie) The need for predicting the response of liquid storage tower structures, incorporating the action of the tank, has prompted this investigation. The liquid, which fills the tank

partially or completely, is assumed to be inviscid and in- compressible. A finite element model is presented for the dynamic analysis of the structure. The liquid sloshing ef- fect on the tank wall is incorporated. Rayleigh damping is assumed, allowing the equations of motion to be uncoupled. A digitized acceleration of an earthquake is provided

as the ground excitation input, and the displacement

response of the whole system determined by mode superposition. The stresses in the tank walls and the internal forces at the frame nodes are then computed.

(/) Work in progress. 271
(Ii) Seismic Response of Elevated Liquid Storage Tanks, S. C. Lcc, D. V. Roddy. Abstract of paper accepted tor presentation at the U.S. Nail. Conf. on Larlliqitakc EngiiH-eriit^. Stanford University, Calif., Aug. 1979. 417-11326-430-90 FREQUENCY TUNING OF OFFSHORE PLATFORMS BY

LIQUID SLOSHING

(/)) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Dr. D. V. Rcddy, Professor.

(d) Theoretical research, M.Eng.

(f ) The structural response of offshore platforms is deter- mined for a digitized wave height spectrum, with and

without the liquid-filled container in operation. The mass damper effect of the liquid-filled container is discussed. The platform is also analyzed to determine the variation of

the system response with damper parameters (i.e., liquid

levels), and the damper effectiveness for varying wave

spectral inputs.

(,/) Work in progress.

( /i ) Frequency Tuning of Offshore Platforms by Liquid Sloshing, S. C. Lee, D. V. Rcddy. Abstract of paper accepted

for presentation at the Intl. Conf. on Engrg. for Protection from Natural Di.vu.v/cr.v, Bangkok. Thailand, Jan. 7-10, 1980. 417-11327-430-90 WAVE INDUCED DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PIPES BURIED

IN PERMEABLE BEDS

(/>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada,

(t ) Dr. D. V. Reddy, Professor.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) The wave-induced response of a concrete-coated sub- marine pipe, buried in a permeable bed, is studied taking

into account the compressibility of the water and soil. (f) Work in progress.

( h ) Wave-Induced Dynamic Response of Pipes Buried in Permeable Beds. A K Haldar, W Bobby, D V Reddy, M. Arockiasamy. Abstract of paper accepted for presentation at Conf on Behaviour of Off-Shore Structures (BOSS), London, England, Aug. 1979. 417-1 1328-430-90 RESPONSE OF RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS TO WAVE AND SEISMIC FORCES

(/)) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of

(( ) Dr D V. Reddy, Professor.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) The response of rubble-mound breakwaters \o wave and

seismic forces has been determined using dynamic finite element analysis. The hydrodynamic resistance of the sea- water is included and the behaviour of the breakwater for the most probable breaking height of wave, obtained from

the spectra, having a Rayleigh type distribution, is compared with that for a corresponding design wave height. The maximum, dynamic pressures are calculated using the theory of similarity and dimensional analysis reported by

Krylov. The effect of the foundation stiffness is included in the response study for wave loading. Parameteric studies are carried out for different forcing slopes and wave

periods. In the seismic analysis a portion of the Taft ac- celerogram E-W of 6-8 seconds is considered.

if) Completed.

(g) Foundation-structure interaction decreases the frequencies

of the structure. The influence of the elasticity of the foundation on the structural response appears significant. The fundamental frequency of the breakwater resting on a rocky bed layer is considerably higher than that on dense

sand. In most cases the maximum stresses occur at the base of the breakwater

(/i) Response of Rubble Mound Breakwaters to Wave and

Seismic Forces, M. Arockiasamy. D. V Reddy, T. K. Yen,

/'roc. PORTS 77. .ASCE Conf.. Long Beach. Calif, Mar. 9-

I 1, 1977

417-1 1329-430-90 DYNAMIC WAVE-WATER-SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERAC- TION OF AN OFFSHORE GRAVITY PLATFORM

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. D. V. Reddy. Professor.

(J) Theoretical research. (<)The dynamic response analysis of a large diameter

offshore prestressed concrete gravity platform-foundation system subjected \.o wave loading, has been studied. The

general purpose programme. SAP-IV. is melded with soft- ware specially developed for the computation of wave

forcing functions, and shear strain amplitudes at the soil element ccntroids. The wave forces on the tower are determined based on Stokes" third order wave theory and on the caisson using the McCamy-Fuchs linear diffraction

thct)ry. The wave lengths are determined based on the wave height, wave period and water depth using an itera- tive procedure.

(/) Completed.

(g) The difference between the fundamental frequency for the

rigid base condition differs and that for a semi-rigid base

with linear soil behaviour is less then 5 percent. However,

the frequency reduction is much larger for a semi-rigid base with nonlinear soil behaviour. The axial force and moment induced at the bottom of the tower varies de- pending on the method of analysis.

( /i ) Dynamic Wave-Water-Soil-Structure Interaction of an

Offshore Gravity Platform Including Nonlinear Soil Behaviour, M. Arockiasamy, A. K. Haldar. D. V. Reddy, T K. Yen, Proc. 2nd SAP U.wr's Conf and Workshop, Los

Angeles, Calif. June 1977. Dynamic Wave-Structure-Soil Interaction Studies of Offshore Structure Considering Soil Nonlinearity, M.

Arockiasamy, D. V. Reddy, A. K. Haldar. T. K. Yen, Proc. Symp. .Appl. of Computer Method in Eng., Univ. Southern

Calif, Los Angeles, Calif, Aug. 23-26, 1977. 417-1 1330-430-90 PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERAC- TION OF FLOATING NUCLEAR PLANT PLATFORMS

(/)) National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,

(t ) Dr. D. V. Reddy. Professor.

(d) Theoretical research-Ph.D.

(f ) The probabilistic dynamic response to seismic forces is in- vestigated in the frequency domain for a Floating Nuclear

Plant (FNP) Platform, restrained by mooring struts at- tached to caissons, within a protective breakwater. The

offshore nuclear power plant, similar to the one proposed

for the Atlantic Generating Station, is chosen as the example problem. The fluid medium is discretized using two- dimensional plane strain eight-noded isoparametric quadrilateral finite elements with pressures as the modal unk- nowns. The fluid structure interaction is simulated by in- corporating the hydrodynamic forces, associated with frequency-dependent added mass and damping, as external loading at the interfacial nodes of the FNP platform.

if) Continuing work on coupled fluid-structure interaction

ig) The displacement in the time domain, the mean square

response, standard deviation, and central frequency at the centre of FNP are obtained. For a number of ground motion records having the same duration, the extreme-value

probability distribution function can be used to obtain the peak values.

( li ) Stochastic Response of Floating Nuclear Plants to Seismic

Forces, M Arockiasamy, D. V. reddy. P. V. Thangam

Babu and A. K Haldar. Proc. 5th Natl. Mtg. Universities Couiuil of Earthquake Engineering Research (UCEER).

Cambridge. Mass.. U.S.A.. June 23-24, 1978.

Probabilistic Seismic Fluid-Structure Interaction of Floating Nuclear Plant Platforms. P V. Thangam Babu, M. 272
AriickiaNamy. D. \ Rcddy. Paper accepted for prescntalion al the IniL Conj. Sirm lund Meclianks in Reactor

lWhn„l„fiy. Berlin. Germany. Aug. \ 1479. 417-11331-870-90 OCEAN OUTFALL PRE-DILUTION DEVICES

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Ciiuncil

(< ) Dr. J. J. Sharp.

(J) Experimental and theoretical.

(<•) Study of various devices u.scd to increase dilution at ocean

outfalls. {g) Use of most prc-dilution devices is limited. Dilutions may

be increased by a factor of 2 times but not significantly

( h I Limitations of Devices to Improve Dilution of Ocean Outfalls, J.J. Sharp, Pr.K. ICE 65. 2. Dec. 1978. Methods of Improving the Dilution of Ocean Outfalls, J.J. Sharp, Efflueni and Water Treatment Journal, in press. 417-11332-420-00 WAVE HEIGHT AND PERIOD PREDICTION

(t ) Dr. J. J. Sharp.

id) Empirical.

(f ) Application of similarity to prediction of deep water, wind

(/) Completed.

(fi) Results presented in single dimensionless diagram for wave

height and period, covers fully arisen sea. fetch limited and duration liinited waves

(h) Unified Dimensionless Wave Diagram, J. J. Sharp, 3rd CSCL Atlantic Region Hydrotechnicat Conf.. Feb. 1978.

Simplified Approach to Prediction of Deep Water, Wind

Driven, Waves, J. J. Sharp, Dock and Harbour Auilxoriix LVIII. 687, Feb. 1968. 417-11333-340-00 SURGE TANK ANALYSIS

(t ) Dr. E. Moore and Dr. J. J Sharp,

(d) Theoretical.

ie) Development of approximate equations for direct, noniterative solution to surge tank problems.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering, Hydraulics Section, Montreal Road, Ottawa, KIA 0R6, Canada. J. Ploeg, Section Head.

418-08133-420-00 FORCES ON OFF-SHORE STRUCTURES

(< ) Dr. G. R. Mogridge. W. W. Jamieson.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Wave forces have been measured on submerged water outfall or intake structures, using regular and irregular waves.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Non-Breaking and Breaking Wave Loads on a Cooling Water Outfall, G. R Mogridge. W. W. Jamieson, Proc.

I6tli Coastal Engrf^. Conf.. Hamburg, Sept. 1978. 418-10314-430-00 BREAKWATER STABILITY STUDY

(i ) J Ploeg. Dr E P D Mansard.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(c) A study to improve breakwater stability tests in laboratories, by using new techniques of generating realistic sea

states and considering the strength aspects of model ar-

(/;) Wave grouping effects affect stability criteria of breakwaters. Mtxlcl tests of large armour units require simulation of strength of concrete.

(/i) Effects of Wave Grouping on Breakwater Stability, R R. Johnson. E. P. D. Mansard. J. Ploeg, Proc. I6tli Ciaslal

En^rii. Conf.. Hamburg, Sept. 1978 Model Tests of Sines Breakwater, E P D Mansard, J Ploeg. Natl. Research Council of Canada, Div. of Mechanical Engrg., Hydraulic, Lah lech. Rept LIR-HY67. Oct. 1978. 418-10315-720-00 SIMULATION OF IRREGULAR WAVES IN LABORATORY

FLUMES

(( ) E. Mansard, E Funke.

(</) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

((') A study to develop new techniques to simulate ocean wave

conditions, including wave grouping effects.

(jk') The det'mititm of the phase spectrum in an irregular sea

state is an important parameter.

( It ) Reproduction of Prototype Random Wave Trains in a Laboratory Flume, E. P D Mansard, E R. Funke. Natl. Research Council of Canada, Division of Mechanical Engineering, Hydraidics Laboratory Tech. Rept. LTR-HY-64. SPLSH-A Program for Synthesis of Episodic Waves in a Laboratory Flume, E. R. Funke, E. P. D. Mansard, Natl. Research council, Div. of Mechanical Engrg., Hydraidics

Lah. Tech. Rept. LTR-HY-65 On the Synthesis of Realistic Sea States, E. R Funke, E P. D. Mansard, Natl. Research Council of Canada, Div. of Mechanical Engrg., Hydraidics Lab. Tech. Rept. LTR-HY66. On the Meaning of Phase Spectra in the Fourier Transform

of Random Wave Trains, E. R. Funke, E P D Mansard.

Natl. Research Council of Canada. Div. of Mechanical

Engrg., Hydraidics Laboratory Tech Rept. LTR-HY-6H. The Measurement of Incident and Reflected Spectra Using

a Least Squares Method, E. P D. Mansard, Natl. Research

Council of Canada, Div. of Mechanical Engrg., Hydraulics Laboratory Technical Report LTR-HY-72

418-10316-420-90 MOORING FORCES ON FLOATING STRUCTURES

(/>) Transport Canada.

(< ) Dr. E. P. D. Mansard, Dr. B. D Pratte. (d) Experimental, theoretical, applied research. A study to determine forces on and motions of offshore

structures, including vessels moored in shallow water ex- 418-11334-430-90 WAVE IMPACT PRESSURES ON VERTICAL WALL STRUC- TURES

(/.) Public Works Canada.

(c) Dr. G. R. Mogridge, W. W. Jamieson.

(,d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(f ) A study to determine magnitudes and distribution in time and space of peak pressure forces by breaking and nonbreaking waves on vertical wall structures.

(^j) Previously reported tests results have often been misleading due to limited response characteristics of transducers and recording equipment.

{ /i ) Wave Impact Pressures on Composite Breakwaters, G. R. Mogridge. W. W. Jamieson, to be presented at the / 7//i Coastal En^rf>. Conf.. Sydney, Australia. 1980. 418-11335-410-00 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY WAVES

(/.) Internal.

(< ) D H Willis. (d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) An irregular wave machine is used in a beach flume to horizontal bed in the presence of waves and currents,

(/i) Sediment Load Under Waves and Currents, D H Willis, Proc. 16th Coastal Eni^rf;. Conf.. Hamburg, Sept. 1978. 273
418-11336-400-00 HYBRID MODFXING OF TIDAL ESTUARIES

(/.) Internal.

(< ) N L. Crookshank. E. R. Funkc

(</) Experimental, applied research.

(<•) A physical and a mathematical model of sections of the St. Lawrence river have been dynamically coupled to run as one system. The mathematical model uses Array Proccs-

(X') It has been shown that hybrid modeling techniques can

successfully be used to allow larger physical models of

relatively small areas in tidal estuaries without having an

effect of the tidal boundaries in the test results.

(/i) A Hybrid Model of the St. Lawrence River Estuary, E. R. Funke, N L. Crookshank, Pn>c I6ilt Coastal Engrf- Conf.. Hamburg, Sept. 1978. Modeling Requirements and Techniques for Tidal Power

Developments in the Bay of Fundy, E. R. Funke, J. Ploeg, N. L. Crookshank, Natl. Research Council of Canada, Div. of Mechanical Engrg., HxdraulUs Lahoraiorv Tech. Rept. LTR-HY-71. Mar. 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, Department of Gvil

Engineering, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3,

Canada. Dr. K. S. Davar, Professor of Civil Engineering. 419-11635-220-96 SCOUR AT CULVERT OUTLETS

(/)) New Brunswick Department of Transportation,

(c ) Dr. Dale I. Bray

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research; Master's thesis. (e) Evaluation of the effect of the downstream channel width on the scour hole geometry at culvert outlets. Three sizes of culverts were used in the laboratory experiment with one bed material size (5.5 mm). Field studies were carried out to measure actual scour hole geometry downstream of

culverts.

(/) Completed.

ONTARIO HYDRO, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSG 1X6. Mr. D. G. Harkness, Manager,

Hydraulic Studies and Development Department.

421-09579-340-00 WESLEYVILLE GENERATING STATION-CONDENSER COOLING WATER SYSTEM

id) Experimental; design.

(f) A 1 ;25 scale model comprismg the vertical inlet shaft, forebay. pumpwell inlets, condenser outlets, return duct,

outfall channel, as well as an internal recirculation duct to release warm water into the forebay under icing conditions and a tempering pumphouse to pump cold water into outfall channel for reduction of temperature of cooling water

at the point of return to Lake Ontario. Model used to determine details of hydraulic design and to check cooling water system performance for this 2000 MW oil-fired ther- mal station.

(/) Investigation completed, model inactive. 421-09581-340-00 ONCE-THROUGH CONDENSER COOLING WATER

SYSTEMS-INTAKE DEVELOPMENT

(d) Experimental; development.

(f) A facility to carry out development work of offshore sub- merged condenser cooling water intakes for large fossil- fired and nuclear thermal generating stations. Studies aim

at developing a number of intake designs with suitable

characteristics regarding plant operation and protection of

the environment.

(_/) Facility operational. 421-10318-420-00 SUBMERGED CONDENSER COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURES-WAVE LOADS

(d) Experimental; design.

(f) A model test programme to ascertain wave forces and

pressure distributions on large submerged cooling water in- take structures for three nuclear generating stations. Tests conducted with 1;25 and 1:50 scale models.

{J) Experimental investigation completed. 421-10320-340-00 PICKERING GENERATING STATION "B" COOLING WATER OUTFALL TEMPERING

{d) Experimental; design.

(e) \ 1;60 scale model of the condenser cooling water return

structure. Model used for the hydraulic design of a side outlet to introduce water at ambient temperature into the condenser coolant stream for reduction of temperatures to conform with environmental guidelines. Design objective:

efficient mixing of warm and cold water streams to achieve uniform temperatures at the monitoring point.

(/) Investigation completed, model dismantled. 421-10324-340-00 BRUCE NUCLEAR COMPLEX

(d) Experimental; design; operation.

(e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:240, vertical scale

1 : 1 20-fealuring the cooling water outlets of three nuclear

generating stations and one large heavy water production

facility. Objective of study is to ascertain the deployment and interaction of the four thermal plumes to ensure

satisfactory operating conditions and compliance with en- vironmental guidelines.

(/) Investigation completed, model adapted to Once-Through

Cooling studies. 421-10325-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATIONS "A" AND "B"

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:250, vertical scale l:125-of the condenser cooling water intake and outfall, including the adjacent area of Lake Ontario, affected by

the once-through cooling process. Model used to study hydraulic design details of intake and outfall works to prevent cooling water recirculation and to improve effi- ciency of heat dispersion of cooling water waste heat.

(/) investigation in progress. 421-10328-220-00 MARMION LAKE-SEDIMENT ENTRAINMENT STUDY

(d) Experimental; field investigation; design.

{e) Field sampling and laboratory test programme to establish sediment entrainment characteristics. Results to be used to determine the response of Lake bed sediments, consisting of very fine grained mine tailings to flow in the Lake to be induced by the circulation of condenser cooling water by a proposed thermal generating station.

(/) Investigation completed, test facility dismantled. 421-11337-340-00 BRUCE GENERATING STATION "A"-MAIN STEAM PIPES BALANCE HEADER

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(f) 1:6 scale model of the balance header including portions of the steam lines upstream and downstream of the balance header. Water employed to simulate fiow of steam. Model used to determine experimentally the extent of pressure fluctuations generated by the fiow in the 274
balance header, as possible sources of main steam lines

(/) Completed; model dismantled. 421-11338-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATION "A"-COOLING WATER FOREBAY

(J) Experimental; design.

(f) A 1:31) scale model of the cooling water intake tunnel, forcbay channel, pumphouscs, and recirculation system. The model is used to (i) measure the velocity distribution throughout the forebay for assessment of entrained fish bypass of the cooling water pumphouses for removal

through a fish pumphouse; (ii) evaluate the current pat- terns approaching the pumphouses; and (iii) determine, and possibly modify, the mixing of the warm water in- jected to prevent ice formation.

(/) Investigation in progress. 421-1 1339-340-OO DARLINGTON GENERATING STATION "A"-DOUSING SYSTEM

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:16 scale model of the dousing system including the water storage tank, siphon risers, central passage and

lower seal or distribution chamber. Model used to deter- mine experimentally the loss coefficients of the various

parts of the system under steady operating conditions. 421-11340-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATION "A"-SPRAY HEADERS

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) An investigation to determine the optimum distribution of

spray plates on the spray header for uniform dousing in the low pressure containment building. A 1 :3 scale model

of the dome-shaped spray plate mounted on a header was

used to determine the dependence, of the spray plate's discharge coefficient on fiow velocity in the header.

(/) Investigation completed, model inactive. 421-1 1341 -300-00 TWELVE MILE CREEK-RIVER CROSSING

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:60 scale hydraulic model study to determine the in- fluence of bridge piers on the fiow characteristics and

channel stability. (/) Investigation completed; model dismantled. 421-11342-340-00 DARLINGTON GENERATING STATION "A"-DOUSING SYSTEM INSTABILITIES

(d) Experimental; theoretical, applied research.

(e) A 1:16 scale model of the dousing system including the water storage tank, siphon risers, upper chamber, central passage and lower seal chamber. Model used to determine

experimentally the nature of pressure and velocity oscilla- tions and to predict possible fiow instabilities in the proto- type dousing system.

{g) Dominant oscillation frequency strongly dependent on the volume of the upper chamber.

421-1 1343-340-00 ONCE-THROUGH COOLING-NEARSHORE MIXING

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A scale model-horizontal scale 1:250, vertical scale 1:125 of a condenser cooling water intake and outfall including

the adjacent area of a lake, affected by the once-through

cooling process. Model used to study the nearshore mixing

characteristics of a surface discharge for the development

of environmental guidelines

421-11344-340-00 ATIKOKAN GENERATING STATION-COOLING WATER

INTAKE

id) Experimental; design.

((') A 1:20 scale model of the submerged nearshore intake and

tunnel transition. Model used for the hydraulic design of

the tunnel inlet area to achieve even velocity distributit>n and prevent vortex formation. 421-11345-340-00 ATIKOKAN GENERATING STATION-COOLING WATER

FOREBAY

id) Experimental; design.

(f) A 1:20 scale model of tunnel outlet transition and pumphouse forebay. Model used for the hydraulic design of the rock-cut forebay, to ensure acceptable velocity dis- tribution at critical flow cross-sections.

(/) Investigation in progress. 421-11346-340-00 ONCE-THROLGH-COOLING-MATHEMATICAL MODEL

VERIFICATION

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) A 1:120 scale model of a condenser cooling water surface discharge channel and adjacent area of a large body of

water. Model used to determine experimentally the discharge plume properties at densimetric Froude numbers

of 3, 5 and 7. The experimental results to be used to verify a mathematical model. 421-11347-050-00 ONCE-THROUGH CONDENSER COOLING WATER

SYSTEMS-SUBMERGED BUOYANT JETS (PROJECT I) (d) Experimental; development.

(e) A test tank 2.80 x 2.45 x 0.40 m with an adjustable bot- tom. Three-dimensional temperature measurements used

for parameteric analysis of the behaviour of submerged

single-port discharges in shallow water. The parameters ex- amined are densimetric Froude number (7-26), relative submergence ( 1.0-3.0) and discharge angle (0°-40°).

if) Experimental investigation completed, model inactive. 421-11348-050-00 ONCE-THROUGH CONDENSER COOLING WATER

SYSTEMS-SUBMERGED BUOYANT JETS (PROJECT II) (d) Experimental; development.

(p) A test basin 47 x 35 m with sloping bottom. Three-dimensional temperature measurements used for parametric

study of the behaviour of horizontal submerged single-port

as well as branched outfalls. The parameters examined are densimetric Froude number (7-33), relative submergence

( 1.4-4.1 ) and relative branch-spacing (7.2-28.9).

(/) Investigation in progress.

UNIVERSITY OF OHAWA, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratoiy, Ottawa, Canada KIN 9B4.

Professor D. R. Townsend, Laboratory Director. 422-09583-390-00 HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF VERTICAL FLARED IN- LETS TO SERVICE RESERVOIRS

(() Professor D. R. Townsend.

id) Experimental; Master's thesis.

(e") The hydraulic performance of a number of model flared

inlets, of different geometries, is being investigated to produce suitable data for the design of prototype struc-

(/) Completed. 275
(,!,•) 10 ilitlcrcnt units, with length to (inlet) pipe diameter ra- tions L/D = 3 and 6, were tested including linear expansions, having internal angles of 7°, 20°, and 45°, and a "hellmouth " expansion with a crest length equal to that

tor the 3.3° linear expansion. Performance criteria were

hased on stability of the turbulent free-surface plumes

generated at the crest of the units and the height of the plume above the crest elevation for a wide range of flows. A 33° linear pipe expansion (L/D = 6) gave the best overall performance among the units tested. 422-09584-870-90 HYDRAULICS OF JUNCTION MANHOLES

(/)) National Research Council of Canada

(( ) Professor D. R. Townscnd.

(J) Experimental; Master's thesis.

((') Models of different basic arrangements and geometries for stormwater sewer junctions arc being investigated with a view to minimizing the head losses across such structures.

(./) Completed.

(«) Of the various model junction ct)nrigurations tested (using mainly 45° and *J0° laterals) the most effective junction shape employed U-Shaped transitions in the junctitin structure. This arrangement avoided abrupt expansion and contraction of the flows entering and exiting the structure and

consequently resulted in minimal associated energy losses. While the provision of a small deflector plate at teh confluence of the entering streams produced only minor im- provement in the overall performance of the 45° junction

this feature resulted in a marked improvement in the per- formance of the 90° junction configuration. With regard to the elimination of backwater during normal operation of storm sewer systems the study also confirmed the im- portance of providing suitable invert drops across major

junction structures.

( li ) Laboratory Study of Energy Losses at Storm Sewer Junctions. J R. Prins, D R. Townscnd, Pnic. ASCE Irrifialion and Drainage Division's Specially Conf.: Environmenlal

Aspects (if Irrifiation and Drainaf>e. Univ. of Ottawa, pp. 609-625, July 1976. Performance of Model Storm Sewer Junctions. D R

Townscnd, J. R. Prins, J. Hydraulics Div.. ASCE 104. HYl,

pp. 99-104, Jan. 197X 422-09587-220-90 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT FROM URBAN DEVELOPMENT

(h) National Research Council of Canada

(i ) Dr. R. G. Warnock.

Id) Field and theoretical, basic research for Doctor's degree.

(<) Factor analysis of data gathered on suspended sediment

loads in streams from areas undergoing rapid development.

(/ ) Completed.

(«) Streams in Western Quebec were sampled during the

spring, summer and fall months of 1973. 1975 and 1976 to determine suspended sediment yield. This yield was related

to hydrologic, physiographic land use and geologic characteristics of the area Factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied to the data to determine the four significant

factors. Physical meanings were attached to these factors and a prediction equation developed by mulitvariate regression 422-09588-300-90 SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND DIFFUSION IN THE OTTAWA

RIVER

(/)) National Research Council of Canada.

(< ) Dr. R. G. Warnock.

id) Field, applied research.

(<) Investigation of temporal variation of suspended stilids and measurements of turbulent diffusitm in the Ottawa River.

(./) Completed.

Studies of the temporal variation of suspended sediment

for two years. 1975 and 1976. showed that the peak fiow

rate of suspended solids in the Ottawa River at Ottawa

precedes the peak How rate from snow melt runoff.

Similar occurrences have also been observed in tributoring

flows. Studies of lateral diffusion in the Ottawa River through the use of fluorescent dye gave the following fiir; mula for the lateral diffusion coefficient. Ka = .043 dUx

in which d is the depth and U,. is the mean velocity in the longitudinal direction. The measurements were taken at a

location where turbulence could be expected to be high because of channel geometry, rapids and tributary inflows.

( // ) Seasonal Variation of Suspended Sediment Transport in the Ottawa River. R. G. Warnock, Transport Processes and

River Modelin)i Workshop. Nov. 20, 21. 1978, NWRI.

Burlington, Ont

Field Study of Lateral Diffusion in the Ottawa River, M A.

V Mescal, R. G. Wzrnock. Transport Processes and River

Modelinfi Workshop, Nov. 20, 21, 1978, NWRI, Burlington, Ontario. Chapters 4, 1 1; Final Report. Ottawa River Project. National Research dnincil. Ottawa. Canada. July 1977. 422-11349-870-90 REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS FROM WASTEWATER AP- PLIED TO SOIL

(/)) NSERC Canada.

(( ) Dr. R. G. Warnock.

(d) Experimental, applied research. Doctoral thesis

(<-) Study is to determine removal of nitrogen and phosphorous in various methods of application of waste water to soil.

i.t>) Results are available on soil column experiments per- formed at room temperature and at 4 °C using septic tank

effiuent in which removals of nitrogen and phosphorous

ill) Column Study of Nutrient Removal from Septic Tank Ef- fluent for Warm and Cold Temperatures. D. K. K. Chan,

Final Year Thesis. Dept. Civil Engrg., Univ. of Ottawa, May 1978. 422-11350-870-90 DISTRIBUTION OF DO AND COD DOWNSTREAM OF A POLLUTANT SOURCE IN THE OTTAWA RIVER

(/.) NSERC Canada.

(( ) Dr R G Warnock

(d) Field, applied research.

(e) Study is to determine longitudinal and lateral variations of DO and COD downstream of a wastewater outfall in the Ottawa River.

(/i) A Field Investigation of the Dissolved Oxygen in the Ottawa

River. H Sutanto, Final Year Thesis. Dept. Civil Engrg.. Univ. of Ottawa. May 1978. 422-11351-200-90 STOCHASTIC PREDICTION OF SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBU- TIONS AT THE BED OF OPEN CHANNEL BENDS

(/>) National Research Council of Canada.

(< ) Professor D. R. Townsend.

(«/) Theoretical and experimental, basic research towards a Doctoral degree.

(() The main objective of this research program was the development, validation and subsequent comparison of various stochastic-type numerical models to predict, for a steady uniform approach flow condition, the stable bed

shear stress distribution (and related bed topography) in the vicinity of a bend in an open (sand-bed) channel

(/) Completed.

(i;) A detailed investigation of the fiow field in a wide open- channel bend was performed, and the influence of as- sociated secondary currents monitored, in a representative physical model of the system. The laboratory study describes a methodology whereby bed shear stress distribu- tion in the bend was computed using single-point velocity measurements therein. Subsequent comparison, between

predicted distributions (numerical models) and measured

distributions (physical model), favoured the use of a finite 276
Fourier Scries (sect)nd order autorcgrcssivc ) model. In the

theoretical study an equation is presented which defines

the extent of channel influenced by the secondary currents generated in the bend. 422-11352-870-00 MODEL STLDY OF A CHOKING DEVICE FOR A STORM- SEWER CATCHBASIN STRUCTURE

(c ) Professor D. R. Townsend.

(t/) Analytical and experimental; applied research for a Master's degree.

(e) An orifice may be installed in catchbasin structures to al- leviate possible surcharge in stormsewer systems. This

study will investigate the performance of a simple choking

device. 424-11353-370-90 HYDRAULIC MODEL INVESTIGATION OF A CULVERT

JUNCTION STRUCTURE FOR IMPROVED OUTLET PER- FORMANCE

(/>) National Research Council of Canada,

(t ) Professor D. R. Townsend.

(d) Experimental; applied research for a Master's degree.

(e) This laboratory study will investigate the effect of different outlet geometries on the hydraulic performance of box

culverts when discharging supercritical flows. 422-11354-300-00 VARIATION IN RIVER BED ARMOURNIG DUE TO SEDI- MENT CHARACTERISTICS

(c ) Professor Eric J. Schiller. id) Experimental; basic research; M.A.Sc. thesis. (e) The objective of this research project is to identify ways in which sediments carried through a channel by an armourproducing flow of water may influence parameters characterizing the armoured bed finally formed. The project consists of an investigation of armour variation as related to particle size of a sediment input. To this end a series of experimental runs were conducted with armouring produced under conditions wherein sediments of various

particle sizes are carried by water flows. 422-1 13SS-B70-90 INLET AND OUTLET BAFFLING IN SEDIMENTATION

BASINS

(t ) Dr. R. L. Droste.

id) Experimental; applied research; M.Eng. thesis. (e) Various baffling configurations are being examined for

their effects on hydraulic performance of a sedimentation

basin. Dye tracers are being employed to monitor the flow through characteristics Dispersion and dead space will be analyzed and compared for different baffle configurations and outlet conditions at different overflow rates. Suspended solids removal efficiency will then be compared

to the hydraulic performance.

(/) Investigation in progess.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Canada K7L 3N6. H. M. Edwards, Professor and Head.

423-10515-370-90 BLOCKAGE. PLUG FLOW AND SLIDING BEDS IN PIPELINES TRANSPORTING SOLIDS

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(t ) Dr. K. C. Wilson

(d) Experimental and theoretical project.

(e) This topic is directly associated with design problems

which occur in pipelines used industrially for transporting

solids. A mathematical model of the phenomena being in- vestigated has been proposed. Experimental investigations

will be combined with further analytical work on the model.

if) Investigation completed; results incorporated into analytic model.

(/i) Slip Model Correlation of Dense Two-Phase Flow, K. C

Wilson, Proc 2nd Intl. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of Solids

in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1972. Co-Ordinates for the Limit of Deposition in Pipeline Flow,

K. C. Wilson. Proc. 3rd Inll. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of

Solids in Pipes. BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1974.

Stationary Deposits and Sliding Beds in Pipes Transporting

Solids, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 1st Intl. Symp. Dredging

Technology. BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1975. 423-10516-130-90 ENTRAINMENT OF SOLID PARTICLES BY TURBULENT

SUSPENSION

(/>) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. K. C. Wilson.

(d) Theoretical (M.Sc. thesis), basic research.

(e) The efficiency of solids pipelining is directly linked to ef- fective turbulent suspension. The present work accounts

for the effect of the particle size relative to the scale of

turbulence. Theoretical advances on the suspension of particles with various grading curves are underway.

(/i) Influence of Particle Diameter on the Turbulent Support of Solids in Pipeline Flow, K C Wilson, W E Watt, Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg', 1974. 423-10517-370-90 UNIFIED ANALYTIC MODEL FOR SOLID-LIQUID PIPELINE FLOW

{h) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. K. C. Wilson.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research.

(e) Results from the previous projects on deposition and tur- bulent entrainment are combined into a unified analytical model. Comparison with pilot plant and prototype data shows high success in the predictions of the analytic

(/i) A Unified Physically-Based Analysis of Solid-Liquid

Pipeline Flow, K. C. Wilson, Proc. 4th Inll. Conf. Hydraulic

Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1976. New Techniques for the Scale-Up of Pilot-Plant Results to Coal Slurry Pipelines, K. C. Wilson, D. G Judge, Proc.

Intl. Symp. Freight Pipeline, Washington, DC, 1976. Application of Analytic Model to Stationary-Deposit Limit

in Sand-Water Slurries, K. C Wilson, D G. Judge, Proc. 2nd Inll. Symp. Dredging Technology, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1977.

Analytically-Based Nomographic Charts for Sand-Water

Flow. K. C. Wilson, D. G. Judge, Proc. 5th Inll. Conf

Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, BHRA Fluid Engrg., 1978. 423-10518-810-00 ECONOMIC APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING DESIGN PARAMETERS

(c ) Dr. K. C. Wilson, Dr. W. E. Watt.

(d) Theoretical (M.Sc. thesis), basic research.

(e) In the absence of uncertainty, the best design could be determined by economic optimization. It is found that the uncertainty inherent in the real-world use generally requires a shift in the design optimum. The magnitude of

the shift and the cost associated with uncertainty are ex- pressed as functions of the uncertainty in the input data.

( /i ) Allowance for Risk and Uncertainty in the Optimal Design

of Hydraulic Structures. W E. Watt, K. C. Wilson, Proc.

Inll. S\mp. on Risk and Reliahiliiv in Water Resources, pp. 575-591, 1978. 277
423-10519-000-90 MEASUREMENT OF THE FLLCTLATING VELOCITIES OF TURBULENCE IN A CIRCULAR COUETTE FLOW

(h) National Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(c/) Theoretical and experimental. Basic research, carried out

by Dr. T. Tarimcioglu (Post Doctoral Fellow).

(e) The Coucttc flow is generated by two coaxial cylinders; speed variable, flow boundaries smooth. The root mean

square values of all three fluctuating velocity components

u'r, u'„,, u'l are measured as functions of the position (r,z). The measurements are carried out with the aid of a laser Doppler anemometer. Fluid is water, various values of the Reynolds number are achieved by varying the angular

velocity t and thus the relative linear velocity t .R,. The

distribution of the cross-correlation coefficients v is also being determined.

(/) Completed.

(h) Fluctuating Properties of Turbulence in a Circular Couette

Flow, Proc. 5th Biannual S\mp. Turbulence, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, 1977. 423-10520-200-90 THE INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON THE FLUCTUATING AND THE AVERAGE VELOCITIES OF TURBULENCE IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(r) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

{.d) Theoretical and experimental (M.Sc. thesis), basic research.

(e) The contemporary approach rests on the assumption that the presence of suspended load alters the value of the Von

Karman constant, without affecting the logarithmic form

of the distribution of time average velocities. It appears

that this may be so in the special case of a uniformly dis- tributed sediment concentration. It is intended to reveal how the logarithmic form is affected depending on the nonuniformity degree (dC/dy) of the concentration dis- tribution C= f(y). The analogous case will be investigated

for the root mean square values of the fluctuating veloci-

(/) Completed.

( /i ) On the Velocity Distribution of the Flow Carrying Sediment

in Suspension, M. S. Yalin, Sedimentation (symposium to honor H. A. Einstein), Chap. 8, Fort Collins, Colo., U.S.A., 1972. 423-10521-220-90 ON THE TIME GROWTH OF DUNES FORMED BY A TUR- BULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(h) National Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research.

(e) U takes a certain duration (T) for dunes to grow to their

fully developed size, starting from the flat initial sand bed

(newly dredged bed of a river). The aim of the present measurements is to reveal how the "duration of develop- ment" T varies as a function of the parameters determining the flow and the bed material. An auxilliary objective

is to reveal the manner of growth of the dune size K with

the time t (i.e., the form of A.= f(t) for 0<t<T). The

bed topography is measured with the aid of an electronic bed plotter.

(/) Completed.

( /i ) On the Time-Growth of Dunes, C T Bishop, M.Sc. Thesis. Queen's University. Kingston, Canada, 1977. On the Development of Sand Waves in Time, M. S Yalin,

Proc. XVI Congress of the Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1975 On the Physical Modeling of Dunes, M. S. Yalin, C. T. Bishop, Pr<K. XVII Congress of the Intl. .Assoc. Hydraulic

Research. Baden Baden, W. Germany, 1977.

423-10522-220-90 ON THE TIME GROWTH OF RIPPLES FORMED BY AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(/)) National Research Council of Canada.

(<) Dr. M. S. Yalin. (d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research.

((') Completely analogous to the preceding topic. The dif- ference is that sand waves were ripples (which are almost independent of the flow depth) rather than dunes (which

vary almost in proportion to flow depth).

(/) Completed.

(h) On the Development of Ripples by an Open Channel Flow,

A. T. K. Fok, M.Sc. The.sis, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, 1975. 423-10523-220-90 FORCES ACTING ON THE BED FEATURES OF AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(/>) National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. M. S. Yalin. (d) Mainly experimental (M.Sc. thesis); basic research.

(e-) A shear plate was constructed for a direct measurement of

the fluid dynamic forces acting on the (rigid) bed features simulating the sand waves (ripples or dunes). Thus the

longitudinal magnitude of this force and consequently the

overall bed shear stress and the friction factor was obtained. These quantities were determined as certain (experimental) functions of the relative size of bed fea- tures, their steepness and the roughness of their surface.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Forces Acting on the Bed Features of an Open Channel

Flow, S. Vatagodakumbura, M.Sc. Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. 423-10524-220-90 ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN TRANSITIONAL REGIONS

(h) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(</) Theoretical and experimental (Ph.D. thesis); basic

(e) Consider a clear fluid entering a cohesionless mobile bed. As a result of the dynamic action of flow the suspended

load will grow (from "zero" onwards) along the direction of flow in a manner analogous to the growth of the boundary layer thickness. A reverse process (the settlement of

the existing suspended load) will take place after the abrupt termination of the mobile bed. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the variation of the "ceiling" of concentration distribution in the flow

direction (x) for both of the cases mentioned. A laser- beam technique was used to measure the concentration

profiles (in the glass walled laboratory fiume).

(/) Completed.

(/i) On the Development of the Distribution of Suspended Load, M. S. Yalin, G. D. Finlayson, Proc. XV Congress of the

Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Research, Istanbul, Turkey, 1973. 423-10526-810-90 QUURM-QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY URBAN RUNOFF MODEL

ih ) The National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. W. Edgar Watt.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation towards M.Sc. degree.

(e) Calvin Park Urban Drainage Basin has been instrumented

for rainfall, discharge and water quality. The Queen's

University Urban Runoff Model (QUURM) has been

developed and tested on a number of urban drainage

basins in the simulation mode.

(/i) QUURM-A Realistic Urban Runoff Model, W. E Watt, C.

H. R. Kidd, J. Hydrology 27, pp. 225-235, 1975. Hydrologic Effects of Urban Development, Proc. Canadian

Hydrology Symp. 75, Natl. Research Council of Canada,

pp. 708-717. 1975. 278
QUURM-lmplications for the Design of Urban Drainage

Basins. Envinmmcnlat Aspens of Irrigation and Drainage. ASCE. pp. 580-592. 1976. 423-10528-410-90 DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM PROFILES

(/>) NatK)nal Research Council. U ) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(</) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees.

(<) Dynamic equilibrium profiles resulting from simulated an- nual wave climates arc studied. The work encompasses

beach profiles as well as rubble mound breakwater

(/i) Placing ArtiHcial Beach Nourishment, J. W. Kamphuis, S G. Bridgeman, Civil Engrg. in the Oceans III, pp. 197-216, Delaware, 1975. Three Dimensional Tests on Dynamic Equilibrium and Artificial Nourishment, Proc. ISih Conf. Coastal Engrg., Honolulu. 1976. 423-10529-410-90 ARTIFICIAL BEACH NOURISHMENT

(h) National Research Council,

(t ) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(rf) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees.

^e) Time and location of placement of artificial beach nourish- ment has been studied for both regular and irregular wave

conditions- Effects of structures will be investigated. 423-10531-470-90 MARINA AGITATION

(b) National Research Council,

(c ) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc. and

Ph.D. degrees.

(e) Short wave agitation of marinas is studied. The forcing function (wave action outside and entrance conditions), as well as the responding function (marina configuration, perimeter protection, arrangement of docks and piers, placement of boats, etc.), are studied individually and in combination.

(/i) Hydraulic Design of Small Craft Harbours, J. W.

Kamphuis, Proc. Conf. Coastal Engrg.. Canadian Soc. for

Civil Engrg., Kingston, 1979. 423-11687-410-90 BED FORMS IN OSCILLATORY FLOW

(A) National Re.search Council.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner.

{d) Basic research.

(e) Bed forms produced by oscillatory motion at the bed of

the ocean are under investigation in 0.1 mm sand with wave periods from 3 to 135. The work is carried out in a

large oscillating water tunnel. 423-11688-430-90 STABILITY OF RUBBLE FOUNDATIONS FOR CAISSON TYPE VERTICAL BREAKWATERS

(h) National Research Council,

(c) Dr. A. Brebner.

(rf) Applied research.

(e) The stability under wave attack of a random nature of the rubble mound on which sits a vertical-walled caisson is being investigated. For deep water mooring such a system

is the most economical. It can also be used for artificial islands on which drilling for oil or gas is taking place.

423-11689-220-90 ON THE GEOMETRY OF SAND WAVES FORMING ON

RIVER BED

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. M. S. Yalin. (d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) The occurrence of sand waves (ripples and dunes) on the surface of the river bed alters the "bed roughness" and exerts a marked influence on the mechanical structure of

river fiow. Clearly this influence can be predicted only if the geometry of sand waves is known. Yet at present the knowledge on the sand waves geometry is very vague and

insufficient: hence the present research.

(/) Completed for dunes (with E. Karahan, post doctoral fel- low), still active for ripples (M.Sc. thesis of L. Alexander).

(h) See the results obtained for dunes in: On the Steepness of Sedimentary Dunes, M. S. Yalin, E. Karahan, J. H\dr. Div.. Proc. .4SCE 105, HY4, Apr. 1979. 423-11690-220-90 ON THE INCEPTION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(r) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) It appears that the classical Shields' curve for determining

the critical bed shear stress corresponding to the initiation of sediment transport is valid only for turbulent flows. And

even in this case it is incorrect in the region of small values of the grain size Reynolds number. The purpose of

the present research is to reveal the more realistic ap- proach for the prediction of the inception of transport.

(/) Completed.

(/i) Inception of Sediment transport, M. S. Yalin, E. Karahan,

J. Hydr. Div.. Proc. ASCE.

423-11691-200-90 CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENCE IN AN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

(h) National Research Council of Canada,

(r) Dr. M. S. Yalin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Although the internal structure of turbulence for steady

state parallel flows in closed conduits is sufficiently ex- plored, the analogous information for the case of open

channels (which are predominant in the civil engineering

practice) is rather meagre. The purpose of the present research is to contribute to this end.

{/) Partly completed, still active: The measurements within

the boundary layer of an open channel flow are in progress with Dr. E. Karahan, post doctoral fellow, Istan- bul.

(/i) Laser-Doppler Anemometry Measurements in a Free Surface Flow, P. J. Rae, M.Sc. Thesis, Queen s Univ., Kingston, Canada, 1 978. 423-11692-870-90 INVESTIGATIONS OF H YDROCYCLONES

(h) National Research Council,

(c ) Dr. J. D. Boadway.

(d) Basic research and development

(e) The project is to develop a design of fluid cyclone suitable

for making efficient separation of fine solids from liquids, such as in Sewage Treatment with a low pressure drop. 423-11693-300-90 REAL-TIME STREAMFLOW FORECASTING

(/>) The National Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Dr. W. Edgar Watt.

(.d) Theoretical investigation; basic and applied research for M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees.

(e) Deterministic and time series models have been calibrated

for use in real-time streamflow forecasting. Work is continuing on the development of an effective updating 279
( li ) Real-Time Spring Flood Forecasting for Intermediate Headwater Basins in Canada. W. E. Watt, M. J. Nozdryn-Plotnicki, I'rnc. Canadian Hydrology Symp. 79, NRCC, 1979. 423-11694-350-10 CALIBRATION OF SPILLWAYS IN THE PRESENCE OF AN

ICE COVER

(/7) U.S. Corps of Engineers.

(( ) Professor S. S. Lazier.

(d) Experimental investigation; applied research; Master's the-

(e) The effect of an ice cover on the calibration of various types of spillways used in small dams is being studied in the laboratory using polyethylene sheets to simulate ice. Spillways to be tested include OGEE, Stoplog Sluice Gate, and rollway types with and without piers. The effect of roughness of ice will be investigated.

(S) Project just underway, but preliminary results indicate the

effect may be positive or negative depending on location of downstream edge of ice cover. 423-11695-410-90 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT UNDER WAVE ACTION

(b) National Research Council.

(£ ) Dr. J. W. Kamphuis.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward M.Sc.

degrees.

(e) Determination of sediment transport rates under regular and irregular wave action.

(/i) A Model Study of Alongshore Sediment Transport Rate, J. W. Kamphuis, J. S. Readshaw, Proc. Coastal Engrg. Conf., Hamburg, 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF REGINA, Regional Systems Engineering, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2. Dr. Gerald

Fuller, Co-ordinator Regional Systems Engineering and

Professor of Systems Engineering.

424-11356-300-00 GENERATION OF UNGAUGED STREAMFLOW DATA

(c) Dr. Gerald Fuller, Faculty of Engineering..

(d) Theoretical project; applied research.

(e) The project is devoted to developing a simple method of estimating streamflow data for an ungauged river from

nearby streamflow records.

(g) Least squares models have been developed which can be

used for estimating ungauged rivers. Study is continuing on

effects of interdependency of streamflow predictor variables. Inconsistent Matrices in Estimating Ungauged Streams, G.

A. Fuller, Water Resources Research 10, 6, 1249-1250,

1974. Generation of Ungauged Streamflow Data, G. A. Fuller, J. Hydraulics Div., ASCE 104, HY3, 377-384, 1978.

UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Professor C. D. Smith, Depart- ment Head.

425-11357-370-90 LOW LEVEL RIVER CROSSINGS

(h) Department of Highways and Transportation.

id) Experimental applied research.

(e) A mode! study was conducted to determine performance

of a proposed low level river crossing for the North Saskatchewan River. The crossing, intended to replace a

ferry, would consist of a low grade with many culverts, and would be overtopped during high flows.

(/) Completed.

(g) Performance was determined for water and ice flow during

spring breakup. It was found that ice jamming would

probably occur in most years.

(/i) Model Study of a Low Level River Crossing, C. D. Smith,

L. J. Hamblin, Proc. Water Studies Inst. S\mp., Saskatoon, May 1978. 425-1 135S-360-90 EFFECT OF WINGWALLS ON SCOUR BELOW A SUB- MERGED ROLLER BUCKET

(h) National Research Council.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) A study of the effect of the shape and orientation of wingwalls on the scour downstream from a submerger roller bucket energy dissipator.

(/) Completed.

(g) It was found that wingwalls had a significant effect on per- formance, and design recommendations were made.

(/i) Effect of Wingwalls on Scour Below a Roller Bucket Energy

Dissipator, C. D. Smith, Proc. 4th Natl. Hydrotechnical

Conf., Vancouver, May 1979. 425-11359-220-90 SCOUR PROTECTION BELOW OVERHANGING CUL- VERTS

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Professor C. D. Smith.

(d) Experimental basic research for M.Sc. thesis. (f ) The nature of scour downstream from a projecting over- hanging culvert was studied in order to determine the size and extent of riprap protection. The variables in the study were pipe diameter, discharge, drop height, tailwater depth, stone size and cantilever length. (g) Design criteria are being established. 425-11360-210-90 HEAD RECOVERY DOWNSTREAM FROM CONDUIT OUT- LETS

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Professor C. D. Smith.

(d) Experimental basic research for M.Sc. thesis. (e) Study of conversion of outlet velocity head to elevation head in the channel downstream from a pipe outlet. Neglect of this head recovery results in calculated up- stream water levels greater than actual, and can be important in certain situations. (g) Recoveries up to 60 percent of the velocity head have been observed in some cases. 425-11361-220-90 SCOUR AROUND PILE-BENT BRIDGE PIERS

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Professor J. M. Wigham.

(d) Experimental, applied research for Masters thesis. (e) Model tests have been conducted to determine scour

depths, for a variety of flow conditions, around cylinder groupings representing pile-bent piers.

UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO. Dr. P. R. Ukrainetz, Department Head. THE EFFECT OF SHOCK WAVE INTERACTION WITH AN ATOMIZED LIQUID JET

426-07895-130-00

(c) M. E. Stoneham, Professor.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The mechanism of interaction of a shock wave with in- dividual droplets and the effects upon droplet breakup that

arise from the proximity of one droplet to another in one- dimensional arrays of droplets has been studied. The work 280
has been undertaken as the first phase of a programme of

investigation with the ultimate objective of determining the

effects of shock waves on the breakup times and droplet

sizes and droplet distributions in atomized liquid jets. (g) Measurement of the breakup times of droplets in equally- spaced one-dimensional droplet arrays at pitches less than

3.0 times droplet diameter and subject to transverse shock waves indicate that significant reduction in breakup times may be expected compared with estimates given by models

for single droplets. (h) The Aerodynamic Breakup of Droplets in an Array, M. E. Stoneham, G. Raghavan, Proc. Combustion Inst. Tech. Mtg., Banff. 1977. 426-1 0332-8 10-90 THERMODYNAMICS OF SNOWMELT

(b) NRCC, IWD/DOE, Canada.

(c) D. H. Male, Professor.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Define as precisely as practicable the various climatological and topographical factors which influence the move- ment of water through snow and ice in a prairie environ- ment. The first phase of this work is an investigation of the thermodynamics of snowmelt designed to establish the

relative importance of the evaporation, convection and

radiation eriergy fluxes to the melt process for the range of

climatological conditions normally encountered during the spring melt season. This phase is complete. The second

phase of this work involves a study of melt rates when the snow cover is no longer continuous and bare patches ap-

[>ear. Major runoff events normally occur during this period and an attempt is being made to quantify the area!

variability of melt rates under this condition.

(/i) Melting of a Prairie Snowpack, R. J. Granger, D. H. Male,

J. App. Meteorol. 17, 12, pp. 1833-1842, 1978.

UNIVERSiTE DE SHERBROOKE, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada JIK 2R1.

427-11369-220-00 ACTIVATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY SHORT- CRESTED WAVES IN CHANNELS

(c) Dr. B. Gallez, Professeur titulaire, Departement de genie

civil, Facuhe des Sciences appliquees, Universite de Sher-

(</) Theoretical and experimental approach. Applied research

with persi)ective of development.

(e) Title self-explanatory-Specifically, are investigated: kine- matics and dynamics of short-crested waves on current in channels-critical bed shear-capacity of sediment trans- port-practicability and energy costs of operation.

(g) Generation of waves and fine control of their characteristics are completed-rate of sediment transport is clearly increased. (A) Siwrt-Crested Waves oo Channel Flows, B. Gallez, Tech. Report, Departement de genie civil, 1979. 427-1 1370-«30-90 SOME ASPECTS OF SURFACE EROSION OF COHESIVE

SOILS AND POSSIBILrriES OF MODELING

{b) National Research Council.

(c) Dr. K. Rohan, Departement de genie civil, Faculte des

Sciences appliquees, Universite de Sherbrooke.

(d) Exp>erimental-theoretical; basic and applied research, basis

for Doctoral thesis. («) To qualify the erodibility of saturated cohesive soils from

areas of water resources management and development.

(g) Preparation of samples and experimental equipment

completed.

(/i) Technical report-first part will be available in February

1980.

427-11371-300-90 IDENTIFICATION OF RIVER MODELS

(b) CNRC.

(c) Dr. P. E. Brunelle, Departement de genie civil, Faculte des Sciences applieqees. Universite de Sherbrooke.

(d) Theoretical and simulated approach for eventual use in optimal control of resource systems.

(e) Transfer function from input-output, by adaptive correlation techniques. Relations between coefficients and physical parameters.

(g) Techniques for transformation of impulse response to transfer function and inverse completed. Fast adaptive

identification scheme developed,

(/i) T4-4-8 Technical report: HE IN Impulse Response and

Transformation. T5-12-8 Technical report: Adaptive

Identification. 427-11372-800-90 RESOURCES SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. P. E. Brunelle, Departement de genie civil, Faculte des Sciences appliquees, Universite de Sherbrooke.

(d) Numerical M.Sc.A. project.

(e) Computer treatment of optimal siting and sizing of

resource systems by branch and bound techniques, as well

as operation optimization.

(/) Nearing completion.

(g) Network representation of system using compact list struc- ture complete. Optimizing algorithms operational. (h) Masters thesis to be submitted in Fall 79.

UNIVERSITY Of TORONTO, Department of Chemical Erv

gine«rii>g and Applied Chemistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A4. Professor M. E. Charles, Chairman.

428-06950-050-00 IMPINGING JET STUDIES

(c) Dr. Olev Trass, Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical studies for graduate theses, basic research.

(e) Velocity profiles, turbulence and boundary layer develop- ment for liquid and gas jets impinging on flat surfaces. Pressure distributions and local mass transfer rates at the

surface. Application to heat and mass transfer situations of academic as well as industrial interest.

if) Main aspects completed.

(g) Theoretical solutions and experimental verification of flow, turbulence and wall mass transfer. General impingement

region characterization model proposed. Initial study of mechanical erosion with and without diffusional mass

transfer completed.

(/i) Mass Transfer from Crystalline Surfaces in a Turbulent Impinging Jet. Part I. Transfer by Erosion, F. Giralt, O.

Trass, Can. Jour, of Chem. Eng. 53, pp. 505-51 1, 1975. Mass Transfer from Crystalline Surfaces in a Turbulent Impinging Jet. Part II. Erosion and Diffusional Transfer, F. Giralt, O. Trass, Can. Jour. Chem. Eng. 54, pp. 148-155,

1976.

Cliaracterization of the Impingement Region in an Axisymmetric Turbulent Jet, F. Giralt, C. J. Chia, O. Trass, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 16, 1, pp. 21-28, 1977. Mass Transfer in Axisymmetric Turbulent Impinging Jets, C. J. Chia, F. Giralt, O. Trass, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam.

16, I, pp. 28-35, 1977. 428-O6951-14O-O0 ROUGH SURFACE TRANSFER

(c) Dr. Olev Trass, Professor.

id) Mainly experimental studies for graduate theses, basic research. 281
(<-) Flow patterns and mass transfer at surfaces having various

types and sizes of roughness. To elucidate influence of roughness patterns on momentum, heat and mass transfer. Some mass transfer results for random and regular Vgroove roughnesses. Initial characterization of irregular surface roughness patterns.

(/i) Mass Transfer at Rough Surfaces, D. A Dawson, O. Trass,

Inll. J. Hcai Mass Transfer 15, pp. 1317-1336, 1972. 428-06952-710-00 FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES BY PHOTOCHROMIC

DYE TECHNIQUE

(c) R. L. Hummel, Professor.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research, for Ph.D., M A. Sc., postdoctorals and technical assistants. (e) The technique uses a dye indicator, for example 2-(2'4'- dinitrobenzyl) pyridine, which is converted from an almost

colourless form to one which is deep blue by a beamed ul- traviolet light. The light is generated by lasers, flash lamps,

etc., in a collimated beam which can generate dye lines. The dye lines are followed photographically, and properties of the flow, such as velocity profiles are measured. The high speed automatic flow visualization computer "POLLY," is used to log and analyse the data. (h) Fluid Velocity Profiles Near the Wall of Liquid-Fluidized Beds, B. G. Allen, J. W. Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 41, pp. 430-438, 1971 Some Statistical Properties of Turbulent Momentum

Transfer in Rough Pipes, S C. Dunn, J. W. Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 50, pp. 561-568, 1972. An Experimental Study of Instabilities and Other Flow Properties of a Laminar Pipe Jet, A De P. Iribarne, F Frantisak. R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith, AlChE J. 18, pp. 689-

698, 1972.

Studies of Fluid Flow by Photography Using a Non-Disturbing Light-Sensitive Indicator, J W Smith, R. L. Hummel,

J. SMPTE S2, pp. 278-281, 1973. Light-Induced Disturbances in the Photochromic Flow

Visualization Technique, J. W. Smith, J. A. C. Humphrey,

B. Davey, R. L. Hummel, Chem. Eng. Science 29, pp. 308-

312, 1974. Determination of the Position of Visualized Material Ele- ments in Growing Drops, J. A. C. Humphrey, R. L. Hummel, J. W. Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 52, pp. 110-113,

1974. Mass Transfer Enhancement Due to Circulation in Growing

Drops, J. A C. Humphrey, R L Hummel, J. W. Smith, Chem. Eng Sci. 29, pp. 1496-1500, 1974. Experimental Profiles in Laminar Flow Around Spheres at Intermediate Reynolds Number, L. E. Seeley, R L. Hummel. J. W. Smith, J. Fluid Mech. 68, p. 591, Apr. 1975. Experimental Study of the Fluid Dynamics of Forming

Drops, J A. C Humphrey, R. L. Hummel, J. W Smith, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 52, pp. 449-456, 1974. Laminar Flow in the Central Plane of a Curved Circular

Pipe, J. Kaczinsky, J W. Smith, R. L. Hummel, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 53, pp. 221-224, 1975. Some Observations of Wake Behaviour in Laminar and

Turbulent Free Stream Flow, L E. Seeley, R. L. Hummel,

J. W. Smith, Proc. 4th Biennial Symp. Turbulence in Liquids. Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Sept. 1975. 428-11 362-370-90 HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES AFFECTING SUBMARINE GAS

PIPELINING IN THE ARCTIC (No. 1) START-UP CHARACTERISTICS OF GELLING-TYPE CRUDE OILS IN ARCTIC PIPELINES (No. 2) (h) ( 1 ) Polar Gas Project and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada.

(2)Panarctic Oil Ltd.

(c ) Professor J W. Smith.

(d) (\) An experimental and theoretical project to determine

the nature and extent of ice formation and nuclcation on

submarine gas pipelines; applied research and design for master's theses and undergraduate student's projects. (2)An experimental and theoretical study of freezing and

start-up characteristics of gelling-type crude oils in (f) Heat transfer is a concern in submarine pipelining in the

Arctic. Due to the adiabatic cooling of natural gas and to the Jc>ulc-Thomson effect, temperatures below the freezing point of sea water can readily be reached on long

crossings. This study is a comprehensive evaluation of the

effect of light currents on heat transfer rates from simulated pipelines resting on bottom sediments, the nucleation

of ice and its steady-state form, and control technologies which may be applied.

(f) Active, with one full time master's student and part-time

technical assistance. One B.A.Sc. thesis per session. (g) Results have been submitted to the sponsors in the form of

confidential reports. The correspondent will be pleased to discuss the results with competent authorities in the field.

(/i) Heat Transfer from Pipelines in Arctic Waters, D. F. Cooper, J. W. Smith, 1976. Heat Transfer Studies-Progress Report, C D. Crawford, D. F Cooper, J. W. Smith, Nov 1978. A Study of Factors Affecting Ice Formation on Natural Gas

Pipelines in Arctic Waters, G S. Locke for J. W. Smith, Apr. 1978. Interim Report on Ice Growth on Submerged Pipelines, C. D. Crawford, D. F. Cooper, J. W. Smith, Jan. 1, 1978-Aug. 15, 1978. Natural and Mixed Convective Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Cylinder, C. D. Crawford, J. W. Smith, Summary of the B.A.Sc Thesis by C. D Crawford, Aug. 1977.

Tests on the Effect of Proximity of the Cylinder to the Ice Layer for Natural Convection from a Horizontal Cylinder-Summer 1977, C D. Crawford, J. W. Smith, Aug. 1977. Review of Heat Transfer from Pipelines in Arctic Waters,

D. F. Cooper, J. W. Smith, Oct. 1977. Natural and Mixed Convective Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Cylinder, C D. Crawford, B.A.Sc. Thesis, 1977. A Study of Factors Affecting Ice Formation on Natural Gas

Pipelines in Arctic Waters, G S. Locke, B.A.Sc. Thesis, 1978. Mixed Convective Heat Transfer to Gas Pipelines in Arctic Waters, A. Norval, B.A.Sc. Thesis, 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A4. Professor David

S. Scott, Department Chairman.

429-06817-360-90 TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(< ) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(<?) Evaluation of turbulence parameters in hydraulic jump.

(/) Completed.

(g) Measurements of turbulence characteristics, air entrain- ment and flow separation reveal significant effects of condition of inflow onto fiow inside jump body.

(/:) Flow Separation under Hydraulic Jump, H. J. Leutheusser,

S Alemu, J. Hydr. Research 17, 3, 1979. 429-07461-240-90 VORTEX-INDUCED OSCILLATIONS OF BLUFF CYLIN- DERS

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Professor I. G. Currie. 282
(d) Experimental, basic research (with apphcations) for Master's theses. (e) To establish the pressure distribution around bluff cylin- ders which are subjected to vortex-induced oscillations. Also, to determine what differences, if any, exist between

massive cylinders vibrating in light fluids (such as air) and

light cylinders vibrating in heavy fluids (such as water).

(g) Pressure distributions have been recorded for a freely- oscillating cylinder and for forced oscillations of a

cylinder. The response of cylinders of various masses is currently being investigated. (h) Pressure Fluctuation Measurements on an Oscillating Cir- cular Cylinder, P. W. Bearman, I. G. Currie, to be

published in the J. of Fluid Mechanics. Vortex-Induced Oscillations of a Circular Cylinder in Water, Y. H. Seeto, M A. Sc. Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical

Engrg., Univ. of Toronto, 1979. 429-07899-010-90 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION ON BLUFF BODIES

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor I. G. Currie.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research, for Ph.D.

(e) To establish the physics of a laminar separation point as

exists on a bluff body at subcritical Reynolds numbers.

Also, to advance the theory of such a flow.

(g) Pressure and velocity distributions have been recorded for a circular cylinder in water through the use of laser-Doppler anemometry.

(h) Measurements Around a Laminar Separation Point, R. L. Varty, 1. G. Currie, Proc. 7th Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics, 1979. 429-07903-020-90 INTERMITTENCY IN TURBULENT FLOWS

(i>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor James F. Keffer. {d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Continuing investigation of the properties of the turbu- lent/non-turbulent interface at the free edge of shear

flows, e.g., boundary layers, wakes, jets and mixing layers. On-line digital sampling and processing techniques are

used. Passive contaminants are used to help identify the turbulent field. {$) Generalized method for deciding when fluid motion is tur- bulent has been studied. Improved detector functions have been derived as a result. Techniques have been applied to a turbulent boundary layer, thermal mixing layer, hot walce and hot jet.

(/>) Vortex Street Evolution in the Wake of a Circular CyUnder, R. S. Budny, J. G. Kawall, J. F. Keffer, Proc. 2nd

Symp. Turk. Shear Flows, London, 1979.

Interface Statistics of a Uniformly Distorted Heated Turbulent Wake, J. G. Kawall, J. F. Keffer, Physics of Fluids 22,

pp. 31-39, 1979. Measurement of Spanwise Distribution of Turbulent Structures, J. F. Keffer, Proc. Dynamic Flow Conference, Bal- timore, Marseille, 1978.

Digital Technique for SimulUneous Measurement of Velocity and Temperature, J. F. Keffer, R. S. Budny, J. G.

Kawall, Rev. Sci. Inst. 49, pp. 1343-6, 1978. Spanwise Structure of the Plane Turbulent Wake, M. L. Barsoum, J. G. Kawall, J. F. Keffer, Physics of Fluids 21,

pp. 157-161, 1978. 429-07904-480-90 WIND STRUCTURE OVER URBAN AREAS

(c) Professor James F. Keffer.

(</) Basic research, experimental and theoretical, field study.

(e) Digital sampling and processing of data taken from field stations are used to determine the large-scale structure of

wind generated by large buildings. Field sites are chosen

so that multi-point, spacetime correlation techniques can

be used.

(g) Preliminary results show a shift of energy in power spec- trum from high to low wave numbers. 429-09595-060-90 VERY LIGHT PLUMES

(i>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W. D. Baines.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Buoyant plumes with very large differences of temperature

relative to the surroundings are common in steel mills and

any other industrial process where free combustion can

occur. The rate of entrainment for any plume depends on

both the velocity and density of the fluid but only the ef- fect of velocity has been studied previously.

(g) Numerical solutions indicate that light plumes spread more

slowly than plumes with small density differences. Experi- mental results obtained to date confirm the trend. (h) Non-Boussinesq Forced Plumes, P. F. Crapper, W. D.

Baines, Atmos. Environ. 11, 415-420, 1977. Some Remarks on Non-Boussinesq Forced Plumes, P. F. Crapper, W. D. Baines, Atmos. Environ. 12, 1939-1941. 429-09597-020-90 SPREAD OF HEAT AND MOMENTUM IN ASYMMETRICAL

TURBULENT FLOWS

(fc) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and I.M.S.T., Marseille, France.

(c) Professor James F. Keffer.

{d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Examination of spread of contaminants in free turbulent shear flows with asymmetrical velocity and temperature

profiles. Experiments being carried out in mixing layer with jump in temperature and an asymmetrical, partially heated jet. (g) It has been found for the velocity case of an asymmetric wake flow that a relatively large region of "negative production of turbulence" exisU. For the case of a partially heated mixing layer the equivalent thermal situation

is found also. (h) Analysis of Turbulent Structures in Complex Shear Flows,

J. F. Keffer, J. G. Kawall, F. Giralt, C. Beguier, Proc. 2nd

Symp. on Turb. Shear Flows, London, 1979. The Turbulent Mixing Layer with an Asymmetrical Dis- tribution of Temperature, C. Beguier, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, /. Fluid Mech. 89, pp. 561-88, 1978. Turbulent Heated Flows with Asymmetrical Mean Temperature Profiles, C. Beguer, F. Giralt, J. F. Keffer, Proc. 6th Intl. Heat Transfer Congress, Toronto, 1978. Champ dynamique moyen en aval de deux cylindres identiques avec couplage initial faible, C. Beguier, F. Giralt,

J. F. Keffer, Compt. Rendus B-243, Mai 1978. Negative Production in Turbulent Shear Flows, C. Beguier,

F. Giralt, L. Fulachier, J. F. Keffer, Proc. Symp. Struct, and Mech. of Turbulence, Berlin, 1977. 429-09598-020-90 DISTORTION OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor James F. Keffer.

id) Basic research, experimental and theoretical. (e) Examination of gross uniform strain applied to various shear flows, e.g., wakes and mixing layers. (g) Results for a thermal mixing layer indicate that the self- preserving scales do not follow the predicted variation. (A) The Uniform Distortion of Thermal and Velocity Mixing

Layers, J. F. Keffer, J. G. Kawall, J. C. R. Hunt, M. R. Maxey, J. Fluid Mech. 86, 465-490, 1978. Uniform Distortk>n of a Heated Turbulent Wake, J. G.

Kawall, J. F. Keffer, Proc. Symp. Struct, and Mech. of Turbulence, Berlin, 1977. 283
429-09599-210-90 SKIN FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(( ) Professor H. J Lcuthcusscr.

(d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

(e) Study of the mechanics of energy dissipation in transient

(g) U-tube oscillations and establishment-in-time of pipe flow have been studied both experimentally and analytically. Results indicate conclusively that the standard techniques

for approximating transient skin friction effects lead to er- roneous results. (h) Problems of Accelerated Fluid Motion, H. J. Leutheusser,

Proc. Vol. 6, XVllth Congress of lAHR, Baden Baden, Ger- many, pp. 245-252, 1977.

Unified Approach to the Solution of Problems of Unsteady Laminar Flow in Long Pipes, M. F. Leterlier S. and H. J. Leutheusser, in Fluid Transients and Acoustics in the Power

Industry, edited by C. Papadakis and H. Scarton, ASME, New York, pp. 207-213. 1978. 429-10502-000-90 PLANE COUETTE FLOW

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) A fundamental investigation of the structure of turbulence

in a uniformly sheared flow with and without wall roughness is being undertaken. The Couette principle will also be applied to a study of the initial steps in surface- wave generation by applying a known shear stress to a water surface. {g) Novel experimental facility has been retrofitted to an exist- ing towing tank installation and provides two rigid plates

in straight-line motion relative to each other.

( h ) Very Low Velocity Calibration and Application of Hot-Wire

Probes, M Aydin, H. J. Leutheusser, DISA-lnformation, in Turbulence Characteristics in the Constant Stress Layer of Wall Shear Flows, M. Aydin, H. J. Leutheusser, Proc. XVIlIth Congress of lAHR, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, Sept. 1979. 429-10506-130-90 PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN TWO-PHASE FLOW

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Institut fuer Hydromechanik, Universitaet Karl- sruhe, Germany.

(r) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(rf) Experimental, basic research for Master's thesis. (e) It is known that the occurrence of two-phase flow in hydraulic systems tends to render fluctuating forces more

intense and regular. It is planned to study the fundamental

physical processes involved in this transformation.

(g) From a detailed experimental study of bubbles rising in a quiescent liquid it appears that collisions may be the basic cause of transient pressures in two-phase flow. (h) Experimental Studies of Two-Phase Air-Water Flows, H. J. Leutheusser, Proc. Dynamic Flow Conference, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md., Sept. 1978. 429-11363-420-90 GRAVITY SURGES ALONG HORIZONTAL SURFACES

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W. D. Baines.

id) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A finite volume of liquid is released at the end of a two- dimensional canal which contains liquid which is either

lighter or heavier. Experimental studies have so far been

concentrated on surges of fresh water into salt water and

vice-versa. Theoretical studies of the shape and speed of

the surge indicate that predictions can also be made for immiscible fluids such as air bubbles moving over water in a pipe. ig) Surges move with a constant velocity which is a function of its volume and the depth of the canal. In some cases the

internal recirculation pattern provides a net inflow of canal fluid which dilutes the surge fluids. 429-11364-200-90 GRADUALLY VARIED LAMINAR FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

(/>) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c ) Professor H. J. Leutheusser.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research with important practical applications; Ph.D. thesis. {e) Industrial melts (i.e., metals, glass, etc.) are conveyed routinely in long open channels from furnaces to forming

machines. Flow is generally laminar at low Reynolds number and, thus, critically dependent upon shape of channel cross-section. Present research will provide much

needed fundamental and design information on the phenomenon.

429-11365-210-90 INTERNAL OSCILLATIONS IN PIPE FLOWS

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor I.G. Currie.

i.d) Experimental, basic research, for Master's thesis. (e) To explore the mechanisms of internal oscillations which

are sometimes observed and encountered in pipe flows and which are thought to be resonances excited by acoustic 429-11366-030-90 THE EFFECT OF STREAMWISE OSCILLATIONS OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN THE CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER RANGE

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor W W. Martin.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The effect of streamwise vibrations on the flow around a

circular cylinder is being studied for the critical range of Reynolds number where boundary-layer reattachment occurs. The experiments are intended to discover whether a periodic interaction between the cylinder motion and the flow develops to produce a self-sustaining oscillation. (g) Experiments on a fixed cylinder showed that there is a sudden change in Strouhal number when stable boundarylayer reattachment occurs. This is preceded by an inter- mittent condition which can become periodic when the cylinder oscillates at high enough frequency for a given amplitude. The fluctuations in the wake for this condition

are observed to be predominantly at the cylinder frequen- cy rather than the usual Strouhal frequency and alternate shedding is replaced by nearly simultaneous shedding. 429-11367-050-90 TURBULENT TRANSPORT IN FORCED PLUMES

{b) National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professors W. W. Martin and W. D. Baines.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Forced axisymmetric plumes are being studied using weak

saltwater solutions. Velocity measurements are being made

using LDA, and concentration is measured with a conductivity probe.

(g) Mean measurements show that the profiles are similar and

well represented by Gaussian curves. In addition, linear spread is found for this intermediary flow as for pure jets 284
429-11368-250-90 EXTENSIONAL FLOWS OF DRAG-REDUCING POLYMER

SOLUTIONS

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of

(<•) Professor D. F. James.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(<') Dilute polymer solutions, in the drag-reducing regime, arc studied in sink flow, a particular type of extcnsional flow. The experimental flow channel is conical in shape, and the streamlines are rays toward the apex. Measurements show

an increased pressure drop in the channel, and an analysis of the flow reveals that the increase can be explained only by a fluid containing the equivalent of long fibres.

TRENT UNIVERSITY, Department of Geography, Peter- borough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8. Dr. A. G. Brunger, Chairman.

431-10618-810-90 SNOWFALL AND SNOWCOVER IN THE PETERBOROUGH

AREA

(h) Environment Canada.

(c) Dr. W. P Adams.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Studies of methods of measuring snowfall; areal distribu- tion and stratigraphy of snowcover.

(g) Comparative data from Nipher, Wyoming and Trehakov snow gauges now available.

(/t) Areal Differentiation of Snowcover in East Central Ontario, W. P. Adams, Water Resources Res. 12, 6, pp. 1226-1234,

1976.

Limitations of the Bulk Density Method of Snow Course Measurement and the Need for More Detailed Snow Data, W. P, Adams, J. of Soil and Water Conservation 32, 3, pp. 135-137. The Climatological Record for Peterborough, Occasional Paper No. 6, Dept. of Geography, Trent University, 240 p., 1978. 431-10619-440-90 SNOW AND ICE COVER OF LAKES

(h) National Research Council of Canada, Environment

Canada.

(c) Dr. W. P. Adams.

(d) Field investigation, includes graduate research.

(e) A study of the growth and decay of the winter cover of

lakes with some reference to the biological roles of that (g) Current work includes study of alteration of light by snow

and ice on lakes,

(/i) The Role of Ice and Snow in Lake Heat Budgets, W. P. Adams, D. C. Lasenby, Limnologx and Oceanography 23,

5. 1025-1028, 1978. Snow and Ice in the Phosphorous Budget of a Lake in South Central Ontario, W P Adams, M. C. English, D. C. Lasenby, Water Research 13, pp. 210-215, 1978. Observations and Special Characteristics of Lake Snowcover, W. P Adams, T D. Prowse, Proc. Eastern Snow

Conference 35, 1978 (in press). 431-10620-810-90 EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOW, PETER- BOROUGH, ONTARIO

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada,

(c ) Dr. C. H. Taylor.

(d) Field investigation; M.Sc. thesis submitted (Roth).

(e) A study of the effects of on-going suburban development

on the runoff response and sediment yield of a small stream in Peterborough, Ontario.

(J) The study has been on-going since 1973.

(g) Results indicate that suburban development has increased peak discharges and direct runoff volumes significantly, and that the magnitude of the effect varies seasonally.

( h ) Effects of Suburban Construction on Runoff Contributing Zones in a Small Southern Ontario Drainage Basin, C H. Taylor, D. M. Roth. Hydrological Sciences Bull.. 1979 (in press). Changes in the Runoff Response of Kawartha Heights Stream Resulting from Urbanization, D M Roth, M.Sc.

Thesis, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, 1979. 431-10621-810-90 RUNOFF PRODUCTION IN A SMALL SWAMP NEAR

PETERBOROUGH, ONTARIO

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada,

(c ) Dr. C. H. Taylor.

(d) Field investigation; M.Sc. thesis submitted, one in progress.

(f ) This study is an investigation of the processes that control

the runoff response of a small swamp-fed stream. Particular attention is being paid to the applicability of the varia- ble source area model, by relating seasonal and storm-to- storm fluctuations in the extent of the saturated area to the runoff response. Both snowmelt and rainstorm events

are included.

(g) Field data have been collected for three seasons and are

currently being analysed. Preliminary indications are that fluctuations in swamp area, related to variations in the

local water table, are the dominant control of the runoff

response.

(/]) The Disposition of Precipitation by Vegetation on a Mixed

Forested Watershed in the Kawartha Lakes Region of East Central Ontario, T. J. Mathers, M.Sc. Thesis, Trent

University, Peterborough, Ontario, 1979.

UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1. Professor D. J. Bums, Department Chairman.

432-11373-050-73 PREDICTION OF BUOYANT SURFACE DISCHARGES

(b) Ontario Hydro, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professors G. D. Raithby, and G. E. Schneider.

(d) Theoretical: finite-difference solution of turbulent-flow model; applied research.

(e) Development of a model for the three-dimensional motion

of a buoyant surface-discharge jet. The model has been

verified using available laboratory, physical model and

field data. Because the model is relatively inexpensive to run, and because the results are in quantitative agreement

with measurement, it will eventually replace the need for some of the physical model experiments required for en- vironmental impact assessment.

(/i) Prediction of Dispersion By Surface Discharge, G. D. Raithby, Canada Centre for Inland Waters Report. Aug.

1976. A Finite-Difference Model for the Prediction of Surface

Discharges, Including Crossflow Effect, Ontario Hydro

Dept., Feb. 1978. 432-11374-740-90 FINITE ELEMENT PREDICTION OF FLUID FLOWS

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada,

(c ) G. E. Schneider.

id) Theoretical, basic and applied.

(e) Examination of the basis of, and methods for surmounting

the requirement for reduced order pressure interpolation. Also application of finite element methods to engineering 285
(/i) Finite Element Analysis of Incompressible Fluid Flow In- corporating Equal Order Pressure and Velocity Interpolation, G E Schneider, G. D. Raithby, M. M. Yovanovich,

presented /.?/ hill. Conf. Numerical Methods in Laminar

and Turbulent Flow, Wales, Swansea, July 17-21, 1978.

Finite Element Procedures for Solving the Incompressible Navier Stoiies Equations Using Equal Order Variable Inter- polation, G. E Schneider, G. D. Raithby, M. M.

Yovanovich, accepted for publication in Numerical Heat

Transfer. Fully Developed Heat Transfer in Passages of Triangular

Cross-Section for Application to Solar Collector Plate Design, G. E. Schneider, B. L. LeDain, presented AlAA

Terreslial Energy Systems Conf., June 4-6, 1979, Orlando,

Fla. 432-11375-050-73 FINITE DIFFERENCE PREDICTION OF TURBULENT, BUOYANT SURFACE DISCHARGES

(h) Ontario Hydro, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(<r) G. D. Raithby, G. E. Schneider.

(d) Applied analytical research with program development.

ie) Development of numerical prediction methods and modeling procedures for the prediction of buoyant, turbulent, surface discharges in quiescent or cross-flow ambient en-

(g) Excellent agreement of numerical predictions with laboratory experimental results.

(/i) A Finite-Difference Model for the Prediction of Surface

Discharges, Including Crossflow Effects, G. E. Schneider, G. D. Raithby, Final Report to Hydraulic Studies Dept. of Ontario Hydro, Feb. 1, 1979. The Prediction of Surface Discharge Jets by a Three- Dimensional Finite Difference Model, G. D. Raithby, G. E. Schneider, submitted to ASME J. Heat Transfer, Feb.

1979. 432-11376-020-90 TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) A. B. Strong, E. Brundrett.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and applied.

(e) This work involves experimental measurements of near

wall turbulence characteristics and development of higher order closures for turbulent flows with curvature and buoyancy effects.

(/i) Direct Measurement of Wall Shear Stress with Mass

Transfer in a Low Speed Boundary Layer, K. Depooter, E. Brundrett, A. B. Strong, ASME J. Fluid Eng. 99, 3, pp. 580-584, 1977. On the Laminar and Turbulent Taylor Vortex Flow in an Annular Passage with Axial Flow, R. A. Nickell, A. B. Strong, W. B. Nicoll, Proc. 4th Braz- Cong. Mech. Eng. Paper No. B-IO, pp. 511-528, Florianopolis (1977). See

also Prog. Heal Mass Transfer, D. B. Spalding (Ed). To be

published 1979. The Calibration of Preston Tubes in Transpired Turbulent Boundary Layers, K. Depooter, E. Brundrett, A. B. Strong, ASME J. Fluids Eng. 100, 1, pp. 10-16, 1978. A Near Wall Turbulence Model for Transpired Flow, E. Alp, A. B. Strong, W. B. Nicoll, Proc. NATO Advanced

Study Institute Turbulent Force Convection in Channels and Rod Bundles. 15 pp., Istanbul ( 1978). A Numerical Study of the Laminar Viscous Incompressible Flow Through a Pipe Orifice, F E. B. Nigro, A. B. Strong.

S. Alpay, Trans. ASME J. Fluids Eng. 100, 4, pp. 467-472

( 1978).

432-11377-130-90 THE FLUID MECHANICS OF DUSTS AND AEROSOLS

(h) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ontario Ministry of Labour,

(c ) Professor G. M. Bragg.

(d) Experimental and analytical. (e) Basic flow mechanisms involved in the particulate measurement process are under study. Analytical models have been developed for the filtration process and for the con- veyance of dust in ducts. A statistical study of dusts has been applied to dust control problems in the asbestos in- (h) A Statistical Analysis of Asbestos Fibre Counting in the Laboratory and Industrial Environment, G. Rajhans, G.

Bragg, Amer. Industrial Hygiene Assoc. J. 36, 1975. Asbestos Exposures in Ontario-A Review, G. Rajhans, G.

Bragg, I. Morton, Occupational Health in Ontario 29, 1977.

Prediction of Transport Velocities of Dust in Horizontal

Ducts, G. Bragg, M. Kwan, Proc. Pneumotransport, 1978

(pub. British Hydromechanics Research Association).

Particulate Diffusion Across a Plane Turbulent Jet, G.

Bragg, H. Bednarik, Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 18, 1975. 432-11378-690-88 WIND POWER

(b) International Development Research Centre.

(c) Professor G. M. Bragg.

(e) Optimization studies have been undertaken for arrays of wind power machines and for design of windmill-water- pumping systems. Attention is directed to mutual interaction of wind mills and the atmospheric boundary layer and

to basic aerodynamics of windmills. Applications appear in performance prediction of variable speed systems. Special emphasis is placed on applications in developing countries.

(/i) Determination of Optimum Arrays of Wind Energy Conversion Devices, G.Bragg, W. Schmidt, J. Energy, May/June 1978. 432-11379-210-90 FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR DUCT BEND

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor J. G H. Howard.

(d) Experimental

(e) The development of three-dimensional turbulent boundary

layers and the generation of a secondary flow field are measured in duct bends up to 180 with air or water flow.

In some cases, a laser-Doppler anemometer is employed. Duct geometries are chosen to include combinations of flow fields commonly occurring in turbomachinery

passages. (h) Measurements of Skewed Boundary Layers in a Curved

Duct with Variation in Streamwise Pressure Gradient, J. Young, J. Howard, J. Fluids Engrg. 100, 1978. 432-11380-630-90 FLOW IN CENTRIFUGAL IMPELLER PASSAGES

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of

(c) Professor J. H. G. Howard

(d) Experimental, analytical and design methods.

(e) Velocity measurements, recently using a laser-Doppler anemometer, are made in the passage of a water-flow radial impeller. Analysis procedures are under development

based on a three-dimensional finite difference approach, employing a two equation turbulence model with Coriolis and curvature effects included. Design procedures are being examined, based on a model with jet and wake re- gions in the passage and distributed accelerations normal

to the relative streamlines.

(/i) Measured Passage Velocities in a Radial Impeller with Shrouded and Unshrouded Configurations, J. Howard, C.

Kittmer, J. Engrg. for Power 97, 1975. 286
A Centrifugal Compressor Flow Analysis Employing a Jet- Wake Passage Flow Model, J. Howard, C. Osborne, J. Fluids Engrg. 99, 1977. A Laser-Doppler System for Velocity Measurement in a

Radial Impeller, J. Howard, T. Naeem, S. Watson, Pr<;c.

Intl. Conf. Centrifugal Compressor Technology, I. IT., Madras, 1978. The Use of Parameters Based on Accelerations Normal to a

Relative Streamline in Centrifugal Impeller Design, J. Howard, Proc. Intl. Conf. Centrifugal Compressor Technology, I.I.T., Madras, 1978. WESTERN CANADA HYDRAUUC LABORATORIES LTD., 1186 Pipeline Road, Port Coquitlam, B. C, Canada V3B 4S1. Mr. Duncan Hay, Managing Director. 433-10553-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY DIVERSION STRUCTURE, LIMESTONE GENERATING STATION

(b) Manitoba Hydro.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Evaluate the performance of the spillway, potential erosion, diversion ports and the hydraulic forces on the diver- 433-10557-350-73 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF REVELSTOKE PROJECT, COLUMBIA RIVER, B.C.

(b) B. C. Hydro and Power Authority.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Evaluate on two separate models the diversion tunnel with appertenant structures with respect to approach conditions, structure performance, hydraulic loadings, tailwater

levels, scour potential and operating procedures over a range of discharges. 433-11381-360-75 SETIF HOWELL-BUNGER VALVE OUTLET WORKS

(b) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) Using physical models, compare the stilling section of two

different dispersion structure designs, modify the most

suitable to minimize erosive action and determine the extent of downstream erosion protection. Design for rip-rap protection on the discharge canal invert and banks was

also developed.

(/) Completed. 433-11382-350-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES, AIN ZADA SPILLWAY

(b) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) The studies were to rate the spillway crest, refine flip bucket design to prevent erosion from undermining the

structure and to optimize the layout of the sidewalls in the chute and transition areas with respect to hydraulic per- formance and economy of construction.

(f) Completed. 433-11383-220-90 A PILOT SAND TRACING STUDY ON THE ERASER FORESHORE

(b) Geologic Survey of Canada.

(d) Applied research.

(€) The study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of a low cost sand tracing method using dyed tracer sand and

to study the migration direction and general rate of sand movement on the foreshore on the Fraser River delta. Fluorescent-dyed sand was placed on the Fraser delta. At

regular intervals, the tracer sites were revisited and samples taken and analyzed. Periodic sampling identified the centre of mass of the tracer sand from which the direction and rate of sand movement could be determined.

(/) First phase completed.

433-1 1384-440-90 OKANAGAN LAKE DYE AND DROGUE TRACING

(h) Water Investigations Branch, Ministry of the Environment,

Victoria, B.C.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The study was undertaken to determine water movements

over an area 2 miles long by 1 mile out from shore along

the east side of Okanagan Lake and to select the most

suitable locations for daily water samples to be taken to assess the spread of a seeded herbicide. A preliminary sur- vey was carried out using drogues and fluorometric observation of the travel of a dye slug to determine the rates of ambient water currents and wind induced nearshore transport. A second study was carried out using continuously sampling Turner field fiuorometer to trace the spread of Rhodamine WT dye from two constant rate dye injectors located in the herbicide seeding area.

(/) Completed.

433-1 1385-870-90 EVALUATION AND TESTING, PUMPS AND OIL SEPARATORS. ARCTIC MARINE OIL SPILL PROGRAM

(b) Environmental Emergency Branch, Environment Canada,

Ottawa.

(d) Experimental for operations.

(e) The study was undertaken to assess commercially available

positive displacement pumps and oil spill cleanup operations in remote ice covered waters. 433-11386-340-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE EMERGENCY

COOLING SYSTEM INTAKES, SAN ONOFRE NUCLEAR

GENERATING STATION

(b) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) The purpose was to investigate whether fiow-reducing and

air entraining vortices would develop in the intakes and to develop modifications for the elimination of vortices.

(/) Completed. 433-11387-300-96 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

OF THE VEDDER RIVER

(b) Water Investigations Branch, Victoria, B.C.

(d) Field investigation. (e) The history of the Vedder River valley was documented in terms of geomorphology, hydrology, and sediment transport. Insight obtained from these studies was used to analyze proposed flood control schemes which included

various combinations of setback dykes, bankline levees, and in-channel gravel removal.

(/) Completed. 433-11388-220-90 NORTH ARM BORROW STUDY

(b) Public Works Canada, Ottawa.

(d) Field investigation. (e) The study was undertaken to determine the rate of infill and downstream migration of large dredged borrow pits in the North Arm of the Fraser River. Bedload and

suspended load transport rates were estimated for an average freshet using field data and empirical methods. A

numerical model was developed to predict the infill and downstream bedload only and laboratory fiume tests were conducted to investigate rates of infill from suspended

(/) Completed. 287
433-11389-430-70 PILGRIM WAVE MODEL

(/)) Axel Johnson Corporation, Engineering Division.

id) Experimental for design and operation.

((') Forces developed on the walls, roof and pump columns at Pilgrim Generating Station intake structure were in- vestigated for 25 feet high incident waves. Special instru- mentation was developed to measure the high frequency,

high intensity shock loads due to wave impact.

(f) Completed. 433-11390-390-75 HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SEAWATER INTAKE

FACILITIES, QURAYYAH, SAUDI ARABIA

(.h) Bechtel Corporation, U.S.A.

(d) Experimental for design and operation.

(e) The study was undertaken to assess flow conditions in the intake structures for a range of pump operating conditions, return flows and water levels and to improve operation, if necessary, through modifications.

(/) Completed.

THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and

Mathematical Sciences Building, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9. Professor S. C. R. Dennis, Depart- ment Chairman.

434-07995-030-90 TIME DEPENDENT AND STEADY VISCOUS FLUID FLOW

(b) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

(c) Professor S. C. R. Dennis.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) A number of studies of various flow configurations involving viscous fluids are under way. The objects of the project are to understand the physical nature of the flows concerned, and also to develop numerical techniques of

solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Recent work has been concerned with flow in curved tubes and in channels with

constrictions, and also with flow near rotating and translat- ing spheres. A project on the numerical simulation of the Taylor column is being carried out jointly with Dr. D. B. Ingham of the University of Leeds, England and Dr. S. N. Singh of the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,

U.S.A.

(/i) Flow in a Curved Tube at Moderate Dean Number, S. C.

R. Dennis, M. Ng, Pmc . 6th Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics 2, pp. 555-556, 1977. Problems Relating to the Flow in the Neighbourhood of Rotating Spheres, S. C. R. Dennis, S. N. Singh, Proc. 6lh Canadian Congress of Applied Mechanics 2, pp. 557-558,

1977. The Computation of Two-Dimensional Asymmetrical Flow

Past Cylinders, S. C. R. Dennis, Computational Fluid Dynamics XI, SIAM-AMS Proceedings, pp. 156-177, 1978. A Difference Method for Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations, S. C. R. Dennis, J. D Hudson, Proc. 1st Intl. Conf. Numerical Methods in Laminar and Turbulent Flow, Univ.

College, Swansea, United Kingdom (Pentech Press, London, England), pp. 69-80, 1978. Calculation of the Flow Between Two Rotating Spheres by

the Method of Series Truncation, S C R Dennis, S. N

Singh, J Computational Physics 28, pp. 297-314, 1978. Laminar Boundary Layer on an Impulsively Started Rotating Sphere, S. C R Dennis, D. B. Ingham, Phys. Fluids 22, pp. 1-9, 1979.

434-07996-020-90 DIFFUSION IN FLUID FLOWS

(h) National Research Council of Canada.

(< ) Dr. P. J. Sullivan. (d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) A study of both mean and fluctuating concentration values of contaminant in incompressible flow fields is being un- dertaken. The concept of a local value of longitudinal dif- fusivity was explored both theoretically and experimentally

for a uniformly bound turbulent shear flow and this is currently being extended to the situation in which the flow is inhomogeneous in the streamwise direction. In a simul- taneous study of both the dispersion and diffusion problem

in a general incompressible flow from an instantaneous source of contaminant, some significant progress is being

(h) How Some New Fundamental Results on Relative Turbulent

Diffusion can be Relevant in Estuaries and Other Natural

Flows, P. C. Chatwin, P. J. Sullivan, pp. 233-242 in Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords, edited by J. Nihoul,' Elsevier Publishing Co., 1978. The Relative Diffusion of a Cloud of Passive Contaminant

in Incompressible Turbulent Flow, P C Chatwin, P J Sullivan, J. Fluid Mech. 91, pp. 337-356, 1979. 434-09634-400-00 THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE SALINITY AND FLOW

PATTERN IN ESTUARIES

(c) Dr. H. Rasmussen.

(d) Theoretical.

(f) A theoretical study of the salinity distribution and the general flow pattern in estuaries is in progress. An approx- imate steady two-dimensional model has been derived for

slightly stratified estuaries and is now being analysed using Galerkin's method.

( h ) An Approximate Solution for Two-Dimensional Estuaries, H. Rasmussen, Letters in Applied and Engineering Sciences

16, pp. 415-421, 1978. 434-10558-820-90 NUMERICAL STUDY OF FREE-SURFACE GROUNDWATER FLOW

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. H. Rasmussen.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Free-surface flow is modeled by Laplace equation for the

velocity potential and nonlinear first-order partial dif- ferential equation for the free surface. The potential problem is reformulated as a variational problem and then

solved approximately by a Rayleigh-Ritz expansion. The

free-surface equation is solved using finite differences. (h) Solution for Free-Surface Flow in Porous Media Using

Rayleigh-Ritz Expansions, H. Rasmussen, Trans. CSME-5.

pp. 52-54, 1978/79. 434-11391-270-90 BLOOD FLOW AND ARTERIAL BRANCHING

(/>) National Research Council of Canada and Ontario Heart Foundation,

(c) Dr. M. Zamir.

(.d) Theoretical.

(e) The general aim of this work is to provide an understanding of the fluid dynamic basis of the cardiovascular system. A particular question which has been studied is that of arterial branching and the structure of arterial junctions. Work is in progress on the problem of flow in a bifurca-

(/i) The Role of Shear Forces in Arterial Branching, M. Zamir,

J. General Physiology 67, 213-222, 1976. Optimality Principles in Arterial Branching, M. Zamir, J. of Theoretical Biology 62, 227-251, 1976. Shear Forces and Blood Vessel Radii in the Cariovascular System, M. Zamir, J. General Physiology 69, 449-461,

1977. 288
Nonsymmetrical Bifurcations in Arterial Branching, Zamir. J. General Physiology 72, 837-845, 1978.

SUBJECT INDEX

Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, 314-09722-330-13.

Abrasive materials; Stilling basins; 321-10674-350-00. Abutment geometry effects; Bridges; Erodible channels; Scour; 402-1 1291-220-90.

Accelerated flow; Cylinders; Drag; I-beams; Immersed bodies; Transient loads; 142-1 1081 -030-70. Accelerated flow; Drag; Structure loading; Submerged structures; Transient loads; 142-1 1082-030-00. Acid lake recovery; Adirondack lakes; Fly ash treatment; Lake

water quality; Acid precipitation; 031-10864-870-80. Acid precipitation; Acid lake recovery; Adirondack lakes; Fly ash treatment; Lake water quality; 031-10864-870-80.

Acid rain effects; Adirondack soils; Precipitation; Soil water

quality; 025-10846-880-00. Acid rain effects; Ecosystems; Lakes; Precipitation; Remote

sensing; 025-10845-880-60. Acid rain effects; Salmon River, New York; 031-10869-870-60. Acid wastes; Marine spectral signature; Ocean dumped materials; Pollutants; Remote sensing; Sewage sludge; Waste

disposal; 324-1 1467-710-00.

Acoustic efficiency; Boundary layer transition; Noise; Transition noise; 125-11050-160-22.

Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; 086-09818-130-00.

Acoustic field; Jets; Sound radiation; Turbulence structure; 145-1 1 101-050-26.

Acoustic flowmeter; Automobile exhaust; Flowmeters; 315-

10792-700-00.

Acoustic medium; Dynamic analysis; Harmonic excitation; Numerical methods; Pressure, radiated; Shells, submerged; 147- 11113-430-00.

Acoustic sources; Oscillations, internal; Pipe flow; Resonances;

429-1 1365-210-90.

Acoustic-pipe coincidence; Flow noise transmission; Pipe flow; Vibrations, pipe wall; 1 24-1 1 053-1 60-54. Activated sludge design; Primary settling tank efficiency; Sedi- mentation; Wastewater treatment; 109-11028-870-00. Added mass; Damping coefficients; Roll motions; Ship motions; Speed effects; 089-10995-520-22. Adirondack lakes; Algal assays; Eutrophication; L'ake trophic

status; 031-10866-870-00. Adirondack lakes; Algal growth; Iron effects; Lake water quality; Manganese effects; 031-10865-870-00. Adirondack lakes; Eutrophication model; Lakes; Mathematical

model; Phosphorus loading; 031-10860-870-00. Adirondack lakes; Fly ash treatment; Lake water quality; Acid

precipitation; Acid lake recovery; 031-10864-870-80. Adirondack soils; Precipitation; Soil water quality; Acid rain ef- fects; 025-10846-880-00.

Aeolian transport; Atmospheric pressure effects; Boundary

layers, turbulent; Dust storms on Mars; Sediment transport; Wind erosion; 020-10834-220-50.

Aeration; Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water

quality; 335-08570-860-00.

Aeration devices; Cavitation prevention; Hydraulic model;

Spillway, twin tunnel; 157-1 1 182-350-75.

Aeration, surface; Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution dispersion; River flow; 061 -1 1 5 1 6-870-54. Aerator tests; Waste treatment; 057-09859-870-82.

Aerial photography; Oil slick, recovery ship effects; Oil slick tracking; 023-10838-870-22.

Aerial photography; Wave data analysis; Waves, design; 312-

10651-420-00. Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel

flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; 315-10796-

700-00. Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylinders; Submerged bodies;

Vibrations, flow induced; 429-07461-240-90.

Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; Slug for- mation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; 043-07979-130-00.

Aerosol flow mechanics; Asbestos fibers; Diffusion; Dust flow; Multi-component flow; Particulate measurement; 432-1 1377-

130-90.

Agricultural chemical application; Irrigation systems; 057- 09850-840-82.

Agricultural chemicals movement; Loess soils; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Runoff losses; Watersheds, loessial; 300-1 1400-

810-00.

Agricultural chemicals movement; Agronomic practices effects; Claypan soils; Erosion; Runoff; 300 1 1402-810-00.

Agricultural croplands; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed, agricultural; 300-1 1396-870-36.

Agricultural drainage; Drain envelope; Sand tank tests; 321-

11451-840-00.

Agricultural fields; Erosion rates; Sediment yield; Sheet-rill erosion; Soil erosion; Universal soil loss equation; 300-11404-

830-00.

Agricultural groundwater; Groundwater quality management; Groundwater recharge; Urban groundwater; 303-1 142 1 -820-

65. Agricultural land management, midwest; Runoff, cropland; Water quality; 300-11395-870-36.

Agricultural pollution sources; Land use effects; Mathematical

model; Monitoring; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Sediment

delivery; Water quality; 1 29-1 1498-870-36.

Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; Water

quality; 129-07584-820-61.

Agricultural water; Colorado River basin; Energy water needs; Water allocation; Water conservation; Water use optimization; 152-11570-860-33.

Agricultural water use; Colorado River; Cooling water use; Power plants; Salinity implications; Water equality; Water

use shifts; 1 52-1 1 576-860-60. Agronomic practices effects; Claypan soils; Erosion; Runoff;

Agricultural chemicals movement; 300-1 1402-810-00.

Air bubble storage; Aquifers; Energy storage, compressed air; Numerical model; Power, off-peak; 335-1 1489-890-00.

Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; Aeration; 335-08570-860-00.

Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; Closed conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-component flow; Open

channels; Shafts; Valves; 321-11447-130-00.

Air cushion craft; Drag, in waves; Ships, surface effect; 333-

11476-520-22.

Air, dissolved; Over-pressurization; Pipe flow; Pipeline system, prototype data; 152-1 1 587-210-88.

Air emission; Cavitation erosion reduction; Propellers, marine; 333-1 1477-550-00.

Air entrainment; Heat transfer; Jet, impinging; Jet spread; Pres- sure distribution; Temperature distribution; Velocity distribution; 044-1 1497-050-22.

Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence; 329-09450-250-20.

Air injection; Blowdown fluid physics; Model laws; Steam injection; 142-10354-130-70.

Air injection; Bubble growth; Free surface flows; Numerical

models; Reactors; Suppression pools; Two-phase flow; 075- 10828-130-82.

Air quality; Economic costs; Power plants, siting trade-offs; Water use; 152-11561-340-33.

Air release; Column separation; Pipelines; 087-1 1427-210-54.

Air vents; Gate, ring; Hydraulic model; Spillway, morning glory; 159-1 1 189-350-65.

Aircraft, high speed; Inlets; Numerical model; Viscous-inviscid

interactions; 135-11070-540-27.

Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control

device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model; Pressure drop; 400-11271-870-70.

291
Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control

device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model; Pressure drop; 400-11274-870-75.

Airflow conditions; Scrubber model; Sulphur dioxide; 400-

11273-870-70.

Airflow model; Electrostatic precipitator; Precipitator model;

400-1 1277-870-70.

Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; 096-09831-050-54.

Air-sea interaction; Eddy fluxes; Ocean waves; Wave growth in wind; 403-1 1 306-700-00.

Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; 326-10707-460-00.

Air-sea interface; Drag; Waves, short-fetch; Waves, wind; Wind

stress; 331-1 1494-420-00.

Air-water flow; Closed conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-component flow; Open channels; Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; 32 1 -1 1447-1 30-00.

Air-water flow; Flow measurement; Instrumentation develop- ment; Mass flow; Pipe flow; Two-phase flow; 1 52-1 1 589-1 30-

82. Air-water flow; Slug formation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; 043-07979-130-00.

Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence

structure; Waves; 144-10407-010-54.

Air-water mixtures; Pump models; Pumps, centrifugal; Multiphase pumping technology; Two-phase flow; 041-10883-

630-82.

Alaska; Harbors; Shoaling; 312-09735^ 70-00. Alaska; Hydroelectric development; Ice problems; 004-10802-

340-00. Alaska water systems; P.T. orifices; Water supply system; 313-

10667-210-13.

Alberta; Floods; Snowmelt; 401-10768-310-96.

Alberta; Ice breakup water levels; River ice; Water level; 402-

11281-300-99.

Alberta; Low flow correlations; Streamflow records; 402-

11285-810-96.

Alberta; Precipitation, maximum probable; 402-1 1289-810-96.

Alberta catchments; Runoff; Snowmelt; 401-10769-310-96.

Alberta ice jams; Ice breakup; 401-10762-300-96.

Algae; Chlorophyll; Fluorosensor; Phytoplankton; Remote

sensing; 324-11466-710-00.

Algae; Filtration; Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; 152-10162-870-60.

Algae; Silicon accumulation; 081-10986-870-00.

Algae cell separation; Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; 152- 10157-870-36.

Algae decomposition; Great Lakes phytoplankton; Nutrient

regeneration; 031-10862-870-36.

Algae, lipid-rich; Bioconversion; Fuel source; 081-10987-690-

70. Algal assays; Eutrophication; Lake trophic status; Adirondack

lakes; 031-10866-870-00.

Algal growth; Iron effects; Lake water quality; Manganese effects; Adirondack lakes; 031-10865-870-00.

Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; 314-09719-330-13.

Alluvial channel resistance laws; Energy dissipation; Open

channel flow; Transient flow; 302-1 1 4 1

1 -300-10.

Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Duned beds; Friction factors; Open channel flow; Roughness; 407-1 1 3 10-300-00.

Alluvial channels; Channel geometry; Sediment effect; 322-

10697-300-00.

Alluvial streams; Mathematical model; Sediment transport; Unsteady now; 015-11622-220-54. Ammonia control; Fish hatchery; Water treatment; 057-09861-

870-10.

Analytical models; Dispersion; Model evaluation; Pollutant

transport; Toxic spill modeling; 1 38-1 1 7 1 8-870-27.

Analytical solutions; Free boundary problems; Irrigation, sur- face; Runoff, surface; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; 093- 11717-810-54. Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; 315- 10796-700-00. Anemometers; Mine safety; Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; 315-10797-700-34. Angle of attack; Boundary layer separation; Free shear layer; Slender body; 135-10129-010-26. Angular bodies; Buildings; H-sections; Immersed bodies; Pres- sure distributions; Turbulence effects; Vibration; 157-1 1 174- 030-54. Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent

flow; 003-09777-140-00.

Annulus, spherical; Oscillatory flow; Secondary flow; Viscous

flow; 101-1 1021-000-00. Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; Flow visualization; Heat transfer; Rotating fluid; 101 -1 101 9-140-54. Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; Heat transfer; Rotating

fluid; Secondary flow; 101 -1 1020-140-00. Appalachian forests; Water quality protection; Water yield im- provement; Watersheds, forested; 306-0243W-810-00.

Appalachian region; Hillslope morphology; Sediment movement; 322-0373W-220-00.

Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-09272-810-00. Appalachian-Piedmont area; Water quality; Water yield; 310- 0247W-810-00. Approach channel; Chute spillway; Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 321-11445-

350-00. Approach channel; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Pump bays; Vortices; 400-1 1 270-390-73

.

Approach channel; Head race model; Hydraulic model; Ice handling facilities; Power plant, hydroelectric; 400-1 1267- 340-73. Aquathermal pressuring; Compaction disequilibrium; Computer

model; Sediment accumulations; 095-1 1002-650-84. Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; Oil shale develop- ment; Salinity; 152-10158-860-60. Aquatic food chain; Great Lakes model; Lake Michigan; Toxic

substance; 077-10942-870-36.

Aquatic organisms; Fishery investigations; Hydroelectric dam

effects; Salmon; Skagit River, Washington; Temperature

changes, reservoir induced; 1 58-1 1 208-850-73

.

Aquatic organisms; Power plant, hydroelectric; Reservoir

discharge effects; 148-11156-870-33.

Aquatic plants; Diffusion coefficients; Open channel flow; Tur- bulence level; Velocity distribution; 1 68-1 1 22 1 -200-54. Aqueduct system control; Gate stroking; 321-1 1448-350-00. Aquifer contamination potential; Drinking water safety; Surface impoundment assessment; Water storage systems; 152-1 1595-

860-36.

Aquifer development by pumping; Finite element model; Groundwater supply development; Numerical model; 049- 11643-820-00.

Aquifer, dipping; Aquifers, saline; Groundwater injection; Water storage; Wells, bounding; 076-1 1006-820-33

.

Aquifer flow; Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; 081-09814-070-54.

Aquifer hydrogeology; Missouri aquifers; 095-10065-820-33.

Aquifer simulation; Groundwater pollutant movement; 148- 0386W-820-33.

Aquifer technology; Cold water storage; Energy; Field tests; Groundwater; Hot water storage; Thermal energy storage; 115-11264-890-52. 292
Aquifer, viscoelastic model; Groundwater withdrawal; Land

subsidence; 038-10877-820-56.

Aquifers; Computer model; Groundwater model; 302-10640-

820-00.

Aquifers; Energy storage, compressed air; Numerical model; Power, off-peak; Air bubble storage; 335-1 1489-890-00.

Aquifers; Groundwater; Reservoirs, surface; Surface-subsurface

storage mix; Water storage; 1 59-1 1 197-860-60.

Aquifers; Groundwater flow; Mathematial models; Pollutant

transport; Waste disposal ponds; Water quality; 335-11490-

820-00.

Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Mathematical models; Percolation; Water table fluctuations; 019-1 1 554-820-05

.

Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; 143- 10473-820-54.

Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; 144- 10409-820-54.

Aquifers; Hot water storage; Numerical model; Solar energy; 073-09983-820-52.

Aquifers, basin margin; Groundwater contamination; Groundwater recharge; Pollution; 1 52-1 1 579-820-60.

Aquifers, fractured; Geothermal reservoir simulation; Groundwater flow; Hydrogeologic systems; Mathematical models; Porous media flow; 322-1 1463-390-00.

Aquifers, saline; Groundwater injection; Water storage; Wells, bounding; Aquifer, dipping; 076-1 1006-820-33.

Arctic waters; Gas pipelines; Heat transfer; Ice formation; Oil pipeline start-up; Pipelines, submarine; 428-1 1362-370-90. Arizona groundwater; Groundwater management; Groundwater

recharge model; 008-10808-820-65.

Arkansas River environmental inventory; Chloride control; 098- 08871-870-00.

Arterial branching; Biotechnology; Blood flow; Cardiovascular system flow; Shear force effects; 434-1 1391-27.

Asbestos fibers; Diffusion; Dust flow; Multi-component flow; Particulate measurement; Aerosol flow mechanics; 432-

11377-130-90. Aswan Dam ofjerational study; Flood control; Hydroelectric power; Irrigation water; Mathematical model; River basin simulation model; 081-10969-350-56.

Atchafalaya River; Mississippi River; Morphology; River channels; 098-1 1012-300-13.

Atiantic Bight; Gulf Stream interaction; 153-09888-450-34.

Atlantic continental shelf; Remote sensing; Wave refraction model; 324-09395-420-00.

Atlantic Ocean; Currents; Ocean dynamics; 173-07786-450-20.

Atmosphere-soil-vegetal system; Climate modeling; Model sensitivity; Numerical models; 081-10970-880-54. Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; Power plants; Waste

heat; 132-09909-870-52. Atmospheric pressure effects; Boundary layers, turbulent; Dust

storms on Mars; Sediment transport; Wind erosion; Aeolian

transport; 020-10834-220-50.

Atomization; Drop sizes; Jet, breakup; Jets, in airflow; Jets, water; Sprays; Water sheets; 325-1 1 470-1 30-00. Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump;

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 321-07035-350-00. Auburn Dam; Gale model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spill- way gates; 321-07028-350-00. Automobile exhaust; Flowmeters; Acoustic flowmeter; 315-

10792-700-00. Avalanche forecasts; Snowdrift management; 309-10648-810-

00. Axial flow fan; Fan blade loading; 125-08917-630-20.

Axial flow inducers; Inducers; Propulsion; 122-10043-550-50.

Axopljismic transport; Neuron hydrodynamics; Numerical

methods; 065-10921-270-00. Back River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Mathematical model;

Non-f>oint pollution abatement; Poquoson River, Virginia; Water quahty; 153-11167-860-60.

Backflow prevention; Cross-connection control; Water quality; 140-00049-860-73. Backwater curve computations; Energy gradients; Open channel now; 123-08928-200-00. Backwater curves; Bridge backwater; Flood computations; Wisconsin streams; 322-1 1464-300-60. Backwater curves; Computations; Cross-section spacing optimization; Open channel flow, gradually varied; Water sur- face elevations; 168-1 1 222-200-60.

Baffle configurations; Hydraulic performance; Inlets; Outlets; Sediment removal efficiency; Sedimentation basins; Water

treatment; 422-11355-870-90.

Baffled apron; Dam; Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; Spill- way model; 321-1 1455-350-00. Baker Bay; Circulation; Navigation channel; Numerical model;

Velocity distribution; 1 57-1 1 1 78-400-33

.

Balance header; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Steam lines; 421-1 1337-340-00. Bank failure; Channel stability; River channels; Valley stratig- raphy; 302-1 1412-300-13. Bank protection; Channels, meandering; Meander flume; River

engineering; Rip-rap design; 402-1 1 292-300-90. Bank stability; Boundary shear; Channel stability; Grand Coulee

third powerplant; Hydraulic model; Powerplant operations ef- fects; Waves; 321-11444-300-00.

Baroclinic ocean circulation; Currents; Curvature effects; Estuaries; Numerical simulation; Salt balance; San Francisco

Bay; 1 62-1 1 202-450-54.

Barrier effect; Diffraction; Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; 109-09967-420-44.

Bars, gravel; Channels, braided; Channels, shifting; Gravel

channels; Resistance relations; River channels; 402-1 1302-

300-90.

Basin, boat; Flushing, tidal; Hydraulic model; Olympia,

Washington; 159-11193^ 70-65. Basin characteristics analysis; Geomorphology; Hydraulic analysis; Hydrologic analysis; St. Maries River, Idaho; 157-11181-

300-00.

Basins, boat; Flushing, tidal; Hydraulic model; Marinas; 159- 11187-470-13.

Basins, boat; Flushing, tidal; Marines; 159-11186^70-13. Bay of Fundy; Estuaries; Hybrid models; Mathematical model;

Tidal power development; 418-1 1336-400-00. Bay-ocean system; Chesapeake Bay; Finite-element model; Flood level prediction; Mathematical model; Storm surge; 153-11160-450-58.

Bays; Ecological models; Estuaries; Nutrient loading; Reservoirs; 149-1 1 123-880-60.

Bays; Freshwater inflow alteration effects; Matagorda Bay,

Texas; Water quality; 149-11136-860-75. Beach equilibrium profiles; Beach nourishment, artificial; 423-

10528-410-90. Beach erosion; Beach fill; Beach profiles; 312-09733-410-00. Beach erosion; Bluff recession; Great Lakes; Water level changes; 312-09742-44 0-00. Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; Dredging; Dune stabilization; 312-06995-880-00. Beach fill; Beach profiles; Beach erosion; 312-09733-4 1 0-00. Beach fill sediment criteria; 312-09746^10-00. Beach nourishment, artificial; Beach equilibrium profiles; 423-

10528-410-90. Beach nourishment, artificial; 423-10529-410-90. Beach profiles; Beach erosion; Beach fill; 312-09733-410-00.

Beaches; Sediment transport, bed load; Sediment transport, suspended; Slope effects; 136-11638-410-44.

Bearings; Merchant ships; Propulsion shafts; Seals; Stem tube

bearings; 083-10990-620-45. Bed form geometry; Dunes; Ripples; River bed; Roughness; 423-11689-220-90.

293
Bed forms; Bed load discharge; Sediment transport; 407-10292-

220-00. Bed forms; Bed material discharge; Sediment flume; Sediment

suspension distribution; Sediment transport, bedload; 302-

11410-220-10. Bed forms; Bottom friction; Ripples, sand; Sediment characteristics; Wave attenuation; 081-10951-420-44. Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; 402-10282-300-90. Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; Sediment

transport; 405-10233-300-90. Bed forms; Coastal sediment; Ripples; Sediment transport by

waves; 315-1 0780-4 10-11. Bed forms; Dune growth; Open channel flow; 423-10521-220-

90. Bed forms; Duned beds; Friction factors; Open channel flow; Roughness; Alluvial channels; 407-1 1310-300-00. Bed forms; Dunes; Flow visualization; Mobile boundary

mechanics; Sediment transport; Streaming birefringence; 402-

11294-220-00. Bed forms; Meanders; River bends; Sediment transport; 162- 11205-220-54. Bed forms; Open channel flow; Ripple growth; 423-10522-220-

90. Bed forms; Open channel flow; Shear stress; 423-10523-220-90. Bed forms; Oscillatory flow; Sediment transport, by waves; Water tunnel, oscillatory; Wave motions; 423-1 1687-410-90. Bed forms; River channels; Sediment transport; 322-10703-220-

00. Bed forms; Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; 302-09290-220-00. Bed load discharge; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 407-10292-

220-00. Bed load formula; Shale sediment; Sediment transport experi- ments; Sediment transport threshold; Settling velocity; 4/4-

11712-220-90. Bed load measurement; Sediment transport; Sediment trap; 082-11707-220-54. Bed material composition; Mississippi River; Sediment transport; Suspended sediment regime; 314-1 1532-300-13. Bed material discharge; Sediment flume; Sediment suspension

distribution; Sediment transport, bedload; Bed forms; 302-

11410-220-10. Bed particle entraining forces; Sediment transport bed load; Sediment transport model; Turbulent flow; 081-10950-220-

00. Bed particles; Drag; Lift; Sediment transport; 302-09293-220-

00. Bedform mechanics; Hydrodynamic model; Ripple formation,

unidirectional flow; Sediment transport; Wavy boundary; 081-10952-220-00.

Bedload sampler calibration facility; Sediment transport, bedload; 145-1 1089-720-30. Bedload transport research; Sediment transport; 322-0461 W220-00.

Bellows; Space shuttle; Vibrations, flow-induced; 142-10357-

540-50. Benchmark data; Continental shelf; Oceanography; Water

quality; 153-09877-450-34. Bend design; Chutes, baffled; Hydraulic model; Scour prevention; 157-11 180-320-00.

Bends; Boundary layers, skewed; Ducts, rectangular; Secondary

flows; Turbomachinery passages; 432-1 1379-210-90.

Bends; Channel width; Navigation channels; Towing; 314-

10743-330-00.

Bends; Open channel flow; Shear stress distribution; Stochastic

prediction; 422-1 1351-200-90.

Bering Sea; Circulation, ocean; Ice movement; Mathematical

model; Oceanography; Oil spill trajectories; Tides; 132- 11065-450-44.

Bias correction factors; Floods; Parameter estimation; Probability distribution; 1 59-1 1 199-740-00.

Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; Highway

drainage; 321-10689-370-47.

Bioconversion; Fuel source; Algae, lipid-rich; 081-10987-690-

70. Biogeochemical model; Circulation; Finite-element model; James River tidal model; Mathematical model; Water quality; 153-1 1 158-400-68.

Biogeochemistry; Freshwater wetlands; Wetland ecolgy; 081- 10985-880-54.

Biological and chemical factors; Red tide development; 081- 10982-870-44.

Biological effects; Ice cover; Lakes; Snow cover; 431-10619-

440-90.

Biological model; Chemical-physical reactions; Lakes; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Water quality; 149-1 1 126-860-60.

Biological reaction submodels; Chemical reaction submodels; Groundwater transport; Mathematical model; Pollutant trans- port; 144-1 1083-820-33. Biomedical flow; Blood; Sickle cell hydrodynamics; 132-09910-

270-40. Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Stenoses; Tube constrictions; 068- 07392-270^0.

Biomedical flows; Blood flow; Drag reduction; 001-07918-270-

00. Biomedical flows; Breathing mask development; Heat loss; Neonate instrumentation system; Respiration volume measurement; 045-10894-270-40.

Biotechnology; Blood flow; Cardiovascular system flow; Shear

force effects; Arterial branching; 434-1 1391-27. Black Hills; Water yield; 309-02658-810-00.

Blade loading distribution; Computer code; Inclined inflow ef- fect; Lifting surface theory; Propellers, marine; 146-11103-

550-21. Blade pressures; Fan blades; 124-08930-630-50. Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Sediment ex- clusion; 321-10676-350-00.

Blast waves; Shock waves; Structures; 142-09306-640-00. Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; Heat

exchange; Long Island Sound; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Turbulence; 105-1 1025-450-60.

Blockage; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; 423-10515-370-90. Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; Wall

interference; Water tunnel; 125-08927-030-22. Blockage effects; Liquid metals; Reactor cooling; Sodium boiling; Sodium flow loop; Test facility; 115-11263-340-52.

Blood; Sickle cell hydrodynamics; Biomedical flow; 132-09910-

270-40. Blood flow; Cardiovascular system flow; Shear force effects; Arterial branching; Biotechnology; 434-1 1391-27. Blood flow; Drag reduction; Biomedical flows; 001-07918-270-

00. Blood flow; Stenoses; Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; 068- 07392-270-40. Blowdown; Heat transfer; Water reactor; 1 1 5-10022-340-55. Slowdown fluid physics; Model laws; Steam injection; Air injection; 142-10354-130-70.

Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; 429-07899-010-90.

Bluff cylinders; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; 429-07461-240-90.

Bluff recession; Great Lakes; Water level changes; Beach erosion; 312-09742-440-00.

Boat basin; Harbor; Mixing; Tidal flushing; 159-10183-470-13.

Boattail flow; Jet engine nacelle; Numerical solution; Step, backward facing; Transonic flow; 062-10917-090-50.

294
Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary

layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; 078-08069-010-26.

Bodies of revolution; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Pres- sure fluctuations, wall; Rough surface; 1 45-1 1 09 1 -250-2 !

.

Bodies of revolution; Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; 125-08927-030-22.

Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; Drag; Sub- merged bodies: Turbulence stimulation; 333-09442-030-00. Body forces; Buoyancy effects; Centrifugal force effects; Convection; Heat transfer; Immersed bodies; Pipes, curved; 062- 10918-000-00.

Boiling; Gravity effects; Nucleate boiling; 096-1 1 003-1 40-50.

Boiling; Heat transfer; Transition boiling of water; 028-10848-

140-82.

Bonneville Dam; Locks; Navigation channel improvement; 313-

10664-330-13.

Bonneville Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse model; 313-07107-350-13.

Bonneville second powerhouse; Hydraulic model; Ice and trash chute; 3 1 3-1 1 438-340-1 3

.

Booms; Oil spill containment; 407-09510-870-00.

Border irrigation hydrodynamics; Computer model; Irrigation advance and recession modeling; 303-1 1 4 1 8-840-00. Bottom friction; Ripples, sand; Sediment characteristics; Wave

attenuation; Bed forms; 081-10951-420-44. Bottom topography effects; St. Lawrence estuary; Stratification

effects; Suspended matter variability; Tidal effects; Water

quality; 4 16- 11 606-860-90. Boundary integral equation; Finite element method; Harbor

resonance; Numerical model; 1 1 1-1 1033^70-20.

Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; Numerical models; Porous media flow; 038-09945-070-54. Boundary layer; Compliant walls; Drag reduction; 315-09732-

250-50. Boundary layer; Cooling towers; Cylinders; Immersed structures; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuations; Roughness

effect; Wind load; 145-1 1 102-030-54. Boundary layer; Drag reduction; Multi-component flow; Particle motions; Solids-gas flow; Visual studies; 097-1 1 007-250-

50. Boundary layer; Ekman layer; Internal wave breaking; Internal wave interaction; Shear flow; Stratified shear flow; Waves, in- ternal; 162-07779-060-26. Boundary layer; Numerical model; Roughness elements; Rough

surface; Velocity distribution; 1 57-1 1 175-0 10-54. Boundary layer; Potential flow; Rough surface effects; Ship re- sistance prediction; 1 64-1 12 1 4-520-84

.

Boundary layer, atmospheric; Evapotranspiration, regional; Meteorological data; 038-10878-810-54. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical

model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; 317-10669-440-00. Boundary layer, atmospheric; Windmill aerodynamics; Windmill

array optimization; Windmill-waterpump systems; 432-1 1378-

690-88. Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; 078-08069-010-26. Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary

layer, stability; Suction; Transition; 132-09908-010-18. Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Suction; 329-

10771-010-00. Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization;

Suction; Wind tunnel; 315-10798-010-27. Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer stabilization; Boundary layers, laminar; Boundary layers, turbulent; Buoyancy effects; Transition; 014-10823-010-20. Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer, time dependent; Numerical solution; Transition; 069-/0954-0/0-26.

Boundary layer interactions; Wing-body aerodynamics; 106- 09897-010-50. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundar>' layer separation; Boundary

layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of

revolution; Boundary layer computations; 078-08069-010-26. Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction;

Transition; Boundary layer control; 132-09908-010-18. Boundary layer, laminar; Suction; Boundary layer control; 329-

10771-010-00. Boundary layer noise; Boundary layer transition; Flow noise; Turbulent spots; V/all pressure fluctuations; 329-1 1484-010-

00. Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; Drag

reduction; 156-09925-250-20. Boundary layer reattachment; Cylinders, circular; Immersed

bodies; Oscillations, streamwise; Reynolds number, critical range; Vortex shedding; Wakes; 429-1 1366-030-90. Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; 078-08069-010-26. Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; Submerged

bodies; Bluff bodies; 429-07899-010-90. Boundary layer separation; Free shear layer; Slender body; Angle of attack; 135-10129-010-26. Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer, time dependent; Numerical solution; Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; 069-10934-010-26. Boundary layer, stability; Suction; Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; 132-09908-010-18. Boundary layer stabilization; Boundary layers, laminar; Boundary layers, turbulent; Buoyancy effects; Transition; Boundary

layer disturbances; 014-10823-010-20. Boundary layer, three-dimensional; Numerical methods; Bodies

of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; 078-08069-010-26. Boundary layer, time dependent; Numerical solution; Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer stability; 069-/0954-0/0-26. Boundary layer transition; Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence

stimulation; Bodies or revolution; 333-09442-030-00. Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; Sub- merged bodies; 329-10773-010-22. Boundary layer transition; Flow noise; Turbulent spots; Wall

pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer noise; 329-1 1484-010-

00. Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe

flow; Transition visual study; 1 19-0755 1-010-54. Boundary layer transition; Noise; Transition noise; Acoustic ef- ficiency; 125-1 1050-160-22. Boundary layer, turbulent; Current meter; Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; 331-09418-010-22. Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; 333-09437-010-00. Boundary layer, turbulent; Flow visualization techniques; Turbulence structure; 074-10939-010-26. Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; 429-07903-020-90. Boundary layer, turbulent; Pipe flow; Wall region visual study;

1 19-08216-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Waves; Air- water interface; 144-10407-010-54. Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; Turbulence,

grid; 315-09731-020-52. Boundary layer, turbulent supersonic; Wind tunnels; 135- 07618-720-80. Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular

flow; 003-09777-140-00.

295
Boundary layers, laminar; Boundary layers, turbulent; Buoyancy

effects; Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary

layer stabilization; 014-10823-010-20. Boundary layers, skewed; Ducts, rectangular; Secondary flows; Turbomachinery passages; Bends; 432-1 1379-2 10-90. Boundary layers, time dependent; Field measurements; Velocity measurements; Tidal flows; Turbulence; 162-11206-010-54. Boundary layers, turbulent; Buoyancy effects; Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer stabilization; Boundary layers, laminar; 014-10823-010-20. Boundary layers, turbulent; Dust storms on Mars; Sediment

transport; Wind erosion; Aeoliem transport; Atmospheric

pressure effects; 020-10834-220-50. Boundary layers, turbulent; Turbulence structure, near wall; Vorticity probe; 085-10993-010-54. Boundary shear; Channel stability; Grand Coulee third powerplant; Hydraulic model; Powerplant operations effects; Waves; Bank stability; 321-1 1444-300-00. Boundary shear stress; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; 302-09292-200-00. Box culverts; Culvert junction structure; Hydraulic model;

Hydraulic performance; Outlet geometry effects; Supercritical flow; 424-1 1353-370-90. Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; 145-07677-220-05.

Brackish water use; Energy development; Saline water; Water

use; 152-1 1571-860-33.

Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; Sediment

transport; Bed forms; 402-10282-300-90.

Breakflow jet impingement; Containment sump; Emergency

cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; VotUces; 174-1 1253-340-73. Breakwater design; Breakwaters, floating tire; 109-1 103 1-430-

44. Breakwater stability; Waves, design; 418-10314-430-00.

Breakwaters; Coastal structures, vertical wall; Wave impact

pressures; Wave peak pressures; 418-1 1334-430-90.

Breakwaters; Shore stabilization; 312-10654-430-00.

Breakwaters, caisson type; Rubble foundation stability; Wave

forces; 423-1 1688-430-90.

Breakwaters, floating tire; Breakwater design; 109-1 1031-430-

44. Breakwaters, floating tire; Hydraulic model; Scale effects; 159- 11188-430-00.

Breakwaters, perforated; Wave reflection; 017-10025-430-54.

Breakwaters, resonant; Wave attenuation; 082-1 1706-430-00.

Breakwaters, rubble; Jetties; Rubble structure design criteria; Scour; Stability, armor layer; Surf zone; Wave forces; 312-

11442-430-00.

Breakwaters, rubble; Numerical model; Rockflll hydraulic conductivity; Wave motion in rockflll; Finite element model; 103-11023-430-87.

Breakwaters, rubble mound; Finite element analysis; Seismic

forces; Structural response; Wave forces; 417-1 1328-430-90.

Breakwaters, rubble mound; Wave reflection; Wave transmission; 081-08724-430-54.

Breakwaters, transportable; 327-08498-430-22.

Breathing mask development; Heat loss; Neonate instrumentation system; Respiration volume measurement; Biomedical

flows; 045-10894-270-40.

Bridge abutments; Erosion potential; Hydraulic characteristics; San Luis Pass; 147-11121-300-65.

Bridge backwater; Flood computations; Wisconsin streams; Backwater curves; 322-1 1464-300-60.

Bridge pier effects; Channel stability; Hydraulic model; River

flow characteristics; 421-1 1341-300-00.

Bridge piers; Filters, inverted; Scour protection; 037-09009-

220-00.

Bridge piers; Ice forces; 401-07886-370-96.

Bridge piers; Ice load field measurements; 402-1 1284-370-96.

Bridge piers; Pile-bent piers; Scour; 425-1 1361-220-90.

Bridges; Erodible channels; Scour; Abutment geometry effects; 402-11291-220-90.

Bridges; Field measurements; River structures; Scour; 40/-

10763-350-00.

Bridges; Ice force measurement; Yukon River bridge; 004- 10803-390-15.

Bridges; Navigation channel; River model; Red River, Alexandria; 314-09671-330-13.

Bridge-tunnel effects; Hampton Roads; Highway bridge; Hydraulic model; James River model; 153-11157-370-60.

Bridport Inlet, Canada; Ice management; 400-1 1268-390-70.

Brine disposal; Offshore discharges; Oil storage, salt domes;

Plumes, negatively buoyant; 081-10955-870-44.

Brine disposal; Oil storage; Salt cavities; 147-10587-870-43.

Brine disposal evaluation; Gulf of Mexico; Oil storage; Salt dome caverns; 147-1 1 1 15-870-44.

British Columbia; Eraser river discharge plume; Numerical

model; Plume; Strait of Georgia; 412-1 1321-300-00.

British Columbia storms; Precipitation estimates; Satellite photographs; 405-11316-810-90. Brownian particles; Diffusion; Particle transport; Sedimentation;

Suspensions; 026-10847-130-00. Bubble distribution; Bubble size; Bubbles, gas; Gas ejection in water; Multicomponent flow; 329-1 1483-130-00. Bubble distribution; Bubble transport; Two-phase flow; 042- 10889-130-54. Bubble dynamics; Heat transfer; Interfacial stability; Mass

transfer; 01 1 -10814-190-52.

Bubble, expanding; Bubble interaction; Bubble, pulsating; Mathematical model; 1 42-1 1078-290-70. Bubble formation; Non-Newtonian fluid; Viscoelastic fluid; 108-11602-120-00. Bubble gas diffusion; Bubble size measurement; Foam; 028- 10850-130-54. Bubble growth; Free surface flows; Numerical models; Reactors; Suppression pools; Two-phase flow; Air injection; 075- 10828-130-82. Bubble growth, core disruptive accidents; Entrainment; Hydrodynamic instabilities; Reactors; 13 1 -1 1433-340-52

.

Bubble interaction; Bubble, pulsating; Mathematical model;

Bubble, expanding; 142-1 1078-290-70. Bubble motion; Bubbles, gas; Marangoni phenomenon; Mathematical model; Zero gravity; 325-1 1469-130-00.

Bubble, pulsating; Mathematical model; Bubble, expanding; Bubble interaction; 142-11078-290-70. Bubble screens; Jet discharges; Pollution control; 061-11512-

870-54. Bubble size; Bubbles, gas; Gas ejection in water; Multicom- ponent flow; Bubble distribution; 329-1 1483-130-00. Bubble size measurement; Foam; Bubble gas diffusion; 028- 10850-130-54. Bubble transport; Two-phase flow; Bubble distribution; 042- 10889-130-54.

Bubbles, gas; Gas ejection in water; Multicomponent flow; Bubble distribution; Bubble size; 329-1 1483-130-00.

Bubbles, gas; Marangoni phenomenon; Mathematical model; Zero gravity; Bubble motion; 325-1 1469-130-00. Bubbly flow; Nuclear reactor safety; Numerical model; Twophase flow; Interfacial pressure forces; 069-10933-130-82. Bubbly mixture; Multi-component flow; Plume velocity sampling; 061-11513-130-00.

Buckling phenomena; Viscous fluids; 068-10930-100-54.

Buffeting; Cylinders; Immersed bodies; Light water reactors; Unsteady flow; Vibrations, flow-induced; 047-10898-030-52.

Building aerodynamics; Tornado winds; Wind loads; 075- 09014-640-54.

Building aerodynamics; Wakes; 007-09935-640-50.

Buildings; Comer rounding; Immersed bodies, prismatic; Pres- sure distribution; Turbulence effect; 1 57-1 1 177-030-54.

296
Buildings; H-sections; Immersed bodies; Pressure distributions; Turbulence effects; Vibration; Angular bodies; 157-11174-

030-54. Bulk carriers; Tanker safety; Ventilation model tests; 142- 10358-520-45.

Bulk solids flow; Constitutive equations; Granular materials now; Shear flow; Solids flow; 415-1 161 1-260-90. Buoy data processing; Data acquisition; Satellites; 153-09875-

720-50. Buoy response; Cable dynamics; 327-09410-430-22. Buoyancy effects; Centrifugal force effects; Convection; Heat

transfer; Immersed bodies; Pipes, curved; Body forces; 062- 10918-000-00. Buoyancy effects; Computer code; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent flow; 142-1 1077-740-00. Buoyancy effects; Curvature effects; Preston tube; Turbulence,

near wall; Turbulent shear flows; Wall shear stress; 432-

11376-020-90. Buoyancy effects; Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer stabilization; Boundary layers, laminar; Boundary layers, turbulent; 014-10823-010-20. Buoyant discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross-flow effects; Mixing; Plumes; Pollutant transport; Thermal discharges; Turbulent stratified shear flows; 41 5-1 1612-870-90. Buoyant surface discharges; Dispersion; Numerical model; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effect; Jets, three-dimensional; Ther- mal discharge; 432-1 1 373-050-73

.

Buoyant surface discharges; Finite difference methods; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effects; Numerical models; 432-

11375-050-73. Buoy-cable-body systems; Cables; Submerged bodies; 333-

10727-030-22.

Butterfly valve; Valve tests; 152-10151-210-70.

Cable dynamics; Buoy response; 327-09410-430-22.

Cable systems; Dynamic response, length effect; Numerical

methods; Ocean engineering; 128-1 1710-430-20.

Cables; Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; 331-1071 1-030-20.

Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; 147-09048-590-22.

Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; Oscilfatory flow; 147- 09049-590-00.

Cables; Submerged bodies; Buoy-cable-body systems; 333-

10727-030-22. Calcium carbonate precipitation; Colorado River basin; Irriga- tion water; Salinity control; 1 52-1 1 558-860-33

.

California; Irrigated land inventory; Landsat data; Remote

sensing; 023-10836-710-60.

California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging

effects; Sediment yield; 308-04998-810-00.

California groundwater; Finite element basin model; Groundwater, brackish; Groundwater, regional management; Mathematical model; Power plant cooling; 019-1 1 547-820-33

.

California Water Project; Diversion facilities; Fish screening; Hydraulic model; Sediment control; 019-1 1698-300-60. Canadian watersheds; Discharge, extreme; Hydrographs;

Precipitation input, maximum; Watershed response, max- imum; 402-1 1286-810-00.

Canal; Control structure; Hydraulic model; Ice entrainment; In- take; Power plant, hydroelectric; 413-1 1685-340-73. Canal automation; Gates; Turnouts; 321-07030-320-00.

Canal gates; Discharge coefficients; Flow measurement; Gates,

radial check; Hydraulic model; 321-11450-320-00.

Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; 321-10678-320-

00. Canals; Gravity surges; Surges, fresh-over-salt water; 429-

11363-420-90.

Capsule pipelining fluid mechanics; Coal transport; Hydraulic

transport; 094-10999-260-52.

Carbon filters; Cincinnati water works; Filtration; Water treat- ment; 029-10854-860-36.

Carcinogens; Oil shale development; Water quality; 152-10177-

860-33.

Cardiovascular system flow; Shear force effects; Arterial branching; Biotechnology; Blood flow; 434-1 1391-27. Cargo sloshing; Dynamic loads; LNG tanks; Ships; Sloshing; 142-11080-520-48. Cargo tank venting; Chemical vapors; Hazards; Marine operations; Ship holds; 142-1 1076-590-48. Casing installation; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; Vortices; 413-1 1665-340-73.

Cavitation; Cavitation noise; Hydrofoils; Noise; Scaling; 125- 11048-230-22.

Cavitation; Cavity flows; Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation ef- fects; 125-03807-230-50.

Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect

ships; 332-10713-520-22.

Cavitation; Flow visualization; Jets; Polymer additives; 329-

10774-050-20.

Cavitation; Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; 088-06147-230-54.

Cavitation; Lock culverts; Valves; Ventilation; 314-10747-330-

00. Cavitation; Noise; Vortex flow; 125-08235-230-21.

Cavitation; Polymer additives; 125-08236-230-22.

Cavitation; Propulsor design; Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; 125- 08923-550-22.

Cavitation abatement; Propellers, marine; Vortex, tip; 333-

11482-550-22.

Cavitation damage; Scaling laws; 125-08916-230-22.

Cavitation damage mechanism; Cavitation, incipient; Valve

cavitation experiments; 049-1 1648-230-26.

Cavitation erosion; Impact erosion; Materials testing; 088- 08123-230-70.

Cavitation erosion reduction; Propellers, marine; Air emission; 333-11477-550-00.

Cavitation, incipient; Valve cavitation experiments; Cavitation damage mechanism; 049-1 1648-230-26.

Cavitation noise; Hydrofoils; Noise; Scaling; Cavitation; 125- 11048-230-22.

Cavitation nuclei measurement; Laser anemometry; 125-10047-

230-22.

Cavitation prevention; Hydraulic model; Spillway, twin tunnel; Aeration devices; 1 57- 11 182-350-75.

Cavitation testing; Low ambient pressure chamber; Facilities; 321-1 1454-720-00.

Cavities, rectangular; Finite element models; Mixing processes;

Stratified turbulent flow; Stratified water bodies; Turbulence

structure; 144-1 1085-060-54.

Cavity flows; Finite element method; Hydrofoils; Numerical

methods; 144-10411-530-21.

Cavity flows; Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; 125-03807-230-50. Cedar River, Washington; Discharge effects; Fishery investigations; Salmon spawning; 158-1 121 1-850-33.

Centrifugal force effects; Convection; Heat transfer; Immersed

bodies; Pipes, curved; Body forces; Buoyancy effects; 062- 10918-000-00.

Centrifugal impeller passage flow; Compressors; 432-11380-

630-90. Channel adjustment; Mobile bed channels; Regime theory; River channels; Sediment transport; 402-1 1298-300-90. Channel armoring; River bed; Sediment characteristics effects; Sediment transport; 422-1 1354-300-00. Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; 322-0458W300-00. Channel changes; Morphology; River channels; Sediment movement; 322-10699-300-00.

297
Channel changes, human effects; Mississippi River Valley; River channels; 098-10012-300-13. Channel degradation; Conriputer simulation; River channels; Sediment transport; 402-1 1 293-300-90. Channel dimensions; Navigation safety; 314-10759-330-00. Channel erosion; Outlet works; Scour protection; Valves, Howell-Burger; 433-11381-360-75. Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland

flow; Surface water systems; 322-10693-860-00. Channel flow; Flow visualization; Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent bursts; Wall layer; 130-1 1064-020-

00. Channel flow, stepped boundaries; Numerical models; 415-

1 1610-290-90. Channel flows; Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical methods; 092-10137-000-26. Channel forms; Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 405-10233-300-90. Channel geometry; Sediment effect; Alluvial channels; 322-

10697-300-00. Channel incision chronology; Dearborn River, Montana;

Paleohydraulics; 095-10063-300-00. Channel incision mechanism; River morphology; Saline River, Arkansas; 095-10064-300-00. Channel Islands field study; Coastal sediment; Longshore trans- port; Sediment transport; 312-09752-410-00. Channel networks; Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; 066- 0736 7-810-20. Channel profile prediction; Erosion, channel; Missouri loess

basins; Soil transport; 300-1 1407-830-00. Channel shape effects; Manning equation; Open channel flow; Open channel resistance; 123-08223-200-00. Channel shifts; Morphology; River channels; Scour; 401-10764-

350-96. Channel stability; Erosion; Soil properties; Stream channels; 302-09295-300-00. Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; Sedi- ment routing; 405-10232-300-96. Channel stability; Grand Coulee third powerplant; Hydraulic model; Powerplant operations effects; Waves; Bank stability; Boundary shear; 32 1-1 1444-300-00. Channel stability; Hydraulic model; River flow characteristics; Bridge pier effects; 421-1 1341-300-00. Channel stability; River channels; Valley stratigraphy; Bank

failure; 302-11412-300-13. Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; 123-10086-300-60. Channel width; Navigation channels; Towing; Bends; 314-

10743-330-00. Channel width effect; Culvert outlets; Scour; 419-1 1635-220-

96. Channel width effect; Culverts; Erosion; Jet, wall; Tailwater depth effect; 402-1 1299-220-90.

Channel-flood plain interaction; Flood plain hydraulics; Rating

curves; River flow; 402-1 1301-300-90.

Channels; Erosion; Riprap; 314-10742-320-00.

Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology

revetments; River channels; 098-100 1

1 -300-1 3

.

Channels, braided; Channels, shifting; Gravel channels; Resistance relations; River channels; Bars, gravel; 402-11302-

300-90.

Channels, circular; Channels, trapezoidal; Regime sensitivity; 056-10905-300-00.

Channels, meandering; Meander flume; River engineering; Riprap design; Bank protection; 402-1 1 292-300-90.

Channels, mobile boundary; Depth adjustment; River channels; Slope adjustment; 402-1 1290-300-90.

Channels, rock-lined; Open channel flow; Roughness characteristics; 002-10800-320-49.

Channels, shifting; Gravel channels; Resistance relations; River

channels; Bars, gravel; Channels, braided; 402-1 1 302-300-90. Channels, trapezoidal; Hydraulic exponents, depth effect; Open

channel flow; 056-10906-200-00.

Channels, trapezoidal; Regime sensitivity; Channels, circular; 056-10905-300-00.

Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; Storm surge calculation; Surges; 312-09756-420-00.

Charleston Harbor; Hydraulic model; Marina design; 032- 11653-470-65. Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River bend; River model; Shoaling; 314-09717-300-13. Check valve closure; Pipe flow; Pressure rise; Water column

separation; 405-1 131 7-210-90. Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer programs; Metallic wastes; Pollution; 081-09825-870-36. Chemical oxygen demand; Dissolved oxygen distribution; Ot- tawa River; Wastewater outfall, downstream conditions; 422-

11350-870-90. Chemical reaction submodels; Groundwater transport; Mathematical model; Pollutant transport; Biological reaction sub- models; 144-1 1083-820-33. Chemical transport models; Pollution; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10637-870-00. Chemical vapors; Hazards; Marine operations; Ship holds; Cargo tank venting; 142-1 1076-590-48.

Chemical-physical reactions; Lakes; Mathematical model;

Reservoirs; Water quality; Biological model; 149-1 1 126-860-

60. Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; Lubrication; Stability theory; 133-06773-000-14. Chesapeake Bay; Finite-element model; Flood level prediction; Mathematical model; Storm surge; Bay-ocean system; 153- 11160-450-58. Chesapeake Bay; Hydraulic model; 400-11276-400-10. Chesapeake Bay model; 314-06849-400-13.

Chief Joseph Dam; Dam model; 313-09348-350-00.

Chief Joseph Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09349-350-

13. Chief Joseph Dam; Spillway model; 313-07109-350-13. Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; 153-09882-400-60.

Chloride control; Arkansas River environmental inventory; 098- 08871-870-00.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Utah drinking water; Water supplies; Water treatment; 152-1 1580-860-60.

Chlorophyll; Fluorosensor; Phytoplanfcton; Remote sensing; Algae; 324-1 1466-710-00.

Chlorophyll; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; 324-09396-

710-00. Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stilling basin; 321-10684-350-00. Choking device; Hydraulic model; Sewers, storm; Storm sewer

surcharge alleviation; 422-11352-870-00. Chowan River; Mathematical model; Streamflow; Water quality; 154-09170-860-33. Chum salmon; Fish Spawning, experimental channel; 158- 06834-850-45. Chute blocks; Dam; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 321-

11453-350-00. Chute spillway; Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Approach channel; 321-1 1445-350-

00. Chutes, baffled; Hydraulic model; Scour prevention; Bend

design; 157-11180-320-00.

Cincinnati water works; Filtration; Water treatment; Carbon fil- ters; 029-10854-860-36.

Cincinnati watershed; Runoff, urban; Sewer overflow probability analysis; Sewers, combined; Stormwater treatment; Urban

watersheds; 029-10851-870-00. 298
Circulating water system; Cooling water bypass; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Pump sump; 145-1 1092-340-73

.

Circulation; Computer model; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; 322-10696-400-00.

Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine canyon; 153-09876-450-00.

Circulation; Cooling water discharge; Erosion; Heat flux analysis; Lake Ontario; Pollution; Remote sensing; Thermal

discharge; 322-1 1460-870-00.

Circulation; Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; 173-09224-440-44.

Circulation; Drogue tracing; Dye tracing; Lake currents; Nearshore transport, wind-induced; 433-1 1 384-440-90.

Circulation; Embayments, recreational; Reservoir fluctuation

effects; 1 57-1 1 1 84-450-00.

Circulation; Estuary, field measurements; Internal waves; Mixing; Quebec estuaries; 416-1 1607-400-90.

Circulation; Finite-element model; James River tidal model; Mathematical model; Water quality; Biogeochemical model;

153-1 1 158-400-68.

Circulation; Mixing; New York Bight observations; 072-0882 7- 450-52.

Circulation; Navigation channel; Numerical model; Velocity

distribution; Baker Bay; 157-1 1 178-400-33.

Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; 081- 09807-870-73.

Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; 081-09799-870-73.

Circulation, density induced; Dissolved oxygen budget; Ecosystem model; Elizabeth River, Virginia; Mathematical

model; Water quality; 1 53-1 1 163-870-60.

Circulation, lake; Currents; Drift bottles; Lake Superior; 113- 06053-440-00.

Circulation, low flow; Mass transport; Mississippi River Pool No. 2; Numerical model; Wind effects; 145-1 1094-300-34.

Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; Heat exchange: Long Island Sound; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Turbulence; Block Island Sound; 105-1 1025-450-60.

Circulation, ocean; Finite element model; Numerical model; Oceanography; Peconic Bay system; Water properties; 105- 11024-450-60.

Circulation, ocean; Ice movement; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Oil spill trajectories; Tides; Bering Sea; 132- 11065-450-44.

Circulation, ocean; Langmuir circulation; Ocean currents; Ocean mixed layer; 039-10997-450-54.

Circulation, wind-driven; Currents, longshore; Field measurements; Lake Michigan; Nearshore circulation; Numerical

model; Wave-driven circulation; 005-11 432-4 1 0-55

.

Claypan soils; Com production method effects; Crop yields; Erosion; Runoff; Soybean production; 300-1 1409-810-00. Claypan soils; Erosion; Runoff; Agricultural chemicals movement; Agronomic practices effects; 300-1 1402-810-00. Claypan soils; Missouri watersheds; Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, agricultural; 300-1 1 401 -8 1 0-00.

Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; 314-10760-350-00.

Clearwater River; Fish habitat; Logging effects; Salmon

spawning; Sediment, suspended; Sediment transport; 158- 11209-850-60.

Clearwater River; Insects, stream; Streamflow data; 057-09848-

880-33. Climate change impact; Hurst phenomenon; Hydrologic design; 159-1 1 195-810-00.

Climate modeling; Model sensitivity; Numerical models; Atmosphere-soil-vegetal system; 081-10970-880-54.

Climate modeling; Numerical models; Soil moisture dynamics;

Soil properties; Vegetal canopy density; 081-10971-810-50.

Climatic change effects; Water resource development; 149- 11129-800-10.

Climatoligical estimates; Computer model; Evaporation;

Evapotranspiration, areal; Lake evaporation; 411-11314-810-

00. Closed conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-component

flow; Open channels; Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; 321-1 1447-130-00. Cloud seeding; Hail suppression; Utah hailstorms; 1 52-101 54- 480-60. Cloud seeding; Numerical model; Weather modification; 152- 10164-480-60. Cloud seeding potential; Orographic winter storms; Precipitation; 152-10153-480-60. Coal hydrotransport research facility; Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; 033-1 1546-260-52. Coal mining; Groundwater quality; Mathematical model; Powder River Basin; Strip mining effects; 055-10904-870-34. Coal mining activities; Hydrologic systems management; Salinity; Sediment loads; Water quality; Water supply quantities; 152-11560-810-33.

Coal, pulverized; Multi-component flow; Pneumatic transport; Solid-gas flow; 009-108 1 1 -1 30-60. Coal slurries; Environmental aspects; Pipeline transport; Pollution aspects; 033-10870-870-36. Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase

flow; 423-10517-370-90. Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump injector model; Pipeline trans- port; Slurries; 064-10613-260-34. Coal transport; Hydraulic transport; Capsule pipelining fluid mechanics; 094-10999-260-52. Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; 167-10019-210-60.

Coastal boundary layer; Continental shelf; Currents, wind in- duced; 173-09225-450-52.

Coastal construction; Design criteria; Shore protection manual; 312-02193-490-00.

Coastal currents; Current measurements; Lake Michigan; 171- 10033-440-44.

Coastal ecology; Dredging; Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; 312-06995-880-00.

Coastal engineering field station; Laboratories; 3 1 2-10653-720-

00. Coastal erosion; Erosion protection techniques; Puget Sound

field study; Shore protection; 165-1 12 16-410-60.

Coastal imagery data bank; Photographic data; 312-09747-710-

00. Coastal inlets; Inlet hydraulics; Numerical model; Roughness;

Tidal inlet field measurements; 312-11441-410-00.

Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest, 3 1 1-06974-810-00.

Coastal plains; Erosion; Sedimendation processes; Sediment management; Southern California mountains; Structure ef- fects; 013-1 1700-830-80.

Coastal processes; Dispersion; Pollutant transport; Wave-windcurrent tank; 104-07055-870-00.

Coastal processes; Erosion model; Littoral drift measurements; Sediment transport; 407-1 1 3 1 3^ 10-00

.

Coastal seas; Estuary flows; Mathematical model, two-dimensional; Water quality; 132-11066-400-30.

Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; 312-

10655-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Currents; Sediment transport, by waves; Wave-current transport; 116-11042-410-88.

Coastal sediment; Currents, longshore; Engineering model;

Field experiments; Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide ef- fects; Velocity field, wave effects; Wind effects; 081-10948-

410-44.

299
Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand

by-pass; 314-10749-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Jetties; Sediment transport; Weir jetty; 312-

10656-430-00.

Coastal sediment; Longshore transport computation; Sediment

transport; 312-09744-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; 312-09752-410-00.

Coastal sediment; Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Bed

forms; 315-10780-410-11.

Coastal storm effects; Dredge disposal sites; Field studies; New

England coast; Sediment transport; 036-1 1637-220-22.

Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sedi- ment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; 312-

10655-410-00.

Coastal structures, vertical wall; Wave impact pressures; Wave

peak pressures; Breakwaters; 418-1 1334-430-90.

Coastal transport; Current measurement; Currents, coastal; Lake Michigan; 005-1 1431-410-88.

Coastal waters; Oil slick spread; 017-10024-870-54.

Coastal wave condition prediction; Numerical model; Wave

field data; Wave transformation processes; 312-1 1439-420-

00. Coastal wind-sea model; Current model offshore oil develop- ment; Venezuela; Wave-swell interaction; Waves, wind

generated; Wind model; 081-10953-430-88.

Coastal zone; Field study; Instrumentation development; Nearshore physical processes; Sensor array; Transport

processes; 1 1 2-1 1 039-4 10-44

.

Coastal zone discharges; Cooling water discharge; Diffuser evaluation experiments and analysis; 081-10961-340-00.

Coastal zone management alternatives; Texas coastal zones; 149-1 1 132-490-54. Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; Thermal;

005-09780-870-52.

Cohesive soils; Erosion modeling; Soil erosion; 427-1 1370-830-

90. Cold water storage; Energy; Field tests; Groundwater; Hot

water storage; Thermal energy storage; Aquifer technology;

1 15-1 1264-890-52.

Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Stilling basin model; 147-10591-350-75. Colorado River; Cooling water use; Power plants; Salinity implications; Water equality; Water use shifts; Agricultural water use; 1 52-1 1 576-860-60. Colorado River; Salinity management; 152-101 74-860-33. Colorado River basin; Energy water needs; Water allocation; Water conservation; Water use optimization; Agricultural water; 1 52-1 1 570-860-33

.

Colorado River basin; Infiltration measurements; Raindrop

characteristics effects; Salt pollution; Soil characteristics effects; 152-1 1566-870-33. Colorado River basin; Irrigation water; Salinity control; Calci- um carbonate precipitation; 1 52-1 1 558-860-33

.

Colorado River basin; Mathematical model; Salt release; Sedi- ment, suspended; 1 52-1 1 559-860-33

.

Colorado River basin; Oil shale development; Salinity; Aquatic

ecosystem; 152-10158-860-60. Colorado River basin; Salinity-sediment relationships; Sediment,

suspended; 1 52-1 1 564-860-33

.

Colorado River upper basin; Irrigation management; 152- 0419W-840-00.

Colorado River upper basin; Salinity level prediction; Water

quality; 152-10171-860-33. Columbia River; Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; 313-05317-330-13. Column separation; Pipelines; Air release; 087-1 1427-2 10-54. Combined bend suction piping; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 1 74-1 1 25 7-340-73

.

Combustion; Liquid-gas flow; Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; 124-10020-290-50. Combustion chamber; Internal combustion engine; Numerical

model; Stratified charge engine; 075-10827-690-52. Combustion model; Droplets, fuel; Numerical model; Particlefluid system; Sprays; Two-component flow; 075-10833-130-

52. Community water management; Urbanization impacts; Water

needs; Water rights; Water use; 152-1 1582-390-60. Compaction disequilibrium; Computer model; Sediment accumulations; Aquathermal pressuring; 095-1 1002-650-84. Compliant boundary; Drag reduction; 331-09420-250-00. Compliant wall; Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; Boundary layer

plate; 156-09925-250-20. Compliant wall, actively driven; Drag reduction tests; 156- 11171-250-20. Compliant walls; Drag reduction; Boundary layer; 315-09732-

250-50.

Compressibility effects; Condensing flows; Surges; Transients; Two-phase flows; Unstable flow; 1 14-1 1040-130-54. Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; 315-10798-010-27.

Compressible flow; Porous media, deformable; 091-10573-070-

54. Compressors; Centrifugal impeller passage flow; 432-11380-

630-90. Compressors; Gas turbines; Helium flow; 083-10575-630-20. Compressors, centrifugal; Surge control; 064- 11 600-630-00. Computational fluid dynamics; Comer flows; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; 106-09893-740-50. Computations; Cross-section spacing optimization; Open channel flow, gradually varied; Water surface elevations; Backwater curves; 168-1 1222-200-60. Computer analysis; Snow cover mapping; Satellite data; 403-

1 1304-810-00. Computer code; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent flow; Buoyancy effects; 142-1 1077-740-00. Computer code; Inclined inflow effect; Lifting surface theory;

Propellers, marine; Blade loading distribution; 146-11103-

550-21. Computer graphics; Water resources optimization models; Water resources planning; 038-10875-860-54. Computer model; Convective flow instability; Flow visualization; Tube flow, vertical; 062-10919-190-00. Computer model; Cooling system; Hydrodynamic response; Reactor; Suppression pool; 069-10936-340-82. Computer model; Cooling water intake; Fish screens; Hydraulic model; Intake design; Manifold; Power plant; 145-11096-340-

70. Computer model; Cooling water system; Power plant, nuclear; Transient analysis; Waterhammer; 174-1 1258-340-73. Computer model; Dane County, Wisconsin; Groundwater draw- down; Groundwater pumping; 168-1 1224-820-65. Computer model; Embankments; Frost heaving; Soil freezing; 019-10078-820-54. Computer model; Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; Circulation; 322-10696^00-00. Computer model; Evaporation; Evapotranspiration, areal; Lake

evaporation; Climatoligical estimates; 41 1-1 13 14-810-00. Computer model; Field channel; Oxygen cycle; Oxygen trans- port; 145-11099-860-36. Computer model; Finite element method; Scour; 302-10630-

220-00. Computer model; Floating body; Flow patterns, around ships; Ship motions; Wave resistance; 069-10937-520-20. Computer model; Galveston ship channel; Navigation channel; Ship behavior; Waves, ship-generated; 147-11120-330-75. Computer model; Groundwater model; Aquifers; 302-10640-

820-00.

300
Computer model; Herbicide transport; Nutrient transport; Pesti- cide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Tillage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; 067- 10927-870-00. Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; 153-09882-400-60. Computer model; Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; Soil erosion; 057-09852-830-61. Computer model; Irrigation advance and recession modeling; Border irrigation hydrodynamics; 303-1 141 8-840-00. Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; 312-10655-410-00. Computer model; Numerical model; Waves, ocean; 331-11496-

420-20. Computer model; Reactors; Steam chugging phenomena; Twophase flow; 069-10935-130-82. Computer model; Runoff pollution; Runoff, urban; Urban

watershed; 029-10853-870-00. Computer model; Sediment accumulations; Aquathermal pressuring; Compaction disequilibrium; 095-1 1 002-650-84. Computer model; Sediment routing; Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10631-810-00. Computer model; Sewers, storm; Storm sewer systems; 151- 11142-870-10. Computer model; Ship tank punctures; Venting rate experi- ments; VolatUe liquids; 142-1 1079-590-48. Computer model testing; Finite element method; Mathematical

models; Tidal circulation; 042-10890-400-30. Computer models; Cooling water discharge effects; Ecological

effecU; Lake Lyndon B. Johnson; Thermal discharge effects; 149-11122-870-68. Computer models; Rood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; 405-10234-810-96. Computer models; Groundwater flow; 322-10700-820-00. Computer models; Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; 302-10638-810-00. Computer models; Mississippi River sites; Model selection

justifications; Model users manual; Near field models; Ther- mal discharges; 138-11720-870-73. Computer models; Satellite data input; Snowmelt model; Solar

radiation; 022-1 1722-810-44. Computer models; Water resource system optimization; 152- 10175-800-33. Computer program; Energy; Geothermal reservoir simulation; Two-phase flow; 073-10825-890-52. Computer program; Hull forces; Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; / 5 1-10038-520-45

.

Computer program; Hull pressures; Propeller-induced pressures; Ship hulls; 146-11104-550-21. Computer program; Pipe network; Surge analysis; Transients; Well field network; 098-1 1016-210-75. Computer program; Pump-jet propulsion; Vibrations; 146- 10037-630-21. Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; 329-07219-550-

22. Computer programs; Metallic wastes; Pollution; Chemical

equilibrium calculations; 081-09825-870-36. Computer progrsmis; Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems;

Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; 046-09846-210-

00. Computer simulation; Coolant-loss accident; Fluid-structure in- teraction; Hydroelastic response; Reactor, pressurized; Shell,

elastic; Two-phase flow; 075-10832-240-55. Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic

processes; River flow; 322-0371 W-300-00. Computer simulation; Irrigation system control; Water level sensors; 018-10126-840-31.

Computer simulation; River channels; Sediment transport; Channel degradation; 402-1 1 293-300-90. Computer simulation; Runoff; Storage requirements; Stormwater management; Urban runoff; 402-1 1 296-870-00. Concentration time; Hydrographs; Illinois streams; River flow; Storage coefficients; 322-11457-300-60.

Concentration time; Overland flow, unsteady phase; 056- 10907-810-00. Concrete cube stability; Drag; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 054-10054-420-00.

Condensation; Film condensation; Fins; 124-1 1055-190-54. Condenser water circulating system; Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; 145-10602-870-75. Condenser wear potential; Flow patterns; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence;

Velocity distribution; 174-1 1256-340-73

.

Condensing flows; Surges; Transients; Two-phase flows; Unstable flow; Compressibility effects; 1 14-1 1040-1 30-54

.

Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; Outlet works model; 3 13-071 10-350-13. Conduit wall flare; Outlet works; Stilling basins; Trajectories; Transitions; 314-11526-360-00.

Conduits, noncircular; Finite element solution; Secondary flow; Velocity distribution; 402-1 1 283-2 10-00. Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack

hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement;

308-04996-810-00.

Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water

quality; Watersheds; 152-10159-860-60.

Conservation practice effects; Infiltration; Kansas; Rainfall simulator; 071-1 1703-810-00. Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; 302-7002-390-00. Conserved water; Water allocation; Water rights; Water use ef- ficiency; 152-1 1574-860-60.

Constitutive equations; Granular materials flow; Shear flow; Solids flow; Bulk solids flow; 4 1 5-1 1 61 1 -260-90. Constraining elements; Water use changes; 152-10156-860-60.

Constrictions, exponential; Laser-Doppler velocimetry; Pipe flow in constrictions; 1 34-1 1068-270-40.

Construction site turbidity control; Turbidity measurement;

321-09390-220-00. Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; 174-1 1252-340-73

.

Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Breakflow jet impingement; 174-1 1253-340-73. Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; 174-1 1254-340-73

.

Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 174-1 125 5-340-73

.

Contaminant distribution; Dispersion; Numerical model; Porous medium flow; 019-1 1552-870-05. Contaminant transport; Dispersivity measurements; Groundwater; Numerical model; Porous media flow; 148-1 1 153-070-

33. Contaminant transport; Dispersion; Finite element model; Groundwater hydraulics; Numerical model; Porous media

flow; 151-1 1 139-820-00. Contaminant transport; Finite element model; Groundwater

pollution; Numerical model; Porous medium flow; 019- 11550-070-00. Contaminant transport; James River estuary; Kepone transport model; Pollution; 1 53- 1 1 161 -870-60. Continental shelf; Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine

canyon; Circulation; 153-09876-450-00.

Continental shelf; Currents, wind induced; Coastal boundary

layer; 173-09225-450-52.

Continental shelf; Oceanography; Water quality; Benchmark

dau; 153-09877-450-34. 301
Continental shelf; Sediment characteristics; 312-09 761-410-00.

Continental shelf; Slope effects; Tsunamis; Wave reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; Wave theory; 1 1 1-1 1 034-420-

20. Continental shelf sediment dynamics; Sediment transport; 162-

1 1204-410-54.

Continental slope; Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental shelf; 153-09876-450-00.

Contour-furrowing effects; Erosion; Montana rangeland

watersheds; Runoff; Soil water recharge; Vegetation

response; 303-1 14 1 6-8 1 0-34. Control structure; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; 145- 11087-340-75.

Control structure; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 413- 10258-350-73.

Control structure; Hydraulic model; Ice entrainment; Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Canal; 4 1 3-1 1 685-340-73

.

Control structure failure; Economic consequences; Failure consequences; Old River control structure; 076-1 1 004-350-33

.

Control structure impact; Land use effects; Mississippi River,

St. Louis district; Potamology; River flow; 098-1 1009-300-1 3

.

Convection; Duct flow, laminar; Heat transfer; Laminar flow

solution compilation; Pipe flow; Temperature profiles; Velocity profiles; 048-10901-210-20.

Convection; Flow visualization; Heat transfer; Rotating fluid; Annulus, spherical rotating; lOl-l 1019-140-54.

Convection; Heat transfer; Immersed bodies; Pipes, curved; Body forces; Buoyancy effects; Centrifugal force effects; 062-

10918-000-00.

Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models;

Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; 003-09777-140-00.

Convection; Heat transfer; Rotating fluid; Secondary flow; Annulus, spherical rotating; 1 01 -1 1020-1 40-00. Convection; Heat transfer; Spherical shells; 135-1 1072-090-00. Convection, double-diffusive; Inclinded fluid layer; Stability; Stratified flow; Thermal dispersion; 135-10127-020-54.

Convective flow; Hele-Shaw flow; Porous medium flow;

Stratified flow; 062-10920-060-00.

Convective flow instability; Flow visualization; Tube flow, vertical; Computer model; 062-10919-190-00. Converging drag flow; Disk, spinning; Helical coil flow; Laminar flow; Non-Newtonian fluid; 1 08-1 1 601 -1 20-00. Coolant, emergency; Nuclear reactor; Spray distribution; Stram

atmosphere; Two-phase flow; 069-10932-130-82.

Coolant, reactor; Droplet flow dynamics; Droplet-obstacle in- teractions; Numerical solutions; 075-10831-190-55.

Coolant-loss accident; Fluid-structure interaction; Hydroelastic

response; Reactor, pressurized; Shell, elastic; Two-phase

flow; Computer simulation; 075-10832-240-55.

Coolant-loss accidents; Critical flow; Nozzle flows; Numerical

solutions; Steam-water flow; Two-phase flow; 075-10830-

130-55. Cooling lake; Density currents; Mixing, wind induced; Numerical model; Ponds; Stratified lake; 049-10900-340-54.

Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; Heat transport; Seepage; 169-09871-820-36.

Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; 081- 09807-870-73.

Cooling, once-through; Cooling water flow; Mathematical

models; Physical models; Plumes, submerged; Plumes, sur- face; Power plants; Prototype measurements; 005-1 1430-340-

52. Cooling optimization; Mathematical models; Power plant ef- fects; River temperature; Thermal discharges; 335-11491-

340-00. Cooling pond dynamics; 081-08734-440-73.

Cooling ponds; Cooling towers; Electric power industry; Water

management; Cooling system alternatives; 08 1 -10960-340-52

.

Cooling system; Hydrodynamic response; Reactor; Suppression

pool; Computer model; 069-10936-340-82. Cooling system alternatives; Cooling ponds; Cooling towers;

Electric power industry; Water management; 081-10960-340-

52. Cooling system behavior; Meteorological conditions forecasts; Power plant operations; 081-10979-340-00. Cooling tower; Hydraulic model; Condenser water circulating system; 145-10602-870-75.

Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Intake sump; Power

plant; Pump approach flows; 413-1 1676-340-73. Cooling tower emissions; Plume model; Stack emissions; 078- 08695-870-60.

Cooling towers; Cylinders; Immersed structures; Pressure dis- tribution; Pressure fluctuations; Roughness effect; Wind load; Boundary layer; 145-1 1 102-030-54. Cooling towers; Electric power industry; Water management;

Cooling system alternatives; Cooling ponds; 081-10960-340-

52. Cooling towers; Mathematical model; Plumes, multiple; 015- 1162 7-870-36. Cooling water; Fish protection facilities; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power plant; Velocity distributions; 421-1 1338-340-00. Cooling water; Ice jam potential; Power plant, nuclear; River

ice; 413-1 1662-340-73. Cooling water bypass; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Pump

sump; Circulating water system; 145-1 1092-340-73. Cooling water discharge; Delaware River, jet impingement; Mathematical model; Power plant; Thermal discharge; Tide

effects; 1 74-1 1 250-340-73

.

Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jet discharge angle; Jets, buoyant; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; 42 1-1 1 347-050-

00. Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect;

Jets, buoyant; Outfall branch spacing effect; Submergence ef- fect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; 421- 11348-050-00. Cooling water discharge; Diffuser evaluation experiments and

analysis; Coastal zone discharges; 081-10961-340-00.

Cooling water discharge; Diffuser, multi-port; Hydraulic model; Thermal effluent dispersal; 1 57-1 1 1 72 -870-75

.

Cooling water discharge; Diffuser, staged; Mathematical model; Powr plant, nuclear; 1 74-1 1 25 1 -340-73

.

Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pil- grim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; 081-09799-870-73.

Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power

plant; Thermal effluent; 335-10740-870-00.

Cooling water discharge; Erosion; Heat flux analysis; Lake Ontario; Pollution; Remote sensing; Thermal discharge; Circulation; 322-11460-870-00.

Cooling water discharge; Food production; Power plants; Ther- mal effluents; 152-10149-870-73. Cooling water discharge; Heat transfer; Hydraulic model; Ice cover; Jet, submerged; Thermal discharge model; 400-1 1269- 340-70. Cooling water discharge; Thermal front mechanics; 168-1 1217- 340-50. Cooling water discharge channel; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model verification; Plume; Thermal discharge; 421-

1 1346-340-00. Cooling water discharge effects; Ecological effects; Lake Lyn- don B. Johnson; Thermal discharge effects; Computer

models; 149-11122-870-68.

Cooling water flow; Discharge canal; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, steam; 1 74-1 1 246-340-73

.

Cooling water flow; Dispersion; Field studies; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal discharge; 032-11652-340-73.

302
Cooling water flow; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel outlet transition; 42 1 -] 1345-340-00.

Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge; 032-1 1651-340-60.

Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intakes, Outfalls; Power

plant; 421-10325-340-00.

Cooling water flow; Mathematical models; Physical models; Plumes, submerged; Plumes, surface; Power plants; Prototype measurements; Cooling, once-through; 005-1 1430-340-52

.

Cooling water flow, once-through; Hydraulic model; Intake; Lake, nearshore mixing; Outfall; Surface discharge; Thermal

discharge; 42 1-1 1343-340-00.

Cooling water intake; Fish screens; Hydraulic model; Intake

design; Manifold; Power plant; Computer model; 145-1 1096-

340-70. Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Offshore intake; Power

plant, recirculation minimization; 174-1 1247-340-73.

Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Intake design; Power

plant; Velocity distribution; Vortices; 421-1 1 344-340-00.

Cooling water intakes; Fish barrier evaluations; Intakes; Power

plants; Screens; 174-1 1248-850-70.

Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Sump-pump arrangement; 145-1 1098-340-75.

Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Wave forces; 421-10318-420-00.

Cooling water intakes; Intake design; Power plants; 421-09581-

340-00. Cooling water model; Model study; Pollution, thermal; 018- 08784-870-73.

Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Mixing; 421-10320-

340-00. Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Outfalls; Power plant; 421-10324-340-00.

Cooling water supply; Power plants; Water supply, potable; 148-1 1 155-860-33. Cooling water system; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 421-

09579-340-00.

Cooling water system; Power plant, nuclear; Transient analysis; Waterhammer; Computer model; 174-1 1258-340-73.

Cooling water systems; Field tests; Transients; 084-10991-340-

82. Cooling water systems; Power plant, nuclear; Transients, field measurements; 049-1 1 646-340-82

.

Cooling water use; Power plants; Salinity implications; Water

equality; Water use shifts; Agricultural water use; Colorado

River; 152-1 1576-860-60. Coon Creek; Morphology; River channels; 322-10694-300-00. Copper removal; Industrial wastes; Wastewater treatment; 031-

10861-870-82. Core flow test loop; Helium flow loop; Test facility; 1 15-1 1262-

720-52. Com production method effects; Crop yields; Erosion; Runoff; Soybean production; Claypan soils; 300-1 1409-810-00. Comer flows; Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Computational

fluid dynamics; 106-09893-740-50. Comer rounding; Immersed bodies, prismatic; Pressure distribution; Turbulence effect; Buildings; 1 57-1 1 1 77-030-54.

Corrosion; Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; 332-10713-520-22.

Corrosion, pitting; Microorganism role; 147-10581-230-00.

Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; 091-07488-000-54.

Couette flow; Rotating flow; Turbulence measurements; 423-

10519-000-90.

Couette flow; Turbulence structure; 429-10502-000-90.

Couette instability; Cylinders, concentric rotating; Stability; Stratified fluid; 135-10130-060-54.

Countercurrent flow flooding; Scale effects; Two-phase flow; 042-09790-130-55.

Creek, tidal; Mathematical model; Wastewater treatment effect; Water quality; 153-11165-860-60.

Creep; Failure; Floating ice; Ice sheets; Load bearing capacity; 401-11279-390-96.

Critical flow; Nozzle flows; Numerical solutions; Steam-water

flow; Two-phase flow; Coolant-loss accidents; 075-10830-

130-55.

Critical layer; Stratified flow, over obstacle; Stratified flow, three-dimensional; 01 1 -10812-060-20. Crop production; Drainage system design; Pollution control;

1 17-03 82 W-840-00. Crop production optimization; Soil moisture control; Soil salini- ty control; 152-09078-860-33. Crop production prediction; Drought stress; Irrigation limitation; Salinity stress; 1 52-1 1 567-840-33

.

Crop sequence effects; Drainage improvement; Iowa drainage

districts; Nitrogen fertilizer effect; Soil bulk density; Water

resource development; 067-10928-810-00. Crop yields; Erosion; Runoff; Soybean production; Claypan

soils; Com production method effects; 300-1 1409-810-00. Cross-connection control; Water quality; Backflow prevention; 140-00049-860-73.

Cross-flow effects; Entrance flow; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Tubes, short; 007-10806-140-70.

Crossflow effects; Jets, buoyant; Jets, turbulent; Stratification

effects; 01 5-1 1620-050-54.

Crossflow effects; Jets, buoyant; Jets, two-dimensional; Stratifi- cation effects; 087-1 1424-050-54.

Cross-section data collection; River valley; Stream channels; 314-11528-700-00.

Cross-section spacing optimization; Open channel flow, gradually varied; Water surface elevations; Backwater curves; Computations; 168-11222-200-60. Cryogenic liquids; Flow meters; 3 16-07005-1 10-00. Crystal growing process; Czochralski flow; Numerical model; 065-10922-090-00.

Culvert design study; 405-10230-370-90.

Culvert junction structure; Hydraulic model; Hydraulic per- formance; Outlet geometry effects; Supercritical flow; Box

culverts; 424-11353-370-90.

Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; Scour; 002- 09953-360-47.

Culvert outlets; Scour; Channel width effect; 419-11635-220-

96. Culverts; Drainage, highway; Highway culverts; Risk-based

design; 1 5 1-1 1 143-370-00.

Culverts; Erosion; Jet, wall; Tailwater depth effect; Channel

width effect; 402-1 1 299-220-90.

Culverts; Ice jams; River crossing, lower level; 425-1 1357-370-

90. Culverts, overhanging; Riprap; Scour protection; 425-1 1359- 220-90. Cumberland river; Mathematical model; River flow; Tennessee

river; Water temperature analysis; 335-1 1493-860-00. Curb inlets; Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle

safety; 321-10689-370-47.

Current effects; Structures, coastal; Wave forces; 031-09979-

420-00. Current measurement; Currents, coastal; Lake Michigan;

Coastal transport; 005-1 143 1 -410-88. Current measurement; Keweenaw current; Lake Superior; 171- 10029-440-54. Current measurement, low velocity; Geophysical flows; Laser- Doppler velocimeter, submersible; Turbulence measurements,

sea water; 045-10895-700-00.

Current measurements; Field investigation; Surf zone

hydrodynamics; Wave measurements; Waves, breakers; 081- 10949-420-44. Current measurements; Lake Michigan; Coastal currents; 171- 10033-440-44.

303
Current meter; Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; 331-09418-010-22.

Current meter data; Currents; Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; I53-09SS7-S70-68.

Current meter data; Dispersion; Mathematical models; Ocean

outfalls; Wastewater disposal; 049-1 1649-870-54.

Current meters; Horizontal alignment effect; Price meter per- formance; Towing tank calibrations, waiting times; 407-

11307-700-00.

Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic

measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; 315-10796-

700-00. Current meters; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; 315-08652-700-00.

Current model offshore oil development; Venezuela; Waveswell interaction; Waves, wind generated; Wind model;

Coastal wind-sea model; 08 1 -/ 0953-430-88

.

Currents; Curvature effects; Estuaries; Numerical simulation;

Salt balance; San Francisco Bay; Baroclinic ocean circulation; 162-1 1202-450-54.

Currents; Drift bottles; Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; 113- 06053-440-00.

Currents; Electric fields; Ocean currents; / 73-09226-450-20.

Currents; Estuary, stratified; Wind effects; York River, Virginia; 153-1 1 162-400-00.

Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; 317-10668-440-00.

Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models;

Pollutant transport; 005-09778-440-52.

Currents; Ocean dynamics; Atlantic Ocean; 173-07786-450-20.

Currents; Sediment transport, by waves; Wave-current trans- port; Coastal sediment; 1 16-1 1042-4 1 0-88

.

Currents; Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; Current meter data; 153-09887-870-68.

Currents, coastal; Currents, three dimensional; Mathematical

model; 081-09800-450-44.

Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes

shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; 038-09941-440-44.

Currents, coastal; Lake Michigan; Coastal transport; Current measurement; 005-1 1 43 1 ^ 1 0-88. Currents, longshore; Engineering model; Field experiments; Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide effects; Velocity field, wave effects; Wind effects; Coastal sediment; 081-10948- 410^4.

Currents, longshore; Field measurements; Lake Michigan; Nearshore circulation; Numerical model; Wave-driven circulation; Circulation, wind-driven; 005-1 1 432-4 1 0-55

.

Currents, longshore; Longshore sediment transport; Sediment,

coastal; Sediment transport by waves; 081-09797-410-44.

Currents, nearshore; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean

outfall feasibility; Outfalls; Pollutant transport; Wastewater

discharge; 1 1 2-1 1 037-870-60.

Currents, three dimensional; Mathematical model; Currents,

coastal; 081-09800-450-44.

Currents, wind induced; Coastal boundary layer; Continental

shelf; 173-09225-450-52.

Currents, wind induced; Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; Circulation; 173-09224-440-44.

Curvature effects; Estuaries; Numerical simulation; Salt balance; San Francisco Bay; Baroclinic ocean circulation; Currents; 162-1 1202-450-54

.

Curvature effects; Preston tube; Turbulence, near wall; Turbulent shear flows; Wall shear stress; Buoyancy effects; 432-

1 1376-020-90.

Cylinder, impulsively rotated; Cylinders, counter rotating; Numerical solution; Rotating flow; Taylor vortices; 065-10924-

000-00.

Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical

methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; 434-07995-030-90.

Cylinder, vertical; Hydrodynamic uplift; Offshore structures; Pipelines buried; Seepage, wave-induced; Uplift; Wave ef- fects; 168-1 1225-430-54.

Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; Submerged objects; Wave forces; 027-09013^20-00.

Cylinders; Drag; Force measurement; Submerged bodies; 125- 08926-030-22.

Cylinders; Drag; I-beams; Immersed bodies; Transient loads; Accelerated flow; 142-1 1081 -030-70.

Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; Cables; 331-10711-030-20.

Cylinders; Fluid-structure interaction; Offshore structures; Structural vibrations; Vibrations, flow induced; Wave forces; 068-10931-240-52.

Cylinders; Immersed bodies; Light water reactors; Unsteady

flow; Vibrations, flow-induced; Buffeting; 047-10898-030-52.

Cylinders; Immersed structures; Pressure distribution; Pressure

fluctuations; Roughness effect; Wind load; Boundary layer; Cooling towers; 145-1 1 102-030-54.

Cylinders; Offshore structures; Wave force prediction; 331- 11495-420-20.

Cylinders; Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 136- 10394-420-44.

Cylinders, aligned with flow; Immersed bodies; Pressure trans- ducer development; Wall pressure fluctuations; 085-10992-

030-20.

Cylinders, circular; Immersed bodies; Oscillations, streamwise; Reynolds number, critical range; Vortex shedding; Wakes; Boundary layer reattachment; 429-1 1 366-030-90.

Cylinders, circular; Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; Boundary

layer separation; 429-07899-010-90.

Cylinders, concentric rotating; Stability; Stratified fluid; Couette instability; 135-10130-060-54.

Cylinders, counter rotating; Numerical solution; Rotating flow; Taylor vortices; Cylinder, impulsively rotated; 065-10924-

000-00.

Cylinders, eccentric rotating; Lubrication theory; Stability theory; 133-06772-000-20.

Cylinders, part full; Rotating flow; Stability; 134-09965-000-54.

Cylinders, vertical; Pile arrays; Scour; Wave effects; 147- 11117-420-00.

Czochralski flow; Numerical model; Crystal growing process; 065-10922-090-00. Dam; Diversion channel; Hydraulic model; 3 13-1 1435-350-1 3

.

Dam; Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; Spillway model;

Baffled apron; 321-11455-350-00. Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 3 1 3-1 1 437-350-1 3

.

Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Approach channel; Chute spillway; 321-1 1445-350-

00. Dam; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Chute blocks; 321- 11453-350-00. Dam; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power plant, hydroelectric; Rock plug blast; 413-11677-350-73. Dam; Hydraulic model; Outlet works; Spillway model; Stilling basin; Tunnel; 32 1 -1 1 449-350-00. Dam comprehensive model; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortex,

intake; 413-1 1670-340-87. Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; 149-09922-810-07. Dam failure; Flood wave; 098-07505-350-88. Dam model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-09348-350-00. Dam model; Diversion channel; Hydraulic model; Powerhouse;

Spillway model; 4 1 3-1 1 657-350-87. Dam model; Libby reregulating dam; 313-09345-350-00.

304
Dam model; Lower Granite Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-05071.350-13. Dam outlet tunnel; Fish barrier; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; 3 1 3-11434-350-1 3

.

Dam reconstruction project; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; 414-11711-350-73. Dam safety; Permeability; Rock masses; Seepage measurement; Dams; 314-11525-350-00. Damping; Frequency tuning; Liquid-filled container; Offshore

platform; Sloshing; Structural response; Wave effects; 417- 11326^30-90. Damping coefficients; Roll motions; Ship motions; Speed ef- fects; Added mass; 089-10995-520-22.

Dam-reservoir interaction; Elastic waves; Fluid-structure in- teraction; Ground impedance effect; Ocean storage tanks; Structural response; 081-10947-390-00.

Dam-reservoir interactions; Earthquake effects; Fluid-structure

interaction; Hydrodynamic forces; Ocean structures; Structural response; 081-10946-390-54. Dams; Dam safety; Permeability; Rock masses; Seepage measurement; 314-1 1525-350-00. Dams; Fish passage facility; Hydraulic model; 174-1 1236-850-

73. Dams; Gallery drainage; 334-00771-350-00. Dams, earth; Dams, rockfill; Filters; Seepage; 3 14-1 1 524-350-

00. Dams, rockfill; Filters; Seepage; Dams, earth; 314-1 1524-350-

00. Dane County, Wisconsin; Groundwater drawdown; Groundwater pumping; Computer model; 168-1 1224-820-65

.

Data acquisition; Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; 312-09762-410-00. Data acquisition; Satellites; Buoy data processing; 153-09875-

720-50. Data bank; Hydrologic data; Utah; 152-1 1577-810-60. Data bank; Laboratory data; Sediment transport mechanics;

015-1 1628-220-54. Data collection; Precipitation data network design; Puerto

Rico; 081-10975-810-33. Data collection, real time; Recording device, digital; 152- 11591-710-00. Data compilation; Great South Bay, New York; Hydraulic data;

Inlets, tidal; Numerical model; Runoff effects; Salinity response; Tidal range effect; 107-1 1062-450-65

.

Data gathering system; Wind energy; 152-10155-480-06. Data requirements; Drainage system design; Drainage, urban; Hydrologic model evaluation; Mathematical model; Runoff; Urban streamfiow; 159-11194-810-33. Data variability effects; Model sensitivity; Reservoir ecosystem

models; 081-10954-880-00. Dearborn River, Montana; Paleohydraulics; Channel incision chronology; 095-10063-300-00. Delaware River; Dissolved oxygen; Mathematical model; Sjjectral analysis; Waste discharge effects; 107-1 1061-870-00. Delaware river basin; Flow regime; Reservoir operation effects; Streamflow; Water quality; 322-1 1 458-300-00. Delaware River, jet impingement; Mathematical model; Power

plant; Thermal discharge; Tide effects; Cooling water

discharge; 174-1 1250-340-73.

Delta formation; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Missis- sippi-Chippewa confluence; River confluence; Sediment

transport; 145-1 1093-300-88.

Denitrification system design; Water treatment; 148-0391 W870-33. Densimetric Froude number effect; Jet discharge angle; Jets, buoyant; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge; 421-1 1347-050-

00.

Densimetric Froude number effect; Jets, buoyant; Outfall branch spacing effect; Submergence effect; Temperature

measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge; 421-1 1348-050-00.

Density currents; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion;

Selective withdrawal; Stratified ocean; 038-10881-590-52.

Density currents; Mixing, wind induced; Numerical model;

Ponds; Stratified lake; Cooling lake; 049-10900-340-54.

Depression storage; Runoff onset; Surface depressions from

photographs; 168-11227-810-87. Depth adjustment; River channels; Slope adjustment; Channels, mobile boundary; 402-1 1 290-300-90. Depth effect; Nitrogen release; River flow; Turbulence effect; Velocity effect; 168-11218-860-68. Depth effects; Ship control, shallow water; Speed effects; 089- 10994-520-20.

Desalination; Waste heat utilization; 029-10857-860-00.

Desalination plants, expansion optimization; Desalination

storage tanks; Mathematical model; 019-1 1556-860-00.

Desalination storage tanks; Mathematical model; Desalination

plants, expansion optimization; 019-1 1 556-860-00. Design criteria; Dikes, stone spur; Groins; Navigation channels; 314-11530-330-00.

Design criteria; Shore protection manual; Coastal construction; 312-02193-490-00.

Design flood selection methods; Floods; Levee design; Reservoirs; 152-1 1598-310-38. Design paramater optimization; Mathematical models; River models; 423-10518-810-00.

Design rainstorms; Highway drainage; Hyetographs; Storm

drainage; Urban highways; 061-1 1501 -810-47. Design storm concept validity; Urban water resources projects; 061-1 1506-870-33.

Destratification; Field experiment; York River, Virginia; Estuary; 153-1 1699-400-00.

Destratification diffuser; Reservoirs; Stratified fluids; 321- 10679-860-00.

Detention basin design; Rainfall frequency analysis; Runoff, in- dustrial sites; Stormwater treatment; 1 09-1 1026-870-70. Development projects; Environmental impact; Kosi project; 052-10903-880-80.

Diffraction; Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; 109-09967-420-44.

Diffuser analysis; Diffuser performance; Thermal discharge; 335-11492-340-00.

Diffuser evaluation experiments and analysis; Coastal zone

discharges; Cooling water discharge; 081-10961-340-00.

Diffuser flows; Unsteady flow; Stall; 074-10940-000-54.

Diffuser model; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Ther- mal plume; 174-11245-340-73.

Diffuser, multi-port; Hydraulic model; Thermal effluent dispersal; Cooling water discharge; 157-1 1 172-870-75.

Diffuser performance; Thermed discharge; Diffuser analysis; 335-1 1492-340-00.

Diffuser, staged; Mathematical model; Powr plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; 1 74-1 1 25 1 -340-73

.

Diffuser theory; Energy loss; Expansions; Open channel flow,

subcritical; 1 57-1 1 185-200-00.

Diffusers; Erosion; Jets, circular; Jets in crossflow; Jets, wall; 402-1 1300-220-90.

Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; 005-09780-870-52.

Diffusion; Dust flow; Multi-component flow; Particulate measurement; Aerosol flow mechanics; Asbestos fibers; 432- 11377-130-90.

Diffusion; Open channel flow; 407-09509-200-00.

Diffusion; Particle transport; Sedimentation; Suspensions; Brownian particles; 026-10847-130-00.

Diffusion; Turbulent free shear flow; Wakes; 429-09597-020-

90. 305
Diffusion coefficients; Open channel flow; Turbulence level; Velocity distribution; Aquatic plants; 168-1 1221-200-54.

Diffusion, lateral; Ottawa River; River flow; Sediment transport, suspended; Suspended solids seasonal variation; Turbulent

diffusion; 422-09588-300-90.

Dikes, stone spur; Groins; Navigation channels; Design criteria; 314-11530-330-00.

Dilution; Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; Outfalls; 417-10305-050-90.

Dilution; Ocean outfall; Outfall pre-dilution devices; Wastewater disposal; 417-1 1331-870-90.

Dilution methods; Discharge measurement; Injection system in- vestigations; Mixing; Pipe flow; 061 -1 1 5 1 7-2 10-33

.

Dilution water pump intake; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model;

Intake, pump; Power plant; Vortices; 1 74-1 1 238-340-75

.

Disaggregation model; Reservoir design capacity; Stochastic hydrology; 159-11196-810-33.

Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; Mississippi River; Velocity measurement; 098-1 00] 3-700-1 3

.

Discharge canal; Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; Cooling

water flow; I 74-1 1 246-340-73

.

Discharge coefficients; Flow measurement; Gates, radial check; Hydraulic model; Canal gates; 32 1-l 1450-320-00.

Discharge effects; Fishery investigations; Salmon spawning; Cedar River, Washington; 1 58-1 1 2 1

1 -850-33

.

Discharge, extreme; Hydrographs; Precipitation input, max- imum; Watershed response, maximum; Canadian watersheds; 402-1 1286-810-00.

Discharge measurement; Injection system investigations; Mixing; Pipe flow; Dilution methods; 061 -1 1 5 1 7-2 10-33

.

Discharge permit program impacts; Water quality; Water rights administration; 152-11585-870-60.

Discharge structure; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, pumped storage; 174-1 123 7-340-73

.

Disk, spinning; Helical coil flow; Laminar flow; Non-Newtonian

fluid; Converging drag fiow; 1 08-11 60 1 -1 20-00.

Disks, co-rotating; Ekman boundary layer; Numerical model;

Rotating flow; 065-10923-000-00.

Disks, rotating; Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; 156-09925-250-20.

Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution dispersion; River flow; Aeration, surface; 061-1 1516-870-54.

Dispersion; Field studies; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal

discharge; Cooling water flow; 032-1 1 652-340-73

.

Dispersion; Finite element model; Groundwater hydraulics; Numerical model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; 151-1 1 139-820-00.

Dispersion; Groundwater; Porous medium flow; Water quality; 081-08084-820-00.

Dispersion; Heat exchange; Long Island Sound; Mathematical

model; Oceanography; Turbulence; Block Island Sound; Cir- culation, ocean; 1 05-1 1 025-450-60.

Dispersion; Ice cover effect; River flow; River ice; 407-11309-

300-00.

Dispersion; Mathematical models; Ocean outfalls; Wcistewater

disposal; Current meter data; 049-1 1649-870-54.

Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgr im plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water

discharge; 081-09799-870-73.

Dispersion; Mixing; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean

discharge; Outfalls; Plumes; Wastewater discharge; 112-

1 1038-870-44.

Dispersion; Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; 031-09980-

020-00.

Dispersion; Mixing; Open channel flow; River flow; 401-10765-

200-96.

Dispersion; Mixing; Outfall diffusers; Plumes, buoyant; Plumes,

three-dimensional; Wastewater disposal; 01 5-1 1 623-050-36.

Dispersion; Model evaluation; Pollutant transport; Toxic spill modeling; Analytical models; 1 38-1 1 7 1 8-870-27.

Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; 335-10740-870-00.

Dispersion; Numerical model; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow ef- fect; Jets, three-dimensional; Thermal discharge; Buoyant

surface discharges; 432-11373-050-73.

Dispersion; Numerical model; Porous medium flow; Contaminant distribution; 019-1 1552-870-05.

Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; 081-09814-070-54.

Dispersion; Pollutant transport; Wave-wind-current tank; Coastal processes; 104-07055-870-00.

Dispersion; Surface water flow; Transport modeling symposium;

018-1 1261-020-54.

Dispersion; Turbulent shear flow; 434-07996-020-90.

Dispersion field studies; Mixing, wind induced; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir stratification; Temperature struc- ture; 335-1 1488-860-00.

Dispersion, longitudinal; Dispersion, natural streams; Pollutant

transport; River flow; 094-1 1000-300-33

.

Dispersion, natural streams; Pollutant transport; River flow; Dispersion, longitudinal; 094-1 1000-300-33.

Dispersion of particulates; Ocean disposal alternatives; Sludge

disposal; 015-11625-870-65.

Dispersions, liquid; Multi-component flows; Particle motions; 108-11603-130-00.

Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; 314-10760-350-00.

Dispersivity measurements; Groundwater; Numerical model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; 148-1 1 1 53-070-

33. Dissolved oxygen; Mathematical model; Spectral analysis; Waste discharge effects; Delaware River; 107-11 061 -870-00. Dissolved oxygen budget; Ecosystem model; Elizabeth River,

Virginia; Mathematical model; Water quality; Circulation, density induced; 153-1 1 163-870-60.

Dissolved oxygen distribution; Ottawa River; Wastewater outfall, downstream conditions; Chemical oxygen demand; 422-

1 1350-870-90.

Distortion effect; Jets, buoyant; Model laws, scaling; 167- 11216-750-10.

Diversion; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortices; 413-1 1659-340-87.

Diversion; Hydraulic model; Kpong project; 400-10496-350-87.

Diversion; Hydraulics model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Scour;

Spillway; 413-1 1660-340-87.

Diversion channel; Hydraulic model; Dam; 313-1 1435-350-13.

Diversion channel; Hydraulic model; Powerhouse; Spillway model; Dam model; 413-11657-350-87.

Diversion conduit; Hydraulic model; Montreal; Pumping sta- tion; Water supply system; 413-1 1684-860-97.

Diversion facilities; Fish screening; Hydraulic model; Sediment

control; California Water Project; 019-1 1698-300-60.

Diversion model; Old River diversion; River model; 314-09680-

350-00.

Diversion structure; Gate ratings; Head loss; Hydraulic model;

Mixing; Sewage flow; Wastewater diversion structure; 174- 11240-870-75.

Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Control structure; 145- 11087-340-75.

Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; Spill- way; 433-10553-350-73.

Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; 321-10676-350-00.

Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spill- way; 413-10257-350-73.

Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; Revelstoke project; 433- 1055 7-350-73. Diversion tunnel closure effect; Estuary; Hydraulic model; Ice cover effect; La Grande River, Canada; Power plant construction; Salt water intrusion; 413-11673-060-73. 306
Diversion weir. Hydraulic model: Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Sediment exclusion; Spillway gates; 413-

11658-340-87. Dousing system; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 421-11339-

340-00.

E>ousing system instabilities; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Pressure osciUations; 421-1 1342-340-00.

Draft tube modifications; Power plant, hydroelectric; 041- 10884-630-70.

Draft tube surges; Vortex breakdown; 321-06321-340-00.

Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines; Transients; Turbines,

hydraulic; 1 25-1 0045-630-3 1

.

Drag; Droplet motion, N-waves; Immersed bodies; Spheres; Unsteady now; 135-1 1071-030-54.

Drag; Force measurement; Submerged bodies; Cylinders; 125- 08926-030-22.

Drag; Hydrofoil, flat plate; Hydrofoil, submerged; Resistance wavemaking; 333-1 1479-530-22.

Drag; I-beams; Immersed bodies; Transient loads; Accelerated

flow; Cylinders; 142-1 108 1 -030-70. Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged

bodies; Waves, internal; 315-07243-060-20.

Drag; Lift; Sediment transport; Bed particles; 302-09293-220-

00. Drag; Mooring Une response; Cables; 147-09048-590-22.

Drag; Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; Cables; 147- 09049-590-00.

Drag; Oscillatory flow; Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; 315-11724-410-11.

Drag; Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; 054-10055-

420-00.

Drag; Structure loading; Submerged structures; Transient loads; Accelerated flow; 142-1 1082-030-00.

Drag; Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or

revolution; Boundary layer transition; 333-09442-030-00.

Drag; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; 054-10054-420-00.

Drag; Waves, short-fetch; Waves, wind; Wind stress; Air-sea in- terface; 331-11494^20-00.

Drag, in waves; Ships, surface effect; Air cushion craft; 333-

11476-520-22. Drag minimization; Flow field calculation; Hydrodynamic

design; Numerical methods; Turbulence model; 125-11049-

030-22. Drag reduction; Biomedical flows; Blood flow; 001-07918-270-

00.

I Drag reduction; Boundary layer plate; Compliant wall; Disks, routing; 156-09925-250-20. Drag reduction; Boundary layer; Compliant walls; 3 1 5-09732-

250-50. Drag reduction; Compliant boundary; 331-09420-250-00. Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; 1 19-10075-370-54. Drag reduction; Extensional flows; Polymer solutions; Sink

flow; 429-1 1368-250-90. Drag reduction; Fiber suspensions; Multi component flow; Pipe

flow; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; 097-1 1 008-250-00. Drag reduction; Multi-component flow; Particle motions;

Solids-gas flow; Visual studies; Boundary layer; 097-11007-

250-50. Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement;

Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, tur- bulent; 333-09437-010-00. Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; 006-08825-250-54.

[ Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring

I instruments; Viscosity; 097-07502-120-00.

( Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Soap solutions; Wall region

t visual study; // 9-0 75Ji-250-54.

Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Pressure fluctuations, wall; Rough surface; Bodies of revolution; 145-11091-250-21. Drag reduction; Polymer molecular structure; Polymer-solvent

interactions; Polymer weight distribution; 1 19-1 1045-250-00. Drag reduction; Polymers, dilute solutions; Polymers, mechanical degradation; Shear; Solvent effects; 1 1 9-1 1 044-250-00. Drag reduction; Transition; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; 331- 08524-250-00. Drag reduction tests; Compliant wall, actively driven; 156- 11171-250-20.

Drain envelope; Sand tank tests; Agricultural drainage; 321-

11451-840-00. Drain investment criteria; Finite element model; Irrigation; Numerical model; Drainage, subsurface; 019-1 1551-840-00. Drain tube, corrugated; Pipe flow; Roughness; 321-10672-210-

00. Drain tubing; Pipe flow; Pipes, plastic corrugated; Structural

characteristics; 058-10913-21 0-82

.

Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; Mathematical

model; Soil water; 058-08682-820-00.

Drainage; Fallow period effect; Soil moisture movement; Soil moisture storage; 071 - 1 1705-820-33

.

Drainage; Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; 321-10689-370-47.

Drainage; Irrigation; Salinity control; Tulare Lake Basin,

California; 019-1 1 549-840-60.

Drainage; Numerical model; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 423-10526-810-90.

Drainage; Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; 081-09821-810-54.

Drainage; Runoff; Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; 405- 10229-810-96.

Drainage, agricultural; Drainage quality; Drainage quantity; Drainage, subsurface; Irrigation level effect; Irrigation water management; 102-1 1018-840-00.

Drainage, agricultursd; Tile effluent quality; Water quality; 067- 10929-840-00.

Drainage basins, ungaged; Runoff estimation; 087-1 1425-8 10- Drainage basins, ungaged; Stochastic models; Storage require- ments, within-year; Streamflow; 168-1 1229-810-00. Drainage channels; Erosion protection; Filters, inverted; Rock

sausages; 037-05769-220-61.

Drainage channels; Peatlands; 417-10309-840-90.

Drainage ditch and tile spacing; Seepage characteristics; Waste

disp>osal systems, subsurface; 168-1 1228-870-36. Drainage ditches; Erosion protection; Highway drainage; 037- 05489-370-61.

Drainage, highway; Highway culverts; Risk-based design; Culverts; 151-11143-370-00.

Drainage, highway; Highways; Inlet capacity; 407-1 1 3 1 1 -370-

90. Drainage improvement; Iowa drainage districts; Nitrogen fertil- izer effect; Soil bulk density; Water resource development; Crop sequence effects; 067-10928-810-00.

Drainage on slopes; Drains, agricultural; 321-09391-840-00.

Drainage planning; Egypt; Mathematical model; Water master

plan; 081-10968-840-56.

Drainage quality; Drainage quantity; Drainage, subsurface; Ir- rigation level effect; Irrigation water management; Drainage,

agricultural; 102-1 101 8-840-O0. Drainage quantity; Drainage, subsurface; Irrigation level effect; Irrigation water management; Drainage, agricultural; Drainage quality; 102- 1 1 01 8-840-00. Drainage, subsurface; Drain investment criteria; Finite element

model; Irrigation; Numerical model; 0 19-1 1 55 1-840-00. Drainage, subsurface; Irrigation level effect; Irrigation water management; Drainage, agricultural; Drainage quality; Drainage quantity; 102-1 1018-840-00.

307
Drainage system design; Drainage, urban; Hydrologic model

evaluation; Mathematical model; Runoff; Urban streamflow; Data requirements; 159-1 1 194-810-33. Drainage system design; Pollution control; Crop production;

/ / 7-0382 W-840-00.

Drainage, urban; Flood plain management; Runoff; Stormwater;

148-1 1 148-810-33.

Drainage, urban; Hydrologic model evaluation; Mathematical

model; Runoff; Urban streamflow; Data requirements; Drainage system design; 159-1 1 194-810-33.

Drainage, urban; Hydrology, urban; Urbanization effects; Water

resources systems; 151-11141-810-33.

Drainage, urban; State variable modeling; Sewer flow routing; Urban water resources; 1 5 1 -1 1 140-8 10-00. Drainage water quality; Irrigation practices effects; Salt outflow; 303-1 1414-840-00.

Drains, agricultural; Drainage on slopes; 321-09391-840-00.

Drains, gravel envelopes; 321-09394-840-00.

Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; Scour; Culvert outlet; 002- 09953-360-47. Dredge disposal sites; Field studies; New England coast; Sedi- ment transport; Coastal storm effects; 036-1 1637-220-22. Dredged borrow pit migration; Eraser River; Infill rate; Sedi- ment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; 433-

11388-220-90. Dredged material disposal; Dredged material movement; Flume

experiments; Sediment transport; 3 14-1 1 544-220-00. Dredged material islands; Erosion; Hydraulic model; Island spacing effects; Wave and current effects; 147-1 1 109-410-44. Dredged material movement; Flume experimenu; Sediment

transport; Dredged material disposal; 3 14-1 1 544-220-00. Dredged material uses; 147-10589-430-00.

Dredging; Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; 312-06995-880-00.

Dredging; Navigation channels; Numerical model; Shoaling; Sediment transport; 314-1 1519-330-00. Dredging alternatives; Harbor sedimentation; Sedimentation

control; 327-09411-220-22.

Dredging cost reduction; Harbors; Sand barriers; Sand

bypassing; Sand fences; Sediment management techniques; 136-1 1639-220-22. Dredging impact; Field study; Numerical model; Sediment

transport, suspended; Thames River, Connecticut; 036-

11636-220-22.

Drift bottles; Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; Currents; 113- 06053-440-00.

Drift velocities; Oil slick; Wind-wave channel; 037-09012-870-

61.

Drifting force and moment; Frequency response function; 146- 11106-520-21.

Drinking water safety; Surface impoundment assessment; Water

storage systems; Aquifer contamination potential; 152-11595-

860-36. Drogue tracing; Dye tracing; Lake currents; Nearshore trans- port, wind-induced; Circulation; 433-1 1 384-440-90. Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour;

Spillways, closed conduit; 300-01723-350-00. Drop inlets; Inlets; Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; 145- 00111-350-05. Drop inlets; Inlets; Vibrations, flow induced; 145-10592-350-

05. Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; 321-10675-350-00. Drop sizes; Jet, breakup; Jets, in airflow; Jets, water; Sprays; Water sheets; Atomization; 325-1 1470-1 30-00. Drop structure; Erosion protection; Rock sausages; 037-09010-

220-00. Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; 321-10675-350-00.

Droplet flow dynamics; Droplet-obstacle interactions; Numerical solutions; Coolant, reactor; 075-10831-190-55.

Droplet motion, N-waves; Immersed bodies; Spheres; Unsteady

flow; Drag; 135-1 1071 -030-54. Droplet-obstacle interactions; Numerical solutions; Coolant,

reactor; Droplet flow dynamics; 075-10831-190-55.

Droplets; Jet, atomized; Shock wave effects; 426-07895-130-00.

Droplets; Steam; Two-phase flow; 088-08779-130-54.

Droplets, fuel; Numerical model; Particle-fluid system; Sprays; Two-component flow; Combustion model; 075-10833-130-

52. Dropshaft; Exit conduit; Hydraulic model; Tunnel; 145-11086-

340-75. Drought condition; Water resource system operation; 159- 11192-800-33. Drought flows; Finger Lakes region; Hydrographs; 038-10879-

300-00. Drought impact; Drought relief measures; Utah drought, 1977; 152-11593-860-60. Drought relief measures; Utah drought, 1977; Drought impact; 152-1 1593-860-60. Drought risk effects; Energy development; Utah; Water allocation; Water demand; 1 52-1 1569-860-33. Drought stress; Irrigation limitation; Salinity stress; Crop

production prediction; 1 52-1 1 567-840-33

.

Droughts; Water management; Water supply systems; 152- 10173-860-33. Duct flow, laminar; Heat transfer; Laminar flow solution compilation; Pipe flow; Temperature profiles; Velocity profiles; Convection; 048-10901-210-20. Duct flows; Ducts with pedestal arrays; Heat transfer; 007- 10805-140-70.

Ducts, rectangular; Secondary flows; Turbomachinery passages; Bends; Boundary layers, skewed; 432-11379-210-90. Ducts with pedestal arrays; Heat transfer; Duct flows; 007- 10805-140-70. Dune growth; Open channel flow; Bed forms; 423-10521-220-

90. Dune stabilization; Beach erosion; Coastal ecology; Dredging; 312-06995-880-00. Duned beds; Friction factors; Open channel flow; Roughness;

Alluvial channels; Bed forms; 407-1 13 10-300-00. Dunes; Flow visualization; Mobile boundary mechanics; Sedi- ment transport; Streaming birefringence; Bed forms; 402-

1 1294-220-00. Dunes; Ripples; River bed; Roughness; Bed form geometry; 423-11689-220-90. Dust flow; Multi-component flow; Particulate measurement;

Aerosol flow mechanics; Asbestos fibers; Diffusion; 432- 11377-130-90. Dust storms on Mars; Sediment transport; Wind erosion; Aeolian transport; Atmospheric pressure effects; Boundary

layers, turbulent; 020-10834-220-50. Dworshak Dam; Fish hatchery; Hatchery jet header model; 313-07112-850-13. Dworshak Dam; Fishway diffuser model; 3 13-071 1 1-850-13. Dworshak Dam; Gate model; Selective withdrawal; 313-08443-

350-13. Dworshak Dam; Intake models; Outlet works model; 313- 05315-350-00. Dworshak Dam; Libby Dam; Outlet works model; Conduit en- trance model; 313-071 10-350-13. Dworshak Dam; Spillway model; 313-05070-350-13. Dye technique; Flow visualization; Photochromic dye; 428- 06952-710-00. Dye tracing; Lake currents; Nearshore transport, wind-induced;

Circulation; Drogue tracing; 433-1 1384-440-90. Dynamic analysis; Harmonic excitation; Numerical methods;

Pressure, radiated; Shells, submerged; Acoustic medium; 147- 11113-430-00. 308
Dynamic interaction; Offshore platform; Soil nonlinearity ef- fects; Structural response; Wave forces; Wave-water-soilstructure interaction; 4 1 7-1 1329-430-90. Dynamic loads; LNG tanks; Ships; Sloshing; Cargo sloshing; 142-1 1080-520-48. Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; 314-10746-350-00. Dynamic response; Floating nuclear plant; Fluid-structure in- teraction; Power plant, nuclear; Seismic forces; Stochastic response; 417-1 1330-430-90. Dynamic response; Inertial damping; Spherical shells; Sub- merged structures; 035-1 1630-240-00. Dynamic response; Nuclear containment vessels; Shells, fluid

filled; Submerged bodies; 035-11631-240-00. Dynamic response; Pipe, cantilever; Pipe flow; Vibrations; 147- 11116-210-00. Dynamic response; Pipes, buried; Permeable beds; Wave-in- duced response; 417-1 1327-430-90. Dynamic response, length effect; Numerical methods; Ocean

engineering; Cable systems; 1 28-1 1710-430-20. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical

model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; 315-

10789-750-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble

technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; 315-10793-750-00. Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; 315-10795-700-00. Earthquake effects; Fluid-structure interactions; Ocean structures; Structure response; Wave forces; 061 -1 1 5 1 1 -430-54. Earthquake effects, Fluid-structure interaction; Hydrodynamic

forces; Ocean structures; Structural response; Dam-reservoir

interactions; 081-10946-390-54. Earthquake effects; Pressure waves; Soil liquefaction; Soil water; 087-1 1428-820-54. Earthquake loads; Oil storage tanks; Structures, offshore; 018- 10123-430-44.

Eastern Scheldt, Netherlands; Mathematical model; Storm

surge barrier effects; Water quality; Estuary flow; 132-1 1067-

400-87.

Ecological effects; Lake Lyndon B. Johnson; Thermal discharge

effects; Computer models; Cooling water discharge effects; 149-1 1 122-870-68.

Ecological models; Estuaries; Nutrient loading; Reservoirs; Bays; 149-1 1 123-880-60.

Ecological resilience; Invertebrate indicators; River flow regulation; 057-10912-880-33.

Ecology; Palmetto Bend reservoir; Reservoir inundation effects; Water quality changes; 1 49-1 1 1 33-860-60. Economic consequences; Failure consequences; Old River control structure; Control structure failure; 076-1 1004-350-33. Economic costs; Power plants, siting trade-offs; Water use; Air

quality; 1 52-1 1 561 -340-33

.

Economic criteria; Environmental criteria; Index construction;

Social criteria; Watershed management, high mountain; Water use; 152-11572-800-33. Economic effects; Fouling; Hull roughness; Roughness; Ships, cargo; 1 64-1 12 1 5-520^5

.

Economic studies; Irrigation, new technology evaluation; Texas

irrigation; 1 48-1 1 1 50-840-33

.

Economics; Groundwater management alternatives; Utah. 152-10160-820-60. Ecosystem management standards; Ecosystem resilience; Forest management system; 052-101 12-880-54. Ecosystem model; Elizabeth River, Virginia; Mathematical

model; Water quality; Circulation, density induced; Dissolved oxygen budget; 153-11163-870-60. Ecosystem model; Estuary; Mathematical model; Model sensitivity; Model verification; York River, Virginia; 153-11166-

860-60.

Ecosystem model; Estuary; Mathematical model; Rappahannock River; Water quality; 153-11168-400-60. Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; Non-point pollution abatement; Poquoson River, Virginia; Water quality; Back

River, Virginia; 153-11167-860-60. Ecosystem resilience; Forest management system; Ecosystem management standards; 052-101 1 2-880-54. Ecosystem study; Estuary, salt marsh; Material flux data; Outwelling; 137-11073-400-54.

Ecosystems; Lakes; Precipitation; Remote sensing; Acid rain ef- fects; 025-10845-880-60. Eddy diffusivity; Lakes, stratified; Turbulence measurements;

038-09943-440-80. Eddy fluxes; Ocean waves; Wave growth in wind; Air-sea in- teraction; 403-1 1306-700-00. Eddy viscosity; Ocean surface fine structure; Turbulence, wave

induced; Waves; Wind-wave-current tank; 116-11041-450-50. Edge wave experiments; Wave generator; Waves, edge; Wave

theory; 018-11259-420-54.

Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; 314-10749-410-00.

Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution dispersion; River flow; Aeration, surface; Dispersion; 061-1 15 16-870-54.

Egypt; Mathematical model; Water master plan; Drainage

planning; 081-10968-840-56. Ekman boundary layer; Numerical model; Rotating flow; Disks,

co-rotating; 065-10923-000-00. Ekman layer; Internal wave breaking; Internal wave interaction; Shear flow; Stratified shear flow; Waves, internal; Boundary

layer; 162-07779-060-26.

Elastic waves; Fluid-structure interaction; Ground impedance

effect; Ocean storage tanks; Structural response; Dam-reservoir interaction; 081-10947-390-00. Elbow River, Canada; Sediment, bed load; Sediment,

suspended; Sediment transport; Field measurements; Streamflow data; 401-11278-220-96.

Electric fields; Ocean currents; Currents; 173-09226-450-20.

Electric power industry; Water management; Cooling system al- ternatives; Cooling ponds; CooHng towers; 081-10960-340-

52.

Electrical conductivity; Foam; Liquid content measurement;

028-10849-130-54.

Electrochemical techniques; Turbulence measurements; Turbulence, near wall; Turbulence structure; 059-08683-020-20.

Electronic model; Harbor waves; Wave heights; Wave reflection; 168-11223-420^4.

Electrostatic effects; Pipeline transport; Pneumatic transport; 126-1 1047-260-54.

Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model; Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; 400-1 1271-870-70.

Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model; Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; 400-1 1274-870-75.

Electrostatic precipitator; Precipitator model; Airflow model;

400-1 1277-870-70.

Elizabeth River, Virginia; Mathematical model; Water quality; Circulation, density induced; Dissolved oxygen budget; Ecosystem model; 153-11163-870-60.

Elk Creek Dam; Outlet works model; 313-09347-350-00.

Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; Submerged bodies; Boundary layer

transition; 329-10773-010-22. Embankments; Frost heaving; Soil freezing; Computer model; 019-10078-820-54. Embankments; Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; 314-10760-350-00. Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; 322-0371 W-300-00. Embayments, recreational; Reservoir fluctuation effects; Circulation; 157-11184-450-00. 309
Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Containment sump; 174-1 1252-340-73. Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Breakflow jet impingement; Containment

sump; 174-1 1253-340-73. Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Containment sump; 1 74-1 1 254-340-73

.

Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Containment sump; 1 74-1 1 255-340-73

.

Emulsification; Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; Acoustic

emulsification; 086-09818-130-00.

Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; 1 19-10075-370-54.

Energy; Field tests; Groundwater; Hot water storage; Thermal

energy storage; Aquifer technology; Cold water storage; 115- 11264-890-52.

Energy; Fluid injection; Geothermal fields; Mathematical

model; Two-phase flow; 073-10826-890-52.

Energy; Gasification, lignite shale; Pollution potential; Water

requirements; 1 52-1 1 557-860-33

.

Energy; Geothermal development; Hydropower development; 152-0425W-800-00.

Energy; Geothermal energy, hot dry rocks; Heat transport; Numerical model; Water transport in cracks; 075-10829-390-52.

Energy; Geothermal reservoir simulation; Two-phase flow; Computer program; 073-10825-890-52.

Energy; Geothermal resource study; 073-10824-890-3 1

.

Energy; Hydroelectric potential, low head; Oregon; 121-1 1046-

340-52.

Energy; Hydroelectric potential survey; Pacific Northwest; 157- 11176-340-52.

Energy; Hydroelectric power inventory; New York State; 107- 11063-340-60.

Energy; Hydroelectric power potential; Utah; 1 52-1 1 597-340-

73. Energy; Hydropower potential, national assessment; 149-1 1 130- 340-10.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Selective withdrawal; Stratified ocean; Density currents; 038-10881-

590-52.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Waves, design waves; 054-09280-420-52.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 054-09282-340-54.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; Thermal energy; 054-10051-490-88.

Energy; Ocean thermal energy; 081-09809-430-52.

Energy; Water assessment procedures; Water availability; Water resources; 149-11125-800-38. Energy accounting; Water recreation facility location; 152- 11563-800-33. Energy conservation; Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; 081-09810-870-

52. Energy conservation; Groundwater re-injection; Heat pumps,

water source; Louisiana groundwater; Wells, heat pump; 076-

11005-820-33. Energy conservation; Head losses; Irrigation systems; Pump ir- rigation system design; 099-1 1 01 7-840-00. Energy conservation; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation system

design optimization; Irrigation water management; Snake

River basin; Water costs; 057-10899-840-31. Energy conservation; Irrigation, high-frequency; Irrigation, sprinkler; Irrigation, trickle; Plant nutrient requirements; Water quality; 148-1 1 147-840-33

.

Energy conservation; Irrigation, sprinkler; Sprinkler system au- tomation; Water utilization; 1 48-1 1 149-840-33

.

Energy conversion; Energy efficiency; Pollution control technology; 1 52-0427 W-870-00. Energy conversion; Mathematical model; Water planning optimization; 151-1 1 146-800-00.

Energy development; Saline water; Water use; Brackish water

use; 152-1 1571-860-33. Energy development; Utah; Water allocation; Water demand;

Drought risk effects; 1 52-1 1569-860-33. Energy development options; Salinity; Water resources; 152- 0424W-800-00.

Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Baffled apron; Ozim, 321-1 1455-350-00. Energy dissipation; Open channel flow; Transient flow; Alluvial channel resistance laws; 302-11411-300-10. Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Dam; 313-11437-350-13. Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; 321-07035-350-00. Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Approach channel; Chute spillway; Dam; 321-1 1445- 350-00. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Chute blocks; Dam; 321-

1 1453-350-00. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 413-10270-350-

87. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortex, intake; Dam comprehensive model; 413-1 1670-340-87. Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Scour; Spillway; 413-

11682-340-73. Energy dissipator; Scour; Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; 002- 09953-360^7.

Energy dissipator, roller bucket; Scour; Wingwall effect; 425- 11358-360-90. Energy dissipators; Hydraulic jump, rough-porous bed; 034- 10872-360-00. Energy dissipators; Spillway baffles; 321-10692-360-00. Energy dissipators; Stilling basins, low Froude number; 321- 09383-360-00. Energy efficiency; Pollution control technology; Energy conversion; 152-0427 W-870-00. Energy efficient irrigation systems; Irrieation, automation; Ir- rigation, demonstration system; 303-1 1 41 3-840-00. Energy extraction hydrodynamics; Floating elements; Ocean

wave energy system; Wave energy, engineering evaluation; 081-10945-420-44. Energy gradients; Open channel flow; Backwater curve computations; 123-08928-200-00. Energy loss; Expansions; Open channel flow, subcritical; Dif- fuser theory; 157-11185-200-00. Energy loss; Sewer junctions; 407-09512-870-00. Energy losses; Hydraulic model; Junction manhole hydraulics; Sewer junctions; Sewers, storm; 422-09584-870-90. Energy production potential; Great Salt Lake; Solar enrgy col- lection; 152-1 1592-440-00. Energy resource development; Utah; Water allocations; 152- 0429W-860-00.

Energy shortage impact; Irrigation, Texas; 1 48-0393 W-840-33. Energy storage, compressed air; Numerical model; Power, off- peak; Air bubble storage; Aquifers; 335-1 1489-890-00. Energy transport; Geothermal energy; Heat storage; Multiphase

flow; Porous media flow; 322-1 1462-070-00. Energy water needs; Water allocation; Water conservation; Water use optimization; Agricultural water; Colorado River

basin; 152-11570-860-33.

Energy-water resource tradeoffs; Multiobjective planning; Water rights evaluation; Water supply; Yellowstone River

basin; 081-10965-860-52.

Engineering model; Field experiments; Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide effects; Velocity field, wave effects; Wind ef- fects; Coastal sediment; Currents, longshore; 081-10948-410-

44. Engineering uncertainties; Hydraulic design, reliability based; Hydrologic design; Probability theory; 061-1 1508-390-00.

310
Entrainment; Hydrodynamic instabilities; Reactors; Bubble

growth, core disruptive accidents; 13 1-1 1433-340-52.

Entrainment; Laser-Doppler measurements; Turbulence structure; Turbulent spot; 014-10819-020-54.

Entrainment mechanism; Laser-Doppler velocimetry; Sediment

transport, suspended; Suspension mechanism; 015-11626-

220-54. Entrance channels; Navigation channels; Wave effects; Wind

effects; 314-11531-330-00.

Entrance flow; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Tubes, short; Cross- flow effects; 007-10806-140-70.

Environmental aspects; Pipeline transport; Pollution aspects; Coal slurries; 033-10870-870-36.

Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; Shoaling; 147-10583-330-44.

Environmental criteria; Index construction; Social criteria; Watershed management, high mountain; Water use; Economic criteria; 152-11572-800-33.

Environmental evaluation; Water resources development,

Texas; 147-10585-800-33. Environmental impact; Hydrologic network design; Power plant

siting; Regionalized variable theory; Water quality sampling; 159-11198-810-55. Environmental impact; Kosi project; Development projects; 052-1 0903-880S0.

Environmental impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Waste

heat management; Energy conservation; 081-09810-870-52.

Environmental impact assessment; Intervention analysis; 159- 11200-740-55. Ephemeral stream.s; Rainfall, thunderstorm; Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; 303-10625-810-00.

Erodible channels; Scour; Abutment geometry effects; Bridges; 402-1 1291-220-90.

Erosion; Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment

yield; California forests; 308-04998-810-00.

Erosion; Flow obstructions; Piers; Scour; Sediment transport;

Sills; 104-06185-220-00.

Erosion; Forest resource damage; Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamf^ow; Surface

mining; Water quality; 306-09333-890-00.

Erosion; Groin hydraulics; 402-10284-410-90.

Erosion; Heat flux smalysis; Lake Ontario; Pollution; Remote

sensing; Thermal discharge; Circulation; Cooling water

discharge; 322-1 1460-870-00.

Erosion; Highway construction; Sediment prediction; 123- 10084-220-60.

Erosion; Hydraulic model; Island spacing effects; Wave and

current effects; Dredged material islands; 147-1 1 109^10-44.

Erosion; Hydrologic model; Land management practices effect; Mathematical model; Sediment detachment; Sediment load; Sediment transport; Soil loss; 154-1 1 170-830-33.

Erosion; Jet, wall; Tailwater depth effect; Channel width effect; Culverts; 402-1 1 299-220-90.

Erosion; Jets, circular; Jets in crossflow; Jets, wall; Diffusers; 402-1 1300-220-90.

Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; 129- 03808-830-05.

Erosion; Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watersheds,

agricultural; 300-10561-220-00.

Erosion; Montana rangeland watersheds; Runoff; Soil water

recharge; Vegetation response; Contour-furrowing effects; 303-1 1416-810-34.

Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; Sedimentation; Watersheds,

forested; 322-0462 W-220-00.

Erosion; Riprap; Channels; 314-10742-320-00.

Erosion; Runoff; Agricultural chemicals movement; Agronomic

practices effects; Claypan soils; 300-1 1402-810-00.

Erosion; Runoff; Soybean production; Claypan soils; Com

production method effects; Crop yields; 300-1 1409-810-00.

Erosion; Sedimendation processes; Sediment management;

Southern California mountains; Structure effects; Coastal

plains; 013-11700-830-80.

Erosion; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; 303-10626-810-00.

Erosion; Sedimentation; Soil erosion principles; 302-10632-830-

00. Erosion; Shore protection procedures; 087-08850-410-60.

Erosion; Soil properties; Stream channels; Channel stability; 302-09295-300-00.

Erosion, channel; Missouri loess basins; Soil transport; Channel

profile prediction; 300-1 1407-830-00.

Erosion, coastal; Island protection; 109-09966-410-44.

Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; 307-04757-810-00.

Erosion control; Gully bank stability; Sedimentation; Soil erosion; 300-1 1406-830-00.

Erosion control; Impoundment basins; Runoff control; Soil loss; Watersheds, cropland; Watersheds, irregular topography; 300-1 1397-830-00.

Erosion control; Irrigated lands; Sediment loss; Tailwater control, buried pipe; 303-1 1415-830-00. Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; 300-042 75-830-00. Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; 31 1 -06974-810-00.

Erosion control; Road fills; Tree planting; 304-09323-830-00.

Erosion control practice manual; Erosion quantity prediction; Highway construction; 152-11590-220-88.

Erosion, gully; Missouri loess basins; Runoff, surface; Soil erosion; 300-1 1405-830-00.

Erosion hzizard prediction; Erosion loss, field measurements;

Erosion model; Palouse region; Runoff; Soil erosion; Watershed model; 057-10909-830-05.

Erosion loss, field measurements; Erosion model; Palouse re- gion; Runoff; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Erosion hazard

prediction; 057-10909-830-05.

Erosion model; Littoral drift measurements; Sediment trans- port; Coastal processes; 407-1 13 13-41 0-00. Erosion model; Palouse region; Runoff; Soil erosion; Watershed

model; Erosion hazard prediction; Erosion loss, field measurements; 057-10909-830-05.

Erosion modeling; Soil erosion; Cohesive soils; 427-1 1 370-830-

90. Erosion potential; Hydraulic characteristics; San Luis Pass; Bridge abutments; 147-1 1 121-300-65. Erosion protection; Filter, gravel; 098-07506-220-33.

Erosion protection; Filters, inverted; Rock sausages; Drainage

channels; 037-05769-220-61.

Erosion protection; Highway drainage; Drainage ditches; 057- 05489-370-61.

Erosion protection; Rock sausages; Drop structure; 037-09010-

220-00.

Erosion protection monitoring; Lake Superior; Shore protection procedure evaluation; 168-1 1226-410-36.

Erosion protection techniques; Puget Sound field study; Shore

protection; Coastal erosion; 165-1 1216^10-60.

Erosion quantity prediction; Highway construction; Erosion

control practice manual; 1 52-1 1 590-2 20-88

.

Erosion rates; Sediment yield; Sheet-rill erosion; Soil erosion; Universal soil loss equation; Agricultural fields; 300-11404-

830-00.

Estuaries; Flow patterns; SaHnity distribution; 434-09634-400-

00.

Estuaries; Hybrid models; Mathematical model; Tidal power

development; Bay of Fundy; 418-1 1336-400-00.

Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer

simulation; Embayments; 322-0371 W-300-00.

Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; 322-10693-860-00. 311
Estuaries; Mathematical model; Network waterways system;

1 53-1 1 159-400-60.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; 081-08729-400-00.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; 132-08952-400-33.

Estuaries; Mathematical models; Virginia; Water quality models; 153-09165-400-60.

Estuaries; Numerical simulation; Salt balance; San Francisco

Bay; Baroclinic ocean circulation; Currents; Curvature ef- fects; 162-1 1202-450-54.

Estuaries; Nutrient loading; Reservoirs; Bays; Ecological models; 149-11123-880-60.

Estuaries; San Francisco Bay; Circulation; Computer model; 322-10696-400-00.

Estuaries, stratified; Fjords; Internal waves; Mixing; Turbulence;

162-1 1207-400-54.

Estuary; Destratification; Field experiment; York River, Virginia; 153-1 1699-400-00.

Estuary; Hydraulic model; Ice cover effect; La Grande River, Canada; Power plant construction; Salt water intrusion; Diversion tunnel closure effect; 4 1 3-1 1 673-060-73

.

Estuary; Mathematical model; Model sensitivity; Model verifi- cation; York River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; 153-11166-

860-60.

Estuary; Mathematical model; Rappahannock River; Water

quality; Ecosystem model; 1 53-1 1 168-400-60.

Estuary, field measurements; Internal waves; Mixing; Quebec

estuaries; Circulation; 4 1 6-1 1 607-400-90.

Estuary flow; Eastern Scheldt, Netherlands; Mathematical

model; Storm surge barrier effects; Water quality; 132-

1 1067-400-87.

Estuary flows; Mathematical model, two-dimensional; Water

quality; Coastal seas; 1 32-1 1066-400-30.

Estuary, salt marsh; Material flux data; Outwelling; Ecosystem

study; 1 3 7-1 1073-400-54.

Estuary, stratified; Wind effects; York River, Virginia; Currents; 153-1 1 162-400-00.

Estuary, two-dimensional; Mathematical model; Mathematicalphysical model coupling; 41 5-1 1608-400-90.

Eutrophication; Lake trophic status; Adirondack lakes; Algal

assays; 031-10866-870-00.

Eutrophication; Nutrients; Reservoirs, small; Sedimentation;

Spillway, bottom-withdrawal; Water quality; 300-1 1403-860-

00. Eutrophication; Reservoirs; 148-041 lW-860-33

.

Eutrophication model; Lake Michigan; Lake Ontario; Mathematical model; Phytoplankton dynamics; 077-10941-870-36.

Eutrophication model; Lake response; Nutrient loadings; Phosphorus loading; Water quality; 081-10983-870-54.

Eutrophication model; Lakes; Mathematical model; Phosphorus

loading; Adirondack lakes; 03 1 -10860-870-00.

Eutrophication models; Hydrothermal-biochemical coupling; Lake water quality; Mathematical models; Wind mixing; 081-

10959-870-00.

Eutrophication potential; Mathematical models; Reservoirs; Water quality; 314-11520-860-00.

Evaporation; Evapotranspiration, areal; Lake evaporation; Cli- matoligical estimates; Computer model; 41 1-1 1314-810-00.

Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical

model; Precipitation; Water level; 317-10670-810-00.

Evaporation; Heat transfer; Pressure drop; Refrigeration; Tube

evaporators; 045-10893-690-84.

Evaporation; Hydrologic modeling; Lagoons; Land treatment

systems; Mathematical model; Wastewater treatment; 071-

11702-870-33.

Evaporation; Reservoir losses; Tennessee basin; 334-00765-

810-00. Evaporation control, snow; Lysimeter; Mathematical model; Snowmelt; Snowpack evolution; 019-11697-810-31.

Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment

transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; 300-09272-810-00.

Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09316-810-00.

Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; 308- 04996-810-00.

Evapotranspiration, areal; Lake evaporation; Climatoligical esti- mates; Computer model; Evaporation; 41 1-1 1314-810-00.

Evapotranspiration, regional; Meteorological data; Boundary

layer, atmospheric; 038-10878-810-54.

Exit conduit; Hydraulic model; Tunnel; Dropshaft; 145-11086-

340-75.

Expansions; Open channel flow, subcritical; Diffuser theory; Energy loss; 157-1 1 185-200-00. Experimental method development; Hull form optimization; Ship wave resistance minimization; Wave generation; 164- 11213-520-45.

Explosion propagation; Reactor safety; Vapor blanket collapse; 131-10089-340-55.

Extensional flows; Polymer solutions; Sink flow; Drag reduction; 429-1 1368-250-90.

Extrusion fluid mechanics; Molding processes; Thermoplastics; Thermosets; 108-1 1604-1 30-00.

Facilities; Cavitation testing; Low ambient pressure chamber;

321-1 1454-720-00.

Failure; Floating ice; Ice sheets; Load bearing capacity; Creep; 401-1 1279-390-96.

Failure consequences; Old River control structure; Control

structure failure; Economic consequences; 076-1 1004-350-

33. Fallow period effect; Soil moisture movement; Soil moisture

storage; Drainage; 071 -1 1705-820-33

.

Fan blade loading; Axial flow fan; 125-08917-630-20. Fan blades; Blade pressures; 124-08930-630-50. Fan rotor, ducted; Noise; Turbulent inflow effect; 125-08920-

160-21. Farm chemical transport; Sediment samplers, suspended; Sedi- ment transport; 302-09296-220-00.

Feedlot hydrology; Land treatment; Pollution control; Runoff;

Solids trap efficiency; 300-1 1 394-870-00.

Feedlot runoff management; Runoff; Wastewater; 152-10161-

870-60.

Fiber suspensions; Multi component flow; Pipe flow; Solidliquid flow; Suspensions; Drag reduction; 097-1 1008-250-00.

Field channel; Oxygen cycle; Oxygen transport; Computer

model; 145-11099-860-36.

Field experiment; York River, Virginia; Estuary; Destratification; 153-1 1699-400-00.

Field experiments; Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide effects; Velocity field, wave effects; Wind effects; Coastal sediment;

Currents, longshore; Engineering model; 081-10948-410-44.

Field investigation; Surf zone hydrodynamics; Wave measurements; Waves, breakers; Current measurements; 081-10949-

420-44.

Field measurements; Lake Michigan; Nearshore circulation; Numerical model; Wave-driven circulation; Circulation, wind-driven; Currents, longshore; 005-1 1432-410-55.

Field measurements; River structures; Scour; Bridges; 401- 10763-350-00.

Field measurements; Streamflow data; Elbow River, Canada;

Sediment, bed load; Sediment, suspended; Sediment trans- port; 401-11278-220-96.

Field measurements; Velocity measurements; Tidal flows; Turbulence; Boundary layers, time dependent; 162-1 1206-010-

54.

Field studies; Frozen ground effects; Mathematical models; Soil moisture effects; Watershed behavior; 042-10891-810-15.

312
Field studies; New England coast; Sediment transport; Coastal storm effects; Dredge disposal sites; 036-1 1637-220-22

.

Field studies; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal discharge; Cooling

water flow; Dispersion; 032-1 1 652-340-73

.

Field study; Instrumentation development; Nearshore physical processes; Sensor array; Transport processes; Coastal zone;

1 12-1 1039-410-44.

Field study; Nimierical model; Sediment transport, suspended; Thames River, Connecticut; Dredging impact; 036-11636-

220-22.

Field tests; Groundwater; Hot water storage; Thermal energy

storage; Aquifer technology; Cold water storage; Energy; 115-11264-890-52.

Field tests; Transients; Cooling water systems; 084-10991-340-

82. Film condensation; Fins; Condensation; 124-1 1055-190-54.

Filter bed; Intake, river bed; Irrigation pumping plant; 321-

11452-840-00.

Filter feed sump; Hydraulic model; Pump sump; Wastewater

treatment plant; 4 1 3-1 1 675-870-70.

Filter, gravel; Erosion protection; 098-07506-220-33.

Filters; Seepage; Dams, earth; Dams, rockfill; 3 1 4-1 1 524-350-

00.

Filters, granular media; Virus removal; Wastewater treatment; 152-1 1575-870-60.

Filters, inverted; Rock sausages; Drainage channels; Erosion

protection; 037-05769-220-61.

Filters, inverted; Scour protection; Bridge piers; 037-09009-

220-00.

Filters, sand; Sewage, home treatment systems; Sewage treat- ment; 058-10914-870-05.

Filtration; Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; Algae; 152-10162-870-60.

Filtration; Water treatment; Carbon filters; Cincinnati water

works; 029-10854-860-36.

Filtration, sloped rock-grass; Overland flow treatment; Wastewater treatment; 1 52-1 1 58 1 -870-60.

Financing; Water developments; Water use fees; 152-09076-

890-33.

Finger Lakes region; Hydrographs; Drought flows; 038-10879-

300-00.

Finite difference methods; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effects; Numerical models; Buoyant surface discharges; 432-11375-

050-73.

Finite element analysis; Logging practice effects; Mathematical

model; Subsurface flow; Water yield; Watershed, forested; 402-1 1288-810-90.

Finite element analysis; Potential flow, three-dimensional; Tur- bomachinery flow; 047-10896-630-00.

Finite element analysis; Seismic forces; Structural response; Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble mound; 417-1 1328-430-90.

Finite element basin model; Groundwater, brackish; Groundwater, regional mzmagement; Mathematical model; Power

plant cooling; California groundwater; 0 1 9-1 1 547-820-33

.

Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; 038-

09941-440-44.

Finite element method; Harbor resonance; Numerical model; Boundary integral equation; 1 1 1-1 1033-470-20.

Finite element method; Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; Cavity

flows; 144-10411-530-21.

Finite element method; Lake circulation; Numerical model;

Pollutant dispersion; 038-09940-440-54.

Finite element method; Mathematical models; Tidal circulation; Computer model testing; 042-10890-400-30.

Finite element method; Moving boundary problems; Porous medium flow; 042-10892-000-00.

Finite element method; Scour; Computer model; 302-10630-

220-00.

Finite element method; Towed cable dynamics; 147-10590-590-

00.

Finite element methods; Fluid flows; Pressure interpolation; 432-1 1374-740-90.

Finite element model; Breakwaters, rubble; Numerical model;

Rockfill hydraulic conductivity; Wave motion in rockfill; 103-1 1023-430-87.

Finite element model; Groundwater pollution; Numerical

model; Porous medium flow; Contaminant transport; 019-

11550-070-00.

Finite element model; Groundwater pollution; Mathematical

model; Nuclear wastes; Porous medium flow; 049-1 1642-820-

00.

Finite element model; Groundwater supply development; Numerical model; Aquifer development by pumping; 049- 11643-820-00.

Finite element model; Groundwater hydraulics; Numerical

model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersion; 151-1 1 139-820-00.

Finite element model; Head-discharge relations; Numerical

model; Pressure distribution; Spillway flow; 049-1 1640-350-

00.

Finite element model; Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical

modeling; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil sampling data; Streamflow; Watershed runoff; 1 54-1 1 1 69-8 1 0-05

.

Finite element model; Irrigation; Numerical model; Drainage,

subsurface; Drain investment criteria; 019-1 1 55 1 -840-00.

Finite element model; Jet deflection on surfaces; Jet impinge- ment; Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, two-dimensional; Numerical

model; 049-1 1 64 1 -050-00.

Finite element model; Numerical model; Oceanography;

Peconic Bay system; Water properties; Circulation, ocean;

105-1 1024-450-60.

Finite element model; Seismic response; Sloshing; Storage tank,

liquid elevated; 4 1 7-11 325-240-90.

Finite element models; Mixing processes; Stratified turbulent

flow; Stratified water bodies; Turbulence structure; Cavities, rectangular; 144-1 1085-060-54.

Finite element solution; Secondary flow; Velocity distribution; Conduits, noncircular; 402-1 1283-210-00.

Finite element solutions; Flow fields; Numerical solutions; Potential flow; Viscoplastic flow; Viscous flow; 406-07319-

740-90.

Finite element-finite difference comparison; Mathematical

models; Reservoirs, thermal loading; Water quality; Winter

condition simulation; 4 1 5-1 1 609-860-90.

Finite-element model; Flood level prediction; Mathematical

model; Storm surge; Bay-ocean system; Chesapeake Bay; 153-1 1 160-450-58.

Finite-element model; James River tidal model; Mathematical

model; Water quality; Biogeochemical model; Circulation; 153-1 1 158-400-68.

Fins; Condensation; Film condensation; 124-1 1055-190-54.

Fins; Friction; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Tubes, internally finned; 124-1 1057-210-52.

Fins, offset strip; Friction; Heat exchangers; 124-1 1058-140-52.

Fire impingement on ceilings; Flame length; Heat transfer; Plume impingement; 1 24-1 1 052-1 90-4 5

.

Fire plume; Plumes, wall; 124-08931-060-70.

First order analysis; Lake nutrient budget; Mass balance errors; Sample network comparisons; 1 59-1 1 201 -740-54.

Fish barrier; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; Dam outlet tunnel. 3 1 3 -1 1 434-350-1 3

.

Fish barrier evaluations; Intakes; Power plants; Screens; Cooling water intakes; 1 74- 1 1 248-850-70.

Fish barriers; Fishery investigations; Irrigation canal intake; 158-11210-850-31.

Fish biomass; Macroinvertebrates; Streamflow reduction ef- fects; 057-10910-880-33.

313
Fish habitat; Logging effects; Salmon spawning; Sediment,

suspended; Sediment transport; Clearwater River; J 58-1 1209-

850-60.

Fish habitats; Gravel cleaning methods; Jets; Salmon stream

restoration; 157-11179-850-60.

Fish hatchery; Hatchery jet header model; Dworshak Dam;

313-07112-850-13.

Fish hatchery; Water treatment; Ammonia control; 057-09861-

870-10.

Fish hatchery aerator; Fish hatchery deaerator; 313-08442-850-

13. Fish hatchery deaerator; Fish hatchery aerator; 313-08442-850-

13. Fish ladder model; John Day Dam; 3 13-071 14-850-13.

Fish ladder model; 313-09346-350-13.

Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; 335-10737-850-00.

Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plant; 335-10738-850-00.

Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; 335-10775-850-00.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; 313-10658-350-13.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam;

Spillway model; 313-10659-350-13.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; 313-10660-350-13.

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; 313-10661-350-13.

Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; 313-10662-350-13.

Fish passage facility; Hydraulic model; Dams; 174-1 1236-850-

73. Fish protection facilities; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power plant; Velocity distributions; Cooling water; 421-

1 1338-340-00.

Fish requirements; Stream microhabitat features; Water project planning; 152-1 1568-850-33.

Fish screen; Hydraulic model; 321-09388-850-00.

Fish screen hydraulics; Power plant intakes; 313-10663-850-13.

Fish screening; Hydraulic model; Sediment control; California Water Project; Diversion facilities; 019-1 1698-300-60.

Fish screens; Hydraulic model; Intake design; Manifold; Power

plant; Computer model; Cooling water intake; 145-11096-

340-70.

Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; 335-10737-850-00.

Fish screens; Intakes; Power plant; Fish larval impingement; 335-10738-850-00.

Fish screens; Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; 335-10775-850-00.

Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; Runoff; Umatilla River; 157- 10134-300-88.

Fish spawning; Streamflow; Yakima River; 157-10132-300-34.

Fish Spawning, experimental channel; Chum salmon; 158- 06834-850-45.

Fish transport barge; Gas equilibration; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction; 3 13-1 1436-850-13.

Fishery investigations; Hydroelectric dam effects; Salmon;

Skagit River, Washington; Temperature changes, reservoir in- duced; Aquatic organisms; 158-1 1208-850-73.

Fishery investigations; Irrigation canal intake; Fish barriers; 158- 1 1210-850-31.

Fishery investigations; Salmon spawning; Cedar River, Washington; Discharge effects; 158 1 121 1-850-33. Fishway diffuser model; Dworshak Dam; 3 13-071 1 1-850-13.

Fjords; Internal waves; Mixing; Turbulence; Estuaries, stratified; 162-1 1207-400-54. name length; Heat transfer; Plume impingement; Fire impinge- ment on ceilings; 124-11052-190-45.

Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydrauhc model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; 321-07035-350-00.

Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Dam; Energy

dissipator; 3 13-1 1437-350-13.

Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Approach channel; Chute spillway; Dam; Energy dissipator; 321-1 1445-350-

00.

Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; Spillway performance; 433-

11382-350-75.

Floating body; Flow patterns, around ships; Ship motions; Wave

resistance; Computer model; 069-10937-520-20.

Floating elements; Ocean wave energy system; Wave energy, engineering evaluation; Energy extraction hydrodynamics; 081-10945-420-44.

Floating ice; Ice sheets; Load bearing capacity; Creep; Failure; 401-11279-390-96.

Floating nuclear plant; Fluid-structure interaction; Power plant, nuclear; Seismic forces; Stochastic response; Dynamic

response; 4 1 7-1 1 330-430-90.

Floating structures; Mooring forces; Waves; 418-10316-420-90. Flood computations; Wisconsin streams; Backwater curves; Bridge backwater; 322 -1 1 464-300-60. Flood control; Hydroelectric power; Irrigation water; Mathematical model; River basin simulation model; Aswan Dam

operational study; 081-10969-350-56. Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; 149-09922-810-07. Flood control measures; Fluvial geomorphology; Hydrology; Sediment transport; Vedder River, Canada; 433-1 1386-340-

75. Flood damage estimates; Floodplain management; Wolf River; 314-11534-310-00.

Flood damage estimates; Floodplain management; Forested

lands; River basins; Tensas River; 314-11535-310-13. Flood damage estimates; Mississippi River; 3 14-1 1 533-3 10-1 3

.

Flood damage reduction measures; Mathematical model; Watersheds, ungaged; 098-08865-310-00. Flood discharges, wetlands; Hydrology; Mathematical model; 107-09950-810-00. Flood estimation; Flood height distribution; Runoff, different sources; 152-11565-310-33. Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model;

Runoff; Water yield; 301-10622-810-00. Flood flows; Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; 061-0871 1-810-54. Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; 405-10234-810-96. Flood height distribution; Runoff, different sources; Flood esti- mation; 152-1 1565-310-33. Flood level prediction; Mathematical model; Storm surge; Bay- ocean system; Chesapeake Bay; Finite-element model; 153- 11160-450-58. Flood peak determination; Missouri floods; 098-06287-810-00. Flood plain; Mathematical model; Overbank flow; River basin model; 031-09973-300-00. Flood plain hydraulics; Rating curves; River flow; Channelflood plain interaction; 402-11301-300-90. Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Missouri River; 095-10066-300-33. Flood plain management; Runoff; Stormwater; Drainage, urban; 148-11 148-810-33. Flood plains, heavily vegetated; Manning coefficient; River

flow; Roughness coefficients; Vegetation roughness; 322-

1 1456-300-47. Flood probability; Floods, extreme; Hydrologic events; 159- 10189-810-00. Flood risk evaluation; 061-07340-310-00.

Flood risks; Ice jams; River ice; Salmon River; 407-10304-300-

90.

314
Flood routing; Mathematical models; Yazoo River; 314-11538-

310-13. Flood routing; Mathematical models; River flow; Usteady flow; 318-10671-300-00.

Flood routing; 029-10082-310-00.

Flood wave; Dam failure; 098-07505-350-88.

Floodplain management; Forested lands; River basins; Tensas

River; Flood damage estimates; 314-11535-310-13.

Floodplain management; Wolf River; Flood damage estimates; 314-1 1534-310-00.

Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; 405-10232-300-96.

Floods; Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; 308-04998-810-00.

Floods; Ice breakup; Probability analysis; 401-10767-300-96.

Floods; Levee design; Reservoirs; Design flood selection methods; 1 52-1 1 598-3 1 0-38. Floods; Parameter estimation; Probability distribution; Bias cor- rection factors; 159-11199-740-00.

Floods; Snowmelt; Alberta; 401-10768-310-96.

Floods, extreme; Hydrologic events; Flood probability; 159- 10189-810-00. Floodwater retarding reservoirs; Irrigation; Water transmission

losses; 302-10639-860-00. Flow augmentation; Runoff; Umatilla River; Fish spawning; 157-10134-300-88. Row control device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model;

Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; 400-1 1271-870-70. Row control device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model;

Pressure drop; A.rflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; 400-1 1274-870-75. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam;

Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10658-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10659-350-13. Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10660-350-13. Row deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10661-350-13. Flow distribution; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Pump bays; 400-1 1275-390-75. Row distribution; Hydraulic model; Intake, water supply; Montreal; 413-1 1683-860-97. Row distribution; Precipitator model; Pressure drop; Airflow

characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control

device; 400-1 1271-870-70. Row distribution; Precipitator model; Pressure drop; Airflow

characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control

device; 400-1 1 274-870-75

.

Row distribution optimization; Inflow probability; Network

flow; Water demand uncertainty; Water resources planning; Water supply uncertainty; 148-11151-860-33. Row field calculation; Hydrodynamic design; Numerical

methods; Turbulence model; Drag minimization; 125-11049-

030-22. Row fields; Numerical solutions; Potential flow; Viscoplastic

flow; Viscous flow; Finite element solutions; 406-07319-740-

90. Row measurement; Rumes, critical-depth; Flumes, hydraulic

characteristics; Mathematical models; 303-1 1419-700-00. Row measurement; Gates, radial check; Hydraulic model;

Canal gates; Discharge coefficients; 321-1 1450-320-00. Row measurement; Instrumentation program; Reactor safety research; Two-phase flow; 1 1 5-1 1 265-1 30-55

.

Row measurement; Instrumentation development; Mass flow; Pipe flow; Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; 1 52-1 1 589-1 30-

82. Row measurement; Mississippi River; Velocity measurement;

Discharge calculation techniques; 098-10013-700-13.

Flow measurement; Orifice meters; Pulsatile flow; 167-10016-

700-54. Flow meters; Cryogenic liquids; 316-07005-1 10-00. Flow noise; Turbulent spots; Wjill pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer noise; Boundary layer transition; 329-1 1484-010-

00. Flow noise transmission; Pipe flow; Vibrations, pipe wall; Acoustic-pipe coincidence; 124-1 1053-160-54. Flow obstructions; Piers; Scour; Sediment transport; Sills; Erosion; 104-06185-220-00. Flow passage design standardization; Hydroelectric structures; Hydropower, low head; 321-11446-340-52. Flow patterns; Grit chamber, spiral flow; Hydraulic model; 174- 11241-870-75. Flow patterns; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Condenser wear potential; 174-1 1256-340-73. Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Discharge structure; 174-1 1237-340-73. Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Power plant; Vortices; Dilution water pump intake; 174-1 1238-340-75. Flow patterns; HydrauHc model; Hydroelectric plant; Powerhouse; 174-11243-340-73. Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Intake forebay; Power plant; Sedimentation; 174-1 1244-340-73. Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Combined bend suction piping; 174-1 1257-340-73. Row patterns; Salinity distribution; Estuaries; 434-09634-400-

00. Flow patterns, around ships; Ship motions; Wave resistance; Computer model; Roating body; 069-10937-520-20. Flow prediction; Groundwater; Hydrologic model; Streamflow; Watershed monitoring; 168-1 1219S10-70. Flow regime; Reservoir operation effects; Streamflow; Water

quality; Delaware river basin; 322-1 1458-300-00. Flow resistance; Granular beds; Moody diagram; Porous medi- um flow; 103-11022-070-00. Flow resistance prediction; Pipe flow, rough; Roughness

profiles; 157-11173-2 1 0-00. Flow visuEilization; Fluorescence, laser induced; Mixing; Turbulence structure; Turbulent jet; 014-10821-710-26. Flow visualization; Heat transfer; Rotating fluid; Annulus,

spherical rotating; Convection; 101-1 1019-140-54. Row visualization; Jets; Polymer additives; Cavitation; 329-

10774-050-20. Flow visualization; Laser-Doppler measurements; Mixing layer; Turbulence structure; 014-10820-020-20. Flow visualization; Mobile boundary mechanics; Sediment

transport; Streaming birefringence; Bed forms; Dunes; 402- 11294-220-00. Row visualization; Photochromic dye; Dye technique; 428- 06952-710-00. Flow visualization; "Resonance tubes; 135-08950-290-15. Flow visualization; Separated flow; 135-07616-090-00. Row visualization; Tube flow, vertical; Computer model; Convective flow instability; 062-10919-190-00. Row visualization; Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent bursts; Wall layer; Channel flow; 130-1 1064-020-

00. Flow visualization techniques; Turbulence structure; Boundary

layer, turbulent; 074-10939-010-26. Flow-induced motion; Submerged bodies; Cables; Cylinders; 331-10711-030-20. Flowmeter development; Sewer flowmeter tests; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; 051-10902-700-36.

Flowmeter, ultrasonic; Flowrate measurement; Gaussian in- tegration; 166-08399-700-00.

Flowmeters; Acoustic flowmeter; Automobile exhaust; 315-

10792-700-00.

315
Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; 315-10793-750-00.

Flowmeters; Interlaboratory tests; Measurement assurance; 315-

10791-700-00.

Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; 315-

10789-750-00.

Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi

tube; Venturi meter; 315-10790-700-27.

Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; 315-10794-700-

00. Flowmeters; Nuclear safeguard measurements; Dynamic volume

measurements; 315-10795-700-00.

Flowrate measurement; Gaussian integration; Flowmeter, ul- trasonic; 166-08399-700-00.

Fluid flows; Pressure interpolation; Finite element methods;

432-1 1374-740-90.

Fluid injection; Geothermal fields; Mathematical model; Twophase flow; Energy; 073-10826-890-52.

Fluid mechanics of LNG spills; Heat transfer; LNG spill hazards; 0 1 5-1 161 5-870-50.

Fluid transients, multi-dimensional; 087-1 1426-000-00.

Fluidics; Reattaching flow; Separated flow; 135-07619-600-00.

Fluidized beds; Heat transfer; 057-09864-140-52.

Fluid-pipeline interactions; Pressure waves; Pump surges; Twophase flow; Structural resonance; Waterhammer; 041-10887-.

Fluid-structure interaction; Ground impedance effect; Ocean

storage tanks; Structural response; Dam-reservoir interaction;

Elastic waves; 081-10947-390-00.

Fluid-structure interaction; Hydroelastic response; Reactor,

pressurized; Shell, elastic; Two-phase flow; Computer simulation; Coolant-loss accident; 075-10832-240-55.

Fluid-structure interaction; Hydrodynamic forces; Ocean structures; Structural response; Dam-reservoir interactions; Earthquake effects; 081-10946-390-54.

Fluid-structure interaction; Offshore structures; Structural

vibrations; Vibrations, flow induced; Wave forces; Cylinders; 068-10931-240-52.

Fluid-structure interaction; Power plant, nuclear; Seismic

forces; Stochastic response; Dynamic response; Floating nuclear plant; 417-1 1330-430-90.

Fluid-structure interactions; Ocean structures; Structure response; Wave forces; Earthquake effecU; 061-1 15 1 1-430-

54. Flume experiments; Sediment transport; Dredged material

disposal; Dredged material movement; 3 14-1 1 544-220-00.

Flumes, critical-depth; Flumes, hydraulic characteristics; Mathematical models; Flow measurement; 303-1 14 19-700-

00. Flumes, hydraulic characteristics; Mathematical models; Flow

measurement; Flumes, critical-depth; 303-1 1419-700-00.

Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; Conservation structures; 302-7002-390-00.

Fluorescence, laser induced; Mixing; Turbulence structure; Turbulent jet; Flow visualization; 014-10821-710-26.

Fluorosensor; Phytoplankton; Remote sensing; Algae;

Chlorophyll; 324-11466-710-00.

Flushing, tidal; Hydraulic model; Marinas; Basins, boat; 159- 11187-470-13.

Flushing, tidal; Hydraulic model; Olympia, Washington; Basin,

boat; 159-1 1 193-470-65.

Flushing, tidal; Marinas; Mixing; Planform geometry effects; 159-1 1 190-470-36.

Flushing, tidal; Marines; Basins, boat; 159-1 1 186-470-13.

Fluvial geomorphology; Hydrology; Sediment transport; Vedder

River, Canada; Flood control measures; 433-11386-340-75.

Fly ash treatment; Lake water quality; Acid precipitation; Acid

lake recovery; Adirondack lakes; 031-10864-870-80.

Foam; Bubble gas diffusion; Bubble size measurement; 028- 10850-130-54. Foam; Liquid content measurement; Electrical conductivity; 028-10849-130-54. Food production; Power plants; Thermal effluents; Cooling

water discharge; 152-10149-870-73.

Force and moment characteristics; Seals; Ships; Sidewalls; Surface-effect craft model; 146-1 1 105-520-22. Force main failure investigation; Pipe, PVC; Sewage force main; Specifications; Workmanship; 174-11239-210-65. Force measurement; Submerged bodies; Cylinders; Drag; 125- 08926-030-22.

Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Pump bays; Vortices; Approach channel; 400-11270-390-73.

Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Vortices; 413-1 1672-340-73.

Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power plant; Velocity

distributions; Cooling water; Fish protection facilities; 421-

1 1338-340-00.

Forebay; Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel outlet transi- tion; Coohng water flow; 421-1 1345-340-00.

Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; 307-04757-810-00.

Forest fires; Green fuel moisture; Landsat data; Remote

sensing; Vegetation moisture estimates; 023-10841-710-50.

Forest lands; Irrigation; Sewage disposal; 305-09332-870-00.

Forest management system; Ecosystem management standards; Ecosystem resilience; 052-101 12-880-54.

Forest resource damage; Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface mining; Water quality; Erosion; 306-09333-890-00.

Forested lands; River basins; Tensas River; Flood damage esti- mates; Floodplain management; 314-1 1535-310-13.

Fort Patrick Henry Reservoir; Water quality; Aeration; Air

bubbles; 335-08570-860-00.

Fouling; Hull roughness; Roughness; Ships, cargo; Economic ef- fects; 164-1 1215-520-45.

Fouling; Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion; 332-10713-520-22.

Eraser River; Infill rate; Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment

transport, suspended; Dredged borrow pit migration; 433-

1 1388-220-90.

Eraser River delta; Sand tracing study; Sediment transport; 433- 11383-220-90.

Eraser river discharge plume; Numerical model; Plume; Strait of Georgia; British Columbia; 412-11321-300-00.

Eraser river field program; Salt wedge hydrodynamics;

Stratified flow; 412-11319-060-00.

Frazil ice formation factors; Ice, frazil; Lakes; River ice; 004- 10801-390-00.

Free boundary problem; Irrigation channels; Porous medium

flow theory; Seepage, from channels; 024-10844-070-00.

Free boundary problems; Irrigation, surface; Runoff, surface; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Analytical solutions; 093-11717-

810-54. Free shear layer; Slender body; Angle of attack; Boundary layer separation; 135-10129-010-26.

Free shear layers; Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, impinging; Jets, planar; Oscillations; Wakes; 074-10938-050-54.

Free surface flow; Marker and cell method; Mathematical

models; 075-09260-740-20.

Free surface flows; Numerical models; Reactors; Suppression

pools; Two-phase flow; Air injection; Bubble growth; 075- 10828-130-82.

Freeboard, minimum; Ship design; 333-1 1480-520-22.

Freon; Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; Cavity

flows; 125-03807-230-50. Frequency response function; Drifting force and moment; 146- 11106-520-21.

316
Frequency tuning; Liquid-filled container; Offshore platform;

Sloshing; Structural response; Wave effects; Damping; 4/7-

11326-430-90.

Freshwater inflow alteration effects; Matagorda Bay, Texas; Water quality; Bays; 149-1 1 136-860-75. Freshwater wetlands; Wetland ecolgy; Biogeochemistry; 081-

10985-880-54.

Friction; Heat exchangers; Fins, offset strip; 124-1 1058-140-52.

Friction; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Tubes, internally finned;

Fins; 124-11057-210-52.

Friction; Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; 429-09599-210-90.

Friction coefficient; Ice cover; River flow; 407-09515-300-00.

Friction factors; Open channel flow; Roughness; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Duned beds; 407-1 1310-300-00.

Frost heaving; Soil freezing; Computer model; Embankments;

019-10078-820-54.

Frozen ground effects; Mathematical models; Soil moisture effects; Watershed behavior; Field studies; 042-10891-810-15.

Fuel injection system; Numerical model; Transients; 057-

11429-690-70.

Fuel source; Algae, lipid-rich; Bioconversion; 081-10987-690-

70. Furrow hydraulics; Irrigation, border and forrow; Irrigation hydraulics; 008-10807-840-05.

Gallery drainage; Dams; 334-00771-350-00.

Galveston ship channel; Navigation channel; Ship behavior; Waves, ship-generated; Computer model; 147-1 1 120-330-75. Gas bearing theory; Lubrication; Stability theory; Chemotactic

bacteria movement; 133-06 773-000-14. Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; Gas bubbles; 088-06147-230-54. Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; 088-06147-230-54. Gas ejection in water; Multicomponent flow; Bubble distribution; Bubble size; Bubbles, gas; 329-11483-130-00. Gas equilibration; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction; Fish

transport barge; 3 1 3-1 1 436-850-1 3

.

Gas flow; Stack model; 400-1 1 272-870-70. Gas pipelines; Heat transfer; Ice formation; Oil pipeline start- up; Pipelines, submarine; Arctic waters; 428-1 1 362-370-90. Gas sampling; Particulates; Pollution, air; Stack sampling

system; 1 24-1 1 059-870-36. Gas turbines; Helium flow; Compressors; 083-10575-630-20.

Gasification, lignite shale; Pollution potential; Water require- ments; Energy; 152-11557-860-33.

Gas-liquid flow; Pipe diameter effects; Two-phase flow; 028- 08670-130-54.

Gas-liquid flow; Pressure surges; Slug flow; Transients; Twophase flow; 049-1 1647-130-54.

Gas-liquid interface; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent gas

flow; 144-10413-140-54.

Gas-solid flow; Particle centrifugal separation; Two-phase flow; 083-10574-130-52. Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; 321-07028-350-00.

Gate model; Selective withdrawal; Dworshak Dam; 313-08443-

350-13. Gate ratings; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Mixing; Sewage flow; Wastewater diversion structure; Diversion structure; / 74- 11240-870-75.

Gate, ring; Hydraulic model; Spillway, morning glory; Air vents; 159-1 1 189-350-65. Gate seals; Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate

model; 321-07028-350-00. Gate stroking; Aqueduct system control; 321-1 1448-350-00.

Gates; Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; 321-

10683-350-00.

Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-component flow; Open channels; Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water

flow; Closed conduits; 32 1-1 1447-130-00.

Gates; Turnouts; Canal automation; 321-07030-320-00.

Gates, clamshell type; 32 1-10686-390-00.

Gates, radial check; Hydraulic model; Canal gates; Discharge

coefficients; Flow measurement; 321-1 1450-320-00. Gaussian integration; Flowmeter, ultrasonic; Flowrate measurement; 166-08399-700-00. Geomorphology; Hydraulic analysis; Hydrologic analysis; St. Maries River, Idaho; Basin characteristics analysis; 157- 11181-300-00. Geomorphology; Hydrologic estimation; 081-09819-810-54.

Geophysical boundary layer; Turbulence structure; Boundary

layer, turbulent; Current meter; 331-09418-010-22.

Geophysical flows; Laser-Doppler velocimeter, submersible; Turbulence measurements, sea water; Current measurement,

low velocity; 045-10895-700-00. Geothermal development; Hydropower development; Energy;

1 52-0425 W.800-00. Geothermal energy; Heat storage; Multiphase flow; Porous media flow; Energy transport; 322-1 1462-070-00. Geothermal energy, hot dry rocks; Heat transport; Numerical

model; Water transport in cracks; Energy; 075-10829-390-

52. Geothermal fields; Mathematical model; Two-phase flow; Energy; Fluid injection; 073-10826-890-52. Geothermal reservoir simulation; Two-phase flow; Computer

program; Energy; 073-10825-890-52. Geothermal reservoir simulation; Groundwater flow; Hydrogeologic systems; Mathematical models; Porous media

flow; Aquifers, fractured; 322-1 1463-390-00. Geothermal resource study; Energy; 073-10824-890-31. Grand Coulee Dam; Pump-turbine intake; 321-07022-340-00. Grand Coulee third powerplant; Hydraulic model; Powerplant

operations effects; Waves; Bank stability; Boundary shear; Channel stability; 321-11444-300-00.

Granular beds; Moody diagram; Porous medium flow; Flow re- sistance; 103-11022-070-00. Granular materials flow; Shear flow; Solids flow; Bulk solids flow; Constitutive equations; 415-1161 1-260-90. Graphical methods; Pipe design problems; Pipe flow; 417-

11324-210-90.

Grates; Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage; 321-10689-3 70-47. Gravel channels; Resistance relations; River channels; Bars,

gravel; Channels, braided; Channels, shifting; 402-1 1302-300-

90. Gravel clesuiing methods; Jets; Salmon stream restoration; Fish

habitats; ; 5 7- /; / 79-85 0-60. Gravel packs; Water wells; Well screens; 321-10688-820-00.

Gravel rivers; River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; 405-10232-300-96.

Gravity effects; Nucleate boiling; Boiling; 096-1 1003-140-50.

Gravity surges; Surges, fresh-over-salt water; Canals; 429-

11363-420-90. Grazing effects; Infiltration; Runoff; 152-10167-810-33. Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; 317-10670-810-00. Great Lakes; Ice dissipation; Ice transport; Lake ice; Wave ef- fects; Wind effects; 109-11030-440-44. Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; 317-10668-440-00. Great Lakes; Lake Ontario; Circulation; Currents, wind in- duced; 173-09224-440-44. Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind

set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 3 17-10669-440-00. Great Lakes; Water level changes; Beach erosion; Bluff recession; 312-09742-440-00. Great Lakes; Wave data; Wave hindcasting; 312-10652-420-00. 317
Great Lakes model; Lake Michigan; Toxic substance; Aquatic

food chain; 077-10942-870-36.

Great Lakes phytoplankton; Nutrient regeneration; Algae

decomposiiion; 031-10862-870-36.

Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment

transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; 038- 09941-440-44.

Great Lakes water level; Lake Ontario regulation; 109-09969-

440-44. Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; Water

quality; 152-10170-860-33.

Great Salt Lake; Lake circulation; Mathematical model; 152- 0421W-440-00.

Great Salt Lake; Solar enrgy collection; Energy production

potential; 152-11592-440-00.

Great South Bay, New York; Hydraulic data; Inlets, tidal; Numerical model; Runoff effects; Salinity response; Tidal range

effect; Data compilation; 107-1 1062-450-65

.

Green bay watershed; Land development impact; Landsat data; Remote sensing; Water quality; 171-11234-860-44. Green fuel moisture; Landsat data; Remote sensing; Vegetation

moisture estimates; Forest fires; 023-10841-710-50.

Grit chamber, spiral flow; Hydraulic model; Flow patterns; 174- 11241-870-75. Groin hydraulics; Erosion; 402-10284-410-90.

Groins; Navigation channels; Design criteria; Dikes, stone spur; 314-11530-330-00. Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; Harbor model; Hydraulic model ship maneuvering tests; 413-1 1680-470-90. Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; Harbor model; Hydraulic model; Ice, broken; Ice motion; 4 13-1 168 1 -470-90. Ground impedance effect; Ocean storage tanks; Structural response; Dam-reservoir interaction; Elastic waves; Fluid- structure interaction; 081-10947-390-00. Groundwater; Hawaiian aquifer; Hele-Shaw model; Waste

disposal by injection; 053-09046-870-61

.

Groundwater; Hot water storage; Thermal energy storage; Aquifer technology; Cold water storage; Energy; Field tests;

1 15-1 1264-890-52. Groundwater; Hydrogeology; Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; 095-10066-300-33. Groundwater; Hydrologic model; Streamflow; Watershed monitoring; Flow prediction; 1 68-1 1 2 19-8 10-70. Groundwater; Idaho; Piezometric head; Road construction ef- fects; 304-10645-820-00. Groundwater; Infrared imagery; Remote sensing; Water table detection; Water table, perched; 023-10843-860-33. Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; Water quality; 169-09872-820-36. Groundwater; Nile Delta aquifer; Numerical model; Salt water

intrusion; 081-10973-820-56. Groundwater; Numerical model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersivity measurements; 148-1 1 153-070-

33. Groundwater; Numerical models; Porous media flow; Boundary

integral solutions; 038-09945-070-54. Groundwater; Porous medium flow; Water quality; Dispersion; 081-08084-820-00. Groundwater; Reservoirs, surface; Surface-subsurface storage mix; Water storage; Aquifers; 1 59-1 1 197-860-60. Groundwater; Subsurface water motions; Watershed subsurface

hydrology; 300-1 1 398-820-00. Groundwater, brackish; Groundwater, regional management;

Mathematical model; Power plant cooling; California groundwater; Finite element basin model; 019-1 1 547-820-33

.

Groundwater contamination; Groundwater recharge; Pollution; Aquifers, basin margin; 1 52-1 1 579-820-60. Groundwater drawdown; Groundwater pumping; Computer

model; Dane County, Wisconsin; 168-1 1224-820-65. Groundwater flow; Computer models; 322-10700-820-00.

Groundwater flow; Hydrogeologic systems; Mathematical

models; Porous media flow; Aquifers, fractured; Geothermal

reservoir simulation; 322-1 1463-390-00. Groundwater flow; Mathematial models; Pollutant transport; Waste disposal ponds; Water quality; Aquifers; 335-11490-

820-00. Groundwater flow; Numerical study; Porous media flow; 434- 10558-820-90. Groundwater flow model; Mathematical model; Unsaturated zone column model; 169-1 1232-820-00. Groundwater heating; Heat transport; Seepage; Cooling lakes; 169-09871-820-36. Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; 107-09947-820-

80. Groundwater hydraulics; Monte Carlo method; Stochastic methods; 151-11138-820-00. Groundwater hydraulics; Numerical model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersion; Finite element model;

151-1 1 139-820-00. Groundwater injection; Water storage; Wells, bounding;

Aquifer, dipping; Aquifers, saline; 076-1 1006-820-33. Groundwater management; Groundwater recharge model; Arizona groundwater; 008-10808-820-65. Groundwater management; Land subsidence reduction; 148- 0404W-820-33. Groundwater management alternatives; Utah.; Economics; 152- 10160-820-60. Groundwater model; Aquifers; Computer model; 302-10640-

820-00. Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; 107-09947-820-80. Groundwater modeling approaches; 081-10974-820-56. Groundwater pollutant movement; Aquifer simulation; 148- 0386W-820-33. Groundwater pollution; Mathematical model; Nuclear wastes; Porous medium flow; Finite element model; 049-1 1642-820-

00. Groundwater pollution; Numerical model; Porous medium flow; Contaminant transport; Finite element model; 019-11550-

070-00. Groundwater pollution potential; Missouri; Wastewater surface impoundments; 098-1 1 014-820-36. Groundwater pumping; Computer model; Dane County,

Wisconsin; Groundwater drawdown; 168-1 1224-820-65. Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; Strip mining; Water

resources. East Texas; 147-10584-810-33. Groundwater quality; Mathematical model; Powder River

Basin; Strip mining effects; Coal mining; 055-10904-870-34. Groundwater quality field study; Milwaukee; Urbanization ef- fects; Water quality; 169-11231-820-60. Groundwater quality management; Groundwater recharge; Urban groundwater; Agricultural groundwater; 303-1 1421

-

820-65. Groundwater recharge; Mathematical models; Percolation; Water table fluctuations; Aquifers; 019-1 1 554-820-05

.

Groundwater recharge; Numerical model; Pollutant transport; Reclaimed water; 144-10410-860-36. Groundwater recharge; Pollution; Aquifers, basin margin; Groundwater contamination; 152-11579-820-60. Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; 143- 10473-820-54. Groundwater recharge; Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; 144- 10409-820-54. Groundwater recharge; Urban groundwater; Agricultural groundwater; Groundwater quality management; 303-11421-

820-65. Groundwater recharge; Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; 107-09947-820-

80. 318
Groundwater recharge estimates; Soil water flow measurements; Suffolk County, New York; 038-10880-820-33. Groundwater recharge facilities design; Groundwater, urban

area; 019-1 1548-820-65. Groundwater recharge model; Arizona groundwater; Groundwater management; 008-10808-820-65. Groundwater recharge procedures; Water spreading; Water

storage conjunctive management; Groundwater recharge site selection; 303-1 1420-820-65

.

Groundwater recharge site selection; Groundwater recharge

procedures; Water spreading; Water storage conjunctive management; 303-1 1420-820-65. Groundwater recharge zones; San Antonio, Texas; Urban

growth; 148-0409W-820-33

.

Groundwater recharge; 016-07978-820-33. Groundwater, regional management; Mathematical model; Power plant cooling; California groundwater; Finite element

basin model; Groundwater, brackish; 019-1 1 547-820-33

.

Groundwater re-injection; Heat pumps, water source; Louisiana groundwater; Wells, heat pump; Energy conservation; 076- 11005-820-33. Groundwater resources; Strip mining effects; Water quality; 081-09813-870-54. Groundwater, stratified; Numerical model; Offshore islands; Salt water intrusion; 081-109 72-820-44. Groundwater supply development; Numerical model; Aquifer development by pumping; Finite element model; 049-11643-

820-00. Groundwater systems; Heat transport; 148-0395W-820-33

.

Groundwater systems analysis; Saudi Arabia water supply; Wastewater injection; Water quality; 322-1 1 461 -820-00. Groundwater transport; Mathematical model; Pollutant trans- port; Biological reaction submodels; Chemical reaction sub- models; 144-11083-820-33. Groundwater, urban area; Groundwater recharge facilities design; 019-1 1 548-820-65. Groundwater use; Land subsidence reduction; Water use optimization; 148-0394W-800-33. Groundwater withdrawal; Land subsidence; Aquifer,

viscoelastic model; 038-10877-820-56.

Groundwater-lake interaction; Seepage; 169-09870-820-33.

Groundwater-surface water interaction; Mathematical models; Wisconsin groundwater systems; 169-1 1 230-820-54. Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Recreational develop- ment; Watershed impact; 1 48-04 1 OW-8 1 0-33

.

Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; Shoaling; 147- 10586-330-44. Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; Shoaling; Environmental considerations; 147-10583-330-44.

Gulf of Mexico; Oil storage; Salt dome caverns; Brine disposal evaluation; 1 47-1 1 1 1 5-870-44. Gulf Stream interaction; Atlantic Bight; 153-09888-450-34.

Gully bank stability; Sedimentation; Soil erosion; Erosion control; 300-1 1406-830-00.

Guri project; Hydraulic model fabrication; 145-10601-350-75

.

Hail suppression; Utah hailstorms; Cloud seeding; 1 52-101 54- 480-60. Hampton Roads; Highway bridge; Hydraulic model; James

River model; Bridge-tunnel effects; 1 53-1 1 1 57-370-60.

Harbor; Mixing; Tidal flushing; Boat basin; 159-10183-470-13. Harbor model; Hydraulic model; Wave agitation reduction; 407-1 1312-470-90. Harbor model; Hydraulic model; Ice, broken; Ice motion; Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; 4 1 3-1 1 681 -470-90

.

Harbor model; Hydraulic model ship maneuvering tests; Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; 413-1 1680-470-90. Harbor model; Newburyport Harbor; 314-09687-470-13. Harbor oscillations; Mass transport; Numerical methods; Wave

diffraction; Wave energy extraction; Wave radiation; 081-

10943-420-20.

Harbor resonance; Numerical model; Boundary integral equation; Finite element method; 1 1 1-1 1033-470-20. Harbor resonance; Tsunamis propagation on shelf; Wave runup; Waves, long; 01 5-1 1 61 4-420-54. Harbor sedimentation; Sedimentation control; Dredging alternatives; 327-0941 1-220-22. Harbor waves; Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; Diffraction; 109-09967-420-44. Harbor waves; Wave heights; Wave reflection; Electronic model; 168-11223-420-44.

Harbors; Marina response; Wave-induced agitation; 423-10531-

470-90.

Harbors; Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents,

coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; 038- 09941-440-44.

Harbors; Sand barriers; Sand bypassing; Sand fences; Sediment management techniques; Dredging cost reduction; 136- 11639-220-22.

Harbors; Shoaling; Alaska; 312-09735-470-00. Harbour model; Hydraulic model; Montreal Harbor; Terminal

facilities development; 413-1 1679-470-90. Harmonic excitation; Numerical methods; Pressure, radiated;

Shells, submerged; Acoustic medium; Dynamic analysis; 147- 11113-430-00. Hatchery jet header model; Dworshak Dam; Fish hatchery; 313-071 12-850-13. Hawaii forests; Watershed management research; 308-09335-

810-00. Hawaiian aquifer; Hele-Shaw model; Waste disposal by injection; Groundwater; 053-09046-870-61

.

Hazardous wastes; Massachusetts; Toxic waste management;

081-10966-870-80.

Hazards; Marine operations; Ship holds; Cargo tank venting; Chemical vapors; 142-11076-590-48. Head loss; Hydraulic model; Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Condenser wear

potential; Flow patterns; 174-1 1256-34 0-73

.

Head loss; Hydraulic model; Mixing; Sewage flow; Wastewater

diversion structure; Diversion structure; Gate ratings; 174- 11240-870-75. Head loss; Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Velocity distributions; Vibrations; Vortices; Intake structure; 174-11242-340-73. Head losses; Irrigation systems; Pump irrigation system design; Energy conservation; 099-1 1017-840-00. Head race model; Hydraulic model; Ice handling facilities; Power plant, hydroelectric; Approach channel; 400-1 1267- 340-73. Head-discharge relations; Numerical model; Pressure distribution; Spillway flow; Finite element model; 049- 11 640-350-00. Heat collection; Heat withdrawal; Laboratory pond design; Mathematical model; Solar ponds; 081-10958-690-00. Heat exchange; Long Island Sound; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Turbulence; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; 105-11025-450-60. Heat exchangers; Fins, offset strip; Friction; 124-1 1058-140-52. Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; 1 18-10609-820-54. Heat flux analysis; Lake Ontario; Pollution; Remote sensing; Thermal discharge; Circulation; Cooling water discharge; Erosion; 322-1 1460-870-00. Heat loss; Neonate instrumentation system; Respiration volume

measurement; Biomedical flows; Breathing mask develop- ment; 045-10894-270-40. Heat pumps, water source; Louisiana groundwater; Wells, heat pump; Energy conservation; Groundwater re-injection; 076- 11005-820-33. Heat removal sump; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Sump vortex; 335-11487-340-00.

319
Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; 335-

10735-340-00. Heat storage; Multiphase flow; Porous media flow; Energy

transport; Geothermal energy; 322-1 1462-070-00. Heat transfer; Duct flows; Ducts with pedestal arrays; 007- 10805-140-70. Heat transfer; Fluidized beds; 057-09864-140-52. Heat transfer; Hydraulic model; Ice cover; Jet, submerged; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; 400-

11269-340-70. Heat transfer; Hydrology; Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics;

426-10332-810-90. Heat transfer; Ice formation; Oil pipeline start-up; Pipelines, submarine; Arctic waters; Gas pipelines; 428-1 1 362-370-90. Heat transfer; Ice melting; Mass transfer; 417-10310-140-90. Heat transfer; Immersed bodies; Pipes, curved; Body forces; Buoyancy effects; Centrifugal force effects; Convection; 062- 10918-000-00. Heat transfer; Interfacial stability; Mass transfer; Bubble

dynamics; 01 1-10814-190-52. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; 007-09931-140-50. Heat transfer; Jet impingement; Rotating surfaces; 007-09932-

050-70. Heat transfer; Jet, impinging; Jet spread; Pressure distribution; Temperature distribution; Velocity distribution; Air entrain- ment; 044-1 1497-050-22. Heat transfer; Lakes; Turbulence measurements; 082-11708-

440-80. Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; 003-09777-140-00. Heat transfer; Laminar flow solution compilation; Pipe flow; Temperature profiles; Velocity profiles; Convection; Duct

flow, laminar; 048-10901-210-20. Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; 131-10087-1 10-54. Heat transfer; LNG spill hazards; Fluid mechanics of LNG

spills; 015-1 1615-870-50. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; 021-101 1 1-020-00. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent flow; Buoyancy effects; Computer code; 142-1 1077-740-00. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid in- terface; 144-10413-140-54. Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Roughness effects; 428-06951-

140-00. Heat transfer; Physical models; Plumes, far field; Scaling laws; Thermal discharges; 032-1 1 654-870-33

.

Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Pressure drop; Rib roughness, helical; Roughness; 1 24-1 1056-2 10-00. Heat transfer; Pij>e flow; Tubes, short; Cross-flow effects; Entrance flow; 007-10806-140-70. Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Tubes, internally finned; Fins; Friction; 124-1 1057-210-52. Heat transfer; Plume impingement; Fire impingement on

ceilings; Flame length; 124-1 1052-190^5.

Heat transfer; Pressure drop; Refrigeration; Tube evaporators; Evaporation; 045-10893-690-84. Heat transfer; Rotating fluid; Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; Flow visualization; 101-1 1019-140-54. Heat transfer; Rotating fluid; Secondary flow; Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; 101 -1 1020-140-00. Heat transfer; Spherical shells; Convection; 135-11072-090-00. Heat transfer; Transition boiling of water; Boiling; 028-10848-

140-82. Heat transfer; Water reactor; Blowdown; 1 1 5-10022-340-55. Heat transport; Groundwater systems; 148-0395W-820-33

. Heat transport; Numerical model; Water transport in cracks; Energy; Geothermal energy, hot dry rocks; 075-10829-390-

52. Heat transport; Seepage; Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; 169-09871-820-36. Heat withdrawal; Laboratory pond design; Mathematical model;

Solar ponds; Heat collection; 081-10958-690-00.

Heaving; Plenum pressure; Surface effect ships; 146-08980-

520-21. Heavy metal removal; Wastewater treatment; Algae; Filtration; 152-10162-870-60. Heavy metals; Thermodynamic model; Water quality; Great

Salt Lake; 152-10170-860-33. Hele-Shaw flow; Porous medium flow; Stratified flow; Convective flow; 062-10920-060-00. Hele-Shaw model; Waste disposal by injection; Groundwater; Hawaiian aquifer; 053-09046-870-61

.

Helical coil flow; Laminar flow; Non-Newtonian fluid; Converging drag flow; Disk, spinning; 108-1 1601-120-00.

Helical flow; Pipe, corrugated; Turbulence structure; 145- 08996-210-54. Helium flow; Compressors; Gas turbines; 083-10575-630-20. Helium flow loop; Test facihty; Core flow test loop; 1 15-1 1262-

720-52. Herbicide transport; Nutrient transport; Pesticide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Til- lage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; 067- 10927-870-00. Highway bridge; Hydraulic model; James River model; Bridge- tunnel effects; Hampton Roads; 153-1 1 157-370-60. Highway construction; Erosion control practice manual; Erosion quantity prediction; 152-1 1590-220-88. Highway construction; Sediment prediction; Erosion; 123- 10084-220-60. Highway culverts; Risk-based design; Culverts; Drainage, highway; 151-11143-370-00. Highway drainage; Bicycle safety; Curb inlets; Drainage;

Grates; 321-10689-370^7. Highway drainage; Drainage ditches; Erosion protection; 037- 05489-370-61. Highway drainage; Hyetographs; Storm drainage; Urban

highways; Design rainstorms; 061 -1 1 50 1 -8 10-47. Highway pavement design; Hydroplaning; 147-09054-370-47. Highway slopes; Rill formation; Rill spacing; Soil erosion; 029- 10852-220-00. Highways; Inlet capacity; Drainage, highway; 407-1 1 3 1 1 -370-

90.

Hillslope morphology; Sediment movement; Appalachian re- gion; 322-0373W-220-00. Hodograph equation; Numerical solutions; Overfalls; Potential

flow; Sluices; Weirs, sharp crested; 062-10915-040-14.

Horizontal alignment effect; Price meter performance; Towing

tank calibrations, waiting times; Current meters; 407-11307-

700-00. Hot water storage; Numerical model; Solar energy; Aquifers; 073-09983-820-52. Hot water storage; Thermal energy storage; Aquifer technology; Cold water storage; Energy; Field tests; Groundwater; 115- 11264-890-52.

H-sections; Immersed bodies; Pressure distributions; Turbulence

effects; Vibration; Angular bodies; Buildings; 1 57-1 1 1 74-030-

54. Hull forces; Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program; 151-10038-520-45.

Hull form optimization; Ship wave resistance minimization; Wave generation; Experimental method development; 164- 11213-520-45.

Hull pressures; Propeller-induced pressures; Ship hulls; Computer program; 146-1 1 104-550-21

.

320
Hull roughness; Roughness; Ships, cargo; Economic effects; Fouling; 164-11215-520^5. Humic substance removal; Water treatment; 031-10863-860-00.

Humidity; Lake Ontario; Lake to land comparison; Temperature; Wind; 403-1 1303^80-00.

Hurricane barrier; Hydrolic model; Lake circulation; Lake

Pontchartrain; Numerical model; Surge; 314-1 1541-440-13.

Hurst phenomenon; Hydrologic design; Climate change impact; 159-1 1 195-810-00.

' Hybrid models; Mathematical model; Tidal power development; Bay of Fundy; Estuaries; 4 1 8-1 1 336-400-00.

Hydraulic analysis; Hydrologic analysis; St. Maries River, Idaho; Basin characteristics analysis; Geomorphology; 157-1 1 181- 300-00.

Hydraulic characteristics; San Luis Pass; Bridge abutments;

Erosion potential; 147-1 1 1 2 1 -300-65

.

Hydraulic compressor; Power generation; 047-10897-340-00.

Hydraulic data; Inlets, tidal; Numerical model; Runoff effects; Salinity response; Tidal range effect; Data compilation; Great

South Bay, New York; 1 07-1 1 062-450-65

.

Hydraulic design, reliability based; Hydrologic design; Probability theory; Engineering uncertainties; 061 -1 1 508-390-00.

Hydraulic exponents, depth effect; Open channel flow; Channels, trapezoidal; 056-10906-200-00.

Hydraulic fluids; Synthetic hydrocarbons; 332-1 1474-690-22.

Hydraulic fluids; Valve sticking tendencies; 332-1 1475-690-00.

Hydraulic fluids, fire resistant; Synthetic triaryl phosphates; 332-1 1473-690-00.

Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; Dam outlet tunnel; Fish barrier; 3 1 3-1 1 434-350-1 3

.

Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; Oudet works; Stilling basins; 3 14-1 1527-360-00.

Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; 321-07035-350-00.

Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; Numerical models; Sills; Stratified flow; Tidal flow over sills; Inlets, coastal; 412-

11322-410-00.

Hydraulic jump; Stilling basin design; 104-06186-360-00. HydrauHc jump; Turbulence measurement; 429-06817-360-90.

Hydraulic jump, rough-porous bed; Energy dissipators; 034- 10872-360-00.

Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical

flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; 321-10678-320-

00. Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence ef- fects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; 3 1 5-10796-

700-00. Hydraulic model; Canal gates; Discharge coefficients; Flow

measurement; Gates, radial check; 32 1 -1 1450-320-00.

Hydraulic model; Chesapeake Bay; 400-1 1 276-400-1 0. Hydraulic model; Chute blocks; Dam; Energy dissipator; 321-

11453-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Condenser water circulating system; Cooling

tower; 145-10602-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Control structure; Diversion structure; 145- 11087-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Dam; Diversion channel; 3 13-1 1435-350-13

.

Hydraulic model; Dams; Fish passage facility; 1 74-1 1 236-850-

73. Hydraulic model; Fish screen; 321-09388-850-00.

Hydraulic model; Flow patterns; Grit chamber, spiral flow; 7 74- 11241-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Hydraulic performance; Outlet geometry effects; Supercritical flow; Box culverts; Culvert junction structure; 424-1 1353-370-90.

Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric plant; Powerhouse; Flow patterns; 174-1 1243-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Ice and trash chute; Bonneville second powerhouse; 313-1 1438-340-13.

Hydraulic model; Ice, broken; Ice motion; Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; Harbor model; 413-11681-470-90.

Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Limestone station; Power

plant; 413-10265-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Ice cover; Jet, submerged; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; Heat transfer; 400-11269-

340-70.

Hydraulic model; Ice cover effect; La Grande River, Canada; Power plant construction; Salt water intrusion; Diversion tunnel closure effect; Estuary; 413-11673-060-73.

Hydraulic model; Ice entrainment; Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Canal; Control structure; 413-1 1685-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Ice handling facilities; Power plant, hydroelectric; Approach channel; Head race model; 400- 1126 7-340-73. Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10661-350-13. Hydrauhc model; Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Condenser wear potential; Flow

patterns; Head loss; 174-11256-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Lake, nearshore mixing; Outfall; Surface discharge; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow, oncethrough; 421-1 1343-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant; Sediment exclusion; 413-

11656-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Sediment

exclusion; Spillway gates; Diversion weir; 413-1 1658-340-87.

Hydraulic model; Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; 321-106 75-350-00. Hydraulic model; Intake design; Manifold; Power plant; Computer model; Cooling water intake; Fish screens; 145-1 1096-

340-70.

Hydraulic model; Intake design; Power plant; Velocity distribution; Vortices; Cooling water intake; 42 1-1 1344-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake forebay; Power plant; Sedimentation; Flow patterns; 174-1 1 244-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Power plant; Vortices; Dilution water pump intake; Flow patterns; 174-1 1238-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Pump bays; Vortices; Approach channel; Forebay; 400-1 1270-390-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Pump bays; Flow distribution; 400-11275-390-75.

Hydraulic model; Intake, service water; Power plant; Pump

sumps, sediment removal; Vortices; 413-1 1655-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake structures; Seawater intake facilities; 433-1 1390-390-75.

Hydraulic model; Intake sump; Power plant; Pump approach

flows; Cooling tower basin; 413-1 1676-340-73. HydrauHc model; Intake tunnel; Power plant, hydroelectric; Rock plug blast; Dam; 413-11677-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power plant; Velocity distributions; Cooling water; Fish protection facilities; Forebay; 421-

11338-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intake, water supply; Montreal; Flow distribution; 413-11683-860-97.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water

flow; 421-10325-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; Sump-pump arrange- ment; Cooling water intakes; 145-1 1098-340-75.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortices; Diversion; 41 3-1 1659-340-87.

Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Vortices; Forebay; 413-1 1672-34 0-73. Hydraulic model; Intakes; Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; 421-10318^20-00.

Hydraulic model; Island spacing effects; Wave and current ef- fects; Dredged material islands; Erosion; 147-1 1 109-4 10-44. Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; 41 3-1025 1 -350-

73.

321
Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Spillway; Diversion tunnel, 413-10257-350-73.

Hydraulic model; James Bay project; Control structure; 413-

10258-350-73.

Hydraulic model; James River model; Bridge-tunnel effects; Hampton Roads; Highway bridge; 1 53-1 1 1 57-370-60.

Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; 313-10662-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Junction manhole hydraulics; Sewer junctions; Sewers, storm; Energy losses; 422-09584-870-90.

Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; Stilling basin; 321-10677-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Kpong project; Diversion; 400-10496-350-87.

Hydraulic model; Lake stratification; Pumped storage develop- ment; 321-09380-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Levee slope protection; Wave runup; 049-

1 1644-420-70.

Hydraulic model; Libby Dam; Spillway model; 313-10666-350-

13. Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; Spillway; Diversion structure; 433-10553-350-73.

Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10660-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Lock approach; Navigation conditions; Pickwick Landing Dam; 335-1 1485-330-00.

Hydraulic model; Locks; Pickwick Landing; 335-10736-330-00.

Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model;

Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10658-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; Channel stabilization; 123-10086-300-60.

Hydraulic model; Marina design; Charleston Harbor; 032- 11653-470-65.

Hydraulic model; Marinas; Basins, boat; Flushing, tidal; 159- 11187-470-13.

Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow; 032-1 1651-340-60.

Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Mississippi-Chippewa

confluence; River confluence; Sediment transport; Delta for- mation; 145-1 1093-300-88.

Hydraulic model; Mathematical model verification; Plume; Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge channel; 421-

11346-340-00.

Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; 313-10659-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Mississippi River; Overbank flow; Vegetation

effects; 314-11542-300-13.

Hydraulic model; Mixing; Cooling water outfall; 421-10320-

340-00.

Hydraulic model; Mixing; Sewage flow; Wastewater diversion

structure; Diversion structure; Gate ratings; Head loss; / 74- 11240-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Montreal; Pumping station; Water supply

system; Diversion conduit; 4 1 3-1 1684-860-97

.

Hydraulic model; Montreal Harbor; Terminal facilities develop- ment; Harbour model; 413-11679-470-90.

Hydraulic model; Mooring forces; Ships; 413-10260-520-90.

Hydraulic model; Noise; Outlet design; Sound suppression water systems; 145-1 1088-160-75

.

Hydraulic model; Offshore intake; Power plant, recirculation minimization; Cooling water intake; 174-1 124 7-340-73. Hydraulic model; Olympia, Washington; Basin, boat; Flushing,

tidal; 1 59-1 1 193-470-65

.

Hydraulic model; Outfall, ocean; Plume behavior; San Francisco; Sewage disposal; 015-1 1621-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; 421-10324-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Outlet works; Spillway model; Stilling basin; Tunnel; \ia.m\ 32 1-1 1449-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Overflow distribution structure; Wastewater

treatment; 145-1 1 100-870-75.

Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel. Stilling basin; Gates; 321- 10683-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Palmetto Bend Dam; Spillway; 321-09393-

350-00.

Hydraulic model; Penstock entrances; 321-10685-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Plumes; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal

discharge diffusion; 01 5-1 1624-870-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Pump sump; Circulating water

system; Cooling water bypass; 145-1 1092-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Cooling water system; 421- 09579-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Steam lines; Balance header; 421-1 1337-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Dousing system; 421-11339-

340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Spray headers; Spray plate dis- tributions; 421-1 1340-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Pressure oscillations; Dousing

system instabilities; 421-1 1342-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant; Tunnel outlet transition; Cooling

water flow; Forebay; 42 1 -1 1 345-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model;

Vortex, intake; Dam comprehensive model; Energy dissipator; 413-1 1670-340-87.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal plume; Dif- fuser model; 1 74-1 1 245-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; 1 74-1 1 252-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Breakflow jet impingement; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; 174-1 1253-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Containment

sump; Emergency cooling system; 1 74-1 1 254-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; 174-1 1255 -340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Combined bend suction

piping; Flow patterns; 1 74-1 1257-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah

plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; 335-

10735-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Sump vortex; Heat

removal sump; 335-1 1 487-340-00.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; 41 3-1 1664-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; Vortices; Casing installation; 41 3 -1 1665-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump layout; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; 413-1 1666-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injec- tion; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; 413-1 1667-340-

73. Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Tunnel trifur- cation; 049-11645-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Discharge

structure; Flow patterns; 174-1123 7-340-73. Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Velocity dis- tributions; Vibrations; Vortices; Intake structure; Head loss; 174-1 1242-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Power plant, steam; Cooling water flow; Discharge canal; 1 74-1 1 246-340-73

.

Hydraulic model; Powerhouse; Spillway model; Dam model;

Diversion channel; 4 1 3 -1 1 657-350-87

.

Hydraulic model; Powerplant; Pumps; Sump supply tunnel; Vortices; 4 1 3-1 1668-3 40-73

.

Hydraulic model; Powerplant operations effects; Waves; Bank

stability; Boundary shear; Channel stability; Grand Coulee

third powerplant; 32 1 - 1 1444-300-00.

Hydraulic model; Prototype testing; Scale effects; Sediment

recovery; Stormwater regulator; Swirl concentrator; 413-

11663-870-36. 322
Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; Sludge pumping station; Vortices; Wastewater treatment plant; 413-1 1674-870-70.

Hydraulic model; Pump sump; Wastewater treatment plant;

Filter feed sump; 413-11675-870-70.

Hydraulic model; Pumped storage project; Rock trap; 157- 09196-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Revelstoke project; Diversion tunnel; 433- 10557-350-73.

Hydraulic model; River flow characteristics; Bridge pier effects; Channel stability; 421-1 1341-300-00.

Hydraulic model; San Lorenzo project. El Salvador; Spillway model; Stilling basin; 145-1 1090-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Scale effects; Breakwaters, floating tire; 159- 11188-430-00.

Hydraulic model; Scour; Spillway; Energy dissipator; 413-

11682-340-73.

Hydraulic model; Scour prevention; Bend design; Chutes, baffled; 157-1 1 180-320-00.

Hydraulic model; Sediment control; California Water Project; Diversion facilities; Fish screening; 019-1 1698-300-60.

Hydraulic model; Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; Diversion

tunnel; 321-10676-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Sewers, storm; Storm sewer surcharge alleviation; Choking device; 422-1 1 352-870-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Energy dissipator; 413-10270-350-

87. Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stewart Mountain project; 321- 09382-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway; Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; 321-10684-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway design; 152-1 1588-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; 321-07028-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; 147-10591-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; 313-1 1437-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; 321-07035-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Approach channel; Chute

spillway; Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; 321-11445-

350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Baffled apron; Dam; Energy

dissipation; 321-11455-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway model; Dam reconstruction project; 414-1 171 1-350-73. Hydraulic model; Spillway, morning glory; Air vents; Gate, ring; 159-1 1 189-350-65.

Hydraulic model; Spillway, morning glory; 321-10681-350-00.

Hydraulic model; Spillway performance; Flip bucket; 433-

11382-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Spillway, twin tunnel; Aeration devices; Cavitation prevention; 157-1 1 182-350-75.

Hydraulic model; Stilling basin; Dam outlet tunnel; Fish barrier; Hydraulic jump; 313-1 1434-350-13.

Hydraulic model; Thermal effluent dispersal; Cooling water

discharge; Diffuser, multi-port; 1 57-1 1 172-870-75

.

Hydraulic model; Tunnel; Dropshaft; Exit conduit; 145-11086-

340-75.

Hydraulic model; Wave agitation reduction; Harbor model;

407-1 1312-470-90.

Hydraulic model fabrication; Guri project; 145-10601-350-75.

Hydraulic model ship maneuvering tests; Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; Harbor model; 41 3-1 1680-470-90.

Hydraulic models; Hydraulic testing; Instrumentation; Microcomputer applications; 402-1 1 295-700-00.

Hydraulic models; Numerical models; Sills; Stratified flow; Tidal flow over sills; Inlets, coastal; Hydraulic jump; 412-

11322-410-00.

Hydraulic models; Outlet works; Stilling basins; Hydraulic jump; 314-1 1527-360-00.

Hydraulic performance; Inlets; Outlets; Sediment removal effi- ciency; Sedimentation basins; Water treatment; Baffie configurations; 422-1 1355-870-90.

Hydraulic performance; Inlets, geometry effects; Inlets, vertical fiared; Service reservoir inlets; 422-09583-390-00.

Hydraulic performance; Outlet geometry effects; Supercritical flow; Box culverts; Culvert junction structure; Hydraulic model; 424-11353-370-90.

Hydraulic seawater motors; Materials study; Underwater tools; 083-10989-690-22.

Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; 300-01723-350-00.

Hydraulic structures; Multi-component flow; Open channels;

Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; Closed conduits; Gates; 32 1 -1 1447-1 30-00. Hydraulic structures; Trash racks; Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; 302-7002-390-00.

Hydraulic testing; Instrumentation; Microcomputer applications; Hydraulic models; 402-1 1 295-700-00.

Hydraulic tools; Tools, seawater; Underwater tool development; 327-7/472-450-22.

Hydraulic transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients with gas

release; 084-08777-210-54.

Hydraulic transport; Capsule pipelining fluid mechanics; Coal

transport; 094-10999-260-52.

Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; 1 19-10075-370-54.

Hydraulic transport; Pipeline transport; Coal hydrotransport

research facility; 033-1 1 546-260-52.

Hydraulics model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Scour; Spillway; Diversion; 413-1 1660-340-87. Hydrocyclones; Sewage treatment; Solids separation; 423-

11692-870-90. Hydrodynamic design; Numerical methods; Turbulence model; Drag minimization; Flow field calculation; 125-1 1049-030-

22. Hydrodynamic design basis; Roll motion stabilization; Ship motions; 333-1 1478-520-22. Hydrodynamic forces; Ocean structures; Structural response; Dam-reservoir interactions; Earthquake effects; Fluid-struc- ture interaction; 081-10946-390-54. Hydrodynamic instabilities; Reactors; Bubble growth, core

disruptive accidents; Entrainment; 1 3 1 -1 1433-340-52

.

Hydrodynamic model; Ripple formation, unidirectional flow; Sediment transport; Wavy boundary; Bedform mechanics; 081-10952-220-00. Hydrodynamic processes; River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; 322-037IW-300-00. Hydrodynamic response; Reactor; Suppression pool; Computer

model; Cooling system; 069-10936-340-82. Hydrodynamic uplift; Offshore structures; Pipelines buried; Seepage, wave-induced; Uplift; Wave effects; Cylinder, vertical; 168-1 1225-430-54.

Hydroelastic response; Plates, cantilever vibrating; Vibrations;

Viscoelastic plate in a fluid; 417-11323-240-90.

Hydroelastic response; Reactor, pressurized; Shell, elastic; Twophase flow; Computer simulation; Coolant-loss accident;

Fluid-structure interaction; 075-10832-240-55.

Hydroelectric dam effects; Salmon; Skagit River, Washington; Temperature changes, reservoir induced; Aquatic organisms;

Fishery investigations; 1 58-1 1208-850-73

.

Hydroelectric development; Ice problems; Alaska; 004-10802-

340-00.

Hydroelectric plant; Powerhouse; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; 174-11243-340-73.

Hydroelectric potential, low head; Oregon; Energy; 121-1 1046- 340-52.

323
Hydroelectric potential survey; Hydroelectric power, low head;

Pacific Northwest region; Power plants, hydroelectric; 057- 10911-340-52.

Hydroelectric potential survey; Pacific Northwest; Energy; 157- 11176-340-52.

Hydroelectric power; Irrigation water; Mathematical model;

River basin simulation model; Aswan Dam operational study; Flood control; 081-10969-350-56.

Hydroelectric power integration; Water resource system management; 149-09921-800-33.

Hydroelectric power inventory; New York State; Energy; 707- 11063-340-60.

Hydroelectric jxtwer, low head; Pacific Northwest region; Power plants, hydroelectric; Hydroelectric potential survey; 057-10911-340-52.

Hydroelectric power potential; Utah; Energy; 152-1 1597-340-

73. Hydroelectric structures; Hydropower, low head; Flow passage

design standardization; 321-1 1446-340-52.

Hydrofoil deflector; Oil spills, diversion; 413-09548-870-90.

Hydrofoil, flat plate; Hydrofoil, submerged; Resistance wavemaking; Drag; 333-1 1479-530-22.

Hydrofoil flutter; Hydrofoils, supercavitating; 014-10822-530-

21. Hydrofoil, submerged; Resistance wavemaking; Drag;

Hydrofoil, flat plate; 333-1 1479-530-22.

Hydrofoils; Noise; Scaling; Cavitation; Cavitation noise; 125- 11048-230-22.

Hydrofoils; Numerical methods; Cavity flows; Finite element method; 144-10411-530-21.

Hydrofoils, supercavitating; Hydrofoil flutter; 014-10822-530-

21. Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic

volume measurements; Flowmeters; 315-10793-750-00.

Hydrogeologic systems; Mathematical models; 322-10695-860-

00. Hydrogeologic systems; Mathematical models; Porous media

flow; Aquifers, fractured; Geothermal reservoir simulation; Groundwater flow; 322-1 1 463-390-00. Hydrogeology; Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater; 095-10066-300-33. Hydrograph controlled release; Lagoon effluents; Runoff,

stochastic analysis; Stochastic streamflow; Wastewater treat- ment; 093-1 1714-870-33. Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chin- coteague Bay; Computer model; 153-09882-400-60. Hydrographic survey systems; Sedimentation; Shoals; 314-

11522-700-00.

Hydrographs; Drought flows; Finger Lakes region; 038-10879-

300-00. Hydrographs; Illinois streams; River flow; Storage coefficients; Concentration time; 322-1 1457-300-60. Hydrographs; Numerical model; Runoff; Watershed geometry

effects; 303-07001-810-05.

Hydrographs; Ozark section; 098-08864-810-00.

Hydrographs; Precipitation input, maximum; Watershed

response, maximum; Canadian watersheds; Discharge, ex- treme; 402-1 1286-810-00. Hydrographs; Runoff determination; Urban hydrology; 002- 0415W-810-33.

Hydrolic model; Lake circulation; Lake Pontchartrain; Numerical model; Surge; Hurricane barrier; 314-1 1541-440-13.

Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; 302-09286-

810-00. Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspiration; 303-09316-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; 301-09276-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; Overland flow; Watershed response; 129- 07585-810-33.

Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds,

agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; 300-09272-810-00.

Hydrologic analysis; St. Maries River, Idaho; Basin characteristics analysis; Geomorphology; Hydraulic analysis; 157- 11181-300-00.

Hydrologic data; Utah; Data bank; 152-1 1577-810-60. Hydrologic design; Climate change impact; Hurst phenomenon;

159-11 195-810-00. Hydrologic design; Probability theory; Engineering uncertainties; Hydraulic design, reliability based; 061-1 1508-390-00. Hydrologic estimation; Geomorphology; 081-09819-810-54.

Hydrologic events; Flood probability; Floods, extreme; 159- 10189-810-00.

Hydrologic model; Land management practices effect; Mathematical model; Sediment detachment; Sediment load; Sedi- ment transport; Soil loss; Erosion; 154-1 1 170-830-33. Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Soil water; Drain tub- ing evaluation; 058-08682-820-00.

Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Urban stormwater; 149-1 1 128-810-13. Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Pollution load; Rouge

River, Detroit; Runoff; Southeast Michigan; 163-1 1 2 1 2-810-

68. Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Remote sensing; Runoff;

Soil loss; Water loss; Watershed, agricultural; 168-11220-

810-50. Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; 317-10670-810-00.

Hydrologic model; Satellite data calibration; Snowmelt model;

Solar radiation; 022-11721-810-50.

Hydrologic model; Streamflow; Watershed monitoring; Flow

prediction; Groundwater; 1 68-1 1 2 19-8 10-70. Hydrologic model evaluation; Mathematical model; Runoff; Urban streamflow; Data requirements; Drainage system

design; Drainage, urban; 1 59-1 1 194-81 0-33

.

Hydrologic modeling; Lagoons; Land treatment systems; Mathematical model; Wastewater treatment; Evaporation; 071-1 1702-870-33. Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical modeling; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil sampling data; Streamflow; Watershed runoff;

Finite element model; 1 54-1 1 169-810-05. Hydrologic modeling; Runoff urban; Stochastic hydrology; Urban drainage design; 061-11503-870-00.

Hydrologic models; Risk analysis; Stochastic analysis; Watershed systems; 06 1 -1 1 504-810-00.

Hydrologic models; Semiarid regions; 06 1 -1 1 505-810-00. Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; Computer models; 302-10638-810-00.

Hydrologic network design; Power plant siting; Regionalized

variable theory; Water quality sampling; Environmental impact; 159-1 1 198-810-55. Hydrologic parameters; Probability density distribution; Urbjm

stormwater managememt; 081-10976-810-54.

Hydrologic simulation model; Statistical hydrology; 098-08867-

810-00. Hydrologic systems management; Salinity; Sediment loads; Water quality; Water supply quantities; Coal mining activities; 152-11560-810-33.

Hydrology; Interflow model; Mathematical model; Watershed

response; 402-1 1287-8 10-00. Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; 301-10622-810-00.

Hydrology; Mathematical model; Flood discharges, wetlands; 107-09950-810-00.

Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface mining; Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage; 306-09333-890-00. 324
Hydrology; Mining efifects; Runoff; Surface mining; Suspended

solids; Water quality; Watersheds, reclaimed; 300-1 1392-8 10- 34. Hydrology; Minnesota; Watershed management research; Watersheds, forested; 305-1 1423-810-00.

Hydrology; Runoff; Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; 303-10623-810-00.

Hydrology; Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; 426-10332-810-90.

Hydrology; Sediment transport; Vedder River, Canada; Flood

control measures; Fluvial geomorphology; 433-1 1 386-340-75

.

Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; 149-09922-810-07.

Hydrology; Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting; 405-10234-810-96.

Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water

yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; 308-

04996-810-00.

Hydrology; Stochastic hydrology; Channel networks; 066- 0736 7-810-20. Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; 152-10159-860-60.

Hydrology, forest; Logging effects; Sediment yield; California

forests; Erosion; Floods; 308-04998-810-00.

Hydrology, subsurface; Mathematical model; Watershed management; 143-08979-810-54.

Hydrology, urban; Pollutants, organic; 063-10564-870-00.

Hydrology, urban; Urbanization effects; Water resources

systems; Drainage, urban; 151-11141-810-33.

Hydroplaning; Highway pavement design; 1 47-09054-3 70-47

.

Hydropower development; Energy; Geothermal development;

1 52-0425 W-800-00. Hydropower, low head; Flow passage design standardization; Hydroelectric structures; 32 1 -1 1446-340-52. Hydropower potential, national assessment; Energy; 149-1 1 130- 340-10. Hydro-thermal combined generation; Random integral equation model; Reservoir thermal effects; Stream temperature modeling; Water temperature; 3 1 9-1 1 443-340-00. Hydrothermal model; Power plant, pumped storage; Reservoir

stratification; Turbidity; 174-1 1249-340-60. Hydrothermal-biochemical coupling; Lake water quality; Mathematical models; Wind mixing; Eutrophication models; 081-10959-870-00.

Hyetographs; Storm drainage; Urban highways; Design rain- storms; Highway drainage; 06 1 -1 1 501 -81 0-47. I-beams; Immersed bodies; Transient loads; Accelerated flow; Cylinders; Drag; 1 42-1 1081 -030-70.

Ice and trash chute; Bonneville second powerhouse; Hydraulic model; 3 1 3-1 1438-340-1 3

.

Ice breakup; Alberta ice jams; 401-10762-300-96.

Ice breakup; Probability analysis; Floods; 401-10767-300-96.

Ice breakup water levels; River ice; Water level; Alberta; 402-

1 1281-300-99.

Ice, broken; Ice motion; Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; Harbor model; Hydraulic model; 4 1 3-1 1 68 1 -470-90.

Ice concentration instrument; Ice, frazil; 407-10299-700-00.

Ice conditions; Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; 413-10265-340-73.

Ice conditions; Mississippi River, St. Louis district; Navigable

channel maintenance; Potamology; 098-1 101 0-300-1 3

.

Ice conditions; River flow distribution; River ice effects; St. Lawrence River, Ogden Island; 031-10859-300-15.

Ice cover; Ice roughness effect; Spillway calibration; 423-

11694-350-10.

Ice cover; Jet, submerged; Thermal discharge model; Cooling

water discharge; Heat transfer; Hydraulic model; 400-1 1269-

340-70.

Ice cover; Lakes; Snow cover; Biological effects; 431-10619-

440-90.

Ice cover; Oil spill recovery; River ice; 407-10302-870-99.

Ice cover; River flow; Friction coefficient; 407-09515-300-00.

Ice cover effect; La Grande River, Canada; Power plant construction; Salt water intrusion; Diversion tunnel closure ef- fect; Estuary; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1673-060-73.

Ice cover effect; River flow; River ice; Dispersion; 407-1 1 309-

300-00.

Ice cover formation mechanics; Intake, municipal water supply; Mathematical model; Nelson River, Canada; Recreation, winter ice; River ice; 4 1 3-1 1 669-300-73

.

Ice dam; Ice, underhanging; Ship passage effects; 407-10300-

330-00.

Ice dissipation; Ice transport; Lake ice; Wave effects; Wind effects; Great Lakes; 109-1 1030-440-44.

Ice effects; Intakes; Trashracks; Water resource projects; 321-

09384-390-00.

Ice effects; Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; 031-09981-

020-00.

Ice entrainment; Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Canal; Control structure; Hydraulic model; 4 1 3-1 1 685-340-73

.

Ice force measurement; Yukon River bridge; Bridges; 004- 10803-390-15.

Ice forces; Bridge piers; 401-07886-370-96.

Ice formation; Ice, frazil; Wave effects; 407-09517-390-00.

Ice formation; Oil pipeline start-up; Pipelines, submarine; Arctic waters; Gas pipelines; Heat transfer; 428-1 1 362-370-90.

Ice, frazil; Ice concentration instrument; 407-10299-700-00.

Ice, frazil; Lakes; River ice; Frazil ice formation factors; 004-

10801-390-00.

Ice, frazil; River ice; 401-10766-300-96.

Ice, frazil; Wave effects; Ice formation; 407-09517-390-00.

Ice handling facilities; Power plant, hydroelectric; Approach

channel; Head race model; Hydraulic model; 400-1 1 267-340-

73.

Ice Harbor Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse

skeleton model; 313-08445-350-13.

Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09341-350-13.

Ice Harbor Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10661-350-13.

Ice jam; Intake, service water; Mathematical model; Power

plant nuclear; 4 1 3-1 1654-340-73

.

Ice jam failure; Ice jam formation; River ice; Surges; Water

level; 402-1 1280-300-90.

Ice jam formation; River ice: Surges; Water level; Ice jam

failure; 402-1 1 280-300-90.

Ice jam mechanics; River ice; 031-10858-300-15.

Ice jam potential; Intake, service water; Power plant nuclear; River ice; 413-1 1661-340-73.

Ice jam potential; Power plant, nuclear; River ice; Cooling

water; 413-1 1662-340-73.

Ice jams; River crossing, lower level; Culverts; 425-1 1357-370-

90.

Ice jams; River ice; Salmon River; Flood risks; 407-10304-300-

90.

Ice load field measurements; Bridge piers; 402-1 1284-370-96.

Ice management; Bridport Inlet, Canada; 400-1 1 268-390-70.

Ice melting; Mass transfer; Heat transfer; 417-10310-140-90.

Ice motion; Gros Cacouna Harbor, Canada; Harbor model;

Hydraulic model; Ice. broken; 4 1 3-1 168 1 -470-90.

Ice movement; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Oil spill trajectories; Tides; Bering Sea; Circulation, ocean; 132- 11065-450-44.

Ice problems; Alaska; Hydroelectric development; 004-10802-

340-00.

Ice roughness effect; Spillway calibration; Ice cover; 423-

11694-350-10.

Ice sheets; Load bearing capacity; Creep; Failure; Floating ice; 401-1 1279-390-96.

Ice thickness measurements; River ice; 401-10761-300-96.

325
Ice transport; Lake ice; Wave effects; Wind effects; Great

Lakes; Ice dissipation; 109-1 1030-440-44.

Ice, underhanging; Ship passage effects; Ice dam; 407-10300-

330-00.

Ice-oil boom. Oil spill containment; 407-10298-870-00.

Idaho; Piezometric head; Road construction effects; Groundwater; 304-10645-820-00.

Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; 304-09324-830-00.

Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; 304-09325-810-00.

Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; 304-09326-810-00.

Idaho watersheds; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment production; Streamflow; Water chemistry; 304-

11422-810-00.

Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt; Soil erosion; Computer model; 057-09852-830-61.

Illinois streams; River flow; Storage coefficients; Concentration

time; Hydrographs; 322-1 1457-300-60. Immersed bodies; Light water reactors; Unsteady flow; Vibrations, flow-induced; Buffeting; Cylinders; 047-10898-030-52. Immersed bodies; Oscillations, streamwise; Reynolds number,

critical range; Vortex shedding; Wakes; Boundary layer reat- tachment; Cylinders, circular; 429-1 1 366-030-90. Immersed bodies; Pipes, curved; Body forces; Buoyancy effects; Centrifugal force effects; Convection; Heat transfer; 062- 10918-000-00. Immersed bodies; Pressure distributions; Turbulence effects; Vibration; Angular bodies; Buildings; H-sections; 157-1 1 174- 030-54. Immersed bodies; Pressure transducer development; Wall pres- sure fluctuations; Cylinders, aligned with flow; 085-10992-

030-20. Immersed bodies; Spheres; Unsteady flow; Drag; Droplet motion, N-waves; 135-11071-030-54. Immersed bodies; Transient loads; Accelerated flow; Cylinders; Drag; I-beams; 142-1 1081-030-70. Immersed bodies, prismatic; Pressure distribution; Turbulence

effect; Buildings; Comer rounding; 1 57-1 1 1 77-030-54. Immersed structures; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuations; Roughness effect; Wind load; Boundary layer; Cooling

towers; Cylinders; 145-11102-030-54. Impact erosion; Materials testing; Cavitation erosion; 088- 08123-230-70.

Imperial Valley; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation water management; 303-1 1417-840-88. Impoundment basins; Runoff control; Soil loss; Watersheds,

cropland; Watersheds, irregular topography; Erosion control; 300-11397-830-00.

Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively

started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; 434-07995-030-90.

Inclinded fluid layer; Stability; Stratified flow; Thermal dispersion; Convection, double-diffusive; 135-10127-020-54.

Inclined inflow effect; Lifting surface theory; Propellers, marine; Blade loading distribution; Computer code; 146- 11103-550-21.

Index construction; Social criteria; Watershed management,

high mountain; Water use; Economic criteria; Environmental

criteria; 152-11572-800-33.

Inducers; Propulsion; Axial flow inducers; 122-10043-550-50

Industrial melts; Laminar flow; Open channel flow; 429-1 1364-

200-90.

Industrial wastes; Wastewater treatment; Copper removal; 031-

10861-870-82.

Inertial damping; Spherical shells; Submerged structures; Dynamic response; 035-1 1630-240-00.

Infill rate. Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; Dredged borrow pit migration; Eraser River; 433-

11388-220-90.

Infiltration; Kansas; Rainfall simulator; Conservation practice

effects; 071-1 1703-810-00.

Infiltration; Runoff; Grazing effects; 152-10167-810-33.

Infiltration; Soil layering effect; Soil moisture; 139-1 1074-8 10- 00.

Infiltration control; Infiltrometers; Water use efficiency; 303-

10627-810-00.

Infiltration effect; Iowa watersheds; Missouri watersheds; Overland flow; Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, loessial; 300-

11399-810-00.

Infiltration estimations; Sorptivity; 1 52-04 18W-8 10-00.

Infiltration, from point source; Irrigation, trickle; Soil water

flow models; 008-10809-840-00.

Infiltration measurements; Nutrient transport; Salt marsh

ecosystem; 081-10957-880-00.

Infiltration measurements; Raindrop characteristics effects; Salt pollution; Soil characteristics effects; Colorado River basin; 152-1 1566-870-33.

Infiltrometers; Water use efficiency; Infiltration control; 303- 10627-810-00.

Inflow probability; Network flow; Water demand uncertainty; Water resources planning; Water supply uncertainty; Flow

distribution optimization; 148-1 1 151-860-33.

Infrared imagery; Remote sensing; Water table detection; Water table, perched; Groundwater; 023-10843-860-33.

Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; Remote sensing; Water

temperature; 107-09948-870-60.

Infrared techniques; Microwave techniques; Remote sensing;

Soil moisture determination; 023-10839-820-88.

Injection system investigations; Mixing; Pipe flow; Dilution methods; Discharge measurement; 061-11517-210-33.

Inlet capacity; Drainage, highway; Highways; 407-1 1 3 1 1 -370-

90.

Inlet geometry; Settling basins; 1 57-1 1 1 83-870-00.

Inlet hydraulics; Inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; 312-09751-410-

00.

Inlet hydraulics; Numerical model; Roughness; Tidal inlet field measurements; Coastal inlets; 312-11441-410-00.

Inlet stability; Inlets, coastal; Inlet hydraulics; 312-09751-410-

00.

Inlet stability; Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; 159-10182-410-00.

Inlet velocity distortion; Rotor response; 125-08924-550-22.

Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; Inlets; 145- 00111-350-05.

Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence; Velocity dis- tribution; Condenser wear potential; Flow patterns; Head

loss; Hydraulic model; 174-11256-340-73.

Inlets; Inlet vortex; Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; 145- 00111-350-05.

Inlets; Numerical model; Viscous-inviscid interactions; Aircraft, high speed; 135-11070-540-27.

Inlets; Outlets; Sediment removal efficiency; Sedimentation

basins; Water treatment; Baffle configurations; Hydraulic per- formance; 422-11355-870-90.

Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; 300-01723-350-00.

Inlets; Vibrations, flow induced; Drop inlets; 145-10592-350-

05.

Inlets, coastal; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; Numerical

models; Sills; Stratified flow; Tidal flow over sills; 412-11322-

410-00.

Inlets, coastal; Inlet hydraulics; Inlet stability; 312-09751-410-

00.

Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; 159-10182-410-00.

326
Inlets, coastal; LittoraJ drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment;

Eductors; 314-10749-410-00.

Inlets, coastal; Sediment budget; Salmon River inlet; 109- 09970-410-44.

Inlets, geometry effects; Inlets, vertical flared; Service reservoir

inlets; Hydraulic performance; 422-09583-390-00.

Inlets, tidal; Numerical model; Runoff effects; Salinity response;

Tidal range effect; Data compilation; Great South Bay, New

York; Hydraulic data; 1 07-1 1 062-450-65

.

Inlets, vertical flared; Service reservoir inlets; Hydraulic per- formance; Inlets, geometry effects; 422-09583-390-00.

Insects, stream; Streamflow data; Clearwater River; 057-09848-

880-33.

Institutional impediments; Water supply system improvements; Water use efficiency; Weber River basin; 152-11578-860-60.

Instrument development loop; Test facility; Two-phase flow;

1 15-1 1266-720-55.

Instrumentation; Microcomputer applications; Hydraulic

models; Hydraulic testing; 402-1 1295-700-00.

Instrumentation; Oceanic thermal fronts; Thermal scanner

design; I 7 1 -1 1 233-700-20.

Instrumentation development; Mass flow; Pipe flow; Two-phase

flow; Air-water flow; Flow measurement; 1 52-1 1 589-1 30-82

.

Instrumentation development; Nearshore physical processes; Sensor array; Transport processes; Coastal zone; Field study;

1 12-1 1039-410-44.

Instrumentation development; Pump efficiency monitor; 152- 11599-630-05.

Instrumentation program; Reactor safety research; Two-phase

flow; Flow measurement; 1 15-11265-130-55.

Intake; Lake, nearshore mixing; Outfall; Surface discharge; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow, once-through;

Hydraulic model; 42 1 -1 1 343-340-00.

Intake; Power plant; Sediment exclusion; Hydraulic model; 413-

11656-340-73.

Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Sediment exclusion; Spill- way gates; Diversion weir; Hydraulic model; 4 1 3-11 658-340-

87.

Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; Canal; Control structure; Hydraulic model; Ice entrainment; 4 1 3-1 1 685-340-73

.

Intake; Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model, 321-10675-350-00.

Intake biological performance; Intake structure design; Power

plants; 107-09949-340-60.

Intake design; Manifold; Power plant; Computer model; Cooling water intake; Fish screens; Hydraulic model; 145-11096-

340-70.

Intake design; Power plant; Velocity distribution; Vortices; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; 421-1 1344-340-00.

Intake design; Power plants; Cooling water intakes; 421-09581-

340-00.

Intake forebay; Power plant; Sedimentation; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; 1 74-1 1 244-340-73

.

Intake models; Outlet works model; Dworshak Dam; 313-

05315-350-00.

Intake, municipal water supply; Mathematical model; Nelson

River, Canada; Recreation, winter ice; River ice; Ice cover

formation mechanics; 4 1 3-1 1 669-300-73

.

Intake, pump; Power plant; Vortices; Dilution water pump in- take; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; 1 74-1 1 238-340-75

.

Intake, pump; Pump bays; Flow distribution; Hydraulic model;

400-1 1275-390-75.

Intake, pump; Pump bays; Vortices; Approach channel; Forebay; Hydraulic model; 400-11 270-390-73

.

Intake, river bed; Irrigation pumping plant; Filter bed; 321-

11452-840-00.

Intake, service water; Mathematical model; Power plant

nuclear; Ice jam; 4 1 3-1 1 654-340-73

.

Intake, service water; Power plant; Pump sumps, sediment

removal; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1655-340-73.

Intake, service water; Power plant nuclear; River ice; Ice jam

potential; 413-1 1661-340-73.

Intake structure; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Velocity distributions; Vibrations; Vortices; 174-11242-340-73.

Intake structure; Power plant; Wave impact forces; 433-11389-

430-70.

Intake structure design; Power plants; Intake biological per- formance; 107-09949-340-60.

Intake structures; Seawater intake facilities; Hydraulic model; 433-11390-390-75.

Intake sump; Power plant; Pump approach flows; Cooling tower

basin; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1676-340-73.

Intake tunnel; Power plant; Velocity distributions; Cooling

water; Fish protection facilities; Forebay; Hydraulic model; 421-11338-340-00.

Intake tunnel; Power plant, hydroelectric; Rock plug blast; Dam; Hydraulic model; 413-11677-35 0-73.

Intake, water supply; Montreal; Flow distribution; Hydraulic model; 4 1 3-1 1 683-860-97.

Intakes; Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 421-10325-340-00.

Intakes; Power plant; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 335-10738-850-00.

Intakes; Power plant; Sump-pump arrangement; Cooling water

intakes; HydrauHc model; 145-1 1 098-340-75

.

Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortices; Diversion; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1659-340-87.

Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Vortices; Forebay; Hydraulic model; 413-11672-3 40-73.

Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 335-10737-850-00.

Intakes; Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; 335-10775-850-00.

Intakes; Power plants; Screens; Cooling water intakes; Fish barrier evaluations; 174-1 1248-850-70.

Intakes; Screen plugging tests; 400-1 1486-350-00.

Intakes; Trashracks; Water resource projects; Ice effects; 321-

09384-390-00.

Intakes; Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; 421-10318^20-00.

Interfacial friction; Mixing; Stratified turbulent shear flow; 015- 11617-060-54.

Interfacial pressure forces; Bubbly flow; Nuclear reactor sstfety; Numerical model; Two-phase flow; 069-10933-130-82.

Interfacial stability; Mass transfer; Bubble dynamics; Heat

transfer; 01 1-10814-190-52.

Interflow model; Mathematical model; Watershed response; Hydrology; 402-11287-810-00.

Interlaboratory tests; Measurement assurance; Flowmeters; 315-

10791-700-00.

Internal combustion engine; Numerical model; Stratified charge

engine; Combustion chamber; 075-10827-690-52.

Internal wave breaking; Internal wave interaction; Shear flow;

Stratified shear flow; Waves, internal; Boundary layer; Ekman layer; 162-07779-060-26.

Internal wave interaction; Shear flow; Stratified shear flow; Waves, internal; Boundary layer; Ekman layer; Internal wave

breaking; 162-07779-060-26.

Internal waves; Mixing; Quebec estuaries; Circulation; Estuary,

field measurements; 4 1 6-1 1 607-400-90

.

Internal waves; Mixing; Turbulence; Estuaries, stratified; Fjords; 162-1 1207-400-54.

Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; 315-07243-060-20.

Internal waves, in shear flows; Turbulence interactions; Turbulent shear flow; Waves, interfacial; 012-10816-020-54.

Intervention analysis; Environmental impact assessment; 159- 11200-740-55.

327
Invertebrate indicators; River flow regulation; Ecological

resilience; 057-10912-880-33.

Iowa drainage districts; Nitrogen fertilizer effect; Soil bulk density; Water resource development; Crop sequence effects; Drainage improvement; 067-10928-810-00.

Iowa watersheds; Missouri watersheds; Overland flow; Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, loessial; Infiltration effect; 300-

11399-810-00.

Iron effects; Lake water quality; Manganese effects; Adiron- dack lakes; Algal growth; 031-10865-870-00.

Irrigated land inventory; Landsat data; Remote sensing; California; 023-10836-710-60.

Irrigated lands; Sediment loss; Tailwater control, buried pipe; Erosion control; 303-1 14 1 5-830-00.

Irrigation; Numerical model; Drainage, subsurface; Drain in- vestment criteria; Finite element model; 019-11 55 1 -840-00.

Irrigation; Power plants; Thermal effluent; 152-10169-840-33.

Irrigation; Salinity control; Tulare Lake Basin, California; Drainage; 019-1 1 549-840-60.

Irrigation; Sewage disposal; Forest lands; 305-09332-870-00.

Irrigation; Water transmission losses; Floodwater retarding

reservoirs; 302-10639-860-00.

Irrigation advance and recession modeling; Border irrigation hydrodynamics; Computer model; 303-1 1418-840-00.

Irrigation automation; Irrigation, surface; 303-05209-840-00.

Irrigation, automation; Irrigation, demonstration system; Energy

efficient irrigation systems; 303-1 1413-840-00.

Irrigation automation; U.S. -U.S. SR. research cooperation; Water resources construction; Water resources management; Water resources technology; 149-1 1 134-800-54.

Irrigation, border and forrow; Irrigation hydraulics; Furrow

hydraulics; 008-10807-840-05.

Irrigation canal intake; Fish barriers; Fishery investigations; 158-1 1210-850-31.

Irrigation channels; Porous medium flow theory; Seepage, from

channels; Free boundary problem; 024-10844-070-00.

Irrigation demand, Texas; Irrigation economics; 148-Q390W840-33.

Irrigation, demonstration system; Energy efficient irrigation systems; Irrigation, automation; iOJ-/ /4;i-«40-00.

Irrigation economics; Irrigation demand, Texas; 148-0390W840-33.

Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation system design optimization; Ir- rigation water management; Snake River basin; Water costs; Energy conservation; 057-10899-840-31.

Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation water management; Imperial

Valley; 303-1 1 4 1 7-840-88.

Irrigation efficiency maximization; Irrigation system design;

1 48-0397 W-840-33.

Irrigation, high-frequency; Irrigation, sprinkler; Irrigation,

trickle; Plant nutrient requirements; Water quality; Energy

conservation; 148-1 1 147-840-33.

Irrigation hydraulics; Furrow hydraulics; Irrigation, border and

forrow; 008-10807-840-05.

Irrigation hydraulics; Kinematic modeling; Mathematical

models; Rainfall, stochastic models; Runoff, surface; 093-

11716-810-54.

Irrigation level effect; Irrigation water management; Drainage,

agricultural; Drainage quality; Drainage quantity; Drainage,

subsurface; 102-1 1018-840-00.

Irrigation limitation; Salinity stress; Crop production prediction; Drought stress; 152-1 1567-840-33.

Irrigation management; Colorado River upper basin; 152- 0419W-840-00.

Irrigation management; Irrigation model; Irrigation schedule optimization; 019-1 1555-840-00.

Irrigation management; Irrigation return flow; Salinity; 152- 0423W-840-00.

Irrigation model; Irrigation schedule optimization; Irrigation management; 019-1 1 555-840-00.

Irrigation, new technology evaluation; Texas irrigation; Economic studies; 148-1 1 150-840-33.

Irrigation planning; Nile River Delta; Water master plan; 081- 10967-840-56.

Irrigation practices effects; Salt outflow; Drainage water quality; 303-1 1414-840-00.

Irrigation pumping plant; Filter bed; Intake, river bed; 321- 11452-840-00.

Irrigation return flow; Salinity; Irrigation management; 152- 0423W-840-00.

Irrigation return flows; Water quality improvement methods; 057-09853-840-36.

Irrigation schedule optimization; Irrigation management; Irriga- tion model; 019-1 1555-840-00.

Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; Wastewater

treatment; 152-10166-870-33.

Irrigation, sprinkler; Irrigation, trickle; Plant nutrient require- ments; Water quality; Energy conservation; Irrigation, high- frequency; 148-1 1 147-840-33.

Irrigation, sprinkler; Sprinkler system automation; Water

utilization; Energy conservation; 148-1 1 149-840-33

.

Irrigation, surface; Irrigation automation; 303-05209-840-00.

Irrigation, surface; Runoff, surface; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Analytical solutions; Free boundary problems; 093- 11717-810-54.

Irrigation system control; Water level sensors; Computer simulation; 018-10126-840-31.

Irrigation system design. Irrigation efficiency maximization; 148-0397 W-840-33.

Irrigation system design optimization; Irrigation water management; Snake River basin; Water costs; Energy conservation;

Irrigation efficiency; 05 7-10899-840-3 1

.

Irrigation systems; Agricultural chemical application; 057- 09850-840-82.

Irrigation systems; Pump irrigation system design; Energy conservation; Head losses; 099-1 1017-840-00.

Irrigation systems, on-line control; 081-10978-840-00.

Irrigation systems, supplemental; Kansas; Mathematical model;

Reservoirs, farm; Sub-humid regions; 071-1 1704-840-33.

Irrigation, Texas; Energy shortage impact; 148-0393 W-840-33.

Irrigation, trickle; Plant nutrient requirements; Water quality; Energy conservation; Irrigation, high-frequency; Irrigation, sprinkler; 148-11147-840-33.

Irrigation, trickle; Soil water flow models; Infiltration, from

point source; 008-10809-840-00.

Irrigation water; Mathematical model; River basin simulation model; Aswan Dam operational study; Flood control; Hydroelectric power; 081-10969-350-56.

Irrigation water; Salinity control; Calcium carbonate precipitation; Colorado River basin; 152-1 1558-860-33.

Irrigation water management; Drainage, agricultural; Drainage

quality; Drainage quantity; Drainage, subsurface; Irrigation

level effect; 1 02-1 101 8-840-00.

Irrigation water management; Imperial Valley; Irrigation effi- ciency; 303-11417-840-88.

Irrigation water management; Snake River basin; Water costs; Energy conservation; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation system

design optimization; 05 7-10899-840-3 1

.

Island protection; Erosion, coastal; 109-09966-410-44.

Island spacing effects; Wave and current effects; Dredged

material islands; Erosion; Hydraulic model; 147-1 1 109-410-

44. James Bay project; Control structure; Hydraulic model; 413- 10258-350-73. James Bay project; Spillway; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 413-10257-350-73. James Bay project; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 413-10251-350-

73. James River; Nitrogen model; Non-point sources; Salt marshes; 153-11164-870-60. 328
James River estuary; Kepone transport model; Pollution; Contaminant transport; 153-1 1 161-870-60. James River model; Bridge-tunnel effects; Hampton Roads; Highway bridge; Hydraulic model; 153-1 1 157-370-60. James River tidal model; Mathematical model; Water quality; BiogeochemicaJ model; Circulation; Finite-element model;

153-11158-400-68.

Jet, atomized; Shock wave effects; Droplets; 426-07895-130-00.

Jet, breakup; Jets, in airflow; Jeu, water; Sprays; Water sheets; Atomization; Drop sizes; 325-1 1470-130-00.

Jet, capillary; Jet instability; Numerical solution; 065-10926-

050-00.

Jet deflection on surfaces; Jet impingement; Jets, axisymmetric;

Jets, two-dimensional; Numerical model; Finite element

model; 049-1 1641-050-00.

Jet discharge; Stratified environment; Temperature distribution; Thermal discharge; Turbulence intensity; Velocity distribution; 104-08164-870-00.

Jet discharge angle; Jets, buoyant; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water

discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; 421-1 1347-

050-00.

Jet discharges; Pollution control; Bubble screens; 061-11512-

870-54.

Jet engine nacelle; Numerical solution; Step, backward facing; Transonic flow; Boattail flow; 062-10917-090-50.

Jet entrainment; Mathematical model; Power plants, pumped

storage; Pumped storage reservoir; Reservoir, stratified; Ther- mal model; 049-1 1650-340-10.

Jet impingement; Heat transfer; 007-09931-140-50.

Jet impingement; Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, two-dimensional; Numerical model; Finite element model; Jet deflection on sur- faces; 049-1 1641-050-00.

Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; Turbulence; 428-06950-050-00.

Jet impingement; Rotating surfaces; Heat transfer; 007-09932-

050-70.

Jet impingement on screens; Jets, liquid; Mathematical model; 142-10355-050-50.

Jet, impinging; Jet spread; Pressure distribution; Temperature

distribution; Velocity distribution; Air entrainment; Heat

transfer; 044-1 1497-050-22

.

Jet instability; Numerical solution; Jet, capillary; 065-10926-

050-00.

Jet integral model; Near field model; Thermal discharge; Water

quality; 1 38-1 1 7 1 9-860-26.

Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; 096-09831-050-54.

Jet pump injector model; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal slur- ry pipeline; 064-10613-260-34.

Jet spread; Pressure distribution; Temperature distribution; Velocity distribution; Air entrainment; Heat transfer; Jet, impinging; 044-1 1497-050-22

.

Jet stability; Vibration effects; Jets, annular; Jets, liquid; Jets, plane; 020-10835-050-88.

Jet, submerged; Thermal discharge model; Cooling water

discharge; Heat transfer; Hydraulic model; Ice cover; 400-

11269-340-70.

Jet, wall; Tailwater depth effect; Channel width effect; Culverts; Erosion; 402-/ 7299-220-90.

Jets; Polymer additives; Cavitation; Flow visualization; 329-

10774-050-20.

Jets; Setlmon stream restoration; Fish habitats; Gravel cleaning methods; 157-11179-850-60.

Jets; Sound radiation; Turbulence structure; Acoustic field; 145-11101-050-26

Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes;

Boundary layer, turbulent; 429-07903-020-90.

Jets, annular; Jets, liquid; Jets, plane; Jet stability; Vibration effects; 020-10835-050-88.

Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, impinging; Jets, planar; Oscillations; Wakes; Free shear layers; 074-10938-050-54.

Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, two-dimensional; Numerical model;

Finite element model; Jet deflection on surfaces; Jet impinge- ment; 049-1 1641-050-00.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross-flow effects; Mixing; Plumes; Pollutant

transport; Thermal discharges; Turbulent stratified shear

flows; Buoyant discharges; 415-1 1612-870-90.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effect; Jets, three-dimensional; Thermal discharge; Buoyant surface discharges; Dispersion; Numerical model; 432-1 1373-050-73.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effects; Numerical models; Buoyant surface discharges; Finite difference methods; 432-

11375-050-73.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, spreading; Jets, surface; 015-1 1616-050-54.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, turbulent; Turbulent entrainment; 015-

11619-050-54.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, turbulent; Stratification effects; Crossflow

effects; 015-11620-050-54.

lets, buoyemt; Jets, two-dimensional; Stratification effects; Crossflow effects; 087-1 1424-050-54.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, two-dimensional; Sloping bottom effects; Thermal discharges; 109-1 1029-050-00.

Jets, buoyant; Jets, vertical in crossflow; Mixing; Plumes,

spreading; Wastewater discharge; 038-10882-050-00.

lets, buoyant; Jets, wall; Outfalls; Dilution; 417-10305-050-90.

Jets, buoyant; Model laws, scaling; Distortion effect; 167- 11216-750-10.

Jets, buoyant; Outfall branch spacing effect; Submergence ef- fect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling

water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; 421-

1 1348-050-00.

Jets, buoyant; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jet discharge angle; 421-1 1347-050-

00.

Jets, circular; Jets in crossflow; Jets, wall; Diffusers; Erosion; 402-11300-220-90.

Jets, circular; Jets, intersecting; Velocity distribution measurements; 061-11515-050-00.

Jets, combusting; Jets, high-speed; Jets, two-phase; 142-09304-

050-15.

Jets, crossflow effect; Jets, three-dimensional; Thermal

discharge; Buoyant surface discharges; Dispersion; Numerical

model; Jets, buoyant; 432-1 1373-050-73.

Jets, cross-flow effects; Mixing; Plumes; Pollutant transport; Thermal discharges; Turbulent stratified shear flows; Buoyant

discharges; Jets, buoyant; 4 1 5-1 161 2-870-90.

Jets, crossflow effects; Numerical models; Buoyant surface

discharges; Finite difference methods; Jets, buoyant; 432-

11375-050-73.

Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon

streams; Jet mixing; 096-0983 1 -050-54

.

Jets, high-speed; Jets, two-phase; Jets, combusting; 142-09304-

050-15.

Jets, impinging; Jets, planar; Oscillations; Wakes; Free shear

layers; Jeu, axisymmetric; 074-10938-050-54.

Jets, in airflow; Jets, water; Sprays; Water sheets; Atomization; Drop sizes; Jet, breakup; 325-1 1470-1 30-00.

Jets in crossflow; Jets, wall; Diffusers; Erosion; Jets, circular; 402-11300-220-90.

Jets, intersecting; Velocity distribution measurements; Jets, cir- cular; 061-11515-050-00.

Jets, liquid; Jets, plane; Jet stability; Vibration effects; Jets, annular; 020-10835-050-88.

Jets, liquid; Mathematical model; Jet impingement on screens; 142-10355-050-50.

Jets, planar; Oscillations; Wakes; Free shear layers; Jets, ax- isymmetric; Jets, impinging; 074-10938-050-54.

329
Jets, plane; Jet stability; Vibration effects; Jets, annular; Jets, liquid; 020-10835-050-88.

Jets, rectangular; Jets, turbulent diffusion; Mathematical model; Momentum tIux measurements; Turbulence; 061-1 1514-050-

00.

Jets, spreading; Jets, surface; Jets, buoyant; 0 1 5-1 161 6-050-54

.

Jets, surface; Jets, buoyant; Jets, spreading; 01 5-1 1616-050-54.

Jets, three-dimensional; Thermal discharge; Buoyant surface

discharges; Dispersion; Numerical model; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effect; 432-1 1 373-050-73

.

Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; Turbulence; Jet impingement; 428-06950-050-00.

Jets, turbulent; Stratification effects; Crossflow effects; Jets, buoyant; 015-11620-050-54.

Jets, turbulent; Turbulent entrainment; Jets, buoyant; 015-

1 1619-050-54.

Jets, turbulent diffusion; Mathematical model; Momentum flux measurements; Turbulence; Jets, rectangular; 061-11514-

050-00.

Jets, two-dimensional; Numerical model; Finite element model;

Jet deflection on surfaces; Jet impingement; Jets, axisymmetric; 049-1 1641-050-00.

Jets, two-dimensional; Sloping bottom effects; Thermal

discharges; Jets, buoyant; 1 09-1 1 029-050-00.

Jets, two-dimensional; Stratification effects; Crossflow effects;

Jets, buoyant; 087-1 1424-050-54.

Jets, two-phase; Jets, combusting; Jets, high-speed; 142-09304-

050-15.

Jets, vertical in crossflow; Mixing; Plumes, spreading; Wastewater discharge; Jets, buoyant; 038-10882-050-00.

Jets, wall; Diffusers; Erosion; Jets, circular; Jets in crossflow; 402-1 1300-220-90.

Jets, wall; Outfalls; Dilution; Jets, buoyant; 417-10305-050-90.

Jets, water; Sprays; Water sheets; Atomization; Drop sizes; Jet, breakup; Jets, in airflow; 325-1 1470-130-00.

Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence;

Air entrainment; 329-09450-250-20.

Jetties; Rubble structure design criteria; Scour; Stability, armor

layer; Surf zone; Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble; 312-

11442-430-00.

Jetties; Sediment transport; Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; 312-

10656-430-00. John Day Dam; Fish ladder model; 313-071 14-850-13. John Day Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; 313-08446-350-13. John Day Dam; Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; 313-10662-350-13.

Junction effects; Roughness effects; Sewer hydraulics; Surcharge; Unsteady flow routing; 061 -1 1 5 1 0-870-00.

Junction manhole hydraulics; Sewer junctions; Sewers, storm; Energy losses; Hydraulic model; 422-09584-870-90. Kalman filtering theory; Open channel flow; Sediment trans- port; Stochastic hydraulics; 1 27-09845-200-00.

Kansas; Mathematical model; Reservoirs, farm; Sub-humid re- gions; Irrigation systems, supplemental; 071-1 1704-840-33.

Kansas; Rainfall simulator; Conservation practice effects; Infil- tration; 071-1 1703-810-00. Kepone transport model; Pollution; Contaminant transport; James River estuary; 1 53-1 1 161-870-60. Keweenaw current; Lake Superior; Current measurement; 171- 10029-440-54. Keweenaw waterway flow; Lake Superior; 17 1 -10034-330-10. Kinematic modeling; Mathematical models; Rainfall, stochastic models; Runoff, surface; Irrigation hydraulics; 093-1 17 16- 810-54. Kinematic wave approach; Mathematical model sensitivity; Numerical models; Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff, urban; Watershed runoff; 093-1 1715-810-33. Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; 321-10677-350-00.

Kosi project; Development projects; Environmental impact; 052-10903-880-80. Kpong project; Diversion; Hydraulic model; 400-10496-350-87. La Grande River, Canada; Power plant construction; Salt water

intrusion; Diversion tunnel closure effect; Estuary; Hydraulic model; Ice cover effect; 413-1 1673-060-73.

Laboratories; Coastal engineering field station; 312-10653-720-

00. Laboratory data; Sediment transport mechanics; Data bank; 015-11628-220-54.

Laboratory pond design; Mathematical model; Solar ponds; Heat collection; Heat withdrawal; 081-10958-690-00. Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; Irriga- tion, spray; 152-10166-870-33. Lagoon effluents; Runoff, stochastic analysis; Stochastic streamflow; Wastewater treatment; Hydrograph controlled release; 093-1 1714-870-33. Lagoons; Land treatment systems; Mathematical model; Wastewater treatment; Evaporation; Hydrologic modeling; 071- 11702-870-33.

Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; Algae cell separation; 152- 10157-870-36. Lagoons; Wastewater treatment; 314-10757-870-00. Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; 081- 09807-870-73. Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant

transport; Currents; 005-09778-440-52. Lake circulation; Lake Pontchartrain; Numerical model; Surge; Hurricane barrier; Hydrolic model; 314-11541-440-13. Lake circulation; Mathematical model; Great Salt Lake; 152- 0421W-440-00. Lake circulation; Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; 038-09940-440-54. Lake circulation; Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; 31 7-10668-440-00. Lake currents; Nearshore transport, wind-induced; Circulation; Drogue tracing; Dye tracing; 433-1 1384-440-90. Lake evaporation; Climatoligical estimates; Computer model;

Evaporation; Evapotranspiration, areal; 411-1 1314-810-00. Lake ice; Wave effects; Wind effects; Great Lakes; Ice dissipation; Ice transport; 109-1 1030-440-44. Lake Lyndon B. Johnson; Thermal discharge effects; Computer

models; Cooling water discharge effects; Ecological effects; 149-1 1 122-870-68. Lake Michigan; Coastal currents; Current measurements; 171- 10033-440-44. Lake Michigan; Coastal transport; Current measurement; Currents, coastal; 005-11431-410-88. Lake Michigan; Lake Ontario; Mathematical model; Phytoplankton dynamics; Eutrophication model; 077-10941-

870-36. Lake Michigan; Nearshore circulation; Numerical model; Wave-driven circulation; Circulation, wind-driven; Currents,

longshore; Field measurements; 005-1 1432-410-55. Lake Michigan; Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; 005-09778-440-52. Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; 005-09779-870-36. Lake Michigan; Toxic substance; Aquatic food chain; Great Lakes model; 077-10942-870-36. Lake Nasser; Nile River; Stochastic models; Streamflow; 081-

10977-300-56.

Lake, nearshore mixing; Outfall; Surface discharge; Thermal

discharge; Cooling water flow, once-through; Hydraulic model; Intake; 421-11343-340-00. Lake nutrient budget; Mass balance errors; Sample network

comparisons; First order analysis; 159-1 1201-740-54. Lake Ontario; Circulation; Currents, wind induced; Great

Lakes; 173-09224-440-44.
Lake Ontario; Lake to land comparison; Temperature; Wind;

Humidity; 403-1 1 303-480-00. Lake Ontario; Mathematical model; Phytoplankton dynamics;

Eutrophication model; Lake Michigan; 077-10941-870-36. Lake Ontario; Pollution; Remote sensing; Thermal discharge;

Circulation; Cooling water discharge; Erosion; Heat flux analysis; 322-1 1460-870-00. Lake Ontario regulation; Great Lakes water level; 109-09969-

440-44. Lake Pontchartrain; Numerical model; Surge; Hurricane barrier; Hydrolic model; Lake circulation; 3 14-1 1 54 1 -440-1 3

.

Lake protection; Land use regulation; 148-0392W-800-33

.

Lake response; Nutrient loadings; Phosphorus loading; Water

quahty; Eutrophication model; 081-10983-870-54. Lake stratification; Pumped storage development; Hydraulic model; 321-09380-340-00. Lake Superior; Circulation, lake; Currents; Drift bottles; 113- 06053^40-00.

Lake Superior; Current measurement; Keweenaw current; 171- 10029-440-54. Lake Superior; Keweenaw waterway flow; 171-10034-330-10. Lake Superior; Shore protection procedure evaluation; Erosion

protection monitoring; 1 68-1 1 226-4 10-36. Lake to land comparison; Temperature; Wind; Humidity; Lake

Ontario; 403-1 1 303-480-00. Lake trophic status; Adirondack lakes; Algal assays; Eutrophication; 031-10866-870-00. Lake water quality; Acid precipitation; Acid lake recovery; Adirondack lakes; Fly ash treatment; 031-10864-870-80. Lake water quality; Manganese effects; Adirondack lakes; Algal growth; Iron effects; 031-10865-870-00. Lake water quality; Mathematical models; Wind mixing; Eutrophication models; Hydrothermal-biochemical coupling; 081-10959-870-00.

Lakes; Mathematical model; Phosphorus loading; Adirondack

lakes; Eutrophication model; 031-10860-870-00.

Lakes; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Water quality; Biological model; Chemical-physical reactions; 149-1 1 126-860-60.

Lakes; Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water

systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; 322-10693-860-00.

Lakes; Oceans; Symposium proceedings; Transport processes;

1 1 1-1 1032-450-00.

Lakes; Precipitation; Remote sensing; Acid rain effects; Ecosystems; 025-10845-880-60.

Lakes; River ice; Frazil ice formation factors; Ice, frazil; 004-

10801-390-00.

Lakes; Snow cover; Biological effects; Ice cover; 431-10619-

440-90.

Lakes; Turbulence measurements; Heat transfer; 082-11708-

440-80.

Lakes, public access; Streams; Texas; 1 48-0398 W-880-33.

Lakes, stratified; Mixing; Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; 130-09841-440-33.

Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; 172-08400-420-54.

Lakes, stratified; Turbulence measurements; Eddy diffusivity; 038-09943-440-80.

Lakes, terminal; Stochastic model; Water level; 152-10176-800-

33. Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; 003-09777-140-00. Laminar flow; Non-Newtonian fluid; Converging drag flow; Disk, spinning; Helical coil flow; 108-1 1 60 1 -120-00. Laminar flow; Open channel flow; Industrial melts; 429-1 1364-

200-90. Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; 429-09599-210-90. Laminar flow; Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Comer flows; 106-09893-740-50.

Laminar flow models; Mixer, motionless; 108-1 1605-020-00. Laminar flow solution compilation; Pipe flow; Temperature

profiles; Velocity profiles; Convection; Duct flow, laminar; Heat transfer; 048-10901-210-20.

Laminarization; Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; 315-10798-010-27

.

Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe flow; Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; 1 1 9-0755 1 -01 0-54. Land application, long-term effects; Sewage, domestic; Wastewater treatment; 1 52-1 1 586-870-36. Land development impact; Landsat data; Remote sensing; Water quality; Green bay watershed; 1 71-1 1234-860-44. Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; 301-10622-810-00. Land management practices effect; Mathematical model; Sedi- ment detachment; Sediment load; Sediment transport; Soil

loss; Erosion; Hydrologic model; 1 54-1 1 1 70-830-33

.

Land subsidence; Aquifer, viscoelastic model; Groundwater

withdrawal; 038-10877-820-56. Land subsidence reduction; Groundwater management; 148- 0404W-820-33. Land subsidence reduction; Water use optimization; Groundwater use; 1 48-0394 W-800-33. Land treatment; Pollution control; Runoff; Solids trap efficien- cy; Feedlot hydrology; 300-1 1 394-870-00. Land treatment systems; Mathematical model; Wastewater

treatment; Evaporation; Hydrologic modeling; Lagoons; 071-

11702-870-33. Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; 129- 03808-830-05. Land use effects; Mathematical model; Monitoring; Nonpoint

sources; Pollution; Sediment delivery; Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; 129-11498-870-36. Land use effects; Mississippi River, St. Louis district; Potamology; River flow; Control structure impact; 098-1 1 009-300-1 3

.

Land use regulation; Lake protection; 1 48-0392 W-800-33

.

Landsat data; Remote sensing; California; Irrigated land inventory; 023-10836-710-60.

Landsat data; Remote sensing; Runoff prediction; Vegetation

data; Watershed data; 023-10837-810-65.

Landsat data; Remote sensing; Vegetation moisture estimates; Forest fires; Green fuel moisture; 023-10841-710-50.

Landsat data; Remote sensing; Surface water inventory; Texas; 147-11112-860-50.

Landsat data; Remote sensing; Water quality; Green bay

watershed; Land development impact; 171-1 1234-860-44. Langmuir circulation; Ocean currents; Ocean mixed layer; Circulation, ocean; 039-10997-450-54.

Laser anemometry; Cavitation nuclei measurement; 125-10047-

230-22. Laser anemometry; Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; 096-09831-050-54.

Laser diagnostics; 106-09895-700-50.

Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; 315-10793-750-00.

Laser velocimeter; Seaward transport limit; Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; 312-

09736-410-00.

Laser velocimetry; Magneto-hydrodynamic flow; Velocity measurement; 057-09863-1 10-54. Laser-Doppler anemometer development; Oil slick; Open channel flow, curved; Sand-water suspensions; Velocity; Velocity measurements; 402-1 1 297-700-90. Laser-Doppler anemometry; Open channel flow; Turbulence

characteristics; 423-1 1 691 -200-90. Laser-Doppler measurements; Mixing layer; Turbulence structure; Flow visualization; 014-10820-020-20.

Laser-Doppler measurements; Turbulence structure; Turbulent

spot; Entrainment; 014-10819-020-54.

331
Laser-Doppler velocimeter; Oceanographic instruments; Velocity measurements; 015-1 1618-700-54. Laser-Doppler velocimeter, submersible; Turbulence measurements, sea water; Current measurement, low velocity; Geophysical Hows; 045-10895-700-00.

Laser-Doppler velocimetry; Pipe flow in constrictions; Constrictions, exponential; 134-1 1068-270-40. Laser-Doppler velocimetry; Sediment transport, suspended; Suspension mechanism; Entrainment mechanism; 015-1 1626-

220-54.

Lateral weir flow model; Weirs; 408-1 1 3 1 8-700-90. Levee design; Reservoirs; Design flood selection methods;

Floods; 152-1 1598-310-38. Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revet- ments; River channels; Channels; 098-1001 1-300-13. Levee erosion; Tree spacing effects; Wave attenuation; 314-1 1540-300-13. Levee safety; Mississippi River; Soil mechanics; 3 14-1 1537-

300-13. Levee slope protection; Wave runup; Hydraulic model; 049-

11644-420-70.

Levees; Mississippi River; Remote sensing; Seepage detection; 314-1 1536-710-13. Libby Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; 313- 09342-350-00.

Libby Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; 313- 09344-350-13.

Libby Dam; Outlet works model; Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam; 313-071 10-350-13. Libby Dam; Spillway model; Hydraulic model; 313-10666-350-

13. Libby Dam; Spillway model; 313-071 17-350-13. Libby reregulating dam; Dam model; 313-09345-350-00.

Lift; Sediment transport; Bed particles; Drag; 302-09293-220-

00.

Lifting surface theory; Propellers, marine; Blade loading dis- tribution; Computer code; Inclined inflow effect; 146-11103-

550-21.

Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; 329-07219-550-

22. Light water reactors; Unsteady flow; Vibrations, flow-induced;

Buffeting; Cylinders; Immersed bodies; 047-10898-030-52.

Lignite development impact; Water resources, Texas; 148- 0396W-8 10-33.

Lignite mining; Strip mining; Water resources. East Texas; Groundwater quality; 147-10584-810-33. Limestone station; Power plant; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; 413-10265-340-73. Limestone Station; Spillway; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; 433-10553-350-73.

Liquefied natural gas; Liquid motions in tanks; 142-09300-1 10-

70. Liquid content measurement; Electrical conductivity; Foam;

028-10849-130-54.

Liquid hydrogen; Liquid oxygen; Pumps, centrifugal; Rocket

engines; 325-11468-630-00.

Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; 131-10087-1 10-54. Liquid metals; Mercury; Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; 131- 10091-110-54.

Liquid metals; Reactor cooling; Sodium boiling; Sodium flow

loop; Test facility; Blockage effects; 1 1 5-1 1263-340-52.

Liquid motions in tanks; Liquefled natural gas; 142-09300-1 10-

70. Liquid oxygen; Pumps, centrifugal; Rocket engines; Liquid hydrogen; 325-1 1468-630-00.

Liquid sprays; Multiphase flows; Spray nozzle design; 041-

10886-130-70.

Liquid-fllled container; Offshore platform; Sloshing; Structural response; Wave effects; Damping; Frequency tuning; 417-

11326-430-90.

Liquid-gas flow; Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; Combustion; 124-10020-290-50.

Little Goose Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09350-350-

13.

Little Goose Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10660-350-13.

Littoral drift; Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; 314-10749-410-00.

Littoral drift measurements; Sediment transport; Coastal

processes; Erosion model; 407-1 1313-410-00.

Littoral processes; Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; 312- 10655-410-00.

Livestock operations; Pollution, nonpoint; 303-10624-870-00.

Livestock waste; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff, pasture

land; Water quality; 300-1 1393-870-36. LNG spill hazards; Fluid mechanics of LNG spills; Heat

transfer; 01 5-1 161 5-870-50. LNG tanks; Ships; Sloshing; Cargo sloshing; Dynamic loads; 142-1 1080-520-48. Load bearing capacity; Creep; Failure; Floating ice; Ice sheets; 401-11279-390-96. Lock approach; Navigation conditions; Pickwick Landing Dam;

Hydraulic model; 335-11485-330-00. Lock culverts; Valves; Ventilation; Cavitation; 314-10747-330-

00. Lock emergency closure; Lock model; Mississippi River Gulf

outlet lock; 314-09672-330-13. Lock, filling and emptying system; Lock model; Navigation

lock; 413-1 1671-330-87. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-07121-330-13. Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; Mississippi River- Gulf outlet lock; 314-09673-330-13. Lock filling-emptying systems; Navigation; 314-10744-330-00. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26; 314-09667-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Oam, 3 14-09719-330-13. Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam; 314-09722-330-13. Lock model; Lower Granite Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; 313-07121-330-13. Lock model; Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; Lock emergency closure; 314-09672-330-13. Lock model; Mississippi River-Gulf outlet lock; Lock filling- emptying system; 3 14-09673-330-13. Lock model; Navigation lock; Lock, filling and emptying

system; 413-11671-330-87. Lock navigation conditions; Mississippi River Lock and Dam

26; Lock model; 314-09667-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway;

Aliceville Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09719-330-13. Lock navigation conditions; Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam; Lock model; 314-09722-330-13. Lock operation; Submergence effects; 3 1 4-1 1 529-330-00. Locks; Navigation channel improvement; Bonneville Dam; 313- 10664-330-13.

Locks; Pickwick Landing; Hydraulic model; 335-10736-330-00.

Loess soils; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Runoff losses; Watersheds,

loessial; Agricultural chemicals movement; 300-1 1400-810-

00. Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; 304-09324-830-00. Logging effects; Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; 304-09325-810-00.

332
Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment production; Streamflow; Water chemistry; Idaho watersheds; 304-

11422-810-00. Logging effects; Salmon spawning; Sediment, suspended; Sedi- ment transport; Clearwater River; Fish habitat; 158-11209-

850-60. Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; 304-09326-810-00.

Logging effects; Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion;

Floods; Hydrology, forest; 308-04998-810-00.

Logging practice effects; Mathematical model; Subsurface flow; Water yield; Watershed, forested; Finite element analysis; 402-1 1288-810-90. Long Island Sound; Mathematical model; Tidal motions; 037- 09011-450-00. Long Island Sound; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Turbulence; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; Heat exchange; 105-1 1025^50-60.

Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; Wave bresikers; Data

acquisition; 312-09762-410-00. Longshore sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; Sediment

transport by waves; Currents, longshore; 081-09797-410-44. Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; Coastal sediment; 312-09752-410-00. Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Wave action; Waves,

irregular; 423-11695-410-90. Longshore transport computation; Sediment transport; Co2istal sediment; 312-09744-410-00.

Lost Creek Dam; Outlet works model; 3 13-071 18-350-13. Louisiana groundwater; Wells, heat pump; Energy conservation; Groundwater re-injection; Heat pumps, water source; 076-

11005-820-33. Low ambient pressure chamber; Facilities; Cavitation testing; 321-11454-720-00. Low flow correlations; Streamflow records; Alberta; 402-

11285-810-96. Lower Granite Dam; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock

model; 313-07121-330-13. Lower Granite Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Dam model; 313-05071-350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Powerhouse skeleton model; 313-08444-

350-13. Lower Granite Dam; Spillway model; 313-07120-350-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Spillway model; 313-08447-350-13. Lower Monumental Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow

deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10658-350-13.

Loyalsock Creek; Meanders; River model; Channel stabiliza- tion; Hydraulic model; 123-10086-300-60.

Lubrication; Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing theory; 133-06773-000-14.

Lubrication theory; Stability theory; Cylinders, eccentric rotating; 133-06772-000-20. Lunar ash flow; Solid-gas flow; Two-phase flow; 079-08072-

130-50.

Lysimeter; Mathematical model; Snowmelt; Snowpack evolution; Evaporation control, snow; 019-1 1697-810-31

.

Macroinvertebrates; Streamflow reduction effects; Fish biomass; 057-10910-880-33. Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; 13 1-10087-1 10-54. Magneto-hydrodynamic flow; Velocity measurement; Laser

velocimetry; 057-09863-110-54. Manganese effects; Adirondack lakes; Algal growth; Iron effects; Lake water quality; 031-10865-870-00.

Manifold; Power plant; Computer model; Cooling water intake; Fish screens; Hydraulic model; Intake design; 145-11096-

340-70. Manifold design; Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport;

Slurries; Coal transport; 167-10019-210-60.

Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; 154-09906-200-00. Manning coefficient; River flow; Roughness coefficients; Vegetation roughness; Flood plains, heavily vegetated; 322- 11456-300^7. Manning equation; Open channel flow; Open channel re- sistance; Channel shape effects; 123-08223-200-00. Maramec River; River basin; Water demand study; Water

supply; 098-11011-860-13. Marangont phenomenon; Mathematical model; Zero gravity; Bubble motion; Bubbles, gas; 325-11469-130-00. Marina design; Charleston Harbor; Hydraulic model; 032- 11653-470-65. Marina response; Wave-induced agitation; Harbors; 423-10531-

470-90.

Marinas; Basins, boat; Flushing, tidal; Hydraulic model; 159- 11187-470-13.

Marinas; Mixing; Planform geometry effects; Flushing, tidal; 159-11190-470-36. Marine diatom growth; Silicic acid pools; 081-10988-890-00. Marine operations; Ship holds; Cargo tank venting; Chemical

vapors; Hazards; 142-1 1076-590^8.

Marine spectral signature; Ocean dumped materials; Pollutants; Remote sensing; Sewage sludge; Waste disposal; Acid wastes; 324-11467-710-00. Marine spectral signature; Optical physics; Pollutants, marine;

Reflectance; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Turbidity; 324-11465-710-00. Marine vehicle safety; Ship motions, severe waves; Wave prediction; 035-11633-420-21.

Marines; Basins, boat; Flushing, tidal; 159-11186-470-13. Marker and cell method; Mathematical models; Free surface

flow; 075-09260-740-20. Marmion Lake; Mine tailings; Sediment entrainment; 421-

10328-220-00. Mass balance errors; Sample network comparisons; First order

analysis; Lake nutrient budget; 159-1 1201-740-54. Mass flow; Pipe flow; Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; Flow

measurement; Instrumentation development; 152-1 1589-130-

82. Mass transfer; Bubble dynamics; Heat transfer; Interfacial stability; 01 1-10814-190-52. Mass transfer; Heat transfer; Ice melting; 417-10310-140-90. Mass transfer; Numerical model; Open channel flow; Turbulence model; 407-11308-200-00. Mass transfer; Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; 021-10111-020-00. Mass transfer; Roughness effects; Heat transfer; 428-06951-

140-00. Mass transfer; Turbulence; Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; 428-06950-050-00. Mass transfer; Turbulent flow; Buoyancy effects; Computer

code; Heat transfer; 142-11077-740-00. Mass transfer; Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid interface; Heat

transfer; 144-10413-140-54. Mass transport; Mississippi River Pool No. 2; Numerical model; Wind effects; Circulation, low flow; 145-1 1094-300-34. Mass trans(>ort; Numerical methods; Wave diffraction; Wave

energy extraction; Wave radiation; Harbor oscillations; 081-

10943-420-20.

Massachusetts; Toxic waste management; Hazardous wastes; 081-10966-870-80. Matagorda Bay, Texas; Water quality; Bays; Freshwater inflow

alteration effects; 149-1 1 136-860-75.

Material flux data; Outwelling; Ecosystem study; Estuary, salt marsh; 137-11073-400-54.

Materials study; Underwater tools; Hydraulic seawater motors; 083-10989-690-22.

Materials testing; Cavitation erosion; Impact erosion; 088- 08123-230-70. 333
Mathematial models; Pollutant transport; Waste disposal ponds; Water quality; Aquifers; Groundwater flow; 335-1 1490-820-

00. Mathematical model; Bubble, expanding; Bubble interaction; Bubble, pulsating; 142-1 1078-290-70. Mathematical model; Currents, coastal; Currents, three dimensional; 081-09800-450-44. Mathematical model; Desalination plants, expansion optimization; Desalination storage tanks; 019-1 1 556-860-00. Mathematical model; Flood discharges, wetlands; Hydrology; 107-09950-810-00. Mathematical model; Great Salt Lake; Lake circulation; 152- 0421W-440-00.

Mathematical model; Jet impingement on screens; Jets, liquid; 142-10355-050-50. Mathematical model; Mathematical-physical model coupling;

Estuary, two-dimensional; 41 5-H 608-400-90. Mathematical model; Mississippi-Chippewa confluence; River confluence; Sediment transport; Delta formation; Hydraulic model; 145-1 1093-300-88. Mathematical model; Model sensitivity; Model verification; York River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Estuary; 153-11166-

860-60. Mathematical model; Momentum flux measurements; Turbulence; Jets, rectangular; Jets, turbulent diffusion; 061-1 1514-

050-00. Mathematical model; Monitoring; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Sediment delivery; Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; Land use effects; 1 29-1 1498-870-36. Mathematical model; Navigation channels; Ships, deep draft; 147-10579-330-10. Mathematical model; Nelson River, Canada; Recreation, winter

ice; River ice; Ice cover formation mechanics; Intake, municipal water supply; 413-1 1669-300-73. Mathematical model; Network waterways system; Estuaries; 153-11159-400-60. Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water

quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; 302-09287-860-00.

Mathematical model; Nitrogen transport in soil; Soil moisture; 019-1 1553-820-05. Mathematical model; Non-point pollution abatement; Poquoson

River, Virginia; Water quality; Back River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; 153-1 1 167-860-60. Mathematical model; Nuclear wastes; Porous medium flow;

Finite element model; Groundwater pollution; 049-11642-

820-00. Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; 081-09826-870-54. Mathematical model; Oceanography; Turbulence; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; Heat exchange; Long

Island Sound; 105-1 1025-450-60. Mathematical model; Oceanography; Oil spill trajectories; Tides; Bering Sea; Circulation, ocean; Ice movement; 132- 11065-450-44. Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence

model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; 315-

10789-750-00. Mathematical model; Overbank flow; River basin model; Flood

plain; 031-09973-300-00. Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion;

Tillage methods; Erosion control; 300-04275-830-00.

Mathematical model; Phosphorus loading; Adirondack lakes; Eutrophication model; Lakes; 031-10860-870-00. Mathematical model; Phytoplankton dynamics; Eutrophication model; Lake Michigan; Lake Ontario; 077-10941-870-36.

Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Ther- mal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge;

Dispersion; 081-09799-870-73.

Mathematical model; Plumes, multiple; Cooling towers; 015- 11627-870-36. Mathematical model; Pollutant transport; Biological reaction submodels; Chemical reaction submodels; Groundwater

transport; 144-1 1083-820-33. Mathematical model; Pollution load; Rouge River, Detroit; Runoff; Southeast Michigan; Hydrologic model; 163-1 1212-810-

68. Mathematical model; Powder River Basin; Strip mining effects; Coal mining; Groundwater quality; 055-10904-870-34. Mathematical model; Power plant cooling; California groundwater; Finite element basin model; Groundwater, brackish; Groundwater, regional management; 0 19-1 1 547-820-33

.

Mathematical model; Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; 032-1 1651-340-60. Mathematical model; Power plants, pumped storage; Pumped

storage reservoir; Reservoir, stratified; Thermal model; Jet entrainment; 049-1 1650-340-10. Mathematical model; Power plant; Thermal discharge; Tide ef- fects; Cooling water discharge; Delaware River, jet impinge- ment; 174-11250-340-73. Mathematical model; Power plant nuclear; Ice jam; Intake, ser- vice water; 4 1 3-1 1 654-340-73

.

Mathematical model; Powr plant, nuclear; Cooling water

discharge; Diffuser, staged; 1 74-1 1 25 1 -340-73

.

Mathematical model; Pumped-storage operation effects; Reservoir stratification; 081-10962-340-75. Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain

Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; 335-07080-340-

00. Mathematical model; Pumping station; Rochester, N.Y.; Sewer

system; Tunnel hydraulics and control; 145-1 1095-870-75. Mathematical model; Rappahannock River; Water quality; Ecosystem model; Estuary; 1 53-1 1 168-400-60. Mathematical model; Reservoir management, river water quality; Water quality; 018-10124-860-61

.

Mathematical model; Reservoirs, farm; Sub-humid regions; Ir- rigation systems, supplemental; Kansas; 071-1 1704-840-33. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Spillway adequacy; 098- 08868-350-00. Mathematical model; Reservoirs; Water quality; Biological model; Chemical-physical reactions; Lakes; 149-1 1 1 26-860-

60. Mathematical model; River basin simulation model; Aswan Dam operational study; Flood control; Hydroelectric power;

Irrigation water; 081-10969-350-56. Mathematical model; River flow; Tennessee river; Water temperature analysis; Cumberland river; 335-1 1493-860-00. Mathematical model; River response; Sediment transport; 407- 10296-300-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; 302- 09286-810-00. Mathematical model; Runoff; Urban streamflow; Data require- ments; Drainage system design; Drainage, urban; Hydrologic model evaluation; 1 59- 1 1 194-810-33

.

Mathematical model; Runoff quantity and quality; Runoff, urban; 002-0462W-810-33.

Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Urban

stormwater; Hydrologic model; 1 49-1 1 1 28-8 1 0-1 3

.

Mathematical model; Salt release; Sediment, suspended; Colorado River basin; 1 52-1 1 559-860-33

.

Mathematical model; Sediment detachment; Sediment load; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Erosion; Hydrologic model; Land management practices effect; 1 54-1 1 1 70-830-33

.

Mathematical model; Sediment transport; Unsteady flow; Alluvial streams; 01 5-1 1 62 2-220-54. Mathematical model; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; 300-10561-220-00.

334
Mathematical model; Sewer system hydraulics; St. Louis

lewers; 145-11097^70-75.

Mathematical model; Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase How; 145-10603-390-75. Mathematical model; Snowmelt; Snowpack evolution; Evaporation control, snow; Lysimeter; 019-1 1697-810-31

.

Mathematical model; Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; 058-08682-820-00.

Mathematical model; Solar ponds; Heat collection; Heat

withdrawal; Laboratory pond design; 081-10958-690-00. Mathematical model; Spectral analysis; Waste discharge effects; Delaware River; Dissolved oxygen; 107-1 1061-870-00. Mathematical model; Storm surge barrier effects; Water quality; Estuary flow; Eastern Scheldt, Netherlands; 132-11067-

400-87. Mathematical model; Storm surge; Bay-ocean system; Ches- apeake Bay; Finite-element model; Flood level prediction; 153-11160^50-58.

Mathematical model; Storm surge calculation; Surges; Charleston estuary; 312-09756-420-00.

Mathematical model; Streamflow; Water quality; Chowan

River; 154-09170-860-33. Mathematical model; Submerged objects; Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; 027-09013-420-00.

Mathematical model; Subsurface flow; Water yield; Watershed,

forested; Finite element analysis; Logging practice effects; 402-1 1288-810-90. Mathematical model; Tidal motions; Long Island Sound; 037- 09011-450-00. Mathematical model; Tidal power development; Bay of Fundy;

Estuaries; Hybrid models; 418-1 1336^00-00.

Mathematics^ model; Two-phase flow; Energy; Fluid injection; Geothermal fields; 073-10826-890-52. Mathematical model; Unsaturated zone column model; Groundwater flow model; 169-1 1232-820-00. Mathematical model; Wastewater treatment; Evaporation; Hydrologic modeling; Lagoons; Land treatment systems; 071- 11702-870-33. Mathematical model; Wastewater treatment effect; Water quality; Creek, tidal; 153-11165-860-60. Ma^ematical model; Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; 317-10669-440-00.

Mathematical model; Water master plan; Drainage planning; Egypt; 081-10968-840-5^. Mathematical model; Water planning optimization; Energy conversion; 151-11146-800-00. Mathematical model; Water quality; Biogeochemical model;

Circulation; Finite-element model; James River tidal model; 153-11158-400-68. Mathematical model; Water quality; Circulation, density in- duced; Dissolved oxygen budget; Ecosystem model; Elizabeth

River, Virginia; 153-11163-870-60. Mathematical model; Watershed management; Hydrology, subsurface; 143-08979-810-54. Mathematical model; Watershed response; Hydrology; Interflow model; 402-11287-810-00.

Mathematical model; Watersheds, ungaged; Flood damage

reduction measures; 098-08865-310-00.

Mathematical model; Zero gravity; Bubble motion; Bubbles,

gas; Marangoni phenomenon; 325-1 1469-130-00. Mathematical model comparison; Runoff, urban; Stormwater; 098-08866-810-00.

Mathematical model role; Water resource management; 052-

10113-800-33. Mathematical model sensitivity; Numerical models; Overland

flow; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff, urban; Watershed runoff; Kinematic wave approach; 093-1 1715-810-33. Mathematical model, two-dimensional; Water quality; Coastal

seas; Estuary flows; 132-11066-400-30.

Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; Venturi meter; Flowmeters; 315-10790-700-27. Mathematical model validation; Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; 315-10793-750-00. Mathematical model verification; Plume; Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge channel; Hydraulic model; 421- 11346-340-00. Mathematical modeling; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil sampling

data; Streamflow; Watershed runoff; Finite element model;

Hydrologic modeling; 1 54-1 1 169-810-05. Mathematical models; Estuaries; 132-08952-400-33. Mathematical models; Flow measurement; Flumes, critical- depth; Flumes, hydraulic characteristics; 303-1 1419-700-00. Mathematical models; Free surface flow; Marker and cell method; 075-09260-740-20. Mathematical models; Hydrogeologic systems; 322-10695-860-

00. Mathematical models; Mixing; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir models; Sedimentation; Water quality; 314-11518-440-

00. Mathematical models; Navigation channel; Ship motions; Ship

simulator; 3 14-1 1 523-330-00. Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; Estuaries; 081-08729^00-00.

Mathematical models; Ocean outfalls; Wastewater disposal; Current meter data; Dispersion; 049-1 1649-870-54. Mathematical models; Open channel flow, unsteady; 06/- 11507-200-00. Mathematical models; Percolation; Water table fluctuations; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 019-1 1 554-820-05

.

Mathematical models; Physical models; Plumes, submerged;

Plumes, surface; Power plants; Prototype measurements;

Cooling, once-through; Cooling water flow; 005-1 1430-340-

52. Mathematical models; Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; 003-09777-140-00. Mathematical models; Porous media flow; Aquifers, fractured; Geothermal reservoir simulation; Groundwater flow; Hydrogeologic systems; 322-1 1463-390-00. Mathematical models; Power plant effects; River temperature; Thermal discharges; Cooling optimization; 335-1 1491-340-

00. Mathematical models; Rainfall, stochastic models; Runoff, sur- face; Irrigation hydrauHcs; Kinematic modeling; 093-11716-

810-54. Mathematical models; Rainfall patterns; Southern Great Plains; 302-10634-810-00. Mathematical models; Remote sensing; Water temperature; In- frared sensing; 107-09948-870-60. Mathematical models; Reservoirs; Water quality; Eutrophication potential; 3 14-1 1 520-860-00. Mathematical models; Reservoirs, thermal loading; Water quality; Winter condition simulation; Finite element-finite dif- ference comparison; 41 5-1 1609-860-90. Mathematical models; River flow; Usteady flow; Flood routing; 318-10671-300-00. Mathematical models; River models; Design paramater optimization; 423-10518-810-00. Mathematical models; Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10635-810-00.

Mathematical models; Soil moisture effects; Watershed

behavior; Field studies; Frozen ground effects; 042-10891 - 810-15. Mathematical models; Stochastic methods; Structure response;

Structure-wave interaction; Wind loads; Wind-structure in- teraction; 035-1 1632-640-54. Mathematical models; Tidal circulation; Computer model test- ing; Finite element method; 042-10890-400-30.

I 335
Mathematical models; Virginia; Water quality models; Estuaries; 153-09165-400-60. Mathematical models; Water quality management models; 038- 10876-860-3J. Mathematical models; Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; 303-09316-810-00.

Mathematical models; Wind mixing; Eutrophication models; Hydrothermal-biochemical coupling; Lake water quality; 081- 10959-870-00. Mathematical models; Wisconsin groundwater systems; Groundwater-surface water interaction; 1 69-1 1 230-820-54. Mathematical models; Yazoo River; Flood routing; 314-1 1538-

310-13.

Mathematical-physical model coupling; Estuary, two-dimensional; Mathematical model; 41 5-1 1608-400-90. McNary Dam; Spillway deflector model; 313-09351-350-13. McNary Dam; Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; 313-10659-350-13. Meander flume; River engineering; Rip-rap design; Bank protection; Channels, meandering; 402-1 1292-300-90. Meander mechanisms; 407-10297-300-00.

Meandering; Morphology, river chcmnels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; 402-10282-300-90.

Meandering; River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; 405-10233-300-90. Meanders; River bends; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 162- 11205-220-54. Meanders; River model; Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock Creek; 123-10086-300-60. Measurement assurance; Flowmeters; Interlaboratory tests; 315-

10791-700-00. Menomonee river basin; Pollutant transport; Water quality; Groundwater; 169-09872-820-36. Meramec Park reservoir; Outlet works model; Stilling basin; 314-09674-350-13. Merchant ships; Propulsion shafts; Seals; Stern tube bearings; Bearings; 083-10990-620-45.

Mercury; Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; 131- 10091-110-54.

Metallic wastes; Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer programs; 081-09825-870-36.

Meteorological conditions forecEists; Power plant operations; Cooling system behavior; 081-10979-340-00.

Meteorological data; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Evapotranspiration, regional; 038-10878-810-54. Microcomputer applications; Hydraulic models; Hydraulic test- ing; Instrumentation; 402-1 1 295-700-00. Micrometeorology; Mixing; Temperature fluctuations; Turbulence, atmospheric; Turbulence experiments; Turbulence,

grid; 039-10996-020-54. Microorganism role; Corrosion, pitting; 147-10581-230-00. Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; Waves,

wind; 331-07065-420-22. Microwave techniques; Remote sensing; Soil moisture deter- mination; Infrared techniques; 023-10839-820-88. Milwaukee; Urbanization effects; Water quality; Groundwater

quality field study; 1 69-11 23 1 -820-60. Mine safety; Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; Anemometers; 315-10797-700-34. Mine tailings; Sediment entrainment; Marmion Lake; 421-

10328-220-00.

Mineral exploration; Probabilistic methods; Sampling; 081- 10980-650-00.

Mineral slurries; Slurry rheology; 033-08131-130-70. Mining effects; Piceance Basin, Colorado; Sediment yield; 322-

10698-880-00. Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface mining; Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage; Hydrology; 306-09333-890-00.

Mining effects; Runoff; Surface mining; Suspended solids; Water quality; Watersheds, reclaimed; Hydrology; 300-

11392-810-34.

Mining, iron; Missouri; Pollution; Tailings-pile stabilization; 098-1 1013-870-60. Mining technology, offshore; Sand recovery; Shell recovery; 147-10582-490-44.

Minnesota; Watershed management research; Watersheds,

forested; Hydrology; 305-1 1423-810-00. Minnesota watersheds; Nutrient budget; Sediment yield; 300-

09273-870-00.

Mississippi River; Flood damage estimates; 314-1 1533-310-13.

Mississippi River; Model-prototype comparison; 314-11543-

750-13.

Mississippi River; Morphology; River channels; Atchafalaya

River; 098-1 101 2-300- 1 3

.

Mississippi River; Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; 314-09677-330-13.

Mississippi River; Numerical model; Rating curves; Stage- discharge model; Unsteady flow effects; 314-1 1539-300-13.

Mississippi River; Overbank flow; Vegetation effects; Hydraulic model; 314-1 1542-300-13.

Mississippi River; Remote sensing; Seepage detection; Levees; 314-1 1536-710-13.

Mississippi River; Sediment transport; Suspended sediment

regime; Bed material composition; 314-1 1532-300-13.

Mississippi River; Soil mechanics; Levee safety; 314-11537-

300-13.

Mississippi River; Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; Flow measurement; 098-10013-700-13.

Mississippi River Gulf outlet lock; Lock emergency closure; Lock model; 314-09672-330-13.

Mississippi River Lock and Dam 26; Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 314-09667-330-13.

Mississippi River passes; River model; Sedimentation; Shoaling; 314-09670-300-13.

Mississippi River Pool No. 2; Numerical model; Wind effects; Circulation, low flow; Mass transport; 145-1 1094-300-34.

Mississippi River sites; Model selection justifications; Model

users manual; Near field models; Thermal discharges; Computer models; 138-11720-870-73.

Mississippi River, St. Louis district; Potamology; River flow; Control structure impact; Land use effects; 098-11009-300-

13. Mississippi River, St. Louis district; Navigable channel maintenance; Potamology; Ice conditions; 098-1 1010-300-13.

Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revetments; River channels; Channels; Levee effects; 098-10011-300-13.

Mississippi River Valley; River channels; Channel changes, human effecU; 098-10012-300-13.

Mississippi River-Gulf outlet lock; Lock filling-emptying system; Lock model; 314-09673-330-13.

Mississippi-Chippewa confluence; River confluence; Sediment

transport; Delta formation; Hydraulic model; Mathematical

model; 145-11093-300-88.

Missouri; Pollution; Tailings-pile stabilization; Mining, iron; 098-1 1013-870-60.

Missouri; Wastewater surface impoundments; Groundwater pollution potential; 098-1 1014-820-36.

Missouri; Water quality; Water supply; Water systems, noncommunity; 098-11015-860-36.

Missouri aquifers; Aquifer hydrogeology ; 095-10065-820-33.

Missouri floods; Flood peak determination; 098-06287-810-00.

Missouri loess basins; Runoff, surface; Soil erosion; Erosion,

gully; 300-1 1405-830-00.

Missouri loess basins; Soil transport; Channel profile prediction; Erosion, channel; 300-1 1407-830-00.

Missouri River; Flood plain hydrogeology; Groundwater;

Hydrogeology; 095-10066-300-33.

336
Missouri River; Sediment transport; Velocity distribution; 098- 08862-220-13.

Missouri River data bank; Sediment transport; 098-08863-300-

13. Missouri River environmental inventory; 098-08869-880-13.

Missouri River environmental study; 098-08870-880-13.

Missouri watersheds; Overland flow; Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, loessial; Infiltration effect; Iowa watersheds; 300-11399-810-00.

Missouri watersheds; Streamflow, low; Water demand; 095- 11001-810-60.

Missouri watersheds; Streamflow prediction; Watersheds,

agricultural; Claypan soils; 300-1 1401 -8 1 0-00. Mixer, motionless; Laminar flow models; 108-1 1605-020-00.

Mixing; Air-Freon streams; Jet mixing; Jets, heterogeneous; Laser anemometry; 096-09831-050-54.

Mixing; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 421-10320-

340-00.

Mixing; Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence;

1 19-09835-130-00.

Mixing; New York Bight observations; Circulation; 072-08827-

450-52.

Mixing; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean discharge;

Outfalls; Plumes; Wastewater discharge; Dispersion; 112-

1 1038-870^4.

Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; Dispersion; 031-09980-

020-00.

Mixing; Numerical models; River flow; Ice effects; 031-09981-

020-00.

Mixing; Numerical models; Turbulence, buoyance effects; Turbulence models; Turbulent transport; 039-10998-020-54.

Mixing; Open channel flow; River flow; Dispersion; 401-10765-

200-96.

Mixing; Outfall diffusers; Plumes, buoyant; Plumes, three- dimensional; Wastewater disposal; Dispersion; 015-11623-

050-36.

Mixing; Pipe flow; Dilution methods; Discharge measurement;

Injection system investigations; 061 -1 1 5 1 7-2 1 0-33

.

Mixing; Planform geometry effects; Flushing, tidal; Marinas;

159-1 1 190-470-36.

Mixing; Plumes; Pollutant transport; Thermal discharges; Turbulent stratified shear flows; Buoyant discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross-flow effects; 4 1 5-1 1 61 2-870-90.

Mixing; Plumes, spreading; Wastewater discharge; Jets, buoyant; Jets, vertical in crossflow; 038-10882-050-00.

Mixing; Pollution dispersion; River flow; Aeration, surface; Dispersion; Effluent transport; 061 -1 1 5 1 6-870-54.

Mixing; Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; 167-10017-060-33.

Mixing; Quebec estuaries; Circulation; Estuary, field measurements; Internal waves; 416-11607-400-90.

Mixing; Reacting flows; Turbulent shear flow; Water tunnel, blow-down; 014-10818-020-26.

Mixing; Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; 097-07503-020-00.

Mixing; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir models; Sedimentation; Water quality; Mathematical models; 314-1 15 18-440-

00. Mixing; Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; 130-09841-440-33.

Mixing; Sewage flow; Wastewater diversion structure; Diversion

structure; Gate ratings; Head loss; Hydraulic model; 174- 11240-870-75.

Mixing; Stratified turbulent shear flow; Interfacial friction; 015-

11617-060-54.

Mixing; Temperature fluctuations; Turbulence, atmospheric; Turbulence experiments; Turbulence, grid; Micrometeorology; 039-1 0996-020-54.

Mixing; Tidal flushing; Boat basin; Harbor; 159-10183-470-13.

Mixing; Turbulence; Estuaries, stratified; Fjords; Internal waves; 162-11207-400-54.

Mixing; Turbulence structure; Turbulent jet; Flow visualization; Fluorescence, laser induced; 014-10821-710-26.

Mixing; Turbulence; 119-07552-020-54. Mixing layer; Shear flow; Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent energy transfer; 135-1 1069-020-54. Mixing layer; Turbulence structure; Flow visualization; Laser- Doppler measurements; 014-10820-020-20. Mixing layers; Turbulence structure; Turbulent shear flow; Wakes; 014-10817-020-20. Mixing layers; Turbulent flow; Wakes; 429-09598-020-90. Mixing processes; Stratified turbulent flow; Stratified water

bodies; Turbulence structure; Cavities, rectangular; Finite element models; 144-1 1085-060-54.

Mixing, wind induced; Numerical model; Ponds; Stratified lake; Cooling lake; Density currents; 049-10900-340-54.

Mixing, wind induced; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir

stratification; Temperature structure; Dispersion field studies; 335-11488-860-00. Mixing zone characteristics; Offshore discharges; Pollutant transport model; 081-10956-870-44. Mobile bed channels; Regime theory; River channels; Sediment

transport; Channel adjustment; 402-1 1 298-300-90. Mobile boundary mechanics; Sediment transport; Streaming

birefringence; Bed forms; Dunes; Flow visualization; 402-

11294-220-00. Model evaluation; Pollutant transport; Toxic spill modeling;

Analytical models; Dispersion; 138-1 1718-870-27. Model laws; Steam injection; Air injection; Slowdown fluid physics; 142-10354-130-70. Model laws, scaling; Distortion effect; Jets, buoyant; 167- 11216-750-10. Model selection justifications; Model users manual; Near field models; Thermal dischjirges; Computer models; Mississippi River sites; 138-11720-870-73. Model sensitivity; Model verification; York River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Estuary; Mathematical model; 153-1 1 166- 860-60. Model sensitivity; Numerical models; Atmosphere-soil-vegetal

system; Climate modeling; 081-10970-880-54. Model sensitivity; Reservoir ecosystem models; Data variability

effects; 081-10954-880-00. Model study; Pollution, thermal; Cooling water model, 018- 08784-870-73. Model users manual; Near field models; Thermal discharges; Computer models; Mississippi River sites; Model selection

justifications; 138-11720-870-73. Model verification; York River, Virginia; Ecosystem model;

Estuary; Mathematical model; Model sensitivity; 153-11166-

860-60. Model-prototype comparison; Mississippi River; 314-1 1543-

750-13. Molding processes; Thermoplastics; Thermosets; Extrusion fluid mechanics; 108-1 1604-130-00. Momentum flux measurements; Turbulence; Jets, rectangular;

Jets, turbulent diffusion; Mathematical model; 061-11514-

050-00.

Monitoring; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Sediment delivery; Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; Land use ef- fects; Mathematical model; 1 29-1 1498-870-36. Montana rangeland watersheds; Runoff; Soil water recharge; Vegetation response; Contour-furrowing effects; Erosion; 303-1 1416-810-34. Monte Carlo method; Stochastic methods; Groundwater

hydraulics; 151-11138-820-00.

Monticello field channels; Numerical model; Open channel

flow; Water temperature; 145-10604-860-36.

Montreal; Flow distribution; Hydraulic model; Intake, water

supply; 413-11683-860-97.

337
Montreal; Pumping station; Water supply system; Diversion

conduit; Hydraulic model; 4 1 3- 1 1684-860-97. Montreal Harbor; Terminal facilities development; Harbour

model; Hydraulic model; 413-11679-470-90. Moody diagram; Porous medium flow; Flow resistance; Granular beds; 103-1 1022-070-00. Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave

action; 054-09278-520-00. Mooring forces; Ships; Hydraulic model; 413-10260-520-90. Mooring forces; Waves; Floating structures; 418-10316-420-90. Mooring line response; Cables; Drag; 147-09048-590-22. Mooring line response; Oscillatory flow; Cables; Drag; 147- 09049-590-00. Moose Creek Dam; Outlet model; 313-09352-350-13. Morphology; River channels; Atchafalaya River; Mississippi River; 098-1 101 2-300-1 3

.

Morphology; River channels; Channel changes; 322-0458W300-00. Morphology; River channels; Coon Creek; 322-10694-300-00. Morphology; River channels; Scour; Channel shifts; 401-10764-

350-96. Morphology; River channels; Sediment movement; Channel

changes; 322-10699-300-00. Morphology revetments; River channels; Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; 098-1 0011 -300-1 3

.

Morphology, river channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms;

Braiding; Meandering; 402-10282-300-90. Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; Water quality management; Watersheds; 1 52-10150-810-60. Moving boundary problems; Porous medium flow; Finite ele- ment method; 042-10892-000-00. Muck pipeline; Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; 033-10281-260-47. Mud flows; Solid-liquid mixtures; 031-099 74-130-00.

Multi component flow; Pipe flow; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Fiber suspensions; 097-1 1008-250-00. Multicomponent flow; Bubble distribution; Bubble size; Bubbles, gas; Gas ejection in water; 329-1 1483-1 30-00. Multi-component flow; Open channels; Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; Closed conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; 32 1 -1 1 447-1 30-00. Multi-component flow; Particle motion analysis; Particles, deformable; Suspensions; 035-1 1634-130-40. Multi-component flow; Panicle motions; Solids-gas flow; Visual

studies; Boundary layer; Drag reduction; 097-1 1007-250-50. Multi-component flow; Particulate measurement; Aerosol flow mechanics; Asbestos fibers; Diffusion; Dust flow; 432-1 1377-

130-90. Multi-component flow; Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; 167-10019-210-60. Multi-component flow; Plume velocity sampling; Bubbly mixture; 061-1 1513-130-00. Multi-component flow; Pneumatic transport; Solid-gas flow; Coal, pulverized; 009-1081 1-130-60. Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; Mixing;

1 19-09835-130-00. Multi-component flow; Spray combustion; Combustion; Liquid- gas flow; 124-10020-290-50. Multi-component flows; Particle motions; Dispersions, liquid; 108-11603-130-00.

Multiobjective planning; Water rights evaluation; Water supply; Yellowstone River basin; Energy-water resource tradeoffs; 081-10965-860-52.

Multiphase flow; Porous media flow; Energy transport; Geothermal energy; Heat storage; 322-1 1462-070-00.

Multiphase flows; Spray nozzle design; Liquid sprays; 041-

10886-130-70.

Multiphase pumping technology; Two-phase flow; Air-water

mixtures; Pump models; Pumps, centrifugal; 041-10883-630-

82.

Mumerical model; Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling

water discharge; Dispersion; 335-10740-870-00.

Municipal reservoir reliability; New York City reservoirs; Reservoir system sensitivity; Streamflow stochastic models; Water supply; 038-108 74-860-33. Natural frequencies; Shells, submerged; Spherical shells; Vibrations; Viscosity effects; 147-1 1 1 14-430-00. Navier-Stokes equations; Numerical methods; Channel flows; 092-10137-000-26.

Navigable channel maintenance; Potamology; Ice conditions;

Mississippi River, St. Louis district; 098-1 1 010-300-1 3

.

Navigation; Lock filling-emptying systems; 3 14-10744-330-00.

Navigation channel; Numerical model; Velocity distribution; Baker Bay; Circulation; 157-11178-400-33.

Navigation channel; River bend; River model; Shoaling; Chat- tahoochee River; 314-09717-300-13.

Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; Columbia River; 313-05317-330-13.

Navigation channel; River model; Red River, Alexandria;

Bridges; 314-09671-330-13.

Navigation channel; River model; Shoaling; Mississippi River; 314-09677-330-13.

Navigation channel; Ship behavior; Waves, ship-generated; Computer model; Galveston ship channel; 147-1 1 120-330-75. Navigation channel; Ship motions; Ship simulator; Mathematical models; 3 14-1 1 523 -330-00. Navigation channel; Shoaling; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 147- 10586-330-44.

Navigation channel improvement; Bonneville Dam; Locks; 313-

10664-330-13.

Navigation channels; Design criteria; Dikes, stone spur; Groins; 314-1 1530-330-00.

Navigation channels; Numerical model; Shoaling; Sediment

transport; Dredging; 3 1 4-1 1 5 19-330-00. Navigation channels; Port improvements, Texas; 147-10588-

330-00.

Navigation channels; Sediment transport, ship-induced; 147- 10580-330-00.

Navigation channels; Ships, deep draft; Mathematical model; 147-10579-330-10.

Navigation channels; Towing; Bends; Channel width; 314- 10743-330-00.

Navigation channels; Wave effects; Wind effects; Entrance

channels; 314-1 1531-330-00.

Navigation conditions; Pickwick Landing Dam; Hydraulic model; Lock approach; 335-11485-330-00.

Navigation lock; Lock, filling and emptying system; Lock

model; 413-11671-330-87.

Navigation safety; Channel dimensions; 3 14-10759-330-00. Near field model; Thermal discharge; Water quality; Jet in- tegral model; 138-11719-860-26. Near field models; Thermal discharges; Computer models; Mississippi River sites; Model selection justifications; Model

users manual; 138-11720-870-73. Nearshore circulation; Numerical model; Wave-driven circulation; Circulation, wind-driven; Currents, longshore; Field measurements; Lake Michigan; 005-11432-410-55. Nearshore hydrodynamics; Surf zone; Waves; 409-09518-420-

00. Nearshore physical processes; Sensor array; Transport

processes; Coastal zone; Field study; Instrumentation development; 1 1 2-1 1039-4 10-44. Nearshore sediment; Sediment transport measurement; 162-

1 1203-410-44. Nearshore transport, wind-induced; Circulation; Drogue tracing; Dye tracing; Lake currents; 433-1 1384-440-90. Nelson River, Canada; Recreation, winter ice; River ice; Ice cover formation mechanics. Intake, municipal water supply; Madiematical model; 4 1 3-1 1669-300-73.

338
Neonate instrumentation system; Respiration volume measurement; Biomedical flows; Breathing mask development; Heat

loss; 045-10894-270-40. Network flow; Water demand uncertainty; Water resources

planning; Water supply uncertainty; Flow distribution optimization; Inflow probability; 1 48-1 1 1 5 1 -860-33

.

Network waterways system; Estuaries; Mathematical model;

1 53-11 159-400-60. Neuron hydrodynamics; Numerical methods; Axoplasmic transport; 065-10921-270-00. New England coast; Sediment transport; Coastal storm effects; Dredge disposal sites; Field studies; 036-1 1637-220-22. New England hardwood ecosystems; Streamflow, summer;

Water quality maintenance; 306-0242 W-8 1 0-00. New York Bight observations; Circulation; Mixing; 072-08827-

450-52. New York City reservoirs; Reservoir system sensitivity; Streamflow stochastic models; Water supply; Municipal reservoir reliability; 038-10874-860-33. New York State; Energy; Hydroelectric power inventory; 107- 11063-340-60. Newburyport Harbor; Harbor model; 314-09687-470-13.

Nile Delta aquifer; Numerical model; Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; 081-10973-820-56.

Nile River; Stochastic models; Streamflow; Lake Nasser; 081-

10977-300-56.

Nile River Delta; Water master plan; Irrigation planning; 081-

10967-840-56.

Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds,

agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; 302-09287-860-00.

Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Reservoir load prediction; Runoff, nonpoint; Sediment load; Water quality; 3 14-1 1 521 -860-00. Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Runoff losses; Watersheds, loessial; Agricultural chemicals movement; Loess soils; 300-11400-

810-00.

Nitrogen cycle; Water quality; Estuaries; MathematicEiI models; 081-08729-400-00.

Nitrogen fertilizer effect; Soil bulk density; Water resource development; Crop sequence effects; Drainage improvement; Iowa drainage districts; 067-10928-810-00.

Nitrogen model; Non-point sources; Salt marshes; James River; 153-11164-870-60.

Nitrogen release; River flow; Turbulence effect; Velocity effect; Depth effect; 168-1 1218-860-68.

Nitrogen removal; Nutrient removal; Phosphorus removal; Septic tank effluent; Soil application of wastewater; Wastewater

treatment; 422-1 1 349-870-90.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Dam model; Lower Granite Dam;

313-05071-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse

skeleton model; John Day Dam; 313-08446-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse model; Bonneville Dam;

313-07107-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Powerhouse skeleton model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-08445-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation; Spillway model; Lower Monumental Dam; 313-08447-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; Libby Dam; 313-

09342-350-00.

Nitrogen supersaturation reduction model; Libby Dam; 313-

09344-350-13.

Nitrogen supersaturation reduction; Fish transport barge; Gas

equilibration; 313-11436-850-13.

Nitrogen transport in soil; Soil moisture; Mathematical model;

019-11553-820-05.

Noise; Outlet design; Sound suppression water systems; Hydraulic model; 145-11088-160-75.

Noise; Scaling; Cavitation; Cavitation noise; Hydrofoils; 125- 11048-230-22.

Noise; Transition noise; Acoustic efficiency; Boundary layer

transition; 125-1 1050-160-22.

Noise; Turbulent inflow effect; Fan rotor, ducted; 125-08920-

160-21.

Noise; Vortex flow; Cavitation; 125-08235-230-21.

Noise diagnostics; Power plants, nuclear; Reactor safety assess- ment; J 15-10021-340-55.

Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; 333-09437-010-00. Noncondensible gas effects; Refrigerant condensers; 124- 11054-690-84. Non-Newtonian fluid; Converging drag flow; Disk, spinning; Helical coil flow; Laminar flow; 108-1 1601-120-00. Non-Newtonian fluid; Viscoelastic fluid; Bubble formation; 108-1 1602-120-00. Non-Newtonian fluids; Rheology; Viscometry; 091-08859-120-

14. Non-point pollution abatement; Poquoson River, Virginia; Water quality; Back River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; 153-11167-860-60. Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff, rural; Sampling alternatives; Water quality; 116-11043-870-36. Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff, pasture land; Water quality; Livestock waste; 300-1 1393-870-36. Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed,

agricultural; Agricultural croplands; 300-1 1396-870-36. Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Sediment delivery; Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; Land use effects; Mathematical model; Monitoring; 129-1 1498-870-36. Non-point sources; Salt marshes; James River; Nitrogen model;

153-11164-870-60. Norfork Lake; Numerical model; Water temperature; 314-

11545-870-13. North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean outfall feasibility; Outfalls; Pollutant transport; Wastewater discharge; Currents, nearshore; 112-11037-870-60. North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean discharge; Outfalls; Plumes; Wastewater discharge; Dispersion; Mixing; 112- 11038-870-44.

Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; 301-09276-

810-00. Northwest watersheds; Rainfall-runoff; Watershed model; Watersheds, grazed; 057-10908-810-05.

Nozzle flows; Numerical solutions; Steam-water flow; Twophase flow; Coolant-loss accidents; Critical flow; 075-10830-

130-55. Nuclear containment vessels; Shells, fluid filled; Submerged

bodies; Dynamic response; 035-1 163 1 -240-00. Nuclear material migration; Radioactive weistes; Stochastic model; 144-11084-870-55. Nuclear reactor; Spray distribution; Stram atmosphere; Twophase flow; Coolant, emergency; 069-10932-130-82. Nuclear reactor safety; Numerical model; Two-phase flow; In- terfacial pressure forces; Bubbly flow; 069-10933-130-82. Nuclear reactor safety; Two-phase flow; 042-09791-130-55. Nuclear safeguard measurements; Rowmeters; 315-10794-700-

00. Nuclear safeguard measurements; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; 315-10795-700-00.

Nuclear wastes; Porous medium flow; Finite element model; Groundwater pollution; Mathematical model; 049-11642-

820-00. Nucleate boiling; Boiling; Gravity effects; 096-1 1003-140-50.

Nucleation rate measurements; Water vapor; 012-10815-130-

54. Numerical methods; Axoplasmic transport; Neuron

hydrodynamics; 065-10921-270-00.

339
Numerical methods; Bodies of revolution; Boundary layer computations; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer separation; Boundary layer, three-dimensional; 078-08069-010-26.

Numerical methods; Cavity flows; Finite element method;

Hydrofoils; ! 44-1 04 1

1 -530-2 1

.

Numerical methods; Channel flows; Navier-Stokes equations; 092-10137-000-26. Numerical methods; Ocean engineering; Cable systems; Dynamic response, length effect; 128-1 1710-430-20. Numerical methods; Open channel flow, unsteady; 098-0750 7- 200-00. Numerical methods; Open channel flows; Sensitivity analysis;

St. Venant equations; Unsteady flow; 1 4 1 -1 1 075-200-1 3

.

Numerical methods; Pipe network analysis; 141-09930-210-33. Numerical methods; Pressure, radiated; Shells, submerged;

Acoustic medium; Dynamic analysis; Harmonic excitation; 147-1 1 1 13-430-00. Numerical methods; Ship motions; Ship waves in canals; Wave

diffraction; Wave radiation; Wave theory; 081-10944-520-54. Numerical methods; Ship performance prediction; Waves; 333- 09444-520-20. Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged

bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; 434-07995-030-90. Numerical methods; Turbulence model; Drag minimization; Flow field calculation; Hydrodynamic design; 125-1 1049-

030-22. Numerical methods; Wave diffraction; Wave energy extraction; Wave radiation; Harbor oscillations; Mass transport; 081-

10943-420-20. Numerical model; Aquifer development by pumping; Finite ele- ment model; Groundwater supply development; 049-1 1643-

820-00. Numerical model; Boundary integral equation; Finite element method; Harbor resonance; 1 1 1 -11 033-470-20. Numerical model; Crystal growing process; Czochralski flow; 065-10922-090-00. Numerical model; Drainage, subsurface; Drain investment

criteria; Finite element model; Irrigation; 01 9-11 55 1 -840-00. Numerical model; Finite element model; Jet deflection on sur- faces; Jet impingement; Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, two-dimensional; 049-1 1641-050-00. Numerical model; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effect; Jets, three-dimensional; Thermal discharge; Buoyant surface

discharges; Dispersion; 432-1 1 373-050-73

.

Numerical model; Ocean discharge; Outfalls; Plumes; Wastewater discharge; Dispersion; Mixing; North Carolina; 112-

1 1038-870-44. Numerical model; Ocean outfall feasibility; Outfalls; Pollutant

transport; Wastewater discharge; Currents, nearshore; North

Carolina; 1 1 2-1 1037-870-60. Numerical model; Oceanography; Peconic Bay system; Water

properties; Circulation, ocean; Finite element model; 105-

1 1024-450-60. Numerical model; Offshore islands; Salt water intrusion; Groundwater, stratified; 081-10972-820-44. Numerical model; Open channel flow; Water temperature; Monticello field channels; 145-10604-860-36. Numerical model; Open channel flow; Turbulence model; Mass

transfer; 407-11308-200-00. Numerical model; Particle-fluid system; Sprays; Two-component flow; Combustion model; Droplets, fuel; 075-10833-

130-52. Numerical model; Plume; Strait of Georgia; British Columbia;

Fraser river discharge plume; 412-11321-300-00. Numerical model; Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; Lake circulation; 038-09940-440-54. Numerical model; Pollutant transport; Reclaimed water; Groundwater recharge; 144-10410-860-36.

Numerical model; Ponds; Stratified lake; Cooling lake; Density

currents; Mixing, wind induced; 049-10900-340-54. Numerical model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersivity measurements; Groundwater; 148-1 1 153-070-33. Numerical model; Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersion; Finite element model; Groundwater hydraulics; 151-1 1 139-820-00. Numerical model; Porous medium flow; Contaminant transport;

Finite element model; Groundwater pollution; 019-11550-

070-00. Numerical model; Porous medium flow; Contaminant distribution; Dispersion; 019-1 1552-870-05. Numerical model; Power, off-peak; Air bubble storage; Aquifers; Energy storage, compressed air; 335-1 1489-890-00. Numerical model; Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; 317-10670-810-00. Numerical model; Pressure distribution; Spillway flow; Finite element model; Head-discharge relations; 049-1 1640-350-00. Numerical model; Rating curves; Stage-discharge model; Unsteady flow effects; Mississippi River; 314-1 1539-300-13. Numerical model; Remote sensing; Runoff; Soil loss; Water

loss; Watershed, agricultural; Hydrologic model; 168-11220-

810-50. Numerical model; Rockfill hydraulic conductivity; Wave motion in rockfill; Finite element model; Breakwaters, rubble; 103-11023^30-87.

Numerical model; Rotating flow; Disks, co-rotating; Ekman

boundary layer; 065-10923-000-00. Numerical model; Roughness; Tidal inlet field measurements;

Coastal inlets; Inlet hydraulics; 312-1 1441-410-00. Numerical model; Roughness elements; Rough surface; Velocity distribution; Boundary layer; 1 57-1 1 1 75-010-54. Numerical model; Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; 301-10622-810-00. Numerical model; Runoff; Watershed geometry effects; Hydrographs; 303-07001-810-05. Numerical model; Runoff effects; Salinity response; Tidal range

effect; Data compilation; Great South Bay, New York;

Hydraulic data; Inlets, tidal; 107-11062-450-65. Numerical model; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; 423-10526-810-90. Numerical model; Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; Nile Delta aquifer; 081-109 73-820-56. Numerical model; Sediment transf>ort, suspended; Thames

River, Connecticut; Dredging impact; Field study; 036- 11636-220-22. Numerical model; Shoaling; Sediment transport; Dredging; Navigation channels; 3 14-1 1519-330-00. Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; 1 18-10609-820-54. Numerical model; Solar energy; Aquifers; Hot water storage; 073-09983-820-52. Numerical model; Stratified charge engine; Combustion

chamber; Internal combustion engine; 075-10827-690-52. Numerical model; Surge; Hurricane barrier; Hydrolic model; Lake circulation; Lake Pontchartrain; 314-1 1541-440-13. Numerical model; Transients; Fuel injection system; 087- 11429-690-70. Numerical model; Tsunamis generation; Tsunamis transmission; Tsunamis, shoreline effects; Waves; 038-10873^20-54.

Numerical model; Two-phase flow; Interfacial pressure forces; Bubbly flow; Nuclear reactor safety; 069-10933-130-82. Numerical model; Velocity distribution; Baker Bay; Circulation; Navigation channel; 157-11178^00-33.

Numerical model; Viscous-inviscid interactions; Aircraft, high speed; Inlets; 135-1 1070-540-27. Numerical model; Water temperature; Norfork Lake; 314-

11545-870-13.

340
Numerical model; Water transport in cracks; Energy; Geother- mal energy, hot dry rocks; Heat transport; 075-10829-390-

52. Numerical model; Wave field data; Wave transformation

processes; Coastal wave condition prediction; 312-11439-

420-00.

Nimierical model; Wave-driven circulation; Circulation, winddriven; Currents, longshore; Field measurements; Lake

Michigan; Nearshore circulation; 005-1 1432-410-55. Numerical model; Waves, ocean; Computer model; 331-1 1496-

420-20. Numerical model; Weather modification; Cloud seeding; 152- 10164-480-60.

Nimierical model; Wind effects; Circulation, low flow; Mass

transport; Mississippi River Pool No. 2; 145-1 1094-300-34. Numerical models; Atmosphere-soil-vegetal system; CHmate

modeling; Model sensitivity; 081-10970-880-54. Numerical models; Buoyant surface discharges; Finite dif- ference methods; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effects; 432- 11375-050-73. Numerical models; Channel flow, stepped boundaries; 415-

11610-290-90. Numerical models; Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff, urban; Watershed runoff; Kinematic wave approach; Mathematical model sensitivity; 093-1 17 1 5-810-33

.

Numerical models; Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; 322-10693-860-00. Numerical models; Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; 005-09778-440-52. Numerical models; Porous media flow; Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; 038-09945-070-54. Numerical models; Power plants; Waste heat; Atmospheric ef- fects; 132-09909-870-52. Numerical models; Reactors; Suppression pools; Two-phase

flow; Air injection; Bubble growth; Free surface flows; 075- 10828-130-82. Numerical models; Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; 081- 09807-870-73. Numerical models; River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; 031-09980-

020-00. Numerical models; River flow; Ice effects; Mixing; 031-09981-

020-00. Numerical models; Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method; Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; 038-09941-

440-44. Numerical models; Sills; Stratified flow; Tidal flow over sills; Inlets, coastal; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; 412-1 1322-

410-00. Numerical models; Soil moisture dynamics; Soil properties; Vegetal canopy density; Climate modeling; 081-10971-810-

50. Numerical models; Turbulence, buoyance effects; Turbulence

models; Turbulent transport; Mixing; 039-10998-020-54. Numerical models; Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; 317-10668-440-00. Numerical simulation; Salt balance; San Francisco Bay;

Baroclinic ocean circulation; Currents; Curvature effects; Estuaries; 162-1 1202-450-54. Numerical solution; Jet, capillary; Jet instability; 065-10926-

050-00. Numerical solution; Plates, parallel vibrating; Pressure, dynamic; Pulsatile flow; 065-10925-000-00.

Numerical solution; Rotating flow; Taylor vortices; Cylinder,

impulsively routed; Cylinders, counter rotating; 065-10924-

000-00. Numerical solution; Step, backward facing; Transonic flow;

Boattail flow; Jet engine nacelle; 062-10917-090-50.

tlov.', 90.

i .LMi ition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer, time dependent;

,iL, reactor; Droplet flow dynamics;

, Lions, 075-10831-190-55.

Oveifalls; Potential flow; Sluices; Weirs,

.graph equation; 062-10915-040-14.

. , Potential flow; Viscoplastic flow; Viscous emeni solutions; Flow fields; 406-07319-740-

Numerical solutions; Steam-water flow; Two-phase flow; Coolar.t-loss accidents; Critical flow; Nozzle flows; 075-10830-

130-55. Numerical study; Porous media flow; Groundwater flow; 434- 10558-82 0-90. Nutrient budget; Sediment yield; Minnesota watersheds; 300-

09273-870-00.

Nutrient loading; Reservoirs; Bays; Ecological models; Estuaries; 149-11123-880-60.

Nutrient loadings; Phosphorus loading; Water quality; Eutrophication model; Lake response; 081-10983-870-54.

Nutrient regeneration. Algae decomposition; Great Lakes

phytoplankton; 031-10862-870-36.

Nutrient removal; Phosphorus removal; Septic tank effluent;

Soil application of wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Nitrogen removal; 422-11349-870-90.

Nutrient removal analysis; Waste stabilization ponds; 081- 09808-870-54.

Nutrient transport; Pesticide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Tillage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Herbicide trans- port; 067-70927-570-00.

Nutrient transport; Salt marsh ecosystem; Infiltration measurements; OSI-10957-880-00.

Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; Mathematical model; 081-09826-870-54.

Nutrients; Reservoirs, small; Sedimentation; Spillway, bottomwithdrawal; Water quality; Eutrophication; 300-11403-860-

00.

Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; 302-09287-860-00. Ocean currents; Currents; Electric fields; 173-09226-450-20. Ocean currents; Ocean mixed layer; Circulation, ocean; Lang- muir circulation, 039-10997-450-54.

Occa,: ill! ,. Outfalls; Plumes; Wastewater discharge;

1 ; North Carolina; Numerical model; 112-

sludge;

; Sludge disposal; Dispersion of parllutants; Remote sensing; Sewage

;i(J wastes; Marine spectral signa- O - aa; Currents; 173-07786-450-20. Ouv lenis; Dynamic response, length

. 128-11710-430-20.

O, „ naLio,.ai decade; 111-11036-450-54.

Oc, circulation, ocean; Langmuir circulation;

.'y- 1 0997-450-54.

Occiiii ,.k.N„ii iuitall pre-dilution devices; Wastewater

disposal; Diliuioii; 4 1 7 -1 1 33 1-870-90. Ocean outfall feasibility; Outfalls; Pollutant transport; Wastewater discharge; Currents, nearshore; North Carolina; Nu- mencal model; 11 2-H 037-870-60. Ocean outfalls; Wastewater disposal; Current meter data; Dispersion; Mathematical models; 049-1 1 649-870-54. Ocean storage tanks; Structural response; Dam-reservoir in- teraction; Elastic waves; Fluid-structure interaction; Ground

impedance effect; 081-10947-390-00.

341
Ocean structures; Structural response; Dam-reservoir interactions; Earthquake effects; Fluid-structure interaction; Hydrodynatnic forces; 081-10946-390-54. Ocean structures; Structure response; Wave forces; Earthquake

effects; Fluid-structure interactions; 06 1 -1 1 5 1 ! -430-54. Ocean structures; Wave force estimates; 327-1 1 471 -420-22

.

Ocean surface fine structure; Turbulence, wave induced; Waves; Wind-wave-current tank; Eddy viscosity; 116-11041-

450-50. Ocean surface oil; Oil slick detection; Radar; Remote sensing; Seasat data; 023-10840-870-30. Ocean thermal energy; Energy; 081-09809-430-52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Selective withdrawal;

Stratified ocean; Density currents; Energy; 038-10881-590-

52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Waves, design waves; Energy; 054-09280-420-52. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Energy; 054-09282-340-54. Ocean thermal energy conversion; Thermal energy; Energy; 054-10051-490-88. Ocean wave energy system; Wave energy, engineering evaluation; Energy extraction hydrodynamics; Floating elements; 081-10945-420-44. Ocean waves; Wave growth in wind; Air-sea interaction; Eddy

fluxes; 403-1 1306-700-00. Oceanic thermal fronts; Thermal scanner design; Instrumentation; 171-1 1233-700-20. Oceanographic instruments; Velocity measurements; Laser- Doppler velocimeter; 015-1 1618-700-54. Oceanography; Oil spill trajectories; Tides; Bering Sea; Circulation, ocean; Ice movement; Mathematical model; 132-1 1065-

450-44. Oceanography; Peconic Bay system; Water properties; Circulation, ocean; Finite element model; Numerical model; 105- 11024-450-60. Oceanography; Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental

shelf; Continental slope; 153-09876-450-00. Oceanography; Turbulence; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; Heat exchange; Long Island Sound;

Mathematical model; 105-1 1025-450-60. Oceanography; Water quality; Benchmark data; Continental

shelf; 153-09877^50-34.

Oceans; Symposium proceedings; Transport processes; Lakes; 111-11032-450-00.

Offshore discharges; Oil storage, salt domes; Plumes, negatively buoyant; Brine disposal; 081-10955-870-44.

Offshore discharges; Pollutant transport model; Mixing zone

characteristics; 081-1 0956-870-44

.

Offshore intake; Power plant, recirculation minimization; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; 174-1 124 7-340-73

.

Offshore islands; Salt water intrusion; Groundwater, stratified; Numerical model; 081-10972-820-44.

Offshore platform; Sloshing; Structural response; Wave effects; Damping; Frequency tuning; Liquid-filled container; 417-

11326-430-90.

Offshore platform; Soi' nonlinearity effects; Structural response; Wave forces; Wave-water-soil-structure interaction; Dynamic

interaction; 417-1 1 329-430-90.

Offshore platforms; Oil production equipment; Slosh effects; 142-10356-650-70.

Offshore structures; Pipelines buried; Seepage, wave-induced;

Uplift; Wave effects; Cylinder, vertical; Hydrodynamic uplift; 168-11225-430-54.

Offshore structures; Structural vibrations; Vibrations, flow in- duced; Wave forces; Cylinders; Fluid-structure interaction; 068-10931-240-52.

Offshore structures; Wave force prediction; Cylinders; 331-

1 1495-420-20.

Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; Pollution; Wave effects; 043-09924-870-00.

Oil pipeline start-up; Pipelines, submarine; Arctic waters; Gas

pipelines; Heat transfer; Ice formation; 428-1 1362-370-90.

Oil production equipment; Slosh effects; Offshore platforms; 142-10356-650-70.

Oil recovery operations; Southern plains region; Water

resources requirements; 148-1 1 1 54-800-33

.

Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; 005-09779-870-36.

Oil separator evaluations; Oil spill cleanup; Pumps, positive dis- placement; 433-11385-870-90.

Oil shale development; Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado

River basin; 152-10158-860-60.

Oil shale development; Water quality; Carcinogens; 152-10177-

860-33.

Oil slick; Open channel flow, curved; Sand-water suspensions;

Velocity; Velocity measurements; Laser-Doppler anemometer

development; 402-1 1297-700-90.

Oil slick; Wind-wave channel; Drift velocities; 037-09012-870-

61.

Oil slick detection; Radar; Remote sensing; Seasat data; Ocean

surface oil; 023-10840-870-30.

Oil slick mechanics; Oil slick spreading; Pollution; 415-11613-

870-90.

Oil slick, recovery ship effects; Oil slick tracking; Aerial photography; 023-10838-870-22.

Oil slick spread; Coastal waters; 017-10024-870-54.

Oil slick spreading; Pollution; Oil slick mechanics; 415-11613-

870-90.

Oil slick tracking; Aerial photography; Oil slick, recovery ship

effects; 023-10838-870-22.

Oil spill cleanup; Pumps, positive displacement; Oil separator

evaluations; 433-1 1385-870-90.

Oil spill containment; Booms; 407-09510-870-00.

Oil spill containment; Ice-oil boom; 407-10298-870-00.

Oil spill model evaluation; Oil spill prediction; Tidal currents; Wind velocities; 412-1 1320-870-00.

Oil spill prediction; Tidal currents; Wind velocities; Oil spill model evaluation; 412-1 1320-870-00.

Oil spill recovery; River ice; Ice cover; 4 0 7-10302-870-99.

Oil spill trajectories; Tides; Bering Sea; Circulation, ocesm; Ice movement; Mathematical model; Oceanography; 132-1 1065-

450-44.

Oil spills; Pollution; Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; 043-09924-870-00.

Oil spills, diversion; Hydrofoil deflector; 413-09548-870-90.

Oil storage; Salt cavities; Brine disposal; 147-10587-870-43.

Oil storage; Salt dome caverns; Brine disposal evaluation; Gulf

of MeJtico; 147-11115-870^4.

Oil storage, salt domes; Plumes, negatively buoyant; Brine

disposal; Offshore discharges; 081-10955-870-44.

Oil storage tanks; Structures, offshore; Earthquake loads; 018- 10123-430-44.

Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; 1 19-1 0075-370-54.

Oil-water suspension; Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; 086-09818-130-00. Old River control structure; Control structure failure; Economic consequences; Failure consequences; 076-1 1004- 350-33. Old River diversion; River model; Diversion model; 314 09680-

350-00. Olympia, Washington; Basin, boat; Flushing, tidal; Hydraulic model; 159-11193-470-65.

Ontario; Snow cover measurement; Snowpack; 403-1 1305-810-

00. Open channel; Pipe outlet; Velocity head recovery; 425-1 1360- 210-90. Open channel flow; Backwater curve computations; Energy

gradients; 123-08928-200-00.

342
Open channel flow; Bed forms; Dune growth; 423-10521-220-

90. Open channel flow; Channels, trapezoidal; Hydraulic ex- ponents, depth effect; 056-10906-200-00. Open channel flow; Diffusion; 407-09509-200-00. Open channel flow; Industrial melts; Laminar flow; 429-1 1364-

200-90. Open channel flow; Open channel resistance; Channel shajje ef- fects; Manning equation; 123-08223-200-00. Open channel flow; Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; 154-09906-200-00. Open channel flow; Ripple growth; Bed forms; 423-10522-220-

90. Open channel flow; River flow; Secondary currents; 127-08935-

300-54. Open channel flow; River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; 401-10765-

200-96. Open channel flow; Roughness; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Duned beds; Friction factors; 407-1 13 10-300-00. Open channel flow; Roughness characteristics; Channels, rocklined; 002-10800-320-49. Open channel flow; Sediment effects; Turbulence; Velocity dis- tribution; 423-10520-200-90. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; 127-09845-200-00. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; 302-09292-200-00. Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Waves, on currents; Waves, short crested; 427-1 1369-220-00. Open channel flow Shear stress distribution; Stochastic prediction; Bends; 422-1 1 35 1 -200-90. Open channel flow; Shear stress; Bed forms; 423-10523-220-90. Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves;

Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; 321-10678-320-00. Open channel flow; Transient flow; Alluvial channel resistance

laws; Energy dissipation; 302-1 141 1-300-10. Open channel flow; Turbulence level; Velocity distribution; Aquatic plants; Diffusion coefficients; 1 68-1 1 22 1-200-54. Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; 315-10796-700-00. Open channel flow; Turbulence model; Mass transfer; Numerical model; 407-1 1 308-200-00

.

Open channel flow; Turbulence characteristics; Laser-Doppler anemometry; 423-1 1691 -200-90. Open channel flow; Water temperature; Monticello field channels; Numerical model; 145-10604-860-36. Open channel flow; Waves, wind-generated; Wind effects; Wind

stress; 019-1 1696-200-60. Open channel flow, curved; Sand-water suspensions; Velocity; Velocity measurements; Laser-Doppler anemometer develop- ment; Oil slick; 402-1 1297-700-90. Open channel flow, gradually varied; Water surface elevations; Backwater curves; Computations; Cross-section spacing optimization; 168-1 1222-200-60. Open channel flow, subcritical; Diffuser theory; Energy loss; Expansions; 1 57-1 1 185-200-00. Open channel flow, unsteady; Mathematical models; 061-

11507-200-00. Open channel flow, unsteady; Numerical methods; 098-07507-

200-00. Open channel flows; Sensitivity analysis; St. Venant equations; Unsteady flow; Numerical methods; 14 1 -1 1075-200-1 3. Open channel resistance; Channel shape effects; Manning equation; Open channel flow; 123-08223-200-00. Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients; Waterhammer; 087-08853-210-54. Open channels; Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; Closed conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-component flow; 321-1 1447-130-00.

Optical physics; Pollutants, marine; Reflectance; Remote

sensing; Sediment, suspended; Turbidity; Marine spectral signature; 324-11465-710-00. Oregon; Energy; Hydroelectric potential, low head; 121-1 1046-

340-52.

Orifice bulkheads; Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam;

Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-08446-350-13.

Orifice meters; Pulsatile flow; Flow measurement; 167-10016-

700-54.

Orifice meters; Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic

volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; 315-10789-750-00. Orographic influences; Precipitation estimates; Raingage net- work design; 081-10981-810-00. Orographic winter storms; Precipitation; Cloud seeding potential; 152-10153-480-60.

Oscillations; Wakes; Free shear layers; Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, impinging; Jets, planar; 074-10938-050-54.

Oscillations, internal; Pipe flow; Resonances; Acoustic sources; 429-1 1365-210-90.

Oscillations, streamwise; Reynolds number, critical range; Vortex shedding; Wakes; Boundary layer reattachment; Cylinders, circular; Immersed bodies; 429-1 1 366-030-90.

Oscillatory flow; Cables; Drag; Mooring line response; 147- 09049-590-00.

Oscillatory flow; Pile groups; Scour; Wave effects; 147-11111-

220-00.

Oscillatory flow; Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; Laminar flow; 429-09599-210-90.

Oscillatory flow; Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Drag; 315-11724-410-11.

Oscillatory flow; Secondary flow; Viscous flow; Annulus, spherical; 101-1 1021-000-00.

Oscillatory flow; Sediment transport, by waves; Water tunnel,

oscillatory; Wave motions; Bed forms; 423-1 1687-410-90. Ottawa River; River flow; Sediment transport, suspended; Suspended solids seasonal variation; Turbulent diffusion; Dif- fusion, lateral; 422-09588-300-90. Ottawa River; Wastewater outfall, downstream conditions; Chemical oxygen demand; Dissolved oxygen distribution; 422-1 1350-870-90.

Outfall; Surface discharge; Thermal discharge; Cooling water

flow, once-through; Hydraulic model; Intake; Lake,

nearshore mixing; 42 1 - 1 1 343-340-00.

Outfall branch spacing effect; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water

discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jets, buoyant; 421-1 1348-050-00.

Outfall diffusers; Plumes, buoyant; Plumes, three-dimensional; Wastewater disposal; Dispersion; Mixing; 015-1 1623-050-36.

Outfall, ocean; Plume behavior; San Francisco; Sewage

disposal; Hydraulic model; 015-1 1621 -870-75.

Outfall pre-dilution devices; Wastewater disposal; Dilution; Ocean outfall; 417-1 1331-870-90.

Outfalls; Dilution; Jets, buoyant; Jets, wall; 417-10305-050-90.

Outfalls; Plumes; Wastewater discharge; Dispersion; Mixing; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean discharge; 112- 11038-870-44.

Outfalls; Pollutant transport; Wastewater discharge; Currents, nearshore; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean outfall

feasibility; 112-11037-870-60.

Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; 421-10324-340-00.

Outfalls; Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; in- takes; 421-10325-340-00.

Outlet design; Sound suppression water systems; Hydraulic model; Noise; 145-11088-160-75.

Outlet geometry effects; Supercritical flow; Box culverts; Culvert junction structure; Hydraulic model; Hydraulic per- formance; 424-11353-370-90. 343
Outlet model; Moose Creek Dam; 313-09352-350-13.

Outlet works; Scour protection; Valves, Howell-Burger; Channel erosion; 433-11381-360-75.

Outlet works; Spillway model; Stilling basin; Tunnel; Dam;

Hydraulic model; 321-1 1449-350-00.

Outlet works; Stilling basins; Trajectories; Transitions; Conduit

wall nare, 314-1 1526-360-00.

Outlet works; Stilling basins; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic

models; 3 14-1 1 527-360-00.

Outlet works model. Conduit entrance model; Dworshak Dam;

Libby Dam; 3 1 3-07 1 1 0-350-1 3

.

Outlet works model; Dworshak Dam; Intake models; 313- 05315-350-00.

Outlet works model; Elk Creek Dam; 313-0934 7-350-00.

Outlet works model; Lost Creek Dam; 313-07118-350-13.

Outlet works model; Stilling basin; Meramec Park reservoir; 314-09674-350-13.

Outlets; Sediment removal efficiency; Sedimentation basins; Water treatment; Baffle configurations; Hydraulic per- formance; Inlets; 422-1 1 355-870-90.

Outlets, spillway; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; 145-01 168- 350-05.

Outwelling; Ecosystem study; Estuary, salt marsh; Material flux data; 137-1 1073^00-54. Overbank flow; River basin model; Flood plain; Mathematical

model; 031-09973-300-00. Overbank flow; Vegetation effects; Hydraulic model; Mississippi River; 314-11542-300-13.

Overfalls; Potential flow; Sluices; Weirs, sharp crested; Hodograph equation; Numerical solutions; 062-10915-040-14. Overflow distribution structure; Wastewater treatment; Hydraulic model; 145-1 1 100-870-75. Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods;

Erosion control; Mathematical model; 300-04275-830-00.

Overland flow; Raindrop impact; 098-07504-200-00. Overland flow; Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff, urban; Watershed runoff; Kinematic wave approach; Mathematical model sensitivity; Numerical models; 093-1 1715-810-33. Overland flow; Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; 154-09906-200-00. Overland flow; Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; 129- 03808-830-05.

Overland flow; Runoff; Soil sampling data; Streamflow; Watershed runoff; Finite element model; Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical modeling; 154-1 1 169-810-05. Overland flow; Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, loessial; In- filtration effect; Iowa watersheds; Missouri watersheds; 300-

11399-810-00. Overland flow; Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; 322-10693-860-00. Overland flow; Wastewater treatment; Irrigation, spray; Lagoon

effluent; 152-10166-870-33. Overland flow; Watershed response; Hydrologic analysis; 129- 07585-810-33. Overland flow treatment; Wastewater treatment; Filtration, sloped rock-grass; 152-1 1581-870-60. Overland flow, unsteady phase; Concentration time; 056-

10907-810-00.

Over-pressurization; Pipe flow; Pipeline system, prototype data;

Air, dissolved; 1 52-1 1 587-2 1 0-88. Oxygen cycle; Oxygen transport; Computer model; Field channel; 145-1 1099-860-36. Oxygen transport; Computer model; Field channel; Oxygen

cycle; 145-1 1099-860-36. Ozark section; Hydrographs; 098-08864-810-00. Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; 3 1

1 -06973-8 10-00. Pacheco tunnel; Stilling basin; Gates; Hydraulic model; 321-

10683-350-00.

Pacific coast watersheds; Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; Erosion; 322-0462 W-220-00.

Pacific Northwest; Energy; Hydroelectric potential survey; 157- 11176-340-52.

Pacific northwest; Soil erosion; 303-09320-830-00.

Pacific Northwest region; Power plants, hydroelectric; Hydroelectric potential survey; Hydroelectric power, low

head; 057-10911-340-52.

Paleohydraulics; Channel incision chronology; Dearborn River, Montana; 095-10063-300-00.

Palmetto Bend Dam; Spillway; Hydraulic model; 321-09393-

350-00. Palmetto Bend reservoir; Reservoir inundation effects; Water

quality changes; Ecology; 149-1 1 1 33-860-60.

Palouse region; Runoff; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Erosion hazard prediction; Erosion loss, field measurements; Erosion model; 057-10909-830-05. Parameter estimation; Probability distribution; BiaS correction

factors; Floods; 159-1 1 199-740-00.

Particle centrifugal separation; Two-phase flow; Gas-solid flow; 083-105 74-130-52.

Particle motion analysis; Particles, deformable; Suspensions; Multi-component flow; 035-1 1634-130-40.

Particle motions; Dispersions, liquid; Multi-component flows; 108-1 1603-130-00.

Particle motions; Solids-gas flow; Visual studies; Boundary

layer; Drag reduction; Multi-component flow; 097-11007-

250-50.

Particle transport; Sedimentation; Suspensions; Brownian particles; Diffusion; 026-10847-130-00.

Particle-fluid system; Sprays; Two-component flow; Combustion

model; Droplets, fuel; Numerical model; 075-10833-130-52.

Particles, deformable; Suspensions; Multi-component flow; Particle motion analysis; 035-1 1634-130-40.

Particulate measurement; Aerosol flow mechanics; Asbestos

fibers; Diffusion; Dust flow; Multi-component flow; 432- 11377-130-90.

Particulates; Pollution, air; Stack sampling system; Gas sampling; 124-1 1059-870-36.

Peatlands; Drainage channels; 417-10309-840-90.

Peconic Bay system; Water properties; Circulation, ocean;

Finite element model; Numerical model; Oceanography; 105- 11024-450-60. Penstock entrances; Hydraulic model; 321-10685-340-00.

Percolation; Water table fluctuations; Aquifers; Groundwater

recharge; Mathematical models; 019-1 1554-820-05.

Permafrost; Salt transport; Soils, frozen; 004-10804-070-00.

Permeability; Rock masses; Seepage measurement; Dams; Dam

safety; 3 14-1 1525-350-00. Permeable beds; Wave-induced response; Dynamic response;

Pipes, buried; 417-11327-430-90.

Pesticide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment

transport; Soil loss; Tillage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Herbicide transport; Nutrient transport; 067-10927-870-00.

Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Streamflow; Urbanization ef- fects, runoff; 431-10620-810-90.

Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Swamp; 431-10621-810-90.

Peterborough, Ontario; Snow cover; Snowfall; 431-10618-810-

90. Phosphate mine spoil dumps; Slope stability; 304-09327-390-

00. Phosphate mines; Spoil dumps; 152-10152-890-06. Phosphorus; Reservoir load prediction; Runoff, nonpoint; Sedi- ment load; Water quality; Nitrogen; 3 1 4-1 1 52 1 -860-00. Phosphorus; Runoff losses; Watersheds, loessial; Agricultural chemicals movement; Loess soils; Nitrogen; 300-1 1400-8 10- 00. Phosphorus; Water quality; Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; 129-07584-820-61

.

344
Phosphorus loading; Adirondack lakes; Eutrophication model;

Lakes; Mathematical model; 031-10860-870-00. Phosphorus loading; Water quality; Eutrophication model; Lake

response; Nutrient loadings; 081-10983-870-54. Phosphorus removal; Septic tank effluent; Soil application of wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Nitrogen removal;

Nutrient removal; 422-1 1 349-870-90. Photochromic dye; Dye technique; Flow visualization; 428- 06952-710-00.

Photographic data; Coastal imagery data bank; 312-09747-710-

00. Photographic methods; Sea spectra; 331-07067-420-00.

Photography; Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment;

Jets, water in air; 329-09450-250-20.

Physical model; Sediment flume; Snow drifting model; 414-

11713-220-00.

Physical models; Plumes, far field; Scaling laws; Thermal

discharges; Heat transfer; 032-1 1654-870-33

.

Physical models; Plumes, submerged; Plumes, surface; Power

plants; Prototype measurements; Cooling, once-through; Cooling water flow; Mathematical models; 005-1 1430-340-

52. Phytoplankton; Remote sensing; Algae; Chlorophyll; Fluorosensor; 324-1 1466-710-00. Phytoplankton cell division; Water quality; 081-09827-870-54.

Phytoplankton dynamics; Eutrophication model; Lake

Michigan; Lake Ontario; Mathematical model; 077-10941-

870-36. Phytoplankton growth; Water quality; Mathematical model;

Nutrient uptake; 081-09826-870-54.

Piceance Basin, Colorado; Sediment yield; Mining effects; 322-

10698-880-00.

Pickwick Landing; Hydraulic model; Locks; 335-10736-330-00.

Pickwick Landing Dam; Hydraulic model; Lock approach;

Navigation conditions; 335-1 1485-330-00. Piedmont; Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; 3 1

1 -06974-8 1 0-00.

Piers; Scour; Sediment transport; Sills; Erosion; Flow obstructions; 104-06185-220-00.

Piezometric head; Road construction effects; Groundwater;

Idaho- 304-10645-820-00.

Pile arrays; Scour; Wave effects; Cylinders, vertical; 747- 11117-420-00.

Pile groups; Scour; Wave effects; Oscillatory flow; 147-1 1 1 1 1- 220-00.

Pile groups; Wave runup; Piles; 1 47-1 1 1 1 8-430-00.

Pile-bent piers; Scour; Bridge piers; 425-1 1361 -220-90.

Piles; Pile groups; Wave runup; 147-1 1 1 1 8-430-00.

Piles; Wave force instrumentation; 418-08133-420-00.

Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; 081-09799-870-73.

Pine Tree Branch watershed; Watershed studies; 334-0261 W810-00.

Pipe, cantilever; Pipe flow; Vibrations; Dynamic response; 147-

1 1 1 16-210-00.

Pipe, corrugated; Turbulence structure; Helical flow; 145- 08996-210-54.

Pipe cover layers; Rubble; Undersea pipe; Wave forces; 087- 09994-420-00.

Pipe design problems; Pipe flow; Graphical methods; 417-

11324-210-90.

Pipe diameter effects; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; 028-

08670-130-54.

Pipe diameter optimization; Water distribution systems; 109- 11027-860-00.

Pipe flow; Dilution methods; Discharge measurement; Injection system investigations; Mixing; 061 -1 1 5 1 7-2 1 0-33

.

Pipe flow; Graphical methods; Pipe design problems; 4/7-

11324-210-90.

Pipe flow; Pipeline system, prototype data; Air, dissolved; Overpressurization; 152-1 1587-210-88.

Pipe flow; Pipes, plastic corrugated; Structural characteristics; Drain tubing; 058-10913-210-82.

Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Transition; 331-

08524-250-00.

Pipe flow; Pressure drop; Rib roughness, helical; Roughness; Heat transfer; 124-11056-210-00.

Pipe flow; Pressure rise; Valve closure time; 405-11315-210-90.

Pipe flow; Pressure rise; Water column separation; Check valve

closure; 405-1 1 3 1 7-2 1 0-90. Pipe flow; Resonances; Acoustic sources; Oscillations, internal; 429-1 1365-210-90.

Pipe flow; Roughness; Drain tube, corrugated; 321-10672-210-

00. Pipe flow; Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Fiber

suspensions; Multi component flow; 097-1 1008-250-00.

Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; 046-09846-210-

00. Pipe flow; Temperature profiles; Velocity profiles; Convection; Duct flow, laminar; Heat transfer; Laminar flow solution compilation; 048-10901-210-20.

Pipe flow; Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; 1 19-07551-010-54.

Pipe flow; Tubes, internally finned; Fins; Friction; Heat

transfer; 124-1 1057-210-52.

Pipe flow; Tubes, short; Cross-flow effects; Entrance flow; Heat

transfer; 007-10806-140-70.

Pipe flow; Turbulence, grid; Ultrasonic Doppler system; Velocity measurements; 161-10072-700^0.

Pipe flow; Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; Mercury; 131- 10091-1 10-54. Pipe flow; Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 021-10111-020-00.

Pipe flow; Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; 003-09777-140-00.

Pipe flow; Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; Flow measurement;

Instrumentation development; Mass flow; 1 52-1 1 589-1 30-82.

Pipe flow; Vibrations; Dynamic response; Pipe, cantilever; 147- 11116-210-00.

Pipe flow; Vibrations, pipe wall; Acoustic-pipe coincidence; Flow noise transmission; 124-1 1053-160-54.

Pipe flow; Wall region visual study; Boundary layer, turbulent; 119-08216-010-54.

Pipe flow in constrictions; Constrictions, exponential; Laser- Doppler velocimetry; 1 34-1 1068-270-40.

Pipe flow, rough; Roughness profiles; Flow resistance prediction; 157-11173-210-00.

Pipe flow transients; Transients with gas release; Hydraulic

transients; 084-08777-210-54.

Pipe flow transients; Transients; Waterhammer; Open channel

transients; 087-08853-210-54.

Pipe flow, turbulent; Roughness elements; 007-09936-210-00.

Pipe flow, unsteady; Friction; Laminar flow; Oscillatory flow; 429-09599-210-90.

Pipe network; Surge analysis; Transients; Well field network; Computer program; 098-1 1016-210-75

.

Pipe network analysis; Numerical methods; 141-09930-210-33.

Pipe outlet; Velocity head recovery; Open channel; 425-1 1360- 210-90.

Pipe outlets; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; 300-01723-350-00.

Pipe, PVC; Sewage force main; Specifications; Workmanship;

Force main failure investigation; 1 74-1 1 239-2 10-65

.

Pipe vibrations; Vibrations; 417-10307-2 10-90.

Pipeline, submerged; Wave forces; 054-09277-420-44.

Pipeline system, prototype data; Air, dissolved; Over-pressurization; Pipe flow; 1 52-1 1 587-2 10-88.

345
Pipeline transport; Coal hydrotransport research facility; Hydraulic transport; 033-1 1546-260-52.

Pipeline transport; Pneumatic transport; Electrostatic effects; 126-1 1047-260-54.

Pipeline transport; Pollution aspects; Coal slurries; Environmental aspects; 033-10870-870-36.

Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump in- jector model; 064-10613-260-34.

Pipeline transport; Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component flow; 167-10019-210-60.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Blockage; 423-10515-370-90.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; 423-10516-130-90.

Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; 423-10517-370-90.

Pipeline transport; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions;

Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; 1 19-10075-370-54.

Pipelines; Air release; Column separation; 087-1 1427-2 10-54.

Pipelines buried; Seepage, wave-induced; Uplift; Wave effects; Cylinder, vertical; Hydrodynamic uplift; Offshore structures; 168-1 1225-430-54.

Pipelines, offshore; Scour; Sediment transport by waves; Wave

effects; 147-09050-220^4.

Pipelines, offshore; Wave pressure fields; 147-09051^20-44.

Pipelines, submarine; Arctic waters; Gas pipelines; Heat

transfer; Ice formation; Oil pipeline start-up; 428-1 1362-370-

90.

Pipes, buried; Permeable beds; Wave-induced response; Dynamic response; 417-1 1327-430-90.

Pipes, curved; Body forces; Buoyancy effects; Centrifugal force

effects; Convection; Heat transfer; Immersed bodies; 062-

10918-000-00.

Pipes, on sea floor; Wave forces, angle effect; 054-1 1709-420-

Pipes, plastic corrugated; Structural characteristics; Drain tubing; Pipe flow; 058-10913-210-82.

Piping (erosion); Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; 314-10760-350-00.

Planform geometry effects; Flushing, tidal; Marinas; Mixing;

159-1 1 190-470-36.

Plant nutrient requirements; Water quality; Energy conservation; Irrigation, high-frequency; Irrigation, sprinkler; Irriga- tion, trickle; 148-11147-840-33.

Plates, cantilever vibrating; Vibrations; Viscoelastic plate in a

fluid; Hydroelastic response; 4 17-1 1 323-240-90.

Plates, parallel vibrating; Pressure, dynamic; Pulsatile flow; Numerical solution; 065-10925-000-00. Plenum pressure; Surface effect ships; Heaving; 146-08980-

520-21. Plume; Strait of Georgia; British Columbia; Eraser river discharge plume; Numerical model; 412-1 1321-300-00. Plume; Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge channel; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model verification; 421-

1 1346-340-00. Plume behavior; San Francisco; Sewage disposal; Hydraulic model; Outfall, ocean; 015-1 1621-870-75. Plume dispersion; Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan;

Oil refinery wastes; 005-09779-870-36. Plume impingement; Fire impingement on ceilings; Flame

length; Heat transfer; 124-11052-190-45. Plume model; Stack emissions; Cooling tower emissions; 078- 08695-870-60. Plume theory; Plumes, buoyant; 429-09595-060-90. Plume velocity sampling; Bubbly mixture; Multi-component

flow; 061-1 1513-130-00.

Plumes; Pollutant transport; Thermal discharges; Turbulent

stratified shear flows; Buoyant discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross-flow effects; Mixing; 415-1 1612-870-90.

Plumes; Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; 005-09780-870-52.

Plumes; Power plant, nuclear; Thermal discharge diffusion; Hydraulic model; 01 5-1 1624-870-73. Plumes; Wastewater discharge; Dispersion; Mixing; North

Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean discharge; Outfalls; 112- 11038-870-44.

Plumes, buoyant; Plume theory; 429-09595-060-90.

Plumes, buoyant; Plumes, three-dimensional; Wastewater

disposal; Dispersion; Mixing; Outfall diffusers; 015-11623-

050-36. Plumes, far field; Scaling laws; Thermal discharges; Heat

transfer; Physical models; 032-1 1654-870-33. Plumes, forced axisymmetric; Turbulent transport; Velocity

profiles; 429-1 1 367-050-90. Plumes, multiple; Cooling towers; Mathematical model; 015- 11627-870-36.

Plumes, negative buoyancy; Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; Dispersion; 081-09814-070-54.

Plumes, negatively buoyant; Brine disposal; Offshore

discharges; Oil storage, salt domes; 081-10955-870-44.

Plumes, spreading; Wastewater discharge; Jets, buoyant; Jets, vertical in crossflow; Mixing; 038-10882-050-00.

Plumes, submerged; Plumes, surface; Power plants; Prototype measurements; Cooling, once-through; Cooling water flow; Mathematical models; Physical models; 005-1 1430-340-52. Plumes, surface; Power plants; Prototype measurements; Cooling, once-through; Cooling water flow; Mathematical models;

Physical models; Plumes, submerged; 005-1 1430-340-52. Plumes, thermal; Temperature fluctuations; Thermal effluents; 171-10032-870-33.

Plumes, three-dimensional; Wastewater disposal; Dispersion; Mixing; Outfall diffusers; Plumes, buoyant; 015-1 1623-050-

36. Plumes, wall; Fire plume; 124-08931-060-70. Pneumatic transport; Electrostatic effects; Pipeline transport; 126-1 1047-260-54. Pneumatic transport; Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Muck

pipeline; 033-10281-260-47. Pneumatic transport; Solid-gas flow; Coal, pulverized; Multi- component flow; 009-1081 1-130-60.

Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; Couette

flow; 091-07488-000-54.

Pollutant dispersion; Finite element method; Lake circulation; Numerical model; 038-09940-440-54.

Pollutant transport; Biological reaction submodels; Chemical

reaction submodels; Groundwater transport; Mathematical

model; 144-1 1083-820-33

.

Pollutant transport; Currents; Lake circulation; Lake Michigan; Numerical models; 005-09778-440-52.

Pollutant transport; Reclaimed water; Groundwater recharge; Numerical model; 144-10410-860-36.

Pollutant transport; River flow; Dispersion, longitudinal; Dispersion, natural streams; 094-11000-300-33.

Pollutant transport; Shoaling; Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; 147-10583-330-44.

Pollutant transport; Thermal discharges; Turbulent stratified shear flows; Buoyant discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross- flow effects; Mixing; Plumes; 415-11612-870-90.

Pollutant transport; Toxic spill modeling; Analytical models;

Dispersion; Model evaluation; 138-1 17 18-870-27.

Pollutant transport; Waste disposal ponds; Water quality; Aquifers; Groundwater flow; Mathematial models; 335- 11490-820-00.

Pollutant transport; Wastewater discharge; Currents, nearshore; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean outfall feasibility; Outfalls; 112-11037-870-60.

Pollutant transport; Water quality; Groundwater; Menomonee

river basin; 169-09872-820-36.

346
Pollutant transport; Wave-wind-current tank; Coastal processes;

Dispersion; 104-07055-870-00.

Pollutant transport model; Mixing zone characteristics; Offshore discharges; 081-10956-870-44.

Pollutants; Remote sensing; Sewage sludge; Waste disposal; Acid wastes; Marine spectral signature; Ocean dumped

materials; 324-11467-710-00.

Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; Water quality; Agricultural

soil; 129-07584-820-61.

Pollutants, marine; Reflectance; Remote sensing; Sediment,

suspended; Turbidity; Marine spectral signature; Optical

physics; 324-1 1 465-7 1 0-00.

Pollutants, organic; Hydrology, urban; 063-10564-870-00.

Pollution; Aquifers, basin margin; Groundwater contamination; Groundwater recharge; 152-11579-820-60.

Pollution; Chemical equilibrium calculations; Computer pro- grams; Metallic wastes; 081-09825-870-36.

Pollution; Contaminant transport; James River estuary; Kepone

transport model; 153-1 1 161-870-60.

Pollution; Oil slick mechanics; Oil slick spreading; 415-11613-

870-90.

Pollution; Remote sensing; Thermal discharge; Circulation; Cooling water discharge; Erosion; Heat flux analysis; Lake

Ontario; 322-1 1 460-870-00.

Pollution; Runoff; Water quality; Watershed, agricultural; Agricultural croplands; Nonpoint sources; 300-1 1396-870-36.

Pollution; Runoff, pasture land; Water quality; Livestock waste; Nonpoint sources; 300-1 1393-870-36.

Pollution; Runoff, rural; Sampling alternatives; Water quality; Nonpoint sources; 1 16-1 1043-870-36.

Pollution; Sedimer.t delivery; Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; Land use effects; Mathematical model; Monitoring; Nonpoint sources; 129-1 1498-870-36.

Pollution; Tailings-pile stabilization; Mining, iron; Missouri; 098-11013-870-60.

Pollution; Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; 005-09780-870-52.

Pollution; Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume dispersion; 005-09779-870-36.

Pollution; Watersheds, agricultural; Chemical transport models; 302-10637-870-00.

Pollution; Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; Oil

spills; 043-09924-870-00.

Pollution, air; Stack sampling system; Gas sampling; Particulates; 124-1 1059-870-36.

Pollution aspects; Coal slurries; Environmental aspects; Pipeline

transport; 033-10870-870-36.

Pollution control; Bubble screens; Jet discharges; 061-11512-

870-54.

Pollution control; Crop production; Drainage system design;

11 7-0382 W-840-00.

Pollution control; Runoff; Solids trap efficiency; Feedlot

hydrology; Land treatment; 300-1 1394-870-00.

Pollution control technology; Energy conversion; Energy effi- ciency; I52-0427W-870-00.

Pollution dispersion; River flow; Aeration, surface; Dispersion;

Effluent transport; Mixing; 061 -1 1 5 16-870-54.

Pollution load; Rouge River, Detroit; Runoff; Southeast Michigan; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; 163- 11212-810-68.

Pollution, nonpoint; Livestock operations; 303-10624-870-00.

Pollution, non-point; Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; 153-09882-400-60.

Pollution potential; Water requirements; Energy; Gasification,

lignite shale; 152-1 1557-860-33.

Pollution, thermal; Cooling water model; Model study; 018-

08784-870-73. Polymer additives; Cavitation; 125-08236-230-22. Polymer additives; Cavitation; Flow visualization; Jets; 329-

10774-050-20.

Polymer additives; Drag reduction; Transition; Pipe flow; 331-

08524-250-00. Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; 006-08825-250-54. Polymer additives; Pressure fluctuations, wall; Rough surface; Bodies of revolution; Drag reduction; 145-1 1091-250-21

.

Polymer additives; Shear modulus measuring instruments;

Viscosity; Drag reduction; 097-07502-120-00. Polymer additives; Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; 119-07553-250-54. Polymer additives; Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in

air; Photography; 329-09450-250-20. Polymer characteristics; Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 006-08825-250-54. Polymer molecular structure; Polymer-solvent interactions; Polymer weight distribution; Drag reduction; 1 19-1 1045-250-

00. Polymer solutions; Sink flow; Drag reduction; Extensional

flows; 429-1 1368-250-90. Polymer weight distribution; Drag reduction; Polymer molecular structure; Polymer-solvent interactions; 1 19-1 1045-250-

00. Polymers, dilute solutions; Polymers, mechanical degradation;

Shear; Solvent effects; Drag reduction; 1 19-1 1044-250-00.

Polymers, mechanical degradation; Shear; Solvent effects; Drag

reduction; Polymers, dilute solutions; 1 19-1 1044-250-00.

Polymer-solvent interactions; Polymer weight distribution; Drag

reduction; Polymer molecular structure; 1 19-1 1045-250-00.

Ponds; Stratified lake; Cooling lake; Density currents; Mixing, wind induced; Numerical model; 049-10900-340-54. Poquoson River, Virginia; Water quality; Back River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; Non-point pollution abatement; 153-11167-860-60. Porous media, deformable; Compressible flow; 091-10573-070-

54. Porous media flow; Aquifer flow; Dispersion; Plumes, negative buoyancy; 081-09814-070-54. Porous media flow; Aquifers, fractured; Geothermal reservoir simulation; Groundwater flow; Hydrogeologic systems; Mathematical models; 322-1 1463-390-00. Porous media flow; Boundary integral solutions; Groundwater; Numerical models; 038-09945-070-54. Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersivity measurements; Groundwater; Numerical model; 148-11153-070-

33. Porous media flow; Contaminant transport; Dispersion; Finite element model; Groundwater hydraulics; Numerical model;

151-11 139-820-00. Porous media flow; Energy transport; Geothermal energy; Heat

storage; Multiphase flow; 322-1 1462-070-00. Porous media flow; Groundwater flow; Numerical study; 434-

10558-820-90. Porous medium flow; Contaminant transport; Finite element

model; Groundwater pollution; Numerical model; 019-1 1550-

070-00. Porous medium flow; Contaminant distribution; Dispersion; Numerical model; 019-1 1 552-870-05. Porous medium flow; Finite element method; Moving boundary

problems; 042-10892-000-00. Porous medium flow; Finite element model; Groundwater pollution; Mathematical model; Nuclear wastes; 049-1 1642-820-

00. Porous medium flow; Flow resistance; Granular beds; Moody

diagram; 103-1 1022-070-00. Porous medium flow; Stratified flow; Convective flow; Hele- Shaw flow; 062-10920-060-00. Porous medium flow; Water quality; Dispersion; Groundwater;

081-08084-820-00.

Porous medium flow theory; Seepage, from channels; Free boundary problem; Irrigation channels; 024-10844-070-00. 347
Port improvements, Texas: Navigation channels; 147-10588-

330-00. Potamology; Ice conditions; Mississippi River, St. Louis district; Navigable channel maintenance; 098-11010-300-13.

Potamology; River flow; Control structure impact; Land use ef- fects; Mississippi River, St. Louis district; 098-1 1009-300-1 3

.

Potential flow; Rough surface effects; Ship resistance prediction; Boundary layer; 164-1 1214-520-84.

Potential flow; Sluices; Weirs, sharp crested; Hodograph equation; Numerical solutions; Overfalls; 062-10915-040-14.

Potential flow; Submerged bodies; Surface effects; 333-10716-

030-22.

Potential flow; Viscoplastic flow; Viscous flow; Finite element

solutions; Flow flelds; Numerical solutions; 406-07319-740-

90. Potential flow, three-dimensional; Turbomachinery flow; Finite element analysis; 047-10896-630-00. Powder River Basin; Strip mining effects; Coal mining; Groundwater quality; Mathematical model; 055-10904-870-34. Power generation; Hydraulic compressor; 047-10897-340-00.

Power, off-peak; Air bubble storage; Aquifers; Energy storage, compressed air; Numerical model; 335-1 1489-890-00. Power plant; Computer model; Cooling water intake; Fish

screens; Hydraulic model; Intake design; Manifold; 145- 11096-340-70. Power plant; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Intakes;

Outfalls; 421-10325-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water outfall; Hydraulic model; Outfalls; 421-10324-340-00. Power plant; Cooling water system; Hydraulic model; 421- 09579-340-00. Power plant; Dousing system; Hydraulic model; 421-11339-

340-00. Power plant; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 335-10738-850-00. Power plant; Hydraulic model; Ice conditions; Limestone sta- tion; 413-10265-340-73. Power plant; Pressure oscillations; Dousing system Instabilities; Hydraulic model; 42 1 -1 1 342-340-00. Power plant; Pump approach flows; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model; Intake sump; 413-1 1 676-340-73

.

Power plant; Pump sump; Circulating water system; Cooling

water bypass; Hydraulic model; 145-1 1 092-340-73

.

Power plant; Pump sumps, sediment removal; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intake, service water; 4 1 3-1 1655-340-73

.

Power plant; Sediment exclusion; Hydraulic model; Intake; 413-

11656-340-73. Power plant; Sedimentation; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model;

Intake forebay; 1 74-1 1 244-340-73

.

Power plant; Spray headers; Spray plate distributions; Hydraulic model; 42 1-1 1340-340-00. Power plant; Steam lines; Balance header; Hydraulic model;

421-1 1337-340-00. Power plant; Sump-pump arrangement; Cooling v/ater intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 145-1 1098-340-75

.

Power plant; Thermal discharge; Tide effects; Cooling water

discharge; Delaware River, jet impingement; Mathematical

model; 174-1 1250-340-73. Power plant; Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; 335-10740-870 00. Power plant; Tunnel outlet transition; Cooling water flow; Forebay; Hydraulic model; 421-1 1345-340-00. Power plant; Velocity distributions; Cooling water; Fish protection facilities; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; 42/-

1 1338-340-00. Power plant; Velocity distribution; Vortices; Cooling water in- take; Hydraulic model; Intake design; 42 1 - U344-340-00. Power plant; Vortices; Dilution water pump intake; Flov/ patterns; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; 174-1 1238-340-75

. Power plant; Wave impact forces; Intake structure; 433-11389-

430-70. Power plant construction; Salt water intrusion; Diversion tunnel

closure effect; Estuary; Hydraulic model; Ice cover effect; La

Grande River, Canada; 413-11673-060-73. Power plant cooling; California groundwater; Finite element

basin model; Groundwater, brackish; Groundwater, regional management; Mathematical model; 01 9-1 1 547-820-33

.

Power plant effects; River temperature; Thermal discharges; Cooling optimization; Mathematical models; 335-11491 -340-

00. Power plant, hydroelectric; Approach channel; Head race model; Hydraulic model; Ice handling facilities; 400-11267-

340-73. Power plant, hydroelectric; Canal; Control structure; Hydraulic model; Ice entrainment; Intake; 413-1 1685-340-73. Power plant, hydroelectric; Draft tube modifications; 041-

10884-630-70. Power plant, hydroelectric; Reservoir discharge effects; Aquatic

organisms; 148-1 1 1 56-870-33

.

Power plant, hydroelectric; Rock plug blast; Dam; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; 413-11677-350-73. Power plant, hydroelectric; Scour; Spillway; Diversion; Hydraulics model; 413-11660-340-87. Power plant, hydroelectric; Sediment exclusion; Spillway gates; Diversion weir; Hydraulic model; Intake; 4 1 3-1 1658-340-87. Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortices; Diversion; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 4 13-1 1 659-340-87. Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; Vortex, intake; Dam comprehensive model; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1670-340-87. Power plant, hydroelectric; Vortices; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 41 3-1 1 672-340-73

.

Power plant intakes; Fish screen hydraulics; 313-10663-850-13. Power plant, nuclear; Combined bend suction piping; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; 174-11257-34 0-73. Power plant, nuclear; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; 1 74-1 1 255-340-73

.

Power plant nuclear; Ice jam; Intake, service water; Mathematical model; 413-1 1654-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Pump layout; Recirculation spray pumps;

Vortices; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1666-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; 335-

10735-340-00. Power plant, nuclear; Pumps; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1664-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; Vortices; Casing installation; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1665-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 4 13-11 667-340-73. Power plant nuclear; River ice; Ice jam potential; Intake, ser- vice water; 413-11661-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; River ice; Cooling water; Ice jam potential; 413-11662-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Seismic forces; Stochastic response; Dynamic response; Floating nuclear plant; Fluid-structure in- teraction; 417-1 1330-430-90. Power plant, nuclear; Sump vortex; Heat removal sump;

Hydraulic model; 335-1 1487-340-00. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal discharge diffusion; Hydraulic model; Plumes; 01 5-1 1 624-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow; Dispersion; Field studies; 032-1 1652-3 40-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model;

Pilgrim plant; 081-09799-870-73. Power plant, nuclear; Thermal plume; Diffuser model; Hydraulic model; 174-11245-340-73.

.348
Power plant, nuclear; Transients, field measurements; Cooling

water systems; 049-1 1646-340-82. Power plant, nuclear; Transient analysis; Waterhammer; Computer model; Cooling water system; 174-1 1258-340-73

.

Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Condenser wear potential; Flow patterns; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Inlet waterbox; 174-1 1256-340-73. Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Containment sump; Emergency

cooling system; Hydraulic model; 1 74-1 1 252-340-73

.

Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Breakflow jet impingement; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; 174-1 1253-340-73

.

Power plant, nuclear; Vortices; Containment sump; Emergency

cooling system; Hydraulic model; 174-1 1254-340-73

.

Power plant operations; Cooling system behavior; Meteorological conditions forecasts; 081-10979-340-00. Power plant, pumped storage; Discharge structure; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; 1 74-1 1 237-340-73

.

Power plant, pumped storage; Reservoir stratification; Turbidity; Hydrothermal model; 1 74-1 1 249-340-60. Power plant, pumped storage; Tunnel trifurcation; Hydraulic model; 049-1 1 645-340-73

.

Power plant, pumped storage; Velocity distributions; Vibrations; Vortices; Intake structure; Head loss; Hydraulic model;

174-1 1242-340-73. Power plant, recirculation minimization; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Offshore intake; 1 74-1 1 24 7-340-73

.

Power plant siting; Regionalized variable theory; Water quality sampling; Environmental impact; Hydrologic network design; 159-1 1 198-810-55. Power plant, steam; Cooling water flow; Discharge canal; Hydraulic model; 1 74-1 1 246-340-73

.

Power plant, steam; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; 032-1 1 65 1 -340-60. Power plants; Cooling water intakes; Intake design; 421-09581-

340-00. Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 335-10737-850-00. Power plants; Fish larval impingement; Fish screens; Intakes; 335-10775-850-00. Power plants; Intake biological performance; Intake structure

design; 107-09949-340-60. Power plants; Prototype measurements; Cooling, once-through; Cooling water flow; Mathematical models; Physical models; Plumes, submerged; Plumes, surface; 005-1 1430-340-52. Power plants; Salinity implications; Water equality; Water use

shifts; Agricultural water use; Colorado River; Cooling water

use; 152-1 1576-860-60. Power plants; Screens; Cooling water intakes; Fish barrier evaluations; Intakes; 1 74-1 1 248-850-70. Power plants; TTiermal effluents; Waste heat management;

Energy conservation; Environmental impact; 081-09810-870-

52. Power plants; Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; Food

production; 152-10149-870-73. Power plants; Thermal effluent; Irrigation; 152-10169-840-33. Power plants; Waste heat; Atmospheric effects; Numerical

models; 132-09909-870-52. Power plants; Water supply, potable; Cooling water supply; 148-1 1 155-860-33. Power plants, hydroelectric; Hydroelectric potential survey; Hydroelectric power, low head; Pacific Northwest region; 057-1091 1-340-52. Power plants, nuclear; Reactor vessel model; Water refill behavior; 041-10888-340-52. Power plants, nuclear; Reactor safety assessment; Noise diagnostics; 1 15-10021-340-55. Power plants, pumped storage; Pumped storage reservoir; Reservoir, stratified; Thermal model; Jet entrainment; Mathematical model; 049-1 1650-340-10.

Power plants, siting trade-offs; Water use; Air quality; Economic costs; 152-1 1561-340-33. Powerhouse; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Hydroelectric

plant; 1 74-1 1 243-340-73

.

Powerhouse; Spillway model; Dam model; Diversion channel; Hydraulic model; 413-11657-350-87. Powerhouse model; Bonneville Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-07107-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; Ice Harbor Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-08445-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; John Day Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; Orifice bulkheads; 313-08446-350-13. Powerhouse skeleton model; Lower Granite Dam; 3 13-08444-

350-13.

Powerplant; Pumps; Sump supply tunnel; Vortices; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1668-340-73. Powerplant operations effects; Waves; Bank stability; Boundary

shear; Channel stability; Grand Coulee third powerplant; Hydraulic model; 32 1-1 1444-300-00. Powr plant, nuclear; Cooling water discharge; Diffuser, staged; Mathematical model; 1 74-1 1 25 1 -340-73

.

Precipitation; Cloud seeding potential; Orographic winter

storms; 152-10153-480-60.

Precipitation; Remote sensing; Acid rain effects; Ecosystems;

Lakes; 025-10845-880-60.

Precipitation; Soil water quality; Acid rain effects; Adirondack

soils; 025-10846-880-00.

Precipitation; Tennessee basin; 334-00768-810-00.

Precipitation; Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; 317-10670-810-00.

Precipitation data network design; Puerto Rico; Data collection; 081-10975-810-33.

Precipitation estimates; Raingage network design; Orographic

influences; 081-10981-810-00.

Precipitation estimates; Satellite photographs; British Columbia

storms; 405-1 1 3 1 6-8 10-90.

Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09315-810-00.

Precipitation gages; Snowpack hydrology; 304-06969-810-00.

Precipitation input, maximum; Watershed response, maximum;

Canadian watersheds; Discharge, extreme; Hydrographs; 402-

1 1286-810-00.

Precipitation, maximum probable; Alberta; 402-1 1289-810-96.

Precipitator model; Airflow model; Electrostatic precipitator; 400-1 1277-870-70.

Precipitator model; Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control device; Flow distribution; 400-1 1271-870-70.

Precipitator model; Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control device; Flow distribution; 400-1 1274-870-75.

Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuations; Roughness effect; Wind load; Boundary layer; Cooling towers; Cylinders; Im- mersed structures; 145-1 1 102-030-54.

Pressure distribution; Spillway flow; Finite element model;

Head-discharge relations; Numerical model; 049-1 1640-350-

00. Pressure distribution; Temperature distribution; Velocity dis- tribution; Air entrainment; Heat transfer; Jet, impinging; Jet spread; 044-1 1 497-050-22

.

Pressure distribution; Turbulence effect; Buildings; Corner

rounding; Immersed bodies, prismatic; 1 57-1 1 1 77-030-54.

Pressure distributions; Turbulence effects; Vibration; Angular

bodies; Buildings; H-sections; Immersed bodies; 157-1 1 174- 030-54.

Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model; 400-1 1 271 -870-70.

349
Pressure drop; Airflow characteristics; Electrostatic precipitator; Flow control device; Flow distribution; Precipitator model; 400-11274-870-75.

Pressure drop; Refrigeration; Tube evaporators; Evaporation; Heat transfer; 045-10893-690-84.

Pressure drop; Rib roughness, helical; Roughness; Heat

transfer; Pipe flow; 1 24-11 056-2 10-00.

Pressure, dynamic; Pulsatile flow; Numerical solution; Plates, parallel vibrating; 065-10925-000-00.

Pressure fluctuations; Roughness effect; Wind load; Boundary

layer; Cooling towers; Cylinders; Immersed structures; Pres- sure distribution; 145-1 1 102-030-54.

Pressure fluctuations; Two-phase flow; 429-1 0506-1 30-90.

Pressure fluctuations, wall; Rough surface; Bodies of revolution; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 145-1 1091-250-21

.

Pressure hole errors; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Polymer characteristics; 006-08825-250-54.

Pressure interpolation; Finite element methods; Fluid flows; 432-11374-740-90.

Pressure oscillations; Dousing system instabilities; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 421-1 1342-340-00.

Pressure, radiated; Shells, submerged; Acoustic medium; Dynamic analysis; Harmonic excitation; Numerical methods;

147-1 1 1 13-430-00.

Pressure rise; Valve closure time; Pipe flow; 405-1 13 1 5-2 10-90. Pressure rise; Water column separation; Check valve closure; Pipe flow; 405-11317-210-90.

Pressure surges; Slug flow; Transients; Two-phase flow; Gasliquid flow; 049-1 1647-130-54.

Pressure transducer development; Wall pressure fluctuations; Cylinders, aligned with flow; Immersed bodies; 085-10992-

030-20.

Pressure waves; Pump surges; Two-phase flow; Structural resonance; Waterhammer; Fluid-pipeline interactions; 041- 10887:

Pressure waves; Soil liquefaction; Soil water; Earthquake ef- fects; 087-1 1428-820-54.

Preston tube; Turbulence, near wall; Turbulent shear flows; Wall shear stress; Buoyancy effects; Curvature effects; 432-

11376-020-90.

Price meter performance; Towing tank calibrations, waiting

times; Current meters; Horizontal alignment effect; 407-

11307-700-00.

Price River, Utah; Salinity development processes; Water quality; 152-1 1584-860-31. Primary settling tank efficiency; Sedimentation; Wastewater

treatment; Activated sludge design; 109-1 1028-870-00.

Probabilistic methods; Sampling; Mineral exploration; 081-

10980-650-00.

Probability analysis; Floods; Ice breakup; 401-10767-300-96.

Probability density distribution; Urban stonnwater managememt; Hydrologic parameters; 081-10976-810-54.

Probability distribution; Bias correction factors; Floods; Parameter estimation; 1 59-1 1 199-740-00.

Probability theory; Engineering uncertainties; Hydraulic design,

reliability based; Hydrologic design; 061 -1 1 508-390-00.

Propeller blade loading; Propellers, controllable pitch; 333-

09431-550-22.

Propeller blade pressure distribution; 333-09432-550-22.

Propeller loads, unsteady; Propellers, marine; Wake effects; 146-10036-550-21.

Propeller-hull interaction; 333-09441-550-00.

Propeller-induced pressures; Ship hulls; Computer program;

Hull pressures; 146-11104-550-21.

Propeller-rudder interaction; Propeller-rudder transverse clearance; 146-1 1 107-550-21

.

Prof>elIer-rudder transverse clearance; Propeller-rudder interaction; 146-11107-550-21.

Propellers, controllable pitch; Propeller blade loading; 333-

09431-550-22.

Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; Undersea

propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; 329-07219-

550-22.

Propellers, marine; Air emission; Cavitation erosion reduction; 333-11477-550-00.

Propellers, marine; Blade loading distribution; Computer code;

Inclined inflow effect; Lifting surface theory; 146-1 1 103-550-

21.

Propellers, marine; Vortex, tip; Cavitation abatement; 333-

11482-550-22.

Propellers, marine; Wake effects; Propeller loads, unsteady; 146-10036-550-21.

Propellers, submarine; Shear effect; Wake effect; 146-11108-

550-21.

Propulsion; Axial flow inducers; Inducers; 122-10043-550-50.

Propulsion shafts; Seals; Stem tube bearings; Bearings; Merchant ships; 083-10990-620-45.

Propulsor design; Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; Cavitation; 125- 08923-550-22.

Propulsor design; Undersea propulsion; Computer programs;

Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; 329-07219-550-

22. Prototype measurements; Cooling, once-through; Cooling water

flow; Mathematical models; Physical models; Plumes, sub- merged; Plumes, surface; Power plants; 005-1 1 430-340-52

.

Prototype testing; Scale effects; Sediment recovery; Stormwater

regulator; Swiri concentrator; Hydraulic model; 413-11663-

870-36.

P.T. orifices; Water supply system; Alaska water systems; 313-

10667-210-13.

Public preference; Water resource planning; 1 52-0426W-800-

00. Puerto Rico; Data collection; Precipitation data network

design; 081-10975-810-33.

Puget Sound; Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; 159-10182-410-00. Puget Sound field study; Shore protection; Coastal erosion; Erosion protection techniques; 165-1 1216-410-60.

Pulsatile flow; Flow measurement; Orifice meters; 167-10016-

700-54.

Pulsatile flow; Numerical solution; Plates, parallel vibrating; Pressure, dynamic; 065-10925-000-00. Pump approach flows; Cooling tower basin; Hydraulic model;

Intake sump; Power plant; 413-1 1676-340-73. Pump bays; Flow distribution; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump;

400-11275-390-75. Pump bays; Vortices; Approach channel; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; 4 00-1 1270-390-73. Pump efficiency monitor; Instrumentation development; 152- 11599-630-05. Pump intakes; Sludge pumping station; Vortices; Wastewater

treatment plant; Hydraulic model; 413-1 1674-870-70. Pump irrigation system design; Energy conservation; Head

losses; Irrigation systems; 099-1 1017-840-00. Pump layout; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 413-1 1666-340-73. Pump models; Pumps, centrifugal; Multiphase pumping

technology; Two-phase flow; Air-water mixtures; 041-10883-

630-82. Pump performance evaluation; Pumps, industrial; Water pumps;

041-10885-630-70. Pump, solar powered; Solar power; Water pump; 152-10168-

630-33. Pump sump; Circulating water system; Cooling water bypass; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 145-11092-340-73. Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat

removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 335-10735-340-00. Pump sump; Wastewater treatment plant; Filter feed sump;

Hydraulic model; 413-1 1675-870-70. 350
Pump sumps, sediment removal; Vortices; Hydraulic model; In- take, senice water; Power plant; 413-11655-340-73. Pump surges; Two-phase flow; Structural resonance; Water- hammer; Fluid-pipeline interactions; Pressure waves; 041-

10887-. Pumped storage development; Hydraulic model; Lake stratifica- tion; 32 1 -09380-340-00. Pumped storage project; Rock trap; Hydraulic model; 157- 09196-340-73. Pumped storage reservoir; Reservoir, stratified; Thermal model;

Jet entrainment; Mathematical model; Power plants, pumped

storage; 049-1 1650-340-1 0. Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; Mixing; 167-10017-060-33. Pumped-storage operation effects; Reservoir sUatification; Mathematical model; 081-10962-340-75. Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges;

Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; 335-07080-

340-00. Pumping station; Rochester, N.Y.; Sewer system; Tunnel

hydraulics and control; Mathematical model; 145-1 1095-870-

75. Pumping station; Water supply system; Diversion conduit; Hydraulic model; Montreal; 4 1 3-1 1684-860-97.

Pump-jet propulsion; Vibrations; Computer program; 146- 10037-630-21.

Pumpjets; Ships, high speed; Cavitation; Propulsor design; 125- 08923-550-22. Pumps; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 4 1 3-1 1 664-340-73

.

Pumps; Sump supply tunnel; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Powerplant; 413-11668-340-73. Pumps, centrifugal; Multiphase pumping technology; Two-phase

flow; Air-water mixtures; Pump models; 041-10883-630-82. Pumps, centrifugal; Rocket engines; Liquid hydrogen; Liquid oxygen; 325-1 1468-630-00. Pumps, industrial; Water pumps; Pump performance evaluation; 041-10885-630-70. Pumps, low head injection; Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 413-1 1667-

340-73. Pumps, low head injection; Vortices; Casing installation; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 4 13-1 1 665-340-73

.

Pumps, positive displacement; Oil separator evaluations; Oil

spill cleanup; 433-1 1 385-870-90. Pump-turbine intake; Grand Coulee Dam; 321-07022-340-00.

Pump-turbines; Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube

surging; 125-10045-630-31. Quebec estuaries; Circulation; Estuary, field measurements; In- ternal waves; Mixing; 416-1 1607^00-90. Quebec streams; Sediment load; Sediment transport, suspended; Urban development effects; 422-09587-220-90. Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; Waterhammer;

Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; 335-07080-340-

00. Radar; Remote sensing; Seasat data; Ocean surface oil; Oil slick detection; 023-10840-870-30. Radar imaging; Wave direction measurement; 3 12-10650-700-

00. Radioactive wastes; Stochastic model; Nuclear material migration; 144-1 1084-870-55.

Rain erosion; Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overiand flow; 300-042 75-830-00. Raindrop characteristics effects; Salt pollution; Soil characteristics effects; Colorado River basin; Infiltration measurements; 152-1 1566-870-33. Raindrop impact; Overland flow; 098-07504-200-00.

Rainfall erosion; Clays; Dispersive clay; Embankments; Piping

(erosion); 314-10760-350-00.

Rainfall frequency analysis; Runoff, industrial sites; Stormwater

treatment; Detention basin design; 109-11026-870-70.

Rainfall intensity distribution; Runoff; SCS runoff equations; 123-1 1051-810-05.

Rainfall patterns; Southern Great Plains; Mathematical models; 302-10634-810-00.

Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; 081-09821-810-54.

Rainfall simulator; Conservation practice effects; Infiltration; Kansas; 07 1 -1 1 703-8 1 0-00.

Rainfall, stochastic models; Runoff, surface; Irrigation hydraulics; Kinematic modeling; Mathematical models; 093-1 1716- 810-54.

Rainfall, thunderstorm; Rimoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; 303-10625-810-00.

Rainfall-runoff; Watershed model; Watersheds, grazed; Northwest watersheds; 057-10908-810-05.

Rainfall-runoff relations; Runoff, urban; Watershed runoff; Kinematic wave approach; Mathematical model sensitivity; Numerical models; Overiand flow; 093-1 17 1 5-8 1 0-33

.

Raingage network design; Orographic influences; Precipitation estimates; 081-10981-810-00. Random integral equation model; Reservoir thermal effects; Stream temperature modeling; Water temperature; Hydrothermal combined generation; 3 19-1 1443-340-00. Rappahannock River; Water quality; Ecosystem model; Estuary; Mathematical model; 153-11168^00-60.

Rating curves; River flow; Channel-flood plain interaction; Flood plain hydraulics; 402-11301-300-90.

Rating curves; Stage-discharge model; Unsteady flow effects; Mississippi River; Numerical model; 314-11539-300-13.

Reacting flows; Turbulent shear flow; Water tunnel, blow- down; Mixing; 014-10818-020-26.

Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; 097-07503-020-00.

Reactor; Suppression pool; Computer model; Cooling system; Hydrodynamic response; 069-10936-340-82. Reactor cooling; Sodium boiling; Sodium flow loop; Test facility; Blockage effects; Liquid metals; 1 1 5-1 1263-340-52

.

Reactor, pressurized; Shell, elastic; Two-phase flow; Computer

simulation; Coolant-loss accident; Fluid-structure interaction; Hydroelastic response; 075-10832-240-55. Reactor safety; Vapor blanket collapse; Explosion propagation; 131-10089-340-55. Reactor safety assessment; Noise diagnostics; Power plants, nuclear; 1 15-10021-340-55. Reactor safety research; Two-phase flow; Flow measurement;

Instrumentation program; 1 15-1 1265-1 30-55

.

Reactor vessel model; Water refill behavior; Power plants, nuclear; 041-10888-340-52.

Reactors; Bubble growth, core disruptive accidents; Entrain- ment; Hydrodynamic instabilities; 131-11433-340-52.

Reactors; Steam chugging phenomena; Two-phase flow; Computer model; 069-10935-130-82.

Reactors; Suppression pools; Two-phase flow; Air injection; Bubble growth; Free surface flows; Numerical models; 075- 10828-130-82.

Reattaching flow; Separated flow; Fluidics; 135-07619-600-00.

Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear; Pumps; 4 1 3-1 1 664-340-73

.

Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear; Pump layout; 4 1 3-1 1 66 6-34 0-73

.

Recirculation spray pumps; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; 413-1 1667-340-

73. Reclaimed water; Groundwater recharge; Numerical model;

Pollutant transport; 144-10410-860-36. Recording device, digital; Data collection, real time; 152- 11591-710-00.

351
Recreation, winter ice; River ice; Ice cover formation mechanics; Intake, municipal water supply; Matliematical model; Nelson River, Canada; 4 1 3-11 669-300-73

.

Recreational development; Watershed impact; Guadalupe

Mountains National Park; 1 48-04 1 OW-8 1 0-33. Recreational development; Water quality management;

Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; 152-10150-810-60. Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; Navigation channel; River model; 314-09671-330-13. Red tide development; Biological and chemical factors; 081-

10982-870-44.

Reflectance; Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Turbidity; Marine spectral signature; Optical physics; Pollutants, marine; 324-1 1 465-7 1 0-00. Refrigerant condensers; Noncondensible gas effects; 124- 11054-690-84.

Refrigeration; Tube evaporators; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Pressure drop; 045-10893-690-84. Regime sensitivity; Channels, circular; Channels, trapezoidal; 056-10905-300-00. Regime theory; River channels; Sediment transport; Channel

adjustment; Mobile bed channels; 402-1 1 298-300-90.

Regionalized variable theory; Water quality sampling; Environ- mental impact; Hydrologic network design; Power plant sit- ing; 159-1 1 198-810-55.

Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface

mining; Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage;

Hydrology; Mining effects; 306-09333-890-00. Remote sensing; Acid rain effects; Ecosystems; Lakes;

Precipitation; 025-10845-880-60. Remote sensing; Algae; Chlorophyll; Fluorosensor; Phytoplankton; 324-1 1466-710-00. Remote sensing; California; Irrigated land inventory; Landsat

data; 023-10836-710-60. Remote sensing; Runoff; Soil loss; Water loss; Watershed,

agricultural; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; 168- 11220-810-50. Remote sensing; Runoff prediction; Vegetation data; Watershed

data; Landsat data; 023-10837-810-65. Remote sensing; Seasat data; Ocean surface oil; Oil slick detection; Radar; 023-10840-870-30. Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Chlorophyll; 324-09396-

710-00. Remote sensing; Sediment, suspended; Turbidity; Marine spectral signature; Optical physics; Pollutants, marine;

Reflectance; 324-1 1465-7 10-00. Remote sensing; Seepage detection; Levees; Mississippi River; 314-1 1536-710-13. Remote sensing; Sewage sludge; Waste disposal; Acid wastes; Marine spectral signature; Ocean dumped materials; Pollutants; 324-1 1467-710-00. Remote sensing; Snow wetness; Soil moisture; 323-10704-810-

00. Remote sensing; Soil moisture; Vegetation classification; 023- 10842-820-50. Remote sensing; Soil moisture determination; Infrared techniques; Microwave techniques; 023-10839-820-88. Remote sensing; Soil moisture level; 123-10085-710-00. Remote sensing; Surface water inventory; Texas; Landsat data; 147-1 1 1 12-860-50. Remote sensing; Thermal discharge; Circulation; Cooling water

discharge; Erosion; Heat flux analysis; Lake Ontario; Pollution; 322-1 1460-870-00. Remote sensing; Vegetation moisture estimates; Forest fires; Green fuel moisture; Landsat data; 023-10841-710-50. Remote sensing; Water quality; Green bay watershed; Land

development impact; Landsat data; 171-1 1234-860-44. Remote sensing; Water table detection; Water table, perched; Groundwater; Infrared imagery; 023-10843-860-33.

Remote sensing; Water temperature; Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; 107-09948-870-60. Remote sensing; Wave refraction model; Atlantic continental

shelf; 324-09395-420-00. Remote sensing; Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind

wave facility; Air-sea interaction; 326-10707-460-00.

Reservoir design capacity; Stochastic hydrology; Disaggregation model; 159-1 1 196-810-33.

Reservoir discharge effects; Aquatic organisms; Power plant, hydroelectric; 148-1 H56-870-33.

Reservoir ecosystem models; Data variability effects; Model

sensitivity; 081-10954-880-00.

Reservoir fluctuation effects; Circulation; Embayments, recreational; 157-1 1 184-450-00.

Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir models; Sedimentation; Water quality; Mathematical models; Mixing; 314-1 1518-

440-00.

Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir stratification; Temperature

structure; Dispersion field studies; Mixing, wind induced; 335-1 1488-860-00.

Reservoir inundation effects; Water quality changes; Ecology; Palmetto Bend reservoir; 1 49-1 1 1 33-860-60.

Reservoir load prediction; Runoff, nonpoint; Sediment load; Water quality; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; 314-11521-860-00.

Reservoir losses; Tennessee basin; Evaporation; 334-00765-

810-00.

Reservoir management, river water quality; Water quality; Mathematical model; 018-10124-860-61.

Reservoir models; Sedimentation; Water quality; Mathematical

models; Mixing; Reservoir hydrodynamics; 3 1 4-1 1 5 1 8-440-

00. Reservoir operation; Runoff, snow; Snowmelt forecast; 159- 10193-810-33.

Reservoir operation effects; Streamflow; Water quality; Delaware river basin; Flow regime; 322-1 1458-300-00.

Reservoir operation rules; 109-09968-860-33.

Reservoir sedimentation measurements; Sedimentation; TVA

reservoirs; 334-00785-350-00.

Reservoir stratification; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage

operation effects; 081-10962-340-75.

Reservoir stratification; Stratification, thermal; Mixing; Pumped

storage systems; 167-10017-060-33.

Reservoir stratification; Temperature structure; Dispersion field studies; Mixing, wind induced; Reservoir hydrodynamics;

335-1 1488-860-00.

Reservoir stratification; Turbidity; Hydrothermal model; Power

plant, pumped storage; 174-1 1249-340-60.

Reservoir, stratified; Thermal model; Jet entrainment; Mathematical model; Power plants, pumped storage; Pumped

storage reservoir; 049-1 1650-340-10.

Reservoir system sensitivity; Streamflow stochastic models; Water supply; Municipal reservoir reliability; New York City

reservoirs; 038-10874-860-33.

Reservoir temperature measurements; Stream temperature; Water temperature; 334-00769-860-00.

Reservoir thermal effects; Stream temperature modeling; Water

temperature; Hydro-thermal combined generation; Random

integral equation model; 3 19-1 1443-340-00.

Reservoir trap efficiency; Sediment deposition; 302-09297-220-

00. Reservoirs; Bays; Ecological models; Estuaries; Nutrient loading; 149-1 1 123-880-60.

Reservoirs; Design flood selection methods; Floods; Levee

design; 1 52-1 1 598-3 1 0-38. Reservoirs; Eutrophication; 148-041 lW-860-33.

Reservoirs; Spillway adequacy; Mathematical model; 098- 08868-350-00.

Reservoirs; Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; Mixing; 130-09841-440-33.

352
Reservoirs; Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; 081- 09807-870-73.

Reservoirs; Stratified fluids; Destratification diffuser; 321-

10679-860-00.

Reservoirs; Water quality; Biological model; Chemical-physical

reactions; Lakes; Mathematical model; 149-1 H26-860-60.

Reservoirs; Water quality; Eutrophication potential; Mathematical models; 3 14-1 1 520-860-00.

Reservoirs, farm; Sub-humid regions; Irrigation systems, supple- mental; Kansas; Mathematical model; 071 -1 1 704-840-33.

Reservoirs, small; Sedimentation; Spillway, bottom-withdrawal; Water quality; Eutrophication; Nutrients; 300-1 1403-860-00.

Reservoirs, surface; Surface-subsurface storage mix; Water

storage; Aquifers; Groundwater; 159-1 1 197-860-60.

Reservoirs, thermal loading; Water quality; Winter condition

simulation; Finite element-finite difference comparison; Mathemaucal models; 415-1 1609-860-90.

Resistance relations; River channels; Bars, gravel; Channels,

braided; Channels, shifting; Gravel channels; 402-1 1302-300-

90. Resistance wavemaking; Drag; Hydrofoil, flat plate; Hydrofoil, submerged; 333-1 1479-530-22. Resonance tubes; Flow visualization; 135-08950-290-15.

Resonances; Acoustic sources; Oscillations, internal; Pipe flow; 429-11365-210-90.

Respiration volume measurement; Biomedical flows; Breathing mask development; Heat loss; Neonate instrumentation

system; 045-10894-270-40.

Revelstoke project; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 433-

10557-350-73. Reynolds number, critical range; Vortex shedding; Wakes; Boundary layer reattachment; Cylinders, circular; Immersed

bodies; Oscillations, streamwise; 429-1 1 366-030-90.

Rheology; Viscometry; Non-Newtonian fluids; 091-08859-120-

14. Rib roughness, helical; Roughness; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Pressure drop; 124-1 1056-210-00.

Rill formation; Rill spacing; Soil erosion; Highway slopes; 029- 10852-220-00.

Rill spacing; Soil erosion; Highway slopes; Rill formation; 029-

10852-220-00.

Ripple formation, unidirectional flow; Sediment transport; Wavy boundary; Bedform mechanics; Hydrodynamic model; 081-10952-220-00.

Ripple growth; Bed forms; Open channel flow; 423-10522-220-

90. Ripples; River bed; Roughness; Bed form geometry; Dunes;

423-11689-220-90.

Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms; Coastal sedi- ment; 315-10780-410-11.

Ripples; Sediment transport by waves; Drag; Oscillatory flow; 315-11724-410-11.

Ripples, sand; Sediment characteristics; Wave attenuation; Bed

forms; Bottom friction; 081-10951-420^4.

Riprap; Channels; Erosion; 314-10742-320-00.

Riprap; Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spill- way; 145-07677-220-05.

Riprap; Scour protection; Culverts, overhanging; 425-1 1359-

220-90.

Rip-rap design; Bank protection; Channels, meandering; Meander flume; River engineering; 402-1 1292-300-90.

Risk analysis; Stochastic analysis; Watershed systems; Hydrologic models; 061-1 1504-810-00.

Risk-based design; Culverts; Drainage, highway; Highway culverts; 151-1 1 143-370-00.

Risk-based design; Uncertainties; Water resource project

design; 151-11144-800-54.

River basin; Water demand study; Water supply; Maramec

River; 098-1 101 1 -860-1 3

.

River basin model; Flood plain; Mathematical model; Overbank

flow; 031-09973-300-00.

River basin simulation model; Aswan Dam operational study; Flood control; Hydroelectric power; Irrigation water; Mathematical model; 081-10969-350-56.

River basins; Tensas River; Flood damage estimates; Floodplain management; Forested lands; 3 1 4-1 1 535-3 1 0-1 3

.

River bed; Roughness; Bed form geometry; Dunes; Ripples; 423-1 1689-220-90.

River bed; Sediment characteristics effects; Sediment transport; Channel armoring; 422-1 1 354-300-00.

River bend; River model; Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; 314-09717-300-13.

River bends; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Meanders; 162- 11205-220-54.

River channels; Atchafalaya River; Mississippi River; Morphology; 098-11012-300-13.

River channels; Bars, gravel; Channels, braided; Channels, shift- ing; Gravel channels; Resistance relations; 402-1 1302-300-

90. River channels; Channel changes, human effects; Mississippi River Valley; 098-10012-300-13.

River channels; Channel changes; Morphology; 322-0458W300-00.

River channels; Channels; Levee effects; Mississippi River Valley; Morphology revetments; 098-1001 1 -300-1 3

.

River channels; Coon Creek; Morphology; 322-10694-300-00.

River channels; Scour; Channel shifts; Morphology; 401-10764-

350-96.

River channels; Sediment movement; Channel changes; Morphology; 322-10699-300-00.

River channels; Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; 405-10232-300-96.

River channels; Sediment transport; Bed forms; 322-10703-220-

00. River channels; Sediment transport; Channel degradation; Computer simulation; 402-1 1293-300-90.

River channels; Sediment transport; Channel adjustment; Mobile bed channels; Regime theory; 402 -1 1 298-300-90.

River channels; Slope adjustment; Channels, mobile boundary; Depth adjustment; 402-1 1290-300-90.

River channels; Valley stratigraphy; Bank failure; Channel stability; 302-1 1412-300-13.

River confluence; Sediment transport; Delta formation; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Mississippi-Chippewa confluence; 145-11093-300-88.

River crossing, lower level; Culverts; Ice jams; 425-1 1 357-370-

90. River engineering; Rip-rap design; Bank protection; Channels, meandering; Meander flume; 402-11292-300-90.

River flow; Aeration, surface; Dispersion; Effluent transport; Mixing; Pollution dispersion; 061 -1 1 5 1 6-870-54. River flow; Channel-flood plain interaction; Flood plain hydraulics; Rating curves; 402-11301-300-90.

River flow; Computer simulation; Embayments; Estuaries; Hydrodynamic processes; 322-0371 W-300-00.

River flow; Control structure impact; Land use effects; Mississippi River, St. Louis district; Potamology; 098-1 1009-300-

13. River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; Numerical models; 031-09980-

020-00.

River flow; Dispersion; Mixing; Open channel flow; 401-10765-

200-96.

River flow; Dispersion, longitudinal; Dispersion, natural streams; Pollutant transport; 094-1 1000-300-33.

River flow; Friction coefficient; Ice cover; 407-09515-300-00.

River flow; Ice effects; Mixing; Numerical models; 031-09981-

020-00.

River flow; River ice; Dispersion; Ice cover effect; 407-1 1309-

300-00. 353
River flow; Roughness coefficients; Vegetation roughness; Flood plains, heavily vegetated; Manning coefficient; 322-

1 1456-300-47.

River flow; Secondary currents; Open channel flow; 127-08935-

300-54.

River flow; Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering; 405-10233-300-90.

River flow; Sediment transport, suspended; Suspended solids seasonal variation; Turbulent diffusion; Diffusion, lateral; Ot- tawa River; 422-09588-300-90.

River flow; Storage coefficients; Concentration time; Hydrographs; Illinois streams; 322-1 1457-300-60.

River flow; Tennessee river; Water temperature analysis; Cumberland river; Mathematical model; 335-1 1493-860-00.

River flow; Turbulence effect; Velocity effect; Depth effect; Nitrogen release; 168-1 1218-860-68.

River flow; Usteady flow; Flood routing; Mathematical models; 318-10671-300-00.

River flow; Velocity distribution prediction; 1 59-1 1 191 -300-60. River flow characteristics; Bridge pier effects; Channel stability; Hydraulic model; 42 1 -1 1 34 1 -300-00. River flow distribution; River ice effects; St. Lawrence River, Ogden Island; Ice conditions; 031-10859-300-15.

River flow forecasting; 081-09822-300-44.

River flow regulation; Ecological resilience; Invertebrate indicators; 057-10912-880-33.

River ice; Cooling water; Ice jam potential; Power plant, nuclear; 4 1 3-1 1 662-340-73

.

River ice; Dispersion; Ice cover effect; River flow; 407-11309-

300-00.

River ice; Frazil ice formation factors; Ice, frazil; Lakes; 004- 10801-390-00.

River ice; Ice cover; Oil spill recovery; 407-10302-870-99.

River ice; Ice cover formation mechanics; Intake, municipal water supply; Mathematical model; Nelson River, Canada;

Recreation, winter ice; 413-1 1669-300-73.

River ice; Ice, frazil; 401-10766-300-96.

River ice; Ice jam mechanics; 031-10858-300-15.

River ice; Ice jam potential; Intake, service water; Power plant

nuclear; 4 1 3-1 1 661 -340-73

.

River ice; Ice thickness measurements; 401-10761-300-96.

River ice; Salmon River; Flood risks; Ice jams; 407-10304-300-

90. River ice; Surges; Water level; Ice jam failure; Ice jam formation; 402-1 1280-300-90.

River ice; Water level; Alberta; Ice breakup water levels; 402-

11281-300-99.

River ice effects; St. Lawrence River, Ogden Island; Ice conditions; River flow distribution; 031-10859-300-15.

River model; Channel stabilization; Hydraulic model; Loyalsock

Creek; Meanders; 123-10086-300-60.

River model; Diversion model; Old River diversion; 314-09680-

350-00.

River model; Red River, Alexandria; Bridges; Navigation channel; 314-09671-330-13.

River model; Sedimentation; Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; 314-09670-300-13.

River model; Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation channel; River bend; 314-09717-300-13.

River model; Shoaling; Columbia River; Navigation channel; 313-05317-330-13.

River model; Shoaling; Mississippi River; Navigation channel; 314-09677-330-13.

River model identification; 427-11371-300-90.

River models; Design paramater optimization; Mathematical

models; 423-10518-810-00.

River morphology; Saline River, Arkansas; Channel incision mechanism; 095-10064-300-00.

River response; Sediment transport; Mathematical model; 407-

10296-300-00.

River structures; Scour; Bridges; Field measurements; 40/ -> 10763-350-00.

River temperature; Thermal discharges; Cooling optimizations Mathematical models; Power plant effects; 335-1 1491-340\

00. j River valley; Stream channels; Cross-section data collection; 314-1 1528-700-00.

\ Rivers, ungauged; Streamflow data generation; Streamflow esti- males; 424-11356-300-00. Road construction effects; Groundwater; Idaho; Piezometric

head; 304-10645-820-00.

| Road construction effects; Sediment yield; Watersheds,

forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09324-830-\

00. Road construction effects; Sediment production; Streamflow;] Water chemistry; Idaho watersheds; Logging effects; 304- 11422-810-00. Road construction effects; Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09325-810-00. Road fills; Tree planting; Erosion control; 304-09323-830-00.

Rochester, N.Y.; Sewer system; Tunnel hydraulics and control; Mathematical model; Pumping station; 145-1 1095-870-75. Rock masses; Seepage measurement; Dams; Dam safety; Permeability; 314-11525-350-00. Rock plug blast; Dam; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power

plant, hydroelectric; 41 3-1 1677-350-73. Rock sausages; Drainage channels; Erosion protection; Filters, inverted; 037-05769-220-61. Rock sausages; Drop structure; Erosion protection; 037-09010-

220-00. Rock trap; Hydraulic model; Pumped storage project; 157- 09196-340-73. Rocket engines; Liquid hydrogen; Liquid oxygen; Pumps, centrifugal; 325-11468-630-00.

Rockfill hydraulic conductivity; Wave motion in rockfill; Finite element model; Breakwaters, rubble; Numerical model; 103- 11023-430-87.

Roll motion stabilization; Ship motions; Hydrodynamic design

basis; 333-11478-520-22.

Roll motions; Ship motions; Speed effects; Added mass; Damping coefficients; 089-10995-520-22. Rossby waves; 134-09960-450-00.

Rotating flow; Disks, co-rotating; Ekman boundary layer; Numerical model; 065-10923-000-00.

Rotating flow; Stability; Cylinders, part full; 134-09965-000-54.

Rotating flow; Taylor vortices; Cylinder, impulsively rotated; Cylinders, counter rotating; Numerical solution; 065-10924-

000-00.

Rotating flow; Turbulence measurements; Couette flow; 423-

10519-000-90.

Rotating flows; Stratified fluids; 091-08860-000-70.

Rotating fluid; Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; Flow

visualization; Heat transfer; 101-1 1019-140-54.

Rotating fluid; Secondary flow; Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; Heat transfer; lOI -1 1020-140-00.

Rotating machinery; Squeeze film dampers; 142-09301-620-70.

Rotating surfaces; Heat transfer; Jet impingement; 007-09932-

050-70. Rotor response; Inlet velocity distortion; 125-08924-550-22. Rouge River, Detroit; Runoff; Southeast Michigan; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Pollution load; 163-1 1212-810-

68. Rough surface; Bodies of revolution; Drag reduction; Polymer

additives; Pressure fluctuations, wall; 145-11091-250-21. Rough surface; Velocity distribution; Boundary layer; Numerical model; Roughness elements; 157-1 1 175-010-54. Rough surface effects; Ship resistance prediction; Boundary

layer; Potential flow; 1 64-1 1214-520-84. Roughness; Alluvial channels; Bed forms; Duned beds; Friction

factors; Open channel flow; 407-11310-300-00. 354
Roughness; Bed form geometry; Dunes; Ripples; River bed; 423-11689-220-90.

Roughness; Drain tube, corrugated; Pipe flow; 321-10672-210-

00. Roughness; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; Pressure drop; Rib

roughness, helical; 124-1 1056-210-00.

Roughness; Ships, cargo; Economic effects; Fouling; Hull roughness; 1 64-1 1 2 1 5-520-45

.

Roughness; Tidal inlet field measurements; Coastal inlets; Inlet hydraulics; Numerical model; 3 12-1 1441-410-00.

Roughness; Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel

flow; Overland flow; 154-09906-200-00. Roughness characteristics; Channels, rock-lined; Open channel now; 002-10800-320-49. Roughness coefficients; Vegetation roughness; Flood plains, heavily vegetated; Manning coefficient; River flow; 322-

1 1456-300-47. Roughness effect; Wind load; Boundary layer; Cooling towers;

Cylinders; Immersed structures; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuations; 145-1 1 102-030-54. Roughness effects; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; 428-06951-

140-00. Roughness effects; Sewer hydraulics; Surcharge; Unsteady flow

routing; Junction effects; 061 -1 1 5 10-870-00. Roughness effects; Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; 329-10773-010-22. Roughness elements; Pipe flow, turbulent; 007-09936-210-00. Roughness elements; Rough surface; Velocity distribution; Boundary layer; Numerical model; 1 57-1 1 1 75-010-54. Roughness profiles; Flow resistance prediction; Pipe flow, rough; 1 57-1 1 1 73-2 1 0-00. Rubble; Undersea pipe; Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; 057- 09994-420-00. Rubble foundation stability; Wave forces; Breakwaters, caisson type; 423-11688-430-90.

Rubble structure design criteria; Scour; Stability, armor layer; Surf zone; Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble; Jetties; 312-

1 1442-430-00.

Runoff; Agricultural chemicals movement; Agronomic practices

effects; Claypan soils; Erosion; 300-1 1 402-81 0-00. Runoff; Grazing effects; Infiltration; 152-10167-810-33.

Runoff; SCS runoff equations; Rainfall intensity distribution; 123-11051-810-05.

Runoff; Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; 300-09272-810-00.

Runoff; Sediment yield; Watersheds, rangeland; 303-09318-

830-00.

Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface mining; Water

quality; Erosion; Forest resource deimage; Hydrology; Mining

effects; Rehabilitation; 306-09333-890-00.

Runoff; Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; 303-10623-810-00.

Runoff; Snowmelt; Alberta catchments; 401-10769-310-96.

Runoff; Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Hydrology; 426-10332-810-90.

Runoff; Soil conservation practices; Solomon Basin, Kansas; Water budget; Water conservation; 071-11701-860-31.

Runoff; Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; 129- 03808-830-05.

Runoff; Soil erosion; Watershed model; Erosion hazard prediction; Erosion loss, field measurements; Erosion model; Palouse region; 057-10909-830-05.

Runoff; Soil loss; Water loss; Watershed, agricultural; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Remote sensing; 168- 11220-810-50.

Runoff; Soil sampling data; Streamflow; Watershed runoff;

Finite element model; Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical

modeling; Overland flow; 154-11169-810-05.

Runoff; Soil water recharge; Vegetation response; Contour-fur- rowing effects; Erosion; Montana rangeland watersheds; 303-

11416-810-34.

Runoff; Solids trap efficiency; Feedlot hydrology; Land treat- ment; Pollution control; 300-1 1 394-870-00.

Runoff; Southeast Michigan; Hydrologic model; Mathematical

model; Pollution load; Rouge River, Detroit; 163-1 1 2 12-810-

68. Runoff; Soybean production; Claypan soils; Corn production method effects; Crop yields; Erosion; 300-1 1409-810-00.

Runoff; Storage requirements; Stormwater management; Urban

runoff; Computer simulation; 402-1 1296-870-00.

Runoff; Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; Drainage; 405- 10229-810-96.

Runoff; Stormwater; Drainage, urban; Flood plain management;

148-1 1 148-810-33.

Runoff; Streamflow; Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough,

Ontario; 431-10620-810-90.

Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; 301-09276-810-

00. Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds,

Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; 302- 09286-810-00.

Runoff; Surface mining; Suspended solids; Water quality; Watersheds, reclaimed; Hydrology; Mining effects; 300- 11392-810-34.

Runoff; Swamp; Peterborough, Ontario; 43 1-10621-810-90.

Runoff; Umatilla River; Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; 157-10134-300-88.

Runoff; Urban forests; Water quality; Watersheds, municipal; 306-09334-810-00.

Runoff; Urban streamflow; Data requirements; Drainage system

design; Drainage, urban; Hydrologic model evaluation; Mathematical model; 159-11194-810-33.

Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal

plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; 31 1-06974-810-00.

Runoff; Wastewater; Feedlot runoff management; 152-10161-

870-60.

Runoff; Water quality; Watershed, agricultural; Agricultural croplands; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; 300-1 1 396-870-36.

Runoff; Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; 301-10622-810-00.

Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; Flood flows; 061-0871 1-810-54. Runoff; Watershed geometry effects; Hydrographs; Numerical

model; 303-07001-810-05.

Runoff; Watersheds, agricultural; 058-08681-810-07.

Runoff; Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thunderstorm; 303-10625-810-00. Runoff control; Soil loss; Watersheds, cropland; Watersheds, ir- regular topography; Erosion control; Impoundment basins; 300-11397-830-00.

Runoff, cropland; Water quality; Agricultural land management, midwest; 300-11395-870-36. Runoff determination; Urban hydrology; Hydrographs; 002- 0415W-810-33.

Runoff, different sources; Flood estimation; Flood height dis- tribution; 152-1 1565-310-33. Runoff effects; Salinity response; Tidal range effect; Data compilation; Great South Bay, New York; Hydraulic data; Inlets,

tidal; Numerical model; 107-1 1062-450-65. Runoff estimation; Drainage basins, ungaged; 087-1 1425-8 10- 44. Runoff, industrial sites; Stormwater treatment; Detention basin

design; Rainfall frequency analysis; 109-1 1026-870-70. Runoff losses; Watersheds, loessial; Agricultural chemicals movement; Loess soils; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; 300-1 MOOSI 0-00.

355
Runoff model comparisons; Runoff model evaluations; Runoff,

urban; Urban stormwater management; 061 -1 1499-870-36. Runoff model evaluations; Runoff, urban; Urban stormwater management; Runoff model comparisons; 061-1 1499-870-36. Runoff models, slope effect; Runoff, urban; Stormwater models; Urban watersheds, steeply sloped; 061 -H 500-870-36.

Runoff, nonpoint; Sediment load; Water quality; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Reservoir load prediction; 3 1 4- 1 1 52 1 -860-00. Runoff onset; Surface depressions from photographs; Depression storage; 1 68-1 1 227-8 1 0-87. Runoff, pasture land; Water quality; Livestock waste; Nonpoint

sources; Pollution; 300-1 1 393-870-36. Runoff pollution; Runoff, urban; Urban watershed; Computer

model; 029-10853-870-00. Runoff prediction; Vegetation data; Watershed data; Landsat

data; Remote sensing; 023-10837-810-65. Runoff quantity and quality; Runoff, urban; Mathematical

model; 002-0462 W-8 10-33

.

Runoff, rural; Sampling alternatives; Water quality; Nonpoint

sources; Pollution; 116-11043-870-36.

Runoff, snow; Snowmelt forecast; Reservoir operation; 159- 10193-810-33.

Runoff, stochastic analysis; Stochastic streamflow; Wastewater

treatment; Hydrograph controlled release; Lagoon effluents; 093-1 1714-870-33.

Runoff, surface; Irrigation hydraulics; Kinematic modeling; Mathematical models; Rainfall, stochastic models; 093- 11716-810-54.

Runoff, surface; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Analytical solutions; Free boundary problems; Irrigation, surface; 093- 11717-810-54.

Runoff, surface; Soil erosion; Erbsion, gully; Missouri loess

basins; 300-1 1405-830-00.

Runoff, urban; Mathematical model; Runoff quantity and quality; 002-0462W-810-33.

Runoff, urban; Sewer overflow probability analysis; Sewers, combined; Stormwater treatment; Urban watersheds; Cincinnati watershed; 029-10851-870-00. Runoff urban; Stochastic hydrology; Urban drainage design; Hydrologic modeling; 061 -1 1 503-870-00.

Runoff, urban; Stormwater; Mathematical model comparison; 098-08866-810-00.

Runoff, urban; Stormwater models; Urban watersheds, steeply sloped; Runoff models, slope effect; 061 -1 1 500-870-36.

Runoff, urban; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Urban stormwater; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; 149-1 1 128-810-13.

Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; Rainfall prediction; 081-09821-810-54.

Runoff, urban; Urban drainage; Drainage; Numerical model; 423-10526-810-90.

Runoff, urban; Urban stormwater management; Runoff model

comparisons; Runoff model evaluations; 061 -1 1499-870-36.

Runoff, urban; Urban watershed; Computer model; Runoff pollution; 029-10853-870-00.

Runoff, urban; Watershed runoff; Kinematic wave approach; Mathematical model sensitivity; Numerical models; Overland

flow; Rainfall-runoff relations; 093-11715-810-33.

Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Tillage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model;

Herbicide transport; Nutrient transport; Pesticide transport; 067-10927-870-00.

Rural domestic water supply; Water supply system design; 152- 0428W-860-00.

Saline River, Arkansas; Channel incision mechanism; River morphology; 095-10064-300-00.

Saline water; Water use; Brackish water use; Energy develop- ment; 152-1 1571-860-33.

Salinity; Aquatic ecosystem; Colorado River basin; Oil shale development; 152-10158-860-60.

Salinity; Irrigation management; Irrigation return flow; 152- 0423W-840-00.

Salinity; Sediment loads; Water quality; Water supply quantities; Coal mining activities; Hydrologic systems management;

152- 11560-810-33.

Salinity; Water resources; Energy development options; 152- 0424W-800-00.

Salinity control; Calcium carbonate precipitation; Colorado

River basin; Irrigation water; 152-1 1558-860-33.

Salinity control; Tulare Lake Basin, California; Drainage; Irriga- tion; 019-1 1549-840-60.

Salinity development processes; Water quality; Price River, Utah; 152-11584-860-31.

Salinity distribution; Estuaries; Flow patterns; 434-09634-400-

00.

Salinity implications; Water equality; Water use shifts; Agricultural water use; Colorado River; Cooling water use; Power

plants; 1 52-1 1 576-860-60.

Salinity level prediction; Water quality; Colorado River upper

basin; 152-10171-860-33.

Salinity management; Colorado River; 152-10174-860-33.

Salinity response; Tidal range effect; Data compilation; Great

South Bay, New York; Hydraulic data; Inlets, tidal; Numerical model; Runoff effects; 107-1 1062-450-65.

Salinity stress; Crop production prediction; Drought stress; Ir- rigation limitation; 1 52-1 1 567-840-33.

Salinity-sediment relationships; Sediment, suspended; Colorado

River basin; 152-1 1564-860-33. Salmon; Skagit River, Washington; Temperature changes, reser- voir induced; Aquatic organisms; Fishery investigations; Hydroelectric dam effects; 158-1 1208-850-73. Salmon River; Flood risks; Ice jams; River ice; 407-10304-300-

90. Salmon River inlet; Inlets, coastal; Sediment budget; 109- 09970-410-44. Salmon River, New York; Acid rain effects; 031-10869-870-60. Salmon spawning; Cedar River, Washington; Discharge effects; Fishery investigations; 1 58-1 1 2 1 1 -850-33

.

Salmon spawning; Sediment, suspended; Sediment transport; Clearwater River; Fish habitat; Logging effects; 158-11209-

850-60. Salmon stream restoration; Fish habitats; Gravel cleaning methods; Jets; 1 57-1 1 1 79-850-60.

Salt balance; San Francisco Bay; Baroclinic ocean circulation; Currents; Curvature effects; Estuaries; Numerical simulation; 162-11202-450-54.

Salt cavities; Brine disposal; Oil storage; 147-10587-870-43.

Salt dome caverns; Brine disposal evaluation; Gulf of Mexico;

Oil storage; 147-11115-870-44.

Salt marsh ecosystem; Infiltration measurements; Nutrient

transport; 081-10957-880-00.

Salt marshes; James River; Nitrogen model; Non-point sources; 153- 1 1 164-870-60.

Salt outflow; Drainage water quality; Irrigation practices ef- fects; 303-11414-840-00.

Salt pollution; Soil characteristics effects; Colorado River basin;

Infiltration measurements; Raindrop characteristics effects; 152-1 1566-870-33.

Salt release; Sediment, suspended; Colorado River basin; Mathematical model; 152-11559-860-33.

Salt transport; Soils, frozen; Permafrost; 004-10804-070-00.

Salt water intrusion; Diversion tunnel closure effect; Estuary; Hydraulic model; Ice cover effect; La Grande River, Canada; Power plant construction; 4 1 3-1 1 673-060-73

.

Salt water intrusion; Groundwater, stratified; Numerical model;

Offshore islands; 081-10972-820-44.

Salt water intrusion; Groundwater; Nile Delta aquifer; Numerical model; 081-10973-820-56.

Salt wedge hydrodynamics; Stratified flow; Eraser river field program; 4 12-11 3 19-060-00. 356
Sample network comparisons; First order analysis; Lake

nutrient budget; Mass balance errors; 159-1 1201-740-54.

Sampling; Mineral exploration; Probabilistic methods; 081- 10980-650-00. Sampling alternatives; Water quality; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff, rural; 1 16-1 1043-870-36. San Antonio, Texas; Urban growth; Groundwater recharge

zones; 148-0409W-820-33

Ssrn Francisco; Sewage disposal; Hydraulic model; Outfall, ocean; Plume behavior; 0 1 5-1 162 1 -870-75

San Francisco Bay; Baroclinic ocean circulation; Currents; Curvature effects; Estuaries; Numerical simulation; Salt balance; 162-1 1202-450-54. San Francisco Bay; Circulation; Computer model; Estuaries; 322-10696^00-00.

San Lorenzo project. El Salvador; Spillway model; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; 145-11090-350-75. San Luis Pass; Bridge abutments; Erosion potential; Hydraulic

characteristics; 147-1 1 121-300-65. Sand barriers; Sand bypassing; Sand fences; Sediment manage- ment techniques; Dredging cost reduction; Harbors; 136- 11639-220-22. Sand by-pass; Coastal sediment; Eductors; Inlets, coastal; Lit- toral drift; 314-10749-4 1 0-00. Sand bypassing; Sand fences; Sediment management

techniques; Dredging cost reduction; Harbors; Sand barriers; 136-1 1639-220-22. Sand fences; Sediment management techniques; Dredging cost reduction; Harbors; Sand barriers; Sand bypassing; 136- 11639-220-22. Sand recovery; Shell recovery; Mining technology, offshore; 147-10582-490^4.

Sand tank tests; Agricultural drsiinage; Drain envelope; 321-

1 1451-840-00.

Sjind tracing study; Sediment transport; Eraser River delta; 433-

11383-220-90.

Sand-water susi)ensions; Velocity; Velocity measurements;

Laser-Doppler anemometer development; Oil slick; Open

channel flow, curved; 402-11 297-700-90.

Satellite data; Computer analysis; Snow cover mapping; 403-

11304-810-00.

Satellite data calibration; Snowmelt model; Solar radiation; Hydrologic model; 022-1 1 72 1 -810-50.

Satellite data input; Snowmelt model; Solar radiation; Computer models; 022-11722-810-44.

Satellite photographs; British Columbia storms; Precipitation

estimates; 405-11316-810-90.

Satellites; Buoy data processing; Data acquisition; 1 53-09875-

720-50. Saudi Arabia water supply; Wastewater injection; Water quality; Groundwater systems analysis; 322-1 1461 -820-00.

Scale effects; Breakwaters, floating tire; Hydraulic model; 159- 11188-430-00.

Scale effecU; Sediment recovery; Stormwater regulator; Swirl concentrator; Hydraulic model; Prototype testing; 413-

11663-870-36.

Scale effects; Two-phase flow; Countercurrent flow flooding; 042-09790-130-55.

Scaling; Cavitation; Cavitation noise; Hydrofoils; Noise; 125- 11048-230-22.

Scaling laws; Cavitation damage; 125-08916-230-22.

Scaling laws; Thermal discharges; Heat transfer; Physical models; Plumes, far field; 032-1 1654-870-33

Scour; Abutment geometry effects; Bridges; Erodible channels; 402-11 29 1-220-90.

Scour; Bridge piers; Pile-bent piers; 425-1 1 361 -220-90.

Scour; Bridges; Field measurements; River structures; 401-

10763-350-00.

Scour; Channel shifts; Morphology; River channels; 401-10764-

350-96.

Scour; Channel width effect; Culvert outlets; 419-11635-220-

96. Scour; Computer model; Finite element method; 302-10630-

220-00.

Scour; Culvert outlet; Drains, storm; Energy dissipator; 002- 09953-360-47.

Scour; Sediment transport; Sills; Erosion; Flow obstructions;

Piers; 104-06185-220-00.

Scour; Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; 147-09050-220^4.

Scour; Spillway; Diversion; Hydraulics model; Power plant, hydroelectric; 413-11660-340-87.

Scour; Spillway; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 413-

11682-340-73.

Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Outlets, spillway; 145-01168-

350-05.

Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; 145-07677-220-05.

Scour; Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe ouUets; 300-01723-350-00.

Scour; Stability, armor layer; Surf zone; Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble; Jetties; Rubble structure design criteria; 312-

11442-430-00.

Scour; Wave effects; Cylinders, vertical; Pile arrays; 147- 11117-420-00.

Scour; Wave effects; Oscillatory flow; Pile groups; 147-1 1 1 1 1- 220-00.

Scour; Wingwall effect; Energy dissipator, roller bucket; 425-

11358-360-90. Scour prevention; Bend design; Chutes, baffled; Hydraulic model; 157-11180-320-00. Scour protection; Bridge piers; Filters, inverted; 037-09009-

220-00. Scour protection; Culverts, overhanging; Riprap; 425-1 1359-

220-90. Scour protection; Valves, Howell-Burger; Channel erosion; Outlet works; 433-11381-3 60-75. Screen plugging tests; Intakes; 400-1 1486-350-00.

Screens; Cooling water intakes; Fish barrier evaluations; In- takes; Power plants; 1 74-1 1 248-850-70. Scrubber model; Sulphur dioxide; Airflow conditions; 400-

11273-870-70. SCS runoff equations; Rainfall intensity distribution; Runoff; 123-11051-810-05. Sea spectra; Photographic methods; 331-07067-420-00.

Seakeeping; Ship motions; Ship operator guidance catalog; 333-

11481-520-22.

Seals; Ships; Sidewalls; Surface-effect craft model; Force and moment characteristics; 146-1 1 105-520-22.

Seals; Stem tube bearings; Bearings; Merchant ships; Propulsion shafts; 083-10990-620-45.

Seasat data; Ocean surface oil; Oil slick detection; Radar; Remote sensing; 023-10840-870-30. Seaward transport limit; Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; 312-09736-

410-00. Seawater intake facilities; Hydraulic model; Intake structures; 433-1 1390-390-75. Secondary currents; Open channel flow; River flow; 127-08935-

300-54. Secondary flow; Annulus, spherical rotating; Convection; Heat

transfer; Rotating fluid; 101-11020-140-00. Secondary flow; Velocity distribution; Conduits, noncircular;

Finite element solution; 402-1 1283-210-00. Secondary flow; Viscous flow; Annulus, spherical; Oscillatory

flow; 101-11021-000-00. Secondary flows; Turbomachinery passages; Bends; Boundary

layers, skewed; Ducts, rectangular; 432-1 1379-210-90.

357
Sedimendation processes; Sediment management; Southern

California mountains; Structure effects; Coastal plains; Erosion; 0/5-/ / ^oo.^jo.^o. Sediment accumulations; Aquathermal pressuring; Compaction

disequilibrium; Computer model; 095-1 1002-650-84.

Sediment, bed load; Sediment, suspended; Sediment transport;

Field measurements; Streamflow data; Elbow River, Canada;

401-1 1278-220-96. Sediment budget; Salmon River inlet; Inlets, coastal; 109- 09970-410-44. Sediment characteristics; Continental shelf; 312-09761-410-00. Sediment characteristics; Wave attenuation; Bed forms; Bottom

friction; Ripples, sand; 081-10951-420-44. Sediment characteristics effects; Sediment transport; Channel

armoring; River bed; 422-1 1 354-300-00.

Sediment, coastal; Sediment transport by waves; Currents,

longshore; Longshore sediment transport; 081-09797-410-44. Sediment concentration measurement; Sediment transport by

waves; Laser velocimeter; Seaward transport limit; 312- 09736-410-00. Sediment control; California Water Project; Diversion facilities; Fish screening; Hydraulic model; 019-1 1698-300-60. Sediment delivery; Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; Land use effects; Mathematical model; Monitoring; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; 129-1 1498-870-36. Sediment deposition; Reservoir trap efficiency; 302-09297-220-

00. Sediment design; Sediment records; Sediment yield prediction procedures; 300-1 1 408-830-00. Sediment detachment; Sediment load; Sediment transport; Soil

loss; Erosion; Hydrologic model; Land management practices

effect; Mathematical model; 1 54-1 1 170-830-33. Sediment effect; Alluvial channels; Channel geometry; 322-

10697-300-00. Sediment effects; Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; 423-10520-200-90. Sediment entrainment; Marmion Lake; Mine tailings; 421-

10328-220-00. Sediment exclusion; Blanco Dam; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; 321-10676-350-00. Sediment exclusion; Hydrauhc model; Intake; Power plant; 413-

11656-340-73. Sediment exclusion; Spillway gates; Diversion weir; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power plant, hydroelectric; 413-1 1658-340-

87. Sediment fingering; Sediment transport; Suspensions; 168- 10026-220-50. Sediment flume; Sediment suspension distribution; Sediment

transport, bedload; Bed forms; Bed material discharge; 302-

11410-220-10. Sediment flume; Snow drifting model; Physical model; 414-

11713-220-00. Sediment load; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Erosion; Hydrologic model; Land management practices effect; Mathematical model; Sediment detachment; 1 54-1 1 1 70-830-

33. Sediment load; Sediment transport, suspended; Urban develop- ment effects; Quebec streams; 422-09587-220-90. Sediment load; Water quality; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Reservoir

load prediction; Runoff, nonpoint; 3 1 4-1 1 52 1 -860-00. Sediment loads; Water quality; Water supply quantities; Coal

mining activities; Hydrologic systems management; Salinity; 152-1 1560-810-33. Sediment loss; Tailwater control, buried pipe; Erosion control;

Irrigated lands; 303-1 1415-830-00. Sediment management; Southern California mountains; Structure effects; Coastal plains; Erosion; Sedimendation

processes; 013-11700-830-80.

Sediment management techniques; Dredging cost reduction; Harbors; Sand barriers; Sand bypassing; Sand fences; 136- 11639-220-22. Sediment measuring instruments; Sediment samplers; Sediment

transport; 145-00194-700-10. Sediment movement; Appalachian region; Hillslope morphology; i22-0J7iW-220-00.

Sediment movement; Channel changes; Morphology; River

channels; 322-10699-300-00. Sediment prediction; Erosion; Highway construction; 123- 10084-220-60. Sediment production; Streamflow; Water chemistry; Idaho

watersheds; Logging effects; Road construction effects; 304-

11422-810-00. Sediment records; Sediment yield prediction procedures; Sedi- ment design; 300-1 1408-830-00. Sediment recovery; Stormwater regulator; Swirl concentrator; Hydraulic model; Prototype testing; Scale effects; 413-1 1 663-

870-36. Sediment removal efficiency; Sedimentation basins; Water

treatment; Baffle configurations; Hydraulic performance; Inlets; Outlets; 422-1 1355-870-90. Sediment routing; Channel stability; Floods; Gravel rivers; River channels; 405-10232-300-96. Sediment routing; Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; 302-10631-810-00. Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; 302-10636-810-00. Sediment samplers; Sediment transport; Sediment measuring in- struments; 145-00194-700-10. Sediment samplers, suspended; Sediment transport; Farm

chemical transport; 302-09296-220-00.

Sediment, suspended; Chlorophyll; Remote sensing; 324-09396-

710-00. Sediment, suspended; Colorado River basin; Mathematical

model; Salt release; 152-1 1559-860-33. Sediment, suspended; Colorado River basin; Salinity-sediment

relationships; 152-11564-860-33.

Sediment, suspended; Sediment transport; Clearwater River; Fish habitat; Logging effects; Salmon spawning; 158-11209-

850-60. Sediment, suspended; Sediment transport; Field measurements; Streamflow data; Elbow River, Canada; Sediment, bed load; 401-1 1278-220-96. Sediment, suspended; Turbidity; Marine spectral signature; Optical physics; Pollutants, marine; Reflectance; Remote

sensing; 324-11465-710-00. Sediment suspension distribution; Sediment transport, bedload; Bed forms; Bed material discharge; Sediment flume; 302-

11410-220-10. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Meanders; River bends; 162- 11205-220-54. Sediment transport; Bed forms; River channels; 322-10703-220-

00. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Braiding; Meandering; Morphology, river channels; 402-10282-300-90. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Channel forms; Meandering;

River flow; 405-10233-300-90. Sediment transport; Bed forms; Bed load discharge; 407-10292-

220-00. Sediment transport; Bed particles; Drag; Lift; 302-09293-220-

00. Sediment transport; Bedload transport research; 322-0461 W220-00. Sediment transport; Channel adjustment; Mobile bed channels; Regime theory; River channels; 402-1 1 298-300-90. Sediment transport; Channel armoring; River bed; Sediment

characteristics effects; 422-1 1354-300-00. Sediment transport; Channel degradation; Computer simulation; River channels; 402-11293-300-90.

358
Sediment transport; Channel Islands field study; Coastal sedi- ment; Longshore transport; 312-09 752-4 1 0-00. Sediment transport; Clearwater River; Fish habitat; Logging effects; Salmon spavraing; Sediment, susi>ended; 1 58-1 1209-

850-60. Sediment transport; Coastal processes; Erosion model; Littoral dnfl measurements; 407-11313-410-00.

Sediment transport; Coastal sediment; Longshore transport computation; 312-09744-4 1 0-00. Sediment transport; Coastal storm effects; Dredge disposal

sites; Field studies; New England coast; 036-1 1637-220-22. Sediment trjmsport; Continental shelf sediment dynamics; 162- 11204-410-54. Sediment transport; Currents, coastal; Finite element method;

Great Lakes shoreline; Harbors; Numerical models; 038- 09941-440-44. Sediment transport; Delta formation; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Mississippi-Chippewa confluence; River confluence; 145-11093-300-88. Sediment transport; Dredged material disposal; Dredged material movement; Flume experiments; 314-1 1544-220-00. Sediment transport; Dredging; Navigation channels; Numerical

model; Shoaling; 3 14-1 1 5 19-330-00. Sediment transport; Farm chemical transport; Sediment samplers, suspended; 302-09296-220-00.

Sediment transport; Field measurements; Streamflow data; Elbow River, Canada; Sediment, bed load; Sediment,

suspended; 401-11278-220-96.

Sediment transport; Eraser River delta; Sand tracing study; 433-

11383-220-90. Sediment transport; Mathematical model; River response; 407-

10296-300-00. Sediment transport; Missouri River data bank; 098-08863-300-

13. Sediment transport; Sediment measuring instruments; Sediment

samplers; 145-00194-700-10. Sediment transport; Sediment trap; Bed load measurement;

082-11707-220-54. Sediment transport; Shoreline evolution; Coas'al sediment;

Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; 312- 10655^10-00.

Sediment transport; Sills; Erosion; Flow obstructions; Piers; Scour; 104-06185-220-00. Sediment transport; Soil loss; Tillage effects; Watersheds,

agricultural; Computer model; Herbicide transport; Nutrient

transport; Pesticide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements;

067-10927-870-00. Sediment transport; Soil loss; Erosion; Hydrologic model; Land management practices effect; Mathematical model; Sediment

detachment; Sediment load; 1 54-1 1 1 70-830-33

.

Sediment transport. Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; 303-10626-810-00. Sediment transport; Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; Open channel flow; 127-09845-200-00. Sediment transport; Streaming birefringence; Bed forms; Dunes; Row visualization; Mobile boundary mechanics; 402-1 1294-

220-00. Sediment transport; Suspended sediment regime; Bed material composition; Mississippi River; 3 14-1 1 532-300-13

.

Sediment transport; Suspensions; Sediment fingering; 168- 10026-220-50. Sediment transport; Turbulence structure; Boundary shear

stress; Open channel fiow; 302-09292-200-00.

Sediment transport; Unsteady flow; Alluvial streams; Mathematical model; 0 1 5-1 1 622-220-54. Sediment transport, Vedder River, Canada; Flood control measures; Fluvial geomorphology; Hydrology; 433-1 1 386-340-75

.

Sediment transport; Velocity distribution; Missouri River; 098-

08862-220-13.

Sediment transport; Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian

watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; 300-09272-810-00. Sediment transport; Wave action; Waves, irregular; Longshore

transport; 423-11695-410-90. Sediment transport; Waves, on currents; Waves, short crested; Open channel flow; 427-1 1369-220-00. Sediment transport; Wavy boundary; Bedform mechanics; Hydrodynamic model; Ripple formation, unidirectional flow; 081-10952-220-00. Sediment transport; Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; Jetties; 312-

10656-430-00. Sediment transport; Wind erosion; Aeolian transport; At- mospheric pressure effects; Boundary layers, turbulent; Dust

storms on Mars; 020-10834-220-50. Sediment transport bed load; Sediment transport model; Turbulent flow; Bed particle entraining forces; 081-10950-220-00. Sediment transport, bed load; Sediment transport, suspended;

Slope effects; Beaches; 136-1 1638-410^4.

Sediment transport, bedload; Bedload sampler calibration facility; 145-1 1089-720-30. Sediment transport, bedload; Bed forms; Bed material

discharge; Sediment flume; Sediment suspension distribution; 302-11410-220-10. Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; Bed forms; 302-09290-220-00. Sediment transport, bedload; Sediment transport, suspended; Dredged borrow pit migration; Eraser River; Infill rate; 433-

11388-220-90. Sediment transport by waves; Bed forms: Coastal sediment;

Ripples; 315-10780^10-11.

Sediment transport by waves; Currents, longshore; Longshore

sediment transport; Sediment, coastal; 081-09797^10-44.

Sediment transport by waves; Drag; Oscillatory flow; Ripples; 315-11724-410-11. Sediment transport by waves; Laser velocimeter; Seaward trans- pon limit; Sediment concentration measurement; 3 1 2-09 736- 410-00. Sediment transport, by waves; Wave-current transport; Coastal sediment; Currents; 1 1 6-1 1042-4 10-88

.

Sediment transport by waves; Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; Scour; 147-09050-220-44. Sediment transport, by waves; Wave-sediment flume; 418-

11335-410-00. Sediment transport, by waves; Water tunnel, oscillatory; Wave

motions; Bed forms; Oscillatory flow; 423-1 1 687^ 1 0-90. Sediment transport exp>eriments; Sediment transport threshold;

Settling velocity; Bed load formula; Shale sediment; 414- 11712-220-90. Sediment transport, inception prediction; 423-1 1690-220-90. Sediment transport measurement; Nearshore sediment; 162-

1 1203-410-44. Sediment transport mechanics; Data bank; Laboratory data; 015-1 1628-220-54. Sediment transport model; Turbulent flow; Bed particle entrain- ing forces; Sediment transport bed load; 081-10950-220-00. Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide effects; Velocity field, wave effects; Wind effects; Coastal sediment; Currents,

longshore; Engineering model; Field experiments; 081-10948-

410-44. Sediment transport, ship-induced; Navigation channels; 147- 10580-330-00. Sediment transport, suspended; Suspension mechanism; Entrainment mechanism; Laser-Doppler velocimetry; 015- 11626-220-54. Sediment transport, suspended; Thames River, Connecticut; Dredging impact; Field study; Numerical model; 036-1 1636-

220-22. Sediment transport, suspended; Slope effects; Beaches; Sedi- ment transport, bed load; 136-1 1638-4 10-44. 359
Sediment transport, suspended; Bed forms; Sediment transport, bedioad; 302-09290-220-00. Sediment transport, suspended; Urban development effects; Quebec streams; Sediment load; 422-09587-220-90. Sediment transport, suspended; Suspended solids seasonal

variation; Turbulent diffusion; Diffusion, lateral; Ottawa

River; River flow; 422-09588-300-90. Sediment transport, suspended; Sediment transport transitions; 423-10524-220-90. Sediment transport, suspended; Dredged borrow pit migration; Fraser River; Infill rate; Sediment transport, bedioad; 433-

11388-220-90. Sediment transport threshold; Settling velocity; Bed load formula; Shale sediment; Sediment trjmsport experiments; 414-

11712-220-90. Sediment transport transitions; Sediment transport, suspended; 423-10524-220-90. Sediment trap; Bed load measurement; Sediment transport; 082-11707-220-54. Sediment yield; California forests; Erosion; Floods; Hydrology,

forest; Logging effects; 308-04998-810-00. Sediment yield; Mining effects; Piceance Basin, Colorado; 322-

10698-880-00. Sediment yield; Minnesota watersheds; Nutrient budget; 300-

09273-870-00. Sediment yield; Sheet-rill erosion; Soil erosion; Universal soil loss equation; Agricultural fields; Erosion rates; 300-11404-

830-00. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Analytical solutions; Free boundary problems; Irrigation, surface; Runoff, surface; 093-11717-

810-54. Sediment yield; Soil erosion; Vegetation effects; 302-09298-

830-00. Sediment yield; Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Sedi- ment sampler; 302-10636-810-00. Sediment yield; Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; 304-09326-810-00. Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; 302-09287-860-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; Mathematical model; 300-10561-220-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, agricultural; Mathematical models; 302-10635-810-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging

effects; Road construction effects; 304-09324-830-00. Sediment yield; Watersheds, rangeland; Runoff; 303-09318-

830-00. Sediment yield prediction procedures; Sediment design; Sedi- ment records; 300-1 1408-830-00.

Sedimentation; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Intake forebay; Power plant; 174-1 1244-340-73

.

Sedimentation; Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; River model; 314-09670-300-13.

Sedimentation; Shoals; Hydrographic survey systems; 314-

11522-700-00.

Sedimentation; Soil erosion; Erosion control; Gully bank stability; 300-1 1406-830-00.

Sedimentation; Soil erosion principles; Erosion; 302-10632-830-

00. Sedimentation; Spillway, bottom-withdrawal; Water quality; Eutrophication; Nutrients; Reservoirs, small; 300-11403-860-

00. Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface mining; Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage; Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; 306-09333-890-00.

Sedimentation; Suspensions; Brownian particles; Diffusion; Particle transport; 026-10847-130-00.

Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; 149-09922-810-07.

Sedimentation; TVA reservoirs; Resei-voir sedimentation measurements; 334-00785-350-00.

Sedimentation; Wastewater treatment; Activated sludge design; Primary settling tank efficiency; 109-1 1028-870-00.

Sedimentation; Water quality; Mathematical models; Mixing; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir models; 3 14-1 15 18-440-

00. Sedimentation; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Runoff; 303-10623-810-00.

Sedimentation; Watersheds, forested; Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; 322-0462 W-220-00.

Sedimentation basins; Water treatment; Baffle configurations; Hydraulic performance; Inlets; Outlets; Sediment removal ef- ficiency; 422-11355-870-90.

Sedimentation control; Dredging alternatives; Harbor sedimentation; 327-09411-220-22.

Seeding criteria; Snowpack augmentation; Water supply; 152-

1 1594-810-310.

Seepage; Cooling lakes; Groundwater heating; Heat transport; 169-09871-820-36.

Seepage; Dams, earth; Dams, rockfill; Filters; 3 14-1 1 524-350-

00. Seepage; Groundwater-lake interaction; 169-09870-820-33.

Seepage; Shale wastes; 057-09855-070-34.

Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 143- 10473-820-54.

Seepage; Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; 144- 10409-820-54. Seepage characteristics; Waste disposal systems, subsurface; Drainage ditch and tile spacing; 168-1 1228-870-36. Seepage detection; Levees; Mississippi River; Remote sensing; 314-1 1536-710-13.

Seepage, from channels; Free boundary problem; Irrigation channels; Porous medium flow theory; 024-10844-070-00. Seepage measurement; Dams; Dam safety; Permeability; Rock

masses; 314-11525-350-00.

Seepage, wave-induced; Uplift; Wave effects; Cylinder, vertical; Hydrodynamic uplift; Offshore structures; Pipelines buried; 168-11225-430-54.

Segregation intensity; Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; Reaction

rates; 097-07503-020-00.

Seismic forces; Stochastic response; Dynamic response; Float- ing nuclear plant; Fluid-structure interaction; Power plant, nuclear; 4 1 7-1 1330-430-90.

Seismic forces; Structural response; Wave forces; Breakwaters,

rubble mound; Finite element analysis; 417-1 1328-430-90.

Seismic response; Sloshing; Storage tank, liquid elevated; Finite element model; 417-11325-240-90.

Selective withdrawal; Dworshak Dam; Gate model; 313-08443-

350-13.

Selective withdrawal; Stratified ocean; Density currents; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 038-10881-590-52.

Semiarid regions; Hydrologic models; 06 1 -1 1 505-810-00.

Sensitivity analysis; St. Venant equations; Unsteady flow; Numerical methods; Open channel flows; 141-1 1075-200-13. Sensor array; Transport processes; Coastal zone; Field study; Instrumentation development; Nearshore physical processes; 112-11039-410-44.

Separated flow; Flow visualization; 135-07616-090-00.

Separated flow; Fluidics; Reattaching flow; 135-07619-600-00.

Separated flow; Step, backward facing; Turbulent flow; Viscidinviscid interaction; 062-10916-000-50.

Septic tank effluent; Soil application of wastewater; Wastewater

treatment; Nitrogen removal; Nutrient removal; Phosphorus

removal; 422-1 1349-870-90. Sequoyah plant; Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; 335- 10735-340-00.

Service reservoir inlets; Hydraulic performance; Inlets, geometry effects; Inlets, vertical flared; 422-09583-390-00.

360
Settling basins; Inlet geometry; 1 57-1 1 1 83-870-00.

Settling velocity; Bed load formula; Shale sediment; Sediment

transport experiments; Sediment transport threshold; 414-

11712-220-90.

Set-up, wave induced; Wave attenuation; Wave energy; 054- 10050-420-44. Sewage disposal; Forest lands; Irrigation; 305-09332-870-00. Sewage disposal; Hydraulic model; Outfall, ocean; Plume

behavior; San Francisco; 015-1 1621-870-75. Sewage, domestic; Wastewater treatment; Land application, long-term effects; 1 52-1 1 586-870-36. Sewage flow; Wastewater diversion structure; Diversion structure; Gate ratings; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Mixing; 174- 11240-870-75. Sewage force main; Specifications; Workmanship; Force main

failure investigation; Pipe, PVC; 174-1 123 9-2 10-65

Sewage, home treatment systems; Sewage treatment; Filters, sand; 058-10914-870-05. Sewage outfall; Virginia Beach; Current meter data; Currents; 153-09887-870-68. Sewage sludge; Waste disposal; Acid wastes; Marine spectral signature; Ocean dumped materials; Pollutants; Remote

sensing; 324-1 1467-710-00. Sewage treatment; Filters, sand; Sewage, home treatment

systems; 058-10914-870-05. Sewage treatment; Solids separation; Hydrocyclones; 423-

11692-870-90. Sewer flow routing; Urban water resources; Drainage, urban;

State variable modeling; 1 5 1 -1 1 140-810-00. Sewer flowmeter tests; Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Flow- meter development; 051-10902-700-36. Sewer hydraulics; Surcharge; Unsteady flow routing; Junction

effects; Roughness effects; 061-1 1 5 10-870-00. Sewer junctions; Energy loss; 407-09512-870-00. Sewer junctions; Sewers, storm; Energy losses; Hydraulic model; Junction manhole hydraulics; 422-09584-870-90. Sewer overflow probability analysis; Sewers, combined; Stormwater treatment; Urban watersheds; Cincinnati watershed;

Runoff, urban; 029-10851-870-00. Sewer surcharge simulation; Urban drainage management;

Sewer system design; 06 1 -1 1 509-870-33

Sewer system; Tunnel hydraulics and control; Mathematical

model; Pumping station; Rochester, N.Y.; 1 45-1 1 095-870-75

Sewer system design; Sewer surcharge simulation; Urban

drainage management; 06 1 -1 1 509-870-33

Sewer system hydraulics; St. Louis sewers; Mathematical

model; 145-1 1097-870-75.

Sewers, combined; Sewers, storm; Flowmeter development; Sewer flowmeter tests; 051-10902-700-36.

Sewers, combined; Stormwater treatment; Urban watersheds;

Cincinnati watershed; Runoff, urban; Sewer overflow probability analysis; 029-10851-870-00.

Sewers, storm; Energy losses; Hydraulic model; Junction manhole hydraulics; Sewer junctions; 422-09584-870-90.

Sewers, storm; Flowmeter development; Sewer flowmeter tests; Sewers, combined; 051-10902-700-36.

Sewers, storm; Storm sewer surcharge alleviation; Choking

device; Hydraulic model; 422-1 1 352-870-00.

Sewers, storm; Storm sewer systems; Computer model; 151- 11142-870-10.

Sewers, storm; Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; 145-10603-390-75.

Shafts; Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; Closed conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-com- ponent flow; Open channels; 32 1 -1 1 447-1 30-00.

Shale sediment; Sediment transport experiments; Sediment

transport threshold; Settling velocity; Bed load formula; 4/4-

11712-220-90.

Shale wastes; Seepage; 057-09855-070-34.

Shear; Solvent effects; Drag reduction; Polymers, dilute solutions; Polymers, mechanical degradation; 1 19-1 1044-250-00. Shear effect; Wake effect; Propellers, submarine; 146-11108-

550-21. Shear flow; Solids flow; Bulk solids flow; Constitutive equations; Granular materials flow; 4 1 5-1 1 61 1 -260-90. Shear flow; Stratified shear flow; Waves, internal; Boundary

layer; Ekman layer; Internal wave breaking; Internal wave in- teraction; 162-07779-060-26.

Shear flow; Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent

energy transfer; Mixing layer; 135-1 1069-020-54. Shear flow effects; Wave refraction; 146-10039-420-54. Shear force effects; Arterial branching; Biotechnology; Blood

flow; Cardiovascular system flow; 434-1 1 39 1 -27

Shear modulus measuring instruments; Viscosity; Drag reduc- - tion; Polymer additives; 097-07502-120-00.

Shear stress; Bed forms; Open channel flow; 423-10523-220-90.

Shear stress distribution; Stochastic prediction; Bends; Open

channel flow; 422-11351-200-90.

Shear stress, wall; Turbulent flow, solid waves; Wall stress; Wavy wall; 059-08685-000-54. Shear wave propagation; Soils; 087-09995-390-54.

Sheet-rill erosion; Soil erosion; Universal soil loss equation;

Agricultural fields; Erosion rates; Sediment yield; 300-1 1 404-

830-00.

Shell, elastic; Two-phase flow; Computer simulation; Coolantloss accident; Fluid-structure interaction; Hydroelastic

response; Reactor, pressurized; 075-10832-240-55.

Shell recovery; Mining technology, offshore; Sand recovery; 147-10582-490-44.

Shells, fluid filled; Submerged bodies; Dynamic response; Nuclear containment vessels; 035-1 1 63 1 -240-00.

Shells, submerged; Acoustic medium; Dynamic analysis; Har- monic excitation; Numerical methods; Pressure, radiated; 147-1 1 1 13^30-00.

Shells, submerged; Spherical shells; Vibrations; Viscosity ef- fects; Natural frequencies; 147-1 1 1 14-430-00. Ship behavior; Waves, ship-generated; Computer model; Galveston ship channel; Navigation channel; 147-1 1 120-330-75

Ship control, shallow water; Speed effects; Depth effects; 089- 10994-520-20.

Ship design; Freeboard, minimum; 333-1 1480-520-22

Ship holds; Cargo tank venting; Chemical vapors; Hazards; Marine operations; 142-1 1076-590-48

Ship hulls; Computer program; Hull pressures; Propeller-in- duced pressures; 146-1 1 104-550-2 1

Ship hulls; Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program;

Hull forces; 151-10038-520-45.

Ship maneuverability; Ship motions, shallow water; 089-09869-

520-54.

Ship materials; Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion;

Fouling; 332-10713-520-22.

Ship model; Squat; Tankers in shallow water; 4 1 3-1 1 678-520-

90. Ship motions; Hydrodynamic design basis; Roll motion sta- bilization; 333-11478-520-22.

Ship motions; Ship operator guidance catalog; Seakeeping; 333-

11481-520-22.

Ship motions; Ship simulator; Mathematical models; Navigation

channel; 3 1 4-1 1 523-330-00.

Ship motions; Ship waves in canals; Wave diffraction; Wave

radiation; Wave theory; Numerical methods; 081-10944-520-

54. Ship motions; Speed effects; Added mass; Damping coeffi- cients; Roll motions; 089-10995-520-22.

Ship motions; Wave resistance; Computer model; Floating body; Flow patterns, around ships; 069-10937-520-20.

Ship motions, moored; Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; 054-09278-5 20-00. 361
Ship motions, severe waves; Wave prediction; Marine vehicle

safety; 035-11633-420-21.

Ship motions, shallow water; Ship maneuverability; 089-09869-

520-54.

Ship operator guidance catalog; Seakeeping; Ship motions; 333-

11481-520-22.

Ship passage effects; Ice dam; Ice, underhanging; 407-10300-

330-00.

Ship performance prediction; Waves; Numerical methods; 333- 09444-520-20.

Ship resistance prediction; Boundary layer; Potential flow; Rough surface effects; 164-1 1214-520-84.

Ship simulator; Mathematical models; Navigation channel; Ship

motions; 3 14-1 1523-330-00.

Ship tank punctures; Venting rale experiments; Volatile liquids; Computer model; 142-1 1079-590-48.

Ship wave resistance minimization; Wave generation; Experi- mental method development; Hull form optimization; 164- 11213-520-45.

Ship waves in canals; Wave diffraction; Wave radiation; Wave

theory; Numerical methods; Ship motions; 081-10944-520-

54.

Ships; Hydraulic model; Mooring forces; 413-10260-520-90.

Ships; Sidewalls; Surface-effect craft model; Force and moment

characteristics; Seals; 146-1 1 105-520-22.

Ships; Sloshing; Cargo sloshing; Dynamic loads; LNG tanks; 142-11080-520-48.

Ships, cargo; Economic effects; Fouling; Hull roughness; Roughness; 164-1 1215-520-45.

Ships, deep draft; Mathematical model; Navigation channels; 147-10579-330-10.

Ships, high speed; Cavitation; Propulsor design; Pumpjets; 125- 08923-550-22.

Ships, surface effect; Air cushion craft; Drag, in waves; 333-

11476-520-22.

Shoaling; Alaska; Harbors; 312-09735-470-00.

Shoaling; Chattahoochee River; Navigation chsuinel; River bend; River model; 314-09717-300-13.

Shoaling; Columbia River; Navigation channel; River model; 313-05317-330-13.

Shoaling; Environmental considerations; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Pollutant transport; 147-10583-330-44.

Shoaling; Gulf intracoastal waterway; Navigation channel; 747- 10586-330^4.

Shoaling; Mississippi River; Navigation channel; River model; 314-09677-330-13.

Shoaling; Mississippi River passes; River model; Sedimentation; 314-09670-300-13.

Shoaling; Sediment transport; Dredging; Navigation channels; Numerical model; 75/9-550-00.

Shoals; Hydrographic survey systems; Sedimentation; 314-

11522-700-00. Shock wave effects; Droplets; Jet, atomized; 426-07895-130-00. Shock waves; Structures; Blast waves; 142-09306-640-00. Shore protection; Coastal erosion; Erosion protection

techniques; Puget Sound field study; 165-1 12 16-410-60. Shore protection manual; Coastal construction; Design criteria; 312-02193-490-00.

Shore protection procedure evaluation; Erosion protection monitoring; Lake Superior; 168-1 1226-410-36. Shore protection procedures; Erosion; 087-08850-410-60.

Shore protection structure evaluation; 312-02195-430-00.

Shore stabilization; Breakwaters; 312-10654-430-00.

Shoreline evolution; Coastal sediment; Coastal structure; Computer model; Littoral processes; Sediment transport; 312-

10655-410-00.

Sickle cell hydrodynamics; Biomedical flow; Blood; 132-09910-

270-40.

Sidewalls; Surface-effect craft model; Force and moment

characteristics; Seals; Ships; 146-1 1 105-520-22.

Silicic acid pools; Marine diatom growth; 081-10988-890-00.

Silicon accumulation; Algae; 081-10986-870-00.

Sills; Erosion; Flow obstructions; Piers; Scour; Sediment trans- port; 104-06185-220-00.

Sills; Stratified flow; Tidal flow over sills; Inlets, coastal; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; Numerical models; 412-

11322-410-00.

Sink flow; Drag reduction; Extensional flows; Polymer solutions; 429-1 1368-250-90.

Skagit River, Washington; Temperature changes, reservoir in- duced; Aquatic organisms; Fishery investigations; Hydroelectric dam effects; Salmon; 158-1 1208-850-73. Skew coefficients; Southwest streamflows; Streamflow statistical analyses; 149-1 1 124-300-10.

Slender body; Angle of attack; Boundary layer separation; Free

shear layer; 135-10129-010-26.

Slope adjustment; Channels, mobile boundary; Depth adjust- ment; River channels; 402-1 1290-300-90.

Slope effects; Beaches; Sediment transport, bed load; Sediment

transport, suspended; 136-11638-410-44.

Slope effects; Tsunamis; Wave reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; Wave theory; Continental shelf; 111-11034-

420-20. Slope stability; Phosphate mine spoil dumps; 304-09327-390-

00. Slope stabilization; 1 17-0165W-890-00.

Sloping bottom effects; Thermal discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, two-dimensional; 709-7 1029-050-00.

Slosh effects; Offshore platforms; Oil production equipment; 142-10356-650-70.

Sloshing; Cargo sloshing; Dynamic loads; LNG tanks; Ships; 142-11080-520-48.

Sloshing; Storage tank, liquid elevated; Finite element model;

Seismic response; 4 1 7- 1 1 325-240-90.

Sloshing; Structural response; Wave effects; Damping; Frequency tuning; Liquid-filled container; Offshore platform; 417- 11326-430-90.

Sludge disposal; Dispersion of particulates; Ocean disposal al- ternatives; 015-11625-870-65.

Sludge pumping station; Vortices; Wastewater treatment plant; Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; 413-1 1674-870-70.

Slug flow; Transients; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Pres- sure surges; 049-1 1647-130-54.

Slug formation; Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic

pressure measurement; Air-water flow; 043-07979-130-00.

Sluices; Weirs, sharp crested; Hodograph equation; Numerical

solutions; Overfalls; Potential flow; 062-10915-040-14.

Slurries; Coal slurry pipeline; Jet pump injector model; Pipeline

transport; 064-10613-260-34.

Slurries; Coal transport; Manifold design; Multi-component

flow; Pipeline transport; 167-10019-210-60.

Slurry pipeline; Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; Pneumatic trans- port; 033-10281-260-47.

Slurry rheology; Mineral slurries; 033-08131-130-70. Snake River basin; Water costs; Energy conservation; Irrigation efficiency; Irrigation system design optimization; Irrigation water management; 05 7-10899-840-3 1

.

Snow cover; Biological effects; Ice cover; Lakes; 431-10619-

440-90. Snow cover; Snowfall; Peterborough, Ontario; 431-10618-810-

90. Snow cover mapping; Satellite data; Computer analysis; 403-

11304-810-00. Snow cover measurement; Snowpack; Ontario; 403-1 1305-810-

00. Snow drifting model; Physical model; Sediment flume; 414- 11713-220-00. Snow fence system; Watershed management; Watersheds,

sagebrush; Water yield; 309-03569-810-00.

362
Snow wetness; Soil moisture; Remote sensing; 323-10704-810-

00. Snowdrift management; Avalanche forecasts; 309-10648-810-

00. Snowfall; Peterborough, Ontario; Snow cover; 431-10618-810-

90. Snowmelt; Alberta; Floods; 401-10768-310-96.

Snowmelt; Alberta catchments; Runoff; 401-10769-310-96.

Snowmelt; Snowpack evolution; Evaporation control, snow;

Lysimeter; Mathematical model; 019-1 1697-810-3 1

Snowmelt; Soil erosion; Computer model; Idaho watersheds; 057-09852-830-61. Snowmelt; Watershed model; Computer models; Rood

forecasting; Hydrology; 405-10234-810-96. Snowmelt forecast; Reservoir operation; Runoff, snow; 159- 10193-810-33. Snowmelt model; Snowmelt-streamflow model coupling; 022-

11723-810-33. Snowmelt model; Solar radiation; Hydrologic model; Satellite data calibration; 022-1 1 72 1 -8 10-50. Snowmelt model; Solar radiation; Computer models; Satellite data input; 022-1 1722-810-44. Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland;

Precipitation gages; 303-09315-810-00. Snowmelt thermodynamics; Heat transfer; Hydrology; Runoff; 426-10332-810-90. Snowmelt-streamflow model coupling; Snowmelt model; 022- 11723-810-33.

Snowpsick; Ontario; Snow cover measurement; 403-1 1305-810-

00. Snowpack augmentation; Water supply; Seeding criteria; 152- 11594-810-310. Snowpack evolution; Evap>oration control, snow; Lysimeter; Mathematical model; Snowmelt; 019-1 1697-810-3 1

Snowpack hydrology; Precipitation gages; 304-06969-810-00. Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; Water yield im- provement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; 308-04996-810-00. Soap solutions; Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; 1 19-07553-250-54.

Social criteria; Watershed management, high mountain; Water

use; Economic criteria; Environmental criteria; Index construction; 152-1 1572-800-33.

Social impact assessment; Water resources projects; 149-1 1 135- 800-33. Sodium boiling; Sodium flow loop; Test facility; Blockage ef- fects; Liquid metals; Reactor cooling; 1 1 5-1 1 263-340-52

Sodium flow loop; Test facility; Blockage effects; Liquid metals; Reactor cooling; Sodium boiling; 1 1 5-1 1263-340-52

Soil application of wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Nitrogen

removal; Nutrient removal; Phosphorus removal; Septic tank

effluent; 422-11349-870-90.

Soil bulk density; Water resource development; Crop sequence

effects; Drainage improvement; Iowa drainage districts; Nitrogen fertilizer effect; 067-10928-810-00.

Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effecU; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; 3 1

1 -06973-8 10-00.

Soil characteristics effects; Colorado River basin; Infiltration measurements; Raindrop characteristics effects; Salt pollution; 152-1 1566-870-33.

Soil conservation practices; Solomon Basin, Kansas; Water

budget; Water conservation; Runoff; 071 -1 1 701-860-3 1

Soil erosion; Analytical solutions; Free boundary problems; Ir- rigation, surface; Runoff, surface; Sediment yield; 093-1 17 17- 810-54.

Soil erosion; Cohesive soils; Erosion modeling; 427-1 1 370-830-

90.

Soil erosion; Computer model; Idaho watersheds; Snowmelt;

057-09852-830-61.

Soil erosion; Erosion; Land use; Overland flow; Runoff; 129- 03808-830-05.

Soil erosion; Erosion control; Gully bank stability; Sedimentation; 300-11406-830-00.

Soil erosion; Erosion, gully; Missouri loess basins; Runoff, sur- face; 300-11405-830-00.

Soil erosion; Highway slopes; Rill formation; Rill spacing; 029-

10852-220-00.

Soil erosion; Pacific northwest; 303-09320-830-00.

Soil erosion; Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion

control; Forest fire effects; 307-04757-810-00.

Soil erosion; Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical

model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; 300-04275-830-00.

Soil erosion; Universal soil loss equation; Agricultural fields; Erosion rates; Sediment yield; Sheet-rill erosion; 300-11404- ' 830-00.

Soil erosion; Vegetation effects; Sediment yield; 302-09298-

830-00.

Soil erosion; Watershed model; Erosion hazard prediction; Erosion loss, field measurements; Erosion model; Palouse region; Runoff; 057-10909-830-05.

Soil erosion principles; Erosion; Sedimentation; 302-10632-830-

00.

Soil freezing; Computer model; Embankments; Frost heaving; 019-10078-820-54.

Soil freezing; Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; 118-10609-820-54.

Soil hydraulic properties; Soil water flux; Soil water management; Soil water measurements; 008-10810-820-00.

Soil layering effect; Soil moisture; Infiltration; 139-11074-810-

00.

Soil liquefaction; Soil water; Earthquake effects; Pressure waves; 087-1 1428-820-54.

Soil loss; Erosion; Hydrologic model; Land management practices effect; Mathematical model; Sediment detachment; Sediment load; Sediment transport; 154-1 1 170-830-33

Soil loss; Tillage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer

model; Herbicide transf>ort; Nutrient transport; Pesticide

transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; 067-10927-870-00.

Soil loss; Water loss; Watershed, agricultural; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Remote sensing; Runoff; 168- 11220-810-50.

Soil loss; Watersheds, cropland; Watersheds, irregular topography; Erosion control; Impoundment basins; Runoff control; 300-11397-830-00.

Soil loss; Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; Sediment transport; 303-10626-810-00.

Soil mechanics; Levee safety; Mississippi River; 314-11537-

300-13. SoU moisture; Infiltration; Soil layering effect; 139-1 1074-810-

00.

Soil moisture; Mathematical model; Nitrogen transport in soil; 019-11553-820-05.

Soil moisture; Remote sensing; Snow wetness; 323-10704-810-

00.

Soil moisture; Vegetation classification; Remote sensing; 023- 10842-820-50.

Soil moisture control; Soil salinity control; Crop production optimization; 152-09078-860-33.

Soil moisture determination; Infrared techniques; Microwave

techniques; Remote sensing; 023-10839-820-88.

Soil moisture dynamics; Soil properties; Vegetal canopy density; Climate modeling; Numerical models; 081-10971-810-50.

Soil moisture effects; Watershed behavior; Field studies; Frozen ground effects; Mathematical models; 042-10891-810-15.

Soil moisture level; Remote sensing; 123-10085-710-00.

Soil moisture movement; Soil moisture storage; Drainage; Fal- low period effect; 071-11705-820-33.

363
Soil moisture storage; Drainage; Fallow period effect; Soil moisture movement; 071-1 1705-820-33.

Soil nonlinearity effects; Structural response; Wave forces; Wave-water-soil-structure interaction; Dynamic interaction; Offshore platform; 417-1 1329-430-90.

Soil properties; Stream channels; Channel stability; Erosion; 302-09295-300-00.

Soil properties; Vegetal canopy density; Climate modeling; Numerical models; Soil moisture dynamics; 081-10971-810-50.

Soil salinity control; Crop production optimization; Soil moisture control; 152-09078-860-33.

Soil sampling data; Streamflow; Watershed runoff; Finite ele- ment model; Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical modeling; Overland flow; Runoff; 1 54-1 1 1 69-8 1 0-05

.

Soil thawing; Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; 1 18-10609-820-54.

Soil transport; Channel profile prediction; Erosion, channel;

Missouri loess basins; 300-1 1407-830-00.

Soil water; Drain tubing evaluation; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; 058-08682-820-00.

Soil water; Earthquake effects; Pressure waves; Soil liquefaction; 087-1 1428-820-54.

Soil water; Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest

fire effects; Soil erosion; 307-04757-810-00.

Soil water flow; Heat flow; Numerical model; Soil freezing; Soil thawing; 1 1 8-10609-820-54.

Soil water flow measurements; Suffolk County, New York; Groundwater recharge estimates; 038-10880-820-33.

Soil water flow models; Infiltration, from point source; Irriga- tion, trickle; 008-10809-840-00.

Soil water flux; Soil water management; Soil water measurements; Soil hydraulic properties; 008-10810-820-00.

Soil water management; Soil water measurements; Soil hydraulic properties; Soil water flux; 008-10810-820-00.

Soil water measurements; Soil hydraulic properties; Soil water

flux; Soil water management; 008-10810-820-00.

Soil water movement; Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; 308-

04996-810-00.

Soil water quality; Acid rain effects; Adirondack soils; Precipitation; 025-10846-880-00.

Soil water recharge; Vegetation response; Contour-fiirrowing

effects; Erosion; Montana rangeland watersheds; Runoff; 303- 1 1416-810-34.

Soils; Shear wave propagation; 087-09995-390-54.

Soils, frozen; Permafrost; Salt transport; 004-10804-070-00.

Solar energy; Aquifers; Hot water storage; Numerical model; 073-09983-820-52.

Solar enrgy collection; Energy production potential; Great Salt Lake; 152-11592-440-00.

Solar ponds; Heat collection; Heat withdrawal; Laboratory pond design; Mathematical model; 081-10958-690-00.

Solar power; Water pump; Pump, solar powered; 152-10168-

630-33.

Solar radiation; Computer models; Satellite data input; Snowmelt model; 022-1 1722-810-44.

Solar radiation; Hydrologic model; Satellite data calibration; Snowmelt model; 022-11721-810-50.

Solid-fluid flow; Turbulence; Mixing; Multi-component flow;

1 19-09835-130-00.

Solid-gas flow; Coal, pulverized; Multi-component flow; Pneumatic transport; 009-1081 1-130-60.

Solid-gas flow; Two-phase flow; Lunar ash flow; 079-08072-

130-50.

Solid-liquid flow; Suspensions; Drag reduction; Fiber suspensions; Multi component flow; Pipe flow; 097-11008-250-00.

Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; 423-10516-130-90.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Blockage; Pipeline transport; 423-10515-370-90.

Solid-liquid flow; Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; Pipeline trans- port; 423-10517-370-90.

Solid-liquid mixtures; Mud flows; 031-099 74-130-00.

Solids flow; Bulk solids flow; Constitutive equations; Granular

materials flow; Shear flow; 415-1 161 1-260-90.

Solids separation; Hydrocyclones; Sewage treatment; 423- 11692-870-90.

Solids trap efficiency; Feedlot hydrology; Land treatment; Pollution control; Runoff; 300-1 1394-870-00.

Solids-gas flow; Visual studies; Boundary layer; Drag reduction; Multi-component flow; Particle motions; 097-1 1007-250-50.

Solitary wave interaction; Wave interaction, head-to-head; 011- 10813-420-54.

Solitons; Wave generator; Waves, deep water; Waves, viscous damping; 018-11260-420-20. Solomon Basin, Kansas; Water budget; Water conservation; Runoff; Soil conservation practices; 071-1 1701-860-3 1

.

Solvent effects; Drag reduction; Polymers, dilute solutions; Polymers, mechanical degradation; Shear; 1 19-1 1044-250-00.

Sorptivity; Infiltration estimations; 1 52-041 8W-810-00. Sound radiation; Turbulence structure; Acoustic field; Jets; 145-11101-050-26. Sound suppression water systems; Hydraulic model; Noise; Outlet design; 145-11088-160-75.

Southeast Michigan; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model;

Pollution load; Rouge River, Detroit; Runoff; 163-11212-

810-68. Southern California mountains; Structure effects; Coastal

plains; Erosion; Sedimendation processes; Sediment management; 013-1 1700-830-80. Southern Great Plains; Mathematical models; Rainfall patterns; 302-10634-810-00.

Southern Great Plains; Watershed models; Computer models; Hydrologic models; 302-10638-810-00.

Southern plains; Water resource priority analysis; 148-0406W800-33. Southern plains; Watersheds, agricultural; Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; 302-10636-810-00.

Southern plains region; Water resources requirements; Oil recovery operations; 1 48-1 1 1 54-800-33

.

Southwest streamflows; Streamflow statistical analyses; Skew

coefficients; 149-11124-300-10. Soybean production; Claypan soils; Corn production method ef- fects; Crop yields; Erosion; Runoff; 300-11409-810-00. Space shuttle; Vibrations, flow-induced; Bellows; 142-10357-

540-50.

Specifications; Workmanship; Force main failure investigation; Pipe, PVC; Sewage force main; 174-1 1 239-210-65.

Spectral analysis; Waste discharge effects; Delaware River; Dis- solved oxygen; Mathematical model; 1 07-1 1061 -870-00. Speed effecU; Added mass; Damping coefficients; Roll motions; Ship motions; 089-10995-520-22. Speed effects; Depth effects; Ship control, shallow water; 089- 10994-520-20. Sphere impulsively started; Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical

methods; 434-07995-030-90.

Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; 315-07243-060-20.

Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Drag; 054-10055-

420-00.

Spheres; Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Cylinders; 136- 10394-420-44.

Spheres; Unsteady flow; Drag; Droplet motion, N-waves; Im- mersed bodies; 135-11071-030-54.

Spheres, concentric rotating; Stability; Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; 091-07488-000-54.

Spherical shell; Submerged bodies; Vibrations, viscosity effect; 147-09056-030-00.

Spherical shells; Convection; Heat transfer; 135-11072-090-00. 364
Spherical shells; Submerged structures; Dynamic response; Inertial damping; 035-11630-240-00.

Spherical shells; Vibrations; Viscosity effects; Natural frequencies; Shells, submerged; 147-11114-430-00.

Spillway; Diversion; Hydraulics model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Scour; 413-1 1660-340-87.

Spillway; Diversion structure; Hydraulic model; Limestone Station; 433-10553-350-73.

Spillway; Diversion tunnel; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 413-1025 7-350-73.

Spillway; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; 413-10270-350-

87.

Spillway; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Scour; 413-

11682-340-73.

Spillway; Hydraulic model; James Bay project; 413-10251-350-

73. Spillway; Hydraulic model; Palmetto Bend Dam; 321-09393-

350-00.

Spillway; Stewart Mountain project; Hydraulic model; 321-

09382-350-00.

Spillway; Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; 321-10684-350-00.

Spillway; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam;

527-/0677-550-00.

Spillway adequacy; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 098- 08868-350-00.

Spillway baffles; Energy dissipators; 321-10692-360-00.

Spillway, bottom-withdrawal; Water quality; Eutrophication;

Nutrients; Reservoirs, small; Sedimentation; 300-1 1403-860-

00. Spillway calibration; Ice cover; Ice roughness effect; 423-

11694-350-10.

Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; 314-10746-350-00.

Spillway deflector model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-09349-350-

13. Spillway deflector model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-09341-350-13.

Spillway deflector model; Little Goose Dam; 313-09350-350-

13. Spillway deflector model; McNary Dam; 313-09351-350-13.

Spillway deflectors; Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam; 313-10662-350-13.

Spillway design; Hydraulic model; 152-1 1588-350-75.

Spillway flow; Finite element model; Head-dischsirge relations; Numerical model; Pressure distribution; 049-1 1640-350-00.

Spillway gates; Auburn Dam; Gate model; Gate seals; Hydraulic model; 321-07028-350-00.

Spillway gates; Diversion weir; Hydraulic model; Intake; Power

plant, hydroelectric; Sediment exclusion; 413-11658-340-87.

Spillway model; Approach channel; Chute spillway; Dam; Ener- gy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; 321-1 1445-350-

00. Spillway model; Auburn Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic model; 321-07035-350-00.

Spillway model; Baffled apron; Dam; Energy dissipation; Hydraulic model; 32 1 -1 1 455-350-00.

Spillway model; Chief Joseph Dam; 313-07109-350-13.

Spillway model; Dam; Energy dissipator; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; 313-1 1437-350-13.

Spillway model; Dam model; Diversion channel; Hydraulic model; Powerhouse; 413-1 1657-350-87.

Spillway model; Dam reconstruction project; Hydraulic model; 414-11711-350-73.

Spillway model; Dworshak Dam; 313-05070-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Lower Monumental Dam; 313-10658-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; McNary Dam; 313-10659-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Little Goose Dam; 313-10660-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Flow deflectors; Hydraulic model; Ice Harbor Dam; 313-10661-350-13.

Spillway model; Fish passage; Hydraulic model; John Day Dam;

Spillway deflectors; 313-10662-350-13.

Spillway model; Hydraulic model; Libby Dam; 313-10666-350-

13. Spillway model; Libby Dam; 313-07117-350-13.

Spillway model; Lower Granite Dam; 313-07120-350-13.

Spillway model; Lower Monumental Dam; Nitrogen supersaturation; 313-08447-350-13.

Spillway model; Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; San Lorenzo

project. El Salvador; 145-11090-350-75.

Spillway model; Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam;

Hydraulic model; 147-10591-350-75.

Spillway model; Stilling basin; Tunnel; Dam; Hydraulic model; , Oudet works; 321-11449-350-00.

Spillway model; Vortex, intake; Dam comprehensive model; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Power plant, hydroelectric; 413-11670-340-87.

Spillway model; Vortices; Diversion; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; 413-1 1659-340-87.

Spillway, morning glory; Air vents; Gate, ring; Hydraulic model; 159-11189-350-65.

Spillway, morning glory; Hydraulic model; 321-10681-350-00.

Spillway performance; Flip bucket; Hydraulic model; 433-

11382-350-75.

Spillway, twin tunnel; Aeration devices; Cavitation prevention; Hydraulic model; 157-11182-350-75.

Spillways, closed conduit; Box inlet drop spillway; Riprap; Scour; 145-07677-220-05.

Spillways, closed conduit; Drop inlets; Hydraulic structures; Inlets; Pipe outlets; Scour; 300-01723-350-00.

Spillways, closed conduit; Outlets, spillway; Scour; 145-01 168- 350-05.

Spillways, closed-conduit; Drop inlets; Inlets; Inlet vortex; 145- 00111-350-05.

Spiral flow; Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; Intake; 321-10675-350-00.

Spoil dumps; Phosphate mines; 152-10152-890-06. Spray combustion; Combustion; Liquid-gas flow; Multi-com- ponent flow; 124-10020-290-50.

Spray distribution; Stram atmosphere; Two-phase flow; Coolant, emergency; Nuclear reactor; 069-10932-130-82.

Spray headers; Spray plate distributions; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 421-11340-340-00.

Spray nozzle design; Liquid sprays; Multiphase flows; 041- 10886-130-70. Spray plate distributions; HydrauHc model; Power plant; Spray

headers; 421-11340-340-00.

Sprays; Two-component flow; Combustion model; Droplets,

fuel; Numerical model; Particle-fluid system; 075-10833-130-

52. Sprays; Water sheets; Atomization; Drop sizes; Jet, breakup;

Jets, in airflow; Jets, water; 325-1 1470-130-00.

Sprinkler system automation; Water utilization; Energy conservation; Irrigation, sprinkler; 148-1 1 149-840-33.

Squat; Tankers in shallow water; Ship model; 413-1 1678-520-

90. Squeeze film dampers; Rotating machinery; 142-09301-620-70.

St. Lawrence estuary; Stratification effects; Suspended matter

variability; Tidal effects; Water quality; Bottom topography

effects; 416-11606-860-90.

St. Lawrence River, Ogden Island; Ice conditions; River flow

distribution; River ice effects; 031-10859-300-15.

St. Louis sewers; Mathematical model; Sewer system hydraulics; 145-11097-870-75.

St. Maries River, Idaho; Basin characteristics analysis; Geomorphology; Hydraulic analysis; Hydrologic analysis; 157-11181-300-00.

365
St. Venant equations; Unsteady flow; Numerical methods; Open

channel flows; Sensitivity analysis; 141-1 1075-200-13.

Stability; Couette flow; Poiseuille flow; Spheres, concentric

rotating; 091-07488-000-54.

Stability; Cylinders, part full; Rotating flow; 134-09965-000-54.

Stability; Stratified flow; Thermal dispersion; Convection, double-diffusive; Inclinded fluid layer; 135-10127-020-54.

Stability; Stratified fluid; Couette instability; Cylinders, concentric rotating; 135-10130-060-54.

Stability, armor layer; Surf zone; Wave forces; Breakwaters,

rubble; Jetties; Rubble structure design criteria; Scour; 312-

11442-430-00.

Stability theory; Chemotactic bacteria movement; Gas bearing

theory; Lubrication; 133-06773-000-14.

Stability theory; Cylinders, eccentric rotating; Lubrication

theory; 133-06772-000-20.

Stack emissions; Cooling tower emissions; Plume model; 078- 08695-870-60.

Stack model; Gas flow; 400-11272-870-70.

Stack sampling system; Gas sampling; Particulates; Pollution,

air; 1 24-1 1059-870-36.

Stage-discharge model; Unsteady flow effects; Mississippi River; Numerical model; Rating curves; 3 14-1 1539-300-13.

Stagnant zone; Stagnation flow; Viscoelastic behavior; 755- 10015-120-00.

Stagnation flow; Viscoelastic behavior; Stagnant zone; 755- 70075-720-00.

Stall; Diffuser flows; Unsteady flow; 074-10940-000-54.

State variable modeling; Sewer flow routing; Urban water

resources; Drainage, urban; 151-1 1 140-810-00.

State-local agency coordination; Utah; Water management; Water quality planning; Water supply; 1 52-1 1 573-800-60.

Statistical hydrology; Hydrologic simulation model; 098-08867-

810-00. Steam; Two-phase flow; Droplets; 088-08779-130-54. Steam chugging phenomena; Two-phase flow; Computer model;

Reactors; 069-10935-130-82. Steam injection; Air injection; Slowdown fluid physics; Model

laws; 142-10354-130-70. Steam lines; Balance header; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 42 1 -1 1337-340-00. Steam-water flow; Two-phase flow; Coolant-loss accidents;

Critical flow; Nozzle flows; Numerical solutions; 075-10830-

130-55.

Stenoses; Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; 068- 07392-270-40.

Step, backward facing; Transonic flow; Boattail flow; Jet engine

nacelle; Numerical solution; 062-10917-090-50.

Step, backward facing; Turbulent flow; Viscid-inviscid interaction; Separated flow; 062-10916-000-50.

Stern tube bearings; Bearings; Merchant ships; Propulsion

shafts; Seals; 083-10990-620-45.

Stewart Mountain project; Hydraulic model; Spillway; 321-

09382-350-00.

Stilling basin; Choke Canyon project; Hydraulic model; Spill- way; 321-10684-350-00.

Stilling basin; Dam outlet tunnel; Fish barrier; Hydraulic jump;

Hydraulic model; 313-11434-350-13.

Stilling basin; Drop pipe; Drop structure; Hydraulic model; In- take; Spiral flow; 321-10675-350-00.

Stilling basin; Gates; Hydraulic model; Pacheco tunnel; 321-

10683-350-00.

Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; San Lorenzo project. El Sal- vador; Spillway model; 145-1 1090-350-75.

Stilling basin; Hydraulic model; Klang Gates Dam; Spillway; i27-70677-i50-00.

Stilling basin; Meramec Park reservoir; Outlet works model; 314-09674-350-13.

Stilling basin; Tunnel; Dam; Hydraulic model; Outlet works;

Spillway model; 321-11449-350-00.

Stilling basin design; Hydraulic jump; 104-06186-360-00.

Stilling basin model; Coleto Creek Dam; Hydraulic model;

Spillway model; 147-10591-350-75.

Stilling basin walls; Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; 314-10746-350-00.

Stilling basins; Abrasive materials; 321-10674-350-00.

Stilling basins; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; Outlet works; 314-11527-360-00.

Stilling basins; Trajectories; Transitions; Conduit wall flare; Outlet works; 314-11526-360-00.

Stilling basins, low Froude number; Energy dissipators; 321- 09383-360-00.

Stirred tank reactor; Mixing; Reaction rates; Segregation intensity; 097-07503-020-00.

Stochastic analysis; Watershed systems; Hydrologic models;

Risk analysis; 061-11504-810-00.

Stochastic hydraulics; Kalman filtering theory; Open channel

flow; Sediment transport; 127-09845-200-00.

Stochastic hydrology; Channel networks; Hydrology; 066- 07367-810-20.

Stochastic hydrology; Disaggregation model; Reservoir design

capacity; 159-11196-810-33.

Stochastic hydrology; Urban drainage design; Hydrologic modeling; Runoff urban; 061-1 1503-870-00.

Stochastic hydrology; 061-07339-810-33.

Stochastic methods; Groundwater hydraulics; Monte Carlo method; 151-11138-820-00.

Stochastic methods; Structure response; Structure-wave interaction; Wind loads; Wind-structure interaction; Mathematical

models; 035-11632-640-54.

Stochastic model; Nuclear material migration; Radioactive

wastes; 144-11084-870-55.

Stochastic model; Water level; Lakes, terminal; 152-10176-800-

33.

Stochastic models; Storage requirements, within-year; Streamflow; Drainage basins, ungaged; 168-1 1229-810-00.

Stochastic models; Streamflow; Lake Nasser; Nile River; 081- 10977-300-56.

Stochastic prediction; Bends; Open channel flow; Shear stress distribution; 422-11351-200-90.

Stochastic response; Dynamic response; Floating nuclear plant; Fluid-structure interaction; Power plant, nuclear; Seismic

forces; 4/ 7-7 1330-430-90.

Stochastic streamflow; Wastewater treatment; Hydrograph controlled release; Lagoon effluents; Runoff, stochastic analysis; 093-11714-870-33.

Storage coefficients; Concentration time; Hydrographs; Illinois streams; River flow; 322-1 1457-300-60.

Storage requirements; Stormwater management; Urbjin runoff; Computer simulation; Runoff; 402-11296-870-00.

Storage requirements, within-year; Streamflow; Drainage basins, ungaged; Stochastic models; 168-11229-810-00.

Storage tank, liquid elevated; Finite element model; Seismic

response; Sloshing; 417-11325-240-90. Storm drainage; Urban highways; Design rainstorms; Highway

drainage; Hyetographs; 061-1 1501-810-47. Storm drainage; Urbanization effects; Drainage; Runoff; 405- 10229-810-96. Storm sewer surcharge alleviation; Choking device; Hydraulic model; Sewers, storm; 422-11352-870-00. Storm sewer systems; Computer model; Sewers, storm; 757-

7 7 742-570-70. Storm surge; Bay-ocean system; Chesapeake Bay; Finite-ele- ment model; Flood level prediction; Mathematical model; 153-11160-450-58. Storm surge barrier effects; Water quality; Estuary flow; East- em Scheldt. Netherlands; Mathematical model; 132-11067-

400-87. Storm surge calculation; Surges; Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; 312-09756-420-00. 366
Stomiwater; Drainage, urban; Flood plain management; Runoff; 148-11148-810-33.

Stormwater; Mathematical model comparison; Runoff, urban; 098-08866-810-00. Stormwater management; Urban runoff; Computer simulation; Runoff; Storage requirements; 402-1 1296-870-00. Stormwater models; Urban watersheds, steeply sloped; Runoff

models, slope effect; Runoff, urban; 06 1 -1 1 500-870-36. Stormwater regulator; Swirl concentrator; Hydraulic model;

Prototype testing; Scale effects; Sediment recovery; 413-

11663-870-36. Stormwater treatment; Detention basin design; Rainfall frequency analysis; Runoff, industrial sites; 109-1 1026-870-

70. Stormwater treatment; Urban watersheds; Cincinnati watershed; Runoff, urban; Sewer overflow probability analysis; Sewers, combined; 029-10851-870-00.

Strait of Georgia; British Columbia; Fraser river discharge plume; Numerical model; Plume; 412-1 1 32 1-300-00. Stram atmosphere; Two-phase flow; Coolant, emergency;

Nuclear reactor; Spray distribution; 069-10932-130-82.

Stratification effects; Crossflow effects; Jets, buoyant; Jets, tur- bulent; 015-1 1620-050-54.

Stratification effects; Crossflow effects; Jets, buoyant; Jets, twodimensional; 087-1 1424-050-54.

Stratification effects; Suspended matter variability; Tidal effects; Water quality; Bottom topography effects; St. Lawrence estuary; 416-1 1606-860-90.

Stratification, thermal; Lakes, stratified; Mixing; Reservoirs; 130-09841-440-33.

Stratification, thermal; Mixing; Pumped storage systems; Reservoir stratification; 167-10017-060-33.

Stratified charge engine; Combustion chamber; Internal combustion engine; Numerical model; 075-10827-690-52.

Stratified environment; Temperature distribution; Thermal

discharge; Turbulence intensity; Velocity distribution; Jet discharge; 104-08164-870-00.

Stratified flow; Circulation, buoyancy driven; Cooling lakes; Lake Anna, Virginia; Numerical models; Reservoirs; 081- 09807-870-73.

Stratified flow; Convective flow; Hele-Shaw flow; Porous medi- um flow; 062-10920-060-00.

Stratified flow; Fraser river field program; Salt wedge

hydrodynamics; 4 1 2-1 1 3 1 9-060-00.

Stratified flow; Thermal dispersion; Convection, double-diffusive; Inclinded fluid layer; Stability; 135-10127-020-54.

Stratified flow; Tidal flow over sills; Inlets, coastal; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic models; Numerical models; Sills; 412-1 1322-

410-00.

Stratified flow; Wakes; Wind tunnel, stratified flow; 106-09896-

720-60.

Stratified flow, over obstacle; Stratified flow, three-dimensional;

Critical layer; 0 1

1 -1 08 1 2-060-20.

Stratified flow, three-dimensional; Critical layer; Stratified flow, over obstacle; 01 1 -1 08 1 2-060-20.

Suatified fluid; Couette instability; Cylinders, concentric rotating; Stability; 135-10130-060-54.

Stratified fluids; Destratification diffuser; Reservoirs; 321-

10679-860-00.

Stratified fluids; Rotating flows; 091-08860-000-70.

Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; In- ternal waves; Spheres; 315-07243-060-20.

Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; 172-08400-420-54.

Stratified lake; Cooling lake; Density currents; Mixing, wind in- duced; Numerical model; Ponds; 049-10900-340-54.

Stratified ocean; Density currents; Energy; Ocean thermal ener- gy conversion; Selective withdrawal; 038-10881-590-52.

Stratified shear flow; Waves, internal; Boundary layer; Ekman

layer; Internal wave breaking; Internal wave interaction; Shear flow; 162-07779-060-26.

Stratified turbulent flow; Stratified water bodies; Turbulence

structure; Cavities, rectangular; Finite element models; Mixing processes; 144-1 1085-060-54.

Stratified turbulent shear flow; Interfacial friction; Mixing; 015-

11617-060-54.

Stratified water bodies; Turbulence structure; Cavities, rectangular; Finite element models; Mixing processes; Stratified tur- bulent flow; 144-1 1085-060-54. Stream channels; Channel stability; Erosion; Soil properties; 302-09295-300-00. Stream channels; Cross-section data collection; River valley; 314-1 1528-700-00. Stream microhabitat features; Water project planning; Fish requirements; 1 52-1 1 568-850-33

.

Stream temperature; Water temperature; Reservoir temperature measurements; 334-00769-860-00. Stream temperature modeling; Water temperature; Hydro-ther- mal combined generation; Random integral equation model;

Reservoir thermal effects; 3 19-1 1 443-340-00.

Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; 143- 10473-820-54.

Streamflow; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Seepage; 144- 10409-820-54.

Streamflow; Drainage basins, ungaged; Stochastic models;

Storage requirements, within-year; 1 68-1 1 229-8 1 0-00. Streamflow; Lake Nasser; Nile River; Stochastic models; 081-

10977-300-56.

Streamflow; Surface mining; Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage; Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; 306-09333-890-00.

Streamflow; Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; 431-10620-810-90.

Streamflow; Water chemistry; Idaho watersheds; Logging ef- fects; Road construction effects; Sediment production; 304-

1 1422-810-00.

Streamflow; Water quality; Chowan River; Mathematical

model; 154-09170-860-33.

Streamflow; Water quality; Delaware river basin; Flow regime; Reservoir operation effects; 322-1 1458-300-00.

Streamflow; Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; 304-09326-810-00.

Streamflow; Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; 301-09276-810-00.

Streamflow; Watershed monitoring; Flow prediction; Groundwater; Hydrologic model; 168-1 12 19-8 10-70. Streamflow; Watershed runoff; Finite element model; Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical modeling; Overland flow; Runoff;

Soil sampling data; 1 54-1 11 69-8 1 0-05

.

Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; 302- 09286-810-00.

Streamflow; Yakima River; Fish spawning; 157-10132-300-34. Streamflow data; Clearwater River; Insects, stream; 057-09848-

880-33. Streamflow data; Elbow River, Canada; Sediment, bed load; Sediment, suspended; Sediment transport; Field measurements; 401-11278-220-96.

Streamflow data generation; Streamflow estimates; Rivers, un- gauged; 424-1 1356-300-00. Streamflow estimates; Rivers, ungauged; Streamflow data

generation; 424-1 1356-300-00. Streamflow forecasting, real time; Streamflow models; 423- 11693-300-90. Streamflow generation uncertainties; 061 -1 1502-810-33

.

Streamflow, low; Water demand; Missouri watersheds; 095- 11001-810-60.

367
Streamflow models; Streamflow forecasting, real time; 423-

11693-300-90. Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, loessial; Infiltration effect; Iowa watersheds; Missouri watersheds; Overland flow; 300-

11399-810-00. Streamflow prediction; Watersheds, agricultural; Claypan soils; Missouri watersheds; 300-1 1401-810-00. Streamflow records; Alberta; Low flow correlations; 402- 11285-810-96. Streamflow reduction effects; Fish biomass; Macroinvertebrates; 057-10910-880-33.

Streamflow statistical analyses; Skew coefficients; Southwest

streamflows; 149-1 1 1 24-300-1 0. Streamflow stochastic models; Water supply; Municipal reser- voir reliability; New York City reservoirs; Reservoir system

sensitivity; 038-10874-860-33.

Streamflow, summer; Water quality maintenance; New England hardwood ecosystems; 306-0242W-8 10-00. Streaming birefringence; Bed forms; Dunes; Flow visualization; Mobile boundary mechanics; Sediment transport; 402-1 1294-

220-00.

Streams; Texas; Lakes, public access; 148-0398W-880-33.

Strip mining; Water resources. East Texas; Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; 147-10584-810-33.

Strip mining effects; Coal mining; Groundwater quality; Mathematical model; Powder River Basin; 055-10904-870-34.

Strip mining effects; Water quality; Groundwater resources; 081-09813-870-54.

Structural characteristics; Drain tubing; Pipe flow; Pipes, plastic corrugated; 058-10913-210-82.

Structural resonance; Waterhammer; Fluid-pipeline interactions; Pressure waves; Pump surges; Two-phase flow; 041-

10887-.

Structural response; Dam-reservoir interactions; Earthquake ef- fects; Fluid-structure interaction; Hydrodynamic forces; Ocean structures; 081-10946-390-54.

Structural response; Dam-reservoir interaction; Elastic waves;

Fluid-structure interaction; Ground impedance effect; Ocean

storage tanks; 081-10947-390-00.

Structural response; Wave effects; Damping; Frequency tuning;

Liquid-filled container; Offshore platform; Sloshing; 417- 11326^30-90.

Structural response; Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble mound;

Finite element analysis; Seismic forces; 417-1 1328-430-90.

Structural response; Wave forces; Wave-water-soil-structure in- teraction; Dynamic interaction; Offshore platform; Soil nonlinearity effects; 417-1 1329-430-90.

Structural vibrations; Vibrations, flow induced; Wave forces; Cylinders; Fluid-structure interaction; Offshore structures; 068-10931-240-52.

Structure effects; Coastal plains; Erosion; Sedimendation

processes; Sediment management; Southern California mountains; 013-1 1 700-830-80.

Structure loading; Submerged structures; Transient loads; Accelerated flow; Drag; 142-1 1082-030-00.

Structure response; Structure-wave interaction; Wind loads; Wind-structure interaction; Mathematical models; Stochastic methods; 035-11632-640-54.

Structure response; Wave forces; Earthquake effects; Fluid- structure interactions; Ocean structures; 061-1 151 1-430-54.

Structures; Blast waves; Shock waves; 142-09306-640-00.

Structures, coastal; Wave forces; Current effects; 031-09979-

420-00.

Structures, offshore; Earthquake loads; Oil storage tanks; 018-

10123-430-44.

Structure-wave interaction; Wind loads; Wind-structure interaction; Mathematical models; Stochastic methods; Structure

response; 035-11632-640-54. Sub-humid regions; Irrigation systems, supplemental; Kansas; Mathematical model; Reservoirs, farm; 071-1 1704-840-33.

Submarine canyon; Circulation; Continental shelf; Continental

slope; Oceanography; 153-09876-450-00. Submarine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; Pipe flow; 046-09846-210-

00. Submerged bodies; Bluff bodies; Boundary layer separation; Cylinders, circular; 429-07899-010-90. Submerged bodies; Boundary layer transition; Ellipsoid; Roughness effects; 329-10773-010-22. Submerged bodies; Buoy-cable-body systems; Cables; 333-

10727-030-22. Submerged bodies; Cables; Cylinders; Flow-induced motion; 331-10711-030-20. Submerged bodies; Cylinders; Drag; Force measurement; 125- 08926-030-22. Submerged bodies; Dynamic response; Nuclear containment

vessels; Shells, fluid filled; 035-11631-240-00. Submerged bodies; Surface effects; Potential flow; 333-10716-

030-22. Submerged bodies; Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer transition; Drag; 333-09442-030-00. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic

oscillations; Bluff cylinders; 429-07461-240-90. Submerged bodies; Vibrations, viscosity effect; Spherical shell; 147-09056-030-00. Submerged bodies; Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively

started; 434-07995-030-90. Submerged bodies; Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage

effects; Bodies of revolution; 125-0892 7-030-22. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; Drag; 054-10054-420-00. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Drag; Spheres; 054-10055-

420-00. Submerged bodies; Wave forces; Cylinders; Spheres; 136- 10394-420-44. Submerged bodies; Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves;

Spheres; Stratified fluids; 315-07243-060-20. Submerged objects; Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; 027-09013-420-00. Submerged structures; Dynamic response; Inertial damping;

Spherical shells; 035-1 1630-240-00. Submerged structures; Transient loads; Accelerated flow; Drag;

Structure loading; 142-1 1082-030-00. Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal

discharge; Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jet discharge angle; Jets, buoyant; 421-1 1347-

050-00. Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; Thermal

discharge; Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jets, buoyant; Outfall branch spacing effect; 421- 1 1348-050-00. Submergence effects; Lock operation; 314-1 1529-330-00. Subsurface flow; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road construction effects; 304-09325-810-00.

Subsurface flow; Water yield; Watershed, forested; Finite ele- ment analysis; Logging practice effects; Mathematical model; 402-1 1288-810-90.

Subsurface water motions; Watershed subsurface hydrology; Groundwater; 300-1 1398-820-00.

Suction; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; 329-

10771-010-00.

Suction; Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; 132-09908-010-18.

Suction; Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible

flow; Laminarization; i/5-/079S-0/0-27.

Suffolk County, New York; Groundwater recharge estimates;

Soil water flow measurements; 038-10880-820-33.

Sulphur dioxide; Airflow conditions; Scrubber model; 400- 11273-870-70. 368
Sump supply tunnel; Vortices; Hydraulic model; Powerplant; Pumps; 413-1 1668-340-73. Sump vortex; Heat removal sump; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear; 335-1 1487-340-00. Sump-pump arrangement; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant; 145-1 1098-340-75

.

Supercritical flow; Box culverts; Culvert junction structure; Hydraulic model; Hydraulic performance; Outlet geometry

effects; 424-11353-370-90.

Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; 321-10678-

320-00.

Suppression pool; Computer model; Cooling system; Hydrodynamic response; Reactor; 069-10936-340-82.

Suppression pools; Two-phase flow; Air injection; Bubble

growth; Free surface flows; Numerical models; Reactors; 075-10828-130-S2.

Surcharge; Unsteady flow routing; Junction effects; Roughness

effects; Sewer hydraulics; 06 1 -1 1 5 1 0-870-00.

Surf zone; Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble; Jetties; Rubble

structure design criteria; Scour; Stability, armor layer; 312-

1 1442-430-00.

Surf zone; Wave gages; Wave statistics; 312-10649-420-00.

Surf zone; Waves; Nearshore hydrodynamics; 409-09518-420-

00. Surf zone hydrodynamics; Wave measurements; Waves,

breakers; Current measurements; Field investigation; 081-

10949-420-44.

Surface depressions from photographs; Depression storage; Runoff onset; 168 1 1227-810-87.

Surface discharge; Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow, once-through; Hydraulic model; Intake; Lake, nearshore mixing; Outfall; 421-1 1343-340-00.

Surface effect ships; Cavitation; Corrosion; Fouling; Ship

materials; 332-10713-520-22.

Surface effect ships; Heaving; Plenum pressure; 146-08980-

520-21.

Surface effects; Potential flow; Submerged bodies; 333-10716-

030-22.

Surface impoundment assessment; Water storage systems; Aquifer contamination potential; Drinking water safety; 152- 11595-860-36.

Surface mining; Suspended solids; Water quality; Watersheds,

reclaimed; Hydrology; Mining effects; Runoff; 300-11392-

810-34.

Surface mining; Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage; Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamnow; 306-09333-890-00.

Surface water flow; Transport modeling symposium; Dispersion; 018-1 1261-020-54.

Surface water inventory; Texas; Landsat data; Remote sensing; 147-11112-860-50.

Surface water systems; Channel flow; Estuaries; Lakes; Numerical models; Overiand flow; 322-10693-860-00.

Surface-effect craft model; Force and moment characteristics;

Seals; Ships; Sidewalls; 1 46-1 1 1 05-520-22

.

Surface-subsurface storage mix; Water storage; Aquifers; Groundwater; Reservoirs, surface; 1 59-1 1 1 97-860-60.

Surge; Hurricane barrier; Hydrolic model; Lake circulation; Lake Pontchartrain; Numerical model; 3 1 4-1 1 541 -440-1 3

.

Surge analysis; Transients; Well field network; Computer pro- gram; Pipe network; 098-1 1 0 1 6-2 1 0-75

.

Surge control; Compressors, centrifugal; 064-1 1 600-630-00.

Surge tank analysis; Surge tank solutions, non-iterative; 417-

1 1333-340-00.

Surge tank solutions, non-iterative; Surge tank analysis; 417-

11333-340-00.

Surges; Charleston estuary; Mathematical model; Storm surge

calculation; 312-09756-420-00.

Surges; Transients; Two-phase flows; Unstable flow; Compressibihty effects; Condensing flows; 1 14-1 1040-130-54.

Surges; Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; 335- 07080-340-00.

Surges; Water level; Ice jam failure; Ice jam formation; River

ice; 402-11280-300-90.

Surges, fresh-over-salt water; Canals; Gravity surges; 429-

11363-420-90. Suspended matter variability; Tidal effects; Water quality; Bot- tom topography effects; St. Lawrence estuary; Stratification

effects; 416-11606-860-90. Suspended sediment regime; Bed material composition; Mississippi River; Sediment transport; 314-1 1532-300-13. Suspended solids; Water quality; Watersheds, reclaimed; Hydrology; Mining effects; Runoff; Surface mining; 300-

11392-810-34. Suspended solids seasonal variation; Turbulent diffusion; Diffusion, lateral; Ottawa River; River flow; Sediment transport, suspended; 422-09588-300-90.

Suspension mechanism; Entrainment mechanism; Laser-Doppler velocimetry; Sediment transport, suspended; 015-1 1626-

220-54.

Suspensions; Acoustic emulsification; Emulsification; Oil-water

suspension; 086-09818-130-00.

Suspensions; Brownian particles; Diffusion; Particle transport; Sedimentation; 026-10847-130-00.

Suspensions; Drag reduction; Emulsions; Hydraulic transport; Oil-water flow; Pipeline transport; 1 19-10075-370-54.

Suspensions; Drag reduction; Fiber suspensions; Multi component flow; Pipe flow; Solid-liquid flow; 097-1 1008-250-00.

Suspensions; Multi-component flow; Particle motion analysis;

Particles, deformable; 035-11634-130-40.

Suspensions; Sediment fingering; Sediment transport; 168- 10026-220-50. Swamp; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; 431-10621-810-90.

Swirl concentrator; Hydraulic model; Prototype testing; Scale

effects; Sediment recovery; Storm water regulator; 413-

11663-870-36.

Swirl effects; Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; 315-10789-750-00. Symposium proceedings; Transport processes; Lakes; Oceans;

111-11032-450-00.

Synthetic hydrocarbons; Hydraulic fluids; 332-1 1474-690-22.

Synthetic organics; Texas water supplies; Water treatment; 148- 11152-860-33.

Synthetic triaryl phosphates; Hydraulic fluids, fire resistant; 332-11473-690-00.

Systems analysis; Water project optimization; Water resources; 029-10856-800-00.

Tailings-pile stabilization; Minmg, iron; Missouri; Pollution; 098-11013-870-60.

Tailwater control, buried pipe; Erosion control; Irrigated lands; Sediment loss; 303-11415-830-00.

Tailwater depth effect; Channel width effect; Culverts; Erosion;

Jet, wall; 402-1 1299-220-90.

Tainter gates; Dynamic loads; Spillway crest shape; Stilling basin walls; 314-10746-350-00. Tanker safety; Ventilation model tests; Bulk carriers; 142- 10358-520-45.

Tankers; Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored; 054-09278-520-00. Tankers in shallow water; Ship model; Squat; 413-1 1678-520-

90. Taylor vortices; Cylinder, impulsively rotated; Cylinders, counter rotating; Numerical solution; Rotating flow; 065- 10924-000-00. Technology transfer effectiveness; Water resources technology; 149-11127-730-33. 369
Temperature; Wind; Humidity; Lake Ontario; Lake to land comparison; 403-1 1303-480-00. Temperature changes, reservoir induced; Aquatic organisms;

Fishery investigations; Hydroelectric dam effects; Salmon;

Skagit River, Washington; 1 56-11 208-850-73

.

Temperature distribution; Thermal discharge; Turbulence intensity; Velocity distribution; Jet discharge; Stratified environ- ment; 104-08164-870-00. Temperature distribution; Velocity distribution; Air entrain- ment; Heat transfer; Jet, impinging; Jet spread; Pressure dis- tribution; 044-1 1497-050-22. Temperature fluctuations; Thermal effluents; Plumes, thermal; 171-10032-870-33. Temperature fluctuations; Turbulence, atmospheric; Turbulence experiments; Turbulence, grid; Micrometeorology; Mixing; 039-10996-020-54. Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water

discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jet discharge

angle; Jets, buoyant; Submergence effect; 42 1-1 1347-050-00. Temperature measurements; Thermal discharge; Cooling water

discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jets, buoyant;

Outfall branch spacing effect; Submergence effect; 42/-

11348-050-00. Temperature profiles; Velocity profiles; Convection; Duct flow, laminar; Heat transfer; Laminar flow solution compilation; Pipe flow; 048-10901-210-20. Temperature structure; Dispersion field studies; Mixing, wind

induced; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir stratification; 335-1 1488-860-00. Tennessee basin; Evaporation; Reservoir losses; 334-00765-

810-00. Tennessee basin; Precipitation; 334-00768-810-00. Tennessee river; Water temperature analysis; Cumberland river; Mathematical model; River flow; 335-1 1 493-860-00. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aliceville Lock and Dam;

Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 314-09719-330-13. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway; Aberdeen Lock and Dam;

Lock model; Lock navigation conditions; 3 14-09722-330-1 3

.

Tensas River; Flood damage estimates; Floodplain management; Forested lands; River basins; 314-11535-310-13.

Terminal facilities development; Harbour model; Hydraulic model; Montreal Harbor; 4 1 3-1 1 679-470-90.

Test facility; Blockage effects; Liquid metals; Reactor cooling; Sodium boiling; Sodium flow loop; 1 15-1 1263-340-52.

Test facility; Core flow test loop; Helium flow loop; 1 15-1 1262-

720-52. Test facility; Two-phase flow; Instrument development loop;

1 15-1 1266-720-55.

Texas; Lakes, public access; Streams; 148-0398W-880-33.

Texas; Landsat data; Remote sensing; Surface water inventory; 147-1 1 1 12-860-50. Texas coast; Wave data bank; Wave measurements; 147-11119-

420-44. Texas coastal zones; Coastal zone management alternatives; 149-1 1 132-490-54. Texas irrigation; Economic studies; Irrigation, new technology

evaluation; 148-1 1 1 50-840-33

.

Texas water supplies; Water treatment; Synthetic organics; 148- 11152-860-33. Thames River, Connecticut; Dredging impact; Field study; Numerical model; Sediment transport, suspended; 036-1 1636-

220-22. Thermal; Coding water discharge; Diffusers; Plumes; Pollution; 005-09780-870-52. Thermal discharge; Buoyant surface discharges; Dispersion; Numerical model; Jets, buoyant; Jets, crossflow effect; Jets, three-dimensional; 432-1 1 373-050-73

.

Thermal discharge; Circulation; Cooling water discharge; Erosion; Heat flux analysis; Lake Ontario; Pollution; Remote

sensing; 322-11460-870-00.

Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model; Power plant, steam; 032-1 1 65 1 -340-60. Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow; Dispersion; Field stu- dies; Power plant, nuclear; 032-1 1652-340-73. Thermal discharge; Cooling water flow, once-through; Hydraulic model; Intake; Lake, nearshore mixing; Outfall; Surface

discharge; 421-1 1343-340-00. Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge channel; Hydraulic model; Mathematical model verification; Plume; 421-1 1346-

340-00. Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jet discharge angle; Jets, buoyant; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; 421-1 1347-

050-00. Thermal discharge; Cooling water discharge; Densimetric Froude number effect; Jets, buoyant; Outfall branch spacing

effect; Submergence effect; Temperature measurements; 421-

11348-050-00. Thermal discharge; Diffuser analysis; Diffuser performance; 335-11492-340-00. Thermal discharge; Tide effects; Cooling water discharge; Delaware River, jet impingement; Mathematical model; Power plant; 174-1 1250-340-73. Thermal discharge; Turbulence intensity; Velocity distribution; Jet discharge; Stratified environment; Temperature distribution; 104-08164-870-00. Thermal discharge; Water quality; Jet integral model; Near

field model; 138-11719-860-26. Thermal discharge diffusion; Hydraulic model; Plumes; Power

plant, nuclear; 015-1 1624-870-73. Thermal discharge effects; Computer models; Cooling water

discharge effects; Ecological effects; Lake Lyndon B. Johnson; 149-11122-870-68. Thermal discharge model; Cooling water discharge; Heat

transfer; Hydraulic model; Ice cover; Jet, submerged; 400- 11269-340-70. Thermal discharges; Computer models; Mississippi River sites; Model selection justifications; Model users manual; Near

field models; 1 38-1 1 720-870-73

.

Thermal discharges; Cooling optimization; Mathematical

models; Power plant effects; River temperature; 335-11491-

340-00. Thermal discharges; Heat transfer; Physical models; Plumes, far

field; Scaling laws; 032-1 1654-870-33. Thermal discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, two-dimensional; Sloping bottom effects; 109-1 1029-050-00. Thermal discharges; Turbulent stratified shear flows; Buoyant

discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross-flow effects; Mixing; Plumes; Pollutant transport; 4 1 5-1 161 2-870-90. Thermal dispersion; Convection, double-diffusive; Inclinded

fluid layer; Stability; Stratified flow; 135-10127-020-54. Thermal effluent; Circulation, coastal; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mathematical model; Pilgrim plant; Power plant, nuclear; 081-09799-870-73. Thermal effluent; Cooling water discharge; Dispersion; Mumerical model; Power plant; 335-10740-870-00. Thermal effluent; Irrigation; Power plants; 152-10169-840-33. Thermal effluent dispersal; Cooling water discharge; Diffuser, multi-port; Hydraulic model; 157-11172-870-75. Thermal effluents; Cooling water discharge; Food production; Power plants; 152-10149-870-73. Thermal effluents; Plumes, thermal; Temperature fluctuations; 171-10032-870-33. Thermal effluents; Waste heat management; Energy conservation; Environmental impact; Power plants; 081-09810-870-

52. Thermal energy; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 054-10051-490-88.

370
Thermal energy storage; Aquifer technology; Cold water

storage; Energy; Field tests; Groundwater; Hot water storage; 115-11264^90-52

Thermal front mechanics; Cooling water discharge; 168-11217-

340-50. Thermal model; Jet entrainment; Mathematical model; Power

plants, pumped storage; Pumped storage reservoir; Reservoir,

stratified; 049-11650-340-10. Thermal plume; Diffuser model; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 174-11245-340-73. Thermal scanner design; Instrumentation; Oceanic thermal

fronts; 171-11233-700-20. Thermodynamic cavitation effects; Cavitation; Cavity flows; Freon; 125-03807-230-50. Thermodynamic model; Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Heavy

metals; 152-10170-860-33.

Thermoplastics; Thermosets; Extrusion fluid mechanics; Molding processes; 108-1 1604-130-00. Thermosets; Extrusion fluid mechanics; Molding processes; Thermoplastics; 108-1 1604-130-00.

Tidal circulation; Computer model testing; Finite element method; Mathematical models; 042-10890-400-30.

Tidal currents; Wind velocities; Oil spill model evaluation; Oil

spill prediction; 412-11320-870-00.

Tidal effects; Water quality; Bottom topography effects; St. Lawrence estuary; Stratification effects; Suspended matter

variability; 416-11606-860-90.

Tidal flow over sills; Inlets, coastal; Hydraulic jump; Hydraulic

models; Numerical models; Sills; Stratified flow; 412-11322-

410-00.

Tidal flows; Turbulence; Boundary layers, time dependent;

Field measurements; Velocity measurements; 162-11206-010-

54. Tidal flushing; Boat basin; Harbor; Mixing; 159-10183-470-13.

Tidal inlet field measurements; Coastal inlets; Inlet hydraulics; Numerical model; Roughness; 312-11441^10-00.

Tidal inlet field study; Inlets, coastal; Inlet stability; Puget Sound; 159-10182-410-00.

Tidal motions; Long Island Sound; Mathematical model; 037- 09011^50-00.

Tidal power development; Bay of Fundy; Estuaries; Hybrid

models; Mathematical model; 418-1 1 336-400-00.

Tidal range effect; Data compilation; Great South Bay, New

York; Hydraulic data; Inlets, tidal; Numerical model; Runoff

effects; Salinity response; 107-1 1062-450-65

.

Tide effects; Cooling water discharge; Delaware River, jet impingement; Mathematical model; Power plant; Thermal

discharge; 174-11250-340-73.

Tide effects; Velocity field, wave effects; Wind effects; Coastal

sediment; Currents, longshore; Engineering model; Field ex- periments; Sediment transport, nearshore; 081-10948-410-44.

Tides; Bering Sea; Circulation, ocean; Ice movement; Mathematical model; Oceanography; Oil spill trajectories; 132- 11065-450-44.

Tile effluent quality; Water quality; Drainage, agricultural; 067-

10929-840-00.

Tillage effects; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Herbicide transport; Nutrient transport; Pesticide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; Soil loss; 067-10927-870-00.

Tillage methods; Erosion control; Mathematical model; Overland flow; Rain erosion; Soil erosion; 300-04275-830-00.

Tools, seawater; Underwater tool development; Hydraulic tools; 32 7-1 1472-430-22. Tornado winds; Wind loads; Building aerodynamics; 075-

09014-640-54. Towed cable dynamics; Finite element method; 147-10590-590-

00. Towing; Bends; Channel width; Navigation channels; 314-

10743-330-00.

Towing tank calibrations, waiting times; Current meters; Horizontal alignment effect; Price meter performance; 407- 11307-700-00.

Toxic spill modeling; Analytical models; Dispersion; Model

evaluation; Pollutant transport; 138-11718-870-27. Toxic substance; Aquatic food chain; Great Lakes model; Lake

Michigan; 077-10942-870-36. Toxic waste management; Hazardous wastes; Massachusetts; 081-10966-870-80. Trace metal-phytoplankton interactions; 081-10984-870-54.

Tracer methods; Lake Michigan; Oil refinery wastes; Plume

dispersion; Pollution; 005-09779-870-36.

Trajectories; Transitions; Conduit wall flare; Outlet works;

Stilling basins; 3 14-1 1 526-360-00.

Transient analysis; Waterhammer; Computer model; Cooling

water system; Power plant, nuclear; 1 74-1 1 258-340-73

.

Transient flow; Alluvial channel resistance laws; Energy dissipation; Open channel flow; 302-1 141 1-300-10. Transient loads; Accelerated flow; Cylinders; Drag; I-beams; Immersed bodies; 142-11081-030-70.

Transient loads; Accelerated flow; Drag; Structure loading; Submerged structures; 142-11082-030-00.

Transients; Cooling water systems; Field tests; 084-10991-340-

82. Transients; Fuel injection system; Numerical model; 087- 11429-690-70.

Transients; Turbine governing; Water hammer effect; 405-

10225-630-90.

Transients; Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines; 125-10045-630-31.

Transients; Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Pressure surges; Slug flow; 049-1 1647-130-54.

Transients; Two-phase flows; Unstable flow; Compressibility ef- fects; Condensing flows; Surges; 1 14-1 1 040-1 30-54.

Transients; Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumpedstorage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; 335- 07080-340-00.

Transients; Waterhammer; Open channel transients; Pipe flow

transients; 087-08853-210-54.

Transients; Well field network; Computer program; Pipe net- work; Surge analysis; 098-1 1016-2 10-75

.

Transients, field measurements; Cooling water systems; Power

plant, nuclear; 049-1 1646-340-82.

Transients, hydraulic; Transients, pneumatic; Computer pro- grams; Pipe flow; Submarine piping systems; 046-09846-210-

00. Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical

model; Sewers, storm; 145-10603-390-75.

Transients, pneumatic; Computer programs; Pipe flow; Sub- marine piping systems; Transients, hydraulic; 046-09846-2 10- 00. Transients with gas release; Hydraulic transients; Pipe flow

transients; 084-08777-210-54.

Transition; Boundary layer control; Boundary layer, laminar; Boundary layer, stability; Suction; 132-09908-010-18.

Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer sta- bilization; Boundary layers, laminar; Boundary layers, turbulent; Buoyancy effecU; 014-10823-010-20.

Transition; Boundary layer disturbances; Boundary layer stability; Boundary layer, time dependent; Numerical solution; 069- 10934-010-26.

Transition; Pipe flow; Polymer additives; Drag reduction; 331- 08524-250-00.

Transition boiling of water; Boiling; Heat transfer; 028-10848-

140-82.

Transition noise; Acoustic efficiency; Boundary layer transition; Noise; 125-1 1050-160-22.

Transition visual study; Boundary layer transition; Laminar-turbulent transition; Pipe flow; 1 19-0755 1-010-54.

371
Transitions; Conduit wail flare; Outlet works; Stilling basins; Trajectories; 314-11526-360-00.

Transonic flow; Boattail flow; Jet engine nacelle; Numerical

solution; Step, backward facing; 062-10917-090-50.

Transport modeling symposium; Dispersion; Surface water flow; 018-11261-020-54.

Transport processes; Coastal zone; Field study; Instrumentation development; Nearshore physical processes; Sensor array; 112-11039-410-44.

Transport processes; Lakes; Oceans; Symposium proceedings;

1 1 1-1 1032-450-00.

Transport processes; Turbulent flow; 322-0372 W-090-00.

Trash racks; Conservation structures; Flumes, measuring; Hydraulic structures; 302-7002-390-00.

Trashracks; Water resource projects; Ice effects; Intakes; 321-

09384-390-00. Tree planting; Erosion control; Road fills; 304-09323-830-00.

Tree spacing effects; Wave attenuationri/4-/ /540-i00-/5.

Trinity River basin; Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; 149-09922-810-07.

Tsunamis; Wave reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; Wave theory; Continental shelf; Slope effects; 111-11034-

420-20. Tsunamis generation; Tsunamis transmission; Tsunamis,

shoreline effects; Waves; Numerical model; 038-10873-420-

54. Tsunamis propagation on shelf; Wave runup; Waves, long; Har- bor resonance; 015-1 1614-420-54. Tsunamis, shoreline effects; Waves; Numerical model; Tsu- namis generation; Tsunamis transmission; 038-10873-420-54. Tsunamis transmission; Tsunamis, shoreline effects; Waves; Numerical model; Tsunamis generation; 038-10873-420-54. Tube constrictions; Biomedical flow; Blood flow; Stenoses; 068- 07392-270-40. Tube evaporators; Evaporation; Heat transfer; Pressure drop;

Refrigeration; 045-10893-690-84. Tube flow, vertical; Computer model; Convective flow instability; Flow visualization; 062-10919-190-00.

Tubes, internally finned; Fins; Friction; Heat transfer; Pipe

flow; 124-1 1057-210-52.

Tubes, short; Cross-flow effects; Entrance flow; Heat transfer; Pipe flow; 007-10806-140-70.

Tulare Lake Basin, California; Drainage; Irrigation; Salinity control; 0 19-1 1 549-840-60.

Tulsa, Oklahoma; Urban stormwater; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model; Runoff, urban; 1 49-1 1 1 28-8 10-1 3

.

Tunnel; Dam; Hydraulic model; Outlet works; Spillway model;

Stilling basin; 321-11449-350-00.

Tunnel; Dropshaft; Exit conduit; Hydraulic model; 145-1 1086- 340-75. Tunnel hydraulics and control; Mathematical model; Pumping

station; Rochester, N.Y.; Sewer system; 145-1 1095-870-75. Tunnel muck; Muck pipeline; Pneumatic transport; Slurry

pipeline; 033-10281-260-47. Tunnel outlet transition; Cooling water flow; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Power plant; 42 1 -1 1 345-340-00. Tunnel trifurcation; Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped

storage; 049- 1 1 645-340-73

.

Tunnels; Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm;

Transients, hydraulic; 145-10603-390-75.

Turbidity; Hydrothermal model; Power plant, pumped storage; Reservoir stratification; 1 74-1 1 249-340-60.

Turbidity; Marine spectral signature; Optical physics; Pollutants, marine; Reflectance; Remote sensing; Sediment,

suspended; 324-1 1 465-7 10-00.

Turbidity measurement; Construction site turbidity control; 321-09390-220-00.

Turbine governing; Water hammer effect; Transients; 405-

10225-630-90.

Turbines, hydraulic; Draft-tube surging; Pump-turbines;

Transients; 125-10045-630-31. Turbomachinery compendium; Turbopump design; 325-07040-

630-00. Turbomachinery flow; Finite element analysis; Potential flow, three-dimensional; 047-10896-630-00. Turbomachinery passages; Bends; Boundary layers, skewed;

Ducts, rectangular; Secondary flows; 432-1 1379-2 10-90. Turbopump design; Turbomachinery compendium; 325-07040-

630-00. Turbulence; Air entrainment; Jets, water in air; Photography; Polymer additives; 329-09450-250-20.

Turbulence; Block Island Sound; Circulation, ocean; Dispersion; Heat exchange; Long Island Sound; Mathematical

model; Oceanography; 105-1 1025-450-60. Turbulence; Boundary layers, time dependent; Field measurements; Velocity measurements; Tidal flows; 162-11206-010-

54. Turbulence; Estuaries, stratified; Fjords; Internal waves; Mixing; 162-11207-400-54.

Turbulence; Jet impingement; Jets, turbulent; Mass transfer; 428-06950-050-00.

Turbulence; Jets, rectangular; Jets, turbulent diffusion; Mathematical model; Momentum flux measurements; 061-11514-

050-00. Turbulence; Mixing; Multi-component flow; Solid-fluid flow; 11 9-09835-1 30-00. Turbulence; Mixing; 119-07552-020-54.

Turbulence; Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; 1 3 1 -10087-1 10-54. Turbulence; Urban winds; Wind structure; 429-07904-480-90.

Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Condenser wear potential; Flow patterns; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; 174-11256-340-73.

Turbulence; Velocity distribution; Ojjen channel flow; Sediment

effects; 423-10520-200-90.

Turbulence, atmospheric; Turbulence experiments; Turbulence,

grid; Micrometeorology; Mixing; Temperature fluctuations; 039-10996-020-54.

Turbulence, buoyance effects; Turbulence models; Turbulent

transport; Mixing; Numerical models; 039-10998-020-54. Turbulence characteristics; Laser-Doppler anemometry; Open

channel flow; 423-11691-200-90. Turbulence effect; Buildings; Comer rounding; Immersed

bodies, prismatic; Pressure distribution; 1 57-1 1 1 77-030-54. Turbulence effect; Velocity effect; Depth effect; Nitrogen

release; River flow; 168-11218-860-68. Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Current meters; 315-08652-700-00. Turbulence effects; Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; 315-10796-

700-00. Turbulence effects; Vibration; Angular bodies; Buildings; Hsections; Immersed bodies; Pressure distributions; 157-1 1 174- 030-54. Turbulence experiments; Turbulence, grid; Micrometeorology;

Mixing; Temperature fluctuations; Turbulence, atmospheric; 039-10996-020-54.

Turbulence, grid; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 315-09731-020-52.

Turbulence, grid; Micrometeorology; Mixing; Temperature fluc- tuations; Turbulence, atmospheric; Turbulence experiments; 039-10996-020-54.

Turbulence, grid; Ultrasonic Doppler system; Velocity measurements; Pipe flow; 161-10072-700-40. Turbulence intensity; Velocity distribution; Jet discharge;

Stratified environment; Temperature distribution; Thermal

discharge; 104-08164-870-00.

372
Turbulence interactions; Turbulent shear flow; Waves, interfacial; Internal waves, in shear flows; 012-10816-020-54.

Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; 429-07903-020-90.

Turbulence level; Velocity distribution; Aquatic plants; Diffu- sion coefficients; Open channel flow; 168-1 1221-200-54. Turbulence measurement; Hydraulic jump; 429-06817-360-90. Turbulence measurement; Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise

generation; 333-09437-010-00. Turbulence measurements; Couette flow; Rotating flow; 423-

10519-000-90. Turbulence measurements; Dynamic volume measurements;

Flowmeters; Hydrogen bubble technique; Laser velocimeter; Mathematical model validation; 315-10793-750-00. Turbulence measurements; Eddy diffusivity; Lakes, stratified; 038-09943-440-80. Turbulence measurements; Heat transfer; Lakes; 082-11708-

440-80. Turbulence measurements; Turbulence, near wall; Turbulence

structure; Electrochemical techniques; 059-08683-020-20. Turbulence measurements, sea water; Current measurement,

low velocity; Geophysical flows; Laser-Doppler velocimeter, submersible; 045-10895-700-00. Turbulence model; Drag minimization; Flow field calculation; Hydrodynamic design; Numerical methods; 125-1 1049-030-

22. Turbulence model; Dynamic volume measurements; Flowmeters; Mathematical model; Orifice meters; Swirl effects; 315-

10789-750-00. Turbulence model; Mass transfer; Numerical model; Open

channel flow; 407-1 1 308-200-00. Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent bursts; Wall layer; Channel flow; Flow visualization; 130-11064-020-

00. Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent energy

transfer; Mixing layer; Shear flow; 135-1 1069-020-54. Turbulence models; Turbulent transport; Mixing; Numerical

models; Turbulence, buoyance effects; 039-10998-020-54.

Turbulence, near wall; Turbulence structure; Electrochemical

techniques; Turbulence measurements; 059-08683-020-20.

Turbulence, near wall; Turbulent shear flows; Wall shear stress; Buoyancy effects; Curvature effects; Preston tube; 432-

11376-020-90. Turbulence stimulation; Bodies or revolution; Boundary layer

transition; Drag; Submerged bodies; 333-09442-030-00.

Turbulence structure; Acoustic field; Jets; Sound radiation; 145-1 1 101-050-26. Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; Flow

visualization techniques; 074-10939-010-26.

Turbulence structure; Boundary shear stress; Open channel

flow; Sediment transport; 302-09292-200-00.

Turbulence structure; Boundary layer, turbulent; Current

meter; Geophysical boundary layer; 331-09418-010-22.

Turbulence structure; Cavities, rectangular; Finite element

models; Mixing processes; Stratified turbulent flow; Stratified water bodies; 144-11085-060-54.

Turbulence structure; Couette flow; 429-10502-000-90.

Turbulence structure; Electrochemical techniques; Turbulence

measurements; Turbulence, near wall; 059-08683-020-20.

Turbulence structure; Flow visualization; Laser-Doppler measurements; Mixing layer; 014-10820-020-20.

Turbulence structure; Helical flow; Pipe, corrugated; 145- 08996-210-54.

Turbulence structure; Liquid metals; Mercury; Pipe flow; 131- 10091-110-54. Turbulence structure; Turbulent shear flow; Wakes; Mixing

layers; 014-10817-020-20.

Turbulence structure; Turbulent spot; Entrainment; Laser-Doppler measurements; 014-10819-020-54.

Turbulence structure; Turbulent jet; Flow visualization; Fluorescence, laser induced; Mixing; 014-10821-710-26. Turbulence structure; Turbulent bursts; Wall layer; Channel

flow; Flow visualization; Turbulence model; 130-1 1064-020-

00. Turbulence structure; Turbulent energy transfer; Mixing layer; Shear flow; Turbulence model; 135-1 1069-020-54. Turbulence structure; Turbulence, grid; Boundary layer, turbulent; 315-09731-020-52. Turbulence structure; Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; 333-09437-010-00. Turbulence structure; Waves; Air-water interface; Boundary

layer, turbulent; 144-10407-010-54. Turbulence structure, near wall; Vorticity probe; Boundary

layers, turbulent; 085-10993-010-54. Turbulence theory; 091-07489-020-54.

Turbulence, wave induced; Waves; Wind-wave-current tank; Eddy viscosity; Ocean surface fine structure; 1 16-1 1041-450-

50. Turbulent bursts; Wall layer; Channel flow; Flow visualization; Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; 130-1 1064-020-00. Turbulent convection; Heat transfer; Mass transfer; Pipe flow; 021-101 1 1-020-00. Turbulent diffusion; Diffusion, lateral; Ottawa River; River

flow; Sediment transport, suspended; Suspended solids seasonal variation; 422-09588-300-90.

Turbulent energy transfer; Mixing layer; Shear flow; Turbulence model; Turbulence structure; 135-1 1069-020-54. Turbulent entrainment; Jets, buoyant; Jets, turbulent; 015- 11619-050-54. Turbulent flow; Annular flow; Boundary layers; Convection; Heat transfer; Laminar flow; Mathematical models; Pipe

flow; 003-09777-140-00.

Turbulent flow; Bed particle entraining forces; Sediment trans- port bed load; Sediment transport model; 081-10950-220-00.

Turbulent flow; Buoyancy effects; Computer code; Heat

transfer; Mass transfer; 142-11077-740-00.

Turbulent flow; Computational fluid dynamics; Comer flows; Laminar flow; 106-09893-740-50.

Turbulent flow; Transport processes; 322-0372W-090-00.

Turbulent flow; Viscid-inviscid interaction; Separated flow; Step, backward facing: 062-10916-000-50.

Turbulent flow; Wakes; Mixing layers; 429-09598-020-90.

Turbulent flow, solid waves; Wall stress; Wavy wall; Shear

stress, wall; 059-08685-000-54.

Turbulent free shear flow; Wakes; Diffusion; 429-09597-020-

90. Turbulent gas flow; Gas-liquid interface; Heat transfer; Mass

transfer; 144-10413-140-54.

Turbulent inflow effect; Fan rotor, ducted; Noise; 125-08920-

160-21. Turbulent jet; Flow visualization; Fluorescence, laser induced; Mixing; Turbulence structure; 014-10821-710-26.

Turbulent shear flow; Dispersion; 434-07996-020-90.

Turbulent shear flow; Wakes; Mixing layers; Turbulence structure; 014-10817-020-20.

Turbulent shear flow; Water tunnel, blow-down; Mixing; Reacting flows; 014-10818-020-26.

Turbulent shear flow; Waves, interfacial; Internal waves, in shear flows; Turbulence interactions; 012-10816-020-54.

Turbulent shear flows; Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; 429-07903-020-90.

Turbulent shear flows; Wall shear stress; Buoyancy effects; Curvature effects; Preston tube; Turbulence, near wall; 432- 11376-020-90. Turbulent spot; Entrainment; Laser-Doppler measurements; Turbulence structure; 014-10819-020-54.

373
Turbulent spots; Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer

noise; Boundary layer transition; Flow noise; 329-1 1484-010-

00. Turbulent stratified shear flows; Buoyant discharges; Jets, buoyant; Jets, cross-flow effects; Mixing; Plumes; Pollutant

transport; Thermal discharges; 415-1 1612-870-90.

Turbulent suspension; Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport;

Solid-liquid flow; 423-10516-130-90.

Turbulent transport; Mixing; Numerical models; Turbulence, buoyance effects; Turbulence models; 039-10998-020-54.

Turbulent transport; Velocity profiles; Plumes, forced axisymmetric; 429-11367-050-90.

Turnouts; Canal automation; Gates; 321-07030-320-00. TVA; Water resources management methods; 335-08575-800-

00. TVA reservoirs; Reservoir sedimentation measurements; Sedi- mentation; 334-00785-350-00. Two-component flow; Combustion model; Droplets, fuel; Numerical model; Particle-fluid system; Sprays; 075-10833-130-

52. Two-ph£ise flow; Air injection; Bubble growth; Free surface

flows; Numerical models; Reactors; Suppression pools; 075- 10828-130-82. Two-phase flow; Air-water flow; Flow measurement; Instrumentation development; Mass flow; Pipe flow; 1 52-1 1 589-1 30-82

.

Two-phase flow; Air-water mixtures; Pump models; Pumps,

centrifugal; Multiphase pumping technology; 041-10883-630-

82. Two-phase flow; Blockage; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 423-10515-370-90. Two-phase flow; Bubble distribution; Bubble transport; 042-

10889-130-54. Two-phase flow; Coal slurry; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; 423-10517-370-90. Two-phase flow; Computer model; Reactors; Steam chugging phenomena; 069-10935-130-82. Two-phase flow; Computer program; Energy; Geothermal reser- voir simulation; 073-10825-890-52. Two-phase flow; Computer simulation; Coolant-loss accident;

Fluid-structure interaction; Hydroelastic response; Reactor,

pressurized; Shell, elastic; 075-10832-240-55. Two-phase flow; Coolant, emergency; Nuclear reactor; Spray

distribution; Stram atmosphere; 069-10932-130-82. Two-phase flow; Coolant-loss accidents; Critical flow; Nozzle

flows; Numerical solutions; Steam-water flow; 075-10830-

130-55. Two-phase flow; Countercurrent flow flooding; Scale effects; 042-09790 130-55. Two-pha% flow; Droplets; Steam; 088-08779-130-54. Two-phase flow; Energy; Fluid injection; Geothermal fields; Mathematical model; 073-10826-890-52. Two-phase flow; Flow measurement; Instrumentation program;

Reactor safety research; 1 15-1 1265-130-55. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Pipe diameter effects; 028- 08670-130-54. Two-phase flow; Gas-liquid flow; Pressure surges; Slug flow; Transients; 049-11647-130-54. Two-phase flow; Gas-solid flow; Particle centrifugal separation; 083-10574-130-52. Two-phase flow; Heat transfer; Liquid metals; Magnetohydrodynamic facility; Turbulence; 13 1-10087-1 10-54. Two-phase flow; Instrument development loop; Test facility; 115-11266-720-55. Two-phase flow; Interfacial pressure forces; Bubbly flow; Nuclear reactor safety; Numerical model; 069-10933-130-82. Two-phase flow; Lunar ash flow; Solid-gas flow; 079-08072-

130-50. Two-phase flow; Mathematical model; Sewers, storm;

Transients, hydraulic; Tunnels; 145-10603-390-75. Two-phase flow; Nuclear reactor safety; 042-09791-130-55.

Two-phase flow; Pipeline transport; Solid-liquid flow; Turbulent

suspension; 423-10516-130-90. Two-phase flow; Pressure fluctuations; 429-10506-130-90. Two-phase flow; Structural resonance; Waterhammer; Fluid- pipeline interactions; Pressure waves; Pump surges; 041-

10887-. Two-phase flow; Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water flow; Slug formation; 043-07979-130-00. Two-phase flow models; 042-09789-130-73. Two-phase flows; Unstable flow; Compressibility effects; Condensing flows; Surges; Transients; 1 14-1 1040-130-54.

Ultrasonic Doppler system; Velocity measurements; Pipe flow; Turbulence, grid; 161-10072-700-40.

Umatilla River; Fish spawning; Flow augmentation; Runoff; 157-10134-300-88.

Uncertainties; Water resource project design; Risk-based

design; 151-11144-800-54. Undersea pipe; Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; Rubble; 087- 09994-420-00. Undersea propulsion; Computer programs; Lifting surfaces; Propellers, counter-rotating; Propulsor design; 329-07219-

550-22. Underwater tool development; Hydraulic tools; Tools, seawater; 327-11472-430-22. Underwater tools; Hydraulic seawater motors; Materials study; 083-10989-690-22. Underwater topography effects; Wave reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; 1 1 1 -1 1035^20-20.

Universal soil loss equation; Agricultural fields; Erosion rates; Sediment yield; Sheet-rill erosion; Soil erosion; 300-11404-

830-00.

Universal Venturi tube; Venturi meter; Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; 315-10790-700-27.

Unsaturated zone column model; Groundwater flow model; Mathematical model; 169-1 1232-820-00.

Unstable flow; Compressibility effects; Condensing flows; Surges; Transients; Two-phase flows; 1 14-1 1040-1 30-54. Unsteady flow; Alluvial streams; Mathematical model; Sediment

transport; 015-11622-220-54. Unsteady flow; Drag; Droplet motion, N-waves; Immersed

bodies; Spheres; 1 35-1 1071 -030-54. Unsteady flow; Numerical methods; Open channel flows; Sensitivity analysis; St. Venant equations; 141-1 1075-200-1 3

.

Unsteady flow; Stall; Diffuser flows; 074-10940-000-54. Unsteady flow; Vibrations, flow-induced; Buffeting; Cylinders; Immersed bodies; Light water reactors; 047-10898-030-52. Unsteady flow effects; Mississippi River; Numerical model; Rating curves; Stage-discharge model; 3 14-1 1539-300-13. Unsteady flow routing; Junction effects; Roughness effects; Sewer hydraulics; Surcharge; 061-1 1510-870-00.

Uplift; Wave effects; Cylinder, vertical; Hydrodynamic uplift; Offshore structures; Pipelines buried; Seepage, wave-induced; 168-11225^30-54.

Uplift pressures; Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel flow; Supercritical flow; 321-10678-320-

00. Urban development effects; Quebec streams; Sediment load; Sediment transport, suspended; 422-09587-220-90. Urban drainage; Drainage; Numerical model; Runoff, urban; 423-10526-810-90. Urban drainage; Drainage; Rainfall prediction; Runoff, urban; 081-09821-810-54. Urban drainage design; Hydrologic modeling; Runoff urban;

Stochastic hydrology; 061 -1 1 503-870-00. Urban drainage management; Sewer system design; Sewer

surcharge simulation; 061-11509-870-33. Urban forests; Water quality; Watersheds, municipal; Runoff; 306-09334-810-00.

374
Urban groundwater; Agricultural groundwater; Groundwater

quality management; Groundwater recharge; 303-1 1421-820-

65. Urban growth; Groundwater recharge zones; San Antonio,

Texas; 148-0409W-820-33. Urban highways; Design rainstorms; Highway drainage; Hyetographs; Storm drainage; 061-1 1501-810-47. Urban hydrology; Hydrographs; Runoff determination; 002- 0415W-810-33. Urban runoff; Computer simulation; Runoff; Storage require- ments; Stormwater management; 402-1 1 296-870-00. Urban stormwater; Hydrologic model; Mathematical model;

Runoff, urban; Tulsa, Oklahoma; 1 49-1 1 1 28-8 10-1 3

.

Urban stormwater managememt; Hydrologic parameters;

Probability density distribution; 081-10976-810-54. Urban stormwater management; Runoff model comparisons; Runoff model evaluations; Runoff, urban; 061-1 1499-870-36. Urban streamflow; Data requirements; Drainage system design; Drainage, urban; Hydrologic model evaluation; Mathematical

model; Runoff; 159-1 1 194-810-33. Urban water; Water conservation methods; 034-10871-860-33. Urban water resources; Drainage, urban; State variable modeling; Sewer flow routing; 151-1 1 140-810-00. Urban water resources projects; Design storm concept validity; 061-1 1506-870-33. Urban watershed; Computer model; Runoff pollution; Runoff,

urban; 029-10853-870-00. Urban watersheds; Cincinnati watershed; Runoff, urban; Sewer

overflow probability analysis; Sewers, combined; Stormwater

treatment; 029-10851-870-00. Urban watersheds, steeply sloped; Runoff models, slope effect; Runoff, urban; Stormwater models; 061 -1 1 500-870-36. Urban winds; Wind structure; Turbulence; 429-07904-480-90.

Urbanization effects; Drainage; Runoff; Storm drainage; 405-

10229-810-96.

Urbanization effects; Water quality; Groundwater quality field study; Milwaukee; 1 69-1 1 23 1 -820-60. Urbanization effects; Water resources systems; Drainage, urban; Hydrology, urban; 151-11141-810-33.

Urbanization effects, runoff; Peterborough, Ontario; Runoff; Streamflow; 431-10620-810-90.

Urbanization impacts; Water needs; Water rights; Water use; Community water management; 1 52-1 1 582-390-60.

Urbanizing areas; Water districts; Water institution interactions; Water policy; Water programs; 1 52-1 1 562-800-33

.

Usteady flow; Flood routing; Mathematical models; River flow; 318-10671-300-00.

U.S.-U.S.S.R. research cooperation; Water resources construction; Water resources management; Water resources technology; Irrigation automation; 1 49-1 1 1 34-800-54.

Utah; Data bank; Hydrologic data; 1 52-1 1 577-8 10-60.

Utah.; Economics; Groundwater management alternatives; 152- 10160-820-60.

Utah; Energy; Hydroelectric power potential; 1 52-1 1 597-340-

73. Utah; Water allocation; Water demand; Drought risk effects; Energy development; 1 52-1 1 569-860-33

.

Utah; Water allocations; Energy resource development; 152- 0429W-860-00.

Utah; Water management; Water quality planning; Water

supply; State-local agency coordination; 1 52-1 1 573-800-60.

Utah; Water use map; 152-10165-860-60. Utah drinking water; Water supplies; Water treatment; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; 1 52-1 1 580-860-60. Utah drought, 1977; Drought impact; Drought relief measures;

152-1 1593-860-60. Utah hailstorms; Cloud seeding; Hail suppression; 152-10154-

480-60. Utah river basins; Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; 152-10159-860-60.

Valley stratigraphy; Bank failure; Channel stability; River channels; 302-1 1412-300-13. Valve cavitation experiments; Cavitation damage mechanism;

Cavitation, incipient; 049-1 1648-230-26. Valve closure time; Pipe flow; Pressure rise; 405-1 1 3 1 5-2 1 0-90. Valve sticking tendencies; Hydraulic fluids; 332-11475-690-00.

Valve, swing check; Valve tests; 1 52-1 1 596-630-88. Valve tests; Butterfly valve; 152-10151-210-70. Valve tests; Valve, swing check; 152-1 1596-630-88.

Valves; Air concentration prediction; Air-water flow; Closed

conduits; Gates; Hydraulic structures; Multi-component flow; Open channels; Shafts; 321-11447-130-00.

Valves; Ventilation; Cavitation; Lock culverts; 314-10747-330-

00. Valves, flow tests; 029-10855-630-70.

Valves, Howell-Burger; Channel erosion; Outlet works; Scour

protection; 433-1 1381 -360-75.

Valves, multijet sleeve; Water supply lines; 321-09385-210-00. Vapor blanket collapse; Explosion propagation; Reactor safety; 131-10089-340-55. Vapor bubbles; Cavitation; Gas bubbles; Gas bubble collapse; 088-06147-230-54. Vedder River, Canada; Flood control measures; Fluvial geomorphology; Hydrology; Sediment transport; 433-1 1386-

340-75.

Vegetal canopy density; Climate modeling; Numerical models;

Soil moisture dynamics; Soil properties; 081-10971-810-50.

Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark

watersheds; Soil characteristics; 3 1 1 -06973-8 10-00. Vegetal co"er effects; Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont; Runoff; 3 1

1 -06974-810-00.

Vegetation; Manning coefficient; Open channel flow; Overland

flow; Roughness; 154-09906-200-00.

Vegetation classification; Remote sensing; Soil moisture; 023- 10842-820-50.

Vegetation data; Watershed data; Landsat data; Remote

sensing; Runoff prediction; 023-10837-810-65.

Vegetation effects; Hydraulic model; Mississippi River; Over- bank flow; 314-11542-300-13.

Vegetation effects; Sediment yield; Soil erosion; 302-09298-

830-00.

Vegetation moisture estimates; Forest fires; Green fuel moisture; Landsat data; Remote sensing; 023-10841-710-50.

Vegetation response; Contour-furrowing effects; Erosion; Montana rangeland watersheds; Runoff; Soil water recharge; 303-

1 1416-810-34.

Vegetation roughness; Flood plains, heavily vegetated; Manning

coefficient; River flow; Roughness coefficients; 322-11456-

300-47.

Velocity; Velocity measurements; Laser-Doppler anemometer

development; Oil slick; Open channel flow, curved; Sandwater suspensions; 402-1 129''-700-90. Velocity distribution; Air entrainment; Heat transfer; Jet, impinging; Jet spread; Pressure distribution; Temperature dis- tribution; 044-1 1497-050-22.

Velocity distribution; Aquatic plants; Diffusion coefficients; Open channel flow; Turbulence level; 168-1 122 1-200-54. Velocity distribution; Baker Bay; Circulation; Navigation channel; Numerical model; 157-11178-400-33.

Velocity distribution; Boundary layer; Numerical model; Roughness elements; Rough surface; 1 57-1 1 175-010-54.

Velocity distribution; Condenser wear potential; Flow patterns; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Inlet waterbox; Power plant, nuclear; Turbulence; 174-11256-340-73.

Velocity distribution; Conduits, noncircular; Finite element

solution; Secondary flow; 402-1 1283-2 10-00. Velocity distribution; Jet discharge; Stratified environment; Temperature distribution; Thermal discharge; Turbulence in- tensity; 104-08164-870-00.

375
Velocity distribution; Missouri River; Sediment transport; 098- 08862-220-13.

Velocity distribution; Open channel flow; Sediment effects; Turbulence; 423-10520-200-90.

Velocity distribution; Vortices; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Intake design; Power plant; 421-1 1344-340-00.

Velocity distribution measurements; Jets, circular; Jets, inter- secting; 061-1 1515-050-00.

Velocity distribution prediction; River flow; 1 59-1 1 191-300-60.

Velocity distributions; Cooling water; Fish protection facilities; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake tunnel; Power plant; 421-

1 1338-340-00.

Velocity distributions; Vibrations; Vortices; Intake structure; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; 174-1 1242-340-73.

Velocity effect; Depth effect; Nitrogen release; River flow; Turbulence effect; 1 68-1 1 2 1 8-860-68.

Velocity field, wave effects; Wind effects; Coastal sediment;

Currents, longshore; Engineering model; Field experiments; Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide effects; 081-10948-410-

44. Velocity head recovery; Open channel; Pipe outlet; 425-1 1360-

210-90.

Velocity measurement; Discharge calculation techniques; Flow

measurement; Mississippi River; 098-10013-700-13.

Velocity measurement; Laser velocimetry; Magneto- hydrodynamic flow; 057-09863-1 10-54. Velocity measurement; Water tunnel; Current meters; Turbulence effects; 315-08652-700-00.

Velocity measurement, low; Ventilation; Anemometers; Mine

safety; 315-10797-700-34.

Velocity measurements; Aerodynamic measurements; Anemometer response, helicoid; Current meters; Hydraulic measurements; Open channel flow; Turbulence effects; 315-

10796-700-00.

Velocity measurements; Laser-Doppler velocimeter; Oceanographic instruments; 01 5-1 1618-700-54.

Velocity measurements; Laser-Doppler anemometer develop- ment; Oil slick; Open channel flow, curved; Sand-water

suspensions; Velocity; 402-1 1 297-700-90.

Velocity measurements; Pipe flow; Turbulence, grid; Ultrasonic Doppler system; 161-10072-700-40.

Velocity measurements; Tidal flows; Turbulence; Boundary

layers, time dependent; Field measurements; 162-1 1206-010-

54. Velocity measurements under waves; Wave orbital velocity measurements; 054-08121-420-60.

Velocity profiles; Convection; Duct flow, laminar; Heat

transfer; Laminar flow solution compilation; Pipe flow; Temperature profiles; 048-10901-210-20.

Velocity profiles; Plumes, forced axisymmetric; Turbulent

transport; 429-1 1 367-050-90.

Venezuela; Wave-swell interaction; Waves, wind generated; Wind model; Coastal wind-sea model; Current model

offshore oil development; 081-10953-430-88.

Ventilation; Anemometers; Mine safety; Velocity measurement,

low; 315-10797-700-34.

Ventilation; Cavitation; Lock culverts; Valves; 3 14-10747-330-

00. Ventilation model tests; Bulk carriers; Tanker safety; 142- 10358-520-45.

Venting rate experiments; Volatile liquids; Computer model;

Ship tank punctures; 142-1 1079-590-48.

Venturi meter; Flowmeters; Mathematical model validation; Universal Venturi tube; 315-10790-700-27.

Vibration; Angular bodies; Buildings; H-sections; Immersed

bodies; Pressure distributions; Turbulence effects; 157- 11174-030-54.

Vibration effects; Jets, annular; Jets, liquid; Jets, plane; Jet stability; 020-10835-050-88.

Vibrations; Computer program; Pump-jet propulsion; 746- 10037-630-21.

Vibrations; Dynamic response; Pipe, cantilever; Pipe flow; 147- 11116-210-00.

Vibrations; Pipe vibrations; 417-10307-210-90.

Vibrations; Viscoelastic plate in a fluid; Hydroelastic response;

Plates, cantilever vibrating; 417-1 1323-240-90.

Vibrations; Viscosity effects; Natural frequencies; Shells, sub- merged; Spherical shells; 147-1 1 1 14-430-00.

Vibrations; Vortices; Intake structure; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Power plant, pumped storage; Velocity distributions; 174-1 1242-340-73.

Vibrations, flow induced; Aerodynamic oscillations; Bluff cylin- ders; Submerged bodies; 429-07461-240-90.

Vibrations, flow induced; Drop inlets; Inlets; 145-10592-350-

05. Vibrations, flow induced; Wave forces; Cylinders; Fluid-struc- ture interaction; Offshore structures; Structural vibrations; 068-10931-240-52.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Bellows; Space shuttle; 142-10357-

540-50.

Vibrations, flow-induced; Buffeting; Cylinders; Immersed

bodies; Light water reactors; Unsteady flow; 047-10898-030-

52. Vibrations, pipe wall; Acoustic-pipe coincidence; Flow noise transmission; Pipe flow; 1 24-1 1 053-160-54.

Vibrations, propeller-induced; Computer program; Hull forces; Ship hulls; 151-10038-520^5.

Vibrations, viscosity effect; Spherical shell; Submerged bodies; 147-09056-030-00.

Virginia; Water quality models; Estuaries; Mathematical

models; 153-09165^00-60.

Virginia Beach; Current meter data; Currents; Sewage outfall; 153-09887-870-68.

Virus detection; Virus removal; Water quality; 152-10172-870-

33. Virus removal; Wastewater treatment; Filters, granular media; 152-11575-870-60.

Virus removal; Water quality; Virus detection; 152-10172-870-

33.

Viscid-inviscid interaction; Separated flow; Step, backward facing; Turbulent flow; 062-10916-000-50.

Viscoelastic behavior; Stagnant zone; Stagnation flow; 155- 10015-120-00.

Viscoelastic fluid; Bubble formation; Non-Newtonian fluid; 108-1 1602-120-00.

Viscoelastic plate in a fluid; Hydroelastic response; Plates, cantilever vibrating; Vibrations; 417-1 1323-240-90. Viscometry; Non-Newtonian fluids; Rheology; 091-08859-120-

14. Viscoplastic flow; Viscous flow; Finite element solutions; Flow

fields; Numerical solutions; Potential flow; 406-07319-740-

90. Viscosity; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Shear modulus

measuring instruments; 097-07502-120-00.

Viscosity effects; Natural frequencies; Shells, submerged;

Spherical shells; Vibrations; 147-11114^30-00.

Viscous flow; Annulus, spherical; Oscillatory flow; Secondary

flow; 101-1 1021-000-00. Viscous flow; Cylinder impulsively started; Impulsive motion; Numerical methods; Sphere impulsively started; Submerged

bodies; 434-07995-030-90.

Viscous flow; Finite element solutions; Flow fields; Numerical

solutions; Potential flow; Viscoplastic flow; 406-073 19-740-

90. Viscous fluids; Buckling phenomena; 068-10930-100-54.

Viscous-inviscid interactions; Aircraft, high speed; Inlets; Numerical model; 135-11070-540-27.

376
Visual studies; Boundary layer; Drag reduction; Multi-com- ponent flow; Particle motions; Solids-gas flow; 097-11007-

250-50.

Volatile liquids; Computer model; Ship tank punctures; Venting

rate experiments; 142-1 1079-590-48.

Volunteer observers; Wave breakers; Data acquisition; Longshore currents; 312-09762-410-00.

Vortex augmentor; Wind energy conversion; 106-09894-630-

52. Vortex breakdown; Draft tube surges; 321-06321-340-00.

Vortex flow; Cavitation; Noise; 125-08235-230-21.

Vortex, intake; Dam comprehensive model; Energy dissipator; Hydraulic model; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; 413-11670-340-87.

Vortex shedding; Wakes; Boundary layer reattachment; Cylinders, circular. Immersed bodies; Oscillations, streamwise; Reynolds number, critical range; 429-11366-030-90.

Vortex, tip; Cavitation abatement; Propellers, marine; 333-

11482-550-22.

Vortices; Approach channel; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Pump bays; 400-1 1 270-390-73

Vortices; Breakflow jet impingement; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 174-11253-340-73.

Vortices; Casing installation; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; 413-1 1665-340-73.

Vortices; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 1 74-1 1 252-340-73

Vortices; Containment sump; Emergency cooling system; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; 1 74-1 1 254-340-73

Vortices; Cooling water intake; Hydraulic model; Intake design; Power plant; Velocity distribution; 42 1 -1 1 344-340-00.

Vortices; Dilution water pump intake; Flow patterns; Hydraulic model; Intake, pump; Power plant; 1 74-1 1 238-340-75

Vortices; Diversion; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; Spillway model; 413-1 1659-340-87.

Vortices; Forebay; Hydraulic model; Intakes; Power plant, hydroelectric; 413-11672-340-73.

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Intake, service water; Power plant; Pump sumps, sediment removal; 4 1 3-1 1 655-340-73

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps; Recirculation spray pumps; 413-1 1664-340-73.

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump layout; Recirculation spray pumps; 4 13-1 1 666-340-73

Vortices; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pumps, low head injection; Recirculation spray pumps; 413-1 1667-340-

73. Vortices; Hydraulic model; Powerplant; Pumps; Sump supply

tunnel; 413-11668-340-73.

Vortices; Intake structure; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, pumped storage; Velocity distributions; Vibrations; 174-11242-340-73.

Vortices; Wastewater treatment plant; Hydraulic model; Pump

intakes; Sludge pumping station; 413-1 1674-870-70.

Vortices; Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power plant, nuclear; Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; 335-

10735-340-00.

Vorticity probe; Boundary layers, turbulent; Turbulence structure, near waU; 085-10993-010-54. Wake detection; Boundary layer, turbulent; Drag reduction; Noise generation; Turbulence measurement; Turbulence

structure; 333-09437-010-00. Wake effect; Propellers, submarine; Shear effect; 146-11108-

550-21. Wake effects; Propeller loads, unsteady; Propellers, marine; 146-10036-550-21. Wakes; Boundary layer reattachment; Cylinders, circular; Im- mersed bodies; Oscillations, streamwise; Reynolds number,

critical range; Vortex shedding; 429-1 1366-030-90.

Wakes; Boundary layer, turbulent; Jets; Turbulence intermittency; Turbulent shear flows; 429-07903-020-90. Wakes; Building aerodynamics; 007-09935-640-50. Wakes; Diffusion; Turbulent free shear flow; 429-09597-020-

90. Wakes; Free shear layers; Jets, axisymmetric; Jets, impinging;

Jets, planar; Oscillations; 074-10938-050-54. Wakes; Mixing layers; Turbulence structure; Turbulent shear

flow; 014-10817-020-20. Wakes; Mixing layers; Turbulent flow; 429-09598-020-90. Wakes; Wind tunnel, stratified flow; Stratified flow; 106-09896-

720-60. Wall interference; Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of

revolution; Submerged bodies; 125-08927-030-22. Wall layer; Channel flow; Flow visualization; Turbulence

model; Turbulence structure; Turbulent bursts; 130-11064-

020-00. Wall pressure fluctuations; Boundary layer noise; Boundary

layer transition; Flow noise; Turbulent spots; 329-1 1484-0 10-

00. Wall pressure fluctuations; Cylinders, aligned with flow; Im- mersed bodies; Pressure transducer development; 085-10992-

030-20. Wall region visual study; Boundary layer, turbulent; Pipe flow;

1 19-08216-010-54. Wall region visual study; Drag reduction; Polymer additives; Soap solutions; 119-07553-250-54. Wall shear stress; Buoyancy effects; Curvature effects; Preston

tube; Turbulence, near wall; Turbulent shear flows; 432-

11376-020-90. Wall stress; Wavy wall; Shear stress, wall; Turbulent flow, solid waves; 059-08685-000-54. Waste discharge effects; Delaware River; Dissolved oxygen; Mathematical model; Spectral analysis; 107-1 1061-870-00. Waste disposal; Acid wastes; Marine spectral signature; Ocean dumped materials; Pollutants; Remote sensing; Sewage

sludge; 324-1 1467-710-00. Waste disposal by injection; Groundwater; Hawaiian aquifer; Hele-Shaw model; 053-09046-870-61. Waste disposal ponds; Water quality; Aquifers; Groundwater

flow; Mathematial models; Pollutant transport; 335-1 1490-

820-00. Waste disposal systems, subsurface; Drainage ditch and tile spacing; Seepage characteristics; 1 68-1 1 228-870-36. Waste heat; Atmospheric effects; Numerical models; Power

plants; 132-09909-870-52. Waste heat management; Energy conservation; Environmental

impact; Power plants; Thermal effluents; 081-09810-870-52. Waste heat utilization; Desalination; 029-10857-860-00. Waste stabilization ponds; Nutrient removal analysis; 081- 09808-870-54. Waste treatment; Aerator tests; 057-09859-870-82.

Wastewater; Feedlot runoff management; Runoff; 152-10161-

870-60. Wastewater collection vacuum system; 327-10710-870-22. Wastewater discharge; Currents, nearshore; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean outfall feasibility; Outfalls; Pollutant

transport; 112-11037-870-60. Wastewater discharge; Dispersion; Mixing; North Carolina; Numerical model; Ocean discharge; Outfalls; Plumes; 112-

1 1038-870-44. Wastewater discharge; Jets, buoyant; Jets, vertical in crossflow; Mixing; Plumes, spreading; 038-10882-050-00. Wastewater disposal; Current meter data; Dispersion; Mathematical models; Ocean outfalls; 049-1 1 649-870-54. Wastewater disposal; Dilution; Ocean outfall; Outfall pre-dilution devices; 417-11331-870-90. Wastewater disposal; Dispersion; Mixing; Outfall diffusers; Plumes, buoyant; Plumes, three-dimensional; 015-1 1623-050-

36. 377
Wastewater diversion structure; Diversion structure; Gate

ratings; Head loss; Hydraulic model; Mixing; Sewage flow; 174-11240-870-75. Wastewater injection; Water quality; Groundwater systems

analysis; Saudi Arabia water supply; 322-1 1461 -820-00. Wastewater outfall, downstream conditions; Chemical oxygen demand; Dissolved oxygen distribution; Ottawa River; 422-

1 1 350-870-90. Wastewater reuse; Water reuse planning model; Water supply; 151- 11 145-860-60. Wastewater surface impoundments; Groundwater pollution

potential; Missouri; 098-1 1014-820-36. Wastewater treatment; Activated sludge design; Primary settling tank efficiency; Sedimentation; 1 09-1 1 028-870-00. Wastewater treatment; Algae; Filtration; Heavy metal removal;

152- 10162-870-60. Wastewater treatment; Algae cell separation; Lagoons; 152- 10157-870-36. Wastewater treatment; Copper removal; Industrial wastes; 031- 10861-870-82. Wastewater treatment; Evaporation; Hydrologic modeling; Lagoons; Land treatment systems; Mathematical model; 071- 11702-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Filters, granular media; Virus removal; 152-11575-870-60. Wastewater treatment; Filtration, sloped rock-grass; Overland

flow treatment; 152-1 1581-870-60. Wastewater treatment; Hydraulic model; Overflow distribution structure; 145-1 1 100-870-75. Wastewater treatment; Hydrograph controlled release; Lagoon

effluents; Runoff, stochastic analysis; Stochastic streamflow; 093-1 1714-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Irrigation, spray; Lagoon effluent; Overland flow; 152-10166-870-33. Wastewater treatment; Lagoons; 314-10757-870-00. Wastewater treatment; Land application, long-term effects; Sewage, domestic; 1 52-1 1 586-870-36. Wastewater treatment; Nitrogen removal; Nutrient removal; Phosphorus removal; Septic tank effluent; Soil application of wastewater; 422-1 1 349-870-90. Wastewater treatment; Wastewater, wood preserving; 148- 0387W-870-33.

Wastewater treatment effect; Water quality; Creek, tidal; Mathematical model; 1 53-1 1 165-860-60. Wastewater treatment plant; Filter feed sump; Hydraulic model; Pump sump; 413-1 1675-870-70. Wastewater treatment plant; Hydraulic model; Pump intakes; Sludge pumping station; Vortices; 413-1 1674-870-70. Wastewater, wood preserving; Wastewater treatment; 148- 0387W-870-33. Water allocation; Water conservation; Water use optimization;

Agricultural water; Colorado River basin; Energy water

needs; 1 52-1 1 570-860-33

.

Water allocation; Water demand; Drought risk effects; Energy

development; Utah; 1 52-1 1 569-860-33

.

Water allocation; Water rights; Water use efficiency; Conserved

water; 1 52-1 1 574-860-60. Water allocations; Energy resource development; Utah; 152- 0429W-860-00. Water assessment procedures; Water availability; Water

resources; Energy; 149-11125-800-38. Water availability; Water resources; Energy; Water assessment

procedures; 149-11125-800-38. Water balance; Water cycle; Water yield distribution; 081- 09820-810-00. Water budget; Water conservation; Runoff; Soil conservation

practices; Solomon Basin, Kansas; 071-11701-860-31. Water chemistry; Idaho watersheds; Logging effects; Road construction effects; Sediment production; Streamflow; 304-

11422-810-00.

Water column separation; Check valve closure; Pipe flow; Pres- sure rise; 405-11317-210-90. Water conservation; Runoff; Soil conservation practices; Solomon Basin, Kansas; Water budget; 071-11701-860-31. Water conservation; Water use optimization; Agricultural water; Colorado River basin; Energy water needs; Water allo- cation; 152-11570-860-33. Water conservation methods; Urban water; 034-10871-860-33. Water costs; Energy conservation; Irrigation efficiency; Irriga- tion system design optimization; Irrigation water management; Snake River basin; 057-10899-840-31. Water cycle; Water yield distribution; Water balance; 081- 09820-810-00. Water demand; Drought risk effects; Energy development;

Utah; Water allocation; 152-1 1569-860-33. Water demand; Missouri watersheds; Streamflow, low; 095- 11001-810-60. Water demand modeling; Water resource planning; 081-10963-

860-00. Water demand study; Water supply; Maramec River; River

basin; 098-11011-860-13. Water demand uncertainty; Water resources planning; Water

supply uncertainty; Flow distribution optimization; Inflow

probability; Network flow; 148-11151-860-33. Water developments; Water use fees; Financing; 152-09076-

890-33. Water distribution systems; Pipe diameter optimization; 109-

1 1027-860-00. Water districts; Water institution interactions; Water policy; Water programs; Urbanizing areas; 1 52-1 1 562-800-33

.

Water equality; Water use shifts; Agricultural water use; Colorado River; Cooling water use; Power plants; Salinity implications; 152-11576-860-60. Water hammer effect; Transients; Turbine governing; 405- 10225-630-90. Water institution interactions; Water policy; Water programs;

Urbanizing areas; Water districts; 152-11562-800-33. Water level; Alberta; Ice breakup water levels; River ice; 402-

1 1281-300-99. Water level; Evaporation; Great Lakes; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Precipitation; 317-10670-810-00. Water level; Ice jam failure; Ice jam formation; River ice; Surges; 402-1 1280-300-90. Water level; Lakes, terminal; Stochastic model; 152-10176-800-

33. Water level; Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; 317-10669-440-00. Water level changes; Beach erosion; Bluff recession; Great

Lakes; 312-09742-440-00. Water level sensors; Computer simulation; Irrigation system

control; 018-10126-840-31. Water loss; Watershed, agricultural; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Remote sensing; Runoff; Soil loss; 168-1 1220-810-

50. Water management; Cooling system alternatives; Cooling

ponds; Cooling towers; Electric power industry; 081-10960-

340-52. Water management; Water quality planning; Water supply;

State-local agency coordination; Utah; 152-1 1573-800-60. Water management; Water supply systems; Droughts; 152- 10173-860-33. Water master plan; Drainage planning; Egypt; Mathematical

model; 081-10968-840-56. Water master plan; Irrigation planning; Nile River Delta; 081- 10967-840-S6. Water needs; Water rights; Water use; Community water management; Urbanization impacts; 152-1 1582-390-60. Water planning optimization; Energy conversion; Mathematical

model; 151-11146-800-00.

378
Water policy; Water programs; Urbanizing areas; Water districts; Water institution interactions; 1 52-1 1 562-800-33

.

Water programs; Urbanizing areas; Water districts; Water in- stitution interactions; Water policy; 1 52-1 1 562-800-33

.

Water project optimization; Water resources; Systems analysis; 029-10856-800-00. Water project planning; Fish requirements; Stream microhabitat

features; 152-11568-850-33. Water properties; Circulation, ocean; Finite element model; Numerical model; Oceanography; Peconic Bay system; 105- 11024-450-60. Water pump; Pump, solar powered; Solar power; 152-10168-

630-33. Water pumps; Pump performance evaluation; Pumps, industrial; 041-10885-630-70. Water quality; Aeration; Air bubbles; Fort Patrick Henry

Reservoir; 335-08570-860-00. Water quality; Agricultural land management, midwest; Runoff,

cropland; 300-1 1395-870-36. Water quality; Agricultural pollution sources; Land use effects; Mathematical model; Monitoring; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Sediment delivery; 1 29-1 1 498-870-36. Water quality; Agricultural soil; Pollutants, chemical; Phosphorus; 129-07584-820-61. Water quality; Aquifers; Groundwater flow; Mathematial

models; Pollutant transport; Waste disposal ponds; 335-

11490-820-00. Water quality; Back River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Mathematical model; Non-point pollution abatement; Poquoson

River, Virginia; 1 53-1 1 1 67-860-60. Water quality; Backflow prevention; Cross-connection control; 140-00049-860-73. Water quality; Bays; Freshwater inflow alteration effects; Matagorda Bay, Texas; 149-1 1 1 36-860-75

.

Water quality; Benchmark data; Continental shelf; Oceanography; 153-09877-450-34. Water quality; Biogeochemical model; Circulation; Finite-ele- ment model; James River tidal model; Mathematical model;

153-1 1 158-400-68. Water quality; Biological model; Chemical-physical reactions; Lakes; Mathematical model; Reservoirs; 1 49-1 1 1 26-860-60. Water quality; Bottom topography effects; St. Lawrence estuary; Stratification effects; Suspended matter variability; Tidal

effects; 4 1 6-1 1 606-860-90. Water quality; Carcinogens; Oil shale development; 152-10177-

860-33. Water quality; Chincoteague Bay; Computer model; Hydrographic survey; Pollution, non-point; 153-09882-400-60. Water quality; Chowan River; Mathematical model; Streamflow; 154-09170-860-33. Water quality; Circulation, density induced; Dissolved oxygen

budget; Ecosystem model; Elizabeth River, Virginia; Mathematical model; 1 53-1 1 163-870-60. Water quality; Coastal seas; Estuary flows; Mathematical

model, two-dimensional; 1 32-1 1 066-400-30. Water quality; Colorado River upper basin; Salinity level prediction; 152-10171-860-33. Water quality; Creek, tidal; Mathematical model; Wastewater

treatment effect; 1 53-1 1 1 65-860-60. Water quality; Delaware river basin; Flow regime; Reservoir

operation effects; Streamflow; 322-1 1458-300-00. Water quality; Dispersion; Groundwater; Porous medium flow; 081-08084-820-00. Water quality; Drainage, agricultural; Tile effluent quality; 067- 10929-840-00. Water quality; Ecosystem model; Estuary; Mathematical model; Rappahannock River; 153-11168-400-60. Water quality; Energy conservation; Irrigation, high-frequency;

Irrigation, sprinkler; Irrigation, trickle; Plant nutrient require- ments; 148-11147-840-33.

Water quality; Erosion; Forest resource damage; Hydrology; Mining effects; Rehabilitation; Runoff; Sedimentation; Streamflow; Surface mining; 306-09333-890-00. Water quality; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Nitrogen cycle; 081-08729-400-00. Water quality; Estuary flow; Eastern Scheldt, Netherlands; Mathematical model; Storm surge barrier effects; 132-11067-

400-87. Water quality; Eutrophication; Nutrients; Reservoirs, small; Sedimentation; Spillway, bottom-withdrawal; 300-1 1403-860-

00. Water quality; Eutrophication model; Lake response; Nutrient

loadings; Phosphorus loading; 081-10983-870-54. Water quality; Eutrophication potential; Mathematical models;

Reservoirs; 3 14-1 1 520-860-00. Water quality; Great Salt Lake; Heavy metals; Thermodynamic

model; 152-10170-860-33. Water quality; Green bay watershed; Land development impact; Landsat data; Remote sensing; 1 7 1 -1 1 234-860-44

.

Water quality; Groundwater; Menomonee river basin; Pollutant

transport; 169-09872-820-36. Water quality; Groundwater quality field study; Milwaukee; Urbanization effects; 1 69-1 1 23 1 -820-60. Water quality; Groundwater resources; Strip mining effects; 081-09813-870-54. Water quality; Groundwater systems analysis; Saudi Arabia

water supply; Wastewater injection; 322-1 1461 -820-00. Water quality; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Sediment yield; Streamflow; 304-09326-810-00. Water quality; Jet integral model; Near field model; Thermal

discharge; 1 38-1 1 7 19-860-26. Water quality; Livestock waste; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff, pasture land; 300-1 1 393-870-36. Water quality; Mathematical model; Reservoir management,

river water quality; 01 8-1 01 24-860-61

.

Water quality; Mathematical model; Nutrient uptake; Phytoplankton growth; 081-09826-870-54. Water quality; Mathematical models; Mixing; Reservoir hydrodynamics; Reservoir models; Sedimentation; 314-

1 1518-440-00. Water quality; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Reservoir load prediction; Runoff, nonpoint; Sediment load; 3 1 4-1 1 52 1 -860-00. Water quality; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff, rural; Sampling alternatives; 1 1 6- 1 1 043-870-36. Water quality; Phytoplankton cell division; 081-09827-870-54. Water quality; Price River, Utah; Salinity development

processes; 1 52-1 1 584-860-3 1

.

Water quality; Virus detection; Virus removal; 152-101 72-870-

33. Water quality; Water rights administration; Discharge permit program impacts; 152-1 1585-870-60. Water quality; Water supply; Water systems, noncommunity;

Missouri; 098-1 1015-860-36. Water quality; Water supply quantities; Coal mining activities; Hydrologic systems management; Salinity; Sediment loads; 152-1 1560-810-33. Water quality; Water yield; Appalachian-Piedmont area; 310- 0247W-810-00. Water quality; Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion; Soil water; 30 7-04757-810-00. Water quality; Watershed, agricultural; Agricultural croplands; Nonpoint sources; Pollution; Runoff; 300-1 1396-870-36. Water quality; Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; 152-10159-860-60. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; 301-09276-810-

00. Water quality; Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; 302-09287-860-00. 379
Water quality; Watersheds, municipal; Runoff; Urban forests; 306-09334-810-00. Water quality; Watersheds, reclaimed; Hydrology; Mining ef- fects; Runoff; Surface mining; Suspended solids; 300-11392-

810-34. Water quality; Winter condition simulation; Finite elementfinite difference comparison; Mathematical models; Reservoirs, thermal loading; 415-1 1609-860-90. Water quality changes; Ecology; Palmetto Bend reservoir; Reservoir inundation effects; 149-1 1 133-860-60. Water quality improvement methods; Irrigation return flows; 057-09853-840-36. Water quality maintenance; New England hardwood

ecosystems; Streamflow, summer; 306-0242W-810-00. Water quality management; Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; 152-10150-810-60. Water quality management models; Mathematical models; 038- 10876-860-33. Water quality models; Estuaries; Mathematical models; Virginia; 153-09165-400-60. Water quality planning; Water supply; State-local agency coordination; Utah; Water management; 1 52-1 1 573-800-60. Water quality protection; Water yield improvement;

Watersheds, forested; Appalachian forests; 306-0243 W-810-

00. Water quality sampling; Environmental impact; Hydrologic net- work design; Power plant siting; Regionalized variable theory; 159-1 1 198-810-55. Water reactor; Slowdown; Heat transfer; 1 1 5-1 0022-340-55

.

Water recreation facility location; Energy accounting; 152- 11563-800-33. Water refill behavior; Power plants, nuclear; Reactor vessel model; 041-10888-340-52. Water requirements; Energy; Gasification, lignite shale; Pollution potential; 152-1 1557-860-33. Water resource development; Climatic change effects; 149- 11129-800-10. Water resource development; Crop sequence effects; Drainage improvement; Iowa drainage districts; Nitrogen fertilizer ef- fect; Soil bulk density; 067-10928-810-00. Water resource management; Mathematical model role; 052-

10113-800-33. Water resource planning; Public preference; 1 52-0426W-800-

00. Water resource planning; Water demand modeling; 081-10963-

860-00. Water resource priority analysis; Southern plains; 1 48-0406 W800-33. Water resource project design; Risk-based design; Uncertainties; 151-11144-800-54. Water resource projects; Ice effects; Intakes; Trashracks; 321-

09384-390-00. Water resource system management; Hydroelectric power in- tegration; 149-09921-800-33. Water resource system operation; Drought condition; 159- 11192-800-33. Water resource system optimization; Computer models; 152- 10175-800-33. Water resource system optimization; 427-1 1372-800-90. Water resources; Energy; Water assessment procedures; Water

availability; 149-11125-800-38. Water resources; Energy development options; Salinity; 152- 0424W-800-00. Water resources; Systems analysis; Water project optimization; 029-10856-800-00. Water resources construction; Water resources management; Water resources technology; Irrigation automation; U.S.- U.S.S.R. research cooperation; 149-1 1 134-800-54. Water resources development, Texas; Environmental evaluation; 147-10585-800-33.

Water resources. East Texas; Groundwater quality; Lignite mining; Strip mining; 147-10584-810-33. Water resources management; Water resources technology; Ir- rigation automation; U.S.-U.S.S.R. research cooperation; Water resources construction; 149-1 1 1 34-800-54. Water resources management methods; TVA; 335-08575-800-

00. Water resources optimization models; Water resources

planning; Computer graphics; 038-10875-860-54. Water resources planning; Computer graphics; Water resources optimization models; 038-10875-860-54. Water resources planning; Water supply uncertainty; Flow dis- tribution optimization; Inflow probability; Network flow; Water demand uncertainty; 148-1 1 151-860-33. Water resources projects; Social impact assessment; 149-1 1135- 800-33. Water resources requirements; Oil recovery operations; Southern plains region; 148-1 1 154-800-33. Water resources systems; Drainage, urban; Hydrology, urban; Urbanization effects; 151-11141-810-33. Water resources technology; Irrigation automation; U.S.- U.S.S.R. research cooperation; Water resources construction; Water resources management; 149-1 1 134-800-54. Water resources technology; Technology transfer effectiveness; 149-1 1 127-730-33. Water resources, Texas; Lignite development impact; 148- 0396W-810-33. Water reuse planning model; Water supply; Wastewater reuse; 151-11145-860-60. Water rights; Water use; Community water management; Urbanization impacts; Water needs; 1 52-1 1 582-390-60. Water rights; Water use efficiency; Conserved water; Water al- location; 152-11574-860-60. Water rights administration; Discharge permit program impacts; Water quality; 1 52-1 1 585-870-60. Water rights evaluation; Water supply; Yellowstone River

basin; Energy-water resource tradeoffs; Multiobjective planning; 081-10965-860-52. Water routing; Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Sediment routing; 302-10631-810-00. Water sheets; Atomization; Drop sizes; Jet, breakup; Jets, in airflow; Jets, water; Sprays; 325-11470-130-00. Water spreading; Water storage conjunctive management; Groundwater recharge site selection; Groundwater recharge

procedures; 303-1 1420-820-65. Water storage; Aquifers; Groundwater; Reservoirs, surface; Sur- face-subsurface storage mix; 1 59-1 1 197-860-60. Water storage; Wells, bounding; Aquifer, dipping; Aquifers,

saline; Groundwater injection; 076-1 1006-820-33

.

Water storage conjunctive management; Groundwater recharge

site selection; Groundwater recharge procedures; Water

spreading; 303-11420-820-65. Water storage systems; Aquifer contamination potential; Drinking water safety; Surface impoundment assessment; 152- 11595-860-36. Water supplies; Water treatment; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Utah drinking water; 152-11580-860-60. Water supply; Maramec River; River basin; Water demand

study; 098-11011-860-13. Water supply; Municipal reservoir rehability; New York City

reservoirs; Reservoir system sensitivity; Streamflow stochastic models; 038-10874-860-33. Water supply; Seeding criteria; Snowpack augmentation; 152- 11594-810-310. Water supply; State-local agency coordination; Utah; Water

management; Water quality planning; 152-1 1573-800-60. Water supply; Wastewater reuse; Water reuse planning model;

151-1 1 145-860-60. Water supply; Water systems, noncommunity; Missouri; Water

quality; 098-11015-860-36. 380
Water supply; Yellowstone River basin; Energy-water resource

tradeoffs; Multiobjective planning; Water rights evaluation; 08 1-1 0965-860-52. Water supply, emergency; Groundwater, humid regions; Groundwater model; Groundwater recharge; 107-09947-820-

80. Water supply lines; Valves, multijet sleeve; 321-09385-210-00. Water supply, potable; Cooling water supply; Power plants; 148-11155-860-33. Water supply quantities; Coal mining activities; Hydrologic

systems management; Salinity; Sediment loads; Water quality; 152-11560-810-33. Water supply system; Alaska water systems; P.T. orifices; 313-

10667-210-13. Water supply system; Diversion conduit; Hydraulic model;

Montreal; Pumping station; 413-1 1684-860-97. Water supply system design; Rural domestic water supply; 152- 0428W-860-00. Water supply system improvements; Water use efficiency; Weber River basin; Institutional impediments; 152-11578-

860-60. Water supply systems; Droughts; Water management; 152- 10173-860-33. Water supply uncertainty; Flow distribution optimization; In- flow probability; Network flow; Water demand uncertainty; Water resources planning; 148-11151-860-33. Water surface elevations; Backwater curves; Computations;

Cross-section spacing optimization; Open channel flow, gradually varied; 168-11222-200-60. Water systems, noncommunity; Missouri; Water quality; Water

supply; 098-11015-860-36. Water table detection; Water table, perched; Groundwater; In- frared imagery; Remote sensing; 023-10843-860-33

.

Water table fluctuations; Aquifers; Groundwater recharge; Mathematical models; Percolation; 0 1 9-1 1 554-820-05

.

Water table, perched; Groundwater; Infrared imagery; Remote

sensing; Water table detection; 023-10843-860-33. Water temperature; Currents; Great Lakes; Lake circulation; Numerical models; 317-10668-440-00. Water temperature; Hydro-thermal combined generation; Ran- dom integral equation model; Reservoir thermal effects; Stream temperature modeling; 319-1 1443-340-00. Water temperature; Infrared sensing; Mathematical models; Remote sensing; 107-09948-870-60. Water temperature; Monticello field channels; Numerical

model; Open channel flow; 145-10604-860-36. Water temperature; Norfork Lake; Numerical model; 314-

11545-870-13. Water temperature; Reservoir temperature measurements; Stream temperature; 334-00769-860-00. Water temperature emalysis; Cumberland river; Mathematical

model; River flow; Tennessee river; 335-1 1493-860-00. Water transmission losses; Roodwater retarding reservoirs; Ir- rigation; 302-10639-860-00. Water transport in cracks; Energy; Geothermal energy, hot dry

rocks; Heat transport; Numerical model; 075-10829-390-52. Water treatment; Ammonia control; Fish hatchery; 057-09861-

870-10. Water treatment; Baffle configurations; Hydraulic performance;

Inlets; Outlets; Sediment removal efficiency; Sedimentation

basins; 422-11355-870-90. Water treatment; Carbon filters; Cincinnati water works; Filtra- tion; 029-10854-860-36. Water treatment; Chlorinated hydrocarbons; Utah drinking

water; Water supplies; 152-11580-860-60. Water treatment; Denitrification system design; 148-0391 W870-33. Water treatment; Humic substance removal; 03 1-10863-860-00. Water treatment; Synthetic organics; Texas water supplies; 148- 11152-860-33.

Water tunnel; Blockage effects; Bodies of revolution; Sub- merged bodies; Wall interference; 125-08927-030-22. Water tunnel; Current meters; Turbulence effects; Velocity measurement; 315-08652-700-00. Water tunnel, blow-down; Mixing; Reacting flows; Turbulent

shear flow; 014-10818-020-26. Water tunnel, oscillatory; Wave motions; Bed forms; Oscillatory

flow; Sediment transport, by waves; 423-11687-410-90. Water use; Air quality; Economic costs; Power plants, siting trade-offs; 152-11561-340-33. Water use; Brackish water use; Energy development; Saline water; 152-11571-860-33. Water use; Community water management; Urbanization impacts; Water needs; Water rights; 152-11582-390-60. Water use; Economic criteria; Environmental criteria; Index

construction; Social criteria; Watershed management, high mountain; 152-11572-800-33. Water use changes; Constraining elements; 152-10156-860-60. Water use efficiency; Conserved water; Water allocation; Water

rights; 152-11574-860-60. Water use efficiency; Infiltration control; Infiltrometers; 303-

10627-810-00. Water use efficiency; Weber River basin; Institutional impedi- ments; Water supply system improvements; 152-1 1578-860-

60. Water use fees; Financing; Water developments; 152-09076-

890-33. Water use map; Utah; 152-10165-860-60. Water use optimization; Agricultural water; Colorado River

basin; Energy water needs; Water allocation; Water conservation; 152-11570-860-33. Water use optimization; Groundwater use; Land subsidence

reduction; 1 48-0394 W-800-33. Water use shifts; Agricultural water use; Colorado River; Cooling water use; Power plants; Salinity implications; Water

equality -,152-11576-860-60. Water utilization; Energy conservation; Irrigation, sprinkler; Sprinkler system automation; 148-11149-840-33. Water vapor; Nucleation rate measurements; 012-10815-130-

54. Water wells; Well screens; Gravel packs; 321-10688-820-00. Water yield; Appalachian-Piedmont area; Water quality; 310- 0247W-810-00. Water yield; Black Hills; 309-02658-810-00. Water yield; Dam effects; Flood control; Hydrology; Sedimentation; Trinity River basin; 149-09922-810-07. Water yield; Erosion control; Forest fire effects; Soil erosion;

Soil water; Water quality; 307-04757-810-00. Water yield; Flood flow; Hydrology; Land management; Numerical model; Runoff; 301-10622-810-00. Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; Watersheds, forest; 31 1-06973-810-00. Water yield; Snow fence system; Watershed management;

Watersheds, sagebrush; 309-03569-810-00. Water yield; Watershed, forested; Finite element analysis; Logging practice effects; Mathematical model; Subsurface

flow; 402-11288-810-90. Water yield distribution; Water balance; Water cycle; 081- 09820-810-00. Water yield improvement; Conifer forest; Evapotranspiration; Hydrology; Snowpack hydrology; Soil water movement; 308-

04996-810-00. Water yield improvement; Watersheds, forested; Appalachian

forests; Water quality protection; 306-0243W-810-00. Waterhammer; Computer model; Cooling water system; Power

plant, nuclear; Transient analysis; 174-1 1258-340-73. Waterhammer; Fluid-pipeline interactions; Pressure waves; Pump surges; Two-phase flow; Structural resonance; 041-

10887-.

381
Waterhammer; Mathematical model; Pumped-storage plant; Raccoon Mountain Project; Surges; Transients; 335-07080-

340-00. Waterhammer; Open channel transients; Pipe flow transients; Transients; 087-08853-210-54.

Watershed, agricultural; Agricultural croplands; Nonpoint

sources; Pollution; Runoff; Water quality; 300-1 1 396-870-36. Watershed, agricultural; Hydrologic model; Numerical model; Remote sensing; Runoff; Soil loss; Water loss; 168-11220-

810-50. Watershed behavior; Field studies; Frozen ground effects; Mathematical models; Soil moisture effects; 042-10891-810-

15. Watershed data; Landsat data; Remote sensing; Runoff prediction; Vegetation data; 023-10837-810-65. Watershed experimentation system; Watershed model; Flood

flows; Runoff; 061 -087 1

1 -810-54

.

Watershed, forested; Finite element analysis; Logging practice

effects; Mathematical model; Subsurface flow; Water yield; 402-1 1288-810-90. Watershed geometry effects; Hydrographs; Numerical model;

Runoff; 303-07001-810-05. Watershed impact; Guadalupe Mountains National Park; Recreational development; 148-0410W-810-33.

Watershed management; Hydrology, subsurface; Mathematical

model; 143-08979-810-54. Watershed management; Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; Snow fence system; 309-03569-810-00. Watershed management; Watersheds, forest; 309-09338-810-

00. Watershed management, high mountain; Water use; Economic

criteria; Environmental criteria; Index construction; Social

criteria; 152-11572-800-33. Watershed management research; Watersheds, forested; Hydrology; Minnesota; 305-1 1423-810-00. Watershed management research; Hawaii forests; 308-09335-

810-00. Watershed model; Computer models; Flood forecasting; Hydrology; Snowmelt; 405-10234-810-96. Watershed model; Erosion hazard prediction; Erosion loss, field measurements; Erosion model; Palouse region; Runoff; Soil erosion; 057-10909-830-05. Watershed model; Flood flows; Runoff; Watershed experimentation system; 061 -087 1

1 -8 10-54. Watershed model; Watersheds, grazed; Northwest watersheds;

Rainfall-runoff; 057-10908-810-05. Watershed models; Computer models; Hydrologic models; Southern Great Plains; 302-10638-810-00. Watershed models; Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; 303-09315-810-00. Watershed monitoring; Flow prediction; Groundwater;

Hydrologic model; Streamflow; 168-1 1219-810-70. Watershed response; Hydrologic analysis; Overland flow; 129- 07585-810-33. Watershed response; Hydrology; Interflow model; Mathematical

model; 402-1 1287-810-00. Watershed response, maximum; Canadian watersheds;

Discharge, extreme; Hydrographs; Precipitation input, max- imum; 402-1 1286-810-00. Watershed runoff; Finite element model; Hydrologic modeling; Mathematical modeling; Overland flow; Runoff; Soil sampling

data; Streamflow; 154-1 1 169-810-05. Watershed runoff; Kinematic wave approach; Mathematical model sensitivity; Numerical models; Overland flow; Rainfall- runoff relations; Runoff, urban; 093-1 1 7 1 5-8 10-33

.

Watershed studies; Pine Tree Branch watershed; 334-0261 W810-00. Watershed subsurface hydrology; Groundwater; Subsurface

water motions; 300-1 1398-820-00.

Watershed systems; Hydrologic models; Risk analysis; Stochastic analysis; 06 1 -1 1 504-8 10-00. Watersheds; Conservation effects; Hydrology; Utah river basins; Water quality; 152-10159-860-60.

Watersheds; Mountain watersheds; Recreational development; Water quality management; 152-10150-810-60. Watersheds, agricultural; Appalachian watersheds; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Runoff; Sediment transport; 300-09272-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Chemical transport models; Pollution; 302- 10637-870-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Claypan soils; Missouri watersheds; Streamflow prediction; 300-1 1401-810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Herbicide transport; Nutrient transport; Pesticide transport; Runoff-rainfall measurements; Sediment transport; Soil loss; Tillage effects; 067- 10927-870-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Computer model; Sediment routing; Water routing; 302-10631-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Erosion; Mathematical model; Sedi- ment yield; 300-10561-220-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrologic analysis; Northeast

watersheds; Runoff; Streamflow; Water quality; 301-09276-

810-00. Watersheds, agricultural; Hydrology; Runoff; Sedimentation; 303- 10623-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Mathematical models; Sediment yield; 302-10635-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Runoff; 058-08681-810-07.

Watersheds, agricultural; Sediment sampler; Sediment yield; Southern plains; 302-10636-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic

analysis; Mathematical model; Runoff; Streamflow; 302- 09286-810-00.

Watersheds, agricultural; Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; 302-09287-860-00.

Watersheds, cropland; Watersheds, irregular topography; Erosion control; Impoundment basins; Runoff control; Soil loss; 300-1 1397-830-00. Watersheds, forest; Coastal plain; Erosion control; Piedmont;

Runoff; Vegetal cover effects; 311-069 74-810-00. Watersheds, forest; Water yield; Ozark watersheds; Soil characteristics; Vegetal cover effects; 3 1 1-06 9 73-810-00. Watersheds, forest; Watershed management; 309-09338-810-

00. Watersheds, forested; Appalachian forests; Water quality protection; Water yield improvement; 3 06 -0243 W-8 10-00. Watersheds, forested; Erosion; Pacific coast watersheds; Sedi- mentation; 322-0462W-220-00.

Watersheds, forested; Hydrology; Minnesota; Watershed management research; 305-11423-810-00.

Watersheds, forested; Idaho Batholith; Logging effects; Road

construction effects; Sediment yield; 304-09324-830-00.

Watersheds, grazed; Northwest watersheds; Rainfall-runoff; Watershed model; 057-10908-810-05.

Watersheds, irregular topography; Erosion control; Impound- ment basins; Runoff control; Soil loss; Watersheds, cropland; 300-1 1397-830-00. Watersheds, loessial; Agricultural chemicals movement; Loess

soils; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Runoff losses; 300-1 1400-810-

00. Watersheds, loessial; Infiltration effect; Iowa watersheds; Missouri watersheds; Overland flow; Streamflow prediction; 300-

11399-810-00.

Watersheds, municipal; Runoff; Urban forests; Water quality; 306-09334-810-00.

Watersheds, rangeland; Evapotranspiration; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical models; 303-09316-810-00.

382
Watersheds, rangeland; Precipitation gages; Snowmelt runoff; Watershed models; 303-09315-810-00.

Watersheds, rangeland; Runoff; Sediment yield; 303-09318-

830-00. Watersheds, reclaimed; Hydrology; Mining effects; Runoff; Surface mining; Suspended solids; Water quality; 300-11392-

810-34. Watersheds, sagebrush; Water yield; Snow fence system; Watershed management; 309-03569-810-00.

Watersheds, semi-arid; Ephemeral streams; Rainfall, thun- derstorm; Runoff; 303-10625-810-00.

Watersheds, semi-arid; Erosion; Sediment transport; Soil loss; 303-10626-810-00.

Watersheds, Southeast; Hydrologic analysis; Mathematical

model; Runoff; Streamflow; Watersheds, agricultural; 302- 09286-810-00.

Watersheds, Southeast; Mathematical model; Nitrates; Nutrients; Sediment yield; Water quality; Watersheds,

agricultural; 302-09287-860-00.

Watersheds, ungaged; Flood damage reduction measures; Mathematical model; 098-08865-310-00. Watts Bar; Heat removal systems; Hydraulic model; Power

plant, nuclear. Pump sump; Sequoyah plant; Vortices; 335-

10735-340-00. Wave action; Moored ship response; Ship motions, moored;

Tankers; 054-09278-520-00. Wave action; Waves, irregular; Longshore transport; Sediment

transport; 423-1 1695-410-90. Wave agitation reduction; Harbor model; Hydraulic model; 407-11312-470-90. Wave and current effects; Dredged material islands; Erosion; Hydraulic model; Island spacing effects; 147-1 1 109-410-44. Wave attenuation; Bed forms; Bottom friction; Ripples, sand; Sediment characteristics; 081-10951-420-44. Wave attenuation; Breakwaters, resonant; 082-1 1706-430-00. Wave attenuation; Wave energy; Set-up, wave induced; 054-

10050-420-44. Wave attenuation. Levee erosion; Tree spacing effects; 314- 11540-300-13. Wave bottom pressure measurement; Wave height; Wave

theory; 054-10056-420-60. Wave breakers; Data acquisition; Longshore currents; Volunteer observers; 312-09762-410-00. Wave channel; Wave forces; 417-10308^30-90. Wave crests; Aerodynamic pressure measurement; Air-water

flow; Slug formation; Two-phase flow; 043-07979-130-00. Wave data; Wave hindcasting; Great Lakes; 312-10652-420-00. Wave data analysis; Waves, design; Aerial photography; 312-

10651-420-00. Wave dau bank; Wave measurements; Texas coast; 147-11119- 420^4. Wave diffraction; Barrier effect; Diffraction; Harbor waves; 109-09967-420-44. Wave diffraction; Wave energy extraction; Wave radiation; Harbor oscillations; Mass transport; Numerical methods; 081- 10943-420-20. Wave diffraction; Wave radiation; Wave theory; Numerical

methods; Ship motions; Ship waves in canals; 081-10944-

520-54. Wave direction measurement; Radar imaging; 312-10650-700-

00. Wave effects; Cylinder, vertical; Hydrodynamic uplift; Offshore

structures; Pipelines buried; Seepage, wave-induced; Uplift; 168-1 1225-430-54. Wave effects; Cylinders, vertical; Pile arrays; Scour; 747- 11117-420-00. Wave effects; Damping; Frequency tuning; Liquid-filled container; Offshore platform; Sloshing; Structural response; 4/7-

11326-430-90. Wave effects; Ice formation; Ice, frazil; 407-09517-390-00.

Wave effects; Oil film thickness measurement; Oil spills; Pollution; 043-09924-870-00. Wave effects; Oscillatory flow; Pile groups; Scour; 147-1 1 1 1 1- 220-00. Wave effects; Pipelines, offshore; Scour; Sediment transport by

waves; 147-09050-220-44. Wave effects; Wind effects; Entrance channels; Navigation

channels; 3 1 4-1 1 53 1 -3 30-00. Wave effects; Wind effects; Great Lakes; Ice dissipation; Ice transport; Lake ice; 109-1 1030-440-44. Wave energy; Set-up, wave induced; Wave attenuation; 054- 10050-420^4. Wave energy, engineering evaluation; Energy extraction hydrodynamics; Floating elements; Ocean wave energy

system; 081-10945-420^4. Wave energy extraction; Wave radiation; Harbor oscillations; Mass transport; Numerical methods; Wave diffraction; 081-

10943-420-20. Wave field data; Wave transformation processes; Coastal wave

condition prediction; Numerical model; 312-1 1439-420-00. Wave flumes; Waves, irregular; 418-10315-720-00. Wave force estimates; Ocean structures; 327-1 1 471 -420-22

.

Wave force instrumentation; Piles; 418-08133-420-00. Wave force prediction; Cylinders; Offshore structures; 331-

11495-420-20. Wave forces; Breakwaters, caisson type; Rubble foundation stability; 423-1 1688^30-90. Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble; Jetties; Rubble structure design criteria; Scour; Stability, armor layer; Surf zone; 312-

11442-430-00. Wave forces; Breakwaters, rubble mound; Finite element analysis; Seismic forces; Structural response; 417-1 1328-430-90. Wave forces; Concrete cube stability; Drag; Submerged bodies; 054-10054^20-00. Wave forces; Cooling water intakes; Hydraulic model; Intakes; 421-10318-420-00. Wave forces; Current effects; Structures, coastal; 031-09979-

420-00. Wave forces; Cylinder, vertical; Mathematical model; Sub- merged objects; 027-09013-420-00. Wave forces; Cylinders; Fluid-structure interaction; Offshore

structures; Structural vibrations; Vibrations, flow induced; 068-10931-240-52. Wave forces; Cylinders; Spheres; Submerged bodies; 136- 10394-420-44. Wave forces; Drag; Spheres; Submerged bodies; 054-10055-

420-00. Wave forces; Earthquake effects; Fluid -structure interactions; Ocean structures; Structure response; 061-1 151 1-430-54. Wave forces; Pipe cover layers; Rubble; Undersea pipe; 087- 09994-420-00. Wave forces; Pipeline, submerged; 054-09277-420-44. Wave forces; Wave channel; 417-10308-430-90. Wave forces; Wave-water-soil-structure interaction; Dynamic

interaction; Offshore platform; Soil nonlinearity effects; Structural response; 417-11329-430-90. Wave forces, angle effect; Pipes, on sea floor; 054-1 1 709-420-

44. Wave gages; Wave statistics; Surf zone; 3 12-10649^20-00. Wave generation; Experimental method development; Hull form optimization; Ship wave resistance minimization; 164- 11213-520-45. Wave generator; Waves, deep water; Waves, viscous damping;

Solitons; 018-1 1260^20-20. Wave generator; Waves, edge; Wave theory; Edge wave experi- ments; 018-1 1259-420-54. Wave growth in wind; Air-sea interaction; Eddy fluxes; Ocean

waves; 403-1 1 306-700-00. Wave height; Wave theory; Wave bottom pressure measurement; 054-10056-420-60. 383
Wave height prediction; Wave periods; Waves, wind; 4/7- 11332-420-00. Wave heights; Wave reflection; Electronic model; Harbor

waves; 1 68-1 1 223-420-44. Wave hindcasting; Great Lakes; Wave data; 312-10652-420-00. Wave impact forces; Intake structure; Power plant; 433-11389-

430-70. Wave impact pressures; Wave peak pressures; Breakwaters;

Coastal structures, vertical wall; 418-1 1334-430-90. Wave interaction experiments; Waves, long; Waves, standing; Wave theory; 17 1-1 1 235-420-44. Wa\e interaction, head-to-head; Solitary wave interaction; 01 1- 10813-420-54. Wave measurements; Texas coast; Wave data bank; 147-1 1119-

420-44. Wave measurements; Waves, breakers; Current measurements;

Field investigation; Surf zone hydrodynamics; 081-10949-

420-44. Wave motion in rockfiU; Finite element model; Breakwaters,

rubble; Numerical model; Rockfill hydraulic conductivity; 103-11023-430-87. Wave motions; Bed forms; Oscillatory flow; Sediment transport, by waves; Water tunnel, oscillatory; 423-1 1687-410-90. Wave orbital velocity measurements; Velocity measurements

under waves; 054-08121-420-60. Wave peak pressures; Breakwaters; Coastal structures, vertical

wall; Wave impact pressures; 4 1 8-1 1 334-430-90. Wave periods; Waves, wind; Wave height prediction; 417-

11332-420-00. Wave prediction; Marine vehicle safety; Ship motions, severe waves; 035-11633-420-21. Wave pressure fields; Pipelines, offshore; 147-09051-420-44. Wave radiation; Harbor oscillations; Mass transport; Numerical

methods; Wave diffraction; Wave energy extraction; 081- 10943-420-20. Wave radiation; Wave theory; Numerical methods; Ship motions; Ship waves in canals; Wave diffraction; 081-10944-

520-54. Wave reflection; Breakwaters, perforated; 017-10025-430-54. Wave reflection; Electronic model; Harbor waves; Wave

heights; 1 68-1 1 223-420-44. Wave reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; Wave theory; Continental shelf; Slope effects; Tsunamis; 1 1 1-1 1034-420-

20. Wave reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; Underwater

topography effects; 1 1

1 -1 1035-420-20. Wave reflection; Wave transmission; Breakwaters, rubble mound; 081-08724-430-54. Wave refraction; Waves, long; Underwater topography effects; Wave reflection; 1 1 1-1 1035-420-20. Wave refraction; Waves, long; Wave theory; Continental shelf; Slope effects; Tsunamis; Wave reflection; 1 1 1 -1 1034-420-20. Wave refraction model; Atlantic continental shelf; Remote

sensing; 324-09395-420-00. Wave refraction; Shear flow effects; 146-10039-420-54. Wave resistance; Computer model; Floating body; Flow patterns, around ships; Ship motions; 069-10937-520-20. Wave runup; Hydraulic model; Levee slope protection; 049-

1 1644-420-70. Wave runup; Piles; Pile groups; 147-1 1 1 18-430-00. Wave runup; Waves, long; Harbor resonance; Tsunamis

propagation on shelf; 01 5-1 1614-420-54. Wave shoaling; Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; 172-08400-420-54. Wave simulation facility; Wave-current interaction; 328-10788-

420-00. Wave slope measurement; Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; 326-10707-460-00. Wave slopes; Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; 331-07065^20-22.

Wave statistics; Surf zone; Wave gages; 3 12-10649-420-00. Wave theory; Continental shelf; Slope effects; Tsunamis; Wave

reflection; Wave refraction; Waves, long; 1 1 1-1 1034-420-20. Wave theory; Edge wave experiments; Wave generator; Waves,

edge; 01 8-1 1 259-420-54

.

Wave theory; Numerical methods; Ship motions; Ship waves in canals; Wave diffraction; Wave radiation; 081-10944-520-54. Wave theory; Wave bottom pressure measurement; Wave

height; 054-10056-420-60. Wave theory; Wave interaction experiments; Waves, long; Waves, standing; 171-1 1235-420-44. Wave theory; Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified

fluids; Wave shoaling; 172-08400-420-54. Wave transformation field measurements; Waves, shallow

water; 312-11440-420-00. Wave transformation processes; Coastal wave condition prediction; Numerical model; Wave field data; 3 12-1 1439-420-00. Wave transmission; Breakwaters, rubble mound; Wave reflection; 081-08724-430-54. Wave-current interaction; Wave simulation facility; 328-10788-

420-00. Wave-current interaction; 147-09047-420-13. Wave-current transport; Coastal sediment; Currents; Sediment

transport, by waves; 1 16-1 1042-410-88. Wave-driven circulation; Circulation, wind-driven; Currents, longshore; Field measurements; Lake Michigan; Nearshore

circulation; Numerical model; 005-1 1432-410-55. Wave-induced agitation; Harbors; Marina response; 423-10531-

470-90. Wave-induced response; Dynamic response; Pipes, buried; Permeable beds; 4 1 7-1 1 327-430-90. Waves; Air-water interface; Boundary layer, turbulent; Turbulence structure; 144-10407-010-54. Waves; Bank stability; Boundary shear; Channel stability; Grand Coulee third powerplant; Hydraulic model; Powerplant operations effects; 321-11444-300-00. Waves; Canal laterals; Hydraulic jump, undular; Open channel

flow; Supercritical flow; Uplift pressures; 321-10678-320-00. Waves; Floating structures; Mooring forces; 418-10316-420-90. Waves; Nearshore hydrodynamics; Surf zone; 409-09518-420-

00. Waves; Numerical methods; Ship performance prediction; 333- 09444-520-20. Waves; Numerical model; Tsunamis generation; Tsunamis

transmission; Tsunamis, shoreline effects; 038-10873-420-54. Waves; Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great

Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; 317-10669-440-00. Waves; Wind-wave-current tank; Eddy viscosity; Ocean surface

fine structure; Turbulence, wave induced; 1 16-1 1041 -450-50. Waves, breakers; Current measurements; Field investigation; Surf zone hydrodynamics; Wave measurements; 081-10949-

420-44. Waves, capillary; Wave slopes; Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; 331-07065-420-22. Waves, deep water; Waves, viscous damping; SoHtons; Wave

generator; 018-1 1260-420-20. Waves, design; Aerial photography; Wave data analysis; 312- 10651-420-00. Waves, design; Breakwater stability; 418-10314-430-00. Waves, design waves; Energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion; 054-09280-420-52. Waves, edge; Wave theory; Edge wave experiments; Wave

generator; 018-11259-420-54. Waves, interfacial; Internal waves, in shear flows; Turbulence

interactions; Turbulent shear flow; 012-10816-020-54. Waves, internal; Boundary layer; Ekman layer; Internal wave

breaking; internal wave interaction; Shear flow; Stratified shear flow; 162-07779-060-26. Waves, internal; Drag; Internal waves; Spheres; Stratified fluids; Submerged bodies; 315-07243-060-20. 384
Waves, internal; Lakes, stratified; Stratified fluids; Wave shoaling; Wave theory; 172-08400-420-54. Waves, irregular; Longshore transport; Sediment transport; Wave action; 423-1 1695^10-90.

Waves, irregular; Wave flumes; 418-10315-720-00. Waves, long; Harbor resonance; Tsunamis propagation on shelf; Wave runup; 01 5-1 1614^20-54.

Waves, long; Underwater topography effects; Wave reflection; Wave refraction; 1 1

1 -1 1 035-420-20. Waves, long; Wave theory; Continental shelf; Slope effects; Tsunamis; Wave reflection; Wave refraction; 1 11 -1 1 034-420-

20. Waves, long; Waves, standing; Wave theory; Wave interaction experiments; 171-1 1235-420-44. Waves, ocean; Computer model; Numerical model; 331-1 1496-

420-20. Waves, on currents; Waves, short crested; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; 427-11369-220-00. Waves, shallow water; Wave transformation field measurements; 312-1 1440-420-00. Waves, ship-generated; Computer model; Galveston ship channel; Navigation channel; Ship behavior; 1 47-1 1 1 20-330-75

.

Waves, short crested; Open channel flow; Sediment transport; Waves, on currents; 427-1 1 369-220-00. Waves, short-fetch; Waves, wind; Wind stress; Air-sea interface; Drag; 33 1-1 1494^20-00.

Waves, standing; Wave theory; Wave interaction experiments; Waves, long; 1 7 1 -1 1 235-420-44. Waves, viscous damping; Solitons; Wave generator; Waves,

deep water; 018-11260-420-20. Waves, wind; Microwave scattering; Waves, capillary; Wave

slopes; 331-07065-420-22. Waves, wind; Wave height prediction; Wave periods; 417- 11332^20-00.

Waves, wind; Wind stress; Air-sea interface; Drag; Waves,

short-fetch; 33 1 -1 1494-420-00. Waves, wind; Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote

sensing; Wave slope measurement; 326-10707-460-00. Waves, wind generated; Wind model; Coastal wind-sea model;

Current model offshore oil development; Venezuela; Waveswell interaction; 081-10953-430-88. Waves, wind-generated; Wind effects; Wind stress; Open channel flow; 019-1 1696-200-60. Wave-sediment flume; Sediment transport, by waves; 418-

11335-410-00. Wave-swell interaction; Waves, wind generated; Wind model;

Coastal wind-sea model; Current model offshore oil develop- ment; Venezuela; 081-10953-430-88.

Wave-water-soil-structure interaction; Dynamic interaction; Offshore platform; Soil nonlinearity effects; Structural response; Wave forces; 4 17-1 1329-430-90. Wave-wind-current tank; Coastal processes; Dispersion; Pollutant transport; 104-07055-870-00. Wavy boundary; Bedform mechanics; Hydrodynamic model;

Ripple formation, unidirectional flow; Sediment transport; 081-10952-220-00. Wavy wall; Shear stress, wall; Turbulent flow, solid waves; Wall

stress; 059-08685-000-54. Weather modification; Cloud seeding; Numerical model; 152- 10164-480-60. Weber River basin; Institutional impediments; Water supply system improvements; Water use efficiency; 1 52-1 1 578-860-

60. Weir jetty; Coastal sediment; Jetties; Sediment transport; 312-

10656-430-00.

Weirs; Lateral weir flow model; 408-11318-700-90.

Weirs, sharp crested; Hodograph equation; Numerical solutions;

Overfalls; Potential flow; Sluices; 062-10915-040-14.

Well field network; Computer program; Pipe network; Surge

analysis; Transients; 098-1 1 0 1 6-2 1 0-75

.

Well screens; Gravel packs; Water wells; 321-10688-820-00.

Wells, bounding; Aquifer, dipping; Aquifers, saline; Groundwater injection; Water storage; 076-1 1 006-820-33

.

Wells, heat pump; Energy conservation; Groundwater re-injection; Heat pumps, water source; Louisiana groundwater; 076- 11005-820-33. Wetland ecolgy; Biogeochemistry; Freshwater wetlands; 081- 10985-880-54. Wind; Humidity; Lake Ontario; Lake to land comparison; Temperature; 403-1 1303-480-00. Wind effects; Circulation, low flow; Mass transport; Mississippi River Pool No. 2; Numerical model; 1 45-1 1094-300-34. Wind effects; Coastal sediment; Currents, longshore; Engineering model; Field experiments; Sediment transport, nearshore; Tide effects; Velocity field, wave effects; 081-10948-410-44. Wind effects; Entrance channels; Navigation channels; Wave

effects; 314-11531-330-00. Wind effects; Great Lakes; Ice dissipation; Ice transport; Lake

ice; Wave effects; 109-11030-440-44. Wind effects; Wind stress; Open channel flow; Waves, windgenerated; 019-11696-200-60. Wind effects; York River, Virginia; Currents; Estuary,

stratified; 153-11162-400-00. Wind energy; Data gathering system; 152-10155-480-06. Wind energy conversion; Vortex augmentor; 106-09894-630-

52. Wind erosion; Aeolian transport; Atmospheric pressure effects; Boundary layers, turbulent; Dust storms on Mars; Sediment

transport; 020-10834-220-50. Wind load; Boundary layer; Cooling towers; Cylinders; Im- mersed structures; Pressure distribution; Pressure fluctuations; Roughness effect; 145-11102-030-54. Wind loads; Building aerodynamics; Tornado winds; 075- 09014-640-54. Wind loads; Wind-structure interaction; Mathematical models;

Stochastic methods; Structure response; Structure-wave in- teraction; 035-1 1632-640-54. Wind mixing; Eutrophication models; Hydrothermal-biochemical coupling; Lake water qujility; Mathematical models; 081- 10959-870-00. Wind model; Coastal wind-sea model; Current model offshore

oil development; Venezuela; Wave-swell interaction; Waves,

wind generated; 081-10953-430-88. Wind set-up; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Great Lakes; Mathematical model; Water level; Waves; 317-10669-440-00. Wind stress; Air-sea interface; Drag; Waves, short-fetch; Waves, wind; 33 1 -1 1494-420-00. Wind stress; Open channel flow; Waves, wind-generated; Wind

effects; 019-11696-200-60. Wind structure; Turbulence; Urban winds; 429-07904-480-90. Wind tunnel; Boundary layer control; Compressible flow; Laminarization; Suction; 315-10798-010-27. Wind tunnel, stratified flow; Stratified flow; Wakes; 106-09896-

720-60. Wind tunnels; Boundary layer, turbulent supersonic; 135- 07618-720-80. Wind velocities; Oil spill model evaluation; Oil spill prediction; Tidal currents; 412-11320-870-00. Wind wave facility; Air-sea interaction; Remote sensing; Wave

slope measurement; Waves, wind; 326-10707-460-00. Windmill aerodynamics; Windmill array optimization; Windmill-waterpump systems; Boundary layer, atmospheric; 432-

1 1378-690-88. Windmill array optimization; Windmill-waterpump systems; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Windmill aerodynamics; 432- 11378-690-88. Windmill-waterpump systems; Boundary layer, atmospheric; Windmill aerodynamics; Windmill array optimization; 432-

11378-690-88.

385
Wind-Structure interaction; Mathematical models; Stochastic methods; Structure response; Structure-wave interaction; Wind loads; 035-1 1632-640-54. Wind-wave channel; Drift velocities; Oil slick; 037-09012-870-

61. Wind-wave-current tank; Eddy viscosity; Ocean surface fine structure; Turbulence, wave induced; Waves; 1 16-1 1041-450-

50. Wing-body aerodynamics; Boundary layer interactions; 106- 09897-010-50. Wingwall effect; Energy dissipator, roller bucket; Scour; 425-

11358-360-90. Winter condition simulation; Finite element-finite difference comparison; Mathematical models; Reservoirs, thermal loading; Water quality; 4 1 5-1 1 609-860-90. Wisconsin groundwater systems; Groundwater-surface water in- teraction; Mathematical models; 169-1 1230-820-54. Wisconsin streams; Backwater curves; Bridge backwater; Flood

computations; 322-1 1464-300-60. Wolf River; Flood damage estimates; Floodplain management;

314-11534-310-00. Workmanship; Force main failure investigation; Pipe, PVC;

Sewage force main; Specifications; I 74-1 1 239-2 10-65

.

Yakima River; Fish spawning; Streamfiow; 157-10132-300-34. Yazoo River; Flood routing; Mathematical models; 314-1 1538-

310-13. Yellowstone River basin; Energy-water resource tradeoffs; Multiobjective planning; Water rights evaluation; Water supply; 081-10965-860-52. York River, Virginia; Currents; Estuary, stratified; Wind ef- fects; 153-1 1 162-400-00. York River, Virginia; Ecosystem model; Estuary; Mathematical

model; Model sensitivity; Model verification; 1 53-1 1 166-860-

60. York River, Virginia; Estuary; Destratification; Field experi- ment; 153-1 1699-400-00. Yukon River bridge; Bridges; Ice force measurement; 004-

10803-390-15. Zero gravity; Bubble motion; Bubbles, gas; Marangoni phenomenon; Mathematical model; 325-1 1469-1 30-00.

386
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBS SP 583

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, 1978 Editor Pauline H. Gurewitz

8. Performing Organ. Report l^o.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON. DC 20234

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS rsfreef. city, stste. ZIP) Same as item 9.

13, Type of Report & Period Covered Final

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-600124

I

I Document descrit)es a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

IS. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leaa lactxial aummary ol moat algnilicant Information. If document Includea a aignlficant bibliography or Current and recently concluded research projects in hydraulics and hydrodynamics

for the years 1977-1978 are summarized. Projects from more than 200 university,

industrial , state and Federal Qovemment laboratories in the United States and

Canada are reported.

17. KEY WORDS (alx to twelve entriea; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the firat key word unleaa a proper name;

separated by aemicolona) Fluid mechanics; hydraulic engineering; hydraulic research; hydraulics;

hydrodynamics; model studies; research summaries.

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For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[y~I Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

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