# Patent

## Title
Thermoelectric device

## Abstract

A thermoelectric system includes a pair of substrates, a plurality of semiconductor elements, and first, second, and third terminals. The semiconductor elements are positioned between the opposing faces of the substrates, and the semiconductor elements include at least two groups of dissimilar semiconductor elements. The semiconductor elements are electrically coupled in series by conductor elements arranged so the two groups of dissimilar semiconductor elements are connected in an alternating pattern. The first, second and third terminals are connected to the conductor elements with the third terminal positioned between the first and second terminals. The electrically coupled semiconductor elements include first nodes and second nodes. The first and second nodes emit or absorb heat according to electric current flowing through the semiconductor elements, and impedance of the thermoelectric system is controlled by switching the switch.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/884,306, filed Jan. 10, 2007, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Inventions
The present application relates generally to thermoelectric devices, and more specifically, to thermoelectric devices configured for use in climate control systems for seating assemblies and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
A Peltier circuit is a type of thermoelectric device that comprises two sides, each of which is either heated or cooled when current is delivered through the circuit. For example, when voltage is applied in a first direction through the thermoelectric device, one side generally generates heat while the opposite side absorbs heat. The thermoelectric device can be configured so that switching the polarity of the circuit can create the opposite effect. Typically, thermoelectric devices comprise a closed circuit that includes dissimilar materials. As a DC voltage is applied across the closed circuit, a temperature change is generated at the junction of the dissimilar materials. Thus, depending on the direction that electrical current flows through the thermoelectric device, heat is either emitted or absorbed. Thermoelectric devices can include several such junctions connected electrically in series. The junctions can be sandwiched between two ceramic plates that generally form the cold side and the hot side of the device. The cold side and hot side can be thermally coupled to one or more heat transfer devices (e.g., fins) that help heat the heat transfer with a volume of air or other fluid.
A vehicle ventilation system that includes such a thermoelectric device to selectively heat and/or cool a seating assembly is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/047,077, filed on Jan. 31, 2005 and published as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0130490. Thus, air or other fluid can be passed through or near the cold and/or hot side of a thermoelectric device (e.g., Peltier circuit) to selectively heat and/or cool the air or other fluid. The thermally conditioned air or other fluid can then be directed to one or more portions of the vehicle seat (e.g., seat back portion, seat bottom portion, neck area, etc.). Such arrangements can be particularly advantageous because thermoelectric devices are typically compact and simple.
SUMMARY
A thermoelectric system according a first embodiment of the invention comprises a pair of substrates, a plurality of semiconductor elements, and first, second, and third terminals. Each of the pair of opposing substrates has a peripheral edge and a face that generally opposes a face of the other opposing substrate. In some embodiments, the plurality of semiconductor elements are positioned between the opposing faces of the opposing substrates. In other embodiments, the plurality of semiconductor elements comprises at least two groups of dissimilar semiconductor elements. The plurality of semiconductor elements are electrically coupled in series by conductor elements arranged so the two groups of dissimilar semiconductor elements are connected in an alternating pattern.
In other arrangements, the first, second and third terminals are connected to the conductor elements with the third terminal being positioned between the first and second terminals along the circuit created by the plurality of semiconductor elements electrically coupled in series by conductor elements, and the third terminal comprises a switch. In some embodiments, the electrically coupled semiconductor elements comprise a plurality of first nodes and a plurality of second nodes. The first and second nodes emit or absorb heat according to electric current flowing through the semiconductor elements, and impedance of the thermoelectric system is controlled by switching the switch provided in the third terminal.
A thermoelectric system according to a second embodiment of the present invention comprises first and second couples of and second dissimilar conductive elements, a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal. The first and second dissimilar conductive elements of the first couple are connected to each other at a first common node, and the first couple comprises a first end and a second end. In some embodiments, the first and second dissimilar conductive elements of the second couple are connected to each other at a second node, and the second couple comprises a first end and a second end. The first end of the second couple is connected to the second end of the first couple at a second node. In one embodiment, the first terminal is connected to the first end of the first couple, the second terminal to the second end of the second couple, and the third terminal to the second node through a switch. The switch controls the impedance of the thermoelectric system by switching electric current through the third terminal. The switching of the switch may be associated with flowing direction of the electric current through the thermoelectric system.
In some embodiments, the first terminal may be connected to a first voltage, and the second terminal to a second voltage. The switch may be open such that electric current flows through the first and second couples of first and second dissimilar conductive elements. The first terminal may be connected to a first voltage, and the second terminal to a second voltage. The third terminal may be connected to the second voltage, and the switch may be closed such that electric current flows only through the first couple of first and second dissimilar conductive elements.
A thermoelectric system according to another embodiment of the present invention comprises first and second dissimilar conductive elements, first and second terminals, and a third terminal. The first dissimilar conductive element has a first end and a second end. The second dissimilar conductive element has a first end and a second end, and the first end of the second dissimilar conductive element is connected to the second end of the first dissimilar conductive element. In some embodiments, the first terminal is connected to the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element. And the second terminal is connected to the second end of the second dissimilar conductive element at a first node. Further, the third terminal is connected to a contact point between the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element and the first node through a switch.
In some embodiments, the switch controls impedance of the thermoelectric system by switching electric current through the third terminal. The switch may comprise a slidable leg connected to the contact point between the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element and the first node. In one embodiment, the switch comprises multiple taps connected to a plurality of contact points between the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element and the first node, and the switch closes one of the multiple taps when activated. In other embodiments, the switch is configured to select one of the multiple taps, and electric current through the first dissimilar conductive element is controlled by selecting of one of the multiple taps.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present inventions are described with reference to drawings of certain preferred embodiments, which are intended to illustrate, but not to limit, the present inventions. The drawings include sixteen (16) figures. It is to be understood that the attached drawings are for the purpose of illustrating concepts of the present inventions and may not be to scale.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates one embodiment of a thermoelectric device having two terminals;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a thermoelectric device comprising three terminals according to one embodiment;
FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a circuit diagram of a thermoelectric device with three terminals and a switch having a hard wire tap;
FIG. 4 illustrates a circuit diagram of a thermoelectric device having three terminals and a switch according to one embodiment;
FIGS. 5A-5C schematically illustrate circuit diagrams for various embodiments of a thermoelectric device comprising an intermediate terminal;
FIGS. 6A and 6B schematically illustrate circuit diagrams for other embodiments of a thermoelectric device comprising an intermediate terminal;
FIGS. 7A and 7B schematically illustrate circuit diagrams for yet other embodiments of a thermoelectric device comprising an intermediate terminal;
FIG. 8 illustrates an exploded perspective view of a thermoelectric device according to one embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a side perspective view of the assembled thermoelectric device of FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of the thermoelectric device of FIG. 8;
FIG. 11 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the thermoelectric device depicted in FIG. 10; and
FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a climate control system for a seating assembly comprising thermoelectric devices in accordance with various embodiments disclosed herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The thermoelectric devices disclosed herein and the various systems and features associated with them are described in the context of a climate control system for a seating assembly (e.g., automobile seat, bed, sofa, etc.) because they have particular utility in this context. However, the various embodiments, discussed and/or illustrated herein can be used in other contexts as well, such as, for example, but without limitation, other heating and/or cooling devices or systems.
With reference to the schematic of FIG. 1, a thermoelectric device 1 can include a pair of terminals T1, T2 that are located at opposite ends. In some or all of the embodiments disclosed herein, the thermoelectric device 1 comprises a Peltier circuit. However, the thermoelectric device 1 can comprise a different type of electrical circuit or configuration. Thus, the features and benefits described herein can be applied to any type of electrical arrangement that is used to selectively heat and/or cool a volume of air or other fluid. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, a DC voltage may be applied across the thermoelectric device 1 between the end terminals T1, T2. As described in greater detail herein, the cooling or heating effect of the thermoelectric device 1 can be selectively reversed by switching the polarity of the applied voltage at the terminals T1, T2.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the thermoelectric device 1 can include a plurality of dissimilar conductive elements 2, 4 that are arranged in series. Pairs of conductive elements 2, 4 can be coupled together by a series of opposing conductor tabs 8, which in turn, can be situated between a pair of opposing substrates (see FIG. 8). Each substrate can be thermally coupled to fins or other heat transfer members (not shown) through a thermal conductive element.
In some arrangements, the thermoelectric device 1 is configured to be operated at a fixed voltage, such as, for example, the voltage of a battery to which it is electrically connected (e.g., approximately 13.5V if a typical automotive battery is utilized). The impedance or other electrical characteristics of the thermoelectric device 1 can be selected to produce the optimal cooling affect at a specific voltage. However, in fixed voltage systems, the chosen impedance is typically not optimal when the direction of the electrical current through the thermoelectric device 1 is reversed (e.g., to produce heat).
FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a thermoelectric device 10 that includes more than two electrical terminals T1, T2, T3. As described herein, such a configuration can permit for multiple levels of heating and/or cooling. In FIG. 2, the thermoelectric device 10 comprises a total of three terminals T1, T2, T3. Two of the terminals T1, T2 are end terminals generally located at opposite ends of the circuit. The third terminal T3 is an intermediate terminal located between the end terminals T1, T2.
In some embodiments, the operational voltage to the third terminal T3 can be controlled by a hard wire contact, by an electronic switch 16 and/or some other method or device. A thermoelectric device 10 comprising one or more intermediate terminals T3 can be used to selectively energize one or more desired portions of the circuit. Thus, unlike conventional two terminal thermoelectric devices (FIG. 1), such a modified thermoelectric device 10 can be configured to vary the heating and/or cooling effect when the amount of electrical current being delivered to the device 10 is generally constant. It will be appreciated that the position of the third terminal T3 (or any additional intermediate terminals) can be varied as desired or required by a particular application or use. For example, the intermediate terminal T2 can be located approximately halfway between the end terminals T1, T2. In other embodiments, the intermediate terminal T3 can be located closer to one of the end terminals T1, T2.
With continued reference to FIG. 2, the electronic switch 16 can be a semiconductor switch, such as, for example, an integrated field-effect transistor (FET) switch or the like. Thus, as discussed, the switch 16 can be used to vary the impedance through the thermoelectric device 10. For example, the impedance of the device 10 can be increased when a cooling effect is desired (e.g., the voltage is directed between the end terminals T1, T2) or decreased when a heating effect is desired (e.g., the voltage is directed between an end terminal T1, T2 and an intermediate terminal T3). Thus, depending on the desired heating and/or cooling effect, electrical current can be delivered through only a portion of the thermoelectric device 10.
With further reference to FIG. 2, a thermoelectric device 10 can comprise a first thermoelectric material 12 and a second thermoelectric material 14, both of which are connected in series by a plurality of conductor elements 18. As discussed, the device 10 can further comprise a first terminal T1 at one end of the circuit, a second terminal T2 at another end of the circuit and a third terminal T3 positioned along an intermediate location generally between the first and second terminals T1, T2. In some embodiments, the first terminal T1 is connected to a first voltage and the second terminal T2 is connected to a second voltage. Further, the third terminal T3 can be connected to the second voltage through a switch 16 (e.g., hard wire contact, electronic switch 16, etc.).
Therefore, when the device 10 operates in a first mode (e.g., cooling), the switch 16 can be opened such that the difference between the first and second voltages is applied between the first and second terminals T1, T2 (e.g., the end terminals). Accordingly, electrical current can flow through the entire or substantially the entire circuit (e.g., through the first and second thermoelectric materials 12, 14 in series). Alternatively, when the device 10 operates in a second mode (e.g., heating), the switch 16 can be closed such that electrical current is applied through only a portion of the circuit (e.g., between the second and third terminals T2, T3). This can effectively reduce the impedance of the device 10 and create a different level of heating and/or cooling for a particular fixed voltage, as desired or required by a particular application or use.
With reference to FIG. 3, the switching of the intermediate terminal T3 can be accomplished using a semi-conductor switch 26 or other similar device. In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the selective switching of the intermediate terminal T3 can be accomplished through a hard wire tap 36. In other embodiments, a semiconductor switch can be incorporated into the thermoelectric materials of a device. In such arrangements, the need for a high current carrying wire could be eliminated.
It should be appreciated that the direction of the electrical current through any of the devices described and/or illustrated herein can be reversed to create a different heating and/or cooling effect, as desired or required. Thus, a thermoelectric device can be sized, designed and otherwise configured for a particular heating effect at a specific fixed voltage. When the electrical current is reversed to create a cooling effect, the thermoelectric device can comprise one or more intermediate terminals to selectively direct the current through only a portion of the circuit. Consequently, for a specific voltage, both a desired heating and cooling effect can be attained using the same thermoelectric device.
As discussed, thermoelectric devices that comprise one or more intermediate terminals can be sized, designed and otherwise configured to create a generally optimized cooling and/or heating effect at a specific voltage (e.g., the voltage provided by a car battery or other DC power source). Without an intermediate terminal, it may be difficult to create a desired opposite thermal conditioning effect (e.g., heating and/or cooling) when the current is reversed. This is because in fixed voltage systems the impedance used to create a desired thermal conditioning effect in a first thermal conditioning mode (e.g., cooling) is unlikely to create a desired opposite thermal conditioning effect in a second mode (e.g., heating). Therefore, the use of intermediate terminals and switches or other current routing devices to selectively modify the impedance through the device to create a desired heating and/or cooling effect.
In some embodiments, a power system for an automobile or other vehicle typically includes a battery that provides approximately 13.5 volts when the alternator is properly operating. In certain arrangements, two circuits (e.g., the circuits disclosed in FIG. 1) can be connected in series to effectively provide about half of the battery's voltage across these circuits. A thermoelectric device can be configured to provide optimum or close to optimum cooling at a specific voltage (e.g., the voltage supplied by an automobile battery). However, this may impact the amount of heating that could be obtained through the circuit when the electrical current is reversed. Thus, using a thermoelectric device that includes an intermediate terminal, as illustrated and discussed herein, the circuit can be designed to provide a desired cooling and/or heating effect at the full voltage of the battery without sacrificing performance when operating in the opposite thermal conditioning mode (e.g., heating and/or cooling). Such embodiments can reduce the need to place the circuits in series, resulting in less complicated control modules. In addition, optimal or near optimal cooling and/or heating can be achieved using the same substrate at a particular voltage.
Schematic circuit diagrams of different embodiments of a thermoelectric device 50A, 50B, 50C comprising an intermediate terminal 56A, 56B, 56C are illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5C. In FIG. 5A, the depicted thermoelectric device 50A comprises two end terminals 52A, 54A and one intermediate terminal 56A. In the illustrated schematic, the intermediate terminal 56A is located approximately halfway between the two end terminals 52A, 54A. However, in other embodiments, the intermediate terminal 56A can be located closer to one of the two end terminals 52A, 54A, as desired or required by a particular application.
As discussed, in order to energize the thermoelectric device 50A, a current can be supplied between two terminals. In FIG. 50A, the electrical current is directed between the two end terminals 52A, 54A in the direction generally indicated by arrow 58A (e.g., from 52A to 54A). Consequently, under this operational scheme, electrical current is not permitted in the direction of the intermediate terminal 56A. In one embodiment, the flow of electrical current in the direction of arrow 58A creates a cooling effect along a first side of the thermoelectric device 50A.
When the direction of electrical current is reversed, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 5B (e.g., from one end terminal 54B towards 52B in a direction generally represented by arrow 58B), a heating effect can be created along the first side of the thermoelectric device 50B.
As discussed in greater detail herein, electrical current can be routed from an end terminal 52C, 54C to and/or from an intermediate terminal 56C. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5C, electrical current can be directed from end terminal 54C to intermediate terminal 56C in a direction generally represented by arrow 58C. This can enable a user to direct electrical current through only a portion of the thermoelectric device 50C. Consequently, the extent to which the thermoelectric device 50C produces a heating and/or cooling effect can be selectively controlled. For example, if the current delivered to the end terminals 54B, 54B is identical and if the thermoelectric devices 50B, 50C are similarly configured, the heating effect created along the first side of the thermoelectric device 50C illustrated in FIG. 5C will be less than that created along the first side of the device 50B of FIG. 5B. Similarly, if current is directed from the end terminal 52A to the intermediate terminal 56A in FIG. 5A, the cooling effect along the first side of the thermoelectric device 50A can be reduced.
In FIG. 6A, the illustrated thermoelectric device includes an intermediate terminal 66A that is located closer to one of the end terminals 64A. Such designs and configurations can be used to selectively control the level of heating and/or cooling occurring at or near a thermoelectric device. In FIG. 6A, electrical current is routed from one end terminal 62A to the intermediate terminal 66A in a direction generally represented by arrow 68A. Thus, the level of heating and/or cooling created by the thermoelectric device 60A can be greater than the level of heating and/or cooling created by routing current from the opposite end terminal 64A to the intermediate terminal 66A.
FIG. 6B schematically illustrates an embodiment of a thermoelectric device 60B that comprises two intermediate terminals 65B, 66B. As with other embodiments discussed and illustrated herein, the intermediate terminals 65B, 66B can be located at any position along the length of the thermoelectric device 60B. Further, a thermoelectric device 60B can include more or fewer intermediate terminals 65B, 66B as desired or required by a particular application or use.
As discussed, electrical current can be delivered, in any direction, between two terminals 62B, 64B, 65B, 66B. For example, current can be directed from any end terminal 62B, 64B to another end terminal 64B, 62B or from any end terminal 62B, 64B to an intermediate terminal 65B, 66B. Likewise, current can be directed from any intermediate terminal 65B, 66B to any end terminal 62B, 64B or from any intermediate terminal 65B, 66B to any other intermediate terminal 66B, 65B.
For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6B, under one operational scheme, current can be directed from one end terminal 62B to one of the intermediate terminals 65B in a direction generally represented by arrow 67B. Likewise, under a different operational scheme, current can be directed from the other end terminal 64B to another intermediate terminal 66B in a direction generally represented by arrow 68B. As discussed, under other operation schemes, the thermoelectric device 60B can be configured to deliver electrical current between any two electrical terminals 62B, 64B, 65B, 66B, regardless of whether they are end terminals or intermediate terminals.
FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate embodiments of circuit diagrams in which electrical current can be simultaneously delivered through two different portions of a thermoelectric device 70A, 70B. For example, in FIG. 7A, current is routed from one end terminal 72A to an intermediate terminal 76A in a direction generally represented by arrow 78A to create a heating or cooling effect along a first side of the device 70A. At the same time, current is routed from one end terminal 74A to the same intermediate terminal 76A in a direction generally represented by arrow 79A to create the opposite thermal effect along a first side of the device 70A. Therefore, under such an operational scheme, a portion of the thermoelectric device 70A can be heated while another portion can be cooled. As illustrated in FIG. 7B, when the electrical current is reversed, the cooled and heated portions of the thermoelectric device 70B can also be advantageously reversed.
FIGS. 8-11 illustrate one embodiment of a thermoelectric device 110 that can be configured to include one or more intermediate electrical terminals as disclosed herein. FIG. 8 illustrates an exploded view of one embodiment of a thermoelectric device 110 with its various components separated for ease of inspection. FIG. 9 illustrates a side perspective view of the assembled thermoelectric device 110. In addition, FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of the thermoelectric device 110 with portions removed. Further, FIG. 11 illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of the thermoelectric device 110 depicted in FIG. 10.
With initial reference to FIGS. 8 and 9, the thermoelectric device 110 can include a plurality of dissimilar conductive elements 122, 124. As is discussed in greater detail herein, pairs of dissimilar conductive elements 122, 124 can be coupled together by a plurality of opposing conductor tabs 128. In some arrangements, such conductor tabs 128 are generally disposed between a pair of opposing substrates 132. In the illustrated embodiment, each substrate 32 is thermally coupled to one or more heat transfer members 138 (e.g., fins) through a thermal conductive element 134. A temperature sensor 150 can be positioned between the opposing substrates 132. In addition, a seal 160 can be provided between the opposing substrates 132 to protect the sensor 150 and the elements between the substrates 132.
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate side views of the thermoelectric device 110 with the seal 160 omitted to facilitate inspection of the conductive elements 122, 124, 128 that are generally located between the substrates 132. In one embodiment, the thermoelectric device 110 comprises alternating N-type semiconductor elements 122 and P-type semiconductor elements 124. The N-type semiconductor elements 122 and P-type semiconductor elements 124 can comprise bismuth-tellurium alloy (Bi2Te3), other doped or non-doped metals and/or any other materials. The end of each of the N-type semiconductor elements 122 and P-type semiconductor elements 124 can be coated with a diffusion barrier (not shown). The diffusion barrier can advantageously inhibit the flow of electrons out of the semiconductor elements 122, 124. Such a diffusion barrier can comprise any of a number of materials, such as, for example, nickel, a titanium/tungsten alloy, molybdenum and/or the like.
As illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 10, pairs of dissimilar conductive elements 122, 124 can be coupled at their tops and bottoms using conductor tabs 128. In some arrangements, conductive elements 122, 124 of the same type are not disposed on the same tab 128. For example, each conductor tab 128 can be coupled to only one N-type semiconductor element 122 and only one P-type semiconductor elements 124. In addition, the upper and lower conductor tabs 128 can be configured so that the semiconductor elements 122, 124 are disposed in an alternating series. In this manner, the semiconductor elements 122, 124 are electrically connected in series with each other. However, with respect to thermal energy, the elements 122, 124 include a parallel orientation relative to each other.
With continued reference to FIG. 10, a first N-type semiconductor element 122 can be coupled at its top to a first conductor tab 128. Such a conductor tab 128 can also be coupled to a first the P-type semiconductor element 124 to the right of the first N-type semiconductor element 122. At the bottom of the first N-type semiconductor element 122, a second conductor tab 128 can be coupled to the first N-type semiconductor element 122 and can be coupled to a second P-type semiconductor element 124 to be disposed to the left of the first N-type thermoelectric element 122. The thermoelectric device can be configured such that all the semiconductor elements 122, 124 are connected in series with each other. It should be appreciated that the conductor tabs 128 can comprise a plurality of discrete elements coupled to the substrate 132 or an intermediate member. In modified embodiments, the tabs 128 can be formed by tracing or otherwise forming a layer of conductive material on the substrate and/or an intermediate element.
As illustrated in FIG. 10, a sensor 150 can be disposed on either substrate 132 between the semiconductor elements 122, 124. In other arrangements, one or more sensors 150 can be positioned at any other location of the thermoelectric device 110. The sensor 150 can be adapted to measure a temperature of the device 110, the air or other fluid being thermally conditioned by the device 110 and/or the like. It will be appreciated that the device 110 can comprise other types of sensors, either in addition to or in lieu of a temperature sensor.
As discussed, heat transfer assemblies 138 (e.g., fins) can be positioned on the top and/or bottom sides of the thermoelectric device 110. According to some embodiments, the thermoelectric device 110 is configured to operate without the heat transfer assemblies 138. However, the presence of such assemblies 138 can increase the efficiency of heat transfer from the thermoelectric device 110 to the air or other fluid passing near the thermoelectric device 110.
With continued reference to FIGS. 10 and 11, an electrically-conducting solder (not shown) can be used to mount the N-type semiconductor elements 122 and P-type semiconductor elements 124 to the conductor tabs 128. In one embodiment, the conducting solder can comprise one or more compounds of tin and antimony, other metals or non-metals and/or any other materials. For example, the solder can include an alloy comprising bismuth and tin. Other methods of affixing the semiconductor elements 122, 124 to the conductor tabs 128 can be used, provided an electrical connection is permitted between the semiconductor elements 122, 124 and the conductor tabs 128. In some embodiments, the conductor tabs 128 are mounted to the substrate 132 via an adhesive or other material.
The substrates 132 can be configured to provide electrical insulation while simultaneously providing for heat conduction. In one embodiment, the substrates 132 comprise a ceramic material, such as, for example, alumina (ceramic), silicon and/or the like. However, various other types of materials, such as, for example, epoxy, may be used. The substrates 132 can be configured to be sufficiently rigid in order to maintain the shape of the thermoelectric device 110. In other embodiments, flexible substrates can be used. When flexible substrates are used, a thermoelectric device can be constructed in various shapes and may have the ability to bend from one shape to another. As discussed, the substrates 132 can act an electrical insulator. The typical thickness for a substrate 132 can be between 50 and 500 micrometers. However, in other embodiments, the thickness of the substrate 132 can be less than 50 micrometer or greater than 500 micrometers, as desired or required. In some embodiments, the substrates 132 can be sufficiently large to completely cover the semiconductor elements 122, 124 and the conductor tabs 128. The conductor tabs 128 can be coupled to the electrically-insulating substrate 132 through solder, epoxy and/or any other mounting mechanism, device or method.
With continued reference to FIGS. 10 and 11, a heat transfer layer 134 can be disposed between the substrate 132 and the heat transfer member 138. Accordingly, the heat transfer layer 134 can be disposed on the outside of each of the substrates 132. In one embodiment, the heat transfer layer 134 comprises a plate composed of copper and/or other materials that have a relatively high thermal conductivity. In some arrangements, the thickness of the heat transfer layer 134 can be between 10 and 400 micrometers. However, the thickness of the heat transfer layer 134 can be different as desired or required by a particular application. The heat transfer member 138 can be coupled to the heat transfer layer by a layer of heat-conducting solder 136. In the illustrated embodiment, the heat transfer member 138 comprises a material of high thermal conductivity (e.g., copper) that is generally shaped into a plurality of fins. Other materials or shapes can also be used, such as copper alloys or circular members. Additionally, the heat transfer between the heat transfer member 138 and the surrounding environment can be enhanced by providing a fluid transfer device (e.g., a fan) to move fluid (e.g., air) over and/or through the heat transfer member 138.
When a current is passed through the N-type semiconductor elements 122 in series with the P-type semiconductor elements 124, one junction 128 on one side of the semiconductor elements 122, 124 is heated and a junction 128 on the other side of the thermoelectric elements 122, 124 is cooled. That is, when a voltage is applied in one direction in series through the semiconductor elements 122, 124, alternating junctions 128 of the N-type semiconductor elements 122 and P-type semiconductor elements 124 will heat and cool respectively. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 10, the junctions 128 of the semiconductor elements 122, 124 alternate along the top and bottom of the device 110. Thus, when a voltage is applied in one direction through the semiconductor elements 122, 124, the top of the thermoelectric device 110 heats and the bottom of the thermoelectric device 110 cools. When the current direction is reversed, the top of the thermoelectric device 110 is cooled and the bottom is heated. Current can be applied to the device 110 through electrical connectors 140, which can be electrically coupled one of the junctions 128.
The thermoelectric device 110 illustrated and described herein can comprise one or more intermediate electrical terminals as discussed with reference to FIGS. 1-7B. In addition, the device 110 can include one or more switches or other components, as desired or required for the proper operation of the device 110.
As discussed, a sensor 150 can be disposed between the semiconductor elements 122, 124. The sensor 150 can be configured to determine any of a number of states of operation of the thermoelectric device 110. For example, the sensor 150 can comprise a temperature sensor, such as a thermistor. In some embodiments, a thermistor with an internal resistance of about 1000Ω can be used. Sensors having other resistances and/or completely different types of sensors that detect different operating states of the device 110 can also be used (e.g., thermocouples, resistance thermometers, etc.). In some arrangements, the sensor 150 can determine the temperature of the thermoelectric device 110 at a point located among the semiconductor elements 122, 124. The sensor 150 can be disposed on a conductor tab 128 (e.g., element 152) generally between an N-type semiconductor element 122 and a P-type semiconductor element 124. Alternatively, the sensor 150 can be located between any two conductor elements 122, 124 while mounted or placed on the substrate 132. In a modified embodiment, the sensor 150 can be disposed between a semiconductor element 122, 124 and the edge of the substrate 132.
As illustrated in FIG. 10, the electrical connectors 140 can form the end terminals T1 and T2 as described herein with reference to FIGS. 1-7B. To provide one or more intermediate terminals in accordance with some of the embodiments disclosed herein, one or more connectors can be provided between the first and second terminals T1, T2.
In FIG. 12, a climate control system 199 for a seat assembly 200 is shown in combination with a pair of thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b. Such thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b can be arranged and configured as described above. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of the thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b comprise an intermediate terminal to selectively direct electrical current through only a portion of the respective circuit. In some embodiments, the seat assembly 200 is similar to a standard automotive or other vehicle seat. However, it should be appreciated that certain features and aspects of the climate control system 199 and seat assembly 200 disclosed herein can also be used in a variety of other applications and environments. For example, certain features and aspects of the system 199 and assembly 200 may be adapted for use in other vehicles, such as, for example, airplane, trains, boats and the like. In addition, the features, aspects and other details of the system 199 and assembly 200 can be applied to other types of seating assemblies, such as, for example, wheelchairs, beds, sofas, office chairs and other types of chairs, theater seats and/or the like.
With continued reference to FIG. 12, the seat assembly 200 can comprise a seat portion 202 and a back portion 204. The seat portion 202 and back portion 204 can each comprise a cushion 206a, 206b and a plurality of channels 208a, 208b disposed within and/or extending through the cushions 206a, 206b. Each of the channels 208a, 208b can be placed in fluid communication with the climate control system 199 through a conduit 210a, 210b. The conduits 210a, 210b, in turn, can be in fluid communication with separate climate control devices 212a, 212b. In the illustrated embodiment, the channels 208a associated with the seat portion 202 are in communication with a different climate control device 212a than the channels 208b in the back portion 204. However, in other embodiments, a single climate control device can be in fluid communication with the channels 208a, 208b of both the seat portion 202 and back portion 204. In yet other embodiments, multiple climate control devices can be associated with either the seat portion 202 and/or the back portion 204. In some embodiments, the channels 208a, 208b and/or conduits 210a, 210b can include resistive heating elements (not shown).
In the illustrated embodiment, the climate control devices 212a, 212b can each comprise a thermoelectric device 210a, 210b, which can be configured as described above (e.g., having one or more intermediate electrical terminals), and a fluid transfer device 230a, 230b. The fluid transfer device 230a, 230b can comprise a radial or axial fan, or any other device for transferring a fluid. Each thermoelectric device 210a, 210b can be disposed between a fluid transfer device 230a, 230b and the respective conduit 210a, 210b. As discussed, the thermoelectric device 210a, 210b can be configured to selectively heat or cool a fluid (e.g., air) delivered by the fluid transfer device 230a, 230b to the seat portion 202 and/or back portion 204. The fluid transfer device 230a, 230b can be configured to transfer air or other fluid to the channels 208a, 208b that is drawn past only one side of the thermoelectric device 210a, 210b. Accordingly, the climate control devices 212a, 212b can be configured to selectively supply heated or cooled air 222a, 222b through the plurality of conduits 210a, 210b to the seat assembly 200. The fluid transfer device 230a, 230b can also be used to withdraw air through the conduits 210a, 210b. In yet other arrangements, heated and/or cooled air or other fluid can be delivered to any other portion of the seat assembly 200 (e.g., neck rest area), either in lieu of or in addition to the plurality of conduits 210a, 210b. 
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 12, each of the thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b includes a pair of heat transfer members 238 as described herein. The heat transfer members 238 form a waste heat exchanger and a generally opposing main heat exchanger, which can be thermally exposed to the air or other fluid transferred by the fluid transfer device 230a, 230b. Depending upon the mode of operation, heat can be transferred to the air or other fluid through the main heat exchanger or withdrawn from the air or other fluid through the main heat exchanger.
The climate control devices 212a, 212b can be controlled and operatively connected by an electronic control device 214a, 214b. The electronic control devices 214a, 214b can receive signals from a plurality of input sources 216, 218, 220. In the illustrated embodiment, three input sources are shown, but more or fewer can be used. The electronic control devices 214a, 214b can be operatively connected with each other through an information connection 224. The electronic control devices 214a, 214b can be configured change the operating state of the climate control devices 212a, 212b in response to a control signal or setting. For example, the electronic control devices 214a, 214b can alter the speed at which fluid is transferred by the fluid transfer devices 230a, 230b or the operating state of the thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b to heat or cool the fluid. One or more sensors 150 (FIGS. 8-11) disposed in the thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b can impart information through one or more hardwired and/or wireless connections to the electronic control devices 214a, 214b. This can permit the devices 214a, 214b to accurately determine the operating temperature of the climate control devices 212a, 212b. The electronic control devices 214a, 214b can adjust the operation of the climate control devices 212a, 212b based at least in part on information provided by a sensor. For example, the electronic control devices 214a, 214b can change the direction or strength of current in the thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b, change the speed of operation of the fluid transfer device 230a, 230b, and/or shut down the devices 210a, 210b if there is a malfunction.
In other embodiments, the electronic devices 214a, 214b can direct the electrical current through an end terminal or an intermediate terminal to a specific end terminal or other intermediate terminal as disclosed herein. This can permit the thermoelectric devices 210a, 210b to provide a desired or required level of heating and/or cooling.
Various components are described as being “operatively connected” to the control unit. It should be appreciated that this is a broad term that includes physical connections (e.g., electrical wires or hard wire circuits) and non-physical connections (e.g., radio or infrared signals). It should also be appreciated that “operatively connected” includes direct connections and indirect connections (e.g., through additional intermediate device(s)).
Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while the number of variations of the invention have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of this invention, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with, or substituted for, one another in order to perform varying modes of the disclosed invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above, but should be determined only by a fair reading of the claims.

## Claims

1. A thermoelectric system comprising:
a pair of opposing substrates, each substrate having a peripheral edge and a face that generally opposes a face of the other opposing substrate;
a plurality semiconductor elements positioned between the opposing faces of the opposing substrates, the plurality of semiconductor elements comprises at least two groups of dissimilar semiconductor elements, wherein the plurality of semiconductor elements are electrically coupled in series by conductor elements arranged so the two groups of dissimilar semiconductor elements are connected in an alternating pattern;
a first terminal, a second terminal and a third terminal electrically connected to the conductor elements with the third terminal being positioned electrically between the first and second terminals along a circuit created by the plurality of semiconductor elements electrically coupled in series by the conductor elements, and
a switch electrically connected to at least one of the first, second and third terminals, so as to permit electric current to selectively flow between the first and second terminals and between the first and third terminals, wherein the switch permits a total number of semiconductor elements through which electric current passes to be adjusted;
wherein the electrically coupled semiconductor elements comprise a plurality of first nodes and a plurality of second nodes, wherein the first and second nodes emit or absorb heat according to electric current flowing through the semiconductor elements, and wherein an impedance of the thermoelectric system is controlled by activating the switch.

2. The thermoelectric system of claim 1, wherein the switch is electrically connected to the third terminal.

3. A thermoelectric system comprising:
a first couple of first and second dissimilar conductive elements, connected to each other at a first common node, the first couple comprising a first end and a second end;
a second couple of first and second dissimilar conductive elements, connected to each other at a second node, the second couple comprising a first end and a second end, the first end of the second couple being connected to the second end of the first couple at the second node;
a first terminal connected to the first end of the first couple;
a second terminal connected to the second end of the second couple; and
a third terminal electrically connected to the second node through an electrical switch, wherein the electrical switch permits a total number of conductive elements through which electric current passes to be varied during operation of the system, wherein the first, second and third terminals are electrically coupled to a power source;
wherein the switch controls an electrical impedance of the thermoelectric system by switching electric current through the third terminal, wherein the switch permits electric current to be delivered through only some of the conductive elements.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein switching of the switch is associated with a flowing direction of the electric current through the thermoelectric system.

5. The system of claim 3, wherein the first terminal is connected to a first voltage, wherein the second terminal is connected to a second voltage, and wherein the switch is open such that electric current flows through the first and second couples of first and second dissimilar conductive elements.

6. The system of claim 3, wherein the first terminal is connected to a first voltage, wherein the second terminal is connected to a second voltage, wherein the third terminal is connected to the second voltage, and wherein the switch is closed such that electric current flows only through the first couple of first and second dissimilar conductive elements.

7. A thermoelectric system comprising:
a first dissimilar conductive element having a first end and a second end;
a second dissimilar conductive element having a first end and a second end, the first end of the second dissimilar conductive element being connected to the second end of the first dissimilar conductive element;
a first terminal connected to the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element;
a second terminal connected to the second end of the second dissimilar conductive element at a first node; and
a third terminal electrically coupled to a contact point located between the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element and the first node through an electrical switch, wherein the first, second and third terminals are configured to electrically couple to a power source,
wherein the electrical switch permits an electrical impedance of the thermoelectric system to be controlled during operation of the system by selectively switching electric current through the third terminal, wherein the electrical switch permits electric current to be delivered through only some of the conductive elements.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the electrical switch comprises a slidable leg connected to the contact point between the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element and the first node.

9. The system of claim 7, wherein the electrical switch comprises multiple taps connected to a plurality of contact points between the first end of the first dissimilar conductive element and the first node, and wherein the electrical switch closes one of the multiple taps when activated.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the electrical switch is configured to select one of the multiple taps, and wherein a flow of electric current through the first dissimilar conductive element is controlled by selecting of one of the multiple taps.

11. The system of claim 7, wherein the dissimilar conductive element comprises a P-type semiconductor and a N-type semiconductor.

12. The system of claim 7, wherein the switching electric current through the third terminal limits the amount of heating or cooling produced by the thermoelectric system.