Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-20-00439-CV

IN RE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO

Original Mandamus Proceeding1

Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice

Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice

Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Delivered and Filed: January 20, 2021

PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS CONDITIONALLY GRANTED

Relator filed a petition for writ of mandamus asking this court to compel respondent to 

vacate her order compelling production of a nonparty’s medical records. We conditionally grant 

the petition. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 7, 2018, Jake Trevino, former University of Texas at San Antonio police officer 

and chair for the staff council, spoke to Christopher Jimenez, UTSA’s mailroom supervisor,

concerning a workplace dispute between Jimenez and another employee. Trevino was in his 

UTSA police uniform but stated that he was acting as the Chairman of the UTSA Staff Council at 

the time. According to an interview in the UT System Police Administrative Investigation, 

1 This proceeding arises out of Cause No. 2019CI10989, styled Jake R. Trevino v. University of Texas at San Antonio, 

pending in the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas. The Honorable Rosie Alvarado, sitting by 

assignment, signed the order at issue in this proceeding. 
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Jimenez reported to Inspector Paul Shepherd from the Office of the Director of Police that Trevino 

stated “before it looks like a bad light is shed on you with the president, I’d like to get your side.” 

Jimenez informed Trevino that he did not want to discuss the matter with him and wanted to speak 

to employee relations first. Trevino insisted on speaking to Jimenez directly, and Jimenez 

reiterated to Trevino that he did not feel comfortable speaking to him about the matter. 

After the encounter between Trevino and Jimenez, Jimenez sent an email to Tenika Hodge, 

the former UTSA Relations Advisor, and summarized his conversation with Trevino, stating that 

he was uncomfortable discussing the matter that Trevino was pressing him about. On March 20, 

Assistant Chief of Police Daniel J. Kelley served Trevino with a charge letter advising him of 

several UTSA policies that he allegedly violated. The charge letter stated that “Officer Trevino 

was in uniform and was attempting to intimidate and bully . . . Jimenez (Mailroom Supervisor) 

into divulging information regarding a confidential personnel issue.” On March 22, Jimenez 

provided Shepherd with a recorded interview as part of an investigation into Trevino for police 

misconduct. In the interview, Jimenez reported that he felt intimidated during this encounter with 

Trevino and that he took the next two days off from work to go to the doctor due to the stress from 

the encounter. 

On July 17, after concluding its investigation of Trevino, UTSA Chief of Police Gerald 

Lewis terminated Trevino’s employment. The termination letter stated that Trevino failed to 

follow the “use of intimidation” and “conduct and behavior” sections of its policy and procedures. 

It also stated that the “unauthorized interviewing of the employees involved was deemed 

intimidating and the conduct inappropriate.” 

On September 21, Trevino filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission contending that he was wrongfully terminated because he engaged in 

protected activity and opposed unlawful activity. In response, UTSA, relator herein, submitted a 
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position statement stating that it did not engage in any discriminatory action with respect to 

Trevino and that the reasons for termination included: Trevino interrogating employees in an 

intimidating manner against their will; Trevino doing such actions in his police uniform even 

though he was off duty; and Trevino stating that he knew the employees’ background and had 

reviewed their performance evaluations. 

On May 31, 2019, Trevino filed suit against relator alleging that it retaliated against him

under Chapter 21 of the Texas Labor Code by terminating his employment. In Trevino’s first set 

of interrogatories, Interrogatory No. 3 asked relator to identify all facts supporting its contention 

that Trevino violated the “use of intimidation” code of conduct. Relator’s response stated: 

Mr. Trevino wore his police uniform when he spoke with Mr. Salinas and Mr. 

Jimenez. Both individuals noted that it was their belief that Mr. Trevino was 

attempting to intimidate them by noting that he was the Chair of Staff Council. Mr. 

Trevino noted that he was meeting with the President to Mr. Jimenez. Mr. Jimenez 

noted that he needed to take the next two days off because he was stressed out over 

the meeting with Mr. Trevino. Mr. Jimenez further indicated that he was 

intimidated because he knew Mr. Trevino was trying to siphon information from 

him for his own use. Mr. Trevino also said that he evaluated Mr. Jimenez’s coworkers claims and decided that she had good claims against Mr. Salinas and Mr. 

Jimenez. Defendants have produced the May 21, 2018 Investigation. 

Then, in Trevino’s second set of requests for production, he requested from relator a “copy 

of all documents, payroll records, timecards, time sheets, attendance records, letters, 

correspondence, faxes, electronic mail, and text messages showing that” Jimenez took two days 

off from work because of the stress from his encounter with Trevino. Relator produced time 

records showing the days Jimenez took off from work and produced a doctor’s note showing that 

Jimenez used sick leave during the days he took off. Relator then objected that the request was 

overbroad, sought information that may be protected by the Health Insurance Portability and 

Accountability Act and the Texas Medical Privacy Act, was not relevant nor reasonably calculated 

to produce admissible evidence, and sought protected information relating to leave based on 
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medical reasons. Relator then supplemented its objections asserting that the personal medical 

records of Jimenez were not in its possession, custody, or control and alternatively asserted the 

doctor-patient privilege. Trevino filed a motion to compel these documents and sought an order 

from the trial court overruling relator’s objections, ordering relator to produce the requested 

documents, ordering an in-camera inspection of relevant records, ordering entry of a protective 

order allowing the production of the records under seal, and ordering relator’s employees, 

including Jimenez, to answer deposition questions regarding the subject matter. In the alternative, 

Trevino requested the trial court strike relator’s pleadings and/or defenses thereby prohibiting it 

from relying on Jimenez’s allegations of emotional trauma as the basis for its legitimate nondiscriminatory reason to discharge him. The trial court held a hearing and overruled relator’s 

assertion of privilege and motion for protective order and ordered the parties to enter into an agreed 

protective order for the disclosure of the documents. 

Relator filed its petition for writ of mandamus challenging the order on August 27, 2020, 

and this court issued a stay of the discovery order pending the outcome of this original proceeding. 

Trevino filed a response, to which relator replied. In its petition, relator argues the trial court 

abused its discretion in entering the order, but only complains of the order to the extent it can be 

construed as requiring relator to produce Jimenez’s medical records. Relator contends, among 

other issues, that the trial court abused its discretion because it does not have possession, custody, 

or control of Jimenez’s medical records.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that will issue only to correct a clear abuse of 

discretion when there is no other adequate remedy at law. In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., L.P., 235 S.W.3d 

619, 623 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding). To satisfy the clear abuse of discretion standard, the 

relator must show “the trial court could reasonably have reached only one decision.” Liberty Nat’l 
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Fire Ins. Co. v. Akin, 927 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Tex. 1996) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Walker v. 

Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding)). “A trial court has no ‘discretion’ 

in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts. Thus, a clear failure by the trial 

court to analyze or apply the law correctly will constitute an abuse of discretion, and may result in 

appellate reversal by extraordinary writ.” Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840. “[A] party will not have an 

adequate remedy by appeal when the appellate court would not be able to cure the trial court’s 

discovery error.” Id. at 843. 

POSSESSION, CUSTODY, AND CONTROL

In its first issue, relator argues the trial court abused its discretion by ordering production 

of documents that are not within its “possession, custody, or control” under Texas Rule of Civil 

Procedure 192.3. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 192.3. In his motion to compel and in his response to 

relator’s petition for writ of mandamus, Trevino asserts that relator and Jimenez waived any 

privilege related to the requested medical records because Jimenez voluntarily disclosed the

documents to relator, and that relator relies on Jimenez’s physical, mental, or emotional condition 

as part of its claims and defenses in discharging Trevino. 

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 192.3(a) provides: “In general, a party may obtain discovery 

regarding any matter that is not privileged and is relevant to the subject matter of the pending 

action . . . ” Id. R. 192.3(a). Rule 192.3(b) provides: 

A party may obtain discovery of the existence, description, nature, custody, 

condition, location, and contents of documents and tangible things . . . that 

constitute or contain matters relevant to the subject matter of the action. A person 

is required to produce a document or tangible thing that is within the person’s 

possession, custody, or control.

Id. R. 192.3(b). 

“Possession, custody, or control of an item means that the person either has physical 

possession of the item or has a right to possession of the item that is equal or superior to the person 
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who has physical possession of the item.” Id. R. 192.7(b) (emphasis in original). The party seeking 

production has the burden of proving that the relator has constructive possession or the right to 

obtain possession of the requested documents. See GTE Commc’ns Sys. Corp. v. Tanner, 856 

S.W.2d 725, 729 (Tex. 1993) (orig. proceeding); In re U-Haul Int’l, 87 S.W.3d 653, 656 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding). A party may request that another party to the pending 

action produce a document or tangible thing. TEX. R. CIV. P. 196.1(a). Texas Rule of Civil 

Procedure 205 governs discovery from nonparties, including a request for production of a 

document or tangible thing. See id. R. 205.1. 

Here, the compelled documents are not within relator’s possession, custody, or control. 

See id. R. 192.3(b), 192.7(b).2 Relator does not have physical possession of Jimenez’s medical 

records and, as Jimenez’s employer, does not have a right to possession that is equal or superior to 

Jimenez’s control of his own medical records. See id. R. 192.7(b); Tanner, 856 S.W.2d at 729

(“The right to obtain possession is a legal right based upon the relationship between the party from 

whom a document is sought and the person who has actual possession of it.”). 

Trevino argues that even if relator does not have physical possession of Jimenez’s medical 

records, it has a duty to obtain and produce the documents. However, the circumstances that 

obligate a party to obtain documents it does not possess do not exist here. Cf. In re Summersett, 

438 S.W.3d 74, 82 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2013, orig. proceeding) (denying 

mandamus relief on an order compelling discovery of documents where relator was the president 

of a company and had an equal or greater right to non-confidential employee documents). Relator 

does not have constructive possession of the documents nor does it have a greater right to 

2 Trevino asserts that relator failed to object to its lack of “possession, custody, or control” of the documents. The 

record includes relator’s first amended supplemental objections and responses to Trevino’s second request for 

production, wherein relator objected that the personal medical records of Jimenez were not in its possession, custody, 

or control and, alternatively, asserted the doctor-patient privilege. 
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Jimenez’s confidential medical records. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 611.002(a) 

(“Communications between a patient and a professional, and records of the identity, diagnosis, 

evaluation, or treatment of a patient that are created or maintained by a professional, are 

confidential.”); TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. § 159.002(a)–(b) (stating that communications between a 

physician and a patient, records of the patient’s identity, diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment are 

confidential and privileged). Trevino, as the party seeking production, has failed to meet his 

burden of proving that relator has constructive possession or the greater right to obtain possession 

of the requested documents. See Tanner, 856 S.W.2d at 729; U-Haul Int’l, 87 S.W.3d at 656.3

 

Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by ordering the disclosure of documents that 

are not within relator’s “possession, custody, or control.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 192.3(b), 192.7(b); 

Kuntz, 124 S.W.3d at 184.4 Relator also does not have an adequate remedy by appeal. See Kuntz, 

124 S.W.3d at 181 (“A party will not have an adequate remedy by appeal when the appellate court 

would not be able to cure the trial court's discovery error.” (citing In re Colonial Pipeline Co., 968 

S.W.2d 938, 942–43 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding))); see also In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 295 

S.W.3d 309, 322 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding) (stating that mandamus is appropriate when the 

trial court compels production beyond the permissible bounds of discovery). 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion by 

compelling disclosure of Jimenez’s medical records and relator does not have an adequate remedy 

3 A party to a suit may seek nonparty production of documents in the nonparty’s possession, and a nonparty may move 

for a protective order. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 205; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 176.6(e), 192.6(a) (“A person from whom 

discovery is sought, and any other person affected by the discovery request, may move . . . for an order protecting that 

person from the discovery sought.”); In re Kuntz, 124 S.W.3d 179, 184 n.4 (Tex. 2003) (orig. proceeding) (noting that 

the plaintiff may seek production of the documents directly from the nonparty owner under Texas Rule of Civil 

Procedure 205). 

4 We therefore need not address relator’s other issues. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
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at law. See Kuntz, 124 S.W.3d at 184; Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 843. Accordingly, we conditionally 

grant the petition for writ of mandamus and direct the trial court, no later than fifteen days from 

the date of this opinion, to vacate the portion of its August 27, 2020 order granting in part Trevino’s 

motion to compel relator to disclose Jimenez’s medical records. 

Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice