### Yield and Agricultural Input Assumptions Used in Analysis Available napiergrass studies/data suggest a range of values for napiergrass inputs that will vary based on location, soil quality, and other economic and environmental factors. For the purposes of this analysis we used high-end estimates. Therefore these values may differ from actual application rates in a given location.



### Category Yield (Current) 4.5-5 dry ton/acre 14-18 dry ton/acre

Yield (Projected) 6.59 dry ton/acre 18-23 dry ton/acre Nitrogen Fertilizer 100 lbs/acre 15.2 lbs/dry ton 200 lbs/acre 10.0 lbs/dry ton Phosphorus Fertilizer 40 lbs/acre 6.1 lbs/dry ton 22 lbs/acre 1.1 lbs/dry ton Potassium Fertilizer 40 lbs/acre 6.1 lbs/dry ton 80 lbs/acre 4.0 lbs/dry ton

Herbicide 0.01 lbs/acre 0.002 lbs/dry ton 7 lbs/acre 0.4 lbs/dry ton

Insecticide 0.1-0.2 lbs/acre 0.0228 lbs/dry ton 0 lbs/acre 0 lbs/dry ton

Lime 0 lbs/acre 0.0 lbs/dry ton 2000 lbs/acre 100.0 lbs/dry ton

Diesel 2.8-3.0 gal/acre 0.4 gal/dry ton 25 gal/acre 1.3 gal/dry ton

Electricity (irrigation) 0 kwh/acre 0.0 kWh/dry ton 499 kWh/acre 25.0 kWh/dry ton

1 Switchgrass sources: 2022 Nat'l Avg RFS2 Control Case (FASOM); 2010 Beach et al

2 Assumes switchgrass yield of 6.59 dry tons/acre in 2022.

3 Assumes napiergrass yield of 19.5 dry tons/acre in 2022.

4 Napiergrass References: Woodard, K.R., Prine, G.M., Bates, D.B., Chynoweth, D.P. 1991. Preserving elephantgrass and energycane biomass as silage for energy. Bioresource Technology , 36, 253-259. Woodard, K.R. and Sollenberger L.E. 2008. Production of biofuel crops in Florida: elephantgrass. University of Florida IFAS Extension. SS AGR 297. Cutts, G., Lee, R., Grey, T., Tubbs, S., Vencill, W., Webster, T., Anderson, W., Herbicide Effect on Napiergrass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schum.) Establishment. Plant Management Network. Draft for Peer Review. April 2010. 

### Switchgrass **1** 

### Napiergrass
**per acre per try ton**  **2** 

### per acre **per dry ton 3** 

### Available napiergrass studies/data suggest a range of values for napiergrass inputs that will vary based on location, soil quality, and other economic and environmental factors.



### Napiergrass Data Sources **4** 

### /Notes Woodard and Sollenberger 2008 Based on 2% annual yield growth; analysis assumes average of 20 dry tons/acre

Based on USDA preliminary fields trials : 3 lbs/acre atrazine, 2.5 lbs/acre pendimethalin, 0.75 lbs/acre glyphosate, and 0.75 lb/acre other hericide(s) (Cutts et al 2010). Rates based on active ingredient. USDA has not seen major insect pests for napiergrass because it is high in fiber, therefore not anticipating need for insecticide

application unless pest emerges.
Lime application is highly dependent on soil pH; discussions with USDA suggest that approximately 25% of acreage may need application of lime at a rate of 2 tons/acre. This analysis assumes 50% of napiergrass acreage requires lime application at 2 tons/acre.

Based on FASOM assumption of 24.8 gal/acre for sugarcane
Based on USDA preliminary estimate of 1.1 acre feet of irrigation, (0.5 inches per week for 6 months if little/no rainfall and therefore actual irrigation rates may be lower) and average FASOM electricity requirements for irrigation in SE, SC, and SW.

, 36, 253-259.

Cutts, G., Lee, R., Grey, T., Tubbs, S., Vencill, W., Webster, T., Anderson, W., Herbicide Effect on Napiergrass (Pennisetum Purpureum Schum.) Establishment. Plant Management Network. Draft for Peer Review. April 2010. 

### Annual fertilizer rates recommended for the Merkeron cultivar

(Woodard et al 1991).Emissions Calculations for Biochemical Ethanol Ethanol yield = 92.3 gal/dry ton LHV Ethanol = 76000 btu/gal

**Category**

N2O Emissions* 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53,583 g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7,639

Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3,291,414 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3,560

Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1,123,159 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 486

Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742,546 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 321

Herbicide 0.002 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23,450,279 gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3

Pesticide (average across regions) 0.0228 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27,216,587 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 44

Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton

-

Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.0108 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.32E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96,551 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 787 Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton

- Total Emissions 12,840 **Category**

N2O Emissions* 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53,239 g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7,614

Nitrogen Fertilizer 10.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3,291,414 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 2,354

Phosphorus Fertilizer 1.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1,123,159 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 88

Potassium Fertilizer 4.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742,546 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 212

Herbicide 0.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23,450,279 gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 587 **Switchgrass Inputs**

**Napiergrass Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**Pesticide 0.0 lbs/dry ton

-

Lime 100.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408,231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 2,919

Diesel 1.3 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96,551 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2,244

Electricity (irrigation) 25.0 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.0109 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 2,677 Total Emissions 18,695

Difference 5,855 *Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.gCO2eq/mm

btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 7.6
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 2.4
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 0.1

0.2
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 0.6 **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**gCO2eq/mm

btu fuel

- gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 2.9
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 2.2
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 2.7 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

gCO2eq/mm btu fuelEmissions Calculations for Thermochemical Ethanol Ethanol yield = 74.9 gal/dry ton LHV Mixed alcohols = 89480 btu/gal

**Category**

N2O Emissions* 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583 g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7995 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3726 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 509 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 336 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Herbicide 0.0015 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67 gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Pesticide (average across regions) 0.023 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 46 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton 0 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 824 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton 0 Total Emissions 13439 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel **Category**

N2O Emissions* 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53,239 g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7944 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Nitrogen Fertilizer 10.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3,291,414 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 2456 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Phosphorus Fertilizer 1.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1,123,159 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 92 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Potassium Fertilizer 4.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742,546 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 222 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Herbicide 0.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23,450,279 gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 612 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel **Switchgrass Inputs**

**Napiergrass Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**Pesticide 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Lime 100.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408,231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 3046 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Diesel 1.3 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96,551 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2341 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Electricity (irrigation) 25.0 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.0134 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 2792 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel Total Emissions 19504 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Difference 6065 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel *Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.Emissions Calculations for F-T Diesel Ethanol yield = 58.6 gal/dry ton F-T diesel LHV 115439 btu/gallon

**Category**

N2O Emissions* 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53,583 g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7,921

Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3,291,414 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3,692

Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1,123,159 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 504

Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742,546 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 333

Herbicide 0.0015 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23,450,279 gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3

Pesticide (average across regions) 0.023 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27,216,587 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 46

Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton

-

Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96,551 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 817 Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton

-

Total Emissions 13,315 **Category**

N2O Emissions* 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53,239 g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7,870

Nitrogen Fertilizer 10.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3,291,414 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 2,433

Phosphorus Fertilizer 1.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1,123,159 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 91

Potassium Fertilizer 4.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742,546 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 220 **Switchgrass Inputs**

**Energy Cane Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**Herbicide 0.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23,450,279 gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 607

Pesticide 0 lbs/dry ton

-

Lime 100.0 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408,231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 3,017

Diesel 1.3 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96,551 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2,319

Electricity (irrigation) 25.0 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 2,766

Total Emissions 19,323

Difference 6,009 *Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.gCO2eq/m

mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**gCO2eq/m

mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

## Napiergrass

Fuel Type Biochemical Thermo-chemical Net Domestic Agriculture (w/o land use change) 12 12 Net International Agriculture (w/o land use change) 0 0 Domestic Land Use Change -2 -3 International Land Use Change, Mean 15 16 Mean (Low/High) (9/23) (9/24) Fuel Production -33 4 Fuel and Feedstock Transport 3 3 Tailpipe Emissions 1 1 **Total Emissions, Mean -4**  **33** % Reduction, Mean 104% 66%

Switchgrass

Fuel Type Biochemical Thermo-chemical Net Domestic Agriculture (w/o land use change) 6 6 Net International Agriculture (w/o land use change) 0 0 Domestic Land Use Change -2 -3 International Land Use Change, Mean (Low/High) Fuel Production -33 4 Fuel and Feedstock Transport 3 3 Tailpipe Emissions 1 1 **Total Emissions, Mean** (Low/High) **-10 (-17/-2) 27 (20/35)**  15 (9/23) 16 (9/24)

## F-T diesel 12

0 -3 16 (9/24) 5

3 1 **34** 65%

F-T diesel 6 0 -3

5 3 1 **29 (22/37)** 16 (9/24)

## Hemicellulose 21.1 % on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 25% % on dry basis

Cellulose 37.4 % on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 37% % on dry basis

Lignin 18 % on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 21% % on dry basis 

## Switchgrass **Napiergrass**

## Estimate from BP

petition

## N2O Equations and Factors

Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry ; and Other Land Use. **Direct N2O Emissions Direct Emissions (Overall Equation)** 

Em issions = EF for N additions from mineral fertilizer and crop residues =

**N A dditions from Mineral Fertilizers** 

N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers =

**N A dditions from Crop Residues** 

N additions to soils from crop residues = where,
Above-ground residue dry matter = **Crop residue summary equation [see Crop Residue Defaults tab fro explanation of letters]** N additions to soils from crop residues =

**Indirect N2O Emissions** Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Indirect Emissions from Volatilization**

Em issions = N lost (from sy nthetic fertilizer additions) through volatilization = EF for N lost through volatilization = **Indirect Emissions from Leaching/Runoff**

Em issions = N lost through leaching/runoff (from all N sources) = EF for N lost through leaching/runoff =

Yield assum ptions: Napiergrass 20 dry tons/acre = 44800 kg/ha
Switchgrass: 6.59 dry tons/acre = 14773.01 kg/ha

## Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry ; and Other Land Use.

**Equation** (N additions to soils from mineral fertilizer + N additions to soils from crop residues) × EF (336+330.6)*0.01 6.666 kg N20-N 0.01 kg N2O-N / kg N added

kg fertilizer N applied to soils (i.e., change in fertilizer N applications between current and projected y ear) 336 kg/ha

above-ground residue dry matter × Crop Area × [N content of aboveground residues + ratio of belowground residues to harvested yi eld for crop × N content of belowground residues] 13440 kg/ha × 1 ha × [0.015 + 0.80 × 0.012] 330.6 kg
Fresh weight y ield (kg fresh weight harvested/ha) × dry matter fraction of harvested crop × slope + intercept 44800 kg/ha x 0.3 + 0 13440 kg/ha **Crop residue summary equation [see Crop Residue Defaults tab fro explanation of letters]** (B / A × C × D + E) × A × (F + G × H)

Note that for indirect emissions, the calculation of N applied to soils from fertilizers or crop residues is the same as for direct emissions **Equation** N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers × N lost through volatilization × EF 336*0.1*0.01 0.336 kg N2O-N 0.1 (kg NH3–N + NOx–N) / kg N applied 0.010 kg N2O–N / (kg NH3–N + NOX–N volatilised)
**Equation**
(N additions to soils from mineral fertilizers + N additions to soils from crop residues) × N lost through leaching or runoff × EF (336+330.6)*0.3*0 .0075 1.5 kg N2O-N 0.3 N losses by

leaching or runoff / kg N addition 0.0075 kg N20-N / kg N leaching or runoff
TOTAL (per ha) 8.502 kg N2O-N/ha 2636 kg CO2eq/ha 1065 kg CO2eq/acre 53.24 kg CO2eq/dry

ton biom ass 53239 g CO2eq/dry

ton biom ass Napiergrass

## (112+109.02)*0.01 2.2102 kg N20-N

112 kg/ha

4431.9 kg/ha × 1 ha × [0.015 + 0.80 × 0.012] 109.02 kg
14773.012 kg/ha x 0.3 + 0 4431.9 kg/ha

112*0.1*0.01 0.112 kg N2O-N

(112+109.02)*0.3*0 .0075 0.4973 kg N2O-N

kg N2O-N/ha 2.8195 kg N2O-N kg CO2eq/ha 874.04 kg CO2eq/ha kg CO2eq/acre 353.11 kg CO2eq/acre kg CO2eq/dry

ton biom ass 53.583 kg CO2eq/dry ton biom ass g CO2eq/dry

ton biom ass 53583 g CO2eq/dry ton biom ass Switchgrass

### Table 11.2 **DEFAULT FACTORS FOR ESTIMA TION OF N A**  **DDED TO SOILS FROM CROP RESIDUES a** A B C D E F G H

**Crop** 

### Crop A **rea Crop**  **Harvested Dry matter** 

**fraction of harvested**  **product (DRY)**  **N content of above**  **ground residues**  **(NAG) Ratio of** 

**below ground**  **residues to above**  **ground biomass**  **(RBG-BIO) N content** 

**of below ground**  **residues (NBG)** 

**Slope ± 2 s.d. as** 

**% of mean Intercept**  **± 2 s.d. as % of mean**  **R 2**  **adj.** 

### Units **ha kg**  Major crop types Grains 0.88 1.09 ± 2% 0.88 ± 6% 0.65 0.006 0.22 0.009 Beans & pulses b 

### 0.91 1.13 ± 19% 0.85 ± 56% 0.28 0.008 0.19 0.008 Tubers c 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 Root crops, other d 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 0.63 0.016 0.20 0.014 N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.027 0.40 0.022 Non-N-fixing forages 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.015 0.54 0.012 Perennial grasses 1 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.015 0.80 0.012 Grass-clover mixtures 0.90 0.30 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.025 0.80 0.016 Individual crops Maize 0.87 1.03 ± 3% 0.61 ± 19% 0.76 0.006 0.22 0.007 Wh eat 0.89 1.51 ± 3% 0.52 ± 17% 0.68 0.006 0.24 0.009 Rice 0.89 0.95 ±19% 2.46 ± 41% 0.47 0.007 0.16 NA Barley 0.89 0.98 ± 8% 0.59 ± 41% 0.68 0.007 0.22 0.014 Oats 0.89 0.91 ± 5% 0.89 ± 8% 0.45 0.007 0.25 0.008 Millet 0.90 1.43 ± 18% 0.14 ± 308% 0.50 0.007 NA NA Sorghum 0.89 0.88 ± 13% 1.33 ± 27% 0.36 0.007 NA 0.006 Rye e 

### 0.88 1.09 ± 50% default 0.88 ± 50% default - 0.005 NA 0.011 Soybean f 

### 0.91 0.93 ± 31% 1.35 ± 49% 0.16 0.008 0.19 0.008 Dry bean g 

### 0.90 0.36 ± 100% 0.68 ± 47% 0.15 0.010 NA 0.010 Potato h 

### 0.22 0.10 ± 69% 1.06 ± 70% 0.18 0.019 0.20 0.014 Peanut (w/pod) i 

### 0.94 1.07 ± 19% 1.54 ± 41% 0.63 0.016 NA NA Alfalfa j 

### 0.90 0.29 ± 31% 0.00 - - 0.027 0.40 0.019 Non-legume hay j 

### 0.90 0.18 ± 50% default 0.00 - - 0.150 0.54 0.012 Oil Palm 0.012 **Above-ground residue dry matter AGDM(T) (Mg/ha): AGDM(T)** **= Crop(T) * slope(T) + intercept(T)**

### Items highlighted indicate crops where NA data has been pulled from crop categories to estimate N2O emissions in the Crop Residues N worksheet

a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. W illiams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list of the original references is given in Annex 11A.1. b The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 2.0 and included data for soya bean, dry bean, lentil, cowpea, black gram, and pea. c Modelled after potatoes. d Modelled after peanuts. e No data for rye. Slope and intercept values are those for all grain. Default s.d. f The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from all data used was 1.9. g Ortega, 1988 (see Annex 11A.1). The average above-ground residue:grain ratio from this single source was 1.6. default s.d. for root:AGB. h The mean value for above-ground residue:tuber ratio in the sources used was 0.27 with a standard error of 0.04. I The mean value for above-ground residue: pod yield in the sources used was 1.80 with a standard error of 0.10. j Single source. Default s.d. for root:AGB. k This is the average above-ground biomass reported as litter or harvest losses. This does not include reported stubble, which averaged 0.165 x Reported Yields. Default s.d. l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that root turnover in these systems averages about 40% (30% to 50%) per year. Default s.d. m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d. n This is an estimate of root turnover in perennial systems. Default s.d. p It is assumed here that grass dominates the system by 2 to 1 over legumes.

Khalid, H; ZZ Zin, and JM Anderson. "Decomposition Processes and Nutrient Release Patterns of Oil Palm Residues." Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 12 No. I, June 2000, p. 46-63 http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv12n1-46.pdf **TABLE 1. RESOURCE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH OIL PALM RESIDUES** 

## Nutrient **Leaflet Rachis**  **Trunk Root** 

N 2.66 0.44 0.58 0.41 P 0.15 0.05 0.06 0.04 K 1.33 1.8 1.86 0.9 Ca 0.62 0.55 0.38 0.07 Mg 0.26 0.17 0.15 0.11 SiO, 1.55 0.39 0.84 0.52 C 47.91 47.34 47.77 48 C/N ratio 18 107 82 117 Lignin 24.96 20.96 18.14 23.77 Lignin/N ratio 9.38 47.64 31.28 57.98 Holocellulose 69.86 73.85 83.06 67.39 %

### a Source: Literature review by Stephen A. W illiams, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. (Email: stevewi@warnercnr.colostate.edu) for CASMGS (http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/). A list

l Estimate of root turnover to above-ground production based on the assumption that in natural grass systems below-ground biomass is approximately equal to twice (one to three times) the above-ground biomass and that
m This is an estimate of non-tuber roots based on the root:shoot values found for other crops. If unmarketable tuber yield is returned to the soil then data are derived from Vangessel and Renner, 1990 (see Annex 11A.1) (unmarketable yield = 0.08 * marketable yield = 0.29 * above-ground biomass) suggest that the total residues returned might then be on the order of 0.49 * above-ground biomass. Default s.d.

Khalid, H; ZZ Zin, and JM Anderson. "Decomposition Processes and Nutrient Release Patterns of Oil Palm Residues." Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 12 No. I, June 2000, p. 46-63