# Patent

## Title
Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing the same

## Abstract

An embodiment is to include a staggered (top gate structure) thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is used as a semiconductor layer and a buffer layer is provided between the semiconductor layer and a source and drain electrode layers. The buffer layer having higher carrier concentration than the semiconductor layer is provided intentionally between the source and drain electrode layers and the semiconductor layer, whereby an ohmic contact is formed.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device which has a circuit including a thin film transistor (hereinafter, referred to as a TFT) in which a channel formation region is formed using an oxide semiconductor film and a manufacturing method thereof. For example, the present invention relates to an electronic appliance in which an electro-optical device typified by a liquid crystal display panel or a light-emitting display device including a light-emitting element is mounted as its component.
Note that the semiconductor device in this specification indicates all the devices which can operate by using semiconductor characteristics, and an electro-optical device, a semiconductor circuit, and an electronic appliance are all included in the semiconductor devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, active matrix display devices (such as liquid crystal display devices, light-emitting display devices, or electrophoretic display devices) in which a switching element including a TFT is provided in each of display pixels arranged in a matrix have been actively developed. In the active matrix display devices, a switching element is provided in each of pixels (or each of dots), and thus, there is such an advantage that the active matrix display devices can be driven at lower voltage than passive matrix display devices in the case where the pixel density is increased.
In addition, a technique has attracted attention, where a thin film transistor (TFT) in which a channel formation region is formed using an oxide semiconductor film, or the like is manufactured and such a TFT or the like is applied to electronic devices or optical devices. For example, a TFT in which zinc oxide (ZnO) is used as an oxide semiconductor film or a TFT in which InGaO3(ZnO)m is used as an oxide semiconductor film can be given. A technique in which a TFT including such an oxide semiconductor film is formed over a light-transmitting substrate and used as a switching element or the like of an image display device, is disclosed in Reference 1 and Reference 2.
REFERENCE
Patent Document
Reference 1: Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2007-123861
Reference 2: Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2007-096055
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
For a thin film transistor in which a channel formation region is formed using an oxide semiconductor film, high speed operation, a comparatively easy manufacturing process, and sufficient reliability are required.
In formation of a thin film transistor, a low resistance metal material is used for a source and drain electrodes. In particular, when a display device with a large-area display is manufactured, a problem of signal delay due to resistance of a wiring significantly arises. Accordingly, it is preferable that a metal material with a low electric resistance value be used for a material of a wiring and an electrode. In a thin film transistor having a structure in which an oxide semiconductor film and a source and drain electrodes formed using a metal material with a low electric resistance value are in direct contact with each other, there is a concern that contact resistance increases. One of conceivable reasons for increase of contact resistance is to form Schottky junction in a contact surface between the source and drain electrodes and the oxide semiconductor film.
In addition, capacitance is formed in a portion where the source and drain electrodes and the oxide semiconductor film have a direct contact with each other, and there are risks that frequency characteristics (called “f characteristics”) decrease and high speed operation of the thin film transistor is hindered.
An object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a thin film transistor and a manufacturing method thereof, in which an oxide semiconductor film containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) is used and the contact resistance of a source or drain electrode is reduced.
Another object is to improve operation characteristics and reliability of the thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is used.
Further, another object is to reduce variation in electric properties of the thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is used. In particular, in a liquid crystal display device where variation between elements is large, there is a risk that display unevenness due to variation in the TFT characteristics is caused.
Further, in a display device including a light-emitting element, in the case where there is large variation in ON current (Ion) of TFTs (TFTs provided in a driver circuit or TFTs supplying current to light-emitting elements arranged in pixels) arranged so as to make constant current flow in a pixel electrode, there is a risk that variation in luminance is generated on a display screen.
The present invention aims to achieve at least one of the above-described objects.
An embodiment of the present invention is a staggered (top gate structure) thin film transistor in which an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is used as a semiconductor layer and a buffer layer is provided between the semiconductor layer and a source and drain electrode layers.
In this specification, a semiconductor layer formed using an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is also referred to as an “IGZO semiconductor layer”.
Ohmic contact is needed between the source electrode layer and the IGZO semiconductor layer and moreover, its contact resistance is preferably reduced as much as possible. Similarly, ohmic contact is needed between the drain electrode layer and the IGZO semiconductor layer, and its contact resistance is preferably reduced as much as possible.
Thus, a buffer layer with higher carrier concentration than the IGZO semiconductor layer is intentionally provided between the source and drain electrode layers and the IGZO semiconductor layer, so that ohmic contact is formed.
As the buffer layer, an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn, which has n-type conductivity, (hereinafter referred to as an “n-type oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn”) is used. The buffer layer may contain an impurity element imparting n-type conductivity. As the impurity element, for example, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, iron, tin, calcium, germanium, scandium, yttrium, zirconium, hafnium, boron, thallium, lead, or the like can be used. When magnesium, aluminum, titanium, or the like is contained in the buffer layer, a blocking effect against oxygen or the like is generated, and oxygen concentration of the semiconductor layer can be kept within an optimal range by heat treatment or the like after film formation.
The buffer layer functions as an n+ layer and can also be referred to as a source or a drain region.
In order to reduce variation in electric properties of the thin film transistor, it is preferable that the IGZO semiconductor layer have an amorphous state.
An embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention includes a thin film transistor which includes a source and drain electrode layers, an n-type buffer layer over the source and drain electrode layers, a semiconductor layer over the n-type buffer layer, a gate insulating layer over the semiconductor layer, and a gate electrode layer over the gate insulating layer. The semiconductor layer and the n-type buffer layer are oxide semiconductor layers containing indium, gallium, and zinc. The carrier concentration of the n-type buffer layer is higher than that of the semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other with the n-type buffer layer interposed therebetween.
Another embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention includes a thin film transistor which includes a source and drain electrode layers, an n-type buffer layer over the source and drain electrode layers, a semiconductor layer over the n-type buffer layer, a gate insulating layer over the semiconductor layer, and a gate electrode layer over the gate insulating layer. The semiconductor layer and the n-type buffer layer are oxide semiconductor layers containing indium, gallium, and zinc. The source and drain electrode layers and the gate electrode layer do not overlap at a channel formation region of the semiconductor layer. The carrier concentration of the n-type buffer layer is higher than that of the semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other with the n-type buffer layer interposed therebetween.
Because an oxide semiconductor layer absorbs little light, there is no need to cover a channel formation region of the semiconductor layer with a gate electrode layer to shield the channel formation region from light. Thus, it is possible to employ a structure in which a source and drain electrode layers and a gate electrode layer do not overlap at a channel formation region of a semiconductor layer, and thus, parasitic capacitance can be reduced.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a region in a semiconductor layer between buffer layers that are a source and drain regions is a channel formation region. Thus, the channel length is the length of the region between the buffer layer serving as a source region and the buffer layer serving as a drain region in a channel length direction. Even in a region of a channel formation region in a semiconductor layer which does not overlap with a gate electrode layer, a channel is formed by voltage application to the gate electrode layer, and the region serves as a channel region. An edge of the gate electrode layer and an edge of the buffer layer may be aligned with each other.
The buffer layers are provided between the source and drain electrode layers and the semiconductor layer. Thus, the buffer layers are provided to cover at least edge portions of the source and drain electrode layers on a side thereof in contact with the semiconductor layer (on a side opposite to a side thereof in contact with the gate insulating layer).
In the above structure, a second buffer layer may be provided between the semiconductor layer and the buffer layer. The carrier concentration of the second buffer layer is higher than that of the semiconductor layer and lower than that of the buffer layer. The second buffer layer functions as an n− layer.
The oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn (IGZO film) has such a characteristic that the hole mobility becomes higher as the carrier concentration becomes higher. Thus, the carrier concentration and the hole mobility in the oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn have a relation shown in FIG. 27. In an embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable that an IGZO film appropriate for a channel of a semiconductor layer have a carrier concentration (a concentration range 1 of a channel) lower than 1×1017 atoms/cm3 (more preferably, 1×1011 atoms/cm3 or higher) and an IGZO film appropriate for a buffer layer have a carrier concentration (a concentration range 2 of a buffer layer) of 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or higher (1×1022 atoms/cm3 or lower). In the case of a semiconductor layer, the carrier concentration of the above IGZO film is a value in a condition at room temperature where source, drain, and gate voltages are not applied.
If the carrier concentration of the IGZO film for a channel exceeds the above range, there is a risk that a thin film transistor becomes normally on. Thus, with use of the IGZO film within a carrier concentration range of an embodiment of the present invention as a channel of a semiconductor layer, a highly reliable thin film transistor can be provided.
In addition, a titanium film is preferably used as the source and drain electrode layers. For example, a stacked layer of a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film has low resistance, and hillock is hardly generated in the aluminum film.
In an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device of the present invention, a source and drain electrode layers are formed over a substrate, an n-type buffer layer is formed over the source and drain electrode layers, a semiconductor layer is formed over the n-type buffer layer, a gate insulating layer is formed over the semiconductor layer, and a gate electrode layer is formed over the gate insulating layer. The semiconductor layer and the n-type buffer layer are formed using oxide semiconductor layers containing indium, gallium, and zinc. The carrier concentration of the n-type buffer layer is higher than that of the semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other with the n-type buffer layer interposed therebetween.
The semiconductor layer, the gate insulating layer, and the gate electrode layer can be successively formed without exposure to air. Successive formation contributes to reduction of defects caused by entry of impurities to be dust into an interface from air.
The source and drain electrode layers, the buffer layer, the semiconductor layer, the gate insulating layer, and the gate electrode layer may be formed by a sputtering method. It is preferable that the gate insulating layer and the semiconductor layer be formed in an oxygen atmosphere (or an atmosphere which contains oxygen of 90% or higher and a rare gas (argon) of 10% or lower) and that the n-type buffer layer be formed in a rare gas (argon) atmosphere.
Successive formation by a sputtering method as described above makes productivity high and reliability of a thin film interface stable. Further, by forming the semiconductor layer and the gate insulating layer in an oxygen atmosphere so that a large amount of oxygen is contained, it is possible to suppress reduction in reliability due to deterioration, shift of the thin film transistor characteristics toward the normally on side, and the like.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a thin film transistor with small photoelectric current, small parasitic capacitance, and high on-off ratio can be obtained, so that a thin film transistor having excellent dynamic characteristics can be manufactured. Therefore, a semiconductor device which includes thin film transistors having high electric properties and high reliability can be provided.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1(A1), 1(A2), 1(B1), and 1(B2) illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 3A to 3F illustrate a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 4A to 4D illustrate a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 5(A1), 5(A2), 5(B1), and 5(B2) illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIG. 6 illustrates a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 7A and 7B each illustrate an example of a usage pattern of electronic paper.
FIG. 8 is an external view illustrating an example of an e-book reader.
FIG. 9A is an external view illustrating an example of a television device and FIG. 9B is an external view of an example of a digital photo frame.
FIGS. 10A and 10B are external views each illustrating an example of an amusement machine.
FIG. 11 is an external view illustrating an example of a mobile phone handset.
FIGS. 12A and 12B are block diagrams each illustrating a semiconductor device.
FIG. 13 illustrates a configuration of a signal line driver circuit.
FIG. 14 is a timing chart illustrating operation of a signal line driver circuit.
FIG. 15 is a timing chart illustrating operation of a signal line driver circuit.
FIG. 16 illustrates a configuration of a shift register.
FIG. 17 illustrates a connection of a flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 16.
FIG. 18 is a top schematic view of a multi-chamber manufacturing apparatus.
FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 20(A1), 20(A2), and 20B illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIG. 21 illustrates a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIG. 23 illustrates a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 24A to 24C each illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate a semiconductor device.
FIG. 26 illustrates a semiconductor device.
FIG. 27 is a graph showing a relation between the hole mobility and the carrier concentration.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments will be described in detailed with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the following description, and various changes and modifications for the modes and details thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art unless such changes and modifications depart from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to what is described in the embodiments below. Identical portions or portions having similar functions are marked by same reference numerals throughout the drawings so as to omit repeated explanation.
Embodiment 1
In this embodiment, a thin film transistor and a manufacturing process thereof will be described with reference to FIGS. 1(A1), 1(A2), 1(B1), and 1(B2), FIGS. 2A and 2B, FIGS. 3A to 3F, and FIGS. 4A to 4D.
Thin film transistors 170a and 170b of this embodiment, each of which is a staggered thin film transistor having a top gate structure, are illustrated in FIGS. 1(A1), 1(A2), 1(B1), and 1(B2). FIG. 1(A1) is a plan view and FIG. 1(A2) is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A1-A2 of FIG. 1(A1). FIG. 1(B1) is a plan view and FIG. 1(B2) is a cross-sectional view taken along a line B1-B2 of FIG. 1(B1).
In FIGS. 1(A1), 1(A2), 1(B1), and 1(B2), the thin film transistors 170a and 170b which each include insulating layers 107a and 107b, a source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, n-type buffer layers 104a and 104b, a semiconductor layer 103, a gate insulating layer 102, and a gate electrode layer 101 are each provided over a substrate 100.
As the semiconductor layer 103, an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is used. The buffer layers 104a and 104b having higher carrier concentration than the semiconductor layer 103 are intentionally provided between the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b and the semiconductor layer 103 which is an IGZO semiconductor layer. Accordingly, an ohmic contact is formed.
As the buffer layers 104a and 104b, an n-type oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is used. The buffer layers may contain an impurity element imparting n-type conductivity. As the impurity element, for example, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, iron, tin, calcium, germanium, scandium, yttrium, zirconium, hafnium, boron, thallium, lead, or the like can be used. When magnesium, aluminum, titanium, or the like is contained in the buffer layers, a blocking effect against oxygen or the like is generated, and oxygen concentration of the semiconductor layer can be kept within an optimal range by heat treatment or the like after film formation.
In an embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable that the semiconductor layer have a carrier concentration lower than 1×1017 atoms/cm3 (more preferably, 1×1011 atoms/cm3 or higher) and the buffer layer have a carrier concentration of 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or higher (1×1022 atoms/cm3 or lower).
If the carrier concentration of the IGZO film for a channel exceeds the above range, there is a risk that the thin film transistor becomes normally on. Thus, with use of the IGZO film having the carrier concentration range of an embodiment of the present invention as a channel of the semiconductor layer, a highly reliable thin film transistor can be obtained.
In a case where a second buffer layer having a carrier concentration which is lower than that of the buffer layer functioning as an n+ layer but higher than that of the semiconductor layer is provided between the semiconductor layer and the buffer layer, the carrier concentration of the second buffer layer may be set intermediate between the carrier concentration of the semiconductor layer and the carrier concentration of the buffer layer.
The buffer layers 104a and 104b function as n+ layers and can also be referred to as a source and drain regions.
The thin film transistor 170a in FIGS. 1(A1) and 1(A2) is an example where the buffer layers 104a and 104b are also etched in the etching step of the semiconductor layer 103 using the same mask, and an edge of the semiconductor layer 103 and an edge of the buffer layers 104a and 104b in contact with the gate insulating layer 102 are aligned with each other and are continuous.
The thin film transistor 170b in FIGS. 1(B1) and 1(B2) is an example where the buffer layers 104a and 104b are not etched in the etching step of the semiconductor layer 103, and the buffer layers 104a and 104b extend over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b beyond edges of the semiconductor layer 103 and are exposed.
The thin film transistors 170a and 170b are examples in which the gate insulating layer 102 is provided to cover the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, the buffer layers 104a and 104b, and the semiconductor layer 103. Alternatively, the gate insulating layer 102 may be etched into the same shape as the semiconductor layer 103.
Because an oxide semiconductor layer which is used as the semiconductor layer 103 in an embodiment of the present invention absorbs little light, there is no need to cover a channel formation region of the semiconductor layer with a gate electrode layer to shield the channel formation region from light. Thus, it is possible to employ a structure in which a source and drain electrode layers and a gate electrode layer do not overlap at a channel formation region of a semiconductor layer, and thus, parasitic capacitance can be reduced.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a region in the semiconductor layer 103 between the buffer layers 104a and 104b that are a source and drain regions is a channel formation region. Thus, the channel length is the length of the region between the buffer layer serving as a source region and the buffer layer serving as a drain region in a channel length direction. Even in a region of the channel formation region in the semiconductor layer 103 which does not overlap with the gate electrode layer 101, a channel is formed by voltage application to the gate electrode layer 101, and the region serves as a channel region. An edge of the gate electrode layer 101 and an edge of the buffer layers 104a and 104b may be aligned with each other.
The buffer layers 104a and 104b are provided between the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b and the semiconductor layer 103. Thus, the buffer layers 104a and 104b are provided to cover at least edge portions of the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b on a side thereof in contact with the semiconductor layer 103 (on a side opposite to a side thereof in contact with the gate insulating layer).
A method for manufacturing the thin film transistor 170a of FIGS. 1(A1) and 1(A2) will be described with reference to FIGS. 3A to 3F.
In a staggered thin film transistor of an embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor layer is provided in contact with a substrate; thus, an insulating film is preferably formed as a base film in order to prevent the semiconductor layer from being contaminated with an impurity from the substrate. The base film may be formed with a single layer or stacked layer of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, and/or a silicon nitride oxide film by a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like. In this embodiment, the insulating layers 107a and 107b which function as the base film are formed over the substrate 100.
As the substrate 100, any of the following substrates can be used: non-alkaline glass substrates made of barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, and the like by a fusion method or a float method; ceramic substrates; plastic substrates having heat resistance enough to withstand a process temperature of this manufacturing process; and the like. Alternatively, a metal substrate such as a stainless steel alloy substrate, provided with an insulating film over its surface, may also be used. The substrate 100 may have a size of 320 mm×400 mm, 370 mm×470 mm, 550 mm×650 mm, 600 mm×720 mm, 680 mm×880 mm, 730 mm×920 mm, 1000 mm×1200 mm, 1100 mm×1250 mm, 1150 mm×1300 mm, 1500 mm×1800 mm, 1900 mm×2200 mm, 2160 mm×2460 mm, 2400 mm×2800 mm, 2850 mm×3050 mm, or the like.
The source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b are formed over the insulating layer 107b, and an n-type semiconductor film 114 is formed over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b. The semiconductor film 114 is an n-type semiconductor film which is an n-type oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn.
The source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b can be formed in such a manner that a conductive film is formed over the insulating layer 107b by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method; a mask is formed over the conductive film by a photolithography technique or an inkjet method; and the conductive film is etched using the mask.
The source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b are preferably formed using a single layer or a stacked layer of aluminum, copper, or an aluminum alloy to which an element improving heat resistance or an element preventing a hillock such as silicon, titanium, neodymium, scandium, or molybdenum is added. Alternatively, the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b may have a layered structure where a film on the side in contact with the n-type semiconductor film 114 is formed of titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, or nitride of any of these elements and an aluminum film or an aluminum alloy film is formed thereunder. Further alternatively, the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b may have a layered structure where top and bottom surfaces of aluminum or an aluminum alloy are each covered with titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, or nitride thereof. In this embodiment, a layered conductive film of a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film is used as the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b. 
A stacked layer of a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film has low resistance and hillock is hardly generated in the aluminum film.
The source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b are formed by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method. Alternatively, the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b may be formed by discharging a conductive nanopaste of silver, gold, copper, or the like by a screen printing method, an ink jet method, or the like and baking it.
Note that, because a semiconductor film and a wiring are to be formed over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, it is preferable that the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b be processed to have tapered end portions in order to prevent disconnection.
The n-type semiconductor film 114 may have a thickness of from 2 nm to 100 nm inclusive (preferably, from 20 nm to 50 nm inclusive). It is preferable to form the n-type semiconductor film 114 in a rare gas (preferably, argon) atmosphere.
For example, the n-type semiconductor film 114 can be formed using a DC magnetron sputtering method. Sputtering is performed by a pulsed DC sputtering method in an atmosphere containing only a rare gas, so that an IGZO film that is to be a buffer layer is formed. This IGZO film has lower oxygen concentration than an IGZO film containing excessive oxygen (a semiconductor film 111) which is to be formed later. Further, the IGZO film preferably has higher carrier concentration than the IGZO film containing excessive oxygen (the semiconductor film 111). As a target, a target in which Mg, Al, or Ti is contained in the oxide semiconductor containing In, Ga, and Zn may be used. Mg, Al, or Ti is a material which is easily oxidized, and if such a material is contained in the IGZO film, a blocking effect against oxygen or the like is obtained. Thus, the oxygen concentration in the semiconductor layer can be kept within an optimal range even if heat treatment is performed after formation. This IGZO film functions as a source and drain regions.
A mask 116 is formed over the n-type semiconductor film 114. The mask 116 is formed by a photolithography technique or an ink jet method. With use of the mask 116, the n-type semiconductor film 114 is processed by etching to form n-type semiconductor layers 115a and 115b (see FIG. 3B).
Next, the semiconductor film 111 is formed over the semiconductor layers 115a and 115b (see FIG. 3C).
As the semiconductor film 111, an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is formed. For example, as the semiconductor film 111, an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn may be formed to a thickness of 50 nm by a sputtering method. As specific example conditions, an oxide semiconductor target of 8 inches in diameter containing In, Ga, and Zn is used, a distance between a substrate and the target is set to 170 mm, and film formation is performed with a direct-current (DC) power source of 0.5 kW at a pressure of 0.4 Pa in an argon or oxygen atmosphere. Further, with use of a pulsed direct-current (DC) power source, dust can be reduced and the thickness becomes uniform, which is preferable.
As a formation method, other than a sputtering method, of oxide semiconductor films such as the semiconductor film 111 and the n-type semiconductor film 114, vapor phase methods such as a pulsed laser deposition method (a PLD method) and an electron beam evaporation method can be used. Among vapor phase methods, a PLD method is suitable in terms of easy control of the composition of materials and a sputtering method is suitable in terms of mass productivity as described above.
In etching of IGZO films such as the semiconductor film 111 and the n-type semiconductor film 114, organic acid such as citric acid or oxalic acid can be used for etchant. For example, the semiconductor film 111 with a thickness of 50 nm can be processed by etching with use of ITO07N (manufactured by KANTO CHEMICAL CO., INC.) in 150 seconds.
The semiconductor film 111 which is an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn is preferably formed in an oxygen atmosphere (or an atmosphere containing oxygen of 90% or higher and a rare gas (such as argon or helium) of 10% or lower).
Next, with use of a mask 113, the semiconductor film 111 and the n-type semiconductor layers 115a and 115b are processed by etching to form the semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b (see FIG. 3D). The semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b can be formed by etching the semiconductor film 111 and the n-type semiconductor layers 115a and 115b with use of the mask 113 which is formed by a photolithography technique or a droplet discharge method.
As illustrated in FIG. 3D, in the thin film transistor 170a, the buffer layers 104a and 104b are also etched in the etching step of the semiconductor layer 103 using the same mask. Thus, an edge of the semiconductor layer 103 and an edge of the buffer layers 104a and 104b in contact with the gate insulating layer 102 are aligned with each other and are continuous.
The semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b are etched to have a tapered shape at an end portion, whereby disconnection of a wiring due to a step shape of the semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b can be prevented.
After the mask 113 is removed, the gate insulating layer 102 is formed over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, the buffer layers 104a and 104b, and the semiconductor layer 103, and a conductive film 117 is formed over the gate insulating layer 102 (see FIG. 3E).
The gate insulating layer 102 can be formed by stacking a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film, and a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film in this order. Note that the gate insulating layer can be formed by stacking not two layers but three layers of a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film, a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film, and a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film in this order from the substrate side. Alternatively, the gate insulating layer 102 can be formed with a single layer of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, or a silicon nitride oxide film.
As the gate insulating layer 102, a silicon oxide film may be formed over the semiconductor layer 103 by a sputtering method, and a silicon nitride film may be stacked over the silicon oxide film by a plasma CVD method. Alternatively, a silicon oxide film may be formed by a sputtering method, and a silicon nitride film and a silicon oxide film may be sequentially stacked over the silicon oxide film by a plasma CVD method.
Here, a silicon oxynitride film means a film that contains more oxygen than nitrogen and includes oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and hydrogen at concentrations ranging from 55 at. % to 65 at. %, 1 at. % to 20 at. %, 25 at. % to 35 at. %, and 0.1 at. % to 10 at. %, respectively. Further, a silicon nitride oxide film means a film that contains more nitrogen than oxygen and includes oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and hydrogen at concentrations ranging from 15 at. % to 30 at. %, 20 at. % to 35 at. %, 25 at. % to 35 at. %, and 15 at. % to 25 at. %, respectively.
Alternatively, the gate insulating layer 102 may be formed using one kind of oxide, nitride, oxynitride, or nitride oxide of aluminum, yttrium, or hafnium; or a compound including at least two or more kinds of the aforementioned compounds.
A halogen element such as chlorine or fluorine may be contained in the gate insulating layer 102. The concentration of the halogen element in the gate insulating layer 102 may be from 1×1015 atoms/cm3 to 1×1020 atoms/cm3 inclusive at the concentration peak.
Further, the gate insulating layer 102 is preferably formed in an oxygen atmosphere (or an atmosphere containing oxygen of 90% or higher and a rare gas (such as argon or helium) of 10% or lower).
Next, a mask 118 is formed over the conductive film 117. With use of the mask 118, the conductive film 117 is processed by etching to form the gate electrode layer 101 (see FIG. 3F).
The gate electrode layer 101 is formed using a metal material such as titanium, molybdenum, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, or aluminum, or an alloy material thereof. Alternatively, the gate electrode layer 101 can be formed by discharging a conductive nanopaste of silver, gold, copper, or the like by an inkjet method and baking it. Note that a nitride film of the above-mentioned metal material may be provided over the gate electrode layer. The gate electrode layer 101 may have a single-layer structure or a layered structure. For example, a structure in which an aluminum film and a molybdenum film are stacked in this order, a structure in which an alloy film of aluminum and neodymium and a molybdenum film are stacked in this order, a structure in which an aluminum film and a titanium film are stacked in this order, a structure in which a titanium film, an aluminum film, and a titanium film are stacked in this order, or the like can be formed over the gate insulating layer 102.
After that, the mask 118 is removed. Through the above steps, the thin film transistor 170a can be formed.
Next, manufacturing steps of the thin film transistor 170b in FIGS. 1(B1) and 1(B2) will be described with reference to FIGS. 4A to 4D.
FIG. 4A corresponds to the step of FIG. 3A, and the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b and the n-type semiconductor film 114 are formed over the substrate 100 which is provided with the insulating layers 107a and 107b. 
A mask 121 is formed over the n-type semiconductor film 114, and with use of the mask 121, the n-type semiconductor film 114 is processed by etching to form the buffer layers 104a and 104b (see FIG. 4B).
A semiconductor film is formed over the insulating layer 107b and the buffer layers 104a and 104b, and with use of the mask 113, the semiconductor film is processed by etching to form the semiconductor layer 103 (see FIG. 4C). In FIG. 4C, the etching step to form the semiconductor layer 103 is performed under conditions where the buffer layers 104a and 104b are not etched. Thus, the buffer layers 104a and 104b extend over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b beyond edges of the semiconductor layer 103 and are exposed.
After the mask 113 is removed, the gate insulating layer 102 is formed over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, the buffer layers 104a and 104b, and the semiconductor layer 103, and the gate electrode layer 101 is formed over the gate insulating layer 102 by etching a conductive film with use of the mask 118.
After that, the mask 118 is removed. Through the above steps, the thin film transistor 170b can be formed.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the semiconductor layer, the gate insulating layer, and the gate electrode layer can be formed successively without exposure to air. By successive formation, each interface between the stacked layers can be formed without being contaminated by atmospheric components or contaminating impurities contained in the atmosphere. An example of successively forming the semiconductor layer, the gate insulating layer, and the gate electrode layer is illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
FIG. 2A illustrates a step after the mask 116 in FIG. 3B is removed. A semiconductor film 131 to be the semiconductor layer 103 in a later etching processing, a gate insulating layer 132, and a conductive film 133 to be the gate electrode layer 101 are successively formed without exposure to air (see FIG. 2B). The semiconductor film 131, the gate insulating layer 132, and the conductive film 133 are preferably formed by a sputtering method.
In an active matrix display device, electric properties of thin film transistors included in a circuit are important, and performance of the display device depends on the electric properties. In particular, the threshold voltage (Vth) is important in the electric properties of the thin film transistor. In the case of an n-channel thin film transistor, even if the field-effect mobility is high, when the threshold voltage is high or the threshold voltage is on the minus side it is difficult to control the circuit. When the threshold voltage is high and the absolute value of the threshold voltage is large in the thin film transistor, the thin film transistor cannot perform switching function at low driving voltage and may be a load. Further, when the threshold voltage is on the minus side in the case of an n-channel thin film transistor, current tends to flow between the source electrode and the drain electrode even when the gate voltage is 0 V; in other words, the thin film transistor tends to be normally on.
In the case of an n-channel thin film transistor, it is preferable that a channel be formed and drain current begin to flow after the positive voltage is applied as the gate voltage. A transistor in which a channel is not formed unless the driving voltage is set high and a transistor in which a channel is formed and drain current flows even at a negative voltage are unsuitable for a thin film transistor used in a circuit.
Thus, it is preferable that a channel be formed with a positive threshold voltage of a gate voltage which is as close to 0V as possible in a thin film transistor using an oxide semiconductor film containing In, Ga, and Zn.
The threshold voltage of the thin film transistor is considered to be greatly affected by an interface of the oxide semiconductor layer, that is, an interface between the oxide semiconductor layer and the gate insulating layer.
Thus, by formation of the interface in a clean condition, in addition to improving electric properties of the thin film transistor, the manufacturing process can be prevented from being complicated, so that a thin film transistor provided with improved mass productivity and high performance is achieved.
In particular, in the case where moisture from air is present in an interface between the oxide semiconductor layer and the gate insulating layer, problems arise in that the electric properties of the thin film transistor is degraded, the threshold voltages vary, and the thin film transistor tends to be normally on. Successive formation of the oxide semiconductor layer and the gate insulating layer excludes hydrogen compounds.
Thus, the semiconductor film 131 and the gate insulating layer 132 are successively formed under reduced pressure by a sputtering method without exposure to air, whereby a thin film transistor having an excellent interface, reduced leakage current, and high current driving capability can be achieved.
By successive formation with use of a sputtering method in the above manner, productivity is increased and reliability of a thin film interface is stable. Furthermore, the semiconductor layer and the gate insulating layer are formed in an oxygen atmosphere so that a large amount of oxygen is contained, it is possible to suppress the reduction in reliability due to deterioration and the thin film transistor to be normally on.
The masks used for etching to form the semiconductor layer and the gate electrode layer may be formed by light exposure using a multi-tone mask (typically, a gray-tone mask or a half-tone mask).
A multi-tone mask can achieve three levels of light exposure to obtain an exposed portion, a half-exposed portion, and an unexposed portion; one-time exposure and development process enables a resist mask with regions of plural thicknesses (typically, two kinds of thicknesses) to be formed. Thus, the use of a multi-tone mask allows the number of photomasks to be reduced. The number of masks can be reduced; therefore, simplification of process and reduction in cost can be achieved.
An insulating film may be formed as a protective film over each of the thin film transistors 170a and 170b. The protective film can be formed in a manner similar to formation of the gate insulating layer. Note that the protective film is provided to prevent entry of a contaminant impurity such as an organic substance, a metal, or moisture floating in air and is preferably a dense film. For example, a stacked layer of a silicon oxide film and a silicon nitride film may be formed as the protective film over each of the thin film transistors 170a and 170b. 
Further, it is preferable that heat treatment be performed on oxide semiconductor films such as the semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b after film formation. The heat treatment may be performed in any step after film formation, and it can be performed immediately after film formation, after formation of the conductive film 117, after formation of the protective film, or the like. Further, such heat treatment may be performed to serve as another heat treatment. The heat temperature may be from 300° C. to 400° C. inclusive, preferably, 350° C. Heat treatment may be performed plural times so that heat treatment of the semiconductor layer 103 and heat treatment of the buffer layers 104a and 104b are performed in different steps.
In the case of a structure where a source and drain electrode layers, a semiconductor layer (an oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Ga, and Zn), a gate insulating layer, and a gate electrode layer are stacked without providing a buffer layer (an n-type oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Ga, and Zn), a distance between the gate electrode layer and the source or drain electrode layer is small so that parasitic capacitance generated between the gate electrode layer and the source or drain electrode layer increases. Furthermore, this increase in parasitic capacitance becomes significant as the thickness of the semiconductor layer decreases. In this embodiment, the buffer layer having high carrier concentration, which is an n-type oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Ga, and Zn, is provided, and the thin film transistor has a structure where the source and drain electrode layers, the buffer layer, the semiconductor layer, the gate insulating layer, and the gate electrode layer are stacked. Therefore, parasitic capacitance can be suppressed even if the semiconductor layer has a small thickness.
According to this embodiment, a thin film transistor with small photoelectric current, small parasitic capacitance, and high on-off ratio can be obtained, so that a thin film transistor having excellent dynamic characteristics can be manufactured. Therefore, a semiconductor device including thin film transistors with high electric properties and high reliability can be provided.
Embodiment 2
In this embodiment, an example of a thin film transistor having a multi-gate structure will be described. Accordingly, except the gate structure, the thin film transistor can be formed in a manner similar to Embodiment 1, and repetitive description of the same portions as or portions having functions similar to those in Embodiment 1 and manufacturing steps will be omitted.
In this embodiment, a thin film transistor included in a semiconductor device will be described with reference to FIGS. 5(A1), 5(A2), 5(B1), and 5(B2). FIG. 5(A1) is a plan view and FIG. 5(A2) is a cross-sectional view taken along a line E1-E2 of FIG. 5(A1). FIG. 5(B1) is a plan view and FIG. 5(B2) is a cross-sectional view taken along a line F1-F2 of FIG. 5(B1).
As illustrated in FIGS. 5(A1) and 5(A2), over a substrate 150, a thin film transistor 171a having a multi-gate structure, which includes insulating layers 157a and 157b, a source and drain electrode layers 155a and 155b, a wiring layer 156, a semiconductor layer 153, buffer layers 154a, 154b, and 154c, and gate electrode layers 151a and 151b, is formed. In the thin film transistor 171a, the semiconductor layer 153 is continuously provided below the gate electrode layers 151a and 151b with a gate insulating layer 152 interposed therebetween.
FIGS. 5(B1) and 5(B2) illustrates a thin film transistor 171b having another multi-gate structure. As illustrated in FIGS. 5(B1) and 5(B2), over a substrate 150, the thin film transistor 171b having a multi-gate structure, which includes insulating layers 157a and 157b, a source and drain electrode layers 155a and 155b, a wiring layer 156, semiconductor layers 153a and 153b, buffer layers 154a, 154b, 154c, and 154d, and gate electrode layers 151a and 151b, is provided.
In the thin film transistor 171b, over the wiring layer 156, a semiconductor layer is divided into the semiconductor layers 153a and 153b and a buffer layer is divided into the buffer layers 154c and 154d. The semiconductor layers 153a and 153b are electrically connected to each other with the buffer layers 154c and 154d and the wiring layer 156 interposed therebetween. In addition, the semiconductor layer 153a is electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 155a with the buffer layer 154a interposed therebetween and the semiconductor layer 153b is electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 155b with the buffer layer 154b interposed therebetween.
The semiconductor layer 153 (153a, 153b) is an oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Ga, and Zn, and the buffer layers 154a, 154b, 154c, and 154d are n-type oxide semiconductor layers containing In, Ga, and Zn. The buffer layers 154a, 154b, 154c, and 154d have higher carrier concentration than the semiconductor layer 153 (153a, 153b).
As described above, in a thin film transistor having a multi-gate structure of an embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor layer may be continuously formed below each gate electrode layer or a plurality of semiconductor layers which are electrically connected to each other with a buffer layer, a wiring layer, or the like interposed therebetween may be provided.
A thin film transistor having a multi-gate structure of an embodiment of the present invention has small off current, and a semiconductor device including such a thin film transistor can have high electric properties and high reliability.
In this embodiment, a double-gate structure in which two gate electrode layers are provided is described as an example of a multi-gate structure; however, the present invention can be applied to a triple-gate structure in which a larger number of gate electrode layers are provided, or the like.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 3
In this embodiment, an example of a thin film transistor in which a buffer layer has a layered structure will be described. Therefore, except the buffer layer, the thin film transistor can be formed in a manner similar to Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, and repetitive description of the same portions or portions having functions similar to those in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, and manufacturing steps thereof will be omitted.
In this embodiment, a thin film transistor 173 used in a semiconductor device is described with reference to FIG. 6.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, over a substrate 100, the thin film transistor 173 including insulating layers 107a and 107b, a source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, buffer layers 104a and 104b, buffer layers 106a and 106b, a semiconductor layer 103, a gate insulating layer 102, and a gate electrode layer 101 is provided.
In the thin film transistor 173 of this embodiment, the buffer layers 106a and 106b are provided as second buffer layers between the semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b. 
The semiconductor layer 103 is an oxide semiconductor layer containing In, Ga, and Zn. The buffer layers 104a and 104b and the buffer layers 106a and 106b are n-type oxide semiconductor layers containing In, Ga, and Zn.
The second buffer layers (the buffer layers 106a and 106b) provided between the semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 104a and 104b have a carrier concentration which is higher than that of the semiconductor layer 103 but lower than that of the buffer layers 104a and 104b. The buffer layers 104a and 104b function as n+ layers, and the second buffer layers (the buffer layers 106a and 106b) function as n− layers.
In an embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable that the carrier concentration appropriate for the semiconductor layer 103 be lower than 1×1017 atoms/cm3 (more preferably, 1×1011 atoms/cm3 or higher) and the carrier concentration appropriate for the buffer layers be 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or higher (1×1022 atoms/cm3 or lower).
If the carrier concentration of the semiconductor layer 103 for a channel exceeds the above range, there is a risk that the thin film transistor becomes normally on. Thus, with use of the IGZO film having the carrier concentration range of an embodiment of the present invention as a channel of the semiconductor layer 103, a highly reliable thin film transistor can be obtained.
The carrier concentration appropriate for the buffer layers 106a and 106b functioning as n− layers may be lower than that of the buffer layers 104a and 104b functioning as n+ layers but higher than that of the semiconductor layer 103.
As described above, the buffer layers provided between the semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers may have a layered structure, and the carrier concentration of the buffer layers is controlled to become higher from the semiconductor layer toward the source or drain electrode layer.
A thin film transistor including stacked buffer layers of an embodiment of the present invention has small off current. A semiconductor device including such a thin film transistor can have favorable electric properties and high reliability. In addition, when the carrier concentration is increased from the semiconductor layer 103 toward the source or drain electrode layer, contact resistance between the semiconductor layer 103 and the source or drain electrode layer can be reduced. Further, by providing the second buffer layer, electric field concentrated at the bonding interface between the buffer layer and the semiconductor layer 103 can be relieved.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 4
In this embodiment, an example will be described below, in which at least part of a driver circuit and a thin film transistor arranged in a pixel portion are formed over the same substrate in a display device which is one example of a semiconductor device.
The thin film transistor to be arranged in the pixel portion is formed according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 3. Further, the thin film transistor described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 is an n-channel TFT, and thus a part of a driver circuit that can include an n-channel TFT among driver circuits is formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistor of the pixel portion.
FIG. 12A illustrates an example of a block diagram of an active matrix liquid crystal display device which is an example of a semiconductor device. The display device illustrated in FIG. 12A includes, over a substrate 5300, a pixel portion 5301 including a plurality of pixels that are each provided with a display element; a scan line driver circuit 5302 that selects a pixel; and a signal line driver circuit 5303 that controls a video signal input to the selected pixel. The pixel portion 5301 is connected to the signal line driver circuit 5303 by a plurality of signal lines S1 to Sm (not illustrated) that extend in a column direction from the signal line driver circuit 5303, and to the scan line driver circuit 5302 by a plurality of scan lines G1 to Gn (not illustrated) that extend in a row direction from the scan line driver circuit 5302. The pixel portion 5301 includes a plurality of pixels (not illustrated) arranged in matrix so as to correspond to the signal lines S1 to Sm and the scan lines G1 to Gn. Each pixel is connected to a signal line Sj (one of the signal lines S1 to Sm) and a scan line Gj (one of the scan lines G1 to Gn).
In addition, the thin film transistor described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 is an n-channel TFT, and a signal line driver circuit including the n-channel TFT is described with reference to FIG. 13.
The signal line driver circuit illustrated in FIG. 13 includes a driver IC 5601, switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M, a first wiring 5611, a second wiring 5612, a third wiring 5613, and wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M includes a first thin film transistor 5603a, a second thin film transistor 5603b, and a third thin film transistor 5603c. 
The driver IC 5601 is connected to the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, the third wiring 5613, and the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M is connected to the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613, and the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M are connected to the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M, respectively. Each of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M is connected to three signal lines via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c. For example, the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column (one of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M) is connected to a signal line Sj−1, a signal line Sj, and a signal line Sj+1 via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c which are included in the switch group 5602_J.
A signal is input to each of the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613.
Note that the driver IC 5601 is preferably formed over a single crystalline substrate. The switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably formed over the same substrate as the pixel portion is. Therefore, the driver IC 5601 and the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably connected through an FPC or the like.
Next, operation of the signal line driver circuit illustrated in FIG. 13 is described with reference to a timing chart in FIG. 14. The timing chart in FIG. 14 illustrates a case where the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected. A selection period of the scan line Gi of the i-th row is divided into a first sub-selection period T1, a second sub-selection period T2, and a third sub-selection period T3. In addition, the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 13 operates similarly to that in FIG. 14 even when a scan line of another row is selected.
Note that the timing chart in FIG. 14 shows a case where the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column is connected to the signal line Sj−1, the signal line Sj, and the signal line Sj+1 via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c. 
The timing chart in FIG. 14 shows timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected, timing 5703a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603a, timing 5703b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603b, timing 5703c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603c, and a signal 5721_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column.
In the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3, different video signals are input to the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. For example, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1 is input to the signal line Sj−1, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the second sub-selection period T2 is input to the signal line Sj, and a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the third sub-selection period T3 is input to the signal line Sj+1. In addition, the video signals input to the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3 are denoted by Data_j−1, Data_j, and Data_j+1.
As illustrated in FIG. 14, in the first sub-selection period T1, the first thin film transistor 5603a is turned on, and the second thin film transistor 5603b and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−1 via the first thin film transistor 5603a. In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the second thin film transistor 5603b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the third thin film transistor 5603c is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the second thin film transistor 5603b are turned off. At this time, Data_j+1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj+1 via the third thin film transistor 5603c. 
As described above, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 13, by dividing one gate selection period into three, video signals can be input to three signal lines from one wiring 5621 in one gate selection period. Therefore, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 13, the number of connections between the substrate provided with the driver IC 5601 and the substrate provided with the pixel portion can be approximately 1⁄3 of the number of signal lines. The number of connections is reduced to approximately 1⁄3 of the number of the signal lines, so that reliability, yield, etc., of the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 13 can be improved.
Note that there are no particular limitations on the arrangement, the number, a driving method, and the like of the thin film transistors, as long as one gate selection period is divided into a plurality of sub-selection periods and video signals are input to a plurality of signal lines from one wiring in of the respective sub-selection periods as illustrated in FIG. 13.
For example, when video signals are input to three or more signal lines from one wiring in each of three or more sub-selection periods, it is only necessary to add a thin film transistor and a wiring for controlling the thin film transistor. Note that when one gate selection period is divided into four or more sub-selection periods, one sub-selection period becomes short. Therefore, one gate selection period is preferably divided into two or three sub-selection periods.
As another example, one gate selection period may be divided into a precharge period Tp, the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3 as illustrated in a timing chart in FIG. 15. The timing chart in FIG. 15 illustrates timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected, timing 5803a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603a, timing 5803b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603b, timing 5803c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603c, and a signal 5821_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column. As illustrated in FIG. 15, the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c are tuned on in the precharge period Tp. At this time, precharge voltage Vp input to the wiring 5621_J is input to each of the signal line Sj−1, the signal line Sj, and the signal line Sj+1 via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c. In the first sub-selection period T1, the first thin film transistor 5603a is turned on, and the second thin film transistor 5603b and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−1 via the first thin film transistor 5603a. In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the second thin film transistor 5603b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the third thin film transistor 5603c is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the second thin film transistor 5603b are turned off. At this time, Data_j+1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj+1 via the third thin film transistor 5603c. 
As described above, in the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 13 to which the timing chart in FIG. 15 is applied, the video signal can be written to the pixel at high speed because the signal line can be precharged by providing a precharge selection period before a sub-selection period. Note that portions in FIG. 15 which are similar to those of FIG. 14 are denoted by common reference numerals and detailed description of the same portions and portions which have similar functions is omitted.
Further, a structure of a scan line driver circuit is described. The scan line driver circuit includes a shift register and a buffer. Additionally, the scan line driver circuit may include a level shifter in some cases. In the scan line driver circuit, when the clock signal (CLK) and the start pulse signal (SP) are input to the shift register, a selection signal is generated. The selection signal generated is buffered and amplified by the buffer, and the resulting signal is supplied to a corresponding scan line. Gate electrodes of transistors in pixels of one line are connected to the scan line. Further, since the transistors in the pixels of one line have to be turned on at the same time, a buffer which can feed a large current is used.
One mode of a shift register which is used for a part of a scan line driver circuit is described with reference to FIG. 16 and FIG. 17.
FIG. 16 illustrates a circuit configuration of the shift register. The shift register illustrated in FIG. 16 includes a plurality of flip-flops (flip-flops 5701_1 to 5701—n). The shift register is operated with input of a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a start pulse signal, and a reset signal.
Connection relations of the shift register in FIG. 16 are described. In the i-th stage flip-flop 5701—i (one of the flip-flops 5701_1 to 5701—n) in the shift register of FIG. 16, a first wiring 5501 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a seventh wiring 5717—i−1; a second wiring 5502 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a seventh wiring 5717—i+1; a third wiring 5503 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a seventh wiring 5717—i; and a sixth wiring 5506 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a fifth wiring 5715.
Further, a fourth wiring 5504 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a second wiring 5712 in flip-flops of odd-numbered stages, and is connected to a third wiring 5713 in flip-flops of even-numbered stages. A fifth wiring 5505 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a fourth wiring 5714.
Note that the first wiring 5501 of the first stage flip-flop 5701_1 illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a first wiring 5711. Moreover, the second wiring 5502 of the n-th stage flip-flop 5701—n illustrated in FIG. 17 is connected to a sixth wiring 5716.
Note that the first wiring 5711, the second wiring 5712, the third wiring 5713, and the sixth wiring 5716 may be referred to as a first signal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourth signal line, respectively. The fourth wiring 5714 and the fifth wiring 5715 may be referred to as a first power supply line and a second power supply line, respectively.
Next, FIG. 17 illustrates details of the flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 16. A flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 17 includes a first thin film transistor 5571, a second thin film transistor 5572, a third thin film transistor 5573, a fourth thin film transistor 5574, a fifth thin film transistor 5575, a sixth thin film transistor 5576, a seventh thin film transistor 5577, and an eighth thin film transistor 5578. Each of the first thin film transistor 5571, the second thin film transistor 5572, the third thin film transistor 5573, the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the sixth thin film transistor 5576, the seventh thin film transistor 5577, and the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is an n-channel transistor and is turned on when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) exceeds the threshold voltage (Vth).
Next, connections of the flip-flop illustrated in FIG. 16 are described below.
A first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the fourth wiring 5504. A second electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the third wiring 5503.
A first electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connected to the third wiring 5503.
A first electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505. A second electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to a gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505.
A first electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to a gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571.
A first electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505. A second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the first wiring 5501.
A first electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572.
A first electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the second wiring 5502. A first electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the first wiring 5501.
Note that the points at which the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571, the gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the second electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the second electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 are connected are each referred to as a node 5543. The points at which the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572, the second electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573, the second electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 are connected are each referred to as a node 5544.
Note that the first wiring 5501, the second wiring 5502, the third wiring 5503, and the fourth wiring 5504 may be referred to as a first signal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourth signal line, respectively. The fifth wiring 5505 and the sixth wiring 5506 may be referred to as a first power supply line and a second power supply line, respectively.
In addition, the signal line driver circuit and the scan line driver circuit can be formed using only the n-channel TFTs described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3. The n-channel TFT described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 has a high mobility, and thus a driving frequency of a driver circuit can be increased. Further, parasitic capacitance is reduced by the buffer layer which is an n-type oxide semiconductor layer containing indium, gallium, and zinc; thus the n-channel TFT described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 has superior frequency characteristics (referred to as f characteristics). For example, a scan line driver circuit using the n-channel TFT described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 can operate at high speed, and thus a frame frequency can be increased and insertion of black images can be realized.
In addition, when the channel width of the transistor in the scan line driver circuit is increased or a plurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, for example, higher frame frequency can be realized. When a plurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, a scan line driver circuit for driving scan lines of even-numbered rows is provided on one side and a scan line driver circuit for driving scan lines of odd-numbered rows is provided on the opposite side; thus, increase in frame frequency can be realized.
Further, when an active matrix light-emitting display device which is an example of a semiconductor device is manufactured, a plurality of thin film transistors are arranged in at least one pixel, and thus a plurality of scan line driver circuits are preferably arranged. FIG. 12B is a block diagram illustrating an example of an active matrix light-emitting display device.
The light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 12B includes, over a substrate 5400, a pixel portion 5401 having a plurality of pixels each provided with a display element, a first scan line driver circuit 5402 and a second scan line driver circuit 5404 that select a pixel, and a signal line driver circuit 5403 that controls input of a video signal to the selected pixel.
When the video signal input to a pixel of the light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 12B is a digital signal, a pixel is in a light-emitting state or in a non-light-emitting state by switching of ON/OFF of a transistor. Thus, grayscale can be displayed using an area ratio grayscale method or a time ratio grayscale method. An area ratio grayscale method refers to a driving method by which one pixel is divided into a plurality of subpixels and the respective subpixels are driven independently based on video signals so that grayscale is displayed. A time ratio grayscale method refers to a driving method by which a period during which a pixel is in a light-emitting state is controlled so that grayscale is displayed.
Since the response speed of light-emitting elements is higher than that of liquid crystal elements or the like, the light-emitting elements are more suitable for a time ratio grayscale method than liquid-crystal display elements. Specifically, in the case of displaying with a time gray scale method, one frame period is divided into a plurality of subframe periods. Then, in accordance with video signals, the light-emitting element in the pixel is set in a light-emitting state or in a non-light-emitting state during each subframe period. By dividing one frame into a plurality of subframes, the total length of time, in which pixels actually emit light in one frame period, can be controlled with video signals so that gray scales are displayed.
In the example of the light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 12B, in a case where two TFTs, a switching TFT and a current control TFT, are arranged in one pixel, the first scan line driver circuit 5402 generates a signal which is input to a first scan line serving as a gate wiring of the switching TFT, and the second scan line driver circuit 5404 generates a signal which is input to a second scan line serving as a gate wiring of the current control TFT; however, one scan line driver circuit may generate both the signal which is input to the first scan line and the signal which is input to the second scan line. In addition, for example, there is a possibility that a plurality of the first scan lines used for controlling the operation of the switching element are provided in each pixel, depending on the number of transistors included in the switching element. In that case, one scan line driver circuit may generate all signals that are input to the plurality of first scan lines, or a plurality of scan line driver circuits may generate signals that are input to the plurality of first scan lines.
In addition, also in the light-emitting display device, a part of the driver circuit that can include n-channel TFTs among driver circuits can be formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistors of the pixel portion. Alternatively, the signal line driver circuit and the scan line driver circuit can be formed using only the n-channel TFTs described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3.
Moreover, the above-described driver circuit can be used for electronic paper that drives electronic ink using an element electrically connected to a switching element, without being limited to applications to a liquid crystal display device or a light-emitting display device. The electronic paper is also referred to as an electrophoretic display device (electrophoretic display) and has advantages in that it has the same level of readability as plain paper, it has lower power consumption than other display devices, and it can be made thin and lightweight.
Electrophoretic displays can have various modes. Electrophoretic displays contain a plurality of microcapsules dispersed in a solvent or a solute, each microcapsule containing first particles which are positively charged and second particles which are negatively charged. By applying an electric field to the microcapsules, the particles in the microcapsules are moved in opposite directions to each other and only the color of the particles concentrated on one side is exhibited. Note that the first particles and the second particles each contain pigment and do not move without an electric field. Moreover, the colors of the first particles and the second particles are different from each other (the colors include colorless or achroma).
In this way, an electrophoretic display is a display that utilizes a so-called dielectrophoretic effect by which a substance that has a high dielectric constant moves to a high-electric field region. An electrophoretic display does not need to have a polarizer and a counter substrate, which are required in a liquid crystal display device, and both the thickness and weight of the electrophoretic display device can be a half of those of a liquid crystal display device.
A solution in which the aforementioned microcapsules are dispersed throughout a solvent is referred to as electronic ink. This electronic ink can be printed on a surface of glass, plastic, cloth, paper, or the like. Furthermore, by use of a color filter or particles that have a pigment, color display is possible, as well.
In addition, if a plurality of the aforementioned microcapsules are arranged as appropriate over an active matrix substrate so as to be interposed between two electrodes, an active matrix display device can be completed, and display can be performed by application of an electric field to the microcapsules. For example, the active matrix substrate obtained with the thin film transistor described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be used.
Note that the first particles and the second particles in the microcapsules may each be formed of a single material selected from a conductive material, an insulating material, a semiconductor material, a magnetic material, a liquid crystal material, a ferroelectric material, an electroluminescent material, an electrochromic material, or a magnetophoretic material or formed of a composite material of any of these.
Through the above steps, a highly reliable display device as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 5
In this embodiment, a manufacturing example of a staggered thin film transistor is described, in which at least a gate insulating layer and an oxide semiconductor layer are formed to be stacked successively without being exposed to air. Here, steps up to the successive formation are described, and steps after the successive formation may be carried out in accordance with any of Embodiments 1 to 3 to manufacture a thin film transistor.
In this specification, successive formation is carried out as follows: a substrate to be processed is placed in an atmosphere which is controlled to be vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere (a nitrogen atmosphere or a rare gas atmosphere) at all times without being exposed to a contaminant atmosphere such as air during a process from a first film formation step using a sputtering method to a second film formation step using a sputtering method. By the successive formation, a film can be formed while preventing moisture or the like from being attached again to the substrate to be processed which is cleaned.
Performing the process from the first film formation step to the second film formation step in the same chamber is within the scope of the successive formation in this specification.
In addition, the following is also within the scope of the successive formation in this specification: in the case of performing the process from the first film formation step to the second film formation step in plural chambers, the substrate is transferred after the first film formation step to another chamber without being exposed to air and subjected to the second film formation.
Note that between the first film formation step and the second film formation step, a substrate transfer step, an alignment step, a slow-cooling step, a step of heating or cooling the substrate to a temperature which is necessary for the second film formation step, or the like may be provided. Such a process is also within the scope of the successive formation in this specification.
A step in which liquid is used, such as a cleaning step, wet etching, or resist formation, may be provided between the first film formation step and the second film formation step. This case is not within the scope of the successive formation in this specification.
When films are successively formed without being exposed to air, a multi-chamber manufacturing apparatus as illustrated in FIG. 18 is preferably used.
At the center of the manufacturing apparatus, a transfer chamber 80 equipped with a transfer mechanism (typically, a transfer robot 81) for transferring a substrate is provided. A cassette chamber 82 in which a cassette case storing a plurality of substrates carried into and out of the transfer chamber 80 is set is connected to the transfer chamber 80 via a gate valve 83.
In addition, a plurality of treatment chambers are connected to the transfer chamber 80 through gate valves 84 to 88. In this embodiment, an example in which five treatment chambers are connected to the transfer chamber 80 having a hexagonal top shape is illustrated. Note that, by changing the top shape of the transfer chamber 80, the number of treatment chambers which can be connected to the transfer chamber can be changed. For example, three treatment chambers can be connected to a transfer chamber having a tetragonal top shape, or seven treatment chambers can be connected to a transfer chamber having an octagonal top shape.
At least one treatment chamber among the five treatment chambers is a sputtering chamber in which sputtering is performed. The sputtering chamber is provided with, at least inside the chamber, a sputtering target, a mechanism for applying electric power or a gas introduction means for sputtering the target, a substrate holder for holding a substrate at a predetermined position, and the like. Further, the sputtering chamber is provided with a pressure control means with which the pressure in the chamber is controlled, so that the pressure is reduced in the sputtering chamber.
Examples of a sputtering method include an RF sputtering method in which a high-frequency power source is used for a sputtering power source, a DC sputtering method, and a pulsed DC sputtering method in which a bias is applied in a pulsed manner. An RF sputtering method is mainly used in the case of forming an insulating film, and a DC sputtering method is mainly used in the case of forming a metal film.
In addition, there is also a multi-source sputtering apparatus in which a plurality of targets of different materials can be set. With the multi-source sputtering apparatus, films of different materials can be formed to be stacked in the same chamber, or films of plural kinds of materials can be formed by electric discharge at the same time in the same chamber.
In addition, there are a sputtering apparatus provided with a magnet system inside the chamber and used for a magnetron sputtering method, or a sputtering apparatus used for an ECR sputtering method in which plasma generated with the use of microwaves is used without using glow discharge.
In the sputtering chamber of this embodiment, any of various sputtering methods described above is used as appropriate.
In addition, as a film formation method, there are also a reactive sputtering method in which a target substance and a sputtering gas component are chemically reacted with each other during film formation to form a thin film of a compound thereof, and a bias sputtering method in which voltage is also applied to a substrate during film formation.
In addition, among the five treatment chambers, one of the treatment chambers other than the sputtering chamber is a heating chamber in which a substrate is preheated or the like before sputtering, a cooling chamber in which a substrate is cooled after sputtering, or a chamber in which plasma treatment is performed.
Next, an example of an operation of the manufacturing apparatus is described.
A substrate cassette storing a substrate 94 whose deposition target surface faces downward is set in the cassette chamber 82, and the cassette chamber 82 is placed in a reduced pressure state by a vacuum exhaust means provided in the cassette chamber 82. In each of the treatment chambers and the transfer chamber 80, the pressure is reduced in advance by a vacuum exhaust means provided in each chamber. Accordingly, during transferring the substrate between the treatment chambers, the substrate is not exposed to air and can be kept clean.
Note that the substrate 94 which is placed so that its deposition target surface faces downward is provided in advance with at least a source and drain electrode layers and a buffer layer. For example, a base insulating film such as a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film may also be provided by a plasma CVD method between the substrate and the source and drain electrode layers. When a substrate formed of glass containing alkali metal is used as the substrate 94, the base insulating film has an effect of preventing mobile ions of sodium or the like from entering a semiconductor region thereover from the substrate so that variation in electric properties of a TFT can be suppressed.
Then, the gate valve 83 is opened and the substrate 94 which is the first substrate is picked up from the cassette by the transfer robot 81. After that, the gate valve 84 is opened, the substrate 94 is transferred to a first treatment chamber 89, and then, the gate valve 84 is closed. In the first treatment chamber 89, by heating the substrate 94 by a heater or a lamp, moisture or the like attached to the substrate 94 is removed. In particular, when the gate insulating film contains moisture, there is a risk that electric properties of a TFT are changed; therefore, heating before film formation by sputtering is effective. In the case where moisture has been sufficiently removed at the time when the substrate is set in the cassette chamber 82, this heating treatment is not necessary.
In addition, plasma treatment may be performed on a film surface by providing a plasma treatment means in the first treatment chamber 89. Furthermore, heating for removing moisture may be performed in the cassette chamber 82 by providing a heating means in the cassette chamber 82.
Then, the gate valve 84 is opened and the substrate is transferred to the transfer chamber 80 by the transfer robot 81. After that, the gate valve 85 is opened and the substrate is transferred to a second treatment chamber 90, and the gate valve 85 is closed.
In this embodiment, the second treatment chamber 90 is a sputtering chamber in which sputtering is performed using a DC magnetron sputtering method. In the second treatment chamber 90, a metal oxide layer (IGZO film) is formed as a semiconductor layer. The IGZO film can be formed using an oxide semiconductor target containing In, Ga, and Zn, in a rare gas atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere. Here, an oxide semiconductor containing In, Ga, and Zn is used as a target and sputtering is performed by a pulsed DC sputtering method in an atmosphere containing only oxygen or an atmosphere containing oxygen of 90% or higher and Ar of 10% or lower so that as much oxygen as possible is contained in the IGZO film, whereby an IGZO film containing excessive oxygen is formed.
After the IGZO film containing excessive oxygen is formed, the gate valve 85 is opened, and the substrate is transferred to the transfer chamber 80 by the transfer robot 81 without being exposed to air. Then, the gate valve 86 is opened, the substrate is transferred to a third treatment chamber 91, and the gate valve 86 is closed.
In this embodiment, the third treatment chamber 91 is a sputtering chamber in which sputtering is performed using an RF magnetron sputtering method. In the third treatment chamber 91, a silicon oxide (SiOx) film is formed as the gate insulating layer. As the gate insulating layer, other than a silicon oxide film, an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) film, a magnesium oxide (MgOx) film, an aluminum nitride (AlNx) film, an yttrium oxide (YOx) film, or the like can be used.
A small amount of a halogen element such as fluorine or chlorine may be added to the gate insulating layer so as to immobilize mobile ions of sodium or the like. As a method for adding a small amount of a halogen element, sputtering is performed by introducing a gas containing a halogen element into the chamber. In the case where a gas containing a halogen element is introduced, the exhaust means of the chamber needs to be provided with an abatement system. The peak of the concentration of a halogen element to be contained in the gate insulating layer, when measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is preferably in the range of from 1×1015 cm−3 to 1×1020 cm−3 inclusive.
When the SiOx film is formed, a sputtering method in which artificial quartz is used as a target and a rare gas, typically, argon is used, or a reactive sputtering method in which single crystal silicon is used as a target and chemically reacted with an oxygen gas to obtain a SiOx film can be used. Here, artificial quartz is used as a target, and sputtering is performed in an atmosphere containing only oxygen or an atmosphere containing oxygen of 90% or higher and Ar of 10% or lower so that as much oxygen as possible is contained in a SiOx film. Thus, a SiOx film containing excessive oxygen is formed.
As described above, the IGZO film containing excessive oxygen and the SiOx film containing excessive oxygen are formed successively without being exposed to air, whereby an interface state between the films containing excessive oxygen can be stabilized, and the reliability of a TFT can be improved. If the substrate is exposed to air before formation of the SiOx film, moisture or the like is attached and the interface state is adversely affected, which may cause defects such as variation in threshold voltages, deterioration in electric properties, and a normally-on TFT. Moisture is a hydrogen compound. When the films are successively formed without being exposed to air, the hydrogen compound can be prevented from existing at the interface. Therefore, by successive formation, variation in threshold voltages can be reduced, deterioration in electric characteristics can be prevented, or shift of the TFT characteristics to the normally-on side can be reduced, or desirably, the shift of the TFT characteristics can be prevented.
In addition, in the second treatment chamber 90 which is a sputtering chamber, both an oxide semiconductor target containing In, Ga, and Zn and an artificial quartz target are placed, and the films are successively formed by using shutters; accordingly, the films can be stacked in the same chamber. Shutters are provided between the targets and the substrate; one of the shutters for a target which is used for film formation is opened, and the other one of the shutters for a target which is not used for film formation is closed. Advantages of a process in which the films are stacked in the same chamber are the following points: reduction of the number of chambers which are used, and prevention of particles or the like attached to the substrate during transfer of the substrate between different chambers.
Next, the gate valve 86 is opened and the substrate is transferred to the transfer chamber 80 by the transfer robot 81 without being exposed to air.
Then, the gate valve 87 is opened, and the substrate is transferred to a fourth treatment chamber 92 without being exposed to air. After that, the gate valve 87 is closed.
In this embodiment, the fourth treatment chamber 92 is a sputtering chamber in which sputtering is performed using a DC magnetron sputtering method. In the fourth treatment chamber 92, a metal multi-layer film (conductive film) to be a gate electrode layer is formed. In the fourth treatment chamber 92 which is a sputtering chamber, both a titanium target and an aluminum target are placed. The films are formed to be stacked in the same chamber by successive formation using shutters. Here, an aluminum film is stacked over a titanium film, and a titanium film is further stacked over the aluminum film.
Further, the gate insulating layer and the metal multi-layer film to be the gate electrode layer are successively formed without being exposed to air, whereby a favorable interface state between the gate insulating layer and the metal multi-layer film can be obtained and contact resistance can be reduced.
In this embodiment, the substrate 94 provided in advance with the source and drain electrode layers and the buffer layer is used. The source electrode layer, the drain electrode layer, or the buffer layer may also be successively formed in a multi-chamber manufacturing apparatus without exposure to air. A treatment chamber to be used may be appropriately selected in accordance with an increase or a decrease in the number or kinds of films to be formed; for example, when the number of film formation steps is increased, a fifth treatment chamber 93 may also be used.
After the above-described steps are repeated to perform a film formation process on the plurality of substrates in the cassette case, the vacuum cassette chamber is opened to air, and the substrates and the cassette are taken out.
Further, heat treatment, specifically, heat treatment at 300° C. to 400° C., preferably, heat treatment at 350° C. or higher, can be performed in the first treatment chamber 89 after formation of the IGZO film containing excessive oxygen. By this heat treatment, electric properties of a staggered thin film transistor can be improved. Timing of the heat treatment is not limited to a particular timing as long as the heat treatment is performed after formation of the IGZO film containing excessive oxygen and can be performed immediately after formation of the IGZO film containing excessive oxygen or immediately after formation of the metal multi-layer film, for example. When heat treatment is performed after formation of the metal multi-layer film, it is necessary to select a metal material or heating conditions (temperature, time) such that hillock is not generated in the metal multi-layer film. When a material which easily causes hillock is used for the metal multi-layer film, heat treatment may be performed after a protective layer is formed over the metal multi-layer film.
Then, each of the stacked films is processed by etching using a mask. The films may be etched using dry etching or wet etching, or etched selectively by plural times of etching.
Steps after the etching are carried out in accordance with any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, whereby a staggered thin film transistor can be manufactured.
In this embodiment, a multi-chamber manufacturing apparatus is shown as an example, but successive formation may be performed without being exposed to air by using an in-line manufacturing apparatus in which sputtering chambers are connected in series.
The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 18 has a so-called face-down treatment chamber in which the deposition target surface of the substrate faces downward, but may also have a vertical placement treatment chamber in which a substrate is placed vertically. The vertical placement treatment chamber has an advantage that a footprint is smaller than that of a face-down treatment chamber and can be effectively used in the case where a large-area substrate which could be bent due to its weight is used.
Embodiment 6
A thin film transistor of the invention disclosed in this specification is manufactured, and a semiconductor device having a display function (also referred to as a display device) can be manufactured using the thin film transistor in a pixel portion and further in a driver circuit. Further, part or whole of a driver circuit can be formed over the same substrate as a pixel portion, using a thin film transistor of the invention disclosed in this specification, whereby a system-on-panel can be obtained.
The display device includes a display element. As the display element, a liquid crystal element (also referred to as a liquid crystal display element) or a light-emitting element (also referred to as a light-emitting display element) can be used. Light-emitting elements include, in its category, an element whose luminance is controlled by current or voltage, and specifically include an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) element, an organic EL element, and the like. Further, a display medium whose contrast is changed by an electric effect, such as an electronic ink, can be used.
In addition, the display device includes a panel in which the display element is sealed, and a module in which an IC including a controller or the like is mounted on the panel. The invention disclosed in this specification relates to one embodiment of an element substrate before the display element is completed in a manufacturing process of the display device, and the element substrate is provided with means for supplying current to the display element in each of a plurality of pixels. Specifically, the element substrate may be in a state provided with only a pixel electrode of the display element, a state after a conductive film to be a pixel electrode is formed and before the conductive film is etched to form the pixel electrode, or any of other states.
Note that a display device in this specification means an image display device, a display device, or a light source (including a lighting device). Further, the display device includes any of the following modules in its category: a module to which a connector such as a flexible printed circuit (FPC), tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP) is attached; a module having TAB tape or a TCP which is provided with a printed wiring board at the end thereof; and a module having an integrated circuit (IC) which is directly mounted on a display element by a chip on glass (COG) method.
In this embodiment, an example of a liquid crystal display device will be described as an embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention.
FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate an active-matrix liquid crystal display device to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied. FIG. 19A is a plan view of the liquid crystal display device. FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line V-X of FIG. 19A. A thin film transistor 201 used in the semiconductor device can be manufactured in a manner similar to the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 2 and is a highly reliable thin film transistor including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer. The thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 or 3 can also be used as the thin film transistor 201 of this embodiment.
The liquid crystal display device of this embodiment illustrated in FIG. 19A includes a source wiring layer 202, the staggered thin film transistor 201 with a multi-gate structure, a gate wiring layer 203, and a capacitor wiring layer 204.
Further, in FIG. 19B, in the liquid crystal display device of this embodiment, a substrate 200 provided with insulating layers 215a and 215b, the thin film transistor 201 with a multi-gate structure, an insulating layer 211, an insulating layer 212, an insulating layer 213, an electrode layer 255 used for a display element, an insulating layer 261 serving as an alignment film, and a polarizing plate 268 and a substrate 266 provided with an insulating layer 263 serving as an alignment film, an electrode layer 265 used for a display element, a coloring layer 264 serving as a color filter, and a polarizing plate 267 face to each other with a liquid crystal layer 262 interposed therebetween; thus, a liquid crystal display element 260 is formed.
Alternatively, liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase for which an alignment film is unnecessary may be used. A blue phase is one of liquid crystal phases, which is generated just before a cholesteric phase changes into an isotropic phase while temperature of cholesteric liquid crystal is increased. Since the blue phase is generated within an only narrow range of temperature, liquid crystal composition containing a chiral agent at 5 wt % so as to improve the temperature range is used for the liquid crystal layer 262. The liquid crystal composition which includes liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase and a chiral agent have such characteristics that the response time is 10 μs to 100 μs, which is short, the alignment process is unnecessary because the liquid crystal composition has optical isotropy, and viewing angle dependency is small.
Although FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate an example of a transmissive liquid crystal display device, an embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to a reflective liquid crystal display device and a transflective liquid crystal display device.
While FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate an example of the liquid crystal display device in which the polarizing plate 267 is provided on the outer side of the substrate 266 (on the viewer side) and the coloring layer 264 and the electrode layer 265 used for a display element are provided on the inner side of the substrate 266 in that order, the polarizing plate 267 may be provided on the inner side of the substrate 266. The stacked structure of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer is not limited to that shown in FIG. 19B and may be set as appropriate depending on materials of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer or conditions of manufacturing steps. Further, a light-blocking film serving as a black matrix may be provided.
In this embodiment, in order to reduce surface unevenness of the thin film transistor and to improve reliability of the thin film transistor, the thin film transistor obtained in Embodiment 2 is covered with the insulating layers (the insulating layer 211, the insulating layer 212, and the insulating layer 213) functioning as a protective film or a planarizing insulating film. Note that the protective film is provided to prevent entry of contaminant impurities such as an organic substance, a metal, or moisture floating in air and is preferably a dense film. The protective film may be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, and/or a silicon nitride oxide film. Alternatively, as the protective film, a silicon oxide film may be formed using a process gas containing an organosilane gas and oxygen by a plasma CVD method.
As examples of organosilane, the following compounds can be given: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (chemical formula: Si(OC2H5)4), tetramethylsilane (TMS) (chemical formula: Si(CH3)4), tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), triethoxysilane (chemical formula: SiH(OC2H5)3), trisdimethylaminosilane (chemical formula: SiH(N(CH3)2)3), and the like.
As a first layer of the protective film, the insulating layer 211 is formed. The insulating layer 211 has an effect of preventing hillock of an aluminum film. Here, as the insulating layer 211, a silicon oxide film is formed by a plasma CVD method. For a process gas for forming the silicon oxide film, TEOS and O2 are used. The flow ratio of TEOS/O2 is 15/750. The substrate temperature in the formation step is 300° C.
As a second layer of the protective film, the insulating layer 212 is formed. Here, as the insulating layer 212, a silicon nitride film is formed by a plasma CVD method. For a process gas for forming the silicon nitride film, SiH4, N2, NH3, and H2 are used. The use of the silicon nitride film as one layer of the protective film can prevent mobile ions of sodium or the like from entering a semiconductor region so that variation in electric properties of the TFT can be suppressed.
After the protective film is formed, the IGZO semiconductor layer may be subjected to heat treatment (300° C. to 400° C.).
The insulating layer 213 is formed as the planarizing insulating film. As the insulating layer 213, an organic material having heat resistance such as polyimide, acrylic, benzocyclobutene, polyamide, or epoxy can be used. Other than such organic materials, it is also possible to use a low-dielectric constant material (a low-k material), a siloxane-based resin, PSG (phosphosilicate glass), BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass), or the like. A siloxane-based resin may include as a substituent at least one of fluorine, an alkyl group, and an aryl group, as well as hydrogen. Note that the insulating layer 213 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed of these materials.
Note that a siloxane-based resin is a resin formed from a siloxane material as a starting material and having the bond of Si—O—Si. The siloxane-based resin may include as a substituent at least one of fluorine, an alkyl group, and aromatic hydrocarbon, as well as hydrogen.
For the formation of the insulating layer 213, the following method can be employed depending on the material: a CVD method, a sputtering method, an SOG method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, a spray coating method, a droplet discharge method (e.g., an ink jet method, screen printing, offset printing, or the like), a doctor knife, a roll coater, a curtain coater, a knife coater, or the like. In the case of forming the insulating layer 213 using a material solution, heat treatment (300° C. to 400° C.) of the IGZO semiconductor layer may be performed at the same time as a baking step. The baking step of the insulating layer 213 also serves as heat treatment of the IGZO semiconductor layer, whereby a semiconductor device can be manufactured efficiently.
The electrode layers 255 and 265 each serving as a pixel electrode layer can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indium oxide including tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide, indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or the like.
A conductive composition including a conductive high molecule (also referred to as a conductive polymer) can be used for the electrode layers 255 and 265. The pixel electrode formed using the conductive composition preferably has a sheet resistance of less than or equal to 10000 ohms per square and a transmittance of greater than or equal to 70% at a wavelength of 550 nm. Further, the resistivity of the conductive high molecule included in the conductive composition is preferably less than or equal to 0.1 Ω·cm.
As the conductive high molecule, a so-called π-electron conjugated conductive polymer can be used. For example, polyaniline or a derivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiophene or a derivative thereof, a copolymer of two or more kinds of them, and the like can be given
Through this process, a highly reliable liquid crystal display device as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 7
In this embodiment, an example of electronic paper will be described as a semiconductor device.
FIG. 26 illustrates active matrix electronic paper as an example of a semiconductor device to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied. A thin film transistor 581 used for the semiconductor device can be manufactured in a manner similar to the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 2 and is a highly reliable thin film transistor including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer. The thin film transistors described in Embodiment 1 or 3 can also be used as the thin film transistor 581 of this embodiment.
The electronic paper in FIG. 26 is an example of a display device using a twisting ball display system. The twisting ball display system refers to a method in which spherical particles each colored in black and white are arranged between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer which are electrode layers used for a display element, and a potential difference is generated between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer to control orientation of the spherical particles, so that display is performed.
The thin film transistor 581 which is sealed between a substrate 580 provided with insulating layers 586a and 586b and a substrate 596 is a staggered thin film transistor with a multi-gate structure, and a source and drain electrode layers hereof are in contact with a first electrode layer 587 through an opening formed in insulating layers 583, 584, and 585, whereby the thin film transistor 581 is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 587. Between the first electrode layer 587 and a second electrode layer 588, spherical particles 589 each having a black region 590a, a white region 590b, and a cavity 594 around the regions which is filled with liquid are provided. A space around the spherical particles 589 is filled with a filler 595 such as a resin (see FIG. 26).
Further, instead of the twisting ball, an electrophoretic element can also be used. A microcapsule having a diameter of about 10 μm to 200 μm in which transparent liquid, positively or negatively charged white microparticles, and black microparticles charged with the polarity opposite to that of the white microparticles are encapsulated, is used. In the microcapsule which is provided between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, when an electric field is applied by the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the white microparticles and the black microparticles move to opposite sides, so that white or black can be displayed. A display element using this principle is an electrophoretic display element and is called electronic paper in general. The electrophoretic display element has higher reflectance than a liquid crystal display element, and thus, an auxiliary light is unnecessary, power consumption is low, and a display portion can be recognized in a dim place. In addition, even when power is not supplied to the display portion, an image which has been displayed once can be maintained. Accordingly, a displayed image can be stored even if a semiconductor device having a display function (which may be referred to simply as a display device or a semiconductor device provided with a display device) is distanced from an electric wave source.
Through this process, highly reliable electronic paper as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 8
In this embodiment, an example of a light-emitting display device will be described as an embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention. As a display element included in a display device, a light-emitting element utilizing electroluminescence is described here. Light-emitting elements utilizing electroluminescence are classified according to whether a light-emitting material is an organic compound or an inorganic compound. In general, the former is referred to as an organic EL element, and the latter is referred to as an inorganic EL element.
In an organic EL element, by application of voltage to a light-emitting element, electrons and holes are separately injected from a pair of electrodes into a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound, and current flows. The carriers (electrons and holes) are recombined, and thus, the light-emitting organic compound is excited. The light-emitting organic compound returns to a ground state from the excited state, thereby emitting light. Owing to such a mechanism, this light-emitting element is referred to as a current-excitation light-emitting element.
The inorganic EL elements are classified according to their element structures into a dispersion-type inorganic EL element and a thin-film inorganic EL element. A dispersion-type inorganic EL element has a light-emitting layer where particles of a light-emitting material are dispersed in a binder, and its light emission mechanism is donor-acceptor recombination type light emission that utilizes a donor level and an acceptor level. A thin-film inorganic EL element has a structure where a light-emitting layer is sandwiched between dielectric layers, which are further sandwiched between electrodes, and its light emission mechanism is localized type light emission that utilizes inner-shell electron transition of metal ions. Note that description is made here using an organic EL element as a light-emitting element.
FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate an active matrix light-emitting display device as an example of a semiconductor device to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied. FIG. 22A is a plan view of the light-emitting display device, and FIG. 22B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line Y-Z of FIG. 22A. FIG. 23 illustrates an equivalent circuit of the light-emitting display device illustrated in FIGS. 22A and 22B.
Thin film transistors 301 and 302 used for a semiconductor device can be manufactured in a manner similar to any of the thin film transistors described in Embodiments 1 and 2 and are highly reliable thin film transistors each including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer. The thin film transistor described in Embodiment 3 can also be used as the thin film transistors 301 and 302 of this embodiment.
The light-emitting display device of this embodiment illustrated in FIG. 22A and FIG. 23 includes the thin film transistor 301 with a multi-gate structure, the thin film transistor 302, a light-emitting element 303, a capacitor element 304, a source wiring layer 305, a gate wiring layer 306, and a power supply line 307. The thin film transistors 301 and 302 are n-channel thin film transistors.
In FIG. 22B, the light-emitting display device of this embodiment includes a substrate 300; insulating layers 315a and 315b; the thin film transistor 302; an insulating layer 311; an insulating layer 312; an insulating layer 313; a partition wall 321; and a first electrode layer 320, an electroluminescent layer 322, and a second electrode layer 323 which are used for the light-emitting element 303.
The insulating layer 313 is preferably formed using an organic resin such as acrylic, polyimide, or polyamide or using siloxane.
Since the thin film transistor 302 in the pixel is an n-channel transistor in this embodiment, the first electrode layer 320 which is a pixel electrode layer is desirably a cathode. Specifically, for the cathode, a material with a low work function such as Ca, Al, CaF, MgAg, or AlLi can be used.
The partition wall 321 is formed using an organic resin film, an inorganic insulating film, or organic polysiloxane. It is particularly preferable that the partition wall 321 be formed using a photosensitive material and an opening be formed over the first electrode layer 320 so that a sidewall of the opening is formed as an inclined surface with continuous curvature.
The electroluminescent layer 322 may be formed with a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked.
The second electrode layer 323 as an anode is formed to cover the electroluminescent layer 322. The second electrode layer 323 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive film using any of the light-transmitting conductive materials enumerated in Embodiment 6 for the pixel electrode layer. The second electrode layer 323 may also be formed using a titanium nitride film or a titanium film instead of the above-described light-transmitting conductive film. The light-emitting element 303 is formed by overlapping of the first electrode layer 320, the electroluminescent layer 322, and the second electrode layer 323. After that, a protective film may be formed over the second electrode layer 323 and the partition wall 321 in order to prevent entry of oxygen, hydrogen, moisture, carbon dioxide, or the like into the light-emitting element 303. As the protective film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a DLC film, or the like can be formed.
Further, in a practical case, it is preferable that a display device completed to the state illustrated in FIG. 22B be packaged (sealed) with a protective film (such as a laminate film or an ultraviolet curable resin film) or a cover material with high air-tightness and little degasification so that the display device is not exposed to the outside air.
Next, structures of the light-emitting element will be described with reference to FIGS. 24A to 24C. A cross-sectional structure of a pixel will be described by taking an n-channel driving TFT as an example. Driving TFTs 7001, 7011, and 7021 for used for semiconductor devices illustrated in FIGS. 24A to 24C can be manufactured in a manner similar to the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 and are highly reliable thin film transistors each including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer. Alternatively, the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 2 or 3 can be employed as the driving TFTs 7001, 7011, and 7021.
In order to extract light emitted from the light-emitting element, at least one of the anode and the cathode is required to transmit light. A thin film transistor and a light-emitting element are formed over a substrate. A light-emitting element can have a top emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate; a bottom emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface on the substrate side; or a dual emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate and the surface on the substrate side. A pixel structure of the invention disclosed in this specification can be applied to a light-emitting element having any of these emission structures.
A light-emitting element having a top emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 24A.
FIG. 24A is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the driving TFT 7001 is an n-channel TFT and light is emitted from a light-emitting element 7002 to an anode 7005 side. In FIG. 24A, a cathode 7003 of the light-emitting element 7002 is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7001, and a light-emitting layer 7004 and the anode 7005 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7003. The cathode 7003 can be formed using a variety of materials as long as the cathode 7003 has a low work function and is a conductive film that reflects light. For example, Ca, Al, CaF, MgAg, AlLi, or the like is preferably used. The light-emitting layer 7004 may be formed using a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. When the light-emitting layer 7004 is formed using a plurality of layers, the light-emitting layer 7004 is formed by stacking an electron-injecting layer, an electron-transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a hole-injecting layer in this order over the cathode 7003. It is not necessary to form all of these layers. The anode 7005 is formed using a light-transmitting conductive material, and for example, the anode 7005 is formed using a light transmitting conductive film such as a film of indium oxide including tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide, indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added.
A region where the cathode 7003 and the anode 7005 sandwich the light-emitting layer 7004 corresponds to the light-emitting element 7002. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 24A, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7002 to the anode 7005 side as indicated by an arrow.
Next, a light-emitting element having a bottom emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 24B. FIG. 24B is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the driving TFT 7011 is an n-channel transistor and light is emitted from a light-emitting element 7012 to a cathode 7013 side. In FIG. 24B, the cathode 7013 of the light-emitting element 7012 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7017 that is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7011, and a light-emitting layer 7014 and an anode 7015 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7013. A light-blocking film 7016 for reflecting or blocking light may be formed to cover the anode 7015 when the anode 7015 has a light-transmitting property. For the cathode 7013, a variety of materials can be used as in the case of FIG. 24A as long as they are conductive materials having a low work function. The cathode 7013 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light (preferably, approximately 5 nm to 30 nm). For example, an aluminum film with a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7013. Similar to the case of FIG. 24A, the light-emitting layer 7014 may be formed using either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. The anode 7015 is not required to transmit light, but can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material as in the case of FIG. 24A. As the light-blocking film 7016, a metal or the like that reflects light can be used for example; however, it is not limited to a metal film. For example, a resin or the like to which black pigments are added can also be used.
A region where the cathode 7013 and the anode 7015 sandwich the light-emitting layer 7014 corresponds to the light-emitting element 7012. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 24B, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7012 to the cathode 7013 side as indicated by an arrow.
Next, a light-emitting element having a dual emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 24C. In FIG. 24C, a cathode 7023 of a light-emitting element 7022 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7027 which is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7021, and a light-emitting layer 7024 and an anode 7025 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7023. As in the case of FIG. 24A, the cathode 7023 can be formed using a variety of conductive materials as long as they have a low work function. The cathode 7023 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light. For example, a film of Al having a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7023. As in FIG. 24A, the light-emitting layer 7024 may be formed using either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. The anode 7025 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material as in the case of FIG. 24A.
A region where the cathode 7023, the light-emitting layer 7024, and the anode 7025 overlap with one another corresponds to the light-emitting element 7022. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 24C, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7022 to both the anode 7025 side and the cathode 7023 side as indicated by arrows.
Note that, although an organic EL element is described here as a light-emitting element, an inorganic EL element can also be provided as a light-emitting element.
In this embodiment, the example is described in which a thin film transistor (a driving TFT) which controls the driving of a light-emitting element is electrically connected to the light-emitting element; however, a structure may be employed in which a TFT for current control is connected between the driving TFT and the light-emitting element.
A semiconductor device described in this embodiment is not limited to the structures illustrated in FIGS. 24A to 24C and can be modified in various ways based on the spirit of techniques according to the invention disclosed in this specification.
Through this process, a highly reliable light-emitting display device as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 9
Next, a structure of a display panel, which is an embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention, will be described below. In this embodiment, a liquid crystal display panel (also referred to as a liquid crystal panel), which is one embodiment of a liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal element as a display element, and a light-emitting display panel (also referred to as a light-emitting panel), which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device having a light-emitting element as a display element, will be described.
Next, the appearance and a cross section of a light-emitting display panel, which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention, will be described with reference to FIGS. 25A and 25B. FIG. 25A is a top view of a panel in which a highly reliable thin film transistor including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer and a light-emitting element formed over a first substrate are sealed between the first substrate and a second substrate with a sealant. FIG. 25B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line H-I of FIG. 25A.
A sealant 4505 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4502, signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b which are provided over a first substrate 4501. In addition, a second substrate 4506 is provided over the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b. Accordingly, the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b are sealed together with a filler 4507, by the first substrate 4501, the sealant 4505, and the second substrate 4506.
The pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b formed over the first substrate 4501 each include a plurality of thin film transistors, and a thin film transistor 4510 included in the pixel portion 4502 and a thin film transistor 4509 included in the signal line driver circuit 4503a are illustrated as an example in FIG. 25B.
Each of the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510 corresponds to a thin film transistor including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer, and the thin film transistor described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be employed as thin film transistors 4509 and 4510. In this embodiment, the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510 are n-channel thin film transistors.
Moreover, reference numeral 4511 denotes a light-emitting element. A first electrode layer 4517 which is a pixel electrode included in the light-emitting element 4511 is electrically connected to a source electrode layer or a drain electrode layer of the thin film transistor 4510. Note that a structure of the light-emitting element 4511 is not limited to that described in this embodiment. The structure of the light-emitting element 4511 can be changed as appropriate depending on the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511, or the like.
In addition, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b, or the pixel portion 4502 from FPCs 4518a and 4518b. 
In this embodiment, a connection terminal 4515 is formed from the same conductive film as a second electrode layer 4512, and a wiring 4516 is formed using the same conductive film as the first electrode layer 4517 included in the light-emitting element 4511.
The connection terminal 4515 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4518a through an anisotropic conductive film 4519.
The second substrate 4506 located in the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511 needs to have a light-transmitting property. In that case, a light-transmitting material such as a glass plate, a plastic plate, a polyester film, or an acrylic film is used.
As the filler 4507, an ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosetting resin can be used, in addition to an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. For example, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), acrylic, polyimide, an epoxy resin, a silicone resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral), or EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) can be used. In this embodiment, nitrogen is used for the filler 4507.
In addition, if needed, an optical film, such as a polarizing plate, a circularly polarizing plate (including an elliptically polarizing plate), a retardation plate (a quarter-wave plate or a half-wave plate), or a color filter, may be provided as appropriate on a light-emitting surface of the light-emitting element. Further, the polarizing plate or the circularly polarizing plate may be provided with an anti-reflection film. For example, anti-glare treatment by which reflected light can be diffused by projections and depressions on the surface so as to reduce the glare can be performed.
The signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b may be provided as driver circuits formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate separately prepared. In addition, only the signal line driver circuits or part thereof, or the scan line driver circuits or part thereof may be separately formed and mounted. This embodiment is not limited to the structure illustrated in FIGS. 25A and 25B.
Next, the appearance and a cross section of a liquid crystal display panel, which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention, will be described with reference to FIGS. 20(A1), 20(A2), and 20B. FIGS. 20(A1) and 20(A2) are top views of a panel in which highly reliable thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 each including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer, and a liquid crystal element 4013 formed over a first substrate 4001 are sealed between the first substrate 4001 and a second substrate 4006 with a sealant 4005. FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line M-N of FIGS. 20(A1) and 20(A2).
The sealant 4005 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4002 and a scan line driver circuit 4004 which are provided over the first substrate 4001. The second substrate 4006 is provided over the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004. Therefore, the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 are sealed together with a liquid crystal layer 4008, by the first substrate 4001, the sealant 4005, and the second substrate 4006. A signal line driver circuit 4003 that is formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate separately prepared is mounted in a region that is different from the region surrounded by the sealant 4005 over the first substrate 4001.
Note that the connection method of a driver circuit which is separately formed is not particularly limited, and a COG method, a wire bonding method, a TAB method, or the like can be used. FIG. 20(A1) illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit 4003 by a COG method, and FIG. 20(A2) illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit 4003 by a TAB method.
The pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 provided over the first substrate 4001 include a plurality of thin film transistors. FIG. 20B illustrates the thin film transistor 4010 included in the pixel portion 4002 and the thin film transistor 4011 included in the scan line driver circuit 4004.
Each of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 corresponds to a thin film transistor including an IGZO semiconductor layer and an n-type IGZO semiconductor layer, and the thin film transistor described in any one of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be employed as the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011. In this embodiment, the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 are n-channel thin film transistors.
A pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013 is electrically connected to the thin film transistor 4010. A counter electrode layer 4031 of the liquid crystal element 4013 is formed on the second substrate 4006. A portion where the pixel electrode layer 4030, the counter electrode layer 4031, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 overlap with one another corresponds to the liquid crystal element 4013. Note that the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 are provided with an insulating layer 4032 and an insulating layer 4033 respectively which each function as an alignment film, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 is sandwiched between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 with the insulating layers 4032 and 4033 interposed therebetween.
Note that the first substrate 4001 and the second substrate 4006 can be formed by using glass, metal (typically, stainless steel), ceramic, or plastic. As plastic, a fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) plate, a polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film, a polyester film, or an acrylic resin film can be used. In addition, a sheet with a structure in which an aluminum foil is sandwiched between PVF films or polyester films can be used.
Reference numeral 4035 denotes a columnar spacer obtained by selectively etching an insulating film and is provided to control the distance between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 (a cell gap). Further, a spherical spacer may also be used.
Further, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuit 4003 which is formed separately, the scan line driver circuit 4004, or the pixel portion 4002 from an FPC 4018.
In this embodiment, a connection terminal 4015 is formed from the same conductive film as that of the pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013, and a wiring 4016 is formed from the same conductive film as that of gate electrode layers of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011.
The connection terminal 4015 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4018 through an anisotropic conductive film 4019.
FIGS. 20(A1), 20(A2), and 20B illustrate an example in which the signal line driver circuit 4003 is formed separately and mounted on the first substrate 4001; however, this embodiment is not limited to this structure. The scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted, or only part of the signal line driver circuit or part of the scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted.
FIG. 21 illustrates an example in which a liquid crystal display module is formed as a semiconductor device by using a TFT substrate 2600 manufactured according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a liquid crystal display module, in which the TFT substrate 2600 and a counter substrate 2601 are fixed to each other with a sealant 2602, and a pixel portion 2603 including a TFT or the like, a display element 2604 including a liquid crystal layer, and a coloring layer 2605 are provided between the substrates to form a display region. The coloring layer 2605 is necessary to perform color display. In the case of the RGB system, respective coloring layers corresponding to colors of red, green, and blue are provided for respective pixels. Polarizing plates 2606 and 2607 and a diffusion plate 2613 are provided outside the TFT substrate 2600 and the counter substrate 2601. A light source includes a cold cathode tube 2610 and a reflective plate 2611, and a circuit substrate 2612 is connected to a wiring circuit portion 2608 of the TFT substrate 2600 through a flexible wiring board 2609 and includes an external circuit such as a control circuit or a power source circuit. The polarizing plate and the liquid crystal layer may be stacked with a retardation plate interposed therebetween.
For the liquid crystal display module, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, an in-plane-switching (IPS) mode, a fringe field switching (FFS) mode, a multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) mode, a patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode, an axially symmetric aligned micro-cell (ASM) mode, an optical compensated birefringence (OCB) mode, a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mode, an antiferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) mode, or the like can be used.
Through this process, a highly reliable display panel as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
This embodiment can be combined with any of the other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 10
An embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention can be applied to electronic paper. Electronic paper can be used for electronic appliances of a variety of fields as long as they can display data. For example, electronic paper can be applied to an electronic book (e-book) reader, a poster, an advertisement in a vehicle such as a train, displays of various cards such as a credit card, and the like. Examples of the electronic appliances are illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B and FIG. 8.
FIG. 7A illustrates a poster 2631 formed using electronic paper. In the case where an advertising medium is printed paper, the advertisement is replaced by manpower; however, by using electronic paper to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied, the advertising display can be changed in a short time. Further, an image can be stably displayed without being distorted. Note that the poster may be configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly.
FIG. 7B illustrates an advertisement 2632 in a vehicle such as a train. In the case where an advertising medium is printed paper, the advertisement is replaced by manpower; however, by using electronic paper to which an embodiment of the present invention is applied, the advertising display can be changed in a short time without a lot of manpower. Further, an image can be stably displayed without being distorted. Note that the advertisement in a vehicle may be configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example of an electronic book reader 2700. For example, the electronic book reader 2700 includes two housings, a housing 2701 and a housing 2703. The housing 2701 and the housing 2703 are combined with a hinge 2711 so that the electronic book reader 2700 can be opened and closed with the hinge 2711 as an axis. With such a structure, the electronic book reader 2700 can be operated like a paper book.
A display portion 2705 and a display portion 2707 are incorporated in the housing 2701 and the housing 2703, respectively. The display portion 2705 and the display portion 2707 may be configured to display one image or different images. In the case where the display portion 2705 and the display portion 2707 display different images, for example, a display portion on the right side (the display portion 2705 in FIG. 8) can display text and a display portion on the left side (the display portion 2707 in FIG. 8) can display graphics.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example in which the housing 2701 is provided with an operation portion and the like. For example, the housing 2701 is provided with a power switch 2721, an operation key 2723, a speaker 2725, and the like. With the operation key 2723, pages can be turned. Note that a keyboard, a pointing device, or the like may be provided on the surface of the housing, on which the display portion is provided. Further, an external connection terminal (an earphone terminal, a USB terminal, a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as an AC adapter and a USB cable, or the like), a recording medium insert portion, and the like may be provided on the back surface or the side surface of the housing. Further, the electronic book reader 2700 may have a function of an electronic dictionary.
The electronic book reader 2700 may be configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly. The structure can be employed in which desired book data or the like is purchased and downloaded from an electronic book server wirelessly.
Embodiment 11
A semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a variety of electronic appliances (including an amusement machine). Examples of electronic appliances include a television set (also referred to as a television or a television receiver), a monitor of a computer or the like, a camera such as a digital camera or a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone handset (also referred to as a mobile phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game console, a portable information terminal, an audio reproducing device, a large-sized game machine such as a pachinko machine, and the like.
FIG. 9A illustrates an example of a television set 9600. In the television set 9600, a display portion 9603 is incorporated in a housing 9601. The display portion 9603 can display an image. Further, the housing 9601 is supported by a stand 9605 here.
The television set 9600 can be operated with an operation switch of the housing 9601 or a separate remote controller 9610. Channels and volume can be controlled with an operation key 9609 of the remote controller 9610 so that an image displayed on the display portion 9603 can be controlled. Further, the remote controller 9610 may be provided with a display portion 9607 for displaying data output from the remote controller 9610.
Note that the television set 9600 is provided with a receiver, a modem, and the like. With the receiver, a general television broadcast can be received. Further, when the television set 9600 is connected to a communication network by wired or wireless connection via the modem, one-way (from a transmitter to a receiver) or two-way (between a transmitter and a receiver or between receivers) data communication can be performed.
FIG. 9B illustrates an example of a digital photo frame 9700. For example, in the digital photo frame 9700, a display portion 9703 is incorporated in a housing 9701. The display portion 9703 can display various images. For example, the display portion 9703 can display data of an image taken with a digital camera or the like and function as a normal photo frame.
Note that the digital photo frame 9700 is provided with an operation portion, an external connection portion (a USB terminal, a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as a USB cable, or the like), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like. Although these components may be provided on the surface on which the display portion is provided, it is preferable to provide them on the side surface or the back surface for the design of the digital photo frame 9700. For example, a memory storing data of an image taken with a digital camera is inserted in the recording medium insertion portion of the digital photo frame, whereby the image data can be transferred and then displayed on the display portion 9703.
The digital photo frame 9700 may be configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly. The structure may be employed in which desired image data is transferred wirelessly to be displayed.
FIG. 10A is a portable game machine and includes two housings, a housing 9881 and a housing 9891, which are connected with a joint portion 9893 so that the portable game machine can be opened or folded. A display portion 9882 is incorporated in the housing 9881, and a display portion 9883 is incorporated in the housing 9891. In addition, the portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 10A is provided with a speaker portion 9884, a recording medium insert portion 9886, an LED lamp 9890, input means (operation keys 9885, a connection terminal 9887, a sensor 9888 (having a function of measuring force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation number, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, electric power, radial ray, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor, or infrared ray), and a microphone 9889), and the like. Needless to say, the structure of the portable game machine is not limited to that described above. The portable game machine may have a structure in which additional accessory equipment is provided as appropriate as long as at least a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided. The portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 10A has a function of reading a program or data stored in a recording medium to display it on the display portion, and a function of sharing information with another portable game machine by wireless communication. Note that a function of the portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 10A is not limited to those described above, and the portable game machine can have a variety of functions.
FIG. 10B illustrates an example of a slot machine 9900 which is a large-sized amusement machine. In the slot machine 9900, a display portion 9903 is incorporated in a housing 9901. In addition, the slot machine 9900 is provided with operation means such as a start lever and a stop switch, a coin slot, a speaker, or the like. Needless to say, the structure of the slot machine 9900 is not limited to the above-described structure. The slot machine may have a structure in which additional accessory equipment is provided as appropriate as long as at least a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided.
FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a mobile phone handset 1000. The mobile phone handset 1000 is provided with a display portion 1002 incorporated in a housing 1001, operation buttons 1003, an external connection port 1004, a speaker 1005, a microphone 1006, and the like.
When the display portion 1002 of the mobile phone handset 1000 illustrated in FIG. 11 is touched with a finger or the like, data can be input into the mobile phone handset 1000. Further, operations such as making calls and texting can be performed by touching the display portion 1002 with a finger or the like.
There are mainly three screen modes of the display portion 1002. The first mode is a display mode mainly for displaying an image. The second mode is an input mode mainly for inputting data such as text. The third mode is a display-and-input mode which is a combination of the two modes, that is, a combination of the display mode and the input mode.
For example, in the case of making a call or composing a mail, a text input mode mainly for inputting text is selected for the display portion 1002 so that characters displayed on a screen can be inputted. In that case, it is preferable to display a keyboard or number buttons on almost all area of the screen of the display portion 1002.
When a detection device including a sensor for detecting inclination, such as a gyroscope or an acceleration sensor, is provided inside the mobile phone handset 1000, display on the screen of the display portion 1002 can be automatically switched by determining the direction of the mobile phone handset 1000 (whether the mobile phone handset 1000 is placed horizontally or vertically for a landscape mode or a portrait mode).
The screen modes are switched by touching the display portion 1002 or using the operation buttons 1003 of the housing 1001. Alternatively, the screen modes may be changed depending on the kind of the image displayed on the display portion 1002. For example, when a signal of an image displayed on the display portion is the one of moving image data, the screen mode is changed to the display mode. When the signal is the one of text data, the screen mode is changed to the input mode.
Further, in the input mode, when input by touching the display portion 1002 is not performed for a certain period while a signal detected by the optical sensor in the display portion 1002 is detected, the screen mode may be controlled so as to be switched from the input mode to the display mode.
The display portion 1002 may function as an image sensor. For example, an image of a palm print, a fingerprint, or the like is taken when the display portion 1002 is touched with a palm or a finger, whereby personal identification can be performed. Further, by providing a backlight or a sensing light source which emits a near-infrared light in the display portion, an image of a finger vein, a palm vein, or the like can be taken.
This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2008-205753 filed with Japan Patent Office on Aug. 8, 2008, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

## Claims

1. A semiconductor device comprising:
a transistor, the transistor comprising:
an oxide semiconductor layer;
a buffer layer having n-type conductivity overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer;
a gate electrode layer overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer with a gate insulating layer interposed therebetween; and
one of a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer overlapping with the buffer layer,

wherein the buffer layer comprises an oxide semiconductor and is electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor layer,
wherein the buffer layer is interposed between the oxide semiconductor layer and the one of the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer,
wherein the one of the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer is electrically connected to the buffer layer, and
wherein a carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer is lower than 1×1017 atoms/cm3, and a carrier concentration of the buffer layer is 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or higher.

2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein each one edge of the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer is covered with the buffer layer.

3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the buffer layer contains an impurity element imparting the n-type conductivity.

4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer contain titanium.

5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer contains indium, gallium, and zinc.

6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the oxide semiconductor contains indium, gallium, and zinc.

7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the buffer layer contains one of materials selected from magnesium, aluminum, and titanium.

8. A semiconductor device comprising:
a transistor, the transistor comprising:
an oxide semiconductor layer;
a first buffer layer having n-type conductivity overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer;
a second buffer layer having n-type conductivity overlapping with the first buffer layer;

a gate electrode layer overlapping with the oxide semiconductor layer with a gate insulating layer interposed therebetween; and
one of a source electrode layer and a drain electrode layer overlapping with the second buffer layer,

wherein the first buffer layer comprises a first oxide semiconductor and is electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor layer,
wherein the first buffer layer is interposed between the oxide semiconductor layer and the second buffer layer,
wherein the second buffer layer comprises a second oxide semiconductor and is electrically connected to the first buffer layer,
wherein the second buffer layer is interposed between the first buffer layer and the one of the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer,
wherein the one of the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer is electrically connected to the second buffer layer,
wherein a carrier concentration of the first buffer layer is higher than a carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer and lower than a carrier concentration of the second buffer layer, and
wherein the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor layer is lower than 1×1017 atoms/cm3, and the carrier concentration of the second buffer layer is 1×1018 atoms/cm3 or higher.

9. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein each one edge of the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer is covered with the second buffer layer.

10. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the first buffer layer contains an impurity element imparting the n-type conductivity.

11. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the second buffer layer contains an impurity element imparting the n-type conductivity.

12. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the source electrode layer and the drain electrode layer contain titanium.

13. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer contains indium, gallium, and zinc.

14. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the first oxide semiconductor contains indium, gallium, and zinc.

15. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the second oxide semiconductor contains indium, gallium, and zinc.

16. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the first buffer layer contains one of materials selected from magnesium, aluminum, and titanium.

17. The semiconductor device according to claim 8, wherein the first buffer layer contains one of materials selected from magnesium, aluminum, and titanium.