[Cite as Gallagher Sharp, 

L.L.P. v. Miller Goler Faeges Lapine, L.L.P., 2019-Ohio-3508.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

GALLAGHER SHARP, L.L.P., : 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, : 

 No. 107493 

 v. : 

MILLER GOLER FAEGES LAPINE : 

L.L.P., ET AL., 

 

 Defendants-Appellees. : 

 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 29, 2019 

 

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-16-869606 

 

Appearances: 

Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P., Richard C.O. Rezie, and 

Theresa A. Richthammer, for appellant. 

Robert D. Schwartz, pro se. 

RAYMOND C. HEADEN, J.: 

Plaintiff-appellant Gallagher Sharp L.L.P. (“Gallagher”) appeals from 

the trial court’s order denying Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment against 

defendant-appellee Robert D. Schwartz (“Schwartz”) because the claims against 
Schwartz were moot.1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm, albeit on other 

grounds. 

Statement of the Facts 

Schwartz was “of counsel” with the law firm Miller Goler Faeges 

Lapine (“MGFL”).2 As part of his employment package, MGFL provided 

professional liability insurance to Schwartz. 

During his employment with MGFL, Quirino DiPaolo (“DiPaolo”) was 

a client of Schwartz. In February 2009, DiPaolo brought suit against Schwartz and 

a “Doe” legal firm alleging legal malpractice, subsequently amending the complaint 

in April 2010 to identify MGFL as the “Doe” legal firm. MGFL held professional 

liability insurance with Chubb Group of Insurance Companies (“Chubb”) and 

Schwartz was an insured under the Chubb policy. Pursuant to the terms of the 

insurance policy, Chubb retained Gallagher to defend Schwartz in the legal 

malpractice claim while MGFL opted to provide its own defense. Gallagher’s legal 

services to Schwartz resulted in a bill totaling $39,117. To date, Schwartz has not 

paid the bill. 

On September 26, 2016, Gallagher filed suit under breach of contract 

and unjust enrichment seeking compensation from Schwartz and MGFL. Following 

 

1 This appeal is a companion case to the appeal in Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P. v. Miller Goler 

Faeges Lapine, L.L.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107483, 2019-Ohio-2113. 

2 In its brief, MGFL states that “[w]hen Schwartz first affiliated with the firm, the firm 

name was Miller Goler Faeges LLP[,] * * * [but] was subsequently changed to” its current 

name of Miller Goler Faeges Lapine.
discovery, Gallagher and MGFL filed motions for summary judgment. The trial 

court granted Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment against MGFL on breach 

of contract. The trial court denied Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment 

against Schwartz because Schwartz was not the policyholder, but only an included 

insured under the Chubb policy, and the issue was rendered moot when summary 

judgment was granted against MGFL. 

Gallagher filed this timely appeal on July 30, 2018. MGFL also 

appealed the granting of Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment against MGFL. 

On August 1, 2018, this court sua sponte ordered that the appeals filed by Gallagher 

against Schwartz and MGFL be treated as companion appeals. Specifically, the 

court ordered that the cases share the trial court record, but be briefed, argued, and 

disposed of separately by the same merit panel.3 

For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the trial court. 

Law and Analysis

Gallagher appeals the trial court’s decision denying its motion for 

summary judgment against Schwartz and finding all issues moot based upon the 

court’s granting summary judgment against MGFL. Appellate review of summary 

judgments is de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 

N.E.2d 241 (1996). Summary judgment is appropriate “when (1) there is no genuine 

issue of material fact, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, 

 

3 In the companion case, Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107483, 2019-

Ohio-2113, we affirmed the lower court’s judgment granting Gallagher’s motion for 

summary judgment against MGFL. 
and, (3) viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, 

reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to 

the nonmoving party.” Marusa v. Erie Ins. Co., 136 Ohio St.3d 118, 2013-Ohio-1957, 

991 N.E.2d 232, ¶ 7. The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of 

showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292-293, 662 

N.E.2d 264 (1996). Doubts must be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party. 

Murphy v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 359, 604 N.E.2d 138 (1992). 

Gallagher filed a complaint against MGFL and Schwartz seeking to 

recover their costs for the legal services provided by Gallagher to Schwartz. This 

appeal considers only the action against Schwartz; the action against MGFL has 

been decided in our companion case. Chubb retained Gallagher to provide legal 

services for Schwartz in the DiPaolo legal malpractice case. Gallagher now argues 

that Schwartz is responsible for its outstanding legal fees incurred while defending 

Schwartz. We must look to the insurance policy to determine whether Schwartz is 

responsible for payment of Gallagher’s invoice. 

The interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law 

appropriate for summary judgment. If the insurance policy is clear and 

unambiguous, it should be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Sarmiento v. 

Grange Mut. Cas. Co., 106 Ohio St.3d 403, 2005-Ohio-5410, 835 N.E.2d 692, ¶ 9, 

citing Gomolka v. State Auto Mut. Ins. Co., 70 Ohio St.2d 166, 167-168, 436 N.E.2d 

1347 (1982). Relevant portions of the Chubb policy read as follows: 
Insured means the Firm and any Insured Person. 

Claim means: 

(1) Any of the following: 

a. A written demand or written request for monetary damages or 

non-monetary relief; 

b. A written demand for arbitration; 

c. A civil proceeding commenced by the service of a complaint or 

similar pleading; or 

d. A formal civil administrative or civil regulatory proceeding 

(including a disciplinary or grievance proceeding before a court 

or bar association) commenced by the filing of a notice of charges 

or similar document or by the entry of a formal order of 

investigation or similar document, 

against an Insured for a Wrongful Act, including any appeal 

therefrom; * * * 

* * * 

Loss means the amount that an Insured becomes legally obligated to 

pay as a result of any covered Claim, including but not limited to 

damages (including punitive or exemplary damages if and to the extent 

that such punitive or exemplary damages are insurable under the law 

of the jurisdiction most favorable to the insurability of such damages, 

provided such jurisdiction has a substantial relationship to the relevant 

Insured, to the Company, or to the Claim giving rise to the damages), 

judgments, settlements, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest and 

Defense Costs. 

Defense Costs mean that part of Loss consisting of reasonable costs, 

charges, fees (including attorneys’ fees and experts’ fees) and expenses 

(other than regular or overtime wages, salaries, fees, overhead or 

benefits of any Insured) incurred in defending any Claim and the 

premium for appeal, attachment or similar bonds; provided that the 

Company will have no obligation to procure or provide any bonds. 

RETENTION AMOUNT 

The Company’s liability under this Policy shall apply only to that part 

of covered Loss on account of each Claim (other than a disciplinary 

or grievance proceeding) which is excess of the applicable Retention 

Amount set forth in ITEM 5 of the Declarations. Such Retention 

Amount shall be depleted only by Loss otherwise covered under this 
Policy and shall be borne by the Insured uninsured and at their own 

risk. In the event that any Insured Person is unwilling or unable to 

bear the Retention Amount it shall be the obligation of the Firm to 

bear such Retention Amount uninsured and at its own risk. No 

Retention Amount shall be applicable to a disciplinary or grievance 

proceeding. 

Ohio Small Law firm Endorsement: Section XII, DEFENSE AND 

SETTLEMENT, is amended by deleting paragraph[ ] (A) and * * * 

replacing [it] with the following: 

(A) The Company shall have the right and duty to defend any Claim

covered by this Policy. Coverage shall apply even if any of the 

allegations are groundless, false or fraudulent. The Company shall 

assign counsel to defend the Insured. It shall not be unreasonable 

for the Company to withhold its consent to the representation of any 

Insured by another Insured or, if more than one Insured is 

involved in a Claim, to withhold its consent to separate counsel for 

one or more of such Insureds, unless there is a material actual or 

potential conflict of interest among such Insureds. 

Gallagher alleges Schwartz is liable for its legal fees under a breach of 

contract theory. “To establish a claim for breach of contract, a plaintiff must prove: 

(1) the existence of a contract, (2) performance by the plaintiff, (3) breach by the 

defendant, and (4) damages or loss resulting from the breach.” Claris, Ltd. v. Hotel 

Dev. Servs., L.L.C., 2018-Ohio-2602, 104 N.E.3d 1076, ¶ 28 (10th Dist.), citing 

Lucarell v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 152 Ohio St.3d 453, 2018-Ohio-15, 97 N.E.3d 

458, ¶ 41. 

We must first determine whether Schwartz is a party to the insurance 

contract so that Gallagher can maintain a claim for breach of contract against him. 

While Schwartz was not a signatory to the Chubb policy, he was an intended thirdparty beneficiary. To be an intended third-party beneficiary under a contract, “there 

must be evidence that the contract was intended to directly benefit that third party.” 
Huff v. FirstEnergy Corp., 130 Ohio St.3d 196, 2011-Ohio-5083, 957 N.E.2d 3, ¶ 12. 

An intended third-party beneficiary has enforceable rights under the contract. Id.

at ¶ 11. The Chubb policy provided insured persons, which included Schwartz, a 

benefit, specifically, malpractice insurance and legal representation. Schwartz 

possessed enforceable rights under the Chubb policy and actually received those 

benefits because Gallagher Sharp represented him in the DiPaolo legal malpractice 

action. Therefore, as an insured under the Chubb policy, Schwartz is also an 

intended third-party beneficiary of the Chubb insurance contract with MGFL. 4

With the understanding that Schwartz is an insured and MGFL is the 

Firm as defined in the Chubb policy, we review the terms of the policy. Under the 

Chubb policy, a claim was filed in regard to the DiPaolo legal malpractice claim 

against MGFL and Schwartz. Gallagher was retained to defend Schwartz, and 

defense costs payable to Gallagher were incurred. Gallagher now seeks payment of 

those legal fees. 

Defense costs are considered a “Loss” and their payment is addressed 

under the clause entitled “Retention Amount.” The insurance policy has a $50,000 

Retention Amount requiring an insured under the policy to pay the first $50,000 of 

legal fees and related costs. The Retention Amount is to be paid in full before Chubb 

has any liability. The third sentence in “Retention Amount” reads: “In the event 

that any Insured Person is unwilling or unable to bear the Retention Amount it 

 

4 This court found in Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107483, 2019-

Ohio-2113, at ¶ 38, that Schwartz was an “insured” under the policy. 
shall be the obligation of the Firm to bear such Retention Amount uninsured and 

at its own risk.” In other words, if Schwartz is unwilling or unable to bear the 

Retention Amount, it is the Firm’s responsibility, here MGFL’s responsibility, to pay 

any outstanding amounts. 

The evidence reviewed in compliance with Civ.R. 56 supports the trial 

court’s decision regarding Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment against 

Schwartz. In Schwartz’s answer to plaintiff’s complaint, Schwartz denies there is a 

deductible amount and/or retention amount he must pay under the Chubb policy 

and denies he owes Gallagher for provided legal services. Schwartz raises as 

affirmative defenses recoupment, setoff, and/or indemnification and asserts that 

any monies owed to Gallagher must be paid by MGFL. Schwartz believes MGFL is 

responsible for Gallagher’s legal fees. Schwartz has not paid Gallagher’s legal fees 

during the pendency of this lawsuit and continues to defend himself against 

Gallagher’s claims of breach of contract and unjust enrichment. Schwartz’s answer 

as well as the absence of his payment for the outstanding legal fees and his ongoing 

defense demonstrate Schwartz is unable, or unwilling, to pay the legal fees owed 

Gallagher.5 

As a result of his unwillingness or inability to pay the outstanding 

legal fees, Schwartz is not obligated to satisfy Gallagher’s defense costs and has not 

breached any contract with Gallagher. The terms of the Chubb policy state where 

 

5 As noted in our companion case, MGFL did not argue Schwartz was able or willing to 

pay Gallagher’s legal fees. Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107483, 2019-

Ohio-2113, at ¶ 42, fn. 5. 
an insured is unwilling or unable to pay, the Firm is required to satisfy the 

outstanding debt. Just as we found in our companion case, the Firm, or MGFL, is 

required to pay the retention amount, including the outstanding balance due to 

Gallagher. Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P. at ¶ 46. 

We do not limit our analysis to whether Schwartz is an insured under 

the Chubb policy. We adopt a similar approach to that presented in our companion 

case where we stated, “The central issue, therefore, is who is responsible for paying 

Gallagher Sharp.” Id. at ¶ 42. 

The Chubb policy’s language is clear and unambiguous and states if 

an insured is unwilling or unable to pay the full Retention Amount, it is the firm’s 

obligation to pay the outstanding amount. In its motion for summary judgment, 

Gallagher argues Schwartz is responsible for its outstanding legal fees under the 

terms of the Chubb policy. Simply finding Schwartz is an insured does not fully 

address the presented issue. 

We found in our companion case that MGFL was obligated to pay 

Gallagher’s legal fees because Schwartz was unable or unwilling to pay: “By refusing 

to pay Gallagher Sharp’s invoice for its representation of Schwartz, which Gallagher 

Sharp was retained to do pursuant to the insurance contract, MGFL breached its 

duty to pay for the retention amount that Schwartz was unable or unwilling to pay.” 

Gallagher Sharp, L.L.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107483, 2019-Ohio-2113, at ¶ 46. 

In conformity with that decision, we find the record supports the position that 

Schwartz was unwilling or unable to pay Gallagher’s legal fees. The Retention 
Amount requires only the insured, Schwartz, or the Firm, MGFL, to be liable for the 

outstanding amount. Where the insured, Schwartz, is unable or unwilling to pay, 

the contract shifts the obligation to pay the Retention Amount to MGFL to satisfy 

the outstanding payment. Because Schwartz is unable or unwilling to pay, his lack 

of payment was not a breach of contract with Gallagher, but an act that shifted the 

responsibility for payment to MGFL. 

In addition to alleging a breach of contract, Gallagher sought payment 

from Schwartz under an unjust enrichment theory. “Unjust enrichment is an 

alternative theory of recovery, which ‘operates in the absence of an express contract 

or a contract implied in fact to prevent a party from retaining money or benefits 

that in justice and equity belong to another.’” Cantlin v. Smythe Cramer Co., 2018-

Ohio-4607, 114 N.E.3d 1260, ¶ 41 (8th Dist.), citing Gallo v. Westfield Natl. Ins. Co., 

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91893, 2009-Ohio-1094, ¶ 19. Unjust enrichment is not 

applicable where an express contract exists. Cantlin at ¶ 42. Because the parties’ 

responsibilities stem from the Chubb insurance contract, unjust enrichment does 

not apply. 

In denying Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment against 

Schwartz, the trial court found Schwartz was “not the policy holder but only an 

included insured” and the motion for summary judgment against Schwartz was 

moot based upon the trial court’s granting Gallagher’s motion for summary 

judgment against MGFL. We agree with the trial court’s denial of Gallagher’s 

motion for summary judgment against Schwartz, but on other grounds. We find 
that Schwartz is a third-party beneficiary and an insured under the Chubb policy. 

Because Schwartz, as an insured, was unwilling, or unable, to pay the outstanding 

legal fees, the terms of the Chubb policy obligated MGFL to satisfy Gallagher’s 

outstanding legal fees. The trial court’s granting of Gallagher’s motion for summary 

judgment against MGFL identified MGFL as the liable party and rendered the 

motion for summary judgment against Schwartz moot.6

No genuine issues of material fact exist. There is no merit to 

Gallagher’s assignment of error and, as a result, it is overruled. 

Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

 The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment 

into execution. 

 

6 Under Civ.R. 54(B), a judgment on less than all of the claims presented in an action is a 

final appealable order so long as the court order includes an express statement that “there 

is no just reason for delay.” The trial court’s decision included the required language and 

presented a final, appealable order resolving all claims between the parties. Hence, there 

was no error when the trial court denied Gallagher’s motion for summary judgment against 

Schwartz and found the claim against Schwartz rendered moot by its decision granting 

summary judgment against MGFL. 
 A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 

27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

 

RAYMOND C. HEADEN, JUDGE 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J., CONCURS; 

MARY J. BOYLE, P.J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY