NIST Technical Note 1498 

Evaluating Positive Pressure Ventilation In Large Structures: 

School Pressure and Fire Experiments 

Stephen Kerber 

Daniel Madrzykowski 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Building and Fire Research Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards 

and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

 - - iii

NIST Technical Note 1498 

Evaluating Positive Pressure Ventilation In Large Structures: 

School Pressure and Fire Experiments 

Stephen Kerber 

Daniel Madrzykowski 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Building and Fire Research Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

July 2008 

Department of Homeland Security 

Michael Chertoff, Secretary 

Federal Emergency Management Association 

R. David Paulison, Administrator

United States Fire Administration 

Gregory B. Cade, Assistant Administrator

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Carolos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

National Institute of Standards and 

Technology 

James M. Turner, Deputy Director

1

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................. 3

1.1. Structure ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.2. Fans .................................................................................................................................. 7

1.3. Instrumentation................................................................................................................. 8

2. Pressure Experiments ........................................................... 12

2.1. Experimental Procedure ................................................................................................. 12

2.2. Timelines ........................................................................................................................ 13

2.3. Results ............................................................................................................................ 14

2.4. Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 20

3. Classroom Fire Experiments ............................................. 21

3.1. Experimental Procedure ................................................................................................. 21

3.2. Fuel Load ........................................................................................................................ 21

3.3. Timelines ........................................................................................................................ 22

3.4. Results ............................................................................................................................ 23

3.4.1. Pressure ................................................................................................................... 23

3.4.2. Temperature ............................................................................................................ 25

3.4.3. Smoke/Visibility Observations ............................................................................... 33

3.5. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 107

4. Gymnasium Fire Experiments ........................................ 108

4.1. Experimental Procedure ............................................................................................... 108

4.2. Fuel Load ...................................................................................................................... 110

4.3. Timelines .................................................................................................................. 111

4.4. Results .......................................................................................................................... 112

4.4.1. Pressure ................................................................................................................. 112

4.4.2. Temperature .......................................................................................................... 115

4.4.3. Smoke/Visibility Observations ............................................................................. 121

4.5. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 183

5. Uncertainty Analysis ....................................................... 184

6. Tactical Considerations ................................................... 186

7. Conclusions ...................................................................... 187

8. Acknowledgments ............................................................ 187

9. References ........................................................................ 188

Appendix A ............................................................................ 188

Appendix B ............................................................................ 203

Appendix C ............................................................................ 217

Appendix D ............................................................................ 307

Appendix E ............................................................................ 321
2

Evaluating Positive Pressure Ventilation In Large Structures: 

School Pressure and Fire Experiments 

Stephen Kerber 

Daniel Madrzykowski 

Building and Fire Research Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Abstract 

A series of experiments was run in a masonry educational building examining the ability of fire 

service Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans to limit smoke spread or to remove smoke from 

areas where potential occupants may be located. The PPV fans are able to accomplish this by 

creating pressures higher than that of the fire to manage where the smoke and hot gases flowed 

in the building. Preliminary experiments examined the pressure increase created by portable fans 

and mounted fans in different configurations and locations. The two main fire scenarios 

included a long hallway with classrooms and a gymnasium. Both scenarios included fires that 

produced a large amount of smoke and hot gases, and instrumentation was placed to assess 

tenability criteria and how PPV tactics can either increase or decrease tenability. Measurements 

included temperature, pressure, thermal imaging and video views. 

In the limited series of experiments in the long hallways of this masonry educational building, 

the use of positive pressure ventilation to increase pressure to reduce temperatures, limit smoke 

spread and increase visibility was effective. This series of experiments demonstrated that fire 

service positive pressure ventilation fans can be used successfully in large structures to increase 

tenability of potential victims and improve conditions for firefighting crews. 

Disclaimer 

Certain trade names and company products are mentioned in the text or identified in an 

illustration in order to specify adequately the experimental procedure and equipment used. In no 

case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products are necessarily the best available 

for the purpose. 
3

1. Introduction 

During the past six years the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has 

conducted numerous experiments examining the effectiveness of Positive Pressure Ventilation 

(PPV) for the fire service. These experimental studies ranged in scale from a single room to a 

30-story high-rise office building. The research identified tactical considerations for the most 

effective use of PPV fans. The results of the studies provide insight to questions such as where 

to place the fans, how much larger can the fire grow with added oxygen from the fan and what 

size fans are needed to effectively pressurize a stairwell in a high-rise building [1-6]. 

This series of experiments provides understanding and insight into how and when; fire service 

positive pressure ventilation fans be used successfully in large structures. Large structures pose 

additional challenges to fire fighter and building occupant safety: increased travel distance 

(exposure time), more complicated egress paths, and potentially larger fires. Large structures 

include high-rise buildings as well as large volume structures such as warehouses or schools. In 

all of these structures, PPV has the ability to remove or limit occupant exposure to fire gases, so 

safe egress can be accomplished. Many fire departments don’t have staffing levels that allow 

them to effect multiple rescues in a highly populated structure. These tactics provide the fire 

department the ability to remove the hazard from the occupants as opposed to removing the 

occupants from the hazard which is much more time consuming and labor intensive. 

A series of experiments was performed in a retired educational building to examine the ability of 

PPV fans to limit smoke spread or to remove smoke from desired areas. The two main scenarios 

included a long hallway with classrooms and a gymnasium. Both scenarios included fires that 

produce a large amount of smoke and hot gases. Instrumentation was placed to assess tenability 

criteria and how PPV tactics can either increase or decrease survivability. Measurements 

included temperature, pressure, thermal imaging and video views. 

In Section 1, the components of the experiments will be described including the structure, PPV 

fans and instrumentation utilized. Then, the pressure experiments in the classroom portion of the 

building as well as the gymnasium will be presented. Section 3 covers the classroom fire 

experiments and Section 4 covers the gymnasium fire experiments. Measurement uncertainty is 

presented in Section 5. That is followed by tactical considerations for the fire service based on 

the experimental results and overall conclusions. Sections 7 and 8 provide acknowledgments to 

those which made this work possible and references for this work. Finally, the appendices 

include detailed pressure and temperature data. 

1.1. Structure

The experiments were conducted in a two-story 28 000 m2 (300 000 ft2) retired high school in 

Toledo, OH. The school was originally constructed in 1956 and was added on to substantially 

until 1988. The structure is oddly shaped with numerous sections and court yards, but overall 

has the dimensions of 210 m (700 ft) wide by 130 m (425 ft) deep by 9 m (30 ft) tall (Figure 1). 

The building was constructed of masonry bearing walls and steel column grids. The roof and 

floor systems were mostly steel deck on steel joists with reinforced concrete. The roof of the 

gymnasium was insulated lightweight concrete panels over steel joists. Below the roof was a fire 

resistant drop ceiling with clipped in cementicious tiles. 
4

Due to the complex floor plan, the condition of the structure, and the purpose of the experiments 

a section of the building was isolated for the experiments. This section was to the right of the 

front entrance and included long stretches of hallway, numerous classrooms and a large volume 

gymnasium (Figure 2). The detailed floor plan in Figure 3 shows the section of the building 

used during the experiments in gray. Temporary partition walls were constructed around the 

three stairwells in the hallway to eliminate smoke flow to the second floor and to better define 

the volume of the experimental section. Numerous ventilation points, including windows and 

doors, existed all the way around the structure, which allowed for many configurations to be 

examined during the experiments. Exterior views of the experimental section of the school are 

shown in Figure 4. 

Figure 1. Aerial photograph of the high school 

Figure 2. Aerial photograph detailing section used during experiments. 

Front Entrance 
5

Figure 3. Experimental floor plan and aerial image 

 Gymnasium 

Average Hallway Width – 3.4 m (11.2 ft) 

Average Hallway Height – 2.6 m (8.5 ft) 

Gymnasium Ceiling 

Height – 7 m (23 ft) 

1

2 
6

 

Figure 4. Exterior views of the experimental section 
7

1.2. Fans

Five different types of fans were used during this set of experiments (Table 1). Two different 

mounted fans and three different portable fans were used in various capacities (Figures 5-9). 

Each of the fans was used during the pressure experiments as well as the fire experiments. The 

two main fan locations are labeled in Figure 3, one entering the hallway towards the front of the 

building and a second into the gymnasium lobby. The portable fans were also moved into the 

gymnasium lobby to the interior gymnasium doors to directly pressurize the gymnasium. The 

configuration of the fans was altered and described in the procedure of each experiment. For 

clarity the fans will be referred to by their identifier throughout the report. 

Table 1. Fan details 

Identifier Shroud Size Motor 

MVU 1.2 m (48 in) Hydraulic (Truck Mounted) 

SVU 1.3 m (50 in) Gasoline (Trailer Mounted) 

27 0.7 m (27 in) Gasoline (9.0 hp) 

24 0.6 m (24 in) Gasoline (6.5 hp) 

20 0.5 m (20 in) Gasoline (4.0 hp) 

 

 

Figure 5. 27 - 0.7 m (27 in) Fan 

 Figure 6. 24 - 0.6 m (24 in) Fan 

 Figure 7. 20 - 0.5 m (20 in) Fan 

Figure 8. SVU - 1.3 m (50 in) Fan 

 Figure 9. MVU - 1.2 m (48 in) Fan 
8

1.3. Instrumentation

The measurements taken during the experiments included differential pressure, gas 

temperature, video recording and thermal imaging. Differential pressure transducers were located 

throughout the hallway, 1.2 m (4 ft) above the floor, and in the fire rooms 0.3 m, 1.5 m and 2.1 m 

(1 ft, 5 ft and 7 ft) above the floor (Figure 10). Transducers were also fixed in two locations on 

the front and rear walls of the gymnasium. Each location had four transducers positioned 

vertically at 1.2 m, 3.0 m, 4.9 m and 6.7 m (4 ft, 10 ft, 16 ft and 22 ft) above the floor. A tube 

was run from the transducers through the wall or door to reference the pressure readings to the 

outside, or ambient pressure. A floor plan showing each of the pressure measurement locations 

is in Figure 13. 

The thermocouples were bare-bead, Chromel-Alumel (type K), with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in) nominal 

diameter. Thermocouples were located in the fire rooms and hallways to provide gas 

temperatures for the conditions that building occupants and fire fighters may encounter and to 

analyze the effects of ventilation. Each thermocouple location had an array of thermocouples 

with measurement locations of 0.03 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m,1.5 m, 1.8 m and 2.1 m 

(1 in, 0.5 ft, 1 ft, 2 ft, 3 ft, 4 ft, 5 ft, 6 ft and 7 ft) below the ceiling (Figure 11). Thermocouple 

arrays were also placed in the gymnasium in five locations with measurement locations every 

0.3 m (1 ft) from the bottom of the roof deck for the top 1.8 m (6 ft) and then every 0.6 m (2 ft) 

below that, down to the floor. The top five thermocouples were in the interstitial space between 

the roof deck and the drop ceiling. A floor plan showing each of the temperature measurement 

locations is in Figure 14. Detailed experimental uncertainties for each of the measurements are 

located in Section 5. 

Video cameras and thermal imaging cameras were placed inside and outside the building to 

monitor both smoke and temperature conditions throughout each experiment. As many as ten 

video camera views and two thermal imaging views were recorded during each test (Figure 12). 

Camera locations are labeled in Figure 15. 

 

 

Figure 10. Thermocouple 

Array with 8 Individual 

Thermocouples 

Figure 11. Differential 

Pressure Transducer 

Figure 12. Thermal Imaging and Video 

Cameras 
9

Figure 13. Pressure measurement locations 

1 

 2 

Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
10

Figure 14. Gas temperature measurement locations 

 2 

1 Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
11

Figure 15. Video camera and thermal imaging camera locations 

1 

 2 

Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 

V 
12

2. Pressure Experiments 

2.1. Experimental Procedure

A series of pressure experiments were conducted prior to the fire experiments in order to 

examine the effects of the fans on pressurization independent of the fire effects. Different fan 

configurations were tested at two different door locations (Table 2). The first focused on the 

long hallways with classrooms while the second focused on the gymnasium. The volume of the 

school being pressurized was changed by opening and closing the doors to different sections of 

the hallway and classrooms. 

 

Table 2. Experimental Overview 

Experiment Fan(s) Fan Location Fan Configuration 

P1 2 – 27’s 1 V-Shape, Setback 1.2 m (4 ft), 80°

P2 1 - 24 1 Setback and angles varied as noted in 

Table 4. 

P3 SVU 1 Setback 3.7 m (12 ft), 100° 

P4 MVU 1 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°

P5 MVU 2 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°

P6 SVU 2 Setback 3.7 m (12 ft), 100° 

P7 1 - 24 2 Setback 1.8 m (6 ft) 

P8 1 – 24, 1 - 20 2 Setback and angles varied as noted in 

Table 10 

P9 2 – 27’s 2 Setback 1.2 m (4 ft), 80°

Notes: Setback is the distance from the threshold of the door to the face of the fan. Angles measured from 

90° meaning completely vertical. Angles less than 90°, the fan was tilted back and angles greater than 90° 

the fan was tilted forward. 20/24/27 fans operated at “full throttle” setting. SVU/MVU rpm’s noted in 

tables. 
13

2.2. Timelines

The timelines of the experimental configuration changes are shown in Tables 3 through 11. 

Figures 13 through 15 can be referenced for room and door locations. 

 Table 3. Experiment P1 Table 4. Experiment P2 

Time Event Time Event

(s) (s)

0 Background 0 Background 

220 2 – 27 Fans On (V-shape) 156 24 Fan On (10’6”, 80° )

525 Fire Room 1 Open 540 Fan Off 

796 Fire Room 1 Closed 685 24 Fan On (10’6”, 75° )

855 Fire Room 2 Open 810 Fan Off 

976 Fire Room 2 Closed 1064 Fan On (6’, 80° )

1079 Hallway Door 1 Open 1293 Fire Room 1 Open

1225 Hallway Door 1 Closed 1491 Fire Room 1 Closed

1430 Gym Door 2 Open 1548 Room 129 Open 

1595 Gym Door 2 Closed 1680 Room 129 Closed

1687 Fan Location 2 Door Open 1694 Hallway Door 1 Open

1826 Fan Location 2 Door Closed 1762 Hallway Door 1 Closed

1945 Hallway Door 2 Open 1834 Gym Door 2 Open

2060 Hallway Door 2 Closed 1959 Gym Door 2 Closed

2160 End of Test 2023 Hallway Door 2 Open 

 2090 Hallway Door 2 Closed

2160 End of Test

Table 5. Experiment P3 Table 6. Experiment P4 

Time Event Time Event

(s) (s)

0 Background 0 Background 

200 SVU (12’, 100°) 4000rpm 74 MVU idle 1000rpm 

300 Door Open 185 3000rpm 

816 2000rpm 273 4000rpm 

972 4000rpm 538 Fire Room 1 Open 

1184 Fire Room 1 Open 651 Fire Room 1 Closed 

1325 Fire Room 1 Closed 701 Hallway Door 1 Open 

1446 Hallway Door 1 Open 799 Hallway Door 1 Closed

1578 Hallway Door 1 Closed 870 Gym Door 2 Open 

1668 Gym Door 2 Open 998 Gym Door 2 Closed 

1786 Gym Door 2 Closed 1076 Hallway Door 2 Open

1837 Hallway Door 2 Open 1177 Hallway Door 2 Closed

1964 Hallway Door 2 Closed 1255 Fire Room 4 Open 

2039 Fire Room 4 Open 1379 Fire Room 1 Open 

2102 Fire Room 1 Open 1444 Fire Room 1 Closed 

2250 Fire Room 1 Closed 1487 Fire Room 4 Closed 

2285 Fire Room 4 Closed 1505 End of Test

2330 End of Test
14

Table 7. Experiment P5 Table 8. Experiment P6 

Time Event Time Event

(s) (s)

0 Background 0 Background 

164 MVU On 2000rpm 95 SVU On 4000rpm 

241 Gym Doors 1 and 2 Open 190 Gym Doors 1 and 2 Open

303 3000rpm 322 Rear Gym Doors Open

423 4000rpm 389 Vent Door 1 Open 

540 Rear Gym Doors Open 460 Vent Door 2 Open 

610 Vent Door 1 Open 580 End of test

732 Vent Door 2 Open

860 End of Test

Table 9. Experiment P7 Table 10. Experiment P8 

Time Event Time Event

(s) (s)

0 Background 0 Background 

84 24 Fan On (Fan Loc 2) 72 24 Fan On (Gym Door 1)

179 Gym Door 1 Open 150 Rear Gym Doors Open

307 Rear Gym Doors Open 218 Vent Door 1 Open 

374 Vent Door 1 Open 320 Vent Door 2 Open 

465 Vent Door 2 Open 455 Fan Off 

525 End of Test 520 20 Fan On (Gym Door 2) 

 604 Gym Door 1 Open 

 620 24 Fan On (Gym Door 1)

 740 End of test

Table 11. Experiment P9

Time Event

(s) 

0 Background 

66 27 Fan On (Gym Door 1)

203 Rear Gym Doors Open

275 Vent Door 1 Open

436 Vent Door 2 Open

524 Vent Doors Closed

614 2-27's (Gym doors 1 and 2)

749 Rear Gym Doors Open

822 Vent Door 1 Open

892 Vent Door 2 Open

1000 End of Test

2.3. Results

The pressure measurement locations are shown in Figure 13. The experiments with the fans at 

Fan Location 1 focus on the hallway pressures from differential pressure gauges P(1) through 

P(16). The experiments with the fans at Fan Location 2 incorporate the pressures in the 

gymnasium lobby, P(13) through P(16), and in the gymnasium, P(29) through P(36), which were 

all located 1.2 m (4 ft) above the floor. The passageway between gauges P(12) and P(13) was 

closed for the experiments at Fan Location 2. Pressures at each gauge location were recorded 
15

during the configuration changes and are graphed versus time in Appendix A (Page 189). The 

pressures were averaged over the time of each configuration, and the background ambient 

pressure was subtracted from the average differential pressure to obtain the pressure increase 

above ambient at each location. These pressures were then averaged over the entire volume 

pressurized to provide the average hallway pressure increase and average gymnasium pressure 

increase. Tables 12 through 20 show the average pressure increase in the hallway or the 

gymnasium for each experiment. This average was achieved by averaging the pressure at each 

probe in the volume impacted by the fan over the duration of each configuration and then 

averaging all of those numbers together. 

The experimental volume of the hallway for experiments P1 through P4 was approximately 

1800 m3

. The volume of the gymnasium was approximately 9630 m3 (Figure 16). The volume 

of the gymnasium lobby when the doorway between pressure transducer P(12) and P(13) was 

closed during experiments P5 through P9 was approximately 680 m3

. The volume between the 

rear gym doors and the vent doors was approximately 360 m3

. Each of the ventilation doors 

measured 0.9 m (3 ft) wide by 2.1 m (6.9 ft) tall. The windows in the fire rooms measured 2.2 m 

(7.3 ft) wide by 0.85 m (2.8 ft) tall. 

Figure 16. Experimental Volume 

Experiment P1 

Experiment P1 utilized two 0.7 m (27 in) fans configured in a V-shape to increase the pressure. 

The fans were setback 1.2 m (4 ft) from the doorway angled back 10o from vertical. The fans 

were symmetrically placed on either side of the center of the doorway, creating the V-shape. 

The distance between the fans, measured center to center, was 0.8 m (30 in). The outside 

temperature at the start of the experiment was 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) and the relative humidity was 

44 %. The fans increased the hallway pressure 6.4 Pa to 8.9 Pa above ambient. When doors 

were opened and the fan flow was vented to the outside, either directly through a doorway or 

through open windows in the fire rooms, the pressure dropped but was still 1.9 Pa to 5.0 Pa 

above ambient. When the gym door was opened, increasing the volume but not venting to the 

outside, the pressure was 5.0 Pa above ambient. 

9630 m3 360 m3

 (Total) 

680 m3

1120 m3
16

Table 12. Hallway Pressure Increase from 2 - 27 Fans 

Event 

Average Hallway 

Pressure (Pa) 

2 – 27 Fans On (V) 8.3 (± 0.8)

Fire Room 1 Open 3.2 (± 0.3)

Fire Room 1 Closed 6.4 (± 0.6)

Fire Room 2 Open 3.4 (± 0.3)

Fire Room 2 Closed 7.3 (± 0.7)

Hallway Door 1 Open 1.9 (± 0.2)

Hallway Door 1 Closed 7.8 (± 0.8)

Gym Door 2 Open 5.7 (± 0.6)

Gym Door 2 Closed 8.5 (± 0.9)

Fan Location 2 Door 3.4 (± 0.3)

Fan Location 2 Door 8.9 (± 0.9)

Hallway Door 2 Open 5.0 (± 0.5)

Hallway Door 2 Closed 7.7 (± 0.8)

End of test

Experiment P2 

The increased pressures in Experiment P2 were created by a 0.6 m (24 in) fan. The fan was 

positioned three different ways as described in Table 4. The position that was used for the 

configuration changes was setback 1.8 m (6 ft), because it yielded the highest hallway pressure 

increase. With all of the possible ventilation points closed the fan increased the hallway pressure 

6.0 Pa to 7.6 Pa above ambient. When a ventilation point was opened the pressure decreased to 

between 1.1 Pa and 3.1 Pa above ambient. 

 Table 13. Hallway Pressure Increase from a 24 Fan 

Event 

Average Hallway 

Pressure (Pa) 

24 Fan On (10’6”, 80° ) 4.9 (± 0.5)

24 Fan On (10’6”, 75° ) 4.3 (± 0.4)

Fan On (6’, 80° ) 6.2 (± 0.6)

Fire Room 1 Open 3.1 (± 0.3)

Fire Room 1 Closed 7.6 (± 0.8)

Hallway Door 1 Open 1.2 (± 0.1)

Hallway Door 1 Closed 6.1 (± 0.6)

Gym Door 2 Open 2.3 (± 0.2)

Gym Door 2 Closed 6.0 (± 0.6)

Hallway Door 2 Open 1.1 (± 0.1)

Hallway Door 2 Closed 7.5 (± 0.8)

End of test

Experiment P3 

The trailer mounted fan in experiment P3 was positioned 3.7 m (12 ft) from the doorway and 

tilted 10o forward from vertical. With all of the possible ventilation points closed the fan 

increased the hallway pressure 9.9 Pa to 16.1 Pa above ambient. When a ventilation point was 

opened the pressure decreased to between 5.9 Pa and 9.1 Pa above ambient. Two ventilation 

points were opened toward the end of the experiment and the pressure decreased to 5.1 Pa above 

ambient. 
17

 Table 14. Hallway Pressure Increase from the SVU

Event 

Average Hallway 

Pressure (Pa) 

SVU (12’,100°) 16.1 (± 1.6)

Fire Room 1 Open 8.2 (± 0.8)

Fire Room 1 Closed 13.2 (± 1.3)

Hallway Door 1 Open 5.9 (± 0.6)

Hallway Door 1 Closed 10.7 (± 1.1)

Gym Door 2 Open 7.6 (± 0.8)

Gym Door 2 Closed 9.9 (± 1.0)

Hallway Door 2 Open 9.1 (± 0.9)

Hallway Door 2 Closed 13.4 (± 1.3)

Fire Room 4 Open 8.5 (± 0.9)

Fire Room 1 Open 5.1 (± 0.5)

Fire Room 1 Closed 8.8 (± 0.9)

Fire Room 4 Closed 10.6 (± 1.1)

End of test

Experiment P4 

The increased pressures in experiment P4 were created by a truck mounted fan positioned 6.6 m 

(21.5 ft) from the doorway and the shroud was aligned vertically. The mount for this fan was not 

able to tilt forward from vertical so the fan was placed further from the doorway to allow its flow 

to completely cover the doorway. The fan increased the hallway pressure 19.1 Pa to 22.7 Pa 

above ambient. When doors were opened and the fan flow was vented to the outside, either 

directly through a doorway or through open windows in the fire rooms, the pressure dropped but 

was still 13.2 Pa to 17.0 Pa above ambient. Two ventilation points were opened toward the end 

of the experiment and the pressure decreased to 11.3 Pa above ambient. 

 Table 15. Hallway Pressure Increase from the MVU

Event 

Average Hallway 

Pressure (Pa) 

MVU 4000 rpm 22.7 (± 2.3)

Fire Room 1 Open 14.7 (± 1.5)

Fire Room 1 Closed 20.9 (± 2.1)

Hallway Door 1 Open 13.2 (± 1.3)

Hallway Door 1 Closed 21.7 (± 2.2)

Gym Door 2 Open 17.0 (± 1.7)

Gym Door 2 Closed 19.3 (± 1.9)

Hallway Door 2 Open 13.2 (± 1.3)

Hallway Door 2 Closed 22.6 (± 2.3)

Fire Room 4 Open 15.5 (± 1.6)

Fire Room 1 Open 11.3 (± 1.1)

Fire Room 1 Closed 16.2 (± 1.6)

Fire Room 4 Closed 20.5 (± 2.1)

End of test
18

Experiment P5 

Experiment P5 was the first of the experiments at Fan Location 2 and the doorway to the hallway 

section of the building was closed. This experiment also utilized a truck mounted fan positioned 

6.6 m (21.5 ft) from the doorway and aligned vertically. The fan was able to pressurize the 

gymnasium lobby and gymnasium when turned on and the average pressure in the gymnasium 

increased to 82.8 Pa above ambient. When the rear doors from the gymnasium to the stairwells 

were opened the volume increased but the flow was not vented to the outside and the pressure 

was 80.6 Pa above ambient. After the vent doors were opened the flow was able to flow to the 

exterior of the building and the pressure decreased to 44.8 Pa with one door opened and down to 

23.6 Pa with two doors opened to the exterior. 

 Table 16. Gymnasium Pressure Increase from the MVU

Event 

Average Gymnasium 

Pressure (Pa) 

MVU 4000 rpm 82.8 (± 8.3)

Rear Gym Doors Open 80.6 (± 8.1)

Vent Door 1 Open 44.8 (± 4.5)

Vent Door 2 Open 23.6 (± 2.4)

End of test

Experiment P6 

The volumes pressurized for experiment P6 were the same as experiment P5. The fan used for 

this experiment was the trailer mounted fan positioned 3.7 m (12 ft) from the doorway and tilted 

10 degrees forward from vertical. The fan increased the pressure in the lobby and the 

gymnasium to 75.9 Pa and the slightly larger volume with the rear gym doors open to 74.1 Pa 

above ambient. After one ventilation door was opened the pressure decreased to 42.2 Pa. The 

second ventilation door was opened and the pressure was 24.2 Pa above ambient. 

 Table 17. Gymnasium Pressure Increase from the SVU

Event 

Average Gymnasium 

Pressure (Pa) 

SVU On 4000rpm 75.9 (± 7.6)

Rear Gym Doors Open 74.1 (± 7.4)

Vent Door 1 Open 42.2 (± 4.2)

Vent Door 2 Open 24.2 (± 2.4)

End of test
19

Experiment P7 

Experiment P7 utilized a 0.6 m (24 in) portable fan to pressurize the lobby and gymnasium to 

15.5 Pa. The volume was increased when the rear gym doors were opened and the pressure 

increase decreased to 13.8 Pa above ambient. As the ventilation doors were opened the 

gymnasium’s average pressure dropped to 1.8 Pa and to 0 Pa with both doors open. 

 Table 18. Gymnasium Pressure Increase from a 24 Fan

Event 

Average Gymnasium 

Pressure (Pa) 

24 Fan On (Fan Loc 2) 15.5 (± 1.6)

Rear Gym Doors Open 13.8 (± 1.4)

Vent Door 1 Open 1.8 (± 0.2)

Vent Door 2 Open 0.0 (± 0.0)

End of test 

Experiment P8 

Experiment P8 utilized the same fan as experiment P7 but moved it inside to gym door 1 with the 

same setback and angle as experiment P7. This eliminated the additional volume of the lobby. 

This allowed the gymnasium pressure to be increased to 21.5 Pa above ambient. After the rear 

gym doors were opened the pressure decreased to 20.7 Pa. The pressure still dropped 

significantly when the fan was ventilated to the outside. With one ventilation door opened the 

pressure dropped to 4.1 Pa and to 3.8 Pa with two doors opened. 

The experiment was continued by utilizing a 0.5 m (20 in) portable fan at gym door 2. This 

smaller fan created pressures of 12.6 Pa with all of the other doors closed. That pressure 

dropped significantly to 4.2 Pa when gym door 1 was opened. Finally both fans were turned on 

at their respective doors and the pressure increased to 24.6 Pa. 

 Table 19. Gymnasium Pressure Increase from the 

 20 and 24 Fans 

Event 

Average Gymnasium 

Pressure (Pa) 

24 Fan On (Gym Door 1) 21.5 (± 2.2)

Rear Gym Doors Open 20.7 (± 2.1)

Vent Door 1 Open 4.1 (± 0.4)

Vent Door 2 Open 3.8 (± 0.4)

 20 Fan On (Gym Door 2) 12.6 (± 1.3)

Gym Door 1 Open 4.2 (± 0.4)

24 Fan On (Gym Door 1) 24.6 (± 2.5)

End of test
20

Experiment P9 

Experiment P9 also utilized portable fans. A 0.7 m (27 in) fan was setback 1.2 m (4 ft) and tilted 

back to 80°. During the fire experiments this setback was discovered to be a little too close to the 

doorway as smoke was flowing out of the top of the doorway. Optimally for this door height 

(2.2 m) the fan should be placed approximately 1.8 m (6 ft) in order to more effectively 

pressurize the gymnasium. Even with the less than optimal positioning the fan increased 

gymnasium pressures to 17.1 Pa with all doors closed and 16.0 Pa with the rear gym doors open. 

With the vent doors opened to the exterior the pressures dropped significantly to an average of 

6.6 Pa and 3.4 Pa above ambient. 

The experiment was continued by utilizing a second 0.7 m (27 in) portable fan at gym door 2. 

This additional fan created pressures of 20.0 Pa with all of the other doors closed. The pressure 

decreased slightly with the rear gym doors opened to 18.5 Pa. That pressure then dropped to 

9.0 Pa when vent door 1 was opened. Both vent doors opened decreased the pressure to 5.4 Pa 

above ambient. 

 Table 20. Gymnasium Pressure Increase from the 

 27 Fans 

Event 

Average Gymnasium 

Pressure (Pa) 

27 Fan On (Gym Door 1) 17.1 (± 1.7)

Rear Gym Doors Open 16.0 (± 1.6)

Vent Door 1 Open 6.6 (± 0.7)

Vent Door 2 Open 3.4 (± 0.3)

2-27's (Gym doors 1 and 2) 20.0 (± 2.0)

Rear Gym Doors Open 18.5 (± 1.9)

Vent Door 1 Open 9.0 (± 0.9)

Vent Door 2 Open 5.4 (± 0.5)

End of test 

2.4. Discussion

On average, the portable fans (20, 24 or 27) pressurized the 1800 m3

 hallway 7 Pa. This pressure 

decreased to 2 Pa with a ventilation point open. The mounted fans (SVU or MVU) pressurized 

the hallway to an average of 17 Pa above ambient. After a ventilation door or window was 

opened that pressure decreased to an average of 10 Pa. 

The portable fans were able to pressurize the gymnasium an average of 20 Pa above ambient. 

This pressure decreased to 5 Pa when the gymnasium was vented. The mounted fans pressurized 

the gymnasium to 80 Pa above ambient. This pressure decreased to approximately 40 Pa with 

one vent door open and to 20 Pa with two vent doors opened. 

There is a small benefit when additional portable fans are used in addition to the first unit. The 

second fan added to pressurize the gymnasium only increased the pressure 15 %. The portable 

fan should be positioned at a doorway as close to the area needed to be pressurized in order to 

increase effectiveness. 

This data will be revisited after the results of the classroom and gymnasium fire experiments in 

sections 3 and 4. 
21

3. Classroom Fire Experiments 

Six fire experiments were conducted in four classrooms, Fire Rooms 1 through 4, along the 

hallway shown in Figure 3. Four different fan configurations were utilized during the 

experiments with three different types of fans (Table 21). Four of the experiments used mounted 

fans while two used portable fans. The fans were all positioned at Fan Location 1 and were 

started after ventilation took place. Two different ventilation locations were used. The fire room 

window was used as an ideal ventilation location, as it is close to the seat of the fire. Hallway 

Door 1 was used as a non-ideal ventilation location as it is remote from the fire and the potential 

to spread hot gases after ventilation was greater. 

3.1. Experimental Procedure

Each experiment began with all of the ventilation points, doors and windows closed, with the 

exception of the door from the fire room to the hallway. The fuel package was ignited and the 

fire was allowed to grow for a minimum of six min. This was approximately the time when the 

fire reached its peak and became ventilation limited. Using the interior cameras and 

thermocouples it was determined when the smoke layer had lowered to the floor in the hallway 

and tenability would be compromised. At this time the structure was ventilated, either the fire 

room window or the doorway remote from the fire rooms. The fire was naturally ventilated for 

two min prior to turning the fans on and forcing the ventilation. Different fan configurations 

were observed and recorded, and then the fire was suppressed. 

Table 21. Classroom Fire Experimental Overview 

Experiment Fire Location Fan(s) Fan 

Location 

Fan Configuration 

CF1 Fire Room 1 MVU 1 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°

CF2 Fire Room 1 MVU 1 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°

CF3 Fire Room 2 2 – 27’s 1 V-Shape, Setback 1.2 m (4 ft), 80°

CF4 Fire Room 4 1 - 27 1 Setback 1.2 m (4 ft), 80°

CF5 Fire Room 3 SVU 1 Setback 3.7 m (12 ft), 100° 

CF6 Fire Room 2 MVU 1 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°

3.2. Fuel Load

The fuel load for the classroom fire experiments consisted of three components. The main 

component was the wood pallets. The wood pallets were stacked flat as shown in figures 17 and 

18. The second component was excelsior or shredded wood to allow the electric match ignition 

to catch the pallets on fire. Each experiment utilized 8 kg of excelsior layered between the 

pallets as seen in figures 17 and 18. The final component was polyurethane foam mats. The 

foam mats measured 1.5 m x 0.6 m x 0.05 m (4.8 ft x 2 ft x 0.2 ft) and weighed 9.0 kg. The 

foam mats had a vinyl covering and were backed with particle board. The mats were added to 

experiments CF3 through CF6 to increase the smoke production of the fuel load. Each fuel 

package was positioned in the center of the room and was ignited remotely with electric matches 

positioned at either side of the pallets at the open ends (figure 18). As a first order estimate, each 

stack of 6 pallets, without mats, produced a heat release rate of 2.5 MW and a stack of 10 pallets 

produced 3.5 MW. This was calculated using the correlation from Babrauskas [7] and is 

consistent with the author’s heat release rate experiments in [3]. 
22

Table 28. Classroom Fire Fuel Loads 

Experiment Pallets Stacks Foam Mats Total Pallet Weight (kg) 

CF1 6 1 0 89.8 (± 0.5)

CF2 20 2 0 360.4 (± 1.8)

CF3 12 2 6 224 (± 1.1)

CF4 12 2 6 225.6 (± 1.1)

CF5 12 2 6 213.2 (± 1.1)

CF6 12 2 6 215.8 (± 1.1)

 Figure 17. One stack of 6 pallets 

 

Figure 18. Two stacks of 6 pallets with 6 foam mats 

3.3. Timelines

The timelines of the experimental configuration changes are shown in Tables 22 through 27. 

Figures 13 through 15 can be referenced for room and door locations. 

Table 22. Experiment CF1 Table 23. Experiment CF2 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Ignition 0 Ignition 

480 FR 1 Window Open 480 FR 1 Window Open 

600 MVU On 600 MVU On 

930 Sprinkler On 840 MVU Off 

960 MVU Off 1020 MVU On 

1200 End Test 2280 End of Test 

Table 24. Experiment CF3 Table 25. Experiment CF4 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Ignition 0 Ignition 

380 Hallway Door 1 Open 360 Hallway Door 1 Open 

490 2 -27 in. Fans On 480 27 in. Fan On 

640 2 -27 in. Fans Off 570 27 in. Fan Off/Door Closed 

650 Hallway Door 1Closed 635 FR 4 Window Open 

710 FR 2 Window Open 770 27 in. Fan On 

800 1 27 in. Fan On 1080 Water Applied 

850 2 – 27 in. Fans On 1470 End of Test 

1150 Water Applied 

1260 End of Test 

Ignition point 
23

Table 26. Experiment CF5 Table 27. Experiment CF6 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Ignition 0 Ignition 

360 Hallway Door 1 Open 360 Hallway Door 1 Open 

500 SVU On 480 MVU On 

500 Long Ramp Up 615 MVU Off/Door Closed 

690 SVU Off/Door Closed 700 FR 2 Window Open 

750 SVU On 760 MVU On 

1080 SVU Off 1045 2nd Floor Stairs Open 

1108 Water On 1180 End of Test 

1240 End of Test 

 

3.4. Results

The pressure, temperature and video recordings were analyzed to determine the impact of the 

various ventilation tactics on the conditions inside the school. Graphs displaying the pressure 

during the experiment at every measurement point are located in Appendix B (Page 202). 

Temperature plots versus time are in Appendix C (Page 216). All of these graphs have lines 

showing the events and when they occurred during the experiment. 

3.4.1. Pressure

The pressure in any structure during a fire is very important as it dictates the flow of smoke and 

heat throughout the structure. The fire creates its own pressure, and smoke and hot gases flow 

away from the fire to the lower pressure, which in this scenario is the hallways of the school 

outside of the fire room. The purpose of the positive pressure ventilation fan is to create 

pressures higher than that of the fire to manage where the smoke and hot gases flow. 

The pressure transducers in the fire rooms were located at 0.3 m, 1.2 m and 2.1 m (1 ft, 4 ft and 

7 ft) above the floor. The doorway to the fire room was left open for each experiment so the 

pressure increased in the fire room prior to fan activation were in the upper gas layer at the 2.1 m 

(7 ft) pressure transducer. Table 29 shows the peak pressure in the fire room, before natural or 

positive pressure ventilation was applied, ranged from 12 Pa to 18 Pa. This table also shows the 

pressure drop that occurred in the fire room after natural ventilation took place. The opening of 

the window dropped pressure at the 2.1 m (7 ft) an average of 4 Pa. 

Table 29. Peak Fire Room Pressures 

Experiment Peak Fire Room Pressure 

Before Ventilation (Pa) 

Pressure After Fire Room Window 

was Ventilated with no Fans (Pa) 

CF1 13 (± 1.3) 12 to 8 (± 1.2)

CF2 14 (± 1.4) 14 to 11 (± 1.4)

CF3 18 (± 1.8) 15 to 12 (± 1.5)

CF4 14 (± 1.4) 16 to 10 (± 1.6)

CF5 17 (± 1.7) NA 

CF6 12 (± 1.2) NA 

The key to controlling the fire flow with fans was to create a pressure with the fan(s) that is 

greater than that of the fire. There was always a ventilation location open when the fans were 
24

activated. Hallway Door 1 was opened or the fire room window was opened, and in most of the 

experiments both configurations were used. The average pressure increases in the hallway 

created by the fans in the vicinity of the fire rooms during each of the experiments are in Table 

30. 

In most of the experiments, the pressure increase created by the fans exceeded the peak pressure 

created by the fire. During CF3 the peak pressure created by the fire was 18 Pa while the two 

portable fans created an average pressure in the hallway of 16 Pa. This may have allowed a little 

bit of smoke and heat to flow into the hallway if the fire room was not ventilated but the fire 

room pressure was 12 Pa when vented which the two portable fans would have been able to 

overcome. The single portable fan would have a more difficult time forcing the flow back 

through the fire room as it was able to create a pressure of 8 Pa with the window opened but the 

fire was creating a pressure of 10 Pa at its peak after ventilation. Once the fire decayed, the 

single fan would have been able to reverse the flow back through the fire room. The larger 

mounted fans created pressures in the hallway that exceed those created by the fire, even at its 

peak. In CF5, both the hallway door and the fire room window were open and the SVU was able 

to keep pressures in the hallway above that of the fire. 

Table 30. Average Hallway Pressures 

Experiment Average Hallway Pressure in the Vicinity of the Fire Room with 

Fans Operating (Pa) 

 Ventilated out Fire Room 

Window 

Ventilated out Hallway Door 

CF1 18 (± 1.8) NA 

CF2 21 (± 2.1) NA 

CF3 16 (± 1.6) 12 (± 1.2)

CF4 8 (± 0.8) 6 (± 0.6)

CF5 35 (± 3.5) 25 (± 2.5) [Both open] 

CF6 32 (± 3.2) 28 (± 2.8)

The fans also created higher pressures in the fire room while the fans were operating. This 

increased pressure combined with the pressure created with the fire allowed for faster venting to 

atmospheric pressure outside. The mounted fans created fire room pressures of 21 Pa to 42 Pa 

(Table 31). These values may be underestimated because the mounted fans were blowing out 

and lifting ceiling tiles and in turn losing some flow to the large volume open above the ceiling 

tiles. A single portable fan increased the pressure to 16 Pa and the two-fan configuration 

increased the average pressure to 24 Pa. When Hallway Door 1 was used for ventilation the fire 

room pressure was 5 Pa to 15 Pa higher. This pressure when above the hallway pressure allowed 

for flow out of the fire room and towards the ventilation door. The fire room pressures with the 

fans operating were also higher for the fire rooms closer to the fans as would be expected. 
25

Table 31. Average Fire Room Pressures at 2.1 m 

Experiment Average Fire Room Pressure at 2.1 m with Fans Operating (Pa) 

 Ventilated out Fire Room 

Window 

Ventilated out Hallway Door 

CF1 21 (± 2.1) NA 

CF2 31 (± 3.1) NA 

CF3 24 (± 2.4) 29 (± 2.9)

CF4 16 (± 1.6) 21 (± 2.1)

CF5 42 (± 4.2) 40 (± 4.0) [Both open] 

CF6 33 (± 3.3) 48 (± 4.8)

While the pressure at the top of the fire room was greatest because of the thermal gradient, the 

fans created increased pressures throughout the fire room. Table 32 shows the pressure gradient 

at all three levels in the fire room. Prior to fan activation the pressures measured at the middle 

and bottom pressure transducers were ambient. 

Table 32. Average Fire Room Pressures at All Levels 

Experiment Average Fire Room Pressure with Fans Operating and Fire Room 

Window Ventilated (Pa) 

 Top (2.1 m) Middle (1.2 m) Bottom (0.3 m) 

CF1 21 (± 2.1) 18 (± 1.8) 13 (± 1.3)

CF2 31 (± 3.1) 21 (± 2.1) 16 (± 1.6)

CF3 24 (± 2.4) 21 (± 2.1) 15 (± 1.5)

CF4 16 (± 1.6) 12 (± 2.1) 7 (± 0.7)

CF5 42 (± 4.2) 32 (± 3.2) 28 (± 2.8)

CF6 33 (± 3.3) 25 (± 2.5) 23 (± 2.3)

Table 33 shows the fire room pressures at 2.1 m with fans operating when the fuel load had 

burned down to a flaming pile of debris. The pressure increase due to the fire was minimal and 

the fan contribution to the total pressure with the fire room window ventilated was emphasized. 

During overhaul these are the pressures that could be expected in the fire room which are 5 Pa to 

10 Pa less than those during the fire attack stage of the fires. 

Table 33. Average Fire Room Pressures at 2.1 m During Decay 

Experiment Average Fire Room Pressure at 2.1 m with Fans Operating in 

the Decay Stage Just Prior to Suppression (Pa) 

CF1 15 (± 1.5)

CF2 23 (± 2.3)

CF3 18 (± 1.8)

CF4 10 (± 1.0)

CF5 32 (± 3.2)

CF6 28 (± 2.8)

3.4.2. Temperature

Limiting the spread of hot gases and minimizing the temperature in a structure allows for 

increased survivability for potential victims as well as increased safety of firefighters. 

Temperature measurements taken throughout the structure allowed for the analysis of 
26

occupant conditions and potential fire and smoke spread. Research by Montgomery [8] in 1975 

indicated that in humid air, rapid skin burns would occur at 100 °C (212 °F), and 150 °C 

(302 °F) was the exposure temperature at which escape was not likely. In 1947, Moritz 

[8] conducted experiments on large animals and found that 100 °C (212 °F) represented 

the threshold for local burning and hyperemia (general burning). The occupant tenability criteria 

of 150 °C (302 °F) will be used throughout this analysis. 

Fire fighters operating in structures are also susceptible to harm from exposure to elevated 

temperatures. Fire fighter protective clothing standards such as NFPA 1971 require that 

protective clothing withstand exposure to 260 °C (500 °F) for five min without substantial 

damage [9]. While the turnout gear has to withstand this temperature to become certified the fire 

fighter inside the turnout gear may not survive or may sustain injury from this exposure. 

In a building with long hallways, the potential for exposure to higher temperature is increased 

remote from the seat of the fire due to lack of compartmentation. Proper ventilation techniques 

are a tactic through which the fire service can limit or control these temperature exposures both 

to occupants as well as themselves, while operating to search for the occupants and extinguish 

the fire. The impact of several ventilation techniques on temperature was analyzed. The effects 

of natural ventilation and positive pressure ventilation using the fire room window as well as the 

hallway door as ventilation points is described for each experiment. 

Table 34 shows the average ceiling temperature change of the two closest thermocouple arrays to 

the fire room 90 s after ventilation for each experiment. The thermocouple array in the fire room 

and right outside the fire room doorway were not included. This is an area of the hallway with 

the potential for highest temperature exposure for both occupants as well as firefighters that are 

not intimate with the fire itself. The temperatures in the fire rooms exceeded the tenability 

thresholds for both occupants and fire fighters. Due to the large volume of the hallways the 

temperature outside of the fire room, below 1.2 m (4 ft) above the floor never exceeded 100 o

C 

(212 oF). 

The natural ventilation did not have a large impact on the ceiling temperatures in the hallway 

adjacent to the fire room. In each case there was little change to the temperature. There was 

either a slight decrease in temperature, because of heat escaping or slight increase in temperature 

because of increased fire size due to the introduction of oxygen as airflow was provided to the 

fire. 

The PPV ventilated scenarios decreased the ceiling temperature in every experiment regardless 

of ventilation location. Ventilating the fire room window usually had a greater benefit by 

lowering temperatures, but even when ventilated remote to the fire the hallway temperatures 

either decreased or remained the same. The mounted fans had the maximum impact but even the 

single portable fan reduced temperatures. 
27

Table 34. Impact of Ventilation on the Average Fire Room Temperatures at 2.1 m (Uncertainty 15%) 

Experiment Average Hallway Temperature Change in the Vicinity of the Fire Room 90 s After 

Ventilation (o

C) 

 Naturally Ventilated 

out Fire Room 

Window 

Naturally 

Ventilated out 

Hallway Door 

PPV Ventilated 

out Fire Room 

Window 

PPV Ventilated 

out Hallway 

Door 

CF1 - 25 NA - 110 NA 

CF2 + 5 NA - 200 NA 

CF3 + 10 - 25 - 138 0 

CF4 + 50 + 25 - 88 - 5 

CF5 NA + 20 - 140 - 180 

CF6 - 10 - 5 - 135 - 43 

Figures 19 through 28 show the impact of positive pressure ventilation on the hallway ceiling 

temperatures, in Celsius, at each measurement location. The red number (upper number) is the 

temperature prior to ventilation and the blue number (lower number) is the temperature within 90 

s following ventilation. During experiments CF3 through CF6, the hallway door was opened and 

then closed, and the fire room window was used as the ventilation point for the PPV, so there are 

two figures for each of those experiments. Temperatures were greatly reduced in the hallway 

leading up to the fire room, especially with the larger fans. Lower temperatures and less hot 

gases are safer for fire fighters advancing to the seat of the fire. Ventilating the hallway door 

remote from the fire room did not pull hot gases into the hallway or push hot gases down the 

hallways, creating problems that would not already be there with natural ventilation. In most 

cases the temperatures were decreased greatly. In experiment CF4, the downstream temperature 

did increase, but it remained below the tenability threshold before and after ventilation. The 

increased pressure from the mounted fans was able to limit the flow of fire gases into the hallway 

as well as ventilate the gases that were already in the hallway. The portable fans were able to 

accomplish this when the window to the fire room was ventilated, but not when just the hallway 

door was opened. 
28

Figure 19. Experiment CF1 temperature change after PPV through window 

Figure 20. Experiment CF2 temperature change after PPV through window 
29

Figure 21. Experiment CF3 temperature change after PPV through doorway 

Figure 22. Experiment CF3 temperature change after PPV through window 
30

Figure 23. Experiment CF4 temperature change after PPV through doorway 

Figure 24. Experiment CF4 temperature change after PPV through window 
31

Figure 25. Experiment CF5 temperature change after PPV through doorway 

Figure 26. Experiment CF5 temperature change after PPV through window 
32

Figure 27. Experiment CF6 temperature change after PPV through doorway 

Figure 28. Experiment CF6 temperature change after PPV through window 
33

3.4.3. Smoke/Visibility Observations

In each of the experiments, the smoke layer descended to the floor. The concentrations of toxic 

gases in the smoke were not measured, however a tenability assessment could be made based on 

visibility. Occupants exposed to reduced visibility from smoke may become disoriented, lost or 

slow down which all increase their exposure to toxic gases and reduce their chances of getting 

out of the structure safely. Fire fighters while breathing air from self contained breathing 

apparatus will not be affected by the toxicity of the smoke but their effectiveness and safety are 

greatly affected by visibility. Searches for both occupants and the seat of the fire can be slowed 

greatly, especially when long complex hallways are involved. 

Each experiment was recorded with eight cameras located inside the structure, six visual and two 

thermal imaging. These views combined with the data facilitated the event changes and allowed 

the smoke and heat movement to be analyzed. Figure 29 shows the camera locations for the 

classroom fires and their labels, which are used in the timeline images at the end of this section. 

Images were captured every two min and at times when an important event occurred such as the 

activation of a fan or opening of a ventilation point. All times referenced during the experiments 

are after ignition. 

The temperature displayed in the top right view of the thermal imaging images is the average 

surface temperature of the object or objects within the crosshairs in the center of the image. The 

camera has a fixed emissivity of 0.95 [10], which is representative of many surfaces found in the 

field of view of the thermal imaging camera. This temperature is not the gas temperature. 

Figure 29. Video view labels and directions. 

Experiment CF1 (Figures 30 – 37) 

The stack of six pallets and excelsior were ignited and flames reached the ceiling within 

2 min. Light gray smoke reached the “corner” adjacent to Fire Room 4 by 6 min. At 8 min, the 

fire room window was opened and the smoke layer reached the floor in the hallway adjacent to 
34

the fire room. The natural ventilation of the fire room reduced the visibility of the hallway 

between 8 min and 10 min. At 10 min the MVU was activated, and by 11 min the smoke was 

forced back to the “Tee”. The flow of hot gas out of the fire room visible with the thermal 

imaging camera was completely stopped. At 12 min there was no smoke visible in the hallway. 

Experiment CF2 (Figures 38 – 49) 

This experiment was in Fire Room 1, the same fire room as experiment CF1. A larger fuel load 

was used to generate more smoke and heat. At 2 min there was a smoke layer developing at 

approximately 1.5 m (5 ft) above the floor in the fire room and hallway adjacent to the fire room. 

Smoke had reached the “Tee” but had not traveled down the hallway towards Fire Rooms 3 and 

4. At approximately 8 min the fire room window was ventilated and at that time there was no 

visibility in the fire room, and visibility was limited throughout the hallway with large amounts 

of heat entering the hallway and flowing toward the fan location. At 10 min the natural 

ventilation had not improved the visibility in the hallway but had reduced some of the heat flow 

into the hallway as displayed by the thermal imaging cameras. At 11 min the MVU had been 

running for 1 min and the smoke and heat was forced back past Fire Room 3 near the “Tee”. At 

this time the heat flow from the fire room to the hallway was stopped suggesting the pressure in 

the hallway from the fan is greater than that in the fire room. At 12 min the smoke was cleared 

back past the “Tee” and the smoke was thinned near the fire room but still present. By 14 min 

there was no smoke in the hallway and the fire was free burning with a large amount of pallets 

remaining. 

The images at 16 min show the conditions when the fan was turned off to show natural 

ventilation again. The flow of smoke and hot gases returned to the hallway and the heat 

displayed by the thermal imaging cameras greatly increased. At 18 min the MVU was back on 

for 1 min and the flow was reversed, stopping the heat flow into the hallway and thinning the 

smoke. By 19 min the hallway is free of smoke again. 

Experiment CF3 (Figures 50 – 62) 

Experiment CF3 was the first experiment where the foam mats were added to thicken the smoke. 

There was also a video malfunction that was corrected by 4 min, so the 4 min images are the first 

ones displayed. By 4 min the smoke layer was developed and smoke has reached the open fan 

location doorway. At 8 min the hallway door had been open for 100 s naturally ventilating and 

the visibility throughout the entire hallway worsened. The fire became ventilation-limited and 

the heat entering the hallway was increased. At 10 min the 2- 27 inch portable fans had been 

operating for 110 s. The visibility was improved beyond the “Corner” up to Fire Room 3. The 

heat flow into the hallway was not affected by the fans ventilating through the hallway door. By 

11 min the fans were turned off for 20 s and the heat flow into the hallway increased. 

Just before 12 min the fire room window was ventilated. At 13 min the heat flow into the 

hallway has increased but the smoke was only increased slightly. The images at 14 min are with 

one fan running while the images at 15 min are with two fans running. The two fans are able to 

stop the heat flow into the hallway while the single fan had little impact. By 16 min the visibility 

in the portion of the hallway up to the “Tee” was improved. At 18 min there was visibility up to 

the fire room. It took until 22 min from ignition for all of the smoke to be evacuated out of the 

hallway. 

Experiment CF4 (Figures 63 – 75) 
35

This experiment utilized the same fuel load as experiment CF3 and a single portable fan for 

ventilation. This experiment was conducted in Fire Room 4 which is the room closest to the fan 

location and prior to the hallway door ventilation point. The smoke and heat flow into the 

hallway increased up to 6 min at which time Hallway Door 1 was opened for natural ventilation. 

A light diffuser melted and fell onto the “Corner” camera blocking its view for the remainder of 

the experiment. After the hallway door was opened for 2 min the fire remained ventilation 

limited, the visibility decreased. The images at 9 min show no improvement with 1 min of fan 

flow. 

The fan was turned off and the fire room window was opened prior to the 11 min images. 

Opening the window allows the fire to increase and in turn increase the heat flow into the 

hallway. At 14 min, the single portable fan was operating for 70 s with little to no improvement 

to hallway visibility or heat flow. By 20 min, heat flow into the hallway was reduced and 

visibility had returned to the hallway up to and surrounding the fire room. 

Experiment CF5 (Figures 76 – 87) 

This experiment had similar fire growth as the two previous experiments, reaching a ventilation 

limited condition by 4 min. This experiment was located in Fire Room 3 which also allowed it 

to be ventilated past, with Hallway Door 1 open. At 6 min visibility is poor in most of the 

hallway. The hallway door was opened for natural ventilation and two min later, at 8 min, 

visibility had worsened and the heat flow into the hallway remained the same. By 10 min the 

SVU has been running at full speed for 40 s and heat flow into the hallway was stopped and the 

visibility was returned in the hallway up to the fire room. Beyond the fire room visibility 

remained poor. At 11 min after ignition, the fire room was flashed over with ghosting flames 

filling the room. Visibility returned to most of the hallway and the glow of fire could easily be 

seen in the fire room from the hallway. The SVU was turned off at 11 min and 30 seconds and 

in the 12 min images, the heat flowed back into the hallway and some flames can be seen 

extending into the hallway. Once the SVU was turned back on, the flow was forced out of the 

fire room window. 

Experiment CF6 (Figures 88 – 100) 

Experiment CF2 moved back to Fire Room 2. The IR2 view was not available for this 

experiment. The fire was allowed to develop for the first 6 min without a change to ventilation 

and the smoke layer dropped close to the floor in most of the hallway. At 8 min Hallway Door 1 

had been open for 2 min and conditions did not change much in the hallway. At 9 min, the MVU 

was running for 1 min and the smoke was forced back toward the hallway door ventilation point. 

The “Corner” and most of the hallway up to the “Tee” was free of smoke. By 10 min, the 

hallway was free of smoke up to the fire room and a little residual smoke was in the hallway 

beyond the fire room. Fifteen seconds later the MVU was turned off, the hallway ventilation 

door was closed, and the smoke was allowed to flow back into the hallway. At 12 min, the fire 

room window was open for 20 s and the smoke continued to fill the hallway. At 12 min and 40 

s, the MVU was turned back on and the flow was reversed back through the fire room. By 16 

min, the hallway was free of smoke. 

Experiment CF1 Video Images 
36

Figure 30. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
37

Figure 31. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 2 min 

Time 2:00 

Time 2:00 
38

Figure 32. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
39

Figure 33. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 6 min 

Time 6:00 

Time 6:00 
40

Figure 34. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
41

Figure 35. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
42

Figure 36. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
43

Figure 37. Experiment CF1 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
44

Experiment CF2 Video Images 

Figure 38. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
45

Figure 39. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 2 min 

Time 2:00 

Time 2:00 
46

Figure 40. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
47

Figure 41. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 6 min 

Time 6:00 

Time 6:00 
48

Figure 42. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
49

Figure 43. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
50

Figure 44. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
51

Figure 45. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
52

Figure 46. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
53

Figure 47. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
54

Figure 48. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 18 min 

Time 18:00

Time 18:00
55

Figure 49. Experiment CF2 video images captured at 19 min 

Time 19:00

Time 19:00
56

Experiment CF3 Video Images 

Figure 50. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
57

Figure 51. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 6 min 

Time 6:00 

Time 6:00 
58

Figure 52. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
59

Figure 53. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
60

Figure 54. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
61

Figure 55. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
62

Figure 56. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 13 min 

Time 13:00

Time 13:00
63

Figure 57. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
64

Figure 58. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 15 min 

Time 15:00

Time 15:00
65

Figure 59. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
66

Figure 60. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 18 min 

Time 18:00

Time 18:00
67

Figure 61. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
68

Figure 62. Experiment CF3 video images captured at 22 min 

Time 22:00

Time 22:00
69

Experiment CF4 Video Images 

Figure 63. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
70

Figure 64. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 2:00 

Time 2:00 
71

Figure 65. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
72

Figure 66. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 6 min 

Time 6:00 

Time 6:00 
73

Figure 67. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
74

Figure 68. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 9 min 

Time 9:00 

Time 9:00 
75

Figure 69. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
76

Figure 70. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
77

Figure 71. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
78

Figure 72. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
79

Figure 73. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
80

Figure 74. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 18 min 

Time 18:00

Time 18:00
81

Figure 75. Experiment CF4 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
82

Experiment CF5 Video Images 

Figure 76. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
83

Figure 77. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 2 min 

Time 2:00 

Time 2:00 
84

Figure 78. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
85

Figure 79. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 6 min 

Time 6:00 

Time 6:00 
86

Figure 80. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
87

Figure 81. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 9 min 

Time 9:00 

Time 9:00 
88

Figure 82. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
89

Figure 83. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
90

Figure 84. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
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Figure 85. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
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Figure 86. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
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Figure 87. Experiment CF5 video images captured at 18 min 

Time 18:00

Time 18:00
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Experiment CF6 Video Images 

Figure 88. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
95

Figure 89. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 2 min 

Time 2:00 

Time 2:00 
96

Figure 90. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
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Figure 91. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 6 min 

Time 6:00 

Time 6:00 
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Figure 92. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
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Figure 93. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 9 min 

Time 9:00 

Time 9:00 
100

Figure 94. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
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Figure 95. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
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Figure 96. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
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Figure 97. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 13 min 

Time 13:00

Time 13:00
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Figure 98. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
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Figure 99. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
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Figure 100. Experiment CF6 video images captured at 18 min 

Time 18:00

Time 18:00
107

3.5. Discussion

In this limited series of experiments in the long hallways of this masonry educational building, 

the positive pressure ventilation increased the pressure, reducing temperatures, limiting smoke 

spread and increasing visibility. The pressure, temperature and video data suggested that a single 

0.7 m (27 in.) fan did not create enough pressure to improve conditions when there was a welldeveloped classroom fire. Adding a second 0.7 m (27 in.) fan was effective and the mounted 

fans were very effective at generating pressures above 25 Pa in this building. 

The use of horizontal natural ventilation at both the fire room window as well as the hallway 

door remote from the fire was not very effective at reducing temperatures or increasing visibility. 

Positive pressure ventilation through the fire room via the windows was ideal for improving 

conditions in the hallway. Ventilating through the hallway door, while not ideal, was effective in 

improving conditions. The data shows no indication that the flow created by the fan pulls fire 

gases out of the fire room or pushes increased fire gases down the hallway. In most cases, the 

increased pressure from the fans was enough to stop the flow of hot gases into the hallway, even 

with an open ventilation point remote from the fire. 
108

4. Gymnasium Fire Experiments 

Fires in spaces having large volumes can pose challenges for fire fighters, because of the 

potential for large heat release rate (HRR) fires, large areas to search for victims, and difficulties 

with ventilation. A large volume structure can have sufficient amounts of oxygen to support 

larger fires as well as longer burning, can be very difficult to systematically search, and can take 

hours to naturally ventilate. These experiments analyze fire growth, smoke filling and smoke 

removal as it relates to fire fighting activities. 

Six fire experiments were conducted in the gymnasium. Four different fan configurations were 

utilized during the experiments with three different types of fans (Table 35). Three of the 

experiments used mounted fans and three used portable fans. The fans were all positioned at Fan 

Location 2 and were started after natural ventilation took place. During some of the 

experiments, the portable fans were moved inside to the doors between the lobby and the 

gymnasium. Two ventilation points were used at the rear of the gymnasium as well as an 

opening in the roof. Each of the rear doors measured 0.9 m (3 ft) wide by 2.1 m (6.9 ft) tall. The 

roof opening was approximately the same size as a single rear door. The locations of the 

ventilation points are shown in Figure 21. Note that two sets of double doors were closed and 

removed from Figure 20 and Figure 21. These two sets of double doors remained closed during 

the experiments. 

4.1. Experimental Procedure

Each experiment began with all of the ventilation points, doors and windows closed, with the 

exception of the door(s) from the fan location to the lobby. The fuel package was ignited and the 

fire was allowed to grow for 9 to 14 min depending on fuel load or smoke conditions. This was 

approximately the time when the smoke layer reached its maximum. Using the interior cameras 

and thermocouples, it was determined when the smoke layer had dropped to the point where 

tenability would be compromised. At this time, the structure was ventilated, through either the 

rear doors of the gymnasium or through the roof opening. The fire was naturally ventilated or 

positive pressure ventilated, dependent upon the scenario. The effects of different fan 

configurations were observed and recorded, and then the fire was suppressed. After 

suppression, the smoke was ventilated with fans and was included in the Section 4.4.3. 

Table 35. Gymnasium Fire Experimental Overview 

Experiment Fire Location 

(Figure 20) 

Fan(s) Fan 

Location 

Fan Configuration 

GF7 Center (Orange) 1 – 24 2 Setback 1.8 m (6 ft), 80°

GF8 Center (Orange) 1 – 27 2 Setback 1.2 m (4 ft), 80°

GF9 Center (Orange) SVU 2 Setback 3.7 m (12 ft), 100° 

GF10 Foul Lines (Red) 2 – 27 2 Setback 1.2 m (4 ft), 80°

GF11 Foul Lines (Red) MVU 2 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°

GF12 Corners (Yellow) MVU 2 Setback 6.6 m (21.5 ft), 90°
109

Figure 101. Gymnasium Dimensions and Fuel Load Locations 

 (Color key in Table 35) 

Figure 102. Gymnasium Ventilation Points 
110

4.2. Fuel Load

The fuel load for the gymnasium fire experiments consisted of three components and each fuel 

load can be seen in Figures 22 through 27. The main component was the wood pallets. The 

wood pallets were stacked flat as shown in the fuel load figures. The second component was 

excelsior or shredded wood to allow the electric match ignition source to ignite the pallets. Each 

experiment utilized excelsior layered between the pallets. The amount of excelsior used is in 

Table 42. The final component was foam or rubber mats. The foam mats measured 1.5 m x 

0.6 m x 0.05 m (4.8 ft x 2 ft x 0.2 ft), weighed 9.0 kg and were used in experiment GF8. Rubber 

mats were added to experiments GF9 through GF11 to increase the smoke production of the fuel 

load. The rubber mats in experiment GF9 measured 1.2 m x 1.8 m x 0.02 m (4 ft x 6 ft x 0.05 ft). 

The rubber mats in experiment GF10 and GF 11 measured 0.9 m x 1.8 m x 0.01 m (3 ft x 6 ft x 

0.04 ft). The fuel packages were positioned as shown in Figure 20 and ignited remotely with 

electric matches positioned at the base of the pallets at the open ends. As a first order estimate, 

each stack of 6 pallets, without mats, produced a heat release rate of 2.5 MW and a stack of 10 

pallets produced 3.5 MW. This is calculated using the correlation from Babrauskas [7] and is 

consistent with the author’s heat release rate experiments in [3]. The estimated heat release rates 

for each experiment would be 2.5 MW, 5 MW, 10 MW, 10 MW, 10 MW and 56 MW. 

Table 42. Gymnasium Fire Fuel Loads 

Experiment Pallets Stacks Excelsior (kg) Mats Total Pallet Weight (kg) 

GF7 6 1 8 None 128.3 (± 0.6) 

GF8 12 2 8 6 Foam 224.7 (± 1.1) 

GF9 24 4 14.5 6 Rubber 437.4 (± 2.2) 

GF10 24 4 16 2 Rubber 456 (± 2.2) 

GF11 24 4 16 4 Rubber 441.9 (± 2.2) 

GF12 160 16 32 None 2960 (± 14.8) 

 

Figure 103. Experiment GF7 Fuel Load Figure 104. Experiment GF8 Fuel Load 

 
111

Figure 105. Experiment GF9 Fuel Load Figure 106. Experiment GF10 Fuel Load 

Figure 107. Experiment GF11 Fuel Load Figure 108. Experiment GF12 Fuel Load 

4.3. Timelines

The timelines of the experimental configuration changes are shown in Tables 36 through 41. 

Table 36. Experiment GF7 Table 37. Experiment GF8 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Ignition 0 Ignition 

840 24 Fan On 720 27 Fan On 

960 Rear Door 1 Open 840 Rear Door 1 Open 

1380 Fan Off (Move Inside) 1140 Fan Off (Move Inside) 

1500 Fan On 1260 Fan On 

1936 Fan Off 1690 Fan Off 

2026 SVU to 2000 rpm 1840 SVU 4000 rpm 

2145 SVU to 4000 rpm 2180 End of Data 

2380 End of Data 

 
112

Table 38. Experiment GF9 Table 39. Experiment GF10 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Ignition 0 Ignition 

612 Roof Vent 600 Rear Door 1 Open 

780 SVU On 750 2 – 27 Fans On 

940 SVU Off 900 Rear Door 2 Open 

1110 MVU On 1140 Rear Doors 3, 4 Open 

1110 Rear Door 1, 2 Open 1140 Suppression 

1500 Suppression 1455 Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed 

1640 End of Data 1680 Fans Off (Move Inside) 

 1740 Fans On 

 1880 End of Data 

Table 40. Experiment GF11 Table 41. Experiment GF12 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Ignition 0 Ignition 

600 Rear doors 1, 2 Open 540 Rear doors 1, 2 Open 

720 MVU On 600 Rear doors 3, 4 Open 

853 Rear doors 3, 4 Open 660 MVU On 

1080 Suppression 722 Roof Open 

1130 End of Data 767 Suppression 

 880 End of Data 

4.4. Results

The pressure, temperature and video recordings were analyzed to determine the impact of the 

various ventilation tactics on the conditions inside the school. Graphs displaying the pressure 

during the experiment at every measurement point are located in Appendix D (Page 306). 

Temperature plots versus time are in Appendix E (Page 320). All of these graphs have lines 

showing the events and when they occurred during the experiment. 

4.4.1. Pressure

The pressure was analyzed in the lobby as well as the gymnasium. The fans were placed outside 

the lobby to pressurize the lobby and prevent smoke and hot gas flow out of the gymnasium into 

other parts of the school. The fans also increased the pressure in the gymnasium in order to 

increase the flow out of the rear doors and remove smoke and heat to improve tenability. 

The pressure transducers in the gymnasium were located at 1.2 m, 3.0 m, 4.9 m and 6.7 m (4 ft, 

10 ft, 16 ft and 22 ft) above the floor. There were two vertical arrays of transducers, one on the 

side closest to the fan and one on the side opposite the fan (Figure 28). The transducers in the 

lobby were located as shown in Figure 28 and were 1.2 m (4 ft) above the floor. 
113

Figure 109. Gymnasium Pressure Measurement Locations 

Table 43 shows the peak gymnasium experiment pressures in the lobby and in the gymnasium 

prior to activation of the fans. A door from the gym to the lobby was open as well as the door 

from the lobby to the fan location. The lobby had no pressure increase for the small fuel load, 

slight pressure increases for the moderate fuel loads and a large pressure increase for the 

ventilation limited fire in GF12. The pressure peaks inside the gymnasium also increased with 

fuel load as would be expected. Experiment GF7’s pressure increased to 11 Pa, and GF8’s 

gymnasium pressure was 19 Pa. GF9 through GF11 had similar fuel loads and similar pressures 

of approximately 30 Pa. The last experiment had pressures of 75 Pa prior to a ventilation limited 

condition that had temperatures high enough to damage all of the transducers, so the pressures 

reported for GF12 are assumed to be underestimations, because they were already compromised 

by the time the fire reached its peak output. The peak pressures corresponded to the filling of the 

gymnasium with combustion products, with the higher pressures at the upper level transducers. 

Table 43. Peak Gymnasium Experiment Pressures Prior to Ventilation 

Experiment Lobby (Pa) Gymnasium (Pa) 

GF7 0 (± 0.0) 11 (± 1.1)

GF8 3 (± 0.3) 19 (± 1.9)

GF9 5 (± 0.5) 32 (± 3.2)

GF10 7 (± 0.7) 30 (± 3.0)

GF11 7 (± 0.7) 30 (± 3.0)

GF12 33 (± 3.3) 75 (± 7.5)
114

After ventilation, the pressures became a combination of the pressure created by the fire and the 

pressure created by the fans. Table 44 has the average lobby pressures with the fan operating. It 

is important to note that several fan configurations were used during each experiment, and for the 

experiments with multiple configurations listed, the first configuration tested was closest to the 

time of peak fire output. Therefore, the contribution to total pressure was the greatest earlier in 

the experiment. 

Each of the fans was able to create pressures that forced the products of combustion back 

through the lobby into the gymnasium, improving conditions in the lobby. All of the fans 

created higher pressures in the gymnasium, which increased the flow out of the ventilation points 

(Table 45). Since the volume of the lobby was not very large as compared to the gymnasium, 

moving fans inside to the interior gymnasium doorways did not provide substantially higher 

pressures. The ability of a single portable to fan to produce elevated pressures for a volume of 

this magnitude is not very effective. Adding a second fan in parallel approximately doubled the 

pressure increase, and using a mounted fan approximately tripled the pressures created by the 

two portable fans in this building. 

Table 44. Average Lobby Pressures 

Experiment Fan Configuration Average Lobby Pressures with Fans Operating (Pa) 

 Unventilated Ventilated out Rear Gym 

Doors 

GF7 24 Fan Outside 17 (± 1.7) 8 (± 0.8) (1 Door) 

24 Fan Inside NA NA 

SVU (2000 RPM) NA 35 (± 3.5) (1 Door) 

SVU (4000 RPM) NA 75 (± 7.5) (1 Door) 

GF8 27 Fan Outside 14 (± 1.4) 11 (± 1.1) (1 Door) 

27 Fan Inside NA NA 

SVU (4000 RPM) NA 50 (± 5.0) (1 Door) 

GF9 SVU 65 (± 6.5) (Roof Open) 80 (± 8.0) (Roof and 2 

Doors Open) 

GF10 2 – 27 Fans Outside NA 25 (± 2.5) (1 Door) 

18 (± 1.8) (2 Doors) 

17 (± 1.7) (4 Doors) 

2 – 27 Fans Inside NA NA 

GF11 MVU NA 70 (± 7.0) (2 Doors) 

65 (± 6.5) (4 Doors) 

GF12 MVU NA 80 (± 8.0) (4 Doors) 
115

Table 45. Average Gymnasium Pressures 

Experiment Fan Configuration Average Gymnasium Pressures with Fans Operating (Pa) 

 Unventilated Ventilated out Rear Gym 

Doors 

GF7 24 Fan Outside 20 (± 2.0) 7 (± 0.7) (1 Door) 

24 Fan Inside NA 8 (± 0.8) (1 Door) 

SVU (2000 RPM) NA 15 (± 1.5) (1 Door) 

SVU (4000 RPM) NA 35 (± 3.5) (1 Door) 

GF8 27 Fan Outside 14 (± 1.4) 11 (± 1.1) (1 Door) 

27 Fan Inside 15 (± 1.5) 10 (± 1.0) (1 Door) 

SVU (4000 RPM) NA 30 (± 3.0) (1 Door) 

GF9 SVU 75 (± 7.5) (Roof Open) 70 (± 7.0) (Roof and 2 

Doors Open) 

GF10 2 – 27 Fans Outside NA 30 (± 3.0) (1 Door) 

20 (± 2.0) (2 Doors) 

10 (± 1.0) (4 Doors) 

2 – 27 Fans Inside NA 15 (± 1.5) (2 Doors) 

GF11 MVU NA 50 (± 5.0) (2 Doors) 

30 (± 3.0) (4 Doors) 

GF12 MVU NA NA 

4.4.2. Temperature

In the first five gymnasium experiments the purpose was to fill the gymnasium with combustion 

products and examine the ability of the fan to remove them. The last experiment, GF12, 

examined the impact of ventilation on a very large ventilation limited fire. Thermocouple arrays 

were placed in the lobby and in the gymnasium to examine the fans ability to cool as it forced 

out the combustion products. The thermocouple array locations are in Figure 29. Temperature 

measurement locations in the gymnasium were every 0.3 m (1 ft) from the bottom of the roof 

deck for the top 1.8 m (6 ft) of the array and then every 0.6 m (2 ft) below that, down to 0.9 m (3 

ft) above the floor. There was a fire rated drop ceiling that was 1.2 m (4 ft) below the roof deck 

so the 1.2 m (4 ft) measurement point was right below the drop ceiling. Complete temperature 

versus time graphs with event markers are provided in Appendix E (Page 320). 
116

Figure 110. Gymnasium Temperature Measurement Locations 

In these scenarios, the lobby acts like the hallways did in the classroom fire experiments. It is 

potentially a contaminated and heated path for the fire fighters to get to the fire room. In order to 

increase fire fighter safety it is desired to have the lobby area free of heat in order to have a safe 

area in which to perform operations but also to isolate the hazard from the rest of the structure 

increasing tenability of any occupants that may be in the other sections of the building, allowing 

them to shelter safely in place. Table 46 shows the impact of the ventilation configurations on 

the temperatures in the lobby. In experiments GF7 and GF8, no combustion products reached 

the lobby and therefore there was no temperature increase. Experiments GF9 through GF11 had 

similar fuel loads and positive impacts from ventilation. Ventilating the roof of the gymnasium, 

utilizing 2 portable fans and utilizing a mounted fan all forced the heat back into the gymnasium 

lowering the temperatures in the lobby to near ambient. The final experiment utilized a mounted 

fan on a ventilation-limited, high temperature fire. The lobby was untenable due to the 

temperature threshold for occupants down to 0.9 m (3 ft) above the floor prior to ventilation. 

The fan quickly lowered that temperature from 140 o

C (285 oF) to ambient. 

Table 46. Ventilation Effects on Lobby Temperature 

Experiment Vent Configuration Prior to Ventilation After Ventilation Difference 

 oC oC oC 

GF7 24 in. Fan Outside 24 24 0 

GF8 27 in. Fan Outside 27 26 -1 

GF9 Roof Vent 65 35 -30 

GF10 2 – 27 in. Fans Outside 50 28 -22 

GF11 MVU 65 30 -35 

GF12 MVU 140 30 -110 
117

The gymnasium had a large foot print (33.5 m x 26.1 m [110 ft x 86 ft]) and a high ceiling (7.0 m 

[23 ft]) which allowed for a long smoke filling time. In this particular scenario, as is common in 

many gymnasiums, there was seating on both sides that extended all the way to the ceiling. This 

allows for a life hazard very quickly as opposed to someone on the floor of the gymnasium that 

might have 20 min before the products of combustion reach their height. In order to analyze the 

impact of the temperature on possible occupants the same criterion will be used as was used in 

the classroom fire analysis. Rapid skin burns would occur at 100 °C (212 °F), and 150 °C (302 

°F) was the exposure temperature at which escape was not considered to be likely [8]. 

Tables 47 through 52 show the impact of the ventilation on the temperatures throughout the 

gymnasium. Temperatures are shown for each height measured from the bottom of the roof 

deck. The table provides the peak temperatures, the temperatures just prior to ventilation, the 

temperatures a certain time after ventilation and the impact as determined by the difference of 

the temperature just prior to ventilation from the temperature at a certain time after ventilation. 

The time after ventilation varied based on fire behavior and whether other ventilation 

configurations were used. The impact of each of the ventilation techniques and fans was isolated 

as best as possible. 

The four thermocouple arrays that were in the gymnasium were located symmetrically in 

reference to the fuel packages and therefore had similar readings independent of location. The 

temperature values in the tables were an average of the same elevation from each of the four 

arrays. While the ventilation mostly took place near arrays Q and R, the temperatures at arrays S 

and T tracked very closely. 

The first two experiments had smaller fuel loads, so their temperatures did not get very high, 

therefore the impact of the fans was minimal. Although the impact was minimal it had a positive 

impact on lowering the temperatures throughout the gymnasium. In both of these experiments, 

temperatures remote from the fire reached levels that would be dangerous to occupants, 

especially higher up in the bleachers. These higher elevations were also where the fans had the 

best impact on cooling (Tables 47 and 48). 

The next three experiments, GF9 through GF11, had similar fuel loads and similar resulting 

temperatures prior to ventilation. The upper half of the gymnasium exceeded the 150 °C 

(300 °F) exposure temperature at which escape was not likely and the lower half of the 

gymnasium, down to 1.2m (4 ft) above the floor, exceeded 100 °C (210 °F) where rapid skin 

burns could occur. In GF9, the roof was opened to ventilate and the temperatures in the lower 

portion of the gymnasium decreased slightly, but had little improvement on tenability. After 

170 s of roof ventilation, the SVU was turned on to ventilate through the roof. This 

configuration decreased the average temperature in the gymnasium by 28 o

C (50 oF) which lifted 

the 100 °C (210 °F) tenability threshold 1.8 m (6 ft) (Table 49). 

Experiment GF10 utilized two 27 in portable fans ventilating out of two open rear doors. At 

200 s after ventilation the average gymnasium temperature dropped 30 °C (54 °F). This lifted 

the 100 °C (210 °F) tenability threshold 1.8 m (6 ft). This also returned the entire gymnasium to 

or below the 150 °C (300 °F) threshold for tenability (Table 50). 

Experiment GF11 utilized the MVU, ventilating out of two open rear doors. At 200 s after 

ventilation, the average gymnasium temperature dropped 32 °C (58 °F). This lifted the 100 °C 
118

(210 °F) tenability threshold 1.2 m (4 ft). This also returned the entire gymnasium to below the 

150 °C (300 °F) threshold for tenability (Table 51). 

Experiment GF12 was different from the previous experiments. This experiment utilized a very 

large fire load of 160 pallets in order reach a ventilation-limited condition in the gymnasium. 

The wooden bleachers and foam pads on the walls also contributed to the fire package. Prior to 

ventilation, the entire gymnasium was in excess of 200 °C (390 °F) with ceiling temperatures in 

excess of 700 °C (1290 °F) (Table 52). These temperatures exceed those compatible with life of 

any occupants. Even with 4 doors open in the rear of the gymnasium and 2 doors open in the 

front of the gymnasium the fire remained ventilation-limited. Activating the MVU and opening 

the roof of the gymnasium provided enough oxygen to drive the gymnasium to flashover. 

Temperatures in the entire gymnasium increased to approximately 700 °C (1290 °F). These 

temperatures declined quickly with the commencement of suppression. 

The single portable fans positioned outside cooled the gymnasium at a rate of approximately 

3 o

C/min to 6 oC/min. The mounted fans and the two portable fans in parallel cooled the 

gymnasium at the rate of 8 oC/min to 15 o

C/min. These rates are based on the ventilation of the 

gymnasium in the decay stage of the fire. 

Table 47. Average Gymnasium Temperatures for Experiment GF7 (Uncertainty 15%) 

Measurement Below

Roof Deck (m)

Peak Before

Ventilation (

o

C)

At             

Ventilation (

o

C)

200 s After

Ventilation (

o

C)

Impact of

Ventilation (

o

C)

Roof Deck            

0.02 30 30 30 0

0.15 32 32 32 0

0.3 32 32 32 0

0.6 32 32 32 0

0.9 32 32 32 0

Drop Ceiling            

1.2 98 75 63  ‐12

1.5 100 80 65  ‐15

1.8 92 75 65  ‐10

2.4 68 65 60  ‐5

3.0 60 57 55  ‐2

3.7 50 50 52 +2

4.3 45 45 45 0

4.9 38 38 42 +4

5.5 36 36 38 +2

6.1 34 34 32  ‐2

6.7 32 32 32 0

7.3 30 30 30 0

Floor            
119

Table 48. Average Gymnasium Temperatures for Experiment GF8 (Uncertainty 15%) 

Measurement Below

Roof Deck (m)

Peak Before

Ventilation (

o

C)

At             

Ventilation (

o

C)

200 s After

Ventilation (

o

C)

Impact of

Ventilation (

o

C)

Roof Deck            

0.02 53 53 60 +7

0.15 53 53 58 +5

0.3 50 50 51 +1

0.6 50 50 51 +1

0.9 50 50 51 +1

Drop Ceiling            

1.2 180 137 118  ‐19

1.5 185 137 118  ‐19

1.8 175 137 118  ‐19

2.4 140 130 110  ‐20

3.0 118 118 103  ‐15

3.7 110 110 97  ‐13

4.3 100 97 90  ‐7

4.9 87 85 80  ‐5

5.5 76 76 62  ‐14

6.1 70 70 51  ‐19

6.7 62 62 51  ‐11

7.3 50 50 45  ‐5

Floor            

Table 49. Average Gymnasium Temperatures for Experiment GF9 (Uncertainty 15%) 

Measurement

Below Roof Deck

(m)

Peak

Before

Ventilation

(

o

C)

At Ventilation   

Roof Opened

(

o

C)

170 s After

Roof Open

(

o

C)

160 s After   

SVU (

o

C)

Impact of

Roof Open

(

o

C)

Impact of    

SVU (

o

C)

Roof Deck            

0.02 65 65 70 80 +5 +10

0.15 65 65 70 90 +5 +20

0.3 60 60 70 85 +10 +15

0.6 60 60 70 85 +10 +15

0.9 60 60 70 85 +10 +15

Drop Ceiling            

1.2 230 230 220 175  ‐10  ‐45

1.5 230 230 220 175  ‐10  ‐45

1.8 210 210 210 175 0  ‐35

2.4 200 200 190 175  ‐10  ‐15

3.0 170 170 175 170 5  ‐5

3.7 160 160 160 145 0  ‐15

4.3 152 152 150 120  ‐2  ‐30

4.9 145 145 140 85  ‐5  ‐55

5.5 130 130 120 75  ‐10  ‐45

6.1 118 118 105 65  ‐13  ‐40

6.7 105 105 88 65  ‐17  ‐23

7.3 75 75 60 65  ‐15 +5

Floor            
120

Table 50. Average Gymnasium Temperatures for Experiment GF10 (Uncertainty 15%) 

Measurement Below

Roof Deck (m)

Peak Before

Ventilation (

o

C)

At             

Ventilation (

o

C)

200 s After

Ventilation (

o

C)

Impact of

Ventilation (

o

C)

Roof Deck            

0.02 52 52 54 +2

0.15 55 55 55 0

0.3 53 53 54 +1

0.6 53 53 54 +1

0.9 53 53 55 +2

Drop Ceiling 52 52 54 2

1.2 205 185 150  ‐35

1.5 205 185 150  ‐35

1.8 195 180 150  ‐30

2.4 180 175 150  ‐25

3.0 165 160 140  ‐20

3.7 155 150 130  ‐20

4.3 152 150 130  ‐20

4.9 145 140 125  ‐15

5.5 140 125 95  ‐30

6.1 130 120 70  ‐50

6.7 125 115 60  ‐55

7.3 105 80 60  ‐20

Floor            

Table 51. Average Gymnasium Temperatures for Experiment GF11 (Uncertainty 15%) 

Measurement Below

Roof Deck (m)

Peak Before

Ventilation (

o

C)

At             

Ventilation (

o

C)

200 s After

Ventilation (

o

C)

Impact of

Ventilation (

o

C)

Roof Deck            

0.02 50 51 52 +1

0.15 50 52 55 +3

0.3 48 52 55 +3

0.6 48 52 55 +3

0.9 48 52 55 +3

Drop Ceiling            

1.2 215 190 145  ‐45

1.5 218 190 145  ‐45

1.8 205 185 142  ‐43

2.4 190 175 138  ‐37

3.0 168 160 134  ‐26

3.7 155 155 130  ‐25

4.3 145 148 125  ‐23

4.9 140 140 110  ‐30

5.5 125 130 92  ‐38

6.1 120 120 82  ‐38

6.7 100 90 72  ‐18

7.3 80 70 56  ‐14

Floor            
121

Table 52. Average Gymnasium Temperatures for Experiment GF12 (Uncertainty 15%) 

Measurement Below

Roof Deck (m)

Peak Before

Ventilation (

o

C)

At             

Ventilation (

o

C)

200 s After

Ventilation (

o

C)

Impact of

Ventilation (

o

C)

Roof Deck            

0.02 120 120 700 +580

0.15 140 140 700 +560

0.3 120 120 700 +580

0.6 120 120 700 +580

0.9 120 120 700 +580

Drop Ceiling            

1.2 710 680 700 +20

1.5 720 690 700 +10

1.8 560 560 700 +140

2.4 510 470 700 +230

3.0 430 410 700 +290

3.7 390 370 700 +330

4.3 370 350 700 +350

4.9 350 330 700 +370

5.5 320 300 700 +400

6.1 310 270 700 +430

6.7 300 250 700 +450

7.3 230 220 700 +480

Floor            

4.4.3. Smoke/Visibility Observations

In many of the gymnasium experiments, the smoke layer descended to the floor level. Visibility 

was obstructed throughout the gymnasium, which would compromise the ability of occupants to 

evacuate and slow the fire fighters search of the area. Occupants with reduced visibility from 

smoke may become disoriented, lost or slow down, which all increase their exposure to toxic 

gases and reduce their chances of getting out of the structure safely. Fire fighters searching for 

both occupants and the seat of the fire can be slowed greatly, especially when faced with large 

open areas and multiple levels. A systematic approach, using search lines to effectively search 

the gymnasium is very time consuming and searching the many levels of bleachers on both sides 

of the gymnasium is very labor and resource intensive with reduced visibility. 

Each experiment was recorded with eight cameras located inside and outside the structure, six 

visual and two thermal imaging. These views, combined with the data, facilitated the event 

changes and allowed the smoke and heat movement to be analyzed. Figure 111 shows the 

camera locations for the gymnasium fires and their labels, which are used in the timeline images 

at the end of the section. Images were captured every four min and at times when an important 

event occurred such as the activation of a fan or opening of a ventilation point. 

The temperature displayed in the top right view of the thermal imaging images is the average 

surface temperature of the object or objects within the crosshairs in the center of the image. The 

camera has a fixed emissivity of 0.95 [10] which is representative of most surfaces found in the 

field of view of the thermal imaging camera. This temperature is not the gas temperature. 
122

Figure 111. Gymnasium video view labels and directions. 

Experiment GF7 (Figures 112 – 120) 

This experiment had a small fuel load for the space, approximately 2.5 MW, and therefore 

produced very little smoke. The flames never reached the ceiling and there was not a lot of heat 

build-up in the upper layer as seen on the thermal imaging cameras. By 16 min, the fire had 

greatly diminished but a haze of smoke could be seen throughout the gymnasium. At 32 min, 

this haze was reduced but still evident. No smoke entered the lobby during the experiment. 

Experiment GF8 (Figures 121 – 129) 

Experiment GF8 used a similar fuel load to that of the classroom fire experiments, with foam 

mats for more smoke production. By 4 min, the flames were reaching close to the ceiling and a 

smoke layer was forming. At 12 min, just prior to ventilation, the fire had burned down and 

there was limited visibility in the gymnasium. It was possible to make out the rear gym door but 

it was difficult to see up into the upper level seating. By 28 min, there was a slight lift in the 

smoke layer but visibility was still poor and there was large volumes of smoke still in the 

gymnasium. 

Experiment GF9 (Figures 130 - 140) 

This experiment had a fuel load that was double that of the previous experiment, approximately 

5 MW, and rubber mats were used in place of the foam mats for even more smoke production. 

At 8 min, visibility had been greatly decreased and it was no longer possible to see across the 

gymnasium to the rear doors. By 10 min the fuel load was burned down to rubble and visibility 

had decreased to the point where the fire load in the middle of the gymnasium couldn’t be seen 
123

from the entrance. Right after these images the roof was opened. At 12 min the roof had been 

opened for 2 min and visibility had not improved. At 13 min the SVU was started and it was 

forcing air out through the roof vent. The images at 14 min show the impact of this 

configuration for 1 min. The smoke was cleared from the lobby area and the smoke layer in the 

gymnasium was lifting slightly and the fuel load could be seen. Twenty seconds prior to 16 min 

the SVU had a mechanical malfunction, was shut off, and ventilation was only out of the roof. 

By 16 min visibility was improved further but the rear doors still couldn’t be seen. At 18 min and 

30 s, the MVU was in place and functioning and 2 rear gymnasium doors were opened to 

supplement the roof as exit points for ventilation. It’s not that until 32 min one really sees an 

impact with the lobby free of smoke and visibility returning in the gymnasium. There was still a 

large amount of smoke that needed to be evacuated at 32 min into this evolution. 

Experiment GF10 (Figures 141 – 149) 

This experiment had a similar fuel load as GF9 but instead of being in the center of the gym it 

was split between the two foul lines because of ceiling degradation in the center of the 

gymnasium. Four min after ignition the smoke layer descended to the top of the doorways so 

that smoke was entering the lobby. At 8 min, the lobby was obscured and the rear doors of the 

gymnasium were no longer visible. By 12 min, there was little visibility in the lobby and smoke 

was coming out through the front fan location doors. 

At 16 min, the 2 portable fans were operating for 3.5 min. The lobby was clear of smoke and 

both fire locations were visible in the gymnasium. By 24 min, the rear doors to the gymnasium 

were visible from the inlet side. At 32 min, the fans had been running for approximately 17 min 

and the smoke layer was elevated, but there was still a significant amount of smoke in the 

gymnasium. 

Experiment GF11 (Figures 150 – 157) 

The fuel load for this experiment was similar to the previous experiment so the initial fire growth 

and smoke spread was similar. In the first 4 min the smoke layer descended down to door height 

allowing smoke to flow into the lobby. At 8 min the lobby is mostly obscured, both fires were 

still visible in the gymnasium but the rear doors were not visible from the “GYM” view. Just 

prior to activation of the MVU the second fire was no longer visible and the fires were burned 

down significantly. After 4 min of ventilation the lobby was clearing and the second fire was 

visible again in the “GYM” view. By 24 min, the lobby was clear and the rear doors of the 

gymnasium were all easily visible. At 28 min, 16 min into ventilation and 10 min after 

suppression, visibility was greatly improved but there was still a considerable haze of smoke 

throughout the top half of the gymnasium. 

Experiment GF12 (Figures 158 – 173) 

Experiment GF12 was conducted to examine extreme fire conditions in a large volume that was 

ventilation limited. The fuel load for this experiment consisted of 16 stacks of 10 pallets 

distributed throughout the gymnasium as shown in Figure 101 with an estimated heat release rate 

of 56 MW. At 4 min, the 4 fire locations had flames reaching the ceiling and there were 

significant amounts of smoke flowing out of the front fan location doorways. By 8 min there 

were still 4 individual plumes and the gymnasium had become ventilation limited with some 

detached flames. Nine min after ignition visibility was decreased and the views of the thermal 
124

imaging cameras were changing as the plastic connectors on their tripods were melting. By10 

min 2 rear doors had been open for a min and white smoke was flowing out of the rear doors as 

well as the front doors. Visibility in the gymnasium was greatly decreased but one could see the 

fire closest to the inlet doorway. There was zero visibility in the rest of the gymnasium. The 

views at 11 min were the conditions prior to the MVU being turned on. There is little visibility 

in the lobby and the gymnasium, just white smoke throughout. At 12 min the fan has been 

flowing through the front doors and ventilating out of the 4 open rear gymnasium doorways. 

The lobby was clearing and the flames were visible in the gymnasium again. At 12 min and 2 

seconds the roof was opened to try to slow down flashover but accomplished the opposite. At 12 

min and 7 seconds the gymnasium was transitioning to flashover and all of the views in the 

gymnasium were lost due to camera failure. The smoke transitioned from white to dark black 

and the flames were spreading across the floor to the inlet doors. 

At 12 min 30 seconds, the flow was forced back through the lobby by the MVU and lobby 

conditions were greatly improved and the glow of the fire could be seen at the interior door to the 

gymnasium. Seventeen seconds later, a 64 mm (2.5 in) hose line was directed into the interior 

gymnasium doorway. By 14 min, the smoke was changing to gray and by 15 min, the fire was 

mostly extinguished and the volume of smoke was diminished. While there was a haze in the 

lobby, visibility was such that fire crews could see each other throughout the lobby. At 16 min, 

mostly steam was being ventilated out of the rear and top of the structure. By 24 min, the lobby 

visibility completely returned and the fire was under control. 
125

Experiment GF7 Video Images 

Figure 112. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
126

Figure 113. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
127

Figure 114. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
128

Figure 115. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
129

Figure 116. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
130

Figure 117. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
131

Figure 118. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 24 min 

Time 24:00

Time 24:00
132

Figure 119. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 28 min 

Time 28:00

Time 28:00
133

Figure 120. Experiment GF7 video images captured at 32 min 

Time 32:00

Time 32:00
134

Experiment GF8 Video Images 

Figure 121. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
135

Figure 122. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
136

Figure 123. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
137

Figure 124. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
138

Figure 125. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
139

Figure 126. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
140

Figure 127. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
141

Figure 128. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 24 min 

Time 24:00

Time 24:00
142

Figure 129. Experiment GF8 video images captured at 28 min 

Time 28:00

Time 28:00
143

Experiment GF9 Video Images 

Figure 130. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
144

Figure 131. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
145

Figure 132. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
146

Figure 133. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
147

Figure 134. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
148

Figure 135. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 14 min 

Time 14:00

Time 14:00
149

Figure 136. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
150

Figure 137. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
151

Figure 138. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 24 min 

Time 24:00

Time 24:00
152

Figure 139. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 28 min 

Time 28:00

Time 28:00
153

Figure 140. Experiment GF9 video images captured at 32 min 

Time 32:00

Time 32:00
154

Experiment GF10 Video Images 

Figure 141. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
155

Figure 142. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
156

Figure 143. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
157

Figure 144. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
158

Figure 145. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
159

Figure 146. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
160

Figure 147. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 24 min 

Time 24:00

Time 24:00
161

Figure 148. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 28 min 

Time 28:00

Time 28:00
162

Figure 149. Experiment GF10 video images captured at 32 min 

Time 32:00

Time 32:00
163

Experiment GF11 Video Images 

Figure 150. Experiment 11 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
164

Figure 151. Experiment 11 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
165

Figure 152. Experiment 11 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
166

Figure 153. Experiment 11 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
167

Figure 154. Experiment 11 video images captured at 16 min 

Time 16:00

Time 16:00
168

Figure 155. Experiment 11 video images captured at 20 min 

Time 20:00

Time 20:00
169

Figure 156. Experiment 11 video images captured at 24 min 

Time 24:00

Time 24:00
170

Figure 157. Experiment 11 video images captured at 28 min 

Time 28:00

Time 28:00
171

Experiment GF12 Video Images 

Figure 158. Experiment 12 video images captured at 0 min 

Time 0:00 

Time 0:00 
172

Figure 159. Experiment 12 video images captured at 4 min 

Time 4:00 

Time 4:00 
173

Figure 160. Experiment 12 video images captured at 8 min 

Time 8:00 

Time 8:00 
174

Figure 161. Experiment 12 video images captured at 9 min 

Time 9:00 

Time 9:00 
175

Figure 162. Experiment 12 video images captured at 10 min 

Time 10:00

Time 10:00
176

Figure 163. Experiment 12 video images captured at 11 min 

Time 11:00

Time 11:00
177

Figure 164. Experiment 12 video images captured at 12 min 

Time 12:00

Time 12:00
178

Figure 165. Experiment 12 video images captured at 12 min 7s 

Time 12:07

Time 12:07
179

Figure 166. Experiment 12 video images captured at 12 min 30 s 

Figure 167. Experiment 12 video images captured at 13 min 

Time 12:30

Time 13:00
180

Figure 168. Experiment 12 video images captured at 14 min 

Figure 169. Experiment 12 video images captured at 15 min 

Time 14:00

Time 15:00
181

Figure 170. Experiment 12 video images captured at 16 min 

Figure 171. Experiment 12 video images captured at 18 min 

Time 16:00

Time 18:00
182

Figure 172. Experiment 12 video images captured at 20 min 

Figure 173. Experiment 12 video images captured at 24 min 

Time 20:00

Time 24:00
183

4.5. Discussion

In this limited series of experiments in the 9630 m3

 gymnasium of this masonry educational 

building, the use of positive pressure ventilation to increase pressure to reduce temperatures, 

limit smoke, and increase visibility was effective. The pressure, temperature and video data 

suggest that each of the fans was able to create pressures that forced the products of combustion 

back through the lobby into the gymnasium, improving conditions in the lobby. This ability is 

very important in a structure like this, because the smoke is limited to an area and the remainder 

of the building is protected from smoke, allowing more of the structure tenable for occupants and 

easier and safer for fire fighters to search. 

All of the fans created higher pressures in the gymnasium, which increased the flow out of the 

ventilation points. The first five experiments created conditions in the large volume gymnasium 

that are consistent with a fire that is contained and in the decay stage. A single portable fan 

produced elevated pressures to increase ventilation for a volume of this magnitude but had 

limited effectiveness. Adding a second fan in parallel approximately doubled the pressure 

increase and using a mounted fan approximately tripled the pressures created by the two portable 

fans. The difference between the gymnasium and the lobby is that the purpose of elevating the 

pressure in the lobby is to prohibit the flow where it’s not wanted, while the purpose of elevating 

the pressures in the gymnasium is to increase the flow out of the ventilation points. The benefit 

of this technique is that you are able to accomplish either exposure protection alone or both, 

exposure protection and ventilation at the same time if there is an opening. 

Ideally, many ventilation points were opened and the fans were able to keep the gymnasium at an 

elevated pressure such that combustion products flowed outside and were replaced with fresh air. 

The single portable fans were most effective with one ventilation door open. Utilizing two 

portable fans was effective with two ventilation doors open and the trailer mounted fans were 

most effective with four or more doors open. 

The single portable fans positioned outside reduced temperatures in the gymnasium at the rate of 

approximately 3 o

C/min to 6 oC/min. The mounted fans and the two portable fans in parallel 

cooled the gymnasium at the rate of 8 oC/min to 15 o

C/min. These rates are based on the 

ventilation of the gymnasium in the decay stage of the fire for 5 min of ventilation after the peak 

output of the fire. Ventilation later in the fire had lower rates of cooling and ventilation after a 

larger fire had larger rates of cooling but these numbers were reasonable expectations for a 

contained fire, decaying in a large volume. 

Returning visibility to such a large volume space was demonstrated to be difficult since 

removing all of the smoke could require a very long time. The fans, independent of size, all 

decreased the time this process took. In the hallways, the fans were able to push the smoke down 

the hallway, top to bottom, and out of the ventilation point. The flow path was the size of the 

total hallway, whereas that same flow path in the gymnasium was only a fraction of the total 

size. The use of the fans did return visibility in the lower portion of the gymnasium making it 

easier to search the floor area for the fire fighters. Improving visibility to potentially search in 

the bleachers took much longer, but was also improved with the use of the fans. 

The fan created a flow path from the inlet doorway to the ventilation doorway which allowed for 

some ventilation of the smoke that was drawn into this flow. In order to speed up this process 

the ventilation points should be maximized and should be changed periodically, if there are 
184

multiple ventilation points available. In this situation, using the two portable fans at the lobby 

entrance, ventilation should be switched between the two sets of rear doors (from 1 and 2 to 3 

and 4). Switching this flow path periodically increased the amount of smoke ventilated. 

The mounted fans forced enough flow into the structure that many ventilation points could be 

opened at once creating multiple flow paths. This was ideal but it was important to remember 

that most of the flow was going to go to the path of least resistance. Therefore in order to 

ventilate further from the fan, the closer ventilation points may need to be closed. The further 

the ventilation point was from the fan the more mixing and smoke entrainment that would occur 

as long as that path was all in the contaminated area. Ventilating through a non-contaminated 

area should always be avoided if possible. 

Waiting for a gymnasium of this volume to naturally ventilate could take many hours. When the 

roof was opened in Experiment GF9 there was little improvement to visibility or heat levels in 

the gymnasium after 2 min. The fan worked well with the roof vent to lift the smoke layer but it 

was not significantly more effective than using the rear doors. The size of the roof ventilation 

opening was about the same size as the single rear door. This hole would have needed to be the 

size of 4 rear doors to take advantage of the flow from the trailer mounted fans. 

In the final experiment the combination of positive pressure ventilation and vertical ventilation 

caused the ventilation limited fire in the gymnasium to transition to flashover. While this was 

not desired, it was important to note that this entire space was untenable prior to any ventilation. 

Once flashover occurred, the fan was able to keep the combustion products in the gymnasium 

and protect the rest of the structure. It was also able to improve conditions and visibility such 

that the fire fighters could walk through the lobby to the glow from the entrance of the 

gymnasium and extinguished the fire safely and rapidly. 

The fire also did not burn out of the gymnasium toward the fan because the pressure created by 

the fan was much greater than that of the fire. If fire fighters had to search for the fuel rich, 

oxygen limited fire they may have found themselves between the fire and the ventilation 

point/source of oxygen that they opened to enter the structure. If the fire found air by burning 

through the roof, or by additional doors being opened by other crews, then fire fighters inside 

searching for the seat of the fire may have found themselves in a rapidly transitioning fire. 

Ventilation of oxygen limited or fuel rich fires, either naturally or mechanically, can cause rapid 

fire growth. Ventilation is not synonymous with cooling. Venting must be coordinated with all 

other operations happening on the fire ground. 

5. Uncertainty Analysis 

There are different components of uncertainty in the length, differential pressure and gas 

temperature data reported here. Uncertainties are grouped into two categories according to the 

method used to estimate them. Type A uncertainties are those which are evaluated by statistical 

methods, and Type B are those which are evaluated by other means [11]. Type B analysis of 

systematic uncertainties involves estimating the upper (+ a) and lower (- a) limits for the quantity 

in question such that the probability that the value would be in the interval (± a) is essentially 

100 %. After estimating uncertainties by either Type A or B analysis, the uncertainties are 

combined in quadrature to yield the combined standard uncertainty. Multiplying the combined 
185

standard uncertainty by a coverage factor of two results in the expanded uncertainty which 

corresponds to a 95 % confidence interval (2). 

Components of uncertainty are tabulated in Table 53. Some of these components, such as the 

zero and calibration elements, are derived from instrument specifications. Other components, 

such as differential pressure, include past experience with the instruments. 

Each length measurement was taken carefully. However, due to some issues, such as 

obstructions and unleveled terrain, the total expanded uncertainty was estimated at 6 %. These 

issues impacted the instrument locations, fan locations and building dimensions. 

Differential pressure reading uncertainty components are derived from pressure transducer 

instrument specifications and previous experience with pressure transducers. The transducers 

were factory calibrated and the zero and span of each was checked in the laboratory prior to the 

experiments. The total expanded uncertainty was estimated at 10 %. 

The uncertainty in the gas temperature measurements includes radiative cooling in the each of 

the tests series, but also includes radiative heating for thermocouples located in the lower layer of 

the full-scale tests. Small diameter thermocouples were used to limit the impact of radiative 

heating and cooling. This resulted in an estimate of 15 % total expanded uncertainty.

Table 53. Uncertainty 

Component 

Standard 

Uncertainty 

Combined 

Standard 

Uncertainty 

Total 

Expanded 

Uncertainty 

Length Measurements 

 Instrumentation 

 Locations 

 Fan Location 

 Building Dimensions 

 Repeatability1

 Random1

± 1 % 

± 1 % 

± 1 % 

± 2 % 

± 2 % 

± 3 % ± 6 % 

Differential Pressure 

 Calibration [12] 

 Accuracy [12] 

 Repeatability 1

 Random 1

± 2 % 

± 1 % 

± 3 % 

± 3 % 

± 5 % ± 10 % 

Gas Temperature [13] 

 Calibration 

 Radiative Cooling 

 Radiative Heating 

 Repeatability 1

 Random 1

± 1 % 

- 5 % to + 0 % 

- 0 % to + 5 % 

± 5 % 

± 3 % 

± 8 % ± 15 % 

Notes: 1. Random and repeatability evaluated as Type A, other components as Type B. 
186

6. Tactical Considerations 

This series of experiments aimed to answer the question; can fire service positive pressure 

ventilation fans be successfully used in large structures? Success can be gauged by the increased 

tenability for potential victims and improved conditions for firefighting crews. The use of PPV 

fans in the classroom fires as well as the gymnasium fires demonstrated that both of these criteria 

were met successfully. There was a large amount of data and observations produced by these 

experiments and the following bulleted items are research results that the fire service may choose 

to consider in developing tactics. 

 The use of PPV fans during the attack stages of the fires did not negatively impact the 

conditions in the structure. 

 A ventilation point near the seat of the fire provided maximum change in the response of 

fire conditions. 

 A ventilation opening remote from the fire, either before the fire room or after the fire 

room, did not make conditions worse. 

 Fans were able to make locations tenable that were not tenable, but never made areas 

untenable that were tenable. 

 A single 27 in. fan was not sufficient during the peak stage of a classroom fire with long 

hallways to completely stop combustion gases from entering the hallway however 

conditions still were improved over natural ventilation. When operating a building this 

large, resources beyond single portable fans may be more effective. 

 A single 27 in. fan and larger was effective at ventilating during overhaul conditions but 

adding a second portable fan greatly increased effectiveness of smoke and heat removal. 

 When a second fan inlet entrance will be used for ventilating, the fan sizes should be the 

same size and positioned the same to avoid losing flow back through an inlet. 

 There was no evidence of the flow created by the fan pulling fire gases out of the fire 

room or pushing increased fire gases down the hallway. In most cases, the fans created a 

pressure high enough, even with a vent open, to stop or greatly limit the flow of 

combustion gases into the hallway. 

 The conditions leading to the fire room always improved with the use of fans. 

 Ceiling height played a significant role in fan effectiveness. Fans were able to ventilate 

the gymnasium lobby quickly, but ventilating the gymnasium was much more time 

consuming. 

 When ventilating a large volume, a single portable fan was most effective with one 

ventilation door open. Utilizing two portable fans was effective with two ventilation 

doors open and the trailer mounted fans were most effective with four or more doors 

open. 

 The use of the fans did return visibility in the lower portion of the gymnasium making it 

easier for the fire fighters to search the floor area. Improving visibility to search the 

bleachers took much longer, but was improved with the use of the fans. 

 The fan created a flow path from the inlet doorway to the ventilation doorway which 

allowed for some ventilation of the smoke that was drawn into this flow. In order to 

speed up this process the ventilation points should be maximized and should be changed 

periodically if there are multiple ventilation points available. 

 The fan worked well with the roof vent to lift the smoke layer, but it was not significantly 

more effective than using the rear doors. 
187

 The size of the roof opening was about the same size as the single rear door. This hole 

would have needed to be at least the size of 4 rear doors to take advantage of the flow 

from the trailer mounted fans. 

 When the gymnasium flashed over, the fire did not extend into the lobby because of the 

increased pressure from the fan and the cool air that it introduced. 

 Ventilation of oxygen limited or fuel rich fires, either naturally or mechanically, can 

cause rapid fire growth. Ventilation is not synonymous with cooling. Venting was 

most effective when coordinated with other operations on the fire ground. 

7. Conclusions 

A series of experiments was run in a masonry educational building examining the ability of PPV 

fans to increase pressure to reduce temperatures, limit smoke spread and increase visibility. 

Preliminary experiments examined the pressure increase created by portable fans and mounted 

fans in different configurations and locations. The two main fire scenarios included a long 

hallway with classrooms and a gymnasium. Both scenarios included fires that produced a large 

amount of smoke and hot gases and instrumentation was placed to assess tenability criteria and 

how PPV tactics can either increase or decrease survivability. Measurements included 

temperature, pressure, thermal imaging and video views. 

In this limited series of experiments the pressure was increased sufficiently to: reduce 

temperatures, giving potential occupants a more survivable environment and increase fire fighter 

safety, limit smoke spread, keeping additional parts of the structure safe for occupants and 

undamaged and reducing the scale of the emergency for the fire fighters, and increase visibility, 

allowing occupants a better chance to self evacuate and providing fire fighters with an easier 

atmosphere to operate in. Positive pressure ventilation is a tool the fire service can utilize to 

make their job safer and more efficient. 

8. Acknowledgments 

The authors would like to thank Tony Chakalis, Laurean DeLauter, Jay McElroy, Roy McLane, 

Michael Selepak, David Stroup and Robert Vettori of the Building and Fire Research Laboratory 

for their invaluable support during the preparation and implementation of the experimental 

series, and Jonathan Kent for his assistance during the composition of the report. The authors 

would also like to thank Deputy Chief John Coleman and the Toledo Fire and Rescue 

Department for inviting NIST to participate, and the endless support they provided. Special 

thanks to Battalion Chief Jerry Tracy, Chief of Training Thomas Galvin, Battalion Chief George 

Healy and Lieutenant John Ceriello from the Fire Department of New York, and Director of 

Training Richard Edgeworth, Battalion Chief Peter VanDorpe and Battalion Chief Keith Witt 

from the Chicago Fire Department for their guidance and assistance during the experiments. 

Priceless assistance was also provided by Toledo Public Schools, especially Ken Swartz, Richard 

Browne and Adam Mead. Tempest, SuperVac and Ventry supplied resources and provided 

technical support in order to make the experiments possible. Finally, the authors express 

gratitude to the Department of Homeland Security for their sponsorship and support of this 

important and ongoing research. 
188

9. References 

1. Kerber, S and Walton, W. D. “Characterizing Positive Pressure Ventilation Using 

Computational Fluid Dynamics.” National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

NISTIR 7065, 2003. 

2. Kerber, S and Walton, W. D. “Effect of Positive Pressure Ventilation on a Room Fire.” 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR 7213, 2005. 

3. Kerber, S and Walton, W. D. “Full Scale Evaluation of Positive Pressure Ventilation in a 

Fire Fighter Training Building.” National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

NISTIR 7342, 2006. 

4. Kerber, S. “Evaluation of the Ability of Fire Dynamic Simulator to Simulate Positive 

Pressure Ventilation in the Laboratory and Practical Scenarios.” National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, NISTIR 7315, 2006. 

5. Kerber, S., Madrzykowski, D., Stroup, D. “Evaluating Positive Pressure Ventilation In 

Large Structures: High-Rise Pressure Experiments.” National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, NISTIR 7412, 2007. 

6. Kerber, S., Madrzykowski, “Evaluating Positive Pressure Ventilation In Large 

Structures: High-Rise Fire Experiments.” National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, NISTIR 7468, 2007. 

7. Babrauskas, V. Heat Release Rates. The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection 

Engineering, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, Third Edition 

(2002). 

8. Krasny, J., Rockett, J. A.,and Huang, D. “Protecting Fire Fighters Exposed in 

Room Fires: Comparison of Results of Bench Scale Test for Thermal Protection 

and Conditions During Room Flashover.” Fire Technology, p. 5-19, (1988). 

9. Protective Clothing for Structural Firefighting, NFPA Standard 1971, National 

Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (2003). 

10. ISG Thermal Systems USA, Inc. K1000 ELITE Operating Manual. 2005. 

11. Taylor, B. N. and C. E. Kuyatt, Guidelines For Evaluating and Expressing the 

Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results. National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (U.S.) NIST-TN 1297; September, 20 p. 1994. 

12. Setra Systems, Inc., Installation Guide, Setra Systems Model 264 Differential 

Pressure Transducer. Boxborough, MA., 1999. 

13. Omega Engineering Inc., The Temperature Handbook, Vol. MM, pages Z-39-40, 

Stamford, CT., 2004. 
189

APPENDIX A – Pressure versus time for Experiments P1 through P9 

Figure 174 . Pressure Transducer Locations 

1 

 2 

Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
190

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

PD1

PD2

PD3

PD4

PD5

PD6

PD7

PD8

PD9

PD10

PD11

PD12

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background2 - 27 Fans On (V)

Fire Room 1 OpenFire Room 1 ClosedFire Room 2 OpenFire Room 2 ClosedHallway Door 1 OpenHallway Door 1 ClosedGym Door 2 OpenGym Door 2 ClosedFan Loc. 2 Door OpenFan Loc. 2 Door ClosedHallway Door 2 OpenHallway Door 2 ClosedFans Off

Figure 175. Experiment P1 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16
191

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 500 1000 1500 2000

PD1

PD3

PD2

PD4

PD5

PD6

PD7

PD8

PD9

PD10

PD11

PD12

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

24 Fan On

Gym Door 2 Open

Gym Door 2 Closed

Hallway Door 2 OpenHallway Door 2 ClosedFan Off

24 Fan Off24 Fan On (75o

)

24 Fan Off

24 Fan On (6 ft, 80o

)

Fire Room 1 Open

Fire Room 1 Closed

Room 129 Open

Room 129 Closed

Hallway Door 1 Open

Hallway Door 1 Closed

Figure 176. Experiment P2 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
192

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

PD1

PD2

PD3

PD4

PD5

PD6

PD7

PD8

PD10

PD9

PD11

PD12

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundSVU on 4000rpmDoor Open by Accident

2000rpm4000rpm

Fire Room 1 OpenFire Room 1 ClosedHallway Door 1 OpenHallway Door 1 ClosedGym Door 2 OpenGym Door 2 ClosedHallway Door 2 OpenHallway Door 2 ClosedFire Room 4 OpenFire Room 1 OpenFire Room 1 ClosedFire Room 4 ClosedFan Off

Figure 177. Experiment P3 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
193

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

PD1

PD2

PD3

PD4

PD5

PD6

PD7

PD8

PD9

PD10

PD11

PD12

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundMVu on 1000rpm

2000rpm4000rpm

Fire Room 1 OpenFire Room 1 ClosedHallway Door 1 Open Hallway Door 1 ClosedGym Door 2 OpenGym Door 2 ClosedHallway Door 2 OpenHallway Door 2 ClosedFire Room 4 OpenFire Room 1 OpenFire Room 1 ClosedFire Room 4 ClosedFan Off

Figure 178. Experiment P4 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
194

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

MVU on 2000rpm

Gym Doors 1 and 2 Open

3000rpm4000rpm

Rear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 179. Experiment P5 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
195

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800

PD29

PD30

PD31

PD32

PD33

PD34

PD35

PD36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

MVU on 2000rpm

Gym Doors 1 and 2 Open

3000rpm4000rpm

Rear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 180. Experiment P5 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
196

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

SVU On 4000rpm

Gym Doors 1 and 2 OpenRear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 181. Experiment P6 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
197

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000

PD29

PD30

PD31

PD32

PD33

PD34

PD35

PD36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

SVU On 4000rpm

Gym Doors 1 and 2 OpenRear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 182. Experiment P6 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
198

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 100 200 300 400 500

PD13

PD14

PD15

PD16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background24 Fan OnGym Door 1 OpenRear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 183. Experiment P7 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
199

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 100 200 300 400 500

PD29

PD30

PD31

PD32

PD33

PD34

PD35

PD36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background24 Fan OnGym Door 1 OpenRear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 184. Experiment P7 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
200

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

PD29

PD30

PD31

PD32

PD33

PD34

PD35

PD36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background24 Fan On 

Rear Gym Doors Open

Vent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

Fan Off20 Fan On

Gym Door 1 Open24 Fan On

End of Test

Figure 185. Experiment P8 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36
201

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 200 400 600 800 1000

PD29

PD30

PD31

PD32

PD33

PD34

PD35

PD36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background27 Fan OnGym Door 1 OpenRear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

Vent Doors Closed

2-27's On

Rear Gym Doors OpenVent Door 1 Open

Vent Door 2 Open

End of Test

Figure 186. Experiment P9 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
202

APPENDIX B – Pressure versus time for experiments CF1 through CF6 

Timelines of the experimental configuration changes 

Experiment CF1 Experiment CF2 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Background 0 Background 

180 Ignition 240 Ignition 

660 FR 1 Window Open 720 FR 1 Window Open 

780 MVU On 840 MVU On 

1110 Sprinkler On 1080 MVU Off 

1140 MVU Off 1260 MVU On 

1380 End Test 2520 End of Test 

Experiment CF3 Experiment CF4 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Background 0 Background 

110 Ignition 360 Ignition 

490 Hallway Door 1 Open 720 Hallway Door 1 Open 

600 2 -27 in. Fans On 840 27 in. Fan On 

750 2 -27 in. Fans Off 930 27 in. Fan Off/Door Closed 

760 Hallway Door 1Closed 995 FR 4 Window Open 

820 FR 2 Window Open 1130 27 in. Fan On 

910 1 27 in. Fan On 1440 Water Applied 

960 2 – 27 in. Fans On 1830 End of Test 

1260 Water Applied 

1370 End of Test 

 

Experiment CF5 Experiment CF6 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Background 0 Background 

60 Ignition 120 Ignition 

420 Hallway Door 1 Open 480 Hallway Door 1 Open 

560 SVU On 600 MVU On 

560 Long Ramp Up 735 MVU Off/Door Closed 

750 SVU Off/Door Closed 820 FR 2 Window Open 

810 SVU On 880 MVU On 

1140 SVU Off 1165 2nd Floor Stairs Open 

1168 Water On 1300 End of Test 

1300 End of Test 
203

Figure 187. Pressure Transducer Locations 

1 

 2 

Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
204

Experiment CF1 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Press1

Press2

Press3

Press4

Press5

Press6

Press7

Press8

Press9

Press10

Press11

Press12

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 188. CF1 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
205

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Press17

Press18

Press19

Press20

Press21

Press22

Press23

Press24

Press25

Press26

Press27

Press28

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 189. CF1 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 17-28 
206

Experiment CF2 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Press1

Press2

Press3

Press4

Press5

Press6

Press7

Press8

Press9

Press10

Press11

Press12

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 190. CF2 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
207

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Press17

Press18

Press19

Press20

Press21

Press22

Press23

Press24

Press25

Press26

Press27

Press28

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 191. CF2 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 17-28 
208

Experiment CF3 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Press1

Press2

Press3

Press4

Press5

Press6

Press7

Press8

Press9

Press10

Press11

Press12

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 192. CF3 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 Pressure (Pa) 
209

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Press17

Press18

Press19

Press20

Press21

Press22

Press23

Press24

Press25

Press26

Press27

Press28

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 193. CF3 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 17-28 Pressure (Pa) 
210

Experiment CF4 

0

5

10

15

20

0 400 800 1200 1600

Press1

Press2

Press3

Press4

Press5

Press6

Press7

Press8

Press9

Press10

Press11

Press12

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 194. CF4 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
211

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 400 800 1200 1600

Press17

Press18

Press19

Press20

Press21

Press22

Press23

Press24

Press25

Press26

Press27

Press28

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 195. CF4 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 17-28 
212

Experiment CF5 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Press1

Press2

Press3

Press4

Press5

Press6

Press7

Press8

Press9

Press10

Press11

Press12

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 196. CF5 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
213

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Press17

Press18

Press19

Press20

Press21

Press22

Press23

Press24

Press25

Press26

Press27

Press28

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 197. CF5 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 17-28 
214

Experiment CF6 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Press1

Press2

Press3

Press4

Press5

Press6

Press7

Press8

Press9

Press10

Press11

Press12

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 198. CF6 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 1-16 
215

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Press17

Press18

Press19

Press20

Press21

Press22

Press23

Press24

Press25

Press26

Press27

Press28

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 199. CF6 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 17-28 
216

APPENDIX C – Temperature versus time for experiments CF1 through CF6 

Figure 200. Temperature Measurement Locations 

 2 

1 Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
217

Experiment CF1 

22

24

26

28

30

32

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

A_Ceiling

A_03m

A_06m

A_09m

A_12m

A_15m

A_18m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 201. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location A 
218

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

B_Ceiling

B_01m

B_02m

B_03m

B_06m

B_09m

B_12m

B_15m

B_18m

B_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 202. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location B 
219

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

C_Ceiling

C_01m

C_02m

C_03m

C_06m

C_09m

C_12m

C_15m

C_18m

C_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 203. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location C 
220

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

25.5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

D_Ceiling

D_01m

D_02m

D_03m

D_06m

D_09m

D_12m

D_15m

D_18m

D_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 204. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location D 
221

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

E_Ceiling

E_01m

E_02m

E_03m

E_06m

E_09m

E_12m

E_15m

E_18m

E_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 205. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location E 
222

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

F_Ceiling

F_01m

F_02m

F_03m

F_06m

F_09m

F_12m

F_15m

F_18m

F_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 206. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location F 
223

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

G_Ceiling

G_01m

G_02m

G_03m

G_06m

G_09m

G_12m

G_15m

G_18m

G_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 207. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location G 
224

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

H_Ceiling

H_01m

H_02m

H_03m

H_06m

H_09m

H_12m

H_15m

H_18m

H_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 208. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location H 
225

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

I_Ceiling

I_01m

I_02m

I_03m

I_06m

I_09m

I_12m

I_15m

I_18m

I_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 209. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location I 
226

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

J_Ceiling

J_01m

J_02m

J_03m

J_06m

J_09m

J_12m

J_15m

J_18m

J_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 210. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location J 
227

0

50

100

150

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

K_Ceiling

K_01m

K_02m

K_03m

K_06m

K_09m

K_12m

K_15m

K_18m

K_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Open

Fan OnSprinkler OnFan OffEnd Test

Figure 211. Experiment CF1 Temperature vs. Time for Location K 
228

Experiment CF2 

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

A_Ceiling

A_03m

A_06m

A_09m

A_12m

A_15m

A_18m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 212. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location A 
229

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

B_Ceiling

B_01m

B_02m

B_03m

B_06m

B_09m

B_12m

B_15m

B_18m

B_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 213. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location B 
230

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

C_Ceiling

C_01m

C_02m

C_03m

C_06m

C_09m

C_12m

C_15m

C_18m

C_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 214. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location C 
231

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

25.5

26

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

D_Ceiling

D_01m

D_02m

D_03m

D_06m

D_09m

D_12m

D_15m

D_18m

D_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 215. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location D 
232

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

E_Ceiling

E_01m

E_02m

E_03m

E_06m

E_09m

E_12m

E_15m

E_18m

E_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 216. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location E 
233

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

F_Ceiling

F_01m

F_02m

F_03m

F_06m

F_09m

F_12m

F_15m

F_18m

F_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 217. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location F 
234

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

G_Ceiling

G_01m

G_02m

G_03m

G_06m

G_09m

G_12m

G_15m

G_18m

G_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 218. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location G 
235

20

22

24

26

28

30

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

H_Ceiling

H_01m

H_02m

H_03m

H_06m

H_09m

H_12m

H_15m

H_18m

H_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 219. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location H 
236

0

50

100

150

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

I_Ceiling

I_01m

I_02m

I_03m

I_06m

I_09m

I_12m

I_15m

I_18m

I_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 220. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location I 
237

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

J_Ceiling

J_01m

J_02m

J_03m

J_06m

J_09m

J_12m

J_15m

J_18m

J_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 221. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location J 
238

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

K_Ceiling

K_01m

K_02m

K_03m

K_06m

K_09m

K_12m

K_15m

K_18m

K_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 222. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location K 
239

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

L_Ceiling

L_01m

L_02m

L_03m

L_06m

L_09m

L_12m

L_15m

L_18m

L_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 223. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location L 
240

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

M_Ceiling

M_01m

M_02m

M_03m

M_06m

M_09m

M_12m

M_15m

M_18m

M_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 224. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location M 
241

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

N_Ceiling

N_01m

N_02m

N_03m

N_06m

N_09m

N_12m

N_15m

N_18m

N_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 225. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location N 
242

0

50

100

150

200

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

O_Ceiling

O_01m

O_02m

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 226. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
243

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

P_Ceiling

P_01m

P_02m

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Window Vent

Fan OnFan OffFan OnEnd of Test

Figure 227. Experiment CF2 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
244

Experiment CF3 

20

25

30

35

40

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

A_Ceiling

A_03m

A_06m

A_09m

A_12m

A_15m

A_18m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 228. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location A 
245

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

B_Ceiling

B_01m

B_02m

B_03m

B_06m

B_09m

B_12m

B_15m

B_18m

B_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 229. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location B 
246

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

C_Ceiling

C_01m

C_02m

C_03m

C_06m

C_09m

C_12m

C_15m

C_18m

C_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 230. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location C 
247

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

D_Ceiling

D_01m

D_02m

D_03m

D_06m

D_09m

D_12m

D_18m

D_15m

D_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 231. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location D 
248

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

E_Ceiling

E_01m

E_02m

E_03m

E_06m

E_09m

E_12m

E_15m

E_18m

E_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 232. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location E 
249

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

F_Ceiling

F_01m

F_02m

F_03m

F_06m

F_09m

F_12m

F_15m

F_18m

F_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 233. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location F 
250

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

G_Ceiling

G_01m

G_02m

G_03m

G_06m

G_09m

G_12m

G_15m

G_18m

G_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 234. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location G 
251

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

H_Ceiling

H_01m

H_02m

H_03m

H_06m

H_09m

H_12m

H_15m

H_18m

H_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 235. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location H 
252

0

50

100

150

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

I_Ceiling

I_01m

I_02m

I_03m

I_06m

I_09m

I_12m

I_15m

I_18m

I_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 236. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location I 
253

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

J_Ceiling

J_01m

J_02m

J_03m

J_06m

J_09m

J_12m

J_15m

J_18m

J_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 237. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location J 
254

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

K_Ceiling

K_01m

K_02m

K_03m

K_06m

K_09m

K_12m

K_15m

K_18m

K_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 238. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location K 
255

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

L_Ceiling

L_01m

L_02m

L_03m

L_06m

L_09m

L_12m

L_15m

L_18m

L_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 239. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location L 
256

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

M_Ceiling

M_01m

M_02m

M_03m

M_06m

M_09m

M_12m

M_15m

M_18m

M_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 240. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location M 
257

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

N_Ceiling

N_01m

N_02m

N_03m

N_06m

N_09m

N_12m

N_15m

N_18m

N_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 241. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location N 
258

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

25

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

P_Ceiling

P_01m

P_02m

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFans OnFans OffDoor ClosedFR Window OpenF.D. Vent1 Fan On

2 Fans OnWater Applied

End of Test

Figure 242. Experiment CF3 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
259

Experiment CF4 

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0 400 800 1200 1600

A_Ceiling

A_03m

A_06m

A_09m

A_12m

A_15m

A_18m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 243. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location A 
260

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 400 800 1200 1600

B_Ceiling

B_01m

B_02m

B_03m

B_06m

B_09m

B_12m

B_15m

B_18m

B_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 244. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location B 
261

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 400 800 1200 1600

C_Ceiling

C_01m

C_02m

C_03m

C_06m

C_09m

C_12m

C_15m

C_18m

C_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 245. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location C 
262

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 400 800 1200 1600

D_Ceiling

D_01m

D_02m

D_03m

D_06m

D_09m

D_12m

D_15m

D_18m

D_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 246. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location D 
263

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 400 800 1200 1600

E_Ceiling

E_01m

E_02m

E_03m

E_06m

E_09m

E_12m

E_15m

E_18m

E_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 247. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location E 
264

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 400 800 1200 1600

F_Ceiling

F_01m

F_02m

F_03m

F_06m

F_09m

F_12m

F_15m

F_18m

F_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 248. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location F 
265

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 400 800 1200 1600

G_Ceiling

G_01m

G_02m

G_03m

G_06m

G_09m

G_12m

G_15m

G_18m

G_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 249. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location G 
266

21

22

23

24

25

26

0 400 800 1200 1600

H_Ceiling

H_01m

H_02m

H_03m

H_06m

H_09m

H_12m

H_15m

H_18m

H_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 250. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location H 
267

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 400 800 1200 1600

I_Ceiling

I_01m

I_02m

I_03m

I_06m

I_09m

I_12m

I_15m

I_18m

I_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 251. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location I 
268

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 400 800 1200 1600

J_Ceiling

J_01m

J_02m

J_03m

J_06m

J_09m

J_12m

J_15m

J_18m

J_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 252. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location J 
269

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 400 800 1200 1600

K_Ceiling

K_01m

K_02m

K_03m

K_06m

K_09m

K_12m

K_15m

K_18m

K_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 253. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location K 
270

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

0 400 800 1200 1600

L_Ceiling

L_01m

L_02m

L_03m

L_06m

L_09m

L_12m

L_15m

L_18m

L_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 254. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location L 
271

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 400 800 1200 1600

M_Ceiling

M_01m

M_02m

M_03m

M_06m

M_09m

M_12m

M_15m

M_18m

M_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 255. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location M 
272

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

0 400 800 1200 1600

N_Ceiling

N_01m

N_02m

N_03m

N_06m

N_09m

N_12m

N_15m

N_18m

N_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 256. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location N 
273

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

24.5

0 400 800 1200 1600

P_Ceiling

P_01m

P_02m

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

Water Applied

End of Test

Figure 257. Experiment CF4 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
274

Experiment CF5 

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

A_Ceiling

A_03m

A_06m

A_09m

A_12m

A_15m

A_18m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 258. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location A 
275

0

50

100

150

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

B_Ceiling

B_01m

B_02m

B_03m

B_06m

B_09m

B_12m

B_15m

B_18m

B_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 259. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location B 
276

0

50

100

150

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

C_Ceiling

C_01m

C_02m

C_03m

C_06m

C_09m

C_12m

C_15m

C_18m

C_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 260. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location C 
277

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

D_Ceiling

D_01m

D_02m

D_03m

D_06m

D_09m

D_12m

D_15m

D_18m

D_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 261. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location D 
278

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

E_Ceiling

E_01m

E_02m

E_03m

E_06m

E_09m

E_12m

E_15m

E_18m

E_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 262. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location E 
279

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

F_Ceiling

F_01m

F_02m

F_03m

F_06m

F_09m

F_12m

F_15m

F_18m

F_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 263. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location F 
280

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

G_Ceiling

G_01m

G_02m

G_03m

G_06m

G_09m

G_12m

G_15m

G_18m

G_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 264. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location G 
281

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

H_Ceiling

H_01m

H_02m

H_03m

H_06m

H_09m

H_12m

H_15m

H_18m

H_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 265. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location H 
282

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

I_Ceiling

I_01m

I_02m

I_03m

I_06m

I_09m

I_12m

I_15m

I_18m

I_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 266. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location I 
283

0

50

100

150

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

J_Ceiling

J_01m

J_02m

J_03m

J_06m

J_09m

J_12m

J_15m

J_18m

J_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 267. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location J 
284

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

K_Ceiling

K_01m

K_02m

K_03m

K_06m

K_09m

K_12m

K_15m

K_18m

K_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 268. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location K 
285

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

L_Ceiling

L_01m

L_02m

L_03m

L_06m

L_09m

L_12m

L_15m

L_18m

L_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 269. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location L 
286

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

M_Ceiling

M_01m

M_02m

M_03m

M_06m

M_09m

M_12m

M_15m

M_18m

M_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 270. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location M 
287

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

N_Ceiling

N_01m

N_02m

N_03m

N_06m

N_09m

N_12m

N_15m

N_18m

N_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 271. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location N 
288

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

O_Ceiling

O_01m

O_02m

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 272. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
289

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

P_Ceiling

P_01m

P_02m

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s) 

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnLong Ramp UpFan Off/Door ClosedFan OnFan Off

Water On

Figure 273. Experiment CF5 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
290

Experiment CF6 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

A_Ceiling

A_03m

A_06m

A_09m

A_12m

A_15m

A_18m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 274. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location A 
291

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

B_Ceiling

B_01m

B_02m

B_03m

B_06m

B_09m

B_12m

B_15m

B_18m

B_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 275. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location B 
292

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

C_Ceiling

C_01m

C_02m

C_03m

C_06m

C_09m

C_12m

C_15m

C_18m

C_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 276. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location C 
293

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

D_Ceiling

D_01m

D_02m

D_03m

D_06m

D_09m

D_12m

D_15m

D_18m

D_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 277. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location D 
294

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

E_Ceiling

E_01m

E_02m

E_03m

E_06m

E_09m

E_12m

E_15m

E_18m

E_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 278. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location E 
295

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

F_Ceiling

F_01m

F_02m

F_03m

F_06m

F_09m

F_12m

F_15m

F_18m

F_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 279. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location F 
296

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

G_Ceiling

G_01m

G_02m

G_03m

G_06m

G_09m

G_12m

G_15m

G_18m

G_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 280. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location G 
297

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

H_Ceiling

H_01m

H_02m

H_03m

H_06m

H_09m

H_12m

H_15m

H_18m

H_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 281. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location H 
298

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

I_Ceiling

I_01m

I_02m

I_03m

I_06m

I_09m

I_12m

I_15m

I_18m

I_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 282. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location I 
299

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

J_Ceiling

J_01m

J_02m

J_03m

J_06m

J_09m

J_12m

J_15m

J_18m

J_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 283. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location J 
300

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

K_Ceiling

K_01m

K_02m

K_03m

K_06m

K_09m

K_12m

K_15m

K_18m

K_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 284. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location K 
301

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

L_Ceiling

L_01m

L_02m

L_03m

L_06m

L_09m

L_12m

L_15m

L_18m

L_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 285. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location L 
302

0

50

100

150

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

M_Ceiling

M_01m

M_02m

M_03m

M_06m

M_09m

M_12m

M_15m

M_18m

M_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 286. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location M 
303

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

N_Ceiling

N_01m

N_02m

N_03m

N_06m

N_09m

N_12m

N_15m

N_18m

N_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 287. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location N 
304

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

O_Ceiling

O_01m

O_02m

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 288. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
305

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

P_Ceiling

P_01m

P_02m

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (C)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionDoor OpenFan OnFan Off/Door Closed

Window Open

Fan On

2nd Floor Stairs Open

Figure 289. Experiment CF6 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
306

APPENDIX D – Pressure versus time for experiments GF7 through GF12 

Timelines of the experimental configuration changes 

Experiment GF7 Experiment GF8 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Background 0 Background 

120 Ignition 120 Ignition 

960 24 in. Fan On 840 27 in. Fan On 

1080 Rear Door 1 Open 960 Rear Door 1 Open 

1500 Fan Off (Move Inside) 1260 Fan Off (Move Inside) 

1620 Fan On 1380 Fan On 

2056 Fan Off 1810 Fan Off 

2146 SVU to 2000 rpm 1960 SVU 4000 rpm 

2265 SVU to 4000 rpm 2300 End of Data 

2500 End of Data 

 

Experiment GF9 Experiment GF10 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Background 0 Background 

660 Ignition 120 Ignition 

1272 Roof Vent 720 Rear Door 1 Open 

1440 SVU On 870 2 – 27 in. Fans On 

1600 SVU Off 1020 Rear Door 2 Open 

1770 MVU On 1260 Rear Doors 3, 4 Open 

1770 Rear Door 1, 2 Open 1260 Suppression 

2160 Suppression 1575 Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed 

2300 End of Data 1800 Fans Off (Move Inside) 

 1860 Fans On 

 2000 End of Data 

 Experiment GF11 Experiment GF12 

Time Event Time Event 

(s) (s) 

0 Background 0 Background 

120 Ignition 120 Ignition 

720 Rear doors 1, 2 Open 660 Rear doors 1, 2 Open 

840 MVU On 720 Rear doors 3, 4 Open 

973 Rear doors 3, 4 Open 780 MVU On 

 1200 Suppression 842 Roof Open 

1250 End of Data 887 Suppression 

 1000 End of Data 
307

Figure 290. Pressure Transducer Locations 

1 

 2 

Hallway Door 1 

Hallway Door 2 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
308

Experiment GF7 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 291. Experiment GF7 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
309

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Press29

Press30

Press31

Press32

Press33

Press34

Press35

Press36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 292. Experiment GF7 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
310

Experiment GF8 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 293. Experiment GF8 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
311

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Press29

Press30

Press31

Press32

Press33

Press34

Press35

Press36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 294. Experiment GF8 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
312

Experiment GF9 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 295. Experiment GF9 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
313

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Press29

Press30

Press31

Press32

Press33

Press34

Press35

Press36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentFan OnFan OffFan OnOpen Vent

Water On

Figure 296. Experiment GF9 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
314

Experiment GF10 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 297. Experiment GF10 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
315

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Press29

Press30

Press31

Press33

Press34

Press35

Press36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 298. Experiment GF10 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
316

Experiment GF11 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Press13

Press14

Press15

Press16

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 299. Experiment GF11 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
317

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Press29

Press30

Press31

Press33

Press34

Press35

Press36

Pressure (Pa)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 300. Experiment GF11 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
318

Experiment GF12 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Press13

Press14

Press15

Pressure (Pa)Press16

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 301. Experiment GF12 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 13-16 
319

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Press29

Press30

Press31

Press33

Press34

Press35

Pressure (Pa)

Press36

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 302. Experiment GF12 Pressure vs. Time for transducers 29-36 
320

APPENDIX E – Temperature versus time for experiments GF7 through GF12 

Figure 303. Temperature Measurement Locations 

 2 

1 Hallway Door 1 

Room 

129 

 Gym Door 1 

 Gym Door 2 

 Rear Gym Door 1 

 Rear Gym Door 2 

Vent Door 1 

Vent Door 2 
321

Experiment GF7 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

O_Ceiling

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 304. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
322

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

P_Ceiling

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 305. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
323

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Q_Deck

Q_015m

Q_03m

Q_06m

Q_09m

Q_12m

Q_15m

Q_24m

Q_30m

Q_37m

Q_43m

Q_49m

Q_55m

Q_61m

Q_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 306. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location Q 
324

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

R_Deck

R_015m

R_03m

R_06m

R_09m

R_12m

R_15m

R_18m

R_24m

R_30m

R_37m

R_43m

R_49m

R_55m

R_61m

R_67m

R_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 307. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location R 
325

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

S_Deck

S_015m

S_03m

S_06m

S_09m

S_12m

S_15m

S_18m

S_24m

S_30m

S_37m

S_43m

S_49m

S_55m

S_61m

S_67m

S_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 308. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location S 
326

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

T_Deck

T_015m

T_03m

T_06m

T_09m

T_12m

T_15m

T_18m

T_24m

T_30m

T_37m

T_43m

T_49m

T_55m

T_61m

T_67m

T_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 309. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location T 
327

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

U_Deck

U_015m

U_03m

U_06m

U_09m

U_12m

U_15m

U_18m

U_24m

U_30m

U_37m

U_43m

U_49m

U_55m

U_61m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

Background

Ignition24 in. Fan On

Rear Door 1 Open

Fan Off(more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU to 2000rpmSVU to 4000rpm

Figure 310. Experiment GF7 Temperature vs. Time for Location U 
328

Experiment GF8 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 500 1000 1500 2000

O_Ceiling

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 311. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
329

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 500 1000 1500 2000

P_Ceiling

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 312. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
330

0

50

100

150

200

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Q_Deck

Q_015m

Q_03m

Q_06m

Q_09m

Q_12m

Q_15m

Q_24m

Q_30m

Q_37m

Q_43m

Q_49m

Q_55m

Q_61m

Q_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 313. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location Q 
331

0

50

100

150

200

0 500 1000 1500 2000

R_Deck

R_015m

R_03m

R_06m

R_09m

R_12m

R_15m

R_18m

R_24m

R_30m

R_37m

R_43m

R_49m

R_55m

R_61m

R_67m

R_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 314. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location R 
332

0

50

100

150

200

0 500 1000 1500 2000

S_Deck

S_015m

S_03m

S_06m

S_09m

S_12m

S_15m

S_18m

S_24m

S_30m

S_37m

S_43m

S_49m

S_55m

S_61m

S_67m

S_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 315. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location S 
333

0

50

100

150

200

0 500 1000 1500 2000

T_Deck

T_015m

T_03m

T_06m

T_09m

T_12m

T_15m

T_18m

T_24m

T_30m

T_37m

T_43m

T_49m

T_55m

T_61m

T_67m

T_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 316. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location T 
334

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000

U_Deck

U_015m

U_03m

U_06m

U_09m

U_12m

U_15m

U_18m

U_24m

U_30m

U_37m

U_43m

U_49m

U_55m

U_61m

U_67m

U_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition27 in. Fan OnRear Door 1 OpenFan Off (more inside)Fan OnFan OffSVU 4000rpm

Figure 317. Experiment GF8 Temperature vs. Time for Location U 
335

Experiment GF9 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000

O_Ceiling

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 318. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
336

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000

P_Ceiling

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 319. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
337

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Q_Deck

Q_015m

Q_03m

Q_06m

Q_09m

Q_12m

Q_15m

Q_24m

Q_30m

Q_37m

Q_43m

Q_49m

Q_55m

Q_61m

Q_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 320. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location Q 
338

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

R_Deck

R_015m

R_03m

R_06m

R_09m

R_12m

R_15m

R_18m

R_24m

R_30m

R_37m

R_43m

R_49m

R_55m

R_61m

R_67m

R_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 321. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location R 
339

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

S_Deck

S_015m

S_03m

S_06m

S_09m

S_12m

S_15m

S_18m

S_24m

S_30m

S_37m

S_43m

S_49m

S_55m

S_61m

S_67m

S_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 322. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location S 
340

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

T_Deck

T_015m

T_03m

T_06m

T_09m

T_12m

T_15m

T_18m

T_24m

T_30m

T_37m

T_43m

T_49m

T_55m

T_61m

T_67m

T_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 323. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location T 
341

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 500 1000 1500 2000

U_Deck

U_015m

U_03m

U_06m

U_09m

U_12m

U_15m

U_18m

U_24m

U_30m

U_37m

U_43m

U_49m

U_55m

U_61m

U_67m

U_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnitionRoof VentSVU OnSVU OffSVU OnRear Doors 1, 2 Open

Suppression

Figure 324. Experiment GF9 Temperature vs. Time for Location U 
342

Experiment GF10 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000

O_Ceiling

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 325. Experiment GF10 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
343

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 500 1000 1500 2000

P_Ceiling

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 326. Experiment GF10 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
344

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Q_Deck

Q_015m

Q_03m

Q_06m

Q_09m

Q_12m

Q_15m

Q_24m

Q_30m

Q_37m

Q_43m

Q_49m

Q_55m

Q_61m

Q_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 327. Experiment GF10 Temperature vs. Time for Location Q 
345

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

R_Deck

R_015m

R_03m

R_06m

R_09m

R_12m

R_15m

R_18m

R_24m

R_30m

R_37m

R_43m

R_49m

R_55m

R_61m

R_67m

R_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 328. Experiment GF10 Temperature vs. Time for Location R 
346

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

S_Deck

S_015m

S_03m

S_06m

S_09m

S_12m

S_15m

S_18m

S_24m

S_30m

S_37m

S_43m

S_49m

S_55m

S_61m

S_67m

S_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 329. Experiment GF10 Temperature vs. Time for Location S 
347

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 500 1000 1500 2000

T_Deck

T_015m

T_03m

T_06m

T_09m

T_12m

T_15m

T_18m

T_24m

T_30m

T_37m

T_43m

T_49m

T_55m

T_61m

T_67m

T_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Door 1 Open

2-27 in. Fans OnRear Door 2 Open

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Rear Doors 3, 4 Closed

Fans Off (Move Inside)Fans On

Figure 330. Experiment GF10 Temperature vs. Time for Location T 
348

Experiment GF11 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

O_Ceiling

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 331. Experiment GF11 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
349

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

P_Ceiling

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 332. Experiment GF11 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
350

0

50

100

150

200

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Q_Deck

Q_015m

Q_03m

Q_06m

Q_09m

Q_12m

Q_15m

Q_24m

Q_30m

Q_37m

Q_43m

Q_49m

Q_55m

Q_61m

Q_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 333. Experiment GF11 Temperature vs. Time for Location Q 
351

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

R_Deck

R_015m

R_03m

R_06m

R_09m

R_12m

R_15m

R_18m

R_24m

R_30m

R_37m

R_43m

R_49m

R_55m

R_61m

R_67m

R_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 334. Experiment GF11 Temperature vs. Time for Location R 
352

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

S_Deck

S_015m

S_03m

S_06m

S_09m

S_12m

S_15m

S_18m

S_24m

S_30m

S_37m

S_43m

S_49m

S_55m

S_61m

S_67m

S_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 335. Experiment GF11 Temperature vs. Time for Location S 
353

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

T_Deck

T_015m

T_03m

T_06m

T_09m

T_12m

T_15m

T_18m

T_24m

T_30m

T_37m

T_43m

T_49m

T_55m

T_61m

T_67m

T_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 Open

MVU On

Rear Doors 3, 4 Open

Suppression

Figure 336. Experiment GF11 Temperature vs. Time for Location T 
354

Experiment GF12 

0

50

100

150

0 200 400 600 800 1000

O_Ceiling

O_03m

O_06m

O_09m

O_12m

O_15m

O_18m

O_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 337. Experiment GF12 Temperature vs. Time for Location O 
355

0

50

100

150

0 200 400 600 800 1000

P_Ceiling

P_03m

P_06m

P_09m

P_12m

P_15m

P_18m

P_21m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 338. Experiment GF12 Temperature vs. Time for Location P 
356

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Q_Deck

Q_015m

Q_03m

Q_06m

Q_09m

Q_12m

Q_15m

Q_24m

Q_30m

Q_37m

Q_43m

Q_49m

Q_55m

Q_61m

Q_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 339. Experiment GF12 Temperature vs. Time for Location Q 
357

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000

R_Deck

R_015m

R_03m

R_06m

R_09m

R_12m

R_15m

R_18m

R_24m

R_30m

R_37m

R_43m

R_49m

R_55m

R_61m

R_67m

R_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 340. Experiment GF12 Temperature vs. Time for Location R 
358

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000

S_Deck

S_015m

S_03m

S_06m

S_09m

S_12m

S_15m

S_18m

S_24m

S_30m

S_37m

S_43m

S_49m

S_55m

S_61m

S_67m

S_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 341. Experiment GF12 Temperature vs. Time for Location S 
359

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000

T_Deck

T_015m

T_03m

T_06m

T_09m

T_12m

T_15m

T_18m

T_24m

T_30m

T_37m

T_43m

T_49m

T_55m

T_61m

T_67m

T_73m

Temperature (oC)

Time (s)

BackgroundIgnition

Rear Doors 1, 2 OpenRear Doors 3, 4 OpenMVU OnRoof Open

Suppression

Figure 342. Experiment GF12 Temperature vs. Time for Location T