# Patent

## Title
Lens system

## Abstract

A fragmented lens system for creating an invisible light pattern useful to computer vision systems is disclosed. Random or semi-random dot patterns generated by the present system allow a computer to uniquely identify each patch of a pattern projected by a corresponding illuminator or light source. The computer may determine the position and distance of an object by identifying the illumination pattern on the object.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/448,321, filed Apr. 16, 2012, entitled “LENS SYSTEM,” which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/269,849, filed Nov. 12, 2008, entitled “LENS SYSTEM,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/987,315, filed Nov. 12, 2007 and entitled “FRAGMENTED LENS SYSTEM,” each of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties. Furthermore, any and all priority claims identified in the Application Data Sheet, or any correction thereto, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 C.F.R. §1.57.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to interactive display systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to a lens system as might be used by an illuminator in an interactive display system.
2. Description of the Related Art
If a computer vision system uses a two-dimensional camera input and background subtraction, a random or semi-random dot pattern allows the system to more reliably detect objects that are at a different distance from a background. If the pattern is too regular, however, the object may disappear relative to the background when at a particular distance. This is a result of too many parts of a texture looking alike. Determinations as to the position of objects (or a more accurate indication thereof) therefore suffer. As a result, users may attempt to interact with an object (e.g., grab an object) that is not where the interactive display system otherwise indicates the object to presently be located. There is, therefore, a need for a system that may create lighting patterns useful to computer vision systems and to allow for more accurate tracking and determination of object positions in space.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a first claimed embodiment, a system for projecting a pattern of light is disclosed. The system includes a light source (an illuminator) including multiple emitters of light. The emitters are arranged in a pattern. The system further includes a cluster of lenses located in front of the light source. The cluster of lenses focuses and projects light from the emitters in numerous directions. The focused and projected light forms a pattern of light. A camera detects the pattern of light on an object illuminated by the emitters. A computing device executes instructions stored in memory to determine a location of the object in space utilizing at least the detected pattern of light on the object
In a variation of the aforementioned embodiment, the system may include a cluster of infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs). The light emitting diodes generate infrared light that is detectable by the camera but not by the eye of a human observer interacting with the object. The system may alternatively (or additionally) include a condenser lens located between the light source and the cluster of lenses. The condenser lens concentrates light from the light source to the cluster of lens.
A second claimed embodiment of the present invention is for a method for projecting a pattern of infrared light. Through this claimed method, light is emitted from a light source (an illuminator) including multiple emitters arranged in a pattern. A cluster of lenses focuses and projects the emitted light, the cluster of lenses located in front of the light source. The focused and projected light forms a pattern of light. That pattern is detected on an object illuminated by the emitters. As a result, the location of an object in space may be determined utilizing at least the detected pattern of light on the object. The location of the object may be determined by a computing device executing instructions stored in memory (e.g., a program).



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary lens system including a lighting source, an optional condenser lens, and lens cluster.
FIG. 2 illustrates a number of semi-random light configurations for the lighting source of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates the assembly of a lens cluster like that of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional illustration of light as created by an LED in an illuminator light source.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating light emitted in a cone from an LED in an infrared LED cluster.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The presently disclosed lens system may create an invisible light pattern that is useful to computer vision systems. If a computer vision system utilizes a pattern matching algorithm to identify position and distance of objects from a camera, the random or semi-random dot pattern generated by the present system allows the computer to uniquely identify each patch of the pattern projected by the illuminator. As a result, the computer may determine the position and distance of an object by identifying the illumination pattern on the object. The computer may make this determination by executing instructions corresponding to a computer program stored in memory. Results of these determinations may then be rendered on a display device, which may include user manipulation of an object on the display.
In a system where a computer vision system utilizes a stereo camera and a stereopsis algorithm to match features between two or more camera images, the vision system will attempt to find matches between texture patches in the different images. The disparity between these patches gives an indication of depth. The compared texture patches often lie along the same horizontal line in the two images. The presently disclosed lens system allows for patterned illumination that better ensures that all objects have texture thereby ensuring good performance by the stereo algorithm. This is especially true with respect to the axis along which the vision algorithm matches texture patches, is very important. The detected pattern may be aperiodic along one or more dimensions in this regard.
In this context, an embodiment of the presently disclosed invention provides for a lens system that may be used in conjunction with an illuminator to create an invisible random, semi-random, partially random, or repeating pattern useful to a computer vision system like those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,747 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/100,737 (subsequently referred to as the '747 patent and '737 application, respectively). The system includes a lighting source composed of a pattern of light emitters, an optional condenser lens or similar hardware to focus emitted light onto a common area (namely a lens cluster), and a lens cluster containing multiple lenses. Each lens of the lens cluster may be of a similar focal length and/or designed to displace an image of the emitter pattern by a particular distance.
FIG. 1 illustrates the aforementioned exemplary lens system 100 including a lighting source 110 (such as an illuminator), an optional condenser lens 120, and lens cluster 130. Light emitted from lighting source 110 is re-aimed by condenser lens 120 so that the light is directed towards the center of lens cluster 130. Lens cluster 130 then focuses and projects light from the emitters in numerous directions. The focused and projected light forms a pattern of light, which may be detected by a camera so that a computing device may determine a location of an object in space utilizing at least the detected pattern of light on the object. This determination may involve the execution of instructions corresponding to a program stored in memory.
Lighting source 110 may be akin to the lamp of the '747 patent. A lamp (like lamp 2 of FIG. 1 of the '747 patent) may illuminate a person(s) or other object(s). The lighting source 110 of the present application may also may be comparable to the light source of component 10 in FIG. 2 of the '747 patent. Lighting source 110 may also be configured in a manner similar to those illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 of the '747 patent.
Light source 110 includes any number of emitters as are further discussed in the context of FIG. 2. Each emitter may be mounted such that it emits light in a cone perpendicular to the surface of lighting source 110. If each emitter emits light in a cone, the center of the cone may be aimed at the center of lens cluster 130. Aiming may involve an optional intermediate lens (like condenser lens 120). The angle of the cone of light produced by the emitters may be chosen such that the cone will completely cover the surface of lens cluster 130. In an embodiment omitting a condenser lens, the lighting source 110 may focus light onto lens cluster 130 on its own. For example, each emitter at the lighting source 110 may be individually be angled with respect to the lens cluster 130.
Optional condenser lens 120 redirects light from each of the emitters in light source 110. Condenser lens 120 may be substituted with hardware or some other component similarly capable of concentrating and/or redirecting light. Condenser lens 120 reduces wasted light by redirecting the emitters' light toward the center of the lens cluster 130 thereby seeking to ensure that as much emitted light as possible passes through lens cluster 130. Implementations of condenser lens 130 may include a convex lens, a plano-convex lens, a Fresnel lens, a set of micro-lenses, one or more prisms, or a prismatic film.
The focal length of the lenses in lens cluster 130 may be similar to the distance between lens cluster 130 and lighting source 110. A focal length of this nature helps ensure that light emitters at lighting source 110 are in focus or substantially in focus when an illuminator including lighting source 110 is pointed at a distant object. The position of the lighting source 110, optional condenser lens 120, and lens cluster 130 in system 100 may be adjusted to allow for an emitted light pattern to be focused at a variety of distances.
Lens cluster 130 takes the light from each emitter and focuses that light onto a number of points. Each lens in the lens cluster 130 may be used to focus the light of each emitter from illuminator light source 110 onto a different point. The theoretical number of points that may be created by shining the lighting source 110 through the lens cluster 130 is equal to the number of emitters in the lighting source multiplied by the number of lenses in the lens cluster 130. For example, a lighting source 110 with 200 LEDs and a lens cluster 130 with 36 lenses can create up to 7200 distinct points of light. An illuminator, lamp, or projector utilizing the present lens system 100 may create a high resolution texture that is useful to a computer vision system.
All the lenses in the lens cluster 130 may have a similar focal length. This similarity in length may better ensure that the pattern is focused together onto an object illuminated by the light source 110 (e.g., a pattern illuminator). Lenses may have somewhat different focal lengths so at least some of the pattern is in focus at different distances. In some instances, a semi-random or random pattern may be desirable to the functioning of the computer vision system. In such an instance, the lenses within the lens cluster 130 may displace the focused image by different distances to the side.
FIG. 2 illustrates a number of semi-random light configurations (210-230) for lighting source 110 of FIG. 1. The light configuration patterns may likewise be used to create a desired random or semi-random pattern as referenced above. In the patterns 220-230 illustrated in FIG. 2, each black ‘dot’ is representative of an emission of light (i.e., a light emitter). It should be noted that the black ‘dots’ are merely exemplary for the purpose of FIG. 2. The black ‘dots’ need not necessarily emit ‘black light’ or focused ‘dots’ of light although various types of light, frequencies, and patterns within the pattern (e.g., dots versus squares versus asymmetric blobs) may be emitted from light source 110 and any constituent light emitters.
In that regard, potential light sources for emission of light are inclusive of light emitting diodes, laser diodes, incandescent bulbs, metal halide lamps, sodium vapor lamps, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and pixels of a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. The emitter(s) at light source 110 may be a backlit slide or backlit pattern of holes. In an embodiment like that of FIG. 1, each emitter (i.e., each dot) ‘aims’ the light along a cone toward the lens cluster 130 or intermediate and optional condenser lens 120.
The pattern of illuminators may be randomized to varying degrees. For example, pattern 210 illustrates a rectangular grid of emitters with some removed at random. Pattern 220 illustrates a rotated grid of emitters with the columns shifted random amounts and random emitters removed. Pattern 230 consists of a randomly positioned, tight packing of emitters with a random set of emitters removed. The density of emitters on the light source varies across a variety of spatial scales. This variation in emitter density helps ensure that the emitters at light source 110 will create a pattern that varies in brightness even at distances where the emitted pattern is not entirely in focus.
The light source 110 of FIG. 1 and the pattern embodiments illustrated in FIG. 2 (210-230) are generally rectangular in shape. This rectangular configuration of the light source 110 in conjunction with a design of the lens cluster 130 helps create a pattern that roughly covers an otherwise rectangular area. The use of rectangular light sources 110 and constituent patterns facilitates clustering of illuminators thereby covering broad areas without significant overlap. Nevertheless, other shapes may be used with respect to illuminator patterns and light source 110 configurations and overlap of patterns may be desirable and incurred.
The light source 110 may also be positioned on a motorized mount. Through such a mounting, the light source 110 may move or rotate thus creating further variation and control as to emitted light patterns and focus of the same at varying distances. Emitters in the patterns (210-230) may be turned on or off via an electronic control system thereby allowing the pattern emitted from the light source 110 to vary. The emitter pattern, too, may be regular (e.g., with no variance in layout or pattern) but the pattern of emitters that are in an ‘on state’ at any given time may be random.
As initially noted above, different frequencies of light may be emitted from light source 110 with respect to emitting light in a particular pattern such as those illustrated in FIG. 2. Near-infrared, far-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light are just some of the various light frequencies that may be emitted subject to a particular choice of light emitter. A number of different frequencies of light may be emitted from a single pattern (e.g., one ‘dot’ may emit light at a near-infrared frequency while another ‘dot’ emits light at an ultraviolet frequency). The light source 110 may be strobed in conjunction with the camera(s) of a corresponding computer vision system thereby allowing the presence and effects of ambient light to be reduced.
The pattern, frequency, strobing, and other manipulations of emitted light may be particularly useful with respect to operating a vision system like that disclosed in the '737 application. In a system like that disclosed in the '737 application, an interactive video display system allows a physical object to interact with a virtual object. A light source delivers a pattern of invisible light to a three-dimensional space occupied by the physical object and a camera detects invisible light scattered by the physical object. A computer system analyzes information generated by the camera, maps the position of the physical object in the three-dimensional space, and generates a responsive image that includes the virtual object, which is then rendered on a display. Utilizing the present lens system to project a pattern of invisible light may improve the accuracy and utility of such a vision system.
FIG. 3 illustrates the assembly of a lens cluster like lens cluster 130 in FIG. 1. In element 310, a lens is illustrated that has had several square columns removed. These removed square pieces are then reassembled into a lens cluster (like that of FIG. 1) as shown in element 320. The varying angles and displacements of these squares have ensured some randomness in the focal points of the lenses in the cluster. In FIG. 3, the rough spatial positioning of the squares (shown with the corresponding pieces numbered 1 to 13) has been preserved. While this positioning is not necessary, this arrangement does provide the advantage of helping ensure that copies of each emitter that are projected as bright dots by the lens cluster are not too far apart. Further, this arrangement helps create a roughly rectangular shape to the overall pattern.
As is also evident in FIG. 3, there are multiple sizes of squares in the diagram (e.g., square [1] versus square [8]). While not necessary, this difference in size helps the computer vision system to process a variety of illumination levels. If the square is larger, the dots produced by the pattern will be brighter. By mixing large and small squares, the pattern becomes a mix of dense dimmer dots and sparse brighter dots. The computer vision system may then see some texture from the illuminator in conditions with high ambient illumination while having high resolution texture when the ambient illumination is low.
The lens cluster need not be constructed in this method. The lens cluster may be constructed of regular lenses, Fresnel lenses, or a mix of lenses. The lenses may or may not have a square cross-sectional shape. The lenses may or may not be different sizes. Although FIG. 3 shows a lens being cut apart to construct the lens cluster, it may be fabricated by casting from a mold, machining, or another technique. The ‘pieces’ of the lens from which the lenses in the cluster are derived may or may not overlap.
If the lenses in the lens cluster focus light onto different points, the emitter may not need to be completely random. For example, if there are a small number of bright emitters in a grid pattern and a large number of lenses in the lens cluster, the light produced by the illuminator can still be semi-random. Repetition would show up over very large length scales.
FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional illustration of light as created by an LED in an illuminator light source. It should be noted that the dimensions of FIG. 4 are not to scale. In a real-world scenario, the object and focal plane are typically further away from a lens cluster. As such, FIG. 4 should be considered exemplary for the purpose of aiding understanding of the present disclosure.
In FIG. 4, light is emitted in a cone from an LED in the infrared LED cluster 110, which corresponds to lighting source 110 of FIG. 1. The light path is redirected toward the center of the lens cluster by the condenser lens 120, which likewise corresponds to the optional condenser lens of FIG. 1. When the light cone hits the lens cluster 130 (which corresponds to cluster 130 of FIG. 1), different parts of the LED light are focused onto different locations on a distant plane. This causes several bright spots to be created from the light of a single LED. When all the light from all the LEDs is tracked, the result is a dense overlapping pattern of focused light beams creating a discernable pattern that may be detected by a camera(s) and processed by a corresponding computing device.
The use of infrared light (or other types of non-visible or substantially invisible light) may prove useful in that it may be invisible (or nearly invisible) to the human eye of an observer interacting with an illuminated object. In this way, the illuminated object is not obscured by an illumination pattern nor or does the overall appearance of the object appear to have been altered. Notwithstanding, a computing device coupled to a camera may detect the pattern in order to track the object and interactions with the same with an increased degree of accuracy.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating light emitted in a cone from an LED in the infrared LED cluster 110, which corresponds to lighting source 110 of FIG. 1. The light path is redirected toward the center of the lens cluster by the condenser lens 120, which likewise corresponds to the optional condenser lens of FIG. 1. When the light cone hits the lens cluster 130 (which corresponds to cluster 130 of FIG. 1), different parts of the LED light are focused onto different locations on a distant plane. This causes several bright spots to be created from the light of a single LED. When all the light from all the LEDs is tracked, the result is a dense overlapping pattern of focused light beams creating a discernable pattern that may be detected by a camera(s) 510 and processed by a corresponding computing device 515.
While the present invention has been described in connection with a series of exemplary embodiments, these descriptions are not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular forms set forth herein. To the contrary, the present descriptions are intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and otherwise appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.

## Claims

1. A system for transmitting a pattern of lights, the system comprising:
a cluster of lenses including a plurality of lenses; and
a condenser lens configured to:
receive the pattern of lights; and
concentrate each light in the pattern of lights toward a center of the cluster of lenses,

the cluster of lenses configured to:
receive concentrated pattern of lights from the condenser lens; and
concurrently focus and transmit each of the lights of the received concentrated pattern of lights in a plurality of directions.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the pattern of lights comprises infrared light that is detectable by a camera but not by an eye of a human observer interacting with an object illuminated by at least a portion of the lights transmitted from the cluster of lenses.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the condenser lens receives the pattern of lights from a light source.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the cluster of lenses includes a Fresnel lens.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the received pattern of lights is an irregular pattern.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein a first pattern of light transmitted by one of the lenses from the cluster of lenses overlaps with a second pattern of light transmitted by another of the lenses from the cluster of lenses.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the pattern of lights transmitted by the cluster of lenses is aperiodic along at least one dimension.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a camera configured to detect a pattern of light on an object illuminated by at least a portion of the lights transmitted from the cluster of lenses; and
a computing device configured to determine a location of the object in space based on at least the detected pattern of light on the object.

9. A method comprising:
concentrating, via a condenser lens, a plurality of lights arranged in a pattern towards a central location of a cluster of lenses including a plurality of lenses;
receiving the concentrated plurality of lights from the condenser lens at each of the plurality of lenses within the cluster of lenses; and
concurrently focusing, from the cluster of lenses, the concentrated and received plurality of lights in a plurality of directions.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said plurality of lights include infrared light that is not detectable by an eye of a human observer interacting with an object illuminated by at least a portion of the infrared light.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein said concentrating comprises concentrating the plurality of lights towards a center of the cluster of lenses including a Fresnel lens.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein light focused from the cluster of lenses comprises an irregular pattern.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein light focused from the cluster of lenses includes a first pattern of light overlapping with a second pattern of light.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein light focused from the cluster of lenses includes a pattern which is aperiodic along at least one dimension.

15. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
detecting a pattern of light on an object illuminated by at least a portion of the focused plurality of lights; and
determining a location of the object in space based on at least the detected pattern of light on the object.

16. A system for transmitting a pattern of light, the system comprising:
a cluster of lenses, the cluster of lenses being configured to receive emitted light from each of a plurality of emitters and transmit a concentrated plurality of lights in a plurality of directions; and
a condenser lens located between said plurality of emitters and said cluster of lenses, the condenser lens concentrating light from each of the plurality of emitters towards a center of the cluster of lenses.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of emitters includes light emitting diodes configured to generate infrared light that is not detectable by an eye of a human observer.

18. The system of claim 16, further comprising a computing device configured to analyze images of a pattern formed by light projected from each of the emitters via the condenser lens and the cluster of lenses on an object to determine a location of the object in space based on at least the pattern of light on the object.