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Filed 8/25/20 P. v. Hope CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(El Dorado)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JEFFRY ALAN HOPE,

Defendant and Appellant.

C090484

(Super. Ct. No. S19CRF0070)

Based on evidence that defendant Jeffry Alan Hope, while on probation, poured 

trash from a trash can all over a picnic table used by customers of a business in violation 

of a local code prohibiting littering, the trial court found that defendant violated the 
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condition of his probation that he obey all laws and sentenced him to two years in prison 

based on a previous stalking conviction.

Defendant now contends (1) his littering offense was an infraction not 

contemplated by the “obey all laws” probation condition, and (2) in the alternative, if the 

littering infraction was a breach of the probation condition, his due process rights were 

violated because the condition did not provide fair warning that he could be sent to prison 

for committing an infraction.

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Finding no merit in defendant’s contentions, we will affirm the judgment.

BACKGROUND

In May 2019, defendant pleaded no contest to stalking. (Pen. Code, § 646.9, 

subd. (a).)

2 The trial court placed him on formal probation for three years with various 

terms and conditions, including that he obey all laws.

Approximately two months later, however, the People filed a petition to revoke 

defendant’s probation, alleging that he violated the “obey all laws” probation condition 

1 Defendant also asserted in his opening brief that the trial court should have referred 

him to mental health diversion. But in a supplemental letter brief, he agreed with 

the People that the diversion contention is untimely. We agree that defendant’s failure 

to seek mental health diversion in the trial court, well after Penal Code section 1001.36’s 

effective date of June 27, 2018 (People v. Torres (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 849, 855), 

is fatal to the claim on appeal. (See People v. Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 856

[“a defendant generally must preserve claims of trial error by contemporaneous 

objection as a prerequisite to raising them on appeal”].) The question of Penal Code

section 1001.36’s retroactivity to cases in which the judgment is not yet final -- recently 

addressed by our Supreme Court in People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618 -- is not at issue 

here, because Penal Code section 1001.36 was effective months before defendant pleaded 

no contest. Because defendant concedes untimeliness, we do not address the issue 

further. (See People v. King (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1363, 1368, fn. 1 [not addressing 

further a contention that defendant conceded after filing his opening brief]; see also 

Sisemore v. Master Financial, Inc. (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 1386, 1403, fn. 8.)

2 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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by violating South Lake Tahoe City Code section 4.50.030, subdivision (a),

3 which 

prohibits littering. At an August 2019 hearing, the People presented evidence that 

defendant poured trash from an outside trash bin all over a picnic table used by customers 

of a beverage establishment. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court sustained 

the petition, finding that defendant violated the City Code. The trial court revoked 

probation, denied reinstatement, and sentenced defendant to the middle term of two years 

in prison with 132 days of presentence credit.

DISCUSSION

I

Defendant contends his littering offense was an infraction not contemplated by the 

“obey all laws” probation condition. He argues that because an infraction is not 

punishable by imprisonment and does not bear the social stigma of felonies and 

misdemeanors, his commission of an infraction could not implicate the “obey all laws” 

condition of his probation.

The Penal Code divides offenses into felonies, misdemeanors and infractions.

(People v. Cortez (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1436, 1442; § 16.) Although an infraction is 

not punishable by imprisonment, it is generally subject to the same provisions of law 

3 Though neither party requested we take judicial notice of the provision, they agree it 

states, in relevant part: “It shall be unlawful for any person to throw, dump, scatter, 

discard, place or deposit litter in any manner or amount on any highway, road, right-ofway, or public or private property within the corporate limits of the city, except in 

containers or areas lawfully provided for that use.” We accept the parties’ shared 

representation of the provision’s language. (See Meddock v. County of Yolo (2013) 

220 Cal.App.4th 170, 175, fn. 3 [“Although we generally disregard unsupported 

assertions [citation], where the parties agree, we accept their agreed facts as mutual 

concessions [citation]”]; cf. Mani Brothers Real Estate Group v. City of Los Angeles 

(2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1385, 1403, fn. 4 [denying the City of Los Angeles’s request the 

court take judicial notice of city ordinances, because “the requested materials were not 

brought before the decisionmaking body and considered by it”].)
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applicable to misdemeanors. (Cortez, at p. 1442; §§ 19.6, 19.7.) All three categories of 

offenses are considered crimes or public offenses. (Cortez, at p. 1442; §§ 15, 16.) 

Defendant’s arguments, which invoke decisions from Alaska and Hawaii, are not 

persuasive because in California the commission of an infraction involves the failure to 

obey the law. (§§ 15, 16.) Arguments regarding the level of punishment or the extent of 

social stigma are not dispositive in determining whether defendant obeyed all laws.

A trial court has “very broad discretion in determining whether a probationer has 

violated probation.” (People v. Rodriguez (1990) 51 Cal.3d 437, 443.) On this record, 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that defendant violated probation by 

failing to obey all laws. Given this conclusion, we need not address the People’s 

argument (disputed by defendant) that defendant’s conduct was also a misdemeanor 

offense.

II

Defendant further argues, in the alternative, that if the littering infraction was a 

breach of the “obey all laws” probation condition, his due process rights were violated

because the condition did not provide fair warning that he could be sent to prison for 

committing an infraction.

We review a constitutional challenge to a probation condition de novo, and 

contrary to the People’s assertion, such a challenge is not forfeited by a failure to raise 

the challenge in the trial court. (People v. Nice (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 928, 945, review 

granted Aug. 24, 2016 & dismissed Mar. 23, 2017, S235635; see also People v. Forrest

(2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1074, 1080.)

Even if defendant did not realize that the probation condition to obey all laws 

meant what it said, or that dumping the contents of a trash can on business property could 

result in prison time, his mistake of law does not offend due process. Ignorance of the 

law is no excuse. (People v. Mills (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1278, 1290-1291.) An offender 

is on constructive notice, and there is no due process violation, so long as the relevant 
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provision is in force at the time of the offender’s conduct. (People v. Sweet (1989) 

207 Cal.App.3d 78, 87.)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

 /S/

MAURO, J.

We concur:

 /S/

RAYE, P. J.

 /S/

ROBIE, J.