NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

7079

AN ANALYSIS OP ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE IN

AIR FORCE HOUSES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-TO-AIR HEAT PUMPS

by

Paul R. Achenbach

and

Joseph C. Davis

Report to

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Headquarters, U. S. Air Force

Washington 25* D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATGONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1003-30-10530 February 7, 1961 7079

AN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE IN

AIR FORCE HOUSES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-TO-AIR HEAT PUMPS

by

Paul R. Achenbach and Joseph C. Davis

Mechanical Systems Section

Building Research Division

to

Office of the Chief of Engineers

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Headquarters, U. S. Air Force

Washington 25, D. C.

IMPORTANT. NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORTS are usually preliminary or progress accounting documents

Intended for use within the Government. Before material in the reports is formally published it is subjected

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the Office of the Director, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C. Such permission is not needed, however, by the Government agency for which the Report has been specifically prepared if that agency wishes

to reproduce additional copies for its own use.

U. S

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

AN ANALYSIS OP ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE IN

AIR FORCE HOUSES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-TO-AIR HEAT PUMPS

by

Paul R. Achenbach and Joseph C. Davis

ABSTRACT

An analysis was made of the electric energy usage for all

purposes in 16 sample houses selected from a total of 1535

houses constructed at Little Rock Air Force Base to domicile

Air Force personnel. Of principal interest was the energy

used by the air-to-air heat pumps installed for all-year air

conditioning and the effect of electric energy used by other

appliances on the heating and cooling loads in the houses.

The data revealed that the annual energy usage in the 16-house

sample averaged 25^300 KWH, of which approximately half was

used by the heat pump and its auxiliary resistance heaters,,

about one fourth was used for water heating,, and the remaining

one fourth was used for the electric range and miscellaneous

devices. It was determined that the energy used by appliances,,

other than the heat pump, which contributed toward heating the

house was about half the amount used by the heat pump during

the winter months. An average winter energy usage factor of

about 2.2 KWH/degree-day (1,000 sq ft of floor area) was observed for the sample houses based on all the energy that

contributed toward heating and the degree-days determined from

average indoor and outdoor temperatures. The average summer

energy usage factor was 2.1 KWH/degree-day (1,000 sq ft of

floor area) based on the energy used by the heat pump for

cooling and the degree-days determined from hourly values of

outdoor temperature related to a reference value of 65 °F.

An analysis of the demand charts revealed that the monthly

maximum power demand for the entire housing area was probably

caused by a moderately high sustained demand in many houses

rather than a coincidence of the maximum demands in a smaller

number of houses. The pattern of average daily power demand

indicated that some type of programming device that caused

the water heater to be energized only during periods of low

or moderate demand by other appliances offered the best possibility of distributing the daily energy usage more evenly

over the 24-hour period. The effect of several types of

programming devices on the pattern of power demand is discussed.

AN ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE IN

AIR FORCE HOUSES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-TO-AIR HEAT PUMPS

by

Paul R. Achenbach and Joseph C. Davis

1 . INTRODUCTION

The National Bureau of Standards in collaboration with the

United States Air Force is engaged in a study of all-year air

conditioning systems in a number of Air Force housing projects.

One part of this study is comprised of an analysis of electrical

energy usage and electrical demand data obtained from a sample

group of houses at Little Rock Air Force Base in Arkansas.

The Arkansas Power and Light Company,, the electric utility

that serves the Little Rock Air Force Base,, has been collecting

electrical, energy consumption data on 1.6 houses in the housing

area since October 1958,, using four or more demand meters on

each house to record separately the energy used for the electric

range,, the electric water heater,, the heat pump,, and the total

for the house on a 15-minute demand interval. Indoor air temperatures have also been recorded in each of the houses, and

outdoor air temperatures were recorded at three separate stations in the housing area. The total monthly energy use indicated by these four meters in each of the 16 houses has been summarized by Arkansas Power and Light Company personnel.

These monthly summaries of energy usage and the original

charts from the recording demand meters and the temperature recorders have been made available to the National Bureau of

Standards for further analysis. This analysis was planned to

develop the following information from the sample houses;

(a) The amount of electrical energy used by the occupants

for cooking., water heating, house heating, and miscellaneous purposes,

(b) A correlation between the energy used by the heat pump,

including the supplementary resistance heaters, and

the outdoor temperature during both winter and summer

operation, in houses of different size,

(c) An estimate of the contribution of the electrical

equipment, other than the heat pump, to the heating

of the house in the winter and to the cooling load

in the summer.

- 2 -

'(d) The components of the electrical equipment in the

houses that contributed significantly to the monthly

maximum 15-minute power demands in the 16 sample

houses,

(e) The frequency of recurrence of 15-minute power demands

of various magnitudes,

(f) One or more ways to effectively reduce the peak demands for the entire housing area without unduly

altering the living habits of the house occupants.

2. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE HOUSES

The identification of the 16 houses used for the study

with respect to location, type of house, floor area, exterior

wall area, window and door area, and number of bedrooms is summarized in Table 1. House types A, Aq, B, and Bq were used to

domicile airmen, and house types C, D, E, F, and G were used

primarily to domicile officers. House types Aq and Bq were of

duplex construction with carports adjoining; house types A, B,

C, and D were of duplex construction with living quarters adjoining; and the remainder were of detached design. All houses

were of single-story construction built on concrete slabs on

grade. Perimeter insulation on the floor slab consisted of

2 inches of rigid polystyrene foam. The insulation in the

walls and ceiling consisted of 4 inches and 6 inches of glass

fiber, respectively.

There were 1535 houses in the housing area, so the sample

that was used for this study represented 1.04 percent of the

total. The sample included six 2-bedroom units, eight 3-

bedroom units, and two 4-bedroom units. The entire housing

area was comprised of 465 2-bedroom units, 1067 3-bedroom

units, and twelve 4-bedroom units. It is evident from these

figures that the proportion of 4-bedroom, units was much

greater in the sample group of houses than for the entire

housing area and that the proportion of 2-bedropm houses was

somewhat greater in the sample than for the entire group.

The occupancy of the sample houses for the period from

June 8, 1959 to March 8, I960 is summarized in Table 2. This

information was obtained from the housing officer at the air

base

.

-3-

Table 1

Identification of Sample Houses

Street Address

of House

Contractor

Identification No.

House

Type

No. of

Bedrooms

Floor

Gross

Area

,

Net

Ext.

Gross

Wall

Area

,

Window

and Door

Area

,

114 Minnesota Circle 4 . B

i

3

ft6 1070

ft2”

999

ft

2-

1056

ft"

219

122 Mississippi Loop 14 A

1 2 970 891 992 180

110 Missouri Circle 74 B 3 1070 1013 832 193

129 Georgia Avenue 163 B1 3 1070 999 1056 219

189 Pennsylvania Drive 172 B 3 1070 1013 832 193

102 Florida Avenue 180 A 2 970 891 768 153

115 Idaho Circle 263 A 2 970 891 768 153

! 126 Montana Circle 301 A

1

2 970 891 992 180

103 Arizona Drive 467 F 4 1680 1553 1456 266

105 Arizona Drive 468 G 4 2050 1900 1604 267

102 Alabama Drive 577 E 3 1190 1115 1176 267

122 Illinois Drive 585 C 2 1050 999 832 166

130 Illinois Drive 587 D 3 1100 1046 916 193

129 Iowa Circle 656 D 3 1100 1046 916 193

123 Louisiana Drive 770 E 3 1190 1115 1176 267

127 Michigan Circle

< 843 C 2 1050 999 832 166

4

14

74

163

172

180

263

301

46?

468

577

585

587

656

770

843

-4-

Table 2

Occupancy of Sample Houses

Occupied Rank of Size of

Period or Vacant Occupant Family

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied M/Sgt. 2 adults

June 8, 1959 to Occupied M/Sgt. 2 adults

March 8, i960 1 child

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied M/Sgt. 2 adults

2 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied T/Sgt. 2 adults

2 children

June 8, 1959 to

Nov. 25, 1959

Occupied Sgt. 2 adults

Nov. 25, 1959 to

Dec. 1, 1959

Vacant -—

•

Dec. 1, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied M/Sgt. 2 adults

5 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960Occupied T/Sgt. 2 adults

1 child

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied T/Sgt. 2 adults

2 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, I960Occupied S/Sgt. 2 adults

2 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, I960Occupied Col. 2 adults

3 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, I960Occupied Col. 2 adults

3 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied Col. 2 adults

3 children

June 8, 1959 to June 30, 1959

Occupied Capt. 2 adults

2 children

June 30, 1959 to Aug. 4, 1959

Vacant —

Aug. 4, 1959 to

Feb. 4, i960

Occupied l/Lt. 2 adults

Fe£>. 4, i960 to March 8, i960

Vacant — — — “

June 8, 1959 to March 8 , I960- Occupied cwo 2 adults

June 8, 1959 to

Oct. 30, 1959

Vacant — —

Oct. 30, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied l/Lt. 2 adults

3 children

June 8, 1959 to March 8, i960

Occupied Capt. 2 adults

2 children

June 8, 1959 to Nov. 7, 1959

Occupied l/Lt. 2 adults

1 child

Nov. 7, 1959 to Vacant — —

March 8, i960

-5-

3. ANALYSIS OF DATA

3 . 1 Monthly Electric Energy Use

The average monthly electric energy use per house for each

of the major components comprising the load and for the entire

house was determined for the 16 houses as a group and also for

the 2-bedroom* 3-bedroom* and 4-bedroom houses as sub-groups.

These monthly averages have been summarized in Table 3 for the

period from October 1958 to March I960* inclusive. The average

monthly energy use for the heat pump* the water heater* the

kitchen range* and miscellaneous devices was also expressed in

the table as a percentage of the average total house load in

each sub-group and for the entire sample. Since the miscellaneous devices of the house such as lights* television* clothes

dryer* and resistance heater in the bathroom were not metered

separately* the energy use of these devices was determined by

subtracting the sum of the usages of the heat pump* the water

heater* and the range from the total energy use of the house.

It will be noted in Table 3 that all of the 16 houses were not

occupied prior to June 1959.

The average monthly energy use in the 16 houses for the

several components of the total load was plotted in Figure 1

for the period from October 1958 to February i 960 . The average

monthly energy use per house for the entire housing area was

also plotted as a dotted line in Figure 1 for comparison.

This represents approximately 1535 houses starting with June

1959.

It will be noted in Figure 1 that the energy use for the

heat pump and for the entire house reached an annual maximum

in the middle of the winter and a smaller maximum during July

and August. Two minimums occurred during the year* in April

and October* approximately* for the heat pump and the house

as a whole when little heating or cooling was required. The

winter peak use of energy was approximately twice the summer

maximum. The energy use for the water heater* the kitchen

range* and the miscellaneous devices was relatively more stable

throughout the year* although the minimum use of energy for

water heating and the miscellaneous devices occurred in July

and the maximums occurred in the colder months of the year.

Figure 1 shows that the average monthly energy used per

house for the 16 houses was very close to that for 1535 houses

for the period from July 1959 to February i 960 when the base

was fully occupied* despite the disproportionate number of

large houses in the 16-house sample.

MONTHLY

ELECTRIC

ENERGY

USAGE

IN'

A

SELECTED

GROUP

OF

HOUSES

AT

LITTLE

ROCK

AIR

FORCE

BASE

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bathroomheater

-6 -

Considering the average values for all 16 houses. Table 3

shows that the energy used for the heat pump ranged from about

30$ of the total load during the spring and fall to a value

between 50 and 60$ during the middle of the summer and winter;

the energy used for water heating ranged from about 15$ in the

middle of the winter to a little over 30$ in the spring and

fall; the energy used for the kitchen range was 3$ or less of

the total throughout the year; and the energy used for miscellaneous devices ranged from 20 to 30$ of the total most of the

time

.

Considering the 2-bedroom, 3-hedroom, and 4-bedroom houses

as separate sub-groups. Table 3 shows that for most months of

the year the energy used for the heat pump and for water heating increased with the number of rooms, whereas the energy used

for cooking was usually the greatest in the 3-hedroom houses,

and the energy used for miscellaneous devices was rather inconsistent with respect to house size.

The energy used in the sample houses for each component

of the total load and the percent of the total represented by

each component is summarized in Table 4 for the 12-month period

from March 1959 to February i960, inclusive. It should be

noted that only 15 houses were occupied during some months of

this period.

Table 4

Average Annual Energy Use in Sample Houses

Component of Load Total Energy Used

Percent of

Total

Heat Pump

KWH

12,290 48.6

Water Heater 6,135 24.3

Range

(by difference)

965 3.8

Miscellaneous 5,905 23.3

Total 25,295 100.0

Table 4 shows that the total energy used for heating and

cooling by the heat pump on an annual basis was slightly less

than that used for all other devices combined. The annual

energy usages for water heating and miscellaneous devices

were each about half as large as that for the heat pump.

ELECTRIC

ENERGY

USE

IN

16

HOUSES

LITTLE

ROCK

A.

F.

B.

3 . 2 Heating Accomplished by Range, Water Heater, and Miscellaneous

Devices

It is known that the energy used by the electric range, the

electric water heater, and the miscellaneous devices each make

some contribution toward warming the house in any season of the

year. This auxiliary heating reduces the load on the heating

system in cold weather and increases the load on the cooling

system in hot weather.

It is probable that all of the energy input to the cooking

range assists in warming the house with very little time lag

except for the water vapor generated by the cooking processes

that escape from the house in the winter time without being

condensed. During the cooling season the water vapor produced

by cooking would add to the latent cooling load on the heat

pump and the sensible heat emitted from the range would add to

the sensible cooling load of the heat pump. For this analysis

it was assumed that all of the electrical energy used by the

cooking range was effective in warming the house.

The jacket heat losses from the water heater would warm

the house winter and summer, if the heater was located in the

occupied space, and a variable fraction of the heat in the

warm water used for bathing, dishwashing, and laundry would

be transferred to the air in the house as sensible or latent

heat. Observations of the electric energy required to maintain storage temperatures in the water tank in some of the

sample houses during the night when no water was being drawn

indicate that the jacket loss of these water heaters was 8

to 10 percent of the total monthly energy used for water

heating. To make some allowance for the heat transferred to

the air in the house from the hot water during use, it was

assumed for this analysis that 15 percent of all the electrical energy supplied to the water heater was effective in

warming the house.

It is probable that all of the electrical energy used by

electric lights, resistance heaters, toasters, radio and television sets, and nearly all of the energy used by an electric

iron would be converted into heat that would assist in warming a house. The situation with respect to an electric clothes

dryer is less definite. Although there would be some heat

transferred to the room from the jacket of the dryer, these

devices are usually equipped with a small blower which uses

room air to carry the water vapor and some sensible heat outside during the clothes-drying process. Such a blower, when

in operation, would increase the infiltration into the house.

-8

which would probably more than offset the jacket heat loss in

the winter time. In the summer time the clothes dryer would

increase the cooling load somewhat. For the purpose of this

analysis, it was assumed that the clothes dryer contributed

nothing toward heating the sample houses and that all of the

remainder of the energy used by miscellaneous devices was converted into heat within the house.

The electrical, energy used by the electric clothes dryers

at Little Rock Air Force Base was not metered separately from

the other miscellaneous loads. However, the energy used for

this purpose in 15 sample houses at three other air bases where

it was metered separately averaged about 100 KWH per house per

month. Accordingly, the energy used for miscellaneous devices

in the houses at Little Rock Air Force Base was corrected by

subtracting 100 KWH from the monthly totals reported in each

case where the monthly total exceeded 100 KWH.

On the basis of the foregoing assumptions, the monthly

contribution of the electric range, water heater, and miscellaneous devices to house heating was determined by the following expressions

KWH

a = KWHr + .15 KWHW + (KWHm - 100 ) where

KWH^ is the computed contribution of all appliances, other

than the heat pump, to house heating in KWH/month,

KWHr is the metered electric energy use of the electric range

in KWH/month,

KWHr is the metered electric energy use of the electric water

heater in KWH/month,

KWHjvj is the electric energy used by miscellaneous devices in

KWH/month.

This formula was used later in this report for deriving

one of the three factors for energy used per degree-day per

1,000 sq ft of floor area for the sample houses at Little Rock

Air Force Base. It is recognized that this formula could

probably be improved in accuracy by a careful statistical

study of the heat dissipation characteristics of the various

electrical appliances, as used in a house.

-9-

3 . 3 Correlation of Energy Requirements for Heating and Heating

Degree-Days

Seasonal heat requirements for residences of similar

construction In different climates and for different months

in the same climate have often been compared on the basis of

the number of degree-days occurring in each locality. The

heat requirements of houses of similar size and construction

are related to the length of the exterior walls and to the

floor area. In an effort to correlate the energy requirements of the 16 sample houses at Little Rock Air Force Base

during the heating season,, three different energy usage

factors were determined for the months of October,, November.,

and December of 1959 and for January and February of I960.

These factors relate the electrical energy used and the floor

area for each of the sample houses to the degree-days and

have the units KWH/degree-day (1,000 sq ft )

„

The data involved in determining the factors and the factors themselves

are summarized in Tables 5 to 9* inclusive, for the 5 months

studied.

The three energy usage factors shown in Figures 5 to 9

each involved the floor area of the house, but employed different values for the electrical energy used for heating the

house and different bases for computing the degree-days. The

first factor was computed from the electrical energy used by

the heat pump plus the contribution to heating made by all

other appliances and the degree-days related to a 65 °F base.

The second factor was computed from the electrical energy

used by the heat pump only and the degree-days related to a 65 °H base. The third factor was computed from the electrical

energy used by the heat pump plus the contribution to heating made by all other appliances and the degree-days based

on the difference between the monthly average indoor and outdoor temperatures.

An examination of Tables 5 to 9 indicates that the

methods employed to obtain the energy usage factors correlate

the observed data for 2-, 3- 3 and 4-bedroom houses for the

months from October 1959 to February I960 reasonably well.

The second factor, obtained from the energy consumption of

the heat pump only and the degree-days related to a 65 °H

base, did not differ by more than .15/ in four of the five

months from the third factor, obtained from the total energy

used for heating and degree-days based on average indooroutdoor temperature difference. For the five months studied,

the second energy usage factor averaged 2.12 KWH/degree-day

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- 10 -

(l,000 sq ft) whereas the third factor averaged 2.18 In the

same units for all the sample houses. The equality of these

two factors indicates that the total energy for heating, including the quantity KWHa, bore the same relationship to the

degree-days based on indoor-outdoor temperature difference

as the heat pump energy did to the degree-days based on a 65 °P reference value. Or in other words, it tends to corroborate the validity of the 65 °P base for computing degreedays in relation to the energy used by the heat pump for

heating. It will be noted that the appliance contribution,

KWHa, in Tables 5 to 9 ranged from 84 percent of the heat

pump energy in October down to about 40 percent of this item

in February based on the averages for 16 houses. Considering the 5 months from October 1959 to February i960, inclusive, the computed appliance contribution toward heating the

houses, KWHa, averaged 50.4 percent of the energy used by the

heat pump and 33.5 percent of all the energy used for heating

the houses.

With one exception, the standard deviations shown in Tables

5 to 9 among the 2-bedroom, 3-bedroom, and 4-bedroom houses as

sub-groups and the entire 16-house sample, were progressively

lower for the first, second, and third energy usage factors

based on a 5-month average from October 1959 to February i960*

The exception occurred in the 4-bedroom houses for which the

relative magnitude of the standard deviations for the first

and second factors were in reverse order. This comparison of

standard deviations indicates that the total energy used for

heating did not correlate well with the degree-days of heating

related to a 65 °P base, but when the indoor temperature chosen

by the occupants and the heating contributed by the miscellaneous

equipment were taken into account as illustrated by the third

factor, an improved correlation was obtained in the 16-house

sample. It should be noted, however, that much less instrumentation is required to obtain the data for the second energy

usage factor than for either of the other two in any field

study.

3 . 4 Correlation of Energy Requirements for Cooling and Cooling

Degree-Days

A similar relation of energy usage, floor area, and

cooling degree-days was determined for the months of June,

July, and August 1959 for the 16 sample houses. These data

are summarized in Tables 10, 11, and 12.

The degree-day concept has been used to some extent for

estimating the energy required for air conditioning residences

during the cooling season. However, it has not had the same

measure of acceptance for cooling conditions as for heating

conditions. Under cooling conditions, the heat contributed by

- 11 -

electrical appliances added to -the summer cooling load rather

than assisting the heat pump v a'S^'&.t * did during the winter.

Also, in the summer time, the outdoor temperature frequently

crossed the reference value used for degree-day determinations

whether the reference value chosen was 65 °F or 75 °F. Solar

radiation on a house is a much greater factor in the total

cooling load than it is for the heating load, and its effect

is only indirectly reflected in the indoor-outdoor temperature difference during the summer. In addition, the degreeday concept makes no allowance for the cooling load represented by the humidity in the outdoor air used for ventilation.

Three energy usage factors were computed based on three

different computations of the cooling degree-days. The degreeday values in columns 6 and 7 of Tables 10 , 11 , and 12 are

based on the hourly values of outdoor temperature taken from

the temperature recorder charts related to reference values

of 65 °F and 75°F, respectively. The degree-day values in

column 8 of the tables were computed from the mean of the

daily maximum and minimum outdoor temperatures and the daily

average indoor temperature.

It will be noted in the tables that the energy usage

factor for cooling varied over quite a range depending on

the basis selected for determining the degree-days of cooling.

An examination of Tables 10 to 12 indicates that the first

two energy usage factors correlated the observed data for

2-, 3 ~, and 4-bedroom houses reasonably well for the three

months studied. The percentage variation in each of these

two factors in any given month for any group of houses was

the same because the factors were related to each other by

a fixed ratios the ratio of the degree-days based on reference temperatures of 65 °F and 75 °F, respectively. However,

the first factor provided a better correlation among the

three separate months than did the second factor. The three

monthly values for the 16-house average differed by only 10$

for the first factor but differed by 27^ for the second

factor.

The third energy usage factor did not correlate the data

among sub-groups or among the several months as well as the

first two factors. Basing the degree-days on the difference

between mean daily outdoor temperature and average indoor temperature is probably the least suitable of the three methods

employed for correlating energy usage; first, because this

temperature difference can become vanishingly small, or even
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negative, and yet the house can have a cooling requirement,

and secondly, because a house probably responds with respect

to the need for cooling or heating on a cycle of less than

24 hours. Note that the degree-day value for house No. 485

as used for the third factor was negative during August because the average indoor temperature was 1°F higher than the

mean daily outdoor temperature even though the heat pump

used 380 KWH of electrical energy during the month. This

caused the corresponding energy usage factor to be negative.

The standard deviations were progressively higher for

the first, second, and third energy usage factors both within

the sub-groups of houses and for the entire sample. The 3-

month averages of the standard deviations for the first,

second, and third factors were 0.37* 0.91* and 2.78, respectively. It should be noted that the standard deviation for

the first and second factors for each month are related to

each other in the same ratio as the degree-days based on

reference temperatures of 65 °L and 75 °F* respectively.

3 . 5 Factors Affecting Maximum Power Demand for the Housing Area

The unit rate for electric energy at the Little Rock Air

Force Base is related by sliding scales to the following three

factors: (l) the total monthly usage of electric energy,

(2) the magnitude of the maximum 15-minute power demand during

the month, and (3) the load factor, i.e. the ratio of the

monthly average use of the electric power to the maximum 15-

minute demand of power for the month. For this type of rate

structure, a reduction of the maximum 15-minute demand in

any month would tend to lower the unit rate by virtue of its

effect on the second and third factors above even if the

total energy usage remained unchanged.

3.5( a ) Load Factor

Figure 2 shows a graph of the average monthly power use

of all 1535 houses from April 1959 to February i960, inclusive. It also shows a graph of the average 15-minute demand

of all 1535 houses occurring at the time of monthly maximum

15-minute demand for the entire housing area. The load

factor for the entire housing area was determined month by

month from these data and plotted in Figure 2 for the same

period.

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13

The figure shows that the monthly load factor approximated

0.50 from April 1959 to December 1959^ with two exceptions,,

and then rose sharply until it reached a value of about 0.60 . during February i960. This means that the maximum 15-minute

demand for power was about twice the monthly average much of

the time, with a lower ratio occurring during the colder

months of the winter. A low load factor occurs for a given

house when the various items of electrical equipment are energized for only a small percentage of the total time, but occasionally many or all of them are simultaneously energized

for periods up to 15 minutes. When the short periods of simultaneous use of many components of the load in a number of

houses occur at the same time, the load factor for the entire

group is low.

3.5(h) Dally Pattern of Power Demand

In order to determine how the power demand varied throughout

the day, the daily pattern of power demand was plotted for five

of the sample houses for the months of January I960 and August

1959. For these 2 months, the power used during each 15-minute

period of the day was tabulated for the five houses. From

these data the maximum and minimum demands that occurred on

any day of the month and the average demand for all days of

the month were plotted for each 15-minute period of a 24-hour

day. This information is shown in Figures 3 to 7 * inclusive,

for January i960 and in Figures 8 to 12 for August 1959.

Four of the five houses revealed similar changes in the

average and maximum power demands between the day and night

hours during the month of January. Starting in the morning

at a time ranging from about 0630 to 0900 hours, the average

and maximum power demands .rose quickly to about twice that observed earlier in the morning and remained at a high level

until 1 to 3 hours after noon when they decreased to a value

only a little above the night demand. After about 2 hours

at a low value, the power demand rose again to a smaller maximum about 1800 or 1900 hours and then gradually decreased to

night level, before midnight in most cases. These similar

daily patterns are shown in Figures 3 to 6, inclusive. These

four figures indicate the following conclusions regarding the

power demand?

(l) There is a high probability that the monthly maximum

15-minute power demand will occur between the hours

of 0630 and 2000 and will be caused principally by

the activities of the occupants during their waking

hours

.

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(2) The monthly maximum 15-minute power demand was not

directly caused by the heating equipment during the

coldest hours in the 24-hou.r period.

(3) A fairly stable power demand approximating twice the

night level occurred during the hours between Q7Q0

and 1400, more or less.

(4) Several high 15-minute demands occurred during the

month that approximated the one monthly maximum

value in each house.

(5) There was a high degree of similarity in the daily

pattern of power demand in the four houses and

therefore a good probability of coincidence of high

or maximum values in a group of houses.

Despite the similarity in the daily patterns of power

demand shown in Figures 3 to 6 for houses numbered 14, 263*

468, and 587 j the pattern shown in Figure 7 for house 74 was

significantly different. The variation in power demand between day and night was much less in this house, the monthly

maximum 15-minute demand was lower, and high values in the

maximum demand curve were more or less evenly scattered

throughout the 24-hour period. Table 2 indicates that house

74 was not occupied by an unusually small family and Tables

5 to 9 show that the total monthly energy use in this house

was of the same order of magnitude as houses 14, 263.5 and

587 during the winter months.

In August, the daily pattern of power demand was similar

in all five houses studied, as shown in Figures 8 to 12.

Starting in the morning between 0600 and 0900, the average

and maximum power demand increased fairly rapidly for about

2 hours, after which it was reasonably stable until about

1900 hours and then gradually decreased until several hours

after midnight. The daily average power demand was quite

low from 0200 to 0600 hours ranging from about 0.5 KW in two

of the houses up to about 1.5 KW in house 263 . The daily

average power demand during the period from 1000 to 1900

hours was in the range 3 to 4 KW in some houses and up to

6 KW or more in others.

Unlike the most prevalent daily pattern of power demand

in January, there was no period of low demand in the middle

of the afternoon in August. This is probably explained by

the high solar load at this time of the day and the fairly

steady requirement for heat pump operation.

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12

-15-

Figures 8 to 12 show that there were no high values of

maximum power demand between 2200 hours in the evening and

0600 hours in the morning that approached the monthly maximum 15-minute power demand in these five houses. This indicates the high probability that the monthly maximum power

demand in the summer months will also occur during the period

of the day when the occupants are active.

An inspection of Figures 3 to 12 indicates that the load

factor for the individual house could be increased,, if some

of the electrical load were shifted from the daytime hours to

the night hours. Table 13 is a summary of the daily average

of the energy used in five sample houses between the hours

of 2300 and 0700; and between 0700 and 2300 for the months

of August and January. The energy use in these two periods

is also expressed as a percent of the total. It will be noted

that about 12 percent of the total daily energy use occurred

between the hours of 2300 and 0700 in four of the sample

houses during August, and about 25 percent of the total daily

energy use occurred in the same period in four of the sample

houses during January. The fifth house in the group used a higher percent of the total than the others during August and

a lower percent than the average during January. If the

energy use were uniform, day and night, one third of the

total daily use would have occurred during the 8-hour period

between 2300 and 0700 hours.

Table 13

Average Day and Night Energy Use in Five Sample Houses

Electric Energy Used, KWH

August 1959 January I960

2300- 0700-

* 2300- 0700-

House 0700 Percent 2300 Percent 0700 Percent 2300 Percent

No. Hours of Total Hours of Total Hours of Total Hours of Total

14 5.8 11.4 45.1 88.6 20.0 24.1 62.9 75.9

74 9.0 12.4 63.7 87.6 10.5 25.2 31.1 74.8

263 12.7 22.4 44.0 77 .6 14.7 17.7 68.3 82.3

468 9-9 11.9 73.6 88.1 38.9 27.5 102.6 72.5

587 —- — — 18.4 23.9 58.6 76.1

656 5-5 10.8 45.4 89° 2 — — —

- 16 -

3.5(c) Coincidence of Component and Total Power Demands In the

Sample Houses

In order to study the contributions of the various house

appliances to the maximum demands for electric power, the simultaneous demands in the 1.6 sample houses at the time of the

maximum demand for the entire housing area were graphed for a 4-hour period, bracketing the time of the maximum value for

the months of August 1959 and January i960. The data used for

these graphs were taken from the &fcrip recorder charts of the

demand meters which recorded the average power demand in

kilowatts in 15-minute increments for the heat pump,, the water

heater, the range, and the total house load. The miscellaneous

load in the house, which consisted of the lights, the toaster,

the television and radio sets, the refrigerator, the clothes

dryer, etc. was not metered separately, but was calculated by

subtracting the sum of the range, water heater, and heat pump

demands from the total house meter demand.

These graphs for houses numbered 14, 163, and 467 are

shown in Figure 13 for January i960 and in Figure 14 for

August 1959= The demands of the various components of the

load in each house were plotted against the same time scale

such that the center of the time scale coincided with the

time of the maximum power demand for the entire housing area,

i.e. for .1535 houses. For the 4-hour period in January, represented in Figure 13, it will be seen that the water heater

was energized continuously for several hours in each house,

that the heat pump was operating intermittently on a time

cycle that resulted in some power demand during every 15-

minute period, that the range contributed very little to thetotal demand, and that the power demand of the miscellaneous

devices varied widely from one 15-minute period to the next.

The total power demand in house 1.63 varied widely during the

4-hour period ranging from 1 to 16.5 KW, and it was reasonably steady at a high level In house 467, ranging from

12.5 to 18 KW. One of the three houses had a maximum demand

at 1100 hours coincident with the maximum for the entire

housing area.

It should be noted that some of the graphs for miscellaneous

power demand show negative values, which is a physical impossibility. It is believed that these negative values resulted from imperfect synchronization of the time clocks and

the 15-minute demand intervals of the four recorders from

which the miscellaneous demands were determined by calculation.





-17-

In Figure 14, the component power demands in the same

houses are shown for a 4-hour period bracketing the time of

the maximum demand for the entire housing area in August

1959- In each of these houses the power demand of the heat

pump was fairly steady, ranging from about 2 to 6 KW for

the three houses. The water heaters in two houses were

energized for 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 hours, the miscellaneous devices varied in demand from 0 to 7 KW, but none of the

cooking ranges were used. The maximum demand in each of

these houses during the 4 hours was non-coincident with

that for the entire housing area.

Figure 15 shows the demand for the house and each

component averaged for all 16 of the sample houses for the

same 4-hour period. This figure shows that there was sufficient diversity, or non-coincidence of high demands,

within this group to produce a fairly steady total for each

component and for the house total. In January there was

about a 2 KW variation during the 4~hour period related to

an average value of about 8 KW for the house total, and in

August a variation of about 1 1/2 KW related to an average

value of about 5 1/2 KW. This graph shows how the diversity in a group of houses reduces the wide variations in

demand that are characteristic of a single house.

In order to study the factors that caused the monthly

maximum demands in individual houses, the power demands of

each component of the load and of the house as a whole were

plotted for a 4-hour period bracketing the time of the

monthly maximum demand for that house. Such graphs are

shown for houses 14, 163 , and 467 for the 1 winter month in

Figure 16 and for 1 summer month in Figure 17 . The time at

which the monthly maximum demand occurred in each house was

placed at the center of the 4-hour time scale in each graph.

In Figure 16 it will be noted that the heat pump, water

heater, and miscellaneous devices contributed significantly

to the maximum in each case and that the electric range contributed little or nothing in power demand. The power demand of the heat pump in houses 163 and 467 was such that

use of the supplementary resistance heaters was indicated

even though the outdoor temperature averaged 53 °K in the

case of house 163. A sustained demand in excess of 15 KW

for 3 hours occurred in house 163 as a result of long

steady operation of the heat pump and water heater. The

high demands in the other two houses were of much shorter

duration.
.



.

*
-18-

In Figure 17 the summer maxima are shown to be lower than

for winter operation,, but the same three components; namely,

the heat pump, water heater, and miscellaneous devices were

the principal contributors to the maximum power demands. The

water heater provided a fixed demand whenever it was energized, winter or summer, whereas the heat pump provided a somewhat lower maximum demand in the summer because the supplementary resistance heaters would never be used.

Figure 18 shows the type of maximum demands that would

have occurred if the maximum demand in all of the 15 sample

houses represented by the figure had occurred coincidentally.

Figure 18 shows that the average of the maxima for the 15

houses was about 17 KW whereas Figure 15 shows that the

average demand of the 16 houses at the time of the maximum

demand for the entire housing area was only about 8 KW.

The data for house 263 was not continuous throughout the 4-

hour period, and, for this reason was not included in the

averages plotted in Figure 18. Figure 18 shows a high degree

of coincidence between the maximum demands of each of the

components of the load in the sample houses and the maximum

for the house as a whole.

In order to evaluate the magnitude of the component and

total power demands in each of the sample houses in a more

comprehensive way than was possible, with the limited graphical presentation in Figures 13 to 18, Tables 14 to 19 were

prepared to show coincident power demands in all the sample

houses for 3 winter months and 3 summer months at the time

of the monthly maximum power demand for the entire housing

area

.

Considering winter operation first. Tables 14 to 16

show that the average total house demand for the 16-house

sample approximated the average for the entire housing area

during two of the winter months studied; viz, January and

February. Based on averages for the 16-house sample, the

heat pump contributed from 45 to 63$ of the total house

load, the water heater from 20 to 30$, the miscellaneous

devices from 11 to 21$, and the electric range from 1 to 4$.

It will be noted that the heat pump in every house used some

energy during the 15-minute period representing the maximum

demand for each of the 3 months, and that the average power

demand for the heat pump in all the sample houses ranged

from 3.4 to 5.0 KW for the 3 months. The water heaters in

five to eight houses, in different months, were energized
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ft cm on mco i1

1

—( m imvo t>- CD CD£

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Calculated

by

difference

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

POWER

DEMANDS

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

AT

THE

TIME

OP

MAXIMUM

DEMAND

FOR

THE

ENTIRE

HOUSING

AREA

August

7

to

September

8j

1959

T3

coE

0)

CO

CD

?H <

*o s-ft- mmft- cm mco o csih rH OJ i—1 V£) 00

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i—

1

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1 •

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bOC

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co2

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JCJ CO -p -P CD C o ft o ft

O O O O rH o o CM O lr\ OJ OJ

1

1 m o

fto

CDE ft •H E

EH 2

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P ps: • • • • 1 • • 03 -P CM CM m CM 1 CM CM m CM CM 1 m CM

03 bO <D c ft

•H CD CD CD u (D a> CD u CD CD CD 2 2 3

o O o o O k ft ft o i—

1

03 B E E

T3 -P o o o C O o o o

03 h -H Ph s-commft-co Ph OOftOft-CQ S-CM Ph E ^ T3 Xi • • X!

a; <D S <D mft mmo cm cd CM ft CO OW I CO rn CD m CD — m ft 2 1 1 1 Ph o CM m ft-

<D ft 3o

ft

CM S- mo

mm

mco

CM

CM

S- CT\ m ftCD ln

B Hj- •H 1—1 ft Eh 1—1 CO C

CD CO

Ph £

ft < CD O ft ln

faO o\

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03 2 P <

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1

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C O o W

o

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ft- ft

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ft ft *

Calculated

from

difference

19-

at the time of the maximum demand, and In only a few cases

were the electric ranges using a significant amount of energy.

Tables 14 to 16 show that the maximum demand for the entire

housing area occurred between 0900 and 1100 hours for the 3

winter months represented.

Tables 17 to 19 show that in the summer months of June

to August 1959 the average total house demand for the 16-

house sample exceeded the average for the entire housing area

by amounts up to \6% for two of the three months and was less

than the average for the entire housing area by in July.

Based on averages for the 16 sample houses, the heat pump

contributed from 33 to 58^ of the total house load, the water

heater from 9 to 26%, the miscellaneous devices from 20 to

54$, and the electric range from 3 to Q%, The tables show

that the heat pump in a large majority of the houses operated

during a part of the 15-minute period representing the maximum demand, water heaters in 3 to 7 houses were energized at

the time of maximum demand, and very few of the electric

ranges contributed a significant amount to the total load.

Tables 17 to 19 show that the maximum demand for the entire

housing area occurred between 1000 hours and noon for the

3 summer months studied.

The negative values that appear for the power demand of

the miscellaneous devices in Tables 14 to 19 indicate that

the demand periods were not perfectly synchronized and that

the reported demand values do not represent simultaneous occurrences in some cases. However, the demands reported for

the heat pump, water heater, electric range, and the house

total are recorded values that certainly occurred within a few minutes of each other.

The non-coincident monthly maximum demands in each of

the 16 sample houses and the component loads that made up

the maximum in each house were summarized in Tables 20 to 22

for 3 winter months and in Tables 23 to 25 tor 3 summer

months. In the winter months, the average of these maximum

values ranged from 17.O to 18 . 2 KW, of which about 35 percent was power used by the heat pump, about 20 percent was

used by the water heater, about 5 percent was used by the

electric range, and about 40 percent was used by the miscellaneous devices. Tables 20 to 22 show that 75 to 100

percent of the heat pumps, 8l to 94 percent of the hot water

heaters, and 19 to 25 percent of the electric ranges in the

16 sample houses were using more than 1 KW of electric power

- 20-

at the time of the maximum winter power demand. At the same

time,, the miscellaneous devices in 87 to 94 percent of the

sample houses were using more than 1 KW of electric power.

For the 3 summer months, the average of the maximum

monthly power demands of the 16 sample houses ranged from

13.8 to 13.9 KW, of which about 23 percent was power used

by the heat pump, about 26 percent was used by the water

heater, about 3 percent was used by the electric range,

and about 45 percent was used by the miscellaneous devices.

Tables 23 to 25 show that 87 to 94 percent of the heat pumps,

8l to 87 percent of the water heaters, and 6 to 13 percent

of the electric ranges in the 16 sample houses were using

more than 1 KW of electric power at the time of the maximum

summer power demand. At the same time the miscellaneous devices in 87 to 100 percent of the sample houses were using

more than 1 KW of electric power.

The power demand data shown in Tables 20 to 25 show

that the miscellaneous devices made a larger contribution

to the monthly maximum demand in the sample houses on the

average than any of the other components of the load during

both winter and summer conditions.

Tables 20 to 25 show that maximum demands in the

individual houses occurred on different days and at different times of the day in most cases, both winter and summer.

A study of the demand charts and the charts from the outdoor temperature recorders also showed that the maximum demands in the individual houses occurred at various outdoor

temperatures. In the month of January i 960 , the outdoor

temperatures, at the time of the monthly maximum demands in

the 16 sample houses, ranged from 21°F to 58 °F, distributed

as follows:

In the month of August 1959., the outdoor temperatures, at the

time of the monthly maximum demands in the 16 sample houses,

ranged from 78 °F to 93 °P, distributed as follows:

Outdoor Temperature Range, °F

20 to 30

30 to 40

40 to 50

Above 50

Number of Cases

2

10

2

2
,
TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

POWER

DEMAND

OCCURRING

AT

THE

TIME

OP

THE

MONTHLY

MAXIMUM

TOTAL

DEMAND

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

December

10,

1959

to

January

8,

I960

'

•-

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TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

POWER

DEMAND

OCCURRING

AT

THE

TIME

OF

THE

MONTHLY

MAXIMUM

TOTAL

DEMAND

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

January 8

to

February

8*i

960 *

CT3 O vo-ft >whp oj ft ov oj ft oj >-j ft

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H £ • < • • •««»••• 0 0 1 1 O COrtE' C\l H O O 1—1 w -P ' 1 O

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from

difference

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15

-MINUTE

POWER

DEMAND

OCCURRING

AT

THE

TIME

OP

THE

MONTHLY

MAXIMUM

TOTAL

DEMAND

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

February

8

to

March

8,

i960

1—

1

•H

CO

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vo las- o\cn

p

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B

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to O O O > O ft < m

p

o3

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o3

(0 4COHO >0 44 ... <; . . 4 OOO OO

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SO LAO- LAO LAO

4" 00 00-4-4 4

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ft rH B •H 3 cd (H S-4 LA > VO ft OC04 O 0J-4O00

. • • < • • • • • • • • -P s LA t— LA LA00 CM POO O O 00

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>

*

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

POWER

DEMAND

OCCURRING

AT

THE

TIME

OF

THE

MONTHLY

MAXIMUM

TOTAL

DEMAND

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

June

8

to

July

j,

1959

CO 04 CM CD 4" O 03

03 LA VO LA LA LA

ft CO CD 03VO 03 13- VO

vo cm 4- vo o- la enco

i—

i

•H

05 O >

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O

ft 4JOz

(UbO —

C 'S

03 W

P

CD -P P

05 0> 3: -P

03 -P CD O K

K

fte

3

ft -

-p

05

0) K

40000 OJ O ft o' O O LA O 0 0500

o o O U\ CT) a o'

vo 034^ LTiO OJ O 4 4 4 LA4

cooo laoo is-o la 4 0O LA =4 oo4 CU 4

o o Ln

on

H CO CO H O 00

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CM 03 *00 OVQVQ POft

• on . . . . . . O i—1 4* CO i—I CM i—I i—

I

I—

1

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I

£

•rd

to to CO (D (D CD CO CO CO 53 2 53 T3 o o o

sc ft ft ft

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ft o ^ o o a

ft ft p on4 on on on cm P h on la4 cm ft- on4 P

1—

1

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4 03

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00

CD O O O O LTiO O O LA LAO O LAO O LA B OOOOO 00 ft oo on044onooftO OOft

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1

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ft SC CD K 05 CO eg E 2 03 03 0303 03 03 03 03 S 05 o LA 03 1X3 03 LC3 LA LA 03 03 03 LA G3 03 03 LA LA

ft W 03 Lf3 03 LA 03 03 03LALALA03LALACA 03 03

ft i—l 03 i—1 03 i—1 i—

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i—1 03 03 03’rft 03 03 03 i—i i—

1

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1

05 o *\ *3 *3 »> CD -P ft ft ->VO CM 03 ** •* CM ** ^ n CO 0- S O CM4 CM ft ft CM CM ft CO -4" CM VO LACD CM CM

ft ft

ft CD 0> 0> >s CD CD CD >5 CD 1s> CD |S> >5 CD CD CD -P £ ft C ft S3 c C ft C ft S55 ft ft 0 C C

03 53 53 £ 53 £ 53 3 53 ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ftftftftftftftft ft ft 2

o

5a

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Calculated

from

difference

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

POWER

DEMAND

OCCURRING

AT

THE

TIME

OF

THE

MONTHLY

MAXIMUM

TOTAL

DEMAND

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

July

7

to

August

J,

1959

*

1—

I

•H

05>

vo < lt\ o cn^r 000 vo vo d

vo o

O CO CO LTiHVD S

o vo t>- cvjco in H H

in oj m

vo vo vo

0

bO^

a s

03 2

pq

p

c

0)co

a,Boou

0P 1h

03 0 ^ -P P

C

(D O

•HO

03 -P (D o K

K

4000 (\iin

cvj tno

0013304000

O rH O*

03 OJ >coconrco •<••••

nr nr nr cm cm

-po2

O CM O CM VO VO nT O

nr nr nr nr nr nr

mo r-o 0 0

CM H CM cn CM CM

i>- cm co nr mmvo 03 cn cn cm cm cm vo o cm

COCO CO 00 o

00 cn

nr nr cn

mo 03

CM VO OJ

ti O

C K

03 O

£ E 03 B 3 0) 2 ^ 0

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•H «

r*i 1—

1

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^ £ £ E-t-OcO 0313- 0 r— cm r—nr 0 cm vo vo 0

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1—

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1—I O 1—

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b> <c =r p) < h>

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VOHnTrHmCJVrHcn

03 03 03 m03 iri 03 1A 03 03 03 ovmOvmovmmm

1—I 03 rH 03 1—I 03 03 03 O ** I—I r\ m r HHiHimOJCOOVVO

rH r^H [3 r3 r3 •

1—I bflrH : bOrH rH rH bO

o o

cn cn

rH VO

03

LT303 03 m i—I 03

VO H H VO

!h • rH faO 3 0 030) 03

,rs oK

vo

03

fn • o o

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(0 03 fn 03 -P 2

C C) O ffi

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Calculated

from

difference
'

.
TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

POWER

DEMAND

OCCURRING

AT

THE

TIME

OF

THE

MONTHLY

MAXIMUM

TOTAL

DEMAND

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

August 7

to

September 8S

1959 o POCO

H lftft

O o mcprnmH Oco ft OJ ft

to • f ««»*eooo • • © •H VOft VOID H H OJ VO ir\UftlO UOVO p- mm vo P" 1—1

rH

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QJcO

o, ft H <u o -P

U o as o mft -ft mvo

m co ft oj mvo p-ft oj mft o

3s P 6e*»oa*o • o ©

p CO ^4^4ftO Oftftftftftftft ft ft ft c -P CD 0 o ft

T3 ft

•HOcOo

ftg2

ft OCOOOOO comooojftooj m-cvj oj • • e • « • •»••••• • • • -P pSCj oj oj roooin ojft mcvj oj oj onft mp- m CO0

ft

CO CO CO 0 0 0

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ft ft ft TO o o o C ft m <B <D s E W E E E 1 p 0) 3 o aoft mo p-m o vo mvooo voft ft oj o ojco

m

g ft o o « o • * O • a o ’d ft u oj on ooft ooft ft mmmoj onoj onon ft mvo m X 1 TO i—1 i

1 i—1 H i—1 if TO i—1 i—I i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i1 T3 rH rH rH 0 co ft 0 0 0 S P> o m pq pq O ft i i ! ft OJ OO -4"

CD ininoomm oommmomm LT\ LT\ g ft ft o on-ft -ft mo ft ft ft mft ft i—1 i

1 •H oj on oj o c— oj CPft V0CO O ft CP VO -=t ft 1—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 O i—li—1 [

1 OJ i—IOO i—1 rH

g -d

•H c a) X ca ra 0 g 3 cp cpcpcp CP CPCPCP CP CP CP

CD

O in cp crun

m

m cpmcpmmmavm mm ft ft aun in cp av a> m cp m cp cp cp mcp CP CP

<p i—i ctn CT\ i—1 i—1 i—1 CT\ rH CT\ i—1 i—1 i—1 CT\ rH i—1 i—1 O i

1 H 1—1 1—1 l—1 i—1 rH

CO o ®\ •% *\ «\ ‘P *\ <P «p «p (D -P *4_| <o *»vo unco •* CO *v D— O *p — i—1 CT\ g o OJ OJ t— iH OJ OJ CO OJ 1—1 OJ rH 1—1 i—1

OJ O)

ftH

ft 0 O0»«4O»« » 0 P bO a, ft bO bO bO ft bO ft bO1 bO bO ft bO bO bO

CO 3 0 0 3 3 3 03033303 3 2 w Q ft co co <c ft < CO< 10 <<<CO< < < 0)m3oK

VO1—1

CO ft u • o o o ft p ft o ft o ooft upon ft ft m oj p— p-vo o P-CXD O

CO (D ftCOVO OcOft p-vo P- p-co

m p- VOVO bO

ftm ft oj on unco ft ft

m mvo P- ft ft ca -P ft ft C o 0 o ft > o <

Calculated

from

difference

-21

Outdoor Temperature Range., °F Number of Cases

None

1

13

2

None

Below 70

70 to 80

80 to 90

90 to 100

Over 100

These results indicate that the maximum demands in individual

houses during winter and summer were not directly related to

the magnitude of the heating and cooling loads.

Tables 26 to 31 show the non-coincident monthly maximum

power demand for each of the 16 sample houses and the monthly

maximum power demand of each of the four components comprising

the total house load. The monthly maximum power demands of

the components did not necessarily coincide with the monthly

maximums for the house as a whole. The degree of coincidence

between the monthly component maximums and the monthly maximum for the entire house is shown as a coincidence factor in

these tables. For the purpose of these tables, the coincidence factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum power demand of the house as a unit to the sum of the maximum power

demands of the appliance components in the house over a period

of a month.

Tables 26 to 28, for the 3 winter months used for analysis

show that the maximum power demands for the various components

were fairly consistent from month to month when comparing

averages for all of the sample houses. The maximum power demands for the heat pump ranged from 5.6 to 14.8 KW in different

houses with the 3-month average for all houses being 9.2 KW.

Individual houses cannot reasonably be compared because different house types were equipped with different amounts of

supplementary resistance heating, and houses 467 and 468 were

equipped with two heat pumps whereas the others in the sample

contained only one. The maximum power demand of the water

heaters varied from 4.5 KW to 5.4 KW, probably due to voltage

variations at different houses. The maximum power demands

of the electric ranges varied widely depending on the habits

of the individual occupant. Probably none of the recorded

maximum power demands represent the full load demand of the

range. The miscellaneous devices provided the second largest

maximum power demand on the average. The biggest single

electrical load included in the miscellaneous group was the

clothes dryer, whose power consumption was about 5 KW.

Other significant loads in the miscellaneous group were the

resistance heater in the bathroom, the washing machine, and

such appliances as electric irons and toasters.
.

.
NON-COINCIDENT

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

MAXIMUM

POWER

DEMANDS

OCCURRING

AT

ANYTIME

DURING

THE

MONTH

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

December

10,

1959

to

January

8,

I960

oo S- LT\ LT\ S- CM S-S-COCO s-co

<1) O Ph 0) C O W H 01 Ph 3 £ "O o

-P -H u k Coo O c -P <u S tH o o ctj -P O pin

HtnwoocviooMn

IS LOCO S- S-CO LOCO

cm cn oo s~-m co

uo

Phw

r)c

caE

0) P

c

CDso

Ph

p>c

0) T3

•HO

CH

0o

1 c

o

CDh0~' C

‘

ctj K

Ph

<D -P Ph as d) S p>

CO P> 0) o w

W

OJ S-CO-Pt o

COITH ISS-LA H

i

I HrHs-rHooacaMs o s- -=t m* 0O-3

- comco cr\ co mm co

hOOVDP-O rH CM OO LACO OJ H CO co^t h s-co mco^r-^ m^r^s oo O 00 i—

I

co-^r ^r

00 00 CM mo CM CO CO CM O O rH C0 00 cooo cr\

-pi-

3- m-=t mm m mmm-3- -=t -=t

CO CO CO co s-co m-=rco a) 4H CM CO OO CM ChOO <D

CO CO • • CO co S-C0 S-CO CO 0 COOOrHChOOOCOC 0 o o i—

1

i—

1

i—

1

o « K w

s e E o o o

o O o

Ph Ph Ph T3 T3 T3

a) CO p f 1 CO CO CO d> CO OCO CM CM OCO CM CD pq ...... pq pq

1 CO CO IS ISC0 H 1 co cm o co oq m s-co i CM (—I i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 CO i—1 r—1 OJ i—1 i—if—1«—lr—

1

cm o

cm^t

rH rH

CT\OC tSfd

rH H

-PT

CSC

O

SO O O LPiO m <o cocoas o^t

(—I S— CM GO CO rH

rH i—1 rH O O rH

o o o mo mmm 00 0040H4 rH 0-00 OO rH t— O O CO O O i

1 (—I O i—li—I o

o m oo^r

co o

o H

S 'd

•H c Q) X aj CO

«J 6 0 ac oc ac oc OCCT\ S <u o o o o o mo o mo o o mo m mm

p w CO CO co co cr\ CO CO OCCO CO co crcco a\ ChCh

<P G\ (J\ CT\ Ch rH CT\ rH (J\ CT\ Q\ rH '0\ rH rH rH O rH Ph i—1 i—If—If—1 rH rH rH rH rH rH

Ctf o ^ •> /CD -P Ph

*

•c •> •* *\VjO ^ •^00 ^ •* •» O O oooo E o

•H Eh

Fh <D H tr—VO HHVO oo h co N-oo oo mco CM CM

-P d d c c o d COCGCoCo o o CO

CCJ OJ CT3 03 OJ (D id ccjci>caajaja)aj(D CD 0) a) w *H> h) l~3 h) P O) OjQcpiHji-aPt-oPq fi Pi CO2

o«

CO

rH

to

Ph • O O

-P S

o

to d)

Ph to -p c

C O

o K

o

Ph 40tnn mco -=r to cm i>- c—co o s-co

o

(D H CO CO OCO^C i^_co t^r-oo ms coco hO

rH CM comco h h m mco is- cd

CD><

NONCOINCIDENT

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

MAXIMUM

POWER

DEMANDS

OCCURRING

AT

ANYTIME

DURING

THE

MONTH

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

January

8

to

February

8

, i

960

on la t-mH tVO C'- 0- C-CO VO ov

VO

03 , CJ Sh 0>

!>j c o n h im 3

£1 'O o COO o c -p a) S tI o C o «j p

u ft,

cop c— h la o t— vo-h

vo mvo 00 vo vo vo la r— t

cvi laco cm o oj CO CO CO IPVO vo

la oj oj o p p p la VO LTV 00 VO 00 LA IP IP

00 m

.. LAP

u

o

ft

to T>c

toE&

c

0):o

0-1 p

c

d)bO -—

c

<0 K

u

0) P iH 03 03 13 P

03 P 0) O W

m

t—00 VOOOVOJ

LA 04 O P OOP"

OOCO OJ VO GVP

P P LAPP LA

cn ip ovp oprovo

vo LAP LA LAP P 00

00 incvio ovrHcovo P P LA LAP LAP- P

O O

OOP

r-r- p*p

•HO a

C

*H p W

0 0) 0 Is CO

1 -P £ 2

c 03 —' 0

0 <D W

W

e

g

0

0

e u

•H (D T3 X C/3 —N (D

03 2 S OW —' OJ

CO CO COlPlPp-pOO 03 P VO CO VO LA rH C— H 03

CO CO VO IPCO IPCO 00 2 00 so vo 0 0 OHO c

0 1—

1

1—

1

1—

1

1—! OW

E E 0 O

1 0 O

c u

T3 "d H OVCO OXO OJ .03 VO P VO VO P OJ 00 VO 03 PQ ffl VOIpPVOOOVO 1 [P OJ OVCO OVVO LAP 1

1—

1

1—

1

1—I

1—

1

1—

1

1—

1

00 rl 1—li—li—li—li—li—li—

1

nf

O OJ p"p

00 -=t o" ch

CVI rH

CSV VO

OJ P

ov p”

CD mo mmmo 0 mo mmo mo LAO

E i—

1

CO-^f 1—1

1—

1

0 O rH OO 1—

1

-if O rH O h on

®H cvj (nH om>-o o\co co co mmco [PIP

Eh rl rl rl O rl rH O 1—

1

rH 1—

1

O O O 1—

!

0 0

E US

•H C d3 X S3 c/3 ca S 3 OO OOO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S O 0 VO VO O VQVOVO VOOOVOVQOVOVO vovo « w avavo ovavav ovv0 vo cr\ ovvo ov ov ovov

ft rH rH m 1—1 1—1 1—

1

1—1 CT\ CF\ rH rH CT\ rH 1—

1

rH rH O rH SH rH rH rH rH

03 O *\ •\ 03 P ft •f IPO ^OVD LA rH t mco OJ H

E 0 rH OJOO CM OJ OJ OALAVO H H VO OJ H cvj cvj *H Eh

Eh CD • • -P C C P C C G dppdcpdc c a

c

a

cti 03 0) 03 03 a3 caa>d3«5a3d)a3«J ca a3 H r> h> ft h> P 1-5 H)

MC • o o p 3

o

03 0) £ 03 P c

c o

o W

a

POOH LA on

r-HCOVO OOOP

r—I OJ OOLACO p p on oj ip tpvo o

IPVO IPlPOO LAlP H H LALAVD t—

h-00

VO VO pp

Average

for

16

Houses

17.2

_

9.3

NONCOINCIDENT

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

MAXIMUM

POWER

DEMANDS

OCCURRING

AT

ANYTIME

DURING

THE

MONTH

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

February

8

to

March

8,

I960

ooh a-coa-la

oo oo A-oo co a- m

A0)O 4)

!>5 C O W H CD <G G P to o

ft G PC Coo O C ft <u S ft o p

O (0 O Pc,

LAft- 40VONSIA

MO VO A- IP A-MO MO MO

CM O

MO AA- OO O MO CM CM la la oo LAft- in

ft" CO i—I t i—1 O OO CM OOCO CTO LA LA A- ift-00

00 CM CM OOOO AG

O

ftW

TOc

CO6

<L) fiG

CDs

o

ftp

G

<D TO

ft

<10 bO —

C

<0 PC

G

CD P G

<0 CD P2 P

to P 0) o PC

PC

ft H tftCO o m

ooft o (voiAft

iftA-ooft 04

ft -4" LAft LA LA

LA OO OOMO 00 CO ft MO

LA LP\ LAft IA CM ft 00

00 LAMO O OO CM A- LA '4-4-4 LAft LAft ft

o a, c

ft co CO CO o ft —- (D MOCO MOft ft MO 0) ft LAMO A-MO LAft LA CD o ^ CO CO CO

1 -P !C G MO A-CO C-00 CO G A- t— LftCGO O OO OO G

c 03 ^ o o i—1 i—1 o

o <D PC PC PC s PC B s B

b o O o

2 o o o

E G G G

iH <D T3 TO TO K CO 0) A- t— ft MO ft MO <L> MO CM CM MO ft CM 00 CO 0)

03 G g pq pq pq s o MO A-CO A-OO A- 1 AACOAO AAVO 1 PC P CM i—1 i—1 rH i—1 i—1 i—1 CO i—ir—1 i—1 i—ICVJ i

1 i—1

i—

1

O Aft mo

A- to- ft ft

CO CM ft CO

CO CM O O*

CM CM

ft

ft

00

ft

00

00

00

(D LAO O LA LAO O la LA LA LAO LAO LA LA B ft oo oo ft ft o COft ft4d040 H H

H ft o coco la a- t?— Hi—1 i—1 £*— (J\KQ O CO ft B

ft i—

1

i—

1

i—

1

o o o O CVJ r—| i—| O O i—1 i—

1

O i—

1

G

B TO

•H G <10 K CM M

eg B G o o o o o o o o o

S 0) o OMOMOMOMOMO OMOOOMOOOMO MO O

O PC MO CG <00 00 00 00 MO OOMOMO 00 MO MO OO CTO MO

ft CT\ i—It—1

i—1 i—1 i—

1

(T\ H CT\ CT\ H (J\ G\ H i—1 CT\ O 1—1 rH rH i—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i—

1

H

03 O *0 *> •* •> *0 *\ «\ *0 •0 oo p ft - A- OO LA A-MO »o (J\ •oH" CT\ «o B o OO C\J i—1 i—1 i—1 CVI COft 00 OO CM CM MO CM CM ft

*H Eh ai <1) '•••••• • • p G P P P P ft GpGG PGGP PG CO 03 03 (D 0) CD CD <D 03 d) 03 ctf (U CC3 03 CL) CD CM d) « S ft tq iq ft ft s.ft S S ft S S ft ft S COO

PCMO w G G • O

o o ft- P PC o -<4- O OOft LA CO ft ft OO CM A- A-MO O A-00 <D

CM CD ft CO MO O COft A-MO A- A-CO LA to- MO MO bO G M ft CM COLACO ft ft LA LA MO A- ft" ft- CM P G G

G O CD. O PC > O <

NONCOINCIDENT

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15

-MINUTE

MAXIMUM

POWER

DEMANDS

OCCURRING

AT

ANYTIME

DURING

THE

MONTH

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

June

8

to

July

7

,

1959

03O Fh 0) O W H 0)1h 3

x: a o P H Sh hi COO O C P 03 £ H o x| o cap O H,

A00 AO- A rH LA C—00 ae-vo

E- O 00-^4 AGO VO C- AtHAt'-At'-AtAro 00

vo e- vo

0)hO —

Fn

0) P u

ca (u s p

CO P <u

HI

1—

1

CO O CVJ LA 00 OVOVOO LAVO

O LAO LA-cHCO ACOH CO CO CO

oont- h rt 0^4

LA LA ALA LA

CVJ CVJ -4 Av£> AVO H

VO E- H VO t-VO I>— CX)

4 04 00-4 AA4

A44 4 A CVJ OO CVi

COJ— "HOO O OOQ

us=^ V5 Va Vrv=t

VOH t- AVO t—

40 CO

Cl A CO

QQ CO O

4 4 A

0 Pr c E

•H 3 CO CO CO O P-r —s CD VOOJH AH4 03 4 PO E- CVJ CVJ CVJ 00 H 0) CD ^ co co CO

1 2 3 A CO CO CO 004 3 4 cl E- 00 OO OO E- OO 3

C 05 — 0 O O

O <D HI HI HI h HI E E E

E O ' O O

0 O O O

E Fh Fh Fh •H <D T5 43 4S X CO —s CD AE-4 4 4 CVJ 03 C04H4AHOW 0>

05 3 S m cq PQ £ O W 1 co4- co co co cvj 1 H CO Anf CVJ 4 004 1 HI h— CVJ 1—1 rH 1—I 1—I

1—1 1—I OO 1—li—li—IrHi—li—li—lr—1 -3-

00 a 4

A A 4

4 Ol CO AA CO

I

E 43

•H C 03 K CO W ® E 2 £ <u o Q HI

0-1 O 1—I Fh

<B O

(1) P Ch e o

*1

I Eh

Eh

Eh OOOO AO CO COO CO H CO

-3- CVJ I-H VO O O

A A A A

AAA A A A A AA A A A 1—I A 1—1 OV 1—I

1—

I

1—1 **VO ^ O CVJ

CVJ -=4* CVJ 1—1

1—I CVJ

03 >3 03 £ 03 03 C H C H C C

3 3 3 3 3 3 H H h> h> H h>

O O A AO O AO 0044 COCOH O

CO O rH CO O 1 I C"— 1—

I

O CVJ 1—I O CVJ ,—(1—I CVJ

A A AAAAAAAA AA A AA AAA rHAAAi—IAAA rH 1—I rH rH 1—1 rH OV *\ CVJ *\ CVJ H CO 4 CVJ VO A00

0) >3 4> >3 o> >3 !>3 o> CHCHCHHC 33333333

O A

COH 4 CVJ

A A

AA

CO C

CVJ CVJ

03 0) c c

3 2 H H

CQ

0)CQ3O«

CO

Fh • o o p H; o

03 01

Fh CO P 3 C o

o HI o

4 O AH A Cl HCOVD OCO-4 H CVJ rOACO

4 -4“ CO CVJ t— c—vo o

IHVO 4— t—CO A 0- H H A AVO EE—00 VO VO 4 4

u

oH

03hO

CO

Sh

03><

Probably

high

due

to

faulty

range

watthour

meter

NONCOINCIDENT

TOTAL

AND

COMPONENT

15-MINUTE

MAXIMUM

POWER

DEMANDS

OCCURRING

AT

ANYTIME

DURING

THE

MONTH

IN

EACH

SAMPLE

HOUSE

July 7

to

August

1959 0) o G <d >a G O W H CD <h 3 G O o P 4 G w COOC p aj •h o x; O CO P O (in o * o mn ci lavo

VO IPOM'-CO in 00 OOVO t— LO IP

O CO mvo i'-oo vo t- r- m

OV CVJ Csi vooo S

00004 4 co

m

00 avvovovo ip

GoPM

T3c

cO6

a) p)G

CDso

Pmpc

CD T3

CDhOTM- C '

CO K

G

0) P G

ca <0 ^ P

cO P <D o K K 4 o o h cooo 4 WH 4 004 * OlO CP\ 4 CO CO •4- 4- in4- in

in ovco co

m co co 4 o mcrunvovooo ip

1—1 01 cio OMpinrn

004' in 0010 Co oj 00

rH IP o vo co ov IPCO m4 m4 4444

vo in ci

vo in ip o a p

004 Cl

vo ip vo 4 4 4

CO co CO

CDWH

Hm4 Cl a) 0 in co co 4 ro

m4 qj

CO CO CO G cicicicicici G in in ro co 00 on avo , g 0 O O

ffi

W

K 6 B B O O O O O O g G G T3 TO TO

CD tPtPOOOCTVC-- 0) [— CO t—4 O CO VO VO OJ W ffl w 1 CO 4 4 004 H 1 ci ci ip4 4 00 ro co 1 CO 1—1 1—1

rH 1—1 1—1 1—1

CO i—1 1—1 1—|i

—1 H 1—li

—1 1—1

mo

mvo

voco

00 vo o4

ov

Cl

CD mo 0 mo 0 0 mmmo 0 mo 0 0 B 4 0 004 0 cl 044400400 com

•H 4 OV COCO co coV044 4 mCSV 40

O 4 VO

B

Eh 4 0 )—| O )—1 1—l 4 i—I 4 i—li

—1444 4 1—1 GE T}

•H

C CD

!*! CC co eg 6 3 OV CT\ Ch CG CG CG OV 2 0 0 mnnmoim movmovm 01 01 01 mov O PC ovmmovmcn nmnmnmmm ovm 1—! OV CJV 1—| OV 1—l

40

V 40

V 40V 0MGV 4 ov

O l—1

Sh 1—14 4 1—1 4 4 1—14 1—1

CtfO *

*\ c\ CD -P P O •% O •% O —1 ^ LP\ CD -v B 0 CVJ LTV 00 CVJ CD H HHHm cvjoo erveo rH CD H £h 1 Eh CD • • »>a ,• r’i r>a •t>i *>}{>> {>3 • • -P rH bQ bQ rH bOr—j rH bOi—1

bOr—J

H

H bO rH bO CO

CXJ 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 CD P b < < b < b ^ <1 I'D <C <C COGo

vo

rH

WG • o o P 2 o

CO (U G m p G G o o K o g0

<H 4 0 004 moo 44 row S Ipvo O PCO (D H 00 VO O CO 4 tpvo ip tpoo m ip vovo bO 4 co 00 moo 4 4 mmvo tp 4 4 CCu

CD>

Probably

high

due

to

faulty

range

watthour

meter

d>O P d) >a C o w H iD'h 3

x: ft o pnH tnX COO O C -P 0) s *h o x: o co -p O fo

5p rl044 S CM

£—CO OCSCOCO

O CM in is-CO H CO i—

I

£-— n— js* sco S- is s* CO S CO S S S

r^vooo rr>— NM) i=f U\K

Yn-rH ->SJ GO r—I CM i—

!

go s-cpusinmco s-

-=* m h

in m co

O *—

i

occcitnror-iococo

(Onf M mco rH CO

coco o

-pCO

ft

CO EH

wa •Ho Cu

ft 00 c g aft •H 3

1 1 Eh U o x sa d> O

l O X * -p inS B c h cu o (D EH hi ft X

OC *—l O '. rH OC CM tn-3- (n-=t cn

mmo o mm rH rH O OO^f

Eh Eh ’H | CM ro CM O s CM < Eh| rH r—l rH rH i—1 r—

1

Eh g a O p W2 g X! oh •h a CD H ft K co CD o ft (0 g 3 oc ocacoc a to S dJ o •nacCTuninin H O p a OMninacococ O O r—l CT\ OH i—! t—1 r—

i

oo O rH £-5 rH rH

l 03 o *\ ». *\ a CD -P OH o •* »>co inco o e o CM CM SH CM CM a »H Eh > Eh CD

J «•«*«*

-p hO ft ft bO bO bO

CO p CD d) p P p

q| Hi CO CO < <; <<

ocoococoonsm

m-=t- in-=t -=f •=}• =) nr

ooininmoinin mOH4 h ro-^t -=f OCXp CO CO CO H occo O H i—lOOrHOO

OH CTCOCOV OC

oc lo ovn in m ovx, mov-nocccaunoc

OC rH OC H rH H OH rH

rH rH rH -CO *SO o »s

CO C\J -P" r—i CM rH rH rH

ftbOfthOoQbOftbf) (DpCDpPpOlp

w=t;co=ai<'=coa<

COCO CO

nr -=r ^r

CD w CD Q) !—J

1—Is—! VO (D O OHrH CM CMCO-p- H CD

CD • ® ® * ® • ID to p CO CO CO CO mrH P in-p- in co com co ro p

O o o w a ft g g B

O o o

o o o

p P u a X) x>

Cl) ooh!- mo sm <d co toCO 00 CO HJ- xf CM d> pq ..... o pq ........ pq

3 CM COCOHi- COH 1 mmmcMcocMcoco s CM 1—1 —! i—! i—i i—1 i—1 OO r—li—1 i—1 i—1 i—1 i—li—1 i—1 |

00 CM H

ms -=f

CM 00 OC mco co

cn in

i—1

1—

i

^f-pacoc

in in

accrc

i—l OH

CM CM

hO bO P P < <

CO

d)COPO

ft

COp • o o

-p a

o M o coh in co -P--P- COCM ssco o

10 d) h co co o oo ^r sco ssco ms p co h cm m mco h h in mco s

p p 0 o Oft

SCO

COCO

hThC

Po

<H

d)bO

coP

d>><

Probably

high

due

to

faulty

watthour

meter

- 22-

The coincidence factor for individual houses ranged from

0.54 to 0,87 during the 3 winter months, but the average

value for all houses in the sample varied between 0„68 and

0„73 in the 3-month period.

Tables 29 to 31^ ton the 3 summer months used for

analysis, show that the maximum power demands for the various components were fairly consistent from month to month

based on the averages for all the sample houses. The average

of the maximum values for the total house load in all houses

was 3 to 4 KW lower for the summer months than for the winter

months, due almost entirely to a corresponding decrease in

the maximum power demands for the heat pump in the summer.

The maximum power demands of the water heater., electric range,

and miscellaneous devices were comparable winter and summer.

The coincidence factor for individual houses ranged from

0.53 to 0.94 during the 3 summer months., but the average

value for all houses in the sample varied between 0.60 and

0.73 in the 3-month period, exactly the same range as for the

average winter values. It will be noted in Tables 29 to 30

that the coincidence factor for house 263 is significantly

higher than those for all other houses. It is believed that

this may have been caused by a faulty watthour meter registration on the electric range since the maximum power demands

for this component were unusually low.

3.5(d) Frequency Distribution of Power Demand Values

It was noted in Figures 3 to 12 that high 15-minute power

demand values, somewhat lower than the monthly maximum value,

occurred at various times throughout the day, usually during

the period from O63 O to 2000 hours. The exact number of these

occurrences cannot be counted in Figures 3 to 12 because these

graphs show only the one highest value of power demand occurring at each 15-minute interval of the day. Information on

the frequency of these high power demands is of importance in

determining the requirements of the distribution system and

in selecting possible devices for limiting the magnitude of

the maximum power demand in the houses.

Figures 19 to 28 were plotted to show the frequency of

recurrence of 15-minute power demands at various levels of

demand. The curves are plotted for the same five houses for

which the daily pattern of power demand was illustrated in

Figures 3 to 12. Because the higher values were of primary

interest, only demands greater than 5 KW were used. Data for

both August 1959 and January i960 are shown.

PERCENT

OF

15

MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

THIS

DEMAND

PERCENT

OF

15

MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

THIS

DEMAND

15-MINUTE POWER DEMAND, K W

FIG. 20

PERCENT

OF

15

MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

THIS

DEMAND

4.0 6.0 8.0 ! 0.0 12.0 14 0 16.0 18.0 20.0

FIG. 21 15- MINUTE POWER DEMAND, KW

PERCENT

OF

15

MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

THIS

DEMAND
.
PERCENT

OF

15

MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

THIS

DEMAND

Fia 23 15-MINUTE POWER DEMAND, K W

7

O

z

<

56

tuQ

CD

X

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF

15-MINUTE POWER DEMANDS _

GREATER THAN 5 K W FOR

HOUSE 263 LITTLE ROCK AFB

FROM AUG. 8 TO SEPT. 7, 1959

Id

I—

FIG. 25 15 -MINUTE POWER DEMAND,

K

W



7

c/}

X

hh- 5

<

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF

15-MINUTE POWER DEMANDS

GREATER THAN 5 K W FOR

HOUSE 656 LITTLE ROCK AFB

FROM AUG. 8 TO SEPT. 7, 1959

FIG. 27 15-MINUTE POWER DEMAND, KW

PERCENT

OF

15

MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

THIS

DEMAND

15 -MINUTE POWER DEMAND, K W

FIG. 28

-23-

An inspection of Figures 19 to 28 shows that the frequency

distribution curves were exponential in shape for the range of

power demand values of 5 KW and higher. Mathematical expressions were derived for some of the curves indicating that they

were generally of the form y = Ce"^-X in which the values of

constants C and k differed somewhat for different houses, x

represented the 15-minute power demand in KW, and y represented the percent of the total monthly demand intervals at

this value of power demand.

The number of 15-minute intervals in the month for which

the power demand would be expected to be at any selected value

from 5 KW to the maximum can be read directly from Figures 19

to 28 for this group of sample houses. Tables 32 and 33 show

the power demands corresponding to frequencies of 0.1, 1.0

and 5«0 percent for the period January 8. i960 to February 8,

I960, and to frequencies of 0.1, 1.0, and 3*0 percent for the

period August 8, 1959 to September 7 j> 1959 taken from Figures

19 to 28. Since there are ninety-six 15-minute periods in a day, a frequency of 1 percent corresponds to about one 15-

minute period per day on the average. These tables show that

the demands of houses 14, 263 ^ and 587 were similar during

January and that those for houses 14, 263.0 and 656 were similar during August. The demands for house 468, a 4~bedroom

house, were larger than the others for both months whereas

the demands for house Jb were the lowest of the group during

January and second highest in August.

Using the data for house 14, curves were plotted from

the data for January and for August for the frequency of recurrence of all demands from 0 to maximum power demand. Both

curves are of the exponential form y = Ce“Kx

, either in part

or totally, as illustrated in Figures 29 and 30 showing the

curves. The curve drawn through the observed data for

January in Figure 29 fits the exponential curve reasonably

well from 6 KW to the maximum of about 18 KW, but bends to

the right from the exponential curve for demand values from

3.5 to 6 KW.

The reasons for the significant difference in the shape

of the frequency curve below demand levels of 3»5 KW between

January and August are not fully understood. However, Figure

8 indicates that the heat pump probably was not in operation

during the night in house 14 thus reducing the occurrence of

power demands on the order of 3.5 KW considerably during the

night, and increasing the frequency of smaller demands. It

is also probable that the total number of hours in January

30

28

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

RE 29

L5- MINUTE POWER DEMAND, KW (X)

30

28

26

24

22

20

I 8

S 6

I 4

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

i i r

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF

15-MINUTE POWER DEMANDS

GREATER THAN 0.8 K W FOR

HOUSE 14 LITTLE ROCK AFB

FROM AUG. 8 TO SEPT 7, I960

VALUES OBTAINED FROM

METER READINGS

VALUES CALCULATED FROM

GENERAL EQUATION Y = Ce"kx C = 47

AND k* .50

•-PORTION OF CURVED

SHOWN ON EXPANDED

GRAPH, FIGURE N0.25

8 10 12 14 16 18 20

30

15 -MINUTE POWER DEMAND, KW (X)

24-

Table 32

Power Demands at Selected Frequencies of Recurrence

Period January 8_, i 960 to February 8, I960

Selected

Frequency of

Recurrence,, %

15-Minut

e

Power Demand , KW

14

House No

74 263 * 468 587

0,1 14.2 9.4 14.8 18.0 14.8

1.0 10.0 6 .

1

10.8 15.0 9.9

5-0 5.8 < 5.0 6.6 11.5 5.8

Table 33

Power Demands at Selected Frequencies of Recurrence

Period August 8, 1959 to September J

,

1959

Selected 15-Minute Power Demand, KW

Frequency of House No,

Recurrence., % 14 74 263 468 656

0.1 11.4 14.4 13.5 16,0 13.7

1.0 8.0 9*9 8.2 12.2 8,4

3.0 5.5 7.1 5.2 9.3 5.4

-25

that required steady operation of the heat pump for heating

exceeded the total number of hours in August that required

steady operation of the heat pump for cooling. Table 34

shows the frequency of recurrence of outdoor temperatures

in consecutive 5-degree temperature bands from 20°F to 75°F.

The frequencies of recurrence of 15-minute power demands

at or above selected levels of demand from about 5 KW to the

maximum are shown in Figures 31 and 32. The same data were

used for these figures as for Figures 19 to 28,, but in this

case the frequencies shown as ordinates were plotted on a cumulative basis. The data for five houses are shown in

Figure 31 for the month of January i960 and the data for four

of the same houses and one other house are shown in Figure 32

for the month of August 1959. These curves can be used to

determine what part of a day or a month, on the average, will

correspond to 15-minute power demands at any selected value

or higher. For example. Figure 31 shows that the 15-minute

power demand for house 468 will be 15.2 KW or higher, 1 percent of the time, or about one 15-minute period per day on

the average. In Figure 32, it is shown that the 15-minute

power demands that will be equaled or exceeded 1 percent of

the time in August, range from 9.6 to 13.2 KW in the five

sample houses. Curves of this type can be used to evaluate

the probable amount of time that the energy use habits in a given house would be affected by a device which limited the

15-minute demand to any selected value.

Frequency of Recurrence of Outdoor Temperatures in

Selected Temperature Ranges at Little Rock Air Force Base

January 8 to February 8, I960

Table 34

Temperature Range

(°F)

No. of Hours with

Temperatures in

this Range

20 to 25

25 to 30

30 to 35

35 to 40

40 to 45

45 to 50

50 to 55

55 to 60

60 to 65

65 to 70

70 to 75

45

70

90

150

120

95

75

40

35

20

5

PERCENT

OF

15-MINUTE

INTERVALS

AT

OR

ABOVE

THIS

DEMAND

5 7 9 II 13 IS

15-MINUTE POWER DEMAND, KW

FIGURE 31

5 7 9 II 13 15

FIG. 32 15-MINUTE POWER DEMAND, KW

-26

3,6 Relation of Maximum Demand for the Entire Air Base to that

for the Housing Area Only~

Table 35 shows the magnitudes of the monthly 15-minute

maximum demands from April 1959 through February I960, for

both the housing area by itself and the entire air base. It

also shows the times that the monthly maximum demands occurred for both the housing area and the entire air base.

Comparison of the magnitude of the two maximum demands and

the time of occurrence of these demands,, shows clearly that

the demand of the housing area was the predominant factor

determining the monthly maximum demands for the entire air

base. For these months., the maximum demand for the housing

area ranged from 59 percent to 8l percent of that for the

entire air base, with the higher percentages occurring in

the winter months. For all months but five, the time of

maximum demand for the housing area was coincident with that

for the total base. In four of these five months, both

maximum demands occurred on the same morning.

Table 35

Maximum- 15-Minute Demands for Entire Air Base and Housing Area Only

MAGNITUDE OF MONTHLY MAXIMUM

DEMAND (KW) TIME OF MONTHLY

Housing Percent MAXIMUM DEMAND

Area of Entire Entire Housing Area Entire

Time Period Only Air Base Air Base Only Air Base

Mar. 6 - Apr. .7, 1959 7,224 73 9,856 1100 3- 6-59 1100 3- 6-59

Apr. 7

- May 7, 1959 5,712 74 7,728 0700 4-13-59 0930 4- 9-59

May 7

- June 8, 1959 5,292 59 8,949 1230 5-29-59 1045 5-29-59

June 8 - July 7, 1959 7,560 71 10,600 1045 6-29-59 1030 6-29-59

July ?

- Aug. 7

1959 7,308 65 11,200 1145 8- 3-59 1100 8- 3-59

Aug. 7

- Sep. 8, 1959 7,476 67 11,200 1100 8-24-59 1145 8-24-59

Sep. 8 - Oct. 8, 1959 6,384 64 9,968 III5 9-28-59 1115 9-28-59

Oct. 8 - Nov. 9, 1959 10,080 80 12,656 0915 11- 6-59 0915 11- 6-59

Nov. 9

- Dec. 10 . 1959 11,508 80 14 .448 0930 11-1.7-59 0930 11-17-59

Dec. 10, 1959 —> (Jan. 8, i960 11,676 80 14,672 0915 1- 8-60 0915 1- 8-60

Jan. 8 - Feb. 8, I960 12,432 80 15,568 1100 1-18-60 1100 1-18-60

Feb. 8 - Mar. 8, I960 13,860 81 17,024 1015 3- 2-60 1015 3- 2-60
.
-27

It should be noted that the lack of coincidence occurred

during the summer months when the power usage for air conditioning was not as great as for winter operation* In

agreement with much of the data given on the sample houses,

the data in these tables show that in every instance,, except one, the maximum demand for the housing area occurred

during the morning hours.

4 0 METHODS OF LIMITING MAXIMUM POWER DEMAND

IN THE HOUSING AREA

Various devices and methods have been used to limit the

power demand in houses designed for electric heating and

all-electric appliances. These usually take the form of

some type of programming system and could either be administrative or mechanical-electrical. Certain intermittent

operations in a house, such as laundering, could be staggered

throughout the week by administrative order to provide diversity among a large group of houses. This type of programming has the advantage that no equipment is required to implement it, but it depends on voluntary cooperation in most

cases and would cause inconvenience at times. The practicability of administrative programming can best be evaluated

at the air base and will not be further considered In this

discussion.

Mechanical-electrical devices for programming a group

of component loads in a house might take any of the following

forms %

(1) A non-preferentlal total load-limiting device,

( 2 ) A total load-limiting device that gave preference

to certain appliances,

(3) A load selector that permitted either of two

appliances, but not both, to be energized at the

same time,

(4) A relay which permitted one or more appliances to

be energized, only if the load already energized

was below some selected value,

(5) An off-peak water heating control on a time clock.

-28

(6) A relay that cut the applied voltage from 230 volts

to 115 volts on resistance elements such as the

water heater and the supplementary resistance heaters

in the heat pumps whenever the power demand reached

some selected value,

(7) A control that cut off the water heater for intervals

of 2 hours, more or less, during the time of the day

when other loads were high, but with these 2~hour

periods staggered throughout the period from about

0800 to 2000 hours.

In considering the type of programmer that would provide

the best combination of reduction of maximum demand and minimum of inconvenience to the house occupants, the principal

conclusions indicated by the foregoing analysis of the energy

usage and power demand in the sample houses and the priority

of the several load components in the house from a convenience

standpoint should be taken into account

.

The more significant conclusions indicated by the analysis

of the data from the sample houses and from the entire housing

area may be summarized as follows?

(a) The data in Tables 13 to 18 indicate that the maximum

demand for the entire housing area, was caused by a moderately high average demand in many houses rather

than a coincidence of the maximum, or very high demand

in a minority of the houses. None of the .16 sample

houses exhibited a monthly maximum demand coincident

with the monthly maximum demand for the entire housing

area, yet the average demand in the sample houses at

the time of the monthly maximum for the entire housing

area was about equal to the average for all of the

houses at that time. This suggests that a program

device which simply reduced the Individual house maximum demand by 4 or 5 KW probably would not have a significant effect on the maximum demand for the entire housing area.

(b) Figures 3 to .12 show that the average power demand

during the hours from about O63O to 2000 was significantly higher than during the night hours. This difference was more significant in the summer than in the

winter. Table 13 shows that, for four of the five

sample houses studied, the rate of energy use during

the hours from 0700 to 2300 was about 1 1/2 times

-29-

that used during the night hours from 2300 to 0J00

in the month of January and that this ratio was about

4 to 1 between the same periods in the month of August,

The difference was not as great as this in the fifth

house,, i.e. house 263 during August and house 468

during January, Figures 3 to 12 and Table 13 indicate

that a program device that would shift some of the load

from the daytime hours to the night hours would probably provide a lower maximum demand for the housing area,

(c) Tables 19 to 24 show that maximum power demand for the

individual house averaged about 14 KW in the summer

and about 17-5 KW in the winter with the heat pump,

water heater, and miscellaneous devices being the

principal contributors to these maximum demands.

Tables 25 to 30 show that the coincidence factor between the maximum demands of the load components in

each house and the maximum demand for the entire house

load averaged about 0,71 both winter and summer,

(d) Figures 19 to 28 show that an exponential curve of the

form y = Ce~^x represents fairly well the frequency of

recurrence, y, of power demands from about 5 KW upward,

and the numerical value of the 15 -minute power demand,

x. Cumulative curves. Figures 31 and 32, for frequency of recurrence of high power demands, show that

power demands of 11,5 KW or more occur only about 1

percent of the time, or about 15 minutes per day, on

the average, during a typical summer or winter month,

except in the large 4-bedroom houses with two heat

pumps. These cumulative frequency curves also indicate

that power demands in excess of 7 KW occur for about

3 hours per day, on the average, except in the large

4-bedroom houses.

(e) Tables 5 to 9 show that the energy usage for heating

was best correlated with the heating load on the basis

of total energy used for heating, including the contribution made by the appliances other than the heat

pump, the degree-days determined from average indoor

temperature and mean daily outdoor temperature, and

the floor area of the house. The average energy usage

factor for the 16 sample houses based on a 5-month

period from October 1959 through February I960 was

2.18 KWH/degree-day (l,000 sq ft of floor area).
,
-30-

(f) Tables 10 to 12 show that the energy usage for cooling

was best correlated with the cooling load on the basis

of the energy used for the heat pump,, the degree-days

determined from the hourly values of outdoor temperature related to a 65°F base, and the floor area of

the house. The average energy usage factor for the 16

sample houses based on a 3 -month period from June

through August 1959 was 2.1 KWH/degree-day ( 1,000 sq

ft of floor area).

(g) The average annual energy used by the 16 sample houses

(the sample consisted of 15 houses for a few months)

for the 12-month period from March 1959 to February

I960 was 25^300 KWH. Of this total 48.6 percent was

used by the heat pump, including the supplementary resistance heaters, for heating and cooling; 24.3 percent

was used for water heating; 23 » 3 percent was used for

miscellaneous devices, including a resistance heater

in the bathroom; and 3.8 percent was used by the electric range. Annual costs can be derived from these

data by applying appropriate rate schedules.

From a convenience standpoint it is believed that the

various functions occurring in a house that require electric

energy should be placed in the following order of decreasing

prioritys

(1) cooking

(2) heating and cooling

(3) miscellaneous uses, laundering, ironing, etc.

(4) water heating.

Cooking was given priority over heating partly because it can

effectively substitute for heating for limited periods of time.

Heating and cooling were given priority over miscellaneous

uses because they are continuous requirements over rather long

periods of time whereas the occupant has considerable choice

in performing the miscellaneous functions of laundering, ironing, etc. Water heating was given the lowest priority because

it is both possible and conventional to provide some storage

of hot water whereas only very limited storage of heating and

cooling effect is practical and the other functions cannot be

stored.

-31-

The foregoing analysis and conclusions, regarding the

average pattern of daily power demand, the coincidence factor

within individual houses and among groups of houses, the

probable cause of the maximum demand for the entire housing

area, the frequency of recurrence of high demands, and the

convenience considerations associated with the various energyusing activities in a house indicate that some type of programmer that caused the water heater to be energized only

during periods of low or moderate demand by other appliances

offers the best possibility of decreasing the maximum 15 - minute power demands for the entire housing area. Program

devices 3 through J, listed at the beginning of Section 4

of this report, are different variations of this type of

device

.

Of all the devices listed it is believed that a relay

which permitted one or more appliances to be energized, only

if the load already energized was below some selected value,

identified as (4) in the earlier listing, offers the best

possibility of distributing the total daily energy use evenly

over the 24-hour period. This type of relay would consist

of a current coil in the lines serving the house that would

interrupt the circuit to the water heater or possibly to the

water heater and dryer, whenever the current reached some

selected value. In this arrangement the electric service

to the water heater, or water heater and dryer, would be

connected on the line side of the current relay. This device would not limit the power demand or time of use of any

component of the load except the one or two interrupted by

the current relay, and would not prevent these from being

energized except at times of high demand. The data on frequency of recurrence of high demands indicates that such a relay should be activated at a load somewhat above that

caused by the compression system of the heat pump, but

somewhat below the load when the compression system and

supplementary resistance heaters were both energized. That

is,, in the houses with one heat pump the relay should be

energized at a load somewhere between 5 and 8 KW and in the

houses with two heat pumps at a load somewhere between 9 and

12 KW. This type of program device would probably require a water heater sized for off-peak heating to provide greater

storage of hot water than is now possible. This type of replacement should be considered whenever an existing water

heater has failed.

-32-

An off-peak water heating schedule controlled by a time

clock could also be used to shift the water heating load to

the night hours, but unless the hours of water heating were

staggered after midnight,, the time of maximum demand for the

entire housing area might only be shifted to a new hour

without reduction in magnitude. This device might still be

practical,, if it were found that the power demand of the air

base outside the housing area became quite low at night„

The type of device which permitted either of two devices

to be energized as required, but not both simultaneously,

would probably reduce the maximum power demand in each house

appreciably, but it might not reduce the high average that

appears to have caused the maximum demand for the entire

housing area.

It is recommended that water heaters with storage tanks

suited to off-peak heating be installed whenever an opportunity for replacement occurs and that one or more of the

program devices that would reduce the peaks and fill in the

valleys of the daily demand curves be tried on a pilot basis.

In our opinion, the program devices identified by the numbers

(4), ( 6 ), (7) and ( 5 ) offer the best possibilities for reduction of maximum demand at the air base.

USCOMM-NBS-DC
>
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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