NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS IN TEN ELECTRICALLY HEATED HOUSES

by

Carl W. Coblentz

Paul R„ Achenbach

and

Richard S, Gray

Report to

Rural Electrification Administration

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Washington 25; D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

7152
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1003-30-10630 May 18, 1961 7152

INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS IN TEN ELECTRICALLY HEATED HOUSES

by

Carl W. Coblent z,, Paul R. Achenbach

and Richard S„ Gray

Mechanical Systems Section

Building Research Division

to

Rural Electrification

U.S. Department of

Washington 25^

Administration

Agriculture

D« C»

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STA

intended for use within the G

to additional evaluation and re

listing of this Report, either in the Office of the Director, Nati however, by the Government a

to reproduce additional copies

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

gress accounting documents

ally published it is subjected

production, or open-literature

n is obtained in writing from

jch permission is not needed, epared if that agency wishes

<NBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS IN TEN ELECTRICALLY HEATED HOUSES

Carl W. Coblentz, Paul R. Achenbach

and Richard S, Gray

1. INTRODUCTION

The National Bureau of Standards, in cooperation with

the Rural Electrification Administration, made a field study

of the air infiltration in ten electrically heated houses

in the region of the Indiana Statewide Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc,, to obtain information that could be used to

better evaluate the heating load of similar houses. All

houses were occupied at the time of the tests, which caused

certain inconveniences to the occupants as well as to the

investigating team, and also affected, somewhat, the control

that could be maintained over the test conditions. Selection of about a dozen houses had been planned for the

study of air infiltration, comprising various combinations

of one- and two-story brick and frame construction built

over basements, crawl spaces, or on concrete slabs-on-grade.

Not all of these twelve different constructions were available for investigation in the Indiana Statewide Rural Electric

Cooperative region, so ten residences which comprised a good

variety of the desired features were selected.

2. DESCRIPTION OF HOUSES

The size, shape, and type of each of the ten houses

investigated are illustrated by the floor plans of the

living areas in Figures 1 through 10 at the end of the report. Pertinent data on the materials used in the walls,

floors, and ceilings, the size of windows and doors, as

well as the age of the houses, and type of heating system

are shown in Tables 1 through 10 at the end of the report.

A summary of the more significant data on the materials

and dimensions for all the houses is shown in Table 11.

This table indicates that there were four brick, five frame,

and one stone building, of which six were one-story high

and four were two stories in height. Five buildings had

a basement, four had a crawl space, and one building was

built on a concrete slab-on-grade. There were four practically new houses, and the ages of the others ranged from

6 to 46 years, averaging 27 years. The heated floor area

of the buildings ranged from 598 square feet to 2,490

square feet, with an average of 1,427 square feet.
- 2-

The total lengths of cracks around doors and windows

are shown In this table. These measurements were taken from

the respective floor plans according to methods described

In the ASHRAE ” Guide” and were used In calculating the air

infiltration values based on the crack length.

Table 11

Summary of Pertinent Data on Houses

House

Occupant

Material

in Walls

No. of

Stories Foundation Age

Heated

Floor

Area

Crack Length, ft

Windows

Door Single Double

years sq ft

Hardy Brick 1 Crawl sp. 20 1220 57 219

Hufford Frame 1 Basement 30 1229 38 46 234

Craig Brick 1 Crawl sp. New 1510 38 162

Metzger Frame 2 Basement 20 1230 38 90 189

Wrigley Frame 2 Basement 40 1510 76 126 126

Spann Stone 1 Basement New 1.658 80 226

Yeiter Frame 1 Crawl sp. New 1130 40 162

Dieckman Frame 2 Crawl sp. h6 1696 56 8 252

Farnsley Brick 2 Basement New 2490 39 224

Lunsford Brick 1 Slab 6 598 46 68

Apt.
-3-

3. TEST METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Infiltration is defined as the air leakage of a "building

through cracks and interstices around doors and windows and

through floors and walls that cannot be directly controlled

by the occupants. Ventilation includes the controlled displacement of air in a building through openings., such as

windows, doors, ventilators, and combustion heating devices

using either natural or mechanical motivation. The magnitude of infiltration depends on the wind and temperature

forces, and the structural design, workmanship, and condition

of the building.

The air change rate of an enclosure is defined as the

ratio of the hourly rate at which the air enters (or leaves)

the enclosure to the volume of the enclosure.

The infiltration of air in each of the ten electrically

heated houses was determined by the tracer gas method. 1/

The apparatus used was the portable infiltration meter developed at the National Bureau of Standards .f/ Approximately 1/2 percent of helium in relation to the total volume

of the house was introduced after the test apparatus had

been brought to a temperature equilibrium in the house.

The helium was mixed with the room air by using several

desk fans. The outside doors and windows were closed,

whereas closets and cupboards, and all Inside doors were

kept open, so the concentration of tracer gas would decay

in these spaces at the same rate as in the living space.

The ten sensing probes were placed near the centers of the

rooms about 3 feet above floor level, and readings were

taken at each probe station at 5-minute intervals for a period of 1 hour or more. During the test, the indoor

and outdoor temperatures were measured as well as the wind

velocity and direction in the vicinity of the house about

10 feet above ground. Two to four infiltration tests were

made in each dwelling at prevailing conditions over a period of about 2 days.

1/ Marley, W. G„, ’’The Measurement of the Rate of Air Change,”

Journal of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating

Engineers, Vol. 2, 1935.

2/ Coblentz, C. W. , and Achenbach, P. R. , "Design and

Performance of a Portable Infiltration Meter," Transactions, American Society of Heating and Air Conditioning

Engineers, Vol. 63, 1957.
- 4-

4 . TEST RESULTS

A total of thirty infiltration tests were made. Two of

these had to be omitted, however, because of significant

changes in the infiltration rates during the test period,

caused by opening of outside doors.

It was found that the most practical way of evaluating

the readings of the infiltration meter was to plot them on

semi-logarithmic graph paper. It can be shown that the air

change rate in an enclosed space during a selected interval

is directly proportional to the natural logarithm of the

ratio of the concentration of the tracer gas at the beginning and end of the time interval,, if the conditions remain constant. Thus., a constant infiltration rate would be

represented by a straight line on semi-logarithmic graph

paper.

The decay rate of the tracer gas at each station of

observation during the twenty-eight tests made in the ten

sample houses was plotted on semi-logarithmic graph paper

to obtain an average air change rate,, and to reveal the

steadiness of the infiltration process. These data are

shown in Figures 11 to 38 at the end of the report. Each

figure shows the house identification, the location of

each sensing element, and the computations used to determine the air change rate at each station and for the house

as a whole.

In most instances, a straight line was a good

representation of the decay curve. In the few cases where

a straight line was not a good approximation of the decay

curve, the data for these stations were not used in determining the average value for the house. The air change

rate for the entire house was computed as the sum of the

products of the infiltration rates in the individual rooms,

and the corresponding percentage of the total house volume

represented by each room. In cases where the infiltration

data for a particular room was not usable, the volume of

that room was not included in the total house volume.

This procedure is tantamount to assuming that the infiltration rate of a room for which the data was not available

or could not be used was equal to the average infiltration

rate for the rest of the house.

Table 12 is a summary of the average infiltration rate

for each test and shows the average wind velocity and prevailing direction, the inside-outside temperature difference, the observed air change rate, and an air change rate
-5-

converted to a 10 mph wind velocity and an indoor-outdoor

temperature difference of 40°F. The method of converting

the observed values to a constant wind velocity and temperature difference will be discussed later in this report.

Table 12

Summary of Average Infiltration Rates

in Sample Houses

Approx

.

Avg. Prevail- Indoor- Air Changes per Hour

House Test Wind ing Wind Outdoor Converted Average

Occupant Number Velocity Direction Temp. Biff. Observed to 10 mph Converted

mph °F 4D°F

1 15 SW 45 0.84 O.67

Hardy 2 15 W 45 0.77 0.62

3 15 WNW 48 0.77 0.60 O.63

4 15 W 46 0.58 0.46 0.46*

5 6 N 42 0.71 0.8l

Hufford 6 6 N 43 O.56 0.63

7 11 S 43 0.91 O.85 O.76

8 11 SW 27 0.51 0.58

Craig 9 15 SW 23 0.42 0.43

10 10 SSW 23 0.35 0.44 0.48

11 13 SSW 24.5 1.13

' 1.22

Metzger 12 12 SSW 20 0.85 1.03

13 12 SW 29 O.67 0.71 0.99

14 11 w 4l 0.94 0.87

Wrigley 15 10 w 41.5 0.80 O.78

l6 6 NW 44 0.79 0.85

17 . 11 N 45-5 O.96 0.86 0.84

18 6 WSW 54.5 0.55 0.53

Spann 19 12 WSW 49.5 0.39 0.33

20 8 O.36 " WSW 46 0.23 0.23

Yeiter 21 6 NW 48 0.59 0.62

22 6 SW 50 0.42 0.43 0.53

23 6 NE ~ SW 38 0.59 0.71

Dieckman 24 6 SW 42.5 O.63 0.71

25 8 NW 53 O.67 0.62 0.68

Farnsley 27 11 W 46 0.50 0.51 0.51

Lunsford 28 6 NE 42.5 O.58 0.65

30 8 W 63.5 0.8l 0.66 0.66

* Closed exhaust vents In kitchen and bathroom.
-6 -

The average wind velocities that prevailed during the

air infiltration tests ranged from 6 to 15 mph. and the

inside-outside temperature differences were between 21°

and 53 °F. This variation in conditions made it difficult

to correlate the air change rate with the actual air tightness of the houses. Not enough tests were made with any

one house to evaluate directly the effects of wind velocity and temperature difference on the infiltration rate

so a direct comparison could be made between houses at a selected climatic condition.

An empirical formula was used,, therefore* to convert

the observed infiltration rates to a uniform condition of

wind velocity and temperature difference that was near to

the average of the observed test conditions. Published

informational/ >b/ on infiltration measurements in two test

houses at the University of Illinois indicated that the air

change rate in each was directly proportional to the indooroutdoor temperature difference and to the wind velocity*

and that the infiltration rate with no wind and no indooroutdoor temperature difference ranged from 0.12 to 0.18

air change. The University of Illinois data further showed

that an increase in wind velocity of 1 mph was equivalent

to an increase of two or four degrees F in temperature

difference in its effect on the infiltration rate. Thus*

an equation of the form of equation (l) can be used to

approximate the effect of wind and temperature difference

on the air change rate.

A.C. = K (0.1 + 0.03W + 0.01T) ( 1 ) where A.C. = hourly air change rate

W = wind velocity* mph

T = inside-outside temperature

difference* °F

K = a constant depending on the air

tightness and height of the

building.

3/ Bahnfleth* D. R„ * et al* ’’Measurement of Infiltration into

Residences* ” Part I* Transactions* American Society of

Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers* Vol. 63 j. 1957*

4/ Same as above* Part II.
-7-

A wind velocity of 10 mph and a temperature difference

of 40°F were used as a basis for comparing the infiltration

rate of the several houses since it approximated the mean

of the observed conditions. Thus, the computed air change

rate (A.C. T ) at this selected condition could be determined

by equation ( 2 )

.

A.C.' = 0.1 + (0.03 x 10) + (0.01 x 40) x A c

, 2)

0.1 + 0.03W + 0.01T

where, A.C,, W, and T were the observed values in any

given test.

Table 12 shows the air change rate for each test

converted by equation ( 2 ) to a wind velocity of 10 mph and

a temperature difference of 40°F. The fable also shows the

average converted value for all tests in each house. These

converted values should be considered as approximate values

because the absolute and relative values of the constants

in equation (l) probably vary from house to house.

Table 13 summarizes the converted air change rates in

relation to the type of building construction and foundation,

and building height. It shows that the infiltration rate

ranged from 0.3

6

to 0.99 air change under the same conditions.

Since only one house in each category was tested, conclusions

should not be drawn about categorical differences in air

tightness of the different types of houses. The measured

air infiltration rates of the two test houses.!/.? 7/ at the

University of Illinois for these same wind and temperature

conditions was 0.40 for a two-story brick veneer house over

a basement and O .58 for a single-story frame house over a basement

.

Table 13 shows two values for the converted air change

rate of the Hardy house. The first value, 0.63.? was the

average of three tests made with the exhaust vents in the

kitchen and bathroom open, whereas the second value, 0.46,

was obtained with these vents closed. Since the volume

of the Hardy house was 9/760 cubic feet, it appears that

these two vents produced a combined ventilation of about

1,660 cubic feet per hour.
-8 -

Table 13

Air Change Rates of Residences* Converted to

10 mph Wind Velocity and 40°F Temperature Gradient

Type of Wall Number of Stories

Foundation Material One Two

Basement Stone 0.36

Brick 0.48 0.51

Frame O .76 0.99

Crawl space Brick (O. 63 )

(

0 . 46 )*

Frame 0.53 0 . 68

Slab-on-grade Brick 0 . 66

* Closed exhaust vents in kitchen and bathroom.

The air infiltration of the buildings was also

calculated using the crack method as outlined in the

ASHRAE "Guide*” 38th edition* i 960 . For the purpose of

this computation* it was assumed that all windows were

weatherstripped* and a wind velocity of 15 mph was selected. According to the "Guide*” the infiltration rate

of 24 cubic feet per hour per foot of crack length for

single double-hung wood sash windows was halved for

double windows* and the air flow rate for doors was selected at 55 cubic feet per hour per foot perimeter.

The value computed by this method for each of the houses

is shown in the third column of Table 14. The last two

columns in the table show the average values of observed

infiltration rates and of these rates converted to a wind

velocity of 10 mph and an inside-outside temperature

difference of 40°F.

It will be noted that there is a better than ± 10

percent agreement between the infiltration rates calculated

by the crack method and the converted values on seven of

the ten houses studied even though the infiltration computation by the crack method was based on a 15 mph wind and

does not take temperature difference into account as a variable. The Spann residence shows a computed crack

length infiltration rate 50 percent higher than that converted from the test results* and the infiltration of the

Dieckman residence as calculated by the crack method was

approximately 30 percent lower than the corresponding

converted value.
- 9

-

Table lU

Comparison of Air Change Rates Computed

by the Crack Method and Average Observed Values

Computed by Converted from

House

Occupant

Description

of Building

Crack Method

for 15 mph Wind

Observed,

Actual

Observed Data

to 10 mph 4o°F

Hardy 1- story Brick,

crawl space

0.59 0.74 0.59

Hufford 1- story Frame,

basement

0.70 0.73 0.76

Craig 1- story Brick,

basement

0.53 0.43 0.48

Metzger 2- story Frame,

basement

0.94 0.88 0.99

Wrigley 2- story Frame,

basement

0-75 O.87 0.84

Spann 1- story Stone,

basement

0-54 0.39 0,36

Yeiter 1- story Frame,

crawl space

0.^9 0.51 0.53

Dieckman 2- story Frame,

crawl space

0.47 0.68 0.68

Farnsley 2- story Brick,

basement

0.55 0.50 0.51

Lunsford 1= story Brick,

on slab

0.70 0.70 0.66
- 10-

Table 1

E. Hardy Residence , Rt« 3* Greenfield

1- Story Brick House over Crawl Space

20 years old,, Heated Floor Area 1220 ft2

Walls:

4" Brick

3 5/8" Studs

l/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

.002" Vapor Barrier

Ceiling (open):

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Floor:

1" x 6" and 8" Subflooring

3/8" Plywood, with Vinyl Tile over

.002" Vapor Barrier

Insulation:

Walls - Double-Blown Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - Loose Cellulose Fiber

Floor - 3 1/2" Cellulose Fiber Batts

Roof:

Pitch - 5

, -2"/l6 , -6"

Height - 8'-0"

Overhang - 18"

Louvers - Twelve, 4" x 12"

Basement:

None (crawl space)

Windows

Double-hung, wood sash, with aluminum storm, caulked,

sealed double glass in living room

Doors:

Side (to garage) - Solid wood

Rear - Wood with 1/2 glass, with storm

Front - Wood, with storm

Heating:

Electric baseboard
- 11-

Table 2

T. E. Hufford Residence, Rt. 1, Charlottsville

1- Story Frame House over Basement

30 years old, Heated Floor Area 1229 ft2

Walls?

1/2" Wood Lap Siding

Building Paper

1" Sheathing

2" x 4" Studs

1" Plaster and Wood Lath

Ceiling?

1" Plaster and Wood Lath

2" x 6" Joists

1" Wood Flooring (except over living room)

Floor?

1" Pine Finish (no subflooring)

2" x 6" Joists

Insulation?

Walls - 4" Rock Wool

Ceiling - 4" Rock Wool, 2" Cellulose Fiber

Floor - None

Roof?

Pitch - 4/12

Louvers - One, 4" x 12", two, 4" x 8"

Basement?

Full, except under porch, no insulation or vapor barrier!

walls are cement block to ground level with brick above

to house frame; unheated

Windows ? Wood sash, storm windows in bedroom 2 and center sash of

bedroom 1 only, in attic there are 3 windows (front,

rear, north)

Doors?

Wood with l/2 glass and storm to front and carport

Heating?

Electric baseboard
- 12-

Table 3

J. S. Craig Residence, RR. 1, Wabash

1- Story Brick with Basement and Crawl Space

New House, Heated Floor Area 1510 ft

Walls:

4" Brick Veneer

1" Sheathing

2" x 4" Stud®

l/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

Vapor Barrier

Ceiling:

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Vapor Barrier

Floor:

5/8" Finish Flooring

3/4" Subflooring

2" x 10" Joists

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

Insulation:

Walls - 4" Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - 6" Cellulose Fiber

Floor - 2" Batts (Alfol)

Roof:

Pitch - 4/12

Overhang - 24"

Eave Vents ~ Twelve, 8" x 12"

Exhaust Fans

>r“*- * Basement:

Under kitchen, . living room, dining room; plastered

ceiling, cement block walls, concrete floor; rest

is crawl space open to basement

Windows

Casement with storm in bedroom 1,, dining room,

kitchen, casement with storm in Tj>ahhs, bedroom 2,

sealed double glass in living room, four 12" x 15" single pane in basement

Doors:

Combination aluminum in front; all others solid wood

Heating:

Electric ceiling cable

Glass doors in fireplace
” 13”

Table 4

D. A. Metzger Residence f RR„ N. Manchester, Ind.

2- Story Frame with Cinder Block Basement

20 years old,, Heated Floor Area 1230 ft^

Walls:

1/4" Asbestos Shingles

Building Paper

1" Wood Sheathing

2" x 4" Studs

1/2" Plaster and Lath

Ceiling (open):

1st Floor (8 J ) 1/2" Plaster and. Lath

2" x 6" Joists

1" Subflooring

2nd Floor (7 l/2'

)

l/2" Plaster and Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Floor:

1/2" Finish (Pine)

1/2" Subflooring (Pine)

2" x 8" Joists

Insulation:

Walls - 3 5/8” Blown Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - 6" Blown Cellulose Fiber

Floor - 2" Batts (Alfol), "U" is „04

Roof:

Pitch - 4/12

Overhang - 24"

Louvers - Four5 4" x 12"

Basement:

Under kitchen and bedroom 1, other area is crawl space 3 walls are concrete block with two l8" x 24" casement

windows; crawl space opens into basement; unheated

Windows

:

Wood sash, no storm in living room towards porch; wood

sash with storm on all other rooms

Doors:

Wood with l/2 glass

Heating:

Electric baseboard

Exhaust fans in bathroom and kitchen
— 14—

Table 5

R. Wrigley Residence, Rt. 3* Warsaw, Ind.

2- Story Frame House over Basement

40 years old. Heated Floor Area, 1510 ftWalls

:

1/4" Asbestos Siding

5/8" Wood Sheathing

2" x 4" Studs

1" Plaster and Lath

Ceiling (open);

1st Floor (9 ? ) 1" Plaster and Lath

2" x 6" Joists

1" Flooring

2nd Floor (8 1 ) 1" Plaster and Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Floor;

1" Flooring

1/2" Subflooring

2" x 8" Joists

Insulation;

Walls - 3 5/8" Blown Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - 6" Blown Cellulose Fiber, and 4" Rock Wool,

10 years old

Floor -• 3 5/8" Cellulose Fiber Batts

Roof (Asbestos Shingles);

Pitch - 1/2

Overhang - 18"

Louvers - Six, 10" x 10"

Exhaust Fans - 1 in kitchen

Basement;

Full, except for crawl space under porches and office;

poured cement walls, five 12" x 18" casement windows;

unheated

Windows

:

Wood, single pane, with storm windows on first floor only

Doors:

Wood, with storm door on west entrance

Heating:

Electric baseboard
-15-

Table 6

M. Spann Residence,, RR. 1, Pierceton

1- Story Stone Veneer over Basement

New House, Heated Floor Area 1658

Walls

:

4" Stone Veneer

1" Sheathing

2" x 4” Studs

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

Ceiling:

l/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 8" Joists

Floor:

1/2" Pine Finish

l/2" Subflooring (Pine)

2" x 10" Joists

Insulation:

Walls - 3 1/2" Foil Backed Fiber Glass

Ceiling - 6" Fiber Glass, 4" Cellulose Fiber

Floor - 3 1/2" Foil Backed Fiber Glass

Roof (Wood Shingles):

Pitch - 4 1/2 /12

Overhang - 2 "-6"

Louvers Two, 12" x 24"

Basement:

12" Cement Block Walls

8" Poured Cement Floor

Height - 7 1/2'

Windows

:

Sealed double glass throughout

Doors:

Solid wood with storm on east side, sliding double

glass door on west side, 2 wood with 1/2 glass

and storm on south side

Heating:

Electric cable (celling panel)

Exhaust fans in kitchen and bathroom
16-

Table 7

Bo Yeiter Residence,, RR. 4, Warsaw

1-gfrory Frame House over Crawl Space

New House ^ Heated Floor Area 1130 ft^

Walls:

1/2" Redwood Cap Siding

Aluminum Foil

1" Ship Lap Siding (Pine)

2" x 4” Studs

Vapor Barrier

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

Ceiling:

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Height - 7

s “6"

Floor:

Tile

l/4" Building Board Underlay

1" Ship Lap (Pine)

2" x 10" Joists

Vapor Barrier

Insulation;

Walls - 3 5/8" Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - 6" Cellulose Fiber

Floor - 3" Rock Wool

Roof (Asphalt Shingles):

Pitch - 4/12

Overhang - 24"

Louvers - Two., 270 sq. in.

Basement:

None; crawl space., 2' high cpen crawl space with

vapor barrier on ground

Windows

:

Sealed double glass throughout

Doors:

Solid wood with storm

Heating:

Electric baseboard
17“

Table 8

W. Dieckman Residence , RR„, Greenburg, Xnd.

2- Story Frame House over Crawl Space

46 years old. Heated Floor Area, 1696 ft2

Walls:

1/2" Wood Lap Siding

3/4" Wood Sheathing

2" x 4" Studs

1" Plaster and Wood Lath

Ceiling:

1st Floor (9' V')

1" Plaster and Wood Lath

2" x 6" Joists

1” Flooring

2nd Floor (7

! » 6")

1" Plaster and Wood Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Floor:

1/2" Oak Finish

1/2" Subflooring

2" x 10" Joists

Insulation:

Walls - 3 5/8" Blown Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - 6" Blown Cellulose Fiber

Floor - None, and none between 1st and 2nd floors

Roof:

Pitch - 1/2

Louvers - Two, 6" x 6", and three, 12" x 12"

Basement:

None (crawl space), 18" clearance; two, 12" x 24"

openings

Windows

:

Wood sash with storm in heated spaces, except there

is no storm on first floor closet window

Doors

:

Wood with 1/2 glass, with aluminum storm on all except

door to unheated porch which is an aluminum storm door

Heating:

Baseboard

No vapor barrier; exhaust fan in kitchen
-18-

Table 9

C. Farnsley Residence , Georgetown, Xnd.

2-Story Brick House over Basement „ New House, Heated Floor Area 2490 fx

Walls:

4" Brick Veneer

Building Paper

3/4" Storm Sheathing

2" x 4" Studs

Vapor Barrier

3/4" Plaster and Rock Lath

Ceiling:

1st Floor (8')

l/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 8" Joists

3/4" Subflooring

l/4" Masonite

2nd Floor (6 1/2')

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Floor:

1/4" Masonite

3/4" Subflooring (Fir)

2" x 4" Joists

Insulation:

Walls - 3 5/8" Blown Cellulose Fiber

Ceiling - 1st Floor (8* ); 7 5/8" Blown Cellulose Fiber

2nd Floor (6 l/2' )j 6" Blown Cellulose Fiber

and 3 5/8" between rafters

Floor - None

Roof:

Pitch - 8/12

Overhang - None

Louvers - Four, 72-sq-In., triangles

Windows

Aluminum with storm

Doors

Front - Solid wood with storm

Side - Wood with l/2 glass, no storm

Vapor Barrier:

Placed in floor, wall and ceiling

Exhaust fan in kitchen
-19-

Table 10

R» Eo Lunsford Residence, Wo Campbell St., Indianapolis, Xndo

I- Story Brick Apartment over Concrete Slab

6 years old. Heated Floor Area 598 fr

Walls;

4" Brick Veneer

1" Sheathing

2" x 4" Studs

Vapor Barrier

1/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

Ceilings

l/2" Plaster and Rock Lath

2" x 6" Joists

Height - 8'

Floor;

5" Thick Concrete Slab

Insulation;

Floor *= 1" Fiber Glass Board Perimeter Insulation

(2' down and 2

s in)

Ceiling - 6" Blown Glass Fiber

Walls - 3 5/8" Fiber Glass Batts

Roof (Asphalt Shingles);

Pitch - 2/12

Overhang ~ 12”

Windows

;

Sealed double glass

Doors;

North = Wood with 1/2 glass and storm

South = Sliding, double glass

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U. 5, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of aotivilies of ihe National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder,

Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in /technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements,

Dielectrics. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refiaetometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry. Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Analytical

Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics, Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Orga nic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles, Paper. Leather, Testing and Specifications. Polymer

Structure. Plastics. Dental Research. Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics'

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth.

Physical Properties . Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials,

Codes and Safety Standards. Ileat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems*

Applications Engineering.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiomelry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy.

Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry. Molecular Structure and Radiation Chemistry.

• Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Gas Liquefaction.

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere

Research. Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Radio Propagation Engineering, Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tiopospheric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave

Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave

Research. Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Space Telecommunications.

Upper Atmosphere und Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter. Airglow and Aurora, ionospheric Radio Astronomy.