### NOVEMBER 1993 ECN-C--93-064



# CLASSIFICATIONOFPULVERIZEDCOALASH PartII. Leaching PropertiesofConcretewith Pulverized CoalFlyAshasPartial CementReplacement

H.A.VAN DERSLOaT 

### G.J. DEGROOT D.HOEDE



# MASTER

IlSIJlIlIrulN II 1IIS '-00 • IIIIIIIlIII 

# II f1Rm11 SAl!S ...,AIIB {)

# A I

### 2 This research was carried outunder contract with lHE NETHERLANDS AGENCY FOR 

### ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT (NOVEM) Contract 20.53

- 021.10

ECN-e-93-064ECN-C-93-064 

# CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Concrete cubes 2.1.2 Mortar prisms 2.1.3 Size-reduced mortar prism 2.2 Chemical methods 2.2.1 Composition 2.2.2 

### Availability 2.2.3 

### Release with time 

### 2.2.4 Batch tests 

### 22.5 Surface area determination 2.3 Data reduction 

### 2.3.1 Parameters 

### 2.3.2 Long-term release calculations 3. RESULTS 3.1 Composition 

### 3.2 Availability 

### 33 Leaching 

### 3.3.1 Tortuosity 3.3.2 Retention factors 

### 33.3 Effectofcoarse aggregate in concrete on leaching 

### 33.4 Average retention values for concrete 3.4 

### Effects ofparticle size on leaching 3.4.1 

### Batch data as function ofLS 

### and ti",.; 3.4.2 Chemic:l! speciation modelling 3.5 

### Effect ofcoal fly ash 

### loading 3.6 Long-term release estimates 3.6.1 Environmental factors 3.6.2 Release estimates for specific applications 4. 

### CONCLUSIONS 5. 

### REFERENCES 6. FIGURES APPENDICES 

### 5 7 7 

### 7 

### 8 8 9 

### 9 

### 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 

### 13 13 

### 13 

### 15 15 16 17 18 18 18 19 

### 20 22 22 22 2S 

### 27 31 

### 53



### 34**ECN-e-~** 

# •ECN-C-93....()64 

# 1. 

# INTRODUCTION

In Part I the leaching behaviour of pulverized coal ash is dealt with addressing leachability as a function of the liquid to solid ratio and as a function of pH [1]. Here the leaching behaviour of cement-based products containing pulverized coal ash is described. The utilization ofpulverized coal fly ash as an admixture in cement has been prompted by the beneficial properties ofcoal fly 

### ash [2,3,4,5]. The coal fly ash can be used in 

### the clinker production and as a partial cement replacement due to its pozzoIanic properties. As 

### a result ofdiscussions on the environmental effects ofcoal ash 

### utilization the leaching properties ofccment mortars containing coal fly ash 

### were studied in a previous study [3,4). In this work the actual cement concrcte cubes containing cement, sand, coal fly ash, gravel and water were tested for their leachability using a standardized leachtest procedure [6,7). The test is based on the assessment ofintrinsic leaching propertics[6,7,8). In this study the results are compared with data obtained from the previous study on pure cement-coal fly ash-sand mortars [3]. In addition the results from a study on a size-reduced cement-fly ash 

### mortar is given as a function of liquid to solid ratio and contact-time [10]. The information gained from the latter study is relevant to assess the potential long term effects after complete detcrioration ofthe cement-based matrix and the influence ofparticle size on leaching. Based on the intrinsic information obtained in these studies, estimates are given for the long term release of trace contaminants from coal fly ash in 

### concrete applications.



### 5

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part II

6 ECN-e-93-064

### EOl-e-93-064 

# 2. EXPERIMENTAL The materials studies and experimental conditions applied in testing are specified below. 

## 2.1 Materials

The samples coal fly ash used in the preparation of test specimen were all obtained from Dutch coal flIed utilities through the assistance of the VIiegasunie B.V. ('s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands). Materials were collected from conventional installations and installations operating with lowNOx burners. The main reason for the use of these two types of ash 

### is to verify whether the ash produced from installations with low-NOx burners is still compatible with the original envisaged uses of coal fly ash in concrete. The higher contcnt of unburnt carbon in 10w-NOx ash as observed shortly after installation of 10w-NOx burners and the difference in particle morphology prompted lead to this question. 

## 2.1.1 Concrete cubes At RPA (Research & 

### Product dcvelopment B.V., Heemstede) concrete cubes were prepared for leaching studies to be 

### perfonned at ECN. The following compositions wereprepared (table 1). Table I. 

### Concrete cube compositions Code Date of Coal ash 

### Percent Cement preparation code cement type 

### replacement 

### 3 10-11-87 1 20 PZ 

### 45 11 

### 07-12-87 1 40 

### PZ 

### 45 18 12-01-88 1 20 PZ 

### 35F 19 12-01-88 1 20 HOZ 

### 35 26 07-01-88 1 20 PZ 

### 45 33 15-02-88 1 20 PZ 

### 45

•PZPortland cement HOZ Blastfurnace slag cement Thephysical properties ofthe concrete cubes is given in table II.



### 7

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part Il
Table II. 

### Physicalproperties ofconcrete cubes

Code Sand Gravel Cement Coal WIC+F Slump Compressive strength after x days ash mm 2 7 14 28 56 90 kg kg kg kg N/mm'
3 797 1056 256 65 055 110 175 27.9 30.4 36.8 42.2 39.3 11 795 1053 192 128 053 99 10.6 18.1 22.6 26.9 324 35.6 18 797 1056 256 64 055 100 10.6 19.4 24.4 29.2 329 37.0 19 799 1060 256 64 053 102 5.8 18.1 23.1 265 29.9 33.0 26 806 1068 224 56 0.64 90 14.6 23.7 27.9 32.0 36.2 38.0 33 777 1031 288 72 050 11 ZZ.7 35.4 41.7 45.3 51.5 54.5



## 2.1.2 Mortarprisms The composition of the prisms prepared by RPA 

### (Heemslede) in 

### the framework of

### an earlierstudy 

### [3] is given in 

### table 

### III. Table III. 

### Composition of mortarprisms Code



### 120 130 140 Date of preparation



### 2-5-88 2-5-88 2-5-88 Coal ash 

### code

1 1 1 

### Percent cementreplacement


### 20 30 

### 40
The physical properties ofthe mortars prepared 

### as indicated in 

### table IV. 

### Table IV. 

### Physicalproperties of mortarprisms
Code Sand Cement CoalW/C+F ash 

### Heagennann mID 

### 2 Compressive strength (days) 

### 7 14 

### 28 56 90
120 130 

### 140 0.5 

### 052 0.522 

### 179 26 403 

### 46.8 51.7 57.1 61.4 188 192 31.0 37.2 43 50.1 55.6 184 14.9 24.8 29 32.6 39.6 44.8


## 2.1.3 Size-reduced mortarprism The mortarprisms prepared forthe testing ofleaching behaviorfrom size-reduced material is given below: 

### Sand : cement : 

### coal ash 

### = 75 : 18.75 : 6.25 % 

### w/w The sand specificaticns meetNEN 

### 3550.


### 8 ECN-C-93-Q64ECN-e-93-064 

### Experimental
Cement type 

### used Portland A (ENCI) Waler/cemenHfly ash ratio : 0.50 The mechanical properties ofthe prisms after28 days are: Flexural strength 9.8 

### N/mm2 

### Compressive strength 39.1 

### N/mm2 

## 2.2 Chemical methods The chemical methods include the analysis ofchemical compOSItion and the leaching tcsts carried out 10 

### assess the environmental properties of construction materials with secondary materials. 

### 2.2.1 Composition The chemical composition ofthe concrete cubes and liquid samples resulting from leaching experiments has been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and ion-chromatography. The ashes were mainly analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. For several elements atomic absorption or induced coupled plasma emission spectrometry is 

### preferred, e.g. Pb, Cd, Mg and Cu. In these cases dissolution has been carried out with a mixture of HN03 ' 

### HClO. and HF. A more detailed description of the analytical methods used has been published elsewherc [3,11). 

### 2.2.2 Availability The availability tcst originally described in NVN 2508 

### (now NEN 7341 

### [12]) is aimed at assessing the fraction of the total mass available for leaching under environmental conditions. This implies that the silicate matrix and very poorly soluble mineral phases are not dissolved. This is achieved by performing the test on finely ground 

## « 125 !UIl) 

### material at a high dilution (LS=100) 

### to minimize solubility limitations and controlling the pH at4 as the lowest pH that. apart from rather exceptional conditions in sulfidic ore bodies, may be found 

### in the environment [17]. 

### The test includes an extraction at pH 7 to obtain bctter e".-traction efficiency for oxyanionic species[13]. 

### 2.2.3 Release with time For monolithic construction materials and products containing waste materials a different approach for the assessment ofenvironmental impact is needed. A tank leaching procedure wilh similarities to ANS 16.1 [14], which was developed to assess leaching from stabilized radioactive waste, has been modified and drafted as a Dutch standard procedure NEN 7345 

### [6). From this procedure information on the predominant leaching mechanisms and leach parameters for calculation long tcrm release can be 

### obtained. By measuring an incrt component (e.g. Na) the physical restriction (tortuosity) ofthe matrix can be 

### obtained. For other components, the chemical rctention in the pro,luct matrix caused by the chemical environment in the pores ofthe product canbe quantified [7,8,15,16).


### 9



# ..Oassification ofpulverized coal ash: Part ]] 

## 2.2.4 Batchtests Mortar prisms were size-reduced in ajaw crusher. The material was sieved in three size-classes: fraction A:1.5

- 

### 6

### mm fraction B:O.5

- 1.5 

### mm fraction C:< 05 mm These fractions were extracted with demineralized water in five liquid to solid ratios 

### (LS= 500, 100, 20, 

### 4, 1) and three contact times (t 

### = 0.5, 5 and 50 hours). Afterthe extraction, which was carried out in closed polyethylene bottles, the samples were filtered through 0.45 Illll membrane fLIters. The pH and conductivity ofthe samples was measured. The elemental composition ofthe extracts was detennined by the analytical methods specified in section 2.2.l. The following constituents were detennined: Ca, Mg, Zo, Cu, AI, Si, NH4+, NOJ-, SO/-, Cl, F, N02-, Mo, W, Sb, As, Ga, Cr, Sr, Br, Na, and K 

## 2.2.5 Surface areadetermination The surface area ofthe intact specimen was taken as the geometrical surface area of the product. The surface area of the size-reduced material was detennined by N2 adsorption using the BET mcthod (Quantasorb).


## 2.3 Data reduction
2..5.1 Parameters The parameters derived from the leaching data are tortuosity data, which are obtained from the measurement of an inert constituent and the chemical retention of a given constituent based on the tortuosity as indicated by this inert constituent. For details on the procedure more infonnation on the methodology canbe obtained from references [7,16]. 

## 2.3.2 Long-term release calculations Based on the intrinsic leach parameters derived from the tankleaching studies release estimates for longer periods of time can be made using a model, which takes into account the depletion of the leachable constituent and the spatial dimensions of the product. The mode of contact with water and the smallest dimension (either length, width or height) arc crucial in this respect [9,16]. Changes in pH with time can be partly accounted for once the relation between chemical retention value and pH are quantified. Similarly, changes in redox environment may affectthe retention values, which Can be accounted



### 10 ECN-C--93-064ECN-C-93-064 

# I Experimental

for when the relation between redox potential and retention are quantified. 

### In a recent study, consequences of reducing conditions on release have been addressed [17]. The conditions that areaddressed are : 1. 

### Aconcretewall permanently exposed to leaching with surfacewater. 2. A concretewall ofabuilding exposed to rainwaterrunoff These situations are compared with for a time scale of 100 years with regular concrete as a reference and placed in perspective relative to the draft 

### regulations in the Building Materials Decree.

11 

## E



# -- 

# --

=

# I Classification ofpulverized coal 

### ash: Part II



### 12 

# I

ECN-e-93-064

# 3. 

# RESULTS 3.1 Composition Theelemental composition ofthe materials studied is 

### given in 

### table V.
Table V. 

### Elemental composition ofcement-basedmaterials (mglkg)

Element 3 11 

### Sample code 

### 18 19 26 33 64 

### 73 82

Ca 

### 43500 32900 53000 37200 47100 45400 61800 70400 71100 Na 

### 1500 1600 1550 1550 1750 1350 1200 1400 1400 K 

### 3950 3700 3900 4100 4250 3550 3650 3800 3900 S04 

### 5608 4827 7797 8209 6181 5788 4181 7966 8220 As 

### 7.7 8.9 6.6 7.8 7.1 7.4 8.5 7.4 6.5 B 

### 31 48 31 38 34 31 41 29 27 Cd 

### 0.4 2.0 0.9 0.3 Mo 

### .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 .s5 

### s5 Zn 28 

### 25 

### 27 15 24 24 48 

### 42 37

The composition ofmajor elements is 

### not as sensitive to changes 

### in coal fly ash 

### addition 

### as some of the trace clements. However, due to the relatively small contribution offly ash 

### (about 6 

### % 

### by weight) the changes aregenerally also 

### small. 

## 3.2 Availability The availability for leaching ofmajorand trace constituents from the concrete cubes and the mortar prisms is given 

### in table VI and VII.

ECN-e-93-064 

### 13

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part II
Table VI. 

### Availability data

### for concrete-cubes (%) 

### Sample code Element 3 11 

### 18 19 26 33 64 

### 73 82


### Ca 100 100 85 

### 74 86 95 81 87 88 Na 29 14 15 16 12 22 23 

### 22 23 K 

### 27 21 29 14 21 21 20 23 24 

### 504 

### 80 74 56 51 65 69 125 77 80 As 

### 052 0.65 0.53 1.30 0.49 0.54 051 0.61 0.46 B 100 75 92 100 69 92 74 100 100 Cd 

### 50 15 17 33 Mo 20 10 20 10 30 30 

### 40 

### Zn 97 90 71 

### 30 78 72 

### 43 61 59
The availability ofCa, sulfate, 

### Zn and B are close to the total composition. wheras Na, K are apparently retained in 

### the cemcntious/silicate matrix as Na and K silicates. The retention ofAs 

### is caused by the chemical speciation of As 

### at high pH in a cementious matrix. From recent studies the role of enringite as a sorbing medium for oxyanions emerges more and more as an importar.! solubility controlling phase (18]. In table VII a comparison of concrete with gravel and mortar prisms is 

### given. Except for B. Cd, Zn and F, the availability oftrace elements is generally below 10 % 

### ofthe total.

14 EOl-C-93-064

### Results
Table VII.

### Average availability andstandarddeviationfor concrete
Concrete cubes Concrete Mammoet [16,19] Prism Oassification [3] n=8 n=2 n=7 Element Avg. STD 

### Avg. STD 

### Avg. STD
Ca 

### 89 10 84 

### 2 67 3 AI 

### 0.05 0.04 Si 2 0 

# f: Mg 37 3 Na 20 6 9.7 0.1 20 4 

### K 22 4 13 

### 0.2 S04 75 21 80 4 

### 60 19 As 

### 0.62 0.26 0.4 0.05 0.07 0.02 B 93 17 82 28 

### Ba 25 

### 1 

### Cd 29 16 95 8 39 17 

### Cr 6 2 Cu 11 

### 3 F 99 

### 6 103 8 Mo 23 

### 11 20 6 1 Ni 15 2 Pb 

### 3 2 22 Sb 7 1 0 0 Se 3 1 0.97 0.78 V 

### 2 0.84 0.37 

## w 0.80 0.09 

### Zn 67 21 30 

### 4 13 3


## 3.3 Leaching During the tank 

### leaching tests no appreciable erosion or abrasion of the test specimen 

### was noted. The set up ofthe experiments is 

### given 

### in figure 1. 

### The leaching data and calculation ofleach parameters aregiven 

### in Appendix A 

## 3.3.1 Tortuosity From the release ofan 

### inert constituent information on the tortuosity ofthe matrix can 

### be obtained [7,16]. In many cascs 

### Na mobility has been used 

### for this 

### purpose. In 

### the 

### case ofconcrete K 

### appe:us to be better. 

### as Na has been 

### shown to be 

### more reactive in the cementation reactions[]. Na was shown to concentrate on the surface of specimen 

### in an 

### unreactive fonn ofwhich the chemical nature is 

### still unknown 

### [9]. This phenomenon is 

### much less pronounced for 

### K. therefor 

### K has been 

### used in the calculation of the tortuosity. In table VJll 

### the tortuosity data for the concrete cubes and 

### the mortar prisms is

### given in comparison with datafrom other studies.

15

# .. Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II

Table VlIl. 

### Tortuosity datafor concrete andmortars with coalfly 

### ash
Material Code Tortuosity
Cube 3 148 Prism 64 28 11 128 73 36 18 280 82 32 19 730 Prism [3] 20 36 26 192 23 32 33 188 2S 28 Cube [16] REF 

### 188 27 

### 13 EB 599 31 34 EN 302 42 30 43 31 44 

### 34 45 39 Prism rcf[3] 51 85

Thc average tortuosity for mortar prisms amounts to 31 

## =- 6.5. For concrcte cubes the avcrage tortuosity is 

### 306

## =- 213 or 203 

## =- 64 (two extreme value omitted). The difference between the tortuosity of mortar prisms and concrete cubes with gravel is 

### partly attnbutcd to the extended path length for diffusion due to the non-porol:s gravel. In 

### figure 

### :2 the tortuosity values arc givcn formortars and concrete cubes. 

## 3.3.2 Retention factors Once the matrix tortuosity has bccD 

### obtaincd from an inert constitucnt, a measure for the chemical retention in the matrix can be calculated relati"'e to the pbysical retardation of aD 

### inert componcnt. In table IX chemical retmtion dataforconcrete cubes and 

### mortarprisms are given.

16 ECN-C-93-064Results

Table IX. 

### Chemical retention in concrete andmortars with coalfly 

### ash

Element Concrete (this work) Concrete [16,19] Mortar Average Range Range prism [3) Ca 2650 160

- 4100 380-1400 9500 Na 1 0.3

- 1.2 1 1 

### K 1 1 1.1-1.6 2 AI 6 

### Si 76 

### SO. 2000 1400

- 4200 66-130 1700 As 4 0.5 - 5 1 1 B 

### 11 1 - 

### 80 190 Cd 400 300

- 20000 

### >50 440 

# a 6-8 240 Cr 

### >10 2 

## eu > 10 0 F 12000-500 350 Mg 240000 Mo 1 0.2

- 1.8 5 12 Ph > 100 180 

### Sb 1 4 Se 1 2 V 5-12 

### 5 W 3 Zn 300 

### 50

- 2130 5-8 120

In figures 3 to 6 thc cffcctive diffusion coefficicnts for mortars and concrete cubes are 

### gi,,1:I1. The reproducibility 

### is such that for aD environmental assessmo:nt standard values caD be used for release estimates. -fbc main issue for prediction oflong term release based on tbcsc parameters ",,11 be to what extent the intrinsic properties listed bcrc will rcmaiil the same on the long tenn aDd if thcy cbaogc with time. whcther sudJ cbaogcs can be quantified. This aspect wiD be addressed in more detail in section 3.6. 

## 3.3-3 Effectofcoarse aggregate inconcrete on leaching The role of coaISC aggregate (gravel) 

### in conactc on leaching is subsIaDtiaI in comparison
.... ith relati"'cly bomogCDCOus mortar prisms. The eementitoas matrix ",ill be similar to the mortar material. This implies that aD 

### cffccti""e diffusion coefficient for a pure mortar bas to be modified to accouIIt for the presence of essentially oon-leachable low-porosity material. This bas :be same effect as the pn:scnce ofuncoMCCted porosity in ligbl-""'dgbt COiKJcte. v.lIicb basbeen shown 10 resull 

### in aD apparent inacase in tortuosity (20). The 

### differc:occ: in tortuosity bel'\l."CaI mortarprisms aDd ccmc:ot cubes aQOQI1IS to a factor of almost a factor of 10. ID terms of rcle:asc of poteDtial

17
""",.Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II contaminants, this is a significant reduction in overall release from concrete relative to apurebinder mix (mortarprism).


### 3.3.4 

## Average retention values forconcrete The average effective diffusion coefficient for concrete can be derived from the tank leaching data using the free mobility of a constituent in water and the tortuosity as derived for an inert component (e.g. K). Table X 

### Average effective diffusion coefficientsfor concrete (Tortuosity 

# = 180). Element Average pD. S11) Availability pDo mglkg Ca 14.60 0.60**3ססoo** 9.10 Na 10.90 0.20 300 8.88 K 10.90 0.20 800 8.71 S04 14.00 0.40 4000 8.94 As 10.60 0.50 0.04 9.04 B 12.80 0.40 40 9.00 

### Cd 13.30 0.70 0.2 9.14 

## a 11.60 0.90 

# soc 8.69 Cr 12.00 0.50 5 9.23 Cu 14..30 0.90 5 9.11 F 13..30 0.40 150 8.84 Mg 15.90 0.40 3000 9.00 Mo 12.80 0.40 1 9.01 Pb 14.00 0.70 0.5 9.02 

### Sb 11.70 0.50 0.2 9.08 Sc 12.00 0.60 0.05 9.02 

### v 12.20 0.40 2 9.00 

### Zn 12.70 0.50 10 9.11 The pD. \'3Jues listed here are based on samples obtained after al least 28 days curing. With 

### further curing the porosity of the matrix lends to reduce somCVo'hat further. 'IlI."bich bas an effect on the tortuosity. The magnitude of this effect is relatively small compared to changes due 10 pH variation. Although a a:ment matrix wiD SUSIaiD a buffered condition for a very 

### long 

### period of 

### time. tbe pH at the**surfa~** 'IlI.iD start to drop due to extcmal influences (C3Ibonation. acid 

### raiD). Such changes do have a significant effect on the chemical retention 

### ""3laes.. 1be mobility ofa \"ariety ofconstituents is h"kely to iDaeasc: 'IlI.ith dcaeasing pH [21). 

# 3.4 Effects ofparticle size onleaching
3.4.1 Batch data 

## as function ofIS and time 1be elemental composition and the 

### pH and conduethity**mcasun:mcnt~** are gi\'en 

### in Appeadix 

### B.
18**EOl-C-~**Results
In figures 

### 7 to 

### 15 3-D graphical presentations ofthe leaching data is given as afunction of

### I.S and l. The specific surface area determination ofthe individual fractions is given in table XI. Table Xl. 

### Specific surface area ofsize-reducedmortarprisms
Fraction

< 0.5 

### mm 0.5 

### -15 mm 15-6mm Specific surface area m2 /g 

### 5 35 2.3

ECN-C-93-Q6.a The difference between the different size fractions is relatively small in comparison with the inerease in surface 

### area expected on the basis ofmedian particle size. This can be explained by the presence of very fme particulates adhering to largerparticles and by a high porosity ofthe particles in the large size classes in particular. From the 

### graphs it can be concluded that differences in particle-size are not reflected in the leaching data for many elements. This indicates that the presence of fme particles in coarse material separated by siC";ng creates a larger release than expected on the basis ofaverage particle size. In addition. the chemical en"'ironment created by the crushed prism matrix is dominating the leachability ofmost constituents. In municipal solid waste incinerator ash crushing/sieving results in a much larger difference between in pH between coarse 

### and fme**fr::~tions** was observed, which leads to 

### an e"'en more dramatic difference betwc.;:: the leachability as a function of size-fraction 

### [22). At short contact times the most noticeable differences are observed. which 

### arc probably related to diffusion constraints from interior of the particles. After 

### 50 

### burs these differences.. ifpresent, 

### arc substantial1y redl1ced. For several clements the time-dcpcndent leaching data indieate thai 

### an equilibrium situation is reached after 

### 24 to 

### 50 hours contact time. HoWC"·er. several elements show a decrease ofthe leachability Vo';th time after an initial peakrelease (AI. 

### Sb. 

### Zn. 

### As.. Mg). The change in pH with contact time is one ofthe factors th:l.t may induce such a effect. In figure 16 the leaching data for 

### Ca.. AI. 

### Mg. Si, 

### As.. and Zn from the crushed cement stabilized product are plotted together**wi~** the leachability data ofthese elements from coal fly ash 

### [1.23]. At high liquid to solid ratio no solubility limitation 

### is reached (datapoints belc,w solubility line). The 

### Ca data approach the solubility 

### as obtained for coal fly ash. The leachability of 

### Ca from 

### pun: cemc:nt leads 10 a lower concentration 

### in comparison 'Q.ith coal fly ash. The 

### Ca isCODttoDed by theccmentitious 

### phases found from reaction of

### Ca. AI 

### aDd Si. II 

### is expected that 

### Ca dcaeascs with 

### pH al 

### pH levels higher tha., 12- The AI data approach the solubility CODttol by cementitious phases. AI 10Vo.'CI' 

### l.S ,,-aJues and longercontact times (as the pH 

### goes up) the Mg data fall on the Mg Icachaci!ity CUI'\'e reflecting solubility conttol by brucile : Mg(OH}.. The solubility of Si from crusbcd cemenl-fly ash is 

### go..

### 'CI'DCd by the same solubility CODttolling phases as in cool fly ash.



### 19

### Classification cfpulverized coal ash: 

### Part II
Also the trace elements As and Zn 

### are at or below the solubility as observed**b~~~** 

### . These examples indicate that largely the same phases control the pure coal fly ash 

### in cement-fly ash-mix and pure coal fly ash. 

### A comparison of the leaching data for the LS=1 data after 50 hours contact time is indicative of the relation between particle size, surface area and leachability. In table XII the concentrations ha"'e been normalized to the specific surface area. Table XlI. 

### Surface area normalized concentrations. Element A 

### B C 

### Specific surface 2.3 3.5 5 area (m2 jg) 

### Particle size range >1.5 mm 0.5

- 1.5 mm < 

### 0.5 mm As 2.1 1.8 0.5 Br 62 75 76 

### Ca 61 

# -., 62 :)- 

### Cl 1.54 1.5 1.31 Cr 100 63 106 F 304 

### 190 110 

### K 7.0 4.5 4.5 Mo 211 128 180 Na 7.8 4.1 3.8 SO/- 111 55 103 Sb 6.5 2.6 1.1 

### Si 6.7 4.3 2.6 W 

### 152 113 154 Zn 

### 8.3 8.8 22 pH 11.30 11.25 11.45 Cond.(normalized) 395 

### 286 320
The data 

### in table XII clearly show that several clements behave reasonably in accordance v."ith the change in surface area. Others such as As, 

### F, Sb, Si and 

### Zn beba"'e differently. Here equilibrium appears to have been established in solution, irrespecti,,"e ofthe 

### particle size. Aftercorrection for surface area this results 

### in proportionally lowernormalized values. 

## 3.4.2 Chemical speciation modelling The data obtained 

### after 50 hours cont:lct time for the size reduced material bas been 

### used as input data 

### to MinteqA2 geochemical speciation program (24). Of all 

### species introduced 

### in the calculation. only Mg, Si., AI and 

### Ca appear 

### still to be 

### out of equilibrium. since the mood predicts lower equilibrium concentrations for these elements. In table XIII the measured concentrations and 

### the predicted equilibrium concentrations aregiven.

20**EOl-e-~**Results
Table XIII. 

### Comparison ofbatch testdata atLS=1(50Iwurs) withMinteqa2 Element
Mg Si AI Ca Units

mgll mgll mgll mgll Batch concentrations

0.05

13 1 310 Geochemical model

0.13 0.1 038 266**ECN-e-~** In particular, Si is still far from equilibrium after 50 hours contact time. The lack of proper stability constants for the rele'./ant cementitious phases may well be the cause for this discrepancy. The 

### pc and 

## Eu as obtained from modelcalculations for LS=1 and pH =11.5 and the measured equimolar concentrations ofnitrite and nitrate are 0.35 and 20 mV, respectively. This is slightly suboxic in comparison with fully oxidized fresh water. Further modelling work is needed on the basis ofpH static testing of crushed cement-based material to assess the sensitivity of leaching to changes of pH in the cement matrix with time due to external influences (acid rain. carbonation). 

## 3.5 Effectofcoal fly ash loading In the mortar prism the coal fly ash replacement ofcement is varied from 20 to 40 %. In table XIV the leaching data (pOe's and availabilities) are given indicating that there is no substantial difference between the intrinsic properties from these cement-based materials as a function of the fly ash content. Table XlV. 

### Leachability asafunction ofcoalfly 

### ash loading. Element pOe Standard deviation Availability Percentfly ash as cementreplacement 20 

### 30 40 20 30 40 20 30 40 

### Ca 13.70 1330 1330 0.41 0.24 0.13 

### 88 87 81 Na 1050 10.60 1030 0.09 0.03 0.06 

### 23 22 23 S04 14.20 13.60 13.60 0.16 0.18 0.27 80 77 125 As 10.60 10.60 10.20 0.40 030 030 0.5 0.5 05 B 12.80 12.80 12.70 0.12 0.11 0.07 111 103 74 In view of the standard deviation in the pOe measurement the difference between the mortars containing different fly ash cement replacements is relatively small. The pOe tends to become somewhat lower at the high fly ash loading. which would point at a lower tortuosity (i.e. a more open matrix structure). As a fll'St eslirnate the effective diffusion coefficients can be taken as constant. For a more precise approach the tortuosity can be adjusted to compensate for the changes 

### in the materials performance.

21 i l--Oassification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II 

## 3.6 Long-term release estimates
3.6.1 Environmental factors In the translation oflaboratory data to field conditions several factors ha\'e to be taken into account [25,26]. For concrete the degree of contact with water is a crucial factor. Constructions above groundwater feature intermittent flow of water over the surface during rainshowers. Subsequent evaporation will lead to a combination of wet/dry cycles that may have an influence on salt mobility at the interface. Another aspect is the uptake ofcarbondioxide in the surface layer ofconcrete due to the high pH. The changes in the surface layer due to these processes has been the subject ofmodelling activities [27,28,29]. The complexity of the processes in\'olved have as a consequence that at the present time it is difficult to take these aspects into full consideration. More modelling and experimental verificationwork is needed bcfo!"e these aspects can be implemented in decisionmaking. At present a qualitative estimate of long term effects in a changing environment is possible. thus improving the judgement capabilities strongly in comparison with the current tools. 

## 3.6.2 Release estimates for specific applications For a few practical applications, the factors controlling the release will be included to give a more realistic estimate of actual release. The examples chosen are: - a concrete wall exposed to fresh water - a concrete wall only affected by annual rainfall

- as comparison the release from a concrete reference without fly as is given. The latter is based on the same availability percentage as the specimen with fly ash. If the concentration of a constituent in the porewater of the cementitious product is solubility controlled the release by diffusion will be equal for both cases. This may lead to an overestimation of release in the subsequent calculations. At first the release in mg/m2 has been calculated for a number of relevant elements under standardized conditions at times ranging from 64 days up to 100 yea.rs. The standardized conditions imply release from a slab (0.2 m thick) at 20°C under permanently wet conditions. As reference concrete without coal fly ash is taken. In figures 17

- 19 the release of several elements as afunction of time is plotted. In appendix C the results of the calculations are given for exposure times up to 100 years. Based on these data the influence of factors affecting release in the specified scenarios arc estimated, such as limited contact with water. lower field temperature, change in mobility due to changing external conditions. In table XV the percentage of the leachable fraction (= a\'ailability) released in 100 years exposure is listed. Based on the emISSIon data for permanently wet conditions the release has been adjusted to comply better with field conditions. (sec Appendix C). This implies adjustment for the average temperature in the field relative to that in the lab [30). These data apply for contrete permanently in Ci'lntact with water


### 22 ECN-C-93-064ECN-e-93-Q64 

# • Results assuming no change in 

### chemical conditions. For concrete exposed to rainwater the release has to be 

### adjusted for the period of rainwater contact [30]. Aagin assuming
..:> 

### change in chemical conditions. In all 

### cases the data have been capared to the target values as specified in the draft 

### Building Materials Decree [31]. In tables VXI and XVII the data are sumarized.
Table XV. Fraction oftheavailable quantity leachedafter 100years


### Element Cumulative fraction leached Element Cumulative fraction leached
Na 100 Mg 0.8 K 

### 100 Mo 89 Ca 

### 33 Pb 

### 6.6 Sulfaat 6.6 Sb 

### 84 As 

### 100 Se 64 

### B 26 V 

### 51 Cd 15 

### Zn 29 Cl 89 Cu 4.7

Table XVI. Concrete inpermanent contactwith water


### Element IIR IfR 

### (ref) Element 

### 1!R IIR (ref)
As 

### 0.022 0.017 Sb 0.78 0.39 B Sulfaat 0.14 0.10 Cd 

### 0.48 0.07 V 

### 0.18 0.09 Mo 0.73 0.12 Zn 

### 0.19 0.15 Se 0.35 0.07
Based on the estimated average composition ofcoal fly ash 

### and the average avialability Mo and Sb come close to the threshold for free application without any restriction. From this summary it is 

### also clear that these two elements arethe relevant constituents for testing acceptance. Table XVII. Concrete in construction on land 

### Element IIR ]JR

### (ref) Element IIR IfR 

### (ref) As 0.006 0.004 Sb 0.28 0.15 B Sulfaat 0.1 0.03 Cd 0.18 0.03 V 

### 0.07 0.033 Mo 0.27 0.05 Zr. 

### 0.07 0.05 Se 0.13 0.025



### 23

# • Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part ]]
In case ofthe application ofconcrete on land none ofthe elements proves to be 

### critical. The measured release is far below the limit values the Draft Building Materials Decree. For a few elements the influence of chemical changes can be quantified to some degree to indicate the magnitude of effects. If 

### a change in pH would occur to around 10.5 [21, figure 20), the retention of Zn 

### would increase by about a factor of 10, while Mo retention would decrease by about a factor of 3. In 

### Appendix E the data for Mo and Zn 

### are presented. At present a model capable ofpredicting the time at which this change is taking place is not yet available. A qualitative picture of the behaviour of Zn 

### and Mo is given in figure 21. In table XVlll the data in relation to the draft Building Materials Decree are given. Table XVlll. 

### Changes in long term release due to changes in chemical conditions Element 

### lJR lJR (ref) Element 

### lJR IIR (ref) Wet conditions Mo 1.74 0.30 Zn 

### 0.037 0.029 Dry conditions Mo 0.66 

### 0.11 Zn 

### 0.014 0.01 The changes in chemical conditions have significant consequences for the rdease. More significant than several physical factors. More attention is therefor needed for the retention capabilities of cement-based products. The leaching of Mo is apparently the only critical element in coal fly ash 

### application in concrete. The availability ofMo is such that measurcments are carried out close to the detection limit. More sensitive methods are needed to ensure the proper measurement of Mo. Recent information on the chemistry ofhigh pH cementitious matrices indicates thc retention ofanionic species by ettringite [18). This type 

### ofwork can indicate whether the projectcd increase in Mo release with time (aspH drops) will 

### actually occur.

24 ECN-e-93-Q64ECN-C-93-064 

# 4. CONCLUSIONS 

# • ; Fly 

### ash in concrete The chemical environment in concrete is very well defined, which implies that the major element chemistry controlling the release oftrace contaminants is very consistent. This is reflected 

### in the release behaviour oftrace elements from regular concrete and concrete containing pulverized coal ash as a cement-replacement. The avialability for leaching. which constitutes the driving force for release is an important factor in the variability between ashes. The release ofMo from concrete proves to be the most critical element with respect to Soil Protection regulations in development. The fingerprint of the leachability of constituents from mortar ;>risms and concrete is very similar and directly related to !hechemical retention factor of the respective constituents in the cement matrix. The**diffe~ence** in tortuosity between mortar prisms and concrete is partly ex-plained by the transport limitations in the matrix by the presence of impermeable gravel in the mix. A further quanlification is needed to validate the magnitude ofthis effect. The interaction at the interface between concrete and soil and between concrete and the atmosphere is not accounted for. The changes in porewater composition due

# .0 carbonation may lead to changes in release not addressed in the modelling approach presented here. Further work is needed to quantify their magnitude. 

### Effects ofsae reduction Size reduction is in part related to the surface area increase as a !::suit from this treatment. However, size reduction leads to :: smaller difference between <lcmal surface ?.rea ofsize fractions than calculated based on the particle sizes in a size class. This:s caused by the presence of under-sized material, which is attacheo and can nut be removed from largerparticles. !n several cases the difference is not at all related to surface area because particie size reduction has led to a pH change. which has a much larger chemical effect (solubility control) on release than the physical effect ofthe exposed area. From batch experiments on crushed fly ash concrete specimen it can be concluded that for several minor constituenls in fly ash cement pr0duc:s the same solubility controlling pha'iCS as in pure fly ash control release.


### Release ofcontaminantsfrom concrete The release of trace contaminants from concrete cont3l!ung coal fly ash is increased relative to regular cor:crete. With the exception of Mo, whieh may


### 25 

# a

paz

### Oassification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### PartII
become critical under certain conditions, the release from concrete containing coal fly ash 

### as a cement replacement or as a filler is generally well within the specifications of the Building Materials Decree. This implies that replacing a fract;<;::l ofthe cement by coal fly ash 

### is not only beneficial from a technical point ofview but is also an environmentally acceptable means of u!ilizing this powergeneration by-product. Based 

### on intrinsic leach p;;operties the possible changes in release due to changes in 

### exposure conditions e.g. change in pH. redox, complexation 

### can be 

### accounted for resulting in 

### bcttter estimates of the actual release. Major changes in ash 

### properties require a new verification of release controlling parameters. Acknowledgement The work was carried out under contract (co:Jtract No 20.53-021.10) with NOVEM B.V. (Utrech!) in 

### the framework of the National Coal Research Programme ofthe Ministry ofEconomic Affairs.

26 ECN-e-93....Q64

# 5. 

# REFERENCES
[1) HA van der Sloot, R.N.J. Comans, E.E. van der Hoek, GJ de Groot. Oassification of Pulverized Coal ash. Part I.Leaching behaviour of coal fly ash. ECN-C-92-QS9. 1992. [2] fly ash, Silica fume, slag and natural pozzolans in concrete, Proceedings thrird international conference , Trondheim , Ed
. V.M. Malhotra, ACI-SPI14,1989. [3) HA. van der Sloot, E.G. Weijers, D. Hoede and J. Wijkstra. 1985. Physical and chemical characterization of pulverized coal ash with respect to cement-based applications. ECN-178. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten, The Netherlands. [4] HA. van der Sloot and E.G. Weijers. Physikalische und chemische Kenndaten von 50 Kohlenstaubaschen mit Blick auf die Verwendung als Betonzusatzstoff. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 67, Heft S, 1987, 527-534. [5] AL.A. Fraay. fly ash apozzolan in concrete. Thesis TU Delft, 1990. 

### [6] NEN 7345. Determination ofthe maximum lcachable quantity and the emission of potentially hazardous components from construction materials and stabilized waste products ofmainly inorganic character. Formerly issued as draft NVN 5432. 

### [7] Van der Sloot, HA., de Groot, GJ., and Wijkstra, J. 1989. Leaching characteristics of construction materials and stabilization products containing waste materials. In: Environmental aspects of stabilization and solidification ofHazard(·us and Radioactive Was:cs. ASTM STP 1033, P.L Cote and T.M. Gilliam, Eds. American Society forTesting and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 125-149. [8] P.L COte. Thesis: Contaminant Ic?ching from cement-based waste forms under acidic conditions. MacMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (1986). [9) GJ. de Grcot and D. Hoedc. Refmement ofthe 3-dimensional model dcscnbing the leaching from waste products and monoliths suppoI1ed by radiotracerexperiments
.TSP

- TGO 3 project. ECN

- (10] Unpublished results HA van der Sloot, ECN Petten, 1990. 

### [II] GJ de Groot, HA van der Sloot, P.Bonouvrie, D. Hoede and J. Wijkstra. Element samensteUing van primaire en secundaire grondstoffcn, Mammoct deelrappoI1 06. March 1990. [12] NEN 7341. Determination of leaching characteristics of inorganic components from granular (wastes) materials. Formerly issued 

### as NVN 2508.

EOl-C-93-064 27Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II [13J SOSUV. Afrondende werkzaamheden. 1989. [14J American Nuclear Standard ANSIIANS-16.1-1986, Measuremenl of the leachability of solidified low-level radioactive waste by a short term test**~rocedure.** American Nuclear Society, Lagrange Park, 1986. [15J HA. van der Siool. Leaching behavior of waste and stabilized waste materials; characterization for environmental assessment purposes. Waste Management and Research, 8, 1990, 215-228. [16J GJ. de Groot, HA van der SIOOI, P.Bonouvrie an::! J. Wijkstra. Karakterisering van het uillooggedrag van intakte produkten. Mammoet deelrapport 

### 09. March 1990. (17) HA. van der Sloat, O. Hoede and P. Bonouvrie, Influence ofredox conditions on the leaching behaviour of waste malerials
. ECN-C93-037. 1993. [18J EE. van der Hock, PA. Bonou\Tie, R.N.J Comans, Sorption of As and Se on mineral compo:lents of fly ash: relevance for leaching processes (submitted for publication). [19J C.W. Versluijs, I.H Anthonissen and EA Valcnlijn. Inlegrale evaluatie van deelonderzoeken Mammael '85. Report 738504008. RIVM, june 1990. [20J HA van der Slool, J. Wijkstra en D. Hoede. Milieuhygienisch onderzock van Gascon- een constructief lichlgewicht beton. ECN85-46. 1985. [21J HA. van der Sloat and GJ de Grool. 1991. Mobility of trace elements derived from combustion residues and products containing these residues in soil and groundwaler. Final report R-91-00B. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten. [22J Rclalie korrelgrootte en uitlooggedrag van AVI slakken. SOSUV Afrondende werkza.amheden Oecl 2.5. 1989. [23J GJ. de Groot, HA van der Sioot and J. Wijkstra. 1987. Leaching characteristics of hazardous dements from coal fly ash as a function of the acidity of the contact solution and the liquid/solid ratio. In: Emironmental aspects ofstabilization and solidificalion ofhazardous and radioactive wasles, ASTM 

### S11" 1033, P.L Cote and T.M. Gilliam. Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 1989. pp 170-183. [24J Mi:lteqA2. Metal Speciation Equilibrium Model for Surface and Groundwaler Nov. 1988. Cenler for Exposure A"scssmenl Modeling U.S. Environmental Proleclion Agency. Georgia. U.S.A [25J HA. van dcr Siool. Systemalic leaching bcha\iour oftrace elements from construction materials and waste maleriaIs. 1991. In: Wa.<;te



### 28 ECN-e--93-oM

### References
materials in Construction. Eds. JJ.J.M. Goumans, H.A
...'an der Sloot, Th.G. Aalbcrs, Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam, 19

- 36. [26) Workshop ROllerdam on relation between laboratory results and field leaching conditions, October 1991. [27) M. Hinsenfc1d. Towards a new approach in modelling leaching behaviour. Proceedings WASCON 1991: Waste materials 

### in construction. Eds. JJ.J.M. Goumans, H.A. van der Sloot and Th. G Aalbers. Elsevier. Amsterdam, 1991, p.331-340. [28) Verificatie van de lange termijn voorspclling "'an het uitlooggedr3g van rcststofproduklen opbasis van de meling aan historische objectcn.**II\~ON** 

### rapport 93116. 1993. [29) H.A "'an dcr 51001, G.J.L van der Wegen en E. Vega (1993). Evaluatie van Icsnnethoden en crileria voor de beoordcling van uitlooggedrag en duul'7.a.amheid van immobilisatcn. CUR 012 

### fase I Immobilisatie CUR Rapport 93-6. [3D) O. Abbott (1973). Inorganic Chemistry. Mills & 

### Boon. London.

E(JII-c-93-064 29

### Oassificalion ofpulverized 

### coal ash: 

### Part II



### 30 ECN-C-93...Q64

# 6. FIGURES**EC:"-C--'J~-(Jt>.:** .:ll

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part 11



# Fly-ash in concrete - 

# K - Tortuosity 2000 :

: 1000-':


## •

•


## • • 

## • • 100
. 

### • 

## •

•

•



## • 

## • 

# • • • 

## •

• • 

## • • 

## • •

10----

- _.-. --.---- 31118192633647382 

### CLAS 20 23 2S 27 31**~2** 43 44 4S S1 

### PRISMA AFE8EN 

### BT

Figure 2. 

### Tortuosit)' in**concm~** cuM

### andmonarprisms 

### 32**EOl-e-~**Figures



# Fly-ash in concrete - Ca
- (cement replacement)

, 

## - 16.0-:

1**5~0'** • 

## • 

## • -,- 

# T I 

## , • i 

## • i 

# .- I I , 

## • • • • I , ! , 

## • 

## • i i , I I I I I , 

### ...L , i 

### T .l 

## - , ! I 1. 

## • 

## •

- 

### •



## - - • 

## • • 

## • •**14~0** 180**:--~ --~-** **--~** - i ! I I 17 0-

. !**13.0~**
12.0
.

1 1**~O**
10.0'

9.0-**8.0·--~** 3 11 18 19 26 33 73 82 20 23 2S 27 31 42 43 44 4S S1 RF EB EN 

### CLAS PRISMA 

### BT

Figure 

### 3. Mobility of

### Ca ill coacrctc c:ubc:s 

### and 

### mortarprisms
EOl-c-93-OM 

### 33

# .. Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part 11



# Fly-ash in concrete - 

# S042

- - 

### (cement replacement) 18.0 

### I
17.0'-;

16.0'

, S.O

. 

## " l ,40
.. ,3.0
. ,20
. ,1 0 -

100

90 

### "



# .. " "



## •

8.0' - . - • - -. - - 31118 ,92633647382 202325273,4243444551 

### CLAS PRISMA

Figure 4.
.Vobilit}, 

### of**sWfQI~** ill**cOflC1Yt~** andmonarprisms


### 34 RFEBEN 

## BT**EOl-C-~**Figures



# Fly-ash in concrete - Na - (cement replace;"'Tlent) 

# '8.

# I

17.0l
16.0

15.0
'4_0,I 

### , I 

## "5 i : 13_0

12.0-

11.0·
'0.0";

9.0- 

## • • - , 

## • •

• - 

## •



## • • • 

## - 

# . . -;

- 

## • I 

## • 

## • -. , 

## • • : I

, -"- i • 

### T : 

# . • I , I -'--

8.0**~---** ---- ---- ----- - -------**--~-____,____ ---~_____,________,_____,___~~--,-----1**  3 1'18192633 64 73 b2 2023 25 27 314243 44 45 51 RFEBEN 

### CLAS PRISMA BT

Figure S. Mobility ofNa in 

### concreUcubesandmorrarprisms



### I 35

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### PartII



# Fly-ash in concrete - K - (cement replacement) 18.0 

## I I I 17.01I I 

### i 16.0':

15.0"1

### i I 

### i 14.0-; 

## m

13.0-

12.0-

11.0-

10.0-' 

# .**_.~** 

### • •**-~-** 

# .



# ..**~..,------,-~,-;----,-~~-J** RFEB EN I 8.0**~~. ~.---'-~.** **----~--_** ..-.,--- 3 11 18192633 64 73 82 20232527314243 44 4551 9.0-



### CLAS PRISMA 

### BT

Figure 6. 

### Mobiliry 

### ofK 

### in concrete 

### cubesandmorrarprisms


### 36 EOl-e-93-064AI lllg/1 Figures



# LEACI-IING OF l\SI-I 

# PRODUCTS

l(j

- - - - - FRACTION 

### < O.5MM

- - - FRACTION O.5-1.5MM

-- FRACTION> 1.5MM

Figure 7. 

### Leachability of A.i 

### from crushed cement-based specimen containingfly 

### ash as afunction oftime 

### andofthe liquid to solid ratio (here expressedasSIL or W!l1.
ECN-C-93-064 37

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II



# LEACI-IING OF ASII PRODUCTS

11" J.lg/l ---- FRACTION 

### < 0.5 MM FRAC!lON 0.5-1.5MM

- FRACTION 

### > 1.5MM 

# •

Figure 8. Leachability of W from crushed cement-based specimen containingfly 

### ash as afunction ofrime andofthe liquid to solid ratio (here expressed

### asS/Lor W/V).
38 

# • ECN-C-93-Q64Sb llg/l

ECN-C-93-064 

### Figures



# LEACHING OF ASH PRODUCTS

- --- - FRACTION 

### < 0.5 MM

- - FRACTION 0.5-.i.5MM

- FRACTION 

### > 1.5MM



### Figure 

### 9. Leachability of Sb from crushed cement-based specimen conlQinir.gfly 

### ash as afunction oftime andofthe liquid to solid ratio (here expressedasS/L or W/lt).


### 39

# • Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### PartII



# LEACHING OF ASH PRODUCTS

:'I:a lUg!l 

# 10'

----- FRACTION 

### < 0.5 MM

- - FRACTION 0.5-1.5MM

- FRACTION 

### > 1.5MM



# ...**;,~**

Figure 10. Leachability o} l'Ia from croshed c01lenr-based specimen contJ2ining fly ash 

### as afunction ofrime 

### and ofthe liquid to solidrario (here apre:ssedasSIL or W/V).
40**ECN-C-~**

### r.J r.J

ZII 

## ur./1 

# • Figures



# LEi\Ci£ING OF ASli**Pi~ODUCTS**



# 10'

FP.Al.1'ION 

### < O.5MM FP.ACTION O.5-1.5MM FP.ACTIOl" :> 1.5MM

Figure 11. UaclUlbiliry 

### of Zn 

### from crushed cement-based sp«Un0i containing fly ash 

### as 

### :zfunction oftime 

### and ofthe liquid 

### to solidratio (here expressedasSIL or WIll). 

# ••

EOI-C-93-064 41

# I Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II 

# I**A~** J.1g/1 

# LEACI{ING OF ASH: PRODUCTS

- - -_. FRACTIOI': -:: 0.5 MM

- - FRACTION 0.5-1.5MM

- FRACTION > 1.5MM



### Figure 12. 

### lL4cn.ability 

### of As 

## from**crush~d** 

### cemcrt-baMd sp«imen containing 

### fl)' ash 

### as afunction 

### of and

### ofthe liquid 

### to solidratio**(hu~** 

### apresscdasSlL

### or WII?
42 EC1I/-e-93-Q6.;Mg mg/I 

### Figures



# LEi\.CI-IINC OF ASI-I PRODUCTS

1(/

FRACTION .-.. 0.5MM FRACTION 0.5-J.5MM FRACTI01': :> 1.5MM



### Figure 

### 13. UiJcJulbilily of Mg from 

### crushed.**c~nl-based ~cimm**  

### containing fly ash 

### as afunction oftime 

### and ofthe 

### liquid 10 

### solidratio (here 

### expressed. asSlLor WIll). EOl-C-93....()64 43

### Classifiction ofpulverized coal ash: Part II



# LEACIIING OF ASII PRODUCTS

.---- Hj I 

## , '":.-.;It-

_ 

### lcf C...) ." 

# - <; 

# ld , , 

# 8 , 

## , 

# lei -, c.) I

# "tO r.)

FRACTION 

### < O.5MM FRACTION O.5-1.5MM FRACTION > 1.5MM



### Figure 14. 

### uacluJbility of .\10 from 

### crushed cement-based specimen containing fly ash 

### as a function oftime 

### and ofthe liquid to solidratio (here expressedasSIL or WIV).
44 ECN-e-93-064

### Figures



# LEACIIING OF l\Si-I 

# PI<ODlJCTS

1(/

----- FRALjlON <. O.5MM FRACTION O.5-1.5MM

- ICRALjlON .'**l.~)MM** Si mg/I 2 

# Id 10 

# 8 1d r.) 

## of. 

# B**~-**

Figure 15. 

### Leachability 

# or Si from crushed cement-based specimen containing fly 

### ash as afunction oftime and ofthe liquid to solid ratio (here expressedasSIL or WIt-?
ECN-e-93-OM 45

### Classification ofpulverized coal ::sh: 

### Part II



# - AI**~64** 6 6

# JJ- 6 6 4

4

# J.1~ 6 4 

# • 7-" 

# • 6 1f,,6e 

# - 6 6 

# • 6 

# • I

Si

4

# ~"6 6 6 6 6 6 6 l!> 

### ., i

... .....**.o.~** • I>

• 6 6 • A 6. .6. 

# •**~6** 

# • 4 ... 6 

# • 4 .o.oCll. 4
...



## Zn

6 4 6 4 6

6 to

_, 6

• j·

..

# lt.·

... 

# • •• 

# .,. 6 6 6 46

## )~ 6
... 10

'0 0,1

0.1

0.01 100

0.01 '00

0.001 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 

# - 4 6 

### Ca LI> 6 6 6 6 6i 66 6 *,6**~66** 6 6 4 6 6 66 6 6. 6 6 .1> •



# ... •• 

# • • • • • 

# • Mg 6 4 6 4 A 18-6 6 6 6 4 

### a 6
4 1 

# •

1 

# •



# .. .. 4 

# • 1 

## As

• 4 6 6 6 

### t 6 1**~6** .6 6 6 6 6 6 

### ellA

# 6--.:1 6 6**~.,** 

# ,.**~6** 

# • 6 

# .- 4& 

# • 4 a '00

0,0

10

O. 100

0.01

'0 1000 2000

0.001 4 5 6 7 8 9 '0 11 12 13 1000

"'0 CD 

### .r: 

## o ctS CD -oJ 

# - 

# - C> 

## E 

# --

Figure 16. pH 

### Leachability ofMg, Ca. AI, Si, As 

### andZn as afunction of pH for coalfly 

### ash in comparison with leaching datafrom crushed cement-basedproduct containingfly 

### ash showing similarity in solubility controllingphases in both

### matrices.
46 ECN-e--93-0641000000

# I • • • '" 100000

# I • II IJ II 

# • LI 01 • II E I] 

# • II

---**-----------~-_.-**

1 10 100 TIJd

### Unarl 

# f 10**I----.--~---~**

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### Uaall



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. 

# • 

# • • 0 

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# • LJ I U

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## .... 

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# I

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## §{ 

# l· l;! 

### :to-=.:;

# I~ 

# " ;. 

### to '::;'- 

# § Q 

# a I Q -.J

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part III 

### Figures

0 

## I I 0 

# • 0 0 I[J 

## r 0 

# - I


# • c 

# I c 

# l

0 

### c 0 

# • :: 

# - I I

# -- - I C i 

## ., 

# = ., I 

## ., 

# • ., l: I ::> 0 ::> N 

### i '0 

### en c 

# • ":::; 

### i= i= c I I 

## • :J I , I C 

# • :J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

# - 0 0 0 0 

# - 0 0 0 

# - 2:w/6w zw/6w

0 

# - 0 

# • 0 

# • 0 

# - 

# - ! : 

# • 

# - • ::; 

# - • 

# = 0 

# • 0


# - 

# - - 

# - 

# - ., 

# • ., 

# • ::; 

## ., .c 

## ., > :::> :::> 

### en

- '0 

## •

## - 

# • i= 

# - i=



# - •

# - • 

# -

•- 

# • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

# - 2 0 zw/6w 2:w/6w



### ECN-C-93-064 

### Figure 19. 

### Release ofSb, Se, 

### V and

### Znfrom cancrde as afunction of canlllct time with 

### water. 

### 49

### Oassification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### PartII



# RETENTION FACTORS FROM TANK LEACHING pH INFLUENCE

Zn Ca

F Mo Mg 

# ---

\ 

# -
........

### ....

.... 

### "



### ......... "

..... 

### "

..... 

# --

..........

### ..... 

## ---- , 

## ------ \ \ \**~.------------,** \



## - 

# \ \ 

## \ 

# - ---

, 

## , , , , , , ......- 

## , ./ ,_/ .4'" /, 

# "I


# - '- 

## a

...... u



## 12 1 1 

### 10 

## 9 8 1

## 0-, L-"T""'"""......---,-

........--r---r____.-.----.........**..,.--,--r-~___..,..___r--,,---r--r--r-** .....**~--,.----.-T""'I** 

### 7 pH

Figure 

### 20. 

### Chemical retention ofelements in 

### concrete as afunction of pH [21]
50 EOl-e-93....Q64

### o 

# • o o



### ..... Figures

0 

# • 0 

# • 0



# - ... 0 

# • ca 

### c: ca ::I N "C 

## o. 

# = a 

# T

a

# J

..... ci 0 0 0 ci ci ci 0 0 

## ..... 0


## ..... zw/6w

EOl-C-93-064 Figure 21. 

### Influence ofchanges in the chemical conditions in a cementbased 

### specimen on release ofpH sensitive constituents. The black dots indicate a trend based 

### on an estimated increase of the mobilityfor Mo by 

### afactor of

### 3 at the long term and a decrease by

### afactorofabout 10for

### Zn.
51

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Part II



### 52 ECN-C-93-064

# APPENDIX A

11101.: S 110% !U '5 ZO%,,1 u nr$urof._r••: .0608 .2 Bult. o.nsitr 2280 t.g,.5 Producrcod.; ClAS3 \/eight 2.55 t.g**Eztr.c~;on** valu..: 11.60 l Concentr.tion in Po'l 

# .. It c• S04 as B Cd 

# .... In Ti_ (d.rs) .25 3543 7179 564 1050 .55 10 20 < .01 6 4 1 3352 8286 840 660 .40 9.40 .04 8 3 70 2 1842 6230 1320 150 .30 5 < 01 < 5 3 30 4 1373 6074 2390 9950 10 4.60 < .01 < 5 6.60 10 1520 8278 7260 320 .25 4.40 < .01 < 5 6.60 21 1385 6974 1I 200 440 30 14 20 < .01 < 5 3.20 39 1542 6247 9160 750 .35 23.20 < .01 < 5 1.80 'II 2477 7771 6000 1840 .30 12 .06 < 5 4.30 pDe (_log(
..2/.]) 10.21 10.21 14.85 14.15 11.19 13.12 > 14.3 > 10.4 13.61**Stand3~d** d"viation .03 .06
.61 1.52 09
.05 .61
.14
.21**U~.d** dati points 

### - 2 . 3


### - 8 3 

## - 1 4 

## - 7 

## - 2 

## - 4 1 

## - 3 I 5 Slol=)e .46 .53 .10 - .02 .59 .44 .42 (.5) .47 Std.Dev. of -sLope > .06 .12 .79 05 

# , .42 ( . 151 .1D**D.vilt.slop.~~** (5**'~5rs):** 

## , , 

## ,**wa~h-of1(mg/N2).D;~S/l.9-** (lag) 183.2 .143 

## = '= Total Conceontr.t. (mg/k.g) 1500 3950 43500 5608 1.10 31.00 .400 5.00 2S.00 AvaiLability (",g/ltg), 441.0 1057 43840 4510 .040 36.00 .200 1.00 27.30 Avail.bility perc. (l() , 29.40 26.16 100.78 80.42 .52 116.13 50.00 20.00 97.50 Hr.n**"~cto,. ~bovp**  DTL 

# '" 1057 'SlUO '5' 8 120 200 2 910 Mlx.CloD.release (mg/

..2J' 16871 40437 1677168 172537 1.53 1377 1.65 38.26 1044 Cum rel••se 91d. (

..g/

..2), 3250 10884 1505 2892 .49 16 < .:13 < 8.4 6.39 le.ching-p.rc. C;1d. (l() , 19.5 26.9 .4 1.7 31.8 1.2 < .4 < 22.0 6 Hr.n**f~ctrJr** ..**bo,,~** DTL 21J 713 '92 19 6 J.5 2 (DTt 1 

# " Cum**r"~.;lS"** catc. lD 91d, 12544 27839 5946 1364 .37 36 < .05 < 24 14 C"",. ret••,,@, calc. 3D 91d, 9136 22047 5979 1370 .34 36 < .05 < 19 14 (
..g,.2, Tortuosi'ty (It) , 37 32

- 43 ,..ngp: th••,d Cit R:.t.ntio
... R: .54 1.D 14006 4241 3.8 181 3474 .60 1009 Rr.ng._
...**in~** .50 .86 3402 127 5.1 161 852 .44 618 R • .58 1.2 57661 141645 4.8 203 14159 .84 1646

,.an9.- 1II

..1II ' pD. for Rat will**b~** "- 10.5 Av.il.bility(%)**b~com~s** 'D 2 

# •

ECN-e-93-Q64 

### 53

# • Classification ofpulverized coal ash: Pan II

Blotff 6ft pz 45 411%
..1

## •• nf""Surf. ar...= .0602 .2 Built o.n.it,. 2260 1t1l1.3 Prod;JC'tCDd. : [LASII Y.illht 2.2;- til Eatraction volu-e: 11.40**Cone~tratiOft** in P9'l 

# •• I: C. SD4 As II Cd 

# .... Zn Ti
.. (clays) 25 3128 6095 1700 3010 .75 19.20 < .01 14 3.30 1 2";52 6477 :c>50 141C .75 11.40 < .01 7 3.50 2 1211 4489 313(1 530 .30 6.40 11 < 5 4.80 4 1022 4280 4820 380 .40 3.80 .25 < 5 13,40 10 1579 6596 12300 720 50 5,40 ,02 < 5 4.80 21 1509 5823 17000 880 50 15 ,10 < 5 3.80 39 1511 5388 15500 1370 ,45 24 < ,01 < 5 3.60 91 2295 6747 8930 3210 1 11 .02 < 5 4.80 pD. (.loglm2Is)) 9.15 10,22 14.04 13.89 9.77 12.16 ,. 14.9 ,. 9.11 13.63 Standard**d~yi~t;or** 18 OB .47 .26 .00 .32 .09 .04**us.~** d.ta**~oint~** 

### - 2 

### - 3 1 8 3 8 2 

### - 2 - 2 2 3 

## - 2**S\o~** .29 .46 .55 .47 .50 .12 .50 3) .54 Std.O.v. of SIOD" 

## , .07 .11 10**D.v;.at.~tap.,=~ (~** **f~$rs)· uash.o'fcmg/.2).Oi~s/l.9-**  \Lag) 686 1 =1.62 Total Concpntrat (
..../tg) 1600 3700 32900 _827 8.90 48. DO 2.00 5.00 25.00 Ava; tab; Itty ("'91"g)' 231.0 778.0 34820 3565 .058 36.00 .300 < .500 22.50 Availability**~rc.** ( ':)

. 14 44 21.03 105.84 73.B6 .65 15 00 15.00 < 10.DO 90.00 1If••" f6crcr**.bo~r** OTl 'Jr 778 J.820 J57 12 12O JOO (DTL ) 750 "'a
.. CU'II rIPt•••ft (mg/

..2), 8707 29324 1312402 134369 2.19 1357 11.31 < 18,85 848.0 CUM_r.t•••• 91d. ("'9/m2 ). 2766 8691 12506 2180 .68 18 < . 1 <**~.7** 7.95**l.achi"9.~rc.** 91d. (:), 31.8 296 1.0 1.6 40.3 1.3 < .9 < 515 .9 

## "'

# .." f.cro,.
..

### bo". OTt In 57. 826 I. 12 

# • 7 (DTL J 18 C

... r.l•••• calc 1D 91d· 9800 21608 11923**143~** 2 7 53 < 04 < 23 12 .:'
..... -ret",.-•• calc. 3D 91d· 6527 167311 11894 1U5 1.7 53 < .04 < 15 12 (mg/

..2) Tortuosit"y 32 27 39 (1:) ,**,..n~·** 

## - Ch.-ieal R.tpntion R: 27 1.0 2444 2648 .16 89 17909
.111 1037 IIr.ng
....;n- 18 .83 830 1468 .16 43 .14 954 IIrang••",••" 40 1 2 7197 4776 .16 187 .22 1127 pC. for**R~1** witt b. 10 • 10.6**A~.tt.bil;tyt=J ~co**  .. ! ' 2; 9 1.6



### 54 

### Eo:-e-93-064

# • Appendix A

.'01111 11ft p"**~S** 20%",

# .... nrSurf.ar••: .0600 .2 lulk DplKity 2300**tg,~** Prcducrcod.: elAS18 \Might 2.30 tg Eztraction volu..: 11.50 l**CDnc~tr.tion** in pg'l 

# .- I: 

### c_ S04 As 

# • Cd 

# .... Zn Ti_ Cd_,.s) .25 2991 6110**~760** 4930 .40 114 < .01 9 6 I 1919 5729 1810 1040 < .05 101 < .01 7 4.10 2 1113 4924 2680 U10 .20 91 60 < .01 6 4.40 4 1249 5587 4880 1110 .20 74.20 < .01 < 5 4.60 10 lT04 7498 10900 1180 .40 57.60 < .01 < 5 4.10 21 1648 7786 12800 1280 .40 21.60 < 01 < 5 7.50 19 1739 7139 11600 1270 .40 IS < .01 < 5 4.S0 91 2560 85H 7640 2830 I 49 .08 < 5 3 20 pO. (.loV(M2,.,) 10.25 10.56 14.42 13.91 10.69 10.83 > 14.5 > 10.2 13.15 Standard dpviation .12 .04 .45 .10 .52 .06 09 12 .IT Useod dar
..**point~** 2 . 3 

### . 3 . 8 5 

# , 1 . 8 . 3

- 1 1 . 3 . 3**Slop~** 21 47 .53 41 42 .48 .58 ( .4) 41 Std.O.v. of slope .03
. 11 .06 12 .06 .07 ( .06) .16**D.viat.slop.~K (~** **'~sps): W.~h-Off(mg/N2).D;~./la9-**  273.3 (l-V) 1359 .026 = Total ConC'.nu'at.**(1Itg/1r.~)·** 1550 3900 51000 7797 6.60 31.00 .000 5.00 27.00 Ava;tab; I; ty ('"V/tl/), 234.5 1141 45;50 4320 .035 28.50 ( .20) 1 00 19.15 Availability**~rc. (~)**  

### , 15.13 29.24 85.94 55.41 .53 91.94 (80) 20.00 70.91**H.~"** '.cror .bovp OTl : 2S5 7147 H55D U2 7 95 2 6J8 H.a CUB rpt••s.**(MQ/~2):** 1970 43643 1742288 165240 1.34 1090 (7 7) 3825 732.5 C

.... ,.eolpas. 91d. ("9/• 2), 2903 10258 10363 3212 .58 101 < .03 < 90 7.42 lpachlng-pprc. 91d. I>;)
. 324 23.5 .6 2.0 43.7 93 < .4 < 23.5 1.a If

••" f.ctt:1r 

### .bo". DTt 189 669 676 21 8 22 2 (OTt I 16 (In. r.I••s. calc. 10 91d· 6410 21912 10202 1609 .57 399 < .04 < 28 19 c.... 

### ,..-t..... eale.. 3D 91d, 4996 1341 < 10161 1601 .49 352 < .114 <22 11 ("'9,.2. Tortuosity (I:) , 70 64· 71**r."~:** Ch"",,;cat R.r."t;on lit: .11 r.D 2731 1487 .61 .48 3277 .24 157 A:rang•••in- 23 .91 961 1175 .19 .42 2617 18 107 A

rang••••• · 41 1.' 7746 1881 2. I .55 4012 11 212 pC. for

# ".1 "'ill 

## ., 7D.8 1D.9 11. r**A~.il~bilir~(%' ~co-.~**  

### " 27.2 .7 1S2.6

ECN-e-93-064 

# ss

# MI 

# I • Cassification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### PartII

# ...

# _- •

"'oUJ1 3ft IIOZ 

### 20:1", 

## •• nl"$urf.ar••: .0600.2 Bull'. Density 2310

# til'.'**Productf:Dd~** CLAS19 Uwillht 2.'1 "II £.tractfon ¥DIu..: 1'.60 l Conc.ntretion in POll 

# •• I: C. Sll4 As I Cd 110 lr. Ti_ (d.,.s) .25 2049 '147 4530 17600 .10 II! < .01 

# ,

# , 4 30 I '068 2111 4810 15420
.10 '05 < .01 < 5 '4
.10 2 739 15'8 4130 10430 .20 95.40 < .01 < 5 4, '0 4 868 1904 4850 9540 .30 81.60 < .01 < 5 6 90 10 1398 3618 7100 7550 .50 69.40 < ,01 < 5 4 10 21 1343 4502**103~0** 4050 ,50 34.40 < ,01 < 5 4 80 39 1117 4046 14300 3200 .30 23.20 < .01 < 5 4 60 

# lIP 91 1526 4285 11220 3100 .55 47 .09 < 5 5, 80 pD. (.logI102"1l 10.87 10.97 13.64 10.88 " .71 " .09 > 14.3 > 10.0 11.65**St~nd~rd d.vi~tion**  ,16 . I I .15 .15 .41 .04 .12
.15 .56**U~.d** data**point~** 2 - 4 2 . 4 

## - 7 

### . 3 

### . 8 3
_ 4 2 - 4

- 3 st01>9 ,24 .31 .45 .35 H 50 48 ( . it ; 60**Sld.O~v.** of slope ,00 .01 .04 05 10 .05**.O~** .221 .59 O.viat**'Slop.%~** (J f.s.$); W.Sh.•,f(I09/•21.0i S./l.II' 258,3 302,9 n.ql =1 18 '= Tat.l Conc.ntr.t (101I/kg I' 1550 4100 37200 8209 7.80**~~.OO** 900 5.00 '5.00 Avail.ability (.II/klll· 244.5 569.5 27570 4210 .103 39 50 .150 < .500 4.50 Availability**~.rc. (~J**  . 15.77 13.89 74." 51,29 

# , 32 103.95 16,67 < 10.00 30,00**H~."** factor .bovr DTL
. ZH 5TO Z75TO 'Z7 Z7 7JZ 150 (OTt) ISO Hal: CUII' r.I••.". (_;,.2): 9413 21926 106'445 162085 3 97 '521 5.78 <**'9.~S** 173.3 CUM.r.t••5.91d. ('"9/.2I' 1954 4859 11840 13705 .49 '10 .03 < 8.9 9.42 l ••ching-p.rc. 91d.**(~I'** 20.8 22.2 I.' 8.5 12.4 7.2 < .5 < 46.2 5.4 

### H,.." f.ctor 

### .bo". DTt 126 

# ,,, 7«> 89 6 Z' 7. J1 (OTt J ZO
t "'" r.I.-as.. calc. 10 9'd· 3284 6S08 15330 55556 .53 '-09 < 04**~~** ;:i c.... r........ catc. 3D 91d· 2917 6127 1=r- 494SO: .51 n4 < .04 <13 24 ('"9/

..2I Tortuasit7 10 141 238 (I: ) , r.np': Ch.mieel RIPt."tion .. : 49 

### '.0 In .46 2.5 .34 784 .05 1.9 Rrang•••in: ,34 .77 122 .33 .97 .31 590 04 .52**Rr.ng.~."l1·** 71 1.S 242 .64 6 5 .38 1041 .07 7 0 pC. fo,. 1f.1 will ".. 77.Z 77.1 77.6**Av.;I~b;l;tY(~J ~co**  ..s 

## " ZZ

# , 75.7 17B.Z 

# •

56**ECN-e-9~**

### Appendix A

./0126 8US pz 45 211bl

# ... "rS'urfo.r••: .0600 .2 Bult D.nsity 2305 tg,,.] Pr"ductcod"
. ClAS26 \Ieight 2.31 tg**E~tr.ct;Dn ¥Ol~~**  11.50 l Conc.ntration in PIll 

# •• I: C. SD4 

# .... B Cel Me Zn Ti_**lel~'l** .25 3266**621~ 11~0** **~170** .15 112 < .01 15**~.20**

1 1951 5100 1620 2660 20**96.~0** < 01 < 5 3 50 2 1335**~HO** 2110**10~0** .20 92.20 < .0' < 5**~.90** 1303 5150 3870 800 .30**75.~0** < 01 < 5 6 70 10 1560 7285 7810 1010**.~O** 58 80 .01 < 5 3.80 2, 1783 7525 11000 1090 .50 22.60 < .01 < 5 3 50 39**19~7 7~68**  12600 1090
.**~O 1~.60**  < 01 < 5**~.60** 9' 3101 9839 11860 18'0**.~O** 29 .05 < 5 2 Po. (.IOlll.2,sn 10.14 10.39 14.43 14.12 10.50 10.69 > 13.9 > 10.9 13.24 Standard**d~viati~n** .12 .09 .P .17 .18 .01 .09 .15 .23 Us.d data points 2 

### . 3 - 3 

## - 8 5 

### - 8 - 6 

### . 3 1 

### . 3 2 - . 3 Slop. 22**.~1** .64 .29 ,52 .48 (.6) (.**~)** .62 Std.D.v. of '!.lep. > .04 .08 .01 .06 .08 (.07) ( .22) .22 D.viat.llop.""Y; (J '.s.s)"**W~Sh-Df'(mg/m2).DisS/l.9·** 320.2 (l.g) 1175 ,,1 .80 Total**Co"c.nt~.t,(~9Ik9)-** 1750**~250 ~7100**  6181 7.10 34.00 300 5. 00 24, 00 Availability (1Og/kg)' 208.5 865.5 40385**~010** 035 23.50 .100 1 .50 18 60 Availability**~re_** 1-':) . 11 .91 20.36 85.74 64.88**.~9** 69,12 H.33 30 00 77.50**H~." f~cto,..**  .bovr DTt ZOP 866 'OJ8S 401 7 78 100 J 6Z0 "a_ Cum r..I••". (.g/

..2)

. 8027 33322 1554823 154385 35 904.8 385 57 75 716 1**C~.r.I."5.** Q1d 

# (

..,1.2). 3114 10141 9969 2620 .49 96 < .02 < 9 6 6.36 lIP8chir,-;. s.M'rc
. 9'" (':1 : 38.8 30.4 .6 1.7 36 3 10.6 < .5 < 16 6 .9 !"o."**f~cto,.. .bov~**  DTI. ZI1J 661 650 

# " 6 21 (OTI ) (OHJ 

# " CU'", r.l•••• calc lD 91e1,**648~** 20083 9027 1280 72 389 < ,**O~** < '8 16 c_ rIPIIP.s. calc 3D 91e1· 419a 16346 9D30 1279 .60 336 < .114 <11 16 ('"11/•2) TortUD.it., II:I, 4a 39

- 60 r.6ngr· ChNdcat A.t.ntian A:. 35 ,. tJ 4003 2956 59 50 1196 1 8 2M Rrart9IP-ftlin" .27 .81 1615 19a8 39 42 962 1.3 167**A:r.~** ..... · .46 1.2 9919 4397 90 60 1486 2 5 4M pD. tor**R~'** .iIt tN- 

## • 10 6 111.7 ". II Av.il.bility(S) b.eo
.. 

## • ZO.2 6 97.'**ECN-C-~** 

### 57

### Oassification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### PartII**8,,,t~~** 811% p" 4S**Zt1%~! .~**  nrSurf. ar••: 0600 .2 8ullt Denoit,. 2340 Itgi.] Producrcod.: CLASH V.ight 2.34 Itg E_traction volu..: 11.70 L Concentration in pg/l 

# •• I[ C• SlK A. 8 Cd Ilo Zn Ti_ (de"sl 25 2862 6H9 2710 3110 < .05 111 < 01 9 3 60 1 1560 4808 4100 1640 .10 94 < 01 < 5 3. 80 2 996 3895 5000 970 .15 88 20 < 01 < 5 3 50 4 1027 4559 8310 1010 .25 74 20 < 01 < 5 4 60 lD 1554 684D 162DO 1360 .50 55.60 < .01 < 5 5 21 1866 nlD 218DO 137D .5D 21.2D < .Dl < 5 4 !O 39 1982 7071 25100 148D .40 13.40 < .01 < 5 4.9D 91 2914 8925 37130 1740 35 22 .07 < 5 3.9D pD. 1. 109,.,2/0)) lD.68 10.38 13.76 13.80 11.03 10.81 > 14.5 > 10.9 13.29 Standard**d~vi.t;on** 16 .01 .31 .12 .51 D8
.Ct? 15 .06 Us@d data**point~** 2 

### - 3 2 3 1 - 8 5 

## - 7 

### - 8 

## - 3 

## - 3 2 . 4 . 4 Slop. 12 47 64 ,30 .54 .47 ,58 (.4) .54 Std.Oev. of ,lop. 7 D5 .04 .12 ,07 ,07 ( ,22) 03**".vi.t.~lop.:,~** (J**f~5.~)· ~.~h-off(~g/m2).Oi~~/l.9·**  328.2 (L.g) 730,9 (LagI =.665 = Total Conc.ntrat ("'9/kg) 1350 3550 45400 5788 7.40 31,00 .100 5 DO 24. OD Al,tlail.bi Hty (mg/kg)' 299.5 742.0 43320 402D .D4D 28.5D .200 I 50 17 25 Availability pprc ('f.l ' 22.19 2D.90 95.42 69.45 .54 91.94 200,00 30,00 71.88 1'1#1'." '
..ctor .btI"#! DTt JOO ;'2 'JJ20 'CZ 8 Jl5 ZOO J 575 Hax CUIft 

### ,..t...

# 'S. (

..g/

..2). 11681 28938 1689480 15678D .56 1112 7 80 58.50 672,8 Cun_r.l••**~p** 91d_ ("0/
..2). 2878 9701 23468 2473 .45 94 < .D3 < 8.6 6.51 1.••chin9-p·rc. 91d, (::I , 24.6 33,5 1.4 1.6 28.8 8.5 < .4 < 14.7 1 0 If".

.." '.ctcr .bcv#! DTt**I~** 622 150' 16 6 20 I, JI (DrL ) 

# " C"'" 

## ,..I••

# 'S. calc. 1D 91d· 5095 17689 21129 1863 ,45 385 < ,04 < 19 14 C"'" r.I••,. catc. 3D 91d· 4390 14329 21042 11156 .41 343 < .04 < 18 14 ("0/

..2 ) Tor-:uo.ity 41 46

- 49 (I[I,**r.n~~** Ch
....ic.l R,,'.ntion R· 1.2 1.0 887 1480 2.1 .80 4878 1.8 325 R,.anv··,.in ,85 ,97 430 1118 .63 ,67 3925 1.3 284 R,.angp_lIl.a. 1.8 I, D 1832 1961 6 7 95 6063 2,6 371 pO. for R.1 .ill N 11,0**A~.i'.bility(%J ~CD~$**  10J. I



### 58 ECN-e-93-0M

### Appendix A

./016.' 60Zpr '5 'DZv/**~s** "<surl.er.e,**Producrcod~~** ClAS64 U.ight .0286 .2 1.08 tg Butk. Densit:r EItractian votu..; Zn 11 18.20 6.10 5.60 5.40 4.50 3.70 I 13 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 < 5 -< 5 < .01 -< .01 < .01 -< ,01 < .01 < .01 < .01 < .01 td II 23.40 14 10.40 7 8.40 19.20 24.20 23 As .55 .30 .30 .35 .65 .65 .75 3.90 Sll4 2990 1580 1090 1160 1370 1770 2470 8060 9080 9450 10400 12700 20600 18900 14200 7650 I[ 11487 11685 9891 9371 1'273 13460 12067 10309 

# .. 4508 3700 2234 2211 3973 4118 3694 3815 Conc.ntration in Pill Ti_ (deTs) .25

1 2 4 10 21 39 91 pDe (_log[m2'011**~t.ndard d.vi~tion** **U~ed dat~**  points Slope Std.Dev. of slope Devl31t."lapeI;K**(~** f.J.J):**wa~h.off(mg/m2).D;ss/lag:** 9.511 .12 - 2 .36

1 9.53 .02 - 3 .52

.DO 13.33 .13

5 .51 .06 13.57 .27 4 - 8 .58 .14 559.5 10.16 .32 - 8 .46 .07 .035 12.66 .07 2 3

.34
2.05 ,. 14.5 .09 I - 3

( .6) ( .07) ,. ".1 .15 2 • 4

( . 41 1.22) =1.41 12.46 .39

- 3 .39 .41 

### '= Tatat ContPntrat.(mg/kg): Availability (mg/kg): Av.ilability p.rc. (:):**H.a~ flcro~**  .bov. Drt
. Max.tum,rele•••**Img/m2)~** Cum ret•••• 91d. ('"91m2): Leaching.perc, 91d.**(~I,** Hr." f.ctor .bov. crL 1200 271.0 22.58

271 10191 5327 52.3

5H 3650 729.0 19.97

729 27414 17449 63.7 1157 61800 50150 81.15 50'50 1885878

19417

1.0 12B7 4181 5265 125.93 527 197989

3863

2.0

16 8.50 .043

.51

9 1.62 1.40 86.9 19 41.00 30.50 74.39 102 1147

2' 2.1

5 .100 .200 200.00 200 7.52

-< .02

< .! (OTt ) 5.00 2 00 '0.00 

# , 75.21

-< 9.I < 12. I

(OTt) 48.00 20.80 43.33

695 782.2 10 1.3 22 Cum.r.teasp calc:. 1D 91d: Cum.releasp**~alc.** 3D 91d· (mg,.,2)**Ch~ical** Retpntion R: RranglP_min: Iitr.ng••**If!~x** 14691 97117 Tortuosity .71 .54 .94 42096 26476 (I[) , f.O .96 1,0 36220 714/10 7 2374 1774 3179 2883 5703**r~n~~** 6224 3341 11595 1.2 1.4 6 • 7 2.0 .95 4. I 48 93
349 299 407 < .04 < .011
30616 24635 38048 < 18 <32

20 14 29 41 T9
345 139 853 pD.**fo~** Rz1 w;lf**b~ Av.rl.brl;ty(~)**  b.eam" 9.7 26.B

ECN-C-93-064 

### 59

### Oassificalion ofpulverized 

### coal ash: Part II

Blot7.3 711%pz 4S 311%vl**~s** nrSurf.areil: .0286 .2 8ulk Den'Sity 2140 kg/.3**Produ~tt:od~** : ClASH \Might 1.09 kg**E.tract:~** yolu-e: 5.40 l Concentr.tion in pg/l**.~** I:**C~** SO' As 8 Cd No In Ti
.. (ela,s) .25 4935 12848 9940 

# --..'" .30 18 40 < .01 7 5.30 .=>-uu.... 1 3198 12007 14100 1980 .20**1~.~~** .06 < 5 4.60 2 1906 8671 15200 1680 20 8.40 < .01 < 5 5.70 4 2049 9394 18300 1600 .25 7 .05 < 5 5.10 10 3557 13501 26400 1960 .40 7 60 .04 < 5 8.60 21 4119 14283 25100 2440 .40 15.40 < .01 < 5 5.70 39 4029 13406 16000 2810 .55 22.20 < .01 < 5 7.30 91 4010 11390 7650 6820 2.60 16 < .01 < 5 3.20 pD. l·loglm2/s) 

### 9.n 9.65 13.32 n.55 10.58 12.81 > 14.3 > 11.2 n.33**Stand~rd** deviation .27 .04 .24 .18 .29
. 11 .86 .15 .18**U~~d d~t~**  points 2 

### - 2 

### - 6 4 

### . 8 

## - 8 2 

### . 3 

## . 3 1 

## . 3 . 4 Slop. .19
.45 .47 .42 .48 .23 .76 (.4) .48 Std.D.v. of slope 

## , , .09 .09 .07 .89 ( . 13) .12**Dev;at.~Lop.=K** (3**fI5rs)~ W~5h.of~(.g/m2).D;S~:l.g-**  583.9 .58 

### '= = Total**Conc~ntrat.(mg/kg):** 1400 3800 70400 7966 7.40 29 00 000 5.00**42.0~** Av.il,bility (mg/kg) , 307.0 881.5 61345 6120 .045 30.00 (.30) (2.50) 25.60 Availability perc**(~)** 

### , 21.93 23.20 87.14 76.83 .61 103.45 (80) (50) 60.95**H~an f~ctor**  ..**bov~** DTL :JOT 882 61:J45 612 9 100 853 Max. Cum. reoleo
..s. (mg/mi ), 11663 33487 2330425 232492 1.71 1140 (11.4) (95.0) 972.5 Curn. rel.a5'" 91d. (mg/m2) , 5242 18006 25018 4214 .92 20 < .04 < 7.9 8. 58 leach;ng-peorc. 9:d.**(~)** 

### , 44.9 53.8 1 . I 1.8 54.0 1.8 < .4 < 8.3 .9 H. lin f.cr"r**~bov,.** DTt :J48 1194 1659 28 1<' 4.4 2.T (OnJ 19 Ct.n,rfll.OIsC!' calc. 1D 91d: 14291 44679 45381 3495 .78 40 < .07 < 21 19 CUfII.r.leasf' ealc. 3D 91d· 10996 31903 89589 6917 1.1 78 < .14 < 37 37 (mg/m2) Tortuosity (1:), 9 S • 10**r.n~:** ChemicaL Reteontton A.: .74 1.0 1744 4408 3.9**36~** 16073 18 1927 Rrange_min: .40 .91 995 2903 2.0 284 2243 13 1280 R
. 1.4 1.1 3055 6695 7.7 480 115171 25 2901

range-ftl";J{
. pO. for

### R=' wiII b. >: 9.9 

# -**Av~;I~b;'itT(%) ~com.s**  >: 25.5

60 ECN-e-93-Q64App:ndix A

SlotS. Z 60%pz ",5**ZO%~1** 

## ••**nrSurf.i1r~** ..: .0286 .2 Bulk**D.n~it,** 2170 kgI.3**ProductctJd~:** ClAS82 Ye;ght 

# ,.

# ,, kg Extraction voh.-e: 5.50 l**Conc~ntration** in**p~/L** 

# •• I[ C. SOlo A • B Cd No Zn 

### n_ (da"s) .25 5273 '5210 4'40 2790
.40 21.80
.08 17 5.20 I 3612 12868 8950 1210
.10 12.40 .09 < 5 4 60 2 1687 8864 11200 770 .20 8.40 < .01 < 5 3.90 4 1875 9160 14900 720 .20 7.60 < .01 < 5 4 10 4122 14791 26600 1100 .30 6.60 < .01 < 5 3.50 21 5174 16225 23700 1240 .20 15.60 < .01 < 5 3.50 39 4788 14788 16000 1450 .30 20.80 < .01 < 5 4.30 91 5093 14086 5400 4160 1.40 12 < .01 6 2.60 pOe (_log[m2"1) 9.69 9.60 13.69 14.17 10.65 12.110 12.69 :> 11.3 13.33 Standard**d~vlation** .23 .10 41 .16 .40 .12 .07 .15

_16**Us~d** data**point~** - 2 

### . 2 

### . 7 4


### - S 2 

### - 8 2 

## - 3


### - 2 2 - 4 . 4 Slope .23 .38 .53 .49 .47 .21 .58 (.4) .37 Std.Dev. 01 slope 

## , 

# , .12 .09 .13 

## , (
.22) .06**O~v;at.5lop@=%** (J**f.$~$);** , ? 1**wash.off(mg/m2).Diss/Lag~** = = (Lag) 571.8 .045 2.26 =2.21 Total**Conce"trat.(mg/~g):** 1400 3900 71100 8220 6.50 27 DO .100 5.00 37 00 Availability (mg/kg) , 326.0 938.0 62590 6620 .030 30.00 .200 (2.50) 21 95 AvailabiLity p@re.**(~)** , 23.29 24.05 88.03 80.54 .46 111.11 200.00 (50) 59.32**1f.~n f~ctor**  .bo". OTL 5Z6 958 62590 66Z 6 100 200 7:IZ M,iJlr._Cum. rell!'aslI (mg/

..2), 12578 36190 2414873 255416 I. 16 I I57 7.72 (96.5) 846.9**Cum.r~lease** 91d. (mg/m2) , 6073 20355 21295 2581 .60 20 < .04 < 10 6.07 teaching-perc. 91d. PI;), 48.3 56.2 .9 1.0 51.4 1.7 < 5 < 10.4 .7 H

••n (.ctor 

### .bo". DT! 595 l5Z5 1586 17 8 4.5 Z.6 (DTL ) 15 Cum. releoas4! calc. lD 91d, 15990 51258 30741 1873 .49 41 .31 < 19 16 Cum
.... 1eoase c.alc. 3D 91d, 11917**~702** 61024 5731 .74 110 .61**<~** 32 (mg/

..2) Tortuosity 8 6 . 10 (I[):**r.n~:** Chpm;cal Retf'ntion R: .78 1.0 4598 20862 5.3 407 416 28 2188 Rrange.min: .45 .79 1807 14455 2.1 306 352 19 1522**Rran9eo-Dlax~** 1.3 1.3 11703 30110 13 541 492 39 3144 pO" for**R~1** lIIill br 

### " 9.8 AII.it.bil ity(:)**b~co",~s** 26.4

EOJ-e-93-064 

### 61

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part II

62 II

ECN-e-93-Q64

# 2

# I Dntn Vlicgnsproducten 2 A: 2.3 m/g 2 D: 3.5 m/g 2 

### c: 5.0 m/g 

### [Tl Serie A 

## S!L t 

### Mo W 51> As Oa Cr 5r Dl" Na K NAA K AA5 

# Z 

# t:J 

# - All .002 .5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 2.0 .79 .035 .15 

## ;X A21 .01 .5 0 2. 0 1.7 0 0 1.8 8.1 .56 .265 ·31 

## ttl A31 .05 .5 0 8.4 0 5·9 0 136. 2.5 10.9 .91 .84 .88 A'II
.25 .5 0 36• 5·5 II.6 8.1 50. 0**3/1.~** 2.86 3.03 ].4 A51 I.
.5 0 1370• 9.7 8. 0 III. 0 146. 8.79 6.1 17 9.2 A12 .002 5. 0 .66 D 0 0 0 0 

### ].9 .16 .17 .21 A22 .01 5. 0 3.5 0 1.5 0 0 1.0 4.6 .]4 .49 .43 A32 .05 5. 0 16.9 2.9 1].9 4.5 1100. 11.6 16.5 1.42 .78 2.0 All2 .25 5. 0 11/1.7 9.8 15·2 10. 260. 2.5 49. 3.96 Ij

### .39 5.5 A52 I. 5. 0 1611. 17· 1111.] 0 330. 2.0 171. 14.7 12.6 13·5 AI] .002 50. 0 0 0 .85 0 0 0 4.1 

### .33 .27 .26 A23 .01 50. 0 6.1 0 II. 1 2·7 0 0 5.8 .551 .66 .58 A33 .05 50. 0 19.3 3.6 ].11 8.6 

### n 0 5.2 1.53 2.5 2.7 A'l3
.25 50. 0 83.3 11.7 16
. 26. 0 1.5 51. 6.67 7.96 8.3 A5] 1. 50. 1187. 3'19. 15· 26. 0 2]0. 0 .'1]. 18.2 16.1 17.7 

# I f?)

# I 

# I[

.. o' Sorie A c 

### Mg 2- 50/1 + 

# - 

# Ii pll Condo CR Zn Cu Al 51 NII
" N03 Cl f' N02 

## '<' n 7.95 21. 2.2
.12 50. 30
. . 1 .5 .07 1./16 .1'1 1.37 20. 0 

### ., F:j' 9.95 37· 5.5 .078 39. 0 .2 .7 .03 3.58 .9 .97**~~.** 0 n 0. 10./16 100. 13.5 .090**~2.** 0 1.1 1.6 .05 12.5 .39 1.2 61. 0 n 0 

### &.. 10.69 270.**~l.** .20 55· 10
. 2.0 3.0 .21 60./1
.61 1.0 183
. .21 10.62 560. 93. ./1" 52. :>5· 1.7 3·9 .38 213. 1.99 2.97 361. .78 "'ll 8./12 33. 3.8 .0/10 8. 0 .'1 1.1 .02 1./17 .15 . 1 22. 0 

## 1= 10.25 6'1. 9.3 .070 27
. 0 .9 2·3 .03 3.75 .22
.08 '17
. 0 10.71 170. 2 / 1. .10 16. 15
. 1.5 /1.6
.1/1 18.3 .28 .37 132. 0 10.83 330. 50.
.13 III. 10
. 1./1 8./1 .26 69.7 ·9 1.35 330. .27 10.85 700. 115. .21 19· 10. .90 11.6 .68**2~7.** 2./13 3·35 570. .93
9·99 51. 7.7 .061 5. 0 .05 2.I .03 1.77 .09 .6 23. 0 10·52 110. 1'1.5 .066 11. 0 1.1 11.8 .0/1 '1.58 .15 .112 60
. 0 11.01 260. J6. .0'11 8• 0 1.2 9·3 .09 16.8
.18 .28 167. 0 11.25 '170. 66.**.O~O** 13. 0 1.0 15./1 .36 82.3 .68 1.8'1 500.
.**3~** I1.JO 910. 1'10.
.057 19
. 10. .7 15·5 .9'1 256• 2.13 3.53 700. 1.1/1

# I

Serlo D 

## S/L t Mo W 5b As Go Cr 51' 81' Na K NAA K AAS 11 

### .002 .5 0 1.1 0 0 0 0 2·7 1.9 .21 .12 .13 21 .01 .5 0 3.1 0 t!. I' 

### 0 5.5 1.5 6.6 ./17 .45 .38 • I 

### 31 .05 .5 0 16.5 1.6 3
. 

### :; 0 3.2 13.3 1.08 1.23 1.26 41 .25 .5 0 52.7 4.6 5.8 11. n 

### 1.6 45.9 3.86 3.48 4.5 51 1. .5 0 212. 16. 20. 27. 95. 1.5 259. 111.5 10.9 11.7 12 .002 5· 0 1.6 0 .83 0 0 3·5 2.5 .25 .24 .28 22 .01 5. 0 6./1 0 2.5 1.1 0 2.0 'I.

### 6 .39 .59 .61

### 1 32 .05 5. 0 25.5 6.7 17.1 7.7 260. 1. 18.8 1.52 2.22 2.6 112


### .25 5. 139. 155. 17.0 16. 28. 270. .96 108
. 6.37 6.67 8.1 52 1. 5. 293. 328. 28.1 26. 0 /120. 2.9 272
. 15.8 13.2 16.7 13 .002 50. 0 3.0 0 1.9 .8 23. 0 0 .30 .17 

### .27 23 .01 50. 0 8.0 3.0 10. II.

### 2 0 0 3.8 .46 .70 .81 33 .05 50. 0 31.7 8.3 11. 13.8 0 0 17.2 1.67 2.91 2.9 '13 

### .25 50. 113. 1'15, 10.5 12. 31. 87 0 67
. 6.82 8.96 8.7

# I~ 53 1. 50. '151. 

### 398. 9.1 18. 0 218. 0 265. 17.3 15.9 18.2 

## '8 CI 

## B: I I!J:I 

# I

# I 

# 1°**~.** 

# g Serio D 

### 10' :I 0 I SO 2- 

# - - - 

# Ii pll Condo Co Mg Zn Cu 1\1 SI NII'I 4 N03 Cl F N02



## .... < 0 9.50 19. 2.4 .025 24. 0 .1 .7 .05 1.17 .04
.74 13. 0 

# . 0 10.32 61. 8.8
.066 65. 15. .6 1.2 .08 5. 1'7 .02 .42 35
. 0 Co n 10.65 150. 22.8 .11 63. 0 1.5 2.1 .09 23.3 .2 .32 98. 0 10.68 310. 60. •2 / 1 11. 0 2.2 3.0 .22 99.9 .79 1.4 280
. .23 10,118 

## nO. 1'10• .66 17. 10. 1./1 3.'1 .26 205· 3.19 11.1 17 '110. .811 ." 9.82 /10. 6.1 .031 13. 0 ./1 1.0 .02 1.6 .06 .15 21. 0 

## I::: 10.59 101. 15.2 .057 0 1.3 3.3 •0 / 1 6.7 .09 .11 60
. U 10.97 260. 38.
.070 9. 10. 1.9 6.6 .11 29.8 ·32 .47 172. 0 11.02 600. 113· .11 80. 1.3 10.3 ./17 112. 1.115 2.54 570. .3'1 10.65 750. 180.
.17 16. 15. 

### .3 11
. .81 311. 3·73 5·92 560. .98 I I. 10.32 60. 8.5 .066 8. 0 .9 2.6 .03 1.81 .08 .22 33. 0 I 

### • 10.75 150. 121. .0'18 28. 0 1.7 6.0 .06 7.0/ 1 .11 0 82. 0 11.17 330. "7. .020 10. 0 1.5 11.2 .1 29.7 .2

.37 250. 0 11.37 610. 87. .020 

### 9. 15. 1.2 15·9
.37 127
. .99 1.52 550. .36 11.2/ 1 1000. 180. .055 31. 20. 

### .9 15·0 1.13 192. 3.37 5.1 670. 1.2 

# Q 

# i

# !

Serle C 

## S/L t Ho W Sb As 00 Cr Sr Dr No K NAA K AAS Cll .002 .5 0 1.15 0 1.0 0 0 ./'4 3.6 .42 .21 .25 C21 .01 .5 0 9.5 0 9.0 1.5 54. I. 7.1 .50 .55 .71 C31 .05 .5 0 32.5 'I.3 4.9 7.7 0 1.5 21.8 1.6 2.11 2.2 CIII .25 .5 

## n. 126. 17.3 8.9 23· 0 2.6 85.7 6.0 5.36 5.7 C51 I. .5 281. 405. 26.3 21. 0 249. 0 1111. 1.9 11.8 13.0 

# I

ell .002 5· 0 3.·' 1.6 2.2 0 2.0 3.0 .29 .25 .32 C22 .01 5. 0 II.I 1.7 5.2 'I.2 0 2·9 3.4 .'16 .73 .96 C32 .05 5. 31.0 41.6 8.7 

# "." III. 59· 2. 26
.

### .1 1.83 2.53 3.0 C'12
.25 5. 99. lO'l. 12.6 9.5 26. 94. 3·1 79. 5.56 5.95 7./1 C52 I. 5· /'36. 585. 37.1 30. 0 72'1. 1.5 /156. 22.8 17.3 8.
Cl3 .002 50
. 0 2.\ 1.1 2.7 1.5 0 2.6 0 .39 .31 ·33 C23 .01 50. 0 III. 3.·' 7./1 6.I 0 II.0 3.3 .56 1.17 1.06 C33 .05 50
. 0 5'1. 9.7 8./1 17.2 0 .59 21. 2.0'1 3.57 3.6 C'13 .25 50. 0 208. 13.2 1'1. 36.8 80 2.1 122. 7.3'1 9.42 10.2 C53 I. 50. 897
. 771. 5.6 21. 60. 530 1.9 382. 21.7 22./' 23.1 

# I>

::s Co >;j' I 1\:1'



# ..- I

## $ 

# I 

# 1°**~.** ::1l



# ... So1'10 C 

### O· I tl



### g, 

## • so 2- 

# - Cl

# - F

# - N02 

# Il pI! Condo Co Mg Zn CII Al 51 NII
" II NO) C't**10.2~ ~9.**  6.8 .06 )5. 0 .11 .9 .0/1 2.86 .08
.63**2~** . 0**~.** C't 0. 10.67 130. 19.5 •11 35. 10
. 1.7 2.3 .07 11.7 .12**.3~** 71. 0 n 10.87 260. '1).5 .15 65. 0 3·0 3.2 .13 50." .27
.76 183• 0 10.85**~60.** 90. .28 /17• 10. 2.2**~.2** .2') 1')0. I .1'1 1.99 380. .27 10.58 200. 230. .7'. 25. 20. 1./1 ).II .51 285. 2.62 6."3 310. 1.65
10."7 .05" 2.8 3.62
.II, 116. 

# - 95.5 13.1 II. 0 1.1 .03 .12 0 

## ,- 10.')2 20.0 30. .066 17. 0 2.1 5·1 .05 12.5 .09 .19 106. 0 11.12 360. 52. .063 5. 0 2.3 7·1 .11 53.9 .3'1 .63 300. 0 11.08 '170. 

# n .10 8. 10. 1.5 10. 11 .3'1 133. I. 13 1.67 '170. .32 10.95 1300. 290.
.19 

### 27. .10• 1.0 10.2 1.61 11116. 2.2'1 6.63**~90.** 2.26
10.61 100. 12.7 .07" 5. 0 1.3 '1.0 .06 2.93 .08 .35**~II.** 0 11.10**~60.** 38.0
.0'12 8. 0 1.8 8.1 .05 13.3 .18
.25 133
. 0 11./1" '190. 65.**.~2** 17. 0 1.7 13.1 .12 119.8**.3~** .71 330
. 0 11.53 850. 125. .029 

### B. 0 1.3 1'1.9 ./1'1 216. 1.27 2.58 650. 

## .'1 II.'15 1600. 310. .050 11. 20. 1.0 12.8 1.58 519. 2.12 7.32 550. 2.28 

# I Q 9 (, 

## I 

# n

# 1

$ Classificaliondolo Concreloleachnhilily AlldolohImg/m2 Tlmo (yr) K KreI No NareI Co Cnref 804 804 reI As AsreI B Bref 

### "'d 0119775 22500 16815 8450 5681.5 12800 12800 2920 2190 1,5 1.125 102,5 25,625 

## t'T1 1 53500 40125 20000 13400 25500 25500 6300 4125 3 2,25 241.5 60.315 

# Z 2 15500 56625 28250 18927,5 34500 34500 8150 6562.5 4 3 341.5 85,315 

# t' 5 111000 81750 43900 29413 52500 52500 13650 10237,5 6,5 4,815 539 134.75 

# - 10 153500 1151:'5 51500 38525 13000 73000 19200 14400 8 6 162,5 190,625 

# X 20 177500 133125 68500 44555 102500 102500 27150 2U362,5 9 8,75 1085 268,25 

# - 100 184000 138000 69000 48230 221950 221950 60500 45315 9 6,15 2391 591.15 

### ()
Time(yr) Cd CdreI CI CIref Cll 

### eu reI Mg Mg ref Mo MoreI Pb PbreI 0.179775 0,3 0,045 5000 1000 2,15 0,55 604,5 502,944 7,5 1.29 0,35 0,01 1 0.1 0,105 11950 2390 5.15 1.15 862,5 111,6 11,815 3,0145 0,8 0,16 2 0,95 0,1425 16900 3380 1,9 1.58 1081 882.152 25 4.3 1.1 0,22 5 1.5 0225 26000 5320 12,2 2,44 1450 1208.4 39,815 6,8585 1.7 0,34 10 2,15 0,3225 37500 7500 11,1 3,42 1900 1580.8 56,25 9,615 2.4 0.48 20 3,05 0.4515 52150 10550 24,05 4,81 2550 2121,6 79,125 13,6095 3.4 0,68 100 8.15 1.0125 102350 20470 53,5 10.1 5285 4397,12 153,5 26,402 7.55 1,51 Tlme(yr) Sb SbreI So Soref V Vref 2n 211 ref 0,119115 1.8 0,9 0,3 0,08 10 1 505 23 18.4 1 425 2,125 0,75 0,15 24 12 54 43,2 2 6,1 3,05 1.05 0.21 34 11 78,5 61.2 5 9,5 4.75 1.7 0,34 53.5 28.15 121 96,8 10 13.4 6.1 24 048 755 31,15 111 136.8 20 18,85 9.425 3,35 0,81 1085 53,25 241 192,8 100 38.4 192 7,35 1,41 2355 117,75 536 428,8

### •

# • OassificatioD ofpulverized 

### coal ash: Part II



### 70 

# •••

ECN-e-93--064**~'---**

# I

APPENDIX D

RELEASE DATA JNDER DIFFERENTEXPOSURE CONDITIONS IN mg/m2 PermanentlyweI conditions Cd ref 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.5 0.2 2.2 0.3 3.1 0.5 6.8 1.0 0.675 0.10125 Mo ref Cd 7.5 1.3 17.9 3.1 250 4.3 39.9 6.9 56,3 9.7 79.1 13.6 153.5 26.4 1.023333 0.176013 B ref Mo 102.5 25.6 241.5 60.4 341.5 85.4 539.0 134.8 762.5 190.6 1065.0 266.3 2391.0 597.8 B 1.1 2.3 3.0 4.9 6.0 6.8 6.8 0.016875 As ref 1.5 3.0 4.0 6.5 8.0 9.0 9.0 0.0225 Time (yr) SCY. S04 ref As

0.179775 2920.0 2190.0 1 6300.0 4725.0 2 8750.0 6562.5 5 13650.0 10237.5 10 19200.0 14400.0 20 27150.0 20362.5 100 60500.0 45375.0 IIR 0.14 0.105 Temperature field 10 C Factorof2 in De flemp"0.71 Time (yr) S04 S04 ref As As ref B B ref Mo Mo ref Cd Cd ref

0.179775 2085.7 1564.3 1.1 0.8 73.2 18.3 5.4 0.9 0.2 0.0 1 4500.0 3375.0 2.1 1.6 172.5 43.1 12.8 2.2 0.5 0.1 2 62500 4587.5 2.9 2.1 243.9 61.0 17.9 3.1 0.7 0.1 5 9750.0 7312.5 4.6 3.5 385.0 96.3 28.5 4.9 1.1 0.2 10 13714.3 10285.7 5.7 4.3 544.6 136.2 40.2 6.9 1.5 0.2 20 19392.9 14544.6 6.4 4.8 760.7 190.2 56.5 9.7 2.2 0.3 100 43214.3 32410.7 6.4 4.8 17079 4270 109.6 18.9 4.8 0.7 I/R 0.1 0.075 0.016071 0.012054 0,730952 0.125n4 0.482143 0072321 Rainwaterexposure f rain= 0.374166 Time (yr) S04 S04 ref As As ref B Brc! Mo Mo ref Cd Cd ref

0179775 780.4 585.3 0.4 0.3 27.4 6.8 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 1 16837 1262.8 0.8 0.6 64.5 16.1 4.8 0.8 0.2 0.0 2 2338.5 1753.9 1.1 0.8 91.3 22.8 6.7 1.1 0.3 0.0 5 3648.1 2736.1 1.7 1.3 144.1 36.0 10.7 1.B 0.4 0.1 10 5131.4 3848.6 2.1 1.6 203.8 50.9 15.0 2.6 0.6 0.1 20 7256.1 5442.1 2.4 1.8 284,6 71.2 21.1 3.6 0.8 0.1 100 16169.3 12127.0 24 1.8 639.0 159.8 41.0 7.1 1.8 0.3 IIR 0.037417 0.028062 0.006013 0.00451 0.273497 0.047042 0.180401 0.02706

EOl-C-93-064 71

### Classification ofpulverized coal ash: 

### Part 11 

# I I 

# •

RELEASEDATAUNDER DIFFERENTEXPOSURECONDlT!m:S INmg/m2 Permanentlywetconditions Time (yr) V Vref Zn Zn ref Sb Sbref Se Seref 0.18 10.1 5.1 23.0 18.4 1.8 0.9 0.3 0.1

1.0 24.0 12.0 54.0 43.2 4.3 2.1 0.8 0.2 2.0 34.0 17.0 76.5 61.2 6.1 3.1 1.1 0.2 5.0 53.5 26.8 121.0 96.S 9.5 4.8 1.7 0.3 10.0 75.5 37.8 171.0 136.8 13.4 6.7 2.4 0.5 20.0 106.5 53.3 241.0 192.8 18.9 9.4 3.4 0.7 100.0 235.5 117.8 536.0 428.8 38.4 19.2 7.4 1.5 I/R 0.247895 0.123947 0.268 0.2144 1.097143 0.548571 0.49 0.098 Temperaturefield 10C Factorof2 in De ftemp=0.71 Time (yr) V Vref Zn Zn ref Sb Sbref Se Seref 0.18 72 3.6 16.4 13.1 1.3 0.6 0.2 0.0

1.0 17.1 8.6 38.6 30.9 30 1.5 0.5 0.1 2.0 24.3 12.1 54.6 43.7 4.4 2.2 0.8 0.2 5.0 38.2 19.1 86.4 69.1 6.8 3.4 1.2 0.2 10.0 53.9 27.0 122.1 97.7 9.6 4.8 1.7 0.3 20.0 76.1 38.0 172.1 137.7 13.5 6.7 2.4 0.5 100.0 168.2 84.1 382.9 306.3 27.4 13.7 5.:' 1.1 UR 0.ln068 0.088534 0.191429 0.153143 0.783673 0.391837 0.35 0.07 Rainwaterexposure frain= 0.374166 Ti'lle (yr) V Vref Zn to ref Sb Sbref Se 

## seref 0.18 2.7 1.3 6.1 4.9 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0

10 6.4 3.2 14.4 11.5 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 2.0 9.1 4.5 20.4 16.4 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.1 5.0 14.3 7.1 32.3 25.9 2.5 1.3 0.5 0.1 10.0 20.2 10.1 45.7 36.6 3.6 1.8 0.6 0.1 20.0 28.5 14.2 64.4 51.5 5.0 2.5 09 0.2 1000 62.9 31.5 143.3 114.6 10.3 5.1 2.0 0.4 IIR 0.066253 0.033126 0.071626 0057301 0.293224 0.146612 0.130958 0.026192

72 ECN-e-93-064

### £~PPENDIX 

# E

4.9 11.5 14.0 14.4 14.7 15.5 21.9 0.010926 IntermittentlyweI. Mo ref Zn 2.0 0.3 4.8 0.8 6.9 1.2 14.2 2.4 29.4 5.1 53.9 9.3 99.0 17.0 0.660135 0.113543 Mo Zn ref 16.4 13.1 38.6 30.9 46.6 37.3 48.1 38.5 49.0 39.2 51.9 41.5 73.0 58.4 0.0365 0.0292 I/R Time (yr) Mo

0.179775 1 2 5 10 20 100 Correction forchem:cal changes intime Permanentlywet Mo ref Zn 5.4 0.9 12.8 2.2 18.4 3.2 37.9 6.5 78.6 13.5 144.0 24.8 264.6 45.5 1.764286 0.303457



# Itt

ECN-e-93-064 

### 73