NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C„ Tuma, D. K. Ward

7436

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent

with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic

and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services,

and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau’s

unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau’s research are published either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or

in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals avail- able from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and pre- liminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining

the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications,

and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau’s publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular

460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240,

July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); avail- able from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1007-20-10472 February 9 } 1962 7436

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, g. C. Tuma, D. K. Ward

Inorganic Building Materials Section

Buildihg Research Division

Sponsored by:

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Reference: Task Y-F015 -15 -102

NBS File No, 10.07/10472

Approved

Bruce E. Foster, Assistant Chief

Inorganic Building Materials Section

national bureau of sta

Intended for use within the G

to additional evaluation and re listing of this Report, either If the Office of the Director, Nat

however, by the Government s to reproduce additional coplei

IMPORTANT NOTICE

A , r- , Ogress accounting documents Approved for public release by the nally published It Is subjected

Director of the National Institute of e P

ro<luc Uon, or open-literature

Standards and Technology , NIST)

on October 9, 2015. prepared !f {hat agency wishes

<nbs>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
*

• .
QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this project is the development of criteria for the

fabrication of jet exhaust resistant cjDnc&retes . Concretes under development are evaluated by exposure to hot gases from a combustiosn chamber.

The combustion chamber delivers these gases at velocities and temperatures

approaching field conditions.

2. ACTIVITIES

Concretes Submitted from Naval Facilities

Four sets of concrete panels 18 x 18 x 6 inches, three in each set, were received during the period covered by this report.

One set. of specimens was fabricated from the mix used in placing power

check facilities at Cecil Field, Florida, a second set from Whidbey Island,

Oak Harbor, Washington, a third from Oceana, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and

a fourth from the Southwest Division, N. A. S. at Los Alamitos, Long Beach,

California.

To date a total of 17 Naval Power Check Facilities have submitted 19

sets of test specimens, two sets each being received from the Naval Air

Stations at Whidbey Island, Oak Harbor, Washington and Jacksonville, Florida®

The first set, from Whidbey Island, was fabricated from a concrete mix that

failed to meet the 28-day flexural strength requirement of 650 psi. A second

set was fabricated from a mix composed of the same materials, but with an increase in the ratio of coarse to fine aggregate, increase in cement content

and decrease in water-cement ratio was reported as developing 820 psi flexurai.

strength. The first set of panels from Jacksonville, at the request of the

Bureau of Yards and Docks, were sawed into beams 18 x 6 x 6 inches. The

flexural strength, after 28-day moist curing, was determined. The second set

from this installation, was subjected to the planned tests incUu,tled in this

phase of the project. The design and properties of the fresh concretes,

together with the 28-day flexural strengths, when furnished, appear in Table I.

Ten jet impingement tests were completed during the quarter on panels

submitted from the following power check facilities.

TWO of the three panels from the Naval Air Station at Meridian,

Mississippi were tested after 28 and 56 days drying at 73°F and 50%

relative humidity. The panel tested after the 28-day drying period

showed a spalling loss as did the panel previously reported as tested

after 14 days drying. The panel tested after 56 days drying showed

no failure.

Table I,' Properties of Fresh Concrete —

Ratio by Wt.

Identification

Type of Aggregate

_ e 2f Type of—

Cement

of Coarse Admixture to Fine Aggregate

Cement Content

Ratio

w/c Slump

Air Content

Flexural

Strength

28 days

oz,/sack of ct. sack/yd^ inches 7. psl 5th Naval Dlst. Trap Darex

N. A. S, Norfolk, Va. Rock X 1.0 66:34 7 .435 1 to 2 6. 2 750

8th Naval Dlst.

N. A. A. S. Kingsville Basalt Darex

Texas Varie ty i 1.0 63:37 5.5 .58 2 5.0 650

8th Naval Dlst. N.A.A.S. Chasefield Basalt

Beeville, Texas Variety i None 63:37 5.5 .61 1.5 2.0 655 11th Naval Dlst. High—7

M. C.A.S. El Toro Expanded Alumina

California Shale Hydraulic None 67:33 6.5 .75 3. 25 4/ 600

13th Naval Dlst. Quarry

5 /

N. A. S.Whidbey Is. or Darex—

Oak Harbor, Wash. Trap Rock II 0.75 63:37 6.5 .42 2.0 5.2 450

6th Naval Dlst. BlastN.A. S. Sanford Furnace Darex

Florida Slag I 1.0 58:42 7.5 .39 2.0 4/ 755 11th Naval Dlst. Blast- Pozzollth

U.S.M.C.A.A.S. Furnace 8AA

Yuma, Arizona Slag II 4.0 62:38 8.0 i 43 3.0 7.7 704

&th Naval Dlst. U.S.M.C.A.A.S. Trap Aermix

Beaufort, S. C. Rock I 1.75 57:43 7.0 .43 3.25 5.5 720 bth Naval Dlst. N.A.S. Trap Darex

Glynco, Georgia Rock I 1.3 66:34 7.5 .40 4/ 4/ 4/ 5th Naval Dlst.

M. C.A.S. Trap Darex

Cherry Point, N, C. Rock I 1.53 68:32 6.5 .46 2.5 6.4 650

6th Naval Dlst. N.A.S Basalt Darex . Jacksonville, Florida Variety I 1.4 53:47 7.0 .43 1.25 5.8 610s-7

11th Naval Dlst. High-'

N.A.S. •Expanded Alumina Alr-ln

* Miramar, California Shale Hydraulic 0.5 56:44 6.75 .60 2.0 5. 0-8.0 660

12th Naval Dlst. Liquid -1—1.25 4.1 685 N.A.S. Expanded Pla8tair 2 —1. 25 3.2 4/ Lemoore, California Shale II 2.75 Fl.oz. 47:53 7.5 .33 3—1.75 3.2 695 4--1.00 4.1 625 5—1.25 3.2 635 Southeast Division BlastN.A.S. Furnace Alr-in

Meridian, Miss. Slag I 1.50 59:41 7.0 .53 2. 0-3.0 5. 0-8.0 765 Southwest Division High-7 N.O. Test Station Expanded Alumina Durair

China Lake, California Shale Hydraulic 1.25 66:34 6.75 .475 3.0 6.3 9/ Cecil Field Blast- Florida Furnace Darex

Slag I 1.20 55:45 7.5 .39 1.0 6.5 810

13th Naval Dlst.—7 Darex 2. 0-2. 6 N. A. S. Whldbey Is. Trap Pozzollth

Oak Harbor, Wash. Rock II 1.0 68:32 7.0 .38 1.0-4.

1. 8-3.5 820 U.S.N.A. Oceana

Virginia Beach Darex

Virginia Diabase I 1.33 65:35 6.75 .49 1.75 6.4 635 Southwest Division High-7 N.A.S. Los Alaraltos Expanded Alumina Darex

Long Beach, California Shale Hydraulic 0.75 37:63 6.75 .473 3.5 5.2 550

1/. Data furnished by testing laboratories.

2/ Portland unless otherwise specified.

2/ Imported; Fondu

hj Data not received even after repeated Inquiries.

2/ 0.25 os, of Pozzollth per sack, also. 2/ Average of nine beams sawed from the panels submitted; as requested by Mr. P. P. Brown, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Washington 25, D. C.

]_/ Domestic; Lumnlte,

2/ Power Check Station number.

9/ Data not received. W Second shipment from this facility; the concrete placed under the first contract was

rejected for failure to meet the s'fcrength requirements.

- 2

-

Three panels, from the Southwest Division, Naval Ordnance, Test

Station, Area E, China Lake, California were tested during this quarter

after 21, 35, and 50 days drying respectively and showed no spalling

failure,. However, due to an oversight, these panels did not arrive at

the N„ Bo S. until 92 days of moist curing had elapsed,

* Three panels, from Cecil Field, Florida were tested after 15 , 29, and

43 days drying respectively. The extent of failure was severe'', moderate,

and slight, respectively

Two of the panels from Whidbey Island, Oak Harbor, Washington were

tested after 40 and 54 days drying respectively. Neither panel evidenced

any spalling loss- The history of these panels from the date cast until

their receipt at the N. B, S, has not as yet been furnished. More complete

data for the jet impingement tests are given in Table II.

The comparison of the flexural strengths determined on 18 x 6 x 6 inch

beams, cut from panels either within or outside the test area, after the

panel had been subjected to the jet impingement test, has been continued.

The results continue to indicate that the loss in flexural strength between

that reported as the 28 day moist curing strength and that after jet-blast

exposure is due to water loss resulting during the drying period rather than

due to the heat treatment during the jet-blast test.

Steam Pressure Developed Within Concrete During Rapid Heating

Six concrete cylinders, 6x6 inches, were exposed to steam pressure

using the apparatus described in N, B. S„ Report 7351. Three of these

cylinders were fabricated using a concrete mix with diabase aggregate,

three with a mix using blast-furnace slag aggregate. Portland cement was

used in both mixes. In each instance leakage occurred between the concrete

cylinder and the containing steel mold. Water also followed the thermocouple wires to the surface of the cylinder exposed to the. atmosphere.

Although steam pressure at the center of cylinders reached a maximum of

225 pal in tests mentioned in N. B. S. Report 7351 no such pressures were

detected in these six tests.

Four additional cylinders were, fabricated, two using a mix containing

blast-furnace aggregate, and two using diabase aggregate. These cylinders

were equipped with closed-end tubes to contain the thermocouples. A ring

of brass shim stock was soldered inside each mold in an attempt to prevent

leakage between the specimen and the container. When these cylinders were, subjected to steam pressure the modifications did eliminate the leakage

along the thermocouple wires and slightly reduced the leakage between the

test cylinder and the mold. However, during these tests no significant

pressures were detected. To avoid such leakage that still exists, it. is

planned to change the shape of the test specimens from cylindrical to a truncated cone. This cone will be positioned in the pressure apparatus with

the base, exposed to the steam pressure. It will be jacketed with a room curing

natural rubber compound. V Pressure applied at the base of the specimen

should then cause it to seal itself against the mold.

* This test was conducted during the conference referred to in the latter part,

of this report.

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Effect of High-Pressure Air on the Permeability of Concrete

Using the appartus designed to determine the effect of high pressure air on

the permeability of concrete several determinations have been made. This apparatus is of the same, design as the one used in permeability determinations at

low-head pressures except that copper tubing replaced the rubber hoses and the

thickness of the seal box was increased to accomodate higher air pressures.

To determine the effect of high air pressure on the permeability of concrete

to pressure at low-heads, the permeability is first determined on the specimen

at low head pressure and then the specimen is subjected to high pressures (100,

200, cr 300 psi, the capacity of our apparatus at the present time) for varying

periods of time. The permeability at low head pressure is then redetermined.

Although the work completed thus far has been exploratory, the results indicate

an increase in permeability.

The Effect of the Water Present in Concrete on Temperature Gradient

The method used in measuring temperatures at different locations and at

different depths was described in N, B. S, Report 7351, The temperature

gradients occurring in six panels have been computed. Three of the panels were fabricated using a mix containing blast-furnace slag and three using a mix

containing crushed diabase rock as the aggregate. These two aggregates were

chosen to ensure a wide range of drying time required to resist spalling in the

conctetes made with them, Portland cement was used in both mixes. The panels

made with the portland-blast-furnace slag mix were moist cured for 21 days and

dried at 73 C F and 507o relative humidity for 7, 21, and 35 days respectively.

The panels made using the portland -diabase mix were moist cured for 28 days and

dried for 42, 57, and 70 days respectively. These periods of drying were chosen

by taking into consideration past jet-blast tests that indicated no spalling

would occur after some, minimum period of drying for each concrete.

After drying, each of the six panels was subjected to a jet. impingement

test. The testing of the blast-furnace slag concrete panels yielded workable

data. Two of the diabase aggregate concrete specimens spalled slightly during

the test rendering some of the data of little value for comparative purposes.

Temperature gradients were calculated from the temperature -depth curves obtained during each test.

Figures 1 to 7 show graphically some of the temperature conditions existing

within concrete during jet-blast, exposure.

Figures 1 and 2 indicate that the length of the drying period has a significant effect on the temperature gradients during a jet-impingement test.

One panel fabricated from each of the two concrete mixes was subjected to

further testing after oven drying and again after water soaking. This procedure

was followed to accentuate the effect of moisture content on the temperature

gradients during jet-blast. Figures 3 and 4.

Figures 5 and 6 were included to show the extreme effect of high moisture

content.. The leveling off of the time temperature curves at some depths is

attributable, to the high absorption of heat energy by the water present at temper-
* . '
TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT

FVin.

TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT

FVin.

10.000

5*00 0

O 42 Days Drying

1*0 0 0

500

50 FIGURE 2. THE EFFECT OF INCREASING PERIODS OF DRYING, ON

TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS OCCURING WITHIN PORTLANDDIABASE CONCRETE PANELS, AFTER A FIVE MINUTE JETBLAST EXPOSURE —

0

0 .2 .3 .7 e .9 i.O 3.3 1.2 3.3 I. DEPTH, inches

TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT

FVi

to,ooo

5,000

LQ 0 0

5 0 0

0 0

50 —

O Dried for 35 days at 73 °F

and 50% R.H.

Drying to constant weight atliO°c

A Water soaked

FIGURE 3. THE EFFECT OF DRYING AND WATER SOAKING ON THE TEMPERATURE

GRADIENTS OCCURING WITHIN PORTLAND-BLAST-FURNACE-SLAG

CONCRETE PANELS, AFTER A FIVE MINUTE JET-BLAST EXPOSURE

H

n

0

0 .3 .5 .6 .7 .8 9

DEPTH, inches

i.o 1.2 1.3 1.4

TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT

FV

in.

O Dried for 57 day at 73 ®F

and 50 % R.H.

FIGURE 4. THE EFFECT OF DRYING AND WATER SOAKING ON THE TEMPERATURE

GRADIENTS OCCURING WITHIN PORTLAND -DIABASE CONCRETE PANELS, \ AFTER A FIVE MINUTE JET-BLAST EXPOSURE

I

'

jj

i

0 .1 .2 .3 .4 ,5 .6 1 .8 .9 8.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 8.4 DEPTH 8 inches

50

0

—

FIGURE

5.

TEMPERATURE

CHANGES

OCCURING,

WITHIN

A

WATER

SOAKED

PORTLAND-BLAST-FURNACE-SLAG

CONCRETE

PANEL,

DURING

JET

-BLAST

IMPINGEMENT

SURFACE

DEPTH

BELOW

TEST

SURFACE

TIME,

MINUTES

-4-

atures slightly above 212°F. Philleo and Verbeck, in their past unpublished work,

noted this phenomona.

Figure 7 shows in greater detail the effect of the water soaking of diabase

concrete at intermediate time intervals during a jet-blast test.

The changes in moisture content that: occur in concretes during moist curing,

drying at 73 °F and 507, relative humidity, drying to constant weight at 110°C, water

soaking, and subsequent jet-blast tests are shown in Figures 8 and 9. The relatively

small changes in moisture content shown during the drying period at 73 °F and 50%

R.H. are due to the specimen being sealed on five surfaces and represent only the

water loss near the test surface. (Figure 1 N. B. S. Report 5961.)

The data on temperature gradients have furnished a better understanding

of the temperature conditions as they occur during jet-blast impingement.

However, they do not give sufficient detail on the behavior of the top quarter

inch of concrete in which spalling actually occurs. Attempts will be made to

position more thermocouples in this critical area.

A conference was held at the National Bureau of Standards, November 21, 1961.

The names of those in attendance follow;

Bureau of Yards and Docks -- P. P. Brown, and F. Knoop

Technical Director of NAVCECELAB -- Edward MacCutcheon

National Bureau of Standards -- Bruce E. Foster and W. L. Pendergast

Mr . MacCutcheon was briefed on the work thus far completed. The current

work was discussed. A plan for inspecting power check facilities at Naval

Air Stations was suggested. The installations referred to were those from

which specimens fabricated from the same: mix were submitted to the National

Bureau of Standards for test.

USCOMM-NBS-DG
.

>
TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT,

F°/in

-

TEMPERATURE

GRADIENT

,

F°/in

IQOOO

DURING

C ^E

y

G

, M

'p, N AT U R

GRADIENTS OCCURING IN WATER SOAKED DIABASE - CONCRETE

FIGURE

8.

Percent

change

in

water

content,

based

on

one

day

weight,

occurring

in

blastfurnace

-

slag

concrete.

-f3

II. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology,

Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth. Physical

Properties. Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical. Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetjcs. Mass Spectrometry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryogenic Technical Services. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research.

Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements,

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency anrf Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio -Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation

Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.
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