' **J**

J 1cob
ll). Vll'n llcrmr.y S

I LVIC ULT UR.

l E N O N PO

. INT S O UR C E E L EM EN T ST AT
E WATER **QU~Lift**

MA NAGE

M ENT

P LAN APRIL, 191-9 Bob Graham Governor SUbmitted

in 1111COrd1nae

wlth the **edtriJ** W-r Poltutfon Control Act. Amand

m tntJ of

**~** 9'12. ( P.Li blrc l•w B2

• sao. Section
iDS

I.A.ctCNOWLEDGP.MENTSTheFloridaDepartmentofEnvironmentalRegulationwouldliketothanktheFloridaDivisionofForestry.theaembersoftheForestryAdHoeTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee,theforest-industrycommunity.andtheothergovernmentagencieswhoassistedinthedevelopmentofthisSilvicultureNonpointSourcePlanElement.SpecialthanksgotoGeorgeReinertandJohnGreisoftheFloridaDivisionofForestryWhowereresponsibleforcoordinatingandwritingagooddealofthereport"RecommendedBeatManagementPracticesforSilviculture".Thatreport,developedbythe!'loridaDivisionofForestryandthe.AdHocTechnicalAdvisoryCommitteefortheDepartmentofEnvironmentalRegulation,hasbeenusedasthetechnicalbasisforthisdocument;andisinsomeeasesquotedverbatim.i,.

# PRBPACE 

# It 

# is

a pl'imfD'y
goa.'L 

# of 

# ths P'tcreida **o.pcuotm~mt**



# of EnvizoomumtaZ. R•gul.ation to 

# ensUl's


# ths pPsseruation

and 

# snhana(lf1lfmt

of 

# Pl.c'l'id4



# 's **wczt~ reesouro••~**  

# thus c:onmbuti.ng



# to the quality

of tJJ. 

# total. emJi.'l'omHint

foze 

# this a11d futJ.a:tB 

# gfiMNtions.

In oztdsp



# to aahwus
this 

# goal. 

# a11d



# to oomp'Ly r,ri.th 

# ths Fedel'a'L Watel' Potl.ution Contltot
Aot 

# Amfmdments

of 19?2 (Publ:lo

Lm.1 

# 92-SOO 

# Seotion **208)~**



# as 

# assesmrent



# of pottmtia1. 

# ncmpoint 80Ul'OB 

# tJatel' 

# quaUty **p~b'Lems** 

# related



# to **si'Luicu'L~e**



# has been initiated

by 

# the State. This document 

# reprssents

one 

# e'LemBnt

of 

# ths initial. Phase



# II (208) **~te.t'** 

# qu12't.ity p14nni.ng 

# process. Information contained

in this document forme



# a basa foP 

# the 

# identification

of Rzata't 

# CZ.ean 

# Watsr preoj•ct areas 

# pursuant

to sub-section 208(j)



# of 

# PUb'Lio
**~** 

# 9S-21? entitl.sd "Ag.ricul.turat Cost 

# Sharing". It 

# should

bs notsd 

# that **dst~pi.te**



# any **.ttt~fersncss**



# in this doownant



# to regu'Latol'y 

# control. al.ternatives.,

none 

# of 

# the 

# provisions

of this e'Lenumt

azos .ttU'LeB,rllgu'La

# tions



# Ol' 'l-imits. InsteadJ


# this

is

a 

# teohnica.'L doownent 

# intended

to 

# be uti'U.:aed 

# as

a mods'l.

in addztessi.ng


# knoa.m

Ol' 

# pountia'L sitvi.cu'LturaZ. nonpoint source pztobtems.

21l.e i.nfomati.on 

# contained

in this 

# doOI.D1Kmt

is **IIUbjt~ot**



# to zt.vision and modification

bassd upon furthsl' study



# by the 

# Depazotment



# or "designated" 

# 208 Planning agencies;



# cmd 

# othsr da1:4 eupp'Ued



# by 

# nume:rous agencies

and the 

# citiaens

of Florida..---..--..
Silviculture Nonpoint Source Eleaant of the State Water Qu.aU

ty Management

Plan TABLE

OP CONTENTS AckDowledge.ents

.

.
. . . . . . . .
. .

. Preface Part

I: Part II: Part III: Part IV: Part

V:

. . .

. . .

.
.

.
. .
. . .

.

.
.

'

. . . .

.

. .

. Background

and Program Design A. Purpose

•

•

•

•

•

•

,

•

.

. . . . .

•

.

.

•

• B. Water Manaa•ent
Goals

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

,

• c. State EDablias Legislation

•

•

,

•

•

•

•

• D. Planning Framework

•

•

•

•

•

,

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

, E. Social• Envirotllllental,

and Economic Aaaeaement

• P. Public Participation Prosram •••• G. Program Relationship

vith Designated
Plans

•

•

• General Silviculture Monpoint Source Assessment--Statewide A. Intl."oduction

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• B
• Sed iDI.ent

•

..

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• C. Other Nonpoint Source Pollutants

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• D. Site Sensitivity
Class Happing

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• B. Application

of Assessment

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• References

,

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Best Manageaent Practices A. Introduction

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• B. **~'s** ......•...•...•••••.. C. Contingency
Plans
for Natural Disaster•

•

•

•

•

• D. Best Management Practice Assessment

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• Implementation A. Introduction

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

,

•

•

•

•

•

• B. Alternative Management/Regulatory
Approaches ••••• c. Recommended Manasement Approach

•

• ••••••••• D. Designated Management Agencies

•

•

• ••••••• Glossary

. .

•

.

•

.

.

.

.

. . .

•

.

.

Page I-1 1-1 I-2 1-3 I-7 I-13 I-16 II-1 II-1 II-11 II-13 II-18 II-20 III-1 III-1 III-20 III-23 IV-1 tv-1 IV-2 IV-6 V-1

# PAR.T

I: RACKGlWUND

AND PROGRAM DESIGN 

# !he purpose

of the **Silvi~ulture** 

# Element

of the 208 Statewide Water Quality Mans.gement

Plan
is to identify thoae watereheda haviug known

or potential nonpoint

sou

. rce pollution ateiiiiR.iq
from certain a1lvicultural

land use and **pract~es.**



# The element

is intended

to aet forth **pro~adurea**



# and methods

to control

or prevent

to the extent feasible
euch sources

in order to protect

and enhance

the waters

of the state. This can be accomplished 

# only throuah sound and conscientioua



# land and water management,
whilereeognizing

the need for adequate supplies

of food and fiber,

as well

as

a quality **envirom~~ent.** 

# B. 

# Water Management
Goals The goal

of this element

of the plan

is consistent

with the overall goal

of the state,

as expressed

in Section 403.021, P.S.: "Public policy

of the state

ia to **~onaerve**



# the waters of the state and
to protect, maintain,

and imfrove the quality thereof

for public water aupplies,

for the propagation

of 

# wildlife,

fish and 

# other aquatic life, and for **domesti~,** 

# agricultural, industrial, **re~reational,** 

# and other beneficial
usee.

It also prohibita

the discharge

of wastes into Florida watera withouttreatment necessary

to protect those beneficial

uses

of the waters." In accordance

with these goals,

the Florida Department

of Environmental Regulation
(FDER)
has developed

a classification

system designating

the present and 

# future most beneficial

uses

of all watera, including standards

to be used in evaluating
water quality. 403.061(12), Florida Statutes (F.S.). As 

# directed

in Public
Law 

# 92-SOO,

the silvicultural element

of this plan will encourage sound silviculture practices

that 

# will minimize I-1water pollution fr011 diffuse (nonpoint) sources. However, because diffuse

flow ia currently exeapted froa the perait requirements (Chapter 17-4.248

P.A.c •• effective 3/1/79) 1 and the developaent of management practices for

the control of such atormwater discharge ia in an early stage, the Department will initially tmplement this plan in accordance with the United States

Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines (EPA, "Program Guidance

MemorandUDl: SAM 31 11

• 9/22/77 and 6/7 /78) allowing for a non-regulatory

course of action.

C. State Enabling Legislation

The authority of the !'DER to :implement and carry out the requirements

of Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended, and

thus prepare water quality manas•ent pl.ana is sranted in Chapter 403 of the

Florida Statutes. which atatea:

"The Departlllent ahall have the power and t.he duty to

control and prohibit pollution of air and water in

accordance with the law and rules and regulations

adopted and promulgated by it 1 and for this purpose

to: (i) approve and promulgate current and longrange plans developed to provide for air and water

quality control and pollution abatement, (ii) adopt

a comprehenaiva proaram for the prevention, control 1

and abatement of pol.lution of the air and watera of

the state, and from time to t:1Jie review and modify

such proara as neeeasary."

Chapter 403, P.s •• 11 EnviroDIIlental Control", Chapter 373, F.S., "Water

- --

Resources", both substantiate the Department's authority to prepare and adopt

water quality 11181Ulle&ent plana and programs. The rules developed by the

I-2 ,.pursuanttotheaforementionedstatutes,Chapter17-j,F.A.C.,nwaterQualityStandards..,Chapter17-4,F.A.C.,11Pemits11andChapter17-6,F.A.C.,"SewageWorks",allprovidethemeansfordevelopingalternativeplanimplementationapproaches.D.PlanningFrameworkOnOctober18,1972.theFederalWaterPollutionControlActAmendments(FWPCA)becamePublicLaw92-500.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheActiato"restoreandmaintainthechemical.physicalandbiologicalintegrityoftheNation'swateru.ByJune,1983,whereverpossible.waterqualityistobesuitableforprotectionandpropagationoffishandwildlife,andforrecreationinandonthewaters.TheActalsorequiresthatdischargesofpollutantsbeeliminatedby1985.WaterqualitymanagementplanningascarriedoutbytheDepartmentofEnvironmentalRegulationisanintegratednetworkofactivitiesmandatedbytheFWPCAandauthorizedbyFloridaStatutes.TheseactivitieshaveincludedtheofBasinPlans(seeFisureI-1)pursuanttoSection303oftheAct.BasinPlansarelll.&nagementdocumentswhichsetforthaneffectiveremedialprogramtoalleviatewaterqualityproblemaassociatedwiththedischargeofwastebymunicipalandindustrialfacilitiesintothewatersoftheState.Themajorobjectiveofthebasinplanawasthedeterminationofavailablewasteassimilativecapacityofthosewaterbodiesreceivingdischargeinordertoestablisheffluentlimitationswhichmeetormaintainthewaterqualitylevelsnecessarytoprotectitspresentandfuturemoatbeneficialuses.Section201facilitiesplansaredevelopedinaccordancewithapplicablerequirementsofSections20l(g)1301and302oftheFWPCA.ThismanagementandplanningprocessfeaturesanapproachwhichseeksfeasiblewastedischargealternativesthatareeconomicallyandsoundinordertoI-3• .. • •

• •

• •

LIGINO NUM•I,_ BASIN

" NASSAU·ST . MAllY$

zo ST . JOHN$

21 SUWANNEE

u AUCIU.A.OatLOCKONEE•

ST . MARkS

'' WtTHAlACOOCHE£

Z.\ TAMPA BAY AREA

II PEACE

II IUSSIMMEE

17 'LORIDA EAST COAST

z• lOWER f\.ORIOA

31 APALACHICOLA

J2 CHOCTAWHATCHEE

J3 PCROIOO·UCANIIA • .,,

. . .. .1' **~** , •

FiguTe 1-1. **I~N** LOCATION

I - 4achievetheeffluentliMitationsestablishedinthebasinplane.Section201providesforathreestepprocesswhichincludesplanning(Step1).design(Step2).andtheactualconstructionorupgrade(Step3)ofafacility.Theprimaryandoverallaimofthisactivityistoeliminatethedischargeofpollutantsassociatedwiththewastestreatedbypublicandprivatefacilities.Atthiswriting,201facilityplanaareatvariouaatageaofcompletionthroughoutthestate.Section208oftheFWPCAsetsforthrequirementsforthedevelopmentandimplementationofareawidewastetreatmentmanagementplans.Congressenvisioned208asaprocessofcreatingcomprehensiveregionalwaterqualityplanningtoreplacestateplanninginareasbaviugseverewaterqualityproblems.Thearealscopeof208planningwasoriginallylimitedtoareascharacterizedbyhighurban-industrialactivities,generallystandardmetropolitanstatisticalareas(SMSA's).rheeeareaswouldbedesignatedbythegovernorsandfundedbyEPAtoprepare208plans.OnJuly25,1975theU.S.DistrictCourtfortheDistrictofColumbiahandeddownafinaldecisionwhichrequiredthestatestocarryout208planninsintheso-callednon-designatedareasoftheatate.Inaddition,thecourtruledthatstateswouldbeultimatelyresponsibleforassuringthattheprovisionsofSection208areimplementedindesignatedaswellasthenon-designatedplanningareas.Floridahas12designated208studyareascomprisingofroughly80percentofFlorida'spopulation,50percentofitalandarea(see7igureI-2).Localandregionalplanningagenciesweredesignatedtodo208planningintheirrespectiveareasbetweenJanuaryandJune.1975.TheDepartment'sparticipationinthe208desigaatedprogramisoneofpolicyauidanceandtechnicalsupport.Inaddition,FDERmustcertifycompleted208plansandassurethatanyrecommendationsorportionsoftheplanarelegallyandtechnicallydefensiblebeforetheycanbeincorporatedintoaStatewideWaterQualityManagementPlan.t-5

# LEGEND DESIGNATED 2Q8 

# "REAS

• \iEST

**no.,~([~».** 

# a£GICNAL 

# PINtnNG COliCIL

MY



# c:xxN1Y (FC£R) 

# '17d.tNIASSEE- 

# I.!Di 

# ccurrr P.LNI«NG DEPAimBfr



# •

\lOWSIA 

# c:xu«:n. OF

**~**



# • BN:VARl 

# o:umr PlRalDI* AND ZCMNG 

# 'DEPl\Rllen'



# • Ex: FIDlWlA. **JU!:GI~** 

# PIRtilNG 

# auctt.

• **~**



# P'IDRIDA EGtQDU, 

# PIANNlNG o:u«:IL

•

WIPA BAY REGta.L

**P~ING** 

# CXXN:IL



# •

SOtmM:ST Fl.Ort.CM

**~OW:.** 

# PLN.."llNc CXXRCIL

•

ARFA PLANNING B0M0 OF PAU·t 

# B£101 Ol.N'l'Y



# • **BIO~**



# CD.trn 

# PIMNblci 

# CX:u:clL

M&'\'ro 

# MDE t:X:lNn 

# a::PNtiz.ENT OF DMRJNMENT.f\L

ftf.50oTcEs

**!-~!.\GElt'ENT**



# · NONDESIGNATED PLANNING 

# AREA

(WHCTE PORTION OF MAP) FiguTe 

# I-2

.


# Location

of designated and non-designated



# plannina aTeas 

# I-6ThisSilvicultureElementrepresentsonemajorelementoftheStatewide208WaterQualityManagementPlan.TheothermajorelementsofPlorida's208Planwillfocusspecificallyonasriculture,minina,septictankaandurban/constructionactivities.TheprimarypurposefordevelopingindividualelementsorplansbycategoriesofpotentialorknownsourcesofnonpointpollutionistoprovidethepublicwithabetterunderstandingofhowtheDepartment'smanagementstrategiesmayeffactlandowners,businesses,landmanagers,andothersassociatedwiththeparticularactivityunderstudy.Theuniquenatureofnonpointsourcemanagementrequiresathoroughunderstandingoftheproblemandacautiousbutsoundapproachindevelopin;anynecessarycontroloptions.E.Social,Environmental,andEc:onomieAssessmentAttheturnofthecentury,whenlandaeemedalimitlessresource,virginstandsofpine,.cypressandhardwoodswereharvestedbyloggersprimarilyinterestedinprovidift8woodforagrowingstate.Therewaslittleregardforthefutureproductivityoftheland.Virainforestswerecut,burnedandclearedforconversiontootheruses.This"cutandgetout"philosophyhasgraduallychansedtooneof"harvestandregenerate"asproductiveforestlandshavegraduallydiminished,andvaluesofthoseresourceshasincreasedaccordingly.Presently,thesilvicultureindustryischaracterizedbycarefulmanagement,workingtowardmakingthemoatefficientuseofavailablelandresources.Productionmustbecomeincreastnalyefficient,asurbanencroachmentconsumeslandspreviouslyusedforttmber.Between1960and1970,over675,000acresofcommercialforestwereconvertedintourbanuses(U.S.ForestService,1970).I-7Vitally :laportaut to tbe eco110111y of the etate, ailvic:ultural

operation• provided aoma $3,001,694,339 from total forest products

in 1976 (FDACS, 1977). **Eat~ted** county income froa forest products is

shown in Table I-1. As of 1976, there were 37,163 people directly employed

in ttmber-baeed industries (aee Table I-2), with a total payroll of about

$419,097,715. There are a variety of wood using industries located throughout the state, aa shown in Figure l-3, Currently the leading ttmber product

is pulpwood, 90% of which is composed of aoftwoode 1uch as southern yellow

pine (USDA, 1969).

As of 1970, there were 16,231,600 acres of commercial forest land in

Florida (Table I-3). This number doas not include aoae 457,600 acres of

**fa~r-owned** and aiacellaneous private lande leaaed to the forest industry.

Foreated lands make up about 50 percent of the total acrease in the state (as

of 1970). Thia number baa probably decreased aomewhat up to the present with

loaa of land to other uses; however, forested lands atill represent a

significant portion of the state.

Besidea being called upon to supply fiber and wood products, forests

are looked to by society to provide other services. Like ailvicultural

activities, each of these alternate uses can contribute to water quality

degradation if improperly designed or managed. Por soma people, hunting

and other forms of recreation are the most tangible benefits derived from

forest•. As the population iacreasea, tbe preasurea of recreational use

on foreata can be expected to increase.

Controlled livestock grazing is a lesitimate use of some forest land.

This enables fuller utilization of the acreage. Grazing will bec0111e more

common as expected future declinea in the improved pasture land base

become a fact. l -8

# •

Tat.le
t-1 tecS..C*i C..WICJ 

# l!lau **t~•** 

# fotuc trollvcca

- 1lorlC. Uf6

• h ....... 

# Loaailla



# a **~•cturt-a**



# 'focal 

# Valaa
**~-l'T** 

# Dtau:Unot

ilia 

# Por.et c:o.m:y



# of lluufactvl'ill&



# llataUSDI
**Pnd~u** 

# .......

u V•lu• AIWeol



# Valw A.tl4ad

toe ... 4lacbu& 

# U,160,162



# •

1,299,:UI

s n,t:u,4n

S 24,tU,,71 laller



# 2,
7 Z3,t02 1,Ul,J4t
l,042:,:J06 

# s,n1,as• lay
1,151,721 Ul.l,l10,19,
U,611,"7 UO,ZIG,Ul 

# lradtotd

%, 

# 223,229 

# 1,ZU,997
1,145,.500 6,ZJ4,121 

# lrwatd

10,144

U,U4 41,16S,675 41,904,5Jl 

# lrov.ard

14t

1 124

1 711

148

1 U4

1 711 Cal 

# bauD 

# 1,147,561 10,491,401

1,445,739

ll, Ol4o 

# ,301 

# Cbarlotta

9,130



# ... ,.,

1 

# ,uo,lo4t

7' 

# 1>41, lll 

# CU:r.oa

IO.S,Ul



# 60,UI .S,992,031 

# 6,UI,090 

# Clay
1,41l,JU 1,111,197

1,m, 760 17,tl6,l1t 

# CoU1eso

117,9113

873,163 

# 10,892,011 11,113,164 

# Col..Uia
J,ZS0,.130 

# 9,768,165
4,U.O,U9 11,1401034 

# ll•••

1U,7S4,763

24J, 754. 763 **~So**


# co

2,866


# 127,147
;J,016,4.SO 3,246,S63 

# Oixla
4,151,139 11,&02,04t

1,U5,Z68 2l,oto,156 DuYIIl


# 1,166,640
211,1S7 ,316



# 97 ,4tl,tU

JIG, 7U,9ll 

# Z.c•U•

PU,611 111,662,4,.
37,9ll,tU 1!7,S41,U4 

# Flql&&'
1,151,141 4,7e0,301

1,137,527 

# 7,175,,., !'rullio.



# no.sn 1,117,167
1,335,917 3,3U,63t c..iUall


# 1,61.,,,, 10,210,645

6,407,U9 1&,lU,:UJ 

# C1lcllrtat

115t9l4

4Z0

1 

# l40

U6

1 24S



# z
1 an

1 519 

# oa....s..

116,420

US,320

903,506 

# t,225,2" Cull



# l%9,701 140,50l,OS7

**1,1~** 

# ,762 141,665 

# ,sn a-Ll 'COt. 

# 1,005,191

17S,lll
1,446,416 4,JU,t2S lull ..



# ,.,,z **1,6~·"'**


# l,Gei,035 4,tfl,61l lnclry



# 161,464



# ll4,447
2,791,920

l,ll7 ,Ill 

# lana IIIlo

129,245

4091!65


# 4,15i,l90 ),491,:00 

# u,hLaau

9,2S4

19,10] ,,.,6,111 6,9J5,Z39 

# Whborovah

4S,3Sl 

# 1,055,301

101, on. ou 10Z,ll3

1 

# 163 llolau


# 1,045,552 l,U3,119
2,2,,071 4,183,849 

# ,

lDdiu Uver

96,250



# 217 ,:UO 7,767,stl I,Oil,091 I 

# ..

Jad<a-


# I,Ut,lfl

6,167 ,4l6 6,5U,267

1 5,1U,
Ul J.tf&rll011


# 1,,U,04J

927 ,.,.3 1,6U,l71

4,0ll,
7&4 

# l.afa:r•tu

175,5%1

S1l,741



# SSI,U1 1,900,414 LAlla



# IU,Ul 1,135,231
14,676,247 

# 16,57l,&ll 

# ""

46,131

1U,916 27,579,120 27,141,167 t..cJD



# 716,151 3,125,311 22,410,303 26,990,571 

# l.nJ
2,071,176


# z,sct,711
2,655,113 7,140,140 1.1)Ut)'



# 4!4,360



# 2,7

0 l,:zc4



# 693,607 

# 3,1'1,171 Kaducua
1,993,3U 5,220,116

1,&41,141 9,U7,U5 

# Haute•

,.,,415

102,501 

# 11,211,Sit 21,366,576 

# Kartoa
3,048,1$3 

# u,ote,uz
16,S43,301 l4,609,U6 

# Kania

l,Ql



# 19,096 8,1U,442 1,187,369 

# Mo11roa

9,061,97) 9,062,975 llal .. ll. 

# 3,611,073

lOS, JZO, 029 S,140,lal U4,211,430 OUloDII&



# 676,416 1,964,636 17,5Sl,U9 10,19:,471 Obei:M\1

..



# 49,072

517,237

3,007 ,70S 1,634,014 

# Otua•

11,746

181,7%1 70,711,169 

# 70·"'·143 

# o. ..... la



# l97,U7 2,879,159
5,ln,ua 9,SU,I64 Pala ll&ub



# 82,0U,l09 

# 81,013,109 

# taaco

199,964 1,1U,U2

**2Z,736,**

**~> S3**  

# %4,061,749 

# P111allu

4,a:

o
99,013



# 113,191 ,lt2 1U,395,7U PoUr.



# )74,010

860,973 46,16.,7,



# .u ·'" ,152 futJIM



# 1, 260,491

l4 0 ,9U,71S

1 

# ,l43.01S **149.~7,691** 

# St.

J o ho.•



# 1, 635,361

t73,5U


# 6,777,469 9,316,lJ6 

# St. t....: ia

1,619

2,UO 11,962,111

ll,967 ,140 Sa11U ltoN 

# 1,160,311
1,8U,U4
I,J03,t02 11,405,534 

# su .. ota

35,198

79,67:l

%7 ,,.O,OfO



# Z7 ,175,0fl0 Saaioole



# U4,ll4 5,101,1<09 13,l40,ZIO Z9,U6,Gal 

# S•tar

215,592

1,377 ,zn 3,SII4,U6 ,,177,750 

# '""·-
1,S48,174



# 17%,191
3,111,719

,

, 702,151 

# taylor

4

, 117,391 l34,4U,U9

2,465,467 2•1,766,003 Vo.Soca



# 224,812



# zot,ols
1,771,3"

2,1'97.


# :oz Vol >Ilia



# U0,974 3,173,71!1! lS,I06,lt9 

# l,,IJl,Ut V&lail1a

.S:ZS,:tll



# 1,443, 732 1,464,412 

# l,4ll,l57 'llalCOII


# 1,639,519 **11,1~,419**


# 2,1)60,614 l\,82.!,612 

# v .. lai'"l toll


# 850,,74 :t,OSI,IU



# 1,2%9,667 S,IJI,JU FUllmA 

# SU,679,S71



# u ,.500, 70:1.197 U,4ll,lll,S71 

# Sl,C01,696,ll9 

# Fro• "Comaocltey


# Draio laporc",

D l v1•1oa

of Fo&'a•cry, rlorida **beparta•a~**



# ot Can.vmar S.rYtcaa, **F•b~ry,**


# 1971.

t-9Table I-2 Employment in Timber Industry Statewide* INDUSTRY FIBMS EMPLOYEES PAYROLL AVG. WAGE ALL MCPD's No. % No. % $/yr. % $/yr. Logging Contractors 479 30 2,481 1 22,042,000 s 8,884 SawmUls & Planers 80 s 2,166 6 18,046,520 4 8,332 Millwork/Kit. cabinets/ Veneer & Plywood/ Structural Member& 525 32 6,973 19 62,897,500 15 9,020

Prefab & Mobile Homes 57 3 3,015 8 30.,891,310 7 10,246 .... Containers/Preserving/ I Misc • 125 8 2,506 7 19,783,350 s 7,894 .... 0 Furniture & Fixtures 204 13 4,035 11 36,042,635 9 8,932 Pulp/Paper/Allied Proclu.cts 151 9 15,987 43 229,394,390 55 14,349 TOTALS 1,621 100 37,163 100 419,097,715 100 11,277 * From "Employment, Payroll and Wages; Division of Forestry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1976.

# • PULPMILLS 

# • PINE PlYWOOD PLANT 

# <I> HARDWOOD

PL 

# VWOOO PLANTS 

# • VENEER PLANTS • SAWMILLS 

# o TREATING PLANTS • OTHER MISCELLANEOUS
PLANTS 

# Figure I-3. Location

of primary wood-usina induatriea

in Florida,
1969.

I- llTable I-3

Area of Commercial Forest Land, By OWnership Classes, Florida, 1970*

OWnership Claae National 'Forest Other Federal: Bureau of Laad Manag•ent

Indian Miscellaneous Federal Total other Federal

State County and municipal
Forest Induatryl Farmer-owned Miscellaneous private: Individual Corporate

All ownerships Total miacellaneoue private Area Thousand Acres 1,035.3 0.2 8.6 609.0 617.8 466.3 26.1 5,216.5 2,915.8 4,044.2 1,909.6 5,953.6 16,231.6

1 Not including 457,600 acres of farmer-owned and miscellaneous private lands leased

to forest industry.
*From "Florida's Timber, 1970 11

• USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin SE-20,

February, 1971. I- 1 2Thedisposalofsolidwasteandsewageeffluentfromurbansocietyhasbecomeaproblemthatmaybepartiallysolvedbyforestland.Lougtermeffectsofsuchpracticesareuotclear,butinitialresearchindicatesthatforestlaudmaybeaviablereceptacleformanyofournon-toxicwasteproducts.Thepotentialbenefitsoflanddisposalofwasteareconsiderable,sincesurfacewatershavebeensociety'etraditionalwastereceptable.Inanotherdirection,becausewoodisarenewableresource,itwillbecomeincreasinglyimportantinsupplyingtheneedforadependableenergysource.Thethrustofthisdocumentistopresentmanagementpracticesa:lmedatmitigatinspossibleadverseeffectsofforesttreatments,andactivitiesonwaterquality.Soundforestmanagementprovidesfortheprotectionofthesoilonwhichitdepends.Lossofsoilfromforestsitesmaynotonlyaffectthereceiviaawaters,butalsoreducetheproductivityoftheland....aneconomiclosswhichneithertheforestlandownernorsocietycanafford.Implementationofthesemanagementpracticesshouldresultinproperlyforestland--bothvitaltothestateeconomyandprotectiveofwaterresources.F.PublicParticipationProsramInordertoinvolveadiversityofrepresentativesfromgovernment.privateenterprise,citizenorganizationsandthegeneralpublicinthedevelopmentofthestatewideWaterQualityManqementPlan,aseriesofcitizen,policyandtechnicaladvisorycommitteeshasbeenestablishedtoassistFDERstaff.ThecommitteesreceiveregularupdatesfromtheFDElstaffontheprosressoftheprogram;andmembersareencouragedtoc01111llentatanytime.Inaddition,theDepartmenthasmadeandwlllcontinuetomakeanefforttocoordinatecloselywithinterestgroupsspecificallyeffectedaaaresultofimplementationofaparticularplanningelement;inthiscase.thesilviculturalcommunity.I-13Other meaaurea of informins the public and soliciting citizen involvement include a 208 Newsletter, a seriea of **~adio** and television public

service aunouncements on water quality, distribution of resource materials

on 208, aad presentations to interested aroups throughout the state.

Ad Hoo Teohni.oat. Advisory Cormti.tu9 on Sitvicutture

The Silviculture Ad Hoc technical Advisory Committee, which was selected

to represent the forestry community, is composed of governmental, industrial,

research and coneultina foresters. TWelve paper companies, the U.S. Forest

Service, Soil Conaervation Service, Florida Division of Forestry, a consulting

forester, the University of Florida School of Forest Resources and conservation,

and the Florida Forestry Association make up its membership (see List 1-1).

The Colllmittae has met seven times; the first meeting occurrina on

September 7, 1976, in Lake City. From the outset, the Committee desired to

develop a workable set of Best Management Practices which would address water

quality specifically. Other benefits derived with the implementation of

Beat Manaaement Practices were welc0llle 9 but did not influence tbe Coamittee' s

adoption of any individual BMP.

In April, 1977, after recognizing the need on the part of several of the

state's designated agencies for ailvicultural auidanee in developing local BMP

prosrams, the Ad Hoc Committee completed work on and made available a guideline

document which diacuased silviculture as it is practiced statewide. The report

offers general maaagament auidelines which could be used directly or refined

at the local level to control silviculture aonpoint pollution. To supplement

this input, state foresters were urged to contact and offer support to their

appropriate deaisnated plannina agency.

Followiq these initial outputa 7 an assessment of the documented existing

and potential silviculture nonpoint pollution was completed. This enabled the

Committee to concentrate planning efforts in designated problem areas and on

I-14 ------ListI-1ForestryAdllocTechnicalAdvisoryCODIIIIitteeMembershipMr.MarkStarnesBuckeyeCelluloseCorporationPerry,Florida32347Mr.WilliamD.Ericksenl'ITRayonier,Inc.P.o.Box728FernandinaBeach.Florida32034Mr.RayGoreGilmanPaperCompany102SeminoleBDadPerry,Florida32347Mr.HowardHannaContainerCorporationofAmericaNorthEighthStreetFernandinaBeach,Florida32034Mr.ltarryJohnsonSt.RegisPaperCompanyP.0.Box18020Jacksonville,Florida32229Mr.BobHugheyOWens-Illinois,Inc.P.0.Box808LakeButler,Florida32054Mr.EdGreenInternationalPaperCompanyP.0.Box1788MobUe,Alabama36601Mr.SelmerUhrHudsonPulp&PaperCorporationP.0.Box1040Palatka.Florida32077Dr.WayneSmithSchoolofForestResourcesandConservationlheUniversityofFloridaGainesville.Florida32611Mr.Hushw.WhiteSt.JoePaperCompanyP.o.Box190PortSt.Joe,Florida32456Mr.FredW.HaeusslerAssistantDirectorEnvironmentalProtectionUnionCampCorporationP.0.Box570Savannah.Georgia31402I-1SMr.GeorgeAndersonBrunswickPulp&PaperCompanyP.0.Box1438Brunswick,Georgia31520Mr.A.w.Shelhorae,Jr.Georgia-PacificCorporationP.0.Box1808Augusta,Georgia30903Mr.RobinD.ShaddoxU.S.ForestServiceP.o.Box1050Tallahassee,Florida32302Mr.BillWaiteU.s.ForestServiceP.0.Box1050Tallahassee,Florida32302Mr.CarlD.DeFazioSoilCOnservationServiceP.o.Box1208Gainesville.Florida32601Mr.J.G.HamnerUnionCampCorporationP.0.Box570Savannah,Georgia31402Mr.HerbMcRaeFloridaForestryAeaociationP.o.Box1696Tallahassee.Florida32302Mr.BillDeRolfP.0.Box65DeFuniakSprings.Florida32433Mr.JohnGreisFloridaDivisionofForestryCollinsBuUdingTallahassee,Florida32304Mr.GeorgeL.Reinert.Jr.FloridaDivisionofForestryCollinsBuildingTallahassee.Florida32304Mr.LaxryF.WoodFloridaDivisionofForestryCollinsBuildingTallahassee,Florida32304recosnized problem-causing practices. This assessment was coapleted by the

Division of Forestry and discussed by the eo..tttee at ita J anuary. 1978

meetiQJ. At the same meetins, a Site Sensitivity Class mapping/rating technique

was proposed by the Florida Division of Forestry and endorsed by the Committee .

This technique pinpoints areas moat in need of BMP'a and indexes their sensitivity. IMP's of varying strinsency are then matched with the sites.

Work on the conditional BMP'a was completed at a meeting in June, 1978.

Implementation strategies for the voluntary program were also discussed.

Other official Committee activities included a tour of the Intensive

Management Practices Assessment Center experimental watershed on Container

Corporation of America's Bradford Forest. Several representatives of the

Florida Departaant of Environaental Regulation attended the August, 1977 tour .

Ci.tiBtm Input

A further means of involving citizens throughout th e state in the 208

planning effort is through a aeries of citizen and policy advisory committees.

In the non-desisnated portion of the state, eight Regional Citizen Advisory

Committee• have been established. Pour of these committ e es are being

administered through five of the state's Regional Planning Councils (RPC's)

with the remaining three being administered directly through the Department.

G, Program Relationship with Designated Plans

Two deaigna tad planning agencies • Bay County and Leon County • in c luded

silvicultural activities in their 208 plan . Both planning agencies adopted

the report "Recommended Best Management Practices for Silviculture", by the

Florida Diviai o n of Forestry in cooperation with the Forestry Ad Hoc Technical

Advisory Colll:llli t tee • from which much of this aleman t is taken. For the sake

of continuity, the strategy developed in this element will apply statewide,

taking into account information from designated areas where available.

I-16PARTII:GENERALSD.VICULTURENONPOINTSOURCEASSESSMENT--STATEWIDEA.IntroductionIndeterminingwhichareasofthestatehavehighpotentialfornonpointsourcewaterpollutionfromsilvicultureactivity,itwasfirstnecessarytodeterminewhichforestrymanagementpracticesmightbelikelytocausethistypeofpollution;andwhichtype(s)ofpollutantsaregeneratedbythem.Itwasthennecessarytoidentifypollutionpotentialofhydrologicunitsofthestatebasedonsomecommoncharacteristics.ThefinalstepinvolveddevelopingspecificguidelinesforvariousBestManagementPracticesanddirectingmanagementeffortstowardthemostcritical,orsensitive,oftheidentifiedsegments.B.SedilllentSedimentispossiblythemosteasilymeasuredandwidelyrecognizednonpointsourcepollutant.Sedimentationisthemovementorerosionofsolidparticlescomprisingwhatcanbetermedwashloads--essentially.smallertofineparticles(i.e••somefinesands,silts,andclays);thesourceofwhichisusuallysheeterosionandrillandgullyerosionofuplandareas.Theavailabilityandmagnitudeofwashloads•then,arefunctionsofthephysicalfactorsgoverningrunoffandtheerodibilityofsoilsinanarea;andtoalargeeKtent,theeffectsofman'suplandactivityonerosionandrunoffpotentials.'thet:ematntngeedilllentloadiaknownaeabedload;essentiallylargerparticleswhosesourceiserosionofthechannelbanksandbed.Bedloadsareafunctionofvarioushydraulicconditionsthatoecurinthechannel.andtoasubstantialdegree,theeffectsofmaninuplandhydrologicmodifications.Erosion/sedimentationproblemshavewidespreadimpactsonlandmanagement,waterquality.andtheenvironment.Generallyalossoftopsoil(andII-1

# nutrients) •eans a loaa of soil

**productiv~ty** 

# and yield potential. 

# As a result,

extra technical and ecoaoaic efforts may be required to increase productivity.

Sediment can cause both local and downstream hydraulic problema, as well as

navisation problaaa. Deposition of sediments can also cause adverse short and

long 

# term water quality and environaental 

# problems; such ae 

# the covering of

fish spawnins areas, reduction of light transmission in water and 

# other threats

to aquatic systems. Sisnificant quantities of plant nutrients, pesticides,

metals and other pollutants are often carried into receiving waters adsorbed to

finer grained sediments. This 

# transport mechaniam is critical in 

# management

considerations because finer grained particlea are much 110re

**cliff~cult** 

# to

control, as they require longer settling times.



# In assessing sediment production statewide, 

# the Modified Musgrave equation

has been uaad 

# by the 

# u.s. Forest Service. This equation is as follows:

1.35 

# SL 

# 72.6 0.35



# where; E • 

# Gross Sheat Erosion, in "1./A/Yr.



# K • The soil's K-Factor, 

# as aeaisned 

# by SCS

C • Cover Factor, or Percent Bareground expressed as a decimal



# a • Rainfall Erosivity Factor

SL • Slope Length



# S • Percent Slope

Once the sroas sheet erosion (soil detachment) is determined using the above

equation, the amount of the soil beins detached which leaves the site and is

deposited downslope ia e•ttmated. This estimate is based on evidence of soil

loss, i.e. soil pedestals, downslope soil deposits, etc., and the soil texture.

The 

# estimated soil 

# loss from a 

# given site indicates only 

# that it 

# ha.s

reached the bottom of the elope. Tboush a watercourse 1s often located at

the botto11 of a slope, there are eases in which one is not present.

li-2Sincetheprocedureisnotaprecisemeasurementandrequiresconsiderableestimationbyfieldpersonnel,itsvalueliesinitaabilitytoindicateproblemtrendswithinandamongpracticesandtoidentifythosesiteconditionswhichappearmoatsusceptibletoproduction.Sedimentproductionestimatescannotbedirectlytranslatedintowaterqualityparameterlevels,thoughsedimentieknowntoprovideavehicleforbiologicalandchemicalcontaminanttransport.Forthisasaea..ent1thedatafromtheFloridaportionoftheNortheastGulfRiverBasinStudy(1977)hasbeanused.RawdatawasobtainedfromtheSoutheasternAreaofficeofStateandPrivateForestry1U.S.ForestService,Atlanta,andwasstudiedandcategorizedaccordingtoTableII-1.productiontrendswerethenestabliabedwheresufficientdataexisted,andSiteSensitivityClass/ForestPracticecombinationswereexaminedtoidentifythepresenceorabsenceofsedimentproducingconditions.Eachofthemajorpracticesstudiedarediscussedonthepages.TableII-1SiteSensitivityClassesBasedonVaryinaCombinationofSoilErodibilityandSlopePERCENTSLOPEErodibility)3-78-lZ13-1718-2222.20A2AlA4A6(low).21-.27BlB2!38485B6CHoderate).28ClC2C3C4csC6(High)Source:Greis.1978ATheSoilConservationServicebaaassignedX-PactorstoeachsoilseriesinFlorida.AK-Factorof.20orleaaindieateaalishterodibility,aKof.21-.27indicatesmoderateerodibility.andaKof.28orsreaterindicateshigherodibility.II-3Unduturlxld Forest'Land

For the purposes of this report, forestland ia c:onaiclered in essentially

undisturbed condition if it has aot been significantly disturbed by aan for

at least foul' years, and caa include both natural and planted stands.

Sixty-seven such plata were aeasured ia Florida. and. the overwhelming

result waa that little or no sedbumt was produced from them (Figures II-1.

2 and 3). This indicates that manased forestland c:an be a very protective

land use within a watershed. This is further exemplified by the fact that

the watersheds of a great number of the Outstanding Florida Waters, as

defined in Chapter 17. 3 of the Florida Admiuis trative Code, are dominated by

forest cover. **/lalttJt~sting** Barveat:Lng generally includes a variety of methods of removing timber;

but for the purposes of thia study, it 11 ayaon,.oue vith clearcutting. This

is due to the fact that clearcutting ia the method moat often used to remove

wood in Florida. This practice was studied on 28 plots and certain trends were evident.

In slopes of 12 percent and leas, on all soils, **est~ated sed~ent**  production

was only minor, from a site productivity standpoint (Fiaures II-4, 5 and 6).

Four tons per acre par year is considered by the Soil Conservation Service

to be the maximum that most soils can lose without significantly altering

aite productivity. Slopa appeared to be the dominant contributing factor

for losging activity, since tba trend was very similar among lC-Factors. It

should be recognized that no special protective aeaaures were taken on the

measured plots, and therefore the results can be assumed to be representative

of typical cutting operations. II-4Al UNDISTURBED

A5 Site Sensitivity
Cleaa

A6 Figure II-1. Average estimated tonnase

of sediment produced
from undisturbed forestland occurring

on slightly erodible soils

in Florida. Source:

NE Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. **~6** -s ... .t.4 < ;.3 - Bl

B2

B3

B4

85

86 Site Sensitivity
Class Figure II-2. Average estimated tonnage

of sediment produced
from undisturbed forestland occurrina

on moderately erodible soils

in Florida. Source:

NB Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. **~6** Site Sensitivity
Class Figure II-3. Average estimated tonnage

of sediment produced
from undisturbed forestland occurring

on higbly erodible soils

in Florida. Source:

NE Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. II-5

# - **~** 

# 5 

# - **~4** f-< 

# -3 **~** 

# J -a 

# LOGGIHC



# ~ **0~--~----~----~--~----~**

Al A2 A3 A4 AS A6

Site Sensitivity Class



# Figure II-4. Average 

# e•ttmated tonnage 

# of sediment produced 

# froa lossed areas

on



# sl.ightly erodible soils in Florida. 

# Source: D 

# Gulf River



# Basin Study, 

# USFS, 1977.
Site Sensitivity 

# Class

Figura 

# II-5. Averaae estimated 

# tonnage of 

# sediment produced 

# from logged 

# areas

on

moderately erodible 

# aoile 

# in !'lorida. 

# Source: NE Gulf River



# Ba•in Study. 

# USFS, 1977.

C2 C3 C4 C5

Site 

# Sensitivity Class C6



# Figure 

# II-6. Averaae e•tillated tonnage of liiledilaent produced from logged areas

on

highly erodible soils in Florida. Source: 

# NE Gulf River



# Basin Study, USFS, 1977. II-6Spur Roads Sediaent production

from these areal appeared

to be the most prolific of all practices. Thoqb actual acreaaa

of forest roads

is not areat,

in comparison

with the total forestland
base, roada are an integral
part

of any management program

aad should therefore

be properly constructed

and maintained.

By doing
ao,

a landowner should

be able

to reduce loq-term mainteaauce

coata While controlling aedtmant production. Soil erodibility appeared

to influence

the degree

of aoil lose from roads primarily

in the o-2 percent slope category.

On slopea areater than 2 percent,

all roads sampled, regardleaa

of soil, produced greater than four tons per acre par year

of sediment (Figures II-7,

8, and 9). For these reasons,
spur roads have received considerable planning attention. Chap

I Bwtn Though data was somewhat laekin&

for the middle elope catesories, indications

are that this practice

can lead

to significant aedtment production when applied

on slopee greater than

lS percent (Figure II-10).

It mu1t

be pointed

out that though
the figure tends

to condemn
this practice

in steep areas,

a choppins operation without
fire can be one of the least disruptive and lons-term productive mechanical

site preparation practice•

on senaitive sites. Thia

ia due
to the fact that c:.bopp1ng
does aot remove organic matter from

a site, but incorporates

it into the soil;

a condition

that favors rapid site revegetation

and optiaum aite productivity. 11-7Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6

Site Sensitivity Class

Figure II-7. Average estimated tonnage of sediment produced from spur roads

en slightly erodible soils in Florida. Source: NE Gulf River

Basin Study, USFS 1 1977.

Figure It-8. Average esttmate4 toanage of sediment produced from spur roads

on moderately erodible soils in Florida. Source: NE Gulf River

Basin Study 1 USFS. 1977.

>6 -s **~** '.<4 .... **~J**

iJ2 !1 1 **wOC~l** ____ ._ __ **~----~---C~5---J**

Site Sensitivity Class

Figure II-9. Average estimated tonnage of sediment produced from spur roads

on highly erodible aoUa in Florida. Souree: NE Gulf River

Basin Study, USFS, 1977. II-8 . .Site Sensitivity
Class Figure II-10. Average estimated tonnage

of sediment produced

by chop/bum practices

on slightly erodible soils

in Florida. Source:

NB Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977. Skid Tra.its These are areas over 'Which logs are dragaed 1110ra than one time, and therefore suffer some soil compaction

aDd disturbance, According

to the Northeast

Gulf River Basin Study, this practice exposed

an averaae

of 40 percent

of the bare mineral soil. This combination

of alterations appeared to present

a soil loss problem only

on slopes

10 percent

and greater (Figure II-11).
Once loggina

is completed,
these trails
are normally treated

in the same manner

ae the rest

of the foreat; that is, they are eita prepared

and planted.

As

a result, revegetation

is uaually rapid. 3 A/C Site Sensitivity

Class

A/C Figure II-11. Average estimated tonnaae

of sediment produced

by aldcl trails on

a combination

of slightly

and highly erodible soils

in Florida. Source:

NE Gulf River Baain Study, USFS, 1977. II-9Bedding Many poorly drained foreat 1oils are bedded to provide improved microsite drainaae and aeration for aeadlinga. Soma industrial landowner• also

bed uplaad sitea in order to coneen t rate organic aattar in the beda for

improved initial nutrient availability and eurvival. 'l'hiB practice, according

to the River Basin Study results, does not lead to eianiftcant aoil loss

except on elopes 20 percent and areater (Ftsura II-12). On flat terrain,

beddina reaulte in little or no aadtment production.

Site Sensitivity Class

Figure II-12. Average estimated tannase of sediment produced by bedding

operations on hishly erodible ao1la in Florida.

Source: NE Gulf River Basin Study, USFS, 1977.

Highly compacted areas, los landinsa or decks are normally located in

well drained, relatively flat sites for the sake of efficient operation.

This precludes them from producing significant amounts of sediment except

in extra.e cases, when the deck is located at the water'• edge or on slopBB

15 percent and greater (Figure II-13). II-10 **------------~------------------~**26 ....... :l::s - **~4** 1-4 - ...
3 ti
2 **~**

1 **~0 ~1~~~--~3----~--~--~6**  A/C A/C

A/C Site Sensitivity
Class Figure II-13. Average estimated tonnage

of **aed~eut** produced

by log decks on

a combination

of slightly

and highly erodible soils

in Florida. Source:

NE Gulf River Basin Study, OSFS, 1977. Othezo Pra.atioee There are several other practices

used
by forest managers

in Florida

to prepare sites for regeneration

and
to reduce biomass from axietinJ stands. These were not sufficiently saapled

in the Florida portion

of the Northeast Gulf River Basin Study

to produce sediment production trea4e. The one feature c01111110n

to all 111ecbanical practices, however,

is the resulting exposure

of mineral soil. This

is the key to avoiding

or precipitatiug sediment production.

Those practices

that expose high percentages

of 111ineral soil will most severely sensitize

a site, regardless

of its soil
or slope. Specific practices should therefore

be chosen after weighing their effectiveness against

a site's inherent sensitivity

and its proximity

to open water. C. Other Nonpoint Source Pollutants Nu'R'ienta Another cultural praetice which creates potential

for nonpoint source pollution

from silvicultural activitiea

i• forest fertilization. Experimental fertilization

has been conducted

by several forest industries.

but its high II-11cost has limited its use to those soils which show significant growth

reaponaea. A survey of forest industries known to practice fertilization

indicates that statewide less than 30,000 acres of forest land &re fertilized

annually (Greis. 1979). (The Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization

(CRIFF) headquartered at the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

University of Florida, ia currently studying forest fertilization from the

aspect of growth response.) Given the small amount of fertilizer currently

being applied, it would seem that runoff containing fertilizer nutrients from

forested areas is not a si&nificant nonpoint source.

However, there are certain management practices associated with b o th

site preparation and barveeting which do have the potential for causing

nutrient runoff or loss from a site. Site preparation involves either

choppicg of the orpuic aater:i&l present on the site and burning it off

with ground fire: or usina a KG blade to push the material into windrows.

With either method, a certain amount of nutrients are lost to the system,

either throush burning or removal into piles. Using the windrow technique,

topaoil ie ecraped up with the organic debris, exposing bare mineral soil.

This reaulte in increased chance of runoff, loss of moisture holding capacity

of the soil, and a decrease in the productivity of the soil throuah loss of

organics. Sitae are harvested in one of several ways. Clearcutting, or removing

all of the major trees. 1n the usual method. This can be done by aechanical

harvesters which leave the tope of the trees an-site. One other type of

technique removes the entire tree, includiug roots, from the site. And,

lesa often, trees can be harvested selectively. If the harvest is labor

intensive (not mechanical), less site disturbance will result; and thus less

/'+ .... +

chance for nutrients to be re 1 eased from the system. Therefore, minimum

II-12.disturbaDCe

is

a good land manasaaent practice

in that

it **cons~rvea** organic materials

and nutrients;

and it also encourages

good water quality

by decreasing runoff
and **~proving** infiltration. Pestioides As with fertilizers, pesticides

are applied

to Florida's forests

on a limited basis.

It is estimated

by the Division

of Forestry's Entomologist that less than 10,000 acres are treated with pesticide

per year;
and **approx~tely**

85 percent

of these are treated

by baaal spraying

or tree injection--methods

which deliver virtually

all of the chemical

to the target stem. Aerial application,

the most potentially inaccurate application technique, accounts

for the other

15 percent

of the acreage treated.

Aa more info'QI&tion

is generated about such progra111s

as Integrated

Pest Management and uae of biological control organiams,

use of traditional pesticides should decrease below even the current rate

of usage. D. Site Sensitivity

Class Mapping In forested areas, certain sites are more prone

to cauaius various kinds of nonpoint source pollution baaed

on their physical characteristics.

Therefore, typical management practices might

be acceptable

on one site, while causing

an environmentally unacceptable
series

of effects

on another
site
in a different geographical

area.

In order

to enable

a managing agency

to concentrate manpower efforts

in those areas needing attention,

it was necessary to establish

a system

of mapping

and identifying

the areas with greatest potential

for nonpoint source pollution problems. In order

to do this, certain assumptions

were necessary. Fundamental

to the proposed technique

of mapping

is the assumption

that sediment

is the moat widely recognized

and best documented potential water quality problem II-13associatedwithforestmanagementinFlorida.Pesticideuseislimitedinforestinthisstate,andfertilizerisappliedinisolatedcasesonly.Likewise,usablewaterchemistrydatareflectingFloridaconditionsareonlynowbeingverifiedanddocumented.Sedimentproductionlevelsfromsilviculturalactivitieshavebeenstudiedbytheu.s.ForestService;and,althoughthedataindicatedthatforestsarerathereffectivewaterresourceprotectors,thereisevidencethatcertainpracticesoncertainsitescanstiaulatesedimentloss.Threevariablesdeterminethepotentialofaeitetoproducesediment:1.Steepnessofslope2.Inherentsoilerodibility(indicatedbysoil's"K"Factor)3.ofsitetoopenwaterEachofthesevariablesareaddressedintheSiteSensitivityClassmappingtechnique.whichattemptstoidentifypotentiallycriticalareasandratetheirsensitivityusingtopographicandsoilsinformation.ZonesForthepurposeofprotectingwaterquality.themappingtechniquewillidentifythoselandswithin300feetoneachsideofawatercourse(thoselakes10orandperennialandintermittentstreamsidentifiedontheminuteUSGSQuadraaslesheets)aethezonewithinwhichmanagementactivitiesmaypotentiallyinfluencewaterquality.Whenthewatercourseinquestionisawaterofthestate,the3oo-footwidezonebeginsattheapproximatemeanhighwatermarkofthewaterbody.ThiszonewillbecalledtheDiscretionaryZoneandwillbethetargetofvoluntaryBestManagementPractices.ItisbelievedthatanyandallnonpointpollutionoriginatingoutsidetheDZwillbemitisatedbyaproperlymanagedDZ.TheDZshouldnotbeconfusedwithaStreamsideManagementZone(SMZ).aaanSMZwillbeincludedwithintheDZ,II-14and will
be charac:tel:'ized

by separate

and more stringent management constraints than the remainder

of the Discretionary

Zone.
The 30Q-foot
wide DZ, then, should

be viewed

as the zone within which BMP's will

be applicable. Site ssnsitivity

CLass Since all waters

of the above description

have

a standard 300-foot wide Discretionary

Zone, but are surrounded

by varying
soil and elope conditions, it waa necessary

to define

the latter variables

of sediment production potential in order

to rank the sensitivity

of any given aite. Thia eapability

will allow BMP'a

of varying stringency

to be matched

to aitea

of varying aenaitivity. The relative
rank

of site erodibility

is called
its Site Sensitivity

Class (SSC). The sse of

a site

is an index

of its soil/slope cOMbination,

and ranses from an AI to

a C6 rating (Table II-1). Rating

Too Z.s The systematic assignment

of

a Site Sensitivity
Class rating

to

a given parcel

of land requires

the use of several sources

of information,

and
to **~plement**

thia technique statewide

in

a practical manner requires
that such information

be readily available. Statewide topographic coverage

is available

from the USGS

in the form
of **7~'** Quadrangle sheets. These are generally scaled

at 1:24,000,

and identify slope contours, perennial

and intermittent streama

and lakes. Tbeae are
to be used

as the base maps for the mapping project, To date, detailed county soil surveys have been publiahed

for

15 counties. Eight more counties
have been mapped.

but the surveys have not as yet been published,

and interim information

is available

for aeven add:ttional
ones.
The remaining counties
will not be completely mapped

for at least

12 years, according

to Soil Conservation Service projectiona.

In their absence,

the General Soils Atlases, produced

by the Division

of State Planning,

will
be II-15utilized as the beat available soils information. These atlases categorize

soil aeries into associations, and are available for all counties in the

state. Since soil series and association boundaries, and meandering watercourses do not readily lend themselves to legal description, it is necessary

to replace Section. Township and Range descriptions with smaller, more easily

determinable working units. Numbered, transparent grid sheets should be

utilized which can be systemically overlain on the **7~'** Quads. These grid

sheets will be scaled such that the cell size will be 9.87 acres; 200 meters

(approximately 656 faet) to each side. Site Sensitivity Class information

will ba entered on these sheets.

Hark Hurd ortho pbotoa, also scaled at 1:24,000, are available from the

Florida Resources and Bnvironaentel Analysis Center, Plorida State University.

The11e are quad-centered prinu, and 1 therefore, offer a pictorial display of

the same land area covered by the USGS maps. Also, since the scale is the

same as the maps, the grid sheets containing sse information can be overlain

on either the maps **o~** the photos.

Rating Technique

The numbered grid is positioned, by a standard technique, over the **7~**

USGS Quad to be studied. Once correctly **positioned~** all watercourses are

traced onto the grid sheet (Figure II-14). Initially, those waters to be

mapped include lakes ten acres or larger in size, and all perennial and intermittent strums identified by the USGS on the given Quad sheets. Intermittant

stresma and wet weather ponds will be identified aa aucb aince they will

receive different treatment than perrenial waters.

When the watercourses are mapped onto the grid sbeeta, each grid cell

which falls within 300 feet of them will be rated. The contour intervals are

II-16I

1

i :

1

l l

I T 1/ **~** I I

1 I **~**
'\.

,.. - \\

**~ ~**  " r'\ '

'i )

..

1" **~**

- **~**

/

; ...... **~**

! .

- **/;~**

(:
'

.

. .. I

\.

,

· If"

·.· •

, ;.-,

.. .,.J !!... L

•

I

**~** t:::: **~**

T

, ..

' r

' FiguTe II-14. Example

of

a gTid sheet overlain

on

a **7~~** USGS quadrangle

map, with qualified watercourses identified.

II

**r~'**
AI •• . Ar-tl

•• ""' 4111

..

' Itt **~,**

. =-'
,
I . . 1 ; -. r \ li... Figure II-15.

A gTid sheet

on which qualified watercourse&

have been identified

and aite sensitivity classes assigned.

Il-17counted within each call's Discretionary Zone, and are translated into an

average percent elope for that Diaeretionary Zone. The elope figure is then

categorized 1 through 6, according to rable II-1, and entered on the grid

a beet. Soils infor.ation is obtainable by constructing a soil mosaic of the area

in question, overlaying a grid of the appropriate scale, determining the dominant soil aariea or association for each cell's DZ. and entering the soil's

associated K-Factor category (A, B or C) in the cell (see Table II-1).

The rating procedure results in a grid sheet for eaeh **~** Quad studied,

which identifies watercourses and the sse for each cell within 300 feet of

them (Figure II-15). Beat Management Practice& are then recommended for each

9.9 acre cell which reflect the varying sensitivities encountered. The entire

retina procedure can be accomplished using coaputer capabilities to ensure

accuracy and facilitate data atorase and manipulation.

E. Application of Assessment Utilizing the rating procedure and site sensitivity information, three

hydrologic segments have been identified by the Florida Division of Forestry

as having high potential for nonpoint source problems from ailvicultural

activity . These aegmenta (33.3AA, 32.2AA, and 31.1BA--F1gure II-16) are

all located in the Plorida panhandle, and were chosen baaed on their high

degree of site senaitivity and physiographic uniqueness. Initial monitoring

and demonatration projact efforts will ba focuaeed on these watersheds.

II-18.-StudySegment33.3AAStudySegment32.2AAStudySegment31.1BAFigureII-16.Mapindicatingthelocationofthethreesegmentsproposedashighprioritystudyareas.CountynumberaindicatetheproposedorderofSiteSensitivityClaasAtlascompletion(fromtheFloridaDivisionofForestry).II-19UFDBNCES

Co11111l0dity Drain Report. 1977. Florida Departmeut of Agriculture and

Consumer Services, Division of Forestry. Bmployment--Payroll--Waa•• for Florida's Wood Using Industries. 1976.

Florida Department of Aariculture aad Consumer Services, Division

of Forestry. Florida's Timber, 1970. 1971. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin

SE-20. Greis, J. 1979. Personal Communication.

Northeast Gulf River Basin Study. 1977. USDA Soil Conservation Service

with Florida Department of Enviroaaental Regulation and Alabama

Development Office. II-20 - .PART III: BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES A. Introduction The nonpoint source assessment

baa highlighted certain practices which, when applied under particular

site conditions,

can lead

to excessive eedtment production.

It 18 also demonstrable

th&t the same practices

can be applied

on similar sites and produce

no significant problem,

if spacial measures

are employed.
These measures

are **manag~ent** practices which respect

the **inhe~ent** sensitivity

of

a site. They **~epresent**

the best presently known method

of accOlllpliahing

the manasement objective while protectiq,

in this case, water quality.

In this context,
they are the Beat Management Practices

to use. Best Management Practices

are optimum design goals and should

be recognized

as such.

At the present state

of the art, BMP's are largely empirical specificicatione

which have not been thoroughly tested
far effectiveness.

When attempting

to implement

any empirical rules.

the need

to aaseas and, where necessary, modify them

is definite. Excessively stringent atandarda

will encourage noncompliance

by skeptical practitioners

and overkill

by cooperative ones. Ineffective standards
will encourage noncompliance

by cooperators

who will feel misled

by inadequate guides,

and will encourage skeptics

who will scoff

at the program's shortcomings. Inadequate
BMP's also will not accomplish water quality objectives. At this tfDe, six Best Management Practices

are recommended (Tables III-1 through III-5)

to be employed

on florida's forestland

to mitigate

the potential problems highlighted

in the Program Assessment.

A brief discussion

of each follows. **B.~** Streamside Management

Zone **Str~••~ld~ ~nMs~nt** 
Zonea (SHZ} should

be provided along all perennial and **inte~ittent** streams

and lakes ten acres and larger
for the purpose

of protecting

the watercourse

form excessive sedfDent, nutrients. logging III-1debris,forestchemicalsandthermalpollution.Theyshouldvaryindependinaonthesensitivityclaaaofasite.Logically,themoresensitiveasite1atoproduction,thewidertheSMZshouldbe,sincesedtmentprovidesthevehiclebywhichotherpollutantsmayentersurfacewater.TheStreamsideManagementZonebasbeendividedintoPrimaryandSecondaryZones,eachofwhichisaccompaniedbyspecialmanagementcriteria.widthsforthesezonesarelistedinTableIII-1andillustratedinFigureIII-1.TheprUn&rySHZisastandard35-footwidestriponeachsideofallperenDialstreamsandlakeslargerthantenacres.Thiszoneprovidesthelastlineofdefenseagainstoverlandflowofpollutants.andaffordsthesewatercoursesareasonabledegreeofshade.Intermittentstreamsandwetweatherpondsdonotrequireshadefortemperaturecontrol,andthusneednotheaffordedaSMZ.ManagementcriteriaforthePrimarySMZshouldallowselectivettmberharvestingwhichleavesaresidualstandwhosevolumeequalsorexceedsonehalfthevolumeofafullystockedstandofthesubjectstand'saveragediameterclass.Theserecommendedstockingfigures,determinedduringtheFloridaForestSurveyofareexpressedinTableIII-2asthenumberandspacingofresidualtrees,bysizeclass.per100feetofPrimarySMZ.FigureIII-2illustratesthecuttingrecommendationsfortheSMZ.TableIII-2SelectiveHarvestingGuidelinesApplicableWithinthe35-FootWidePrimaryStreamsideManagementZone*AverageTreeSizeDBHSmall(2-6")Medium(8-12")Large(14+")MinimumNo.Treee/100FeetofPrimarySMZ1873AverageTreeSpacing(Feet)142234*NOTE:Recommendationsrepresentonehalfthenormalstockingofastandofthesubjectstand'sdiameterclass,asdeterminedbyKnightandMcClure,1970.lii-2Table III-1 Recommended Widths

of Primary

And Secondary Streamside Management
Zones For Perennial Strea111s

And Lakes

10 Acres And Larger,

And SMZ Widths

For Intermittent Streams.* SITE SENSITIVITY CLASS A1 A2 A3 A4 AS A6 Bl 82 83 B4 BS 86 Cl C2 C3 C4 cs C6

PRIMARY

SMZ SECONDARY

SMZ 35

None 35

35-45 35

35-60 35

35-75 35

35-90 35

35-110 35

None 35

35-60 35

35-75 35

35-90 35

35-110 35

35-140 35

None 35

35·60 35

35-80 35

35-100 35

35-120 35

35-140 * Expressed

as horizontal distance

in feet from the water's estimated

mean high water 1118rk. III-3

SMZ FOR INTERMI'ITENT tiATERS 35 45 60 75 90 110 35 60 75 90 110 140 35 60 80 100 120 140Distance(infeet)FromEdgeOfWaterc:ourteA1'IsrI&rI'7I8fIgfIICjOIIfIIf/filfi'fI!#:!!REMAINING'IOlSCRETIONARVA2"'-'-':.'"""'""'"•.------------ZONEjlJl.3PRIMARY,,,,,,,;;;,,......Jl....,_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,':.SECON'"'ARV':.':.,·I,_...""",.-86,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.I,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.:I!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.FigureIII-1.300-ft.DiscretionaryZone,includingrecommendedprimaryandsecondarystreamsidemanagementzones(SHZ's)forperennialstreamsandlakesinFlorida.III-4i:'-------------------------..---·----------------------------·-------------•

• •

• 200 Pin Figure III-2. Illustration

of Umber harvesting rec01111lendatiou

for primary

and secondary SMZ'a. Selective harvesting

ia recommended

for primary SHZ'a, with the residual stand providing shade for the stream.

The number

of residual trees varies inversely
with their average diameter. All trees may be removed within

the secondary

SHZ. IU-5----------TheSecondarySMZextendsfromtheedgeofthePrimarySMZ(35feet)totheedgeoftheoverallSMZ.ItsmanagementshoulddifferfromthePrimarySHZinthatcompleteharvestingofmerchautabletimbershouldbeallowable,sincetheprovisionofshadeforwaterte.peraturecontrolisuotnecessary.Forthesamereason,theSMZsurroundingintermittentstreamsahouldbetreatedasaSecoa.claryone.BesidesthedifferenceincuttingguidelinesbetweenthetwoSMZ's,nootherdifferencesintheirmanagementisrecommended.Withinbotheertainpracticesshouldbeconsideredacceptableandcertainothersunacceptable.Acceptableactivitiesincludedirectseeding,bandplantingormachineplantingonthecontouroftheland,prescribedburningexceptonelopes18percentorsteeper(allSand6sse's),andbasalapplicationofherbicidesandinsecticides.PracticesthatshouldbeavoidedwithintheSMZincludemechanicalsitepreparation.fertilization,andaerialapplicationormistblowingofherbicidesandinsecticides.Loadinadecksorlandingsan4logbunchingpointsshouldnotbelocatedwithintheSMZ,norshouldfirelinesoraccessroadsexceptwhenleadingdirectlytotheedgeorcrossingofswatercourse.Theoptiontobreachtheseguidelines,however,mustremainwiththelandownerorhisrepresentativeduringemergencysituations.Contingencyplanaforthesesituationsareincludedinthisreport.GroundC()'f)e:ztThreecharacteristicsinherenttoasitelargelyitspotentialsensitivitytoerosionandsedizentproductionincludeitssoiltype,steepnessofslopeandproximitytoopenwater.Thesearefixedcomponentsthatcannotbealteredsignificantlybyman.Afourthessentialcharacteristic,onewhichiscontrollablebyman,iebaregroundexposure.ThisisthekeyIII-6determinantofstabilityformanysites.Itisdesirable,therefore,totrotthedegreeofbaregroundexposurewithinsafelimits.Thesevaryamongsites,andaredictatedbysoils,alopesandtoopenwater.ThisistherationaleforincludingaMaximumPercentBareGroundExposureelementintheBMPprogram(Table111-3).ThisrecommendationshouldapplytotheDiscretionaryZone,sincethiszoneisconsideredparticularlyinfluentialtosurfacewaterquality.Itwillencouragelandmanageratoemploypracticesnearopenwaterthatwillnotoverlydisruptthesite.ThisBMPwilltouchmostphasesofacommonforestmanagementprogram,includingharvesting,regeneration,andstanddevelopmentandmaintenancepractices.TherangeofbaregroundexposuresfoundinTableIII-4canbeusedtoguidethelandownerindecidingupontreatmentstousewithintheDZ.TheseaverageestimatesofbaregroundexposurewerederivedfromtheresultsofthenortheastCulfRiverBasinStudy(1977).Actualexposureswillvarydependingontheterrain,vegetationandequipmentoperator.SeedingandFertilizerRecommendations.Someroads,firelines,skidtrails,landingsorotherdisturbedareasposesignificanterosionproblemswhichcanleadtoexcessivegullyingandaedtmentproduction.Onthesecriticalareas,establishinggroundcoverissometimesthelongestlastingandleastexpensivemeansofprotection.Vegetativecoverwillimprovesoilaeration,protectthesoilsurfaceagainstrainfallimpactandinhibitoverlandflow.Thiscovercanconsistofavarietyofgrasses.someofwhichareexcellentwildlifefood.Seedingandfertilizationcanbedonealoneorincombinationwithotherdrainagepracticesalreadydescribed.Thearoundcoverwillbemosteffectiveonareasthatarenotopentoyear-roundvehiculartraffic,thoughroadsegmentsnearsurfacewatercanbenefitfromtheaddedprotection.III-7_.____IITableIII-3RecommendedMaximumPercentBareGroundExposureFollowingTreatmentsWithinDiscretionaryZonesSIZEMAXIMUMSENSITIVITYPERCENTCLASSBAREGROUNDAl100A275A3A44030A6Bl100Bi658340B430BS208610Cl100C265C340C430cs20C610III-8-------ITableIII-4RangeofBareGroundExposures•AVERAGEP!kC!NT--TREATMENTBARBGROUND'FOLLOWINGTREATMENTUndisturbed0Grazed7Logged8Burned12LoggedandBurned30SkidTrails40Chopped40Bedded61KG-Bladed68Landings70SpurRoads72Bulldozed72Chop/Burn74DiskedandBedded77andDisked80KGandDisked90RootrakeandBedded96KGandBedded99*FromNortheastGulfRiverBasinStudy,1977III-9Speeifie seeding recommendations vary depending on the soil type and

time of planting. Those listed in Table Ill-S are reeODIIIlended apeeifically

for Florida eouditioas. Road aereasee/applicatioa can be calculated uains

Table tlt-6. For other denuded areas, i.e., los decke, the following formula

can be used: Acres • Lenath (Ft.) x Width (Ft.) 43,560

Pztopszt Road ConstttuaUon/Dztai.nage

All facets aucl phases of a sound fore at 111111nagement program rely heavily

on accessibUity to the forest stand. Acceaa road.a, both temporary and perunent, are therefore intricate components of all management programs. They are

also one of the aost expensive investments ude iD a forest.

Temporary access roads are constructed during harvesting operations, used

duriag site preparation aud planting, and often abandoned after this brief

period of t:l.ae. Methods used in conetructina them, therefore, are normally

less exacting than when constructing permanent access roads. When abandoned,

temporary roads are normally allowed to reveaatate naturally. Weather and aoil

conditions in Florida **at~ulate** rapid revegetation of scarred surfaces in most

instances, provided that the road surface does not act as a channel for overland stormflow. This condition can be avoided by instituting certain practices

which provide adequate road drainage and result in seed bed stability.

Similar aeasuree to those applicable on abandoned access roads can be used

on skid trails and firelinea. These disturbances are also temporary in nature,

and should be planned, located and drained to encourage rapid natural revegetation. Permanent access roads are those used year-round and on a permanent basis,

and, as such, should be aore carefully located, constructed and maintained.

Their importance to a management program requires that they be kept in serviceable condition at all times. This can best be accomplished by controlling the

III-10

- -"--'------TableIII-5SEEDINGDATES,RATES,MIXTURES,SOILSPENINSULAFLORIDAFebruarytoSeptemberMixture1Mixture2WellDrainedSoilModeratetoPoorlyDrainedSoilsBahiagrass••.•••••••••••40lbs./acreBahiagrass••.•••••••••.40(Pensacola)(Pensacola)Bermudagrass..•••••••..•lOlbs./acreBermudagrass.•••••.•••.lO(Common)(Common)BrowntopMillet•••••.•••10lbs./acreBrowntopMillet.••.•...lOHairyIndigo•.•••.••••••4lbs./acreAeschynomene.••••••••••4NORTHFLORIDAOctobertoFebruaryMixture1Mixture2FineTexturedSoilCoarseTexturedSoillbs./acrelbs./acrelbs./acrelbs./acreBahiagrass•••••.••••.••40lbs./acreBahiagrass••.•••••••••40lbs./acre(Pensacola)(Pensacola)Bermudagrass•••••••••.•lOlbs./acreBermudagrass••••••••••lOlbs./acre(Common)(Common)Ryegrass•••••••••••••••10lbs./acreRyegrass••.•.•.•••••••lOlbs./acreCrimsonClover••.•.•.••lOlbs./acreHairyIndigo.•••••••••orArrowleafClover••.••••4lbs./acreFertilizat1on800lbs.10-10-10/Acre1tonLimestone/Acre(whereneeded)Source:CarlD.DeFazio.SoilConservationServ1ce,1977Ilt-114lbs./acreAcreageForRoadsOfVaryingLengthsAndWidthsCalculatedToDetermineSeeding/FertilizingApplicationRates•ROADLENGTitROADWIDTII(Feet)(Feet)810121418so•01.01.01•02.02100.022.02.03.03.04250.os.06.07.08.10500.09.12.14.16.21750.144.17.21.24.311000.18.24•28.32.411500.28.34.41.48.622000•36.48.56.64.835000.921.151.381.612.075280.971.211.451.702.18*Multiplytheappropriateacreagefiguretimesthepounds/acrethatare.recommendedinseedmixtures.Source:U.S.ForestService,1977III-12

# factor that 

# most often leads

to road dearadation--eurface

decay and aullyins as

a result

of overland
flow

on road surfaces. Several BHP's can be applied on permanent access roads

to encourage proper road management

in areas where water quality

may be directly influenced

by the presence

of roads. **CuZTJt~rts**



# and CP01111 

# Ditc'hse 

# Permanent access roads are normally accompanied

by adjacent ditches which drain the road surface

and transport volumes

of water into either larger ditches, watercourses

or filtering strips

of land. These ditches carry both surface runoff from roads

as well

aa aeepaae from adjacent forestland,

and their design capacity

can be overcome during severe atorm events.
This can lead

to flooding

of the road, scouring

of the road and ditch surface, blowing out of roads and culverts,

and ulttmately sediment delivery
into atreama. To control ditch drainage

in critical areas

eo that water

is properly transported

and dispersed, culverts

of varying descriptions

can be installed. Their purpose

is to allow roads

to crass natural drains
and to channelconcentrations

of drainage
frCIIII one aide

of the road

to the other. Their frequency and type should depend

on the steepness

of

a road's slope
and the expected volume

of water

to be handled. Culvert spacings

are recommended

as

a Best Management Practice (Table III-7) and recomnendations

take into account

the entire apectrwa

of road slopes. Culvert material.

be it 

# concrete. metal

or wood, should remain

the choice

of the operator

or landowner.

The choice between pipe
or open-top

box culverts should also reside with the landowner. Figures III-3 and III-4 illustrate these types

of culverts. Cross ditches

are also recommended

for accesa roads

at the eame spacing as culverts (Table III-7). Their purpose

is to provide both road surface drainage

and ditch drainage crossings

at frequent enough intervals

to prevent III-13SITE table III-7

Drainasa Techniques and Their Maximum Spacing (Feet)

For Firaliuee, Skid Trails and Roads PERMANENT ROADS FIRELINES, SKID TRAILS

SENSITIVITY CULVERTS AND WATER BltOADBASED .AND TEMPORARY ROADS

CLASS CllOSS DITCHES TURNOUTS DIPS WATER BARS

Al None 200 None 250

A2 200 120 180 135

A3 150 100 140 80

A4 125 75 125 60

AS 100 50 120 45

A6 75 40 110 JO

Bl None 150 None 250

B2 200 120 180 135

B3 150 100 140 80

B4 125 75 125 60

B5 100 50 120 45

86 75 40 110 30

Cl None 150 None 250

C2 200 120 180 135

C3 150 100 140 80

C4 125 75 125 60

C5 100 so 120 45

C6 75 40 110 30

III-14.

.

.

.•

. I **l~tt.-r/"1. '~OYIJt**  Figure III-3. Typical design

and layout

of

a culvert inatalled to transport drainage under

a road'a aurface. Fisure III-4. Open top box culvert deaign
and inatallation. III-15large scale road and ditch scouring. Their layout should reeeable that in

Figure III-5. Wate.r **~uts** Buildups of drainage water during atoraa events can scour ditches, gnaw

at road beds, and transport a road's surface downslope into adjacent streams

or lakes. Proper construction and spacing of water turnouts (Table Ill-S)

can prevent this by periodically channeling the drainage away from the road

into an adjacent vegetated strip for dispersion. It is essential that

filtering areas be of sufficient size and character to assimilate the drainage.

Water turnouts should be constructed for permanent access roads within

the Discretionary Zone. Their use on temporary roads is not normally **justif~­**

able. Figure III-6 illustrates the design of a water turnout.

B.road Based Dips
These are recommended for use on permanent access roads (Table III-5), and

combine the drainage capabilities of a11 the above features into one Best

Management Practice. Constructed accordin& to Figure Ill-7, they provide

periodic dispersion of ditch and road surface drainage, and do not restrict use

of permanent roads. These features are attained by periodically reversing the

road's grade for short distances and pitching the road surface such that drainage is always towards a dispersion strip. When this drainage feature is

desired. it should be included during the initial construction of the road, as

their remedial conetruction would entail considerable cost. They normally

require little maintenance.

Since broad baaed dips require more sophisticated equipment and construction methods than do many of the less permanent measures, they are best suited

and most practical for heavily u1ed roada, Their inclusion as a BMP is intended

to encourage their use on new or especially critical permanent road segments.

III-16- . .

.

Figure III-5. Photo and design sketch

of

a cross ditch designed

to carry surface water from and transport drainage across

a road's surface. lii-17**~** '

' .... _ ...... __ --

- ---.::.-- - --

-, --

/,.,/

/ /

; Figure III-6. Photo and design sketch of a water turnout whose

purpose ia to channel drainage from roadside ditches

into vegetated dispersal areas. III-18/.:l,X-"IAIMN;IJ.I.(IN(,fi')IZ----·f--...:r.:-"'-FigureIII-7.Photoanddesignsketchofabroadbaseddip.Thiestabilizationtechniquecombinesthedrainagecapabilitiesofothertechniques,butitsrelativelyhighinstallationcostitmostappropriateforheavilyusedpermanentaccessroads.III-19.-Watsl'BaitsThedrainagecapabilitiesofcrossditchesaadwaterturnoutsareavailabletoalandmanagerfortemporaryaccessroads,ftrelineaandskidtrailsintheformofwaterbars.Awaterbarisamoundofearthvaryinginheightfromonefoottothreefeetwhichisbuiltdiagonallyacrossaroadsurfacewithitaendsextendingbeyondtheroadandditch.Thewaterbarcatchessurfacedrainageanddivertsitfromtheroadortrailintoanadjacentdispersionarea.WaterbareareeffectivestabilizationmeasureswhenconstructedprGperly.Beceusetheyaremounded,theyaresusceptibletodamagebyoff-roadvehicles.Whenusedonpermanentroads,therefore,theyshouldbeperiodicallymaintained.TheirconstructionandappearanceareillustratedinFigureIII-B.TheirspactnashouldapproximatetherecommendationsinTableIII-5.C.ContingencyPlansforNaturalDisastersThoughBeetManagementPracticesareforalllandwithinDiscretionaryZones,certainemergencysituationsmayarisewhichwillprecludetheapplicationofBMP'swithinthezone.Wildfire,hurricanesandothersevereweatherevents,andinsectanddiseaseepidemicscouldnecessitaterapidaccessdevelopment.utilizationofdamagedorkilledtimber,orapplicationofchemicalstocontrolwildfireorpeats.Thesepracticesshouldbetemporarilypermissiblewhennecessarytoprotectlives,timberandsurroundingproperty.Wi'Ldfi:reDuringthesuppressionoflargewildfires,aerialapplicationoffireretardantorauppressentchemicalsissomettmesemployed.Thesematerialsarenormallycomprisedofamixtureofwaterandafireretardant.OnesuchchemicalwhichisfrequentlyusedisDiammoniumPhosphate(DAP).SinceDAPisalsoacommercialfertilizer,potentialexistsfornutrientstoentersurfaceIII-20..FigureIII-8.Photoanddesignsketchofawaterbarillustratingitscapabilitytodivertoverlandflowfromaroad'ssurfaceintoanadjacentvegetatedarea.III-21watersfromdirectapplicationorleaching.Thispotentialchemicalcontribution,however,ismorethanoffsetbythepossibilityofatotallyfireannihilatedstandwhichiabothnon-productiveandnon-protective.Underemersencyconditions,applicationofthesechemicalsshouldnotberestrictedanywhereintheforest.Liekwise,emergencyconstructionoffirelinesandtemporaryaccessroadsmaybenecessarywithintheDiscretionaryorStreamsideManageGentZones.Inthiscase,theyshouldbeundertheconditionthatafterthefire,theywillbestabilizedaccordingtotheBMP'sforotherfirelinesandabandonedaccessroads.FirelineswithintheSMZshouldbeseededandstabilizedwithwaterbarsinaccordancewiththeSensitivityClassoftheindividualsite.Followinsawildfira,damasedorkilledtimbertmmediatelybeginstobedeterioratedbyinsectsandmicrooraaniama,bothofwhichcanrenderthewooduselessandworthleaswithin1-6months.Underthesecircumstances,itisessentialthatalandownerbefreetoharvestallsusceptibletimberasexpeditiouslyaspossible.RecommendedltmitationsonresidualwithinthePrimarySMZandsitepreparationmethodsshouldberelaxedduringthe1-6monthcriticalperiod.ThereexistsinFloridatheaver-presentthreatofsevereweatherevents,i.e.,hurricanes,tornadoes,tropicalstorms,thatcancauseextensivedamagetottmberstands.Downedorleaningttmbermustbesalvagedexpeditiouslyinordertoavoidlargeinfestationsofdestructiveinsectsandmicroorganisms.Asinthecaceoffire-killedttmber,BestManagementPracticeswhichlimittheresidualvolumeinthePrimarySKZshouldberelaxedforaonetosixmonthperiodinordertoallowalldamagedanddownedtimbertoberemoved.III-22Mechanicalsitepreparationshouldbeacceptableinthosecaseswherestandsarecompletelyannihilated.InsectandDiseaseEpidemicsPeriodically,anoutbreakofinsectsordiseaseswillthreatenthehealthofaforest.whereuponsalvagecuttingorpesticideapplicationismadenecessary.Failuretoreactquicklytopeatproblemscanleadtowidespreadinfectionanddestructionofforestcover,andseverefinancialhardshiptotheowner.Intheseinstances,BestManagementPracticeswhichlimitpesticideapplicationwithinanSMZtobasalapplicationshouldberelaxedtoallowmistblowing.Salvagecuttingshouldbeencouragedtoremoveallaffectedtimber,evenwhenitaremovalwillbreachtherecommendedminimumvolumesforthePrimaryStreamsideManagementZone.D.BestManagementPracticeAssessmentThesuccessoftheSilvicultureplanningelementwillultimatelydependonhoweffectivelythestate's90.000non-industrialprivateforestlandowners,whocontrol8.9millionacres;the12forestindustries(5.2millionacres);theU.S.ForestService(1millionacres);theFloridaDivisionofForestry(390,000acres);andthehundredsofproducers,loggersandvendorswhoservicethemallaremadeawareofandencouragedtofollowtherecommendedBestManagementPractices.ThisisoneofthemajorreasonsthattheFloridaDivisionofForestrywillbedesignatedtheoverallleadmanagementagencyintheSilviculture208planningeffort.Countyandurbanforesterswillbetheofficialatateforestryrepresentativesonnonpointpollutionmatters,andwilladministertheprogramloeally(seePartlV--lmplementation).TheDivisionofForestrywilldevelopandcoordinatemonitoringoftheprogram'seffectivenessbasedonempiricalevaluationbycountyforester•III-23of BMP effectiveness, applicagility, practicality, coat, and compliance

in their jurisdiction. Acco.panyina the .. evaluations will be controlled

demonstration sites in state forests on which detailed coat and water

quality impact recorda can be kept for each IMP and variations of them.

This will facilitate an accurate asaeaement of the prograa'a success and

will be useful aa an educational tool.

Similar installations and test areas may be located on private lands

aa the program progreasea. Water quality monitoring and time and motion

studies could be perforaad on these areas to assist the private sector in

their compliance efforts. These areas would also provide localized demonstrat ion areas for continuous training. III-24PARTIV:IMPLEMENTATIONA.IntroductionSection208oftheCleanWaterActspecificallyrequiresthatwaterqualitymanagementplanesetforthproeeduresandmethodstocontrolnonpointsourcesofpollution.Section208(b)(2)(F),P.L.92-500.Thepurposeofthischapteristodescribethestrategythatwillberecommendedinthestatewidewaterqualityplantoimplementsilviculturalnonpointsourcecontrols.EPAguidelinesallowforeitherregulatoryornon-regulatoryprogramstocontrolnonpointsourcesofpollution.EPA,"ProgramGuidaneeMemorandum:SAM31"(September22,1977).Managementagenciesnecessarytocarryouttheseprogramsmustbeclearlydesignated.Section208(b)(2)(D),P.L.92-500.Thespecificfederalfor.regulatoryandnon-regulatoryprogramsanddesignatedagenciescanbefoundintheAgriculturalElementoftheStateofFlorida208Planandat40C.F.R.13l.ll(n),(o).Toavoidredundancy,theywillnotbediscussedhere.Thischapterwilldiscussthefollowing:alternativeregulatoryapproaches;therecommendedapproachforiMplementation;anddesignatedmanagementagencies.B.AlternativeApproachesOncethepollutionproblemsinanareahavebeenidentified,itianecessarytoselectamanagementschemefortheimplementationofcontrols.Therearenumerousregulatorymechanismswhichmaybetocontrolsilviculturalnonpointsources,somehavinsamoredirecteffectthanothers.Availabledataindicatethatthepollutantresultingfromsilviculturalactivityisprobablysediment.SecondarypollutantsincludepesticidesandIV-lfertilizers.However,useofthesechemicalsisratherlimitedinforestmanagementpracticesinFlorida.Anumberoflawsexistinmanystateswhichaddresspollutantsfromeilviculturalactivities,including;-TimberAccessRoadLaws;-PesticidesLegislation;-TimberHarvestingLegislation;-TimberRegenerationLegislation;-ControlledFireLegislation;-CriticalAreasLegielation;-ErosionandSedimentControlLaws;-SoilConservationActs;-SpecialPollutionControls-FinancialIncentives.Inanalyzingthevariousapproachestocontrollingsilviculturalnonpointsourceproblems,fourbasicalternativeswereconsidered:1.Requiringlandowners,timbercutters,etc.,tohavepollutionmanagementplans:2.Protectingwatercoursesandwaterbodiesfromacceleratedrunoffthroughtheuseofcriticalareaprograms;3.EstablishingBMP'sforforestrymanagement;4.Establishingvoluntary/cooperativeprogramsinvolvingtechnicalassistance,cost-sharing.ortaxincentives.Basically,theseapproachestranslateintotwomajorpossibilitiesforaction:1)permittinaofdischargesand/orenforcementofstandards.or2)cooperative/voluntaryproarams.C.RecommendedManagementApproachDuetolackofwaterqualitydatareflectingarelevantcauseandeffectrelationshipbetweenforestpracticesandwaterqualityinFlorida,theDepartmentofEnvironmentalRegulation(FDER)isnotrecommendingapermittingprogramatthisttme.However.theneedexistsforanaffirmativecourseofactionwhichimplementsthebestavailabletechnologyforcontrollingnonpointsources.Thiswillbeaccomplishedthroughavoluntary,non-regulatoryIV-2program stressing cooperation between forest landowners

and operators. and the designated management agencies.

A non-regulatory
program

has the advantase

of reducing

the chance

of delayed implementation
through extended legal cballenses

to the **pla~.** (Comment:

63 Iowa Law Review 216), EPA **guideli~es**
state that **no~-regulatary** programa

may be approved

by the Regional Administrator

11 [o]nly where,

in his **judg~ent.**

the program will result

in achievement

of the desired water quality aoal•"· Guidance Memorandum:

SAM 31", (September

22, 1977),

p. 5. EPA, "Program In order

to obtain approval,

a non-regulatory
pro1ram must meet five requirements.

These five requirements

will

be discussed below, together
with

a description

of haw the proposed program will aatiafy each requirement. 1. Identification

of best management practices (BMP'a). (Please

see Part III for

a description

of BHP'a.) 2. Provision

for an effective educational program

to inform

the affected public

of the requirements. The first attempt

to reach
the affected public will employ exietins coumunication

and media channels.

This phase will
be coordinated

by the Division

of Forestry, drawing upon the resources

of other interested agencies, associations

and groups

to publicize

the 208 program. These agencies

and groupe include,

but are not limited

to. the Soil Conservation Service, Department

of Environmental Regulation. Cooperative **Extenaio~** Service, Florida Forestry Association,

and associates

of Sail and Water Conservation Districts. News releases, television spots. announcements

and proarams,

and radio spots
and programs
will all be employed where possible.

Many

of the Division's foresters

have established access

to their local news media

in the form

of weekly

or monthly television appearances, newspaper columna

or radio spots. IV-3These can be used effectively to introduce Public Law 92-500, Section 208 and

1\est Mauagemeut Practicea. Civic group presentations can also be utilized by

county and urban foresters to discuss the 208 program.

This initial tbruat will not be intended to provide detailed instruction

to landowners or operators, but should aetabliah initial contact with them so

that more specific communication• can follow.

3 • Provision of adegua te technical and financial assistance if needed.

Trained county and urban foresters will provide any technical assistance

needed to landowners, practitioners, consulting foresters, etc., to enable

them to implement IMP's.

tn addition, on-the-ground demonstration areas will be established, on

which BMP's will be installed and the attendant problema viewed and discussed.

Basically, the PDER will seek the fundins for these various activities through

the EPA/SCS Rural Clean Water Program. Further elaboration on agency

responsibilities and the enabling statutory authority is contained in the

Designated Manaae.ent Agency section **~ediately** following this section.

4. Asreeaent to reportiy mtem (at least annual) to the

Reaiooal Administrator on progress made in t.plementation.

BMP compliance and effectiveness will be assessed annually in order to

discern those areas of the program where modification ia necessary to effectuate

water quality goals. The Department of Environmental Regulation will assume

ultimate responsibility for the annual reporting system to the Regional

Administrator.

5. Agreement of schedule of milestones, such as !JDplementation,

monitoring and program evaluatioE·

A schedule of implementation milestones is listed in Table IV-1. Specific

agency responsibilities are contained in the Designated Management Agency

section immediately following. IV-4ImplementationMilestoneChartAtl&SesCounties1throu1h7JSee•··""·SelectTestWatersheds•toc.uunlacltaroundlfaterQu&.lity-Installs..,leBMP•sIMPlflecttve•__ll.IH..c:o.pleteIMPTl'lininaMMualfort&ndCIIWIIanl&ncfCoadUctTr&ininaSeulon£orfTOfiUi.Oft&lSt"-GI.IftrLea1_16•TableIV-1.t•I''iMIJ1_J1.\IJ''illA_S_Ol'i,OfJ!J•ri.jI_LI!I!I,,.IIIi!II'!IilIIIii!i·I!i11dll:iIlI.IiI•Ii'II!ICcm<tuc:tTn.iaina11ISeutonforI;11Professionals1Cftt.tft'dea17_ll_•IIIIIIIII!:! .:IIi:conducta&aional":'ra.f.ninasesstoutorLandowners6Operators............l7_17••OevelopPToJ'l'UHonitaTiDa6SamplinaProceduf!to_AIIISIProcur:.....l.........AssessFirstrearCOIIPUanceift.CountieslCompleteAtlaaesl8ConductTrainina!lastlon£Dr.-.............llll!i_•COft4uetRet1onalTraininaSessionsrotLandowners6Operaton18!t•AssessFirstYearCoapliancelnCouitdesl7..1.1•Fi.:rst'(earCoapiimc•inCtltiftHe!lllthfOUII\.S6•aea.se's8MP&oerre•.QlC:-.U.anc:a*difrProtnm:oQuality_Coll.l.s!1'1:jIIiiiI...IIIII!!'II'II.Iit-t-..I'lIi!It!III:I.IIIII!I1.I.'.I!II!.I•II••lIIIIiIt1..IlII:.A......A!II•IIIIIIlj''iII.I.II•.II•'I'I!I!IV-5II:IIII•!I•1I'•.!!'!i·II...IIJIIIIII.''!iIIII1iIIIIII.,,!IIiII•II..I&ID.DesignatedManagementyencbsThreemanagementagenciesaredesignatedforimplementingtheSilvieulturalEl•entoftheStatewide208Planfornon-designated.areas:1)theDivisionofForestryoftheFloridaDepartmentofAgriculture;2)theFloridaDepartmentofEnvironmentalRegulation;aud3)theU.S.ForestService.InthesedesignatedagencieswilldrawupontheresourcesoftheFloridaForestryAssociation,theSoilConservationService,theCooperativeExtensionandassociatesofSoilandWaterConservationDistricts.TheDivisionofForestrywillassumetheleadroleinoverallprogrammanagementandcoordination.Severaladvantagesofthisarransementareclearaccountabilityandgreatercoherenceinconflictresolution,statewideconsistencyinoverallwaterqualitynonpointsourcemanagementactivities.andthefactthattheplancanberapidlyimplementedwithoutreorganizationofexiatinsgovernmentalagencies.DesignationoftbeDivisionofForestryas"leadagency"effectivelyutilizestheDivision'sexpertiseinthefieldofforeetryaanasementpracticesanditaworkingrelationshipwithindividuallandowner..Forinitialefforts,threeaegmentshavebeenselectedashavingpotentiallysavetewaterqualityproblemaduetoailviculturallyrelatedactivities.ThesegmentsarespecificallyidentifiedinPartIIofthisElement.TheDivisionofForestry,theFDERandtheotherabove-namedagencieswillworkincooperationwiththelandownersinthesesegments,pursuanttointeragencyagreements.TechnicalassistancewillbeprovidedtolandownerstoassistthemwithiDpla.entationofappropriateIMP's.Additionally,fundswillbesoughtforcost-sharing.Iti.ahopedtbiewil1provideaddedincentiveforvoluntaryaction.Apubliceducationwillbeinitiatedbythetoinspirecitizenactionthatiebaaedonanawarenessthatsuccessdependsonacooperativeeffortbetweenforestlandowners,andthegovernmentalagenciesinvolved.ThisvoluntaryprogramwillbeconductedandmonitoredIV-6-...for

a period

of roughly three years.

If the program proves

to be **ineffe~tive,** a regula tory program will
be ree011111encled. However, success

of the program. will

be judged

by the measure

of cooperative effort evidenced

by forest manage.n, rather than attainment

of stringent water quality gcala. While
the problem segments

are being identified

and mapped, FDER will develop,

in cooperation

with the Division,

a technical manual

of Silviculture BHP's for use by Division foresters

and landowners.

The Division

of Forestry will develop Site Sensitivity Atlases

to aid in efficient

BMP implementation. In addition,

test watersheds

will
be established

to gauge the effectiveness of sUvicul ture BMP'

s. The FDER will
be the continuing planning agency, periodically evaluating

the program

for compliance.

In addition,

lDER will seek funding

for the monitoring program. (Note: FDER

ia currently negotiating

with the Division

of Forestry

on an agreement which would delegate various duties

to the Division inc:ludins

the development

of IMP manuals

and certain responsibilities

for program monitoring.) For the purpose

of clarity, specific functions

for each

of the designated agencies
vill
be discussed
with regard

to the agency's legal authority

and administrative

and financial capability: Ths Division

of Poroestz>y Chapter
589, Florida Statutes, provides

for the creation

of

a Division of Forestry

to care for, manage,

and enforce

all laws pertaining

to forests and woodlands.

The expertise

of the Division

of Forestry
will
be relied upon

as follows: 1) Seek cooperation

of landowners.

traiu and educate landowners on the application

of and use of BMP's. Section 589.04 provides authority

for this task.

It states that the Division will:

11 [a]ssist

and cooperate
with •••

, county, town, corporation, or individual

to gather

and dieseminate information,

in regard

to forests, their care and management

•

•

• n IV-72) Provide technical assistance to landowners through varied means

including the development of a Site Sensitivity Class Atlas.

Section 589.04 also provides authority **fo~** this task. It authorizes

the Division to gather and diseeainate info1'1118tion. "[u)nder auch terms aa

will beat serve the public interest •••• "

3) to cooperate or **ente~** into aareeaenta with the florida Department

of Environmental Regulation and the U.S. Forest Service, as well

aa any other federal, state, or local aaency which uay be of

aaaistanc.e in iapleaentina this prograa.

The authority for this function i8 aaain found in Section 589.04 1 which

empowers the Division "[t]o assist and cooperate with federal and state

department• or institutes , , •• "

Ths PZol'ida Departmsnt of Environm.ntat Regutati.on

The Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER) derives its

authority to implement 208 planning from Sections 403.061(1), (11), and (12) 1

Florida Statutes. Tbe manaa•ent and impl•entation responsibilities which

FDER will assume are described below.

l) Develop and diaaemtnate a seneral technical manual of BMP'a

which will have a positive :l.apact on water quality.

the Department is authorized to "[e]ncourage and conduct atud1es 1

investigations, and research relating to pollution and its causes, effects.

prevention, abatement and control 11

• Section 403.061(21), Florida Statutes.

2) Monitor the effects of BMP'• on water quality.

The Department is empowered to conduct field studies and water quality

sampling. Section 403.061(14)(a), Florida Statutes. Furthermore. FDRR is

authorized to determine pollution sources when field studies and sampling

IV-8indicate
that water quality

is below appropriate standards. Section 403.061 (14)(b), Florida Statutes. 3) Enter into inter-aaeney agreements

with the Division

of Forestry, the u.s. Forestry Service,

and any other federal, state,

or local agency which may be of assistance

in impleaentins

the 208 **proar~.** The Department

is clearly empowered

to perform
this function pursuant to Sections 403.061(3).

(4), (5), (6), (20), and (24). Specifically Section 403.061(24) provides
tbat FDER may: "[a]dvise, consult, cooperate

and enter into agreements

with other agencies

of the State,
the Federal Government, other states, interstate agencies, sroup•

II 4) Seek coat-shariag

funds for implementation

of BHP's, includin& funds for the developaent

of the BMP Manual

and Site Sensitivity Class Atlas. This function

is authorized

by Section 403.061(5), Florida Statutes, which authorizes

the Department

to:

11 [al ccep

t
a tate apprapria tiona

1 loans and grants from the Federal Government

and froiD other sources, public

or private

II 5) Assume responsibility

for the annual reporting system

to the Regional Administrator. The Departlllent

is empowered

to perform
this function pursuant

to Section 403.061(23), Florida Statutes, which atataa
the Department

may 11

[ c] ollec

t and disseminate

iuf orma tian The United States Fo1'eat Seroiae

II The United States Forest Service

waa empowered

by Congress

in the Transfer Act of 1905,

16 u.s.c. 5472. Basically,

the role

of the Forest Service will •

be to administer

the Silvicultural Element

of the Statewide

208 Plan
in u.s. forestlands. Specifically,

the Forest Service will perform

the followins functioue:

IV-10l) Implementation of BMP•a.

The Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960 (16 u.s.c. §528).

authorizes the Forest Service to "(d]evelop aad administer the renewable

surface resources of the national forests for multiple use •••• 11 Section

531 of the Act defi!lee "multiple uae 11 aa "[t)he •nasement of all the various

renewable surface resources of the national forests eo that they are utilized

in the COIDbination that will best uet the needs of the American people •••• "

2) Cooperate with State and local governments or others.

The Forest service is apeeifieally authorized to perform this function

under Section 530 of the Act. (16 U.S.C. 5530).
IV-11 •• PART

V: GLOSSARY Bedding

-- A technique whereby

a small ridge

of surface soil

iB formed

to pro- vide

an elevated plantina

or seed bed.

In Florida,

it is used primarily

in wet areas

to improve drainage

and aeration

for seedlings. Borrow
Pit
-- An excavation

site outside

the l:lm1ta

of con&truction

to provide material necessary

to that construction,

such

aa fill material

for the road construction. Broad Based Dips

A periodic reversal

in the grade

of

a permanent access road whose purpose

it is to reduce soil loaa from and provide adequate drainage

of the road surface. Burning (frescribed Burning)

-- The practice

of using regulated
fires

to reduce

or eliminate

the unincorporated
organic matter

of the foTeat floor.

or low, undesirable vegetation. Chopping

-- A mechanical treabaent whereby vegetation

is concentrated

near the ground
and incorporated

into the soil. Chopping

may be used

to facilitate burning or to increase

the organic component

of the surface soil. Clearcutting

--
A ailvicultural
system

in which all uerchantable

trees are harvested over

a specified
area

in one operation. Cross Ditch

-- A shallow depression
built diagonally acroaa

a light duty road

or trail
for the purpose

of diverting surface water therefrom. Culvert

--

A metal, wooden

or concrete condu

i t throush which surface water can flow under

or across roads. Discretionary

Zone

--
A 300-foot
wide strip

of land adjacent

to

a watercourse

in which Best Management Practices should

be applied

to protect water quality. Erodible Soils

-- Those soils identified

as being subject

to erosion. Erosion

-- The process

by which soil particles

are detached

and transported

by water and gravity

to some downslope

or downstream deposition point. Fertilizers

-- Any substance

or coabination

of substances

used principally

as

a source

of plant food
or soil amendment. Foliar Analysis

-- A quantitative examination

of leaves

or twigs

to determine

the levels

of their chemical constituents.

Used

as

a diagnostic

tool

to assess nutrient uptake

or deficiencies. Harrowing (Disking)

--
A mechanical method

of scarifying

the soil

to reduce competing vegetation

and
to prepare

a site

to be seeded

or planted

• Haul Roads (Spur Roads)

-- Those woods roads over which timber

1• transported

from a felling site

to

a public road.

V-1

# Impoundment Areas

-- Those areas in which water is artificially stored, or

impounded. Intermittent Stream

-- A watercourse that flows in s well defined channel during

the wet seasons of the year, but not the entire year.



# Logging Debris

-- The 

# utilized and generally unmarketable accumulation in the

forest of woody material, euch as large limbs, tops, cull logs and stumps. that

remains as forest residue after timber harvesting.

ORV's- Off Road Vehicles --Includes any motorized vehicle when driven onsurfaces

other than public roads. Can 

# include, but are not limited 

# to, automobiles,

trucka 1 

# motorcycles and 

# farm implements.

Perennial Stream

-- 

# A watercourse that flows throughout 

# the year 

# or nearly so, in 

# a

well

defined channel. Pesticides -- Chemical materials that are used for the control of undesirable

insects, diseases, vegetation, animals or other forea of life.

Primary SMZ

-- A 35-foot wide strip of forest land surrounding all perennial streams

and

lakes 10 acres 

# or larger.



# Refuse -- Inorganic waste materials such as metal, rubber, plastic and glass.

Regeneration -- 

# The youna 

# tree crop 

# replacing older trees removed by 

# harvest

or disaster. Riprap -- Aggregate placed on potentially erodible sites to 

# reduce the impact of



# rain or surface runoff on theae areas.

Rotation {Period)

-- The period of

**t~e** 

# to establish. 

# grow and harvest s crop of

trees at a specified condition of maturity.

Secondary SMZ

-- A strip of forest land located between the Primary 

# SMZ and the

outer 

# boundary of the entire Streamside Management Zone.

Sediment -- Soil fragments which have been detached and transported by water.

Seed Tree Method Removal of the mature timber in one cutting, except for a

small

number of seed trees left singly or in small groups.

Selection Method

-- Removal of the mature timber. usually the oldest or largest

tr e es, either as single scattered individuals or in 

# small groups, at relatively

short intervals repeated indefinitely in order to encourage continuous reproduction

and 

# uneven aged stands. 

# Sensitivity 

# Class

-- An index of an area's susceptibility to erosion 

# and sediment

production based on soils and slopes.

Shelterwood Method

-- Removal of the mature ti•ber in a series of cuttings whieh

extend over a relatively short portion of the rotation in order to encourage the

establishment of essentially even aged

**reprodu~tion** 

# under the partial shelter of

seed trees. 

# V-2 •••SilviculturalSystem--Aprocess,followingacceptedforestmanagementwherebythecropsconstitutingforestsaretended,harvestedandreforested.SitePreparation--Measuresemployedonasitetodisposeofdebris,toreducecompetitionfromunharvestedrevetation,andtopreparethesoilfornewtrees.--Shortdistanceoflogsorfelledtreesfromthestumptothepointofloading.SkidTrails--Adisturbanceoftheforestfloorresultingfromlogebeingrepeatedlypulledoverthesamepath•Slash--Woodresidue,usuallytreelimbsandtops,leftonthearoundafteranareahasbeenlogged.Stand--Acontiguousgroupoftreessufficientlyuniforminspeciescompoaition,arrangementofageclassesandconditiontoheahomogeneousanddistinguishableunit.StreamsideManagementZone--Avegetatedstripadjacenttoawatercourseonwhichspecialmanagementprecautionsarenecessarytoprotectwaterquality.TheStreamsideManagementzonewillvaryinwidth,dependingonthesensitivityclausofthesite.Swale--Agentlyslopingchanneldesignedtotransportintermittentrunofffromstormevents.WaterBar--Ahumporsmalldikebuiltacrossalight-dutyroad,skidtrailorfireline,forthepurposeofdivertingsurfacewatertherefrom.WaterControlStructure--Anystructureusedtoregulatesurfaceorsubsurfacewaterlevels.WaterTurnout--Theextensionofanaccessroad'sdrainageditchintoavegetatedareatoprovideforthedispersionandfiltrationofstormwaterrunoff.Wildfire--Anyfireotherthanacontrolled,prescribedfire.Windrow--Loggingdegrisandunmerchantablewoodyvegetationwhichhasbeenpiledinrowstodecomposeorbeburned;ortheactofconstructingthesepiles•V-3--

• •-••,...••I''.•