NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except 

in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

2023 IL App (3d) 220336-U

Order filed August 4, 2023

____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

2023 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF )

ILLINOIS, ) 

 ) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

WILLIAM J. MCGUIRE JR., ) 

 ) 

Defendant-Appellant. ) 

Appeal from the Circuit Court

of the 12th Judicial Circuit, 

Will County, Illinois

Appeal No. 3-22-0336 

Circuit No. 16-CF-2515 

Honorable 

Daniel Rippy, 

Judge, Presiding. 

____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE DAVENPORT delivered the judgment of the court. 

Justice Hettel concurred in the judgment. 

Presiding Justice Holdridge specially concurred. 

____________________________________________________________________________

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was armed 

with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm when the only witness unequivocally 

testified the attacker had a gun. The evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt

that defendant was the person who entered the home and attacked the victim based 

on cumulative circumstantial evidence. 

¶ 2 The State charged defendant with one count of home invasion with a bludgeon (720 ILCS 

5/19-6(a)(1) (West 2016)) (count I), two counts of home invasion with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/19-

6(a)(3) (West 2016)) (counts II and III), one count of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (720 
2 

ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2016)) (count IV), and one count of criminal trespass to residence (720 

ILCS 5/19-4(a)(2) (West 2016)) (count V). After a bench trial, the trial court found him guilty of 

counts I, II, and V. He was later acquitted of count II after the court partially granted his motion 

to reconsider. The court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of 25 years on count I and 

2 years on count V. On appeal, defendant argues the evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that he was guilty of home invasion with a weapon other than a firearm, and he was not 

proved beyond a reasonable doubt as being the person who attacked the victim, Sharon Davis. We 

reverse in part and affirm in part. 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 On September 28, 2016, at approximately 1:45 p.m., Davis returned to her Bolingbrook 

townhome after running errands at Bob’s Discount Furniture Store and Jewel-Osco. The doorbell 

rang, and she assumed it was the homeowner association’s painter. As she unlocked the door, the 

door flew open, and a large man with a handgun in his right hand was standing there, growling. 

The man put the gun to Davis’s head. Davis grabbed the gun with her left hand and turned it toward

his face instead. The man knocked her feet out from under her, came down on top of her, and 

grabbed at her clothes. Davis scooted back across the floor, kicking and hitting the man with her 

fists. Davis managed to kick the man off and run out the back door into her backyard. That was 

the last time she saw the man in her house. Her neighbors heard her screams and met her in their 

shared backyards. The police arrived shortly thereafter. 

¶ 5 Davis’s neighbors, Elizabeth Gigler and Therese Mikulecky, did not see the attacker, but 

both testified they saw Davis running and heard her scream, “He has a gun!” Davis testified she is 

familiar with guns, and the attacker had a black automatic gun. 
3 

¶ 6 Davis described her attacker as a white, balding man, approximately six feet tall, between 

50 and 60 years old, and wearing a blue crewneck sweatshirt with jeans, a dark gray stocking cap

(like a winter hat), and brown oversized women’s sunglasses that covered much of his face. As 

she was talking to police, she remembered there was a man following her while she was shopping 

at Jewel-Osco, and she realized this was the same man that attacked her. While in Jewel-Osco, a 

man, who was approximately six feet tall, weighed over 200 pounds, and wearing a blue crewneck 

sweatshirt, approached her in the liquor department and said “hi” to her. She did not recognize the 

man. She encountered him at least three more times in the store. She realized the man following 

her was the same man as the intruder because both were six feet tall with chubby cheeks and a 

large stomach, wearing the same sweatshirt. 

¶ 7 The police collected Davis’s clothes, cut her fingernails, swabbed her mouth for

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing, and dusted for fingerprints in her home. On November 7, 

2016, 40 days after the attack, Davis went to the police station for a photo lineup, which was 

videorecorded. The recording was admitted into evidence. The photo array contained six headshots 

of men between the ages of 50 and 60. Davis spent 16 minutes analyzing the photos. She eliminated 

four photos, narrowing it down to two. The police told her she did not need to make a decision. 

She was focused on “chubby cheeks,” because she described her attacker and the man in JewelOsco having “chubby cheeks.” She ultimately wrote “75%” under defendant’s photo and “25%” 

under the remaining photo. Near the end of the recording, she mentioned “fingerprints and DNA 

at my house.” Davis later testified that her hesitation during the photo lineup was because she did 

not want to pick out the wrong person, and it would have been helpful if she saw more than a 

headshot so she could see the subjects’ height. On December 5, 2016, police showed Davis a 

picture of defendant from the Jewel-Osco security footage. Upon viewing defendant’s picture, 
4 

Davis identified defendant as the man who followed her in Jewel-Osco and attacked her in her 

home. 

¶ 8 In December 2016, the police executed a search warrant on defendant’s home in Carol 

Stream. Detective Jason Mitchem secured the residence and watched the occupants inside while 

the search was being conducted. He heard defendant ask, “Is this about the townhome thing?” 

¶ 9 Detective Michael Harvey, the case’s lead investigator, asked defendant if he was in 

Bolingbrook on September 28, 2016. Defendant did not remember. He then asked if defendant had 

any reason to be in Bolingbrook, and defendant answered “yes,” stating he owned a rental unit in 

Plainfield that he was cleaning. Defendant could not remember which route he took to Plainfield 

that day. Harvey asked defendant if he stopped anywhere that day. Defendant did not know but 

said he may have stopped for a soda. Harvey then asked defendant if he had stopped at Jewel-Osco

that day, and defendant admitted he did. Harvey showed defendant pictures of himself from the 

Jewel-Osco security footage wearing a blue crewneck sweatshirt, and defendant said, “It’s me, 

move on.” According to Harvey, 

“[Defendant] kept asking what is this about. What is this about. And then I said, 

well, Bill, it’s about following a woman. And he sighed, got flushed in the face, 

and looked down and said, ‘it’s about attacking a woman.’ And I said, ‘Bill, I was 

talking about following, you know, I said following a woman.’ He said, ‘I need a 

lawyer. I’m done talking.’ ” 

¶ 10 The police seized two computers from defendant’s home. The computers contained search 

terms and video titles, including, among others, “Milf tied forced,” “stalking abducting milf gif 

tumblr,” and “intruder forced milf gif.” The police also seized two blue crewneck sweatshirts, one

of which matched the color of the sweatshirt defendant was wearing in the Jewel-Osco security 
5 

footage. In addition, they found multiple pairs of brown oversized women’s sunglasses. The police 

did not find a firearm, gray knit hat, rope, or handcuffs. 

¶ 11 Harvey also obtained video footage from Bob’s Discount Store dated September 28, 2016,

showing a gray Subaru Forrester matching defendant’s vehicle drive northbound through the 

parking lot in front of the store. Davis walks into the store approximately one minute later. Harvey 

testified defendant had a flip phone. Unlike a smartphone that activates frequently with cell towers, 

a flip phone is only activated with a cell tower when there is a call or text message. On September 

28, defendant made one phone call from his flip phone near the Fox Valley Mall, approximately 

21 minutes after the incident occurred in Davis’s home. Harvey drove the route twice from Davis’s 

home to the location near the mall, with one trip taking 20.5 minutes and the other trip taking 21 

minutes. 

¶ 12 Detective Steven Furtek photographed the scene and dusted for fingerprints at the front and 

rear doors. He was unable to obtain any print results. Forensic biologist Katherine Sullivan testified 

there was very limited male DNA compared to female DNA on Davis’s fingernail clippings, and 

defendant was excluded from the male DNA result. Defendant’s expert, forensic scientist Karl 

Reich testified there was no physical evidence linking defendant to any of the tested items in this 

case. Specifically, hairs found on Davis’s clothes excluded defendant as the source, and he was 

excluded as the source of male DNA under her fingernails. 

¶ 13 The parties stipulated the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) excluded defendant as the 

source of the hairs collected from Davis. The FBI also compared fibers recovered from Davis to 

fibers in the blue sweatshirt found in defendant’s home. The fibers were consistent with originating 

from the sweatshirt, but “a fiber association is not a means of positive identification and the number 

of possible sources for a specific fiber is unknown.”
6 

¶ 14 Defendant’s other expert, Dr. Deryn Strange, a specialist in the field of memory distortion, 

testified that a victim’s ability to identify the perpetrator diminishes “by a reasonable amount” in

the presence of a weapon. Dr. Strange explained that the victim’s fixation on the weapon detracts

from the time the victim needs to encode the perpetrator’s facial features. She stated that 

researchers have found that people who recognize gaps in their memory following an event are 

motivated to fill in those gaps. She also explained a type of memory distortion where a person not 

involved in a violent encounter may be incorrectly linked to the encounter simply because that

person was a “focal point relatively close in time to the encounter.” Dr. Strange distinguished 

between recognition memory and comparative judgment. Regarding recognition memory, she 

stated,

“We know from studies where recognition memory has been looked at with relation 

to decision speed and identification procedure, that if a person is taking longer than 

eight seconds to decide whether or not a person is the person who committed the 

crime, then they are likely to be wrong. Accuracy falls off a cliff after eight 

seconds.” 

As for comparative judgment, she explained it is used when a person is comparing two individuals, 

and unlike recognition memory, it is more likely to cause a misidentification. Dr. Strange opined 

Davis was not using recognition memory during the photo lineup: “She takes a very long time and 

she’s talking aloud about choosing between two people, so that is absolutely a comparative 

judgment and definitely not recognition memory.” Dr. Strange also explained how an eyewitness’s 

memory could become increasingly more distorted due to the “feedback effect”: 

“So if after they have identified somebody, somebody is arrested, the case goes to 

trial. It’s not just that the eyewitness’s confidence then increases, their 
7 

interpretation of the actual event changes. So they start saying that they had a better 

look at the assailant, that they were with them for a longer period of time, that the 

viewing conditions were better than they actually were. This is called the feedback 

effect.” 

According to Dr. Strange, the only meaningful confidence is the confidence expressed at the time 

the identification is made. “Highly confident people at the time that they made the identification 

are more likely to be accurate, all other things considered. When they are not expressing a great 

deal of confidence, then it’s much more likely to be inaccurate.”

¶ 15 The court found defendant guilty of counts I, II, and V. In ruling, the court stated, “This 

case is close. This is not an easy decision. Either way. However, at the end of the day, the Court, 

having reviewed all the evidence in this case, finds that the circumstantial evidence is—in this case 

is cumulative to the point of which I find the defendant guilty.” The court explained Davis’s 

identification was not perfect, but the cumulativeness of the circumstantial evidence led it to 

believe defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 16 Defendant filed a posttrial motion, contending the court’s finding of guilt on count II, 

which alleged he was armed with a firearm, was inconsistent with the court’s findings of not guilty 

on counts III and IV, which also alleged the use or possession of a firearm. The court vacated its 

finding on count II and sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of 25 and 2 years on counts 

I and V, respectively. This appeal followed.

¶ 17 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 18 On appeal, defendant challenges the sufficiency of the State’s evidence to sustain both of 

his convictions. He maintains Davis’s identification of him was unreliable and did not establish 

him as the person who attacked her. In addition, as to count I (home invasion with a bludgeon), 
8 

defendant argues there was no evidence of the offender being armed with anything other than a 

firearm, and therefore he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of being armed with a 

weapon other than a firearm. We first address the latter argument. 

¶ 19 A. Dangerous Weapon Other Than a Firearm

¶ 20 Generally, “[w]hen a court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the 

question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” (Emphasis in original and internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. McLaurin, 2020 IL 

124563, ¶ 22. All reasonable inferences favoring the State are allowed; unreasonable or speculative

ones are not. People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004). 

¶ 21 Despite this generally deferential standard of review, defendant maintains we should 

review this issue de novo. We agree. Whether a particular item comes within the definition of a 

statutory term is reviewed on a de novo basis. People v. Westmoreland, 2013 IL App (2d) 120082, 

¶ 14. Additionally, when a defendant disputes whether the uncontested facts were sufficient to 

prove the elements of an offense, appellate review is de novo. People v. Perkins, 408 Ill. App. 3d 

752, 757-58 (2011). 

¶ 22 Defendant’s contention requires us to construe subsection (a)(1) of the home invasion 

statute (720 ILCS 5/19-6(a)(1) (West 2016)), which sets forth a type of home invasion in which 

the offender is armed with a dangerous weapon “other than a firearm.” According to defendant, 

there was no evidence that Davis’s attacker was armed with anything other than a firearm, and no 

evidence was introduced of any item that could be described as a bludgeon. He maintains that to 

sustain a conviction for count I, the State needed to prove (1) illegal entry into an occupied 
9 

residence; (2) the presence or use of a dangerous weapon; and (3) the dangerous weapon was not 

a firearm. 

¶ 23 The State argues whether defendant possessed a bludgeon was a question of fact for the 

trial judge to determine. It further argues that an item can be labeled a firearm but also described 

or labeled as a “bludgeon,” as this description is based on how the item is used during the 

commission of the offense. According to the State, the statutory phrase “other than” means “in 

addition to someone or something,” which does not exclude a firearm from being considered a 

dangerous weapon. We find the State’s argument misplaced. 

¶ 24 According to the home invasion statute,

“(a) A person who is not a peace officer acting in the line of duty commits home 

invasion when without authority he or she knowingly enters the dwelling place of 

another when he or she knows or has reason to know that one or more persons is 

present *** and

(1) While armed with a dangerous weapon, other than a firearm, uses force 

or threatens the imminent use of force upon any person or persons within the 

dwelling place whether or not injury occurs, or

 *** 

(3) While armed with a firearm uses force or threatens the imminent use of 

force upon any person or persons within the dwelling place whether or not injury 

occurs[.]” 720 ILCS 5/19-6 (West 2016). 

In People v. Booker, 2015 IL App (1st) 131872, the court observed that the subsections of the 

home invasion statute and their respective allegations are mutually exclusive: 
10 

“[T]he home invasion statute distinguishes between the commission of the offense 

‘with a firearm’ from the commission of the offense ‘with a dangerous weapon 

other than a firearm’ by ascribing those two factors to different subsections of the 

statute. *** [T]he allegation that defendant was armed with a dangerous weapon 

other than a firearm cannot be reasonably inferred from the allegation that 

defendant was armed with a firearm, because the latter necessarily excludes the 

former.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at ¶ 59. 

In reaching this conclusion, the court in Booker reviewed cases analyzing the vehicular hijacking 

and armed robbery statutes with the same “other than a firearm” language. See id. at ¶ 58. Our 

supreme court, after discussing the vehicular hijacking and armed robbery statutes containing the 

same exclusionary language, concluded that based on the plain language, offenses committed with 

firearms and offenses committed with weapons other than firearms are mutually exclusive of each 

other. People v. Clark, 2016 IL 118845, ¶ 43. 

¶ 25 The State relies on People v. Miles, 2017 IL App (1st) 132719, to argue the use of the 

phrase “other than” does not exclude a firearm from being a dangerous weapon. The State’s 

argument misses the target. First, the classification of a firearm as a dangerous weapon is not in 

dispute. The question is whether the home invasion statute treats firearms and other dangerous 

weapons as mutually exclusive categories. We have determined that it does. “When interpreting a 

statute, we do not read a portion of it in isolation; instead, we read it in its entirety, keeping in 

mind the subject it addresses and the drafters’ apparent objective in enacting it.” Id. ¶ 25. Second, 

Miles is distinguishable because it dealt with statutory language that did not include the qualifying 

clause “other than a firearm.” See id. at ¶ 9 (quoting armed robbery statute). Ultimately, the issue 

here is whether defendant can be convicted of home invasion with a weapon other than a firearm 
11 

(a bludgeon) when there was only evidence of the attacker being armed with a firearm, and 

defendant was acquitted of all firearm charges.

¶ 26 As we have established, the home invasion statute creates two mutually exclusive 

categories of weapons: (1) firearm, and (2) dangerous weapon other than a firearm. See Clark, 

2016 IL 118845, ¶ 43. The analysis could end there. But even so, disregarding Clark, we recognize 

there are instances when a gun may be used as a bludgeon, however, there is no evidence—such 

as the weight or composition of the object defendant had or that he brandished it as a bludgeon—

to support such a conclusion in this case. See People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255, 276-77 (2008); 

People v. Harris, 2015 IL App (1st) 133892, ¶ 24; People v. Thorne, 352 Ill. App. 3d 1062, 1073 

(2004). Here, Davis testified she is “very” familiar with firearms and can tell the difference 

between different types of firearms. She testified that an attacker pointed the gun at her. She 

grabbed the gun and pointed it back at him. Her neighbors heard her scream, “He has a gun!” She 

told multiple police officers that the attacker had a gun. She described the gun as a black automatic. 

“A firearm cannot simultaneously be a firearm and something other than a firearm in the same way 

that a square cannot simultaneously be a circle and something other than a circle. It is logically 

impossible.” People v. Spencer, 2014 IL App (1st) 130020, ¶ 40. Therefore, defendant was not 

proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of home invasion with a dangerous weapon other than a 

firearm, and we reverse defendant’s conviction on count I.

¶ 27 B. Identification

¶ 28 Defendant also contends Davis’s identification of him was not reliable and was not 

sufficient to sustain the court’s guilty finding on count V (criminal trespass to residence). “The 

prosecution has the burden of proving beyond reasonable doubt the identity of the person who 

committed the crime.” People v. Slim, 127 Ill. 2d 302, 307 (1989). “An identification will not be 
12 

deemed sufficient to support a conviction if it is vague or doubtful.” Id. When reviewing the 

sufficiency of the evidence, a reviewing court must determine whether, after reviewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Hardman, 2017 IL 

121453, ¶ 37. A criminal conviction will not be overturned “unless the evidence is so unreasonable, 

improbable, or unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” Id. 

¶ 29 “A single witness’ identification of the accused is sufficient to sustain a conviction if the 

witness viewed the accused under circumstances permitting a positive identification.” Slim, 127 

Ill. 2d at 307. “However, it is equally well established that a conviction cannot be sustained beyond 

a reasonable doubt solely by an identification of the accused which is vague, doubtful, or 

uncertain.” People v. Graham, 179 Ill. App. 3d 496, 506 (1989). In determining whether an 

identification is reliable, the factors to consider in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification, 

termed the Biggers factors, include (1) the witness’s opportunity to view the criminal at the time 

of the crime, (2) the witness’s degree of attention, (3) the accuracy of the witness’s prior 

description of the criminal, (4) the witness’s level of certainty at the confrontation, and (5) the 

length of time between the crime and the confrontation. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 

(1972). 

¶ 30 Defendant argues the Biggers factors weigh in his favor: (1) Davis had a short opportunity 

to observe the attacker in her house, (2) her degree of attention was at best divided due to her focus 

on the gun, (3) her description of the attacker was vague and lacked specificity, (4) she did not 

initially identify her attacker as the person from Jewel-Osco, but later came to that conclusion, and 

(5) her level of uncertainty was apparent from her attempted identification of defendant more than 

one month after the attack. Further, defendant asserts, the physical evidence exonerated him: hair
13 

collected from Davis’s shirt did not belong to defendant, defendant was conclusively excluded as 

the source of male DNA under Davis’s fingernails, and there was no evidence of bruises, cuts, or 

scratches on defendant. Defendant contends the trial court relied on factors which did not place 

defendant at the scene of the attack, while ignoring the expert testimony about the problems with 

witness identification and memory distortions, and also ignoring expert testimony regarding the 

physical and DNA evidence that was recovered. 

¶ 31 The State argues the totality of the circumstances of Davis’s identification of defendant 

sufficiently and reliably established defendant was the individual who attacked her in her home. 

Davis described her assailant as wearing a blue crewneck sweatshirt, jeans, a dark gray stocking 

cap, and brown oversized women’s sunglasses that covered much of his face. The attacker was six 

feet tall with big chubby cheeks and a large stomach. Despite a most horrifying and stressful 

situation, her ability to meticulously describe the nature of the attack and her reactions to it 

establishes her degree of attention. Moreover, only 40 days passed before Davis viewed the photo 

lineup and only 69 days had passed when she made the second identification (in the Jewel-Osco

surveillance footage). Considering the nature of the attack, it is not surprising that there was no 

physical evidence belonging to defendant: there was no evidence defendant touched anything to 

leave a fingerprint, no hair was found because he was wearing a stocking hat, there was no 

evidence Davis scratched the attacker so there would be no DNA under her fingernails, and the 

lack of physical injury to defendant is consistent with Davis’s testimony. 

¶ 32 We begin by considering the Biggers factors to determine the reliability of Davis’s 

identification of defendant during the photo lineup. First is the opportunity Davis had to view the 

attacker at the time of the attack. In Graham, the witness had an excellent opportunity to view her 

attacker at the time of the robbery when she viewed her attacker face-to-face from about one foot 
14 

away directly beneath parking lot lights, watched him back away slowly, and saw his face again 

when he left the parking lot. Graham, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 505. Conversely, the fact that two 

witnesses only viewed the suspect’s face for a few seconds and did not previously know the suspect 

did not greatly favor the State. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 568 (2007). Here, the crime 

occurred in daylight hours. Davis briefly fought with her attacker before she was able to escape 

out her back door. But the attacker was wearing large sunglasses that covered most of his face. We 

conclude this factor does not greatly favor either the State or defendant. 

¶ 33 The second factor is Davis’s degree of attention. In Graham, the witness’s degree of 

attention was acute enough to remember what the man she saw when she entered the parking lot 

was wearing and to realize her attacker was the same person, considering she had no forewarning 

of being attacked and she was only able to focus her attention on the attacker’s face after 

relinquishing her briefcase. Graham, 179 Ill. App. 3d at 505. But in Piatkowski, witnesses were 

not paying a great deal of attention to the driver’s appearance when they did not know they would 

be fired upon, were not attempting to assess his appearance for a later identification, and had no 

opportunity to view the suspects after the shooting began. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 568. Here, 

Davis was able to describe the events of the attack and her attacker’s “chubby cheeks.” However, 

according to Dr. Strange’s testimony, Davis’s attention was at least partially divided due to the 

presence of a gun. Davis testified she did not want the gun pointed at her and was focused on 

getting out of the house. We find this factor does not weigh greatly in favor of either the State or 

defendant. 

¶ 34 The third factor is the accuracy of Davis’s prior description of the attacker. “The presence 

of discrepancies or omissions in a witness’s description of the accused do not in and of themselves 

generate a reasonable doubt as long as a positive identification has been made.” People v. Davis, 
15 

2018 IL App (1st) 152413, ¶ 56. “It has consistently been held that a witness is not expected or 

required to distinguish individual and separate features of a suspect in making an identification. 

Instead, a witness’s positive identification can be sufficient even though the witness gives only a 

general description based on the total impression the accused’s appearance made.” Id. Here, 

Davis’s prior descriptions of her attacker were consistent, even if they were somewhat general. 

This factor weighs in favor of the State. 

¶ 35 The fourth factor is the level of certainty demonstrated by Davis during the photo lineup. 

In People v. Corral, 2019 IL App (1st) 171501, the evidence demonstrated the witness identified 

defendant definitively in a photo array and lineup when he identified defendant within three 

seconds of viewing the photo array and between five to ten seconds upon viewing the lineup, which 

was corroborated by the detective who testified that the witness identified defendant immediately. 

Id. ¶ 80. Here, Davis did not make an immediate identification, but instead spent 16 minutes 

narrowing down the photos. She ultimately settled on it being 75% likely defendant was her 

attacker and the man following her in Jewel, with a 25% chance belonging to another photo. She 

seemed to take comfort in the fact that investigators collected physical evidence at her home. She 

testified that her uncertainty was due to not wanting to misidentify, and also it would have been 

helpful in her identification to see how tall the individuals were. Her uncertainty during the photo 

lineup weighs in favor of defendant. 

¶ 36 The last factor is the length of time between the attack and the photo lineup. A time 

difference of four weeks between the crime and the identification confrontation does not invalidate 

the reliability of the identification. People v. Fields, 2017 IL App (1st) 110311-B, ¶ 33. Illinois 

courts have upheld convictions involving much longer delays. See People v. Holmes, 141 Ill.2d 

204, 242 (1990) (identifications with lapses of 18 months, 2 years, and 2 1⁄2 years between the 
16 

crime and identification have been reliable). Here, Davis was presented with the photo lineup 40 

days after the attack. The time difference of 40 days weighs in favor of the State. 

¶ 37 Illinois courts have upheld less than perfect identifications. In People v. Taylor, 143 Ill. 

App. 3d 252 (1986), the defendant claimed he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt 

because his conviction rested solely on vague, doubtful, and uncertain identifications of two 

victims. Id. at 253. During a photo lineup the day after the offense, both victims independently 

chose a photo of the defendant as the man who robbed them. Id. at 254. At a subsequent lineup, 

one victim was unable to identify anyone, but stated she was about 80% certain the defendant was 

the man who robbed her. Id. She stated that she failed to identify anyone because the officers 

conducting the lineup cautioned her to be absolutely certain before picking anyone. Id. The second 

victim initially narrowed the choice down to two men, then hesitated a long time before picking 

the defendant. Id. The court found these to be positive identifications. Id. at 255. “Although the 

witnesses were at times somewhat hesitant, they consistently identified the defendant as the 

robber.” Id. 

¶ 38 Similarly, we find that although Davis did not make a perfect identification, she still 

positively identified defendant as her attacker. The cumulative amount of circumstantial evidence 

corroborates Davis’s identification. “It is well settled in Illinois that a conviction can be sustained 

solely on circumstantial evidence.” People v. Zirko, 2012 IL App (1st) 092158, ¶ 55. Based on 

Davis’s description of events, the lack of physical evidence tying defendant to the attack is 

reasonable. She did not testify that she scratched her attacker, so there would be no DNA evidence 

under her fingernails. The attacker was wearing a hat covering his hair, which is a reasonable 

explanation for why his hair was not found on Davis’s clothing. Further, police executed the search 

warrant on defendant’s home months after the attack, so any evidence of injury would likely be 
17 

healed. Defendant admitted he was at Jewel-Osco, and video footage shows him following Davis. 

He made a phone call 21 minutes after the attack at a location that was 21 minutes away from 

Davis’s townhome. Police found suggestive searches on his computer for “milf tied forced” and 

“intruder forced milf.” Most striking are the statements he made to police during the execution of 

the search warrant: “Is this about the townhome thing?” and “It’s about attacking a woman.” One 

piece of this circumstantial evidence is not enough, but taken together, it was not unreasonable for 

the trial court to find defendant guilty of criminal trespass to residence beyond a reasonable doubt.

See People v. Johnson, 2018 IL App (1st) 150209, ¶ 19. We affirm defendant’s conviction on 

count V. 

¶ 39 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 40 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is reversed in part and affirmed in part. 

¶ 41 Reversed in part and affirmed in part. 

¶ 42 PRESIDING JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE, specially concurring:

¶ 43 I concur but write separately to recognize there is no justice for the victim in this case. The 

trial court found the evidence substantial enough to conclude the defendant committed the attack, 

a very serious offense. We, however, must reverse the defendant’s conviction on count I because 

of how the case was charged and the evidence presented. The State failed to prove the defendant 

guilty of the charged offense and now, he will serve very little time. This is not a just result, but a 

legal one, nonetheless.