CEMP-CE

Engineer 

Pamphlet

415-1-261

Volume 1

Department of the Army

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Washington, DC 20314-1000

EP 415-1-261

Volume 1

2 January 1992

Construction

Quality Assurance Representative's Guide

General Information and Sitework

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is 

unlimited.

i

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EP 415-1-261

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

CEMP-CE Washington, D.C. 20314

Pamphlet

No.415-1-261 2 January 1992

Construction

QUALITY ASSURANCE REPRESENTATIVE*S GUIDE

FOREWORD

This guide is one of four volumes reprinted with revisions

from guides first published in 1964. The reason for their

existence and continuance is to provide construction

representatives, those with quality control/quality assurance

responsibilities, a reliable checklist type reference for each

phase of construction.

Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) representatives

will find the information useful and appropriate for their roles

of assuring and controlling construction quality in accordance

with the plans and specifications. The guide will, therefore,

become a valuable reference when implementing project plans and

specifications. Their contents will also help refresh the memory

of experience, training, and good old common sense. The

application of sound knowledge together with a proper sense of

responsibility and use of authority will result in meaningful

decision making, a factor considered essential for effective

quality assurance/quality control. The objective is to produce

quality products for our customers worldwide.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

MILTON HUNTER

Colonel, Corps of Engineers

Chief of Staff

This Volume 1 of EP 415-1-261 supersedes Volume 1 EP 415-1-261,

November 1981
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

Number Page

1A GENERAL INFORMATION 1A-1

1B LAYOUT AND QUANTITY SURVEYS 1B-1

2A CLEARING AND GRUBBING 2A-1

2B EARTHWORK 2B-1

2C UNDERGROUND PIPE SYSTEMS 2C-1

2D PAVING 2D-1

2E GRASSING, PLANTING, AND 2E-1

EROSION CONTROL

2F RAILROADS 2F-1

Chapters numbered in the guides contain the same subject

information as the numbered divisions in the specifications for

both military and civil works construction projects. They are

identified by specific volume as follows:

Chapter

Number Volume 1 Subject

1 General Requirements

2 Sitework: earthwork,

underground utilities,

paving, plantings, and

railroads

Volume 2

2 Sitework (continued):

piles, levees, dams,

relief wells, drilling,

lock and dam gates,

penstocks, revetments,

dredging, jetty,

breakwater, and groin

construction

Volume 3

3 Concrete

4 Masonry

5 Metals

6 Wood and Plastics

7 Thermal & Moisture

Protection

8 Door & Windows

9 Finishes

10 Accessories &

Specialties

12 Furnishing & Casework

Volume 4

13 Special Construction

14 Conveying systems

15 Mechanical

16 Electrical
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iii

CHAPTER 1A

GENERAL INFORMATION

INDEX

Para. Title Page

1A-01 INTRODUCTION 1A-1

1A-02 RESPONSIBILITY 1A-1

1A-03 AUTHORITY 1A-1

1A-04 QUALITY CONTROL AND 1A-1

QUALITY ASSURANCE

1A-05 PLANS AND SPECIFI- 1A-3

CATIONS

1A-06 SHOP DRAWINGS 1A-4

1A-07 QUALITY ASSURANCE DAILY 1A-4

REPORT

1A-08 PRE-CONSTRUCTION 1A-5

CONFERENCE

1A-09 EQUIPMENT PROPOSAL 1A-5

1A-10 CLAIMS 1A-5

1A-11 PROGRESS SCHEDULES 1A-6

1A-12 LABOR ENFORCEMENT 1A-6

1A-13 STORAGE OF MATERIALS 1A-7

1A-14 CONTRACTOR*S PAYMENT 1A-7

1A-15 DEFENSE MATERIALS 1A-8

SYSTEM

1A-16 RIGHTS-OF-WAY 1A-8

1A-17 PHOTOGRAPHS 1A-8

1A-18 RECORD DRAWINGS 1A-8

1A-19 TRANSFER OF 1A-9

CONSTRUCTION

1A-20 INSPECTION 1A-9

1A-21 SAFETY 1A-9
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1A-1

CHAPTER 1A

GENERAL INFORMATION

1A-01. INTRODUCTION

As Quality Assurance and Quality Control Representatives

(QA/QC), you should be thoroughly familiar with all the provisions

of the contract documents, including submittals. Plans and

specifications should include all revisions, changes, and

amendments. In addition, you should be thoroughly familiar with

the administrative policies of your supervisors. The general

requirements for quality control and quality assurance are given

in paragraph 1A-04, Quality Control and Quality Assurance.

1A-02. RESPONSIBILITY

Quality Assurance/Quality Control Representatives have

different responsibilities and authorities, dependent upon the

organizational set—up under which they work and upon their own

capabilities. Each QA/QC, however, needs to know the part he has

in the organization, and should have or obtain clear and precise

answers to the following questions:

a. Do I understand the importance of my responsibility for

the highest quality construction?

b. Do I have the technical knowledge, tact and good

judgment to effectively perform my quality assurance duties?

c. Do I fully understand the extent of my responsibilities?

Ask yourself:

(1) Have I accepted all of my responsibilities?

(2) Have I overlooked any of my potentialities?

(3) Will I use my authority tactfully?

(4) Do I understand my supervisor*s expectations with

respect to my responsibilities?

(5) Am I aware of my responsibility to record in my daily

report all verbal instructions given and received?

1A-03. AUTHORITY

a. Make sure you know the extent of your authority. Your

authority constantly involves the requirement that work be

accomplished in accordance with the contract plans and specifications. At times implementing this authority requires advice

and assistance.

b. Check with your supervisor on policies with respect to

your authority to stop contractor operations for such things as

safety violations as well as construction deficiencies.

1A-04. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

a. Contractors* Quality Control (CQC) is a requirement in

all Corps of Engineers construction contracts. Quality
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Assurance is that function which is provided by the

representatives of the contracting officers in the Construction

Divisions supervision and administration of the contract.

b. The quality assurance role is to be able to assure the

Contracting Officer, and through him the owner, that the quality

requirements of the contract have been satisfied.

c. Contractor Quality Control requires that the contractor

implement the program and use its provisions daily to control

quality of the work.

d. Effective CQC requires a serious and concentrated effort

on the part of the supervisory and inspection personnel.

e. Contract requirements provide the tools for the

accomplishment of the goals, as follows

(1) CQC personnel are described as to education,

experience, and capability.

(2) Before start of construction, the Resident Engineer

shall conduct a Mutual Understanding Meeting with the contractor

and discuss the contractor*s quality control system. Construction

start will be delayed until after the Mutual Understanding Meeting

and submittal/acceptance of at least the interim CQC plan. The CQC

plan will be viewed with a critical eye. The QA Representative

will assure that the CQC Plan and actual CQC staffing are

sufficient to obtain the quality of construction designed in the

contract plans and specifications. Quality assurance monitors and

confirms quality, but quality control must provide it.

(3) Preparatory Phase Meetings. These CQC held (QAR

Attended) meetings will be held before each definable feature of

work to ensure that the documentation is complete, materials are

on hand, and the people who are to perform the work understand

what they need to know about the feature of work. Both the

contract specifications and those referenced in the contract

specifications must be in the Contractor*s library and available

to the CQC inspectors. For instance, the welding specifications

will depend entirely on the American Welding Society (AWS)

Specifications for all requirements. If CQC does not have the AWS

specifications, the CQC cannot know or enforce these provisions.

QA personnel can be helpful to the CQC in obtaining referenced

specifications. The contractor*s job hazard analysis plan for the

particular work item on the agenda must be reviewed at this time

(4) Initial Inspections. These CQC/QA inspections must be

conducted in a timely manner at beginning of a definable feature

of work. A check of the preliminary work will determine Whether or

not the Contractor, through his CQC organization and the craftsmen

involved, thoroughly understands and is capable of accomplishing

the work as specified. Safety, using the Job Hazard Analysis plan,

is also checked for proper implementation at this time.

(5) Follow—up Inspections. These inspections, also

conducted by the Contractor*s quality control staff, occur daily

when work is in progress and are for the purpose of assuring that

the controls established in the earlier phases of inspection

continue to provide work which conforms to the contract

requirements. Most of the comments in both the CQC and QA daily

reports result from these inspections.
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f. In all projects there is work that is ‘cut and cover*,

that is, work that cannot be inspected “after the fact*. This

includes concrete, where the size, number and location of

reinforcing steel cannot be readily determined after the concrete

is placed. Most of the underground utilities cannot be inspected

after covering. Work of this nature must be closely controlled and

monitored.

g. A disadvantage with the system arises from the fact that

CQC personnel, as employees of the contractor, are unlikely to

readily take actions which will result in delay and expense to the

contractor for the sake of quality. If concrete is to be placed

with a maximum slump of 2”, it is unlikely that a load with 4” or

6” slump will be rejected. If roofing bituminous material is

overheated, it is unlikely that it will be rejected. The

deficiencies occasioned by these conditions may become latent

defects revealed long after any possible contractor liability can

be enforced.

h. The foregoing situations may occur and the Corps

representative responsible for quality assurance has a vital role

in assuring that these and similar situations do not occur.

Responsibility for compliance should not be left wholly to the

contractor.

i. As a Quality Assurance representative must closely

monitor the CQC program to assure that the 3-phase control system

is being correctly performed and that the contractor is

effectively controlling all operations. In the event that CQC

personnel are not capable and/or are not inspecting properly, your

supervisor should be notified immediately, with a view to

correcting performance by using one or more of the enforcement

tools provided for in the contract. Your records and reports will

document all facts.

1A-05. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS

a. Make a thorough review of plans and specifications

during bidding period.

(1) Watch for omissions.

(2) Watch for discrepancies between plans and

specifications.

(3) Check plans and specifications against requirements

with which you have had problems with on similar jobs.

(4) Compare elevations, grades and details shown on plans

as existing, with those at the actual site.

(5) Report all errors, omissions, discrepancies, and

deficiencies to your supervisor.

b. Always keep a posted and marked up set of plans and

specifications convenient for ready reference.

c. Make sure that the contractor has this same information.

d. Anticipate contractor*s operations by reviewing the

plans and specifications for each operation before it begins.
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(1) Discuss contract requirements in each Preparatory Phase

Meeting with the contractor before each operation begins.

(2) Highlight and/or make notes of those provisions which

need special attention, such as:

(a) Unusual requirements.

(b) Those which other contractors have overlooked.

(c) Repetitive deficiencies.

e. Use the checklists in these guides to help find

significant items in the plans and specifications.

1A-06. SHOP DRAWINGS

a. Review designer*s prepared contractor submittal

register, plans, and specifications. Check submittal register for

inclusion of all shop drawings required including layouts of

equipment, equipment rooms, etc.

b. The contractor is required to enter his data onto the

submittal register and submit it to the contracting officer.

Compare this submittal with your check list.

c. The contractor is required to periodically update the

submittal register.

d. Make continual checks of the submittal register to avoid

untimely and omitted submittals so as to avoid delay of

construction.

e. Compare the shop drawings to the contract requirements

and report apparent differences to your supervisor. (Approved shop

drawings do not constitute a waiver of a contract requirement.)

f. Make sure each detail on the shop drawing is clearly

understood.

g. The contractor must make note on his submittal of items

which deviate from contract requirements.

h. Check material being installed against the approved shop

drawing. (If the contractor installs unapproved material, inform

him in writing that the material, if not subsequently approved,

will be removed at his expense.)

1A-07. QUALITY ASSURANCE REPORT

a. Prepare a complete and accurate daily report, using ENG

Form 2538-2. Check for inclusion of the following:

(1) Conditions — weather, moisture, soil conditions, etc.

(Note when and how adverse condition hampered or shut down a

contractor*s operation).

(2) Activities — work phases, including locations (include

description of each activity and the inspection phase, i.e.,

Preparatory, Initial, Follow-up).
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1A-5

(3) Controversial matters — disputes, questionable items,

etc. (Also, note if they were settled and, if so, how they were

settled.

(4) Deficiencies and violations — description, location and

corrective action.

(5) Instructions given and received - identify recipient

and source.

(6) Progress information - report all delays, action taken

or action contemplated.

(7) Equipment — report arrival and departure of each major

item of equipment by manufacturer, model, serial number and

capacity: report equipment in use and idle equipment.

(8) Reports — make sure quality assurance reports are

identified, dated and signed.

b. Do not repeat, in the QA daily reports, items that have

already been listed on the CQC daily reports.

c. Check the CQC daily report each day for accuracy and to

assure that instructions received are noted. Effectiveness of the

CQC inspections reported must be checked during the job site

visit.

1A-08. PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE

a. When possible, both the Quality Assurance Representative

and the Quality Control System Manager should attend this

conference.

b. Minutes of the conference should be available to each of

the quality assurance/quality control representatives assigned.

c. The subject of the proposed Quality Control Plan should

be well documented.

1A-09. EQUIPMENT PROPOSAL

a. Does equipment proposed by the contractor have CO

approval (more applicable to civil works projects)?

b. Certain equipment requires a safety test or check before

initial operation at the site.

c. Some equipment requires a permit or license before use.

1A-10. CLAIMS

a. Always be alert to possible claims or matters of

possible dispute.

b. When you discover that a claim or dispute is in the

making, notify your supervisor and record all facts in your

quality assurance (QA/QC) daily reports.

c. Make sure that adequate and accurate records of facts,

materials, labor and equipment associated with the claim or

dispute are on file.
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1A-6

d. Situation photographs may be appropriate to supplement

the record.

e. Differing site conditions may be cause for claim —

contractor must notify CO in writing before disturbing conditions.

1A-11. PROGRESS SCHEDULES

a. Render any necessary assistance to the contractor for

his preparation of initial and revised progress schedules.

b. Encourage contractor to submit timely updates.

c. Be familiar with the approved progress schedule and

carefully watch for any slippage in progress.

d. Anticipate slow downs and delays affecting progress.

e. Promptly report to your supervisor and record in the

daily QA/QC reports, all indications of any slippage in progress.

f. When construction falls behind schedule, carefully

examine the construction operations for ways progress can be

improved.

g. Be very careful not to direct or dictate the

contractor*s operation (the CO may want to direct the contractor

to take steps to improve his progress).

h. Keep informed of the required contract completion date

and know the advance notice required by higher authorities for

pre-final and final inspections.

1A-12. LABOR ENFORCEMENT

a. Keep informed of the labor provisions of the contracts

on which you are working.

b. Always avoid taking part in any labor disputes.

c. Promptly inform your supervisor of any labor problems

and disputes.

d. Check that anti-discrimination posters and minimum wage

rates are kept in a conspicuous place.

a. Assist office personnel in assuring that:

(1) The man-hours worked are accurately shown on payrolls.

(2) Payrolls are required weekly from each subcontractor

who worked on the job.

(3) Each laborer and each machine is classified in accordance with the particular work function.

f. Make spot checks with contractor*s employees to verify

that at least minimum wage rates are being paid for the work

classification being performed.
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1A-13. STORAGE OF MATERIALS

a. Check to see that adequate space is available for the

contractor*s operations and storage areas.

b. Check that approval has been obtained for temporary

sheds, buildings, etc., which the contractor proposes to install.

c. See that material and equipment are properly stored and

protected.

d. Make sure that safety requirements, especially in the

storage of flammable or explosive materials, are adhered to.

e. Make sure that temporary structures are secured against

wind damage.

f. Assure that the necessary heating and ventilating are

provided.

1A-14. CONTRACTOR*S PAYMENT ESTIMATES

a. Check specifications for method of measurement and

payment for each item of work to be accomplished.

b. Be familiar with schedules of prices and methods of

measurement and payment.

c. Assist the Office Engineer in preparation of partial pay

estimates.

(1) Make timely measurements of work completed and work

accomplished each pay period. It is usually a good idea to seek

contractor*s concurrence.

(2) Keep orderly, neat and accurate records of measurements.

d. Check material on hand for which payment is being made

for:

(1) Fair market value of materials.

(2) Conformance with contract requirements (see submittal)

(3) Proper storage and protection.

(4) Reduction in quantity by amount of material placed in

the work.

e. Be alert to all increases or decreases in quantity of

work shown on the unit price schedules.

(1) Make as accurate an estimate as possible of variations

in quantities.

(2) Report these variations in quantities promptly to your

supervisor.
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1A-8

1A-15. DEFENSE MATERIALS SYSTEM

On applicable contracts check to see that the contractor is

abiding by the rules of the Defense Materials System.

a. Is the contractor correctly rating all orders, and are

they certified and dated?

b. Is the promised delivery date noted on the orders?

c. Does the order give complete information which will

enable a person to precisely identify the order and processing

channel?

1A-16. RIGHTS-OF-WAY

Check that all rights-of-way are obtained prior to entrance

on property.

a. Require written evidence if contractor-obtained.

b. Check contract provisions if Government—obtained.

c. Know the limits of rights-of-way and locations of benchmarks that may be used to determine location and elevations.

1A-17. PHOTOGRAPHS.

a. If allowable, check for photographs of:

(1) Views of major construction projected during various

stages of progress.

(2) Materials or construction related to changed conditions, claims, or potential claims.

(3) Work in place for which removal has been ordered

because of noncompliance with plans and specifications.

(4) Construction in which unusual difficulties have been

overcome or where the subject is of technical interest.

(5) New methods of construction.

(6) property or material damages.

(7) Emergency conditions and safety violations.

(8) Accident scenes.

(9) Defective work.

b. Check that each picture taken is completely described,

identified, and dated.

1A-18. RECORD DRAWINGS

a. The contractor*s Record Drawings should be reviewed

monthly by the Resident Engineer*s staff to ensure they are

correct.

b. Ensure that as soon as a change or addition is made in

construction it is noted on the Record Drawing.
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1A-9

c. See that the following items are considered in the

changes for Record Drawings:

(1) Size, type, and location of existing and new utility

lines.

(2) Layout and schematic drawings of electrical circuits

and piping.

(3) Dimensions and details transferred from shop drawings.

(4) Verification of alignment, cross section, and layout of

earthwork.

(5) Actual locations of anchors, construction and control

joints. etc. in concrete, where they are different from those

shown on contract drawings.

(6) Changes in location of equipment and architectural

features.

(7) Cross out such words, phrases and details for optional

or equal requirements and list or detail specifically the items

provided.

1A-19. TRANSFER OF CONSTRUCTION

The following records and materials will be needed for

transfer of the construction facilities to the Using Service. They

must be obtained and accounted for.

a. Record of Property — Name, make, and model number of

each piece of equipment.

b. All equipment test records.

c. Approved shop drawings.

d. Operating and maintenance instructions.

e. Spare parts and tools.

f. Keys.

g. Guarantees with required contact and expiration date.

h. Record Drawings.

1A-20. QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL

Remember that QA/QC responsibilities begin at the inception

of construction and ends only with the final acceptance by the

user. Proper QA/QC verifies what has been done as well as what may

have been left out.

1A-21. SAFETY

a. The provisions of EM 385-1-1, Safety and Health

Requirements Manual,* which are incorporated into the contract,

must be rigidly enforced. This enforcement is as important as any

duty of the Quality Assurance Representative.
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1A-10

b. A good QA/QC technique to follow daily is to fully

assess the unit of work or operation for safety compliance before

proceeding with QA/QC for the technical compliance.

c. Be familiar with the contractor*s accident prevention

program and in particular the job hazard analysis plans. These

plans should be discussed in the Preparatory Meeting and checked

for implementation during the Initial Inspection Meeting.

d. Applicable Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

requirements are included in EM 385-1—1.
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CHAPTER 1B

LAYOUT AND QUANTITY SURVEYS

INDEX

Para. Title Page

1B-01 GENERAL LAYOUT 1B-1

1B-02 LAYOUT PROCEDURES 1B-1

a. General 1B-1

b. Deviations from Plans 1B-1

1B-03 QUANTITY SURVEYS 1B-2

a. General 1B-2

b. Controls 1B-2

c. Instruments and 1B-2

Equipment

d. Measuring Procedures 1B-2
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1B-1

CHAPTER 1B

LAYOUT AND QUANTITY SURVEYS

1B-01. GENERAL LAYOUT

It is the responsibility of the Government to establish, at

the site, base lines and bench marks necessary to completely lay

out the work. The contractor is required to utilize these

established points to perform the necessary survey to execute his

work.

a. Ascertain that the Government—established points have

been found, and that they are maintained and preserved by the

contractor.

b. Ensure that the contractor utilizes these Government

points and establishes additional prints as necessary to have

complete control over the layout of his job.

c. See that the contractor*s layout work is accurately

performed and that complete notes are maintained.

d. Ensure that adequate stakes and templates are provided

and maintained by the contractor, and that they are clearly

marked.

e. Continually check the contractor*s lines and grades of

work being accomplished.

1B-02. LAYOUT PROCEDURES

a. General

The required order of accuracy of the layout surveys, if

not stated in the specifications, must be established at the

outset of the work, usually by the Resident Engineer or higher

authority. Remember, as a general rule, the layout surveys must be

made with sufficient accuracy that the construction which follows

can be held within the specified tolerances. For example, if the

specifications require a wall to be constructed within 1⁄2 -inch of

the location shown on the drawings, the work line laid out by the

survey party will have to be correctly located within a much

smaller margin of accuracy, say 1/8-inch or 1/16-inch, to leave

room for normal variations which must be expected in the

construction work. On the other hand, the specified tolerances for

the surface of a heavy rock fill might be 1-inch above and 6

inches below grade, in which case an error of as much as an inch

in the layout would not cause problems.

b. Deviations from Plans

Should it appear necessary or desirable to change the

location or dimensions of any part of the work to fit existing

work or adjacent work under another contract (in order to take

advantage of more favorable terrain or to rectify an error in the

drawings or for any other reason) , report the circumstances

promptly to your supervisor.
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1B-2

1B.-03. QUANTITY SURVEYS

a. General

The Government is usually responsible for the original and

final survey and for the compilation of quantities of work performed or finally in place where estimated quantities are included

in the unit price schedule. Quantities of certain materials and

equipment are required for installed equipment property records

for the owner.

b. Controls

Wherever practicable, cross-section work should be tied

into the same horizontal and vertical controls used for the

construction layout. If it is found necessary to establish an

independent base line and/or bench mark with an assumed elevation,

as might be the case when cross-sectioning a borrow area remote

from the construction site, these controls must be located so as

to preclude the possibility of losing them. Alternatively they

must be tied in by careful horizontal and vertical measurements to

a sufficient number of safely located reference points to insure

that the controls can be re-established in the event of

disturbance.

c. Instruments and Equipment

(1) Are all instruments and equipment (used in making

measurements) of a type and quality such that they are capable of

maintaining the required degree of accuracy?

(2) Have levels and transits been checked before starting

work, to ensure they are in adjustment?

(3) Are they checked periodically during the course of the

work and readjusted as necessary?

(4) Are adjustments necessary at frequent intervals? This

may indicate that an instrument is not in an acceptable condition

for the work to be done.

(5) Are tapes and rods checked for accuracy before starting

work?

(6) Are tapes and rods checked during the course of the

work for damage or wear? Do not permit the use of tapes or rods

which have been worn or damaged to such an extent that correction

factors must be applied to measurements taken with them.

d. Measuring Procedures

(1) General - Such items as orientation of the crosssection base line, frequency (spacing) of cross-sections and

individual shots, accuracy of tape and rod readings for individual

shots and required degree of precision in orienting the crosssections perpendicular to the base line, all depend upon

irregularity of the terrain, shape of the excavation, fill, or

other volume to be measured, and upon the unit prices of the

payment items involved. These standards must be established at 

the outset of the work, usually by the Resident Engineer or 

higher authority.
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1B-3

(2) Checking

(a) Is leveling checked by closing on bench marks?

(b) Are distances checked at the end of each cross-section

by taping into an auxiliary parallel base line or by comparison

with the adjacent cross-section?

(3) Cross-sections

(a) Have specifications been reviewed and list made of all

payment items for which surveys will be needed to measure

quantities?

(b) Are cross-sections extended far enough to include the

"catch points" of excavation and fill slopes, with generous

allowances for over-excavation?

(c) Are sufficient intermediate cross-sections being taken

to catch abrupt changes in slope of terrain?

(d) Are plans referred to frequently enough to insure that

cross-sections are taken where needed to show conditions at

changes in alignment and to show shape and grade of work?

(e) Is a chart or marked drawing being maintained to show

the relative locations of cross-sections taken, to show the work

in progress, and to insure that cross-sections will be taken in

advance of the work?

(f) As cross-sections are taken the QA Rep must be alert to

all instances where actual conditions differ from those shown on

the drawings. Examples: Ground surface higher or lower than

indicated; boulders or ledge rock occurring at locations or

elevations different from those indicated; evidence of ground

water at locations not indicated; underground or overhead

utilities not shown on the drawings. Report the existence of any

of these conditions promptly to your supervisor. They may indicate

future overruns or underruns in contract payment quantities, or

troublesome claims by the contractor on account of “differing site

conditions.” Early awareness of these conditions gives the

Government maximum opportunity to study possible design changes to

avoid or minimize extra expense.

(4) Recording

(a) Are all quantity measurements accurately and neatly

recorded in an orderly manner in one binder, if possible?

(b) Is the record such that anyone at a later date will be

able to readily and understandably re-evaluate or examine all

measurements and computations?
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i

CHAPTER 2A

CLEARING AND GRUBBING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

2A-01 PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIONS 2A-l

a. Extent of Clearing, 2A-1

Grubbing, and Disposal Work

b. Contractor*s Schedule 2A-l

of Operations

c. Work Limits 2A-1

d. Acquisition of Land or 2A-1

Easements

e. Safety of Personnel 2A-1

and Equipment

f. Existing Power Lines 2A-1

and Other Utilities

g. Work Requirements 2A-2

2A-02 CLEARING 2A-2

a. Swamping 2A-2

b. Felling 2A-2

c. Decking 2A-3

d. Logging 2A-3

2A-03 GRUBBING 2A-3

2A-04 DISPOSAL 2A-3

2A-05 CLEAN-UP 2A-4
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2A-1

CHAPTER 2A

CLEARING AND GRUBBING

2A-01. PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIONS

a. Extent of Clearing. Grubbing, and Disposal Work

Check by a thorough review of the contract plans, specifications, and by reconnaissance of the area. Check permit

restrictions and rights—of—way.

b. Contractor*s Schedule of Operations

Schedule of operations shall be obtained and studied.

c. Work Limits

(1) Determine whether limits have been established in

agreement with plans and specifications.

(2) Ensure that area to be cleared and grubbed is clearly

marked.

(3) Check the cut-off elevations.

(4) Check depth and size of roots to be removed.

(5) Assure that monuments, markers, special trees are

properly protected.

d. Acquisition of Land or Easements

(1) Do not permit contractor to enter any land where

easements have not been received or when satisfactory agreement to

enter has not been made.

(2) Determine from your supervisor that the rights-of-way

are available for construction.

e. Safety of Personnel and Equipment

(1) Identify and post existing and potential hazards,

including poison oak, poison ivy, and poison sumac.

(2) Be sure that First Aid Stations are clearly marked and

that signs are posted showing location of the station.

(3) Check the contractor*s accident prevention plan for

each particular phase of operation before each phase begins.

(4) Check personal protective equipment; hard hats, gloves,

snake-proof leggings, etc.

(5) Inspect equipment for fire protection, guarding of

moving parts and pinch points.

f. Existing Power lines and Other Utilities

Note whether they are properly posted, protected, relocated, or removed as required.
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2A-2

g. Work Requirements

(1) Know the requirements for the different areas.

(2) Check the terrain, soil conditions and growth.

(3) Assure that contractor has proper controls for erosion

and drainage, noise and air pollution. Ensure that Environmental

Protection Plan, if required, has been approved.

2A-02. CLEARING

a. Swamping

(1) Check removal of underbrush, vines, and small trees

that will interfere with felling operations.

(2) Determine the number and spacing of workmen in the area

engaged in hand clearing work (brush hook and axe operations) to

insure safe working conditions.

(3) Inspect the operation of equipment (power saws, dozers,

etc.) for sufficient clearance.

(4) Check protective devices and warning signals of equipment and operators.

(5) Establish that the piling of swamped material does not

interfere with felling and logging operations.

b. Felling

(1) Check tree-climbing equipment.

(2) Note any leaning trees, hollow trees, snags or lodged

limbs that may cause trouble during felling operations.

(3) Mark and protect trees to be left standing.

(a) Check trimming of trees to be left standing.

(b) Use approved tree wound paint on scars 1-1/2 inches in

diameter and larger, caused by falling timber.

(c) If a tree surgeon is required, consult your supervisor.

(4) Ensure that felled trees are kept inside work limits.

(5) Check rig for topping.

(6) Determine that workmen are kept properly positioned,

within sight or hearing range during tree felling operations.

Insist on overhead protection for bulldozer operators.

(7) Check felling methods when such hazards exist as

slopes, slippery terrain, rock, or outcrops.

(a) Check undercutting and wedging.

(b) Inspect the condition of such equipment as axes,

crosscut saws, power saws, dozers and winches.
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(c) Prevent damage to trees to be left standing , existing

structures, and/or structures under construction.

c. Decking (Stacking)

(1) Identify marketable logs.

(2) Inspect hand and power equipment used for bucking

operations and the protective equipment required for operators.

(3) Check stacking methods for pile locations, distribution

of brush and logs in pile, compaction of pile, and type of

decking. Locate piles above high water level.

d. Logging

(1) Check loading and hauling equipment.

(2) Check protective devices and warning signals.

(3) Check access and haul roads for bridge and road limits,

clearances, steep grades and hairpin turns.

(4) Check dumping operations.

2A-03. GRUBBING

a. Observe removal depths of all stumps and matted roots.

b. Determine maximum size of roots and other materials

that may remain in the area.

c. Check method of measurement and payment.

d. Cut stumps to ground level in revetment areas.

e. See that depressions from grubbing are properly filled

and compacted.

f. Inspect operation of equipment.

g. Insure that blasting procedures for stump removal are

in accordance with approved methods listed in the Safety and

Health Requirements Manual.

h. Check specified limits of grubbing areas.

2A—04. DISPOSAL

Determine the disposal requirements and insist that the

operation closely follows the clearing.

a. Check disposal of unsalvageable material. Debris must

not enter waterways.

b. Check piling and disposal equipment and procedure and

the operators* protective devices.

c. Check arrangements made by the contractor for piling

and storage of clearing debris on private lands.

(1) Check that the contractor has a signed letter from the

owner acknowledging arrangements made. Get a copy for files.
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(2) Report to your supervisor any unwarranted entry by the

contractor or unauthorized disposal of material on privately—

owned lands.

d. Locate debris areas above high water flow lines.

e. Observe location, number and size of piles.

f. Check local fire district, county, state, Environmental

Protection Agency, and US Forest Service Regulations prior to

burning.

(1) Location and size of piles.

(2) Time of year burning is permitted.

(3) Standby equipment required.

g. Assure that burning is not allowed in areas where it

might cause damage to existing structures, construction in

progress, trees, and other vegetation.

h. Check burning schedule for interference with other

operations.

i. Determine the kind and usage of fire kindling

materials.

j. Complete decking prior to the start of any burning

operations.

k. Do not permit burning in high winds.

l. Require constant attendance of burning operations.

m. Check suitability and safety of operations for periodic

bunching of deck materials during burning.

n. Ensure that fire fighting equipment and personnel are

supplied by the contractor.

o. Ensure burning is complete. Reduce materials to ashes.

p. Provide that no burning is permitted on the surface of

revetments, roads, or existing rock or gravel-type construction.

2A-05. CLEAN-UP

Thoroughly check final cleanup.
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i

CHAPTER 2B

EARTHWORK

INDEX

Para. Title Page

2B-01 GENERAL 2B-1

a. Scope 2B-1

b. Survey and Soils 2B-1

Control

c. Samples of Material 2B-1

d. Standards of Inspection 2B-1

2B-02 TOPSOIL 2B-2

a. Stripping 2B-2

b. Stockpiling 2B-2

c. Spreading 2B-2

2B-03 EXCAVATION 2B-2

a. Earth Excavation 2B-2

b. Earth Excavation - 2B-3

Buildings

c. Soil Poisoning 2B-4

d. Rock Excavation 2B-5

2B-04 FOUNDATION PREPARATION 2B-6

a. Foundations other Than 2B-6

for Buildings

b. Building Foundations 2B-7

2B-05 EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILL 2B-8

a. Survey Control 2B-8

b. Preparation 2B-8

c. Haul Roads and Ramps 2B-8

d. Ditching 2B-9

e. Embankments 2B-9

f. Backfill of Trenches 2B-10

and Building Excavations

2B-06 FINAL GRADING AND SUBGRADE 2B-11

PREPARATION

a. Final Grading 2B-11

b. Subgrade Preparation 2B-11

2B-07 DRAINAGE FILLS FOR SLABS 2B-12

AND STONE PROTECTION

a. Drainage Fills for Slabs 2B-12

b. Stone Protection 2B-12
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CHAPTER 2B

EARTHWORK

2B-01. GENERAL

a. Scope

This chapter covers embankments, grading and preparation of

subgrade for roadways, railroads and other earthwork structures of

similar nature plus excavation, filling and backfilling for

building construction.

b. Survey and Soils Control

(1) A survey crew is generally assigned to conduct surveys

or to check contractor*s surveys. Soils testing is usually

performed by project laboratory personnel or by approved

commercial laboratory.

(2) The Quality Assurance Representative normally will not

physically perform surveys or soil testing. However, he must be

familiar with surveys and soil testing to determine that job

requirements are met as the work progresses, and to make sure that

the surveying and testing is appropriately performed as required.

He should record tests made and any action taken as a result of

the tests.

(3) Confer with your supervisor, survey personnel, and

laboratory personnel. Establish liaison so that all concerned will

be continually informed of surveys and soil tests. Also arrive at

a clear understanding of the nature and scope of records, reports,

and other construction data required, as well as individual

assignments for obtaining data, and preparation and submission of

reports.

c. Samples of Material

Samples of certain types of soils, such as capillary water

barrier under floor slabs and base material for roadways, are

required to be tested by the contractor prior to use in the work.

Use only tested and approved materials in the work.

d. Standards of Inspection

(1) Uniformly high quality earthwork construction is

required. Each step of the numerous operations involved must be

given close and continuous attention.

(2) Several classifications of excavation and of embankment

materials are generally involved. Control can best be accomplished

by maintaining a chart or tabulation of quantities and

distribution of materials.

(3) If the contractor fails to operate according to

specification requirements or otherwise fails to operate in a

manner to produce a satisfactory end product, notify your

supervisor and make recommendations for appropriate action. Keep a

record of your recommendations in your daily report.
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28-02. TOPSOIL

a. Stripping

(1) Check contract requirement for stripping of topsoil.

(2) Verify the topsoil to be stripped meets the definition

of topsoil.

(3) verify the depth of stripping of topsoil.

(4) Check the stripped topsoil is not contaminated with

subsoil, slag or cinders.

b. Stockpiling

(1) Determine location for stockpile.

(2) Ensure the stockpiling is kept neat, well-drained and

in a workable condition at all times.

c. Spreading

(1) verify the total requirements for topsoil. Check the

quality of topsoil meets the specifications.

(2) Check for favorable soil and weather conditions to give

beneficial results.

(3) Verify the scarifying depth of subgrade.

(4) Check the method and depth of placement for even

distribution of topsoil over the area.

(5) Check the stripped topsoil to see that it is free from

stones, sticks, roots, trash or other material larger than

one—half inch in diameter, and free from viable plants or plant

parts.

(6) Ensure compaction of the placed topsoil is prevented.

28-03. EXCAVATION

a. Earth Excavation

(1) Prior to the start of excavation operations, take photographs of the construction area, make sure that sufficient

cross—sections are taken, and continue to take progress photographs during construction.

(2) Review the log of borings to ascertain the elevation of

the water table and to determine if unsuitable soils are likely to

be encountered. Dewatering equipment may be necessary, and

disposal for unsuitable material must be provided.

(3) Check Post utility maps prior to the start of excavation to ascertain existing lines not shown on contract drawings.

(4) Evaluate materials being excavated against logs of

borings. If differences are noted, consult your supervisor for

determination of action to be taken.

(5) Check that approved disposal areas and haul roads are

used.
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(6) Check for location of required protection to sanitary

and storm drains, electrical cables, communications cables and gas

lines subject to damage by heavy earth-moving equipment.

(7) Insure the utilization of satisfactory materials from

excavations.

(8) Determine moisture condition of suitable excavated

materials in advance of needs.

(9) Insist that excavation is performed in specified

sequence.

(10) Assure that drainage is provided continually as

excavation progresses.

(a) Do not permit ponded water in any construction area.

(b) Be sure that drainage ditches are maintained free

flowing.

(11) Insure that required tests for soil bearing

characteristics are made upon completion of excavation.

(12) Coordinate planning of borrow excavation to insure

that the right materials will be available as needed for

embankment construction, and that borrow will not be unnecessarily

used when excavated material is available.

(13) Inspect borrow pits for:

(a) Adequate stripping.

(b) Orderly removal of materials.

(c) Satisfactory drainage.

(14) After total material removal, check borrow pit areas

for conformance with final shaping and drainage requirements.

(15) Determine average volume hauled for each type of

hauling equipment. Record daily load count for various

classifications of excavation when required for partial payments.

(16) Take final cross-sections.

(17) Provide that quantity surveys are made for payment

purposes.

(18) Examine all excavating equipment for compliance with

General Safety Requirements.

b. Earth Excavation - Building

(1) Check for contractor*s location, identification and

necessary protection for site utilities before operations begin.

(2) Excavated material intended for use as fill must be

free of limbs, stumps, roots, brush, vegetation and debris from

building foundations, pavements, utilities, etc.

(3) See that the foundation bearing materials agree with

the borings.
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(4) Check for the proper fill of all depressed areas or

holes. (Fill is not permitted beneath footing to correct over

excavation.)

(5) Inspect sides of excavations for safe slope (angle of

repose) or if sides are made vertical, check adequacy of required

bracing to safely retain the sides.

(6) Define provisions made for preventing damage to

adjoining property.

(7) Observe method of dewatering excavations and water

disposal.

(8) Insure that footing beds in dewatered areas are not

disturbed or softened.

(9) See that proper sequence of excavation is carried out

for components of the building at different elevations.

(10) Inspect footing and foundation excavations for

clearances sufficient to permit erection of forms, installation of

services and inspection.

(11) Identify corrective methods used in cases of overexcavation.

(a) Do not modify or change established elevations without

written approval of the Contracting Officer.

(b) Correct over-excavation by placing approved, compacted

backfill or concrete fill, depending on location.

(c) Keep a detailed record of any such corrective work.

(12) Check provisions for preventing surface drainage into

the excavated area.

(13) See that footing drains are installed where required.

(14) Determine special instructions and/or requirements

when excavations require use of caissons and cofferdams.

(15) Check safety requirements for heavy equipment

operating close to deep excavations.

c. Soil Poisoning

(1) Check the requirement for soil poisoning under and

around building structures.

(2) Check for approval of material to be used and watch

specifically for required concentration.

(3) Check application for coverage and quantity of material

used.

(4) Check EPA restrictions.

d. Rock Excavation

(1) Inspect contractor*s procedures for compliance with

proposed and/or approved plan of operation.
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2B-5

(a) Drilling and blasting are the commonly used methods for

rock excavation. However, picking, barring and wedging are used to

some extent.

(b) Check methods proposed for use in rock excavation for a

safe operation (see below).

(2) When overburden has been removed, and prior to rock

excavation, see that necessary surveys are made to determine pay

quantities.

(3) Determine compliance with all Safety Regulations.

(a) Carefully inspect handling, storage and use of

explosives.

(b) Insure compliance with city, county and/or state

regulations relative to explosives.

(c) Abide by provisions made for warning notices prior to

blasting, including: curtailment of radio transmission, protection

at highway and railroad crossings, and warning system for

personnel.

(d) Check compliance with restrictions on blasting near

fresh concrete.

(e) Check that requirements for monitoring of blasts are

being carried out.

(4) Check qualifications of contractor*s supervisor,

drillers and powdermen assigned to blasting operations.

(5) Inspect drilling and blasting equipment. Do not permit

use of unsafe, workout or obsolete equipment.

(6) Check drilling depth, evidence of materials encountered

in drilling, water in or flowing from holes, and indications of

seams or faults shown by drill drop or rate of drilling.

(7) Verify drilling pattern for blasting, quantity and

firing sequence of explosives.

(8) Keep records of the quantities of explosives used.

(9) Check results of each blast, particularly as final

excavation lines and/or grades are approached.

(a) Look for overbreak, damage to adjacent features, and

safety. Drilling pattern and/or quantity of explosives should be

modified if unsatisfactory conditions result.

(b) Observe and record overbreak that results from

structural weakness of rock for which payment will be made.

(c) Examine for and correct unstable rock on sides of

completed excavation.

(d) Evaluate installation of necessary rock supports and

recheck periodically to see that they are secure.

(e) Insure compliance with restrictions on blasting as

final grades or excavation lines are approached.
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2B-6

(f) Insofar as possible, provide that the rock is left in

an unshattered, solid condition.

(g) Inspect scaling and removal of loose material from

slopes.

(h) Make sure that rock foundations are marked down to a

satisfactory bed and side wall to receive concrete.

1. Smooth sloped surfaces are to cut into rough steps or

benches. Vertical height of steps or benches should be limited to

3 feet.

2. Smooth flat surfaces are to be roughened.

(10) Evaluate trench excavation.

(a) Determine if separate trenches are needed for water and

sewer lines.

(b) Insure that trenches are excavated to the minimum

required depth below the bottom of pipe and to the required

gradient.

(c) Examine for and correct unstable rock on sides of

trench.

(11) Observe the drainage of excavated areas.

(12) Check the disposal of material from rock excavation.

Be sure that satisfactory rock is handled and used as required.

(13) Implement necessary surveys for payment purposes.

(14) Watch for the excavation of trenches too far ahead of

pipe laying.

(15) Make sure that the specified density is obtained when

backfilling trenches.

(16) Maintain a complete record of all unusual conditions

encountered.

2B-04. FOUNDATION PREPARATION

a. Foundations Other Than for Buildings

(1) Refer to Chapter 2A of this Guide for check items

relative to clearing and grubbing.

(2) Observe depth of stripping and disposal of stripped

material.

(3) Examine earth foundation areas for evidences of peat,

mulch, humus and other unsuitable material and remove.

(4) Inspect filling and compacting of foundation

depressions.

(5) Evaluate densities of earth foundation materials prior

to constructing embankment.

(6) Note drainage of foundation area.
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2B-7

(7) Assure that scarifying of earth foundation areas or

other procedures required to effect bond between foundation and

embankment materials are properly employed.

(8) Insure that rock foundations to receive impervious fill

have all loose rock and other foreign material removed by

specified methods.

(9) Similarly, check rock foundations to receive concrete.

(10) Define special foundation treatment required.

(11) Inspect marking and protection of all features that

are to remain in the construction area, such as trees, poles, and

structures.

(12) Record all cracks or faults, actual or possible, by

taking pictures and/or plot maps, calling them to your

supervisor*s attention.

b. Building Foundations

(1) Compare foundation conditions with conditions shown on

the drawings. Report and record unusual conditions.

(2) Make note of unsuitable materials in the foundation

bed. Remove unsuitable materials and backfill with suitable

materials. Keep accurate records of any such work.

(3) Review grade, smoothness, and compaction of bottoms of

excavations.

(4) See that final grade for foundations in rock is

carefully excavated so as not to cause breaking or shattering.

(5) Consider the order of footing excavation. Lowest

footing areas should be placed first.

(6) Check the effectiveness of dewatering excavations. Do

not permit accumulation of water in footing excavations.

(7) Insure that provisions are made to prevent surface

water from entering excavations.

(8) Over-excavation at footings shall be filled with

concrete during footing placement.

2B-05. EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILL

a. Survey Control

(1) Be familiar with locations of Government-established

bench marks and base lines. Be sure that all control points are

protected from damage during construction.

(2) Determine that the contractor*s layout of work complies

with specification requirements.

(3) Insist that all original ground surveys necessary for

use as basis of payment to the contractor are made in the project

area, borrow areas, etc.

(4) Assure that final surveys are made as each phase of the

work is completed.
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(5) Review elevations of all completed excavations and

embankments for compliance with specifications.

2B-05. EMBANKMENTS AND BACKFILL

a. Survey Control

(1) Be familiar with locations of Government-established

bench marks and base lines. Be sure that all control points are

protected from damage during construction.

(2) Determine that the contractor*s layout of work complies

with specification requirements.

(3) Insist that all original ground surveys necessary for

use as basis of payment to the contractor are made in the project

area, borrow areas, etc.

(4) Assure that final surveys are made as each phase of the

work is completed.

(5) Review elevations of all completed excavations and

embankments for compliance with specifications.

b. Preparation

Prior to the placement of embankment or backfill, check:

(1) Removal of required vegetation, such as roots, brush,

heavy sods, heavy growth of grass, decayed vegetable matter,

rubbish and other unsuitable material.

(2) Compaction of ground surface.

(3) Plowing, stepping or benching of sloped surface steeper

than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.

(4) Determine the contractor*s plans for the installation

of all drainage and drainage structures before placing

embankments.

c. Haul Roads and Ramps

(1) Inspect haul road layout. Restrictions on haul road

type and haul routes may be imposed.

(2) Inspect haul road construction within an embankment

area and require that the same material with the same moisture

density relationship be used for the embankment.

(3) View construction ramps. Do not permit cutting through

a compacted embankment; construct ramps out from the embankment.

(4) Provide that original moisture content of haul road

surfaces within permanent fill and excavation areas is maintained.

(5) Route vehicular traffic on embankment sections so that

compactive effort will be uniformly distributed over the area.

(6) Insist that established roadways used for hauling are

kept clean and smooth at all times, and that dust is kept to a

minimum.
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d. Ditching

(1) Maintain control of ditching operation with timely

spot cross-sectioning, and the checking of grades, shapes and

slopes.

(2) Area of excessive excavation should be immediately

backfilled and compacted.

(3) Inspect for the complete removal of all roots, stumps,

rocks and foreign matter inside the excavated area.

(4) Insure the adequate disposal of excavated material. In

no case should the material be left closer than 3 feet from the

edge of the ditch.

(5) Inspect the maintenance of the ditch. It is usually the

contractor*s responsibility to maintain ditches until final

acceptance of the work.

(6) Be sure that the excavation is carried out in such a

manner as to prevent surface water from flowing into a trench or

other excavation.

e. Embankments

(1) Meet classification of the soils being used for

embankment formation. Dispose of all unsuitable material rapidly

and check that it is not deposited in the embankment.

(2) Evaluate contractor provided hauling and compacting

equipment for safety, quantity, type, and condition.

(3) Check soil moisture requirement by determining workable

moisture content ranges of the soils to be used and the natural

moisture content of the soils.

(4) Scrutinize the contractor*s operations to see that full

advantage is taken of the soil*s natural moisture.

(5) Determine that adequate testing is performed and that

results indicate that satisfactory moisture and density are

obtained.

(6) Determine the need for wetting, drying, or mixing of

fill obtained from excavations or from borrow pits. Insure that

action is taken to uniformly moisture condition the soils as

necessary in advance of needs.

(7) Note controls for spreading embankment material

(a) Insure adequate mixing equipment (such as plows, discs,

etc.) on site for the mixing and breaking up of material and to

provide uniformity of moisture distribution and material.

(b) Measure lift thickness.

(c) Notice uniformity of materials and moisture content.

(8) Note compaction of the material and record results.
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(a) Start compaction operations as soon as possible after

soil has been placed and satisfactorily conditioned with the

specified moisture content.

(b) Check rollers and roller coverage.

(c) Check for tearing action in roller turn areas. Reroll

area as necessary to obtain required density.

(d) Check roller action for evidences of excessive moisture

content in the soil or for evidences of exceeding the soil bearing

capacity. Soil densities should increase with an increase in the

number of roller passes to the point of maximum density for a

fixed moisture content.

(e) Evaluate operation of land-manipulated tamping equipment for complete compaction coverage at optimum water content.

(f) Measure compacted layer thickness.

(g) Determine uniformity of density.

(9) Check for surface drainage of each lift.

(10) Insure removal of oversize stones, roots, and debris

from materials as they are placed.

(11) Investigate installation of required settlement gages

and piezometers.

(a) Check connections and plumbness of each section as

progressively installed.

(b) Obtain and record readings each time the tubes are

extended.

(12) Determine that required record tests are taken.

(13) Observe final alignment, section and grade.

(14) Seal each layer with light pneumatic equipment to

preserve the moisture.

(15) Scarify and wet each layer prior to placing each

succeeding layer, and check bonding between layers.

f. Backfill of Trenches and Building Excavations

(1) Analyze condition of material at bottom of trenches

and/or excavations. Remove wet or unstable material and replace

with compacted, suitable material.

(2) Evaluate material employed for pipe bedding. A minimum

overdepth and bedding is required for rock trench bottom.

(3) Look into the shaping of pipe beds for bottom quadrant

of gravity storm and sanitary pipe. See that bell holes are being

excavated so that pipes are uniformly supported over their entire

length at the required grade. Grading should precede bell hole

excavation.
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(4) Check the material for plasticity, gradation, and frost

susceptibility, and see that the proper material is placed in the

correct section.

(5) Check width of trench bottoms for sanitary and storm

drains. Width should not be greater than the dimensions specified.

(6) Examine materials to be used for all backfill. Insure

that material is compacted under pipe haunches.

(7) Inspect all excavations for removal of all debris and

frozen material prior to backfilling.

(8) Notice placement of layers and unformity of compaction

and density results.

(a) Insure that precautions are observed in backfilling

against walls, and that sufficient time has elapsed for curing of

concrete.

(b) Assure dewatering of excavations to be backfilled.

(c) Insist that material be placed at optimum moisture

content.

(d) Observe all cold weather placing requirements.

(9) See that sufficient depth of fill is over the pipe

prior to permitting heavy equipment to pass.

(10) Report to your supervisor all indications of damages

to walls or structures by backfilling operations, and determine if

corrective action is required.

2B-06 FINAL GRADING AND SUBGRADE PREPARATION

a. Final Grading

(1) Compel conformance to required lines and grades.

(2) Insist on uniformity of smoothness and compliance with

surface smoothness requirements.

(3) Check drainage of finished surfaces.

(4) Observe the functioning of ditches and drainage

structures.

b. Subgrade Preparation

Note: Subgrade as used herein is defined as that portion

of the surface of any embankment, fill or excavated area on which

protective or base course materials are to be placed and all areas

to be top-soiled and seeded.

(1) Check lines, grade and shaping of sub-grade.

(2) Check for evidence of soft, yielding or otherwise

unsatisfactory material. Remove and replace as necessary.

(3) Check for boulders and ledges in cut areas. Remove or

break off to required depth.
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2B-12

(4) Check moisture content and compaction immediately prior

to placement of protective or base course materials.

(5) For additional check items, see Chapter 20, Paving, of

this guide.

2B-07. DRAINAGE FILLS FOR SLABS AND STONE PROTECTION

a. Drainage Fills for Slabs

(1) Check material for compliance.

(2) Check rolling and/or operation of hand-operated tamping

equipment for complete and uniform compaction coverage.

Particularly watch compaction adjacent to walls, columns and other

similar areas.

(3) Check layer thickness.

(4) Check for uniform required compaction.

(5) Check shaping of surface for conformity with line,

grade and surface tolerances.

b. Stone Protection

(1) Check approval of materials.

(2) Check uniformity of stone size and/or gradation prior

to and after placement.

(3) Check equipment used and placement procedures.

(4) Check thickness of protection.

(5) Check lines and grades for conformity with tolerances.
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i

CHAPTER 2C

UNDERGROUND PIPE SYSTEMS

INDEX

Para. Title Page

2C-01 GENERAL 2C-1

a. Plans, Specifications, 2C-1

and Layout

b. Accessibility of Valves, 2C-1

Hydrants, and Manholes

c. Lines and Grades 2C-1

d. Connections to Existing 2C-1

Utilities

e. Interference 2C-1

f. Damages 2C-2

g. Testing 2C-2

2C-02 PIPES AND FITTINGS 2C-2

a. Approval of Material 2C-2

b. Handling and Storage 2C-2

c. Field Coating 2C-2

d. Laying Pipes - General 2C-3

e. Waterlines 2C-3

f. Fuel Gas Lines 2C-4

g. Sanitary Sewers 2C-4

h. Storm Sewers 2C-5

i. Heat Distribution Lines 2C-5

j. Fuel Lines 2C-6

2C-03 JOINTING OF PIPES 2C-7

a. General 2C-7

b. Hot-pour Joints 2C-7

c. Poured Lead Joints 2C-7

d. Flexible Joints 2C-7

e. Tapered End Couplings 2C-7

f. Cement Mortar Joints 2C-8

g. Pipe Threads 2C-8

h. Copper Tubing Joints 2C-8

i. Welded Joints 2C-8

j. Mechanical Joints in Manholes 2C-9

k. Flanged Joints in Manholes 2C-9

l. Corrugated Banding 2C-9

m. Caps or Plugs 2C-9

2C-04 MANHOLES, CONCRETE CRADLES 2C-9

AND ENCASEMENTS

a. Materials 2C-9

b. Construction 2C-9

2C-05 EXCAVATION, TRENCHING AND 2C-9

BACKFILLING

a. Excavation 2C-9

b. Construction 2C-10

c. Backfilling 2C-10

2C-06 SUMMARY 2C-11
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2C-1

CHAPTER 2C

UNDERGROUND PIPE SYSTEMS

2C-01. GENERAL

This chapter covers excavation, trenching, backfilling, and

laying of underground pipe systems to a point within five feet of

buildings and structures. The types of underground pipe systems

considered are as follows: Water, storm subdrainage, sanitary,

fuel, gas, steam, high and low temperature hot water.

a. Plans. Specifications, and Layout

Prior to the start of field construction, the plans and

specifications should be thoroughly reviewed. The QC rep must

check and review isolation of any utility lines that are to be

worked on. Also, QCR must check and review the permanent

disconnection and capping of critical utility lines such as;

natural gas, fuel oil, LPG, etc., that are to be abandoned.

(1) Observe existing utilities and all possible interference with existing systems.

(2) Confer with local utility agents to ascertain that all

utilities are indicated on the contract drawings. Utilities not

shown on contract drawings should be entered on record drawings.

(3) Check all electrical facilities, both aerial and

underground, in accordance with EP 414-1-261, Vol 4.

b. Accessibility of Valves. Hydrants, and Manholes

All valves, hydrants, and manholes should be constructed in

such manner that they can be utilized in the future. Hydrants

should be accessible for operation.

c. Lines and Grades

Lines and grades should be established and staked, and

reference bench marks should be set before any excavation or pipelaying operations.

(1) Check each type of utility being installed within a

project for conflict as to the layout and elevations at each point

of crossing.

(2) Check for conflict with existing utilities.

d. Connections to Existing Utilities

Plan and coordinate connections to existing utilities.

Under no conditions will an existing utility service be

interrupted without full coordination with the operator of such

service.

e. Interference

Hold traffic interference to a minimum when installing

utilities in or under walks, streets, or railroads. QA/QC should

ensure that jacking and boring of pipe, where required by the

contract, is carried out in a manner so as not to disrupt traffic

or other surface activities.
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2C-2

(1) Determine that materials are on hand and that work is

organized, so that interference will be held to a minimum.

(2) Insure that warning signs, barricades, and obstruction

lights are placed and that regular traffic is not tied up

excessively.

(3) Traffic interruptions and detours must be coordinated

with the facility or agency responsible for the service.

f. Damages

See that completed pipe installations are not damaged by

movement of construction equipment over or near pipe.

g. Testing

Pressure tests shall be performed prior to backfilling for

visual inspection of joints. Alignment tests on all pipes and

drain lines are made before backfill is completed. Test results

shall be recorded. Check to:

(1) Inspect every joint.

(2) Assure that corrective action is in accordance with

requirements.

2C-02. PIPES AND FITTINGS

a. Material Compliance

(1) Determine the quality of all material delivered to the

work site for specification compliance.

(a) Pipe, pipe fittings, valves and other components should

be checked to insure that they carry the appropriate stamp and

standards organization designations such as ASTM or ASME.

(2) Compare official submittals with material brought to

the job. Check labeling for type, grade, strength, classification

and determine size and condition of materials. Make sure that pipe

fittings, such as tees, ells, and couplings, correspond to the

weight of pipe, and are made in the U.S.A.

(3) verify the quality of miscellaneous items such as

valves, service boxes, stops, special connections, tapped tees,

etc.

b. Handling and Storage

(1) See that pipes and fittings are handled with the proper

tools and equipment. Do not permit dragging and handling of pipe

with chains, wire ropes, etc.

(2) Check for damaged pipes, fittings, and pipe coating.

Reject all damaged materials promptly, and have rejected materials

removed from the job site immediately.

(3) Make sure adequate and accessible storage area has been

provided.

(3) Determine requirements for repairing damaged surface

coatings.
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2C-3

c. Field Coating

(1) Check the availability of an approved coating test

device.

(2) Check for breaks and abrasions of pipe coating.

(4) Implement requirements for cleaning of surfaces before

coating.

(5) Follow the requirement for painting with primer and

sealer.

(6) Check for the requirement to coat edges or ends of pipe

and bolt threads.

d. Laying Pipes - General

(1) Check the gradient, line, and grade of the pipeline

trench or bed before laying proceeds and after completion of each

section.

(2) Observe method of jointing permitted.

(3) Use pipe manufacturers installation information. Where

there is a difference between this information and the contract

specifications, this difference should be called to the attention

of your supervisor.

(4) Check for cleanliness of pipe (especially joints)

during placement and after completion. Cover pipe openings with

temporary protection.

(5) Insure that all pipe to be placed on earth is placed on

dry, firm soil.

(6) Check for obstructions in pipe, such as pipe plugs,

debris, etc.

e. Water lines

(1) Grade lines to avoid high points as much as possible.

Where high points occur, check specifications for requirements for

vacuum and relief valves.

(2) See that fire hydrants are plumb with pumper nozzle (4

and 1⁄2 inch opening) facing the roadway. Check location of hydrant

shut-off valve and post indicator valve (no shutoff valve between

the PIV and the building it serves.)

(3) Measure height of the lowest nozzle above finish grade.

An 18-inch clearance is required.

(4) Check that fire hydrant threads conform and fit the

hose or fire fighting equipment which will be connected to them.

(5) Observe the hydrant barrel drain.

(a) Plug the drain in locations of high ground water where

the hydrant is specified to have no drain. All hydrant valves must

sit on a 15” by 4” thick concrete pad.
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2C-4

(b) In area where the ground water is low, the drain plug

must be removed and drainage aggregate (18 inches of crushed

stone) provided.

(6) A well installed water main does not move.

(a) Check thrust blocking and/or tie rods.

(b) Check for movement at joints, bands, dead ends and

hydrants.

(c) Check wedging at all fittings.

(7) Require the hydrostatic pressure test and specified

leakage tests.

(8) Do not omit the sterilization phase of the construction

work on water lines.

(a) Main to be thoroughly flushed with water until all mud

and debris have been removed.

(b) Add disinfecting agent in easily applied form and

recommended dosage.

(c) Solution to remain in contact with line at least 8 and

preferably 24 hours.

(d) There should be no less than 10 ppm residual at extreme

end of line at end of contact period.

(e) Flush entire system thoroughly.

(9) Insure that valves are accessible and try turning the

valve nut after backfilling is completed.

(10) Check distance requirements between parallel and

crossing water and waste piping.

f. Fuel Gas Lines

(1) Do not permit lines to be buried under buildings, nor

in trenches with other utilities.

(2) Enforce safety regulations rigidly during construction

of gas lines.

(3) Check and recheck the area with a detector for an

explosive atmosphere.

(4) When there is indication of an explosive condition, do

not commence work until the explosive condition has been cleared.

(5) Install gas pipes above other utilities which they

cross, and with a minimum cover of 2 feet. Pipe under pavements or

heavily traveled areas will be encased or located deep enough so

that there will be no damage from heavy traffic.

(6) Check cleanliness of pipe before lowering into trench.

(7) Check pipe coating for damage during connection,

laying, and backfilling operations. Permit coated piping to be

handled only by hand or with nonmetallic flexible slings.
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2C-5

(8) Keep pipe clean during installation by careful handling

and by keeping ends of pipe closed.

g. Sanitary Sewers

(1) Check distance separating sewers from water line.

Always install sewer or force main below water line if the lines

are within 6 feet horizontally, unless special provisions are

taken at crossings; otherwise spacing must be at least 10 feet

horizontally. Check for special requirements where sewer lines or

force mains cross above water lines. Require leakage tests for

sanitary sewers and force mains. QA/QC to verify that special

backfill and compaction requirements for plastic pipe have been

followed.

(2) Check to see that spigot end of pipe is pointed

downstream in pipeline.

(3) Check that uniform grade is maintained between manholes. Assure that top elevation of manhole is flush with paving

grades or higher than finished grade of ground surrounding area,

as specified.

(4) There are specific safety precautions to be taken when

working in sewers. Sewer gas may be explosive or incapable of

supporting life. Check need for assigning at least two men to the

work.

(5) Handtools must be used to round the trench bottom and

dig bell holes so that at least the bottom quadrant of the pipe

rests firmly on undisturbed soil.

h. Storm Sewers

(1) Check that installation is performed by proceeding

upgrade with spigot or tongue end of pipes pointing in the

direction of flow.

(2) Check the installation of all fittings, joints, connections at manholes, and connections to existing facilities.

(3) Check grade, elevation, and finish of paved inverts.

(4) Check that elliptical pipe sections are handled

carefully in transporting, storing and installing.

(5) Check for installation of all subdrain tile as shown on

plans.

(6) Where watertight joints are required, see that

hydrostatic test requirements are met, and that rubber gaskets are

not affixed more than 24 hours prior to pipe installation and are

protected from sun, dust, and other deleterious agents.

(7) provide covering to prevent the entrance of earth into

the pipe.

(8) Require shaping the trench bottom as for sanitary

sewers.

i. Heat Distribution Lines

(1) All heat distribution piping is subject to expansion
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2C-6

and contraction. Check that all lines are straight, both vertically and horizontally.

(2) Expansion of piping will be absorbed by expansion

joints or fabricated pipe loops. There must be room for the pipe

loop to move and for maintenance.

(3) Verify strength, security, and proper placement of

anchors and supports.

(4) Inspect rigid installation of anchors.

(5) Require uniform pitch of steam pipe. Trap all low

points.

(6) Follow the manufacturer*s recommended installation

procedure for the insulation materials, unless there are specific

changes on the approved shop drawings.

(7) Store and protect insulation from the weather.

(8) Keep underground pipe conduit system dry during and

after construction.

(9) Examine waterproofing very carefully. There are many

details for both field applied and factory applied waterproofing

to protect the insulation.

(10) Valve pits should be watertight and have sumps or

drains, if not advise your supervisor. Check for proper valves,

fittings, supports, seals around pit openings, casing, drain,

vents, sump, aluminum jacketing over insulation, ladder, etc.

(11) Valve pits should also be checked to insure that they

are of the required size and that valves, flanges and other

components have been located as to be accessible and to provide

sufficient space for ease of maintenance.

(12) Check welding of pipe lines for compliance with

specification requirements and the applicable codes.

(13) Insure that all changes in direction are done with

approved type fittings.

(14) Check welds or metal casing on underground steam lines

for leaks and holidays in asphalt coatings.

(15) See that the Class A or B underground system materials

have been tested for acceptability.

(16) Require that all low points in the system are drained

and high points are vented.

(17) Assure that the field testing is satisfactorily

performed, including hydrostatic, visual and holiday detector

tests.

(18) Check for removal of ground water from system.

j. Fuel Lines

(1) Fuel lines in this section pertain to underground

liquid petroleum systems.
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2C-7

(2) Check drain connections at low points and air releases

at high points.

(3) Check that field application of covering on joints is

not done until the pneumatic pressure test has been conducted and

the joints proved satisfactory.

(4) Check if screens and filter elements are installed;

check mesh and material; check installation for proper direction

of flow; and check clearances for removal of screen and access to

drain connection.

(5) Vapors of fuel may accumulate in pits or enclosed areas

and can cause serious explosions.

(a) Provide adequate ventilation during operation in a

liquid fuel area.

(b) Prohibit open fires, sparks, or static electricity in

the vicinity of vapors which may be explosive.

(c) Check by use of a detector for explosive atmosphere.

2C-03. JOINTING OF PIPES

a. General

(1) Check to see that all jointing surfaces are kept clean.

Check to insure that pipes of different materials, densities or

manufacturers can and are being properly joined. For example, heat

fusion of plastic pipe of different densities is problematic. This

piping should be joined with mechanical couplings to insure a leak

proof connection.

(2) Do not join pipes in mud and water.

(3) Constantly be on the alert to check tightness of

joints.

b. Hot-pour Joints

(1) Hot-pour joints must be clean and dry. The presence of

moisture may cause explosion and possible injury.

(2) Check for uniformity of annular space.

(3) Check method of application and make sure all joints

are adequately filled.

(4) Check temperature of the compound.

c. Poured Lead Joints

(1) Check packing for uniformity and tightness.

(2) Check depth and amount of lead being placed in joints.

(3) Check the pouring operation for method of filling and

for one continuous pour.

(4) Check driving during caulking. If lead is permitted to

be displaced to a depth greater than 1/4 inch, the joint should be

remade.
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2C-8

d. Flexible Joints

(1) Check for approved material, make, type, and number of

splices. etc.

(2) Check placing and positioning of flexible gasket.

(3) Check depth of gasket with a gauge.

(4) Check use of lubricant.

(5) Make hydrostatic test as soon as possible.

e. Tapered End Couplings

Drive tapered end couplings up tight when joining

bituminous fiber pipe.

f. Cement Mortar Joints

(1) Determine specific requirements for types of joints,

whether Oakum, Diaper band, etc.

(2) Insure that mortar meets requirements of specifications.

(3) Observe that the jointing operation will completely

fill joints and form a bond on the outside.

(4) Cure cement mortar joints.

(5) Remove excess grout from inside and outside of pipe.

g. Pipe Threads

(1) Cut pipe threads with sharp tools.

(2) provide proper length thread; the pipe taper is lost by

overlength threading.

(3) Ream pipe flush on the inside surface.

(4) Apply joint compound to the threads on the pipe, not to

the fittings.

(5) Make up all joints tightly.

h. Copper Tubing Joints

(1) Correlate types of pipes and fittings used against

types required.

(2) Cut copper tubing off square and remove burrs.

(3) Insure clean tubing before fluxing and soldering.

(4) Check type of tools used for flaring compression type

joints.

i. Welded Joints

(1) Inspect welders* qualifications and approved procedure.
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2C-9

(2) Prior to any welding, obtain the code designation

assigned to each certified welder to insure that welded joints are

stamped with the welder*s code and can be properly identified.

(3) Fabricate and weld as much as possible before lowering

pipe into trench.

(4) Check against possible cave-in when welding in trench.

(5) Explore for explosive gases within pipes and before

welding in fueling areas.

(6) Check pipe ends for bevel.

(7) Make a very careful inspection of welds in hard to

reach areas.

(8) Remove all welding slag before visual inspection.

j. Mechanical Joints in Manholes

Install in accordance with manufacturer*s instructions.

k. Flanged Joints in Manholes

Install gaskets, bolts and assure that flanges are not 

damaged. Use proper bolt torquing procedures.

l. Corrugated Banding

(1) Laps of all circumferential joints in the pipe should

provide that the outside lap be on the downstream side of the

joint with the longitudinal laps on the side of the in-place pipe.

(2) All markings indicating the top of the pipe should

coincide with the specified alignment of the pipe.

(3) While the connecting band is being placed, assure that

the band is going to fit tightly.

(4) Check for the requirement, or necessity, to use bituminous material at the joint after jointing.

m. Caps or Plugs

(1) Close open ends of pipe when work is not in progress.

(2) Keep pipelines clean of all debris, rodents, or water.

2C-04. MANHOLES, CONCRETE CRADLES AND ENCASEMENTS

a. Materials - Check material requirements with delivered

materials at the preparatory inspection.

b. Construction

(1) Check dimensions and layout.

(2) Check invert elevations and details of the invert

channels in manholes.

(3) Check placement of material such as concrete, reinforcement, brick, block, plaster, frames and covers, rungs, etc.,

for the same workmanship as for other structures.
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2C-10

(4) See that manholes are not obstructed by dumped waste

concrete or other construction material.

2C-05. EXCAVATION, TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING

a. Excavation - Existing underground utilities will be

carefully excavated and protected. Existing utilities will be

suitably supported to prevent damage to them and to prevent

transferring any direct load on to the new piping system below.

(1) Check need for shoring or excavate to required side

slope.

(2) Report all damaged existing utilities to your supervisor immediately to determine corrective measures.

(3) Note location of all unknown or unreported utilities

for inclusion on revised utility plan.

(4) Determine that access steps or ladders are provided in

trenches, where necessary, and that they are maintained in safe

condition.

b. Trenching — Begin trench excavation for sewers at the

lower end of the line and proceed upgrade to protect the work from

possible flooding, unless job conditions prohibit.

(1) Check specifications and job requirements for maximum

width of trench and minimum depth of pipe.

(2) Check bed of the trench for grade and suitability of

materials before any pipe is laid. If the trench is overexcavated,

bring the bed to grade and compact. When encountering rock

excavations, check the minimum overdepth specified and check that

backfilling is performed with select bedding material.

(3) Keep water from the trenches during construction. Use

pumps or a well point system.

(4) Check that final hand grading precedes pipe laying by

no more than the amount of pipe that can be installed the same

day. Special conditions may limit hand graded distance to a few

feet.

(5) Check excavation of bottom of trench. Is it graded and

shaped to bottom quadrant of sewer pipe, and has excavation under

all bells been performed as specified?

(6) Inspect distance between potable water lines and

sanitary sewer trenches for minimum allowable clearance.

(7) Check pipe-handling procedures and do not allow loads

being swung over the heads of workmen.

c. Backfilling - QC to ensure that special care is taken

when backfilling around ductile iron pipe that has been encased in

a polyethelene sleeve. Require leakage tests for sanitary sewers.

QC to verify that specific backfill and compaction requirements

for plastic pipe have been followed.
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2C-11

(1) Permit placement of backfill only between pipe joint

locations until all lines have been tested and/or approved, unless

job conditions require otherwise. In the case of pressure testing,

place sufficient backfill material to prevent pipes from moving

out of place. In the case of wrapped and coated piping, do not

permit any backfilling until the coating at welds and fittings has

been completed and the entire coating tested for holidays. Assure

that backfill in contact with the piping does not injure

protective coatings. Make sure that all lines are located on asbuilt drawings before backfilling.

(2) Check backfill material, assuring placement in uniform

layers on each side of the pipeline.

(3) Insure removal of foreign materials and large stones

prior to backfilling.

(4) Backfill operation check:

(a) Thickness of each layer for moisture content and compaction. Especially watch for compaction around lower portion of

pipe, and watch for any movement of pipe.

(b) Do not machine compact fill on top of a pipeline until

required minimum cover has been placed.

(c) That there are no large or sharp rocks used.

(d) The maximum size of stones permitted.

(e) Assure that all requirements are clearly understood by

QC Representative. Backcheck for validation with density testing

when necessary.

(5) Check sewer lines to manhole after the backfilling

operation. Check from manhole for broken pipe, settlement in the

line, lateral movement, and cleanliness.

2C-06. SUMMARY

a. The plans and specifications must be rigidly adhered to

at all times.

b. During the constructibility review the QA must insure

that red-lined as built drawings and system O&M manuals are

submitted to the installation as soon as possible after completion

of all or each section of the system if the construction is

phased. In any case the appropriate “red-lined* drawings and O&M

manuals should be given to the installation before any portion of

the system is placed in operation or the facility is occupied.

c. All questionable items should be reported to your

supervisor.
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2 Jan 92

i

CHAPTER 2D

PAVING

INDEX

Para. Title Page

2D-01 GENERAL 2D-1

a. Objective 2D-1

b. Control Testing - 2D-1

General

c. Contractor Proposals 2D-1

d. Plans and Specifications 2D-2

2D-02 PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE 2D-2

a. Planning 2D-2

b. Construction 2D-3

2D-03 SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES 2D-4

a. Review Prior to Con- 2D-4

struction

b. Construction 2D-5

2D-04 BITUMINOUS PRIME AND TACK 2D-8

COATS

a. Advance Planning 2D-8

b. Application 2D-9

2D-05 BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT 2D-9

a. Initial Checks 2D-9

b. Paving Operations 2D-13

c. Check Sampling and 2D-17

testing

2D-06 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF 2D-19

ASPHALT

2D-07 CONCRETE PAVEMENT 2D-20

a. Items to Check Prior 2D-20

to Beginning of Pavement

b. Inspections During 2D-24

Paving

c. Inspections Subsequent 2D-28

to Paving

d. Control Tests 2D-31

2D-08 CONCRETE SIDEWALKS, CURBS 2D-31

AND GUTTERS

a. General 2D-31

b. Sub-Grade and Base 2D-31

Course

c. Forms, Concrete Placement, 2D-32

Finishing and Curing
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ii

Para. Title Page

2D-09 PATCHING CONCRETE PAVEMENT 2D-33

WITH EPOXY

a. Materials 2D-33

b. Storage 2D-33

c. Mix 2D-33

d. Equipment 2D-33

e. Preparation for 2D-33

Placement

f. Placing 2D-34

g. Safety 2D-34
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2D-1

CHAPTER 2D

PAVING

2D-01. GENERAL

a. Objective

The objective in constructing any pavement is to provide a

pavement satisfying design criteria and possessing such uniform

characteristics of quality that it will have maximum serviceable

life with minimum maintenance. This objective may be achieved

only through painstaking attention to each step in the

construction of a pavement. This check list will call to your

attention items requiring careful thought and consideration

relative to preparation of sub-grade, construction of sub-base

and base courses, priming of prepared base course, tacking

bituminous binder course, and placement and finishing of the

pavement surfacing.

b. Control Testing - General

(1) The determination of satisfactory materials on the

basis of samples submitted prior to construction and the design

of starting mixes for bituminous and portland cement concrete

pavements is normally a function of a paving engineer.

(2) Modify concrete batch weights to maintain uniformity

of grading and to adjust for free moisture on the aggregates.

(3) A project laboratory is usually equipped to conduct

soils tests and to control mixing plant production. The

inspector normally will not physically conduct tests but he must

be familiar with the tests and significance of tests results.

(4) Minimum frequency of control testing is generally

established by specifications and otherwise as good judgement

dictates.

(5) Adequacy of processing, batching and/or mixing plants

is normally determined through joint inspection by the QC/QA and

the paving engineer.

(6) Confer with project laboratory, paving engineer, and

your supervisor and agree on a form of liaison such that all

concerned will be kept informed of test results, changes in

character of materials, mix changes, behavior of mix, etc.

During this conference, arrive at a clear understanding of the

nature and scope of records, reports, and other construction

data required as well as individual assignments for obtaining

data, and preparation and submission of reports.

c. Contractor Proposals

(1) The specifications require the contractor to submit

samples of soils, aggregates for pavement surfacing, bitumens,

concrete curing compound, joint-sealing compounds, etc. for

testing prior to use in the work.

(a) Be familiar with arrangements for testing the

materials.
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2D-2

(b) See that materials are submitted far enough in advance

so as not to delay construction.

(c) Know test results.

(d) Permit only tested and approved materials in the work.

(2) Obtain a copy of the minutes of all construction

conferences from your supervisor and carefully review their

contents.

(3) Check that all equipment used by the contractor has

the approval of the Contracting Officer.

(a) Contracting Officer approvals of equipment constitute

approval as to general adequacy only.

(b) Continued use of equipment during construction that

does not produce acceptable work should not be permitted.

d. Changes in Plant Operation

(1) The inspector should be very cautious in making direct

changes in any plant operation. If approval has been obtained

through necessity, the following changes can be made:

(a) Modify bituminous mix hot bin weights to maintain

grading and bitumen content within limits established by job mix

formulae or revised formulae.

(b) Changes in gradations and/or proportions, if changed

in the design mix.

(2) The possible cause or causes of deviations may be

discussed with the contractor or plant superintendent to assist

or give guidance, but be careful of instructions, directed or

implied.

(3) If the contractor fails to operate in accordance with

specification requirements or otherwise fails to operate in a

manner to produce a satisfactory end product, your supervisor

should be notified and recommendations made concerning

appropriate action necessary.

2D-02. PREPARATION OF SUB-GRADE

a. Planning

(1) Have good knowledge of the project area including

clearing, grubbing and stripping requirements, location and

extent of cut and fill areas and nature of soils anticipated to

be encountered.

(2) Is the planned order of work for handling, disposing

and using excavated materials suitable?

(3) Determine that contractor layout of work complies with

specification requirements. Be familiar with required grades of

finished sub-grade.

(4) Be certain that all original ground surveys, necessary

for use as a basis of payment to the contractor, are made in the

project area, borrow areas, etc.
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2D-3

(5) Be thoroughly familiar with drainage features and all

embedded items that may be existing or are to be installed below

top of sub-grade

(6) Know requirements for soils and compacting for various

features of the work in cut and fill areas.

(7) Is contractor-proposed order of work in clearing,

grubbing, stripping, excavation, backfillinq, spoiling,

embankment construction and compaction in cut areas proceeding

in accordance with approval procedures, using approved

equipment, with sufficient number of units, to accomplish the

work in scheduled time?

b. Construction

(1) Are the materials encountered of the same soils

classification as those indicated on the contract drawings? If

not, notify your supervisor without delay so that appropriate

action may be taken.

(2) Is suitable material from excavations being used to

the maximum extent practicable?

(3) Is excavation being performed to provide drainage from

the excavated area at all times, if natural drainage is

possible?

(4) Are all pockets of soft, yielding or otherwise

unsatisfactory material being removed and replaced with suitable

material? If in doubt concerning removal of unsatisfactory

material, consult your supervisor.

(5) Have ground surfaces to receive sub-grade embankment

material been prepared?

(6) Are embankments being constructed in the specified

layer thickness of suitable material and compacted?

(7) Are embankment surfaces (sub-grade) struck-off leveled

and compacted to grade and surface smoothness tolerances?

(8) Are surfaces in cut areas being compacted with

suitable equipment to obtain the specified depth and degree of

compaction?

(9) During the compaction of each layer of embankment,

check to see if the moisture content of the soil is being

maintained at or near the optimum moisture content. If not,

require drying by aeration or moistening by watering, as the

case may be.

(10) Do prepared surfaces of cut areas (sub-grade) meet

grade and surface smoothness tolerances?

(11) Is finished sub-grade protected from traffic or other

operations until the sub-base or base is placed?

(12) Are subdrains required? If so, are they being

installed at the required locations and grades?
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2D-4

(13) Is trench backfilling being performed as required,

using satisfactory materials compacted in specified layer

thickness?

(14) Is control testing of the sub-grade and sub-grade

materials being performed in accordance with the minimum

sampling schedule developed for the project?

(15) Do test results indicate that materials meet all

specification requirements? If not, has action been taken to

correct any deficiency? Where action has been taken to correct

deficiencies revealed by tests, have retests been made, recorded

and cross-referenced to test failure?

(16) Are all test results properly recorded on established

reporting forms and adequate project records maintained?

2D-03. SUB-BASE AND BASE COURSES

a. Review Prior to Construction

(1) Review project specifications.

(a) Know requirements for the types of base course

materials.

(b) Know the maximum and minimum compacted layer

thicknesses permitted.

(c) Know the compaction requirements for each type of base

course material.

(d) Know acceptable construction procedures.

(e) Know grade control and surface smoothness

requirements.

(f) Check the Special Conditions of the specifications for

items that may amplify or supplement the Technical Provisions.

(2) Review project drawings.

(a) Fix in your mind the type or types of base courses

required for the various pavements involved.

(b) Know the location and extent of the various types of

pavements.

(c) Know the total thickness of each base course type.

(d) Be familiar with grades to which the base courses are

to be constructed.

(e) Be sure you are familiar with the location and nature

of all utilities in place or to be constructed. You should plan

to have offset reference stakes set so that position of

utilities may be determined after embedment, if necessary.

(f) Know the nature and location of all drainage features.

(g) Know the location of all handholes, manholes, observation risers and other structures or features to be installed

within the pavement area.
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2D-5

(3) Review proposed source or sources of base course

material.

(a) Check with your supervisor on status of materials

approval and obtain copies of approval letters.

(b) Tentative approval only is given on materials at their

source. Final approval is based on tests of material in place

Be familiar with results of tests on samples submitted which were and compacted©(c)

the basis for tentative approval.

(d) In general, ensure that select and sub—base materials

are natural or bank—run materials which may be obtained from

site excavations or from on-site or off—site borrow areas. Base

materials are generally crushed and plant—processed materials.

(4) Inspect approved source or sources of material.

(a) If material is bank—run, be sure pit is stripped of

all unsatisfactory material and that excavation will result in

obtaining a uniformly acceptable material.

(b) If bank—run materials are to be stockpiled, check that

stockpile area is cleared and leveled as required and that

proposed methods of stockpiling are satisfactory.

(c) If material is plant processed, inspect plant and

determine that processing, handling and stockpiling methods

established will produce uniformly acceptable material at a rate

to satisfy approved construction progress.

(5) Check all equipment brought on the job by the contractor.

(a) Be sure that specified and approved equipment types

are available.

(b) An adequate number of units in good mechanical condition must be furnished to perform the work in accordance with

approved construction progress schedules.

(6) Determine proposed procedures of handling high-quality

base course materials.

(a) Some high quality base course materials are required

to be furnished in two or more size groups and blended by means

of a mixing process.

(b) Check that equipment for mixing is on hand and is adequate to produce acceptable material at a satisfactory rate.

(7) Determine that the necessary equipment is available

for quality control of soils and for checking lines, grades and

smoothness of base courses as they are constructed.

b. Construction

(1) Are the weather and temperature within the limitations

specified?

(2) Inspection of pit or quarry operation
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(a) Is the pit yielding material that will, with little or

no question meet requirements for in—place and compacted base

course?

(b) Are uniform materials resulting from the excavation

and handling operations?

(c) Are unsuitable materials being wasted or otherwise

handled to prevent using in the project?

(d) Is material being processed as necessary and do

materials produced leave any question as to suitability?

(e) Check that method of stockpiling is controlled to

minimize contamination and/or segregation.

(f) Are the base course materials being sampled at source

in accordance with locally established procedures and are they

being tested?

(g) If materials are not properly excavated, processed

and/or handled, or if materials produced leave any question in

your mind, have you taken steps to correct the difficulty?

(h) Check that pits and/or quarries are left in a satisfactory condition.

(3) Test embankments may be required.

(a) Check for this requirement, as in some cases, procedures and equipment required are established on the basis of

test embankment a.

(b) If required, be sure test embankment is constructed

and determination of procedures has been made prior to full

scale placement of base courses.

(c) Know procedures and equipment required by results of

tests of the test embankment.

(4) Hauling equipment.

(a) Do not permit vehicles to continually follow in the

same tracks in areas to be paved.

(b) Spread out the tracking over the area insofar as

possible.

(c) See that hauling equipment complies with General

Safety Requirements.

(d) Determine if backup alarms are required; if so, they

must be provided and maintained in operating condition.

(5) Check methods being employed to spread the material.

(a) Methods differ for different types of base courses.

(b) Spreading must be carefully controlled to minimize

segregation.

(6) Check method of mixing.
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2D-7

(a) Check method specified.

(b) Check equipment used.

(c) Check result being obtained.

(7) Check to see that base and sub—base materials do not

become mixed.

(8) Check thickness of layers. Do they meet limitations on

maximum and minimum layer thicknesses?

(9) Check compaction of each layer of sub-base and/or base

course.

(a) Is approved equipment used and is uniformity and

complete coverage of the area attained?

(b) Watch for change in types of materials in that

different types of materials are best handled and compacted with

certain types of equipment and different compactive effort.

(c) Check equipment for conformance with specification

requirements.

(d) If approved equipment types or procedures do not

produce the specified results, consult your supervisor.

(10) Check for ruts or soft yielding spots produced during

rolling. Has proper action been taken to correct such weak spots

either through stabilization procedures or removal and

replacement of materials?

(11) Is water being added to the base course material or

is the material being aerated to obtain optimum moisture content

and maximum compaction?

(a) Compaction increases strength of most soils. However,

some soil types lose strength when compacted or may have other

unusual characteristics.

(b) Your specifications will adequately cover any special

procedures necessary for the soil type used.

(12) Be alert for poorly compacted material near manholes

or other embedded items and along rows or grade stakes. It may

be necessary to move or reset grade stakes.

(13) Check each layer of material in place to determine

compliance with thickness, density and crown requirement,

(14) Check the elevation crown, and surface smoothness of

the completed sub—base and base courses.

(15) Check that sampling of in place materials has been

done in accordance with minimum sampling requirements and that

test results are suitable, Verify with QA tests.

(16) If failure to meet specification requirements is

indicated by a test or tests, has the area involved been

determined and immediate appropriate action taken to correct the

deficiency? Evaluate density tests daily, verify with QA tests.
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2D-8

(17) Require the specified width of shoulder be placed and

compacted along with and at the edges of each layer of sub-base

and base course.

(18) Is grade control being performed by the contractor,

and has the contractor*s work been spotchecked by a Government

survey party?

(19) Proof-rolling base courses and tops of sub-base is

necessary for some portions of flexible pavements. Check proofrolling requirements.

(20) Check that the edges of sub-base and base courses or

shoulders are being treated as specified. Check requirements for

forms.

(21) Check for adequate maintenance of sub-base courses.

2D-04. BITUMINOUS PRIME AND TACK COATS

a. Advance Planning

(1) Review project plans and specifications.

(a) Know the grades of bitumen specified for the prime and

tack coat.

(b) Know the quantity limitations of bitumen application

for both the prime and tack coats.

(c) Know requirements for sampling, testing, and approval

of the bitumens.

(d) Know application requirements and limitations.

(e) Know methods of measurement of and payment for application of prime and tack coats.

(2) Determine proposed sources of bitumens. Determine that

test samples have been submitted, tested, and approved as

required.

(3) Check contractor*s equipment.

(a) Does distribution equipment conform to requirements

for proper heating and circulation of bitumen, for control of

spreading rate and uniformity of application, and for measuring

and indicating devices?

(b) Is specified power equipment available and in good

operating condition for the cleaning of surfaces to be primed or

tacked?

(c) Know requirements for equipment that will be needed to

store materials.

(4) Check with field laboratory to insure that base course

to be primed or pavement course to be tacked has met all test

requirements.

(5) Inspect base course and/or pavement course to be sure

it is clean and free of foreign material or free water.
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2D-9

(6) Check temperature and weather outlook to be certain

that the bitumens will be applied in accordance with specified

weather limitations.

b. Application

(1) Is the area to be primed well defined by using strong

lines to insure sufficient primed area with true lines and neat

edges?

(2) Is surface ready to receive primer or tack?

(a) Is it cleaned of objectionable substances.

(b) Is it too wet or too dry for primer?

(3) Check weigh bills and delivery tickets to be sure that

the required and approved bitumen is being applied.

(4) Make continuous check on functioning of distributor.

(a) Is rate of bitumen application as specified?

(b) Does the amount of prime applied completely seal the

surface voids of base courses without a surplus remaining on the

surface after the curing period?

(c) Does the amount of tack applied appear to be

sufficient for bonding but not in excess of the minimum

necessary for bonding?

(d) Is application of bitumen uniform?

(e) Take prompt corrective actions in the event of unsatisfactory distribution.

(5) Check to insure that the bitumens have adequately

cured in the minimum time or whether additional time is

necessary for proper curing.

(6) Is the primed or tacked area being protected prior to

and during paving operations?

(7) Record quantities of bitumens used each day.

(8) Check that proper protection is provided to keep bitumen off posts, guard rails, and other roadside structures during

spreading operations.

(9) Are junctions satisfactory?

2D-05. BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT

a. Initial Checks

(1) See that adequate fire protection is provided.

(2) Review project plans and specifications.

(a) Know the specification requirements for aggregates,

aggregate handling, mixes, mixing plant, and hauling, placing

and rolling equipment.
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2D-10

(b) Know construction procedures for spreading and rolling

of the mix and preparation of joints.

(c) Know requirements for grade control and surface

smoothness.

(d) Be thoroughly familiar with physical location of pavements, thickness and number of pavement courses required, and

finished pavement grades.

(3) Aggregate submissions and mix designs

(a) Has approval of proposed materials and development of

the starting job-mix formulae been made?

(b) Review and become familiar with aggregate and mix test

data developed at time of approval.

(4) Aggregate storage facilities

(a) Make sure the required separate stockpiles are provided.

(b) Check preparation of area proposed for stockpiling of

aggregates to insure against contamination of aggregates.

(c) Review stockpiling methods on transferring facilities.

Check for segregation, contamination and/or intermixing of the

different aggregate sizes.

(5) Check bituminous liquids storage facilities.

(a) Is storage tank capacity sufficient for at least a one

days run?

(b) Are pipe lines and fittings insulated?

(c) Are storage tanks equipped with heating facilities?

(d) Has a system been provided for circulation of bituminous liquids between the storage tank and the mixer?

(6) Batching and mixing plant

(a) Check type of plant that contractor proposes against

type specified. Some of the following items may not apply specifically to the type of automatic or semiautomatic plant being

used.

(b) Check aggregate dryers for capacity and control of

moisture conditions of the materials, aggregate discharge temperature measuring devices, and capability for changing slope

and rotation speed.

(c) Check condition and operation of hot aggregate

screens. Damaged screens should be replaced. Screen sizes used

should maintain a reasonable uniform distribution between the

several hot bins.

(d) Make sure that a sufficient number of cold bins are

provided.

(e) Check hot bins for capacity and condition.
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2D-11

1. Are at least three compartments provided, and does each

have an accurate weigh—box and a control gate?

2. Are the partitions free of openings that would allow

run—through of material from one bin to another?

3. Have overflow pipes been installed in each bin compartment to prevent overflow of material from one bin to another?

4. Has provision been made for accurately and safely

sampling hot bin materials?

(f) Check accuracy of aggregate weighing or proportioning

devices. Have separate adjustments been provided to proportion

each aggregate bin?

(g) Check bitumen weighing or volumetric-measurement devices and test calibrations for accuracy. Has provision been

made for positive control of temperature of the bituminous

material?

(h) Check calibration of mineral filler proportioning

device.

(i) Check dust collector and method of handling dust.

(j) Check thermometric equipment provided for measurement

of bituminous liquids and hot aggregate temperatures.

(k) Check mixer unit.

1. Is mixer of at least the minimum capacity and in satisfactory operating condition?

2. Has provision been made for properly heating the mixer?

3. Check blade clearances. If a continuous-mix plant is

employed, are blades adjustable and reversible?

4. Have the time lock, for control of mixing time, and the

batch counter been provided and do these devices function

properly?

(1) Check pug mill discharge hopper.

1. Check capacity.

2. Is the discharge hopper positioned at the proper height

for the transportation equipment?

3. Check ability to completely dump all of the mix.

(m) Check all safety features of the plant for compliance

with contract safety requirements. Check for guards over belts,

gears, chains, pulleys, projections, rotating parts, etc. Check

the insulating of hot piping.

(7) Transporting, placing and finishing equipment

(a) Check trucks that are hauling mix.

1. Are truck beds tight, clean and smooth?
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2D-12

2. Have suitable covers been provided to protect the mix?

3. Have facilities been provided for cleaning the inside

of truck bodies and coating with a minimum amount of a

concentrated solution of hydrated lime and water?

4. If long hauls are contemplated, have the truck bodies

been insulated to insure that delivery temperatures of mix are

within the range specified?

(b) Check spreader.

1. Inspect for overall condition and freedom from obvious

damage or fault.

2. Stringline screed for correct alignment. Slight camber

in the order of 1/8—inch is recommended on front screed.

3. Check for indented and irregular area. This is a sign

of a defective spreader.

4. Check functioning of screed heating system.

5. Inspect tamping bar for wear and proper movement and

clearance from screed.

6. Inspect hopper, bar—feeders, distributor screws and

similar devices for ability to prevent segregation.

7. Check controls for speed of motion and guidance.

(c) Check rollers.

1. Determine that the minimum number and types of rollers

required have been provided.

2. Check roller weights.

3. Inspect roller wheels for smoothness. Check scrapers,

sprinklers and water spreading pads for even wetting of wheel

surfaces.

4. Check operation of rollers for range of speeds and

capability for changing direction smoothly.

5. Inspect pneumatic-tired rollers for tire sizes, number

of tires, tire pressures, tracking, weights, and wetting devices

to properly moisten the tire surfaces. If not self- propelled,

be sure towing unit is adequate and smooth-tired.

(d) Check handtools.

1. Necessary and specified lutes, rakes, shovels and other

hand tools must be available.

2. Equipment for maintaining small tools in a hot

condition must be provided.

3. Material and equipment must be on hand for painting

cold joints.

(8) Sampling schedule for materials and mixes.
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2D-13

(a) Check that previous arrangements made to sample and

test bituminous liquids, aggregates and plant mixes in schedule

are in force.

(b) Similarly, check that samples of the completed

pavement are obtained and tested.

(9) Plant dry runs and test sections

(a) Plant dry runs are considered desirable and in some

cases are specified. This operation consists of placing the

batching plant in operation, filling the aggregate hot bins and

obtaining aggregate samples. It permits observation of general

plant operation and the checking of cold aggregate

proportioning and resulting hot aggregate separation prior to

producing mix.

(b) Prior to full scale paving operations, it may be

required that a quantity of mixture be produced to construct a

test section. Observe all operations in connection with the test

section as this is the basis of final determination of adequacy

of materials, equipment and construction procedures.

b. Paving Operations

(1) General — Placing and finishing operations for hot and

cold paving mixtures are essentially the same, except that the

control of temperatures on delivery and during rolling is not

required for cold mixtures.

(2) Layout

(a) Check the contractor*s operation at the beginning of

placement.

(b) Has he started at the highest lane in the area, and is

he moving in the direction of the main traffic flow?

(c) Is the operation laid out so as to maintain a uniform

surface?

(d) Will the lanes be placed so the joints will have

required texture, density and smoothness?

(e) Have the necessary stringlines been established?

(f) Stringline parallel to centerline of full pavement

width should be used to align first lane. Pavement must be laid

parallel to the centerline and excessive edge irregularities

should not be tolerated.

(3) Production control

(a) Control of the production of bituminous mixtures is

usually the responsibility of the Project Control Laboratory.

The inspector should be familiar with the laboratory facilities,

test methods, control tests, and records maintenance.

(b) Test methods to be followed are incorporated in the

project specification by reference to appropriate Federal, Corps

of Engineers, ASTM, etc. standards. Copies of all standards,

together with current Corps of Engineers manuals, should be on
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2D-14

file in the Project Engineer office and available to you for

reference.

(4) Placement of Mix

(a) Check temperature of mixture (hot-mix) as delivered.

Specifications prescribe minimum acceptable placing temperatures

for hot-mix. Reject mixtures arriving at the spreader having

temperatures less than the specified minimum.

(b) See if weather limitations are being met.

(c) Appearance of mixture should be noted as indication of

properly batched and mixed material. See Plate No. 1 for common

types of mix imperfections and probable causes.

(d) Plant Inspector should be notified immediately if mix

is found unsatisfactory for any reason.

1. Reject any unsatisfactory mix delivered and instruct

contractor to suspend placing operations until necessary

corrections are made.

2. Report such action to your supervisor immediately.

3. Record details of suspension of operation in the

project log.

(e) Hopper surfaces, tamper, screed, and other contact

surfaces of spreader will be maintained in a clean condition.

(f) Set screed on board of approximate thickness of new

pavement at start of run (or lanes), or start off previously

placed lane.

(g) Check adjustment of screeds to lay course of desired

thickness; make further adjustments if course thickness varies

excessively.

(h) Screed contour will be straight on rear (trailing)

edge, crowned approximately 1/8-inch on front (leading) edge.

(i) Check spreader operation frequently to prevent

overloading and spilling, segregation, irregularity in

alignment, and grade.

(j) Check rate of feed of mixture from hopper, operation

of distributing devices, and screed adjustment and take

corrective measures promptly when irregularities in thickness,

surface smoothness or width of laid mixture are found.

(k) Check irregular spots.

1. Rakers will level off any irregular spots, but avoid

excessive raking.

2. Do not permit raked out material to be cast over the

fresh surface.

3. See that all course particles unavoidably raked out to

the surface are removed from the mat.
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2D-16

(1) Preparation and placing of paving mixture at joints

should be checked to insure well-bonded and dense joint areas

and even surfaces after rolling. Lane widths and layout of

longitudinal joints for multiple course pavements must be

planned so that joints of completed pavement courses will break

by at least one foot.

(m) Stop placement of paving mixture when weather conditions preclude laying of pavement in a satisfactory manner. It

is customary to permit loads in transit to be placed unless

conditions are so severe that satisfactory results appear unattainable. Loads wet excessively by rain should be rejected.

(n) Record of location of truck loads should be kept so

that identity can be correlated with in-place samples

subsequently taken for tests.

(o) Keep weigh tickets of material placed as a basis for

payments and to account for rejected loads.

p Check yield twice daily by measuring area of lanes laid

and comparing with weigh tickets of material delivered.

(q) Check roller operation and rolling procedures.

1. Rollers and rolling requirements are specified.

Determine the precise rolling pattern and method to be followed

during placement of the required strip. Check requirements for

vibratory rollers.

2. Are rollers being operated within specified speed

range, do they reverse without back lash, and are drum scraping

and wetting devices functioning to keep wheels clean and moist?

3. Keep rollers moving; do not permit them to stand on

freshly placed mix. Make sure the rollers make the required

overlap.

4. Rubber tired rollers are effective only on warm

mixture; such rolling is not effective when the pavement

temperature is below 130” F.

5. Roll longitudinal joints while the mix is hot to produce a tight, well-bonded joint.

6. Straightedge check for surface smoothness compliance,

after the first roller coverage.

a. The time to correct smoothness and grades is when

rolling first begins.

b. To correct depressions, loosen material by raking to a

depth of 1⁄2-inch and add necessary hot material by shoveling and

raking.

c. To correct humps, loosen by raking to a depth below

final grade, remove excess material and rake smooth.

7. Check for compliance with smoothness requirements immediately following completion of tandem rolling. Take necessary

corrective action.
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8. Surface checking and movement of the mat on the first

or second pass of the roller may be caused by one or more

factors illustrated in Plate No. 2 attached. Check base course

surface for loose fines, moisture or excessive primer, and the

binder course surface for cleanliness and excessive tack coat.

9. Transverse and longitudinal cracks occurring under

rolling usually result from soft base conditions but may be a

result of inadequate control of mix temperatures and mix

proportioning. Removal and replacement of pavement and base

courses are generally necessary in the case of soft base

conditions.

10. Check final finish of pavement to assure that voids or

scars are not left in the pavement surface.

(r) Strict adherence to the grade and surface tolerances

for all courses is mandatory. Take corrective actions if deficiencies exist.

(s) Spot check daily finish grade and smoothness of

pavement as a guide to continuing operations. Determine that

complete grade and surface smoothness checks are made and

recorded by Government personnel.

(t) Finish shoulder adjacent to finished pavement as soon

as possible.

(u) Safety requirements should be rigidly enforced. Watch

for unnecessary smoking, fires, and open flames. See that the

necessary respirators are used around toxic fumes.

(v) Check for special requirements.

1. Check requirements for joints between old pavements and

new ones, or for cutting into old pavements. Cold joints require

different treatment than hot joints.

2. Check requirement for any special treatment required at

edges of pavement.

3. Check requirements for any patching of existing pavements.

c. Check Sampling and Testing - Although the plant control

laboratory is responsible for control, the inspector has certain

related responsibilities and must be familiar with sampling and

testing procedures to determine that the pavement is properly

constructed. The frequency of a complete coverage series of

teats during a production run normally will be one set of

samples for about each 200 tons produced. A complete coverage

series will normally include the following, but additional or

repeated tests may be required:

(1) Specific readings for temperatures of bitumen and

aggregate on discharge from hot bins or dryer.

(2) Samples from each hot bin for gradation tests and

moisture determinations.

(3) Samples of bituminous mixture after discharge from

pug-mill.
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2D-19

(4) A series of compaction tests (not less than four specimens per test) of the bituminous mixture sample for the determination of Marshall stability, flow, voids (total mix), voids

(filled with asphalt), and unit weight.

(5) An asphalt cement extraction test on the sample of

bituminous mixture.

(6) At the completion of determinations in the complete

test series, the laboratory posts results on trend wall charts.

These charts should be reviewed frequently by the inspector.

(7) Plant control laboratory personnel will frequently

inspect batching and mixing operations for accuracy.

(8) Sufficient cores (4 inches in diameter) or sawed

samples for determining thickness, density and composition

should be taken and tested daily to determine conformance with

the specification requirements. One-half the number of all

density samples should be taken at a joint, so that the joint is

approximately in the center of the sample to be tested.

Corrective measures in rolling and placing methods will be taken

immediately in the event density of samples does not conform to

specification requirements. Check the specifications for

nondestructive test methods such as the Nuclear Density Meter

Test.

(9) Exchange of information and test data between placing

inspector and field laboratory will be made promptly.

Coordination between the inspector, the technician and the

paving engineer or his equivalent is a must.

(10) A test section or sections is required to be

constructed before full scale paving operations are started for

airfield pavements; test sections will be constructed as

required by the project specifications. Full scale paving may be

started only when inspection, sampling and testing of the test

section indicates satisfactory procedures and results. Any

unsatisfactory test section constructed in an area of the

permanent work should be removed and replaced.

2D-06. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF ASPHALT

a. Check for special applications of asphalt such as for

athletic facilities or special use material such as epoxy

asphalt. A manufacturer*s technical representative may be

required at the site during mixing and laydown.

b. Check for gradation requirements and special mixes.

c. Check for special density and smoothness requirements.

d. Check for color coating.

(1) Check curing time of bituminous surface prior to

applying coloring.

(2) Check rate of application of color coating.

(3) Check material being applied for required characteristics.

(4) Check application of line paint.
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(5) Check for crazing, peeling, and bleeding of asphalt

through the coatings.

(6) Check for testing requirements.

2D-07. CONCRETE PAVEMENT

a. Items to Check Prior to Beginning of Pavement

(1) Review plans and specifications.

(a) Become familiar with location, extent and grades of

all pavement features.

(b) Become familiar with requirements for survey control.

(c) Know required thicknesses of pavement and the required

jointing system. Become familiar with the various types of

joints required.

(d) Know location and nature of embedded items within and

below the pavement and of all structures within the pavement.

(e) Know requirements for materials, plant and equipment.

(f) Know specified construction procedures.

(g) Determine the number of test specimens required.

Review test specimen curing procedure.

(2) Materials

(a) Acceptance or approval of cement, air-entraining

admixtures, concrete curing compounds and joint-sealing

compounds is based on tests of samples taken at origin of

shipment. Each shipment to a project is inspected at origin and

sealed or otherwise identified as accepted material. Determine

through your supervisor that sources of materials have been

proposed by the contractor and that arrangements have been made

for sampling and testing.

(b) When above-mentioned materials arrive on site, check

approvals and identifications to be certain that materials have

been shipped from pre-tested stock.

(c) Determine that proper storage facilities for the

above-mentioned materials have been provided.

(d) Check on concrete aggregate.

1. Have samples been submitted for acceptance tests and

mix designs in accordance with specification requirements?

Contractor sampling must be witnessed by a Government

representative.

2. study aggregate approvals as available and be familiar

with the source and type of aggregate and results of tests on

samples submitted.

3. Determine that the aggregate storage area has been prepared to avoid inclusion of foreign material with the aggregate

and that the area is graded to provide drainage.
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4. Give particular attention to initial aggregate

shipments to determine that the materials furnished are similar

in every respect to samples submitted for approval.

(e) Check to see that miscellaneous materials, such as

reinforcements, tie bars, dowels, joint fillers, and water have

been approved.

(f) Check requirement for the contractor*s obtaining

approval of the design mix for the concrete which he will use.

Make sure that exact proportions of materials composing the

concrete mix have been approved.

(3) Batching plant

(a) Inspect plant for general overall compliance with

specification requirements.

(b) Is the plant capable of batching at the minimum rate

or at a rate consistent with proposed construction progress? Can

the plant maintain the accuracy required?

(c) Check aggregate bins or compartments for condition and

size. Is the arrangement of the bins and provisions for loading

the bins such that there will he no intermixing of the various

aggregate sizes?

(d} Check linkages of weighing devices for condition,

cleanliness and freedom of movement.

(e) Check cement and aggregate scales for accuracy.

(f) Has provision been made for interlocking batching

controls.

(g) Check recorders and their operation.

(h) If a central mix plant is employed, check water

batcher for accuracy of batching and interlock of filling and

discharge valves; also check air-entraining admixture dispenser.

(i) Have facilities been provided for obtaining samples of

aggregate from each bin?

(j) Does the plant conform to all safety requirements?

(4) Concrete mixing plant

(a) Check mixers for general condition, cleanliness, blade 

wear and mixing capacity.

(b) Are timing devices provided on stationary mixers and

are they interlocked with the discharge mechanism?

(c) Are truck mixers, if permitted, equipped with accurate

revolution counters?

(d) Are batch-counters provided?

(e) Check water batcher for accuracy.

(f) Check air-entraining admixture dispenser.
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(5) Check paving equipment and tools.

(a) Is all paving equipment on the job and in good

operating condition?

(b) Have the machines been adjusted and checked for

accuracy of strike—off, screeding, and floating?

(c) Do the vibrators comply with specification

requirements?

(d) Check hand tools such as edging tools, hand floats,

and straight edges for required dimension and condition.

(e) Are all necessary materials and equipment on hand for

curing the pavement?

(f) Is all necessary equipment for construction or forming

of all types of joints on hand and in good condition?

(g) Is adequate equipment on hand for sealing joints?

(h) Has the contractor provided and set up adequate facilities for making and curing test beams?

(6) Check base course surface preparation as follows:

(a) Is approved equipment being operated in a manner to

properly fine-grade the base course?

(b) Is the base course prepared to produce a smooth, compacted surface conforming to grade and smoothness requirements?

(c) Is the base course surface being maintained in a firm,

moist condition?

(d) If paving is carried on during cold weather, is the

base course being properly protected against freezing and have

you checked to insure that base materials are entirely free of

frost when concrete is placed?

(e) Is base preparation and form setting being performed

sufficiently in advance of concrete placement? Note minimum

specification requirement.

(7) Prior to setting forms, determine that the surface of

the base course has been constructed to or slightly above

required grade and that the material meets all test

requirements.

(8) Check forms.

(a) Are the forms identical in all respects to the form or

forms approved for use on the work?

(b) Are the forms free of warps, bends, and/or kinks and

are they free of battered top surfaces and distorted faces

and/or bases? Remove damaged form sections from the project.

(c) Check forms as they arrive on the job site.

Straightedge tops and vertical faces of forms after setting for

deviations. Sight along forms to detect major deviations from

true alignment.
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(d) Check dimensions, position and securing of the metal

keyway forms. Keyways must be exactly as detailed on the

contract drawings.

(e) Does the base of each form section have full bearing

for its entire length and width on fully compacted material?

(f) Be sure that form pins are of adequate length, are

properly wedged in the pin pockets, and that they are free from

mushroomed heads.

(g) Check locking devices between form sections for

secureness and freedom from looseness or play.

(h) Determine that forms have been set to required grades.

If correction of grade is necessary, remove form sections,

adjust the grade and thoroughly recompact base material prior to

resetting forms.

(i) Properly clean and oil forms after each use.

(j) Set forms well in advance of paving operations.

(9) Check grade surfaces between forms.

(a) Check to see that sub—grade, base course, or filter

course is free of foreign matter, waste concrete, cement, loose

aggregate or other debris.

(b) Check contractor*s scratch template and template

operation to assure that the rods are obtaining the required

results.

(c) Check the prepared surface with the approved scratch

template immediately ahead of the paving operation.

(d) Check the setting of the rods on the scratch template

to insure that proper thickness of concrete will be obtained.

(10) Check embedded items.

(a) Are dowels provided of the required diameter (or

diameters) and length (or lengths)?

(b) Are dowels clean, straight, and smooth with ends free

from burrs or distortion?

(c) Is the dowel basket and/or expansion joint assembly

identical to the basket approved for the project?

(d) Have means been provided for anchoring the dowel

assembly securely in its required position?

(e) Has a template been provided for checking dowel

position?

(f) If reinforcing steel is required, check type,

dimension and cleanliness. Also check spacing, clearance, and

method of securing in place during the paving operation.

(g) Check tie-down anchors and, if grounding electrodes

are required, see that they meet the specified resistances.
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2D-24

(h) Check all other embedded items for location and proper

installation.

(11) Check area and grade control.

(a) Determine that adequate plans for area and grade

control have been formulated by the contractor and that plans

have been made for checking the contractor*s control of the

grades of the concrete as placed.

(b) Be sure that control is set up to maintain pavement

joint alignment.

(c) Determine that all utility lines within a paved area

have been properly referenced so their position may be readily

re—established if necessary.

b. Inspections During Paving

(1) Batch plant

(a) Check identifications of cement shipments received to

determine that it is tested and approved material.

(b) Check temperature of cement.

(c) Check handling and storage of cement for complete protection from exposure to moisture. Be sure that older cement is

used first and that any cement in storage for more than four

months is retested and approved prior to use.

(d) Make weight checks of bag cement.

(e) Check aggregate and aggregate handline as follows:

1. Check stockpiling methods to insure that segregation or

contamination of materials is not occurring. Operation of

bulldozers or hauling equipment on stockpiles is not permitted.

2. Observe and test aggregate for grading, moisture content, and cleanliness to determine acceptability, possible

changes in quality and major differences from materials

originally submitted as representative and approved.

3. Check handling of aggregate into the batch plant bins

to see that there is no spillage or mixing of the different

aggregate sizes, and that there is no other undesirable

material.

(f) Compare batch volume with computed volume for the

day*s run. Report significant variations to your supervisor.

(g) Make periodic checks of cement and aggregate scales

for accuracy and proper operation. Make similar checks of water

batchers and air-entraining agent dispensers if the plant

includes these facilities.

(h) Check batch counters and recorders for accuracy of recording and otherwise satisfactory operation.

(i) Check mix design computations. Adjust for aggregate

surface moisture and size of batch employed.
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(j) Check scale settings for each material batched.

(k) If a central mixing plant is employed, check mixers

for mixing efficiency, rate of drum rotation, mixing time and

proper setting and operation of locking devices to provide the

required mixing time.

(1) Check batch plant and related equipment and its operation for compliance with all safety requirements.

(2) Paving operations

(a) Check placing, spreading and vibration of concrete as

follows:

1. Slow down or stop placement of concrete if for any

reason subsequent operations lag behind sufficiently to affect

the quality of the concrete.

2. Be sure that concrete placement and vibration in the

vicinity of embedded items is performed in such manner that they

will not be disturbed. Transverse dowel assemblies should be

covered carefully so as not to disturb the cage position.

3. Adjust spreader to strike-off concrete at a level such

that when vibrated, the proper amount of concrete will remain

for finishing.

4. In the case of reinforced pavement, adjust spreader to

strike-off concrete at the proper depth.

5. Check that protection is provided on the newly placed

slab when the spreader is operated on a previously constructed

slab. Make sure the slab is strong enough to support traffic.

6. Check operation of vibrators for effectiveness in consolidating the concrete. Check frequency of vibration and that

they are operated at proper depth and that vibration is completely effective including vibration along the forms. Do not

allow vibration in one location for more than 20 seconds duration.

7. See that an extra vibrator, or sufficient parts for

replacing and repairing a vibrator, is maintained on the job.

8. Prevent workmen from unnecessarily walking in fresh

concrete.

(b) Check embedded items as follows:

1. Reinforcing steel, if required, must be of required

size and spacing, properly cleaned and set in the required

position.

2. Reinforcing steel mats must be lapped. He certain that

the reinforcing is not extended through a pavement joint.

3. Is one end of each dowel painted and greased?

4. Are the dowel assemblies being maintained in correct

position and alignment during placement and finishing

operations?
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(c) Check machine finishing as follows:

1. Periodically check adjustments of the transverse and

longitudinal finishing machines on the slipform paver. Need for

change of adjustments may be determined by visual observations

and straightedge and/or string-line checks of the pavement

surface left by the machines.

2. Forward screed of transverse finisher should carry a

uniform roll of concrete of about 4 to 8 inches in diameter;

rear screed should carry a uniform roll of concrete of about 2

inches in diameter.

3. If transverse finishing machine produces a slurry ahead

of the screed after the first pass, concrete mix should be

adjusted. Slight reduction of water will often correct this

condition.

4. Transverse finishing machine should leave the concrete

surface at proper grade and essentially to proper smoothness.

(d) Check hand finishing as follows:

1. Use hand-manipulated floats sparingly. Hand floating

should be necessary only to remove local surface irregularities.

2. Majority of hand-finishing should be performed with

straightedges. Straightedge is not a heavy-duty cutting tool.

Its purpose is to remove minor surface irregularities and score

marks.

3. Check all straightedges for trueness.

4. Check surface of plastic concrete with a straightedge

including check across longitudinal joints as straightedge

finishing is completed. Surface of plastic concrete must fit

straightedge without deviation except at crowns and other

planned breaks in grade.

5. Final surface finish is generally required to be produced by burlap dragging.

6. Timing of burlap dragging is important to produce the

required surface texture Drag when most of surface sheen has

disappeared but while the concrete at the surface is in a

plastic state.

7. Be sure the burlap drag is constructed and operated as

required and that it is kept moist and clean.

8. Joints requiring hand tooling should be carefully

formed. Check that edging tools are of required dimension and

that the edging tool is not tilted during tooling of the joint

or otherwise improperly manipulated to result in surface irregularities at the joint.

9. Do not permit use of soupy mortar to fill out

depressions along joints during hand tooling; use fresh

concrete.

10. Check that all spillage of grout and concrete on adjacent concrete surfaces is cleaned up immediately. Particularly
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2D-27

watch for removal of mortar accumulations on radius and sides of

that part of a longitudinal joint formed in the previously

placed, adjacent lane.

11. Eliminate tool marks by burlap dragging along joint

with a small, hand-operated drag.

12. Filler-type or sawed transverse contraction joints are

generally required. It is important to insert or cut the joint

at the correct time.

13. Install filler strip of filler type joint exactly as

specified. Check that the filler strip as installed is properly aligned, is vertical, and is set flush with or slightly

below the pavement surface.

14. Carefully observe finishing in the vicinity of the

filler-type joint and immediately after finishing, check across

the joint with a straightedge. If depressions are found, fill

out with freshly mixed concrete and refinish the surface.

15. Recommend inserting nails in the center of the filler

strip at each side of the lane to assure continuous joint

alignment and positively locating filler strip at the time of

subsequent sawing.

16. Re-check pavement with a straightedge upon completion

of finishing while concrete is plastic and make necessary

corrections.

17. Dowel transverse construction joints as required for a

properly aligned and smooth joint.

(e) Check curing as follows:

1. Make sure that effective curing is maintained for at

least seven days.

2. Check to see that unhardened concrete is always protected from rain and flowing water.

3. Make sure that the necessary materials and equipment

for the curing are on the job prior to beginning the paving

operation. See that necessary stand-by equipment is also at the

site.

4. Check that curing procedures are suited to prevailing

climatic conditions.

5. Make sure the method of curing used provides complete

and continuous protection of the concrete against cracking.

6. When forms are used, check within one hour after removal to see that sides of slabs are protected.

7. Check the initial curing for proper method, timely

application and duration.

8. Check final curing for type of covering used, method of

applying the covering, and wetting of surface before the application of one of the optional covering specified.

a. Check weight of burlap and lap of edges.
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2D-28

b. Check the wetting operation.

c. Check method of holding down the waterproof paper

covering and the cementing or taping operation. Make sure continuous cover with completely closed joints is provided.

d. Rechecks required for timely repairs to damaged

coverings.

e. Check application of curing compound. The compound is

not to be sprayed on a dry surface and must be applied at the

proper time.

f. Check machine used to apply membrane. It should be

automatic, self—propelled, able to provide continuous and uniform coverage of compound of the same consistency.

g. Check for overlap coverage to assure that two—coat

application is being obtained and the coverage is no more than

200 square feet per gallon for both coats.

h. Carefully check for any discontinuities, pin holes or

abrasions and have these surfaces recoated immediately.

i. Check that joints to receive joint sealing are protected from membrane curing.

9. Check for any special requirements for curing concrete

placed during cold weather.

(f) Pavement Protection — See that curing compound or

covering is protected during the curing period. Check on the

erection and maintaining of barricades to exclude all unnecessary traffic from the pavement for at least 14 days after the

concrete paving.

(g) Jointing of old pavement to new.

1. Check the conditions for continuous bond between old

pavement and freshly placed pavement.

2. Check surface against which the new material is to be

placed. It should be clean and properly coated with the material

specified.

c. Inspections Subsequent to Paving

(1) Form removal — Do not permit removal of forms until

maximum time after placement has elapsed. See that proper care

is exercised to prevent injury to the concrete by form removal.

(2) Sawed contraction joints

(a) Determine that sufficient equipment is on hand and

that satisfactory provisions have been made to carry on the

sawing operation day or night as necessary.

(b) Determine that alignment of joint is properly

established prior to sawing to assure straight and continuous

joints.

(c) Determine proper time for sawing by field trial.

Sawing should be performed as soon as the concrete may be cut
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without excessive tearing and raveling of the concrete and

without undercutting or washing at the sides of the cut.

(d) Check width and depth of cut.

(e) Thoroughly flush saw cut and adjacent concrete surface

with water immediately after each cut is made.

(f) Insert cord to prevent entry of foreign objects into

cut until widened.

(g) Examine concrete surface in vicinity of planned joint

location prior to sawing. If an uncontrolled crack has occurred,

do not permit sawing of the joint. Discontinue sawing if crack

forms ahead of the cut during the sawing operation.

(h) See that curing coverings removed to permit sawing are

replaced immediately after each joint is sawed.

(i) If curing compound is used, check to see that joints

are cured as specified and that curing compound does not enter

the joint.

(3) Joint sawing

(a) Saw filler type joints to width and minimum depth

required. Carefully examine sides of cut to be certain that all

traces of the filler strip have been removed.

(b) Check to see that all joints, longitudinal and transverse, are sawed out to the required joint dimensions prior to

joint sealing.

(4) Joint cleaning

(a) Check joint cleaning operation for required

performance and sequence in preparation for joint sealing.

(b) Check to see that concrete saws, saw blades, sand

blasting equipment and sand, air compressors, air nozzles and

accessory small tools are available, suitable, and in good

working condition.

(c) Check sand blasting operation to insure that the

proper nozzle or nozzles are used and that they are positioned

and aligned to obtain satisfactory results.

(d) Carefully examine final results to determine that the

joint walls, joint bottoms, and 1⁄2-inch of adjacent pavement

surfaces have been thoroughly cleaned and the joint is free of

all foreign materials that would prevent bonding of the joint

sealer to the concrete.

(5) Joint sealing

(a) Determine that the correct type of joint sealing compound and the specified equipment for the joint sealer employed

is being used. Sampling and testing may be required.

(b) Do not permit sealing of joints under weather conditions outside specification limitations unless by waiver in

writing from the Contracting officer.
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(c) Check that sealers are heated when required. If two

component sealants are used, check that proportions in place are

correct. Have contractor read and follow instructions on pails

without exception. Check that placing equipment is suitable for

materials used.

(d) Nozzle for sealer application must be of such dimension that it can be inserted well into the joint groove to

effect filling the groove from the bottom up without formation

of voids.

(e) Fill the joints to within 1/4-inch + 1/8-inch of the

pavement surface. Remove excess and spilled material from the

pavement surface and waste.

(f) Maintain complete records of the sealing operation.

(6) Check surface smoothness of hardened concrete.

(a) Is the contractor straightedging the finished pavement

in the specified manner and within the specified time?

(b) Check to see that the contractor is taking required

action to correct deviations outside smoothness tolerances.

(c) If rubbing is performed to correct minor deviations

during curing period, flush rubbed area with water and continue

effective curing without delay.

(d) Straightedge-check the finished surface for acceptance

or rejection of the pavement.

(e) If subsequent grinding of deficient pavement is

approved, determine that limitations on area corrected by

grinding are not exceeded.

(7) Finished-grade checks -Normally, finished-grade surveys will be made by a Resident Engineer staff survey party. The

inspector should be familiar with survey results as he will be

responsible for assuring work is corrected in the event

deficiencies are found.

(8) pavement-thickness checks - Pavements will be checked

for thickness by means of coring. The coring program normally is

set up and performed by the project laboratory but, as in the

case of grade-checks, the inspector should be familiar with

results.

(9) Pavement deficiencies and corrections.

(a) When pavement areas are removed for replacement, check

adjacent pavement or damage such as cracking, breakage of

concrete at the edges, and damage to keyways or other load—

transfer devices. Such damage may necessitate further concrete

removal and/or correction of load-transfer consult your

supervisor on such cases.

(b) Replacement slabs shall conform to minimum dimensional

requirements and otherwise conform to all specification

requirements.

(c) Most random cracks occurring in pavements may be

repaired. If there is no provision in the contract for repair of
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such cracks, check with your supervisor. Be sure that specified

and/or proper equipment is issued and that repair methods are

very carefully followed in every detail,

d. Control Tests. These tests are the responsibility of

the contractor*s quality control laboratory. Quality assurance

testing or joint testing in the contractor*s laboratory will

also be required.

(1) Aggregate

(a) Run sieve analysis of aggregate size at least twice

daily for a full day*s paving operation.

(b) Test for surface moisture at start of paving and

periodically during each day*s operation depending on changes in

moisture condition.

(c) Organic-impurities test (color test) for each shipment

of sand, or more frequently if deemed necessary.

(d) Specific-gravity test about weekly, or when visual

check indicates a change in the material.

(2) Concrete

(a) Supervise the making of test specimens by the contractor. Take specimens at about 4-hour intervals. Determine slump,

entrained-air content and temperature of concrete from same

sample.

(b) Make and record periodic slump or Kelly Ball penetration tests and entrained air tests during the day. Frequency

should be consistent with uniformity of mix.

(c) Measure and record ambient air and concrete temperatures at hourly intervals.

(d) Determine that test specimens are cured and tested in

strict accordance with standard procedures.

2D-08. CONCRETE SIDEWALKS. CURBS AND GUTTERS

a. General — The construction of concrete sidewalks, curbs

and gutters, in general, requires the same steps in inspection

as a large scale paving operation to assure quality

construction.

b. Sub-Grade and Base Course

(1) Check in-place materials and/or fill materials for

bearing quality and compactibility, especially over utility

trenches.

(2) Check results of rolling for firmness of compacted

sub-grade Check compaction with density tests as required.

(3) Check sub—grade for grade and cross—section. If sub—

grade is prepared to receive concrete directly, check grade and

cross—section with required template resting on side forms.
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(4) If a base course is required, check materials, compaction, and surface grade and cross-section for conformity with

requirements.

(5) Check moisture content of sub-grade prior to concrete

placement.

c. Forms. Concrete Placement. Finishing and Curing

(1) Check forms for condition, cleanliness, rigidity and

conformity with required dimension of the structure.

(2) Check form setting including full bearing of form

bases on prepared sub-grade or base course, securing forms in

place, adequacy of clamps, braces and spreaders as applicable,

provision for removable form sections, adequacy of forms for

curb returns and alignment and grade.

(3) Check location, grade, and dimensions between forms.

(4) Check the oiling of the forms and the time the forms

are to be removed.

(5) Check availability and adequacy of materials required

to form contraction and/or expansion joints. Check location and

spacing of joints.

(6) Check to see that concrete mix employed is the mix

designed for the work being performed. Check slump and

entrained-air content of the concrete.

(7) Check placement and consolidation of concrete to

insure that segregation does not occur and that honeycomb does

not result.

(8) Observe forming of contraction and expansion joints

for proper installation and finishing of the exposed joint

edges.

(9) Check that exposed surfaces are finished by required

methods.

(10) Inspect tops and faces of curbs, surfaces of gutters

and surfaces of sidewalks for conformity with surface smoothness

and shape requirements.

(11) Assure that an approved curing method is employed and

that the curing is performed in accordance with the method, and

that curing is started immediately after the finishing operations. Check that curing is continuous for the required curing

period.

(12) verify protection of concrete against damage during

backfill or other operations. Damaged concrete shall be repaired

and/or removed and replaced as required.

(13) Check cleaning and sealing of expansion joints in

curbs and gutters, and expansion and contraction joints in

sidewalks. Clean joints thoroughly immediately prior to sealing

and fill joints with approved material using approved equipment.

Require cleaning of surfaces where spillage has occurred or

excess sealer has been applied.
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2D-09. PATCHING CONCRETE PAVEMENT WITH EPOXY

a. Materials

(1) Check both coarse and fine aggregate for conformance

with requirements.

(2) See that epoxy—resin has been approved and that the

proper type is being used for the atmospheric temperature conditions.

(3) verify other miscellaneous materials such as those to

be used in curing, the Portland Cement, air—entraining admixture, joint—sealing materials and water.

b. Storage

(1) Check aggregates to assure no breakage, segregation,

or contamination by foreign material.

(2) Check the Epoxy storage area to see that it will be in

compliance with requirements. Also check to see that the

material has been maintained at a temperature between 70 and 85

degrees F. for 48 hours prior to use.

(3) Check for cement being maintained dry.

c. Mix

(1) Check for approval of mix.

(2) Check to make sure that control can be maintained.

(3) Continue to check result of mix for workability and

strength.

d. Equipment

(1) Check for approval of all equipment which will be used

in the operation.

(2) Check to assure that the equipment is being maintained

in good working condition.

e. Preparation for Placement

(1) Check the removal of existing pavement to the depth

specified and to a depth where surface to be paved will be sound

and free of un-weathered concrete.

(2) Check sandblasting procedures when this operation is

necessary.

(3) Check for removal of all joint filler and sealants

which will prevent bond between concrete and the patch.

(4) Assure that necessary fiberboard fillers are used to

prevent the closing of any existing joints.

(5) In order to provide adequate bonding of old and new

surfaces prior to placing of epoxy, check that the surface has

been blasted with both a high-pressure water jet and an air jet

to remove free water.
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2D-34

(6) Observe the application of a thin film of epoxy resin

grout on the freshly cleaned surface.

(a) Verify mixing of material for the grout.

(b) Check safety of the operation. Require full face

shields, coveralls, and protective cream on workmen, and check

adequacy of fire protection.

(c) Check thickness of film.

(d) Check number of coats.

f. Placing: Check the following:

(1) Batching and mixing of materials.

(2) That the initial epoxy grout is still tacky when fresh

concrete is placed.

(3) Handling and the placing of the concrete.

(4) Atmospheric and material temperatures.

(5) Consolidation of concrete.

(6) Making the necessary tests.

(7) Finishing and curing.

(8) Finished grade and alignment of joints to see that

they match the grade and alignment of the adjoining surface.

(9) For protection of patched areas.

(10) The resealing of joints as required.

g. Safety

(1) See that all workmen are provided with:

(a) Rubber or neoprene gloves.

(b) Face shields or goggles.

(c) Protective creams.

(2) Insure that manufacturer*s recommendations are

followed.

(3) Fire extinguishers should be provided during the epoxy

mixing operations.

(4) Assure proper ventilation when using epoxy in enclosed

area.

(5) Avoid contact with skin and follow treatment/emergency

methods recommended by manufacturer.
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i

CHAPTER 2E

ESTABLISHING GRASS AND PLANT MATERIAL

INDEX

Para. Title Page

2E-01 GENERAL 2E-1

2E-02 ESTABLISHING GRASS 2E-1

a. Delivery, Storage, Handling 2E-1

b. Materials 2E-1

c. Planting Times and Conditions 2E-2

d. Site Preparation 2E-3

e. Seeding 2E-4

f. Sodding 2E-6

g. Sprigging 2E-7

h. Temporary Turf Cover 2E-8

(When Required)

i. Restoration, Cleanup, 2E-8

Protection

j. Turf Establishment Period 2E-9

k. Satisfactory Stand of Turf 2E-9

2E-03 ESTABLISHING PLANT MATERIAL 2E-10

a. Delivery, Storage, Handling 2E-10

b. Materials 2E-10

c. Planting Times and Conditions 2E-12

d. Site Preparation 2E-12

e. Excavation 2E-12

f. Backfill Soil Mixture 2E-13

g. Setting Plants 2E-13

h. Earth Saucer 2E-13

i. Staking And Guying 2E-13

j. Mulch 2E-13

k. Trunk Wrap 2E-13

l. Pruning 2E-13

m. Watering 2E-13

n. Maintenance During Planting 2E-13

Operation

o. Restoration, Cleanup, 2E-14

Protection

p. Plant Establishment Period 2E-14

q. Unhealthy Plants 2E-14

r. Warranty 2E-15
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2E-1

CHAPTER 2E

ESTABLISHING GRASS AND PLANT MATERIAL

2E-01. GENERAL

This chapter covers the materials and procedures required

for installing and establishing seed, sod, sprigs and plant

material.

2E-02. ESTABLISHING GRASS

a. Delivery, Storage. Handling

(1) Verify the material upon arrival at the site as meeting

quality in accordance with the section, "MATERIALS", 2E-02.b.

(2) Determine the storage area for turf and materials.

(3) Ensure the sod and sprigs are protected from

desiccation by keeping them moist and protected from injury.

b. Materials

(1) Seed

(a) Obtain the certificate of compliance for the mixture,

percent pure live seed, minimum percent germination and hard seed,

maximum percent weed seed content, date tested and state

certification.

(b) Reject wet, moldy or otherwise damaged seed.

(2) Sod

(a) Obtain the certificate of compliance stating the

variety, species, mixture percentage, percent purity, quality

grade growing location and certification. The source of sod may be

checked to determine local growing conditions for compatibility

with the project.

(b) Check the sod for no visible broadleaf weeds when

reviewed from a standing position. The turf should be visibly

consistent with no obvious patches of foreign grasses. In no case

may the total amount of foreign grasses or weeds exceed two

percent of the total canopy. The sod should be neatly mowed and

mature enough to be picked up at one end and handled without

damage.

(c) Check that the thickness of the sod is in accordance

with the inspection and shows uniform soil thickness. The

measurement for thickness excludes the top growth and thatch.

(d) Reject irregularly shaped, torn or uneven sod.

(e) Reject sod that is heating up, dry, moldy or yellow.

(3) Sprigs

(a) Obtain the certificate of compliance stating the

cultivar, genetic purity and growing location.
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2E-2

(b) Check that attached roots have two or three nodes and

are four to six inches in length. Ensure no weeds exist with the

sprigs.

(c) Reject sprigs that are exposed to heat, dry, moldy or

yellow.

(4) Soil amendments

(a) Agricultural Limestone. Obtain the certificate of

compliance stating the calcium carbonate equivalent and sieve

analysis.

1. Check that the limestone is delivered in the original

and unopened containers.

2. Reject open limestone containers or wet limestone.

(b) Fertilizer. Obtain the certificate of compliance

stating the chemical analysis and composition percent.

1. Check that the fertilizer is delivered in the original

and unopened containers.

2. Reject open fertilizer containers or wet fertilizer.

(c) Organic Soil Amendments

1. Delivered Topsoil

a. Obtain a soil test stating the pH, particle size,

chemical analysis and mechanical analysis of the delivered top

soil.

b. Verify the topsoil is either loamy sand, sandy loam,

clay loam, loam, silt loam or sandy clay loam without subsoil,

slag, cinders, stones, lumps of soil, sticks, roots, trash or

other material larger than one and one-half inch in diameter. The

topsoil should be free from viable plants or plant parts.

c. Check that the delivered topsoil is amended as

recommended by the soil test.

2. Sand. Obtain the sieve analysis.

(d) Mulch

1. Straw and Hay. Check for freedom from weeds, mold and

other deleterious material and for an air dry condition.

2. Wood Cellulose Fiber. Check for composition on air dry

weight basis and for pH.

(e) Asphalt Adhesive. Obtain the certificate of compliance

to meet the ASTM.

c. Planting Times And Conditions

(1) Planting times

(a) Check that the seasonal requirements for the

establishment of turf are being met in the contract work schedule.
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2E-3

(b) Check phased construction requirements for temporary

turf cover.

(2) Planting conditions

(a) Check for favorable soil and weather conditions to give

beneficial results.

(b) Stop the planting operation during excessive drought,

moisture, wind or other unfavorable condition. Stop the planting

operation when there is excessive compaction of the soil from

interim rain or construction equipment.

d. Site Preparation

(1) Equipment

(a) Check the type, condition and calibration of the

equipment to be used.

(b) Record the calibration settings.

(2) Soil Test. Obtain a soil test stating the pH, particle

size, chemical analysis and mechanical analysis for the area to be

turf ed. When stockpiled topsoil is spread over the turf area, it

also requires a soil test.

(3) Application of soil amendments

(a) Check that the soil is amended in accordance with

recommendations of the soil test to meet the local growing

conditions for the variety and species os turf specified.

(b) Soil amendments may be incorporated into the soil

during tillage.

(4) Fertilizer and Agricultural Limestone

(a) Check the bag label with the certificate of compliance.

(b) Check the rate of application.

(c) Check that the fertilizer and limestone are

incorporated in the soil to a minimum depth of four inches.

(5) Soil conditioner

(a) Check the bag label or invoice with the certificate of

compliance.

(b) Check the rate and depth of application.

(c) Check that the soil conditioner is spread uniformly

over the area and incorporated in the soil.

(6) Quantity check

(a) Retain empty bags and record amounts used.

(b) Retain weight certificates for bulk loads and record

amounts used.
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2E-4

(c) Compare the amounts used with the total area covered

with soil amendments.

(7) Tillage

(a) Check time limitation when soil amendments are to be

incorporated into the soil during tillage.

(b) Check the minimum depth of tillage on slopes.

(8) Placement of topsoil

(a) Check the total requirement for topsoil. Ensure the

quality of the topsoil meets the certificate of compliance.

(b) Check the method and depth of placement.

(c) Check for even distribution over the area.

(d) Check that compaction of soil is prevented.

(9) Finished grading

(a) Check that the drainage patterns are in accordance with

the drawings and the grades slope a minimum one percent from

buildings and facilities.

(b) Check that the finished graded area is a minimum of one

inch below the adjoining grade of surface areas (walks, pavements)

and is blended into the existing turf area.

(c) Check that all areas compacted by construction

equipment are tilled.

(d) Check that the completion of finished grading occurs

prior to commencing with the establishment of turf.

(e) Removal of stone and debris

1. Lawn area. Check that debris and stones larger that one

inch in any dimension are removed.

2. Field area. Check that debris and stones larger than

three inches in any dimension are removed.

(10) Protection. Check that existing turf areas, plant

material, pavement and facilities (to include the tilled areas)

are protected from damage by the contractor.

e. Seeding

(1) Equipment

(a) Check the type, condition and calibration of the

equipment to be used.

(b) Record the calibration settings.

(2) Field mixing. Observe the field mixing of seed.

(3) Broadcast seeding.

(a) Check the bag label with the certificate of compliance.
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2E-5

(b) Check the rate of application.

(c) Ensure the broadcast seed is covered to an average

depth of one-quarter inch.

(4) Drill seeding

(a) Check the bag label with the certificate of compliance.

(b) Check the rate of application.

(c) Ensure the seed is driulled to an average depth of

one—half inch, the drills not more than six and one—half inches

apart and seed bins on the drill are maintained at more than onehalf full during seeding.

(5) Rolling. Check that rolling occurs immediately after

seeding, and the roller does not exceed ninety pounds for each

foot of roller width.

(6) Hydroseeding

(a) Check the bag label with the certificate of compliance.

(b) Check the rate of application.

(c) Check that seed and fertilizer are thoroughly mixed

with the water.

(d) Check that the wood cellulose fiber is added to the

mixture at the recommended rates and produces a homogenous

slurry.

(e) Check that mixture is applied uniformly over the area

within time limitation.

(f) Reject slurry exceeding this period.

(7) Mulch

(a) Spreading straw or hay mulch. Check that mulch is

applied the same day as the area is seeded and applied uniformly

to the area and not bunched or matted.

1. Mechanically anchoring. Check that anchoring occurs

immediately following the spreading of mulch. Check the method to

be used for anchoring mulch.

2. Anchoring with tackifier.

a. Asphalt adhesive tackifier. Check that anchoring occurs

immediately following the spreading of mulch, and sunlight is not

completely excluded from penetration to the ground surface.

b Non-Asphaltic tackifier. Check that anchoring occurs

immediately following the spreading on mulch. Ensure the

hydrophilic colloid is thoroughly mixed with water and applied

uniformly over the area.
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2E-6

(b) Spreading Asphalt Adhesive Coated Mulch . Ensure mulch

is applied the same day as the area is seeded, uniformly to the

area and not bunched or matted, and sunlight is not completely

excluded from penetration to the ground surface.

(8) Watering

(a) Verify that the quality of water is not toxic to plant

life.

(b) Check the time limitation for watering.

(c) Check the rate of application to meet moist soil

conditions to a minimum depth of one inch. Ensure the prevention

of run-off and pudding.

(9) Quantity check

(a) Retain empty bags and recorf amounts used.

(b) Retain weight certificates for bulk loads and record

amounts used.

(c) Compare the amounts used with the total area

established with seed.

f. Sodding

(1) Check time limitation is met between harvestimg and

placing sod. Sod not installed within this period requires

checking for quality and approval prior to placement.

(2) Placing sod

(a) Check the sod with the certificate of complance.

(b) Prior to placing sod, ensure adequate soil moisture

exists to a minimum depth of one inch.

(c) Check that rows of sod are parallel and tightly placed

against each other with joints staggered and tightly butted.

(d) Check that the sod is laid at right angles to the

slope, and at right angles to the flow of water in drainage ways.

(e) Check that the sod strips are not stretched or

overlapped and anchored when required.

(f) Reject sod that shows heating up or desiccation.

(3) Finishing

(a) Check that the sod is rolled to remove air pockets

andto smooth the surface.

(b) Check that frayed edges are trimmed and holes or

missing corners are patched.

(4) Watering

(a) Verify that the quality of water is not toxic to plant

life.
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2E-7

(b) Check time limitation for watering.

(c) Check the rate of application to ensure moist soil

conditions to a minimum of one inch. Ensure the prevention of runoff and pudding.

(5) Quality check

(a) Verify the area covered with sod.

(b) Compare the quantity of sod used with the total area

established with sod.

g. Sprigging

(1) Equipment

(a) Check the type, condition and calibration of the

equipment to be used.

(b) Record the calibration settings.

(2) Check that the time limitation is met between

harvesting and placing sprigs. Sprigs not installed within this

period require checking and approval prior to placement.

(3) Broadcast sprigging

(a) Check the plants with the certificate of complance.

(b) Check the method of application.

(c) Check that the sprigs are planted to meet specification

and drawing requirements, such as the number of sprigs per square

yard, the spacing between sprigs and the depth of the sprigs.

(4) Hydroplanting

(a) Check the plants with the certificate of complance.

(b) Check that sprigs and water are thoroughly mixed and

applied uniformly over the area.

(c) Check that sprigs are covered by a topdressing to a

minimum depth of one inch.

(d) Check that the topdressing meets the requirements

stated in section, “DELIVERED TOPSOIL,” 2E-02b.(4)(c)l.

(5) Row sprigging

(a) Check the plants with the certificate of complence.

(b) Check the method of application.

(c) Check that the sprigs are planted to meet specification

and drawing requirements, such as the spacing between rows, the

spacing between sprigs, and the depth of the sprigs.

(6) Overseeding

(a) Check the bag label with the certificate fc complance.
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2E-8

(b) Check the rate of application. Ensure seed is uniformly

broadcast over the sprigged area.

(c) Make similar checks as stated in section SEEDING,” 2E02e. Overseeding provides a quick green up and mulch is not

necessary.

(7) Rolling

(a) Check that rolling occurs immediately after sprigging

to remove air pockets and to anchor the sprigs, and the roller

does not exceed ninety pounds for each foot of roller width.

(8) Finishing

(a) Check that the finished surface is flush with the

finished grade.

(b) Check that twenty—five percent of each sprig plant

length extends above soil.

(9) Watering. Make similar check as stated in section,

“WATERING, 2E-02f.(4).

(10) Quantity check. Make similar check as stated in

section, “QUANTITY CHECK,” 2E-02f.(5).

h. Temporary Turf Cover (When Required)

(1) Conditions

(a) Check the conditions requiring a temporary turf cover.

(b) Verify the area requiring temporary turf cover.

(c) Check the type, condition and calbration of the

equipment to be used.

(d) Record the calbration settings.

(2) Application

(a) Check the bag label with the certificate of complance.

(b) Check the rate of application.

(c) Check that the method of application meets the

requirements stated is section, “SWEEDING," 2E-02e.

(d) Check that the area is tilled and one-half of the

required soil amendments are applied. The remaining soil

amendments are applied when the permanent turf can be installed.

(e) Make similar checks for watering as stated in section,

“WATERING,” 2E-02e.(8).

(3) Quantity check. Make similar checks as stated in

section, “QUANTITY CHECK,” 2E-02e.(9).

i. Restoration. Clean Up. Protection

(1) Restoration. Check that the existing turf areas,

pavements and facilities damaged during the turf operation are

restored to orginal condition at the Contractor*s expense.
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2E-9

(2) Cleanup. Ensure excess and waste material are removed

and disposed off site. Ensure adjacemt paved areas are cleaned.

(3) Protection. Ensure each area is protected from

vehicular and pedestrian traffic immediately upon completion.

j. Turf Establishment period

1) Commencement

(a) Record the commencement date and length of the period

for each turfed area or increment.

(b) Check the method used to identify the areas with

different establishment periods.

(2) Maintenance during the establishment period

(a) Repair. Check that eroded, damaged or barren areas are

re—established. Ensure mulch is repaired or replaced as required;

Check embankments, ditches and the turfed area are protected from

erosion. Check that weeds, insects and diseases are eradicated.

Obtain the maintenance report.

(b) Mowing

1. Check the method and frequency of mowing. Check that the

turf is mowed to the proper height for the species planted.

2. Check that the clippings are removed when the cut grass

leaves large clumps blocking out sunlight to the ground surface.

(c) Watering. Make similar check as stated in section,

‘WATERING,* 2E-02e.(8).

(d) Post-fertilization

1. Check thatt a nitrogen carrier fertilizer is applied

after the first month and the rate of application.

2. Check the timing of the application with the advent of

winter dormancy.

k. Satisfactory Stand Of Turf

(1) Seeded area

(a) Lawn area. Check that a minimum number of fifteen turf

plants per square foot ot the species planted are growing and bare

spots are less than six inches square.

(b) Field area. Check that a minimum number of ten turf

plants per square foot of the species planted are growing and bare

spots are less than six inches square.

(2) Sodded area. Check that the sod is living, uniform

incolor and leaf texture and that bare spots are less than two

inches square.

(3) Sprigged area. Check that a minimum number of two turf

plants per square foot of the species planted are growing and bare

spots are less than nine inches square.
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2E-10

2E-03. ESTABLISHING PLANT MATERIAL

a. Delivery. Storage. Handling

(1) verify the material upon arrival at the site as meeting

quality in accordance with section, "MATERIALS", 2E-03.b.

(2) Determine the storage area for plant materials.

(3) Check that plant material is stored away from other

materials and contaminates.

(4) Check that the palnt material is protected from

desiccation and injury; bare root plant material is heel—in; and

that the soil amendments are delivered in the orginal and unopened

containers.

(5) Check that plant material not installed on day of

arrival at the site is stored and protected from exposure to wind

and shaded from the sun.

b. Materials

(1) Plant material

(a) Obtain the certificate of compliance stating the

botanical and common name, size, quantity by species, grade and

nursery where grown.

(b) Check that substitutions do not occur without written

approval.

(c) Quality of plants

1. Check that plant material is well shaped, vigorous and

healthy with healthy well branched root systems.

2. Check that plant material is free from diseas, harmful

insects and insect eggs, sun-scald injury, disfigurement and

abrasion.

3. Check that plant material exhibits typical form of

branch to height ratio for the species and variety specified as

stated in the referenced, “American Standard for Nursery Stock.”

4. Check that plant material provided meets the quality

stated in the referenced, “American Standard for Nursery Stock”

and specifications for species and veriety specified.

5. Reject plant material showing desiccation, abrasion,

sun-scald injury or disfigurement.

6. Reject trees that are poled, topped off or headed back.

(d) Size of plants

1. Check the caliper and height measurement of plant

material in accordance with the referenced, “American Standard for

Nursery Stock.”

2. Caliper equals diameter.
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2E-11

3. Reject plant material that measures less than specified.

(e) Antidesiccant. Check that the plant material is sprayed

with an antidesiccant when leaf budding occurs or plant material

has soft growth.

(2) Balled and burlapped plants

(a) Check that the ball size and ratio meets the

referenced, “American Standard for Nursery Stock.”

(b) Check that the root ball is completely wrapped and

securely laced.

(c) Reject plant material with briken or cracked balls.

(3) Balled and potted plants

(a) Check that the ball size and ratio meets the

referenced, “American Standard for Nursery Stock.”

(b) Check that the container retains the ball unbroken and

that the container is sufficiently rigid to hoild the ball shape

and protect the root mass.

(4) Balled and platformed plants

(a) Check the the ball size and ratio meet the referenced,

“American Standard for Nursery Stock.”

(b) Check that the root ball is completely wrapped.

securely laced and securely fastened to wood platform.

(c) Reject plant material with broken or cracked balls.

(5) Bare root plants

(a) Check that the minimum root spread meets the

referenced, “American Standard for Nursery Stock.”

(b) Check that the root system is well branched and

characteristic of the variety specified. Ensure the roots show a

smooth cut and were not pulled from the ground.

(c) Check that the root system is protected from drying

out.

(6) Container grown plants

(a) Check that the container size meets the referenced,

“American Standard for Nursery Stock.”

(b) Check that the plant was grown in the container

sufficiently long for new fibrous roots to develop and for the

root mass to retain its shape when removed from the container.

Check that the container is sufficiently rigid to hold the ball

shape and protect the root mass.

(7) Soil amendments. Make similar check as stated in

section, “SOIL AMENDMENTS,” 2E-02b.(4).

(8) Topsoil. Make similar check as stated in section,

“DELIVERED TOPSOIL,” 2E-02b.(4)(c)1.
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2E-12

(9) Organic mulch. Check mulch for type and size and free

from weeds and mold.

(10) Geotextile for weed control. Check that the geotextile

provides a weed barrier and is water permeable.

c. Planting Times And Conditions

(1) Planting times. Check that the seasonal requirements

for the plant material are being met in the contract work

schedule.

(2) Planting conditions

(a) Check for favorable soil and weather conditions to give

beneficial results.

(b) Stop the planting operation during excessive drought,

moisture, wind and other unfavorable condition.

d. Site Preparation

(1) Finished grading. Check that the completion of the

finished grading occurs prior to commencing with the installation

of plant material. Make similar check as stated in section,

“FINISHED GRADING,” 2E—02d.(9).

(2) Protection. Check that the turf areas, existing plant

material, pavement and facilities are protected from damage by the

contractor.

(3) Layout

(a) Check that the layout of plant locations and bed

outlines are in accordance with the drawings and specifications.

(b) Check for conflict with utilities or underground

structures, ditches and have plants relocated as necessary.

e. Excavation

(1) Plant pit

(a) Check depth and diameter in accordance with the

specifications.

(b) Check for vertical sides and flat uncompacted bottoms.

(2) Percolation Test. Check that a percolation test is

performed in selected plant pits in each area to be planted.

(3) Plant bed

(a) Check that the entire root system of grass in the plant

bed area has been removed.

(b) Check slope and drainage of plant bed.

(c) Make similar check for tillage of the plant bed as

stated in section, “TILLAGE,” 2E-02d.(7).

(d) Make similar check for placement of backfill soil

mixture as stated in section “PLACEMENT OF TOPSOIL,” 2E-02d.(8).
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2E-13

f. Backfill Soil Mixture. Check that the backfill soil

mixture consists of topsoil and is proportioned in accordance with

the recommendations of the soil test.

g. Setting Plants

(1) Check that the plant material is set plumb and even

with the depth at which it is grown.

(2) Check method of backfilling each plant pit.

(3) Ensure material that is not biodegradable is removed

from the root ball and the plant pit.

(4) Check that for balled and burlapped plants the burlap

is rolled back from the top one-third of the root ball.

(5) Check that bare root plant material is muddied into the

backfill soil mixture in the pit.

h. Earth Saucer. Check that the height of the earth saucer

is a minimum four inches high for retaining water and is

constructed along the edge of the plant pit.

i. Staking And Guying. Check for proper staking and guying

of all trees and ensure the guying wires do not girdle the trees.

j. Mulch

(1) Check the time limitation for placing mulch.

(2) Check that the mulch covers the entire earth saucer

area or plant bed.

k. Trunk Wrap

(1) Check the time limitarion on trunk wrap.

(2) Check that trees with a trunk caliper greater than one

and one-half inches are wrapped.

l. Pruning

(1) Check the installed plant material for proper pruning.

Ensure the typical growth habit is retained. Ensure clean cuts are

made flush to the parent trunk.

(2) Ensure “headback” cuts at right angles to the line of

growth are not permitted.

(3) Ensure the trees are not “poled” or the leader removed

or “topped off.”

(4) Reject trees that are poled, topped off or headback.

m. Watering. Check that each installed plant is ‘water-in*

to remove air pockets in the backfill soil mixture.

n. Maintenance During Planting Operation. Check the

installed plants are maintained during the planting operation.

Make similar check as stated in section, “MAINTENANCE DURING THE

ESTABLISHMENT PERIOD,” 2E-03p. (2).
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2E-14

o. Restoration. Clean Up, Protection. Make similar check

as stated in section, ‘RESTORATION, CLEAN UP, PROTECTION,” 2E02i.

p. Plant Establishment Period

(1) Commencement

(a) Record the commencement date and length of the period

for the planted area.

(b) Check the method used to identify the areas with

different extablishment periods.

(2) Maintenance during the establishment period

(a) Repair. Check that plant material is straightened and

the stakes and guys are tightened. Check that trunk wrap is

repaired, that mulch is repair or replaced as required and the

planted area is protected from erosion. Ensure weeds, insects and

diseases are eradicated Check plant material for girdling of the

trunk.

1. Obtain the maintenance report.

2. Obtain the maintenance instruction.

(b) Fertilizing

1. Check the timing of the application with the advent of

winter dormancy.

2. Check the method and rate of application.

3. Check that dry fertilizer does not adhere to the plant

material.

(d) Settlement

1. Check that topsoil is added to maintain the grade and

earth saucer at which it was grown.

2. Check that each plant is maintained at the sane growing

depth at which it was grown.

3. Check that plants showing serious settlement are

replanted.

q. Unhealthy Plants

(1) Check plants for being in a healthy growing condition.

A plant is considered unhealthy when the main leader has died back

or twenty-five percent of the crown is dead.

(2) Check that unhealthy or dead plants are removed

immediately.

(3) Check that plants are replaced when seasonal conditions

permit.
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r. Warranty

(1) Ensure furnished plants are guaranteed to he in a

vigorous growing condition for a period of twelve months.

(2) A plant is replaced one time under this guarantee.

(3) Obtain written calendar time period for the guarantee.
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i

CHAPTER 2F

RAILROADS

INDEX

Para. Title Page

2F-01 GENERAL 2F-1

a. Contract Documents 2F-1

b. Work on Lines 2F-1

Adjacent to InService Lines 2F-1

c. Work on Lines 2F-1

Crossing Roads or Highways

2F-02 SUB-GRADE 2F-1

a. Sub-grade Prepared 2F-1

Under Another Contract

b. Sub-grade Prepared 2F-1

Under Railroad Contract

2F-03 MATERIAL (GENERAL) 2F-2

2F-04 TRACK CONSTRUCTION 2F-3

a. Contractor Operation 2F-3

b. Roadbed 2F-3

d. Ties 2F-3

e. Rails 2F-4

f. Tie Plates 2F-5

g. Joint Bars 2F-5

h. Spiking

i. Rail Anchors 2F-5

j. Turnouts and 2F-5

Crossovers

k. Guard Rails 2F-5

l. Derails and Dumpers

m. Oiling Track Fixtures 2F-6

n. Clearances 2F-6

0. Signal Devices 2F-6

(Electric)

2F-05 SAFETY 2F-6
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CHAPTER 2F

RAILROADS

2F-01. GENERAL

This chapter covers the inspection of railroad construction, including ballast, sub-ballast and track materials on a

previously prepared sub—grade

a. Contract Documents

In addition to the plans and specifications and shop

drawings, QC/QA should have a copy of the latest American Railway

Engineering Association publication and should be familiar with

its contents.

b. Work on Lines Adjacent to In—service Lines

(1) Prior to commencement of work, check to see that

arrangements have been made with the adjacent railroad for provision of flagmen, light signals, slow boards or other requirements of the railroad or ICC Regulations for the protection of

equipment and personnel of both parties.

(2) Check to ensure coordination of action when tie-in

between new and existing construction is to be made.

C. Work on Lines Crossing Roads or Highways

Prior to commencement of work, check for coordination between the contractor and state or local authorities for detours,

barricades, crossing guards, lights and similar related items.

2F-02. SUB-GRADE

a. Sub-grade Prepared Under Another Contract

(1) Check angle of repose and erosion of side slopes in cut

and fill sections.

(2) Check for drainage between roadbed and bank in cut

sections. Are culverts installed as required?

(3) Check size, shape, grading and compaction of roadbed.

(4) To avoid possibility of claims, secure acceptance of

existing roadbed by railroad contractor.

b. Sub-grade Prepared Under Railroad Contract

(1) Review appropriate chapter of manual pertaining to

placement of fill.

(2) Check for removal of unsuitable materials in cut sections.

(3) Check fill materials for acceptability as stated in

specifications.

(4) Check for compliance with specifications in placing,

compacting and grading fill.
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(5) Check for proper methods of construction on slopes in

fill sections and that correct slopes are maintained in both cut

and fill sections.

(6) Check for compliance with plans as to drainage facilities, size, shape, location, methods of construction and

materials.

(7) Ensure that work areas are graded to drain when work is

stopped for any reason. Check daily, weekends, and when

progressing to new areas.

2F-03. MATERIALS

a. All materials, equipment and supplies shall be new and

in unused condition, unless otherwise specified, and should

conform to applicable standards.

b. If materials are Government-furnished, an inventory

should be made with the contractor as to condition, quality,

quantity and a receipt obtained from the contractor. Your

supervisor should be notified immediately of unsuitable or

insufficient materials.

c. All of the following items shall be checked for

compliance with approved samples, certificates of compliance,

plans, specifications or applicable Federal or other standards, as

the case may require:

(1) Ballast - Check for type, quality, soundness, gradation and continued conformity with previously approved materials.

(2) Ties — Check species, size, method of treatment and

condition. Check for anti-splitting device installed on each end

of hardwood ties,

(3) Rail - Check for length, weight and section, condition, and drilling pattern.

(a) Rails may be bent or straightened only with appropriate

bending devices, not with sledge hammer or localized application

of heat.

(b) Chipped or cracked rails must be set aside.

(4) Joint Bars - Check for drilling condition, weight, type

and size.

(5) Tie Plates - Check for punching, size, weight, condition and type.

(6) Track Bolts, Nuts, Spring Washers - Check for condition and size.

(7) Track Spikes - Check for condition, type and size.

(8) Tie Plugs - Check for size and preservative treatment.

(9) Turnouts - Check all metal material for condition,

size, number, weight, section, and length as appropriate.

(10) Switch Stands - Check for compliance with submittals.
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(11) Rail Anchors - Check for size, weight, condition and

number of each type or size required.

(12) Derails - Check for size, condition, and the number of

each size required by plans.

(13) Bumpers - Check for conformity with submittals and

number required.

(14) Signal Equipment - If required, shall be checked for

compliance with submittals and specifications, as applicable.

2F-04. TRACK CONSTRUCTION

a. Contractor Operation

Discuss the contractor*s complete operation with him during

the preparatory inspection.

(1) Check the schedule of operation to assure that it is in

compliance with contract requirements.

(2) Check equipment proposed. Do not allow the use of

equipment that will rut or damage the roadbed.

(3) Check storage and handling of material procedures.

(4) Check sequence of operation.

b. Roadbed

The roadbed should be constructed sufficiently far in

advance of track laying operations to avoid slow down of this

work.

(1) Depressions should be filled and compacted.

(2) Sub—grade should be graded to provide drainage under

the ballast when required,

c. Ballast

Ballast should be placed to the depth and cross section

indicated on the plans.

(1) Watch for contamination with sub—soil or other foreign

materials which might impair drainage qualities.

(2) Placing of ballast will be done, in part, prior to

placing of ties or completely after placing of ties and rails in

accordance with the provisions of the specifications.

d. Ties

(1) Ties should he laid with the heartwood face or the

widest surface down.

(2) Check spacing of ties by counting number per rail.

(3) Select ties so that the best ones are used at rail

joints.
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(4) The handling and placing of ties with tapping—pick,

spike-mauls, sledges and shovel should not be permitted. Ties

should be handled only with tongs.

(5) Check the surfaces of the ties to assure that full

bearing is provided for the tie plate.

(6) Check that ballast if tamped under ties to provide a

firm bearing for tie track has been raised to grade.

(7) The end of ties shall be aligned at the same side of

the track.

(8) Tamping stone ballast will normally be done from a

point 15 inches inside each rail on both sides of the ties to the

ends of the ties. Tamping shall not be permitted in the center of

the tie between the above stated limits; this center shall be

filled lightly with ballast using a ballast form or shovel.

(9) All cut surfaces of ties should be slushed with

creosote oil and holes left by withdrawn spikes should be slushed

with creosote oil and plugged with proper size creosoted plugs,

cut-off flush.

e. Rails

(1) Check method of laying. Watch for bumping and striking

of rails.

(2) If more than one rail section is authorized, the different sections should not be mingled.

(3) Check for staggering of joints.

(4) Rails should be laid to standard gage (4* 8-1/2”)

except on curves over degrees, where specified tolerances will be

observed.

(5) Check spacer shims between rail ends to see that provision is made for expansion of rails as established in the

project specifications.

(6) Check drilling and sawing. Do not permit use of a

torch.

(7) Check for proper number, location, and size of bolt

holes permitted. A variation up to 1/32-inch in location of the

bolt hole will be permitted.

(8) Rails should be laid on curves with the super elevation maintained throughout the circular part of the curve and run

off in the spiral portion of the curve.

(9) The weight, make and location of different weight rails

should be shown on the as-built drawings.

f. Tie Plates

(1) Check size, punching and type of tie plates being used.
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(2) Check, that bottom of rail, the tie plate, and the

bearing surface of the tie are clean to provide full bearing.

(3) Check spiking.

g. Joint Bars

(1) Check for correct number, spacing and correct size of

holes to mate with rail holes.

(2) Check, after installation, for correct number and size

of bolts, nuts and spring washers. Nuts must have full thread on

bolts.

(3) If more than one rail section is authorized check for

use of proper compromise joints between rails of different weight.

h. Spiking

(1) Check driving of spikes. They shall be driven plumb

with one face in contact with the rail. Those driven out of plumb

or sledged to rail should be removed and replaced.

(2) Bent spikes will not be permitted.

(3) Check staggering of spikes on the ties to prevent

splitting of ties.

(4) Check number of spikes being placed.

(5) Check spiking on tangents and curves. (Four holding

spikes on tangents and six on curves.) Spikes to be staggered with

outside spikes in each tie near the same edge and inside spikes

near the opposite edge.

(6) Check driving of spikes. Do not over-drive.

i. Rail Anchors

(1) Check that rail anchors are being installed in the

locations indicated on the drawings.

(2) Check proper positioning against ties and securing to

rail.

j. Turnouts and Crossovers

(1) Check locations, sizes, types and installation.

(2) Locations, sizes, etc. should be made a matter of

record.

(3) Check that all moving parts are oiled and switch is in

proper adjustment so that for each position the points are held

tightly against rails.

k. Guard Rails

Check for location, rail section, spiking, and spacing.

1. Derails and Bumpers
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(1) Check accuracy of location of derails and bumpers.

(2) Check for secure anchorage.

m. Oiling Track Fixtures

Check for oiling of track bolts, joint bars and fishing

spaces of rails.

n. Clearances

(1) Prior to actual construction, overhead and side

clearances should be checked for compliance with regulations of

the switching railroad, unless otherwise specified.

(2) During and after construction, overhead and side

clearances should be checked at track side structures erected

under other contracts.

o. Signal Devices (Electric)

If bonding of rails is required for signal systems, or

other reasons, the bonding wires should be checked for correct

type and proper installation. If insulation joints are required,

check that they are provided where and as specified.

2F-05. SAFETY

Continuing check shall be made to secure compliance with

applicable safety requirements of Federal (ICC), State, Local,

adjacent railroads and the Corps of Engineers “Safety and Health

Requirements Manual”.