Appendixes, Glossary, Selected References,

Preparers, and Consultants

Clarno Unit

Cant Ranch, Sheep Rock Unit Cant Ranch, Sheep Rock U

Picture Gorge, Sheep Rock U

213 

APPENDIX A: LEGISLATION 

(NOTE: Sections relating to John Day Fossil Beds National Monument are in bold type.) 

Public Law 93-486 

93rd Congress, H. R. 13157 

October 26, 1974 

An Act 

To provide for the establishment of the Clara Barton National Historic 

Site, Maryland; John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon ;

Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, North Dakota ; 

Springfield Armory National Historic Site, Massachusetts ; Tuskegee 

Institute National Historic Site, Alabama ; Martin Van Buren National 

Historic Site, New York ; and Sewall-Belmont House National Historic 

Site, Washington, District of Columbia ; and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 

America in Congress assembled,

TITLE I

Historic sites and 

national monument. 

Establishment. 

Sec. 101. (a) Unless otherwise provided hereafter, the Secretary of the 

Interior (hereinafter referred to as the "Secretary") is authorized to acquire 

by purchase with donated or appropriated funds, donation, exchange, or by 

transfer from another Federal agency such lands and interests in lands as 

hereafter provided for establishment as units of the national park system as 

follows:

Land acquisition.

(1) for establishment as the Clara Barton National Historic Site, 

Maryland, those lands depicted on the map entitled "Boundary 

Map, Clara Barton National Historic Site, Maryland", numbered 

NHS-CLBA 90,001 and dated February 1974, which shall include 

the land and improvements occupied by Clara Barton, founder of 

the American Red Cross located at 5801 Oxford Road, Glen Echo, 

Maryland : Provided, That the above-mentioned land and 

improvements may be acquired only by donation : And pro provided 

further, That the donation of any privately owned lands within the 

historic site may not be accepted unless and until the property is 

vacant;

Clara Barton National 

Historic Site, Md. 

16 USC 461 note.

(2) for establishment as the John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument, Oregon, those lands depicted on the map entitled 

"Boundary Map, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument", 

numbered NM-JDFB-20,014-A and dated June 1971: Provided,

That the national monument shall not be established unless and 

John Day Fossil Beds 

National Monument, 

Oreg. 

16 USC 431 

note. 
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 

214 

until the State of Oregon donates or agrees to donate the 

Thomas Condon-John Day Fossil Beds, Clarno, and Painted 

Hills State Parks : Provided further, That the Secretary shall not 

acquire a fee title interest to more than one thousand acres of 

privately owned lands except by donation or exchange : 

Provided further, That the Secretary shall designate the 

principal visitor center as the "Thomas Condon Visitor 

Center"; 

Thomas Condon 

Visitor Center, 

designation.

(3) for establishment as the Knife River Indian Villages National 

Historic Site, North Dakota, those lands depicted on the map 

entitled "Boundary Map, Knife River Indian Villages National 

Historic Site, North Dakota", numbered 468-20,012 and dated July 

1970; 

Knife River Indian 

Villages National 

Historic Site, N. Dak. 

16 USC 461 note.

(4) for establishment as the Springfield Armory National Historic 

Site, Massachusetts, those lands depicted on the map entitled 

"Boundary Map, Springfield Armory National Historic Site, 

Massachusetts", numbered NHS-SPAR-91,003 and dated January 

1974, the oldest manufacturing arsenal in the United States: 

Provided, That the historic site shall not be established unless an 

agreement is executed which will assure the historical integrity of 

the site and until such lands as are needed for the historic site are 

donated for this purpose; 

Springfield Armory 

National Historic Site, 

Mass. 

16 USC 461 note.

(5) for establishment as the Tuskegee Institute National Historic 

Site, Alabama, those lands depicted on the map entitled "Boundary 

Map, Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, Alabama", 

numbered NHS-TI 20,000-C and dated September 1973, which 

shall include the home of Booker T. Washington, the Carver 

Museum, and an antebellum property adjacent to the campus of 

Tuskegee Institute, known as Grey Columns ; and 

Tuskegee Institute 

National Historic Site, 

Ala. 

16 USC 461 note.

(6) for establishment as the Martin Van Buren National Historic 

Site, New York, those lands depicted on the map entitled 

"Boundary Map, Martin Van Buren National Historic Site, New 

York", numbered NHS-MAVA-91,001 and dated January 1974, 

which shall include the home of Martin Van Buren, eighth 

President of the United States. 

Martin Van Buren 

National Historic Site, 

N.Y. 

16 USC 461 note.

(b) The Secretary may also acquire personal property associated with the 

areas referred to in subsection (a) of this section. Lands and interests 

therein owned by a State or any political subdivision thereof which are 

acquired for the purposes of subsection (a) of this section may be acquired 

only by donation. 

Personal property, 

acquisition.

Sec. 102. ( a ) When the Secretary determines that an adequate interest in 

lands has been acquired to constitute an administrable unit for each of the 

areas described in section 1 of this Act, he may, after notifying the 

Committees on Interior and Insular Affairs of the United States Congress of 

his intention to do so at least fourteen days in advance, declare the 

establishment of such unit by publication of a notice to that effect in the 

Federal Register. Such notice shall contain a map or other description of the 

boundaries of the unit, together with an explanation of the interests 

Notice to 

congressional 

committees. 

Publication in Federal 

Register.
Appendix A: Legislation 

215 

acquired and the costs incident thereto. The Secretary may refrain from 

acquiring property for establishment of any unit authorized by this Act 

where, in his judgment, satisfactory agreements or donations with respect 

to properties which are needed for the protection and administration of a 

particular unit have not been consummated with the owners of such 

properties. 

(b) Pending the establishment of each unit and, thereafter, the 

Secretary shall administer the property acquired pursuant to this 

Act in accordance with the provisions of the Act of August 25, 1916 

(39 Stat. 535), as amended and supplemented, and, to the extent 

applicable, the provisions of the Act of August 21, 1935 (49 Stat. 666), 

as amended. 

Administration. 

16 USC 1. 

16 USC 461.

Sec. 103. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary is 

authorized to construct roads on real property in non-Federal ownership 

within the boundaries of the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site. Any 

roads so constructed shall be controlled and maintained by the owners of 

the real property. 

Tuskegee National 

Historic Site, road 

construction.

Sec. 104. There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be 

necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act, not to exceed, however, 

the following: 

Appropriation

(a) Clara Barton National Historic Site, $812,000 for acquisition of 

lands and interests in lands and for development ; 

(b) John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, $400,000 for the 

acquisition of lands and interests in lands and $4,435,200 for 

development ; 

(c) Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, $600,000 for 

the acquisition of hands and interests in lands and $2,268,000 for 

development ; 

(d) Springfield Armory National Historic Site, $5,300,000 for 

development; 

(e) Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site, $185,000 for the 

acquisition of lands and interests in lands and $2,722,000 for 

development; and 

(f) Martin Van Buren National Historic Site, $213,000 for 

acquisition of lands and interests in lands and $2,737,000 for 

development. 

TITLE II 

Sec. 201. In order to preserve for the benefit and inspiration of the people of 

the United States as a national historic site, the Sewall-Belmont House 

within the District of Columbia, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized 

to enter into a cooperative agreement to assist in the preservation and 

interpretation of such house. 

Sewall-Belmont 

House National 

Historic Site, D.C.

Sec. 202. The property subject to cooperative agreement pursuant to section 

101 of this Act is hereby designated as the "Sewall-Belmont House National 

16 USC 461 note.
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 

216 

Historic Site". 

Sec. 203. The cooperative agreement shall contain, but shall not be limited 

to, provisions that the Secretary, through the National Park Service, shall 

have right of access at all reasonable times to all public portions of the 

property covered by such agreement for the purpose of conducting visitors 

through such property and interpreting it to the public, that no changes or 

alterations shall be made in such property except by mutual agreement 

between the Secretary and the other parties to such agreement. The 

agreement may contain specific provisions which outline in detail the extent 

of the participation by the Secretary in the restoration, preservation, and 

maintenance of the historic site. 

Cooperative 

agreement.

Sec. 204. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may 

be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, but not to exceed 

$500,000. 

Appropriation.

Approved October 26, 1974. 

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY: 

HOUSE REPORT No. 93-1285 (Comm. on Interior and Insular Affairs) 

SENATE REPORT No. 93-1233 (Comm. on Interior and Insular Affairs) 

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol.120 (1974): 

Aug. 19, considered and passed House. 

Oct. 8, considered and passed Senate, amended. 

Oct. 16, House concurred in Senate amendments. 

Excerpted from

Public Law 95-625 

November 10, 1978

(11) John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon : To add 

approximately one thousand four hundred and eleven acres, and to 

delete approximately one thousand six hundred and twenty acres as 

generally depicted on the map entitled "Boundary Map, John Day 

Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon", numbered 177-30,000-B, 

and dated May 1978: $3,500,000. The Act of October 26, 1974 (88 Stat. 

1461), which designates the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is 

amended by deleting the second proviso of section l01(a) (2). 

Furthermore, not withstanding any other provision of law to the 

contrary, the Secretary may, if he determines that to do so will not have 

a substantial adverse effect on the preservation of the fossil and other 

resources within the remainder of the monument, convey 

approximately sixty acres acquired by the United States for purposes of 

the monument in exchange for non-Federal lands within the 

boundaries of the monument, and, effective upon such conveyance, the 

boundaries of the monument are hereby revised to exclude the lands 

conveyed. 

Land conveyance
217 

APPENDIX B: ANALYSIS OF BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT AND LAND 

PROTECTION CRITERIA 

The National Park and Recreation Act of 1978 (16U.S.C. § 1a-7) directs the National Park Service 

to consider, as part of a planning process, what modifications of external boundaries might be 

necessary to carry out park unit purposes. Subsequent to this act, Congress also passed Public 

Law 101-628, the Arizona Desert Wilderness Act. Section 1216 of this act, codified at 16 U.S.C. 

§1a – 12, directs the Secretary of the Interior to develop criteria to evaluate any proposed changes 

to the existing boundaries of individual park units. 16 U.S.C. §1a-13 calls for among other things 

the National Park Service to consult with affected agencies and others regarding a proposed 

boundary change, and to provide an estimate of acquisition cost, if any, related to the boundary 

adjustment. The legislation also requires that a statement on the relative priority of acquisition of 

each parcel be provided. 

These legislative provisions are implemented through NPS Management Policies 2006, Section 3.5,

which states that the National Park Service will conduct studies of potential boundary 

adjustments and may make boundary revisions to 

• protect significant resources and values, or to enhance opportunities for public enjoyment 

related to park purposes; 

• address operational and management issues, such as the need for access or the need for 

the boundaries to correspond to logical boundary delineations such as topographic or 

other natural features or roads; or 

• otherwise protect park resources critical to fulfilling park purposes. 

If the acquisition will be made using appropriated funds, and is not merely a technical boundary 

revision, the criteria set forth by Congress at 16 U.S.C. 4601-9(c)(2) must be met. 

• The added lands will be feasible to administer, considering their size, configuration, and 

ownership; costs; the views of and impacts on local communities and surrounding 

jurisdictions; and other factors such as the presence of hazardous substances or exotic 

species. 

• Other alternatives for management and resource protection are not adequate. 

During the course of the planning process, one area, known as the Cathedral Rock Property, was 

identified as potential addition to John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. The following is a 

review of the criteria for boundary adjustment as applied to John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument. This review is included as supporting documentation for the alternatives, which 

include a recommendation for a boundary adjustment in the Sheep Rock Unit of the monument. 

This plan does not address the legislative requirement to provide a cost estimate for the boundary 

adjustment nor does it include the relative priority for acquisition. However, the legislative 

proposal for the boundary adjustment and accompanying support materials would include both 

of these requirements. 
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 

218 

CATHEDRAL ROCK PROPERTY 

The monument would pursue a land exchange with an adjacent private landowner and the 

Bureau of Land Management in order to protect the scenery of Cathedral Rock, an important 

landmark and key geologic feature; to protect riparian resources along the John Day River; and to 

facilitate public access and enjoyment of this resource. 

Description of the Property 

The property is approximately 100 acres and is located along State Highway 19 and the John Day 

River halfway in between the Blue Basin area and the Foree area in the northern portion of the 

Sheep Rock Unit. The property is adjacent to an isolated 40-acre NPS-owned parcel and is highly 

visible by the public traveling on State Highway 19. The property is currently owned by Jim and 

Charlotte Barker and contains no permanent improvements. Their primary interest is to obtain 

title to BLM land adjacent to their ranch. The area that surrounds Cathedral Rock is a steep 

canyon and encompasses the John Day River. 

Criterion: To protect significant resources and values or to enhance opportunities for public 

enjoyment related to park unit purposes. 

Protection of Significant Resources or Values. The property contains dramatic scenery that 

flanks Cathedral Rock. Cathedral Rock is identified in the General Management Plan as a 

fundamental resource and value. Fundamental resources and values are those elements that are 

essential to maintaining the significance of the monument and meeting its legislated purpose. The 

Cathedral Rock area is specifically identified as a representative example of a scenic resource. The 

property also contains approximately one mile of the John Day River. The John Day River is 

identified in the General Management Plan as a fundamental resource and value. The property 

contains important riparian habitat and is a valued resource. Acquiring the property would ensure 

the National Park Service’s ability to protect the dramatic scenery of and surrounding Cathedral 

Rock and prevent cattle from damaging vegetation and causing erosion around the well-known 

feature and in the riparian zone. Acquisition of the property would also protect them from future 

development. 

Enhance Opportunities for Public Enjoyment. Acquisition of the property would enhance 

public enjoyment by protecting the impressive scenic resources of Cathedral Rock. Both 

Cathedral Rock and the John Day River are highly visible by the public traveling on State 

Highway 19. Acquisition of the property would also provide general public access to the John Day 

River, as well as present a special opportunity to provide a put-in/takeout site for recreational 

boating and fishing. The property would offer opportunities for visitors seeking to view scenic 

lands, explore a remote natural area, and participate in river recreation. 

Criterion: The added lands will be feasible to administer, considering their size, 

configuration, ownership; costs; the views of and impacts on local communities and 

surrounding jurisdictions; and other factors such as the presence of hazardous substances or 

exotic species. 

Feasibility to Administer. The recommended addition and boundary adjustment will be feasible 

for the National Park Service to manage and would not substantially increase the NPS workload 

to manage these lands. Acquisition of the property would allow the National Park Service to 

eliminate cattle grazing in the vicinity of Cathedral Rock and in its adjacent riparian zone. The 

added lands can be conveniently accessed and are adjacent to existing NPS land. Acquiring the 
Appendix B: Analysis of Boundary Adjustment and Land Protection Criteria 

219 

property actually improves access to the adjacent monument land since the property can be 

accessed from State Highway 19. 

Impacts to Local Communities. These lands are currently in private ownership. However, since 

public lands would be traded on an equal value basis there would be no change to tax revenue to 

Wheeler County. 

Other Factors. There are no known hazardous substance issues associated with the property, 

and appropriate hazardous material surveys would be conducted prior to acquisition. 

Criterion: Other alternatives for management and resource protection are not adequate. 

Other alternatives for management and resource protection have been considered and are not 

adequate. The alternative to NPS acquisition is the continuation of private ownership. Historic 

and current land use has been primarily cattle grazing, which has degraded this key scenic 

resource and continues to impact the riparian and scenic qualities of the area. Acquiring fee 

simple title to the property is the only way to adequately protect the resource. The current 

landowner is willing to cooperate with a land exchange involving the Bureau of Land 

Management and the National Park Service. This is a creative approach, and actual costs are 

unknown at this time. This opportunity could be lost if these lands are sold to another owner.
APPENDIX C: CONSULTATION LETTERS

220
221

Appendix C: Consultation Letters
222

APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS
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Appendix C: Consultation Letters
224

APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS
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Appendix C: Consultation Letters
226

APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS
227

Appendix C: Consultation Letters
228

APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, SELECTED REFERENCES, PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS
229 

GLOSSARY 

Adaptive Use — A use for a structure or 

landscape other than its historic use, 

normally entailing some modification of the 

structure or landscape.

Archeological Resource — Any material 

remains or physical evidence of past human 

life or activities which are of archeological 

interest, including the record of the effects 

of human activities on the environment. 

They are capable of revealing scientific or 

humanistic information through 

archeological research (NPS DO-28). 

Best Management Practices (BMPs) —

Schedules of activities, prohibitions of 

practices, maintenance procedures, and 

other management practices implemented 

to prevent or reduce resource degradation.

Claypan — A dense, compact, slowly 

permeable layer in the subsoil having much 

higher clay content than the overlying 

material, from which it is separated by a 

sharply defined boundary. Claypans are 

usually hard when dry, and plastic and 

sticky when wet. They limit or slow the 

downward movement of water through the 

soil.

Cultural Landscape — A geographic area, 

including both cultural and natural 

resources and the wildlife or domestic 

animals therein, associated with a historic 

event, activity, or person, or exhibiting 

other cultural or esthetic values. There are 

four non-mutually-exclusive types of 

cultural landscapes: historic sites, historic 

designed landscapes, historic vernacular 

landscapes, and ethnographic landscapes. 

Cultural Resource — An aspect of a 

cultural system that is valued by or 

significantly representative of a culture or 

that contains significant information about 

a culture. A cultural resource may be a 

tangible entity or a cultural practice. 

Tangible cultural resources are categorized 

as districts, sites, buildings, structures, and 

objects for the National Register of Historic 

Places; and as archeological resources, 

cultural landscapes, structures, museum 

objects, and ethnographic resources for 

NPS management purposes. 

Eocene — An epoch of the lower Tertiary 

period, spanning the time between 55.5 and 

33.7 million years ago. 

Epoch — One subdivision of a geologic 

period, often chosen to correspond to a 

stratigraphic series. 

Ethnographic Resource — Objects and 

places, including sites, structures, 

landscapes, and natural resources, with 

traditional cultural meaning and value to 

associated peoples. Research and 

consultation with associated people 

identifies and explains the places and things 

they find culturally meaningful. 

Ethnographic resources, eligible for the 

National Register of Historic Places are 

called traditional cultural properties. 

Fossil — Any evidence of past life found in 

a geological context. 

Fossiliferous — Containing fossils.

Geologic Period — The period is a basic 

unit of geological time. Two or more 

periods comprise a geological era. Most 

periods are divided into smaller units called 

epochs. 

Hancock Mammal Quarry — A location 

within the Clarno Unit of the monument 

that contains important and unusual 

vertebrate fossils from the late Eocene. It 

has been partially excavated and may be reopened.
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, REFERENCES, LIST OF PREPARERS 

230 

Historic District — A geographically 

definable area, urban or rural, possessing a 

significant concentration, linkage, or 

continuity of sites, landscapes, structures, 

or objects, united by past events or 

aesthetically by plan or physical 

developments. (NPS DO-28). 

Hypertragulid — A member of the family 

Hypertragulidae, a type of extinct clovenhoofed mammal distantly related to the 

modern “mouse-deer” or chevrotain. The 

modern forms extant in modern Indonesia 

are often called “living fossils” in that they 

resemble these organisms. The 

hypertragulids are the most abundant fossil 

mammals in certain units of the John Day 

strata most frequently visited by the public, 

such as in Blue Basin.

Locality — A specific place; here, refers to a 

specific location that contains one or more 

paleontological sites. For example, Blue 

Basin is one locality, but contains several 

hundred sites; the Clarno Nut Beds locality 

consists of five sites, and so forth. At 

present, the monument locality database 

contains about 800 discrete localities on a 

variety of lands east of the Cascades.

Mitigation — An activity designed to avoid, 

minimize, rectify, eliminate, or compensate 

for the impacts of a proposed project. A 

mitigation measure should be a solution to 

an identified environmental problem.

Morphological — The external structure of 

rocks in relation to the development of 

erosional forms or topographic features.

Museum Collection — Assemblage of 

objects, works of art, historic documents, or 

natural history specimens collected 

according to a rational scheme and 

maintained so they can be preserved, 

studied, and interpreted for public benefit. 

Museum collections normally are kept in 

park museums, although they may also be 

maintained in archeological and historic 

preservation centers (NPS DO-28). 

Museum Object — A material thing 

possessing functional, aesthetic, cultural, 

symbolic, or scientific value, usually 

movable by nature or design. Museum 

objects include prehistoric and historic 

objects, artifacts, works of art, archival 

material, and natural history specimens that 

are part of a museum collection (NPS DO28). 

National Register of Historic Places — 

The comprehensive federal listing of 

nationally, regionally, or locally significant 

districts, sites, buildings, structures, and 

objects of national, regional, state, and local 

significance in American history, 

architecture, archeology, engineering, and 

culture kept by the National Park Service in 

authority of the National Historic 

Preservation Act of 1966. 

Nonpoint Source Pollution — A source of 

pollution that does not come from a single 

source or point. It comes from many 

unidentifiable sources with no specific 

solution to rectify the problem, making it 

difficult to regulate. An example of 

nonpoint source pollution would be urban 

runoff of items like oil, fertilizers, and lawn 

chemicals.

Oligocene — A geologic period that 

extends from about 34 million to 23 million 

years before the present. As with other 

older geologic periods, the rock beds that 

define the period are well identified but the 

exact dates of the start and end of the 

period are subject to correlation 

refinements. The Oligocene follows the 

Eocene epoch and is followed by the 

Miocene epoch. The Oligocene is the third 

and final epoch of the Palaeogene period.

Oreodont — A sheep-sized, cud-chewing 

plant-eater with a short face, tusk-like 

canine teeth, heavy body, long tail, short 

feet, and four-toed hooves. It is sometimes 

called a prehistoric "ruminating hog,” 

although they are neither ruminants nor 
Glossary 

231 

hogs, but are distantly related to camels, 

hippos, and peccaries. 

Paleontological Resource — A tangible 

resource or physical evidence of past 

geological periods.

Paleontology — A science dealing with the 

life of past geological periods as known 

from fossil remains.

Paleosol — (1) A soil that formed on a 

landscape in the past with distinctive 

morphological features resulting from a 

soil-forming environment that no longer 

exists; (2) soils containing fossils that are 

found buried within either sedimentary or 

volcanic deposits.

Permineralized — Tissue replaced by 

silicates.

Preservation — For the purposes of the 

Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the 

Treatment of Historic Properties, the act or 

process of applying measures to sustain the 

existing form, integrity, and material of a 

historic structure, landscape, or object. 

Work might include preliminary measures 

to protect and stabilize the property, but 

generally focuses on the ongoing 

preservation, maintenance, and repair of 

historic materials and features rather than 

extensive replacement and new work (NPS 

DO-28). 

Prime Farmland — Farmland that has the 

best combination of physical and chemical 

characteristics for producing food, feed, 

forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also 

available for these uses. Prime farmlands 

have the soil quality, growing season, and 

moisture supply needed to produce 

economically sustained high yields of crops 

when treated and managed according to 

acceptable farming methods, including 

water management. In general, prime 

farmlands have an adequate and 

dependable water supply from precipitation 

or irrigation, a favorable temperature and 

growing season, acceptable acidity or 

alkalinity, acceptable salt and sodium 

content, and few or no rocks (USDANatural Resources Conservation Service).

Radiometrically — A term used to describe 

a technique used to date materials that is 

based on knowledge of the decay rates of 

naturally occurring isotopes, and their 

current abundance. It is the principal source 

of information about the age of the Earth 

and a significant source of information 

about rates of evolutionary change. It is 

often called radioactive dating. 

Rehabilitation — In reference to cultural 

resources, the act or process of making 

possible an efficient compatible use for a 

historic structure or landscape through 

repair, alterations, and additions while 

preserving those portions or features that 

convey its historical, cultural, and 

architectural values (NPS DO-28). 

Research Natural Area (RNA) — Research 

Natural Areas are part of a national network 

of sites administratively designed to 

facilitate research and preserve natural 

features. RNAs are usually established in a 

typical example of an ecological community 

type, preferably one having been little 

disturbed in the past and where natural 

processes are not unduly impeded. The 

tract is set aside permanently and is 

managed exclusively for approved 

nonmanipulative research; i.e., research that 

measures but does not alter existing 

conditions. Activities in RNAs are restricted 

to nonmanipulative research, education, 

and other activities that will not detract 

from an area’s research values. An RNA in a 

park is designated by the National Park 

Service. 

Restoration — From a cultural resource 

perspective, (1) The act or process of 

accurately depicting the form, features, and 

character of a historic structure, landscape, 

or object as it appeared at a particular 

period of time by means of the removal of 
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, REFERENCES, LIST OF PREPARERS 

232 

features from other periods in its history 

and reconstruction of missing features from 

the restoration period; (2) The resulting 

structure, landscape, or object (NPS DO28). 

From a natural resource perspective, 

restoration refers to the 

reestablishment/recovery of biological 

community structure, natural functions and 

processes in landscapes that have been 

disturbed or altered by people — actions 

taken to return disturbed areas to the 

natural conditions and processes 

characteristic of the ecological zone in 

which the damaged resources are situated. 

Landscapes that have been disturbed by 

natural phenomena, such as floods and 

hurricanes, generally are allowed to recover 

naturally in parks unless manipulation is 

necessary to protect other park resources, 

developments, or employee and public 

safety. 

Section 106 — Refers to Section 106 of the 

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 

which requires federal agencies to take into 

account the effects of their proposed 

undertakings on properties included or 

eligible for inclusion in the National 

Register of Historic Places and give the 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 

a reasonable opportunity to comment on 

the proposed undertakings (NPS DO-28). 

Sedimentary — Of, relating to, or 

containing sediment (material deposited by 

wind, water, or glaciers); formed by or from 

deposits of sediment.

Soundscape — The natural soundscape is 

the aggregate of all the natural sounds that 

occur in parks, together with the physical 

capacity for transmitting natural sounds. 

Natural sounds occur within and beyond 

the range of sounds that humans can 

perceive, and can be transmitted through 

air, water, or solid materials.

Social Trail — A trail that is created by 

humans and is not part of the monument’s 

official designated trail system; also called 

unofficial and visitor-created trails.

Soil Association — A group of soils or 

miscellaneous areas geographically 

associated in a characteristic repeating 

pattern and defined and delineated as a 

single map unit. 

Soil Map Units — A unit of description 

used in soil surveys. It is a locality of soil 

containing specific characteristics. Soil 

associations can contain many different soil 

map units.

State Historic Preservation Officer 

(SHPO) — An official in each state 

appointed by the governor to administer the 

state historic preservation program and 

carry out certain responsibilities relating to 

federal undertakings in the state (NPS DO28). 

Steppe — A plain without trees (apart from 

those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a 

prairie, although a prairie is generally 

considered to be dominated by tall grasses, 

and short grasses are said to be normal in 

the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or 

covered with grass or shrubs or both, 

depending on the season and latitude. The 

term is also used to denote the climate 

encountered in regions too dry to support a 

forest, but not dry enough to be a desert.

Stratigraphic — Pertaining to the 

composition, sequence, and correlation of 

stratified rocks. A stratigraphic sequence is 

a set of beds deposited that reflects the 

geologic history of a region. 

Structure — Structures are constructed 

works, usually immovable by nature or 

design, consciously created to serve some 

human activity. Examples are buildings of 

various kinds, monuments, dams, roads, 

railroad tracks, canals, millraces, bridges, 

tunnels, locomotives, nautical vessels, 
Glossary 

233 

stockades, forts and associated earthworks, 

Indian mounds, ruins, fences, and outdoor 

sculpture. In the national register program 

“structure” is limited to functional 

constructions other than buildings (NPS 

DO-28). 

Taphonomic — A term used to describe 

the study of a decaying organism over time. 

The term taphonomy was introduced to 

paleontology in 1940 by Russian scientist, 

Ivan Efremov, to describe the study of the 

transition of remains, parts, or products of 

organisms, from the biosphere, to the 

lithosphere, i.e. the creation of fossil 

assemblages.

Tertiary Period — A geological time 

interval that covers roughly the time span 

between the demise of the non-avian 

dinosaurs and the beginning of the most 

recent Ice Age, approximately 65 million to 

1.8 million years ago. 

User Capacity — The type and level of use 

that can be accommodated while sustaining 

the quality of park resources and visitor 

opportunities consistent with the purposes 

of the park. It is not necessarily a set of 

numbers or limits, but rather a process 

involving establishing desired conditions, 

monitoring, evaluation, and actions 

(managing visitor use) to ensure park values 

are protected. 

Volcaniclastics — Sedimentary rock 

derived from volcanic activity.
234 

SELECTED REFERENCES 

Anderson, S. 

2004 “A Survey of the Butterflies of the John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument.” Available on the Internet at 

http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ucbn/Documents/JODA_Inventory

Report_Butterflies_2004.pdf. 

Beckham, Stephen D. and Florence K. Lentz 

2000 “Rock and Hard Places: Historic Resources Study.” Seattle, Washington: 

Columbia Cascades Support Office, Pacific West Region, National Park 

Service, United States Department of the Interior. 

Berry, Mark 

n.d. “Pine Creek Conservation Area, Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs: A 

Wildlife Habitat and Watershed Restoration Project In Wheeler County 

[Oregon], With Funding from the Bonneville Power Administration.” 

Fossil, Oregon: Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. Habitat brochure 

obtained from Mark Berry, habitat manager, on December 7, 2004, in 

Fossil, Oregon. 

Bestland, E.A., G.J. Retallack, and T. Fremd 

1994 “Sequence Stratigraphy of the Eocene-Oligocene Transition: Examples 

from the Non-marine Volcanically Influenced John Day Basin.” Geol. 

Soc. Am. Ann. Mtg., Seattle, WA. 

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 

2000 “John Day River Proposed Management Plan, Two Rivers and John Day 

Resource Management Plan Amendments and Final Environmental 

Impact Statement.” Two volumes. Prineville, Oregon: Prineville District 

Office, BLM, United States Department of the Interior. 

Burghardt, A. F. 

1959 “The Location of River Towns in the Central Lowland of the United 

States.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49: 305-323. 

Burtchard, Greg C. 

1998 “Environment, Prehistory, and Archaeology of John Day Fossil Beds 

National Monument, Blue Mountain Region, North-Central Oregon.” 

With lithic analysis by Stephen C. Hamilton. Honolulu, Hawaii: 

International Archaeological Research Institute, Incorporated. Prepared 

on contract for the Columbia Cascades System Support Office of the 

National Park Service, Seattle, Washington, and for John Day Fossil Beds 

National Monument, Kimberly, Oregon. 
Selected References 

235 

2005 “John Day Archeology, 2006 Work Plan, Project Management 

Information System Number 43572, Project Title – Expand John Day 

Archeological Site Inventories, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument 

[Oregon].” Kimberly, Oregon: John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. 

2006a “Cultural Resources and Park Research Report: Archeology, Fiscal Year 

2006, John Day Fossil Beds Archeological Site Survey, John Day Fossil 

Beds National Monument [Oregon].” Oakland, California: Cultural 

Resources Advisory Committee, Pacific West Regional Office, National 

Park Service. 

2006b “Expand John Day Fossil Beds Archeological Site Inventories, , Project 

Management Information System Number 43572, October 26, 2006.” 

Kimberly, Oregon: John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. 

2007 “Archeological Survey Acreage Estimates, John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument [Oregon].” Electronic mail message to Shirley Hoh, 

Integrated Resource Manager, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, 

National Park Service, and to Larry Van Horn, Cultural Resource 

Specialist, Denver Service Center, National Park Service, dated January 4, 

2007. 

Burtchard, Greg C., Jacqueline Y. Cheung, and Eric B. Gleason 

1994 “Archaeology and the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, NorthCentral Oregon; 1993 Inventory Data.” Report for Pacific Northwest 

Regional Office, National Park Service, United States Department of the 

Interior, Seattle. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research 

Institute, Incorporated. 

Canby, William, Jr. 

1998 American Indian Law in A Nutshell. Third edition. Saint Paul, Minnesota: 

The West Group. 

Chatters, James C. and David L. Pokotylo 

1998 “Prehistory: Introduction.” In [Columbia] Plateau, Volume 12, Handbook 

of North American Indians. Volume edited by Warren L. D’Azevedo; 

pages 73-80. Series edited by William C. Sturtevant. Washington, District 

of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. 

Clark, Robert D. 

1989 The Odyssey of Thomas Condon: Irish Immigrant, Frontier Missionary, 

Oregon Geologist. Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. 

Cressman, Luther S. 

1937 Petroglyphs of Oregon. Studies in Anthropology, Number 2. Eugene: 

Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon. 
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, REFERENCES, LIST OF PREPARERS 

236 

Davis, Wilber A. 

1977 Survey of Historic and Prehistoric Resources in the John Day Fossil Beds 

National Monument [Oregon]. Report to the National Park Service, 

Contract Number CX-9000-6-0058. Corvalis: Department of 

Anthropology, Oregon State University. 

D’Azevedo, Warren L., volume editor 

1986 Great Basin, Volume 11, Handbook of North American Indians. Series 

edited by William C. Sturtevant. Washington, District of Columbia: 

Smithsonian Institution. 

Endzweig, Pamela Ethel 

1985 “35 GM 22: Culture Contact on the John Day River.” Eugene: M.A. 

thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon. 

1992 Canyons and Crests: An Archaeological Survey of the Pine Creek Basin, 

North-Central Oregon. Oregon State Museum of Anthropology Report 

Number 92-2. Eugene: Oregon State Museum of Anthropology 

University of Oregon. 

1994 “Late Archaic Variability and Change on the Southern Columbia Plateau: 

Archaeological Investigations in the Pine Creek Drainage of the Middle 

John Day River, Wheeler County, Oregon.” Two volumes.” Eugene: 

Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon. 

Flannery, Kent V. 

1976 “Linear Stream Patterns and Riverside Settlement Rules.” In The Early 

Mesoamerican Village. Edited by Kent V. Flannery. Pages 173-180. New 

York: Academic Press. 

Fiedor, J.F. 

n.d. “A Landscape of Memory, Uncovered.” Draft film script. Accessed on 

August 21, 2003 at http://nps.gov/joda/article1.htm. 

Fremd, T. 

1992a “I’ve Seen the Miocene in Central Oregon.”Park Science 12(3): 12-13. 

1992b “Cooperative Management of Paleontologic Resources in the John Day 

Basin, Central Oregon.” Abstract for the George Wright Society, 

Jacksonville, FL, November 1992. 

Fremd, T. E.A. Bestland, and G.J. Retallack 

1997 John Day Basin Paleontology Field Trip Guide and Road Log. For the 1994 

Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. 3rd

printing, 2000. Northwest Interpretive Association. Seattle, WA. 
Selected References 

237 

Garrett, L., T. Rodhouse, L. Svancara, and C. Caudhill. 

2005 “Phase II Vital Signs Monitoring Plan. Upper Columbia Basin Network.” 

Available on the Internet at 

http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ucbn/Documents/UCBN_Phase2_

Report_060105. pdf. 

Hoh, Shirley M. 

2007 Personal communication with Shirley Hoh, Integrated Resource 

Manager, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, on June 5, 2007. 

Jennings, Jesse D. 

1986 “Prehistory: Introduction.” In Great Basin, Volume 11, Handbook of North 

American Indians. Volume edited by Warren L. D’Azevedo. Pages 113-

119. Series edited by William C. Sturtevant. Washington, District of 

Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. 

Kappler, Charles J. 

1904 Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Two volumes. Washington, District of 

 Columbia: United States Government Printing Office. 

Lee, Kathryn 

1977 “Indians of Eastern Oregon.” Appendix I in Survey of Historic and 

Prehistoric Resources in the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument

[Oregon]. By Wilber A. Davis. Corvalis: Oregon State University. Online 

at the web site of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, 

www.nps.gov/joda, accessed December 2, 2005. 

Loring, J. Malcom, and Louise Loring 

1982 Pictographs and Petroglyphs of the Oregon Country: Part 1. Columbia River 

and Northern Oregon. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology Monograph 

21, University of California at Los Angeles 

Manning, Robert E. 

1999 Studies in Outdoor Recreation. Search and Research for Satisfaction.

Second Edition. Oregon State University Press. Corvallis, OR. 

Mark, Stephan R. 

1996 Floating in the Stream of Time: An Administrative History of John Day Fossil 

Beds National Monument [Oregon]. Seattle, Washington: Columbia 

Cascades Cluster, Pacific West Field Area, National Park Service, United 

States Department of the Interior. 
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, REFERENCES, LIST OF PREPARERS 

238 

Murdock, George Peter 

1938 “Notes on the Tenino, Molala, and Paiute of Oregon.” American 

Anthropologist American Anthropologist 40: 395-402. 

1980 “The Tenino Indians.” Ethnology 19 (2): 129-149. 

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior 

1991 “Interpretive Prospectus. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument.” 

Div. of Interpretation and Visitor Services, Pacific NW Region. On file at 

monument headquarters. 

1999a Environmental Assessment. Wildlands Fire Management Plan. John Day 

Fossil Beds National Monument. Available at 

http://www.nps.gov/joda/finalea.pdf. 

1999b “Draft Resources Management Plan.” Unpublished. On file at monument 

headquarters. 

2000a “Cultural History at Sheep Rock, John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument [Oregon].” By Lia Vella. National monument brochure, June 

2000. Kimberly, Oregon: John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, 

National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Online at 

www.nps.gov/joda, accessed on December 2, 2005. 

2000b “Picture Gorge Rock Art.” A brochure produced by the national 

monument. Kimberly, Oregon: John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument, June 2000. 

2004a “Wildland Fire Management Plan. John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument.” June 2004 Revision. On file at monument headquarters. 

2004b “Painted Hills Viewpoint, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument 

[Oregon].” National monument brochure, April 2004. Kimberly, Oregon: 

John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, National Park Service, United 

States Department of the Interior. 

2004c “Park Trails, Walks Through Time, John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument [Oregon].” National monument brochure, August 2004. 

Kimberly, Oregon: John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, National 

Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. 

2005a. Environmental Assessment for the Integrated Pest Management Plan. John 

Day Fossil Beds National Monument. On file at monument headquarters. 

2005b “Phase II Vital Signs Monitoring Plan. Upper Columbia Basin Network.” 

Prepared by L. Garrett, T. Rodhouse, L. Svancara, and C. Caudill. 

Available on the Internet at 

http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ucbn/Documents/UCBN_Phase2_

Report_060105. pdf. 

2005c “Phase II Vital Signs Monitoring Plan. Upper Columbia Basin Network. 

Appendices.” Prepared by L. Garrett, T. Rodhouse, L. Svancara, and C. 

Caudill. Available on the Internet at 

http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ucbn/Documents/UCBN_Phase2_

Appendices_060105.pdf. 
Selected References 

239 

2006 John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Visitation. Public Use Statistics 

Office. Denver, Colorado. 

 n.d.1 “Paleontological Research Plan. John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument.” On file at monument headquarters. 

n.d.2 “Geologic, Paleontologic, and Contemporary Introduction to John Day 

Fossil Beds National Monument.” On file at monument headquarters. 

Natural Resources Conservation Service 

2002 “Soil Survey of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon.” 

Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service. On file at 

monument headquarters. 

Nedry, H. S. 

1952 “Notes on the Early History of Grant County.” Oregon Historical 

Quarterly 53 (4): 235-254. 

Nielsen, Lawrence E., Doug Newman, and George McCart 

1985 Pioneer Roads in Central Oregon. Bend, Oregon: Maverick Publications. 

Ordway, M. 

2005 “Plant Inventory of Riparian and Wetland Areas and Rare Plant Species 

2004-2005.” Unpublished report, on file at monument headquarters. 

Pevar, Stephan L. 

2002 The Rights of Indians and Tribes. Third edition. Carbondale and 

Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. First published in 1983, 

New York: Bantam Books. 

Roggenbuck, J., Williams, D., and Watson, A. 

1993 Defining Acceptable Conditions in Wilderness. Environmental 

Management (17): 187-97. 

Sharp, B. 

1985 “Avifaunal Changes in Central Oregon since 1899.” Western Birds 16:63-

70. 

St. Martin, James and Minerva Soucie 

1983 “Profile: The Burns Paiute Reservation.” In Oregon Indians Profiles. Pages 

7-8. Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. 

Stewart, Omer C. 

1939 “The Northern Paiute Bands.” University of California Anthropological 

Records 2 (3). 
APPENDIXES, GLOSSARY, REFERENCES, LIST OF PREPARERS 

240 

Sucec, Rosemary 

2001 “Just Part of the General Public or Sovereign Nations? The Unique Legal 

Status of American Indian Tribes.” The Buffalo Chip (Resource 

Management Newsletter, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming and 

Montana) July-August 2001: 11-12. 

Suphan, Robert J. 

1974 Oregon Indians II. Garland Series in American Indian Ethnohistory. New 

York: Garland Publishing Company. 

Taylor, Terri and Cathy Gilbert 

1996 Cultural Landscape Report: Cant Ranch Historic District, John Day Fossil 

Beds National Monument, Oregon. Seattle, Washington: Columbia 

Cascades System Support Office, National Park Service, United States 

Department of the Interior. 

 

Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde 

1996a American Indian Reservations and Trust Areas. Washington, District of 

Columbia: Economic Development Administration, United States 

Department of Commerce. 

1996b Tiller’s Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian 

Reservations. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Bow-Arrow Publishing 

Company. 

Toothman, Stephanie 

1984 “James Cant Ranch Historic District, Sheep Rock Unit of John Day Fossil 

Beds National Monument, Oregon.” Nomination Form, National 

Register of Historic Places. Seattle, Washington: Pacific Northwest 

Regional Office (now part of the Pacific West Regional Office, Oakland, 

California), National Park Service, United States Department of the 

Interior. This historic property was listed in the national register on June 

21, 1984. 

University of Idaho 

2004 John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Visitor Study: Fall 2004. Visitor 

Services Project Report 162 prepared by the Park Studies Unit. 

Univ. of Idaho and NPS (Columbia Cascades Support Office) 

2004a “2002-2003 Vertebrate Inventory. John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument.” Prepared by T.J. Rodhouse, A.D. St. John, and L. Garrett 

Cooperative Agreement No. CA9000-95-018. Available on the Internet at: 

http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ucbn/Documents/JODA_Inventory

Report_Verts_2003.pdf. 
Selected References 

241 

2004b “2003 Study of Bat Roosts. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument.” 

Prepared by T. Rodhouse, R. Gerald Wright. Cooperative Agreement No. 

9088A00008. Available on the Internet at: 

http://www1.nature.nps.gov/im/units/ucbn/Documents/JODA_CESURe

port_Bats_2004.pdf. 

Walker, Deward E., Jr. 

1967 Mutual Cross-Utilization of Economic Resources in the Plateau: An Example 

from Aboriginal Nez Perce Fishing Practices. Washington State University 

Laboratory of Anthropology Report of Investigations Number 41. 

Pullman: Washington State University. 

1998 [Columbia] Plateau, Volume 12. Handbook of North American Indians. 

Series edited by William C. Sturtevant. Washington, District of Columbia: 

Smithsonian Institution. 

Wilkinson, Charles F. 

1988 Indian Tribes as Sovereign Governments. Oakland, California: American 

Indian Resources Institute. 

Wright, C.A. 

1992 “Botanical Survey. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon.” 

Report prepared for the National Park Service. On file at monument 

headquarters. 

Youtie, B.A. and A.B. Winward 

1977 “Plants and Plant Communities of the John Day Fossil Beds National 

Monument.” 

Zancanella, J. and T. Fremd 

1997 “Cooperative Management of ‘Our Fossil Heritage’: An Example from 

John Day Basin.” In: Partners in Paleontology. Proceedings of the Fourth 

Conference on Fossil Resources. M. Johnston and J. McChristal, eds. 

Natural Resources Report NPS/NRFLFL/NRR-97-01. Florissant Fossil 

Beds National Monument. 

Zucker, Jeff, Kay Hummel, and Bob Hogfoss 

1983 Oregon Indians: Culture, History, and Current Affairs. Second printing, 

1987. Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press. 
242 

PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 

PLANNING TEAM MEMBERS 

National Park Service, Denver Service 

Center 

Kerri Cahill, Community Planner 

• Responsible for writing the description 

of user capacity and for developing 

indicators and standards. 

• M.S.P., Natural Resource Planning; 

Ph.D., Natural Resource Recreation 

Management. Four years with the 

National Park Service. 

Greg Jarvis, Project Manager 

• Overall responsibility for preparation of 

the plan. 

• B.S., Geology. Eighteen years with the 

National Park Service. 

Patrick Malone, Natural Resource 

Specialist 

• Responsible for writing the descriptions 

of visitor use and experience and 

monument operations; assessing 

impacts on these topics; assisted with 

developing user capacity indicators and 

standards. 

• B.S., Natural Resources and 

Environmental Management; M.P.A., 

Environmental Policy Analysis. One 

year with the National Park Service; 

nine years with state and local 

government; two years with a nonprofit 

land trust. 

Michael Rees, Natural Resource Specialist 

• Responsible for writing the description 

of natural resources; assessing impacts 

on natural resources; and writing the 

floodplain statement of findings. 

• B.A., Environmental Studies; M.F.S., 

Forest Science. Sixteen years with the 

National Park Service. 

Larry Van Horn, Cultural Resource 

Specialist 

• Responsible for writing the descriptions 

of archeological resources, historic 

structures, and cultural landscapes; and 

assessing impacts on these resources. 

• B.A., History; M.A., Anthropology; 

Ph.D., Anthropology. Twenty-eight 

years with the National Park Service. 

National Park Service, John Day Fossil 

Beds National Monument 

Regan Dunn, Paleobotanist 

• Involved in the development of 

alternatives and the selection of the 

preferred alternative; provided input on 

paleontological concerns, needs, and 

impacts. 

• Five years with the National Park 

Service. 

John Fiedor, Chief of Visitor Services 

• Involved in the development of 

alternatives and interpretive and visitor 

service concerns, needs, and impacts. 

• Thirty-two years with the National Park 

Service. 

Ted Fremd, Paleontologist and Science 

Advisor (Pacific West Region) 

• Involved in the development of 

alternatives and paleontological 

concerns, needs, and impacts. 

• Twenty-seven years with the National 

Park Service. 

Jim Hammett, Superintendent 

• Involved in all aspects of the general 

management plan, from initial planning 

through selection of the preferred 

alternative. 

• Thirty-three years with the National 

Park Service. 
Preparers and Consultants 

243 

Shirley Hoh, Integrated Resource 

Manager 

• Involved in the development of 

alternatives and the selection of the 

preferred alternative; provided input on 

natural and cultural resource concerns, 

needs, and impacts. 

• Twenty-nine years with the National 

Park Service. 

National Park Service, Pacific West 

Regional Office 

Keith Dunbar, Chief of Park Planning and 

Environmental Compliance 

• Involved in the development of 

alternatives and the selection of the 

preferred alternative; provided input on 

planning concerns and needs. 

• Thirty years with the National Park 

Service. 

Erica Owens, Historical Landscape 

Architect 

• Assisted with the description and 

impact assessment of historic structures 

and cultural landscapes; involved in the 

development of alternatives for and the 

selection of the preferred alternative. 

• Five years with the National Park 

Service. 

Cheryl Teague, Landscape Architect/ 

Planner 

• Involved in the development of 

alternatives and the selection of the 

preferred alternative; provided input on 

planning concerns and needs. 

• Fourteen years with the National Park 

Service. 

CONSULTANTS 

Chuck Donley, GIS Specialist, Donley 

Associates, Denver, CO 

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS 

Eric Lord, Water Rights Specialist, NPS, 

Water Resources Division, Water Rights 

Branch, Fort Collins, CO 

Tom Rodhouse, Ecologist, NPS, 

Inventory & Monitoring Program, Upper 

Columbia Basin Network, Bend, OR 

Publication Services 

Glenda Heronema, Visual Information 

Specialist, Denver Service Center 

June McMillen, Writer-Editor, Denver 

Service Center
244 

INDEX 

air quality, 20, 24, 44., 104 

American Indians, 10, 12, 30, 51, 141, 206, 235, 236, 237, 241 

Cant Ranch, iv, v, 4, 9, 10, 29, 31, 32, 38, 41, 48, 49, 70, 71, 81, 93, 95, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 121, 

133, 136, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 

178, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195,•196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 207, 240 

Clarno Unit, iii, iv, v, x, 4, 7, 11, 16, 37, 41, 70, 72, 73, 80, 82, 83, 85, 92, 94, 95, 97, 111, 119, 130, 

131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 142, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 173, 174, 

175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 

202, 229 

cultural landscapes, 9, 31, 70, 79, 91, 107, 108, 121, 150, 159, 171, 172, 183, 184, 197, 198, 207, 229, 

242, 243 

cultural resources, iv, vi, 8, 9, 12, 14, 19, 20, 24, 30, 32, 35, 42, 60, 62, 63, 64, 70, 79, 91, 104, 107, 

110, 111, 112, 150, 153, 157, 159, 161, 171, 183, 207, 229, 231 

endangered species, 8, 10, 12, 19, 21, 23, 47, 106, 107, 205, 206 

erosion, 4, 17, 20, 43, 104, 105, 115, 116, 132, 133, 160, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 189, 190, 191, 218 

ethnographic resources, 51, 108, 229 

exotic species, 21, 108, 217, 218 

fire, 19, 21, 32, 38, 41, 49, 70, 135, 137, 150, 164, 168, 179, 193 

hiking, 32, 62, 63, 111, 146, 148, 149, 153, 170, 173, 182, 186, 196, 200, 202 

interpretation, iv, v, 17, 32, 39, 52, 62, 80, 83, 92, 95, 109, 111, 112, 122, 123, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 

159, 171, 173, 174, 183, 186, 187, 198, 199, 200, 201, 215 

invasive species, 16, 21 

mammal quarry, iv, v, 70, 79, 80, 91, 92, 109, 111, 115, 131, 176, 177, 179, 180, 184, 185, 186, 188, 

189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202 

National Environmental Policy Act, vi, 49, 51, 53, 104, 109, 110, 153, 157, 206 

National Historic Preservation Act, 12, 15, 29, 30, 49, 51, 67, 104, 107, 109, 153, 157, 159, 161, 206, 

230, 232 

National Register of Historic Places, 10, 29, 30, 31, 49, 107, 108, 142, 159, 161, 171, 206, 207, 229, 

230, 232, 240 

natural resources, iv, vi, 19, 20, 21, 26, 40, 42, 48, 60, 62, 104, 110, 112, 157, 158, 206, 229, 242 

Nut Beds, 80, 92, 129, 130, 131, 149, 230 

orientation, 32, 62, 80, 92, 148, 149, 150 

Painted Hills Unit, iii, v, x, 4, 11, 48, 71, 75, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91, 92, 94, 95, 99, 111, 115, 119, 130, 132, 

133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 148, 149, 150, 163, 175, 185, 187, 189, 190, 193, 195, 196, 201 

Paleo Lands Institute, 40, 164, 174, 175, 186, 187, 188, 200, 201, 202, 209 

paleontological resources, iv, v, 9, 10, 17, 40, 41, 49, 52, 60, 66, 79, 80, 91, 92, 104, 105, 111, 115, 

146, 158, 163, 166, 176, 177, 189, 190 
245 

roads, 32, 35, 52, 63, 64, 79, 91, 104, 136, 144, 149, 153, 167, 169, 170, 173, 178, 180, 182, 192, 194, 

196, 215, 217, 232 

Section 106, 49, 107, 159, 161, 206, 207, 232 

Sheep Rock Unit, iii, iv, v, x, 4, 10, 44, 45, 48, 60, 71, 77, 81, 82, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 101, 111, 117, 130, 

133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 163, 168, 173, 174, 179, 185, 

187, 193, 194, 196, 201, 217, 218, 240 

soil, 20, 43, 44, 66, 104, 105, 116, 131, 132, 133, 158, 160, 166, 167, 177, 178, 190, 191, 229, 231, 232 

Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, 4, 11, 17, 24, 25, 28, 32, 49, 71, 81, 93, 114, 146, 147, 148, 

149, 152, 153, 172, 173, 174, 175, 184, 185, 186, 188, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 

vegetation, v, 21, 24, 42, 44, 45, 46, 66, 67, 71, 81, 93, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 113, 117, 118, 119, 

133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 144, 150, 153, 158, 161, 167, 168, 169, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 190, 191, 

192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 202, 218 

visitor center, 11, 146, 148, 150, 153, 173, 174, 185, 199, 200, 213 

visitor experience, 3, 27, 28, 32, 35, 40, 41, 42, 44, 60, 65, 66, 104, 123, 150, 157, 172, 173, 174, 183, 

184, 185, 186, 198, 199, 200 

water quality, 10, 24, 44, 47, 105, 153 

water quantity, 25. 44 

wildlife, 20, 25, 27, 38, 44, 45, 66, 104, 106, 107, 118, 119, 138, 139, 140, 153, 158, 161, 169, 180, 181, 

194, 195, 229 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2008 — 760-111 / 37036 Region No. 8

As the nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of 

our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and 

water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and 

cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through 

outdoor recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that 

their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participa- 

 -moc noitavreser naidnI naciremA rof ytilibisnops er rojam a sah osla tnemtraped ehT .erac rieht ni noit

munities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. 

NPS D-92 July 2008

 Printed on Recyled Paper 
United States Department of the Interior / National Park Service